Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/correspondencereOOgrearich • \ MISCELLANEOUS. No. 6 (1914). CORRESPONDENCE RESPECTING THE EUEOPEAN CEISIS Presented to both Houses of Parliament hy Command of His Majesty. August 1914. LONDON: FEINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE By HARRISON and SONS, 45-47, St. Martin's Lane, W.C, PRiNTi:iis IN Ordinary to His Majesty. To be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from WYMAN and sons, Ltd., 29, Bre.uis Buildings, FEriER Lane, E.G., and 28, Abingdon Street, S.W., and 54, St. Mary Street, Cardiff; or H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE (Scottish Branch), 23, Forth Street, Edinburgh: or E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116, Grafton Street, Dublin; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, the United States of America, the Continent of Europe and Abroad o^ T. FISHER UN WIN, London, W.C. 1914. [Cd. 7467.J Price 9d. / TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. Name. Date. Sdbjict. Page 1 To Sir BL Rumbold . . • • July 20, 1914 Conversation with German Ambassador re- specting disquieting situation between Austria-Hungary and Servia. Sir E. Grey assumes that Austria-Hungary will publish her case against Servia before taking any action, and thus facilitate Russia counsel- ' ling moderation at Belgrade 1 2 n » Telegraphic 22, Attitude of German Government. Secretary of State prefers not to interfere, and considers that Austria - Hungary has shown great forbearance towards Servia in the i)a.st .. 1 3 To Sir M. de Bunsen 23, Conversation with Austro-Hungarian Am- bassador respecting note to be sent to ; Servian Government. Objections urged to insertion of time-limit. Dangers of European conflagration 2 4 Communicated by Austro - £1 ungarian Ambassador •• 24, Text of Austro-Hungarian note to Servia . . 8 5 To Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic 24, Austro-Hungarian note to Servia. Conver- sation with Austro - Hungarian Ambas- sador. Sir E. Grey deprecates Austrian demands as inconsistent with maintenance of Servian independent sovereignty 9 6 Sir G. Buchanan Telegraphic 24, Conversation with Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs respecting results of M. Poincar^'s visit to St. Petersburgh. Minister for Foreign Affairs and French Ambassador urged that His Majesty's Government should proclaim solidarity with them. Former ho|jed in any case His Majesty's Government would express strong reprobation of Austro-Hungarian action 10 7 Sir M. de Bunsen . . Telegraphic 24, Views of Russian Charge d'Affaires on situa- tion as expressed to Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs 11 8 Mx. Crackanthorpe . . Telegraphic 24, Servian Prime Minister hopes that His Majesty's Government will use influence ■ ■ ; ' • ' . in moderating Austro-Hungarian demands 11 9 German AmbHSsador •••.•• • .. 24, Views of German Government on situation. •'•■ . ■ ■ ..'••■ •••:; ;. German Government defend attitude of • *• . Austria-Hungary towards Servia, and consider matter concerns those States alone 11 10 To Sir F. Bertie . . • • 24, Conversation with French Ambassador respecting Austro-Hungarian note and possibility of mediation by tlie four Powers 12 11 To Sir H. Rumbold.. Telegraphic 24, Conversation with German Ambassador, who justified Austro-Hungarian action and demands, and urged localisation of conflict. Question of using influence at St. Petersburgh and Vienna in favour of moderation. Ambassador says Servian reply must not be a mere negative 12 [833] TABIiB OF CONTENTS. Ill No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 12 To Mr. Crackanthorpe Telegraphic IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Communicated by Russian Ambassa- dor To Sir P. Bertie . ,, Sir G. Buchanan . Sir P. Bertie H )1 Sir G. Buchanan Telegraphic July 24, 1914 j Suggests lines of Servian reply to Austria- Hungary. To consult with Russian and French colleagues as to giving advice to Servian Government. Pavourable reply should be given on as many points as possible 25, Russian Ambassador at Vienna instructed to request extension of time limit allowed to Servia.and to urge that Austria-Hungary should inform Powers of basis of accusa- tions against Servia. Recommends similar instructions to His Majesty's Ambas- sador 25, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador has stated that step taken at Belgrade was not an ultimatum. Austro-Hungarian Govern- ment djd not threaten actual military operations. To inform Minister for Poreigii Affairs Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 25, 26. 25, Sir H. Rumbold Telegraphic 25, Sir R. Rodd Sir M. de Bunsen 21 Mr. Crackanthorpe , 22 23 Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 25, 25, 25, 25, Telegraphic 25, [833] French Government have given Servia advice similar to that advocated by His Majesty's Government (see No. 12) Acting French Minister for Foreign Affairs suggests that moderating advice be given at Vienna as well as at Belgrade Russian Government consider that, in view of early expiry of time limit, it is too late to counsel moderation at Belgrade. Russia prepared to stand aside if media- tion of four Powers is accepted. Minister for Foreign Affairs urges that Great Britain should act with France and Russia. Situation will be desperate unless Germany can restrain Austria-Hungary . . German Secretary of State admits intention of Austria-Hungary to take military action against Servia. His Excellency considers crisis might be localised. He disclaims all previous knowledge of terms of Austro-Hungarian note . . Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs says Austria-Hungary will only be satisfied with uncouditional acceptance of her uOTiO «» •• •• •• Austro - Hungarian press comments show that Servian suiTender is neither expected nor desired. Austro-Hungarian Minister will leave Belgrade failing unconditional acceptance of note by 6 p.m. to-day Brief summary of projected Servian reply . . Russian and French representatives still without instructions. In view of this and of proposed conciliatory Servian reply he has abstained from advising Servian Government. Probable that Russia has already urged utmost moderation on Servian Government . . Departure of Austro-Hungarian Minister. Government has left for Nish with diplo- matic representatives . . . . 27?778 hi IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. Name. Date. 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 SI 8S 38 84 85 36 37 To Sir G. Buchanan. . To Sir H. Rumbold , To Sir M. de Bunsen To Sir F. Bertie . „ Sir H. Kombold . „ Sir G. Buchanan. [Nil] To Sir R. Rodd To Mr, Crackanthorpe Sir M. de Bunsen n » Sir H. Rumbold » » Sir R. Rodd To Sir P. Bertie „ Sir H. Rumbold . „ Sir R. Rodd To Sir F, Bertie Telegraphic Tel(;graphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic July 25, 1914 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, Subject. Page Refers to No. 6. Approves statement as to attitude of His Majesty's Government. Latter canuot do more, but are anxious to prevent war. Suggests that four other Powers should mediate at Vienna and St. Petersburgh if Austria-Hungary and Russia mobilise. German co-operation essential Conversation with German Ambassador re- specting question of mediation between Austria-Hungary and Russia. Ambas- sador thinks Austria might accept it Russian communication to Austria-Hungary, asking for an extension of time limit of ultimatum to Servia, and enquiring data on which Austria bases her demands. He should support his Russian colleague Has informed German Ambassador of projected Servian reply (see No. 21), and expressed hope that Germany will in- fluence Austria-Hungary to receive it favourably . . Has informed Italian Ambassador of state- ments made to German Ambassador (see No. 25). His Excellency states that Italy is anxious to see war avoided . , Conversation with Servian Minister. Although read}' to meet any reasonable demands of Austria-Hungary, Servian Government could not agree to abandon certain political ideals.. Servian reply considered unsatisfactory. War regai-ded as imminent . . . . Reports conversation with German A.mbas- sador. Latter considers that Russia will remain inactive Reports sudden return of Emperor to Berlin. German Under - Secretary of State of opinion that Russia will not move unless Servian territory is annexed German Ambassador at Vienna instructed to pass on to Austro-Hungarian Govern- ment hope of His Majesty's Government that they will take favourable view of Servian reply. German Government cannot go beyond this Minister for Foreign Affairs welcomes pro- posal for conference, and Italian Ambas- sador at Vienna will be instructed ac- cordingly To ascertain whether Minister for J'oreign Affairs will agree to a conference in Lon- don, and to ask that French, German, and Italian representatives at Vienna, St. Peteisburgh, and Belgrade should urge on respective Governments that, pending decision, all active military operations should be suspended . . . • It is important to know if France will agree to suggestion that the four Powers should urge moderation at Vienna and St. Petersburgh . . 17 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. 88 39 40 41 42 43 Name. Date. Subject. Page Sir R. Rodd Communicated by- Servian Minister Sir M. de Buneen . . Sir F. Bertie Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 44 45 46 Sir G. Buchanan Telegraphic 27, To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic Telegraphic 47 To Sir G. Buchanan. . 