HN 80 UC-NRLF 3 13D 343 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Vol. XX June 15, 1919 No. 12 SOCIAL SURVEY SERIES, Nol 5 \ F'EB 1 3 1936 ARMOURDALE A City Within a City \/. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE, 19i;) Rntprpfl ns seoond-rlnaa mnftor December 29, 1910, nt the p under act ot July 10, 1804 [.awn-iu-p. K: BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Vol. XX June 15, 1919 No. 12 ARMOURDALE A City Within a City THE REPORT OF A SOCIAL SURVEY OF ARMOURDALE A COMMUNITY OF 12,000 PEOPLE LIVING IN THE INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS Manuel C. Elmer, Director of S^irvey Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Kansas Field Workers Members of the Classes in Social Surveys and Community Organization of the Department of Sociology, University of Kansas 1919 if KANSAS STATE PRINTING PLANT IMRI ZITMWALT, State Printer TOPEKA. 1919 8-1093 Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/armourdalecitywiOOunivrich ?^ (^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Foreword 5 History of Armourdale 7 Population IG The Government 18 Public Utilities 20 Health and Sanitation 28 Housing 33 Food Inspection 36 Methods of Handling Milk 40 Industry and Labor 42 Legal Restrictions and Regulations 49 Recreation 59 Clubs and Societies 70 Education 74 Remedial and Corrective Agencies 81 Religious Activities 86 Conclusions 90 920280 PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THE SURVEY. R. H. Albach Angeline J. Alexander Eleanor Atkinson Edith Banks* Martha Banker Laura Bell Lucile Bomgardner* Lois Burke Erma Brunette Mary Brunette* June Caffrey* Lilah Canavan Lida Campbell* Merrill Cissell B. F. Chambers Kathleen Carnie* Esther Cooper Dorothy Cole* Ima Cole Kathleen Davis Mildred Deets* A. Q. Decker Martha De Wald Ruth Darland E. A. Elliott Dempsey Elliot M. A. Etzenhouser Margaret Fairchild* Emily Ferris* M. A. Fite* Irene Fowden* Helen Forbes* Annette Fugate* Eunice Furney Katherine Fulkerson Mary Fronk Cornelius Foster Lois Greenlees Elsie Grant* Edyth Gould Ethlyn Green Jean Haines E. C. Hale Royal G. Hall A. J. Hay R. P. Hemphill Nellie Hohn* Lucile Hovey* Lois Hunt Dresden Hunter Doloris Keeling* Julia Kennedy* Muriel Klepinger* O. J. Lane Mary E. Larson* Irma Leon Mary E. McGaffey Fanny McCall* Carrol McDowell Estella McCafferty Margaret Melville* Alma Messing* Helen Naismith Mable Nixon Mariva Parkingson* Warren Pearson Edwina Peckham Clara Pittman Edith Phenicie Jessie Rankin* Olive Reynolds* Hattie Rinehart Dorothy Sandberg Rose Segelbaum* Pardaman Singh Bert Smith* C. A. Schlotterback* C. K. Schofstall Ellis L. Starett* Gladys Swiegart* Ethel Schaible N. F. Shaw Orva Solt Vivian Sturgeon Edith Symns J. Godfrey Stutz* Lulu Walling Mrs. M. R. Wheeler Neil M. Wherry* Edith Witcher Myrtle M. Young Those wlio (lid special work in securing data and field work. (4) FOREWORD. This study was made at the suggestion of Mr. Wilson of the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce. He very kindly offered the use of some valuable data which the Chamber of Com- merce had gathered and which was found to be of very great service in preparing this report. Reverend Brown, of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Armourdale, likewise fur- nished some very valuable data and many of the pictures in- cluded in this report. The house to house canvas was made by students in the class in social survey, and the study of specific problems was made by the class in community organizations, in the spring of 1919. Members of the class during the sum- mer session, helped in compiling the data secured. Officials and persons in charge of various lines of work which effect the activities of the people in Armourdale were very kind and helped and have made this study possible. Manuel C. Elmer. (5) SHAWNEE PARK. HISTORY OF ARMOURDALE, KANSAS. ARMOURDALE is a district of Kansas City, Kan., situated on the north bank of the Kansas river about a mile south of its junction with the Missouri river. Its total population numbers 12,825. As the town is an integral part of Kansas City, Kan., and as the history of Kansas City, Kan., is intimately associated with the history of Kansas City, Mo., it will be necessary, in the first place, to sketch briefly the history of these great and growing cities of the Middle West. Kansas City, Mo., was founded in 1800 by several French families who came to the mouth of the Kansas river from the French village of St. Charles. The settlement began to grow and take on new life after 1820 because of the strong tide of emigration from Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina. Westport was established in 1833 as a trading point in the state from the Indians west of the border. In the early forties the steamboat trade and the Mexican trade over the Santa Fe trail amounted approximately to $5,000,000 a year. At first Independence and Westport were rivals of Kansas City, but the superiority of the landing soon became recognized and the establishment of a new city in a short time became an assured fact. The depression caused by the war was partially re- moved by the protection given by the government to Santa Fe traders, and business boomed at once. As a result of this government protection and new business prosperity, in 1867, the Hannibal and St. Joseph bridge was built at Kansas City, Mo., an enterprise in which she was victorious over her rival, Leavenworth. Wyandotte and Quindaro, having recovered sufficiently from the border strife, began to take on a new growth, and new towns started up in the Kansas river valley. Kansas City, Kan., began to sound its pregnant note of existence about this time. The town was laid in 1857, and in 1868 the Kansas City Town Company was formed and later lots were sold. In October, 1872, the city of Kansas City, Kan,, was incorporated and in 1881 the governor of the state pro- claimed it a municipality of the second class. In 1875 a move- ment among the citizens of Kansas was begun for the building (7) 8 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. of a great city on their side of the river, and delegates came from all over the state to sanction this attempt. It was con- tended that the reasons for such a center were that the rail- roads which spread all over Kansas started from Kansas City, Kan., that the mass of trade would follow these railroads down to the wealth of the Kansas river, and then would be sent on to Chicago or St. Louis, since all eastern railroads have con- nections at this point, Armourdale was laid out in June, 1880, by the Kaw Valley Town Site and Bridge Company, which was composed of Bos- ton capitalists. The company owned a tract of land not in- cluded in the town site, which they sold for manufacturing purposes. The town was named after Armours, the great Chicago packers. In the spring of 1882 it had a sufficient population to be incorporated, and in 1883 the street railway was extended to connect Kansas City, Mo., Kansas City, Kan., Armourdale and Wyandotte, thus making the towns practi- cally one as far as transportation and business interests were concerned. The year 1886 marks the end of Armourdale and Wyandotte as separate municipalities, as it was in this year that both are incorporated into Kansas City, Kan. In 1910 Argentine became a part of the new city, and later Quindaro, Midland Park and Chelsea Park were added. Kansas City is one of the greatest manufacturing centers of the Middle West. It ranks second only to Chicago in the meat-packing industry. There are all sorts of industries in the city — stockyards, slaughterhouses, meat-packing plants, grain and flour mills, soap factories, barrel and box factories, structural steel, railroad iron, car wheels, scales, foundry products, implements, cement, oil refineries, zinc and chemical companies, baking company, ice, and tent and awning manu- factories. In Armourdale alone there are 29 factories: Sin- clair Oil Co., Ismert-Hinke Milling Co., Austos Milling Co., Proctor and Gamble Soap Co., Butte Milling Co., Southwestern Milling Co., Badger Lumber Co., Silicia Plant, Rock Island shops, Gun Stock factory, Baska 'Wet Wash Laundry, Clip- pinger Manufacturing Co., Union Pacific shops. Standard Oil Co., Morris and Co., Kelley Cooperage Co., Ruddy Packing Co., Uncle Sam Oil refinery, Peet Bros. Soap Co., Griflfin Wheel Works, Santa Fe terminal shops, Rock Island elevator, Alpine Ice Co., Wilson Packing Co., Swift and Co., Kansas City Fiber Armourdale — A City Within a City. 9 Box Co., Cudahy Packing Co., Kansas City Soap Co., and N. A. Kennedy Supply Co. Natural resources have also played no small part in the development and progress of Kansas City. There are four types of soil found in the district — clay loam which produces wheat, sandy soil which produces vegetables, loess on which alfalfa can be raised, and alluvium which yields vegetables and fruits. Limestone is found in the vicinity for making Portland cement and for building purposes. The Quindaro water works pumps from the Missouri river, and in 1909 the city bought the Metropolitan Water Works. The natural drainage is south to the Kaw river by several creeks, the largest of which is Jersey creek. Kansas City has many natural scenic advantages, which include an one hundred acre city park, bluifs and rivers. One very advantageous and com- mendable feature is that there is no monopoly on these natural resources. Armourdale, as a portion of this large metropolis, has had a very uncheckered career since its corporation with Kansas City, Kan., in 1886, with the exception of the flood of 1903, which damaged all Kansas City to the extent of $34,000,000, and hindered the growth of Armourdale particularly. After the flood the city spent millions of dollars to widen the river channel and build dikes, $1,750,000 of which was spent on the Armourdale dikes. This system of dikes, when properly man- aged and taken care of, affords ample protection to the town in flood times. The general character of the district is resi- dential in spite of the fact that a great deal of land in the beginning was sold for manufacturing purposes and that there are 29 factories in the district. Armourdale is bounded on three sides by the river and on the north by the Rock Island and Union Pacific railroads. The factories and industrial plants follow the river and railroads, and thus form a ring of industrial plants around Armourdale which is distinctly a resi- dential community. Most of the people are dependent in some way upon these industries,, although thousands of workers from other parts of Kansas City work in Armourdale indus- tries. Armourdale is a "city within a city." 10 Bulletin of the U7iiversity of Kansas. POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION. Armourdale is a unit within a city, which is in turn a part of a greater city. If it were not for this fact it might itself be a city with its 12,825 people, nearly one-seventh of the population of Kansas City, Kan. But because of its terri- torial restrictions, it is on the whole much more thickly peopled, as these figures show: Pojiiilation . Pnpulatioti Cifi/. 