24 C3 A3 STATE OF GAUFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES D. H. BLOOD, Director DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUIT.DTNO, SAN FRANCISCO WALTER W. BRADLEY State Mineralogist San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 105 [August, 1931 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION AND DIRECTORY OF MINERAL PRODUCERS FOR 1930 87473 CALIFORNIA STATS PHINTINO OFFICK HARRY HAMMOND. STATE PRINTSS SACRAMENTC. IMl UBRARV UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORMM DAVIS STATE OF CAUFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES D. H. BLOOD, Director DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO WALTER W. BRADLEY State Mineralogist San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 105 [August, 1931 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION AND DIRECTORY OF MINERAL PRODUCERS FOR 1930 By HENRY H. SYMONS 87473 LIBRARvr :y of caufornu CONTENTS Page L.ETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Chapter I SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL, INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE YEAR OF 1930 11 Tabulation of the Mineral Production, Showing Comparativb Amounts AND Values — 1929 and 1930 13 Table Showing Comparative Mineral Production of the Various Coun- l ties in California for 1929 and 1930 14 Total Production, 1887-1930 15 Chapter II FUELS (HYDROCARBONS) — Introductory 16 Coal 16 Natural Gas 17 Petroleum 21 Chapter III METALS — Introductory 34 Aluminum 1_ 36 Antimony 36 Arsenic 38 Beryllium 38 Bismuth 39 Cadmium 39 Cobalt 40 CoppfcR 40 Gold 44 Iridium. (See Platinum.) Iron 47 Lead 48 Manganese 50 Molybdenum 51 NiCKJEL 52 I Osmium. (See Platinum.) ^ Palladium. (See Platinum.) Platinum 53 Quicksilver 55 L Silver 58 i Tin 60 ^ Titanium 61 Tungsten 61 Vanadium 63 Zinc 64 Chapter IV STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— Introductory 66 Asphalt 69 Bituminous Rock 69 Brick and Hollow Tile 70 Cement 72 Chromite 73 Granite 75 (8) 4 CONTENTS STRUCTURAL. MATERIALS — Continued. Page Limb 78 Magnesite 79 Marble 82 Onyx and Travertine 83 Sandstone 83 Serpentine 84 Slate 85 Stone — Miscellaneous 86 Paving Blocks 87 Grinding Mill Pebbles 88 Sand and Gravel . 88 Crushed Rock 89 Chapter V INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS- INTRODUCTORY 93 ASBESTOS 94 Barytes 95 Clay — Pottery 96 DiATOMACEOUs Earth 98 Dolomite 99 Feldspar 100 Fluorspar 101 Fuller's Earth 101 Gems 103 Graphite 104 Gypsum 106 Limestone 106 LiTHIA 108 Mica 108 Mineral Paint 109 Mineral "Water 110 Phosphates 112 Pumice and Volcanic Ash 112 Pyrites , 112 Shale Oil 113 Silica (Sand and Quartz) 114 Sillimanite-Andalusite-Cyanite Group 116 SOAPSTONB and TALC 117 Strontium 119 Sulphur . 119 Chapter VI salines- Introductory 121 Borates 121 Bromine 124 Calcium Chloride : 125 Magnesium Salts 125 Nitrates 126 Potash 127 Salt 128 Soda 129 Chapter VII MINERAL PRODUCTION OP CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES— Introductory 131 Alameda 132 Alpine 132 Amador 133 Butte . 133 Calaveras 134 CONTENTS 5 MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES — Continued. Page Colusa 134 Contra Costa 135 Del Norte 135 El Dorado 136 Fresno 136 Glenn 137 Humboldt 137 imperla.l 138 Inyo 138 Kern 139 Kings . 139 Lake 140 Lassen 140 Los Angeles 141 Madera 141 Marin 142 Mariposa 142 Mendocino 142 Merced 143 Modoc 143 Mono 144 Monterey . 144 Napa 145 Nevada 145 Orange 146 Placer 146 Plumas 147 Riverside 147 Sacramento 148 San Benito 148 San Bernardino 149 San Diego 149 San Francisco 150 San Joaquin 150 San Luis Obispo 151 San Mateo 151 Santa Barbara 152 Santa Clara 152 Santa Cruz 153 Shasta 153 Sierra 154 Siskiyou 154 Solano 155 Sonoma 155 Stanislaus 155 Sutter 156 Tehama , 156 Trinity 157 Tulare 157 Tuolumne 158 Ventura 158 Yolo 159 Yuba 159 Chapter VIII DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS OF METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC MIN- ERALS IN CALIFORNIA, 1930 — Introductory 161 Asbestos 162 Barites , 162 Bituminous Rock i 163 Borates : 163 Bromine 163 Calcium Chloride 164 Cement , , , , ^_^ ,__ 164 6 CONTENTS DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS OP METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC MIN- ERALS IN CALIFORNIA, 1930 — Continued. Page Chromite 165 Clay 166 Coal 171 Copper 172 diatomacbous earth 173 Dolomite* 173 Feldspar 174 Fuller's Earth 174 Gems 175 Gold 176 Granite 179 Gypsum 181 Iron Ore 181 Lead 182 Lime and Limestone 182 Magnesite 184 Manganese 184 Magnesium Salts 184 Marble (including Onyx and Travertine) 185 Mineral Paint 185 Mineral Water , 186 Platinum 188 Potash 188 Pumice and Volcanic Ash 189 Pyrite 189 Quicksilver .^ 190 Salt 192 Sandstone 193 Silica (Sand and Quartz) 194 Sillimanite-Andalusite-Cyanite Group 194 Silver 195 Slate 196 SOAPSTONE AND TaLC 197 Soda 197 Stone, Miscellaneous 198 Sulphur 209 Tungsten 209 APPENDIX MINING BUREAU ACT 210 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ACT 213 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE DIVISION OF MINES AND MINING 215 INDEX 224 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOS Hydraulicking at Canyon Creek Placer Mine, near Dedrick, Trinity County 44 Mill and Furnace Plant Sulphur Bank Mine on Clear Lake, Lake County 56 Open-cut glory-hole at upper level of New Idria Quicksilver Mine, San Benito County 56 Pacific National Bank Building 68 Chapman-De Wolfe Building 76 Plant of American Potash and Chemical Company, Trona, California 122 CHARTS AND MAPS Outline map of California, showing location of oil fields and districts 28 Chart showing current trend of world production of major nonferrous metals 35 Chart showing prices of electrolytic copper 44 Chart showing prices of common lead 50 Chart showing prices of bar silver 58 Chart showing prices of slab zinc 64 Chart 1, showing the comparative values of building permits in 51 California cities and the production of structural materials in California, from 1920 to 1930 67 Chart 2, showing the comparative value of the production in California of the most important structural materials from 1920 to 1930, inclusive, Cement, Miscellaneous Stone, Brick and Hollow Building Tile 67 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL August, 1931. To His Excellency, The Honorable James Rolph, Jr., Governor of the State of California. Sir: I have the honor to herewith transmit Bulletin No. 105 of the State Division. of Mines, being the annual report of the statistics of the mineral production of California. The remarkable variety, total valuation, and wide distribution of many of our minerals revealed herein show California's importance as a producer of commercial minerals among the states of the Union. Respectfully submitted. Walter W. Bradley, State Mineralogist. (7) INTRODUCTION It is the endeavor of the staff of the State Division of Mines (formerly State Mining Bureau), in these annual reports of the mineral industries of California, to so compile the statistics of production that they will be of actual use to producers and to those interested in the utilization of the mineral products of our State, while at the same time keeping the individual's data confidential. In addition to the mere figures of output, we have included descriptions of the uses and characteristics of many of the materials, as well as a brief mention of their occurrences. The compilation of accurate and dependable figures is an extremely difficult undertaking, and the State Mineralogist takes the opportunity of here expressing his appreciation of the cooperation of the producers in making this work possible. A fuller appreciation of the value of early responses to the requests sent out in January will result in earlier completion of the manuscript. Statistics lose much of their value if their publication is unnecessarily delayed. Some of the data relative to properties and uses of many of the minerals herein described are repeated from preceding reports, as it is intended that this annual statistical bulletin shall be somewhat of a compendium of information on California's commercial minerals and their utilization. Walter W. Bradley, State Mineralogist. (9) MINERAL INDUSTRY, CALIFORNIA, 1930 DATA COMPILED PROM DIRECT RETURNS PROM PRO- DUCERS IN ANSWER TO INQUIRIES SENT OUT BY THE CALIFORNIA STATE DIVISION OP MINES, PERRY BUILDING, SAN PRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA CHAPTER ONE The total value of the mineral output of California for the year 1930 was $365,604,695, being a decrease of $66,643,533 from the 1929 total of $432,248,228. There were fifty-one different mineral sub- stances, exclusive of a segregation of the various stones grouped under gems ; and -all but one of the fifty-eight counties of the State contributed to the list. As revealed by the data following, the salient features of 1930 com- pared with the previous j^ears were : A material decline in the amount and value of the petroleum output, with notable decreases in amounts and values of cement, natural gas, copper, miscellaneous stone, salt, brick and hollow building tile, and pottery clay. Increases w^ere regis- tered by gold, mineral water, borax, potash, quicksilver, lime, and lead. Petroleum showed a decrease in value of $49,667,817. There was a decrease from 292,534,221 barrels to 227,328,988. The 1929 output of crude oil was the largest in the history of the State and the decrease was due to curtailment in production rather than decreased prices. The natural gas output decreased from 400,129,201 M eu. ft. valued at $29,067,546 to 315,513,952 M cu. ft. worth $24,559,840. Of the metals, the gold production increased in value from a total of $8,526,703 to $9,451,162; quicksilver from 10,152 flasks worth $1,195,705 to 11,374 flasks worth $1,255,257 ; and lead from 1,428,777 lbs. worth $90,014 to 3,524,796 lbs. worth $176,241. Decreases were shown in copper from 33,809,258 lbs. worth $5,941,799 to 26,534,752 lbs. worth $3,449,522 and silver from 1,176,895 fine oz. worth $627,285 to 1,622,803 fine oz. worth $624,779. The increase in gold was due to increased activity from the lode mines, the placer mines output showing a decrease charged entirely to the dredges. The decrease in copper was due to the declining price of the metal during the year. Of the structural materials, lime was the only important item to show an increase which was from 42,834 tons worth $417,101 to 47,662 tons worth $452,084. Cement decreased from 12,794,729 bbls. worth $21,038,565 to 9,831,938 bbls. worth $14,575,731, brick and hollow building tile from a value of $5,607,410 to $4,205,460 and miscellaneous stone from $17,840,159 to $16,430,027. Of the industrial minerals, mineral water showed an increase from 27,032,083 gals, worth $2,040,- (11) 12 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA 615 to 37,354,111 gals, worth $2,870,663; pumice and volcanic ash and fuller's earth also showed small increases in their total values, with all materials, other than these, in the group showing decreases and a decrease in total value. Of the saline group, borax showed increases from 144,687 tons worth $3,312,085 to 209,869 tons worth $3,686,817 ; potash also showed a marked increase, but not enough to offset the decrease in salt and other minerals of this group. All groups showed a decrease in their totals of value. The figures of the State Division of Mines are made up from reports received direct from the producers of the various minerals. Care is exercised in avoiding duplication, and any error is likely to be on the side of under- rather than over-estimation. California yields, commercially, a greater number and variety of mineral products than any State in the United States, and probably more than any other equal area elsewhere on the earth. The total annual value of her output has been surpassed by not more than four or five others, and those usually the great coal states of east of the Mississippi. More recently California has been placed second to Penn- sylvania, the leader. California was for many years the sole domestic source of borax, chromite and magnesite, and in which we still lead. We lead all other states in the production of gold, quicksilver, and plat- inum ; and have alternated in the lead with Colorado in tungsten, and with Oklahoma in petroleum. The mineral industries, not only in California but throughout the country, have reached quite a different phase from that of the old gold- rush days more than fifty years ago. A broader and more intimate status has been attained, touching practically every avenue of domestic and commercial endeavor. As quoted in a former report^ of the freight handled by the railroads of the country, the products of the mines represent 51.33 per cent. While gold, in which California still leads the United States, is still important, other metals and even non- metals have superseded it in annual value. The greatest commercial developments proportionately in California in recent years have taken place among the industrial and structural minerals, not to mention petroleum, which leads all others in value. This introduces a new fac- tor which requires study and attention — that of marketing. The gold miner could, and still does, take his metal to the mint and receive its equivalent in the * coin of the realm ' ; and he knows from day to day and year to year, without variation, just how much each ounce of gold will bring in that coin, though its equivalent in other commodities varies according to economic conditions. Marketing and competition, however, are vital factors in the industrial and structural groups. 'Cal. State Min. Bur., Bulletin 96, p. 12, 1925. \ STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 13 By Substances. The following table shows the comparative yield of mineral sub- stances of California for 1929 and 1930, as compiled from the returns received at the State Division of Mines, San Francisco, in answer to inquiry sent to producers : Substance 1929 Amount Value 1930 Amount Value Increase-f- Decrease — Value Barytes Bituminous rock Borates Brick and hollow building Tile... Cement Chromite Clay (pottery) Coal Copper Dolomite Feldspar Fuller's earth Gems Gold Granite Gyosum Leid. Lime Limestone Magnesite Marblea Mineral paint Mineral water Natural gas Petroleum Platinum Pumice and volcanic ash. . . Pyrite- Quicksilver Salt Sandstone Silica (sand and quartz) Silver Soapstone and talc Soda stone, miscellaneous •> Tungsten Unapportioned 26,796 tons 3,320 tons 144,678 tons $168,829 . 14,360 3,312,085 19,783 tons 8,525 tons 209,869 tons 12, 794,729 bbU. 327 tons 839,949 tons 450 tons 809,258 lbs. 58,644 tons 13,377 tons 15,541 tons 104,844 tons 428,777 lbs. 42,834 tons 162,315 tons 47,769 tons 467 tons 032,083 gals. ,129,201M.cu.ft. 534,221 bbls. 212 fine oz. 10,449 tons 79,169 tons 10,152 flasks 392,039 tons 18,686 tons 176,895 fine oz. 18,676 tons 90,646 tons 150 tons 5,607,410 21,038,565 9,831,938 bbls. 5,025 80 tons 1,127,517 938,586 tons 2,476 10,885 tons 5,941.799 26,534,752 lbs. 156,928 35,721 tons 78,404 5,014 tons 170,563 12,522 tons 26,850 8,526,703 1,169,271 396,951 116,865 tons 90,014 3,524,796 lbs. 417,101 47,662 tons 557,617 169,477 tons 488,014 38,681 tons 93,661 2,820 * 2,040,615 37,354,111 gals. 29,067,546 315,513,952M.cu.ft. 321,366,863 227,328,988 bbls. 14,416 217 fine oz. 76,123 12,974 tons 363,717 39,954 tons 1,195,705 11,374 flasks 2,665,436 347,945 tons 49,881 79,210 17,802 tons 627,285 1,622,803 fine oz. 193,493 15,861 tons 1,838,657 90,122 tons 17,840,159 106,480 ♦ ^5,329,679 1133,107 36,075 3,686,817 4,205,460 14,575,731 1,905 795,517 59,858 3,449,522 106,813 35,654 177,964 3,540 9,451,162 855,477 243,.507 176,241 452,084 508,751 388,472 82,194 * 2,870,663 24,559,840 271,699,046 11,700 128,847 194,228 1,255,257 1,167,487 56,404 71,380 624,779 154,258 1,627,344 16,430,027 d5,327,58d Total value Net decrease. $432,248,228 $365,604,695 $35,722— 21,715+ 374,732+ 1,401,950— 6,462,834— 3,120— 332,000— 57,382+ 2,492,277— 50,115— 42,750— 7,401+ 23,310— 924,459+ 313,794— 153,444— 86,227+ 34,983+ 48,866— 99,542— 11,467— 830,048+ 4,507,706— 49,667,817— 2,716— 52,724+ 169,489— 59,552+ 1,497,949— 6,523+ 7,830— 2,506— 39,235— 211,313— 1,410,132— 2,095— $66,643,533 * Included under Unapportioned. a Includes onyx and travertine. *> Includes macadam, ballast, rubble, riprap, sand, gravel. c Includes asbestos, bromine, calcium chloride, diatomaceous earth, magnesium salts, manganese, mica (sericite), potash, slate, sillimanite-andalusite-cyanite group, tube-mill pebbles, sulphur. "J Includes asbestos, bromine, calcium chloride, diatomaceous earth, iron ore, magnesium salts, manganese ore, mineral paint, potash, slate, sillimanite-andalusite-cyanite group, tube-mill pebbles, sulphur, tungsten and paving blocks. 14 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA By Counties. The following table shows the comparative value of the mineral pro- duction of the various counties in the State for the years 1929 and 1930 : County 1929 Alameda.. Alpine Amador... Butte Calaveras- Cdusa Contra Costa. Del Norte.... El Dorado.... Fresno Glenn Humboldt - Imperial... Inyo Kern Kings. Lake.. Los Angeles- Madera Marin Mariposa... Mendocino - Merced Modoc Mono Monterey. Napa Nevada... Orange Plumas Riverside... Sacramento. San Benito. San Bernardino. San Diego San Francisco.. - San Joaquin San Luis Obispo. San Mateo Santa Barbara . Santa Clara Santa Cruz Sierra Siskiyou... Solano Sonoma... Stanislaus. Sutter Tehama. . . Trinity.... Tulare.... Tuolumne. $3,626,723 33,013 2,498,217 584,319 2,522,259 42,570 1,827,956 84,263 367,500 2,413,495 81,516 293,678 509,832 2,296,210 38,809,239 4,259,833 387,700 88,698 243,568,275 1,027,410 470,002 244,017 59,000 1,110,498 30,996 212,831 354,858 649,822 1,980,028 28,491,495 266,347 5,137,968 5,401,860 2,247,302 1,908,462 11,210,652 1,447,287 75,245 789,891 191,084 3,672,779 16,407,136 963,478 3,327,633 1,751,196 390,402 229,789 66,421 351,383 388,235 Ventura. Ydo.... Yuba... 14,480 525,874 296,881 371,520 34,043,899 14,400 1,830,371 Totals - $432,248,228 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 15 Total Mineral Production of California, by Years, Since 1887. The following tabulation gives the total value of mineral production of California by years since 1887, in which year compilation of such data by the State Mining Bureau (now Division of Mines) began. At the side of these figures have been placed the values of the most important metal and non-metal items — gold and petroleum. In the same period copper made an important growth beginning with 1897 following the entry of the Shasta County mines, and more recently Plumas County. Cement increased rapidly from 1902, while crushed rock, sand and gravel as a group parallels the cement increase. Quick- silver has been up and down. Mineral water and salt have always been important items, but the values fluctuate. Borax has increased mate- rially since 1896. War-time increases, 1915-1918, were shown by chromite, copper, lead, magnesite, manganese, silver, tungsten and zinc. Most of these have since declined, though silver, structural materials and copper increased in 1920-1924, also lead and magnesite in 1923; lead and zinc in 1925 ; zinc in 1926, with silver declining ; an increase in quicksilver in 1927-1928, with declines in other metals and by petroleum. Natural gas has shown a steady increase since 1907, and in 1929 its value was second only to petroleum. Total Mineral Production of California, by Years, Since 1887 Year Total value of all minerals Gold, value Petroleum, value 1887 J19,785,868 19,469.320 16,681,731 18,039,666 18,872,413 18,300,168 18,811,261 20,203,294 22,844,663 24,291,398 25,142,441 27,289,079 29,313,460 32,622,945 34,355,981 35,069,105 37,759,040 43,778,348 43,069,227 46,776,085 55,697,949 66,363,198 82,972,209 88,419,079 87,497,879 88,972,385 98,644,639 93,314,773 96,663,369 127,901,610 161,202,962 199,753.837 195,830,002 242,099,667 268,167,472 245,183,826 344.024,678 374.620.789 434.519.660 450.330,856 366,781,394 332.224,233 432,248,228 365,604,695 113,588,614 12,750,000 11,212,913 12,309.793 12,728,869 12,571,900 12,422,811 13,923,281 15,334,317 17,181,562 15,871,401 15,906,478 15,336,031 15,863,355 16,989,044 16,810,320 16,471,264 19,109,600 19,197.043 18,732,'152 16.727.928 18.761,559 20,237,870 19,715,440 19.738,908 19,713,478 20,406,958 20,653,496 . 22,442.296 21.410.741 20.087.504 16,529.162 16,695,955 14.311,043 15,704,822 14,670,346 13,379,013 13,150,175 13,065,330 11.923.481 11,671.018 10,785,315 8,526,703 9,451.162 $1 367 144 1888 1,380,666 368 048 1889 1890 384 200 1891 401,264 1892 _ 1893 561,333 608,092 1894 1,064 521 1895 1,000.236 1896... 1,180 793 1897 1,918,269 1898 2 376 420 1899 2,660,793 1900 4 152 928 1901 2,961,102 1902 4 692 189 1903 7,313,271 1904 8.317,809 9 007 820 1905 1906 , 9.238 020 1907 16 783 943 1908 26,566,181 1909 32 398 187 1910 37,683,542 1911 40 552 088 1912 41.868,344 1913 48,578 014 1914 47,487,109 1915 43,503,837 1916 57,421,334 1917 86,976,209 1918 127 459 221 1919 142,610,663 1920 178,394,937 1921 203,138.225 1922 173.381,265 1923 242,731,309 1924 274.652,874 1925 330,609,829 1926 345,546.677 1927. 260.735.498 1928 229,998,680 1929 321,366.863 1930. 271,699,046 Total* . $5,852,104,882 $694,169,761 $3,643,094,692 16 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA CHAPTER TWO FUELS Among the most important mineral products of California are its fuels. This subdivision includes coal, natural gas, and petroleum, the combined values of which made up practically 81 per cent of the state's entire mineral output for the year 1929. There are deposits of peat known in several localities in California, small amounts of which are used as a fertilizer, and in stock-food prepa- rations, but none has yet been recorded as utilized for fuel. Comparison of values during 1928 and 1929 is shown in the following table : Substance 1928 1929 Increase+ Decrease— Value Amount Value Amount Value Coal 450 tons 400,129,201M.cu.ft. 292,534,221 bbls. $2,476 29,067,546 321,366,863 10,885 tons 315,513,952 M.cu.ft. 227,328,988 bbls. $59,858 24,559,840 '271,699,046 $57,382+ 4,507,703— 49,667,817— Natural gas Total values $350,436,885 $296,318,744 Net decrease.. $54,118,141 COAL Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VII, XII-XV (inc.), XYII, XIX-XXVIII (inc.), XXVI. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulle- tins 285, 316, 431, 471, 581 ; Ann. Kept. 22, Pt. III. The coal produced in California during 1930 totaled 10,885 short tons valued at $59,858 at the mine and coming from a single property in each; Amador, Monterey, and Trinity counties. The 1930 output showed an increase in both quantity and value over that of 1929, which was 450 short tons worth $2,476. This increase in output was accounted for by the reopening of the Stone Canyon mine which had been down for some years. This coal was consumed by the local market and also used on the property for camp purposes, power and forge, to carry on regular operations and development work. Total Coal Production of California. The very considerable output of coal in the years previous to 1883 was almost entirely from the Mount Diablo district, Contra Costa County. Later the Tesla mine in Corral Hollow, Alameda County, was an important producer for a few years. Stone Canyon, Monterey County, was also an important producer for a short time, and there has been some coal shipped from properties in Amador, Fresno, Orange, Riverside, Siskiyou and Trinity counties. The following tabulation gives the annual tonnages and values, according to available records : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION Coal Output and Value, by Years 17 Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1861 6.620 23,400 43,200 50,700 .60,530 84,020 124,690 143,676 157.234 141.890 152.493 190.859 186,611 215.352 166.638 128.049 107.789 134.237 147.879 236.950 140.000 112.592 76.162 77.485 71.615 100.000 50,000 95,000 121,280 110,711 93.301 85.178 72.603 69.887 79.858 70.649 $38,065 134,550 248,400 291.525 348,048 483,115 716,968 826.137 904,096 815.868 876.835 1.097.439 1.073.013 1.238.274 958.169 736.282 619,787 771,863 850,304 1.362.463 805.000 647.404 380.810 309.950 286,460 300,000 150,000 380,000 288.232 283.019 204,902 209.711 167.555 139,862 193,790 161.335 1897 87,449 143,045 160,941 176,956 150,724 88,460 93,026 79,062 46,500 24.850 23.734 18.496 49.389 11,033 11.047 14.484 25,198 11,859 10.299 4.037 3.527 6.343 2.983 2.078 12.467 27.020 1,010 1,425 730 1,100 200 782 450 10,885 $196,255 1862 1898 337,475 1863 1899 420,109 1864 1900 535,631 1865 1901 401,772 1866 . 1902 248,622 1867 1903 265.383 1868- 1904 376.494 1869 1905 144,500 1870 1906 . 61.600 1871 1907 65.849 1872 . 1908 55,503 1873 1909 216,913 1874 1910 23.484 1875 1911 18.297 1876 1912 39,092 1877 1913 85,809 1878 1914 28,806 1879 1915 26,662 1880 1916- 7,030 1881 1917 7,691 1882 1918 16,149 1883 1919 8,203 1884 1920 5,450 1885 . 1921 63,578 1886. -_ 1922 135,100 1887 1923 ... 5,090 1888 1924 8,800 1889 1925 3.880 1890 1926 5,000 1891. _ 1927 1,100 1892 1928 4,542 1893 1929 2,476 1894 1930 59,858 1895 1896. Totals . 5,220,727 $23,171,334 The tonnages in the above table for the years 1861-1886 (incl.) are taken from the U. S. Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1910," p. 107. The values assigned for the years previous to 1883 are those given by W. A. Goodyear (Min- eral Res., 1882, pp. 93-94), being an average of $5.75 per ton. From 1887 to date the figures are those of the California State Mining Bureau. NATURAL GAS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VII, X, XII, XIII, XIV, Bulletins 3, 16, 19, 69, 73, 89. Monthly Summary, Oil & Gas Supervisor, Dec., 1919; Aug., 1922; Mar., 1923; Mar. and Apr., 1926. Statistics on the production of natural gas in California are in a con- siderable degree difficult to arrive at, as much of it that is utilized directly at the wells for heating, lighting, and driving gas engines is not measured. Hence, it is necessary to approximate the output of many of the operators in the oil fields, estimated on the number of lights, and on the number and horsepower of gas engines and steam boilers thus oper- ated. The figures here given are for gas utilized locally and also that sold for distribution to consumers; and we consider are not over- estimated, particularly in the six oil-producing counties. It must be remembered that some of our important oil fields are removed many miles from the site of any other industry, and that the gathering of small amounts of gas and transporting it for any considerable distance may not always be profitable, nor is it often possible to have pipe-line 2—87473 18 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA facilities available to handle the g:as accompanying the early gas pro- duction in newly developed fields. Wherever feasible, casing-head gas is used in driving gas engines for pumping and drilling, and in firing the boilers of steam-driven plants. The most notable gas developments in California have been in the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills in Kern County, northeast of the Midway district; in the oil fields in the Los Angeles basin, Los Angeles and Orange counties ; in Ventura County ; and during 1928 the bringing in of the Kettleman Hills field in Kings County. The use of natural gas will be furthered in the industry of the state ; first, by the construction of pipe lines to all of the principal cities in the state, and, second, by a law passed by the last legislature making the unreasonable waste of natural gas illegal. Heretofore all gas that could not be sold or used on the property was wasted, but now it has to be used or the well is closed in until such a time when it can be used. Pipe Lines and Distribution of Natural Gas. During the past twelve years more than 5000 miles of natural gas pipe lines have been laid in California. With the laying of the pipe lines the amount of natural gas used has increased as well as the uses to which it is put. At the present time, the value of this material is second only to petroleum. Natural gas is also being compressed into containers of various sizes and shipped in this form to places where it is not practical to build pipe lines. The compressed gas in small containers makes it possible for people living in isolated places to have gas for cooking, heating, and lighting. There is a i)roject now under way to compress the natural gas into specially built tank cars, ship it to Oregon and Washington and there distribute it to the gas mains of the various towns. This system will give service to California cities not accessible to pipe lines. The year 1930 saw a continuation in the construction of natural gas pipe lines from the major oil fields to the larger centers of population, and the addition of new projects. There is a line from Kettleman Hills to Los Angeles to be built ; also branch lines from that running up the San Joaquin to San Francisco and to all of the principal towns in the San Joaquin and lower Sacramento valleys not already serviced with natural gas. In 1929 a law was passed prohibiting the unreasonable waste of natural gas, which has lessened the per cent of gas wasted and has encouraged the finding of new domestic and industrial uses for this material. The following table shows the total amount of natural gas coming from oil gas wells in California during 1930; that which was utilized for fuel, light and power; that which was wasted (blown into the air) ; and that which is pumped into old gas wells for storage. Actual Production of Natural Gas— How Disposed of in California M cu. ft. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. County produced utilized wasted stored Fresno 396,827 393,337 3,490 Kern 37,787,695 27,908,423 6,116,578 3,762,694 Kings 157,102,080 47,959,591 108,927,320 215,169 Los Angeles 247,009,811 156,470,411 82,252,467 8,286,933 Orange 22,891,543 21,518,952 986,169 386,422 Santa Barbara 16,205,794 6,274,436 9,897,613 33,745 Ventura 63,541,515 54,741,670 7,695,372 1,104,473 Other counties 247,132 247,132 Totals 545,182,397 315,513,952 215,879,009 13,789,436 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 19 Production and Value. There is rather a wide variation in prices quoted for natural gas because a considerable part is used directly in the field for driving gas engines and firing boilers, and is therefore not measured nor sold. Such companies as have placed a valuation on the gas that was thus used in 1930 gave from 2^ to 26^ per 1000 cu. ft. at the well. From the totals shown in the tabulation following herein, the average value for all fields in 1930 works out at approximately 7.78^ per M cu. ft. Approximately 7000 cu. ft. of gas is equal to one barrel of oil in heating value, and is so accounted for by many operators. In driving gas engines, about 4000 cu. ft. per 24 hr. are consumed by a 25-h.p. engine, and 63,700 cu. ft. per day for heating a 70-h.p. steam boiler, which figures have been utilized in compiling this report, in those cases where gas was not metered. Natural Gas 'Consumed' or Utilized for Fuel, 1930 County M cu. ft. Fresno 393,337 Kern 27,908,423 Kings 47,959,591 Los Angeles 156,470,411 Orange 21,518,952 Santa Barbara 6,274,426 Ventura 54,741,670 Butte, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino, Sacramento, San Joaquin, San Mateo, and Santa Clara* 247,132 Totals 315,513,952 * Combined to conceal the output of a single operator in each. The above total was a decrease in both quantity and value from the 1929 output utilized, which was 400,129,204 M cu. ft. worth $29,675,546. The year 1929 had the largest annual production of natural gas in Cali- fornia. As in the past Los Angeles County production was the largest with 156, 470,411 M cu. ft. worth $14,065,968, although this was a decrease from the 1929 figures, which were 288,708,726 M cu. ft. and $17,410,493, with the exception of Kings County, all counties showed a decrease in the amount of natural gas utilized. Natural Gas Production In California, Since 1888. The production of natural gas in California by years since 1888 is given in the following table. The first economic use of natural gas in California was from the famous courthouse well at Stockton, bored in 1854-1858. Beginning about 1883 and for several succeeding years, a number of gas wells were brought in around Stockton. Natural gas was known in a number of other localities, and occasionally utilized in a small way, notably at Kelseyville in Lake County, and in Humboldt County near Petrolia and Eureka, but there are no available authentic records of amounts or values previous to the year 1888. The most important developments in the commercial production of natural gas have been coincident with developments in the oil fields, by utilizing the casing-head gas as well as that from dry-gas wells. Value $26,108 1,290,099 3,668,722 14,065,968 1,394,600 299,918 3,749,829 64,005 $24,559,840 20 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Natural Gas Production In California Since " Year M cubic feet Value Year M cubic feet Value 1888 . — . •12,000 •14,500 •41,250 •39,000 •75,000 •84,000 •b85,080 •bl 10,800 •bl31,100 •71,300 •111,165 115,110 40,566 120,800 120,968 120,134 144,437 148,345 168,175 169,991 842,883 1,148,467 $10,000 12,680 33,000 30,000 55,000 68,500 79,072 112,000 111,457 62,657 74,424 95,000 34,578 92,034 99,443 75,237 91,035 102,479 109,489 114,759 474.584 616,932 1910 10,579,933 •5,000,000 •12,600,000 14,210,836 16,529,963 21,992,892 28,134,365 44,343,020 46,373,052 52,173,503 58,567,772 67,043,797 103,628,027 240,405,397 209,021,596 194,719,924 214.549.477 224,686.940 260,887,116 400,129,201 315.513,952 $1,676,367 1889 1911 491,859 1890 1912 940,076 1891 1913 1,053,292 1892 1914 1,049,470 1893 1915 1,706,480 1894 1916 2,871,751 1896 1917 2,964,922 1896 1918 3,289,524 1897 1919 4 041,217 1898 1920 3,898,286 1899 1921 4,704,678 1900 1922 6,990,030 1901 . . 1923 15,661,433 1902 1924 15.153.140 1903 1925 15,890 082 1904 1926 19,465 347 1905 1927 20,447,294 1906 1928- 22,260,947 1907 1929 29,675,546 1908 1930 24,559,840 1909 Totals 2,545,905,834 $201,345,941 • Quantity, in part, estimated, where values only were reported. b Includes natural COj from a mine in Santa Clara County. Gasoline fronn Natural Gas. More or less gas usually accompanies the petroleum in the oil fields, and such gas carries varing amounts of gasoline. A total of 145 plants were in operation in 1929 recovering gasoline by compression or absorption from this * casing-head' gas. After the gasoline is extracted the remaining 'dry gas' so far as practicable is taken into pipe lines, by which it is distributed to consumers, both domestic and commercial. In certain of the old fields, some of the casing-head gasoline is obtained as an incidental product to the compressing of the natural gas prelim- inary to its transmission to consuming centers through the gas pipe lines. Some concerns market the casing-head gasoline separately, others blend it with distillery gasoline, while others turn it into the oil pipe lines thus mixing this high-gravity gasoline with the crude oil for trans- portation to the refinery where it is later regained. A total of 842,958,320 gallons of casing-head gasoline valued at $56*, 870,002 was reported made from all fields by 140 plants during 1930, compared with 804,156,700 gallons worth $55,168,970 from 145 plants in 1929. It was distributed as follows : Natural-Gas Gasoline Recovered, 1930 No. County plants Kern 24 Kings 6 Los Angeles 71 Orange 20 Santa Barbara 5 Ventura 13 Others 1 Totals 140 Gallons 55,400,973 156,420,534 461,805,136 69,129,364 25,194,102 73,964,168 44,043 Value $5,145,873 8,603,129 31,065,648 4,812,902 1,992,125 5,245,905 4,420 842,958,320 $56,870,002 The usual recoveries of gasoline from natural gas vary from J gal. to 3 gal. per 1000 cu. ft. of gas handled, the average being about 1 gal. per 1000 cu. ft. The U. S. Bureau of Mines report by Kjiudsen^ gives 1 Knudsen, E. T., Statistical summary of California Petroleum Industry, 1930 ; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1931, p. 55. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 21 the average recovery for 1930 as 1.370 gallons per 1000 cu. ft. of gas treated. His figures show the following production, by methods : Natural-Gas Gasoline Production, 1930, by Methods Per U. S. Bureau of Mines Recovery, M cu. ft. natural Gallons gaso- gal. per M gas treated line recovered cu. ft. Oil absorption 599,852,566 822,291,289 1.371 Compression 2,756,208 3,037,708 1.102 Totals 602,608,774 825,328,997 1.370 PETROLEUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, VII, X, XII, XIII. Bulletins 3, 11, 16, 19, 31, 32, 63, 69, 73, 82, 84, 89. Reports of Oil and Gas Supervisor 1915 to date (issued in monthly chapters since April, 1919, to June, 1929, and quarterly from then on). U. S. Geol. Surv. Bulletins 213, 285, 309, 317, 321, 322, 340, 357, 398, 406, 431, 471, 541, 581, 603, 621, 623, 653, 691. Prof. Papers 116, 117. ' ' American Petroleum ; Supply and Demand ' ' ; Amer. Petr. Inst., 1925. The crude petroleum produced in California during 1930 amounted to a total of 227,328,988 barrels having a value of $271,699,046 at the well; this was a decrease from the 1929 output which was the largest annual production in the state. This total of quantity is compiled from the monthly production reports filed by the operators with the State Oil and Gas Supervisor, to which have been added figures for the output of a number of small operators in the old Los Angeles City Field not under the jurisdiction of the Supervisor. The question of the value of the crude oil yield at the well is a diffi- cult one to settle with exactitude principally because a large part of the output is not sold until after refining. The large refiners are also large producers of crude oil which they send direct from well to plant, hence much of the crude oil is not sold as such. The value used in the statistical reports of the State Mining Bureau and the Division of Mines and Mining from 1914 to 1927 (inc.) was derived from an average of actual sales of crude oil of all grades in each field of the state and their average applied to the total yield of each respective field. The 1929-1930 values, used by the Division of Mines, were obtained by using the production of crude oil by gravities pro- duced in each field ^ and applying an average of current prices quoted in Oil Bulletin for crude oil at the well. Features of 1930. The noteworthy features of the year 1930 in the oil industry in Cali- fornia were: curtailment in production of crude petroleum; deep drilling and deepening of wells in proved fields; some increase in production in Kings, Santa Barbara, and Kern counties and decreases in Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange, and Fresno counties. Summarizing the data for the year, the State Oil and 'Gas Supervisor^ presented the following figures : 1 By courtesy of Standard Oil Co. 2 Bush, R. D., Resume of Oil Field Operations of California in 1929, Summary of Operations — .California Oil Fields, Vol. 16, No. 3, Jan., Feb., March, 1931. 22 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA .^>A\vmJ a 1 MOODY GULCH 2 SARGENT 3 COALINGA 4 DEVIL'S DEN 5 LOST HILLS 6 BELRIDGE 7 MCKITTRICK- TEMBLOR 8 MIDWAY- SUNSET 9 ELK HILLS 10 KERN RIVER 1 1 MT. POSO 12 ARROYO GRANDE 13 CASMALIA M- SANTA MARIA 15 CAT CANYON 16 LOMPOC 17 SUMMERLAND 18 VENTURA 19 SANTA PAULA 20 SOUTH MOUNTAIN 21 OJAI 22 SESPE 23 PIRU 24 BARDSDALE 25 SIMI 26 CONE JO 27 NEV/HALL 28 BEVERLY HILLS 29 SALT LAKE 30 LOS ANGELES 31 M0NTE8ELL0 32 WHITTIER 33 SANTA FE SPRINGS 34 COYOTE HILLS 35 RICHFIELD 36 BREA-OLINDA 37 HUNTINGTON BEACH 38 LONG BEACH 39 TORRANCE 40 WHEELER RIDGE 41 DOMINGUEZ 42 ROSECRANS 43 INGLE WOOD 44 NEWPORT 45 SEAL BEACH 4€ ROUND MOUNTAIN 47 RINCON 48 KETTLEMAN HILLS 49 ELWOOD 50 POTRERO OUTLINE MAP OF CALIFORNIA SHOWING LOCATION OF OIL FIELDS AND DISTRICTS R. O. BUSH STATE OIL &GAS SUPERVISOR STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION Z6 Production. ' ' The total production in the state for the last six months of 1930 was 109,298,614 barrels of oil and 50,546,364 barrels of water. The pro- duction of oil for the year 1930 was, therefore, 227,150,429 barrels, a decrease of 65,258,768 barrels compared with that of 1929. ''The production of oil for the second half of 1930 was 8,553,201 bar- rels less than for the first half. Water production increased 1,482,342 barrels during the same period. * # # «! ^ # * ' * The estimated closed-in production was increased during 1930 from 202,745 barrels daily in February to a maximum of 257,477 barrels in December. Storage and Price Changes. "The total crude and refined petroleum in storage in Pacific coast territory at the end of 1930 was 181,033,141 barrels, according to the American Petroleum Institute. The decrease in storage during the year amounted to 3,784,178 compared with an increase of 44,816,425* barrels during 1929. The total amount of crude and refined oil shipped to eastern ports during 1930 was 25,643,000 barrels, or 2,538,000 bar- rels less than the 1929 shipments. In March prices of crude oil between 18 degrees and 28 degrees gravity and higher w^ere incrased 1 to 25 cents per barrel, and in the valley fields oil below 18 degrees gravity was increased 5 cents per barrel. In September oil of 24 degrees gravity and above was reduced 2 to 12 cents per barrel. Drilling and Development. "During 1930, 918 wells were reported to the State Oil and Gas Supervisor as ready to drill as compared with 1256 new wells in 1929. Discoveries of oil of minor importance were made in the Los Angeles Basin both in new areas and in deeper zones in some of the fields. The most important discoveries were made in Kern County in the Moun- tain View area near Bakersfield and from the Temblor sands in the North Belridge field. Development of the Kettleman Hills field con- tinued at a moderate rate, each new well completion adding to the tremendous known resources of both oil and natural gas.'* TABLE A Production and Value of Crude Oil, by Counties 1929 1930 County Barrels Value Barrels Value Fresno 3,498,107 $1,781,586 3,362,902 $1,910,128 Kern 43,577,420 32,299,584 44,170,810 37,015,139 Kings 1,968,729 3,294,668 6,176,130 9,437,771 Los Angeles 182,444,261 216,871,493 114,533,366 148,549,776 Orange 25,861,815 25,504,922 23,113,820 24,500,649 Santa Barbara 11,141,789 13,984,055 15,914,132 22,343,440 Ventura 24,003,969 27,602,164 19,983,341 27,896,744 Colusa, San Luis Obispo. Santa Clara, Tulare__ «38,131 28,391 74,487 45,399 Totals 292,534,221 $321,366,863 227,328,988 $271,699,046 " Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each, * Revised figure. 24 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA The foregoing totals show the average price of $1,195 per barrel for the year in 1930, as compared with $1,094 in the year 1929, $0,992 in 1928, $1,127 in 1927 and $1,538 in 1926. TABLE B Average Price of Oil Per Barrel, by Counties, 1921-1930 County 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Fresno $1,483 1.714 $1,068 1.211 $1,710 .819 $1,162 1.137 $1,094 1.432 $0,815 1.448 $0,830 1.139 $0,764 .835 $0,519 0.741 1.674 1.189 0.986 $0,568 Kern .838 Kings 1.515 1.532 2.138 1.400 1.575 1.485 2.507 1.403 1.175 .942 1.011 1.616 1.785 .971 .880 .600 .782 1.404 1.138 1.239 1.183 .992 1.036 1.921 1.334 1.429 1.417 1.087 .914 1.634 1.710 1.645 1.559 1.115 1.207 1.051 .935 1.297 1.060 San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara Santa Clara .793 .750 1.108 1.255 1.404 Ventura 1.512 1.177 1.098 1.150 1.396 State averages... $1,726 $1,249 $0,923 $1,200 $1,422 $1,538 $1,127 $0,992 $1,094 $1,195 For several years previous to 1919, the state average value per barrel at the well for crude oil as determined by the statistical returns was noted to practically coincide with the quotations during the same years for 23° gravity oil in the San Joaquin Valley fields. In 1919 and since, the average values have worked out at figures corresponding to quota- tions up to, in one year as high as 28° oil, due to the large yield of high-gravity oils from the new fields in the Los Angeles-Orange counties area. TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA The presence of oil seepages and springs in Los Angeles and Ventura counties was known and utilized in a small way early in the history of California. Some also was shipped to refineries at San Francisco from Santa Barbara and Humboldt counties. In the light of present-day developments, the following reference to the previous year 's production of oil and its future prospects as expressed by the San Francisco Bulle- tin of January 8, 1866, is strikingly prophetic even though skeptical: "It is possible that the small quantity received (40,000 or 50,000 gallons In 1865) may be the forerunner of many millions which will, at some future time, lubricate the wheels of commerce and set a trade at work excelling in variety any that has thus far been known on this coast. At present, however, we admit to being a little skeptical about the assumption of the astute Professor Sllliman that California will be found to have more oil in Its soil than all the whales In the Pacific Ocean." According to Hanks,^ in 1874 production amounted to 36 bbl. per day from natural flows in Pico Canon (Newhall), and at Sulphur Mountain (Ventura County), the oil being of 32° gravity average. "Work was commenced in Pico Canyon In 1875 by drilling three shallow wells with spring pole, all of which yielded oil at depths of from 90 to 250 feet. Actual work of development commenced with steam machinery in 1877."* In 1877 Pico averaged 40-50 bbl. daily, and Ventura 80 bbl. daily. In 1878, there was some production (@ 60 bbl. per day, for a time) from wells in Moody Gulch, near Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, the oil being of 46° Baume. » Hanks, Henry G., Report IV of State Mineralogist, p. 298. 1884. » Idem, p. 301. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 25 The first wells in the Coalinga, Fresno County, and Summerland, Santa Barbara County, fields were drilled in 1890, but Coalinga did not make its influence felt conspicuously on the state's annual output until 1903. The Summerland yield never has been large. The Salt Lake field near Los Angeles began production in 1894 and in 1897 reached over a million barrels annually. In the Kern County fields, the first well was drilled in Sunset in 1891, Midway in 1900, McKittrick in 1892, Kern River in 1899. The Sunset-Midway district attained a yield of over 4,000,000 bbl. in 1909, and over 20,000,000 bbl. in 1910. Kern River field produced over 3,000,000 bbl. in 1901. The first well in the Santa Maria-Lompoc group, Santa Barbara County, was drilled in 1901, and the district advanced to a yield of over 3,000,000 bbl. annually in 1905. The Whittier-Fullerton field in Los Angeles and Orange counties became an important factor in 1902. The Montebello field, Los Angeles County, was the conspicuous addition in 1918-1919; and Elk Hills, Kern County, with Huntington Beach and Richfield, Orange County, in 1920. In 1921, the new fields added were Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs, Los Angeles County; in 1922, Torrance field in Los Angeles County, and Wheeler Ridge field in Kern County; but the production from the large number of new wells started in these new Los Angeles County fields did not reach its peak until August and September, 1923. Dominguez (Compton) came in during 1923; followed by Rosecrans and Inglewood in 1924. Ventura recorded important additions to its producing area in 1925 and 1926. Seal Beach, Orange County, and Mt. Poso, Kern County, were the new fields added in 1926 ; Round Mountain, Kern County, and Rincon, Ventura County, were the new fields added in 1927; with Potrero in Los Angeles County, Elwood in Santa Barbara County and Kettleman Hills in Kings County in 1928. During 1929 Play a Del Rey was added to the oil fields in Los Angeles County. The effect of the advent of these various fields to the producing column will be noted in the tabulation herewith, by years : 26 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA TABLE C Total Petroleum Production In California Year Barrela Value Year Barrels Value To and inc. 1875 • 175.000 12.000 13.000 15.227 19.868 40.552 99.862 128.636 142.857 262,000 325.000 • 377,145 678,572 690,333 303,220 307,360 323.600 385,049 470.179 783,078 1,245.339 1,257,780 1,911.569 2,249.088 2,677,875 4,329.950 7,710.315 14.356,910 24.340,839 b 1472,500 30,000 29.250 30,454 39,716 60.828 124.828 257.272 285.714 655,000 750,750 b 870,205 1,357.144 1,380,666 368,048 384,200 401,264 561,333 608,092 1.064,521 1,000,235 1,180,793 1.918.269 2.376.420 2.660.793 4,152,928 2,961,102 4,692,189 7,313,271 1904 - 29,736,003 34,275,701 32,624,000 40 311,171 48,306,910 58,191,723 77,697,568 84,648,157 89,689,250 98,494,532 102,881,907 91,146,620 90,262,557 95,396,309 99,731,177 101,182,962 103,377,361 112.599.860 138.468.222 262.875,690 228,933,471 232,492.147 224,673,281 231,195.774 231,811,465 292,534,221 227.328,988 $8,317,809 9.007.820 9,238,020 1876 1905 1877 1906 : 1878 1907 16,783 943 1879 1908 . 26,566,181 32,398,187 37,689,542 40,552,088 1880 1909 1881 1910 _ 1882 1911 1883 1912 .... 41.868,344 48,578 014 1884 1913 1885 1914 47.487,109 43,503,837 1886 1915 1887 1916 - 57,421,334 86,976,209 1888 1917 1889 1918 127,459,221 142,610,563 1890 1919 1891 1920 178,394,937 1892 1921 203.138,225 1893 1922 173,381,265 1894 1923 242,731,309 274,652,874 330,609.829 1895 1924 1896 1925 1897 1926 345.546,677 1898 1927 260.735,498 1899.. 1928 229.998,680 1900 1929 321,366,863 1901 1930 271,699,046 1902 Totals 1903 3,527,499.220 $3,646,701,209 • U. S. G. S., MIn. Res. of U. S., 1886, p. 440. for quantities to and including 1886. b Values have been estimated for the years to and Including 1886, after consulting a number of contemporaneous publications, including the Mining & Scientific Press, Reports of the State Mineralogist, and U. S. Reports. The figures for 1887 to date are from records of the State Mining Bureau. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 27 Outlook. The following table copied from The Oil Bulletin ^ gives the allot- ment by fields in California agreed on by the Operators General Com- mittee on Curtailment on May 27. This action is to govern the pro- duction from June 1, 1931, to January 1, 1932. CALIFORNIA PRORATION SCHEDULE June 1, 1931, to January 1, 1932 Approved May Fixed allotment fields potential Belridge 8,950* Brea-Olinda 23,670 Capitan 1,200 Coalinga 33,510 Dominguez 17,745* East Coyote 3,730 Elwood 98,800 Fruitvale 7,830 Inglewood 21,850 Kern River 11,500 Lawndale 300* Los Angeles 1,500* Lost Hills 6,500* McKittrick 4,500* Midway-Maricopa 98,875* Montebello 8,850 Round Mountain 13,000* Santa Maria 11,975 Summerland 250* Ventura Avenue 97,270 Ventura-Newhall 5,970 Watsonville 60 West Coyote 12,400* Wheeler Ridge 590* Whittier 1,425 Fixed field totals 492,250 Variable allotment fields Elk Hills ■ 28,760 Huntington Beach 42,980 Kern Front 18,200 Long Beach 179,775 Mount Poso 20,900 New Fields 300 Playa Del Rey : 37,875 Potrero 1,250 Richfield 14,835 Rincon : 3,030 Rosecrans 7,775 Santa Barbara 525 Santa Fe Springs 129,225 Seal Beach 24,970 Torrance 12,600 Variable field total 523,000 State totals (ex Kettleman Hills) 1,015,250 May allotment 4,000 10,600 June 1 Differ- allotment ence 475.000 6,500* 9,500 + 2,500 —1,100 8,900 8,000 — 900 11,500 11,500* 1,600 1,450 — 150 29,000 26,000 —3,000 2,500 2,250 —250 16,000 14,400 —1,600 2,750 2,500 —250 300 300* 1,500 1,350 — 150 350 2,100* + 1,750 3,600 2,500* — 1,100 55,800 52,500* —3,300 7,200 6,500 —700 1,600 1,200* — 400 2,500 2,250 —250 250 250* 44,500 40,000 — 4,500 3,900 3,500 —400 60 50 —10 8,500 8,500* 590 550 — 40 1,250 1,350* 205.000 — 100 218,750 —13,750 13,500 12,200 — 1,300 20,500 18,300 —2,200 8,800 7,700 —1,100 89,350 76,500 —12,850 8,500 8,900 + 400 100 + 100 19,000 16,100 —2,900 625 550 —75 7,050 6,300 —750 1,300 1,300 3,700 3,350 — 350 150 200 + 50 61,850 55,000 —6,850 15,925 10,600 — 5,325 6,000 5,400 222,500 —600 256,250 — 33,750 427,500 —47,500 Notes : The potentials and allotments here given do not include Kettleman Hills. The proposed allotments for fixed fields represent an average reduction of 10 per cent from the current allotments except for those fields marked * where an addi- tional reduction is considered practicable or where additional curtailment will be extemely difficult or impossible. The proposed allotments for variable fields represent a proration on the basis of the approved potentials of the total amount of 222,500 B/D available for all variable fields. Minor numerical adjustments of the exact figures have been made in order to express field allotments in readily comprehended round numbers : Average curtailment of fixed flelds=58.35 per cent. Average curtailment of variable fields=::r57.45 per cent. iQll Bulletin, Vol. XVII, No. 6, June, 1931. 