48 49 50 51 To Sir M. de Bunsen To Sir R. Rodd July 23, 1914 27, 26, 27, 27, 27, Telegraphic Sir M. de Bunsen Sir F. Bertie [833] 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28, 27, Conversation •with Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs, who considers gravity of situation lies in conviction of the Austro- Hungarian Government that their prestige is mvolved . . . , Text of Servian reply to Austro-Hun- garian note . . . . . . Conversation virith Russian Ambassador. Russian Government will not press for more time. Russia cannot possibly re- main indifferent if Servia is attacked Considers that Austria-Hungary is fully determined on war with Servia . French Government accept proposals re- specting conference. Necessary instruc- tions gent to French representatives at Berlin, Belgrade, Vienna, and St. Peters- burgh German Secretary of State is opposed to British proposal for a conference. In favour of direct exchange of views between Vienna and St. Petersburgh. Germany's position in the event of Rus- sian mobilisation. Secretary of State more hopeful Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs' conversation with Austro - Hungarian Ambassador respecting note to Servia. Minister for Foreign Affairs thinks that Entente Powers should present solid front to Germany Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs has decided to propose direct conversation between Vienna and St. Petersburgh German Ambassador informed that Sir E. Grey desires to keep in touch with Germany so long as the latter works for peace. Germany should urge moderation at Vienna. Servian reply might form basis for discussion Russian Ambassador informed of British attitude. Question whether Russia would take action if Austria-Hungary agreed not to annex Servian territory . . Conversation with Austro-Hungarian Am- bassador, who reviewed Servian question at length. Sir E. Grey expressed surprise at Austrian attitude towards Servian re- ply, which seems already to involve deep humiliation of Servia. British fleet will be kept assembled, but this is no more than proof of anxiety felt in country Conversation with Italian Ambassador, who aji^rees in proposal for conference. His Excellency will recommend to German Government that Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Servia should suspend military operations pending conference . . Text of declaration of war by Austria- Hungary against Servia . . . • French Government agree to proposals of His Majesty's Government for conference between the four Powers in London b 3 22 23 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 31 31 32 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS, No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 52 58 5i 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 French Ambassador. Communicated by Russian Ambassador Sir Q. Buchanan Sir M. de Bunsen . . Sir R. Eodd ..Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic July 27, 1914 28, 28, 27, 27, Sir F. Bertie Telegraphic Telegraphic Sir E. Goschen Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic Telegraphic 27, 28, 28, 28, 28, French Government in favour of British pro- posal for conference, and are ready to send instructions accordingly Communicates telegram from Russian Minis- ter for Foreign Affairs to the effect that Russian Government are iu favour of British proposal for conference, failing commencement of direct Austro- Russian conversations . . . . Communicates telegram received from Rus- sian Minister for Foreign Affairs to effect that German Government appear to have taken no measures to induce Austria-Hun- gary to modify attitude towards Servia, and suggesting His Majesty's Govern- ment approaching the German Govern- ment. Key of the situation really at Berlin Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs will use all his influence at Belgrade to induce Servia to give satisfaction to Austria, but Servian territorial integrity must be guaranteed and sovereign rights be respected. He has proposed direct con- versations with Austria, but would be perfectly ready to stand aside of idea of conference accepted . . Reports conversation between Russian Am- bassador and Austro-Hungarian Under- Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Russia will be unable to localise war. Russia will restrain Servia as long as possible, in order to give time for a settlement. Russian Ambassador urged that conversations should be continued at St. Petersburgh Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs' views as to conference and suspension of hostilities. Possibility of Servia accepting Austrian note in its entirety on recommendation of four Powers . . . . Has communicated substance of No. 46 to Minister for Foreign Affairs, who is con- fident that Sir B. Grey's observations to German Ambassador will tend towards peace . . . . Has communicated No. 47 to Minister for Foreign Affairs, who fully appreciates standpoint of His Majesty's Government. German Ambassador has informed Minister for Foreign Affairs that Austria- Hungary would respect integrity of Servia, but gave no assurance resjjecting her indep(judence . . . • Refers to JJo. 43. German Secretary of State has lased similar language to French and Italian Ambassadors. Agree'^ with his two colleagues in thinking that German Government object only to form of pro- posal resi^ecting conference. Suggests Herr Jagijw might himself be induced to suggest lines of co-operation . . Minister for Foreign Affairs states that Austria cannot delay proceedings against Servia, and would decline any negotia- tions on bvsis of Servian reply. Nothing could now prevent contlict . . . . i 33 34 34 36 35 86 86 36 37 87 fABLB Of CONTENTS. TU No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 62 Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic July 28, 1914 Conversation with Anstro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs, who says that war will be declared to-day, and that no mediation could be accepted. Has appealed to him to place peace of Europe first, and quarrel with Servia second . . . . 37 63 Sir R. Rodd Telegraphic 28, Has informed Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs of substance of No. 27. He is telegraphing similar instructions to Berlin and Vienna . . 38 64 ») » ■ Telegraphic 28, Informs of conversation between Servian Charge d'Affaires and Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Servia might still accept whole Austrian note if certain explana- tions were given her. Such explanations should be given to the Powers, who should then advise Servia to accept without>con- ditions 38 65 Mr. Crackanthorpe . . Telegraphic 28, Has urged greatest moderation on Servian Government pending result of efforts for peaceful solution 38 66 11 5» • • Telegraphic 28, Declaration of war by Austria-Hungary against Servia 38 67 To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic 28, Refers to No. 43. Proposed conference would not be arbitration, but private and informal discussion to find a settlement. Agrees that direct conversations between St. Petersburgh and Vienna would be preferable 39 68 »» )» • • Telegraphic 28, Ready to propose that German Secretary of State should suggest method of mediation by four Powers. Will keep the idea in reserve till result of Austro-Russian con- versations is seen 39 69 To Sir G. Buchanan. . Telegraphic 28, Refers to No. 55. Expresses satisfaction at prospect of direct Austro-Russian con- versations. Enquires further as to pro- posed action at Belgrade 39 70 Communicated by Count Benckendorff • • 29, Communicates text of two telegrams from Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to the effect that Russian Government will announce partial mobilisation on the 29th July ; that Russian Ambassador at Vienna has not been recalled ; and that mediation by His Majesty's Government is most urgent 40 71 Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic 28, Conversation with Imperial Chancellor, who expressed anxiety to work in concert with England. Reasons for German refusal to support proposed conference. As Russia had mobilised, he could no longer urge moderation at Vienna. General opinion at Berlin that Russia is unprepared for war 40 72 Sir G. Buchanan Telegraphic 28, Riissian Minister for Foreign Affairs grateful for Sir E. Grey's language to German Am- bassador (see No. 46). If Austria crossed Servian frontier Russia would mobilise. Has informed German Ambassador that Germany should use her influence at Vienna 41 73 Sir M. de Bunsen . Telegraphic 28, Informs of Austrian declaration of war against Servia 41 [833] b 4 VIU TABLE OP CONTENTS. No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 74 76 Sir M. de Bunsen Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 88 »» >> Telegraphic July 28, 1914 29, Telegraphic 29, To Sir E. Goschen 8ir G. Buchanan Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic Sir R. Rodd To Sir R. Rodd Mr. Beaumont .. Mr. Crackanthorpe . . Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 29, 29, Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, Russian Ambassador states that Austro- Hungarian Government have declined Russian Government's suggestion of direct discussion between Russian Minis- ter for Foreign Affairs and Austrian Ambassador at St. Peteraburgh. Russian Ambassador considers conference in Lon- don of less interested Powers the only solution Chancellor states it is too late to act on British suggestion that Servian reply might form basis of discussion. German Government had informed Austrian Go- vernment that they quite understood that latter could not rest satisfied unless guaranteed that demands on Servia should be carried out in their entirety. Austrian Government had been advised to say openly that hostilities had that exclusive object . . . . ... German Secretary of State states that any appearance of pressing moderation on Austria would probably precipitate mat- ters. His Excellency is troubled by re- ports of military measures in Russia and France Refers to No. 75. Much appreciates language of Chancellor, and will be very grateful if he can save the peace of Europe. This country will continue to make every effort in that direction Partial Russian mobilisation ordered. Has communicated substance of No. 67 to Minister for Foreign Affairs. Mobilisation only directed against Austria. As Austria has definitely declined direct conversa- tions, Minister for Foreign Affairs will suggest to German Ambassador return to idea of conference. Views of Minister for Foreign Affairs on Italian proposals (see Nos. 57 and 69). German Ambassador says his Government are continuing to exert friendly influence at Vienna French and Italian Ambassadors agree that no steps can now be taken to stop war with Servia. Italian Ambassador thinks that Russia might remain quiet if Austro- Hungarian Government gave binding engagement to Europe uot to acquire Servian territory or destroy independence of Servia Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs suggests that German Secretary of State might propose formula, and that this might be concomitant with direct Austro-Russian conversations Understands that Austria will not accept any form of mediation between Austria and Servia. Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs should 8j)eak at Berlin and Vienna Designs of Austria likely to extend con- siderably beyond the sanjak and the punitive occupation of Servian territory. Expected assistance for Austrian army from Mussulman population in Servia Has been asked by Servian Prime Minister to convey his thanks for statement in tlie House of Commons od the 27th July 41 42 42 43 48 44 44 45 45 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX No. Name. 84 To Sir E. Goschen 85 86 87 88 Sir E. Goschen Sir R. Redd To Sir F. Bertie To Sir E. Goschen 89 90 91 92 To Sir M. de Bunsen To Sir R. Rodd Date. Telegraphic July 29, 1914 Telegraphic 29 Telegraphic 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, Subject. German Ambassador states that Chancellor is endeavouring to mediate between Austria and Russia. His Majesty's Go- vernment urge that Germany should suggest some method by which the four Powers could preserve the peace between Austria and Russia German Secretary of State offers that in return for British neutrality German Government would give every assurance that they would make no territorial acquisitions at the expense of France. Be was unable to give similar assurance as regards French colonies. If neutrality of Holland were respected by Germany's adversaries, Germany would give as- surances to do likewise. Operations of Germany in Belgium depend on action of France, but at end of war Belgian integrity would be respected if she had not sided against Germany In view of partial Russian mobilisation, Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs thinks moment is past for further discussions on basis of Servian note. His utmost hope is that Germany will influence Vienna to prevent or moderate any further Austrian demands on Servia Conversation with French Ambassador res- pecting policy of His Majesty's Govern- ment. Has told M. Cambon of intention to warn German Ambassador that His Majesty's Government will not necessarily stand aside if efforts for peace fail. On the other hand, the present case is different from that of Morocco a few years back, and if PVance becomes involved His Majesty's Government, who are free from engagements, will have to decide on their attitude in the light of British interests Conversation with German Ambassador. Austro - Hungarian declaration of war having rendered direct conversation between Vienna and St. Petersburgh im- possible, it is most important, in the event of German Chancellor failing in his efforts at mediation, that Germany should pro- pose some method of co-operation between the four Powers Has warned Gennan Ambassador of pos- sibility of British intervention in certain eventualities . . • • - Has communicated to German Ambassador text of Italian proposals and of reply re- turned thereto (see Nos. 64 and 81). Discussion of question of mediation Conversation with Austro-Uungarian Am- bassador, who attempted to justify atti- tude of his Government in spite of readiness of Powers to assist in obtaining satisfaction from Servia Conversation with Italian Ambassador. Italian Government suggest that German objections to mediation might be met by some change in procedure Page TABLE or CONTENTS. 93 94 Communicated by Count Benckendorff Sir M. de Bunsen , . Telegraphic 95 Sir M. de Bunsen . . Telegraphic 30, July 30, 1914 29, 96 97 98 99 Telegraphic 30, Sir G. Buchanan . . Telegraphic Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic Sir F. Bertie 30, 30, Telegraphic 30, Communicates telegraphic correspwndence between himself, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Russian Ambassador at Vienna. (1) Austro-Hungarian Govern- ment have been urged by Russian Ambas- sador at Vienna to be moderate towards Servia ; (2) negotiations with German Go- vernment through Russian Ambassador at Berlin ; (3) Austro-Hungarian Government decline direct conversations with Russian Government.. In present temper of Austria-Hungary irre- vocable steps maybe taken unless Germany with the other three Powers can mediate at once. Russian Ambassador fears effect on Russian opinion if serious engagement takes place before agreement is reached. Reports interviews between the Russian and French Ambassadors and the German Ambassador Conversation with Russian Ambassador. Russia could not see Servia crushed, but would acquiesce in measures that would safeguard Austria -Hungary's Slav pro- vinces from further hostile propaganda. Extreme anti-Servian and anti-Russian sentiments of German Ambassador, to whom text of Austro-Hungarian note was probably known beforehand Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs has informed Russian Ambassador that as Russia had mobilised Austria must do likewise. No threat meant. No objec- tion to direct Austro-Hungarian conversa- tions being continued at St. Petersburgh. Russian Ambassador more hopeful German Ambassador has informed Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs that his Go- vernment would guarantee that Austria should respect Servian integrity. Russia could not, however, agree to vassalage of Servia to Austria. Formula of con- ditions subject to which Russia would stop military preparations German Government have asked Austrian Government whether they would accept mediation on basis of occupation of Bel- grade by Austrian troops and issue of conditions from there. Could His Majesty's Government induce Russia to agree to above basis for an arrangement ? German Secretary of State says that Russian mobi- lisation has increased difficulties of situa- tion. German Government have made no special military preparations Conversation with President of the Republic regarding German communication to St. Petersburgh as to Russian mobilisation. Russia consents to demobilise subject to assurance from Austria to respect sovereignty of Servia, and submit certain points in the Austrian note to international discussion. Peace depended on attitude of His Majesty's Government. Pacific attitude of France. A British declaration to support France would prevent Germany going to war. Explained difficulty of such a declaration. . 50 52 52 52 58 53 54 Table of contents. zi No. Name 100 101 102 103 104 105 Sir R. Rodd Telegraphic To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic Telegraphic To Sir G. Buchanan. . Telegraphic July 30, 1914 30, To Sir P. Bertie . . )i >i 106 Sir R. Rodd 107 108 109 Sir B. Goschen . . II It II n • • Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 30, 30, 30, SO, 30, 30, 31, 31, Subject. German Ambassador at Rome thinks Ger- many could prevent Austria from making exorbitant demands if Servia would sub- mit on occupation of Belgrade . . Replies to No. 85. His Majesty's Govern- ment cannot entertain German proposals to secure British neutrality. For many reasons such a bargain with Germany at the expense of France would be a dis- grace to Great Britain, ilis Majesty's Government cannot bargain away her obligations regarding Belgian neutrality. His Majesty's Government must preserve full freedom of action. Best way of main- taining good relations with Great Britain is for Germany to work with her for the preservation of peace , . Has warned German Ambassador that Ger- many must not count on Great Britain standing aside in all circumstances German Ambassador states that German Government would advise Austria not to advance beyond Belgrade and adjoining territories, whilst Powers urged Servia to give satisfaction sufficient to placate Austria. Earnest hope that this may be agreed to. Suggests change in the formula proposed by Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs (see No. 97) in order to meet existing situation To inform Minister for Foreign Affairs of telegram to Sir G. Buchanan (see No. 103). Trusts that French Ambassador at St. Petersburgh will be able to induce Russian Governmentnot to precipitate a crisis Conversation with French Ambassador re- specting attitude of Great Britain in event of conflict between France and Ger- many ; encloses copies of notes exchanged with French Ambassador in 1912, and discusses their scope. Cabinet to meet to-morrow .. Austria has declined to continue direct con- versations with Russia. Germany believed to be more disposed to give conciliatory advice at Vienna owing to likelihood of British support for Russia and France. Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs is in favour of working with His Majesty's Government even if idea of discussions between four Powers is impossible Has asked German Secretary of State if he can suggest any course of action. Latter replied that he was in communication with Vienna to save time. Chancellor was " pressing the button " at Vienna to utmost of his power, and feared he had perhaps gone too far . . German Chancellor states that owing to Russian mobilisation Germany cannot remain quiet. These proceedings had come just when the Czar had appealed to the Emperor and when the latter was about to mediate at Vienna . . Reports having read to Chancellor reply of His Majesty's Government to his appeal for British neutrality (see No. 101). Chancellor desires time to reflect on it . . Page 54 55 65 56 56 56 59 59 59 60 i zu TABLB OP CONTENTS. 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 To Sir G. Buchanan. Telegraphic To Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic Sir E. Goschen Sir G. Buchanan To Sir F. Bertie „ Sir E. Goschen To Sir P. Villiers To Sir F. Bertie Sir F. Bertie Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 119 To Sir F. Bertie July 31, 1914 31, 31, 81, 31, 81, 31, 31, 81, 81, German Ambassador states that Austro- Russian conversations have been resumed at Vienna and St. Petersburgh. German Ambassador has asked that Russia should suspend military preparations in mean- while. Has informed his Excellency that His Majesty's Government cannot ask Russia to do this unless Austria consents to limit advance of her troops into Servia. Expresses satisfaction at resumption of conversations If settlement cannot be reached by direct Austro- Russian conversations, suggests that four Powers should undertake to obtain full satisfaction of Austrian de- mands from Servia, provided latter's sovereignty and integrity remain intact. Has informed German Ambassador that if Austria and Germany could bring for- ward any fair proposal, His Majesty's Government would support it strongly at Paris and St. Petersburgh Enquires whether France and Germany will engage to respect neutrality of Belgium . . To inform Belgian Government of No. 114. Sir E. Grey assumes that Belgium will do her utmost to maintain her neutrality French Ambassador informed that His 'Ma- jesty's Government cannot undertake defi- nite pledge to intervene in war, but that situation will be reconsidered in presence of any new development Informs of German ultimatum to Russia. German Ambassador demands answer from French Government by 1 p.m. to-morrow aa to French attitude . . Under-Secretary of State says that mobili- sation was not necessarily a hostile act. Austria-Hungary resents Russian interven- tion on behalf of Servia. Russian Am- bassador states that his Government have advised Servian compliance with Austrian demands so far as compatible with inde- pendence Has denied to French Ambassador that His Majesty's Government had given German Government the impression that they would remain neutral. His Majesty's Government could not, however, at the present moment give France any pledge, though further developments mignt justify intervention . . 60 60 German Government are about to proclaim " Kriegsgefahr," to be followed by im- mediate mobilisation. Germany preparing for all emergencies . . . . . . 