191S. j-t'f Arre. Kansas City, Kan 93,122 8 . 31 Armourdale 12,825 13 . 9 However, the greatest area of congestion in Kansas City is not in Armourdale but farther north, where the 27 blocks west of the Missouri river, and within the streets Reynolds, Seventh, and Ann, there lived in 1915, 5,175 people. Still there is one block in Armourdale, the one within Kansas avenue and Twelfth, Scott, and Valley streets, where there were 250 people living at the time of the survey. The areas of congestion lie in the blocks running north and west between Osage and Miami. The few negroes living in Armourdale are grouped north of Kansas avenue and east of Fifth street, and south of Miami and east of St. Paul street. The conditions arising from these facts of congestion will be discussed in a later section. Statistics were gathered from 1,400 families in regard to their length of residence in Armourdale. The answers given ranged from, "Long enough to get a shoe shine" to "Ever since Armourdale began." Nevertheless, interesting and sig- nificant facts may be gained from their study. Only about one-half of the families reported, but these 1,400 may be con- sidered a fair sample. And the things that are true of them will be true proportionally of the whole. LARGE PART OF POPULATION SHIFTING. Over fifteen percent have lived in Armourdale less than a year, one-third less than three years, while over one-third have lived there 10 years or more. It is small wonder that this transient population takes little interest in civic improve- ment. But better living and working conditions would keep these people in Armourdale for a longer residence. In the table given below the figures are but relatively true after the eighth year, as will be noted. This is due to the Armour dale — A City Within a City. 11 tendency of the people to give their length of residence in round numbers ; that is, in multiples of five. Note how few- give 29 years as compared with the number giving 30. TABLE SHOWING LENGTH OF RESIDENCE OF 1,400 FAMILIES IN ARMOURDALE. Tears No. Years Nn. residence. families. residence. families. Under 1 222 22 13 23 11 24 9 25 36 26 23 27 8 28 8 29 4 30 36 31 6 32 10 33 8 34 2 35 17 36 3 37 38 39 40 4 41 42 1 1 2 135 115 3 91 4 62 5 .... 56 6 53 7 48 8 45 9 22 10 53 11 19 12 38 13 16 14 22 15 42 16 28 17 13 18 32 19 13 20 54 21 22 Total 1,400 Armourdale's population is increasing at a very common- place rate. From 1910 to 1918 the percentage of growth was 18.6 ; while in Kansas City, Kan., as a whole, it was still less, 13.1. There are no separate figures for Armourdale previous to 1910. But the growth of Kansas City may be traced back to 1880, where we note a phenomenal increase during the en- suing ten-year period, exceeded only in the United States by that of Everett, Wash. Note the table below : TABLE SHOWING POPULATION AND GROWTH OF KANSAS CITY AND ARMOURDALE KanJias City, Percent Percent Date. Kan. t/roirth. Arinovrdolr. growth. 1880 3,200 1890 38,316 1,097 .4 1900 51,418 34.2 1910 82,331 60.1 10,812 1918 93,121 13.1 12,825 18 NINETY PERCENT NATIVE AMERICANS. The population of Armourdale has been increasing, due to the development of industries incident to the Great War and on account of the comparatively low rents. On the other hand is the outstanding fact that more people come from outside 12 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. this district to work in its factories than it itself furnishes. This is without doubt due to the congestion. Contrary to common belief, foreign immigration seems to be a small factor in growth. As a matter of fact, 90 percent of the inhabitants are native born ; only wards three and seven in Kansas City have a higher percentage. Notwithstanding the large number of deaths resulting from the "flu" epidemic and from pneumonia developments, the number of births in 1918 slightly exceeded the number of deaths. (See table 4.) Because of the development of factories within the borders, Armourdale is peopled almost exclusively by an industrial 'J'lIK HOPE OF KANSAS. GIVE THEM THE BEST. class of people. These people are simply sandwiched in be- tween the river on one side and the railroad tracks on the other. The excess of factories and the resulting high rents in the southeast part of the district tends to throw the popula- tion toward the north and west. But after all, Armourdale is much the same throughout. The statistics for births and deaths gathered in the survey proper were incomplete, but for the families reporting show 137 births and 123 deaths for 1918, On account of the shifting population, as shown above, the city depends not upon births primarily but upon the influx of new citizens for its size. Hence our attention was turned to a more careful considera- Armourdale — A City Within a CiUj. 13 tion of the deaths. The statistics given in tables 4 and 5 were secured from the State Vital Statistics Department at Topeka. It will be noticed that the death rate of Armourdale is slightly greater than that for Kansas City. There are, how- ever, three other facts of greater significance to be obtained from the first table. Note the very excessive death rate from pneumonia. Since influenza was the contributing cause for perhaps one-half of the pneumonia deaths, let us combine the rates. The results are : Kansas City, 822.5 ; Armourdale, 990.2. Here is a difference great enough to give us some concern. Why did more deaths result from these two in Armourdale than in Kansas City proper? The answer is not A MUCH USED ALLEY. far to seek. Improper home conditions ; lack of medical care — and the "flu" case too often developed into the deadly pneu- monia. There are many other variations, but the two, diseases of early infancy and the puerperal state, being excessive, may well be studied. Combining them, the respective rates for Kansas City and Armourdale are: 101.9 and 226.1. Or tak- ing data from table 5, the infant mortality (under two years old) for the two cities is 4.2 and 5.9 per one hundred. The causes for these facts may be found in the living conditions and the lack of education among the mothers. 14 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. The fact that the figures for both homicide and suicide, and syphihs favor Armourdale, is highly complimentary to that section of the city. It shows that the people there are cer- tainly not morally degenerate. TABLE 4. TABLE SHOWING DEATHS IN KANSAS CITY, KAN., AND ARMOURDALE IN 1918. (Ijisted according to the most common diseases.) Dviease. Pneumonia Influenza Tuberculosis Diseases of the heart. -Kansas City, Kan.- Rate per \o. deaths. 100.000. ... 503 ... 263 ... 135 ... 129 Bright's disease 123 93 90 86 80 70 38 32 25 24 24 23 22 20 ... 305 Apoplexy Accident Cancer Intestinal diseases Diseases of early infancy. . . Homicide and suicide Measles Puerperal state (childbirth) Senility (old age) Appendicitis Syphilis Typhoid fever Meningitis All others Total 2,085 Eate per 1,000 22. 540.1 282.4 144.8 138.5 132.1 99.8 96.6 92.3 85.9 75.1 40.8 35.4 26.8 25.7 25.7 24.6 23.5 21.4 r-A rmo u rdale.—^ Rate per \o. deiith-i. 100.000. 106 21 10 21 4 6 11 7 19 23 4 1 6 5 1 5 49 299 23.3 826.5 163.7 77.9 163.7 31.2 46.8 85.7 54.5 148.2 179.3 31.2 7.8 46.8 38.9 7.8 0.0 0.0 38.9 TABLE 5. TABLE SHOWING DEATHS IN KANSAS CITY, KAN., AND ARMOURDALE IN 1918. (Listed according to the age and sex of the deceased.) Af/e. Under 1 1- 2 3- 4 5- 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Totals 1,169 r-1 Kansas C 'Jity, Kai 1.-^ r- Armourdale.— ^ Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 142 119 261 28 27 55 77 60 137 13 8 21 23 22 45 5 7 12 34 46 80 8 15 22 22 23 45 3 5 8 64 36 100 8 4 12 46 56 102 10 8 18 83 86 169 9 22 31 83 60 143 6 5 11 92 56 148 14 6 20 59 43 102 2 4 6 60 33 93 6 4 10 128 81 209 15 9 24 123 87 210 9 10 19 90 61 151 6 6 12 40 40 80 10 6 16 3 7 10 2 2 916 2,085 151 148 299 Armourdale — A City Withm a City. 15 Especially noticeable is the fact in the above table that 25 percent of the deaths in Kansas City as a whole, including Armourdale, are of children under ten years of age. In Ar- mourdale alone, thirty-six percent of the deaths tvere of chil- dren under ten years of age. TABLE SHOWING THE FOREIGN POPULATION OP KANSAS CITY, KAN. Couiitrii. 1910. 1915. Austria 2,993 Belgium 152 .... Canada 368 344 Denmark and Sweden 1,018 9276 England 668 605a Germany 1,853 1,625 Greece 210 .... Hungary 274 .... Ireland 1,054 880 Russia 995 1,915 Scotland 135 117 Switzerland 102 .... Mexico 102 465 Italy 272 France 47 Spain 4 Other foreign countries 460 Total 10,384 7,201 a. Enerland and Wales. b. Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The 1910 report was obtained from the national census. The 1915 statistics are from the report of State Board of Agri- culture, which gives none for Austria Hungary, Belgium and Greece, while the national census gives none for Italy, France and Spain. The latter may be included in some others or else omitted. The total population in Kansas City, Kan., in 1910 was 82,331. In 1915, 91,685. These statistics are not complete, but taking that fact into account and interpreting the sta- tistics, it is very significant that in 1910 the foreign popula- tion in Kansas City is a very small percentage of the entire population. In 1915 the percentage is still lower. The state report gives the following not included in the above table: Colored, including Chinese and Indians, 9,675; others north of Europe, 206 ; others south of Europe, 4,991. 16 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. ARMOURDALE HAS SMALL FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION. TABLE SHOWING THE FOREIGN BORN IN ARMOURDALE, NATURALIZED AND UNNATURALIZED. Coinifrii. Naturalized. Unnaturalized. Total. Ireland '. : 153 38 191 Russia 10 154 164 Mexico 22 320 342 England 34 19 53 Wales 7 ... 7 Norway 5 ... 5 Belgium 10 10 Canada 13 ... 