28 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Well Data. The following table is compiled from the monthly statements issued by the American Petroleum Institute : TABLE D Wells Operated, by Fields, 1930 Field WeUs producing Dec. 1929 Wells producing Dec. 1930 WeUs com- pleted during year Daily initial output Wells aban- doned during year Bbls. per well produced per day Dec. 1929 Bbls. per well produced per day Dec. 1930 Kein River Mount Poso Fruitvale Round Mountain McKittrick. Midway-Sunset Elk Hills Lost Hills- Belridge Coalinga Kettleman Hills Buttonwillow Gas Field- Wheeler Ridge Watsonville Santa Maria Capitan Summerland Elwood-Gole'a Santa Barbara Ricon Ventura Avenue Ventura-N c whall Los Angeles-Salt Lake._ Whittier Fullerton (Brea-Olinda). Coyote Santa Fe Springs Montebello Richfield Huntington Beach Long Beach Torrance Dominguez Rosecrans Inglewood Newport Seal Beach Potrero -- Lawndale Playa del Rey Mbcellaneous drilling... Totals. 58 11 12 282 !,120 204 322 755 887 66 18 4 239 ,868 212 164 739 3,385 3,041 2,400 4,935 105 33,668 400 80 10 21,908 19.4 196.0 278.5 210.8 17.0 34.3 81.3 14.4 12.5 4,689.5 33 7 209 1 96 22 2 31 140 518 311 168 371 208 486 176 294 557 990 595 57 103 228 3 161 11 7 1 34 6 184 5 97 52 2 33 145 414 259 160 367 183 464 164 175 404 905 526 62 100 211 4 127 17 8 141 275 1,120 225 122,312 1,150 1,460 51,530 967 1 6 148 1 10 10 142 50 2,793 123,916 241 1,795 964 90,288 2,872 1,137 565 163 104,049 4 19 3 3 3 7 5 3 24 65 4 2 1 33 10 11 20 32 27 2 17 2 3 9 10 1 8 117 19.4 9.0 18.0 0.0 4.8 1,444. 105.0 363,7 9.5 4.9 9.1 37.9 53.5 344.7 51.3 50.1 74.6 106.0 21.2 183.0 69.3 98.0 10.0 187.1 68.7 110.4 810.0 16.5 161.2 137.5 818.5 17.1 34.4 84.9 21.9 12.5 ,126 5 0.0 17.7 10.3 17.2 13.8 3 769 17 83 330 11 5.8 8.9 33.0 58.2 258.5 45.3 57.0 75.3 110.8 21.4 157.0 66.7 83.8 10.0 173.2 102.9 44.8 91.7 10,515 ,454 755 584,521 574 *65.6 *State average. , Specific Gravity of Oils Produced. The proportion of heavy and light oil produced in the various fields is shown in Table E, following, for which we are indebted to the Stand- ard Oil Company. Under present practice, oil below 18° Baume may be considered as largely refinable for fuel and lubricants, while the lighter oils yield varying amounts of the higher refined products with corresponding proportions of residuum and fuel oil. Specific gravities in California range from 8° Baum6 in the Casmalia field, Santa Bar- bara County, to 56° Baume in Ventura County and 60° in Kettleman Hills, Kings County. California crude oils are all essentially of asphalt base, with a few notable exceptions. In the following localities are wells yielding crudes containing both asphalt and paraffine constituents : Oil City field, Coal- jnga ; a few deep wells in East Side field, Coalinga ; a considerable part STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 29 of the Ventura County fields; Western Minerals area, south of Mari- copa ; Wheeler Ridge, Kern County. TABLE E Production of Light and Heavy Oils, by Fields, for 1930 Field Under 20° (barrels)* 20° above (barrels)* Total (barrels)* 5,372,677 3,930,406 584,924 17,988 255,160 1,489,214 1,910,576 6,750,281 5,372,677 Mt Poso - - 3,930,406 613,136 883,452 1,080,148 1,560 4,660,052 16,888,898 219,590 106,364 6,225,821 1,198,060 Fruitvale . . - 901,440 Lost Hills-Belridge -- 1,335,308 McKittrick 1,490,774 Elk Hills 6,570,628 Midway-Sunset - 23,639,179 wiieeler Ridge - - -.- --- -- - 219,590 Coalinga 3,285,918 150 23,725 26,250 32,439 374,792 17,211 3,392,282 Kettleman HiUs . --- .. . . . 6,225,971 Watsonville 23,725 Arroyo Grande 26,250 Lompoc -- -- - 6,100 720,641 7,377 14,608,876 1,240 38,539 1,095,433 Capitan - - - - 24,588 Elwood - - . . . 14,608,876 Santa Barbara-Mesa .._.- ..... 11,505 166,790 12,745 Summerland 116,790 Rincon ... ...... 1,011,878 17,514,244 1,574,370 72,766 1,011,878 17,514,244 Ventura County ... . . . 15,144 114,894 417,660 148,170 277,029 356,868 16,800 405,629 332,146 1,589,514 Newhall . . 187,660 Salt Lake - . .... 417,660 Los Angeles 148,170 Montebello . - - 2,417,614 160,739 3,867,890 4,020,744 3,302,107 44,247,244 9,586,544 2,108,624 3,521,834 140,026 4,628,683 2,375,338 3,060,382 36,387,769 8,026,061 626,663 2,694,643 Whittier. 517,607 Coyote . . _ 3,884,690 Fullerton . . . 4,426,373 Richfield 3,634,253 44,247,244 Huntington Beach 1,523,438 2,023,447 150,012 11,109,982 4,132,071 Dominguez _ _ _ _ . j 3,671,846 140,026 Plava del Rey - .... 28,128 22,056 3,371,280 210,300 4,656,811 2,397,394 Inglewood - - . . _ 6,431,662 36,598,069 Seal Beach 8,026,061 626,663 Terra Bella . . 400 13,871 400 13,871 Totals '- 33,627,278 194,674,775 228,302,053 * Barrels of 42 gallons. As previously noted by Bradley,^ a decided change has taken place in the relative proportions of light and heavy crudes produced in Cali- fornia since 1920, taking 18° Baume as the dividing line. This subject has also been covered in detail and with charts, by Collom and Barnes.^ A marked drop took place in the low-gravity yield from 1910 to and including 1914. From 1914, it remained almost stationary, with a slight drop in 1921, while the high-gravity yield has increased at a rapid rate since 1915. The proportions have been reversed from approximately 75% low— 25% high in 1914 to 25% low— 75% high in 1921; 10% low— 90% high in 1923; 14% low— 86% high in 1924-1929; 17% low— 83% high in 1930. This has been an important factor in its effect upon the average price per barrel of the state 's output in these years, as well as its effect 1 Bradley, W. W., Mineral Production of California in 1921 ; Cal. State Min. Bur., Report XVIII, p. 442, Sept., 1922. 2 Collom, R. E., and Barnes, R. M., California Oil Production and Reserves ; CaL State Min. Bur., Ninth Ann. Rep. of State Oil and Gas Supervisor, Aug., 1923, pp. 5-23. 30 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA upon the relative situation between production and consumption. It has been a fortunate development, in view of the increased demand for refinery products (gasoline in particular). OH in 'Storage.' Field, refinery, pipe-line, and tank-farm stocks of crude and refined products in the Pacific Coast territory totaled 181,033,141 barrels ^ December 31, 1930, as compared with 184,817,319 barrels on December 31, 1929. The total decrease in stock for the year was 3,784,178 barrels. December Decemher SI, 1929 31, 1930 (barrels) (barrels) revised Heavy crude, heavier than 20° A. P. I., including all grades of fuel 109,419,521 113,386,020 Refinable crude, 20° A. P. I., and lighter 42,744,491 41,469,458 Gasoline 17,241,334 16,530,593 Naphtha distillates 2,937,081 2,622,395 All other stocks 8,690,714 10,808,853 Total all stocks ^ 181,033,141 184,817,319 Utilization of California's Crude Oil. Most of the crude oil produced in California is sent to storage reser- voirs at the tank farms near the oilfields and from these reservoirs by pipe line to the refineries, the larger ones of which are located in the vicinity of Los Angeles or on San Francisco Bay. During 1930 the crude oil consumed in California, according to the U. S. Bureau of Mines - was 204,877,472 barrels sent to the stills at the refineries; 7,144,706 barrels to foreign shipments; and 18,718,641 barrels were either consumed as fuel, added to heavy crude stock or lost. The production of petroleum products during 1930 is shown in Table F. TABLE F Amount Com,m,odity in barrels Crude oil 228,099,899 Gas and fuel oils including heavy crude, below 20° a 133,020,816 Natural gasoline 19,650,690 Gasoline and engine distillate 84,312,752 Kerosene 6,288,288 Lubricants 2,513,060 Asphalt 2,660,725 Coke 132,527 Road oil 1,579,416 All other finished 1,449,694 Total b 247,750,589 » Includes 18,718,641 barrels of crude oil used as fuel or added to stocks of heavy crude. *» Total of crude oil and natural gasoline production. Operating Data. The following tabulation (Table G) is compiled from data published by the Department of Petroleum and Gas,^ semiannually, and here com- bined to show the entire year's operations for all fields. The districts are the geographical subdivisions as administered by the Department, and which are outlined on the accompanying map. 1 standard Oil Bulletin, February, 1931, p. 14. 2Knudsen, E. T., Statistical Summary of the California Petroleum Industry, 1930; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1931, pp. 2. 3. « Summary of Operations, California Oil Fields ; Division of Oil and Gas, Fifteenth Annual Report of State Oil and Gas Supervisor, Vol. 16, No. I, July, Aug., Sept., 1930, and No. 3, Jan.. Feb.. March. 1931. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 31 It will be noted that the state average yield of oil per well per day was 73.7 barrels for the first six months of 1930 and 68.4 barrels for the second. This is somewhat higrher than the figure of 66.1 barrels averaji-e for December derived from American Petroleum Institute data as shown in Table D, on a previous page, due in part at least, to the fact that the latter is on a full-time basis, whereas the Bureau figures allow for shut-down time. 32 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA I .^ ^ M ic 't' Si I- 00 OI^OO -^ O"? 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If 3 O -f 05-^ 00 lO !>■ lO 1— I CC CO CDOCvl 05 lO.^ CO'*' CO t>. t^co ^"OO CDC4" eq CO CO •.»H -^ O lO (M U5 ^ 00 (M O O Tt<»Ct^OO»-l (M 1-1 CO Cl ■* ■«1< CO CM O CO 00 00 CO 05 Oir^(M 00 I^CO CO 1— I o (M T-Ht^ O O 00 M0^ 00 - t^ coirfl CO 00 T-icoo;o-< rt t^ ira 00 < c*' (M »C CD CO 1— I Cq (M O i« O »-H t^CM CO CM CD COOS- CD CO C" CMO 1 CO 00 1-1 CO eo-«*<'-HOO 3^2 •CQWC „ C cs ■J c* £.2-3 g I 93 a Sew 2«S^a^n^Tj^5o^ J3 11^ SS«^^« J. , o .ill- Mi III il I fc- II 3—- 87473 34 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA CHAPTER THREE METALS Bibliography: Reports of State Mineralogist I-XXVI (inc.). Bul- letins 5, 6, 18, 23, 27, 36, 50, 57, 76, 78, 85, 92, 95. Spurr and Wormser, ' ' Marketing of Metals and M,inerals. ' ' See also under each metal. The total value of metals produced in California during 1930 was $15,048,229. Chief among these is and always has been gold ; followed by copper, quicksilver, tungsten, lead, platinum, manganese and iron ore. There was no production of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, molyb- denum, titanium, nor zinc, which have in the past been on the active list. Deposits of ores of nickel and vanadium have also been found in the state, although there has yet been no commercial output of them. The above-noted total of this group is a net decrease of $1,461,469 from the 1929 total of $16,509,698. Copper showed the largest decline in production. California leads all states in the Union in her gold production and is credited with approximately 20% of the nation's yield in 1930. The precious metal is widely distributed through the state. Thirty- four of the fifty-eight counties reported an output in 1930 from either mines or dredges. Copper, which is second in importance among the metals of the state, occurs in the following general districts : the Shasta County belt, which has been by far the most important ; the Coast Range deposits, extending more or less continuously from Del Norte ,in the north to San Luis Obispo County in the south; the Sierra Nevada belt, starting in Plumas and running in a general southerly and southeasterly direction through the Mother Lode counties and ending in Kern; the eastern belt in Mono and Inyo counties, and the southern belt .in San Bernar- dino, Riverside and San Diego counties. Silver is not generally found alone in the state, except notably in the Rand district, San Bernardino County ; but is associated to a greater or less extent with gold, copper, lead and z.inc. Quicksilver has for many years been one of the state 's staple products and California in 1930 supplied approximately 53% of the nation's output of this metal. Tungsten is found in but few other localities of importance in the United States. Large deposits of iron ore have long been known in several sections of the state, but for various economic reasons this branch of the mineral industry thus far has made only slight progress on the Pacific Coast. Titanium is associated with some of California's iron deposits. This m,ineral is widely distributed through the United States, but the deposits of this state are among the few that are considered of commercial importance. Although the United States is a large consumer of certain metals, in fact the largest particularly of chromium and tin, our production from STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 35 suox 4.Joqs JO spuosnom ui DU12 puo 'poai 'Jd Includes iron ore, manganese ore and tungsten. ALUMINUM Bibliography: Report XVIII, p. 198. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S. Bulletins 38, 67. U. S. To date there has been no commercial production of aluminum ore in California. Only a single authenticated occurrence of bauxite has thus far been noted .in this state, being in Riverside County, southeast of Corona, but as yet undeveloped. Minerals containing aluminum are abundant, the most widely dis- tributed being the clays. There are only two, however, thus far of consequence commercially, in the production of the metal : bauxite (to which may be added the related hydrated oxides, hydrargillite and diaspore) and cryoUte. Cryolite is found in commercial quantities only in south Greenland, and was formerly the only ore of aluminum used, being still employed as a flux in the extraction of the metal. Bauxite has been for some years the most important source of alum,i- num and its salts. Its color varies from gray to red, according to the amount of iron present, the composition ranging usually between the following limits : Al^Og, 30%-60% ; Fe^Og, 3%-25% ; SiOs, 0.5%-20% ; TiOa, 0.0-10%. Besides its reduction to the metal bauxite is also utilized in the manufacture of aluminum salts, refractory bricks, alun- dum (fused alumina) for use as an abrasive, and in the refining of oil. The most important producing countries, both of baux,ite and the metal, are the United States and France. The United States leads with 36% of world's output of the metal, although France produces more bauxite than any other country. In 1913 France led. ANTIMONY Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VIII, X, XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 38, 91. I During 1930 there were no shipments of antimony ore in California although there was a small amount mined in Kern County. The last STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 37 commercial production was made in 1928 when 20 tons of ore, cal- culated at 45% antimony, valued at $761 and coming from properties in Kern and San Bernardino counties, was shipped to a plant in Los Angeles for smelting. Production of antimony in California has been irregular, and small in amount except during 1915-17 when the high war-time prices per- mitted Amer,ican producers, for a short period, to compete with Chinese antimony. The principal commercial production of antimony in Cali- fornia has come from Kern, Inyo and San Benito counties, and other occurrences have been noted in Nevada, Riverside, San Bernardino and Santa Clara counties. The commonest occurrence is in the form of the sulphide, stibnite; but in the Kernville and Havilah districts in Kern County there were notable deposits of the native metal, being among the few localities of the world where native antimony has been found. California producers claim they can not operate profitably unless the price of antimony be above 12 cents per pound. During most of 1925 and 1926 the price was up, at times as high as 23^, and as a consequence there was some revival of antimony min,ing in California. Present New York quotations (July 31, 1931) are around 6f^ per pound for Chinese brands. China is the principal world source of antimony. The antimony market (New York being the chief center) is recog- nized as one of the most unstable of the metal markets. As the world's requirements for antimony are comparatively small, the prices react sharply if an extra quantity of the metal be thrown onto the market, and the trade becomes so cautious that the market may disappear alto- gether, causing production to fall off rapidly. Pure antimony metal and manufactured antimony compounds are of considerable importance as pigments in the ceramic industry. The most important use of the metal, commercially, is in various alloys, particularly type-metal (with tin and lead), babbitt (with tin and copper), and britannia metal (with tin and copper). An alloy of 6% antimony and 94% lead is being extensively used in making battery plates for storage batter.ies for automobiles, airplanes and radio apparatus. Antimony Production in California, by Years. The production of antimony ore in California by years since 1887 has been as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 75 100 $15,500 20,000 1902 1888 1915 510 1.015 158 $35,666 64.793 18,786 1889 1916 1893 60 150 33 17 20 40 75 70 50 2,250 6.000 1,485 2,320 3,500 1,200 13.500 5.700 8,350 1917 1894 1918 1895 1925\ •26 20 20 1896 770 1897 1927 590 1898 1928 761 1899 1929 1900 Totals 1901 2,429 $201,171 Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' 38 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ARSENIC Bihliography: Reports XVIII, XXIII, XXV. BuUetin 67, U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S. Arsenic is found in a number of localities in California in the mineral arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is frequently gold bearing; and in scoro- dite (FeAso4+2HoO), an oxidation product of arsenopyrite. The occurrence of realgar (AsS) has also been noted. The principal source of the arsenic of commerce in the United States has been as a by-product from the metallurgical treatment of copper, gold, and lead ores. It is usually recovered in the form of the tri-oxide, or 'white arsenic,* for which there is a demand for the preparation of insecticides, for use in agriculture and horticulture, and especially against the cotton-boll weevil in the southern states. During the year there was some actiyity in opening up an arsenic mine at Lake Hodges in San Diego County, but as yet there has been no shipment or production. Except for a small output in 1924, there has been no commercial recovery of arsenic from Californian ores. There having been only a single operator, the figures are concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item. BERYLLIUM Bibliography : State Mineralogist Report XXVII. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 118, No. 8, p. 285, Aug. 23, 1924. U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6190. Beryllium is a metal resembling aluminum closely in its chemical character. It has a specific gravity of 1.85, is almost as hard as quartz (will scratch glass) and will take a high polish. The use of beryllium as a metal is still more or less in the experimental stage because the cost of extracting the metal from its ores almost makes it prohibitive and the present sources of supply of the ore are limited. Not until such a time when deposits can be found that will assure a definite supply and metallurgical costs are such as to justify its use, will the metal be found in common use. There has been some talk about the use of beryllium as a metal in airplane construction, although little has been done so far. Several alloys of beryllium have been made and tested successfully. The addition of 2% to 3% of the metal to copper and nickel makes a bronze that has the strength and hardness of carbon steel and resists corrosion. Copper with 1.3% beryllium is an alloy with a gold color and sonorous. When small percentages of beryllium are alloyed with aluminum, copper, iron or nickel, it increases their hardness and strength. Beryllium has been utilized in X-ray apparatus and for electrodes in neon signs. Compounds of beryllium at present used commercially are the nitrate and the oxide. The nitrate is used by incandescent mantle manu- facturers to harden the thorium oxide skeleton, and the oxide has been added to materials being used for the manufacture of abrasive com- pounds and in dental cements. Beryllium sulphate has been used to some extent in medical research. Experiments of the use of the oxide STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 69 in various glasses show that it gives a harder and more refractory glass than calcium or magnesium. There are a number of beryllium minerals, but none have been found in commercial quantities, except beryl, which is a beryllium-aluminum silicate. The chief use at present for ground beryl is as an addition to porcelain products, where it reduces the coefficient of expansion. Beryllium metal is difficult to separate from alum,inum. Beryl occurs in California in the pegmatite dikes of the tourmaline gem district in northern San Diego and southwestern Riverside coun- ties. Thus far there have been no commercial shipments of beryl except for gem purposes (the pink and aquamarine varieties). BISMUTH Bibliography: Bulletins 38, 67, 91. Am. Jour. Sci., 1903, Vol. 16. Several bismuth minerals have been found in California, notably native bismuth and bism,ite (the ochre) in the tourmaline gem district in San Diego and Riverside counties near Pala. Other occurrences of bismuth minerals, including the sulphide, bismuthinite, have been noted in Inyo, Fresno, Nevada, Tuolumne, San Bernardino, and Mono coun- ties, but only in small quantities. The only commercial production recorded was 20 tons valued at $2,400, in 1904, and credited to River- side County. Recovery of bismuth from blister copper in the electro- lytic refinery has been noted. In the United States, the principal recovery of bismuth is obtained as a by-product from the refining of lead bullion. The uses of bismuth are somewhat restricted, being employed princi- pally in the preparation of medic.inal salts, and in low melting-point or cliche alloys. These alloys are utilized ,in automatic fire sprinkler systems in electric fuses, and in solders. Present quotations for bismuth are around $1.50 per pound, in ton lots for the refined metal. CADMIUM Bibliography: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S., 1908, 1918. During 1917 and 1918, cadmium metal was recovered by the electro- lytic zinc plant of the Mammoth Copper Company in Shasta County It was shipped in the form of * sticks ' and amounted to a total of several thousand pounds for the two years, the exact figures being concealed under 'Unapportioned.' That was the first, and thus far the only, commercial production of cadmium recorded from California ore. Cad- m,ium occurs there associated with zinc sulphide, sphalerite. Cadmium also occurs in the Cerro Gordo Mine, Inyo County, associated with smithsonite (zinc carbonate). There are several cadmium minerals, but none of them occur in sufficient quantities individually to be profitable as distinct ores. The cadmium of commerce is derived as a by-product in the reduction of zinc minerals and ores, in nearly all of which it occurs .in at least minute proportions, the average ratio being about 1 of cadmium to 200 of zinc. As cadmium behaves metallurgically much the same as zinc, it constitutes a fraction of 1 per cent of nearly all metallic zinc. 40 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Cadmium is produced in the United States in two forms — metallic cadmium and the pigment, cadmium sulphide. The principal use of the metal is in low-melting po.int, or cliche alloys, and its salts are utilized in the arts, medicine, and in electroplating. The sulphide is employed as a paint pigment, being a strong yellow, which .is unaffected by hydrogen sulphide gas from coal smoke. It is also employed in color- ing glass and porcelain. Cadmium cliche metal is stated to be superior to the corresponding bismuth alloy, for making stereotype plates. Cadm,ium is also used in bronze telegraph and telephone wires, and gives some promise of being utilized in electroplating. Present quotations for cadmium are 55^ per pound for the refined metal. COBALT Bibliography: Report XIV. Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S., 1912, 1918. U. S. B. M., I. C. 6331. Occurrences of some of the cobalt minerals have been noted in several localities in California, but to date no commercial production has resulted. Some of the copper ores of the foothill copper belt in Mari- posa and Madera counties have been found to contain cobalt up to 3%. The most notable occurrence thus far found in this State is in the Mar-John Mine near Sheep Ranch, Calaveras County. Lenses of smaltite (CoAsa), have been uncovered in the vein, there, and several tons taken out in the course of development work ; but as yet there have been no commercial shipments. The most important use of cobalt is in the manufacture of the alloy, stellite, in which it is combined with chromium, for making high-speed lathe tools, and non-tarnishing cutlery and surgeons' appliances. The metal is also used in electroplating, similarly to nickel; and the oxide, carbonate, chloride, sulphate and other salts are used in ceramics for coloring. Some of the organic salts of cobalt (acetate, resinate, oleate) are employed as 'driers' ,in paint and varnish. The nominal quotation for cobalt is around $2.50 per pound for the refined metal. COPPER Bihliography: State Mineralogist Reports VIII-XXVII (inc.). Bulletins 23, 50, 91. Copper is second to gold among the metals mined in California. The output during 1930 amounted to a total of 26,534,752 pounds recover- able metal valued at $3,449,522. This was a decrease in both amount and value from the 1929 figures which were 33,809,258 pounds and $5,941,799. The average price of copper for 1930 was 13 cents per pound compared with 17.6 cents a pound in 1929 and 14.4 cents in 1928. Plumas County ranked first, as it has for several years past, in the production of copper for 1930, with an output of 19,529,224 pounds. Shasta County came second with 3,962,383 pounds and Calaveras County third with 1,857,248 pounds. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 41 kd CO o r^ M- vo _ _ „ (VJ pj c-J (^ o> o^ o^ o^ o^ ^ o O C5 C5 3 g- s: 2: -> <^ -----1930- — !< -:) s: s: -? t^ z 1 >1<- 1931 -H From Engineering and Mining Journal^ July 13, 1931. Distribution of the 1930 copper output in California by counties was as follows : County Pounds Value Butte 353 $46 Calaveras 1,857,248 241,442 Inyo 19,607 2,549 Mariposa 3,629 472 Mono 2,006 261 Xapa 9,257 1,203 Nevada 17,009 2,211 Plumas 19,529,224 2,538,799 Riverside 5,878 764 San Bernardino 40,622 5,281 Shasta 3,962,383 515,110 Siskiyou 405,868 52,763 Trinity 588,574 76,514 Tuolumne 4,566 593 Alameda, Amador, Humboldt, Kern, Madera, Placer, Sierra* 88,528 11,514 Totals 26,534,752 $3,449,522 * Combined to conceal the output of a single operator in each. 42 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Copper Production of the United States. According to preliminary data issued by the U. S. Bureau of Mines,^ the smelter production of primary copper from domestic sources during 1930 amounted to 1,394,389,327 pounds, a decrease of approximately 30 per cent compared with 1929 output. The value decreased approxi- mately 49 per cent in 1930. The average price of 2,447,540,000 pounds of copper delivered during the year, as reported to the U. S. Bureau of Mines by selling agents, was 13 cents per pound. REPINED COPPER The total production of new refined copper in 1930 was 2,157,000,000 pounds, a decrease of 583,000,000 pounds from that in 1929. Primary and secondary copper produced by regular refining plants and imported, 1929-1930, in pounds Primary : Domestic ;! 1929 1930 Electrolytic 1,785,754,654 1,228,416,733 Lake 185,300,917 142,985,522 Casting 11,676,718 19,821,950 1,982,732,289 1,391,224,205 Foreign : i Electrolytic 756,555,087 765,189,037 Casting 825,000 645,936 Refinery production of new copper 2,740,112,376 2,157,059,178 Imports of refined copper 134,014,792 86,210,331 Total new refined copper made available 2,874,127,168 2,243,269,509 Secondary : Electrolytic 331,858,103 279,423,370 Casting 2,300,000 1,106,114 334,158,103 280,529,484 3,208,285,271 2,523,798,993 1 The separation of refined copper into metal of domestic and foreign origin is only approximate, as an accurate separation of the amounts at this stage of manufacture is not possible. In addition to their output of metallic copper the regular refining companies pro- duced bluestone (hydrous copper sulphate) having a copper content of 9,419,000 pounds, as compared with 10,255,000 pounds in 1929. STOCKS Stocks in copper January 1, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 and 1931, in pounds Blister and Refined material in pro- Year copper cess of refining ^ 1926 124,000,000 432,000,000 1927 146,000,000 455,000,000 1928 171,000,000 401,000,000 1929 114,000,000 423,000,000 1930 306,000,000 500,000,000 1931 615,000,000 450,000,000 1 The amounts stated in the last column in the table above do not include copper in stock at foreign smelters or in transit from foreign smelters to refineries in the United States. CONSUMPTION The new refined copper withdrawn from the total year's supply on domestic account in the United States in 1930 and the method employed in determining it are shown in the following table, which does not include stocks of copper held by con- sumers. ^U. S. Bureau of Mines, Press Bulletin, June 2, 1930. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 43 New refined copjyer withdrawn from total year's supply on domestic account, 1929-19 SO, in jmunds 1929 1930 Total supply of new copper 2,874,127,168 2,243,269,509 Stock at beginning of year 114,000,000 306,000,000 Total available supply 2,988,127,168 2,549,269,509 Copper exported! 903,541,753 669,252,807 Stock at end of the year 306,000,000 615,000,000 1,209,541,753 1,284,252,807 Withdrawn on domestic account 1,778,585,415 1,265,016,702 1 Includes refined copper in ingots, bars, rods, or other forms. Copper Production of California, by Years. Although some mining of copper ores in a small way had been done earlier, shipments in appreciable quantities began in 1861 and con- tinued of importance up to the end of 1867, when a total of 68,631 tons (of 2376 pounds) of high-grade ores, and 847 tons of matte or *regulus'^ had been shipped to smelters at New York, Boston, and Swansea, Wales. The most important district at that time was Copperopolis and vicinity in Calaveras County, with some shipments also made from Mariposa, El Dorado, Fresno and San Luis Obispo counties. From 1868 to 1882, the output was insignificant. There are wide discrepancies in the figures currently recorded for copper production previous to 1882, in which year the data of the U. S. Geological Survey began. The detailed statis- tics of the California State Mining Bureau began in the year 1894. Amount and value of copper production in California annually since 1882 is given in the following tabulation : Copper Production of California, by Years Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1882. 826,695 1,600,862 876,166 469,028 430,210 1,600,000 1,570,021 151,505 23,347 3,397,405 2.980,944 239,682 738,594 225,650 1,992,844 13,638,626 21,543,229 23,915,486 29,515,512 34,931,788 27,860,162 19,113,861 29,974.154 16.997.489 28.726.448 32,602,945 $144,672 265,743 120,911 49,248 43,021 192,000 235,303 18,180 3,502 424,675 342,808 21,571 72,486 21,901 199,519 1,540,666 2,475,168 3,990,534 4,748,242 6,501,782 3,239,975 2,520,997 3,969.995 2.650,605 5.522,712 6,341.387 1908 40.868,772 65,727,736 53,721,032 36,838,024 34,169,997 34,471,118 30,491.535 40.968.966 55,809,019 48.534,611 47,793.046 22,162,605 12,947,299 12,088,053 22,883,987 28,346,860 52,089,349 46,968,499 33.521,544 27,350,316 25.162.304 33,809,258 26,534,752 $5,350,777 8.478,142 6,680,641 4,604,753 6,63g,049 5,343,023 4,055,375 1883 . 1909 1884. 1910 1885 . 1911 1886.. 1912 1887 1913 1888 1914 1889 1915 7 169 667 1890 1916 13,729,017 1891 1917 13 249 948 1892. 1918 11,805,883 1893 1919 4,122,246 1894 1920 2 382 303 1895 1921 1,559,358 1896 1922 3,090 582 1897 1923 4,166,989 1898 1924 . 6,823,704 1899 1925 6.669,527 1900 1926 4,693.014 1901 1927 3.582 888 1902 1928 3.623.360 1903 1929 5.941,799 3,449,522 1904 1930 Totals 1905 1906 1,129,201,335 $180,868 070 1907 Brown, J. Ross, Mineral Resources West of the Rocky Mountains, p. 168, 1867. 44 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA GOLD Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports I to XXVII (inc.), (except III and VIII). Bulletins 36, 45, 57, 91, 92, 95. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 73. Gold was the first, and, for many years, the most important single mineral product of California. Although now surpassed for a number of years in annual value by petroleum, and by cement beginning with 1920, it still heads our metal l,ist, and California continues to outrank all the other gold-producing states of the United States, including Alaska. In fact, at present, California is producing approximately 20% of the gold mined in the entire United States. The gold yield has decreased in recent years, not only in California but in the country as a whole. Meanwhile, the actual gold reserves Hydraulicking at the Canyon Creek Placer Mine, near Dedrick, Trinity County. — Photo by Walter W. Bradley (monetary stock on hand) of the United States has increased to such an extent that we now hold practically one-half of the w^orld's stock. There has been a renewal in the development of both lode and placer gold properties in California during the last two years. This is shown in the number of mines worked. There were 480 lode properties and 892 placers operating in 1930, as compared with 324 lodes and 478 placers in 1929. The production of gold in California during 1930 totaled 457,199.98 fine ounces worth $9,451,162, being an increase of 44,720.73 fine ounces over the 1929 yield. The deep or lode mines output accounted for $5,696,019 and the placers (mainly the dredges) produced $3,755,143. As the Division of Mines has never independently gathered the sta- tistics of gold and silver production, these figures, as in former years, I STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 45 are published by cooperation with and through the courtesy of Mr. V. C. Heikes of the Division of Minerals and Statistics, U. S. Bureau of Mines. The largest gold production for 1930 is reported from Nevada County, with an output of 106,109.87 fine ounces ($2,193,486) ; Amador County second with 89,019.24 fine ounces ($1,840,191) ; Sacramento County third with 83,432.95 fine ounces ($1,724,712) ; followed in turn by Yuba, Sierra, Plumas, Trinity, Shasta. It will be noted that the four leading counties held the same order that they did in 1929; with Nevada holding first place as a gold producing county with an output exceeding that of Yuba or Amador, which held first and second places respectively in 1928 with Sacramento fourth that year. The gold from Yuba and Sacramento comes almost entirely from dredges, while that from Nevada and Amador counties comes mainly from the lode mines. Distribution of the 1930 gold output by counties was a*s follows : Number of producers County Lode Placer Value Amador 23 9 $1,840,191 Butte 11 78 126,858 Calaveras 30 27 112,913 Contra Costa , 1 102,036 Del Norte 2 279 Eldorado 35 28 78,019 Fresno 2 2 5,916 Humboldt 4 7 2,255 Imperial 1 148 Inyo , 22 1 20,466 Kern 35 4 165,435 Lassen 4 2,946 Madera 4 3 1,062 Mariposa 24 27 58,985 Merced 1 88,328 Mono 7 ___ 26,234 Napa ___ 1 — 36,532 Nevada 65 83 2,193,486 Placer — _ 4 97 29,338 Plumas 13 103 405,359 Riverside 8 ___ 4,833 Sacramento 2 14 1,724,712 San Bernardino 48 8 59,442 San Diego 6 ___ 2,234 San Luis Obispo 1 1,461 Shasta _— 24 69 226,214 Sierra 17 46 589,249 Siskiyou 21 107 70,332 Stanislaus -— 5 109,134 Trinitv 13 88 330,003 Tulare 2 __ _ 36 Tuolumne 49 16 67,691 Ventura 1 221 Yuba :-- 3 66 968,614 Total, 1930 480 892 $9,451,162 Total, 1929 324 478 $8,526,703 The following is quoted from the advanced statement of gold in 1930 by courtesy of the TJ. S. Bureau of Mines,^ Department of Commerce : "The total recoverable g-old in ore and gravels treated in California in 1930, according to Victor C. Heikes of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, was valued at $9,451,162, of which 481 lode operations yielded $5,696,019 and 892 placer operations (including dredges) $3,755,143. Compared with the gold yield in 1929 this was an increase of $924,459, with the lode mines showing an increase of $1,039,923 and the placer mines a decrease of $115,464. Of the total gold yield in 1930, lode operations yielded 60 per cent and placer operations 40 per cent. Only 3 counties had a production of gold exceeding $1,000,000 and these were, in order of rank, Nevada, Amador and Sacramento ; Yuba, Sierra and Plumas followed next in order of rank. Of the lode gold output gold ore and tailings yielded 90 per cent, copper ore, etc., 7 per cent, and » U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce advanced statement for 1930 and Press Bull. Jan. 2, 1931. 46 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA silver ore 1 per cent. Of the placer gold output dredges yielded 92 per cent, surface placers 4 per cent, drift placers 2 per cent, and hydraulic placers 2 per cent. The gold output of 24 dredges (25 in 1929, including a small experimental dredge) was 4 per cent less than in the preceding year. Twenty-eight companies in the State produce more than 1000 ounces of gold each and contributed 90 per cent of the total gold output. The largest producers of gold were the Empire Star Mines Co. (Ltd.), Natomas Company, Yuba Consolidated Gold Yields, Kennedy Mining and Milling Co., Argonaut Mining Co., Original Sixteen to One Mine (Inc.), Central Eureka Mining Co., Capital Dredging Co., Walker Mining Co., and Idaho Maryland Mines Co." "In Nevada County the Empire Star Mines Co. developed a new vein with encour- aging results. At the North Star mines a leading system was inaugurated and the North Star was equipped with flotation machines for testing oxidized ores and cur- rent tailing from the Empire plant. An aerial tram, which carries the North Star ore to the Empire mill, now connects the two properties. The Pennsylvania tram line handles waste from the Empire mine and also carries ore from the Pennsylvania shaft to the Empire mill. At the Idaho Maryland, development was continued with encouraging results and enlarged milling facilities were planned. Reconditioning of the Brunswick mill on an adjoining property was under way in order to provide for the increase in milling. The American B^oundation Co., operating the Murchie gold mine, increased the capacity of its flotation mill and the gold production was increased. Development of the Hoge, Grass Valley-Boreham, Queen Lil, and other gold properties in the Grass Valley-Nevada City district continued. In Amador County with the Kennedy mine and mill again on an active operating basis and the Argonaut taking on new life from ore developed on the 5500-foot level, the production of gold in the Jackson district will show an increase compared with the 1929 output. The Central Eureka, however, did not come up to its usual production and the Moore mine was inactive. The custom cyanide plant of the Amador Metals & Reduction Co. was operating without interruption on tailing and concentrates. In the Lancha Plana district the dredge operating on the Amador County side of the Mokelumne River had an increased gold yield. Mining of the Iron Mountain gossan deposit in Shasta County by the Mountain Copper Co. was actively carried on and about 8000 tons of gold ore was treated monthly by cyanidation. Capacity of the mill was recently doubled. In Trinity County the Trinity, Lewiston, and Madrona dredges were in operation, but in Shasta County the dredge on Clear Creek was dismantled. The Yuba Consolidated Co. operated 4 boats in the Hammonton field, the Capital Dredging Co. 3 boats in the Folsom field, and the Natomas Co. 6 boats in the Natoma field, and the Hammon Engineering Co. was operating 2 boats of the La Grange Gold Dredging Co. in Merced and Stanislaus counties. Exploration work was continued in the Bodie field. Mono County, by the Treadwell Yukon Co., with especial activity centered on the Noonday Vein of the Red Cloud property." Total Gold Production of California. The presence of gold in stream gravels near Los Angeles was known and worked in a small way by the Indians, at least as early as 1841,^ and possibly 1820.- On March 2, 1844, Don Manuel Castanares, deputy for California to the Congress of Mexico, reported^ to his government that placers near Los Angeles had produced up to December, 1843, a total of 2000 ounces of gold dust, most of which had been sent to the United States Mint at Philadelphia. As the padres and the rancheros discouraged the quest of gold this early, small production caused no particular excitement. It wa^ not until James W. Marshall's finding of gold nuggets in the tail-race of Sutter's saw mill on the American River, January 24, 1848, was heralded abroad that the great rush began, and California became a common- wealth of first rank almost over night. There are, however, no authentic data on gold production prior to 1848, other than occasional, scattered references such as above quoted. The following table was originally compiled by Chas. G. Yale, of the Division of Mineral Resources, U. S. Geological Survey, but for a num- ber of years statistician of the California State Mining Bureau and the U. S. Mint at San Francisco. The authorities chosen for certain periods were: J. D. Whitney, state geologist of California; John Arthur Phillips, author of ''Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver'' (1867); U. S. Mining Commissioner R. W. Raymond; U. S. Mining Commissioner J. Ross Browne ; Wm. P. Blake, Commissioner from Cali- fornia to the Paris Exposition, where he made a report on ''Precious iHIttell, T. H., History of California, Vol. II, p. 312, 1885. •Bancroft, H. H., History of California, Vol. II, p. 417, 1886. •Mercantile Trust Review of the Pacific, Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 43, Feb. 15, 1925. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 47 Metals'' (1867) ; John J. Valentine, author for many years of the annual report on precious metals published by Wells, Fargo & Com- pany's Express; and Louis A. Garnett, in the early days manager of the San Francisco refinery, where records of gold receipts and ship- ments were kept. Mr. Yale obtained other data from the reports of the director of the U. S. Mint and the director of the U. S. Geological Survey. The authorities referred to who were alive at the time of the original compilation of this table in 1894 were all consulted in person or by letter by Mr. Yale with reference to the correctness of their published data, and the final table quoted was then made up. The figures for 1903-1923 (inclusive) are those prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey ; and since by the U. S. Bureau of Mines : Total Gold Production of California Year Value Year Value 1848 $245,301 10.151.360 41.273.106 75,938.232 81,294,700 67,613,487 69.433,931 55,485.395 57,509,411 43,628,172 46,591,140 45,846,599 44,095.163 41,884,995 28,854,668 23,501,736 24,071,423 17,930,858 17,123,867 18,265.452 17.555,867 18.229,044 17,458,133 17,477,885 15.482.194 15.019.210 17.264.836 16.876,009 15.610.723 16.501,268 18.839.141 19.626.654 20.030.761 19.223.155 17.146.416 24.316.873 13.600.000 12,661,044 14,716.506 13,588,614 12.750.000 11.212,913 12,309,793 1891 $12,728,869 1849 1892 12,571,900 1850 1893... . 12.538.780 1851 1894 13.863.282 1852 1895 15.334.317 1853 1896. 17.181.562 1854 1897 15.871.401 1855 1898 15.906.478 1856 1899 15.336,031 1857 1900 15,863,355 1858 1901 16,989,044 1859 1902 > 16,910,320 18''0 1903 16,300,653 1861 1904 18.633.676 1862 1905 — 18.898,545 1863 1906 -- 18,732,452 1864 1907 16.727.928 1865 1908 18.761.559 1866 1909 20.237.870 1867 1910 19.715.440 1868 1911 : 19,738,908 1869 1912 19,713,478 1870 1913 20,406,958 1871 1914 20,653,496 1872 1915 22.442,296 1873 1916 21,410,741 1874 1917 20,087,504 1875 1918 16.528.953 1876 1919 16.695.955 1877 1920 14.311.043 1878 1921 15.704.822 1879 1922 14.670.346 1880 1923 13.379.013 1881 1924 13.150.175 1882 1925 13.065.330 1883 1926 11.923.481 1884 1927 11,671.018 1885 1928 . 10.785.315 1886 1929 8.526.703 1887 1930 - 9.451.162 1888 Total value. 1889 $1,841,656,194 1890 IRIDIUM (see under Platinum) IRON ORE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports II, IV, V, X, XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII, XXI-XXVII (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 91. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans. LIII. Min. & Sci. Press, Vol. 115, pp. 112, 117-122; Vol. 123, pp. 94-96, 113-114. A small tonnage of iron was mined in California during the year 1930. The material was magnetite and was obtained by magnetic sepa- 48 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ration of beach sand and utilized in the manufacture of wear-resisting alloys. As there was only a single operator, the figures are concealed in the ' Unapportioned ' total. There was also a tonnage utilized in the manufacture of paint pigments and which is credited to ''mineral paint" in this statistical report. There are considerable deposits of iron ore known in California, notably in Shasta, Madera, Placer, Riverside, San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties, but production has so far been limited for lack of an economic supply of coking coal. Some pig iron has been made, utilizing charcoal for fuel, both in blast furnaces and by electrical reduction; also, ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon have been made in California. Total Iron Ore Production of California. Total iron ore production of California, with annual amounts and values, is as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1881* 9,273 2,073 11,191 4,532 $79,452 17,766 106,540 40.983 1915 724 3,000 2.874 3,108 2,300 5,975 1,970 3.588 3,102 785 5,272 $2,584 6.000 1882 1916 1883 1917 ... 11496 1884 1918 15,947 1885 1919 13 796 1886 3,676 19,250 1920 40.889 1887 . . 1921 12,030 1893 250 200 2,000 1,500 1922 18,868 1894 1923 18,665 1895 . . . 1924K 1907 400 400 1925/ 1926 , 1908 1909 108 579 558 2,508 2,343 1,436 174 900 558 2,508 4,485 5,128 1927) ■" - 1928 - 1910 19J1 1929 1912 1930 Totals a a 1913 1914 71,805 $552,629 • Productions for the years 1881-1886 (inc.) were reported as "tons of pig iron" (U. S. G. S., Min. Res. 1885), and for the table herewith are calculated to "tons of ore" on the basis of 47.6% Fe as shown by an average of analyses of the ores (State Mineralogist Report IV, p. 242). This early production of pig iron was from the blast furnaces then in opera- tion at Hotaling in Placer County. Charcoal was used in lieu of coke. Though producing a superior grade of metal, they were obliged finally to close down, as they could not compete with the cheaper English and eastern United States iron brought in by sea to San Francisco. a Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' LEAD Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, VIII-XV (inc.), XVII-XXVII (inc.). The production of lead in California during 1930 was 3,524,796 pounds of recoverable metal valued at $176,241, as compared with the 1929 figures which were 1,428,777 pounds and $90,014. The average value of lead in 1930 was 5 cents a pound ; in 1929 was 6.3 cents per pound and in 1928 was 5.8 cents per pound. As in the past the prin- cipal output of lead came from the lead-silver mines of Inyo County. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 49 Distribution of the 1930 output by counties was as follows: County Amount Value Calaveras 1,297 $65 Inyo 3,452,159 172,608 Madera 4,993 250 Napa 464 23 Nevada 18,164 908 Plumas 491 25 San Bernardino 45,653 2,283 Siskiyou 470 24 Amador, El Dorado, Kern, Lqs Angeles, Mariposa, Merced, Stanislaus and Tuolumne* ■. 1,105 55 $176,241 Totals - 3,524,796 Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. mil 1 MWU liiii. <~Range COMMON LEAD Desilverized and (Average Soft Missouri at New York City _ _. ^ Cents per Pound _..| .. / \ ~" tX'i S -I __.. ~'l \i -f-r .. m S iS 2 ^ ?{ £ 2 £ 2 2 iiiillllll JIIIJi K 1930 ->K- 1931 — -> From Engineering and Mining Journal, July IS, 19S1. * Lead Production of the United States According to preliminary data issued by the U. S. Bureau of Mines ^ during 1930, the production of primary lead in the United States was 573,740 short tons, valued at $57,374,000, being a decrease from the national production of 1929 which was 672,498 short tons worth $84,- 735,000, due to decreased selling price of lead from an average of 6.3 cents a pound in 1929 to 5.0 cents in 1930. Lead Production of California, by Years. Statistics on lead production in California were first compiled by this Bureau in 1887. Amount and value of the output, annually, with total figures, to date, are given in the following table : lU. S. Bureau of Mines, Press Bull. Maj' 15, 1931. 4—87473 50 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Total Production of Lead in California, by Years Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1877 • 7,836,000 8,640,000 4,502,000 4.200,000 6,680.000 b 4.000.000 <= 3,400,000 3,200,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 d 1,160,000 900,000 940,000 800,000 1,140,000 1,360,000 666,000 950,000 1,592,400 1,293,600 696,000 655,000 721,000 1,040,000 720,500 349.440 110,000 124,000 1391,800 328,320 191,335 215,460 325,316 196,800 145,520 120,512 80,900 93,400 52,200 38,260 35,720 36.000 49,020 54,400 24,976 28,500 49,364 38,805 20,264 23,907 30,642 41,600 28,820 12,230 3.960 5,270 1905 633,680 338,718 328,681 1,124.483 2,685,477 3,016,902 1,403*839 1,370,067 3,640,961 4,697,400 4,796,299 12,392,031 21,651,362 13,464,869 4,139,562 4,903,738 1,149,051 6,611,280 9,934,522 4,984,387 7,362,422 8,067,873 2,748,440 1.882,795 1,428,777 3,542,796 $26,083 1878 1906 19,307 1879 1907 16,690 1880 1908 46,663 1881 1909 144,897 1882 1910 134,082 1883 1911 63,173 1884 1912 61,663 1885 1913 160,202 1886 1914 183,198 1887 1916 225,426 1888 1916 855,049 1889 1917 1,862,016 1890 1918 956,006 1891 . .- . 1919 219.397 1892 1920 392,300 1893 1921 51.707 1894 1922 358,120 1896 1923 696,416 1896 1924 398,751 1897 1926. 639,661 1898 1926 645.429 1899 1927 173,151 1900 1928 109,102 1901 1929 90,014 1902 1930 176,241 Totals 1904 189,666,232 Sll,366,024 "Quantities for 1877-1881 (inc.) from C E. Siebenthal, Mineral Resources of U. S. 1912, Part I, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 339 ; and values for same years from quotations in Eng. & Min. Jour, of New York. ^ Estimated. c Quantities and values for 1883-1886 (inc.) from Mineral Resources of U. S. Geol. Surv., 1883-1886, respectively. d Data from 1887 to date from reports of California State Mining Bureau. MANGANESE Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV (inc.), XVIII, XXII-XXV (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 76, 91. U. S. G. S., Bull. 427. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 117, p. 545. There were shipments of manganese ore in California during 1930 from Plumas and San Bernardino counties. The annual details are concealed in the 'Unapportioned' item owing to a single shipment in each. These ores showed analyses from 42% to 52% Mn and were utilized as an alloy in steel and for the manufacture of fertilizer. Importations ^ of foreign manganese ore to the United States in 1930 mainly from Soviet Russia and Brazil amounted to a total of 582,365 long tons valued at $6,476,802, compared with 664,269 long tons worth $8,450,818 in 1929. The Tariff Act of 1930 provides for an import duty of 1^ per pound on the metallic manganese contained, for "manganese ore (including ferruginous manganese ore) or concentrates containing in excess of 10 per centum of metallic manganese." The bulk of such ore is con- sumed in the large steel-producing centers of the eastern United States. Much valuable research work has been done .in recent years, particu- larly by companies operating in Montana and Virginia, in the benefi- j ciation of manganese ores. The success of their processes appears 1 assured. In reply to the suggestions of certain steel interests to have 1 the manganese import duty removed, the manganese operators organ- | ized the American Manganese Producers' Association, which actively worked for retention of the tariff. Such retention will enable the ^U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Monthly Summary, Dec, 1930. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 51 domestic industry to grow and to further develop ore-dressing methods that will make available large tonnages of low-grade material not now marketable. Manganese Ore Production in California, by Years. Production of manganese ore in California began at the Ladd Mine, San Joaquin County, in the Tesla District in 1867. When shipments of this ore to England ceased late in 1874, upwards of 5000 tons had been produced by that property. For some years following that, the output was small. The tabulation herewith shows California's ouput of manganese ore, annually, since 1887, when the compilation of such figures was begun by the State Mining Bureau: Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 1,000 1,500 53 386 705 300 270 523 880 518 504 440 295 131 425 870 1 60 $9,000 13,500 901 3.176 3,830 3,000 4,050 6,512 8.200 3,415 4,080 2,102 3,165 1,310 4.405 7,140 25 900 1910 266 2 22 $4,235 1888 1911 '40 1889 1912 400 1890 1913 1891 1914 160 4,013 13.404 16.515 26,075 11,569 2,892 1.005 540 690 1,115 832 236 1,500 1892 1915 49,098 1893 1916 274,601 1894 1917 396,659 1895 1918 979,236 1896 1919 451,422 1897 1920 62,323 1898 1921 12.210 1899 1922. 7,650 1900 1923 10,620 1901 1924 25,785 1902 ' 1925 19,450 1903 1926 4,700 1904 1927 1905 1928U 733 * 8.216 1906 1 1 321 3 30 25 5,785 76 1929/ 1930 1907 . . . 1 ons Totals 1909 88.244 $2,391,770 • Annual details concealed under 'Unapportloned. MOLYBDENUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XVII-XXIV (inc.), XXVI. Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. Bur. of Min., Bulletin 111. Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc, Vol. XI. Molybdenum is used as an alloy constituent in the steel industry, and in certain forms of electrical apparatus. Included in the latter is its successful substitution for platinum and platinum-iridium in electric contact-making and -breaking devices. In alloys it is used similarly to and in conjunction with chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, tungsten, and vanadium. The oxides and the ammonium salt have important chemical uses. The two principal molybdenum minerals are: the sulphide, molyb- denite; and wulfenite, lead molybdate; the former furnishing prac- tically the entire commercial output. Molybdenite is found in or asso- ciated with acidic igneous rocks, such as granite and pegmatite. The chief commercial sources have been New South Wales, Queensland and Norway, with some also from Canada ; but the United States is now able to supply its own requirements. The growing consumption of molybdenum by alloy-steel makers in the United States has been stimulated by the fact that molybdenum alone of the steel-alloying metals can be produced commercially in the 52 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Un.ited States to an extent which avoids all necessity for importation. Another fact has been the marked adaptability of molybdenum steels to large-scale production of automobile and other parts. The most important development of 1924-1925 was the elimination of ferromolybdenum from the market due to the substitution of calcium molybdate as the furnace addition by the entire alloy-steel industry. Calcium molybdate .is stated to be not only easier and less costly to prepare, but it introduces the molybdenum into the steel bath in a much purer form, the resulting steel being superior to that made with ferromolybdenum. Deposits of disseminated molybdenite are known in several localities ,in California, and in at least two places it occurs in small masses associated with copper sulphides. The only recorded commercial ship- ments of molybdenum ore in California were during the war 1916- 1918. Some development work has been recently done on a high- grade deposit at the head of the Kaweah River, Tulare County. The Tariff Act of 1930 provides for an import duty of 35 cents a pound for the metallic molybdenum content of molybdenum ores or concentrates. The present quotations on molybdenum ores are 45^ per pound of M0S2 contained, delivered at Pittsburgh, Pa., and on ferromolybdenum are $1 per pound Mo, 50%-60% Mo f.o.b. shipping point. Molybdenum Production of California, by Years. California's production of molybdenum ore by years is summarized in the following tabulation: Year Tons Value 1916 8 $9,945 1917 243 9,014 1918 • 300 Totals 251 $19,259 * 300 pounds of 90% MoS^ concentrate. NICKEL Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XVII, XXIV, XXV. U. S. G. S., Bulletin 640-D. U. S. Bureau of Standards, Circular 100. Nickel occurs in the Friday Copper Mine in the Julian District, San Diego County. The ore is a nickel-bear,ing pyrrhotite, with some asso- ciated chalcopyrite. Some ore has been mined in the course of develop- ment work but not treated nor disposed of, as they were unable to get any smelter to handle it for them. Nickel ore has also been reported from other localities in California, but not yet confirmed. Present quotations for nickel are around 35f^-36^ per pound for the refined metal. I STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 53 OSMIUM (see under Platinum) PALLADIUM (see under Platinum) PLATINUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, VIII, IX, XII- XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 45, 67, 85, 91, 92. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bulletins 193, 285. Trans. Am. Ins. Min. Eng., Vol. 47, pp. 217-218. In California the platinum group metals are obtained as a by-product from placer operations for gold. The major portion of it comes from the dredges working in Amador, Butte, Sacramento, Stanislaus, Shasta and Yuba counties, with a small amount coming from the hydraulic and. surface-sluicing mines of Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou and Trinity counties. The production of platinum-group metals in California during 1930 totaled 217 fine ounces valued at $11,700, compared with 246 fine ounces worth $14,416 in 1929. The metal came from properties in Amador, Butte, Del Norte, Humboldt, Nevada, Sacramento, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity counties. In addition to the above there was some platinum mined and not sold in Stanislaus, Trinity and Yuba counties. Of the above 217 fine ounces, 126 ounces were platinum, 30 ounces of osmium, 42 ounces of iridium and 18 ounces were palladium and ruthenium. Most of the platinum refiners pay for the osmiridium on the basis of its irid.ium content. Crude 'platinum' is really a mixture of the metals of that group, and carries varying percentages of platinum, iridium, osmiridium or iridosmine, with occasionally some ruthen,ium and palla- dium. In addition to the above-noted production, there is usually some platinum recovered as a by-product in the gold refinery of the mint, but which can not be assigned to the territory of its origin for lack of knowledge as to which lot of gold it belongs. Some platinum and palladium are also recovered in the electrolytic refining of blister copper. Uses, Markets and Consumption. Besides its well known uses in jewelry, dentistry and for chemical- ware, an important industrial development of recent years employs platinum as a catalyzer in the 'contact process' of manufacturing con- centrated sulphuric acid. It is also necessary for certain delicate parts of the ignition systems in automobiles, motor boats and aeroplanes. Experiments have been made to find alloys which can replace platinum for dishes and crucibles in analytical work, but so far with only slight success. According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce,^ the total consumption of platinum metals in the United States in 1930 was 118,924 fine ounces, a decrease from that consumed in 1929, distributed as follows: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dept. of Commerce Press Bulletin, July 9, 1931, 54 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA PLATINUM MET'Al.S SOLD BY REFINERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1929 AND 1930, BY CONSUMING INDUSTRIES, IN TROY OUNCES Industry Per cent 1929 Platinum Palladium Iridium Others Total of total Chemical 20,260 1,345 113 233 21,951 11 Electrical 20,746 18,856 1,014 89 40,705 21 Dental 13,051 12,156 788 236 26,231 14 Jewelry 84,039 4,451 3,737 851 93,078 49 Miscellaneous _ 7,234 1,048 347 1,025 9,654 5 Totals 145,330 37,856 5,999 2,434 191,619 100 19S0 Chemical 15,022 854 34 49 15,959 13 Electrical 8,529 9,569 864 70 19,032 16 Dental — _ 11,810 15,436 111 6 27,363 23 Jewelry 44,801 2,807 2,407 526 50,541 43 Miscellaneous _ 3,324 1,621' 208 876 6,029 5 Totals 83,486 30,287 3,624 1,527 118,924 100 STOCKS At the end of 1930 stocks of platinum metals in the hands of refiners were 88,665 ounces, an increase of 8 per cent as compared with the stocks at the end of 1929. STOCKS OF PLATINUM METALS IN THE HANDS OF REFINERS IN THE UNITED STATES, DECEMBER 31, 1921-1930, IN TROY OUNCES Year Platinum Palladium Iridium Others Total 1921 38,514 21,042 4,991 3,113 67,660 1922 41,900 24,975 7,559 1,583 76,017 1923 36,554 26,266 5,208 2,697 70,725 1924 40,464 27,400 3,622 3,053 74,539 1925 44,024 26,740 3,720 4,609 79,093 1926 64,203 31,950 3,933 5,485 105,571 1927 68,757 24,313 4,617 4,369 102,056 1928 45,710 23,018 4,523 5,019 78,270 1929 51,853 20,154 4,716 5,461 82,184 1930 52,853 18,978 8,828 8,006 88,665 Prices. The prices of all the metals in the platinum group fluctuated more or less during" 1930, according to quotations.^ Pure platinum started 1930 at $63 per fine ounce and remained at this price till January 23, after which frequent reductions were made till September 17, when the price dropped to $34 per fine ounce, then on September 22 it went to $36 per fine ounce where it remained till the end of the year. The quotations on iridium varied between $265 and $150 per fine ounce during 1930. Starting the year 98 to 99 per cent, sponge and powder at $210 to $220. Dropping in May to as low as $150 per fine ounce, raising to $265 a fine ounce in June and ending the year at $180 to $200 per fine ounce. Osmium varied between $60 and $75 per fine ounce during the year; palladium between $36 and $19 a fine ounce; ruthenium between $35 and $48 per fine ounce; rhodium between $45 and $55 per fine ounce. 1 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vols. 129 and 130, 1930. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 55 Platinum Production of California, by Years. The annual production and values since 1887 have been as follows Year Ounces Value Year Ounces Value 1887 100 500 500 600 100 80 75 100 150 162 150 300 300 400 250 39 70 123 200 91 300 706 $400 2.000 2.000 2.500 500 440 517 600 900 944 900 1.800 1,800 2,500 3,200 468 1,052 1,849 3.320 1,647 fi.255 13,414 1909 416 337 611 603 368 463 667 886 610 571 •418 477 613 795 602 273 292 322 139 312 212 217 110,400 1888 1910 8,386 1889 1911 14.873 1890 --- 1912 19,731 1891 1913 17.738 1892 1914. 14,816 1893 1915 21,149 1894 1916 42,642 1895 1917 43.719 1896 1918 42.788 1897 1919- - 60 611 1898 1920 68,977 1899 1921. 58.754 1900 - 1922 90,288 1901 1923. 78,546 1902 1924 36,452 1903 1925 39,937 1904 1926 32,005 1905 1927 10.749 1906 1928 27.902 1907 1929 - 14,416 1908 1930 11,700 Totals 15,394 $815,585 • Fine ounces, beginning with 1919. QUICKSILVER Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, V, XII-XV, XVII- XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 27, 78, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Mono- graph XIII. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Tech. Papers 96, 227 ; Bulletin 222, 335. The production of quicksilver in California during 1930 was 11,374 flasks (76 pounds) valued at $1,255,257. This was an increase in both quantity and value over the 1929 output which was 10,152 flasks worth $1,195,705. Distribution of the 1930 output of quicksilver by counties was as follows : County Flasks Value Fresno 147 $2,240 Lake 1,760 195,710 Napa 2,000 213,840 San Luis Obispo 1,306 157,440 Colusa, Contra Costa, Kern, Monterey, San Benito, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Sislciyou, Solano, Sonoma and Trinity* 6,161 674,849 Totals 11,374 $1,255,257 * Combined to conceal the output of single operators in each. Prices. During 1930 the average monthly New York quotations ^ were $115 for a 76-pound flask. The price at the beginning of the year wa^ $122 per flask and during the year the quotations fluctuated, but with a gen- eral trend downward, ending the year at $104 per flask. The average quotation for 1929 was $122 per flask. The average amount received by producers in California during 1930, according to reports received by the Division of Mines, was $110.36 for 76-pound flask, compared with $117.78 a flask in 1929 and $118.84 a flask in 1928. 1 Engineering and Mining Journal for 1930, Vols. 129 and 130, 56 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Mill and Furnace Plant Sulphur Bank Mine on Clear Lake, Lake County. — Photo by C. N. Schuette Open-cut and Glory-hole at upper level of New Idria Quicksilver Mine, San Benito County. — Photo by Walter W. Bradley The United States Bureau of Mines ^ reported the total production of the United States for 1930 at 21,553 flasks, valued at $2,478,789. HJ. S, Bureau of Mines, Dept. of Comm., Press Bull., June 19, 193L STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 57 California was by a wide margin the largest producing state with approximately 53% of the total. The other producing states in order of their output were Nevada, Oregon, Texas, Arizona, Alaska and Washington. The national production for 1929 was 23,682 flasks worth g9 CQ2 g3g in 1930 imports of quicl^silver were 2,943 flasks, valued at $295,829, of which 2,802 flasks came from Spain and the remaining 141 flasks from Mexico. The 1930 imports were a decrease from the 1929 when the United States received 14,292 flasks worth $1,447,142 from Spain, 1 Belgium, Mexico, Italy, Germany, Canada, France and Peru. Uses. The most important uses of quicksilver are the recovery of gold and silver by amalgamation, and in the manufacture of fulminate for explosive caps, of drugs, of electrical appliances, of scientific apparatus, pigments and cosmetics. By far the greatest consumption is in the manufacture of fulminate and drugs. Radio tubes. Neon and mercury lights and electrical appliances are taking increasing amounts. Total Quicksilver Production of California. Total amount and value of the quicksilver production of California, as given in available records, are shown in the following tabulation. Year Flasks Value Average price per flask Year Flasks Value Average 1850 7,723 27,779 20,000 22.284 30.004 33,000 30,000 28.204 31.000 13,000 10,000 35,000 42.000 40,531 47,489 53(,000 46,550 47,000 47,728 33,811 30.077 31.686 31.621 27.642 27,756 50,250 75,074 79.396 63.880 73,684 59,926 60.851 52.732 46,725 31,913 32,073 29,981 33,760 33,250 26,464 2'?.926 22.904 $768,052 1.859.248 1.166,600 1.235.648 1.663.722 1.767,150 1.549.500 1.374,381 1.482.730 820,690 535,500 1.471.750 1,526,700 1,705.544 2.179,745 2.432.700 2,473,202 2,157,300 2.190,715 1,551.925 1.725,818 1,999,387 2.084,773 2.220.482 2,919.376 4.228.538 3.303.256 2.961.471 2.101,652 2.194,674 1.857,706 1.815.185 1,488.624 1.343,344 973.347 986.245 1,064.326 1.430,749 1.413.125 1,190,880 1 203,615 1,036,406 $99 45 1892 27.993 30,164 30,416 36.104 30.765 26,691 31.092 29,454 26,317 26.720 29,552 32,094 •28.876 24,655 19.516 17.379 1^,039 16.217 17.665 19.109 20,600 15,661 11,373 14,199 21.427 24.382 22,621 15.200 10,278 3,157 3,466 5,458 7,948 7,683 5,892 6.488 b7.107 10.152 11,374 $1,139,595 1,108,527 934,000 1,337,131 1,075.449 993.445 1.188.626 1,405.045 1.182.786 1.285.014 1.276,524 1.335.954 1.086,323 886.081 712,334 663,178 763,520 773,788 799,002 879.205 866.024 630.042 557.846 1.157,449 2.003.425 2.396.466 2.579.472 1.353.381 775.527 140.666 191.851 332.851 543.080 621.831 516.382 714,J18 844.649 1.195.705 1,255,257 $40 71 1851 66 93 1893 36 75 1852 58 33 55 45 55 45 53 55 51 65 48 73 47 83 63 13 53 55 42 05 36 35 42 08 45 90 45 90 53 13 45 90 45 90 45 90 57 38 63 10 65 93 80 33 105 18 84 15 44 00 37 30 32 90 29 85 31 00 29 83 28 23 28 75 30 50 30 75 35 50 42 38 42 50 45 00 52 50 45 25 1894 30 70 1853 1895 -- 37 04 1854 .. 1896 .--- 34 96 1855... 1897 1898 37 28 1856 38 23 1857 1899 47 70 1858 1900 44 94 1859 1901 48 46 1860 1902 43 20 1861 1903 42 25 1862 1904 37 62 1863 1905 35 94 1864 1906 36 50 1865 1907 38 16 1866 1908 42 33 1867 1909 ..- 47 71 1868 1910 45 23 1869 1911 46 01 1870 1912 42 04 1871 1913 . 40 23 1872 1914 49 05 1873 1915 81 52 1874 1916 93 50 1875 1917 98 29 1876 1918 114 03 1877 1919 89 04 1878 1920 75 15 1879 1921 44 56 1880 1922 55 35 1881 1923. 60 98 1882 1924 68 33 1883 1925. 80 81 1884 1926 87 64 1885 1927. 111 67 1886 1928 118 84 1887 1929 117 78 1888 1930 110 36 Totals .- 1890 2.254.552 $113,057,530 1891 •Flasks of 75 lbs. since June, 1904; of 76J lbs. previously. «> Flasks of 76 pounds, frona January, 1928. 58 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Though the New Almaden Mine in Santa Clara County was first worked in 1824, and has been in practically continuous operation since 1846 (the yield being small the first two years), there are no available data on the output earlier than 1850. Previous to June, 1904, a 'flask' of quicksilver contained 76 J pounds; then 75 pounds up to and including 1927 ; beginning with 1928, of 76 pounds. ^In comp.iling this table the following sources of information were used: for 1850-1883, table by J. B. Randol, in Report of State Mineralogist, IV, p. 336 ; 1883-1893, U. S. Geological Survey reports; 1894 to date, statistical bulletins of the State Mining Bureau; also State Mining Bureau, Bulletin 27, ''Quicksilver Resources of California," 1908, p. 10. SILVER Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, VIII, XII-XXVI (inc.).. Bulletins 67, 91. Min. & Sci. Press, March 1, 1919. The 1930 silver production in California totaled 1,622,803 fine ounces, valued at $624,779, as compared with the 1929 output of 1,176,895 fine ounces, worth $627,285, being an increase in amount with a decrease in total value. Of the 1930 yield, 12,626 fine ounces worth $4,861 came from placers. The average price of domestic silver was 38.5 cents per fine ounce in New York for 1930, compared with 53.3 cents per fine ounce in 1929 and 58.5 cents per fine ounce for 1928. ion ^ar?ge> iin 1 ' Ai^erage, i \ — -^^- 'Prices of BAR &ILVER BulIion.999Fine. ^::::t:'-: Cents per Troy Ounce so -^ — t - 70-4 - - -t—-i Li 60-t— i r ^ 60 jl- ::::m: ^0 - Nu _-_i. ..__ _ _ _ \ "^4^ Vi4l 30 " iit^ 1 mh 2: £ 2 ^ g 2 2 2 2 2 ;-iiliJllllll4lllll <- 1930 ->l<- 1931 --- -"> From Engineering and Mining Journal, July 13^ 19St. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 59 Distribution of the 1930 silver production by counties was as follows : County Fine ounces Value Alameda 41 $16 Amador 18,441 7,100 Butte 1,097 422 Calaveras 4,038 1,555 Contra Costa 199,186 76,687 Del Norte 2 1 EI Dorado 650 250 Fresno 55 21 Humboldt 24 9 Inyo 111,587 42,961 Kern 4,564 1,757 Dassen 59 23 Madera 183 70 Mariposa 826 318 Merced 378 146 Mono 8,224 3,166 Napa 266,386 102,559 Nevada 60,561 23,316 Placer 189 73 Plumas 426,038 164,025 Riverside 100 38 Sacramento 3,411 1,313 San Bernardino 463,625 178,496 San Diego 37 10 San Luis Obispo 3 1 Shasta 14,135 5,442 Sierra 5,340 2,056 Siskiyou 10,836 4,172 Stanislaus 541 208 Trinity 17,403 6,700 Tulare 808 311 Tuolumne 780 300 Ventura 5 2 Yuba 3,260 1,255 Totals 1,622,803 $624,779 The following paragraphs are quoted from the United States Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce, Advanced Chapter or Gold and Silver for 1930 by courtesy of Mr. V. C. Heikes, statistician in charge of the San Francisco Branch office : "The mine production of silver in California was 1,622,803 ounces, valued at $624,779, an increase of 445,908 ounces in quantity and a decrease of $2,506 in value compared with 1929. No company or any one property produced more than 500,000 ounces and only 4 more than 100,000 ounces, 1 between 50,000 and 100,000 ounces, and 26 each with less than 50,000 ounces. The chief silver-producing counties in 1930 were San Bernardino, Plumas, Napa and Inyo, ranging from a high of 463,625 ounces to a low of 111,587 ounces, followed by Nevada County with an output between 50,000 and 100,000 and by Amador, Trinity, Shasta, and Siskiyou each with an output between 10,000 and 20,000 ounces. Of the total silver output from lode mines dry silver ore yielded nearly 45 per cent, copper ore, 29 per cent; copper-lead ore 12 per cent ; the remainder came equally from gold ore and tailings and lead ore. The largest producers of silver were the Wortley Consolidated Mines (Inc.), Walker Mining Co., Banner Development Co., American Smelting & Refining Co., Engels Copper Mining Co., American Foundation Co., Empire Star Mines Co., (Ltd.), New Sutherland Divide Mining Co., Zenda Gold Mining Co., and the Island Copper Co. The yield of silver from placer mines was 12,626 ounces, valued at $4,861. "The mining of silver-lead ores in Inyo County and of silver ore in Napa County were the chief sources of the increased yield of silver, though some gain was also made from the mining of copper ore, particularly in Plumas County. The Banner Development Co. operating the Palisades mine in Napa County, augmented its silver yield with an increased gold output; the ores of this property are showing a higher gold Content as the vein is developed. The Kelly Rand or Uranium and the Santa Fe silver properties in San Bernardino County were operated jointly by the Wortley Consolidated Mines Co, and silver ore was both milled and shipped. In the Calico district the Zenda Gold Mining Co. did considerable underground work and shipped silver ore to a smelter. On account of the low price of silver the Comache Mining and Milling Co. discontinued shipments of silver ore from its Mono County property, which was closed in January." Silver Production of California, by Years. The amount and value of the silver production of California, and the average price, annually, since 1880 are given in the table following. 60 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA In the table shown in the statistical bulletins previous to Bulletin 97 (for 1925), the values shown for 1880-1904 (inc.) were taken from the reports of the Director of the Mint, of which the figures for 1880-1896 (inc.) were based on 'coinage value' ($1.2929 per fine ounce). We have recalculated these to commercial value, using the price table of the U. S. Geological Survey (McCaskey, H. D., Gold and Silver, 1913: Mineral Resources of the U. S., Part I, p. 847). From 1905 to date, the figures are those of the U. S. Geological Survey and its successor, the U. S. Bureau of Mines : Silver Production of California, by Years, Since 1880 Year Fine oz. Value Average price per oz. Year Fine oz. Value Average price per oz. 1880 882,169 580,091 653,569 1,129.244 3,236,987 1,986,260 1,245,747 1.262,282 1,314,874 823,947 820.336 737,224 358,575 415,468 229.896 463 911 326,757 754,648 701,788 855,869 1,168,157 950,831 1,163,041 958.230 1,441.259 1.076.174 1.220.641 $1,014,494 655,503 745,069 1,253,461 3,593.056 2,125,298 1,233,290 1,237,036 1,235,982 774,510 861,353 729,852 311,960 324,065 144,834 301,542 222,195 452.789 414.055 513,521 724.257 570,499 616,412 517,444 835,929 650.009 817,830 $1 15 1 13 1 14 1 11 1 11 1 07 99 98 94 94 1 05 99 87 78 63 65 68 60 59 60 62 60 53 54 58 61 68 1907 1,138,856 1,647,278 2,098,253 1,840,085 1,270,445 1,300,136 1,378,399 1,471,859 1,678,756 2,564,354 1,775,431 1,427,711 1,107,189 1,706,327 3,629.223 3.100,065 3.559,443 3,555,133 3,054.416 2.022.460 1,620,242 1,478,771 1,176,895 1,622,803 $751,646 873,057 1,091,092 993,646 673,336 799,584 832,553 813,938 851,129 1.687,345 1,462,955 1,427,711 1,240,051 1,859,896 3.629,223 3,100,065 2,918.743 2.381.952 2.119,765 1.262,015 918.677 865,081 627,285 624,779 $0 66 1881 1908 53 1882 1909 52 1883 1910 54 1884 1911 . . 53 1885 1912 615 1886... 1913 604 1887 1914 553 1888- -. 1915 507 1889 1916 1917 658 1890 - 824 1891 1918 1 00 1892 1919 1 12 1893 1920 I 09 1894 1921 1 00 1895 1922 1 00 1896 1923 82 1897 1924 67 1898 1925 694 1899 1926 624 1900 1927 567 1901 1928 585 1902 1929 533 1903 1930 Totals 385 1904 1905 73,982,505 156,681,769 1906 TIN Bibliography: Reports XV, XVII, XVIII, XXV. Bulletins 67, 91. In 1928 and 1929 there was a small amount of tin produced from Cali- fornian ore as well as considerable development work which was done at the Temescal mine in Riverside County near Corona. There was an output from the district during 1891-1892 as tabulated below. Small quantities of stream tin have been found in some of the placer worldngs in northern California, but never in paying amounts. Two occurrences have also been noted, in northern San D,iego County. Crystals of cassiterite were found there, associated with blue tourma- line crystals, amblygonite and beryl. No commercial quantity has been developed, only small pockets have been taken out. On March 12, 1929, the new t,in plating plant of the Columbia Steel Corporation at Pittsburg, Contra Costa County, California, started operation. This is the first tin plate mill west of St. Louis. This mill will have an annual capacity of 38,000 tons of tin plate per year and wall give the Pacific Coast a local source for their tin plate. The principal sources of the world's supply of tin are the islands of Banka, Billiton and Singkep, Netherlands India (Dutch East Ind,ies), STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 61 followed by the Federated Malay States (Perak, Pahang, Negri Sem- bilan and Selangor). Bolivia, Siam, Cornwall, Transvaal, New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania are also important sources. A meas- urable amount of the metal is also recovered by detinning scrap and old cans. Total Output of Tin in California Year Pounds Value 1891 125,289 $27,564 1892 126,000 32,400 1928\ » . 1929J Totals 251,289 $59,964 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' TITANIUM Bibliography : State Mineralogist's Report XXIII. During 1930 there was no production of titanium ores reported in California. In 1927 the first recorded shipments of titanium minerals were made in California. The total of the 1927 and 1928 production was 10,013 tons valued at $150,195. All of this came from Los Angeles County and was produced from either the black beach sands, which probably contained approximately 20% titaniferous iron and magnetite, the gangue being silica and several silicates, or from a lode deposit in the San Gabriel Mountains. Titanium is widely distributed in a variety of minerals, but its com- mercial sources are l,imited to three forms, rutile (oxide), ilmenite (titanite), and titaniferous magnetite (iron ore rich in titanium). There are several known areas where large deposits of these minerals are found in America, mostly titaniferous iron. Of the titaniferous iron deposits only a portion of the Adirondack deposit, some small deposits in North and South Carolina, and those in Los Angeles County are capable of be,ing separated into a high-grade ilmenite and a low titanium magnetite. The metal is used in several different alloys mth iron, copper and aluminum and for green and white paint p.igments, the only colors of titanium pigments now in common use. It is also used in dyes, rubber, as a porcelain glaze, in glass, and cement made from high-titanium iron slags. This cement is resistant to the action of acids. The market price of titanium minerals varies as to the titanium oxide it contains. Eutile 94% TiO at 10^ a pound, ilmenite 45 to 52% TiO at $10 to $12 a ton, and ilmenite 32 to 35% TiO at $7 to $8 a ton, all prices Atlantic seaboard. TUNGSTEN Bibliography: Reports XV, XVII, XVIII, XXII, XXIV, XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 91, 95. U. S. G. S. Bull. 652. Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc, Vol. XI, South Dakota School of Mines. Bulletin No. 12. Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 113, pp. 666-669, Apr. 22, 1922. The commercial production of tungsten ores and concentrates in California began in 1905; and has been continuous since, with the exception of 1920-1922 (inclusive), when the mines were shut down owing to low prices due to excess stocks following the war and to lack 62 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA of tariff protection against foreign importations. Production was resumed on a small scale late in 1923, and regained practically its pre-war average annual tonnage, though the 1930 figures are less than those for 1929. The material shipped in 1930 included both high-grade sorted ore and concentrates, coming from a property each in Inyo and San Bernardino counties. The annual details are concealed under the ' Unapportioned ' item to conceal the output of either shipper. Besides the above there was some tungsten ore mined but not shipped in both Kern and Tulare counties. Quotations ^ during 1930 ranged from $15.50 to $12.50 per unit of WOg for Chinese wolframite ; domestic scheelite ranged from $16.50 to $13 per unit WO3. The present prices are per unit WOo, New York, $11.25 to $11.50 for wolframite and $12 for domestic scheelite. Imports of foreign tungsten ores and alloys into the United States during 1930 amounted to 3,613,109 pounds, valued at $1,658,890 com- pared with 6,809,965 pounds, valued at $2,510,270 in 1929, and 10,362 long tons of ore valued at $11,409,237 in 1918, which ores were duty free up to September 22, 1922. Owing to lack of protection against the cheap coolie labor of Asiatic tungsten mines and low market prices, practically all of the tungsten mines in the United States were closed down from the middle of 1919 to the latter part of 1923. Quotations during 1922 ranged around $2.50 per unit, up to September of that year when the tariff was placed on the ore. The Tariff Act of 1930 raised the duty on tungsten ore or concentrates to 50 cents per pound on the metallic tungsten conta.ined therein. Duties are also provided for imported tungsten-bearing alloys. Most of the imported ore is coming from China, with smaller amounts from Malay and Bolivia. Tungsten ore has been produced in California principally in the Atolia-Randsburg district ,in San Bernardino and Kern counties, fol- lowed by the Bishop district in Inyo County, with small amounts com- ing from Nevada County and from the district near Goffs, in eastern San Bernardino. Most of the California tungsten ore is scheelite (calc.ium tungstate), though wolframite (iron-manganese tungstate) and hiibernite (manganese tungstate) also occur. The deposits at Atolia are the largest and most productive scheelite deposits known,- and the output has in some years equaled or exceeded that of ferberite (iron tungstate) from Boulder County, Colorado. It is interesting in this connection to note that, in practically all other tungsten producing districts of the world^ wolframite is the important constituent. Uses. The metal, tungsten, is used mainly in the steel industry and in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including the well-known tung- sten filament lamps. Because of its resistance to corrosion by acids, it is valuable in making certain forms of chemical apparatus. Its employ- ment in tool-steel alloys permits the operation of cutting tools, such as in lathe work, at a speed and temperature at which carbon steel would lose its temper — hence the name 'high speed' steels for these tungsten alloys. As made in the United States, tungsten forms 13% to 20% of 1 Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 129 and 130, 1930. 2U. S. G. S. Bull. 652, p. 32. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 63 such steels. Some chromium, nickel, cobalt, or vanadium are sometimes also included. Tungsten compounds are used in the manufacture of colors. The indicated consumption is approximately 5000 tons of 60% concentrates per year, in the United States. Tungsten is introduced into the molten steel charge, either as the powdered metal or as ferro-tungsten (containing 50%-85% tungsten). The specific gravity of the pure metal, 19.3-21.4, is exceeded only by platinum, 21.5; iridium, 22.4; and osmium, 22.5. Its melting point is 3267° C. (5913° F.), being higher than any other known metal. Though millons of tungsten filament lamps are now made, the wires are so fine that the metal they contain represents but a few tons of tung- sten concentrates annually. Total Tungsten Ore Production of California. The annual amount and value of tungsten ores and concentrates produced in California since the inception of the industry is given here- with, with tonnages recalculated to 60% WO3 : Year Tons at 60% wo, Value Year Tons at 60% wo. Value 1905 57 485 287 105 577 457 387 572 559 420 962 2,270 2,466 $18,800 189,100 120,587 37,750 190,500 208,245 127,706 206,000 234,673 180,575 1.005,467 4.571,521 3.079,013 1918 1,982 214 S2 832.222 1906 1919 219,316 1907 1920 1908 1923 . . 34 781 573 441 398 150 * 19.126 1909 1924 446,009 1910 - . 1925 - . 348,475 1911 1926 316,560 1912 19271* 429.237 1928/ 1929 1914 106,280 1915 1930 Totals * 1Q1A 1917 14,177 $14,887,158 • Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' VANADIUM Bibliography: Report XV, XXVI. Bulletins 67, 91. Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc, Vol. XI. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bulletin 104. No commercial production of vanadium has yet been made in Cali- fornia. Occurrences of this metal have been found at Camp Signal, near Goffs, in San Bernardino County, and two companies at one time did considerable development work in the endeavor to open up paying quantities. Each had a mill under construction in 1916, but apparently no commercial output was made. Ore carrying the mineral cuprodes- cloizite and reported as assaying 4% VgOg was opened up. Some ore carrying lead vanadate has been developed in the 29 Palms, or Wash- ington district, on the line between Riverside and San Bernardino counties, but no shipments reported. The principal use of vanadium is as an alloy in steels, especially in tool steel, and in those varieties where resistance to repeated strains is required. Present New York quotations for ferrovanadium are $3.16-$3.50 per pound of vanadium f. 0. b. works, and vanadium ore 28^ per pound VgOg contained. 64 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ZINC Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, XX-XXIV, XXVI. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. There was no recorded production of zinc ores in California during 1930. Owing to the low price of zinc and the distance required to ship the concentrates to a smelter, it is not profitable to smelt the ore at present. During the last period of production most of California's zinc concentrates were shipped to Belgium for smelting, although a small amount has been made into zinc oxide here in the state. The American zinc smelters are located along the Mississippi River or on eastern seaboard, with electrolytic zinc plants in both Idaho and Montana. III! ir^crngre Prices of Pri me Western B rands Y'^^erag'e Cents per Pbu not "1 ' j^ h ^b- 1:;::: :; $4 : t___.jl .__.]ls, T L .,..'ms$. I... . . ii.i. [M 3 s: 2: *^ ) From Engineering and Mining Journal, July 13, 19 SI. The zinc ores of Shasta and Calaveras counties are associated with copper, while those of Inyo, Los Angeles and San Bernardino are asso- ciated principally with lead-silver and zinc-silver ores. The principal uses of zinc are for 'galvanizing' (plating on iron to prevent rust), for zinc oxide (used in rubber goods and paint), and for brass (an alloy of copper and zinc). These outlets for the metal take approximately 80% of the quantity produced. Of the remaining 20% a large portion is rolled into plates and sheets and utilized in the building industry for sheathing, roofing, leaders, and eaves-troughs. Zinc is particularly desirable and efficient for roofing and siding where corrosive gases are present, as at smelters, refineries and chemical plants. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 65 Zinc Production of the United States. The production of slab zinc ^ at reduction plants in the United States in 1930 amounted to 532,894 short tons at $51,158,000, not including 8684 tons of primary metal made from foreign ores, all from Mexico, and reduced in refineries in this country, and 34,849 tons of redistilled secondary metal. The 1930 production was a decrease from that of 1929 which was 532,894 tons for United States only. The average price per pound quoted for the metal in 1930 was 4.6^ as compared with 6.5^ in 1929 and 6.03^ in 1928. Total Zinc Production of California. Total figures for zinc output of the state are as follows, commercial production dating back only to 1906 : Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1906 206,000 177,759 54,000 $12,566 10,598 3,544 1919 1,384,192 1.188,009 846.184 3,034,430 $101,046 1907 1920 96,229 1908 1921 42 309 1909 1922 172,963 1910 1923 1911 2,679,842 4,331,391 1,157.947 399,641 13,043,411 15.950,565 11,854,804 5,565.516 152,751 298,866 64.845 20,381 1,617,383 2.137.375 1.209.190 508,466 1924 3,060,000 11,546.602 20.447.559 8,625,004 198,900 1912 1925 877,542 1913 1926 1,533.568 1914 1927 552,000 1915 1928 1916 1929 1917 Totals 1918 105,552,901 $9 608,522 1 U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce. Press Bulletin, April 23, 1931. 5—87473 66 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA CHAPTER FOUR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XXVII (inc.). Bulletin 38. Spurr and Wormser, ''Marketing of Metals and Minerals." "Non-Metallic Minerals," by R. B. Ladoo. See also under each substance. As indicated by this subdivision heading, the mineral substances herein considered are those more or less directly used in building and structural work. California is independent, so far as these are con- cerned, and almost any reasonable construction can be made with materials produced in the state. This branch of the mineral industry for 1930 was valued at $37,126,- 700, as compared with a total value of $46,759,148 for the year 1929, the decrease being mainly due to cement and in a smaller way to brick and hollow building tile, miscellaneous stone and all other materials in this group with the exception of bituminous rock, lime and sandstone. The three last-mentioned showed increases in both amount and total value. The 1927 output established a record for this type of material in both quantity and total value which was $54,861,649, exceeding all other years in total value records. Crushed rock production is yearly more worthy of consideration, due to the strides taken in the use of concrete, as well as to activity in the building of good roads. Brick, with an average annual output for a number of years worth approximately $2,000,000, had difficulty in hold- ing its own, due to the popularity of cement and concrete. In 1920, however, the sales increased to nearly double the previous record figure of the year 1907, and in 1923 showed advances to new figures, with a slight recession in 1924-1930. This item will, no doubt, continue to be an important one, and a market for fire and fancy brick of all kinds will unquestionably never be lacking. In 1930 all counties, with the exception of Sutter, contributed to this structural total. .There is not a county in the fifty-eight counties of the state which is not capable of producing at least one of the materials under the classification and in 1926 every county contributed one or more substances to the group. During 1930 building construction in California continued on a downward trend as shown in a survey^ made covering 51 California cities. In these cities building permits showed an average decline of approximately 24.6 per cent from the previous year. Seven cities showed increases in their building permits and 44 showed decreases. Highway construction and contracts for heavy construction were approximately the same as those of 1929. The bearing of building conditions on the production of structural materials is shown by the following curves : Chart 1 follows the trend 1 California State Chamber of Commerce, Economic Survey Report No. 24 and 25, Series 1929 and 1930. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 67 400 1 {^300 ^200 — lOO 55 50 45 40 35 30 V ^ s .^^ \ BuM/ng flerm/fs I i / / ^-^^ -\ s i 1 1 ^ / ' / / / / / / \^ ^ J / / ' / / \ / / / / / / \ < — - / / 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Chart 1, showing the comparative values of building permits in 51 California cities and the production of structural materials in California, from 1920 to 1930. 30 25 |. lo 5 — O- Cemen_ ^^_____,^^-- ^^^ \ ^ jl^ce^ 'jfje^-^^ ^^-' ---- ^ / / / _---■ '"'' -^<^,, ^SC^ifo/Zo JJ-.^^///^. ^S,p/e 1 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Chart 2, showing the comparative value of the production in California of the most important structural materials from 1920 to 1930, inclusive: Cement, Miscel- laneous Stone, Brick and Hollow Building Tile, 68 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA PACIFIC NATIONAL BANK BUILDING Brick — Cannon & Co. Granite — ^McGilvray-Ray- mond Corporation. Stucco — California Stucco Products Co. of Northern California. Travertine Stone — P. Grassi &Co. — Cut hy courtesy of Architecture and Allied Arts. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 69 of the value of construction represented by building permits in 51 Cali- fornia cities for a ten-year period from 1920 to 1930, inclusive, accom- panied by the total production of structural materials. Chart 2 shows the trend in value of cement, miscellaneous stone, brick and hollow building tile, the three most important structural materials, over the same period of time. The following summary shows the value of the structural materials produced in California during the years 1929-1930, with increases or decreases in each instance : Sjbstan?e 1929 1930 Increase — Decrease+ Value Amount Value Amount Value Bituminous rock Brick and hollow buildin? tile 3,320 t:n3 $14,360 5,607,410 21,038,565 5,025 1,169,271 417,101 488,014 93,661 49,881 17,840,159 b35,701 8,525 tons $36,075 4,205,460 14,575,731 1,905 855,47? 452,084 388,472 82,194 56,404 16,403,027 =41,871 21,715 + 1 401,950— Cement . ..- 12,794,729 bbls. 327 tons 9,831,938 bbLs. 80 tons 6,462,834— Ohromitft 3,120— Granite .-. -.. . -.- 313,794— Lime 42,834 tons 47,269 tons 4/,622 tons 38,681 tons 34,983+ 99,542— Marble* 11,467— 6,523+ Stone, miscellaneous 1,43 1,132— 8,170+ Total valu° $46,759,^48 $37,098,700 $9,660,448 a Includes onyx and travertine. b Includes si ite and tube-mi 1 pebbles. e Includes slate-paving blocks and tub3-mi!l pebbles. ASPHALT Bibliography: State Mineralogist Eeports (inc.), XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 16, 32, 63, VII, X, XII-XV 67, 69, 91. Asphalt was for a number of years accounted for in the statistical reports by the State Mining Bureau, because in the early days of the oil industry, considerable asphalt was produced from outcroppings of oil sand, and was a separate industry from the production of oil itself. However, at the present time most of the asphalt comes from the o.il refineries, which produce a better and more uniform grade; hence, its value is not now included in the mineral total, as to do so would be in part a duplication of the crude petroleum figures. Such natural asphalt as is at present mined is in the form of bituniinous sandstones, and is recorded under that designation. BITUMINOUS ROCK BiUiography : State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XV, XVII, XVIII, XXI, XXII, XXV, XXVI. This material is essentially an uncemented sandstone which is satu- rated with and held together by a natural asphaltic constituent, prob- ably the residue from the evaporation of a crude petroleum deposit. Bituminous rock is still used to a limited extent for road dressing in those districts adjacent to available deposits, though the manufacture of asphalt at the oil refineries has almost entirely superseded the direct use of the native material. Some of the Santa Cruz County produc- 70 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA tion is put on the market as a material which can be laid cold. This material is especially applicable and valuable for patch jobs. Shipments of bituminous rock were made from quarries in Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz, totaling 8525 tons valued at $36,075 f.o.b. railroad. This was an increase in both quantity and value over the 1929 output, which was $3320 tons and $14,360. Bituminous Rock Production of California, by Years. The following tabulation shows the total amount and value of bitumi- nous rock quarried and sold in California, from the records compiled by the State Mining Bureau, annually since 1887 : Year Tons Value Ye.ar Tons Value 1887 . 36,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 39,962 24,000 32,000 31,214 38,921 49,456 45,470 46,836 40,321 25,306 24,052 33,490 21,944 45,280 24,753 16,077 24,122 30.718 34,123 $160,000 257,000 170.000 170,000 154.164 72.000 192,036 115,193 121,586 122,500 128,173 137,575 116,097 71,495 66,354 43,411 53,106 175,680 60.436 45,204 72.835 109.818 116,436 1910 87,547 75,125 44,073 37,541 66,119 17,789 19,449 5,590 2,561 4,614 5,450 8.298 4,624 2,945 6,040 2,681 3,863 3,515 4,966 3,320 8,525 $165 711 1888 1911 117 279 1889 --- 1912 87,467 78 479 1890 1913 1891 1914 166 618 1892 1915 6l'468 1893 1916 66 561 1894.. 1917 18580 1895 - 1918 9,067 18 537 1896 1919 1897 . 1920 27 825 1898. 1921 43192 1899 1922 13 570 1900 1923 11 780 1901 . - 1924 14,922 10 724 1902. 1925 1903 1926 21 577 1904 1927 17.704 1905 1928 33 832 1906 1929 14,360 36,075 1907 1930 1908 Totals 1909 1,208,680 $3,766 427 BRICK AND HOLLOW TILE Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports VIII, X„XII-XV (inc.), XVII-XXVII (inc.). Bulletins 38, 99. Preliminary Report, No. 7. Cal. Jour, of Development, June, 1925, pp. 5-6. Bricks of many varieties and in important quantities are annually produced in California, as might be expected in a state with such diver- sified and widespread mineral resources. The varieties include com- mon, fire, pressed, glazed, enamel, fancy, vitrified, sand-lime, and others. Not only do the plants here supply practically all of our own require- ments in these products, but considerable quantities are shipped to contiguous territory and certain products are shipped over a much wider radius. So far as possible, the different kinds have been segre- gated in the tabulation herewith accompanying. We also include under this heading the various forms of hollow building 'tile' or blocks. The application of these tile to residence construction as well as to other structures is growing ; though their total output for 1930 showed a slight increase in tonnage with a decreased value from the 1929 totals. The value and amount of all kinds of brick showed a decrease in total production of 28 per cent from that of 1929. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION 71 f3 cd o m 03 g .1 S 1 ■o U O O c» t-T-ii-i sl Is r ?* o ?^s t- I e s own e So,"' I ^ 'I ^^ V^ O ^ X ^ 5 JO 'u Eh ^ i > § CO , I o »o I I 00(M IMOO-* if is I'o'" j srrc^" 3^1 (D ^int^u3c 1 1 1 1 1 1 «o «o S 1 1 1 1 1 1 •^ •»f i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ifs" «9- •9- •? OD . o4J 1 1 1 1 1 1 t- t- 1 1 1 1 1 1 I> C- S| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-l « 1 1 1 1 lO 1 O S 1 1 1 1 100 1 00 "S 1 ' ' 1 ICO 1 eo c:>^ 1 1 1 1 Vi- g_^. II 1 1 1 iii 1 liO 1 lO 1 IkO i la o va ' 't-T tH 1 00'-< ICO 1 , CO to ia-r-t ICO 1 1 00 s eq^oo-J*^ icq 1 1 «o p t-^o"c- jcq" ! 1 t-^ eOrHS^ '-' ' 00 ««■ j« I j cq to «^ o OrH«0 IrH 1 , 00 o> I.s oooo 100 1 1 1-1 y— rH t^ai_ liH 1 1 OS t. JS-S (n^Oi IrH" ,' 1 o" to ^ II !■<*< I cq lo I OS \ia lia ««■ I lO I I la Co to h ^-S \> ! I d I ^ 1^ ! I o I Bo I 0) > 00 O O cr-( K O 0-0 O 29.531 30.232 38,321 28.015 -31.579 35.664 34,806 »>42,308 b34.324 b72.881 b65,775 50.200 54,103 74.120 113 282 1888 1911 1889 1912 1890 1913 1891 1914 48.832 41.518 1892 1915 1893 1916 -. 50,280 62,950 49,898 74 482 1894 38.441 14,864 7,889 4,102 8,050 9.682 4,103 2,945 19,305 84,624 55,401 73,303 31,400 37,512 18.653 79,600 1917 1895 1918 1896 1919 1897 1920 92,899 98 395 1898 1921 1899 1922 127,792 1900 1923 124,919 140,253 1901 1924 1902 1925 -. 116,105 119,999 103 689 1903 1926 1904 1927 1905 1928 82 190 1906 1929 93 661 1907 1930 Total value 82,194 1908 1909 $3,311,602 » Includes onyx and serpentine, b Includes onyx and travertine. ONYX and TRAVERTINE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII, XXI, XXIII. Bulletin 38. Onyx and travertine are known to exist in a number of places in California, but there has been only a small and irregular production since the year 1896. In 1930 there were two producers of travertine in Solano County. The 1930 output showed a slight decrease in both quantity and value from that of 1929 the figures of which are combined with marble. This material is used in terrazzo, auto gear-shift handles, bases for fountain-pen desk sets, and other ornamental purposes. Onyx Production of California, by Years. Production by years has been as follows : Year Value Year Value 1887 $900 900 900 1,500 2,400 1,800 27.000 20.000 12,000 24,000 • 1920 • 1888 1921 $1,294 3.320 2.510 1889 1922 1890 1923 1891 1924 1892 1925 16.120 1893 1926 7,675 1894 1927 1895 1928 • 1896 1929 — - - • 1918 1930 ♦ 1919„ Total value $122,219 • See under Marble. SANDSTONE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV, XVII, XVIII, XXI, XXIII, XXVI. Bulletin 38. U. S. Bur. of M., Bull. 124. An unlimited amount of high-grade sandstone is available in Cali- fornia, but the wide use of concrete in buildings of every character, as 84 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA well as the popularity of a lighter-colored building stone, has curtailed production in this branch of the mineral industry during recent years almost to the vanishing point. In 1930 a total of 160,704 cu. ft. of sandstone, valued at $56,404, was quarried in California and came from properties in Los Angeles, Monterey, Napa, Sonoma, and Tehama counties, by thirteen operators; compared with 177,655 cu. ft. valued at $49,881 in 1929. Practically all of the material was flagstone which is used in garden walks, fountains, walls and fireplaces to give effect to Spanish and English types of homes. The material reported from Monterey County is in reality an indurated shale of the Monterey series, of a cream color and utilized as a building stone ; and that from Sonoma is a stratified, altered andesite having the appearance of sand- stone. Part of the material coming from Los Angeles County was schist and indurated shale. A large portion of the sandstone was sold for landscape work and used as stepping stones for walks and for fountains, walls, etc. Sandstone Production of California, by Years. Amount and value, so far as contained in the records of this Bureau, are presented herewith, with total value from 1887 to date : Year Cubic feet Value Year Cubic feet Value 1887 $175,000 150,000 175,598 100,000 100,000 50,000 26,314 113,592 35,373 28,379 24,086 46,384 103,384 254,140 192,132 142,506 585,309 567,181 483,268 164,068 148,148 65.151 37,032 1910 165,971 255,313 66,487 62,227 111,691 63,350 17,270 31,090 900 5,400 10,500 10,150 900 7,000 6,700 14,704 34,100 22,900 134.100 177,655 160,704 $80,443 127,314 22,574 27,870 45,322 8,438 10,271 7,074 400 1888 1911 1889 1912 1890 1913 1891 1914. 1892 1915 1893 1916 1894 1917 1895 1918 1896 1919 3,720 2,300 2,112 1,100 13,000 3,600 14 362 1897 1920 1898 1921 1899 56,264 378,468 266,741 212,123 353,002 363,487 302,813 182,076 159,573 93.301 79,240 1922 1900 1923 1901 1924 1902. 1925 1903 1926 17 500 1904 1927.. - 205 400 1905 1928 43 250 1906 1929 49 881 1907... 