61 Russian general mobilisation ordered, owing to Austro-Hungarian movements of troops against her. Germany also making military preparations. Russia cannot allow Germany to get a start 61 61 62 62 63 63 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Zlll No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 120 Sir 0. Buchanan Telegraphic July 31, 1914 New formula proposed by Russian Govern- ment Russian Government will maintain waiting attitude if Austria agrees to stop advance of her troops and to allow con- sideration by Great Powers of satisfaction to be given by Servia to Austria- Hungary without prejudice to her independence. Czar has undertaken that no Russian soldier will cross frontier so long as con- versation with Austria continues 64 121 Sir K Goschen Telegraphic 31, German Government appreciate Sir E. Grey's efforts to maintain peace, but cannot con- sider any proposal pending Russian reply to ultimatum presented by Germany re- lating to Russian mobilisation . . (55 122 i» i> Telegraphic 31, Belgian neutrality. Refers to No. 114. Secretary of State cannot reply tb British request until he has consulted Emperor and Chancellor. He doubts, however, whether German Government can give any answer. German Government al- leges commission of hostile acts by Bel- gium 65 128 To Sir E. Goschen . . • • Aug. 1, Conversation with German Ambassador re- specting the possible effect on British public opinion of any violation of the neutrality of Belgium. Any promise that His Ma- 1 1 jesty's Government should stand aside definitely refused 66 124 Sir F. Bertie Telegraphic July 31, German ultimatum to Russia. French Government anxious to know at once attitude of His Majesty's Government . . 66 125 „ „ .. 1 Telegraphic 31, Neutrality of Belgium (see No. 114). French Government are resolved to respect neu- trality of Belgium unless compelled to act otherwise by reason of violation at the hands of another Power 66 126 » n • • Telegraphic Aug. 1, German Ambassador has been informed that French Government fail to understand reason for German communication res- pecting attitude of France in the event of Russo-German war (see No. 1 17). German Ambassador will see Minister for Foreign Affairs in the evening . . 67 127 Sir M. de Bnnflen . . Telegraphic 1, Mobilisation of Austrian army and fleet 67 128 SirF. Villiers Telegraphic 1, Belgian neutrality. Refers to No. 115. Bel- gium expects Powers to observe and up- hold her neutrality, which she intends to maintain to the utmost of her power 67 129 Luxemburg Minister of State ■ 2, German Government have informed Luxem- burg that the German military measures in that country do not constitute a hostile act, but are only to insure against attack from France.. 67 130 To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic 1, British merchant-ships have been detained at , Hamburg. To request immediate release. Points out deplorable effect on British public opinion if detention continued 68 XIT TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. Name. 131 132 183 184 135 136 187 138 To Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic Telegraphic Sir F. Bertie Telegraphic To Sir G. Buchanan. Telegraphic Sir P. Bertie To Sir M. de Bunsen Sir E. Goschen Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Date. Subject. Aug. 1, 1914 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, Russian Government report readiness of Austria to discuss with Russia and to accept basis of mediation not open to objections raised in regard to original Russian formula (see No. 97). Hopes that Gennan Government maj' be able to make use of Russian communication in order to avoid tension. . Russia consents to British formula for basis of mediation (see No. 103) Austro-Hungarian Ambassador has informed Russian Government that Austro-Ilun- garian Government are ready to discuss substance of Austrian ultimatum to Servia. Russian Governmnut iiope that these discussions will take place in London with participation of Great Powers, and that His Majesty's Government will assume direction of them Conversation with President of Republic. German Government are trying to saddle Russia with the responsibility for present situation. President justifies Russian ac- tion. Germany is practically mobilising, so France must also. French troops are kept 10 kilom. from frontier, whereas Germans have made incursions into French territory. French Government do not yet despair of possibility of avoiding war Has received reliable information that Austria-Hungary has informed German Government that she would accept Sir E. Grey's proposal for mediation between Austria-Hungary and Servia. Military action would continue against Servia for present, but Russian mobilisation and Austro-Hungarian counter measures would cease. He should inform Minister for Foreign Affairs General mobilisation in France ordered owing to German military measures. French troops have left a zone of 10 kilom. between them and the frontier . . Austro-Hungarian Ambassador has given assurance that Austrians will respect terri- torial integfrity of Servia, and will not occupy sanjak. Austria has not " banged the door" on further conversations with Russia Conversation with German Secretary of State. German Government have ordered mobilisation. Absence of reply to German ultimatum must be regarded as creating a state of war. Ruswan Government will be so informed Page 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 70 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV No.i Name. Subject. Page 139 140 141 Sir 6. Buchanan Telegraphic Aug. 1, 1914 Sir P. Bertie Sir M. de Bunsen Telegraphic 1, Telegraphic 1, 142 143 144 145 146 147 Sir E. Goschen »i »» It )i II II Sir P. Villiers Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 1, li 2, Telegraphic! 2, Luxemburg Minister Telegraphic 2, of State 148 To Sir P. Bertie . . Telugraphic 2, Unsatisfactory result of discussions between German and Austro-Hungarian Ambassa- dors with the Czar and Russian Minister for Poreign Affairs respectively. Russian Minister for Poreign Affairs says that Austrian domination of Servia would vitally affect Russia, and that he is weary of his ceaseless efforts to avoid war. Action of Austro-Hungarian Government and German preparations have forced Russian Government to order mobilisation, and mobilisation of Germany has created desperate situation. M. Sazonof would adhere to formula contained in No. 120, if its acceptance could bo secured before the Germans cross frontier. In no case will Russia commence hostilities. Fear of general conflagration in the Balkans Prench Minister for War has impressed on British military' attache that only way of securing peace was for Great Britain to take military action. Minister of War maintains that France has, by withdrawing from frontier, given proof of her desire to abstain from any provocative act Conversation with Russian Ambassador at Vienna respecting German ultimatum to Russia. His Excellency thinks that German Government desired war from the first. Explains nature of Russian mobilisation, and says that Russia had no intention of attacking Austria. French Ambassador to speak earnestly to Austrian Minister for Poreign Affairs. Anxiety as to atti- tude of Great Britain General mobilisation of German army and navy . . Detention of British steamers. German Secretary of State has promised to send orders to release steamers without delay. . German Secretary of State says that, owing to certain Russian troops having crossed frontier, Germany and Russia are in a state of war. . Orders sent last night to allow British ships detained in Hamburg to proceed. This as a special favour to His Majesty's Govern- ment. Reason of detention was that mines were being laid and other precautions taken Belgian Government confirms report that German force has entered Grand Duchy of Luxemburg . . Acts of German troops in Luxemburg terri- tory are manifestly contrary to the neu- trality of the Grand Duchy guaranteed by Treaty of London of 1867. Protest has been made to the German representatives at Luxemburg and also to German Secretary of State . . ■ . Assurance given to Prench Ambassador respecting protection by British fleet of French coasts or shipping subject to con- sent of Parliament. Question of despatch of British force to assist Prance, Effect of violation of Luxemburg and Belgian neutrality 71 72 72 72 73 78 73 73 73 74 m TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. Name. Date. Subject. Page 149 To Sir E. Goschen . , Telegraphic 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Sir E. Goschen Sir P. Villiera To Sir F. Bertie To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic Sir F. Villiers To Sir F. Villiers . . To Sir E. Goschen Communicated by German Ambassa- dor Sir F. Villiers Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic Telegraphic 159 To Sir E. Goschen . . Telegraphic Aug. 2, 1914 Detention of British steamers. Sugar un- loaded by force from British vessels at Hamburg and detained. Should inform Secretary of State that His Majesty's Government trust that order already sent for release of British vessels covers also release of cargoes (see No. 143) 8, Detention of British steamers. Refers to No. 149. No information available S, French Government have offered five army corps to Belgian Government. Belgian Government reply that whilst sincerely grateful they do not propose to appeal to the guarantee of the Powers, and will decide later on their action 8, Communication from French Ambassador to effect that Italy does not consider casus foederis has arisen 4, Belgian neutrality. His Majesty's Govern- ment have been informed that German Government have proposed to Belgium friendly neutrality entailing free passage through Belgian territory, and of German threat in case of refusal. Belgian Govern- ment have declined offer. Should ask for immediate assurance from German Govern- ment that they will not proceed with threat or violate Belgian neutrality 4, Belgian neutrality (see No. 153). In view of Belgian reply, German Government have threatened to carry out their pro- posals by force . . 4, To inform Belgian Government that His Majesty's Government expect that they will resist attempt to infringe their neu- trality. His Majesty's Government pre- pared to join with Russia and France in assisting Belgian Government to resist German aggression and to guarantee independence and integrity in future years 4, To demand immediate release of British ships detained in German ports . . 4, Assurance that Germany will in no case annex Belgian territory. Germany forced to disregard Belgian neutrality owing to knowledge of French plans 4, German troops have entered Belgian terri- tory. Lifege summoned to surrender 4. Belgian neutrality threatened by Germany. Unless Geiman Government prepared to give assurance by 12 midnight to respect neutrality of Belgium, His Majesty's Ambassador is to ask for passports and to say that His Majesty's Government feel bound to take all steps in their power to uphold their treaty obligations . . 