13 Bulgaria 10 10 France 3 3 Serbia 5 5 China 1 2 3 Turkey 1 ... 1 Rumania . 1 1 Germany 93 43 136 Greece 2 218 220 Italy 17 39 56 Hungary 1 2 3 Switzerland 5 ... 5 Denmark 11 1 12 Sweden 8 ... 8 Austria 3 ... 3 Scotland 9 ... 9 Total 396 853 1,249 — I-.-. VIADUCT AND PACKING PLANTS. The total population of Armourdale is 12,825. From the statistics just given it shows the population of Armourdale is from 10 to 12 percent foreign born, or the population may be summed up: Native born, 90 percent, of which only about 3 Armourdale — A City Within a City. 17 percent are Negro; and having foreign or mixed parents, 10 percent; foreign born, 10 percent. The figures just given on Armourdale were obtained by the survey made by the Kansas City, Kan., Chamber of Commerce in 1918. This shows that in 1918 about 34 percent of the foreign population of Armourdale are naturalized. The 1910 census report shows that of the foreigners of voting age 48 percent are naturalized. The same report shows that out of the seven wards of Kansas City, Kan., wards one, two, four and five have a higher percent of foreign born than Ar- mourdale. OSAGE AVENUE. SUMMARY. Armourdale is a community which is having a steady growth. The growth is due, not so much to births over deaths, which is small, as to the influx of peoples from the outside. The foreign population is very small, approximately 90 percent being native born, and of the foreign born, about two-thirds are naturalized. Consequently any problems found in the com- munity are primarily American problems, and cannot be an- swered with the general statement that the conditions are due to the foreigners. 2 — K. U. Bui. — 109:^. 18 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. THE GOVERNMENT. ARMOURDALE community is known as the sixth ward. It is a part of the political unit, Kansas City, and has a gen- eral charter. A change was made nine years ago and the commission form of government was adopted. The require- ments for suffrage are that a person must be a legal voter of Kansas. The largest number of voters polled by any one nationality is polled by the American born, since they consti- tute practically the entire population. The chief political parties are republican and democrat and are very evenly divided. It is said that 80 percent of all the foreigners are democrats. There is a small number of adher- ents to the socialist party but their influence is comparatively small. The number of naturalized citizens who voted at the last national election was 3,389. LOCAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Local elections are held each year on the first Tuesday in April. As has been said before, there is the commission form of government with five elective officers who are elected at large. These elective officers are : 1. Mayor. 2. Commissioner of water works plus electric light. 3. Commissioner of parks and public property. 4. Commissioner of finance and revenue. 5. Commissioner of streets and public improvements. The departments in the local government are: 1. Street department. 2. Sanitary department. 3. Park department. 4. Fire department. 5. Police department. 6. Water and light department. 7. Finance. 8. Public buildings and grounds. The council is composed of three working men and two busi- ness men, and there are no lawyers or any officials represent- ing special interests. Armourdale — A City Within a City. TAXES. 19 The tax rate is 77.5 per $100. The assessed value on the basis of full value was $93,730,145. It has not been necessary to borrow capital to pay current expenses of the local govern- ment. In the last five years park and street improvements have been made on borrowed capital. There is a special im- provement fund of $1,675,596 for this. JOHN J. INGALLS SCHOOL. STATEMENT OF TAX LEVY. (Levied in 1916, available for 1917.) Tux rate ■ , per, $100, Amonnt iund. cents. levied. Protection of life and property 28.5 $257,757.90 Highways ' 9.5 13l',222.20 Health and sanitation 4.5 46,865 . 08 Recreation 3.4 31,868 . 25 Bond, sinking 15.0 105,915 . 06 Bond, interest 8.6 89,043 . 63 Park bond, sinking 3.0 21,557 . 93 Park bond, interest 4.0 37,492.07 Judgment 1.0 4^686150 Total levy 77.5 $726,408.62 AMOUNT APPROPRIATED FOR THE FOLLOWING DURING 1918. Tax rate Amov)H l>er $100. levied. 1. Schools $734,379.98 2. Sanitation ) a c ao o^r no 3. Health j 4.5 46,865.08 4. Streets 9.5 131,222.20 5. Civic Improvement 10.4 90,918 . 25 20 Bulletin of the Universitjj of Kansas. PUBLIC UTILITIES. STREETS. THE STREETS of Armourdale are to a very large extent paved. There are 10% miles of various kinds of paving. The amount and kind of paving found in Armourdale are as follows : Sheet asphalt 29,250 feet. Brick 44,875 feet. Bithulithic concrete 1,000 feet. Bithulithic asphalt 1,875 feet. Rock asphalt 500 feet. Plain macadam 2,500 feet. Hassam 6,500 feet. Total (feet) 86,500 feet. Total (miles 10% miles. RAILROAD YARDS. All the streets are laid out by the mayor and council in keep- ing with Kansas statutes covering this phase of public utili- ties. There is no stated width of streets, but in all cases they have been found to comply with the demands of the locality. All of the streets in localities needing it are provided with suit- able parking space, which adds materially to the appearance and convenience of the streets. There are in the way of bridges, two made of wood and one of concrete, besides a con- crete viaduct. The bridge of wood at Seventh street is con- Armourdale — A City Within a City. 21 demned most of the time and should be replaced with a more substantial one of something besides wood. Wood is the most expensive material in the long run of which a bridge or walks can be made. Street cleaning is not of the best. The streets at definite times are sprinkled with a water wagon and this is supple- mented by men with push brooms. After the street sweeper has swept the refuse into piles, he puts it into carts and dis- STREETS SHOW NEGLECT. poses of it. The streets are not cleaned often enough to meet the demands of the local situation, and because storm sewers are iyiadequate the streets are often very muddy and covered ivith filth. The ordinance applying to the laying out and caring for streets applies to alleys also, but they are not enforced, hence the alleys are complained about by a large number of citizens. Fifty percent of the alleys need repairs and a general clean- ing up. 22 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. TRANSPORTATION. It can be safely said that the street railways and other methods of transportation are adequate, but from the stand- point of operation are not satisfactory. If they met the de- mands of the ordinance (864) governing them it would be better for all parties concerned. The street railways are en- tirely owned and operated by private concerns. The taxicabs and other livery service are controlled or regulated by the municipality. During rush hours the street-car service does not meet the needs. This gives rise to much dissatisfaction, and often causes great inconvenience to the laboring people. HOMES OF FACTORY WORKERS. SEWERAGE AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL. In the first place, sewers do not cover all parts of the district, which is always a cause of much complaint. It would be very much to the interest of Armourdale citizens if they had an ordinance requiring all buildings to be connected with the sewer, but this cannot be done until sewers are extended so as to make it possible. The garbage that is not disposed of properly by reason of the absence of a garbage disposal system is thrown into the alleys, burned, or sometimes saved for some one's chickens. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 23 This has already in numerous cities proved its unworthiness and is recognized as a source of flies and disease. It would help matters greatly to have the city collect the garbage reg- ularly. There are individuals who collect garbage for personal gain if it is kept in good condition. This practice of casting refuse, sewage, and garbage into the alleys till such time as the individual sees fit to dispose of it means that most of the alleys must of necessity be in a questionable condition. DOING MY BEST TO CLEAN UP. Sewage proper should be disposed of by a sewage-disposal plant, but unhappily the city does not have one, consequently the sewage is dumped into the river. While this does not en- danger the water supply, which is taken from above the city, still it creates an offensive stream and jeopardizes the health of those living near the stream. Upon reliable information it can be stated that petitions for the placing of sewers have been pending for four years without action being taken on them. 24 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. There are no catch basins on Osage street below Twelfth street, and Osage is one of the chief business streets of Ar- mourdale. Armourdale has a drainage tax in addition to the regular tax of Kansas City, Kan., but such a small number of property owners live in Armourdale that the interests of the community are apt to be neglected. WATER SUPPLY. Armourdale secures its water from the Missouri river above the points where the sewers empty into the river. It can be said to the credit of Kansas City that the water plant is owned and operated by the city. Due to the excellent water provided, about 75 percent of the people are water subscribers, but only 44 percent, or 1,408 out of 3,126, homes have water connec- tions, and because of the lack of sewers and of a law compelling owners to connect ivhere possible, only 330 homes, or about 10 percent of homes are connected with sewer* The water is pumped from the river at Quindaro by centrif- ugal pumps to the plant, where it is allowed to settle in a series of settling basins. It is purified here by sedimentation through the aid of sulphate of alumina and lime. From these basins it is passed through rapid sand filters and is then steril- ized by using liquid chlorine. The laboratory shows that this produces very good results. There is no bacilli count, and the water gives a very high test. The water is pumped from the plant to an elevated reservoir in Argentine by fly-wheel steam pumps. The capacity is 19 million gallons. The consumption of water by Kansas City, Kan., Argentine, and Armourdale is 17 million gallons per day. The water commissioners estimate 75 percent of the resi- dents of Armourdale are water subscribers. Water mains do not extend to all parts of Armourdale. This makes it impos- sible to maintain the best standards of sanitation. FIRE PROTECTION. The fire protection of Armourdale is good, which indeed speaks well for the city. Next to water supply the fire protec- tion should be considered as being of great importance. There are two companies. Company 3 is a triple station, consisting of three automobiles, a hook and ladder wagon, a steamer, and a hose car. The whole is manipulated by a force * Statistics gathered by Chamber of Commerce, Kansas City, Kan. Armom'dale — A City Within a City. 25 of twenty men. Company 6 has a combination chemical and hose car run by eight men. While Armourdale has more units than most cities of its size, the addition of others would be a profitable investment because of the presence of numerous factories. During two months there were 37 fires due to defective flues, and 32 false alarms from one packing plant. These two features both re- sult in loss and expense and should be met. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. HEAT AND LIGHT. Armourdale secures its heat and light from a natural gas source, owned by a private corporation, and an electric light plant owned by the city. The cost of gas and electricity as compared to other cities is as follows : Electricity. — Armourdale rate, 6 cents, minimum, 75 cents ; Lawrence, 30 K. W., 10 cents, minimum, 75 cents. Gas. — Natural gas is available, but the price has been raised recently. Litigation over the legality of this increase in the cities of this region is now in progress. The franchise calls for lower-priced gas, but at a hearing a higher rate was al- lowed and the rates quoted are now being contested and the 35 cent rate demanded : Armourdale, 80 cents ; Kansas City, Mo., 80 cents ; Lawrence, 80 cents ; and Fort Smith, Ark., 25 cents. There are no municipally owned heating and power plants. 26 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. COMMUNICATION. The needs of the city are adequately met by the mail service. The mail is brought from the central station and delivered by postmen. The telegraph service is very satisfactory. There are two telephone systems, namely the Bell and the Home. As shown later on in this report, the proportion of unskilled laborers in Armourdale is very large, consequently, the pro- portion of telephone subscribers is much less than in the aver- age city the size of this community. MORSE SCHOOL. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Armourdale is poor in so far as public buildings, markets, and rest rooms are concerned. Nothing is existant except the small shelter in the park. This is used mainly by the children and is not in the best of condition. Nothing is being done to promote these necessary features of urban life. There is some discussion of an institutional church by the Methodists, and that may be the beginning of a series of needed features. The city is in immediate need of comfort stations, rest rooms and baths. There is not in existence any organization to en- Armourdale — A City Within a City. 27 courage the construction of the above desired features, neither is an attempt being made to improve the general appearance of the city except by some more or less spasmotic individual efforts. Armourdale can proudly point to the fact that tele- phone posts, lamp posts, and bill boards are not occupying con- spicuous places where they would mar the appearance of the locality. The bill board law is enforced. While nothing is being done in the way of tree planting, parking and beautifying in general, still it was learned that the commissioner of parks contemplated the building of con- siderable pavements, the location and nature of which has not been definitely decided. Armourdale is so situated that it might easily become a real beauty spot. This can only be brought about, however, through community action. Its location is such that persons engaged in the great industries of Kansas City find it conven- ient to live there. If the community is made a desirable place in which to live and establish a home, the adjacent industries will always be assured, a dependable and permanent supply of high-class laborers and the best class of people will continue to live there. A GOOD RESIDKNCE SECTION. 28 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. HEALTH AND SANITATION. WITH defective sewer system, privy closets unconnected with sewers, cisterns and dug wells, livestock, dirty alleys, no definite plan for garbage disposal, one must expect health and sanitation to be anything but good. While Kansas in many respects has desirable health laws, still lack of con- scientious enforcement makes the whole plan of prevention something of a failure. From 1,805 families the following facts were gathered (see comparison between Kansas City, Kan., and Armourdale, un- der Population) : Cases of sickness 1,776 Deaths 123 Births 137 The water supply of Armourdale is as follows : City water 1,181 Well water 167 Cisterns 63 Total of families 1,421 This compares favorably with report of water commissioner that about 75 percent of the people use city water. Families reporting livestock, including chickens, are as given below : Horses 28 Cows 10 Hogs 41 Chickens 185 Goats, sheep, etc 3 Total of families 267 The existence of livestock in such a densely settled section as Armourdale demands the greatest care. Many of the places keeping livestock do not take any precautions, and consequently the premises and surroundings become infested with disease- breeding flies. SEWER CONNECTION. An ideal residence community cannot be built up unless proper provision is made for the disposal of refuse. Here is a community of over 12,000 people living in a rather small area, surrounded by factories and industrial plants, and ivitJiout Armourdale — A City Within a City. 29 adequate provision for sewage disposal. Due to the small num- ber of persons living in Armourdale who are home-owners, the houses are not connected with sewer even where the sewer is built. From records in the Kansas City, Kan,, Chamber of Commerce, the following data were compiled : Homes with sewer connections 330 Homes without sewer connections 2,796 REAR UK A H(.)TE1 These statistics speak for themselves, and this in a residence section of our great, prosperous and growing Kansas City. The dry toilets are supposed to be emptied when vault is filled to within three feet of surface. But this law is not enforced. One can readily observe that health conditions will be remarkably improved when the above questionable con- ditions are righted. 30 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. QUARANTINE LAWS. Below are given extracts of various quarantine laws of Kan- sas which apply to the community of Armourdale : Quarantine of persons exposed to diseases: All persons exposed to, but evidently not sick with, a contagious disease shall be subject to the same rules as to quarantine as if they were sick with the disease to which they have been exposed, except as hereinafter specified. Quarantine of doubtful cases: In all instances of doubtful diagnosis, as for instance where the physician or health officer is unable to dis- tinguish positively between chickenpox, or between a diphtheria or severe tonsilitis, it is ruled that the public shall be given the benefit of the doubt, and quarantine restrictions which will protect the public against the more serious of the diseases suspected, shall be imposed. Diseases not requiring strict quarantine: (a) In all cases of infec- tions, contagious or communicable diseases which are not subject to regu- lations of quarantine as hereinafter specified, proper precautions shall be maintained to prevent the infection of others. (6) Persons afflicted with the following diseases shall be subject to this rule: Actinomycosis, anthrax, continued fever lasting seven (7) days, dengue, dysentery, ery- sipelas, favus, glanders, hookworm disease, malaria, ophthalmia neona- torium, pneumonia, rabies, tenanus and trichinosis. — Bulletin of the Kansas State Board of Health, Vol. XIII, August, 1917. Births are required to be reported within ten days. We have no statistics showing how physicians comply with this law. In answer to a questionnaire sent to the state and local boards of health we received word that in the state in general from 85 to 90 percent of the midwives report births regu- larly. In Kansas City 95 percent report regularly; also that in the latter place, which includes Armourdale, 20 percent of the births among the white population, and 35 percent among the colored population, are reported by midwives. There is no law in Kansas requiring the licensing of mid- wives according to training, examination, etc. Under the vital statistics law of the state they are required to register annually and to report births within ten days. The board of health of Kansas City answered that they are required to be registered but not annually. We do not understand this ex- ception from the state law, unless Kansas City, as in the case of New York City, makes its own health regulations. There are no regulations in the state covering supervision of midwives. Physicians and midwives are required to report cases of ophthalmia neonatorium ; the health officer is empowered to se- Armourdale — A City Within a City. 31 cure attention for uncared-for cases ; free prophylactic outfits are distributed to physicians and midwives. There is no law requiring the use of such prophylactic. We had hoped Kansas would introduce a law to this effect during the last session of the legislature. The Division of Child Hygiene has prepared and widely distributed model blanks for physical inspection of school children. During the year 1918 demonstration examinations were conducted by the director of the division in 14 towns. These demonstrations consisted of physical examination, as- sisted by local doctors of the children of one or more school rooms, a demonstration lecture in afternoon, and a public health lecture at night. These school inspection demonstra- tions have been followed by the establishment of a system of school inspection in the majority of these towns and employ- ment of school nurses in several. Kansas City, Kan., has no school clinics and employs no school nurses. Clinics for school children are held in Bell Memorial Hospital, Rosedale, on Saturday afternoons. There is -strong possibility that these clinics will soon be followed by the establishment of a proper system of physical inspection of school children in some nearby school districts. HEALTH AND SANITARY LAWS EFFECTING WORKERS. Kansas State Board of Health — Ninth Biennial Report and Bulletins, 1918. Washing facilities, with water, soap and towels, shall be provided in sufficient number and in accessible location to make washing convenient at all times. ' Work room floors and walls shall be kept clean and dry. Dressing rooms with individual lockers shall be provided, making pos_- sible the changing of clothing and the care of the clothing outside the work room. Ample lighting and so arranged that direct rays do not shine into the workers' eyes. Heat and ventilation shall be ample at all times to keep the workers comfortable and well supplied with fresh air. Drinking water shall be safe and fresh, cool and accessible, and in- dividual cups or bubble fountains shall be provided. Provisions shall be made for workers to eat their meals outside the work room in a clean, comfortable place. A suitable seat shall be provided for each woman employed and its use encouraged so that the worker may perform her labor with conven- ience, comfort and efficiency. All seats shall have backs and foot rests broad and firm enough to be convenient while working. Risks from machinery and danger from fire and exposure to dust, fumes and other occupational hazards shall be eliminated. 