1930 Total value 56,404 1908 1909 $4,499,380 SERPENTINE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Report XV. Bulletin 38. Serpentine has not been produced in California to a very large extent at any time. A single deposit, that on Santa Catalina Island, has yielded the principal output to date. Some material was shipped from there in 1917 and 1918, being the only output recorded since 1907. It was used for decorative building purposes and for electrical switch- boards. As there was but a single operator, the figures were combined with those of marble output for those years. Serpentine Production of California, by Years. The following table shows the amount and value of serpentine from 1895 as recorded by this Bureau : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION Total Serpentine Production in California 85 Year Cubic feet Value Year Cubic feet Value 1895 4,000 1,500 2,500 750 500 350 89 512 99 $4,000 6,000 2,500 3,000 2,000 2,000 890 5,065 800 1904 200 $2,310 1896 1905... 1897 1906 847 1.000 b 1,694 1898 1907 3.000 1899 1917 a 1900 1918 b 1901 1919 1902 Totals... 1903 12,347 $33,259 ■ Under 'Unapportioned.' ^ See under Marble. SLATE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XV, XVIII, XXIV. Bul- letin 38. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 586. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 218. Slate v^as first- produced in California in 1889. Up to and including 1910 such production was continuous, but since then it has been irregu- lar. Large deposits of excellent quality are known in the state, espe- cially in El Dorado, Calaveras and Mariposa counties, but the demand has been light owing principally to competition of cheaper roofing materials. 'Slate' is a term applied to a fine-grained rock that has a more or less perfect cleavage, permitting it to be readily split into thin, smooth sheets. Varieties differ widely in color and have a considerable range in chemical and mineralogical composition. Excepting certain rare slates of igneous origin (of which the green slate of the Eureka quarry. El Dorado County, California, is an example) formed from volcanic ash or igneous dikes, slates have originated from sedimentary deposits consisting largely of clay. By consolidation, and the pressure of super- imposed materials, clays become bedded deposits of shale. By further consolidation under intense pressure and high temperature incident to mountain-building forces, shales are metamorphosed to slates. The principal mineral constituents are mica, quartz, and chlorite, with smaller varying amounts of hematite, rutile, kaolin, graphite, feldspar, tourmaline, calcite, and others. The color of slate is of economic importance. The common colors are gray, bluish gray, and black, though reds and various shades of green are occasionally found. The permanency of slate for roofing is well known. It is stated that there are slate roofs in Pennsylvania and Maryland over 100 years old. "In England and Wales, and in France, many buildings constructed in the 15th and 16th centuries were roofed with slate, and the roofs are still in excellent condi- tion. There is a record of a chapel in Bedford-on-Avon in Wiltshire, England, roofed with slate in the 8th century, and after 1200 years of climatic exposure is moss- covered but in good condition." ^ Contrary to the general impression, however, the major portion of the slate produced in the United States is used on the inside rather than the outside of buildings. Its interior uses include stationary washtubs, electrical switchboards, and blackboards. 1 Bowles, O., Slate as a Permanent Roofing Material : U. S. Bur. of M., Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2267, July, 1921, p. 4, 86 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA A square of roofing slate is a sufficient number of pieces of any size to cover 100 square feet of roof, with allowance generally for a three- inch lap. The sizes of the pieces of slate making up a square range from 7x9 inches to 16 x 24 inches, and the number of pieces in a square ranges from 85 to 686. The Ferry Building, San Francisco, is roofed with Eureka slate from El Dorado County. The production of slate in California for 1929 and 1930 was 8220 tons valued at $71,347 f.o.b. rail-shipping point. The 1930 figures showed a slight decrease in amount and an increased value. The annual details are concealed under ' Unapportioned ' owing to a single operator in both El Dorado and Tuolumne counties. Practically all of this slate was crushed and used for roofing granules. Total Production of Slate in California. A complete record of amount and value of slate produced in Cali- fornia follows : Year Squares Value Year Squares Value 1889 4,500 4.000 4.000 3,500 3,000 1,800 1.350 500 400 400 810 3,500 5.100 4,000 10.000 6.000 4.000 10.000 $18,089 24,000 24,000 21,000 21,000 11,700 9,450 2,500 2,800 2.800 5,900 26.250 38,250 30,000 70.000 50.000 40.000 100,000 1907 7,000 6,000 6,961 1,000 $60,000 60 000 1890 1908 1891 1909 45 660 1892 1910 8,000 1893... 1911 1894 1915 1,000 5,000 1895 1916 1896 1920 8 80 1897 1921 1898 1922 200 2,400 1899 1923 1900 1926 b2.686 b4,075 8,220 7,371 17 960 1901 1927 1902 1928 19291* 1930/ Total value 31 263 1903 1904.. 71,347 1905 1906 $806,820 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' MISCELLANEOUS STONE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XXVII (inc.). Bulletin 38; also annual statistical bulletins from 1915 to date. * Miscellaneous stone' is the name used throughout this report as the title for that branch of the mineral industry covering crushed rock of all kinds, paving blocks, sand and gravel, and pebbles for grinding mills. The foregoing are very closely related from the standpoint of the producer; therefore it has been found to be most satisfactory to group these items as has been done in recent reports of this Bureau. So far as it has been possible to do so, crushed rock production has been subdivided into the various uses to which the product was put. It will be noted, however, a very large percentage of the output has been tabulated under the heading 'Unclassified.' This is necessary because of the fact that many of the producers have no way of tell,ing to what specific use their rock was put (or at least the proportions to each use) after they have quarried and sold the same to distributors and con- tractors. In addition to amounts produced by commercial firms, both corpo- rations and individuals, there is hardly a county in the state but uses I Statistics of annual production 87 more or less gravel and broken rock on its roads. Of much of th,is, particularly in the country districts, there is no definite record kept. The production in California of sand and gravel for the year 1930 showed a decrease in tonnage with an increased value over the pre- vious year, although crushed rock showed decreases in both amount and value. This resulted in a total of $16,430,027 for ^miscellaneous stone' during 1930 as compared with $17,804,159 in 1929. As for several j^ears past Los Angeles County led all counties by a wide margin, with an output valued at $4,731,302 (compared with •1^5,335,300 in 1929); followed by Alameda second with $1,436,608; Calaveras third with $818,507 ; San Diego fourth with $651,926 ; San Benito fifth with $509,010 ; followed by Kern, Santa Clara, San Ber- nardino, Butte, Contra Costa, Amador, Sacramento, San Mateo, Imperial, in order named. Paving Blocks. During 1930 there was a small production of paving blocks in Cali- fornia coming from a property each in Los Angeles and Monterey counties. The annual details are concealed under the ' Unapportioned ' item to conceal the output of either operator. The paving block industry has decreased materially of recent years, practically to the vanishing point, because of the increased construction of smoother pavements demanded by motor vehicle traffic. The blocks made in Solano County were of basalt ; those from Sonoma are of basalt, andesite, and some trachyte, while those from Madera, Placer, River- side, San Bernardino, and San Diego are of granite; and those from San Mateo County a sandstone. The amount and value of paving block production, annually, since 1887 has been as follows : Year Amount M Value Year Amount M Value 1887 '10,000 10,500 7,303 7,000 5,000 •3,000 2,770 2,517 2,332 4,161 1,711 1,144 305 1,192 1,920 3.502 4,854 3,977 3,408 4,203 4,604 7.660 4,503 $350,000 367.500 297,236 245,000 150,000 96,000 96,950 66,981 73,338 77,584 35,235 21,725 7,861 23,775 41,075 112,437 134.642 161,752 134,347 173,432 199,347 334.780 $199,803 1910 4.434 4,141 11,018 6,364 6,053 3,285 1,322 938 372 27 63 4 72 15 11 27 198,916 210,819 578,355 363 505 1888 1911 1889 1912 1890 1913. 1891 1914 270,598 171,092 1892 1915 1893 1916 54 362 1894 1917 38,567 1895 1918 - 17000 1896 . . 1919 1,350 1897 1920 3,155 280 1898 1921 1899 1922 3.924 1900 1923 880 1901 1924 935 1902 1925 1,350 1903 1926 1904 1927 41 25 2.057 1905 1928 1,658 1906 1929- 1907 1930 " a Totals 1909 135.768 $5,319,603 * Figures for 1887-1892 (inc.) are for Sonoma County only, as none are available for other counties during- tliat period thougli Solano County quarries were then also quite active. a Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' 88 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Grinding Mill Pebbles. Production of pebbles for tube and grinding mills began commer- cially in California in 1915. Owing to the decreased imports and higher prices of Belgium and other European flint pebbles, due to the war, there was a serious inquiry for domestic sources of supply. In 1916 and 1917 shipments totaled in excess of 20,000 tons per year ; but they have since dropped to an insignificant figure. San Diego County has been the principal contributor, with some also from Fresno and Sacramento. Shipments have been made to metallurgical plants in California, Nevada, Montana and Utah. The material produced in recent years has been used in silex-lined mills for grinding clay, silica or feldspar, etc., where iron can not be present. Imports to the United States in 1930 amounted to 6121 long tons, valued at $62,463, as compared with 12,542 long tons, valued at $127,186 in 1929. The 1930 output of grinding mill pebbles in California was concealed under 'Unapportioned' to conceal the production of a single operator in San Diego County. The amount and value of grinding mill pebbles, annually, follows : Year Tons Value 1915 340 $2,810 1916 20,232 107,567 1917 21,450 90,538 1918 8,628 61,268 1919 2,607 19,272 1920 2,104 17,988 1921 247 1,418 1922 1,571 7.628 1923 2,650 14,936 1924 434 2,969 1925 215 1,385 1926 102 612 1i)27 288 1,800 1928 372 2,408 WHY 1^^ ^'225 Totals 61,406 $263,824 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' Sand and Gravel. A considerable part of the gravel excavated is passed through grading and washing plants, and the material over 2 inches in size is crushed. Much of it is utilized in concrete mixtures. Most of the gravel used for road surfacing and repairs as well as that for railroad ballast is creek- run or pit-run material which is spread upon the roads without under- going any grading or washing. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 89 The distribution of the 1930 output of sand and gravel, b}^ counties, is given in the following table : County Tons Alameda * 1,934,124 Butte 437,605 Calaveras 9,450 Colusa 49,500 Contra Costa "110,529 Del Norte 43,069 l^l Dorado 1,372 <;ienn 202,531 Humboldt 224,714 Imperial 136,915 Tnyo 1,720 Kern »> 77,046 Lake 41,725 Los Angeles — cd5^564,963 Mariposa 7,225 Mendocino 74,851 Merced 63,082 Mono 30,098 Monterey _______ "170,924 Napa Orange Placer Plumas 26,115 291,569 7,020 21,000 Riverside Sacramento __ «153,617 207,899 Vahie $1,160,198 144,902 14,003 45,900 78,654 53,475 3,575 61,179 93,185 74,962 1,000 38,050 47,779 2,914,583 4,933 48,007 23,250 18,294 187,421 25,133 160,576 5,030 51,000 120,937 141,648 County Tons Value San Bernardino — 385,872 $225,853 San Diego '»497,559 413,325 San Joaquin 220,683 196,857 San Liuis Obispo «33,186 17,409 Santa Barbara 141,504 81,067 Santa Clara 330,504 225,089 Santa Cruz 100,003 68,220 Shasta — 53,360 106,283 Sierra 6,580 6,065 143,571 35,416 Sonoma 312,476 155,927 Stanislaus 221,831 133,022 Tehama 32,384 49,000 Trinity 1,935 4,238 Tulare 140,467 58,350 Ventura '»232,537 140,987 Yolo 42,100 27,000 Alpine, Amador, Fresno, Kings, Madera, Marin, Modoc, San Mateo", Yuba* 170,942 100,691 Totals 12.956.157 $7,562,473 * Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. 1 Includes molding sand. 1' Includes earth. <= Includes blast sand. ^ Includes sand for roofing granules. Included in the above is a total of 49,617 tons of molding sand valued at $110,960, coining from two properties in each Contra Costa, Monte- rey, Riverside, and San Diego counties, and one each in Alameda, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo and Ventura counties. This item is each year assuming a more important position in the commercial mineral list of California. The 1929 figures were 58,296 tons worth $127,135. Crushed Rock. To list the kinds and varieties of rock utilized commercially under this head.ing would be to run almost the entire gamut of the classifica- tion scale. Much depends on the kind available in a given district. Those which give the most satisfactory service are the basalts and other bard, dense, igneous rocks which break with sharp, clean edges. In many localities, r.iver-wash boulders form an important source of such material. In such cases, combined crushing and washing plants obtain varying amounts of sand and gravel along with the crushed sizes. In Sacramento and Butte counties the tailings piles from the gold dredgers are the basis of like operations. The values given are based on the selling price, f.o.b. cars, barges, or trucks, at the quarry. 90 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA o»ooicot-ooo»r5-»< (MOiOeOOOkOOlO(MOCO 00 00 eo i-i(M 1 ' '~ t;^ Oa ^'^ ^--' 03 C^ T" UJ ^w* VM "J »~1 ^— ' *— J wa V>J "^ '»' T' ^— ' UJ 03 - Qs T— f tiJ ^-1-' ^r wj «i^ -^^ ilj >.^^ i~- ^—^ '—^ >— .^ «iJ i-H(r^ooioioiracncic 2 CO in u:^ o o5 '-H CO o 05 t-Tos c.oo»ret-'-H(MC5!M<»e^ocor-ir-ii-(t- '*-iiM050oc ■^ ^ N eo M vn 00 <-! i-H i-H oo 00 oo t-h r-i c-) "-i "^ > iMCC>>.OOl>.b--+<(NOS'*'aO«0«0'-— OOOSOSOOOOOi CO«*lb-i-HCDl--'!t<»HO>t-i-ICD'a5000COC50t-0'*0»000,-H'>'»ftOOOOo oooco ;i" I-l eooo (MOO CO K »ft 0n o ooo 050 I r io-<*< I I I O CO I I io_^o ) O I 005 i Ttf I I nrei-ii > ««■ « iH tH ,-1 (M CO Cq 05 05 (M I •>!t<':OinO'+ll>.'*l.rHO5t~'*i— lOSb-COOOCOOi-HOOroOt-O li— llCCOt— OO^'^IOOO It-OlrtCOi^tO ooioocO'-i'»iojcoOi-(Oi0005rtiTtHco-rtii-ii-iTt< ioorH « o, 8 = 3 .S 0) 03 CO en o] C a> O) a> .jH T3 ^ Ta 73 -§3 3 3^ 92 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Miscellaneous Stone Production of California, by Years. The amount and value, annually, of crushed, rock (including macadam, ballast, rubble, riprap, and that for concrete), and sand and gravel, since 1893, follow : Crushed Rock, Sand and Gravel, by Years Year Tons Value Year Tons Valac 1893 371,100 661,900 1,254,688 960,619 821,123 1,177,365 964,898 789,287 530.396 2,056,015 2,215,625 2,296,898 2.62i,257 1,555,372 2,288,888 3,998,945 5,531,561 5,827,828 6.487,223 8,044,937 $456,075 664,838 1.095,939 839,884 600,112 814,477 786,892 561,642 641,037 1,249,529 1,673,591 1,641,877 1,716,770 1,418,406 1,915,015 3,241,774 2,708.326 2,777,690 3,610.357 4,532,598 1913 9,817,616 9,288,397 10,879,497 9,951,089 8,069,271 6,641,144 6,919,188 9,792,122 10,914,145 13,049,644 19.840,301 21.451,129 23,819,137 24,987,606 25,126.691 27,471,794 27,104,618 23,514,168 $4,823,056 1894 1914 3,960,973 1895 1915 4,609,278 1896 1916 4,009,590 1897 1917 3,505,662 1898 1918- 3,325.889 1899 1919 3.678.322 1900 1920 6,782,414 1901 1921 7,834,540 1902 1922 10.366,231 1903 1923 15,379.838 1904 1924 15.962.476 1905 1925 17,407,113 1906 1926. 19.859,261 1907 1927.. 18,912,994 1908 1928... 17.328.044 1909 . 1929 1930 17,840,159 1910 16,430,027 1011 Totals 1912 319,096,482 $224,962,796 A comparison of the above table of annual production of these mate- rials with the similar table for cement (see ante) reveals the fact that the important growth of the crushed rock and gravel business has been coincident with the rapid development of the cement industry from the year 1902. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 93 CHAPTER FIVE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII-XXVII (inc.). Bul- letin 38. Min. & Sci. Press, Vol. 114, March 10, 1917. Spurr and Wormser, *' Marketing of Metals and Minerals." ''Non- Metallic Minerals," by R. B. Ladoo. See also under each substance. The following mineral substances have been arbitrarily arranged under the general heading of 'Industrial Materials,' as distinguished from those which have a clearly-defined classification, such as metals, salines, structural materials, etc. These materials, many of which are mineral earths, are, with four or five exceptions, as yet produced on a comparatively small scale. The possibilities of development along several of these lines are large, and with increasing transportation and other facilities, together with stead- ily growing demands, the future for this branch of the mineral industry in California is promising. There is scarcely a county in the state but might contribute to the output. Up to within the last few years, at least, production has been in the majority of instances dependent upon more or less of a strictly local market, and the annual tables show the results of such a condition, not only in the widely-varying amounts of a certain material produced from year to year, but in widely -varying prices of the same material. The more important of these minerals thus far exploited, so far as shown by value of the output, are barytes, clay (pottery), dia- tomaceous earth, dolomite, fuller's earth, gypsum, limestone, mineral water, pyrite, sillimanite, soapstone and talc. This group as a whole showed a decrease in the total value from $7,581,743 in 1929, to $7,168,522, in 1930. The following table gives the comparative figures for the amounts and value of industrial minerals produced in California during the years 1929 and 1930. Substance 1929 1930 Increase+ Decrease — Value Amount Value Amount Value Barytes -. 26,796 tons 839,949 tons 58,644 tons 13,327 tons 15,541 tons $168,829 1,127,517 156,928 78,404 170,563 26,850 396,951 557,617 2,820 2,040,615 76,123 363,717 79,210 193,493 a2,142,106 19,783 tons 938,536 tons 35,721 tons 5,014 tons 12,522 tons $133,107 795,517 106,813 35,654 177,964 3.540 243,507 508,751 2,870,663 128,847 194,228 71,380 154.258 bl,744,293 $35,722- Clay (pottery) 332,000- Dolomite 50,115— Feldspar 42.750- Fuller's earth 7,401+ 23,310- Gypsum Limestone. Mineral paint 140,844 tons 168,315 tons 467 tons 27,032,083 gal. 10,449 tons 79,169 tons 18,686 tons 18,676 tons 116,865 tons 169,477 tons 37,354,111 gal. 12,947 tons 39,954 tons 17.802 tons 15,861 tons 153,444— 48,866— • 830,048+ Pumice and volcanic ash. . . Pyrite 52.724+ 169.489— Silica (sand and quartz) Soapstone and talc Unapportioned 7.830— 39.235- 397,813— $7,581,743 $7,168,522 Net decrease $413,221 *Under Unapportioned. a Includes asbestos, diatomaceous earth, mica, sillimanite-andalusite-cyanite group and sulphur. ^ Includes asbestos, diatomaceous earth, mineral paint, sillimanite-andalusite-cyanite group and sulphur. 94 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ASBESTOS Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII-XIX (inc.), XXII, XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 91. Canadian Dept. of M., Mines Branch Bulletin 69. Min. and Sci. Press, April 10, 1920, pp. 531-533. Eng-. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 113, pp. 617-625, 670- 677. Asbestology, Vol. 5, No. 7, July, 1927. During 1930 there was a small tonnage of short fiber chrysotile asbestos ore mined in Monterey County, from which fiber was pro- duced, also shipment of amphibole asbestos from two properties in Riv- erside County, both of which were operated by the same party. The figures are concealed under the ' Unapportioned ' item to conceal the output of either operator. The 1929 output was the amphibole variety and came from Shasta County. The future of asbestos mining in California is dependent largely upon the development of uses in quantity for the short-fibre mill grades, and for the amphibole variety. There are apparently large resources of such material that can be made available. Some spipning- grade fibre has also been found in this state, notably in Nevada, Cala- veras, and Monterey counties, but the commercial yield to date has been small. There are extensive serpentine areas in the Coast Ranges, in the Klamath Mountains, and in several sections of the Sierra Nevada which are within the range of possible asbestos producers, as chrysotile is a fibrous form of serpentine. These localities all yielded chromite in greater or less amounts during the World War period. Three-quarters of the world's supply of asbestos was for many years produced by Canada. At present, Rhodesia furnishes 60 per cent of the long fibre, though Canada in addition to its long fibre still accounts for practically the entire output of lower grades. Asbestos Production of California, by Years. Total amount and value of asbestos production in California since 1887, as given in the records of this Bureau, are as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 30 30 30 71 66 30 60 60 25 1,800 1,800 1,800 4,260 3,960 1,830 2,500 2,260 1,000 1910 200 126 90 47 51 143 145 136 229 131 410 60 20 70 26 13 219 $20,000 600 1888 1911 1889 1912 2,700 1,175 1,530 2,860 2,380 10,225 9,903 1890 1913 1891 1914 1892 1916 1893 1916 1894 1917 1895 1918 1896 1919\» iQ2ni 1897 6,240 1898 10 30 60 110 200 760 1,250 4,400 1921 19,275 1,800 200 1899 1922 1900 1923 1901 1924 4,760 1902 1925 , 1926 - 1903 1,650 1904 10 112 70 70 70 65 162 2,626 3,500 3,600 6.100 6,600 1927 « 1905 1,160 1906.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1929\* 1907 6,175 1908 Totals 1909 3,083 $142,710 'Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 95 BARYTES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XXI, XXVI, (inc.). Bulletins 38, 87. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 114, p. 109, July 15, 1922; Vol. 115, pp. 319-324, Feb. 17, 1923. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Inform. Circ. 6221, 6223. Commercial shipments of crude barytes in California for 1930 amounted to a total of 19,783 short tons, valued at $133,107 f.o.b. rail shipping point. This was a decrease in both quantitj^ and value from the figures of 1929 which were 26,796 short tons and $168,829. The 1930 yield came from two properties in San Bernardino County and a single property each in Inyo, Mariposa, Nevada, and Santa Barbara counties. This material was consumed in the manufacture of lithopone, as heavy-gravity oil-well drilling mud and barium chemicals. The mining of barytes has been showing a steady increase with 1929 showing the largest annual production. More than half of the total tonnage of barytes utilized in the United States is taken in the manufacture of lithopone, which is a chemically- prepared white pigment containing approximately 70% barium sulphate and 30% zinc sulphide. This is one of the principal constituents of 'flat' wall paints. Other important uses for barytes, after washing and grinding, are as an inert pigment and filler in paint, paper, lino- leums, oilcloth and rubber manufacture, and in the preparation of a number of chemicals including barium binoxide, carbonate, chloride, nitrate, and the sulphate precipitated, or 'blanc fixe.' The Tariff Act of 1930 placed a duty on foreign imported barytes ore, crude or unmanufactured, of $4 per ton; ground or otherwise manufactured, of $7.50 per ton. Present quotations for barytes (93% BaSOJ vary from $7 to $7.75 per ton, crude, f.o.b. rail-shipping point. Most baryte has to be washed and acid treated to remove iron stains or other impurities before being suitable for paint use. Known occurrences of this mineral in California are located in Inyo, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, Nevada, San Bernardino, Shasta and Santa Barbara counties. The deposits at El Portal, in Mariposa County, have given the largest commercial production to date, in part witherite (barium carbonate, BaCOs). Witherite has also been found in Shasta County, but no shipments have yet been made from the deposit. Total Barytes Production of California. The first recorded production of barytes in California, according to the statistical reports of the State Mining Bureau, was in 1910. The annual figures are as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1910- .. . 860 309 564 1,600 2,000 410 1,606 4,420 100 1,501 3,029 901 $5,640 2,207 2,812 3,680 3,000 620 5.516 25,633 1,500 18,065 20,795 4.809 1922 3,370 2,925 $18,925 1911 1923 16,058 1912 1924-. 1913 1925 1914 1928 4,978 17,993 13.406 26,796 19,783 38,165 1915 1927 90,617 1916 1928 55,888 1917 1929-- - 168,829 1918 1930 133,107 1919 Totals - 1920. . . 106,551 $615,866 1921 96 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA CLAY (Pottery) Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports I, IV, IX, XII-XV, XVIII-XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 99. Preliminary Report No. 7. U. S. Bureau of Standards, Tech. Paper No. 262. At one time or another in the history of the state, pottery clay has been mined in thirty-three of its counties. Of these, 20 contributed in 1930. In this report, ^pottery clay' refers to all clays used in the manufacture of red and brown earthenware, china and sanitary ware, flower pots, floor, faience and ornamental tiling, architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, drain and roof tile, etc., and the figures for amount and value are relative to the crude material at the pit, without refer- ence to whether the clay was sold in the crude form or was immediately used in the manufacture of any of the above finished products by the producer. It does not include clay used in making brick and hollow building blocks. There are many other important uses for clay besides pottery manu- facture. Among these may be enumerated paper, cotton goods, and chemicals. Being neutral, clay does not have an injurious effect upon other constituents used in the manufacture of such articles. In paper making, clay is used as a filler in news and similar grades, and as a coater or glazer in the more highly-finished art papers. A large part of the china clay used in the United States is imported from England. Clays of the montmorillonite and halloysite group ('rock soap') are being utilized successfully in the manufacture of soaps and for filter- ing oils and as oil-well drilling mud, also as an earth filler in irrigating ditches which run through porous ground. During 1930 a total of 72 properties in 20 counties reported an out- put of 938,586 short tons of pottery clay, having a total value of $795,517 f.o.b. rail shiping point for crude material, as compared with 839,949 tons and $1,127,517 in 1929. The large decrease in average price per ton is accounted for by the increase in material used in oil-well drilling mud and a decrease in that which is used in the manufacture of ceramics. Because of the fact that a given product often requires a mixture of several different clays, and that these are not all found in the same pit, it is necessary for most clay-working plants to buy some part of their raw materials from other localities. For these reasons, in compil- ing the clay industry figures, much care is required to avoid duplica- tions. So far as we have been able to segregate the figures, from the data sent in by the operatives, we have credited the clay output to the counties from which the raw material originated; and have deducted tonnages used in brick manufacture, as bricks are classified separately, herein. A tabulation of the direct returns from the producers, by counties, for the year 1930 is shown herewith : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 97 Pottery Clay, in 1930 County Tons Value Used in the manufacture of Alameda 10,103 74,023 ^371, 123 78,643 18.224 85,377 102,419 2,013 15,517 150 3,607 177,387 $20,063 103,160 117,834 70,693 78,366 116,642 180,727 14,916 25,785 87 2,259 64,985 Architectural terra cotta; chimney, drain and sewer pipe; faience, floor, decorative, and roofing tile; gar- den furniture, electrical, porcelain and various. Architectural terra cotta; fire clay products and refrac- tories; chimney drain and sewer pipe; floor mantle and roofing tile and various. Oil well and rotary drilling mud. Architectural terra cotta; conduits and segment blocks, electrical porcelain, red earthenware, refractories, chimney, ckain and sewer pipe; faience, floor mantle and roofing tile; art pottery and various. Stone ware, refractories, faience, drain floor and mantle Los Angeles C^raiige _-_-_ tile and various. Architectural terra cotta; chimney, drain and sewer pipe, faience, floor, mantle and roofing. Red earthen- ware, refractories and various. Conduit, sewer and drain-pipe. Red earthenware, faience, floor, man tie and roofing tile and various. Floor and roofing tile; stone ware, sanitary ware, art pottery, refractories and various. Sewer and drain pipe; faience, floor and roofing tile; refractories, sanitary ware and various. Drain pipe, floor and rooofing tile and various. (1 1 verside San Bernardino San Diego Santa Clara Contra Costa, Humboldt, Inyo,b Merced, Monterey, Sacra- mento, San Luis Obispo, Stanis- laus and Ventura, a* roofing tile and various. Architectural terra cotta; chimney drain and sewer pipe; flue lining, faience, floor, mantle and roofing tile; refractories, electrical porcelain, oil-well drill- ing mud and various. Totals- 938,586 $795,517 * Combined to conceal the output of a single operator in each. <^ Includes clay and shale for oil-well mudding. ^ Includes bentonite used in filling porous ground in irrigating ditches. Pottery Clay Products. The values of the various pottery clay products made in California during 1930 totaled $12,014,535 as compared with $14,452,889 in 1929, their distribution being shown in the following tabulation : Number of Product producers Architectural terra cotta 5 Chimney pipe and flue lining 8 Drain pipe 17 Sewer pipe 8 Roofing 32 6 9 7 4 7 3 Floor, faience, mantel and handmade tile 34 7 4 Electrical porcelain Red earthenware Stoneware and chemical stoneware Chinaware and semivitreous tableware. Sanitary ware and plumbing Garden furniture- Tons 107294 10,383 66,182 119,307 4,693 Value $731,402 754,392 155,788 1,723,411 1,404,205 500,041 197,372 364,504 439,642 1,939,080 91,442 2,716,623 80,895 27,347 888,391 Ground fire clay and high temperature cement Specialties Miscellaneous : chimney tops, art pottery and decora- tive tiles, stove radiants, clay shapes, tank backs, wall coping, bath tile, molding clay, electrical conduits, red vents, trimmed tile, refractory shapes, grog and various : 23 Total value 112,014,535 Important increases were shown by electrical porcelain, drain pipe, and stoneware. All other groups showed a decrease in value from 1929 totals. 7—87473 98 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Pottery Clay Production of California, by Years. Amount and value of crude pottery clay output in California since 1887 are given in the following table : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 75,000 75,000 75,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 24,856 28,475 37,660 41,907 24,592 28,947 40,600 59,636 55,679 67,933 90,972 84,149 133,805 167,267 160,385 208,042 299,424 $37,500 37,500 37,500 50,000 50,000 50,000 67,284 35,073 39,685 62,900 30,290 33,747 42,700 60,956 39,144 74,163 99,907 81,952 130,146 162,283 254,454 325,147 465,647 1910 . . 249,028 224,576 199,605 231,179 179,948 157,866 134,636 166,298 112.423 135,708 203,997 225,120 277,232 376,863 417,928 537.587 801,461 867,419 887,807 839,949 938,586 1324,099 1888 1911 252,759 1889 1912 215,683 1890 1913. 261,273 1891 . 1914 167,552 1892 1915 133,724 1893 1916. 146,538 1894 1917 154.602 1895 1918 166,788 1896 1919 245,019 1897 1920 440.689 1898 . . 1921 362.172 1899 1922 473.184 1900 ... . . 1923 697,841 1901 1924 651,857 1902 1925 674,376 1903 1926 806,509 1904 1927.. 872.661 1905 1928 1,394,950 1906 1929. 1,127,527 1907 1930 795,517 Totals 1909 10,244,545 $12,633,298 ■ DIATOMACEOUS EARTH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports II, XII-XV (inc.) XVII-XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 91. Am. Inst. Min Eng. Bull., 104, August, 1915, pp. 1539-1550. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Rep. of Investigations : Serial No. 2431, Jan., 1923. Eng, & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 1152-1154, June 30, 1923. Infusorial and diatomaceous earths — sometimes called tripolite — are very light and extremely porous, chalk-like materials composed of pur silica (chalk, being calcareous) which have been laid down under wate; and consist of the remains of microscopical infusoria and diatoms. The former are animal remains, and the latter are from plants. The principal commercial use of diatomaceous earth (also called 'diatomite') is as a cement admixture. It is also employed in the manufacture o£ scouring soap and polishing powders ; for filtration purposes ; in makin J some classes of refractory brick; and as an insulating medium both i3 heating and refrigeration, also sound-proofing. It is a first-class noni conductor of heat, where high temperatures are employed, such as around steel and gas plants and power houses. In such cases, it is built in as an insulating layer in furnace walls. In Germany, under th^ name ' kieselguhr, ' is was used as an absorbent for nitroglycerine in th early manufacture of dynamite. As a nonconductor of heat it has been used alone or with other mate rials as a covering for boilers, steam pipes and safes, and in fireproo cement. It is used largely by paint manufacturers as a wood filler, Boiled with shellac it is made into records for talking machines. It has been used for absorbing liquid manures so that they could be utilizecj as fertilizers, and as a source of silica in making water-glass as well as in the manufacture of cement, tile glazing, artificial stone, ultramarine and other pigments of aniline and alizarine colors, paper filling, sealing wax, fireworks, hard-rubber objects, matches, and papier mache, and STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 99 for solidifying bromine. For making insulating brick the material is sawed into blocks, and for all other purposes it is ground and screened. The most important deposits in California thus far known are located in Monterey, Orange, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara counties. The Santa Barbara material is diatomaceous and is of a superior quality, particularly for filtration uses which bring the higher prices. Infusorial or diatomaceous earths are also found in Fresno, Kern, Los Angeles, Plumas, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Joaquin, Shasta, Sonoma, and Tehama counties. As about 85 per cent of the California output is from a single operator, we have concealed the exact figures under the 'Unapportioned' item in the state and county totals. There were six operators during 1930 in Fresno, Los Angeles, Monterey, and Santa Barbara counties. The shipments during the year showed a slight decrease in total ton- nage and value compared with 1929. The material shipped was utilized for insulation of both heat and sound, filtration, paint, pigment, cement admixture, fillers, abrasives and for clarification of gasoline and kerosene. Total Production of Diatomaceous Earth in California. The first recorded production of these materials in California occurred in 1889; total amount and value of output, to date, are as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1889 39 $1,335 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 2,194 4,129 8,645 12,840 12,400 15,322 24,301 35,963 40,200 60,764 •90.739 ♦193.064 * 275.403 $19,670 1890 17,074 1891 35 968 1892 80,350 1893- 50 51 2,000 2,040 62,000 1894 80,649 1895 127,510 1896 189,459 1897 5 200 217,800 1898 1,056,260 1899 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1 1,016,675 1900 f 1901 1902 422 2,703 6,950 3,000 2,430 2,531 2.950 500 1,843 2,532 16,015 112,282 15,000 14,400 28,948 32,012 3,500 17,617 6,729,736 1903-. 1904. 1905 1,995,923 1906 [ 1907 » 1908 IQDQ 1910 Fotals 799,438 $10,876,955 Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' DOLOMITE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XV, XVII, XXVII The 1930 production of dolomite in California came from a single quarry each in Inyo and Monterey counties. The annual details are concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item to conceal the output of either operator, and showed a decrease in both quantity and value from the 1929 production which was 58,644 tons, valued at $156,928. The material shipped was utilized for steel furnace flux and refractories, plaster, stucco dash-coat, and for manufacture of COa- 100 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Dolomite Production of California, by Years. Previous to the 1915 statistical report of the State Mining Bureau, dolomite was included under limestone, as the two minerals are closely related chemically ; but since dolomite, as such, has been found to have certain distinctive applications, we here give it a separate classification. Amount and value of the output of dolomite, annually, have been as follows : Year Tons Value 1915 4,192 13,313 27,911 24,560 24,502 42,388 31,195 52,409 69,519 28,843 42,852 68.640 45,976 38 379 58,644 * $14,504 46,566 66,416 79,441 67,953 132,791 99,155 114,911 142,615 71,271 104,900 119.313 79 442 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921. 1922 ._ 1923 _ 1924 ... 1925 1926 1927 . 1928 85,342 156,928 1929 __ _ 1930 - * Totals 573,323 $1,381,548 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned' FELDSPAR BiUiography: State Mineralogist Reports XV, XVII-XXVII (inc.). Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 92. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 535-538, Mar. 24, 1923. Feldspar was produced by five operators in three counties (Kern, Riverside, and San Diego) in California during 1930 to the amount of 5014 short tons, valued at $35,654. This was a decrease in both quantity and value as compared with the 1929 figures which were 13,327 tons and $78,404. The requirements of the pottery trade demand that in general the percentage of free silica associated with the feldspar be less than 20 per cent, and in some cases the potters specify less than 5 per cent. An important factor, also, is the iron-bearing minerals frequently present in pegmatites and granites, such as biotite (black mica), garnet, hornblende and black tourmaline. Feldspar for pottery uses should be practically free of these. The white, potash-mica, musco- vite, is not particularly objectionable except that being in thin, flexible plates, it does not readily grind to a fineness required for the feldspar. Total Feldspar Production of California. Total amount and value of feldspar production in California since the inception of the industry are given in the following table, by years : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION Total Feldspar Production in California 101 1 Year Tom Value Year ■ ■■ Tom Value 1910 760 740 1,382 2,129 3,530 1,800 2,630 11,792 4,132 1,272 4,518 4,349 $5,720 4,560 6,180 7,850 16.565 9,000 14,350 46,411 22.061 12,965 26,189 28,343 1922 4,587 11.100 9,055 8,165 7.300 10.932 14,628 13,327 5,014 $37,109 1911 1923 81,800 1912 . . 1924... 68,112 1913 1925 59.615 1914 1926 56,400 1915 1927 _ 86,101 1916 1928 93,745 1917 1929 78.404 1918 1930 35,654 Totala 1920 124.142 $797,129 1921 - FLUORSPAR Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XVII, XVIII, XXIV, XXVI. Bulletins 67, 91. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 177, pp. 489-492, Mar. 22, 1924. Fluorspar, or calcium fluoride, CaFg, is one of the most important nonmetallic minerals from an industrial standpoint. About 80 per cent of the commercial mineral is prepared in the 'gravel' form and utilized as a flux in the manufacture of steel, for which use no substi- tute has yet been found. In the United States, under normal business conditions, the consumption for that purpose is 125,000 to 150,000 tons annually. Fluorspar is also used in aluminum smelting, and in the manufacture of enameled ware, glazed tile and brick, opalescent glass and certain chemicals, particularly hydrofluoric acid and its deriva- tives. The mineral is marketed in three forms : lump, gravel, and ground. According to the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, imports of fluorspar into the United States in 1930 amounted to 57,949 long tons, valued at $544,656, and came principally from England, with smaller amounts from British South Africa, Italy, China and Nether- lands. The 1930 figures were an increase from the previous year when 48,522 short tons worth $480,975 were imported. In California deposits have been reported in Los Angeles, Mono, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, but no commercial production has resulted except in 1917-1918, when a total of 79 tons valued at $991 was shipped from Riverside County. The Tariff Act of June 21, 1930, places a duty of $5.60 per ton on foreign importations of fluorspar. Present quotations (Engineering and Mining Journal, New York) are not less than 85 per cent CaFo and not over 5 per cent SiOa, $13 ; foundry lump, $15. FULLER'S EARTH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XVII, XVIII, XXI, XXIII, XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 38, 91. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 71. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 121, pp. 837- 842, May 22, 1926. Fuller's earth includes many kinds of unctuous clays. It is usually soft, friable, earthy, nonplastic, white and gray to dark ^reen in color^ 102 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA and some varieties disintegrate in water. In California, fuller's earth has been used in clarifying both refined mineral and vegetable oils, and for special chemical purposes; although its original use was in fulling wool, as the name indicates. Production has come mainly from Calaveras and Solano counties, with other deposits noted also in River- side, Fresno, Inyo and Kern counties. Clays of the montmorillonite and halloysite group ('rock soap') are being utilized by some of the oil refineries in lieu of true fuller's earth in the refining of petroleum products. A production of 12,522 short tons, valued at $177,964 here credited to California for 1930 as 'fuller's earth' is in reality colloidal clay of the montmorillonite class (sold under such local names as 'bentonite,' 'otaylite,' ' shoshonite, ' derived from the locality where found). Because of its being utilized for clarifying, filtering, and cleanser pur- poses, most of it in petroleum refining, we have placed it, for the pur- pose of the State Division of Mines statistical reports under the fuller's earth heading. After all, the practical test of a fuller 's earth is not so much chemical, as a physical one; that is, its physical capacity to absorb basic colors and to remove these colors from solution in animal, vegetable, or min- eral oils, also from water. The material above noted came from two properties each in San Bernardino and San Diego counties, and one in Kern County. The 1930 output showed a decreased tonnage and an increased value as compared with the 1929 figures which were 15,541 tons and $170,563. The Tariff Act of June 21, 1930, placed a duty of $1.50 a ton on foreign produced imported fuller's earth. Fuller's Earth Production of California, by Years. Fuller's earth was first produced commercially in this state in 1899, and the total amount and value of the output since that time are as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 620 500 1.000 987 250 500 1,344 440 100 50 459 340 466 876 460 760 692 $12,400 3,750 19,500 19,246 4,750 9,500 38,000 10,500 1,000 1,000 7,385 3,820 5,294 6,500 3,700 5,928 4.002 1916 110 220 37 385 600 1,185 6,606 3,650 5,290 5,280 23,552 13,018 53 323 15,541 12,522 $550 1900 1917 2,180 1901 1918 333 1902 1919 3,810 1903 1920 6,000 1904 1921 8,295 1905 1922 48,756 1906 1923 55,126 1907 1924 67,296 1908 1925 91,842 1909 1926 250,192 1910 1927 154,764 1911 1928 501,743 1912 1929 170,563 1913 1930 177,964 1914 Totals 1916 133,171 $1,031,598 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 103 GEMS Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports II, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, XX, XXI-XXVI fine). Bulletins 37, 67, 91. U. S. G. S., * Mineral Resources of the U. S/; Bull. 603, p. 208. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of Cal., Vol. 5, pp. 149-153, 331-380. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 31, p. 31. The production of gem materials in California has been somewhat irregular and uncertain since 1911. The compilation of complete statis- tics is difficult owing to widely-scattered places at which stones are gathered and marketed for the most part in a small way. The gem material reported in California during 1930 had a total value of $3,540 in rough. The 1930 value showed a decrease from that of 1929 which was $26,850. Most of the above material was quartz crystals used for optical purposes or for radio, but included also blue agate, bloodstone and rose quartz which was shipped to China for cutting and polishing. The following table shows the distribution of rough, uncut gems and jewelry materials during 1930: County Variety Butte Diamond Calaveras Quartz crystals Inyo Cyanite and chiastolite Kern Rose quartz San Bernardino Blue agate, bloodstone and Iceland spar San Diego Kunzite and tourmaline Siskiyou Agate Tulare Chrysoprase Varieties of California's Gem Stones. Diamonds have been found .in a number of localities in California; but in every case, they have been obtained in stream gravels while working them for gold. The principal districts have been : Volcano in Amador County; Placerville, Smith's Flat and others in El Dorado County ; French Corral, Nevada County ; Cherokee Flat, Morris Ravine, and Yankee H,ill, Butte County ; Gopher Hill and upper Spanish Creek, Plumas County. The most productive district of recent years has been Cherokee in Butte County. California tourmalines are decidedly distinctive in coloring and *fire' as compared to foreign stones of this classification. The colors range from deep ruby to pink, and various shades of green, also blue. One of our California gem stones, henitoite, has not been found else- \vhere ; and in but a single locality here : The Dallas Mine in San Benito County. Kunzite, a gem variety of spodumene, was first found ,in the Pala district in San Diego County. It has thus far been found in only one locality (Madagascar) outside of California. It is of a lilac color, and is described in deta^il in Bulletin 37 of the State Mining Bureau. Beryls of excellent fire and delicate colors are also obtained in the Pala district, of which the aquamarine (blue) and morganite (pink) varieties deserve special mention. Morgan.ite, like kunzite, has thus far been found elsewhere only in Madagascar. Calif ornite, or 'California jade,' is a gem variety of vesuvianite, and is green or white in color, It .is found in Butte, Fresno, and Siskiyou counties. 104 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Stones of precious blue topaz of fine quality are being cut from crys- tals mined in northern San Diego County. They are associated with beryl and blue tourmaline. Some rhodonite has been mined in Siskiyou County, and used for decorative purposes, its value being included in the marble figures. Garnets are found in a number of localities in California : the impor- tant yield of gems being hyacinth and spessartite varieties from San Diego County. Chrysoprase has been produced in Tulare County. Turquoise has been found in the desert section of San Bernardino County, but none produced commercially in recent years. Sapphires have been reported found in San Bernardino and Eiver- side counties, but not as yet confirmed. A few have been found in stream gravels with diamonds in Butte County. Bul)ies have been identified by the laboratory of the State Mining Bureau, occurring in limestone from the Baldy Mountains, San Bernar- dino County. Thus far no stones of commercial size have been taken out. Total Production of Gem Materials in California. The value of the gem output in California annually since the begin- ning of commercial production is as follows : Year Value Year Value 1900.. .. $20,500 40,000 162,100 110,500 136,000 148,500 497,090 232.642 208,950 193,700 237,475 51,824 23,050 13,740 3,970 3,565 1916 $4,752 1901 1917 3.049 1902 1918 650 1903 1919. 5,425 ieo4 1920 36.056 1905 1921 10.954 1906 1922 1,312 1907.. 1923 13.220 1908 . 1924 4,800 1909 1925 10.663 1910 1926 - 9,049 1911 1927 - 7,035 1912- 1928 _ . - 22,200 1913_ 1929 26,850 1914.. 1930 3,540 1916 Total $2,243,161 GRAPHITE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIII, XIV, XV, XVII, XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Min. Res., 1914, Pt. II. Graphite (also called plumbago) has been produced from time to time in the state, coming principally from Sonoma and Los Angeles counties. It is difficult for these deposits, which must be concentrated, to compete with foreign supplies, which go on the market almost directly as they come from the deposit. Graphite ores are concentrated with consider- able difficulty, and the electric process of manufacturing artificial STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 105 graphite from coal has been perfected to such a degree that only deposits of natural graphite of a superior quality can be exploited with any certainty of success. According to the U. S. Geological Survey, operators in this country who are working disseminated flake deposits must depend on their No. 1 and No. 2 flake for their profit. Graphite dust is merely a by-product and is salable only at a low price. The principal value of graphite is on account of its infusibility and resistance to the action of molten metals. It is also largely used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, of 'lead' pencils, as a lubricant, as stove polish, paints, and in many other ways. Amorphous graphite, commonly carrying many impurities, brings a much lower price. For some purposes, such as foundry facings, etc., the low-grade material is satisfactory. Among the interesting uses for graphite is the prevention of formation of scale in boilers. The action is a mechanical one. Being soft and slippery, the graphite prevents the particles of scale from adhering to one another or to the boiler and they are thus easily removed. The price increases with the grade of material, the best quality crystalline variety being quoted at present (f.o.b. New York) at 6^- 7J^ per pound (Ceylon lumps). The coarser flakes are necessary for crucibles, as they help to bind the clay together, in addition to their refractory service. Imports in 1930 from Ceylon, Canada, Madagascar, Mexico and Korea totaled 16,726 short tons, valued at $624,186, compared with 17,843 tons valued at $1,065,186 in 1929. The Tariff Act of June 21, 1930, placed a duty on graphite or plum- bago, crude or refined; Amorphous, 10% ad valorem; crystalline lump, chip or dust, 30% ad valorem; crystalline flake 1 65/100 cents per lb. Occurrence of graphite has been reported at various times from Cala- veras, Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Los Angeles, Mendocino, San Bernardino, San Diego, Siskiyou, Sonoma and Tuolumne counties. There was no production, however, in 1928-1930 (inc.). Graphite Production of California, by Years. According to the records of the State Mining Bureau, the graphite production of California, by years, has been as follows : Year Pounds Value 1901 128,000 $4,480 1902 84,000 1,680 1903 1913 2,500 25 1914 1915 1916 29,190 2,335 1917 - ^^ " 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 . 