74 75 76 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 Correspondence respecting the European Crisis. No. 1. Sir Edward Grey to Sir H. Rumhold. Sir, Foreign Office, July 20, 1914. I ASKED the German Ambassador to-day if he had any news of what was going on in Vienna with regard to Servia. He said that he had not, but Austria was certainly going to take some step, and he regarded the situation as very uncomfortable. I said that I had not heard anything recently, eicept that Count Berchtold, in speaking to the Italian Ambassador in Vienna, had deprecated the suggestion that the situation was grave, but had said that it should be cleared up. The German Ambassador said that it would be a very desirable thing if Russia cotdd act as a mediator with regard to Servia. I said that I assumed that the Austrian Government would not do anything until they had first disclosed to the public their case against Servia, founded presumably upon what they had discovered at the trial. The Ambassador said that he certainly assumed that they woidd act upon some case that would be made known. I said that this would make it easier for others, such as Russia, to counsel moderation in Belgrade. In fact, the more Austria could keep her demand within reasonable limits, and the stronger the justification she could produce for making any demand, the more chance there would be of smoothing things over. I hated the idea of a war between any of the Great Powers, and that any of them should be dragged into a war by Servia would be detestable. The Ambassador agreed wholeheartedly in this sentiment. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 2. Sir H. Rumhold to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 22.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 22, 1914. LAST night I met Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and the forthcoming Austrian demarche at Belgrade was alluded to by his Excellency in the conversation that ensued. His Excellency was evidently of opinion that this step on Austria's part would have been made ere this. He insisted that question at issue was one for settle- ment between Servia and Austria alone, and that there should be no interference from outside in the discussions between those two countries. He had therefore considered it inadvisable that the Austro-Hungarian Government should be approached by the German Government on the matter. He had, however, on several occasions, in conversation with the Servian Minister, emphasised the extreme importance that Austro-Servian relations should be put on a proper footing. Finally, his Excellency observed to me that for a long time past the attitude adopted towards Servia by Austria had, in his opinion, been one of great forbearance. [833] B 2 No. 3. Sir Edward Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen. Sir, - Foreign Office, July 23, 1914. COUNT MENSDORFF told me to-day that he would be able to-morrow morning to let me have officially the communication that he understood was being made to Servia to-day by Austria. He then explained privately what the nature of the demand would be. As he told me that the facts would aU be set out in the paper that he would give me to-morrow, it is unnecessary to record them now. I gathered that they would include proof of the complicity of some Servian officials in the plot to murder the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and a long list of demands consequently made by Austria on Servia. As regards all this, I said that it was not a matter on which I would make any comment until I received an official communication, and it seemed to me probably a matter on which I should not be able to make any comment at first sight. But, when Count MensdorfF told me that he supposed there would be something in the nature of a time-limit, which was in effect akin to an ultimatum, I said that I regretted this very much. To begin with a time-limit might inflame opinion in Russia, and it would make it difficult, if not impossible, to give more time, even if after a few days it appeared that by giving more time there would be a prospect of securing a peaceful settlement and getting a satisfactory reply from Servia. 1 admitted that, if there was no time-limit, the proceedings might be unduly protracted, but I urged that a time-limit could always be introduced afterwards ; that, if the demands were made without a time-limit in the first instance, Russian public opinion might be less excited, after a week it might have cooled down, and if the Aiistrian case was very strong it might be apparent that the Russian Government would be in a position to use their influence in favour of a satisfactory reply from Servia. A time-limit was generally a thing to be used only in the last resort, after other means had been tried and failed. Count Mensdorff said that if Servia, in the interval that had elapsed since the murder of the Archduke, had voluntarily instituted an enquiry on her own territory, all this might have been avoided. In 1909, Servia had said in a note that she intended to live on terms of good neighbourhood with Austria ; but she had never kept her promise, she had stirred up agitation the object of which was to disintegrate Austria, and it was absolutely necessary for Austria to protect herself. I said that 1 would not comment upon or criticise what Count Mensdorff had told me this afternoon, but I could not help dwelling upon the awful consequences involved in the situation. Great apprehension had been expressed to me, not specially by M. Cambon and Coimt Benckendorff, but also by others, as to what might happen, and it had been represented to me that it would be very desirable that those who had influence in St. Petersburgh should use it on behalf of patience and moderation. 1 had replied that the amount of influence that could be used in this sense would depend upon how reasonable were the Austrian demands and how strong the justification that Austria might have discovered for making her demands. The possible consequences of the present situation were terrible. If as many as four Great Powers of Europe — let us say Austria, France, Russia, and Germany — were engaged in war, it seemed to me that it must involve the expenditure of so vast a sum of money, and such an interference with trade, that a war would be accompanied or followed by a complete collapse of European credit and industry. In these days, in great industrial States, this would mean a state of things worse than that of 1848, and, irrespective of who were victors in the war, many things might be completely swept away. Count Mensdorff did not demur to this statement of the possible consequences of the present situation, but he said that aU would depend upon Russia. I made the remark that, in a time of difficulties such as this, it was just as true to say that it required two to keep the peace as it was to say, ordinarily, that it took two to make a quarrel. I hoped very much that, if there were difficulties, Austria and Russia would be able in the first instance to discuss them directly with each other. Count Mensdorff said that he hoped this would be possible, but he was under the impression that the attitude in St. Petersburgh had not been very favourable recently. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 4. Count Berchtold to Count Mensdorff. — (Communicated hy Count Mensdorff, July 24, 1914.) (Translation.) LE GoTivernement Imperial et Royal s'est vu oblige d'adresser jeudi le 23 de ce mois, par I'entremise du Ministre Imperial et Royal a Belgrade, la note suivante au Gouvernement Royal de Serbie : " Le 31 mars 1909 le Ministre de Serbie a Vienna a fait, d'ordre de son Gouverne- ment, au Gouvernement Imperial et Royal la declaration suivante : — " La Serbie reconnait qu'elle n'a pas 6t6 atteinte dans ses droits par le fait accompli cree en Bosnie-Herzegovine et qu'elle se conformera par consequent a telle decision que les Puissances prendront par rapport a I'article 25 du Traite de Berlin. Se rendant aux conseils des Grandes Puissances, la Serbie s'engage des a present a abandonner I'attitude de protestation et d'opposition qu'eUe a ob- servee k I'egard de I'annexion depuis I'automne dernier, et elle s'engage, en outre, a changer le cours de sa politique actueUe envers I'Autriclie-Hongrie pour vivre d^sormais avec cette derni^re sur le pied d'un bon voisinage." Or, I'histoire dea demieres annees, et notamment les evenements douloureux du 28 juin, ont demontre I'eiistence en Serbie d'un mouvement subversif dont le but 'est de detacher de la Monarchic austro- hongroise certaines parties de ses terri- toires. Ce mouvement, qui a pris jour sous les yeux du Gouvernement serbe, est arrive a se manifester au dela du territoire du royaiune par des actes de terrorisme, par une serie d'attentats et par des meurtres. Le Gouvernement Royal serbe, loin de satisfaire aui engagements formels con- tenus dans la declaration du 31 mars, 1909, n'a rien fait pour supprimer ce mouvement : il a tolere I'activit^ crimi- nelle des differentes soci^tes et affiliations dirigees centre la Monarchic, le langage effrene de la presse, la glorification des auteurs d'attentats, la participation d'officiers et de fonctionnaires dans les agissements subversifs, une propagande malsaine dans I'instruction publique, tolere enfin toutes les manifestations qui pouvaient induire la population serbe a la haine de la Monarchic et au mepris de ses institutions. Cette tolerance coupable du Gouveme- [833] THE Austro-Hungarian Government felt compelled to address the following note to the Servian Government on the 23rd July, through the medium of the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade : — " On the 31st March, 1909, the Servian Minister in Vienna, on the instructions of the Servian Government, made the follow- ing declaration to the Imperial and Royal Government : — " ' Servia recognises that the fait accompli regarding Bosnia has not affected her rights, and consequently she will con- form to the decisions that the Powers may take in conformity with article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin. In deference to the advice of the Great Powers Servia undertakes to renounce from now onwards the attitude of protest and opposition which she has adopted with regard to the annexation since last autumn. She undertakes, more- over, to modify the direction of her policy with regard to Austria-Hungary and to live in future on good neighbourly terms with the latter.' " The history of recent years, and in particular the painful events of the 28th June last, have shown the existence of a subversive movement with the object of detaching a part of the territories of Austria-Hungary from the Monarchy. The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Servian Government, has gone so far as to make itself manifest on both sides of the Servian frontier in the shape of acts of terrorism and a aeries of outrages and murders. Far from carrying out the formal under- takings contained in the declaration of the 31st March, 1909, the Royal Servian Government has done nothing to repress these movements. It has permitted the criminal machinations of various societies and associations directed against the Monarchy, and has tolerated unrestrained language on