32 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. The chief inspector, or deputy inspector, or agent, or officer of the State Board of Health, or any local board of health, or police officer of any city, shall have full power at all times to enter and inspect every building, room, basement or cellar occupied or used for the production or sale, manufacture for sale, storage, sale, distribution or transportation of foods and drugs, and all utensils, fixtures, furniture, and machinery used as aforesaid; and if upon inspection any food- or drug-producing or distributing establishment conveyance, employee, operative, employer, clerk, driver, or other person is found to be violating any of the pro- visions of chapter 230, Session Laws of 1909, or the rules or regulations promulgated thereunder, or if the producing, preparation, manufacture, packing, storing, sale, offering for sale, distribution of food is being con- ducted in a manner detrimental to health of the employees and operatives and to character or quality of food, therein being produced, the officer or inspector shall furnish notice of said violation to the offender, and shall file complaint with the county attorney of the county in which said viola- tion occurs and notify the chief Food and Drug Inspector of such action. MILK REGULATIONS. 1. Unlawful to sell any kind of milk that is "impure, unclean, diluted, diseased, unwholesome or adulterated or which contains any bacilli coli communis or other pathogenic bacteria." 2. Each cow, the milk of which is sold, must be properly tested for tuberculosis by a competent veterinarian. 3. No milk shall be sold which has been exposed to or contaminated or affected by any human beings or animals sick with any contagious or infectious disease. 4. No milk shall be sold which contains less than eight and seventy- five hundredths (8.75) percent of solids, not fat, and less than three and one-quarter (3.25) percent of butterfat. No cream shall be sold which contains less than eighteen (18) percent butterfat. 5. If cream has been removed, can of milk must be marked with the words "skimmed milk." 6. All milk utensils must be thoroughly washed and sterilized. 7. All persons handling milk within city shall keep names of people or companies who supply milk, posted in a conspicuous place. 8. Duty of food inspector to visit, view and inspect all places and vehicles in which milk is sold, delivered, etc, Oydiyiance No HS78 — "The officer or inspector shall furnish notice of any violation to the offender, and shall file complaint with the county attorney of the county in which such violation occurs and notify the Chief Food and Drug Inspector of such action." State Board of Health issues monthly bulletins for instruc- tion. These are sent to physicians and any citizens who ask that it be furnished them. The State Board of Health has equipped a so-called "health car" which is open to everyone, showing the essentials of Armourdale — A City Withm a City. 33 hygiene and sanitation, care of infants, and care and regula- tion of communicable diseases. Recently there has been added to the educational program a number of publications regarding various aspects of social hygiene. These pamphlets are being widely distributed as a result of placing 1,200 war-measure posters in toilets of public buildings. An active campaign is being carried on by representatives of the surgeon-general's office among health officials of counties, as well as municipalities. There is needed a more rigid en- forcement of the law regarding the reporting of communicable diseases. Deaths are reported, but there is a lack of discussion of causes in the daily papers. No extensive work is done by the various societies for the prevention of diseases. In the year 1918-'19 there were 1,334 cases of sickness in 1,342 families, as follows: Meningitis 1 Nervous diseases 2 Neuralgia 10 Operations 16 3 68 1 Paralysis Pink eye . . . Pleurisy . . . Pneumonia Rheumatism Rupture Abscess Accidents Adenoids Appendicitis 3 Asthma 5 Bad eyes 1 Bright's disease 3 Burn 1 Cancer 3 Chickenpox 2 Colds 7 Cholera 4 Diphtheria 3 Influenza 1,169 Gall stones 2 Goitre 2 Heart disease 4 Intestinal disease 1 Malaria 1 Measles 13 HOUSING. Houses in Armourdale are chiefly of the one-family type and contain one, two, three and four rooms. Comparatively few owners live in Armourdale, in fact 78 percent are renters, and naturally there is little attempt at improvement. This is true in spite of the fact that over one-third of the families have lived in this community from 10 to 40 years, and less than 15 percent have lived here one year or less. The owners are inter- ested in housing as a business proposition only, and spend no 3 2 2 33 9 1 Smallpox 29 1 9 4 3 1 2 3 6 Shot Tonsilitis Typhoid -. . . Tuberculosis . . . Tumor Whooping cough Killed in army. . Other diseases . 3 — K. U. Bui. — 1093. 34 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. more than necessary for upkeep. The houses are built very largely on 25-foot lots, and often on less, so that the roofs almost touch and sometimes there is barely space between the houses for a person to walk. This makes the houses dark, dingy and unsanitary, and illustrates the fact that even indi- vidual family houses may be most undesirable and unsanitary. Conditions are not such as to encourage green lawns and flowers. Alleys are bordered with decrepit outhouses, dry- goods boxes and debris. This is not a foreign section, but a community composed of nearly 90 percent native born. They HOMES OP WORKINGMEN. FRONT VIEW. represent some of our best American stock, and hence we can- not leave the question as it is sometimes done by the state- ment, "Oh, these foreigners don't want better living condi- tions." Here are people who are living in unfavorable circum- stances because they do not have control of the situation. The following data gives us an indication of the housing situation. Average size of family 3.5 Roomers, percent of population 4 Homes with sewer connection, percent 10 Homes without sewer connection, percent 90 Homes with water connection, percent 44 Homes without water connection, percent 56 Families owning or purchasing homes, percent 22 Families renting homes, percent 78 Armourdale — A City Within a City. 35 The statistics showing the very small number of homes con- nected with the sewer, and the comparatively small number connected with city water, give us a rather definite fact by which to judge of the housing situation. This, together with the fact that over three-fourths of the people are renters, shows us that the housing situation is not unfavorable be- cause of the careless attitude of the citizens of Armourdale, but because the owners of the rental property are able to get greater returns on money invested by permitting houses to remain in this unsatisfactory condition. HOMES OF "U'ORKINGMEN. BACK VIEW. RENTAL RATES. The report of one of the investigators which is typical of the whole city gives a fair picture of the rental situation. The map and location of places spoken of are omitted. "At district A a real estate dealer reported that the rent on two-room houses near there was $10 and rent on four-room houses was $14. "In district B the rent on two one-room houses was $9. Two two- room houses beside them rent for $11. "At D a house which is for sale for $1,300, rents for $11 per month. The house is in good repair. Three rooms on a 25-foot lot facing south on a paved street within a stone's throw of the tracks. "In the district at E the rent for two- and three-room houses is $11 to $12 per month. Lots are said to be selling for from $500 to $600. Specu- 36 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. lators think the railroad will be buying more land so are holding for a good price and are not paving or even building. "Along Kansas avenue at F the two- and three-room houses are on 25-foot lots, some so close that the water from one roof will run in the eave trough of the adjacent house. Rent is $12. "All of these buildings have gas for heating and lighting and water in the yard. West of the tracks is restricted against negroes and Mexi- cans. The inhabitants point to this with pride. "At H the second and third floor of a large brick store building is oc- cupied by about sixty people. The rooms are about 10 or 12 by 14 feet. There is no bath and but one toilet on each floor for the common use of all and is in a filthy condition. Rent is $1.50 per week for one person or $12 per month for the room. "In the rear of some store buildings at K are several small two-room dwellings which rent for $8 or $9. "All races and nationalities live in the district Y. Most of the build- ings are long, narrow, three-room houses. The rent is $9 in most cases. Some of the Mexicans live in houses no better than hog sheds — not as good as a well-built hog house. The worst conditions are in the alley dwellings — places provided alongside the out-houses and privy vaults. "Everyone says that rent is high. Houses are scarce. In many cases the rent has raised only one dollar and then when there was a change of occupants. It will be noticed that the rents are all about the same, rang- ing from $9 to $14. The houses are small. Lots are small so there can be many small houses built." FOOD INSPECTION. The state food and drug inspector reports that no separate records of Armourdale are kept but that the conditions there were rather bad, at least worse than the rest of Kansas City. As Kansas City has its own inspectors who are quite efficient, the state inspectors do not go there unless especially requested. An inspection of the city was made in March. About one out of every five necessary re-inspections made in Kansas City were in Armourdale. A majority of the business places in Armourdale had to be re-inspected at least once and often several times before they finally passed. However, the reports stated that usually after orders are given and proprietors given a specific time in which to clean up their premises they see that the orders are carried out before the time limit ex- pires. Some of the objectionable features found most often are : sleeping in the rear of the business place ; that is, having living quarters in the store room with no adequate partition between ; another is exposing such things as dried fruits, bread and other food products to the open air and flies. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 37 In many cases as many as three and four inspections had to be made before the places were finally passed. In looking over the card index it is noticeable that nearly every place of busi- ness in Armourdale, on Osage and Kansas avenues, had to be re-inspected before it could pass. If no re-inspection is nec- essary there is only the card filed, but when re-inspections are necessary as many slips as re-inspections are fastened to the original card. MILK INSPECTION AND DISTRIBUTION. It is now generally recognized that the health of a com- munity is very greatly effected by the milk situation. Armour- dale is fortunate in being a part of Kansas City, Kan., because the milk situation is better there than in many smaller Kan- sas cities. Some dairymen frankly admit that they are unable to meet the requirements of Kansas City, and hence sell their milk locally. Most of the milk sold in Armourdale is sold through shops, stores and confectionaries. The amount sold is as follows. 55 stores, daily 1,721 quarts pastuerized. 1 store, daily 45 quarts raw. Total 1,766 quarts bottled milk. In addition to this, about 350 pound cans of condensed milk are sold daily. There is also a small amount sold by owners of individual cows. Fifty-six grocery stores, confectionaries and restaurants were investigated. All stores buy of creamery or milk com- panies and sell to their customers. None are doing business on the commission basis. Two-thirds or more of the establish- ments reported upon are grocery stores. Practically all of the milk sold in Armourdale is handled through these stores. Con- densed milk is sold in large and small cans. P^'ew dealers could tell very accurately how much they sold. But in all our calcu- lations the amounts are given in equivalents of large cans, i. e., one pound net weight. CITY ORDINANCE No. 14878. Kansas City's milk ordinance was passed by her board of commissioners July 6, 1917. It is, however, quite complete and if fully put into practice would insure for the consumers in Kansas City a most excellent grade of milk. 38 Bulletin of the Univei'sity of Kansas. It is far too long to try to give in detail, but we may note some of the more important provisions. Section 2 provides that each cow from whom milk or prod- ucts of milk are to be sold in Kansas City must be tuberculin tested by a competent veterinarian approved by city health de- partment and each cow must be so tested once each year. Section 3 provides that milk sold in Kansas City must test at least 8.75 percent of solids 'not fat, and not less than 3.25 percent butter fat. Section 5 requires milk sold as anything but whole must be marked so plainly. Section 6 requires all places of handling and keeping milk must be clean and free from contamination. Section 8 requires registration of all persons selling milk in the city. Section 10 requires all dairies from which these creamery companies purchase milk must be open to inspection at all hours of day or night. Sections 12 to 16 define the grading of milk. Based on grad- ing of dairies and bacteria count. Grade A must not have over 100,000 bacteria per cc. if raw. Grade A may have 500,- 000 bacteria per cc. before being pasteurized. The tempera- tures for cooling and keeping are stated. Grade A pasteurized milk must not have a bacteria count of over 50,000 per cc. Section 22 provides that all milk offered or sold in Kansas City must come from plants that score 75 by dairy inspector. Section 37 provides milk containers shall not be used for other purposes and then returned for milk containers unless sterilized. That as soon as the contents of any milk container is emptied that container must be thoroughly washed. The ordinance goes into detail for handling milk, scoring dairies, testing milk and things pertaining to dairy work. For the enforcements of these sections and the maintenance of dairy standards, Kansas City, Kan., is fortunate in having a city milk inspector. Up to the first of May, 1919, the responsibility for milk had rested with the city food inspector, but the first of May, Kan- sas City secured a city milk inspector, thus relieving a city food inspector of the work and making possible adequate supervision Armourdale — A City Within a City. 39 and inspection of the production, care, handling and sale of milk. The milk inspector is a state agent not responsible to the city food inspector but to the state. His card says "State Deputy, Juvenile Beneficiary Department." He says he is working for no dairy or store but in the interest of the chil- dren and babies in Kansas City. His position is secured through civil service. He is furnished a Ford runabout to use in his work. Although milk conditions are above what we find in many large cities, he is finding plenty to do and plenty to be recom- mended. He tries to be reasonable, but he is persistent and insistent and will enforce compliance with the law. For consideration we might divide his work into three parts — inspection of milk companies, of the dairies and of milk being peddled. The milk companies were visited in com- pany with the inspector. He inspects the building, the meth- ods of handling, etc., making suggestions freely. At one plant he found an open flue up towards the ceiling. He asked that it be closed. He found their bottles dusty on the outside. They blamed it to the city water. He felt down in the bottom of their tank in which they pasteurize and found it muddy. They admitted it had not been washed for two or three days. One might guess longer. In his inspection of dairies he finds some difficulties. One place visited recently he found a very fine milk house. Indeed, it was so fine that the proprietor had a hired hand sleeping in it. He made them move him out and clean up. In another place he found the milk cans lying over on their sides free of access to chickens, pigs and what not. In general, conditions are far from ideal at most of the dairies, but he realizes that it will require constant effort to raise the standard. He takes samples every day or two from the wagons as they are delivering. Recently he condemned a whole wagon load of milk because he found sediment in the bottom of the bottles. The samples are analyzed for percent of butter fat, solids and for specific gravity. It is occasionally necessary to test for watering. 40 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. TEST FOR APRIL AND MAY. (Depai tment reports.) , — Butter Fat^ r —Specific Gravity — ^ , Total Solids ^ Aiii-U. May. April. Mail. April. Mail. I 3.7 a 3.4 32.3 a. 32 12.38 a. 1.209 b 3.5 b. 32 b. 1,221 II 3!4 a 3.2 3i!5 a 32 ii!97 a. 11.85 3.6 b 3.4 31 b. 31 12.08 6.11.84 Ill 3.4 3.3 31.5 31.5 11.97 11.85 3.3 31.5 11.85 4.1 33.5 13.31 4.4 33.5 13.68 IV 3!6 . • . . 33 5 i2!70 V '.'.'.'.'. S.6 32.5 12! 46 VI 3.7 3.6 4.'3 34 33 33 5 12.96 12.58 13.56 Ill 4.3 4.3 34 34 13.68 13.6' 3.6 3.7 32 30 12.33 11.95 4.2 • . . 35 13.82- METHODS OF HANDLING MILK. We will include in this report a general statement of the methods used by three of the largest companies in handling their milk, Plafit 1. — "The only way to have good milk is to see that conditions are right at the dairies," is the way the manager of this company feels. Consequently, he has one man whose only business is to visit the dairies and farmers from whom he buys and see that things are kept right. He buys from a good many dairies ; much of his milk comes from Lawrence, Lansing, Bonner Springs and Walcott, Kan. The night and morning milk comes in in the forenoon, and is pasteurized that day and taken out for sale the next day. So it is from 24 to 36 hours old when taken to the stores. This plant has modern equipment. The milk is weighed and emptied into a tank to flow through automatic fillers. But the bottles are sterilized before use. They are put nose down on a slide (very open) where they go into a vat of steam coming off a caustic solution. From this they pass through a washing with "sweet water." Then they are placed in the filler and follow around a path while filling, at the end of which they are capped two at a time. They are placed in cases and put on a slowly moving rack where they start through the pasteurizer. It moves two inches a minute. They move through a rapidly increasing temperature till they get to 145 degrees, which section required 30 minutes to pass. Then they go through gradually cooling degrees till they come out at a cool temperature (about 50 degrees, 1 think). The Armourdale — A City Withm a City. 41 temperatures are automatically regulated. Thus the milk is pasteurized and is now ready for delivery. The plant has its own refrigerating system. Plant 2. — Instead of the thorough system of bottle washing they have brushes on revolving spindles over some warm water in a trough where a young man stands washing bottles. From this washing they go to a bath of constantly changing cold water. The pasteurizing is all done in a large tank. When the milk is bottled, sealed and cased, then the cases are put in this tank first filled with tepid water which is gradually changed to 150°, and it is supposed to be kept at this tem- perature for 30 minutes, when they begin to run in cool water and cool it down to city water. The whole process re- quires nearly two hours. They plan to use ice in the