1925 ) 1926 \ •76,000 18,120 1927 ' 1928 Totals 2,113,690 $85,025 ♦ Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned,' on account of a single producer. ♦770,000 37,225 *624.000 26,160 106 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA GYPSUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVL Bulletins 38, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 223, 413, 430, 697. U. S. Bur. of Standards, Cir- cular No. 281. During 1930 there were shipments of gypsum in California, amount- ing to 116,865 short tons valued at $243,507, coming from two prop- erties each in Fresno and Riverside counties and one each in Imperial and Kern counties. This was a decrease in both quantity and value compared with the 1929 output, which was 140,844 tons and $396,951. Uses. The most important use of gypsum from the quantity standpoint is in the calcined form where it is utilized in the manufacture of various hard-wall plasters and plaster board. As plaster of paris, it plays a very important part in surgical work. Approximately 2%, by weight, raw gypsum is added in the manufacture of Portland cement just before the final grinding. In this application, the gypsum acts as a retarder to the set of the cement. The use of gypsum tile for non- bearing fireproof partitions, stairway and elevator enclosures, and the protection of steel columns, girders and beams, has increased greatly. Keene's cement is a gypsum product, calcined to complete dehydra- tion, and an accelerator added such as alum, potassium sulphate, borax, aluminum sulphate. Land plaster may be applied to the soil by drilling, or scattered in the hill, or it may be sowed* broadcast, in quantities ranging from 200 to 500 pounds to the acre. Total Production of Gypsum in California. Production of gypsum annually in California since such records have been compiled by this Bureau is as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 2,700 . 2,500 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,620 2,446 5,168 1,310 2,200 3,100 3,663 2,522 3.875 10.200 6,914 8.350 12,859 21,000 8,900 34.600 30,700 $27,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 14,280 24,684 51,014 12,580 19',250 23,600 14,950 10,088 38,750 53,500 46.441 56,592 54.600 69,000 57,700 155.400 I 138,176 1910 45,294 31,457 37,629 47,100 29,734 20,200 33,384 30,826 19.695 19.813 20.607 37,412 47,084 86,410 26,569 107,613 114.868 94.630 104.790 140.844 116,866 $129,162 101,475 117,388 135,050 78,375 • 48,953 59,533 56,840 37,176 50,679 92,536 78,875 188,336 289,136 53,210 172,444 211.337 292,090 1888 1911 1889 1912 1890 1913 1891 1914 1892. 1916 1893 1916 1894 1917 1896 1918 1896 1919 1897 1920 1898 1921 1899 1922 1900 1923 1901 1924 1902 - 1925 1903 1926 1904 1927 1905 1928 200,567 396,951 243,507 1906 1929 1907 1930 1908 Totals 1909 1,386,231 $4,025,914 LIMESTONE Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, XII-XV (inc.), XVII-XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 91. Oregon Agr. College STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 107 Extension Bulletin 305. Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 120, pp. 249-253. 'IndustriaP limestone was produced by 16 operators in 9 counties in California during 1930 to the amount of 169,477 short tons valued at $508,751. Although there was a slight increase in the amount, the total value was less than that of 1929 figures, which were 168,315 tons and $557,617. The amount here given does not include the limestone used in the manufacture of cement nor for macadam and concrete, nor of lime for building purposes; but accounts for that utilized as a smelter and foundry flux, for glass and sugar making, and other special chemical and manufacturing processes. It also includes that utilized for fer- tilizers (agricultural 4ime'), * roofing gravel,' paint and concrete filler, whiting for paint, putty, kalsomine, terrazzo, paving dust, chicken grit, carbon dioxide gas, 'paving compound,' facing dust for concrete pipe, also for rubber and magnesite mix. The material from Ventura County was a marl and that from San Mateo and Santa Clara counties was shells dredged from San Francisco Bay, all of which was ground and used for agricultural purposes and poultry grit. Of the total 'indus- trial' limestone produced in 1930, approximately 29,823 tons valued at $134,618 were used for agricultural purposes. Distribution of 1930 output of limestone was as follows: County Tons Value E]l Dorado 88,869 $205,225 Santa Cruz 11,405 46,925 Mendocino, San Bernardino, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Tulare, Tuolumne, Ventura* 69,203 256,601 Totals 169,477 $508,751 * Combined to conceal the output of operators in each. Limestone Production of California, by Years. The following tabulation gives the amounts and value of 'industrial' limestone produced in California by years since 1894 when compilation of such records was begun by the State Mining Bureau. These ton- nages consist principally of limestone utilized for flux, glass and sugar making, agricultural, chemical, and other special industrial purposes. That utilized in cement manufacture is not included : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1894 15.420 71,355 68,184 36,796 27,686 30,769 32,791 76,937 71.422 125,919 40,207 192,749 80,262 230,985 273.890 337,676 684,635 616.398 613,375 $19,275 71,690 71.112 38.556 24,548 29,185 31,532 99,445 90,524 163,988 87,207 323.325 162,827 406.041 297,264 419,921 581,208 452.790 570,248 1913 301,918 572,272 146,324 187.521 237.279 208.566 88.291 90.120 75.921 84,382 143.266 219.476 319,977 108.795 699 790 127.895 168,315 169,477 $274,455 1895 1914 517,713 1896 1915 156,288 1897 1916 217.733 1898 1917 356,396 1899 . 1918 456.258 1900 1919 248,145 1901 1920 298,197 1902 1921 305.912 1903 1922 282.181 1904 1923 348,464 1905. 1924 582.660 1906 1925 494,525 1907 1926 367.501 1908 1927 1928 663.957 1909 397.935 1910 1929 - 557,617 1911. 1930 508,751 1912 Totals 7.477,041 $10,975,374 108 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA LITHIA Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports II, IV, XIV, XXI. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. Lithia mica, lepidolite (a silicate of lithium and others) utilized in the manufacture of artificial mineral water, fireworks, glass, etc., has been mined in San Diego County since 1899, except between 1905 and 1915, though there was none shipped in 1923, 1925, 1929, and 1930. During 1930 there was a small amount of lepidolite mined in California, but none shipped. Some amblygonite, a lithium phosphate, is occasionally also obtained from pockets associated with the gem tourmalines. Lithia mica total production in the state has been as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 124 440 1,100 822 700 641 25 $4,600 11,000 27,500 31,880 27,300 25.000 276 1920 10,046 »1,365 $153,502 1900 19211 10001 IQDI 20,781 1902 1923 1903 1924 . 109 2,269 1904 1925 1905 19261 1927}' *550 1906. 13 900 1915 - 91 71 880 4.111 800 1,365 1,065 8,800 73.998 14,400 1928 1929 1916- 1917 Totals 1918 21,875 $417 636 1919 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' MICA Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports II, IV. Bulletins 38, 67,91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 740;Min. Res. of U. S. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 55-60, Jan. 13, 1923. Sericite, a fine-grained variety of muscovite, was shipped from Imperial County during 1929. This is the first commercial production of this material in California. This type of material is used as a cheap grade of ground mica for roofing, as a refractory, foundry facing, and decorative material to imitate snow. Production of mica in California has been as follows : Year Tons Value 1902 50 $2,500 1903 50 3,800 1904 50 3,000 1929) » ' 1930/ Totals 150 $9,300 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' Classification and Uses. Practically all marketable mica is of the muscovite or phlogopite varieties. There are three main commercial classes : Sheet mica, includ- ing punch; splittings, and scrap. Sheet mica is used chiefly for electrical purposes and for glazing; splittings are made into built-up mica ; scrap is ground to a powder. Mica to be classified as sheet must yield a rectangle of at least IJ x 2 in., must split evenly and freely, be free from cracks, rulings, or plications, and reasonably free from inclusions of foreign matter, though stains of a nonconducting char- STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 109 acter are permissible for some uses. Ability to withstand heat and high electrical resistance have led to a wide application of sheet mica in the electrical industries. The electrical uses of sheet mica greatly exceed all others in quantity and value of the material used. As a heat-resisting transparent medium, sheet mica has various uses. It is widely employed for stove windows, though this use has declined to a considerable extent. A hard and rigid mica that is nearly clear is best suited for stove fronts. High-grade stove mica commands a higher price than electrical mica, because for the most part larger sizes are demanded. Mica is also used in furnace and bake-oven sight- holes, heat screens, lamp chimneys, canopies and shades, particularly for gas mantels, and also for military lanterns and in lantern slides. Its ability to withstand shocks and strains, combined with its trans- parency, has led to wide use in motor goggles, spectacles, drivers' helmets, smoke helmets, compass cards, gage fronts, and in windows subject to shock, as in the conning towers of warships. On account of its heat-resisting qualities, ground mica is used in railroad car axle packings, in pipe and boiler coverings, in fireproof paints, and in rubber tires. Ground mica is used as a component in roofing, as a filler in rubber and other products, in calico printing, and as a tire powder. It is used also in tinsel decorations, and as 'Santa Glaus snow* for Ghristmas tree and window decorations. It is used as a lubricant for wooden bearings, and mixed with oil for metal bearings. MINERAL PAINT Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII-XIX (inc.), XXI, XXII-XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 91. Mineral paint material was produced in Galifornia during 1930 by a single operator in Placer Gounty. The details are under 'Unappor- tioned' to conceal his output. This was a decrease in both quantity and value from the 1929 output, which was 467 short tons, worth $2,820. There has been a steady production of mineral paint in Galifornia since 1890, when the first recorded production was made. This material came from Alameda, Amador, Butte, Galaveras, Golusa, Los Angeles, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Riverside, Shasta, Sonoma, Stanislaus and Ven- tura counties. There are also other deposits that may have possible commercial value, but as yet there have been no commercial ship- ments from El Dorado, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Lake, Mendocino, San Diego, Siskiyou, Trinity and Yuba counties, in which they are found. Galifornia mineral paints have been used as the color pigments in mortar, stucco, and cement mixes in kalsomine, pigments in oil paint, various fillers, in lineoleum, in cosmetics, etc. Their colors vary greatly, as also their composition; yellow, the most common, is colored by limonite; red is colored from hematite; the browns might be colored with either or both hematite or limonite, all of which are mixed with more or less clay. There are several plants in the state that treat their ochers, and blend them to give uniform colors and quality at all times. The color of the materials as they come from the mine will vary, but when properly handled a uniform quality and color can be maintained. These deposits are found either as soft fine-grained red shales, as gossan after sulphide ore bodies, as yellow or brown clays colored by 110 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA water carrying iro"n in solution and depositing it on the clay or from spring waters high in iron which deposit an iron oxide or hydroxide. Besides the natural deposits, tailings from chlorination plants, pyrite sinter from acid works and magnetite concentrated from black sand have been used in the manufacture of synthetic ochers. Mineral Paint Production of California, by Years. The first recorded production of mineral paint materials in the state was in the year 1890. The output, showing annual amount and value since that time, is given herewith : Year Tons Value 1 Year Tons Value 1890. 40 22 25 690 610 750 395 578 653 1,704 529 325 589 2,370 270 754 250 250 335 305 200 $480 ' 880 750 26,795 14,140 8,425 5,540 8,165 9,698 20,294 , 3,993 875 . 1,533 3,720 1,985 4,025 1,720 1,720 2,250 2,325 2,040 1911. 186 300 303 132 311 643 520 728 1,780 779 446 1,620 1,049 532 669 669 919 467 * $1,184 1891. 1912 1,800 1892 1913 1,780 1893 1914. 847 1894 . 1915 1,756 1895 1916-. 3,960 1896 1917 2,700 1897.... 1918 4,738 1898 - . 1919 17,055 1899 1920 8,477 1900 .- 1921.. 4,748 1901 1922 13,277 1902 1923 11,773 1903 1924. 5,234 1904 1925. 6,969 1905 1926. 5,846 1906 1927 U 1907 1908.. 1928/ - 1929 2,820 1909 1930 * 1910 Totals 22,897 $219,098 •Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' MINERAL WATER Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VI, XII-XVIII (inc.), XXI-XXVI (inc.). U. S. G. S., "Water Supply Paper 338. Min. Res, 1914, 1916. 'Mineral Springs and Health Resorts of California,' by Dr. Winslow Anderson, 1890. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ghem., Bulletin 91. A widespread production of mineral water is shown annually in California. These figures refer to mineral water actually bottled for sale, or for local consumption. Water from some of the springs having a special medicinal value brings a price many times higher than the average shown, while in some cases the water is used merely for drink- ing purposes and sells for a nominal figure. Health and pleasure resorts are located at many of the springs. The waters of some of the hot springs are not suitable for drinking, but are very efficacious for bathing. From a therapeutic standpoint, California is particularly rich in mineral springs. The counterparts of many of the world-famed spas of Europe and the eastern United States can be found here. Radio- activity has been noted in at least three localities in California: At The Geysers in Sonoma County, Arrowhead Hot Springs in San Ber- nardino County, and Paraiso Springs, Monterey County. It doubtless exists at others, but the State Division of Mines has not as yet had funds available to conduct the necessary investigations along this line. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 111 So far as the efficacy of radioactivity in mineral water is concerned, it has been found by investigations of the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Department of Agriculture that it is not retained and transported in bottled water. Radioactivity in water is only tempo- rary, and dissipates. To obtain whatever therapeutic effect it may possess, radioactive water should be utilized directly at the spring. Commercial production of mineral water in California during 1930 amounted to 37,354,111 gallons, valued at $2,870,663, being the largest annual output ever recovered in this state. The previous record was reached in 1929 when the figures were 27,032,083 gallons and $2,040,615. The 1930 output was distributed by counties as follows : County Gallons Value Lake 36,758 $14,524 Los Angeles 23,695,673 2,152,928 Napa 43,902 13,837 Sonoma 17,900 5,318 Butte, Calaveras, Contra Costa, Fresno, Invo, Marin, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Sis- kiyou* ■ 13,559,878 684,056 Totals 37.354,111 $2,870,663 * Combined to conceal the output of a single operator in each. The production above tabulated either came from springs or artesian wells, and was bottled, in part with artificial carbonation, but mostly natural, and sold for drinking purposes. A large part was used in the preparation of soft drinks with flavors. Although some of the operators complain that prohibition has all but killed off the mineral water business, the reports of actual produc- tion of mineral water bottled and sold indicate an encouraging growth and a material increase annually both in total quantity and value, as may be noted from the tabulation below, with the exception of 1928, which shows a decreased value, although an increased quantity. Mineral Water Production of California, by Years. Mineral water was bottled for sale, at the Napa Soda Springs, Napa County, as early as 1860, and at other springs in California, notably The Geysers, Sonoma County, also at early dates; but there are no figures available earlier than the year 1887. Amounts and values, annually, since that year are shown herewith : Year Gallons Value Year Gallons Value 1887 618,162 1,112,202 808,625 258,722 334,653 331,875 383,179 402,276 701,397 808,843 1,508,192 1,429,809 1,338,537 2,466,116 1,565,328 1,701,142 2,066,340 2,430,320 2,194,160 1,685,690 2,924.269 2.789.716 2.449,834 $144,368 252,990 252,241 89,786 139,959 162,019 90.667 184,481 291,600 337,434 345,863 213,817 406,691 268,607 559,057 612,477 558,201 496,946 538,700 478,186 644.016 660,607 466,488 1910 2,336,259 2.637,669 2,497.794 2,350,792 2,443,572 2,274,267 2,273.817 1,942,020 1,808,791 2,233.842 2.391,791 3,446,278 4,276,346 5,487,276 8,159,211 12,115,072 14,074,877 16.644,423 25,049.002 27.032,083 37,354,111 $522,009 590.654 529.384 699,748 476,169 467,738 410 112 1888 1911 1889 1912 1890 1913 1891 . ... 1914 1892 1916 1893 1916 1894 1917 340,566 375,650 340,117 421,643 367 476 1895 1918 1896 . . 1919 1897 1920 1898 1921 1899 1922 486,424 616,919 818,726 1,230,456 1900 1923 1901 1924 1902 1925 1903 ... . 1926 1.171.550 1 487 183 1904 1927 1905 1928 1.304,969 1906 1929 2,040,615 2,870 663 1907 i 1930 1908 Totals 1909 . .-.- 211,007.667 $25,662,770 112 ^ MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA PHOSPHATES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Report XXI. Bulletins 67, 91. No commercial production of phosphates has been recorded from California, though occasional pockets of the lithium phosphate, ambly- gonite, Li (AlF) PO4, have been found associated with the gem tour- maline deposits in San Diego County. Such production has been classified under lithia. PUMICE and VOLCANIC ASH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, XXII-XXV (inc.). Bulletin 38. (See 'Tufa.') The production of pumice and volcanic ash in California during the year 1930 amounted to 12,947 short tons, valued at $128,847, com- ing from two properties each in Fresno and Inyo counties and a single property each in Imperial, Kern, Mono, San Luis Obispo, and Siskiyou counties. The 1930 output showed a marked increase over that of 1929 which was 10,449 short tons, worth $76,123. The material from Imperial, Inyo and Siskiyou is the viscular, block variety and was sold for abrasive purposes. The balance of the Mono material and that from Fresno, Kern and San Luis Obispo was the volcanic ash, or tuff variety, and was employed in making soap, cleanser compounds, and a large tonnage is being utilized as a concrete filler in cement displacement. The Kern county ash is going into the preparation of one of the popular and nationally advertised brands of cleanser compounds. Pumice Production of California, by Years. Commercial production of pumice in California was first reported to the State Mining Bureau in 1909, then not again until 1912, since which year there has been a small annual output, as indicated by the follow- ing table : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1909 50 $500 1921 406 613 2,936 4,919 5,319 7,170 13,779 10,440 10,449 12,947 $6 310 1910 1922 4,248 16,309 33,404 32,937 1911 1923 1912 100 3,590 50 380 1,246 525 2,114 2,388 1,537 2,500 4,500 1,000 6,400 18,092 5,295 28,669 43,657 25.890 1924 1913 1926 1914 1926 48,350 168 896 1915 1927 1916 1928 105 055 1917 1929 _ 76.123 1918 1930 128,847 1919 Totals . 1920 80,958 $756,982 PYRITES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XVIII, XIX, XXII, XXV, XXVI, Bulletins 38, 91. Min. and Sci. Press, Vol. 144, pp. 825, 840. A total production of 39,958 short tons of pyrite, valued at $194,228 was reported shipped in California during 1930 from properties in Alameda and Shasta counties. This was a decrease both in quantity and value from the 1929 figures which were 79,169 tons and $363,717. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 113 This material was mostly used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid for explosives and fertilizer. Some iron sulphate has been produced previously and was utilized directly in the preparation of an agricul- tural fertilizer and insecticide. The sulphur content ranged up to 50.8 per cent S. This does not include the large quantities of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and other sulphides which are otherwise treated for their valuable metal contents. Some sulphuric acid is annually made as a by-product in the course of roasting certain tonnages of Mother Lode auriferous concentrates while under treatment for their precious metal values. Pyrites Production in California, by Years. The total recorded pyrites production in California to date is as follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1898 6,000 5,400 3,642 4,578 17,525 24,311 15,043 15,503 46.689 82,270 107,081 457,867 42,621 54,225 69,872 79,000 79,267 $30,000 28,620 21,133 18,429 60,306 94,000 62,992 63,958 145,895 251,774 610,335 1,389,802 179,862 182,954 203,470 218,537 230,058 1915 92,462 120,525 111,325 128,329 147,024 146,001 110,025 151,381 148,004 124.214 129,500 100,896 130,910 90.566 79,169 39,958 $293,148 372,969 323,704 425,012 540,300 530,581 473,735 1899 1916 1900 1917 1901 1918 1902. 1919 1903 1920 1904 1921 1905 1922 570,425 555,308 517,835 528 550 1906 1923 1907 1924 . . 1908 1925 1909 1926 466 088 1910 1927 564 823 1911 1928 1929 400,627 1912 363,717 194,228 1913 1930 1914 Totals 2,960,183 $10,913,225 SHALE OIL Bibliography : State Mineralogist Report XIX, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletins 322, 729. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 210. Eng. and Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 118, No. 8, pp. 290-292, Aug. 23, 1924. Chem. & Met. Eng., Vol. 32, No. 6, Feb., 1925. Min. Congress Jour., Dec, 1924. Oil shale is defined by Gavin,^ as follows: "Oil shale is a compact, laminated rock of sedimentary origin, yielding over 33 per cent of ash and containing organic matter that yields oil when distilled, but not appreciably when extracted with the ordinary solvents for petroleum." "Oil shales contain a substance, or substances, usually classed as a pyro-bitumen, that by destructive distillation, or pyrolysis, yields oils somewhat similar to petroleum. These substances have been termed 'kerogen,' from two Greek words meaning producer of wax." The Scottish oil shales are also known as 'torbanite.* The so-called *oil shales' of California do not for the most part con- form to the above definition, as the greater part of the oil obtained from them occurs as such and can be extracted by suitable solvents. The most extensive deposits in this state are part of the Monterey formation of Tertiary age, and physically and chemically are different from the » Gavin, M. J., Oil Shale, An Historical, Technical, and Economic Study : U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 210, p. 26, 192.4. 8—87473 114 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA oil shales of Scotland and from other oil shales in the United States. The mineral matter of this shale is diatomaceous ; the beds that yield oil occur in massive formation ; and when freshly broken smell strongly of petroleum. Most geologists consider the Monterey shales to have been the origin of the oil in some of the oil fields of California. Although the extraction of shale oil has been a matter of commercial practice on a considerable scale for many years in Scotland, France, and Australia, it has not attained any great commercial importance as yet in the United States. Technical knowledge of the subject, how- ever, is increasing. With the gradual depletion of the underground reserves of liquid oil, it is merely a matter of time until the develop- ment of the oil shales of the United States will be an economic necessity. The selling price of petroleum will be the determining factor. The recovery of by-product ammonium sulphate is an important feature of the process. Two plants on a more or less experimental scale have operated in California, with commercial production beginning in a small way in 1922. The product, in part, has been sold for utilization as a flotation oil in metallurgical work, and part has been consumed as fuel at the plants. There was no production reported for 1930. Shale Oil Production of California, by Years Year Barrels Value \lll\* — 4,333 $44,262 \lltY 8-688 55,240 lim* — 8,819 9,998 1928 Totals 21,840 $109,500 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' SILICA (Sand and Quartz) Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IX, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, XX-XXVII (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 91. We combine these materials because of the overlapping roles of vein quartz which is mined for use in glass making and as an abrasive, and that of silica sand which, although mainly utilized in glass manu- facture, also serves as an abrasive. Both varieties are also utilized to some extent in fire-brick manufacture. A portion of the tonnage of vein quartz in California in 1916 and 1917 was employed in the preparation of ferro-silicon by the electric furnace. At present, some is utilized as a foundry flux, and for steel- casting molds. A portion of the silica sold (both sand and quartz) is also used in glazes for procelain, pottery and tile, and in the body of the ware to diminish shrinkage ; and some of the sand for the prepara- tion of sodium silicate (' water glass') and glass. Manufacturers of paint use finely-ground silica, which forms as much as one-third of the total pigment in some paints. For certain purposes finely-ground crys- talline material is superior in paints to other materials because' of the angularity of the grains, which makes them adhere more firmly to the article painted and after wear afford a good surface for repainting. The same angularity makes artifically comminuted crystalline quartz STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 115 superior to natural sand for use in wood fillers. It is also preferable for soaps and polishing powders. Part of the 1925 output was used for roofing and stucco-dash granules. We do not include under this heading such forms of silica as: quartzite, sandstone, flint, tripoli, diatomaceous earth, nor the gem forms of *rock crystal,' amethyst, and opal. Each of these has various industrial uses, which are treated under their own designations. The production of silica in California during 1930 amounted to 17,802 short tons, valued at $71,380, coming from eight properties in seven counties, viz: Contra Costa, El Dorado, Inyo, Monterey, Placer, Riverside, and San Diego. This was a decrease in both quantitv and value from the 1929 output which was 18,686 tons worth $79,210. Of the above total 10,985 tons were glass sand and 6817 tons of vein and boulder quartz. In the past year, for making the higher grades of glass, a deposit in Contra Costa County is now replacing some of the sand imported from Belgium. Belgium sand has also displaced local material in the manufacturee of sodium silicate ('water glass'). There are various deposits of quartz in California which could be utilized for glass making, but to date they have not been so used owing to the cost of grinding and the difficulty of preventing contamination by iron while grinding. Silica sand has been produced in the following counties of the state : Alameda, Amador, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Imperial, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Mono, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Eiverside, San Diego, San Joaquin and Tulare, the chief centers being Contra Costa, Amador, Monterej^ and Los Angeles counties. The industry is of limited impor- tance, so far, because of the fact that much of the available material is not of a grade which will produce first-class colorless glass; for such, it must be essentially iron-free. Even a fractional per cent of iron imparts a green color to the glass. The Tariff Act of June 21, 1930, placed a duty on sand, containing 95 per cent or more of Silica and not more than six-tenths of 1 per cent of oxide of iron and suitable for use in the manufacture of glass, of $2 per ton. Total Silica Production in California. Total silica production in California since the inception of the industry, in 1899, is shown below, being mainly sand : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1899 3.000 2.200 5.000 4.500 7.725 10,004 9,257 9.750 11,065 9,255 12,259 19,224 8.620 13,075 18,618 28.538 28,904 $3,500 2,200 16,250 12.225 7.525 12,276 8.121 13,375 8.178 22.0J5 25.517 18,265 8,672 15,404 21.899 22,688 34,322 1916 20,880 19,376 23,257 18.659 25.324 10.569 9.874 7.964 6,808 12,498 30.010 21.636 14814 18.686 17.802 $48 908 1900 1917 41 166 1901 1918 ... 88 930 1902 1919 101600 1903 1920 96.793 49179 1904 1921 1905 1922 31.016 1906 1923 30 420 1907 1924 35,006 1908 1925 96 780 1909 1926 104 317 1910 1927 94.762 1911 1928 66 679 1912 1929 79,210 1913 1930 71,380 1914 Totals 1915 462.151 $1,278,608 116 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA SILLIMANITE-ANDALUSITE-CYANITE GROUP - Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XX, XXIII, XXIV. XXVII. Bulletins 67, 91. Dana's Mineralogy. IJ. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 110. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Inform. Circ. 6255. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 120, pp. 91-94, 1925. Amer. Mineralogist, June, 1924. Sillimanite and andalusite are both aluminum silicates (AUSiOg), having the same composition and formula, but with slightly different physical characteristics. Though both crystallize in the orthorhombic system, their crystal habits are different, andalusite being usually in coarse prismatic forms, the prisms nearly square in shape ; also occurs massive, imperfectly columnar, and sometimes radiated and granular. Sillimanite commonly occurs in long, slender crystals, not distinctly terminated; prismatic faces striated and rounded; often in close parallel groups, passing into fibrous and columnar massive forms, sometimes radiating. Colors are similar. Hardness, andalusite 7.5, sillimanite 6-7. Andalusite is slightly lighter in specific gravity. A massive deposit of andalusite, found in Dry Creek Canyon in the White Mountains of the Inyo Range, in Mono County, is being mined by the Champion Porcelain Company of Detroit, Michigan. The material is shipped East and utilized in the manufacture of porcelain for automobile spark plugs, for other high-tension electric' insulators, laboratory ware and porcelain. Porcelain made from these minerals can be subjected to sudden and extreme changes in tempera- ture without damage. Cyanite is also an aluminum silicate (AlgSiOg), of the same chemical composition as andalusite and sillimanite, but crystallizing in the triclinic system. Occurs usually in long-bladed crystals, rarely termi- nated ; hardness 5-7.25 ; gravity 3.56-3.67 (being heavier than the other two) ; color, blue. A deposit of eyanite, apparently in quantity, is being developed in Imperial County, near Ogilby, and shipments made to a refractory plant in Los Angeles. Dumortierite, though differing somewhat in composition from the above, being a basic aluminum silicate (IIAl8BSi302o), has proved similar in behavior in ceramic work so that it is now being mixed with andalusite for electrical procelains. A deposit of this mineral in Nevada is being mined for that purpose. Occurrences of massive dumortierite are known in Imperial and San Diego counties in this state and there may yet be some commercial possibilities for them. Total Sillimanite Group Production of California, by Years Year Tons Value -3 19221 1923 {* 4,584 $98,790 1924J llll}* *'^^^ 203,000 lllD* 4,276 76.000 llll]* ^ 4,359 198,893 Totals 18,029 $576,683 ♦Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 117 SOAPSTONE and TALC Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII- XXVI (inc.). Bulletins 38, 67, 91. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bul- letin 213. Rep. of Investigations, Serial No. 2253, May, 1921. The total output of talc and soapstone in California during 1930 amounted to 15,861 short tons valued at $154,258. This was a decrease in both quantity and value from the 1929 figures, which were 18,676 tons and $193,493. Over 75% of the product was high-grade talc from Inyo and San Bernardino counties, which material was utilized mainly in toilet powders, paint, paper and rubber manufacture, and some in ceramics. The remainder came from Butte, El Dorado and Los Angeles counties, being soapstone. El Dorado and Inyo counties had two producers each, and Butte, Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties a single producer each. The 'soapstone' grades were used mainly for roofing granules and as a filler in roofing paper, and part also in magnesite cement. It is reported that Californian talc is replacing imported talc in the toilet trade on the basis of quality. The largest production of talc in the United States comes from Vermont and. New York, and of massive soapstone from Virginia. Composition and Varieties. Talc is hydrous magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3( 8103)4. It is also called soapstone and steatite. The term ' talc ' properly includes all forms of the pure mineral, whereas ' steatite ' denotes particularly the massive, compact variety, and 'soapstone' the impure, massive forms containing as low as 50% of talc. When pure, talc is soft, having a hardness of 1, but impurities increase the hardness up to 3 or 4. The color varies from pure white and silvery white through gray, green, apple green, to dark green, also yellow, brown, and reddish when impure. It is commonly compact or massive, or in fine granular aggregates, and often in foliated plates or in fibrous aggregates. Uses. Although the uses of talc and soapstone are many and varied, some of them are not in general well known nor fully developed; and although few of their uses can justly be considered essential in the sense that no substitute can be used, there are several which are of great importance. The widest use of talc is in the powdered form, and the value depends upon color (whiteness), uniformity, fineness of grain, freedom from grit, ' slip, ' and sometimes freedom from lime. The white varieties, free from grit and iron, low in lime, ground to 200-mesh and finer, are largely used as a filler for paper, rubber and paint, and the very highest grade as toilet powder. Ground talc is also used in dressing and coating cloth, in making soap, rope, twine, pipe-covering compounds, heavy lubricants, and polishes, and as a filler in concrete to malie it waterproof. Ground talc and soapstone are used for foundry facings, either alone or mixed with graphite and a coarser grade is used in the manufacture of asphalt-coated roofing felts and 118 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA papers, both as a filler and as a surfacing. Massive close-grained talc, free from iron and grit, is cut into blanks and baked, forming the material used for gas tips and electrical insulation, commonly known as 'lava/ Its hardness, its resistance to heat, acids and alkalies, and its great dielectric strength make it very useful for electric insulation, and no satisfactory substitute for it has been found. Massive varieties of talc, pyrophyllite, and high grades of soapstone are cut into slate pencils and steel- workers ' crayons. 'French chalk' or 'tailor's chalk' is a soft, massive talc. In China, Japan and India, massive talc (steatite) is carved into grotesque images and other forms, and is often sold as imitation jade. Soapstone is cut into slabs of 1 and 2 inches in thickness and sold as griddles, f ootwarmers, and fireless- cooker stones, or fabricated into laundry sinks and tubs, laboratory- table tops, hoods, tanks and sinks, electric switchboards, and for other uses in which the properties of resistance to heat, acids and alkalies, and electricity are essential. Imports. Foreign importations of high-grade white talc suitable for the manu- facture of toilet powder have come mainly from Canada, Italy and France. Foreign producers have the benefit of cheap labor, and a low tariff import duty. In addition to these disadvantages, California operators have to contend with transcontinental freight rates to the eastern manufacuring centers. During 1930 importation totaled 25,212 short tons, valued at $509,074, as compared with 31,247 tons worth $671,310 during 1929, according to the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. The Tariff Act of 1930 places a duty on talc, steatite or soapstone and French chalk ; crude or unground of one-fourth of one cent per pound. Talc Production of California, by Years. 1 Production was intermittent in the state up to 1912 ; but there has been a material growth since 1916, as shown in the following table : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1893 400 $17,750 1913 1,350 1,000 1,663 1,703 5,267 11,780 8,764 11,327 8,752 13,378 17,439 16,179 15,465 17,004 16,218 18,668 18,676 15,861 $6,150 4,500 14,750 9,831 45,279 85,534 115,091 221,362 130,078 197,186 252,651 242,770 239,084 255,645 164,744 1894 1914 1895 25 375 1915 1896 1916 ^ 1897. 1917 1898 1918 1899 1919 1900 1920 1901 10 14 219 228 300 119 288 10,124 2,315 3,000 1921 1902 1922 1903 1923 1904 1924 1905 1925 1906 1926 1907 1927 1908 3 33 740 48 280 7,260 1928 251.372 1909 1929 193,493 154,258 1910 1930 1911 Totals 1912 1,750 7,350 204,196 $2,632,697 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 119 STRONTIUM Bibliography: State Mineralogist Report XXVI. Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Bull. 540; 660-1. There has been no production of strontium minerals in California since 1918, though in that year both celestite (SrS04), and the car- bonate, strontianite (SrCOg) were shipped. The first recorded com- mercial output of strontium minerals in California was in 1916. The occurrence of the carbonate is particularly interesting and valuable, as it appears to be the only considerable deposit of commercial importance so far opened up in the United States. Shipments reported as averag- ing 80% SrCOg have been made. The deposit is associated with deposits of barite near Barstow, San Bernardino County. The car- bonate has also been found in massive form near Shoshone, Inyo County. In addition to Imperial County, celestite is found near Calico and Ludlow, and in the Avawatz Mountains in San Bernardino County, but as yet undeveloped. Production of strontium minerals in California, by years, has been as follows : Tear Tons Value 1916 57 3.050 2,900 $2,850 1917 37,000 1918 _ _ 33000 1919 Totals 6.007 $72,850 The principal use for strontium in the United States is in the form of the nitrate in the manufacture of red flares, or Costen and Bengal lights and fireworks. It is imported mainly from Germany and Eng- land. In Germany and Russia, strontium in the form of the hydroxide is used in the manufacture of beet sugar. It is stated that strontia is more efficient and. satisfactory in -that process than lime, as it gives an additional recovery of 6% to 8%. Of the two minerals, strontianite (carbonate) and celestite (sulphate), the carbonate is the more desirable, as it is easier to convert to other salts ; but it is scarcer. Celestite is found with limestone and sandstone and is sometimes associated with gypsum. Strontianite is also found with limestone, but associated with barite and calcite. SULPHUR Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, XIII, XIV, XXV. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. During 1929 and 1930 there was a small production of sulphur rock in California. This material came from Colusa County and was util- ized in the manufacture of a fertilizer and in dusting for mildew. The annual details are concealed in the 'Unapportioned' item to conceal the output of a single operator. This was the first commercial output of native sulphur for several years, the last previous production was in 120 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA 1923 and 1924 arid came from Kern County. This mineral has been found to some extent in Colusa, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Lake, Sonoma, Tehama, and Ventura counties. The most important use of sulphur is in the making of sulphuric acid used in turn in manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers, chemi- cals, dyes and explosives; in steel pickling and galvanizing; refining of petroleum, in sugar industry, in storage battery and many other purposes. Other uses of sulphur are the making of sulphur dioxide (SO2) ; in agriculture (fertilizer and insecticide) ; in the manufacture of rubber ; and in the manufacture of carbon tetrachloride. The principal sources in the United States are the stratified deposits in Louisiana and Texas, extraction being accomplished by a unique system of wells with steam pipes. It is stated that three large com- panies operating there are capable of producing more than 2,500,000 tons annually in excess of our normal consumption in the United States, which averages about 1,000,000 tons. The mines at Freeport, Texas, are in a peculiarly favorable location in that they are practically at tidewater. Formerly considerable sulphur was imported from Italy and from Japan; but the situation is now reversed, so that in 1930 a total of 598,220 long tons valued at $12,525,718 was exported from the United States, principally to Europe and Canada, also Australia, New Zealand, Mexico and South America. The 1930 figures showed a decrease from those of 1929 which were 855,542 long tons and $17,648,949. Total Production of Sulphur in California. Sulphur was produced at the famous Sulphur Bank mine in Lake County, during the years 1865-1868 (inc.) ; following which the prop- erty became more valuable for its quicksilver. The Elgin quicksilver mine, near Wilbur Springs, Colusa County, is a similar occurrence. Production of sulphur in California to date: . Year Tons Value 1865 1866^* 941 $53,500 I867J 1868 to 1922 1|23| * 185 4.071 1925 to 1928 1929) , * 1930J Totals 1,126 $87,571 * Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 121 CHAPTER SIX SALINES Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports III, XIV, XV, XVII- XXVI (inc.). Bulletin 24. Spurr and Wormser, ''Marketing of Minerals." ** Non-Metallic Minerals," by R. B. Ladoo. See also under each substance. Under this heading are included borax, common salt, soda, potash, and other alkaline salts. The first two have been produced in a number of localities in California, more or less regularly since the early sixties. Except for a single year's absence, soda has had a continuous produc- tion since 1894. Potash, magnesium chloride and sulphate, and cal- cium chloride have been added to the commercial list in recent years, and in 1926 joined by bromine. The nitrates are still prospective. Our main resources of salines are the lake beds of the desert regions of Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Luis Obispo counties, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The total value of this group showed a decrease to $9,943,500 in 1930 from the 1929 figures which were $10,960,557 and the highest annual value on record for these materials. The following table gives details for the years 1929 and 1930 : Substance 1929 1930 Increase+ Decrease- Value Tons Value Tons Value Borates 144,678 392,039 90.646 $3,312,085 2,665,436 1,838,657 3,144,379 209,869 347,945 90,122 $3,686,817 1,167,487 1,627,344 3,461,852 $374,733+ Salt 1,594,949— Soda 211,313— Unapportioned* 315,473+ Total value 110,960,557 $9,943,500 $1,017,057 \ * Includes bromine, calcium chloride, magnesium salts and potash. BORATES Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports III, X, XII-XV (inc.), XVII-XXIII (inc.), XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. During 1930 there was produced in California a total of 215,986 tons of borate materials, compared with 162,059 tons for the year 1929. The material shipped during the year included the new sodium borates, kernite (rasorite), kramerite and some colemanite from Kern County; also crystallized borax prepared by evaporation of brines at Searles Lake in San Bernardino County and Owens Lake in Inyo County. As the crude ore is not sold as such, but is almost entirely calcined before shipping to the refinery for conversion into the borax of com- merce, and because of the fact that the material varied widely in boric acid content, we have recalculated the tonnage to a basis of 40 per cent, A. B. A. This is approximately the average A. B. A. content of the 122 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION 123 colemanite material after calcining, and also of the crystallized borax obtained from evaporation of the lake brines. Recalculated as above, the 1930 production totaled 209,869 tons valued at $3,686,817, being an increase in both quantity and value over the 1929 output, which was 144,678 tons worth $3,312,085. Colemanite is a calcium borate, and the material mined is shipped to seaboard chemical plants for refining. The latest development in the borax industry is the finding in quantity and opening up of a group of new borate minerals which have now supplanted colemanite in much the same way that colemanite deposits displaced the borax industry in the desert playas or dry lakes, some forty years ago. These new minerals are 'kernite' (or 'rasorite'), a sodium borate with a smaller water-of- crystallization content than the 'borax' of commerce, so that when recrystallized to borax, the resulting product has an increased weight over the original material, and kramerite, a hydrous sodium-calcium borate. These deposits are being mined by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, Suckow Borax Mines, Inc., and Western Borax Company, in southeastern Kern County. Refined 'borax' (sodium tetraborate) is used in making the enameled coating for cast-iron and steelware employed in plumbing fixtures, chemical equipment, and kitchen utensils. It is also a constituent of borosilicate glasses which are utilized in making lamp chimneys, baking dishes, and laboratory glassware. Other important uses of borax are in the manufacture of laundry and kitchen soaps, in starch, paper sizing, tanning, welding, and in the preparation of boric acid, which is employed as an antiseptic and in preserving meats. Among the newer uses for borax is its employment in the preserving of citrus fruits by washing them in a solution of borax, which closes the pores of the skin. The application of this process is stated to be important in California and Florida. Another is as a preservative of wood, in addition to which borax, being noninflammable, renders it fireproof. The total amount of borates exported from the United States^ during the year 1930 was 82,931 short tons valued at $3,057,794 as compared with 79,884 tons worth $2,934,660 in 1929. Total Production of Borate Materials in California. Borax was first discovered in California in the waters of Tuscan Springs in Tehama County, January 8, 1856. Borax Lake in Lake County was discovered in September of the same year by Dr. John A. Veach. This deposit was worked in 1864^1868, inclusive, and during that time produced 1,181,365 pounds of refined borax. The bulk of it was exported by sea, to New York. This was the first commercial output of this salt in the United States, and California is still today the leading American producer of borax, having been for many years the sole producer. Production from the dry lake 'playa' deposits of Inyo and San Bernardino counties began in 1873 ; but it was not until 1887 that the borax industry was revolutionized by the discovery of the colemanite beds at Calico, in San Bernardino County, and later similar beds in Inyo and Los Angeles counties. The colemanite deposits of Ventura » Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States, Department of Commerce, Dec. 1930, Part 1. 124 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA County are at present unworked, owing to lack of transportation facili- ties. Some production of colemanite has been made from deposits opened up in Clarke County, Nevada. The total production of borate materials in California is shown in the following table : Total Production of Borate Materials in Caifornia Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1864..: 12 126 201 220 32 $9,478 94,099 132,538 156,137 22,384 1898 8 300 20,357 25,837 22,221 117,202 34,430 45,647 46,334 58,173 53,413 22,200 16,628 16,828 50,945 42,135 58,051 62,500 67,004 103,523 109,944 88,772 66,791 127,065 50,136 239,087 62,667 52,070 46,124 47,605 72,462 109,722 144,678 209,869 $1,153,000 1865 1899 1,139,882 1866 1900 -. 1,013,251 1867 1901 982,380 1868... 1902 2 234,994 1869 1903 661,400 1870... 1904 698,810 1871...- 1905 1,019,158 1872 140 515 915 1,168 1,437 993 373 364 609 690 732 900 1,019 942 1,285 1,015 1,405 965 3,201 4,267 5,525 3,955 5,770 5,959 6,754 8,000 89,600 255,440 259,427 289,080 312,537 193,705 66,257 65,443 149,245 189,750 201,300 265,500 198,705 155,430 173,475 116,689 196,636 145,473 480,152 640,000 838,787 593,292 807,807 595,900 675,400 1,080,000 1906 1,182,410 1873 . 1907 1,200,913 1874...- - 1908 1,117,000 1875 1909 1,163,960 1876 1910 1,177,960 1877 1911 - - 1,456,672 1878.... . 1912 1,122,713 1879 1913 . . 1,491,530 1880 1914 1,483,500 1881 1915 1,663.521 1882 1916 2,409,375 1883 1917 2,561,958 1884 1918 1,867,908 1885 1919 1,717,192 1886 1920 2,794,206 1887 1921 1,096,326 1888 1922 1,068,025 1889 1923 1,893,798 1890... .. 1924 1,599,149 1891... 1925 1,526,938 1892... .... 1926 1,625,298 1893 1927 3,043,260 1894 1928 3,378,552 1895 1929 . - 3,312,085 1896 1930 3,686,817 1897 Totals 2058,209 $64,993,607 Refined borax. 2 Recalculated to 40% 'anhydrous boric acid' equivalent beginning with 1922. BROMINE The first commercial production of bromine and bromine com- pounds was begun during 1926 by the California Chemical Corporation in its plant at Chula Vista, San Diego County, from salt works bittern waters. This same plant has been recovering magnesium chloride for a number of years. A small amount of bromine was also reported made at a similar bittern-water plant at Newark, Alameda County. The total commercial production of bromine in California for 1926 through 1928 amounted to 158 short tons, valued at $120,480, the 1929 and 1930 production and annual details for the first three years being concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item. A large part of the bromine output of the United States is not sold as bromine, but in the form of potassium and sodium bromides and other salts. The principal production in the United States has come from bitterns from salt wells in Michigan, Ohio and West Virginia. The best known uses of bromine are its application in the form of silver bromide in photography and the manufacture of ethyl gasoline. Production in California has increased rapidly the past two years on account of the last named. Bromine, as such, was used extensively in STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 125 the European War in making asphyxiating gases. It also has some uses in medicine, particularly in the treatment of nervous diseases. CALCIUM CHLORIDE Bibliography: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. 1919, Pt. II. Engineer- ing and Contracting, Roads and Streets, monthly issue, Feb. 6, 1924. *How to Maintain Roads,' manual of instruction of Dow Chemical Company. Calcium chloride is hygroscopic, that is, it has an affinity for water. This property is taken advantage of by utilizing this salt as a drying agent. It is also sprinkled on dirt roads and playgrounds to keep down dust by absorbing moisture. In refrigerating machinery for ice fac- tories, meat-packing houses and cold-storage warehouses, a calcium- chloride solution is stated to have some advantages over salt brine. In fire buckets this solution has an advantage over pure water, in that it has a lower freezing point, does not corrode metal, and tends to keep the buckets full due to its absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. Powdered calcium chloride is used in drying gases, fruits and vege- tables. Total Calcium Chloride Production in California. Commercial production of calcium chloride in California was first reported to the State Mining Bureau in 1921, from two plants in San Bernardino County, being obtained as a by-product in the refining of salt from deposits in certain of the desert dry lakes. During 1930 the production of calcium chloride in California came from San Bernardino County from two plants. The annual details are concealed under the * Unapportioned ' item to conceal the output of either operator. Total production in California in shown in the follow- ing tabulation : Year Tons Value 1921 . . 