the part of the press, the glorification of the perpetrators of outrages, and the participation of officers and functionaries in subversive agitation. It has permitted an unwholesome propaganda in public instruction, in short, it has permitted all manifestations of a nature to incite the Servian population to hatred of the Monarchy and contempt of its institutions. This culpable tolerance of the Royal B 2 ment Royal de Serbie n'avait pas cesse au moment ou les ^Tenements du 28 juin dernier en ont demontre au monde entier les consequences funestes. n results des depositions et aveux des auteurs criminels de I'attentat du 28 juin que le meurtre de Sarajevo a et6 trame a Belgrade, que les armes et explosifs dont les meurtriers se trouvaient etre munis leur ont ete donnes par des officiers et fonctionnaires serbes faisant partie de la " Marodna Odbrana," et enfin que le passage en Bosnie des criminels et de leurs armes a ete organist et effectue par des chefs du service-frontiere serbe. Les resultats mentionn^s de I'instruc- tion ne permettent pas au Gouvemement Imperial et Royal de poursuivre plus longtemps I'attitude de longanimite ex- pectative qu'il avait observee pendant des ann^es vis-a-vis des agissements con- centres a Belgrade et propages de la sur les territoires de la "Monarcbie ; ces re- sultats lui imposent au contraire le devoir de mettre fin k des menses qui forment une menace perpetuelle pour la tranquil- lite de la Monarchie. C'est pour atteindre ce but que le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal se voit oblige de demander au Gouvemement serbe I'enonciation officielle qu'il con- damne la propagande dirigee centre la Monarchie austro-hongroise, c'est-a-dire I'ensemble des tendances qui aspirent en dernier lieu a detacher de la Monarchie des territoires qui en font partie, et qu'il s'engage a supprimer, par tous les moyens, cette propagande criminelle et terroriste. Afin de donner un caractere solonnel a cet engagement, le Gouvemement Royal de Serbie fera publier a la premiere page du "Journal officiel" en date du 13/26 juillet I'enonciation suivante : — Servian Government had not ceased at the moment when the events of the 28th June last proved its fatal consequences to the whole world. It results from the depositions and confessions of the criminal perpetrators of the outrage of the 28th June that the Serajevo assassinations were planned in Belgrade, that the arms and explosives with which the murderers were provided had been given to them by Servian officers and functionaries belonging to the Narodna Odbrana, and finally, that the passage into Bosnia of the criminals and their arms was organised and effected by' the chiefs of the Servian frontier service. The above-mentioned results of the magisterial investigation do not permit the Austro-Hungarian Government to pursue any longer the attitude of expectant forbearance which they have maintained for years in face of the machinations hatched in Belgrade, and thence pro- pagated in the territories of the Monarchy. The results, on the contrary, impose on them the duty of putting an end to the intrigues which form a perpetual menace to the tranquillity of the Monarchy. To achieve this end the Imperial and Royal Government see themselves com- pelled to demand from the Royal Servian Government a formal assurance that ihey condemn this dangerous propaganda against the Monarchy ; in other words, the whole series of tendencies, the ultimate aim of which is to detach from the Monarchy territories belonging to it, and that they undertake to suppress by every means this criminal and terrorist pro- paganda. In order to give a formal character to this undertaking the Royal Servian Government shall publish on the front page of tlieir " Official Journal " of the 13/20 July the following declaration : — " Le Gouvemement Royal de Serbie condamne la propagande dirigee contre I'Autriche-Hongrie, c'est-a-dire I'ensemble des tendances qui aspirent en dernier Heu a detacher de la Monarchie austro-hon- groise des territoires qui en font partie, et il deplore sin cerement les consequences funestes de ces agissements criminels. " Le Gouvemement Royal regrette que des ofl&ciers et fonctionnaires serbes aient participe a la propagande susmentionnee et compromis par la les relations de bon voisinage auquel le Gouvemement Royal s'etait solennellement engage par sa de- claration du 31 mars, l'J09. " IjQ Gouvemement l^oyal, qui d^saj)- prouve et repudie toute id6e pu tentative " The Royal Government of Servia condemn the propaganda directed against Austria - Hungary — i.e., the general tendency of which the final aim is to detach from the Austro-Hungarian Mon- archy territories belonging to it, and they sincerely deplore the fatal consequences of these criminal proceedings. The Royal Government regret that Servian officers and functionaries par- ticipated in the above-mentioned pro- paganda and thus compromised tlie good neighbourly relations to which the Royal (government wore solemnly pledged by their declaration of the 31st March, 1909. The Royal Government, who dis- approve and repudiate all idea of inter- d'immixtion dans les destinies des habi- tants de quelque partie de I'Autriclie- Hongrie que ce soit, considere de son devoir d'avertir formellement les officiers, les fonctionnaires et toute la population du royaume que dorenavant il procedera avec la derniere rigueur contre les per- sonnes qui se rendraient coupables de pareils agissements qu'il mettra tons ses efforts h prevenir et a reprimer." Cette ^nonciation sera portee simultane- ment a la connaissance de I'Arm^e Royale par un ordre du jour de Sa Majeste le Roi et sera publiee dans le " Bulletin officiel " de I'armee. Le Gouvemement Royal serbe s'engage en outre : 1° a supprimer toute publication qui excite a la haine et au mepris de la Monarchie et dont la tendance g^nerale est dirigee contre son integrity territoriale, 2° a dissoudre immediatement la soci^te dite " Narodna Odbrana," h confisquer tous ses moyens de propagande, et a pro- ceder de la meme mani^re contre les autres Bocietes et affiliations en Serbie qui s'adon- nent a la propagande contre la Monarchie austro-hongroise ; le Gouvemement Royal prendra les mesures necessaires pour que les societes dissoutes ne puissent* pas con- tin uer lexir activite sous un autre nom et sous une autre forme, 3° a 61iminer sane d^lai de I'instruction publique en Serbie, tant en ce qui con- cerne le corps enseignant que les moyens d'instruction, tout ce qui sert ou pourrait servir k fomenter la propagande contre I'Autriche-Hongrie, 4° a eloigner du service militaire et de I'administration en general tous les officiers et fonctionnaires coupables de la propa- gande contre la Monarchie autro-hongroise et dont le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal se reserve de communiquer les noms et les faits au Gouvemement Royal, 5° k accepter la collaboration en Serbie des organes du Gouvemement Imperial et Royal dans la suppression du mouvement Bubversif dirige contre I'int^grit^ terri- toriale de la Monarchie, 6° a ouvxir une enquete judiciaire contre les partisans du complot du 28 juin se trouvant sur territoire serbe ; des organes, delegues par le Gouveme- ment Imperial et Royal, prendront part aui recherches y relatives, 7° a proceder d'urgence k I'arrestation du Commandant Voija Tankosic et du ixomm6 Milan Ciganovic, employ^ de [833] fering or attempting to interfere with the destinies of the inhabitants of any part whatsoever of Austria-Hungary, consider it their duty formally to warn officers and functionaries, and the whole population of the kingdom, that henceforward they will proceed with the utmost rigour against persons who may be guilty of such machinations, which tliey will use all their efforts to anticipate and suppress. This declaration shall simultaneously be communicated to the Royal army as an order of the day by His Majesty the King and shall be published in the " Official Bulletin " of the Army. The Royal Servian Government further undertake : 1. To suppress any publication which incites to hatred and contempt of the Austro - Hungarian Monarchy and the general tendency of which is directed against its territorial integrity ; 2. To dissolve immediately the society styled Narodna Odbrana, to confiscate all its means of propaganda, and to proceed in the same manner against other societies and their branches in Servia which engage in propaganda against the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy. The Royal Govern- ment shall take the necessary measures to prevent the societies dissolved from continuing their activity under anothe' name and form ; 3. To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Servia, both as regards the teaching body and also as regards the methods of instruction, every- thing that serves, or might serve, to fo- ment the propaganda against Austria- Hungary ; 4. To remove from the military service, and from the administration in general, all officers and functionaries guilty of propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy whose names and deeds the Austro-Hungarian Government reserve to themselves the right of communicating to the Royal Government ; 5. To accept the collaboration in Servia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government for the suppression of the sub- versive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy ; 6. To take judicial proceedings against accessories to the plot of the 28th June who are on Servian territory ; delegates of the Austro-Hungarian Government will take part in the investigation relating thereto ; 7. To proceed without delay to the arrest of Major Voija Tankositch and of the individual named Milan Ciganovitch, B 3 I'Etat serbe, compromis par les resultats de I'instruction de Sarajevo, 8° a empeclier, par des mesures efficaces, le concours des autorites serbes dans le trafic illicite d'annes et d'eiplosifs a travers la frontiere ; a licencier et punir s^verement les fonctionnaires du service-frontiere de Schabatz et de LoJSnica coupables d 'avoir aide les auteurs du crime de Sarajevo en leur facilitant le passage de la frontiere, 9° a donner au Gouvemement Imperial et Royal des explications stir les propos injustifiables de hauts fonctionnaires serbes taut en Serbie qu'4 I'etranger, qui, malgre leur position officielle, n'ont pas hesite apres I'attentat du 28 juin de s'exprimer dans des interviews d'une mani^re hostile envers la Monarchie austro-bongroise, enfin 10° d'avertir, sans retard, le Gouveme- ment Imperial et Royal de I'eiecution des mesures comprises dans les points prece- dents. Le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal attend la r^ponse du Gouvemement Royal au plus tard jusqu'au samedi, 25 de ce mois, a 6 beures du soir. Un memoire concernant les resultats de I'instruction de Sarajevo k I'egard des fonctionnaires mentionnes aui points 7 et 8 est annexe a cette note. J'ai I'bonneur d'inviter votre Excellence