tank for better cooling. Plant 3. — They had their place all torn up, for they are re- modeling, but it will be clean, white-walled when finished. Their equipment is a little better than No. 2. They say they secure their milk from 21 dairies, and go and get it themselves. They boast that every cow in these 21 dairies is tuberculin tested, which is merely in accordance with the city ordinance. Their two tanks make a bit better system than the one-tank system. Between the two large tanks is a small one for cooling of water. There are coils of pipe down in this small tank, so for cooling the city water flows through these coils which are in ice-cold water. They say they keep the milk at 145° for 30 minutes, and that the secret of good pasteurizing is quick heating and quick cooling. The process requires over an hour and a half. The inspector says one company is install- ing modern equipment on a much smaller scale than No. 1. The rest are using the tank method. He feels that they are experimenting with pasteurizing, but doubts the efficacy of their methods. The manager of one company said he believed the city should take charge of the milk business or at least the pasteurizing and distribution of it. Kansas City is indeed very fortunate in having a full-time milk inspector, -for he cannot only visit pasteurizing and dis- tribution stations, but he can and does inspect the dairies and farms where the milk is produced. The milk standards at the dairies and everywhere should rise. Pasteurizing can help to keep good milk good, but it will not make bad milk good. It must be watched from its source to its very consumption. 42 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. INDUSTRY AND LABOR. ARMOURDALE is a part of a great urban community — Greater Kansas City. The following clipping from the Kansas City Star June 29, 1919, gives an idea of the type of community it is: Twice daily for three weeks there has appeared in The Star a sharp, brief appraisal of Kansas City. Here are resources thus measured or dis- closed, the stuff out of which a great city is to be built: Lumber — First in distribution. Seeds — Chief distribution point. Federal Reserve Bank — Most profitable outside New York. Meat — Second in shipments. Winter Wheat — Largest primary market. Bank clearings — Fifth. Flour — Third in production. Postal receipts — Eleventh. Railroad mileage — 26 percent of Nation's mileage in Kansas City's trade territory. Motor cars and accessories — Third in distribution. Union baggage station — Largest and busiest outside New York. Railroad center — Second largest. Hay mai-ket — World's largest. Desirable office space — 100 percent filled. Kafir corn and milo maize — Largest market. Tributary trade — First. Agricultural implements — First in distribution. Volume of discount paper — Second only to New York. Tractors — First in distribution. News distribution — Center of largest Associated Press territory. Parks and boulevards — Largest connected system in America. Stock and feed cattle — World's largest market. Farming territory — First. Soap — Third in production. Horses and mules — Second largest world market. Telegraphic business — Third. Native born population — First. Residential sections — Finest in America. Motor car and tractor education — First. Schools — First in buildings and equipment. Purebred cattle — Hereford capital. Fruit and vegetables — Second in distribution. Tributary population — Ten million v^nthin ten hours' ride. Population— Half million in Greater Kansas City. Manufacturing — Tenth. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 43 Armourdale is an industrial community within Kansas City made up of good, hard-working, American people. It is a sur- prising fact that only 22 percent of the families own their homes, while 78 percent do not. Of the homes only 2 percent or 496 pieces of property are not encumbered, while 98 percent or 2,636 pieces of property are either encumbered or not owned by the occupant. OCCUPATIONS OF HEADS OF FAMILIES. The means by which the people obtain their livelihood is of primary importance in the study of any community. The economic status of individuals, which is largely dependent upon RAILROAD SHOPS. occupation, usually determines many other factors in com- munity life. The following table summarizes the information obtained in regard to the occupation of workers in Armourdale. Occupation of 2,793 heads of families in Armourdale, Kan. :* Occupation. Number. Percent. Skilled Labor 631 22.4 Unskilled* Labor 1,598 56.9 Professional 38 1.3 Farmer 18 0.6 Business 188 6.6 Retired 35 1.2 Housewife 141 5.0 Merchant 141 5.0 Soldier 5 0.2 * Chamber of Cominei-cc records, 1918. 44 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. A comparison of this table with the percentages shown from the records of the voters registered in Armourdale shows a close approximation. Occupations of 2,474 male voters in Armourdale, Kan. : Oeciipation. Percent. Skilled Labor 24 . Unskilled Labor 43 . Professional 1.0 Business and Merchants 9.4 These figures indicate a larger proportion of unskilled work- men than is ordinarily the case in a community the size of Armourdale. This is due to the location within the district of PACKING PLANTS. some very large industrial and manufacturing concerns that are great users of unskilled labor. The table is interesting as showing the eight largest firms in number of employees for the year 1918: Men. * iVometi. Swift & Co., meat packers 3,200 250 Cudahy & Co., meat packers 2,000 250 Wilson & Co., meat packers 2,600 600 Morris Packing Co 1,700 300 Rock Island R. R. shops 1,082 .... Union Pacific shops 750 .... Peet Bros. Soap Co 470 Proctor Gamble Soap Co 400 .... Total 12,202 1,400 Armourdale — A City Within a City. 45 It is estimated that 10,000 workmen resident outside of the community work each in Armourdale. A study of Armour- dale shows that the greater part of the workers living in Armourdale work there. An examination of 1,471 families indicated chief wage earners in 1,131 as working in Armour- dale, 272 elsewhere and 68 out of work. The demand for labor in Armourdale has at least until very recently been good. At AN INDUSIKIAL .SKCTIUN. this time (April, 1919) the demand for labor may be some- what lessened because of the cancelling of large government orders and the expectation of large amounts of purchased army supplies such as meat, etc., being thrown upon the market. WAGES IN ARMOURDALE. The matter of wages is always rather difficult to determine as it is often considered a rather personal matter. With un- skilled labor roughly receiving about 60 cents an hour we can 46 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. see that the 56 percent secured about $28.80 per week of 48 hours. With steady work this is not as bad as one might find in many places. There is considerable employment of women in some of the larger industries, as shown in the chart. Some of this labor was unskilled, doing such work as that in filling sausages, etc., at the packing plants and was paid at the rate of 33 cents per hour. A considerable amount of skilled female help is also used in such capacity as stenographers and typists. The aver- age wage for experienced stenographers appeared to be about $20 per week and the typist positions paid from $10 to $15 per week. A great number of labor unions, local, are found in Armour- dale and these in turn are represented in the Central Labor Union of Kansas City, Kan. : Local No. Bakery Salesmen 335 Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers 319 Barbers 185 Brotherhood of Local Firemen (2 lodges) 611 Brotherhood of Firemen and Engineers 330 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (4 lodges) .... 2,199 Brotherhood of Reg. Carriers (4 lodges) 1,412 Carpenters (2 lodges) 697 Cigar Makers 345 Machinists' Helpers 864 Machinists 278 Cattle Butchers 208 Hog Butchers 215 Loading Stock Workers 280 Tank House Workers 336 Meat Cutters (2 lodges) 958 Mechanics 582 The above table gives the most important unions. How- ever, there are various other smaller unions found in Armour- dale, the total number amounting to 55. Another fact pre- sented by the survey of very much importance in explaining the situation is that of the 22,000 union men in the entire city of Kansas City, Kan., 15,000 live or work in Armourdale; a very good illustration of the chief occupation and class of the citizens of Armourdale. Then we find that two very good re- sults are seemingly the direct outcome of these labor unions. First, they play an important role in determining the small number of unemployed found in Armourdale, and second, after a very detailed study, it was found that the wages paid union men were somewhat higher than those paid to nonunion men. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 47 The activities of the labor unions of Armourdale may be somewhat roughly classified as follows : 1. Better working conditions. a. Reduce unemployment. b. Secure better wages and homes. 2. Insurance. a. Insurance benefits in connection with membership. h. Also sickness and accident insurance benefits. 3. Social. a. Various meetings. b. Socials held in connection with them. 4. Publicity. a. Labor Union Bulletin, regular sized newspaper, now being pub- lished by the Central Labor Union. 5. Political. a. Agitation for a labor party. b. Increasing tendency for the unions to enter politics. Another thing which presented itself constantly was the fact that with the office men of the various concerns and industries from whom attempts were made to secure data there prevailed an unquestionable feeling of dislike for the labor unions. How- ever, this was curbed by necessity, and the officials refused to openly discuss unions, but the undercurrent of opinions among them all struck about the same chord. With labor unions there seems to be the same feeling toward the oflficial — one of dislike and distrust. Regarding woman labor in Armourdale information was exceedingly difficult to obtain. Altogether, approximately 8,000 women were employed in three packing plants of Ar- mourdale — Swift, Cudahy, and Wilson — during the war, but since, this has undoubtedly been considerably reduced. Accord- ing to the best data obtainable approximately 85 percent of the women belong to labor unions; this compares very favorably with the number of men in labor unions. However, no doubt can be entertained but that the large number of women em- ployed in these plants is a result more directly of war condi- tions than any other, and no doubt is an abnormal circumstance not found under ordinary conditions. SUMMARY. Armourdale is primarily an industrial community. The industries there not only provide work for most of the in- habitants, but also to thousands of persons outside of the com- munity. The majority of heads of families are unskilled labor- ers; in fact, the combined number of skilled and unskilled la- 48 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. borers constitute nearly 80 percent of the heads of families. The working people are strongly organized, both the men and women belonging quite generally to some union. This insures them a better wage, and more dependable working conditions, as is evidenced by the higher wage scale than among unor- ganized labor. While the employers do not uniformly agree to the benefits of organized labor, many admit that better results are obtained from intelligent, organized groups than from ignorant and unorganized laborers. J. FISKE SCHOOL. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 49 LEGAL RESTRICTIONS AND REGULATIONS. CHILD LABOR LAWS. THE welfare of a community or an individual is directly affected by its industry or wealth. The laws that govern the individuals and control the industries also have an impor- tant bearing. Kansas has a number of laws all tending to pro- tect society and the individual without placing burdensome restrictions upon any line of legitimate business. Of first im- portance among these are the child labor laws. These were passed by the legislature in 1917, modifying very materially those that were in force before that time. They provide sub- stantially as follows [see Session Laws 1917, ch. 227] : No child under 14 years of age is permitted to work in connection with any factory, workshop, theater, mill, cannery, packing house, or operating elevators, nor shall a child between the ages of 14 and 16 be permitted to work in any business when school is in session. They shall not be permitted to work before 7 a. m. or after 6 p. m., nor more than 7 hours in any day, nor more than 48 hours per week. Every employer shall keep posted in a conspicuous place near the entrance exhibit "A." The superintendent of schools, or some one representing him, shall issue a work permit. The form prescribed is shown in exhibit "B." Before he issues the permit, he shall receive, examine, ap- prove and file the following papers: A written statement signed by the person for whom the child expects to work, marked exhibit "C," the school record of the child signed by the principal showing that he has completed the elementary schools marked exhibit "D," evidence of the child's age, ex- hibit "E," if between 14 and 16 years of age, and exhibit "F" if over 16 years of age. A child who has not completed the course of study may receive the school vacation work permit, marked exhibit "G." This last permit is issued only when all the conditions given above are complied with except that the child has not finished the common school course of study. These laws and regulations clearly and definitely protect the child. For the protection of women and girls [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1183, sec. 5947], proprietors of stores and other lines of 4— K. U. Bui.- 1093. 50 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. business employing them are required to provide chairs or stools for their use when not actively engaged in performing their specific duties. The commissioner of labor is made re- sponsible for the enforcement of these laws, although a record of the permits to which reference was made above is kept on file in the office of the superintendent of schools. When the employer is through with the services of the child, the permit is sent to the commissioner of labor and filed in his oflfice. The child labor laws under which the children here are per- mitted to engage in factory, shop and other lines of industrial activity compare favorably with the laws of Massachusetts, Illinois, New York and Wisconsin [Child Labor, Education, and Mothers' Pension Laws in Brief] . Night work is univer- sally prohibited. The work is generally confined to an 8-hour day and a 48-hour week, although there are some exceptions. In extra dangerous occupations, as mines and quarries, and cleaning machinery while in motion, children under 16 are prohibited altogether and in New York girls under 21. The chief difference is that in the older states the law is made spe- cifically to apply to certain lines of industry. The law is very well enforced here, the only violations occurring where children cross the line into Missouri. The state prohibitory law [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1087, sec. 5498] is in force in Armourdale and is quite well enforced. No person is permitted to manufacture, sell or barter any spirituous, malt, vinous, fermented or intoxicating liquors. This law was passed many years ago, and generally the people here support it. Recently a law [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1098, sec. 5541] has been enacted making a second conviction of the vio- lation of the prohibitory law a persistent violation, and a per- sistent violation is declared to be a felony. This makes the bootlegger's occupation a very hazardous one and helps to free all the people from his menace. Baudy houses and gambling dens are neither permitted nor tolerated. The state law [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 695, sec. 3624], reinforced by the city ordinances and upheld by public opinion, renders these practically unknown. Owners are not permitted to lease property to be used for these purposes, and if they do are subject to heavy penalties. This, together with the statu- tory provisions against the proprietors or operators of these houses and gambling dens, keeps the town practically free from these destructive agencies. Armourdale — A City Within a City. 51 PROTECTION AGAINST ACCIDENTS. The working people are further protected while at their work by the provisions of the law [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1168, sees. 5886 and 5895] requiring all manufacturing establish- ments to provide safeguards and devices and fixing the civil liability of the individual or company for injuries that occur to the employees. All accidents are required to be reported to the labor commissioner, whose duty it is to investigate the cause of the injury or death and determine whether or not proper safety appliances had been installed. Labor is easy to obtain here, as there is usually plenty of work to be done. The employment agencies are regulated by statute [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1162, sees. 5858 to 5869 and sees. 5870 to 5872] in furnishing employers with persons to be en- gaged in manual labor, clerical, industrial, commercial or busi- ness pursuits and in securing employment for such described persons. Eight hours is a day's work, so fixed by law for all public work, whether state, county or municipal. The plants here follow this statute and have fixed a day's work as 8 hours and pay for overtime. There are no housing laws except those applying to hotels, rooming houses, and apartment houses. The plants here are as a rule provided with well-lighted and ventilated buildings, roomy enough so the work can be done without crowding. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION. The workmen's compensation act [Gen. Stat. 1915, p. 1171 and following] applies only to the employer's trade or busi- ness on, in or about a railway, factory, mine or quarry, electric, building or engineering work, laundry, natural gas plant, county and municipal work and all employments requiring the use of dangerous or inflammable materials. If death re- sults in the employment and the workman leaves dependents they are entitled to recover three times his wages for the pre- ceding year up to $3,600, but not less than $1,200. The wages are to be computed on the scale he was receiving 30 days previous to the accident, or would have been receiving if he had been at work. If the workman leaves no dependents, the compensation in no case shall exceed $750. The law gives in detail the amount of compensation to be paid in each line of employment under any and all conditions. 52 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. H 3 w 5 o < M o w S H 2 G o r\ to W D »-] 19 Pi K w 9 S2?. 'S3 ■ S H c 5 fc, i t ^ b ™ t. s z Z 0. O Q E to C V u. Ti O M g o ° t- I « e " § " o £ f E „« 1^ » — m o 0) n! F X o & 0) "o T3 O ■M . >> C E C *3 01 E ^ ^ ^ E c« Total Working Hours per Week Total Working Hours on Saturday C c 5 o W 1 1 1 1 1 1 >< D << to O E •a IV 1 : 1 1 Stop Work at 1 1 Commence Work at 1 1 z >^ •< Q S >• Z o Total Working Hours per Day B 5 .2 O i .S 'Si 01 PQ 1 t 1 Commence Work at 1 i 1 a s < 1 Armourdale — A City Withiri a Citij. 53 t^s h- 1 s &■ S o% « "^s W (,_« II^ alW "^ aj W •oii « ^"2 o ^-Si ►J o ° m * O O H" O =3 H H 5 o o Q a o w K O H W 0! oj o P-i a 3 § o o ■■s5 O Q) O +-> -r? tf 'C •^ -^ -u Oj OJ CO :^ rj B a* »H "^ S "■ — ? c — 2 : ■" o ■^ c 5 o I a ^ M ^ m ^ .5 c 2i t- ^*^i^ SS « 5 -S o c "2 ^ 5 C rt c jj .2 '3 S m « 3 W ■g " ^ E S ^ 0) 4-> 'o > a. g 5! C3 ^ S ° ^ ^ .2 •* " "2 I 2 S S:^ 1) ^ P. e i ^^ ft >> S 2 ^ e s .2 . r, S O .?> " p: 3 T3 m a trt N fa tn , _ •B O P. c ^ .y J3 2 3 3 o •o u >> T) (:< L^ fa fa J= -a ■0 "o o T3 E IS c c a 01 fa 0) J3 a 3 T3 a 01 *-• kH 3 J3 -0 *" a J3 S J3 T3 ■^ ,_,- (C ^ CU o ■a 0. c >. J3 ti M Is 54 Bulletin of the University of Kansas. 6 Z £ ■fe S "o o j= c w o +J B (V T3 C (1) B 'C a a H 3 ^W ^ ^^ ^ fe'^ W 0,0 O w*-^ - h:i >'2" 6 FER OF EMP HILD UNDER 16 227, Laws of 1917, before work permit H QQ 1-4 T3 Et, O 0) o O ol .3 Hx c O I to o C _o a '■5 g u 0) V OT s >> o ,0 J3 •o ^ i" O u 3 2 cy (S e CO « »-• O >. o ,A » O. g 5 .. H abor ] E OF MENT D InD TOPE E -i 5 g z ■a 5 5 < B rs w CL t. J3 a O Q s 01 c« n B §•£ o F ti ct T1 ^ >> e) o X a 5 ■a r: > o >> 0. B •a X s •= 2 E 4) o7 fi >> o Fi ^ e M Armourdale — A Citij Within a City. 55 S to W ■g-o g ^-§ £ '-' £ Q <^-= O « O ^- a 2 fe o z ^ en o 56 Bulletin of the Univer^sity of Kansas. X E-i X 05 w « o o o g 1-1 < p l-l s o fa o ^1 3 M s s iJ >: 5 w t- o Z >i o " a 1-H ■2 w s Q ^ 73 Hi S -a '^ - :2 a '3 v en o c 0. 'S ■S ^ o ■« ^ T) 3 I .2 c -2 2 ^1 •° ^ T3 O .y hfl ■5 ^ •o o o t-T *-• b a o ^ 2 « C a> _M -a '3 J -s a, aj o C/3 Armour dale — A City Within a City. 57 g >. _o "E E H ui _c 3 . 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