683 1,204 10,988 34.195 12,020 • $22,980 1922\, 1923 . - -. - - 26,580 1924 , 1925 -- 328,876 1926\» 1927/ 508,748 1928\, 1929/ - 114,080 1930 -- . -- -.- -- , Totals 59,090 $1,001,264 Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' MAGNESIUM SALTS Bihliography: State Mineralogist Reports XX, XXI, XXV, XXVI. Bulletin 91. 'Dictionary of Applied Chemistry,' by Thorpe. U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of P. S. The 1930 production of magnesium salts in California is concealed under 'Unapportioned.' This was the chloride and the carbonate. The chloride was nearly all sold for use in magnesite stucco and cement 126 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA mixtures (Sorel cement), also some for road liquor. The carbonate, a bulky white powder, was used as a heat-insulating material, as a filler for rubber, paper, paint, etc., and in medicines, in tooth paste, in face powder and as a polish for metal and glass. The sulphate marketed was utilized for medicinal and bath purposes. The material coming from San Diego County was residual bitterns from the salt plants and was in part marketed in the liquid form carrying from 35 per cent to 67 per cent MgCls and in part as dry crystals, while that from San Mateo County was magnesium carbonate. The use of magnesite cement and stucco in building construction on the Pacific Coast has created a market for magnesium chloride here; but the domestic article has to meet the competition of the cheaper, imported German chloride. The average value reported for the chloride produced in California in 1930 was approximately $29 per ton, f.o.b. plant. Total Production of Magnesium Salts in California. Commercial production of magnesium chloride in California was begun in 1916 by some of the salt companies, from the residual bitterns obtained during the evaporation of sea water for its sodium chloride. In addition, some magnesium sulphate, or 'epsom salts' is also made, annually, but in smaller amount, and magnesium carbonate by a patented process, direct from sea water. The total production of magnesium salts in California, since the beginning of the industry here, is shown in the following tabulation: Year Tons Value 1916 . 851 1,064 1,008 1,616 3,150 4,153 3,036 3,662 4,823 4,221 4,881 6,241 4,914 $6 407 1917 . 34,973 1918 . 29 955 1919 82,457 1920- 107,787 1921 106,140 1922.. 89,788 1923 116,031 1924.. 145,883 1925 132,553 1926.. 124,470 1927\« 139,589 1928/ " ■"' " """ "■ "" ' 1929U 333 906 1930/ --- Totals 43,620 $1,449,939 Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned. NITRATES Bibliography: State Mineralogist Report XV, XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Press Bulletin No. 373, July, 1918. Smithsonian Inst., Publ. No. 2421, 1916. Nitrates of sodium, potassium and calcium have been found in various places in the desert regions of the state, but no deposit of commercial value has been developed as yet. It is hoped that a closer search may some day be rewarded by workable discoveries. At present the princi- STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 127 pal commercial source of nitrates is the Chilean saltpeter (sodium nitrate) deposits in South America. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen electrically has been accom- plished successfully in Germany and Scandinavia. The possibilities of cheap hydro-electric power in California make the subject one of interest to us, as we have also the natural raw materials and chemicals to go with the power. Sodium and potassium cyanides can be made by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen electrically. POTASH Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XV, XVIII, XX, XXII, XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Min. Res. 1913, 1914, 1915. Senate Doc. No. 190, 62 Congress, 2d Session. Min- ing & Sci. Press Vol. 112, p. 155 ; Vol. 114, p. 789. Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 117, p. 557, Apr. 5, 1924. The 1930 production of potash in California came from a single operator in San Bernardino County, the details of which are concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item. This was principally chloride and the product averaged 60% equivalent KgO content. The material was sold mainly for fertilizer manufacture. Imports of crude potash minerals and salts into the United States during 1930, according to the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce amounted to 833,879 long tons valued at $19,908,428, com- pared with 777,909 long tons worth $17,638,848 in 1929. These mate- rials consisted mainly of 'manure salts,' crude chloride (muriate) and sulphate, and kainite, all of which are admitted duty-free. Quotations have recently ranged from $46 per ton c.i.f . Atlantic and Gulf ports for high-grade sulphate (90%-95%), $35 per ton for muriate (80%-85%), and $19 for manure salts (30%). Other uses for potash salts, besides those noted above, are in the manufacture of the best liquid soap and some higher-grade cake soaps, of some finer grades of glass, and in matches. The chemical require- ments include tanning, dyeing, metallurgy, electroplating, photography and medicine. Total Production of Potash in California. Potash production began commercially in California in 1914, with a small yield from kelp. The bulk of the output comes from deposits of potash-bearing residues and brines in the old lake beds of the desert regions, particularly Searles Lake, San Bernardino County. A small amount has been made from salt-Avorks bitterns, and for a time there was some from Portland cement dust. Some also has been obtained from molasses distillery-slops char. The annual amounts and value of these potash materials, since their beginning in California in 1914, are shown by the following table : 128 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA Total Production of Potash in California Year Tons Value 1914 - 10 1,076 17,908 129,022 49,381 28,118 26,298 14,806 17,776 29,597 33,107 36,355 32,884 67,340 178,680 $460 1916 19 391 1916 - -- 663,605 1917 4,202,889 1918, — ---- ---. 6,808,976 1919 2,415,963 1920 1,465,463 1921 390,210 1922 584 388 1923-. - 709,836 1924 747 407 1925. 829,770 1926 . 812,285 1927. : .- 1,952,852 ♦19281 5 522 350 *1929/--- 1930 Totals.. 662,358 $27,131 845 ' Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned. SALT Bihliogmphy: State Mineralogist Reports II, XII-XV (inc.), XVII-XXIII (inc.), XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 669. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 146. Most of the salt production in California is obtained by evaporation of water of the Pacific Ocean, plants being located on the shores of San Francisco, Monterey, and San Diego bays, and at Long Beach. Additional amounts are derived from lakes and lake beds in the desert regions (in part, rock salt), mainty in Inyo, Kern and San Bernardino counties, and evaporation of alkaline lake water in Modoc County. A small amount of valuable medicinal salts has been obtained by evapora- tion of the water of Lake Mono, Mono County. During 1930 in California there was an output of 347,945 short tons of salt valued at $1,167,487, being a decrease in both quantity and value from the 1929 figures, which were 392,039 short tons and $2,665,436. There were thirteen plants operating in 1930, three of which were in Alameda, two each in San Bernardino and San Mateo, and one each in Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Modoc, Monterey and San Diego. The average value reported for salt produced in California in 1930 was $3.36 per ton f.o.b. plant, as compared with $6.80 in 1929 and $3.00 in 1928. I STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 129 Production of Salt in California, by Years. Amount and value of annual production of salt in California from 1887 is shown in the following tabulation : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 28,000 30,800 21,000 8,729 20,094 23,570 50,500 49,131 53,031 64,743 67,851 93,421 82,654 89,338 126,218 115,208 102,895 95,968 77,118 101,650 88,063 121,764 155,680 1112,000 92,400 63,000 57,085 90,303 104,788 213,000 140,087 150,576 153,244 157,520 170,855 149,588 204,754 366,376 205,876 211,365 187,300 141,925 213,228 310,967 281,469 414,708 1910 174.920 173,332 185,721 204,407 223,806 169,028 186,148 227,825 212,076 233,994 230,638 197,989 223,238 275,979 318,800 284,068 311,761 263,028 340,580 392,039 347,945 $395,417 1888 1911 324,255 1889 1912 383,370 1890 - 1913 462,681 1891. 1914 583,553 1892 .. 1915 368,737 1893 1916 455,695 1894 1917 584,373 1895 1918 806,328 1896 1919 896,963 1897. 1920 972,648 1898 1921 832,702 1899 1922 819,187 1900 1923 1,130,670 1901 1924 1,159,137 1902 1925 949,826 1903 1926 . - 1,124,978 1904 1927 639,127 1905 1928 - - 1,024,656 1906 1929 2,665,436 1907 1930 1,167,487 1908 Totals 1909 6,844,748 $21,939,640 SODA Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XV, XVII, XVIII, XX, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVI. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 717. The production of sodium salts in California in 1930 included : Soda ash, trona, caustic soda and bicarbonate from plants at Owens Lake, Inyo County, and trona ('sesqui-carbonate,' a double salt of NagCOg and Na2C03 and NaHCOg) from Searles Lake, San Bernardino County. There were no shipments of salt cake (sulphate) from the Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County, in 1930. The total for the year amounted to 90,122 tons, valued at $1,627,344 compared with the 1929 figures which were 90,649 tons and $1,838,657. The dense ash and bicarbonate were used mainly in the manufacture of soap, glass, paper, oil refining, sugar refining, and chemicals; and the trona for metallurgical purposes. Sodium compounds to some extent replace potassium compounds, in glass and soap making, in photography, in match making, in tanning, sugar refining, and in the manufacture of cyanide for extracting gold and silver from their ores. 9—87473 130 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Soda Production of California, by Years. The total output, showing amount and value of these materials in California since the inception of the statistical records of the State Mining Bureau, is given in the table which follows : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 1894 .. 1,530 1,900 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 1,000 8,000 7,000 18,000 12,000 15,000 12,000 $20,000 47,500 65,000 110,000 154,000 250,000 50,000 400,000 50,000 27,000 18,000 22,500 18,000 1914 6,522 5,799 10,593 24,505 20,447 21,294 32,407 14,828 20,084 34,885 32,536 48,625 63,333 62,571 80,838 90,646 90,122 $115 3Qfi 1895 1915 83,485 264,825 928,578 855,423 721,958 1,164,898 438,996 573,661 764,284 711,796 947,649 1,305,802 1,478,239 1,469,297 1,838,657 1,627,344 1896 1916 1897 1917 1898 1918 1899--.- 1919 1920 1921 1922 1900 1901—. 1902 1903 1923 1904 1924 1905 1925 1906 1926 1907. 1927 1908 9,600 7,712 8,125 9,023 7,200 1,861 14,400 11,593 11,862 52,887 37,094 24,936 1928 1909 1929 1910-... 1930 Totals 1911 1912 904,986 $16,675,060 1913 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 131 CHAPTER SEVEN BY COUNTIES Introductory. The .State of California includes a total area of 158,297 square miles, of which 155,652 square miles are of land. The maximum width is 235 miles, the minimum 148 miles, and the length from the northwest corner to the southeast corner is 775 miles. The state is divided into fifty-eight counties. The 1930 census figures show a total population for California of 5,672,009. Minerals of commercial value exist in every county, and during 1930 some active production was reported to the State Division of Mines from all of the fifty-eight, with one excep- tion. Rank of Counties in Mineral Yield, 1930. Of the ten leading counties in point of total value of output for 1930, the first six, Los Angeles, Kern, Ventura, Orange, Santa Barbara, and Kings owe their position mainly to petroleum and natural gas. Los Angeles, due to crude oil, leads all the others, being credited with 57% of the entire state total value for 1930, having passed Kern in 1923, which led for many years. San Bernardino (seventh) owes its place to cement, potash, borax, and mineral water; Riverside (eighth) to cement, brick, clay and miscellaneous stone; Plumas (ninth) to copper; and Alameda (tenth) to miscellaneous stone and brick. There were twenty-three counties, each having a total mineral pro- duction in excess of a million dollars in 1930. Petroleum was an impor- tant item in seven; cement and natural gas in five each; gold in four; miscellaneous stone in three ; borax in two ; and brick and hollow build- ing tile, copper, mineral water, and soda in one each. In point of variety and diversity, San Bernardino County led all others in 1930 with a total of 23 different mineral products on its commercial list; followed by Inyo with twenty-one ; Kern with nineteen ; San Diego with sixteen ; Los Angeles with fifteen ; Fresno, Riverside, San Luis Obispo, and Siskiyou with thirteen each ; Santa Barbara with twelve ; Amador, Placer with eleven each ; Butte, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Santa Clara, and Ventura with ten each. The counties with their mineral resources, production for 1930, etc., are considered in detail in the following para- graphs. 132 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Mineral Production of Ca County Value 1 Los Angeles $171,616,329 2 Kern 42,987,977 3 Ventura 31,952,052 4 Orange 26,335,290 5 Santa Barbara 24,368,374 6 Kings 13,106,843 7 San Bernardino 10,657,301 8 Riverside 3,220,636 9 Plumas 3,219,900 10 Alameda 2,529,337 11 San Mateo 2,499,937 12 Amador 2,424,687 13 Santa Cruz 2,361,954 14 Fresno 2,324,473 15 Nevada 2,320,233 16 Sacramento 2,303,108 17 Inyo — 2,260,766 18 Calaveras 2,083,956 19 Contra Costa 1,643,286 20 San Benito 1,389,490 21 San Diego 1,303,047 22 Shasta 1,111,146 23 Yuba 1,018,399 24 Santa Clara 884,329 25 Merced 801,900 26 San Joaquin 724,862 27 Madera 675,782 28 Sierra 606,585 29 Butte 539,666 30 Napa 532,983 lifornia, by Counties, 1930 County Value 31 El Dorado $493,243 32 Monterey 452,974 33 Trinity 437,333 34 Marin 405,541 35 Imperial 368,023 36 Stanislaus 331,688 37 Sonoma 330,399 38 Placer 323,717 39 Tuolumne 318,322 40 Humboldt 270,633 41 Lake 268,;364 42 Tulare 253,144 43 San Luis Obispo 248,115 44 Siskiyou 235,401 45 Tehama 226,400 46 Del Norte 176,030 47 Mono 148,984 48 Mariposa 143,465 49 Mendocino 123,062 50 Glenn 61,179 51 Colusa 50,140 52 .Solano 46,638 53 Yolo 27,000 54 San Francisco 23,428 55 Lassen 18,094 56 Modoc 16,250 57 Alpine 2,500 58 Sutter Total $365,604,695 ALAMEDA Land area: 732 square miles. Population: 475,153 (1930 census). Location: East side of San Francisco Bay. County seat: Oakland. References: State Mineralogist Report XVII: XVIII: XX: XXVI (Oct. 1929). Alameda County, while in no sense one of the 'mining counties,' comes tenth on the list, with a value of mineral production for 1930 of $2,529,337 and having eight different substances. This was an increase over the 1929 output, which was $3,626,723. The mineral resources of this county include asbestos, brick, chromite, clay, coal, copper, gold, limestone, mineral paint, pjTite, quartz crys- tals, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick and hollow building tile * $307,712 Clay 10,103 tons 20,063 Salt 232,808 tons 694,371 Silver- 41 fine oz. 16 stone, miscellaneous 1,436,608 Other minerals* ' 70,567 Total value $2,529,337 * Includes copper and pyrite. ALPINE Land area: 776 square miles. Population: 236 (1930 census). Location: On eastern border of state, south of Lake Tahoe. County seat: Markleeville. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII. This county lies just south of Lake Tahoe, in the high Sierra Nevada. Transportation is by auto, wagon, or mule back, and facilities in general are lacking to promote development work. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 133 The mineral resources of this section are varied and the country has not yet been thoroughly prospected. Occurrences of barium, copper, gold, gj^psum, lead, limestone, pyrite, rose quartz, silver, tourmaline, and zinc have been noted here. Commercial production for 1930 was $2,500, being a decrease from the 1929 amount, which was $33,013. AMADOR Land area: 601 square miles. Population: S^^^ (1930 census). Location: East-central part of state — Mother Lode District. County seat: Jackson. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXIII (April, 1927). The value of Amador County's mineral production decreased from $2,498,217 in 1929 to $2,424,687 in 1930, placing it twelfth on the list of counties in the state as regards total value of mineral substances marketed. The decrease was due mainly to gold. Although having an output consisting of eleven different minerals, the leading product, gold, makes up approximately 76% of the total value for the year. Amador at one time led the state in gold production, though exceeded in 1920-1923 and in 1926-1927 by Yuba and Nevada counties, but in 1925 and 1928 by Yuba only, and in 1929-1930 by Nevada only. Commercial output for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Clay 74,023 tons $103,160 Gold __ 1,840,191 Silver 18,441 fine oz. 7,100 Stone, miscellaneous 388,129 Other minerals* 86,107 Total value $2,424,687 * Includes brick, coal, copper, lead, marble, platinum. BUTTE Land area: 1722 square miles. Population: 34,010 (1930 census). Location: North-central portion of state. County seat: Oroville. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XXIV (July, 1928) : XXVI (Oct., 1930). Butte, twenty-ninth county in California in regard to value of its mineral output, reports a commercial production of ten mineral sub- stances having a total value of $539,666 as compared with $584,319 for 1929. Gold was the most important, and its production had the greatest annual value in this county until 1928, when the value of the output of miscellaneous stone passed that of gold. Butte stands tenth among the gold-producing counties of the state. Among the mineral resources of this section are asbestos, barytes, chromite, gems, gold, limestone, marble, mineral water, platinum group, silver and miscellaneous stone. 134 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Commercial output for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper 353 ibs. $46 Gold _ 126,858 Silver 1,097 fine oz. 422 Stone, miscellaneous 400,239 Other minerals* 12,101 Total value $539,666 ♦Includes gems (diamonds), mineral water, natural gas, platinum, soapstone. CALAVERAS Land area: 1027 square miles. Population: 6,009 (1930 census). Location: East-central portion of state — Mother Lode District. County seat: San Andreas. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXI (April, 1925). Calaveras County reported production of nine different minerals, valued at $2,083,956 during the year 1930, as compared with $2,523,- 259 for 1929. Cement, stone, gold, and copper are the chief mineral substances. Calaveras County stands eighteenth among the counties in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1930, and eleventh in gold. The principal mineral resources developed and undeveloped are: Asbestos, chromite, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gold, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, platinum group, pyrite, quartz crystals, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial output for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 1,857,248 lbs. $241,442 Gold — 112,913 Lead ^ 1.297 lbs. 65 Silver 4,038 fine oz. 1,555 Stone, miscellaneous 818,507 Other minerals*—— 909,474 Total value $2,083,956 •Includes cement, gems (quartz crystals), mineral water. COLUSA Land area: 1140 square miles. Population: 10,257 (1930 census). Location: Sacramento Valley. County seat: Colusa. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV : XVII : XVIII : XXV (April, 1929). Colusa County lies largely in the basin of the Sacramento Valley. Its western border, however, rises into the foothills of the Coast Range of mountains, and its mineral resources — largely undeveloped — include coal, chromite, copper, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, pyrite, quicksilver, sandstone, miscellaneous stone, sulphur, and in some places traces of gold and silver. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 135 The value of the 1930 mineral production was $50,140, being an increase over the 1929 figure, which was $42,570, giving it fifty-first place in the order of mineral value, and was as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous |45,900 Other minerals* 4,240 Tot^l value $50,140 * Includes petroleum, quicksilver, sulphur. CONTRA COSTA Land area: 714 square miles. Population: 78,554 (1930 census). Location: East side of San Francisco Bay. County seat: Martinez. References: State Mineralogist Report XVII : XVIII : XXIII (Jan., 1927). Contra Costa, like Alameda County, lies on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, and is not commonly considered among the mineral producing counties of the state. It stands nineteenth on the list in this respect, with an output valued at $1,643,286 for 1930 as compared with $1,827,956 in 1929. Various structural materials make up the chief items, including brick, cement, limestone, and miscellaneous stone. Among the others are asbestos, clay, coal, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, and soapstone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Gold $102,036 Silver 199,186 fine oz. 76,687 Stone, miscellaneous 398,613 Other minerals* — 1,065,950 Total value $1,643,286 * Includes brick and hollow building tile, cement, clay (pottery), mineral water, quicksilver, silica (glass sand). DEL NORTE Land area: 1024 square miles. Population: ^734: (1930 census). Location: Extreme northwest corner of state. Transportation: Motor, wagon and mule back; steamer from Crescent City. County seat: Crescent City. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XXI (July, 1925). Del Norte almost rivals Alpine County in regard to inaccessibility. Like the latter county, also, given transportation and kindred facilities, this portion of the state presents a field for development along mining lines especially. Its chief mineral resources, largely untouched, are chromite, copper, gems, gold, iron, platinum group, silver, and miscel- laneous stone. The 1930 output was an increase from the figure of $84,263 in 1929, the principal item of which is crushed rock used on highway construc- tion, and rock used on the Crescent City harbor jetty. 136 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Commercial production for 1930, giving it forty-sixth place, was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold __ $279 Silver 2 fine oz. 1 Stone, miscellaneous 175,227 Unapportioned 523 Total value |176,030 EL DORADO Land area: 1753 square miles. Population: 8303 (1930 census). Location: East-central portion of the state, northernmost of the Mother Lode counties. County seat: Placerville. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXU (Oct., 1926). El Dorado County, which contains the locality where gold in Cali- fornia was first heralded to the world, comes thirty-first on the list of counties ranked according to the value of their total mineral produc- tion during the year 1930. In addition to the segregated figures here given, a large tonnage of limestone is annually shipped from El Dorado for use in cement manufacture, and whose value is included in the state total for cement. The 1930 mineral production of ten different mineral substances valued at $493,243 was an increase over the 1929 output worth $367,500 in 1929. The mineral resources of this section, many of them undeveloped, include asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, iron, molybdenum, limestone, quartz crystals, quicksilver, slate, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold — '.___ $78,019 Limestone 88,869 tons 205,225 Silver 650 fine oz. 250 Stone, miscellaneous 96,599 Other minerals* 113,105 Total value $493,243 ♦Includes lead, lime, silica (quartz), slate, soapstone. FRESNO Land area: 5950 square miles. Population: 144,369 (1930 census). Location: South-central portion of state. County seat: Fresno. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXV (July, 1929). Fresno County, fourteenth in importance as a mineral producer among the counties of California, reports an output for 1930 of thirteen different mineral substances, with a total value of $2,324,473, a decrease from the 1929 production, which was worth $2,413,495. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 137 Substance Amount Value Gold $5,916 Natural gas 393,337 M cu. ft. 26,108 Petroleum 3,362,902 bbls. 1,910,128 Quicksilver 147 flasks 13,418 Silver 55 fine oz. 21 Other minerals* 368,882 t Total value $2,324,473 * Includes brick and hollow building tile, diatomaceous earth, granite, gypsum, mineral water, volcanic ash, miscellaneous stone. GLENN Land area: 1259 square miles. Population: 10,935 (1930 census). Location: West side of Sacramento Valley. County seat: Willows. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII. Glenn County, standing fiftieth, owes its position among the mineral-producing counties of the state mainly to the presence of large deposits of sand and gravel which are annually worked, the product being used for railroad ballast, etc. In 1917 and 1918, chromite was also an important item. In the foothills in the western portion of the county, deposits of chromite, copper, manganese, sandstone, and soap- stone have been found. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows, being a decrease from $81,516 of the previous year : Sul>stance Value Stone, miscellaneous $61,179 HUMBOLDT Land area: 3634 square miles. Population: 43,189 (1930 census). Location: Northwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. County seat: Eureka. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXI (July, 1925.) Humboldt County is almost entirely mountainous, transportation within its limits being very largely by auto and wagon road, and trail, and until 1915, when railroad communication was established with the outside world, the only method of outside communication was by steamer. The county is rich in mineral resources, among which are brick, chromite, coal, clay, copper, gold, iron, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, platinum, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Humboldt ranks fortieth in the value of its mineral output among the counties of the state for 1930 with nine different mineral substances, valued at $270,633 as compared with 1929 output valued at $293,678. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amoicnt Value Gold __ $2,255 Silver 24 fine oz. 9 Stone, miscellaneous -- 263,025 Other minerals* — 5,344 Total value $270,633 •Includes brick, clay (pottery), natural gas, platinum. 138 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA IMPERIAL Land area: 4089 square miles. Population: 60,894 (1930 census). Location: Extreme southeast corner of the state. County seat: El Centro. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV : XVII : XVIII : XIX : XX: XXII (April, 1926). During 1930 Imperial County produced six mineral substances hav- ing a total value of $368,023, a decrease from the 1929 output, which was $509,832. It ranks thirty-fifth in total value of mineral produc- tion for the year. This county contains deposits of cyanite, gold, gypsum, lead, manganese, marble, pumice, salt, silver, sodium, and strontium, largely developed. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Value Gold $148 Stone, miscellaneous 218,686 Other minerals* 149[l89 Total value $368,023 * Includes gypsum, pumice, cyanite. INYO Land area: 10,019 square miles. Population: 6557 (1930 census). Location: Lies on eastern border of state, north of San Bernardino County. County seat: Independence. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXII (Oct., 1926). Inyo, the second largest county in the state, and containing less than one inhabitant per square mile, is extremely interesting from a mineral- ogical point of view. It is noted because of the fact that within its borders are located both the highest point, Mount Whitney (elevation 14,502 feet), and the lowest point, Death Valley (elevation 290 feet below sea level), in the United States. In the higher mountainous sections are found many vein-forming minerals, and in the lake beds of Death Valley saline deposits exist. Inyo's mineral production during the year 1930 reached a value of $2,260,766, standing seventeenth among the counties of the state in this respect. Twenty-one different mineral substances were produced. The 1929 output was valued at $2,296,210. Its mineral resources include antimony, asbestos, barytes, borates, copper, dolomite, gems, gold, gypsum, lead, marble, soda, sulphur, talc, tungsten and zinc. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper 19,607 lbs. $2,549 Gold 20,466 Lead 3,452,159 lbs. . 172,608 Silver 111,587 fine oz. 42,961 Soda 67.119 tons 1,273,098 Stone, miscellaneous 310,675 Other minerals* 438,409 Total value $2,260,766 •Includes barytes, borax, clay (bentonite), dolomite, gems, 'granite' (tuff), lime, marble, mineral water, pumice, salt, silica (quartz), talc, tungsten. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 139 KERN Land area: 8003 square miles. Population: 82,219 (1930 census). Location: South-central portion of state. County seat: Bakersfield. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII- XXIX: XX: XXV (Jan., 1929). Kern County, because of its immensely productive oil fields, for many years stoood preeminent among all counties of California in the value of its mineral output, the exact figures for 1930 being $42,987,977. Kern was surpassed by both Los Angeles and Orange .counties in 1923, but by Los Angeles only in 1924-1930, for which petroleum also is responsible. The 1929 mineral output for this county was worth $38,809,239. The increase was due to a larger quantity of crude oil. During 1930 nineteen different mineral substances were produced. The mineral resources of this section, many of them undeveloped, include asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, iron, molybdenum, limestone, quartz crystals, quicksilver, slate, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Su'bstance Amount Value Borax 111,301 tons $2,335,190 Clay 371,123 tons 117,834 Gold 165,435 Natural gas 27,908,423 M cu. ft. 1,290,090 Petroleum 44,170,810 bbls. 37,015,139 Silver 4,564 fine oz. 1,757 Stone, miscellaneous 450,351 Other minerals* 1,612,181 Total value $42,987,977 ♦Includes brick, cement, copper, feldspar, fuller's earth, gems (rose quartz), gypsum, lead, quicksilver, salt, volcanic ash. KINGS Land area: 1559 square miles. Population: 25,277 (1930 census). Location: South-central portion of the state. County seat: Hanford. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXVI (Oct., 1930). Little development has taken place in Kings County along mineral lines to date. Deposits of fuller's earth, gypsum, mineral paint, natural gas, and quicksilver, of undetermined extent, have been found in the county. Drilling for oil has been under way, and commercial output recorded for the first time in 1926. Tulare Lake is in Kings County, though now largely drained, and the land under cultivation. Kings County advanced from ninth position in 1929 to seventh in value of mineral production for 1930, accounted for by the bringing in of further oil wells at Kettleman Hills, which began commercial vield in 1928. 140 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Commercial output for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amouoit Value Natural gas 47,959,591 M cu. ft. $3,668,722 Petroleum 6,176,130 bbls. 9,437,771 Unapportioned 350 Total value $13,106,843 LAKE Land area: 1278 square miles. Population: 7166 (1930 census). Location: About fifty miles north of San Francisco Bay and the same distance inland from the Pacific Ocean. County seat: Lakeport. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XX: ' XXV (July, 1929). On account of its topography and natural beauties, Lake County is sometimes referred to as the Switzerland of America. The mineral resources which exist here are many and varied, actual production being comparatively small, as shown by the table below, and in the past composed mainly of quicksilver and mineral water. Some of the lead- ing minerals found in this section, in part as yet undeveloped, are asbestos, borax, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, mineral water, quicksilver, silver, and sulphur. Lake County was in forty-first place as to value of mineral output. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Mineral water 36,758 gals. $14,524 Quicksilver 1,760 flasks 195,710 Stone, miscellaneous 58,059 Unapportioned 71 Total value $268,364 LASSEN Land area: 4531 square miles. Population: 12,587 (1930 census). Jjocation: Northeast portion of state. County seat : Susan ville. References: ^iRtQ Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XXV (Jan., 1929). Lassen County is one of the only partly-developed sections of Cali- fornia. Since about 1912 a railroad traversing the county north and south has been in operation, thus affording opportunity for develop- ment along mineral and other lines. Among the mineral resources of this county are copper, gems, gyp- sum, gold, silver, and sulphur. In the past, some gold had been pro- duced, but not for some years, until 1921, when the yield again became important. In fifty-fifth place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Gold _ _ ___ _ Amoimt Value $2,946 23 Silver _ - - 59 fine oz Stone, miscellaneous Unapportioned 14,600 525 Total value $18,094 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 141 LOS ANGELES Land area: 4067 square miles. Population: 2,201,526 (1930 census). Location: One of the southwestern coast counties. County seat: Los Angeles. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXIII (July, 1927). Mineral production in Los Angeles County for the year 1930 amounted in value to $171,616,329, as compared to the 1929 output worth $243,568,275. This accounted for 57% of the entire state's total for 1930 and ranks Los Angeles first in the state as a mineral producer, having in 1923 passed Kern County, which had previously been leading for several years. The decrease in 1930 was due to petroleum. Among the mineral resources may be noted asphalt, barytes, borax, brick, clay, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, infusorial earth, lime- stone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, salt, glass-sand, sandstone, serpentine, silver, soapstone, and miscella- neous stone. Some potash has been obtained from kelp. Commercial production for 1930, consisting of fifteen substances, was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick 172,468 M $1,677,406 Hollow building tile 28,783 tons 198,478 Clay (pottery) 78,643 tons 70,693 Mineral water 23,695,673 gals. 2,152,928 Natural gas 156,470,411 M cu. ft. 14,065,968 Petroleum 114,533,366 bbls. 148,549,776 Sandstone 22,292 Stone, miscellaneous 4,731,302 Other minerals* . 147,486 Total value $171,616,329 * Includes diatomaceous earth, 'granite,' lead, salt, soapstone, paving blocks. MADERA Land area: 2112 square miles. Population: 17,152 (1930 census). Location: East-central portion of state. County seat: Madera. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXIV (Oct., 1928). Madera County produced six different mineral substances during the year 1930, having a total value of $675,782, as compared with the 1929 output worth $1,027,410, the increase being due to granite. This county contain^ deposits of copper, gold, granite, iron, lead, molyb- denum, pumice, silver, and miscellaneous stone. In twenty-seventh place, commercial production for 1929 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 98 lbs. $13 Gold 1,062 Lead 4,993 lbs. 250 Silver 183 fine oz. 70 Other minerals* 674,387 Total value $675,782 * Includes granite and miscellaneous stone. 142 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA MARIN Land area: 529 square miles. Population: 41,635 (1930 census). Location: Adjoins San Francisco on the north. County seat: San Rafael. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXII (July, 1926). Mineral production in Marin County during 1930 amounted to $405,541, compared with $470,002 in 1929. This county is not especially prolific in minerals, although among its resources along these lines are brick, gems, manganese, mineral water, soapstorie, and miscellaneous stone. In thirty-fourth place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Value Unapportioned* $405,541 * Includes brick, mineral water, miscellaneous stone. MARIPOSA Land area: 1453 square miles. Population: 2530 (1930 census). Location: Most southerly of the Mother Lode counties. East- central portion of state. County seat: Mariposa. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIV (April, 1928). Mariposa County is one of the distinctly 'mining' counties of the state, although it stands but forty-eighth on the list of counties in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1930, with a total of $143,465, as compared with $244,017 in 1929. Its mineral resources are varied, among the more important items being barytes, copper, gems, gold, lead, marble, silver, slate, soapstone, • and miscellaneous stone. The Yosemite Valley is in Mariposa County. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Vailue Copper - 3,629 lbs. $472 Gold 58,985 Silver 826 fine oz. 318 Stone, miscellaneous 15,133 Other minerals* 68,557 Total value $143,465 • Includes barytes, granite, lead. MENDOCINO Land area: 3453 square miles. Population: 23,491 (1930 census). Location: Joins Humboldt County on the south and bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west. County seat: Ukiah. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX. I STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 143 Mendocino County's annual mineral production has usually been small, the 1930 output being valued at $123,062, ranking forty-ninth among the counties, as compared with $59,000 in 1929. Deposits of, in part undetermined value, of asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, graphite, magnesite, and mineral water have been found, as well as traces of gold, platinum, and silver. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $119,429 Other minerals* 3,633 Total value $123,062 * Includes brick, limestone, natural gas. MERCED Land area: 1995 square miles. Population: 36,900 (1930 cen^s). Location: About the geographical center of the state. County seat: Merced. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXI (April, 1925). Merced County as a whole lies in the San Joaquin Valley and it figures as one of the lesser mineral producing counties of the state. The 1930 mineral output was valued at $801,900, compared with $1,- 110,498 in 1929, the decrease being due to cement. Gold, platinum, and silver were formerly obtained in important amounts by dredging, which ceased in this county in 1918, though a small yield from other sources is still occasionally had. Undeveloped deposits of antimony, magnesite, quicksilver, and limestone have been noted in this county in addition to the foregoing. In twenty-fifth place, commercial production during 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold ' ___ $88,328 Silver •_ 378 fine oz. 146 Stone, miscellaneous 29,250 Other minerals* 684,176 Total value $801,900 •Includes brick and hollow building tile, cement, clay (pottery), lead. MODOC Land area: 3823 square miles. Population: 8038 (1930 census). Location: The extreme northeast corner of the state. County seat: Alturas. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XXV (Jan., 1929.) Modoc County, like Lassen, has only in recent years had the benefit of communication with the outside world by rail. Among its known min- eral resources are clay, coal, gold, iron, quicksilver, salt, and silver. In fifty-sixth place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Value Mineral output* $16,250 * Includes miscellaneous stone and salt. 144 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA MONO Land area: 3030 square miles. Population: 1359 (1930 census). Location: Is bordered by the state of Nevada on the east and is about in the central portion of the state measured on a north and south line. County seat: Bridgeport. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXIII (Oct., 1927). Gold mining has been carried on in portions of Mono County for many years, although, taken as a whole, it lies in a somewhat inaccessible country so far as rail transportation is concerned. It is in the con- tinuation of the heavily mineralized belt which was noted in Inyo County and contains among other mineral resources andalusite, barytes, clay, copper, gold, limestone, molybdenum, pumice, salt, silver, and travertine. In forty-seventh place with seven different substances, commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper 2,006 lbs. $261 Gold 26,234 Silver 8,224 fine oz. 3,166 Stone, miscellaneous 19,770 Other minerals* 99,553 Total value $148,984' * Includes pumice and andalusite. MONTEREY Land area: 3330 square miles. Population: 53,668 (1930 census). Location: West-central portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. County seat: Salinas. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XXI (Jan., 1925). Monterey County produced twelve different mineral substances dur- ing 1930, having a total value of $452,974, as compared with the 1929 output worth $354,858. Its mineral resources include brick, clay, copper, coal, diatomaceous earth, dolomite, feldspar, fuller's earth, gold, gypsum, limestone, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, glass- sand, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. In thirty-second place, commercial production for 1930 was as fol- lows : ^ Substance Value Sandstone $30,500 Stone, miscellaneous 233,971 Other minerals* 188,503 Total value $452,974 •Includes asbestos, clay (pottery), coal, diatomaceous earth, dolomite, quicksilver, salt, silica (glass sand), paving blocks. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 145 NAPA Laiid area: 783 square miles. Population: 22,832 (1930 census). Location: Directly north of San Francisco Bay — one of the 'bay counties. ' County seat: Napa. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXV (April, 1929). Napa, because of its production of structural and industrial mate- rials and mineral water, stands thirtieth on the list of mineral-producing counties in California. Its mineral resources include chromite, copper, magnesite, mineral water, quicksilver, silver, sandstone, and miscel- laneous stone. This county has been one of the important producers of quicksilver. In 1930 the value of the output was $532,983, as compared with the 1929 output, worth $649,822. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 9,257 lbs. $1,203 Gold 36,532 Lead 464 lbs. 23 Mineral water 43,902 gals. 13,837 Quicksilver 2,000 flasks 213,840 Silver 266,386 fine oz. 102,559 Other minerals* 164,989 Total value $532,983 * Includes sandstone and miscellaneous stone. NEVADA Land area: 974 square miles. Population: 10,589 (1930 census). Location: North of Lake Tahoe, on the eastern border of the state. County seat: Nevada City. References: State Mineralogist Keport XVI: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXVI (April, 1930). Nevada, one of the mountain counties of California, for some years alternated with Amador in the gold lead, but both were passed by Yuba in 1918-1921, also 1923. In 1922, 1924, 1929 and 1930, Nevada led all counties in gold output, but it held third place in 1925 and 1928, and second place in 1926 and 1927. Nevada County stands fifteenth on the list of counties in regard to value of its total mineral output for 1930, with a production worth $2,320,233, as compared with the 1929 produc- tion worth $1,980,028, the increase being due to gold. While this county actually produces mainly gold and silver, its resources cover a wide scope, including antimony, asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, gems, iron, lead, mineral paint, pyrites, soap- stone, and tungsten. 10—87473 146 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 17,009 lbs. $2,211 Gold 2,193,486 Lead 18,164 lbs. 908 Silver 60,561 fine oz. 23,316 Stone, miscellaneous 76,850 Other minerals* 23,462 Total value $2,320,233 * Includes barytes and platinum. ORANGE Land area: 795 square miles. Population: 118,611 (1930 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering Pacific Ocean. County seat: Santa Ana. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXI (Jan., 1925). | Orange County is one of the many in California which on casual inspection appears to be anything but a mineral-producing section. It stood for many years, however, as the second county in the state in regard to the total value of mineral output, on account of its highly productive oil fields. It was passed in 1922 by Los Angeles, the credit for which is also due to oil, and in turn Orange passed Kern County in 1923, but dropped back to third in 1924-1928, and dropped to fourth place in 1929 and 1930, being passed by Ventura County. This county showed a mineral production for 1930 of $26,335,290, compared with the 1929 output worth $28,461,495, the decrease being due to decreased petroleum output. Orange passed Shasta County in 1917, which previously for a num- ber of years had exceeded all other counties in California, except Kern. Aside from the substances actually produced and noted in the table below, coal, gypsum, iron, infusorial earth, sandstone, silver, tourmaline and zinc have been found in Orange County. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Clay (pottery) 18,224 tons $78,366 Natural gas 21,518,952 M cu. ft. 1,394,600 Petroleum 23,113,820 bbls. 24,500,649 Stone, miscellaneous 252,501 Other minerals* . 109,174 Total value $26,335,290 ♦ Includes brick and mineral water. PLACER Land area: 1395 square miles. Population: 24,442 (1930 census). Location: Eastern border of state directly west of Lake Tahoe. County seat: Auburn. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX XX: XXIII (July, 1927). While standing only thirty-eighth on the list of mineral-producingl counties, Placer contains a wide variety of mineral substances, some of which have not been commercially exploited. Its leading products STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 147 include gold, chromite, granite, copper, and clay. Other mineral resources are asbestos, brick, coal, gems, iron, lead, limestone, magnesite, manganese, marble, quartz crystals, glass sand, silver and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows, compared to a total value of $266,347 for the previous year : Substance Amount Value Clay (pottery) 85,377 tons $116,642 Gold 29,338 Granite 9,246 cu. ft. 15,841 Silver 189 fine oz. 73 Stone, miscellaneous 133,339 Other minerals* 28,484 Total value $323,717 ♦Includes brick and hollow building tile, copper, mineral paint, silica (quartz), chromite. PLUMAS Land area: 2594 square miles. Population: 7909 (1930 census). Location: Northeastern border of state, south of Lassen County. County seat: Quincy. References: State Mineralogist Report XVI: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXIV (Oct., 1928). A considerable portion of the area of Plumas County lies in the high mountains, and deposits of the metals, especially gold and copper, are found there. Mineral production for 1930 was valued at $3,219,900 compared with $5,137,968 in 1929. The decrease was due to copper. This placed the county ninth in rank. In 1919 Plumas passed Shasta in the copper lead, owing to the Shasta smelters being closed down, w hich position Plumas still retains. Among its mineral resources are chromite, copper, gold, granite, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, silver, and zinc. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 19,529,224 lbs. $2,538,799 Gold __::._ — 405,359 Lead 491 lbs. 25 Silver - 426,038 fine oz. 164,025 Stone, miscellaneous ■'^^5'«2o Other minerals* 4,792 Total value $3,219,900 * Includes granite and manganese ore. RIVERSIDE Land area: 7240 square miles. Population: 82,078 (1930 census). Location: Southern portion of state. County seat: Riverside. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXV (Oct., 1929). Riverside is the fourth county in the state in size and the eighth in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1930. Within its b()rders are included mountain, desert, and agricultural land. Its mineral resources include metals, structural and industrial m,aterials, and 148 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA salines, some of the more important being brick, clay, coal, copper, i'eldspar, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, magnesite. marble, mineral paint, mineral water, salt, soapstone, silver, miscel- laneous stone, and tin. In point of variety. Riverside County showed thirteen different minerals commercially produced in 1930. The decrease in 1930 from the 1929 output, valued at $5,401,860, was due to cement, brick, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Clay (pottery) 102,419 tons $180,727 Copper 5,878 lbs. 764 Feldspar , 283 tons 1,742 Gold 4,833 Silver 100 fine oz. 38 Silica (quartz and glass sand) 4,217 tons 17,676 Stone, miscellaneous 284,072 Other minerals* . . 2,730,784 Total value $3,220,636 * Includes asbestos (amphibole), brick and hollow building tile, cement, gypsum, granite, mineral water. SACRAMENTO Land area: 983 square miles. Population: 141,915 (1930 census). Location: North-central portion of state. County seat: Sacramento. References: State Mineralogist Report XY: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXI (Jan., 1925). Sacramento stands sixteenth among the counties of the state as a mineral producer, the output, principally gold, for 1930 being valued at $2,303,108, as compared with the 1929 production worth $2,247,302. In regard to gold output alone, this county ranks third, being exceeded only by Nevada and Amador counties, the Sacramento product coming from the dredges. Its mineral resources include brick, clay, gold, granite, natural gas, platinum, silver and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick and hollow building tile $195,807 Gold 1,724,712 Granite 7,751 Silver 3,411 fine oz. 1,313 Stone, miscellaneous 346,195 Other minerals* 27,330 Total value $2,303,108 * Includes clay (pottery), natural gas, platinum. SAN BENITO Land area: 1392 square miles. Population: 11,310 (1930 census). Location : West-central portion of state. County seat: Hollister. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXII (April, 1926). While twentieth among the counties of the state in regard to value of total mineral production for 1930, San Benito has led for some years in one important branch of the mineral industry, namely, quicksilver. Cement is also an important item. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 149 Its other mineral resources, many of them undeveloped, include antimony, asbestos, bituminous rock, chromite, coal, dolomite, gems, gypsum, limestone, magnesite, mineral water, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Value Unapportioned* $1,389,490 * Includes cement, lime, magnesite, quicksilver, miscellaneous stone. SAN BERNARDINO Land area: 20,157 square miles. Population: 133,827 (1930 census). Location: Southeastern portion of state. County seat: San Bernardino. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XXVI (July, 1930) : XXVII (July, 1931). San Bernardino, by far the largest county in the state in area, ranks seventh as regards the value of its mineral output for 1930, Avith a total of $10,657,301, as compared with the 1929 total of $11,- 210,652. The decrease is mainly due to cement. San Bernardino for several years (except 1918) has led all other counties in the state in point of variety of minerals, producing com- mercially during 1930 a total of 23 different substances. This county also ranks first as a silver producer in the state, from the mines of the Randsburg district. This county, consisting largely of mountain and desert country, is highly mineralized, the following being included among its resources: Asbestos, barytes, borax, brick, cement, clay, copper, gems, gold, granite, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral paint, min- eral water, nitre, potash salt, soapstone, soda, miscellaneous stone, ^ strontium, talc, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Clay (pottery) — _ 2,013 tons $14,916 Copper 40,622 lbs. 5,281 Gold 59,442 Lead 45,653 lbs. 2,283 Silver 463,625 fine oz. 178,496 Stone, miscellaneous __ 406,912 Other minerals*^ — 9,989,971 Total value $10,657,301 * Includes barytes, borates, brick, calcium chloride, cement, fuller's earth, gems, lime, limestone, manganese ore, mineral water, potash, salt, soda, talc, tungsten. SAN DIEGO Land area: 4221 square miles. Population: 209,477 (1930 census). Location: Extreme southwest corner of state. County seat: San Diego. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXI (July, 1925). San Diego ranks twenty-first in the total value of its mineral out- put for the year, with 16 different commercial minerals. The value 150 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA for 1930 equaled $1,303,047, as compared with the 1929 output worth $1,447,287. In the production of semiprecious gems, San Diego County has led the state. Aside from minerals commercially produced, as sJiown below, San Diego County contains occurrences of bismuth, lithia, iriar- ble, nickel, soapstone, and tin. Potash has been produced from kelp. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Clay (pottery) 15,517 tons $25,785 Fuller's earth 5,297 tons 55,696 Gold 2,234 Granite 9,986 cu. ft. 27,411 Silver 27 fine oz. 10 Stone, miscellaneous 651,926 Other minerals* 539,985 I Total value $1,303,047 * Includes brick and hollow building tile, bromine, feldspar, gems, magnesium salts, mineral water, salt, silica (quartz), tube mill pebbles. SAN FRANCISCO Land area: 46^ square miles. Population: 637,212 (1930 census). County seat: San Francisco. References: State Mineralogist Report XVII: XVIII: XX: XXV - (April, 1929). I Surprising as it may appear at first glance, San Francisco County is listed among the mineral producing sections of the state, actual produc- tion consisting mainly of crushed rock, sand and gravel. Small quan- tities of various valuable mineral substances are found here, including cinnabar, gypsum, lignite, and magnesite, none, however, in paying quantities. Some pumice has been produced. In fifty-fourth place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Value Unapportioned $23,428 SAN JOAQUIN Land area: 1448 square miles. Population: 102,871 (1930 census). Location: Central portion of state. County seat: Stockton. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXI (April, 1925). San Joaquin County reported a mineral production for the year 1930 having a total value of $724,862 as compared with the 1929 out- put worth $789,891. Comparatively few mineral substances are found here, the chief ones being brick, clay, manganese, natural gas, glass-sand, and miscellaneous stone. Gold, platinum and silver have been obtained by dredging in the Mokelumne River,, which forms the boundary between this county and Amador on the northeast. In twenty-sixth place, commercial production for 1930 was as fol- lows : STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 151 Substance Amount Value Brick 11,858 M $478,454 Stone, miscellaneous 202,307 Unapportioned 44,101 Total value $724,862 SAN LUIS OBISPO Land area: 3334 square miles. Population: 29,617 (1930). . Location: Bordered by Kern County on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. County seat: San Luis Obispo. References: State Mineralogist Eeport XV: XVII: XVIII: XXI (Oct., 1925). The total value of the mineral production of San Luis Obispo County in 1930 was $248,115, as compared with the 1929 output, worth $191,084. Among its mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, are asphalt, bituminous rock, brick, chromite, coal, copper, diatomaceous earth, gypsum, iron, limestone, marble, mineral water, onyx, petroleum, quicksilver, soda and miscellaneous stone. In forty-third place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold $1,461 Quicksilver 1,306 flasks 157,440 Silver 3 fine oz. 1 Stone, miscellaneous 28,659 Other minerals* 60,554 Total value $248,115 * Includes brick and hollow building tile, chromite, clay (pottery), 'granite' (tuff), marble (flagstone), mineral water, petroleum, volcanic ash. SAN MATEO Land area : 447 square miles. Population: 77,338 (1930 census). Location: Peninsula, adjoined by San Francisco on the north. County seat: Redwood City. References: State Mineralogist Eeport XVII: XVIII: XXV (April 1929). San Mateo 's_ most important mineral products are cement, stone and salt, the last named being derived by evaporation from the waters of San Francisco Bay. The total value of all mineral production during 1930 equaled $2,499,937, as compared with the 1929 figures of $3,- 672,779, the decrease being due to cement. Small amounts of barytes, chromite, infusorial earth, and quicksilver have been noted in addition to the items of economic value given below. Bricks have also been produced commercially. In eleventh place, commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $340,490 Other minerals* : 2,159,447 Total value $2,499,937 * Includes cement, limestone (shells), magnesium salts, natural gas, salt. 152 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA Land area: 2740 square miles. Population: 65,075 (1930 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, adjoining San Luis Obispo on the south. County seat: Santa Barbara. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XXI (Oct., 1925). Santa Barbara County owes its position of fifth in the state in regard to its mineral output to the presence of productive oil fields within its boundaries. The total value of its mineral production dur- ing the year 1930 was $24,368,379 as compared with the 1929 output of $16,407,136 and included twelve different mineral substances. The increase was due to petroleum and natural gas. Aside from the mineral substances listed below, Santa Barbara County contains asphalt, gilsonite, gypsum, magnesite, and quicksilver in more or less abundance. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick and hollow building tile $14,980 Natural gas 6,274,436 M cu. ft. 299,918 Petroleum — 15,914,132 bbls. 22,343,440 Stone, miscellaneous 202,955 Other minerals* 1,507,081 Total value $24,368,374 * Includes barytes, bituminous rock, clay (pottery), diatomaceous earth, marble (flagstone), mineral water, quicksilver. SANTA CLARA Land area: 1328 square miles. Population: 14:4,921 (1930 census). Location: West-central portion of state. , County seat: San Jose. References: State Mineralogist Report XVII : XVIII : XX : XXVI , (Jan., 1930). | Santa Clara County reported a mineral output for 1930 of $884,329 as compared with the 1929 figures of $963,478. This county, lying largely in the Coast Range Mountains, contains a wide variety of mineral substances, including brick, chromite, clay, limestone, magnesite, manganese, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. In twenty-fourth place, commercial production for 1930 was as fol- lows : Suhfttance Amount Value Brick 11,592 tons $113,150 Clay (pottery) 3,607 tons 2,259 Stone, miscellaneous 409,718 Other minerals* 359,202 Total value— $884,329 * Includes limestone (shells), magnesite, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, quicksilver. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 153 SANTA CRUZ Land area: 435 square miles. Population: 37,405 (1930 census). Location: Bordering Pacific Ocean, just south of San Mateo County. County seat: Santa Cruz. References: State Mineralogist Report XVII: XVIII: XXII (Jan., 1926). The mineral output of Santa Cruz County, a portion of which is itemized below, amounted to a total value of $2,361,954, giving the county a standing of thirteenth among all others in the state in this regard. This is a decrease from the 1929 figure of $3,327,633. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Limestone 11,405 tons $46,925 Stone, miscellaneous 79,218 Other minerals* 2,235,811 Total value $2,361,954 * Includes bituminous rock, cement, iron ore. lime. SHASTA Land area: 3858 square miles. Population: 13,925 (1930 census). Location: North-central portion of state. County seat: Redding. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV : XVII : XVIII : XIX : XXII (April, 1926). Shasta County stood twenty-second in California among the mineral producing counties for 1930, with an output valued at $1,111,146, as compared with the 1929 production worth $1,751,196. The marked decrease since 1918 is due to the falling off in the output of copper, the large plants of the Mammoth and Mountain copper com- panies being shut down. Not taking petroleum into account, Shasta for a number of years led all of the counties by a wide margin, but in 1919-1923 was passed by San Bernardino, Plumas, Yuba, Inyo, Sacra- mento, Nevada, and Amador, among the 'metal' counties, though by only San Bernardino and Plumas of that group in 1925. Shasta's mineral resources include asbestos, bar3i:es, brick, chromite, coal, copper, gold, iron, lead, lime, limestone, mineral water, malyb- denum, pyrites, silver, soapstone, miscellaneous stone, and zinc. Lassen Peak is located in southeastern Shasta County. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper -L 3,962,383 lbs. $515,110 Gold 226,214 Silver 14,135 fine oz. 5,442 Stone, miscellaneous 228,778 Other minerals* 135,602 Total value $1,111,146 * Includes platinum and pyrito 154 ' MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA SIERRA Land area: 923 square miles. Population: 2419 (1930 census). Location: Eastern border of state just north of Nevada County. County seat: Downieville. References: State Mineralogist Report XVI : XVII : XVIII : XX : XXV (April, 1929). Sierra County reported a mineral production of $606,585 mainly of gold, during the year 1930, as compared with the 1930 output worth $390,402. Considering gold output this county stands fifth; and as to total mineral yield twenty-eight. Aside from the metals itemized below, Sierra County contains deposits of asbestos, chromite, copper, iron, lead, platinum, serpentine, and talc. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Gold $589,249 Silver 5,340 fine oz. 1,056 Stone, miscellaneous 15,265 Unapportioned 15 Total value $606,585 SISKIYOU Land area: 6256 square miles. Population: 25,505 (1930 census). Location: Extreme north-central portion of state, next to Oregon boundary. County seat: Yreka. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXI (Oct., 1925) : XXVIII (Jan., 1931). Siskiyou, fifth county in California in regard to size, located in a highly mineralized and mountainous country, ranks forty-fourth in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1930. Although this county is traversed by a transcontinental railroad in a north and south line, the mineral-bearing sections are almost without exception far from transportation and other facilities. A large part of the county is accessible by trail only. Future development and exploi- tation will increase the productiveness of this part of the state to a con- siderable extent. Mount Shasta is located in Siskiyou County. Among Siskiyou's mineral resources are chromite, clay, coal, copper, gems, gold, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral water, pumice, quicksilver, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone, Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount . Value Copper 405,868 lbs. $52,763 Gold 70,332 Lead — 470 lbs. 24 Silver 10,836 fine oz. 4,172 Stone, miscellaneous 85,851 Other minerals* 22,259 Total value $235,401 * Includes gems, granite, lime, mineral water, platinum, pumice, quicksilver. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 155 SOLANO Land area: 822 square miles. Population: 40,807 (1930 census). Loxiation: Touching San Francisco Bay on the northeast. County seat: Fairfield. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXIII (April, 1927). Solano, while mostly valley land, produced mineral substances during the year 1930 to the total value of $46,638, ranking fifty-second among the counties of the state, an increase from the 1928 figure of $66,421. Among her mineral resources are brick, cement, clay, fuller's earth, limestone, mineral water, natural gas, onyx, quicksilver, salt and mis- cellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Value Unapportioned* $46,638 • Includes onyx and travertine, quicksilver, miscellaneous stone. SONOMA La7id area: loll square miles. Population: 62,248 (1930 census). Location: South of Mendocino County, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. County seat: Santa Rosa. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII : XVIII : XXII (July, 1926). Sonoma ranked thirty-seventh among the counties of California dur- ing the year 1930, with a mineral production of $330,399, as compared with its 1929 output of $351,383. More paving blocks have been turned out here than in any other section of the state, but this industry has now ceased, owing to the construction of smooth-surface pavements, both in the cities and on the highways. Among Sonoma 's mineral resources are brick, chromite, clay, copper, graphite, infusorial earth, magnesite, manganese, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, quicksilver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1929 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Mineral water 17,900 gals. $5,318 Stone, miscellaneous 263,644 Other minerals* 61,437 Total value $330,399 * Includes quicksilver and 'sandstone.' STANISLAUS Land area: 1450 square miles. Population: 56,624: (1930 census). Location: Center of state, bounded on south by Merced County. County seat: Modesto. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XXI (April, 1925). Gold has usually been the chief mineral product of Stanislaus County, but it was exceeded in 1918-1919 by manganese, and in 1921-1923 and 156 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA 1925-1929 by miscellaneous stone. Brick, clay, gypsum, mineral paint, quicksilver, and silver are found here to some extent as well. This county for 1930 ranks thirty-sixth in the state in regard to value of minerals, with an output of $381,688, as compared with $388,235 in 1929. Gold, platinum and silver are obtained mainly by dredging. Commercial production for 1929 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold ___ $109,134 Lead 165 lbs. 8 Silver 541 fine oz. 208 Stone, miscellaneous 180,379 Other minerals* . 41,959 Total value : $331,688 * Includes clay (pottery), magnesite. SUTTER Land area: 608 square miles. Population: 14,618 (1930 census). Location: Bounded by Butte County on the north and Sacra- mento on the south. County seat: Yuba City. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII. Sutter is one of only two counties in the state which for a number of years reported no commercial output of some kind of mineral substance. In 1917 some crushed rock was taken out, from the Marysville Buttes, also in 1925-1928. There has been some utilization of natural gas. There was no mineral production reported in 1930. Both clay and coal exist here, but deposits of neither mineral have been placed on a productive basis. TEHAMA Land area: 2893 square miles. Population: 13,839 (1930 census). Location: North-central portion of the state, bounded on the north by Shasta. County seat: Bed Bluff. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XXIV (July, 1928). Tehama stands forty-fifth among the mineral producing counties of the state for 1930, when its output was valued at $226,400, as compared with the 1929 yield, worth $14,480. Among its mineral resources are listed brick, chromite, copper, gold, manganese, marble, mineral water, salt, and miscellaneous stone. The 1930 yield was distributed as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $218,300 Other minerals* 8,100 Total value $226,400 * Includes brick and sandstone. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION 157 TRINITY Land area: 3166 square miles. Population: 2811 (1930 census). Location: Northwestern portion of state. County seat: Weaverville. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXII (Jan., 1926). Trinity, like its neighbor, Siskiyou County, requires transportation facilities to further the development of its many and varied mineral resources. Deposits of asbestos, barytes, chromite, copper, gold, mineral water, platinum, quicksilver, silver, and building stone are known here, but with the exception of gold, chromite, copper, quicksilver and plati- num, very little active production of these mineral substances has been made as yet. The 1930 output of $437,333 shows a decrease from the 1929 figure of $525,874, due to gold, giving the county rank of thirty-third for the year. Commercial production for 1930 was as foUows: Substance Amount Value Copper 588,574 lbs. $76,514 Gold — 330,003 Silver 17,403 fine oz. 6,700 Stone, miscellaneous 4,238 Other minerals* 19,878 Total value $437,333 * Includes coal, platinum and quicksilver. TULARE Land area: 4856 square miles. Population: 77,375 (1930 census). Location: Bounded by Inyo on the east, Kern on the south, Fresno on the north. County seat: Visalia. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX. Tulare stands forty-second on the list of mineral producing counties, the decrease from the 1930 value being due mainly to granite and mis- cellaneous stone. This county ^s mineral resources, among others, are brick, clay, copper, feldspar, graphite, gems, limestone, magnesite, marble, quartz, glass-sand, soapstone, miscellaneous stone, and zinc. Tulare for a num- ber of years led the state in magnesite output, except in 1918, when it was passed by Napa County, and since 1921 by Santa Clara. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold — $36 Silver 808 fine oz. 311 Stone, miscellaneous ^^'oq^ Other minerals* 178,297 Total value $253,144 * Includes gems, granite, limestone, magnesite, petroleum. 158 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA TUOLUMNE Land area: 2190 square miles. Population: 9239 (1930 census). Location: East-central portion of state — ^IVIother Lode District. County seat: Sonora. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII: XIX: XX: XXIV (Jan., 1928). Tuolumne ranks thirty-ninth among counties of the state relative to its total value of mineral output for 1930. This county ranks first as a producer of marble in the state. The mineral production for 1930 was valued at $318,322 compared with $371,520 in 1929. Chromite, clay, copper, gold, lead, limestone, marble, mineral paint, platinum, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone are among its mineral resources. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper 1 . 4,566 lbs. $593 Gold 67,691 Lead 317 lbs. 16 Silver 780 fine oz. 300 Other minerals* 249,722 Total value — $318,322 * Includes lime, limestone, marble, slate, miscellaneous stone. VENTURA Land area: 1878 square miles. Population: 54,577 (1930 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. County seat: Ventura. References: State Mineralogist Eeport XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXI (April, 1925). Ventura is third county in the state in respect to the value of its mineral output for 1930. Its value passed that of Orange County, which for many years held this position. The 1930 mineral production was worth $31,952,052 as compared with the 1929 output worth $34,043,- 899, the decrease being due to petroleum. Commercial production for 1930 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Gold $221 Natural gas 54,741,670 M cu. ft. 3,749,829 Petroleum 19,983,341 bbls. 27,896,744 Silver 5 fine oz. 2 Stone, miscellaneous 180,322 Other minerals* ■ 124,934 Total value $31,952,052 •Includes brick, clay (pottery), 'granite' (flagstone), limestone (shells). STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION 159 YOLO Land area: 1017 square miles. Population: 23,618 (1930 census). Location: Sacramento Valley, bounded by Sutter on the east and Colusa on the north. County seat: Woodland. References: State Mineralogist Report XIV: XVII: XVIII. The mineral production from Yolo County during the year 1930 consisted entirely of miscellaneous stone, valued at $2,700, ranking it in fifty-third place. Deposits of undetermined value of iron and sandstone have been discovered within the confines of this county. Quicksilver has also been produced. YUBA Land area: 639 square miles. Population: 11,327 (1930 census). Location: Lies west of Sierra and Nevada counties; south of Plumas. County seat: Marysville. References: State Mineralogist Report XV: XVII: XVIII: XX: XXVI (July, 1930). Yuba is twenty- third of the mineral producing counties of the state, and has been first as a gold producer from 1925-1928, but was passed by Nevada, Amador, and Sacramento counties in the output of that metal in 1929. Iron and clay deposits have been reported in this county aside from the following commercial production shown for the year 1930. The decrease from the 1929 figure of $1,830,371 was due mainly to gold obtained by the dredgers (which also yield silver), to platinum and miscellaneous stone. The 1921 dredge yield of gold was a record for the county. The 1930 production of Yuba County was distributed as follows : Suhstance Amount Value Gold $968,814 Silver 3,260 fine oz. 1,255 Unapportioned 48,330 Total value $1,018,399 CHAPTER VIII DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS OF METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS IN CALIFORNIA, 1930 Note — The producers of natural gas and petroleum will be found in the Quarterly Summary of Operations, California^ Oil Fields, for July, August and September, 1930 (Vol. 16, No. 1). 11—87473 162 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA s 1 i Jolon Perris and Kenworth 1 c 5 I .2 c 1 1 1 \ 1 1 03 X5 ^ 1 1 1-5 a; c 1 !^ 1" b s O 1 1 li || 1^ o o u u 03 o3 WW It 1^ §.2 Is -I a Si I 2 >> a «|^ K <^ DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 163 a 1 Carpinteria Majors 1 J 1 'e C 1 1 a t :^ 1 1 1 J 11 i 1 1 II i c 2 < 1 c 1— 1 2 1 1 < t C c '1 < •< I IE c o X o £ Eh c S C I P c5 1 • « 1^ c fl cc G e 1 ii X c 9 X a o c 6 1 -£ || 1 « r 6 1 1 1 1 8 a 1 1 c •1 c 1 c 1 u £ 1 tl 164 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA s a § r iC o 4J 1 San Andreas CoweU MonoUth Merced Riverside San Juan Colton Victorville Redwood City Davenport 1 1 c > 1 1 s 1 1 ^ t i c 1 1 621 S. Hope St., Los Angeles. _._ Hunter-Dulin Bldg., San Francisco _ 1228 Pacific Mutual Bldg., Los Angeles _ 605 H. W. Hellman Bldg., Los Angeles... 111 Sutter St., San Francisco Crocker Bldg., San Francisco I 6 1 £ 01 6 i 1 |1 6 t a 6 1 S II 6 P 0! 6 1 £ d Sits 11 II 6 ll II ES 6 0! o p-i a 1 eg 6 a 6 r 6 i O at 15 1* DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 165 e4 -iS 2^ a 5; .a •3 8 S •II r •a ^§ a -is =9 166 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ^1 mo _i pq o :25 :z; Q H o Oh £ Si o o o o o o -^s c3 O so 2pq r 5 ^^ §•? "Spq 5 d W^ ^ 42 Sa2 >0 lO 00 rH IM CO ■ S S o rg OQ W o 2 "3 > 2 fi S c g S T! to M 1-3 t>- ^ 5 e f^ y .03 o b rt^ fl o3 o - i5 c«M I: ^ p r I' '^ o °^ o 2 "^-^ ffl Ih rH O of OOOWX! -O^ 1^3 fl o SO . o >. o bO a.! ^^•& O 2 S TO IQ § iso3 OW a) fa S -2 i -3 ^ ^^1 o|2w ? "C fl 03 O uKo I § s^a:^i^^.2^^ o o 6^ g HJ> Q Lh tH ^< 4) 0^ e 03 "S .2 i •" •-; rj 03 on gOOOPiH DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 167 e s fc J3 -C3 O tj-d T) "S-STS oj r § « « «5 >5 ^ II t3 oO Is ' M •T3 K PW -1 -so m . a B'i £ SI'S 2 2c 03 O PQW 2 ^ "3 >> ft £^ ' o m ^ -^ 2 -^ ft « « )T!hJ TJH iC 5 (N ^ s t* o3 111 r« O CO fZ2 a . > ■* CO '^ o CC lO ! 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S o o t^ CO iO CO «1 5^ , s "Sob a a ^ 2 -li -2fa 03 +3 - M * 2 a 00 o go ?i^ »JSi 00,0 .0 . 08 08 . OS ^^ '9 ti Plh « -S --; :^ ^ 170 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA il & oO > ea ^ -JS .2 .S >> fl ^^ Ut '^^ «M wj 03 ,_^ -4>^ 05 CO ^ ^"^ eS 3 a a IBS > o o 5 O O 5 MM •§ ^ § I CC g CO geg J o a o 5 « : ^"1 4) 05 M §^ ^a| o • O 03 _ IJ » '^ V-- J. ^j, _- *^ — ^ 6 § ^pq-d « e« _ 4) •g f5 £ Ph •:; o* fl a a 3 rt o o o ^ _, o o w ^ §523 g COM 02 OQ o . Sec §o lis I'M pq -g S gS§ mOczj 05 C ^& H CO e8 XI.£>.Q .1 I -3 11 5 ^ S § DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 171 O fl? CP CJ G? c c OS ca fl c c G la fl ^ o3 ^ ^ o3 o3 CC CO 02 OQ COCC Qj 08 eS C fl 2s V 0) OQ >• >• cc o m 1^0 -M2 Ph c3 r 03 . -2 nTS -^-02 , O CO ^ (N g ' -gigs I ^ . g ". o^ 000 3 ^ g<^C^OSo 10.-HCD o>i5--eo.-oo 05rHOQOWP3pHeoPM.-i CO CO 5w !^-f3. o 02 o3 3 jT OIJ CO l^OQ « o s ^ o > H O e ^ O 2 J>2 5§ n I ^ ^ .2 ^sl § I S gg-e 1 6 T3«:2 O ic3 Wo o§^jo ^ ^ 172 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA g-cc as O c8 Mrs « eS §1 oo .2 "» a t« w. r pq 2 as g;2 > 1 1 i i 1 \ 174 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA s s a •J t3 C o s Corona Campo I 1 < c c »/: 2 1 < 1 < 1 a > < 1 1 c ■ c 1- 6 S c n o Ph 1 1^ li 1 d s d 1 1 1 u 3 1 San Diego County Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.. Pacific Mines, F. A. Kales, Mgr •2 §■ o ^ 1 SI M T3 J "^ Is o o JS if |m CO £3 oo CO ^1 OQ r > s:? ^ ca< ffl« >^ § S si 1 1^ £J t- 1^ 85 »o 00 (N .1 OQ DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 175 1 § 1 a c E "a > .a 1 Agate Flat 1 J 1 a c £ "a 1 "i > a > i 1 c 1 i c 1 w a b- i C3 « 1 ■ 1 . Q 1 1 1 Pi > Diamond Quartz crystals Cyanite and chiastolite Rose quartz Iceland spar Blue agate and bloodstone Kunzite and tourmaline Agate Chrysopase 1 o 1' > J. i >-. a c i c i 1 c c •s H C t ■ Z c o £ a 1 4 c a c J 1 176 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA O O t< O n. ^ w m 0) J3 -iS 5 S=3 ^ -is AhOO a> ^1 SS g a3 § 2 § .2 d o o i«| 5 o (L, i-^ S^J o o .2 08 u C o3 m m O ti O ^H<1 SoOpqOrt Ph 3 o . ill l >>^ 3 So ►^ ?^ C •3 o . . . o : :^ ^ 'B "3 .S 3 o e 2 ■3.2 g?l MS o :o o . O M ,:s2 •g§2 a. d O OS s -s o3 C 3 '-' TO c . O c« g ti ^, o 5 c2 a I •^ M 2 PL, OJ 02 >• 1^ Sto % i.% ;^ i«^>; ►1; t< DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 177 08 ^ eU eS 01 03 "« "n .- ^^^>'^ >> >, 11 3 C (S 05 1 O^ B S O o 03 ^ M II |!l||sl„ ^wrtS<;oo^- ■gag SO « 1-9 W k5 03 o ^ s s O^ II 1^ O o «o 08 A o3 oS ^ 3 gpQwwSSoac :a; S o S II 12—87473 178 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA P5 « 3 e3 O ^ — .2 -< <; cc oo ! M • o ^ o ^ t< O >i •3 o «0 2 J -S .2 "m. ^ 1*00 O C 3 c > S §§§ o3 O c3 UPS 5m 1 - >=! Mo rH M CO CO rt^ ■ " ?^ *>" »-I o S 1=5 « .SP o ^ o +=" a -*^ t< <» C W S >* Pt< (32 w los "O M Wtf ^ tCXi c8 03 03 o3 03 01 (U be oS bO 05 tS -d e4 «3 •5c •c O -s Q^ «-d > S >.3 I 23 "3 ** W 02 ^3 e o a) 3 DIRECTORY OP PRODUCERS 179 o< a c a a 3333 u u u o o o ^ ^ ^ ^ JJ o o o o ~ o o o o ^ •c O «3 5 ^ >H d Ill ill W ^ o" CO ^ 60 r 3' o a J II So Ph a ?^ i'l 2 « PLH 3=1 80P^ 111 «-a «0 •ai-aj si c O O cO iflgcO fe I ^. § -a § a 5 05 2 I P5 u c3 a ^2 K « •-ipd ^^ t^ 1 180 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA d d o o fl ^ II s s s «3 3 oo e s -1^ !-< ^ Tj< W l-H I 3 (N CO O II I" a > 1=2 CO DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 181 M 1 1 1 i u > e 182 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA Mm H 02 pq Xi o Na2 ID ' I I S)0 ►3tf ^11 16| « S- fl (U fl S 5 a O OP4 r o a g K ffi Ai oj a Is O a OH q u «S 1^ til & o U o a> o a i • •8 a §5 1^ 184 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA v d 'i *»H O ^ c a a .2 1 'J 5 a « 1 pson Mou k 1 c 13 a ^ cl 0) 3 £ 2 2 .2 1 c p^ a ^ pE- c^ c a S. -^c < i b I S 5^ £ s 1 - C3 03 o3 1 a 03 {3 P ^ a oi c« T3 .2 ^ M « T '-3 « ►5 +■ ■t-> H (4 2 ^a: CC H 1 £ ^fc (4 U ^ W Si 1 9 s (N ^ ^ < oc w^ S c ; c i d. 1 i 1 1 'i u o t: a *: 1 ^ 6 6 a S) 6* ■ 1^ 6 Is o > Of ■ 1!^ 1 Ill IS r a"" •B^s |c |c a. |5 1 1 San Diego South San Francisco TS '^ c C (A 1 -2: c 1 ■ 1 B 1 ■8 3 Chloride Carbonate 1 1 • p: li M % DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 185 9 a o § s o a s O s ^ s 3 o mm o o at I fl S 93 .S 02 2 O 03 cm m ^ (N 13 ■II II SO ^ a s PkH « o I" h I! 1^ 186 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA a bO m "E a bc c^ Spri )wn prin o ^ XCC w o ams rtlet ddle tter 6 ^3 03 S ?^ (U d) (O / bO bC bO fl a fl o i> i) bO bC U fl e c ooooooooo hJ iJ hJ hJ hJ 1-1 H-^ h4 hJ CO 00 '^ bO «1 ^ ?i>-^ CO 00 ^ o 05 CO CO CO TT< (N CO IM Oi 00 (N CO iC o CO o a •n ft CO «5 OS §•2 ri ft Ooj O a Is r ft CO -I 2"C.S a 9 5 CO '^ ft 6 « S ^ s CO 3 2 * OS ^ 5 S I a ;m ^ fl ^ S a, « » 8p: o^ Hi (z« V OB ^fl g" a 05 S i 3 >> ^ el V 188 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA o 1 ^ '? £ c -t- oi ■ 11 1 1 a o S c 1 1 t t E ■<* c (S c £ c !^ £ 1 c. e C 1 s 1 a c K « 6 1 Q o O s ^-^ la ■aa 11 II ft 13 6 s C3 1 a ' < 1 o 1 3 1 aq E DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 189 S£ ■s g lis i ■<*' o o "q ^ H 9« §•0 fl- oats ^2a II 1^ ^ ti <5o 1^ •^ o CO 3.2 ■11 CO 8 o 9 M S •< PC4 1 Q . o o u O •3 §, « >o §^ e a oo 3rt 08 II .S o 190 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA n; a; ~ 03 o tf So 3w3w -73 o3 S - c3 a o3 O 2 03 ^ fe "^ to a ^ o: ^ ,£3 -e o ^ 9 B ?5 ei CO I* 1; hJ *^ ^ fl g 3 tH Q, o >5 03 c3 O M a 6 S aj > wv ooo o imlg PQ Ot! ii II ioz C? - 032 It I 12 CO^S Sort ShJ 1^ is &3 ^ Km og-S-H cS r 2 o I! « 3 °5 HO 192 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA 1 a 1 Newark and Mt. Eden Alvarado Mt. Eden Saline VaUey Saltdflle Long Peach Lake City Moss Landing Amboy Amboy San Diego LesUe Redwood City Alviso < 1 CC i (M c § 'Z c c b oi •< C a s < 1— ej a J <; a. IM « X c (£ C P- p: b >; IT C A. > C a c ft J 2465 Hunter St., Los Angeles 2000 Santa Fe Ave., Los Angeles 917 J. D. Spreckels Bldg., San Diego Alexander Bldg., San Francisco. o - 1 fl <& S fl 1 II 6 1 J •a 09 1 1 § fl Is 6 1 1^ 6 n i w s o 1 ft ll u =4 d 1 gpq ^^ ^ o ■|.a i i 1 a; C |d 51 t 6 i 08 •fl 1 fl r 6 1 a 1 1 w Cfj M Si 1^ j i DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 193 56 He's fi > c e3 « p V U V a g s 666 :o > o r^ 05 OQ m m ■ (N CO ■ « = ^ ^ ^ t^ TO O NOW 13—87473 194 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA 01 C3 U O So ^ -¥. C 03 o I o s * I- Si is !!■ •*^ OB vC IS o oJ 1 Ogilby Mocalno < 5050 Pacific St., Vernon, Los Angeles Butler Ave. and Grand Trunk R. R., Detroit, Mich 1 1 Cyanite Andalusite Ic OS i 1 < Q a a ' 1 ^! 2 js 1" DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 195 £ »- « J3-2tJ •-» CO .^ o « a ^ IE o ti;>H 8 .S3 S fe ° 11^0 1:2 o . £^ 05 r CO 60 d -^ £ S OS 5^ •so H •go 5 00 c «« cc r CQ m J5 JO M O w^ -5oM w 2 ^ 60 O so fe>^rt 196 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA O -5 1 I c o •? 2 c § i 1 §■2 n o 2 I J II CO o.SP to CO d 1 .2 ChiU Ear Hetch Hetchy 332 10th St., Richmond 1919 San Bruno Ave., San Francisco 1 El Dorado County Pacific Minerals, Inc Tuolumne County Whitney Slate Quarry, W. S. McLean J DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 197 « a 6 ««-. o a 1- >» .2 1 1 if 1 ^ c Shrub Kelsey Keeler n«af,h I c 1 \\ I 1 g -^ > -< s < < 1 s J Eh 3 ^ a • Q « M |i "S * ^ < CO ,i3 25: -c C 1 H o: ;:| 1 "Z 5 ?§w o a- 3 T}t ^ t>. (N Oi < .«^ q § m e9 eJ e« ^ X i _a XI "^ ^ dj « > OQ ft . 2 t) =3 §* bfi ^ "3 S 1 < e3 W OQ ^ it 1 S ll 1 i ? '^ i S 2 :S II o ll § 'S »; *** fl ft 01 o d ** fl » g 1 -i n § a a « S3 >> ti e8 a rt ^ fc -^ S -a .S 1 s" 60 — S "d W 3 i a 1-2 «^ -^ « a 1-2 Q) -W ^ 03 © ja ^« 'O ^ 3 ^ ^ H ^ *3 ;« S3 2 -s-^ o| ^ ^ iz; -g) g 13 fe •s ^& t) o ft T3 O 5 3 2 a ^ -g t3 t3 -^ a V C3 - 02 a m I o _ O u a _^ cu ^ ^ h3 ^ .IN '^ dJ .^ Ttl ^^ -^la ass g 2 ^ O o . £3 hJ . fe ^_ cc (M ""* CO ptj 03 M ^ b- <-! . a a ti ''^ > 03 S3 >> 03 i >) -W r I 03 btl -73 'W-S ^1 1 " gf^^ i> a ^ o a^ (N CO OS^i a a SCO >» r ^■£ a 02 S 03 --H Tj< •-S ■* (N .^03 ^^ fe 6 Sh^ a .3 32T^ (-.Wow •SMI) . a a fM ^.-a a 11^ -I 03 « 03 03 6 lO a w . a^ 20 t-|2iS a) ? o 3 ^ 1 T3 2 ca o 03 g -g o -a o o ool§o > a o fe PqCC ±? i; r? 05 lo a a M ►: S3 a 1 f^ ■^ pq W 1-5 fla 15 a S aO ^ o ;gc2 DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 199 II o a M .2 t* u " OS o o 1^ If ^^ II ^^2 I eS o C °* O ; iTif s - ^ CO (N O IN Is 3 r « IS^o § iS o -a i: •* ic o "g S W i-< 00 •< ^ S3 2 « Am CMC So S 88 .2.2 S3 2 2 S fl •S : -^ M 5 I CO c mil "I «> c H 00 •2 b c«X>.fie3oj3.As3o3o30 200 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA .S T3 Ti a il s s a -o o ^ »H S 03 02 Ph 3 o >H nil, .3 to c ^ 3 M >^^ O . ^^ > to fl -^ « 3 -S H tn O 3^. O .2 03 ^ 03 2 "l" . . ftocco 13 <© 1^ !3 O O hH ■* Ol Mpq S2 "I 2 ^- 53 o o pq CO OS I few • o3 O . mpqpn o "" ^" --I t^ •<*< o o .-H .-H (N lO ^ ^-'^. o O >. a lii -*^ Ph (B Ph i, j^ J '3 "* =1 es c3 c8 "^ S s a - ft O 3 J- <» S6i^ I "2^ ^ 3 -^ ^ . ■ . 6 eS ^ fl X CO « P^ g 5 P4 fc - " "-I O »0 T-i O O (N b- «D (M 02 b.*^, I W (N hJ I a; ^^ 2 a< )c^« <; fl sow ,_^ O (M ? S |li Spq>h ■tS o c3 93 03 03 c3 ,^ ^ bO o ~ 03 «« g I' T3 C -, ^. ^ ^'^ . ^ «OpL, a ^ 3 a a dJ ^ o o o «PQ«00 O OQ i§g 3 >- 5 o *? is c> o &UW . "a; "o "3 "aS -^ S bO » W bC.S 3 d d c c z o j3 ja O ^ " t3 S d 5 -g is a; Ji! CC J ae dO e hi d -^ •S rt § d C O u « §o«^ 5fi o=§ 15 J > -^ s > 03 O 202 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA -B S S I «^ _ § 2 o 5 0) o 0) o 3 I « 2 §1 ^ XI o >^ 0.2 r !=! bc °3 3 J o '^ o ^ a s^.2 S JS o s* 03 so o3 c3 ^ o3 ^ a a ft ftW cS ^ o3 c3 • ;z; ;z; :?; ;z; M 2^ "=3 O 5 >5 CO Tt* PQ 1^ 3 8g .2 g 03 o 03 .^ .^ 03 _^ J2; 00 «o !2; CO hi I si « o S IIS o^ a s « § 0.2 0.2 • ^S io 1^ ^1 ^ . *.«a 61 a >> 03 03 t- 4) 1(2 3 O £0 _, -^^ I- WO ^^O ft'i « DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 203 JS ^ Ji "S "3 "3 W K K cc CI a<< >^ ^ o o o w (» o a , t. 1 A lis 4 fl fl 03 t. ^ . 83 fl 53 3 q cc fl ^ o3 ^33 _^ w on w o ;:^ o o o o ^ Ph Ph rt W 03 •n £ 1 fl . 03 ^ CO s ^ fl 3 -d iS a; 02 S Is -^ • E fl ^ 2 CQ 1-4 03 OS x> ja X! * ,15 x> 1 t< fl . oj b • l^w «&^ III o P5 73 6 .&lfl ■*^ -, _5i «' C « r T (^ 03 ^ "" Eh Hs t5 fl u T- -»< o 'C? -i^ fl -b> S s> fl S "^ r ^ io^ « => S^ fl ^< o s I ?. S fl. ^" fl o - oO 6 O «o -a -a a> « 2.^ 4> §'2coe;'««s.g.. 5^^55. ill on It3 fl 2 ill 00 £ •e^^o, V u •— *-■ •sa SO' 204 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA ^1 3 to « 00 1 1 i| I 6 § e * .s So § g fe s 02 S r T3 . 5 M< h-( ^ •« o O M si 1 1 O S « ^ • r3 ie N >H 73 "^ fl 2 fl " ca V v S 3 S V (-5 t3 II a O 03 a cc ^ r "I -S fl fl CO (N W Pm cc Ph Ph ^ fa -a W i S ^ Ph •< s gir: S go Ph o «3 GOOQP^Ph aj o o o o o SqqSqS g el 13 C3 fl fl ■ o O bO Is 5 ace S - , _^ O .TS piH ^ 05 'H (N ■* .• CO o <» a> -S 03 CO Ph 03 mOZ 2.S a g HO i 08 08 3 13 ^ . s cc S8 •p-n 03 t3PL| ^ C e X c3 e8 a ■ . . o3 o3 9 05 -• 02 OQ (J .-H Pli i 08 08 oJ ^ . * 08 .^X5 ^ w ^ ^ 03 C8 X) .A ^ 6 1 •as P So oi a> o3 OH Wp4 05 U 1 a> g 5 -^i-SSa .§^ "O"? 03 it til" »® n< Pi 03 a- \A > |eo 05 03 _ 3 CO /? > $, a e8 02 *i $0 ■^O S o §1 p^ rt » g|1 d w 'I S 2 ^ ^ S^-6' SMOi 206 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA -S J ^3 .2 -2 ^ -2 A 1 a s "S o g ■s a •o T? ^ 3 1 .2 ^ •^ V ria :£i ^ 1 g r^ -2 ^& a ^ § M .2 -MO^ M ^ > St3 8 s 1 6 1 4 2 J ll C3 •J 6%d eo iX! Pm CO O CC P TO O +j . m o CI o 03 1-5 «^ C CO o3 05 CO CO ^ _2 w 03 £1 o - J^"^' O fl w^ ^co 03 CO C l-!0^ .2 ° o;Si>3ioo OS o 2 » 2« Ph pt . 03 t-J 1-5 1-^ HS ;d JS P< o > o3 cj N less 5 -i^ s I o ^ -g 03 a .2 fl "S CO Ph h] H< fl « > 'u m o3 ^ o «o CO Tjt Ph -h 5 § « S •-^ d § Sort la o 500 DIRECTORY OF PRODUCERS 207 7^ C3 «fl Mfl 111 1^ m3 S g 2^« S 8 £ fe 5^- li| Q^ >^M^cg d c o 03 CO M >0 « ^ 5 g « « .« « §ffi^' I I I I C I ' ' I ; ^ J J J « 'H § "H 5 5 o o HH o ^3 '3 CO I s ■ ,^ u a S a c3 73 "O « s ■^1 03 r^ w u a 05 K 1313 2 g^ J= -Q ^ .2 >> •- -^ I 3 I ^ O 6J 21 a 2P^-S ' X- Qu OS CU i "s S «« P5 2 S ^ * o > ►S ,2J «^ fe-' ^ «=' ;§ S fe 5 3 |aj| 2' 208 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA js -d .2 o .2 3 11 bO n 1 -2 =§1 « o ^ ^ ^ iz E, c8 Eh C "S 53 3 PM p> pL| pLn O! hJ H e8 C •a a) .2 2 .2 3 ^ o 3 ; :p ; o .2 o .2 . S -£! .S 3 0> . • t" (.N (_) ,-1 Ph W M (N g g3 ■73 § if >>« 33 CO (N :73 .2 "O t »> a o i° CO (h |6S C O 1 o ^2 3 S S PhCZ5h5HEh 6^ -ao pm 3" S 03 11 F O -2'? d rt g 5 O O gj o *- bo tHRECTORY OF PRODUCfiRg 200 1-s s > ■II 14—87473 210 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA APPENDIX MINING BUREAU ACT Chap. 679 [Stats. 1913] ; amended, Chap. 280 [Stats. 1929.] An act establishing a state mining bureau, creating the office of state mineralogist, fixing his salary and prescribing his powers and duties; providing for the employment of officers and employees of said bureau, making it the duty of persons in charge of mines, mining operations and quarries to make certain reports, providing for the investigation of mining operations, dealings and transactions and the prosecution for defrauding, swindling and cheating therein, creating a state mining bureau fund for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act and repealing an act entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, man- agement and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appoint- ment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, and all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto or in conflict herewith. [Approved June 16, 1913. In effect August 10, 1913.] [Amendment approved May 14, 1929. In effect August 14, 1929.] The people of the State of California do enact as follows: Section 1. There is hereby created and established a state mining bureau. The chief officer of such bureau shall be the state mineralogist, which office is hereby created. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the governor of the State of California and he is hereby empowered to appoint a citizen and resident of this state, having a practical and scientific knowledge of mining, to the office of state mineralogist. Said state mineralogist shall hold his office at the pleasure of the governor. He shall be a civil executive officer. He shall take and subscribe the same oath of office as other state officers. He shall receive for his services a salary of three hundred dollars ($300) per month, to be paid at the same time and in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. He shall also receive his necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of his office. He shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties in the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), said bond to be approved by the governor of the state of California. Sec. 3. Said state mineralogist shall employ competent geologists, field assist- ants, qualified specialists and office employees when necessary in the execution of his plans and operations of the bureau, and fix their compensation. The said employees shall be allowed their necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of said department and shall hold office at the pleasure of said state mineralogist. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said state mineralogist to make, facilitate, and encourage, special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the state. It shall be his duty : to collect statistics concerning the occurrence and pro- duction of the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valuable constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic and commercial importance, such collection constituting the museum of the state mining bureau ; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, and sciences of mineralogy and geology, and arts of mining and metal- lurgy, such library constituting the library of the state mining bureau ; to make a collection of models, drawings and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspection at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information MINING BUREAU ACT 211 concerning the mineral industries of this state, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information availble to those desiring it ; to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and tech- nology of the mineral industries of this state. Sec. 5. It is hereby made the duty of the owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine, of whatever kind or character, within the state, to forward to the state mineralogist, upon his request, at his office not later than the thirty-first day of March, in each year, a detailed report upon forms which will be furnished showing the character of the mine, the number of men then employed, the method of working such mine and the general condition thereof, the total mineral production for the past year, and such owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of any mine within the state must furnish whatever information relative to such mine as the state mineralogist may from time to time require for the proper discharge of his ofiicial duties. " Any owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine of whatever kind or character within the state, who fails to comply with the above provisions shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.* Sec. 6. The state mineralogist now performing the duties of the office of state ' mineralogist shall perform the duties of the oflice of state mineralogist as in this act provided until the appointment and qualification of his successor as in this act provided. Sec. 7. The said state mineralogist shall take possession, charge and control of the ofiices now occupied and used by the board of trustees and state mineralogist and the museum, library and laboratory of the mining bureau located in San Fran- cisco as provided for by a certain act of the legislature approved March 23, 1893, and hereafter referred to in section fourteen hereof, and shall maintain such offices, museum, library and laboratory for the purposes provided in this act. Sec. 8. Said state mineralogist or qualified assistant shall have full power and authority at any time to enter or examine any and all mines, quarries, wells, mills, reduction works, refining works and other mineral properties or working plants in this state in order to gather data to comply with the provisions of this act. Sec. 9. The state mineralogist shall make a biennial report to the governor on or before the fifteenth day of September next preceding the regular session of the legislature. Sec. 10. All moneys received by the state mining bureau or any officer thereof (except such as may be paid to them by the state for disbursement) shall be receipted for by the state mineralogist or other officer authorized by him to act in his place and at least once a month accounted for by him to the state controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of a fund which is hereby created and designated "state mining bureau fund." All moneys now in the possession of the state mining bureau or any officer thereof received from any source whatsoever, shall be immediately paid over to the state mineralogist and by him accounted for to the controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of said fund. Said fund shall be used and is hereby appropriated for the use of said bureau in carrying out the purposes of this act. Sec. 11. The said state mineralogist is hereby authorized and empowered to receive on behalf of this state, for the use and benefit of the state mining bureau, gifts, bequests, devises and legacies of real or other property and to use the same in accordance with the wishes of the donors, and if no instructions are given by said donors, to manage, use, and dispose of the gifts and bequests and legacies for the best interests of said state mining bureau and in such manner as he may deem proper. Sec. 12. The state mineralogist may, whenever he deems it advisable, prepare a special collection of ores and minerals of California to be sent to or used at any world's fair or exposition in order to display the mineral wealth of the state. Sec. 13. The state minerologist is hereby empowered to fix a price upon and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all publications of the state mining bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers or other publications, such price shall approximate the cost of publication and distribution. Any and all sums derived from such disposition, or from gifts or bequests made, as hereinbefore pro- vided must be accounted for by said state mineralogist and turned over to the * Sec. 19 of the Penal Code of Calfornia provides : "Except in cases where a differ- ent punishment is prescribed by this code, every offense declared to be a misde- meanor is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by both." Sl2 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA state treasurer to be credited to the mining bureau fund as provided for in section ten. He is also empowered to furnish without cost to public libraries the publica- tions of the bureau and to exchange publications with other geological surveys and scientific societies, etc. Sec. 14. The state mineralogist provided for by this act shall be the successor in interest of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, under and by virtue of that certain act, entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, management, and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, and all books, papers, documents, personal property, records, and property of every kind and description obtained or possessed, or held or controlled by the said board of trustees of the said state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, and the clerks and employees thereof, under the provisions of said act of March 23, 1893, or any act supplemental thereto or amendatory thereof, shall immediately be turned over and delivered to the said state mineralogist herein provided for, who shall have charge and control thereof. Sec. 15. That certain act entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction, and supervision of the board of trustees of the st^te mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, together with all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto and all acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. Sex3. 16. For the purpose of this act and as used herein the term "mine" is hereby defined to embrace and include all mineral bearing properties of whatever kind or character whether underground, quarry, pit, well, spring or other source from which any mineral substance is or may be obtained, and the term "mineral" for the purposes of this act and whenever so used shall embrace and include any and all mineral products both metallic and nonmetallic, solid, liquid or gaseous, and mineral waters of whatever kind or character. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ACT 213 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ACT Chap. 128 [Stats. 1927] ; amended, Chap. 307 [Stats. 1929.] An act to add a new article to chapter three of title one of part three of the Political Code to be numbered article two j, embracing sections three hundred seventy- three to three hundred seventy. three i, relating to a department of natural resources. [Approved by the Governor April 13, 1927.] [Amendment approved May 18, 1929.] The people of the State of California do enact as follows: Section 1. The Political Code is hereby amended by adding a new article to chapter III of title I of part III thereof, to be numbered article 11/, embracing sec- tions 373 to 373i and to read as follows : Aeticle Iiy. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAI. RESOUECES. 373. A department of the government of the State of California to be known as the department of natural resources is hereby created. The department shall be conducted under the control of an executive officer to be known as the director of natural resources, which office is hereby created. The director shall be appointed by and hold office at the pleasure of the governor and shall receive a salary of six thousand dollars per annum. Except as in this article otherwise provided, the provisions of article II of this chapter, title, and part of the Political Code as adopted at the forty-fourth session of the Legislature and as the same may be amended from time to time, shall govern and apply to the conduct of the department of natural resources in every respect the same as if such provisions were herein set forth at length and wherever in said article II the term "head of the department" or similar designation occurs, the same shall for the purposes of this article mean the director of natural resources. 373a. For purposes of administration the department shall be forthwith organized by the director thereof, subject to the approval of the governor, in such manner as he shall deem necessary to properly segregate and conduct the work of the depart- ment, and the director shall have power to appoint, in accordance with the civil service and other provisions of law, such deputies, officers and other expert and clerical assistants as may be necessary. The work of the department is hereby divided into at least four divisions to be known as the division of forestry, the division of parks, the division of fish and game, and the division of mines. 3736. The division of mines shall be administered through a chief who shall be appointed by the director of natural resources upon the nomination of the state mining board, the chief to be a technically trained mining engineer and to be known as the state mineralogist; such chief shall receive a salary of six thousand dollars per annum. General policies for the guidance of the division of mines shall be determined by a board to be known as the state mining board, which shall consist of five members appointed by and to hold office at the pleasure of the governor. 373c. The division of forestry shall be administered through a chief of division who shall be known as the state forester, who shall be a technically trained forester, appointed by the director of natural resources upon nomination by the state board of forestry hereinafter provided. General policies for the guidance of the division of forestry shall be determined by a state board of forestry which shall consist of seven members appointed by and holding office at the pleasure of the governor. Of the seven members one shall be familiar with the pine timber industry, one with the redwood industry, one with the live stock industry, one with general agriculture and one with the problems of water conservation. 373d. The division of parks shall be administered through a chief of division who shall be appointed by the director of natural resources upon nomination by the state park commission hereinafter provided. General policies for the administra- tion of the state park system shall be determined by the state park commission 214 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA which is hereby created to consist of five members appointed by the governor and holding office at his pleasure. 373e. The division of fish and game shall be administered through a fish and game commission consisting of three members appointed by and holding office at the pleasure of the governor. 