de vouloir porter le contenu de cette note a la connaissance du Gouvemement aupres duquel vous etes accredite, en accom- pagnant cette communication du com- mentaire que voici : Le 31 mars, 1909, le Gouvemement Royal serbe a adresse a TAutriche-Hongrie la declaration dont le texte est reproduit ci-dessus. Le lendemain meme de cette declaration la Serbie s'est engagee dans une politique tendant a inspirer des id^es subversives aux ressortissants serbes de la Monarchie anstro-hongroise et a preparer ainsi la separation des territoires austro-hongrois, limitrophes a la Serbie. La Serbie devint le foyer d'une agitation crimineUe. Des societes et affiliations ne tarderent pas a se former qui, soit ouvertement, soit clandestinement, etaient destinees a creer des detordres sur le territoire austro- hongrois. Ces sociei.es et affiliations comptent parmi leurs membres des generaux et des diplomates, des fonction- naires d'Etat et des juges, bref les som- mit^s du monde officiel et inofficiel du royaume. a Servian State employ^, who have been compromised by the results of the magisterial enquiry at Serajevo ; 8. To prevent by effective measures the co-operation of the Servian authorities in the iUicit traffic in arms and explosives across the frontier, to dismiss and punish severely the officials of the frontier service at Schabatz and Loinica guilty of having assisted the perpetrators of the Serajevo crime by facilitating their passage across the frontier ; 9. To furnish the Imperial and Royal Government with explanations regarding the unjustifiable utterances of high Servian officials, both in Servia and abroad, who, notwithstanding their official position, have not hesitated after the crime of the 28th June to express themselves in inter- views in terms of hostility to the Austro- Hungarian Government ; and, finally, 10. To notify the Imperial and Royal Government without delay of the execution of the measures comprised under the preceding heads. The Austro-Hungarian Government expect the reply of the Royal Government at the latest by 6 o'clock on Saturday evening, the 25th July. A memorandum dealing with the results of the magisterial enquiry at Serajevo with regard to the officials mentioned under heads (7) and (8) is attached to this note. I have the honour to request your Excellency to bring the contents of this note to the knowledge of the Government to which 3'ou are accredited, accompanying your communication with the following observations : — On the 31st March, 1909, the Royal Servian Government addressed to Austria-Hungary the declaration of which the text is reproduced above. On the very day after this declaration Servia embarked on a policy of instilling revolutionary ideas into the Serb subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and so preparing for the separation of the Austro-Hungarian territory on the Servian frontier. Servia became the centre of a criminal agitation. No time was lost in the formation of societies and groups, whose object, either avowed or secret, was the creation of disorders on Austro-Hungarian territory. These societies and groups count among their members generals and diplomatists, Government officials and judges — in short, men at the top of official and unofficial society in the kingdom. Le jaumaliBme sarbe est presque enti^r©- ment au service de cette propagande, dirigee centre TAutriclie-Hongrie, et pas un jour ne passe sans que les organes de la presse serbe n'excitent leurs lectures 4 la haine et au mepris de la Monarchie voisine ou a des attentats dirig^s plus ou moins ouvertement centre sa surete et son integrite. Un grand nombre d'agents est appele a soutenir par tous les moyens I'agitation centre I'Autriche-Hongrie et a corrompre dans les provinces limitrophes la jeunesse de ces pays. L'esprit conspirateur des politiciens serbes, esprit dont les annales du royaume portent les sanglantes einpreintes, a subi une recrudescence depuis la demiere crise balkanique ; des individns ayant fait partie desbandes jusque-laoccupees en Macedoine sont venus se mettre a la disposition de la propagande terroriste contre I'Autriche- Hongrie. En presence de ces agissements, aui- quels rAutricbe - Hongrie est eiposee depuis des annees, le Gouvernement de la Serbie n'a pas cru devoir prendre la moindre mesure. C'est ainsi que le Gouvernement serbe a manque au devoir que lui imposait la declaration solennelle du 31 mars, 1909, et c'est ainsi qu'il s'est mis en contradiction avec la volonte de I'Europe et avec I'engagement qu'il avait pris vis-a-vis de I'Autriche-Hongrie. La longanimite du Gouvernement Im- perial et Royal a I'egard de I'attitude provocatrice de la Serbie etait inspiree du desinteressement territorial de la Monarchie austro-hongroise et de I'espoir que le Gouvernement serbe finirait tout de meme par apprecier a sa juste valeur I'amiti^ de I'Autriche-Hongrie. En ob- servant une attitude bienveillante pour les int^rets politiques de la Serbie, le Gou- vernement Imperial et Royal esperait que le royavmie se deciderait finalement a Buivre de son cote une ligne de conduite analogue. L'Autriche-Hongrie s'attendait Burtout a une pareille Evolution dans les idees politiques en Serbie, lorsque, apres les 6venements de I'annee 1912, le Gou- vernement Imperial et Royal rendit pos- sible, par une attitude desinteressee et sans rancune, Tagrandissement si con- siderable de la Serbie. Cette bienveiUance manifestee par I'Autriche-Hongrie a I'egard de I'Etat voisin n'a cependant aucunement modifie les precedes du royaume, qui a continue a tolerer sur son territoire une propagande, dont les funestes consequences se sont manifestees au monde entier le 28 juin dernier, jour eii I'heritier preeomptif de la [833] Servian journalism is almost entirely at the service of this propaganda, which is directed against Austria-Hungary, and not a day passes without the organs of the Servian press stirring up their readers to hatred or contempt for the neighbouring Monarchy, or to outrages directed more or less openly against its security and integrity. A large number of agents are employed in carrying on by every means the agita- tion against Austria-Hungary and corrupt- ing the youth in the frontier provinces. Since the recent Balkan crisis there has been a recrudescence of the spirit of con- spiracy inherent in Servian politicians, which has left such sanguinary imprints on the history of the kingdom ; indi- viduals belonging formerly to bands em- ployed in Macedonia have come to place themselves at the disposal of the terrorist propaganda against Austria- Hungary. In the presence of these doings, to which Austria-Hungary has been exposed for years, the Servian Government have not thought it incumbent on them to take the slightest step. The Servian Government have thus failed in the duty imposed on them by the solemn declaration of the Slst March, 1909, and acted in opposition to the will of Europe and the imdertaking given to Austria-Hungary. The patience of the Imperial and Royal Government in the face of the provocative attitude of Servia was inspired by the territorial disinterestedness of the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy and the hope that the Servian Government would end in spite of everything by appreciating Austria- Hungary's friendship at its true value. By observing a benevolent attitude towards the political interests of Servia, the Im- perial and Royal Government hoped that the kingdom would finally decide to follow an analogous line of conduct on its own side. In particular Austria- Hungary expected a development of this kind in the political ideas of Servia, when, after the events of 1912, the Imperial and Royal Government, by its disinterested and ungrudging attitude, made such a considerable aggrandisement of Servia possible. The benevolence which Austria-Hungary showed towards the neighbouring State had no restraining effect on the proceed- ings of the kingdom, which continued to tolerate on its territory a propaganda of which the fatal consequences were demon- strated to the whole world on the 28th June last, when the Heir Prvibumptive to B 4 Monarchie et son illustre Spouse devinrent les victimes d'un complot trame a Belgrade. En presence de cet etat de choses le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal a du se decider a entreprendre de nouvelles et pressantes demarches a Belgrade afin d'amener le Gouvernement serbe a arreter le mouvement incendiaire menaQant la surete et I'int^grit^ de la Monarchie austro- hongroise. Le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal est persuade qu'en entreprenant cette demarche il se trouve en plein accord avec les sentiments de toutes les nations civilisees, qui ne sauraient admettre que le regicide devint une arme dont on puisse Be servir impunement dans la lutte politique, et que la pais europeenne fut continuellement troublee par les agisse- ments partant de Belgrade. C'est a I'appui de ce qui precede que le Gouvernement Imperial et Royal tient a la disposition du Gouvemement Royal de Grande-Bretagne un dossier elucidant les menees serbes et les rapports eiistant entre ces menees et le meurtre du 28 juin. Une communication identique est adressee aux representants Imperiaui et Royaux aupres des autres Puissances signataires. Vous etes autorise de laisser une copie de cette depeche entre les mains de M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres. Vienne, le 24 juillet, 1914. the Monarchy and his illustrious consort fell victims to a plot hatched at Belgrade. In the presence of this state of things the Imperial and Royal Government have felt compelled to take new and urgent steps at Belgrade with a view to inducing the Servian Government to stop the incen- diary movement that is threatening the security and integrity of the Austro-Hun- garian Monarchy. The Imperial and Royal Government are convinced that- in taking this step they will find themselves in full agreement with the sentiments of all civilised nations, who cannot permit regicide to become a wea- pon that can be employed with impunity in political strife, and the peace of Europe to be continually disturbed by movements emanating from Belgrade. In support of the above the Imperial and Royal Government hold at the dis- posal of the British Government a dossier elucidating the Servian intrigues and the connection between these intrigues and the murder of the 28th June. An identical communication has been addressed to the Imperial and Royal repre- sentatives accredited to the other signatory Powers. You are authorised to leave a copy of this despatch in the hands of the Minister for Foreign Affairs. Vienna, July 24, 1914. Annexe. L'instruction criminelle ouverte par le Tribunal de Sarajevo centre Gavrilo Princip et consorts du chef d'assassinat et de complicity y relative — crime commis par eux le 28 juin dernier — a jusqu'ici abouti aux constatations suivantes : 1°. Le complot ayant pour but d'assas- siner, lors de son sejour a Sarajevo, I'Archiduc Frangois-Ferdinand fut form6 a Belgrade par Gavrilo Princip, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, le nomm6 Milan Ciganovic et Trifko Grabe2 avec le concours du com- mandant Voija Tankosic. 