373/. The chiefs of the divisions of forestry and parks respectively shall receive such salaries as may be determined by the director with the approval of the governor. The director of natural resources and the chief of each division before entering upon his duties shall execute to the State of California an official bond in the penal sum of twenty-five thousand dollars conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties. The members of the board of forestry, the state parks commission and fish and game commission shall serve without compensation, but shall be entitled to their actual expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. SlSg. The department of natural resources shall succeed to and is hereby invested with all the duties, powers, purposes, responsibilities and jurisdiction of the state mining bureau, state mineralogist, department of petroleum and gas, state oil and gas supervisor, state forester, state board of forestry, California redwood park commission, San Pasqual battlefield commission. Mount Diablo park commission, state fish and game commission, state fish and game commissioners, and, except as herein otherwisee provided, of the several officers, deputies and employees of such bodies and offices, and whenever by the provisions of any statute or law now in force or that may hereafter be enacted a duty or jurisdiction is imposed or author- ity conferred upon any of said officers, offices, bodies, deputies or employees by any statute the enforcement of which is transferred to the department, such duty, juris- diction and authority are hereby imposed upon and transferred to the department of natural resources and the appropriate officers thereof with the same force and effect as though the title of said department of natural resources had been specifically set forth and named therein in lieu of the name of any such body, office, officer, deputy or employee. Said bodies and offices, the duties, powers, purposes, responsi- bilities and jurisdiction of which are so transferred and vested in the department of natural resources, and the positions of all officers, deputies and employees thereunder, are and each of them is hereby abolished and shall have no further legal existence, but the statutes and laws under which they existed and all laws prescribing their duties, powers, purposes, responsibilities and jurisdiction, together with all lawful rules and regulations established thereunder are hereby expressly continued in force. The department of natural resources shall be in possession and control of all records, books, papers, offices, equipment, supplies, moneys, funds, appropriations, land and other property real or personal now or hereafter held for the benefit or use of said bodies, offices and officers. The boards of district oil and gas commissioners, the offices of district oil and gas commissioners and the board of review, correction and equalization created by the act approved June 10, 1915, establishing the department of petroleum and gas, are hereby respectively continued in force wiith the powers, duties, responsibilities and jurisdiction in them vested by the provisions of said act approved June 10, 1915, as amended ; provided, that said board of review shall consist of the director of natural resources, the director of finance and the chairman of the state board of equalization. 373fe. The management and control of the property acquired by the State of California under or pursuant to the provisions of the act entitled "An act to accept the gift to the state of San Pasqual battlefield in San Diego county, to provide for collecting and systematizing the history of said battle, for determining the exact location thereof, and to report a suitable method of marking said battlefield and commemorating the heroism of those Americans who fought and died there," approved May 11, 1919, is hereby transferred to and vested in the department of natural resources. • 373t. From and after the date upon which this act takes effect, the department of natural resources shall be and is hereby authorized and empowered to expend the moneys in any appropriation or in any special fund in the state treasury now remaining or made available by law for the administration of the provisions of all the statutes the administration of which is committed to the department, or for the use, support, or maintenance of any board, bureau, commission, department, office or officer whose duties, powers, and functions are, by the provisions of this article, transferred to and conferred upon the department of natural resources. Such expenditures by the department shall be made in accordance with law in carrying out the purposes for which such appropriations were made or such special funds created. PUBLICATIONS 215 PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION OF MINES During the past fifty-one years, in carrying out the provisions of the ( rganic act creating the former California State Mining Bureau, there have been published many reports, bulletins and maps which go to make up a library of detailed information on the mineral industry of the State, a large part of which could not be duplicated from any other source. One feature that has added to the popularity of the publications is that many of them have been distributed without cost to the public, and even the more elaborate ones have been sold at a price which barely covers the cost of printing. Owing to the fact that funds for the advancing of the work of this department have often been limited, many of the reports and bulletins mentioned were printed in limited editions which are now entirely exhausted. Copies of such publications are available, however, in the oflSce of the Division of Mines, in the Ferry Building:, San Francisco; Bankers Building, Los Angeles; State Office Building, Sacramento; Redding; Santa Maria; Santa Paula; Coalinga; Taft; Bakersfield. They may also be found in many public, private and technical libraries in California and other states, and foreign countries. A catalog of all publications from 1880 to 1917, giving a synopsis of their contents, is issued as Bulletin No. 77. Publications in stock may be obtained by addressing any of the above offices and enclosing the requisite amount in the case of publications that have a list price. Only coin, stamps or money orders should be sent, and it will be appreciated if remittance is made in this manner rather than by personal check. The prices noted include delivery charges to all parts of the United States. Money orders should be made payable to the Division of Mines. Note. — The Division of Mines frequently receives requests for some of the early reports and bulletins now out of print, and it will be appreciated if parties having such publications and wishing to dispose of them will advise this office. 216 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA REPORTS Asterisks (•♦) indicate the publication is out of print. ♦♦First Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1880, 43 pp. Henry G ^^^^^ Hanks ♦♦Second Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1882, 514~ppT,"4~must"ra" tions, 1 map. Henry G. Hanks ♦♦Third Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1883, 111 pp., 21 illustra- tions. Henry G. Hanks , ""Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1884, 410 pp., 7 illustra- tions. Henry G. Hanks ♦♦Fifth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1885, 234 pp., 15 illustra- tions, 1 geological map. Henry G. Hanks ♦♦Sixth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, Part I, 1886, 145 pp., 3 illustrations, 1 map. Henry G. Hanks ♦♦Part II, 1887, 222 pp., 36 illustrations. William Irelan, Jr ♦♦Seventh Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1887, 315 pp. William Irelan, Jr ♦♦Eighth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1888, 948 pp., 122 illustra- tions. William Irelan, Jr ♦♦Ninth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1889, 352 pp., 57 illustra- tions, 2 mnps. William Irelan. Jr ♦♦Tenth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1890, 983 pp., 179 illustra- tions, 10 maps. William Irelan, Jr Eleventh Report (First Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the two years ending September 15, 1892, 612 pp., 73 illustrations, 4 maps. William Irelan, Jr $1.00 ♦♦Twelfth Report (Second Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the two years ending September 15, 1894, 541 pp., 101 illustrations, 5 maps. J. J. Crawford— ♦*Thirteenth Report (Third Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the two years ending September 15, 1896, 726 pp., 93 illustrations, 1 map. .7. J. Crawford Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1913-1914, Fletcher Hamilton : **Minps and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties, 172 pp., paper Mines and Mineral Resources, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Yolo Counties. 208 pp., paper .50 ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Coun- ties, 59 pp., paper ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Fresno, Kern, Kings. Madera, Mariposa, Merced, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties, 220 pp., paper ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties, 113 pp., paper -r ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties, 180 pp.. paper ♦♦Fourteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, for the Biennial Period 1913- 3914. Fletcher Hamilton, 1915: A General Report on the Mines and Mineral Resources of Amador, Calaveras. Tuolumne, Colusa, Glenn. Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo. Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, San Diego, Imperial, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties, 974 pp., 275 illustra- tions, cloth . Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1915-1916. Fletcher Hamilton : ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Alpine, Inyo and Mono Counties, 176 pp., T^O r\QT» _ • ___« — _->^ — — — — — — — — — _ — ——«--» — — — — — — — Mines and Mineral Resources, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama Counties, 91 pp.. paper -50 Mines and Mineral Resources, El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yuba Counties. 198 pp.. paper .65 Mines and Mineral Resources. Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Snntn Barbara nnd Ventura Counties. 183 J)^^.. paper .65 ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside Counties, 136 pp.. paper ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources. San Bernardino and Tulare Counties, 186 pp., paper PUBLICATIONS 217 REPORTS— Continued Asterisks (•*) Indicate the publication is out of print **Fifteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, for the Biennial Period 1915- 1916, Fletcher Hamilton, 1917 : A General Report on the Mines and Mineral Resources of Alpine, Inyo, Mono, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter, Tehama, Placer, Sacramento, Yuba, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties, 990 pp., 413 illustrations, cloth Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period 1917-1918, Fletcher Hamilton : Mines and Mineral Resources of Nevada County, 270 pp., paper $0.75 Mines and Mineral Resources of Plumas County, 188 pp., paper .50 Mines and Mineral Resources of Sierra County, 144 pp., paper .50 Seventeenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1920, 'Mining in California during 1920,' Fletcher Hamilton ; 562 pp., 71 illustrations, cloth 1.75 Eighteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1922, 'Mining in California,* Fletcher Hamilton. Chapters published monthly beginning with Jan- unry, 1922: ♦♦January, ♦♦February, ♦♦March, ♦♦April, ♦♦May, ♦♦June, July, August, ♦♦September, October, November, December, 1922 Free Chapters of Nineteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia,' Fletcher Hamilton and Lloyd L. Root. January, February, March, September, 1923 Free Chapters of Twentieth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly. January, April, ♦♦July, October. 1924. per copy .25 Chapters of Twenty-first Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in California,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : January. 1925. Mines and Mineral Resources of Sacramento, Monterey and Orange Counties .25 April. 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Calaveras, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Ventura Counties .25 July. 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Del Norte, Humboldt and San Diego Counties .25 October. 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Siskiyou, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties .25 Chapters of Twenty-second Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in California,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : January, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of Trinity and Santa Cruz Counties .25 April, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of Shasta. San Benito and Impe- rial Counties .25 July. 1926. Mines and Mineral Resources of Marin and Sonoma Counties .25 October, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of El Dorado and Inyo Counties, also report on Minaret District, Madera County .25 Chapters of Twenty-third Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia.' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : January, 1927. Mines and Mineral Resources of Contra Costa County ; Santa Catalina Island .25 April. 1927. Mines and Mineral Resources of Amador and Solano Counties .25 .July. 1927. Mines and Mineral Resources of Placer and Los Angeles Counties .25 October. 1927, Mines and Mineral Resources of Mono County .25 Chapters of Twenty-fourth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia.' Tiloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : Januarv. 1928. Mines and Minernl Resources of Tuolumne Coimty .25 April, 1928, Mines and Mineral Resources of Mariposa County .25 ♦♦July, 1928. Mines and Mineral Resources of Butte and Tehama Counties.. October, 1928, INIines and Mineral Resources of Plumas and Madera Counties .25 Chapters of Twenty-fifth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia.* Walter W. Bradley. Published quarterly : Janunry. 1929. Mines and Mineral Resources of Lassen, Modoc and Kern Counties: also on Special Placer Machines .25 April, 1929, Mines and Mineral Resources of Sierra, Napa, San Francisco and San Mateo Counties .25 July. 1929. Mines and Mineral Resources of Colusa, Fresno and Lake Counties .25 October. 1929. Mines and Mineral Resources of Glenn, Alameda, Mendocino and Riverside Counties .25 Chapters of Twenty-sixth Report of the State Mineralogist 'Mining in Cali- fornia.* Walter W. Bradley. Published quarterlv : January, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Santa Clara County ; also Barite in California .25 218 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA REPORTS— -Continued Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Price April, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Nevada County ; also Mineral Paint Materials in California $0.25 July, 19:J0, Mines and Mineral Resources of Yuba and San Bernardino Counties; also Commercial Grinding Plants in California .25 Chapters of Twenty-seventh Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- fornia', Walter W. Bradley. Published quarterly: January, 1931, Preliminary Rei)ort on Economic Geology of the Shasta Quadrangle. Beryllium and Beryl. The New Tariff and Nonmetallic Products. Crystalline Talc. Decorative Effects in Concrete .25 April, 1931, Stratigraphy of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Diatoms and Silico- flagellates of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Foraminifera of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Geology of Santa Cruz Island .25 Subscription, $1.00 in advance (by calendar year, only). Chapters of State Oil and Gas Supervisor's Report : Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields, July, 1918, to March, 1919 (one volume) Free Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields. Published monthly, begin- ning April, 1919 : **April, **May, June, **July, **August, **September, **October, November, ♦♦December, 1919 Free January, February, March, April, **May, June, July, **August, September, October, November, December, 1920 Free January, **February, **March, **April, May, June, **July, August, ♦♦September, ♦♦October, ♦♦November, ♦♦December, 1921 Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1922 — Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October. November, December, 1923 Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October. November, December, 1924 Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October. November, December, 1925 — Free January, February, March, April, May. June, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1920 Free January, February, March, April, Mny, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1927 Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, 1928 Free PUBLICATIONS 219 BULLETINS Asterisks (♦•) indicate the publication is out of print. Price ♦♦Bulletin No. 1. A Description of Some Desiccated Human Remains, by Winslow Anderson. 1888, 41 pp., 6 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 2. Methods of Mine Timbering, by W. H. Storms. 1894, 58 pp., 75 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 3. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of Central Valley of California, by W. L. Watts. 1894, 100 pp., 13 illustrations, 4 maps_ ♦♦Bulletin No. 4. Catalogue of Californian Fossils, by J. 0. Cooper, 1894, 73 pp., 07 illustrations. (Part I was published in the Seventh Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1887.) ♦♦Bulletin No. 5. The Cyanide Process, 1894, by Dr. A. Scheidel. 140 pp., 40 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 0. California Gold Mill Practices, 1895, by E. B. Preston, 85 pp., 46 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 7. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for the year 1894, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 8. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for the year 1895, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 9. Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc., by Hans C. Behr. 1896, 210 pp., 200 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin Xo. 10. A bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palaeontology and Mineral Resources of California, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1896, 121 pp _ ♦♦Bulletin No. 11. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ven- tura and Santa Barbara Counties, by W. L. Watts. 1897, 94 pp., 6 maps. 31 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. IL*. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1890, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 13. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1897, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 14. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1898, by Charles G. Yale ♦♦Bulletin No. 15. Map of Oil City Fields, Fresno County, by John H. Means. 1899 ** Bulletin No. 16. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California, by A. S. Cooper. 1899, 39 pp., 29 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1899, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 18. Mother Lode Region of California, by W. H. Storms. 1900, 154 pp., 49 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 19. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of California, by W. L. Watts. 1900, 236 pp., 60 illustrations, 8 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau, by W. L. Watts. 1901, 21 pp. This bulletin contains a brief statement of the progress. of the mineral industry in California for the four years ending December, 1899 ♦♦Bulletin No. 21. Mineral Production of California by Counties, by Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet Bulletin No. 23. The Copper Resources of California, by P. C. DuBois, F. M. Anderson, J. H. Tibbits and G. A. Tweedy. 1902, 282 pp., 69 illustrations, 9 maps ______—_-_ *0-50 ♦♦Bulletin No. 24. The Saline Deposits of California, by G. E. Bailey. 1902, 216 pp., 99 illustrations, 5 maps __— — __ __ ♦♦Bulletin No. 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1901. by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet . --j— ♦♦Bulletin No 26. Mineral Production of California for the Past Fifteen Years, bv Charles G. Yale. 1902. Tabulated sheet—-— ..—^-- ♦♦Bulletin No. 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California, by William Forstner. 1903, 273 pp., 144 illustrations 8 maps — -- -- - ♦♦Bulletin No. 28. Mineral Production of California for 1902, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet _____ — __ ♦♦Bulletin No. 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1903. Tabulated sheet___-__ _ ♦♦Bulletin No. 30. Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Paleontology and Mineral Resources of California, by A. W. Vogdes. 1903. 290 PP-— -- ♦♦Bulletin No. 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum, by H. N. Cooper. 1904. Tabulated sheet — -_ _ ---p,--- — r~r~£r-i ♦♦Bulletin No 32. Production and Use of Petroleum in California, by Paul W Prutzman. 1904, 230 pp., 116 illustrations, 14 maps 220 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA BULLETINS— Continued Asterisks (♦•) indicate the publication is out of print. Price ♦♦Bulletin No. 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1903, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1904. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 35. Mines and Minerals of California, by Charles G. Yale. 1904, 55 pp., 20 county maps. Relief map of California ♦♦Bulletin No. 36. Gold Dredging in California, by J. E. Doolittle. 1905. 120 pp., 66 illustrations, 3 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 37. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California, by George F. Kunz. 1905, 168 pp., 54 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 38. Structural and Industrial Materials of California, by Wm. Forstner, T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore and L. H. Eddy. 1906, 412 pp., 150 illustrations, 1 map ♦♦Bulletin No. 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1904, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1905. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 41. Mines and Minerals of California for 1904, by Charles G. Yale. 1905, 54 pp., 20 county maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 44. California Mines and Minerals for 1905, by Charles G. Yale. 1907, 31 pp.. 20 county maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California, by J. A. Edman. 1907. 10 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 46. General Index of Publications of the California State Mining Bureau, by Charles G. Yale. 1907, 54 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 47. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1906, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1906 ♦♦Bulletin No. 49. Mines and Minerals of California for 1906, by Charles G. Yale. 34 pp Bulletin No. 50. The Copper Resources of California, 1908, by A. Haus- mann, J. Kruttschnitt, Jr., W. E. Thome and J. A. Edman. 366 pp., 74 illustrations. (Revised edition.) $1.00 ♦♦Bulletin No. 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907, by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 52. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years, by D. H. Walker. 1907. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 53. Mineral Production of California for 1907, with County Maps, by D. H. Walker. 62 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. H. Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 55. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two Years, by D. H. Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 56. Mineral Production for 1908, with County Maps and Mining Laws of California, by D. H. Walker. 78 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 57. Gold Dredging in California, by W. B. Winston and Chas. Janin. 1910, 312 pp.. 239 illustrations. 10 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. H. Walker. 1909. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 59. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three Years, by D. H. Walker. 1909. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 60. Mineral Production for 1909, with County Maps and Mining Laws of California, by D. H. Walker. 94 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910, by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years, by D. H. Walker. 1910. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 63. Petroleum in Southern California, by P. W. Prutzman. 1912. 430 pp., 41 illustrations. 6 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 64. Mineral Production for 1911, bv E. S. Boalich. 40 pp. I~ ♦♦Bulletin No. 65. Mineral Production for 1912. by E. S. Boalich. 64 pp.__ ♦♦Bulletin No. 66. Mining Laws of the United States and California. 1914, 89 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 67. Minornls of California, by Arthur S. Eakle. 1914. 226 pp. (See Bulletin 91) ♦♦Bulletin No. 68. Mineral Production for 1913, with County Maps and Mining Laws, by E. S. Boalich. 160 pp PUBLICATIONS 221 BU LLETI NS->Continued Asterisks (*•) indicate the publication is out of print. Price ♦♦Bulletin No. 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18 by 22), by R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring. 1914, 519 pp., 13 illustrations, 83 figs. [18 plates in accompanying folio.] ♦♦Bulletin No. 70. Mineral Production for 1914, with County Maps and Mining Laws. 184 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 71. Mineral Production for 1915, with County Maps and Mining Laws, by Walter W. Bradley. 193 pp., 4 illustrations •♦Bulletin No. 72. The Geologic Formations of California, by James Perrin Smith. 1916, 47 pp ♦♦Reconnaissance Geologic Map (of which Bulletin 72 is explanatory), in 23 colors. Scale : 1 inch = 12 miles. Mounted ♦♦Bulletin No. 73. First Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- visor of California, for the Fiscal Year 1915-16, by R. P. McLaughlin. 278 pp., 26 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 74. Mineral Production of California in 1916, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 179 pp., 12 illustrations ♦♦Bulletin No. 75. United States and California Mining Laws. 1917, 115 pp., paper Bulletin No. 76. Manganese and Chromium in California, by Walter W. Bradley, Emile Huguenin. C. A. Logan, W. B. Tucker and C. A. Waring. 1918, 248 pp., 51 illustrations, 5 maps, paper $0.50 Bulletin No. 77. Catalogue of Publications of California State Mining Bureau, 1880-1917, by E. S. Boalich. 44 pp., paper ^ Free Bulletin No. 78. Quicksilver Resources of California, with a Section on Metallurgy and Ore-Dressing, by Walter W. Bradley. 1919, 389 pp., 77 photographs and 42 plates (colored and line cuts), cloth 1.50 Bulletin No. 79. Magnesite in California, by Walter W. Bradley. 1925, 147 pp., 62 photographs, 11 line cuts and maps, cloth 1.00 tBuUetin No. 80. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium in California. (In preparation.) tBulletin No. 81. Foothill Copper Belt of California. (In preparation.) ♦♦Bulletin No. 82. Second Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- visor, for the Fiscal Year 1916-1917. by R. P. McLaughlin. 1918, 412 pp., 31 illustrations, cloth Bulletin No. 83. California Mineral Production for 1917, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 179 pp., paper Free ♦♦Bulletin No. 84. Third Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- visor, for the Fiscal Year 1917-1918, by R. P. McLaughlin. 1918, 617 pp., 28 illustrations, cloth ♦♦Bulletin No. 85. Platinum and Allied Metals in California, by C. A. Logan, 1919. 10 photographs, 4 plates. 120 pp., paper Bulletin No. 86. California Mineral Production for 1918, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1919, 212 pp., paper Free ♦♦Bulletin No. 87. Commercial Minerals of California, with notes on their , uses, distribution, properties, ores, field tests, and preparation for market, by W. O. Castello. 1920, 124 pp., paper Bulletin No. 88. California Mineral Production for 1919, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1920, 204 pp., paper Free ♦♦Bulletin No. 89. Petroleum Resources of California, with Special Refer- ence to Unproved Areas, by Lawrence Vander Leek. 1921, 12 figures, 6 photographs, 6 maps in pocket, 186 pp., cloth Bulletin No. 90. California Mineral Production for 1920, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1921, 218 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 91. Minerals of California, by Arthur S. Eakle. 1923, 328 pp., cloth --- 1.00 Bulletin No. 92. Gold Placers of California, by Chas. S. Haley. 1923, 167 pp., 36 photographs and 7 plates (colored and line cuts, also geologic map), cloth . 1.50 Extra copies of the Geologic Map (in 4 colors) .50 Bulletin No. 93. California Mineral Production for 1922, by Walter W. Bradley. 1923. 188 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 94. California Mineral Production for 1923, by Walter W. Bradley. 1924, 162 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 95. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Randsburg Quad- rangle, by Carlton D. Hulin. 1925, 152 pp., 49 photographs, 13 line cuts, 1 colored geologic map, cloth 2.00 ♦♦Bulletin No. 96. California Mineral Production for 1924, by Walter W. Bradley. 1925. 173 pp., paper _- ♦♦Bulletin No. 97. California Mineral Production for 1925, by Walter W. Bradley. 1926, 172 pp., paper t Not yet published. 222 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA BULLETINS— Continued Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Price Bulletin No. 98. American Mining Law, by A. H. Ricketts. 1931, 811 pp., 23 illus., limp leather, pocket book $2.00 Bulletin No. 99. Clay Resources and Ceramic Industry of California, by Waldemar Fenn Dietrich. 1928, 383 pp., 70 photos, 12 line cuts includ- ing maps, cloth 1.50 **Bulletin No. 100. California Mineral Production for 1926, by Walter W. Bradley. 1927, 174 pp., paper ♦♦Bulletin No. 101. California Mineral Production for 1927, by Henry H. Symons. 1928, 311 pp., paper Bulletin No. 102. California Mineral Production for 1928, by Henry H. Symons. 1929, 210 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 103. California Mineral Production for 1929, by Henry H. Symons, 1930, 231 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 105. California Mineral Production for 1930, by Henry H. Symons, 1931, 223 pp., paper Free PRELIMINARY REPORTS ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 1. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, December, 1913. By R. P. McLaughlin. 4 pp ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 2. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, March, 1914. By R. P. McLaughlin. 4 pp Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. Boalich. 32 pp Free ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 4. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 1918. 34 pp. Paper ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 5. Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium and Tin. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 1918. 44 pp. Paper. Preliminary Report No. 6. A Review of Mining in California During 1919. By Fletcher Hamilton, 1920. 43 pp. Paper Free ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 7. The Clay Industry in California. By E. S. Boalich, W. O. Castello, E. Huguenin, C. A. Logan, and W. B. Tucker, 1920. 102 pp. 24 illustrations. Paper ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 8. A Review of Mining in California During 1921, with Notes on the Outlook for 1922. By Fletcher Hamilton, 1922. 68 pp. Paper MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ♦♦First Annual Catalogue of the State Museum of California, being the collec- ^ tion made by the State Mining Bureau during the year ending April 16, 1881. 350 pp 1 ♦♦Catalogue of books, maps, lithographs, photographs, etc., in the library of the State Mining Bureau at San Francisco, May 15, 1884. 19 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume II, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from April 16, 1881, to May 5, 1884. 220 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume III, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from May 15, 1884, to March 31, 1887. 195 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume IV, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from March 30, 1887, to August 20, 1890. 261 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the Library of the California State Mining Bureau, September 1, 1892. 149 pp ♦♦Catalogue of West North American and Many Foreign Shells with Their Geographical Ranges, by J. G. Cooper. Printed for the State Mining Bureau, April, 1894 ♦♦Report of the Board of Trustees for the four years ending September, 1900. 15 pp. Paper Bulletin. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. By Stephen Bowers, 1901. 19 pp. 2 illustrations. Paper ___ Free Commercial Mineral Notes. A monthly mimeographed sheet, beginning April. 1923 F^ee Leaflet, Mining Law (reprint). 19 pages I^ree PUBLICATIONS 223 MAPS Register of Mines With Maps. Asterisks (*•) indicate the publication is out of print ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Amador Ck)unty. ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Butte County. Price ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Calaveras County I"I~ ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County IZ_I ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Inyo County II ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Kern County II IIII ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Lake County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Nevada County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Placer County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Plumas County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, San Diego County Register of Mines, with Map, Santa Barbara County (1906) $0.25 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Shasta County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Sierra County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Trinity County ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Tuolumne County Register of Mines, with Map, Yuba County (1905) .25 Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City (1906) .35 OTHER MAPS ♦♦Map of California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50 x 60 in.) ♦♦Map of Forest Reserves in California ♦♦Mineral and Relief Map of California ♦♦Map of El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Madera County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Placer County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Shasta County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Sierra County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests ♦♦Map of Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests -- — ♦♦Map of Mother Lode Region ♦♦Map of Desert Region of Southern California Map of Minaret District, Madera County 20 Map of Copper Deposits in California .05 ♦♦Map of Calaveras County ♦♦Map of Plumas County ♦♦Map of Trinity County ♦♦Map of Tuolumne County Geological Map of Inyo County. Scale 1 inch equals 4 miles .00 ♦♦Map of California accompanying Bulletin No. 89, showing generalized classi- fication of land with regard to oil possibilities. Map only, without Bulletin Geological Map of California, 1916. Scale 1 inch equals 12 miles. As accurate and up-to-date as available data will permit as regards topog- raphy and geography. Shows railroads, highways, post offices and other towns. First geological map that has been available since 1892, and shows geology of entire State as no other map does. Geological details lithographed in 23 colors. Unmounted .75 Mounted 2.00 Topographic Map of Sierra Nevada Gold Belt, showing distribution of auriferous gravels, accompanying Bulletin No. 92 (also sold singly) In 4 colors -50 224 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA OIL FIELD MAPS These maps are revised from time to time as development work advances and ownerships change. Price Map No. 1 — Sargent, Santa Clara County $0.50 Map No. 2 — Santa Maria, including Oat Canyon and Los Alamos .75 Map No. 3 — Santa Maria, including Casmalia and Lompoc .75 Map No. 4 — Whittier-Fullerton, including Olinda, Brea Canyon, Puente Hills, East Coyote and Richfield .75 Map No. 5 — Whittier-Fullerton, including Whittier, West Coyote and Montebello .75 Map No. 6 — Salt Lake, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 7 — Sunset and San Emidio and Kern County .75 Map No. 8 — South Midway and Buena Vista Hills, Kern County .75 Map No. 9 — North Midway and McKittrick, Kern County .75 Map No. 10 — Belridge and McKittrick, Kern County .75 Map No. 11 — Lost Hills and North Belridge, Kern County .75 Map No. 12 — Devils Den, Kern County .75 Map No. 13 — Kern River, Kern County .75 Map No. 14 — Coalinga, Fresno County 1.00 Map No. 15— Elk Hills, Kern County .75 Map No. 16 — Ventura-Ojai, Ventura County .75 Map No. 17 — Santa Paula-Sespe Oil Fields, Ventura County .75 Map No. 18— Piru-Simi-Newhall Oil Fields .75 Map No. 19 — ^Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo County .75 Map No. 20— Long Beach Oil Field 1.25 Map No. 21 — Portion of District 4, Showing Boundaries of Oil Fields, Kern and Kings counties .75 Map No. 21A — Portion Kern and Kings counties .75 Map No. 22 — Portion of District 3, Showing Oil Fields, Santa Barbara County .75 Map No. 23 — ^Portion of District 2, Showing Boundaries of Oil Fields, Ventura County .75 Map No. 24 — Portion of District 1, Showing Boundaries of Oil Fields, Los Angeles and Orange counties .75 Map No. 26 — Huntington Beach Oil Field .75 Map No. 27— Santa Fe Springs Oil Field .75 Map No. 28 — Torrance, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 29 — Dominguez, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 30 — Rosecrans, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 31 — Inglewood, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 32 — Seal Beach, Los Angeles and Orange counties .75 Map No. 33 — Rincon, Ventura County .75 Map No. 34 — Mt. Poso, Kern County .75 Map No. 35 — Round Mountain, Kern County .75 Map No. 36 — Kettleman Hills, Kings County 1.25 Map No. 37 — Montebello, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 38 — Whittier, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 39 — ^West Coyote, Los Angeles and Orange counties .75 Map No. 40 — Elwood, Santa Barbara County .75 Map No. 41 — Potrero, Los Angeles County .75 Map No. 42 — Playa Del Rey, Los Angeles County .75 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the Division of Mines for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if received from points outside the State. It must be understood that no assays, or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on outside of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are prepaid. A letter should accompany sample, giving locality where mineral was found and the nature of the information desired. INDEX Page Agricultural limestone 107 Alameda County 2 132 Alpine County 132-133 Aluminum 26 Amador County 133 Amblygonite 108, 112 American Petroleum Institute, cited 27 American Potash and Chemical Co.'s plant 122 Andalusite lift Antimony 3G- 37 total production 37 Appendix 210-223 Aquamarine 103 Architectural terra cotta 97 Architecture and Allied Arts, cited 68, 76 Arrowhead Hot Springs, radioactivity at 111 Arsenic 3& Art Pottery 107 Asbestos 94, 162 producers, 1930 162 production by years 94 Ash, volcanic 112 Asphalt 6» Bancroft, H. H., cited 46 Barnes, R. M., cited 29 Barytas «. 95, 162 duty on 95 producers, 1930 162 total production 95 Ballast, railroad 90 Bauxite 26 Benitoite : 103 Bentonite 97, 102 Beryl 39, 103 Beryllium 38- 39 Bismuth 39 Bisque ware 97 Bituminous rock 69-70, 163 producers, 1930 163 total production 70 Borates 121, 123-124, 163 producers, 1930 163 production, 1864-1930 123-124 Bowles, O., cited ^ 85 Bradley, W. W., cited 29, 44, 56 Brick 70-72, 166-170 producers, 1930 166-170 production of various kinds 71 total production, 1893-1930 72 Bromine 124-125, 163 producer, 1930 163 Brown, J. R., cited 43 Building stone. (.See Granite, Marble, Sandstone, etc.) Bulletins, list of 218-221 Bush, R. D., cited 21, 23 Butte County 133-134 Cadmium 39- 40 Calaveras County 134 Calcium chloride 125, 164 producers, 1930 164 use on roads . 125 California, area of 131 map of, showing approximate location of oil fields 22 California State Chamber of Commerce, cited 66 Californite 103 Carbon dioxide gas (natural) produced 19 Casinghead gas 20, 21 Celestite 11» Cement 72-73, 164 natural 73 producers, 1930 164 total production 73 Chalcedony 103 Chapman-De Wolfe Building — 76 f 15—87473 226 INDEX , Page Chart, California, showing location of oil fields and districts 22 non-ferrous metals, current trend of world production 35 prices, copper, electrolytic 41 lead, common 49 silver, bar, bullion 58 ■zinc, slab 65 showing value of building permits in 51 cities and production of structural material, 1920-1930 67 showing value of production of most important structural materials, 1920- 1930 67 Chemical stoneware 97 Chimney pipe 97 Chinaware 97 Chromite 73-75, 165 imports of 74 occurrence of 74 producers, 1930 165 total production 75 uses 74- 75 Chrysoprase 104 Clay for oil well drilling mud 97 Clay, pottery 96-98, 166-170 producers, 1930 166-170 production, 1887-1930 98 products 97 uses of, other than for pottery 97 Cliche alloys 39 Coal 16-17, 171 producer, 1930 171 total production of 17 Cobalt 40 Colemanite 123 Collom, R. E., cited 29 Colusa County 134-135 Concrete, rock for i 90 Conduit 97 Contra Costa County 135 Copper 34, 35, 40-43, 171 chart, trend of world production 41 electrolytic copper prices 41 producers, 1930 171 production, 1882-1930 43 stocks of, in United States 42 United States production of 42- 43 Counties, mineral production of 14, 131—159 Crude oil, utilization of 30 Crushed rock 89-91, 198-208 producers, 1930 198-208 Cryolite 26 Cyanite 116 Curbing 77 Del Norte County 135-136 Department of Natural Resources Act 213-214 Diamonds 103 Diatomaceous earth 98-99, 173 producers, 1930 173 total production of 99 Directory of producers 161-209 Dolomite 99-100, 173 producers, 1930 173 total production 10 Drain tile 97 Dredge production of platinum 53 Dredging gold . 45— 46 Dumortierite 116 Duty on barytes 95 fluorspar 101 fuller's earth 102 graphite 105 glass sand 115 magnesite 81 manganese 50 molybdenum 52 soapstone and talc 118 tungsten 62 Economic conditions changed 12 El Dorado County ^ ^ 136 Electric smelting of ferro alloys 48 Eng. and Min. Jour., cited 35, 41, 54, 55, 58, 62, 64 Faience tile : 97 Feldspar ___: 100-101, 174 producers, 1930 . . 174 total production 100 Ferberite ^_ . ; 62 INDEX 227 Page Ferro-chrome by electric furnace 4g -manganese by electric furnace III Z ~ 48 -silicon by electric furnace ~~ 43 Fertilizers. (iSee Gypsum, Limestone, Phosphates, Potash.) Fire brick _ 71 clay III_II 97 Flue linings 97 Fluorspar 101 duty on ~~ Z 101 Freight, proportion of, from mines I_IZI I 12 Fresno County II 36-1 3 7 Fuels 16- 30 Fuller's earth 101-102, 174 duty on 102 producers, 1930 I74 total production 102 Garnets 104 Gas. (See Natural Gas.) Gasoline from natural gas 20, 21 Gavin, M. J., cited I ' 113 Gems 103-104, 175 producers, 1930 I75 total production 104 varieties — 103-104 Geysers, California, radioactivity at 111 Glass sand . 114, 115 duty on II5 Glenn County I37 Gneiss, for gems 103-104 Gold 34, 44-47, 176-178 number of operating properties 44, 45 principal producers 176-178 production by counties, 1930 45 total production . 46- 47 Goodyear, W. A., cited 17 Granite 75-78, 179 decomposed 90 producers, 1930 179 production, 1887-1930 78 varieties of, in California 78 Granules for roofing and stucco 90 Graphite . 104-105 duty on 105 total production -. 105 Gravel 88- 89 Greenstone granules 90 Grinding mill pebbles 87, 205 producers, 1930 205 Gypsum 106, 181 producer, 1930 181 total production 106 uses , , 106 Hanks, Henry, cited 24 Heikes, V. C, cited 45-46, 59 High-speed steels 62 Hittell, T. H., cited 47 Hollow building tile or blocks 71 Hiibernite 62 Humboldt County 137 Hyacinth 103 Hydrated lime 79 Hydraulicking at Canyon Creek, Placer Mine 44 Imperial County 138 Industrial limestone 106-107 Industrial materials 93-120 Infusorial earth 98- 99 Inyo County 138 Iridium. (See Platinum.) Iron ore 47-48, 181 producer 181 total production 48 Jade 103 Jewelers' materials. (See Gems.) Keene's cement 106 Kern County 139 Kernite 123 Kieselguhr ^ 98 Kings County 139-140 Knudsen, E. T., cited 20-21, 30 Kunzite 103 Lake County 140 Lassen County — 140 Lassen Peak 153 r 228 INDEX Page Lead 35, 48-50, 182 chart, prices, common 49 producers, 1930 182 production, 1877-1930 49- 50 trend of world production 35 Leipidolite 108 Lime 78-79, 182-183 producers, 1930 182-183 production, 1894-1930 79 Limestone 106-107, 182-183 dust 107 producers, 1930 182-183 production, 1894-1930 107 Lithia 108 Los Angeles County 141 Macadam 90 Madera County 141 Magnesite 79-82, 184 duty on 81 imports of 81 occurrence of 80 producers, 1930 184 production districts 79 production, 1887-1930 81- 82 uses of 80- 81 Magnesium salts 125-126, 185 producers, 1930 185 Manganese 50-51, 185 duty on 50 imports of, from Brazil 50 producers 185 total production 51 Map, outline of California, showing oil fields 22 Marble 82-83, 186 producers, 1930 186 production, 1887-1930 83 Marin County 142 Mariposa County 142 Marketing, importance of, to industrial groups 12 Medicinal salts 128 Mendocino County 142-143 Mercantile Trust Review, cited 46, 73 Merced County 143 Metals 34- 63 Mica 108-109 Minerals, county 131-159 industry, review of 11- 15 output by counties 14, 131 by substances 13 output, comparative value, 1929-1930 13 paint 109-110, 185 producer, 1930 185 production, 1890-1930 110 production, 1887-1930 15 water 110-111, 186-187 effect of prohibition on 111 producers, 1930 186-187 production, 1887-1930 111 total production of, by years 15 variety of, produced in California 13 Mining and Scientific Press, cited 26 Mining Bureau Act 210-212 Miscellaneous stone 86-92, 198-208 producers, 1930 198-208 production, 1893-1930 92 Modoc County 143 Molding sand 89 Molybdenum 51- 52 duty on 52 Mono County 144 Monterey County 144 Montmorillonite 102 Monumental stone 77 Morganite 103 Names of producers in 161-209 Napa County 145 Natural gas 17- 21 amount produced, utilized, wasted and stored 18 distribution 18 gasoline from 20- 21 pipe lines 18 production, 1888-1930 19-20 production and value 19 Nevada County 145-146 New Idria Quicksilver Mine 56 INDEX 229 Page >Tickel 52 Nitrates 126-127 Nitrogen, atmospheric, fixation of 127 Non-ferrous metals, world production of ■ 35 •Oil. (See Petroleum.) Bulletin, cited 21, 27 fields, map of approximate location of 22 in storage 30 shale 113-114 well data 28 well drilling mud 97 wells operated by fields 28, 32- 33 ■Onyx 83 Orange County 146 Osmium. (See Platinum.) Otaylite 102 Oxychloride cement 80 Pacific National Bank Bldg 68 Palladium. (See Platinum.) Paraffine oils 28 Paving blocks 87 Peat 16 Pebbles for grinding mills 88 Petroleum 21- 33 allotment by fields " — 27 average price by counties, 1921-1930 24 drilling and development 23 features of, 1930 21- 23 map of California, approximate location of oil fields 22 outlook 27 production, 1875-1930 24- 26 production and value by counties 23 production by fields 32- 33 production of light and heavy gravities 29 production statistics, 1929 23, 29- 33 specific gravity of 28- 29 statistics of well operations 32- 33 storage of 30 and price changes 23 utilization of 30 yield per day of wells 28 Phosphates 112 Pipe and distribution of natural gas 18 Placer County 146-147 Plaster and brick sand 88- 89 Platinum 53-55,188 consumption of, by industries 54 from blister copper 53 prices 54 producers, 1930 188 production of, 1887-1930 55 stocks , 54 uses, markets and consumption 53- 54 Plumas County 147 Porcelain ^ 9J Potash - 127-128,188 producers, 1930 -- 188 total production of 127-128 Pottery clays ::?§"?? Publications of State Division of Mines 215-222 Pumice ^^2' J?? producers, 1930 189 Pyrites 112-113.189 producers, 1930 189 total production --- ll* •Quartz -^^^Jlf crvstsils — — — — — — iuo •Quicksilver .II-I—I—IZIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 34, 55-58, 190-191 imports of 5< prices 7X«~, « J producers, 1930 -^?S~^^J production, 1850-1930 57- 58 production of, in United States 56- 57 uses of W Radioactivity of hot springs Iji Hed earthenware *^ roofing granules ,xV Rhodonite IJJ Riprap -■:= , ^" Riverside County oa Roofing granules \^ slate '>° tile 97 Rubble IZZIZIIZZIZIIZZZZI ,?? Rubies 1^** 230 INDEX Ruthenium. (See Platinum.) Page Sacramento County 148 Salines 121-130 'Salt cake' 129 Salt , 128-129, 192 producers, 1930 192 production, 1887-1930 129 San Benito County 148-149 San Bernardino County 149 San Diego County 149-150 San Francisco Bulletin, cited 24 County 150 San Joaquin County 150-151 San Luis Obispo County 151 San Mateo County 151 Sand 88 Sand and gravel 88-89, 198-208 producers, 1930 198-208 Sandstone 83-84, 193 producers, 1930 193 production, 1887-1930 84 Sanitary ware 97 Santa Barbara County 152 Santa Clara County . 152 Santa Cruz County 153 Sapphires 103 Scheelite 62 Schuette, C. N., cited 56 Semivitreous tableware 97 Serpentine : 84- 85 Sewer pipe , 97 Shale oil 113-114 Shasta County 153 Shoshonite 102 Sierra County . 154 Silica 1 114-115, 194 producers, 1930 194 total production . . 115 Sillimanite 116, 194 producers, 1930 194 Silver 34, 35, 58-60, 195-196 chart, prices, bar silver 58 trend of world production 35 principal producers '. 195-196 production by counties 59 production, 1880-1930 60 Siskiyou County 154 Slag for railroad ballast . 90 Slate 85-86, 196 producers, 19.29 196 production, 1889-1930 . 86 roofing granules 85 Soapstone 117-118, 197 duty on 118 imports of 118 producers, 1930 197 total production 118 uses 117 Soda ^ 129-130,197 producers, 1930 197 total production . 130 Solano County , 155 Sonoma County _ . , 155 Spark plugs, andalusite for 116 [Specific gravities of oil produced 28- 29 Spelter. (See Zinc.) Spessartite 104 Standard Oil Bulletin, cited :___ 30 Company, cited 21 Stanislaus County 155-156 State Mineralogist Report, cited 24 list of 215-217 Mining Bureau, cited : ; 12, 29 Oil and Gas Supervisor, cited. ; 21-23, 29- 33 Steatite 117 Stocks of copper in United States . 42 platinum in United States 54 Stone, miscellaneous 89-92, 198-208 producers, 1930 : 198-208 production by counties . : 90 production by years — 92 Stoneware 97 Strontium ^^___ 119 Structural materials 66-92 Stucco dash, granules for 90 INDEX 231 Page Sulphur 119-120, 209 Bank Mine _. 56 producers JL 209 Summary of operations, cited 21-23, 29- 33 Sutter County 156 Talc 117-118, 197 duty on 118 producers 197 uses 117 Tariff Act of 1930, cited 50, 52, 62, 81, 95, 101, 102, 105, 115, 116 Tehama County 156 Terra cotta 97 Terrazzo, granules for 90 Tile 97 Tin 60- 61 Titanium 61 Topaz 104 Tourmaline 103 Travertine 83 Trinity County 157 Tube mill pebbles 88 Tucker, W. B., cited 122 Tuff, used for building stone 78 Tulare County 157 Tungsten 34, 61-63, 209 duty on 62 imports 62 producers, 1929 209 total production 63 Tuolumne County 158 Turquoise 104 United States Bureau of Mines, cited 20-21, 42-43, 45-46, 53-54, 56, 59, 65 Census Bureau, cited 131 Geological Survey, cited 17, 62 Vanadium 63 Ventura County 158 Vitrified brick 71 Volcanic ash 112 cinders : 90 Water glass 114 Well data 28 Witherite 95 Wolframite 62 Yale, Chas. G., cited 47 Yolo County 159 Yuba County 159 Zinc 35, 64- 65 chart, prices slab zinc 64 total production 65 trend of world production 35 87473 1-32 2500 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. Call Numbers TN2U Calif* ^P^l, ^ of minesL A3 resources. Div. oi n^ ^ ^^^^^ Bulletin PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY LIBRAR'Y UlUVBaSITY OF CAUFQXmUl DAVU 181594 :.|H"^UNWRS!TY0FC,AUF0RN.J|DAV1S^ s'T'TtS 02235 5401 STATE OF CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF MINES CORDSALLY INVITES YOU TO VISIT ITS VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS MAINTAINED FOR THE PURPOSE OF FURTHERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF CALI- FORNIA At the service of the public are the scientific reference library and reading room, the general information bureau, the laboratory for the free determination of mineral samples found in the State, and the largest museum of mineral speci- mens on the Pacific Coast. The time and atten- tion of the State Mineralogist, as well as that of his technical staff, are also at your disposal. Office hours: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily. Saturday, 9 a.m. to 12 m. WALTER W. BRADLEY, State Mineralogist. Third floor, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. Branch Offices: 629 S. Hill St., Los Angeles; State Office Building, Sacramento; and Redding.