2°. Les 6 bombes et les 4 pistolets Browning avec munition, moyennant les- quels les malfaiteurs ont commis I'attentat, furent livr^s a Belgrade a Princip, Cabrinovic et Grabez par le nomme Milan Ciganovic et le commandant Voija Tan- kosic. 3". Les bombee sont des grenades a la main provenant du dep6t d'armes de I'armee serbe a Kragujevac. Annex. The criminal enquiry opened by the Court of Serajevo against Gavrilo Princip and his accessories in and before the act of assassination committed by them on the 28th June last, has up to the present led to the following conclusions : — 1. The plot, having as its object the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand at the time of his visit to Serajevo, was formed at Belgrade by Gavrilo Princip, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, one Milan Ciganovic, and Trifko Grabei, with the assistance of Commander Voija Tankosic. 2. The six bombs and the four Browning pistols and ammunition with which the guilty parties committed the act were delivered to Princip, Cabrinovic, and GrabeJ by the man Milan Ciganovic and Commander Voija Tankosic at Belgrade. 3. The bombs are hand-grenades coming from the arms depot of the Servian army at Kragujevac. 9 4°. Pour assurer la r^ussite de I'attentat, 4. In order to easure the success of the Ciganovic enseigaa a Princip, Cabrinovic act, Ciganovic taught Princip, Cabrinovic, et Grabei la manifere de se servir des and Grabei how to use the bombs, and grenades et donna, dans un foret pres du gave lessons in firing Browning pistols to champ de tir a Topschider, des lemons de Princip and Grabei in a forest near the tir avec pistolets Browning a Princip et shooting ground at Topschider. Grabei. 5°. Pour rendre possible a Princip, 5. To enable Princip, Cabrinovic, and Cabrinovic et Grabe2 de passer la frontiere GrabesS to cross the frontier of Bosnia- de Bosnie-Herzegovine et d'y introduire Herzegovina and smuggle in their contra- clandestinement leur contrebande d'armes, band of arms secretly, a secret system of tm systfeme de transport secret fut organise transport was organised by Ciganovic. par Ciganovic. D'apres cette organisation I'introduction By this arrangement the introduction en Bosnie-Herz6govine des malfaiteurs et into Bosnia-Herzegovina of criminals and de leurs armes fut operee par les capitaines- their arms was effected by the officials frontieres de Chabac (Rade Popovic) et de controlling the frontiers at Chabac (Rade Loznica ainsi que par le douanier Rudivoj Popovic) and Lo^nica, as well as by the Grbic de Loznica avec le concours de divers customs officer Rudivoj Grbic, of Lo&ica, particuliers. with the assistance of various individuals. No. 5. Sir Edward Grey to Sir M. de Bunaen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 24, 1914. NOTE addressed to Servia, together with an explanation of the reasons leading up to it, has been communicated to me by Count Mensdorff. In the ensuing conversation with his Excellency I remarked that it seemed to me a matter for great regret that a time limit, and such a short one at that, had been insisted upon at this stage of the proceedings. The murder of the Archduke and some of the circumstances respecting Servia quoted in the note aroused sympathy with Austria, as was but natural, but at the same time I had never before seen one State address to another independent State a document of so formidable a character. Demand No. 5 would be hardly consistent with the maintenance of Servia's independent sovereignty if it were to mean, as it seemed that it might, that Austria-Hungary was to be invested with a right to appoint officials who would have authority within the frontiers of Servia. I added that I felt great apprehension, and that I should concern myself with the matter simply and solely fi'om the point of view of the peace of Europe. The merits of the dispute between Austria and Servia were not the concern of His Majesty's Government, and such comments as I had made above were not made in order to discuss those merits. I ended by saying that doubtless we should enter into an exchange of views with other Powers, and that I must await their views as to what could be done to mitigate the difficulties of the situation. Count Mensdorff replied that the present situation might never have arisen if Servia had held out a hand after the murder of the Archduke ; Servia had, however, shown no sign of sympathy or help, though some weeks had already elapsed since the murder ; a time limit, said his Excellency, was essential, owing to the procrastination on Servia's part. I said that if Servia had procrastinated in replying, a time limit could have been introduced later ; but, as things now stood, the terms of the Servian reply had been dictated by Austria, who had not been content to limit herself to a demand for a reply witliin a limit of forty-eight hours from its presentation. 10 No. 6. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 24.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petershurgh, July 24, 1914. I HAD a telephone message this morning from M. Sazonof to the effect that the text of the Austrian ultimatum had just reached him. His Excellency added that a reply within forty-eight hours was demanded, and he begged me to meet him at the French Embassy to discuss matters, aa Austrian step clearly meant that war was imminent. Minister for Foreign Affairs said that Austria's conduct was both provocative and immoral ; she would never have taken such action unless Germany had first been consulted ; some of her demands were quite impossible of acceptance. He hoped that His Majesty's Government would not fail to proclaim their solidarity with Russia and France. The French Ambassador gave me to understand that France would fulfil all the obligations entailed by her alliance with Russia, if necessity arose, besides supporting Russia strongly in any diplomatic negotiations. I said that I would telegraph a full report to you of what their Excellencies had just said to me. I could not, of course, speak in the name of His Majesty's Govern- ment, but personally I saw no reason to expect any declaration of solidarity from His Majesty's Government that would entail an imconditional engagement on their part to support Russia and France by force of arms. Direct British interests in Servia were nil, and a war on behalf of that country would never be sanctioned by British public opinion. To this M. Sazonof replied that we must not forget that the general European question was involved, the Servian question being but a part of the former, and that Great Britain could not afford to efface herself from the problems now at issue. In reply to these remarks I observed that I gathered from what he said that his Excellency was suggesting that Great Britain should join in making a communication to Austria to the effect that active intervention by her in the internal affairs of Servia could not be tolerated. But supposing Austria nevertheless proceeded to embark on military measures against Servia in epite of our representations, was it the intention of the Russian Government forthwith to declare war on Austria ? M. Sazonof said that he himself thought that Russian mobilisation would at any rate have to be carried out ; but a council of Ministers was being held this afternoon to consider the whole question. A further council would be held, probably to-morrow, at which the Emperor would preside, when a decision would be come to. I said that it seemed to me that the important point was to induce Austria to extend the time limit, and that the first thing to do was to bring an influence to bear on Austria with that end in view ; French Ambassador, however, thought that either Austria had made up her mind to act at once or that she was bluffing. Whichever it might be, our only chance of averting war was for us to adopt a firm and united attitude. He did not think there was time to carry out my suggestion. Thereupon I said that it seemed to me desirable that we should know just how far Servia was prepared to go to meet the demands formulated by Austria in her note. M. Sazonof replied that he must first consult his colleagues on this point, but that doubtless some of the Austrian demands could be accepted by Servia. French Ambassador and M. Sazonof both continued to press me for a declaration of complete solidarity of His Majesty's Government with French and Russian Govern- ments, and 1 therefore said that it seemed to me possible that you might perhaps be willing to make strong representations to both German and Austrian Governments, urging upon them that an attack by Austria upon Servia would endanger the whole peace of Europe. Perhaps you might see your way to saying to them that such action on the part of Austria would probably mean Russian intervention, which would involve France and Germany, and that it would be difficult for Great Britain to keep out if the war were to become general. M. Sazonof answered that we would sooner or later be dragged into war if it did break out ; we should have rendered war more likely if we did not from the outset make common cause with his country and with France; at any rate, he hoped His Majesty's Government would express strong reprobation of action taken by Austria. President of French Republic and President of the Council cannot reach France, on their return from Russia, for four or five days, and it looks as though Austria purposely chose this moment to present their ultimatum. It Beema to me, from the language held by French Ambassador, that, even if we decline to join them, France and Rusaia are determined to niake a strong stand. 11 No. 7. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Orey. — (Received July 24.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 24, 1914. BEFORE departing on leave of absence, I was assured by Russian Ambassador that any action taken by Austria to humiliate Servia could not leave Russia indifferent. Russian Charge d' Affaires was received this morning by Minister for Foreign Affairs, and said to him, as his own personal view, that Austrian note was drawn up in a form rendering it impossible of acceptance as it stood, and that it was both unusual and peremptory in its terms. Minister for Foreign Affairs replied that Austrian Minister was under instructions to leave Belgrade xmless Austrian demands were accepted integrally by 4 p.m. to-morrow. His Excellency added that Dual Monarchy felt that its very existence was at stake ; and that the step taken had caused great satisfaction throughout the country. He did not think that objections to what had been done could be raised by any Power. — No. 8. Mr. Craekanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 24.) (Telegraphic.) Belgrade, July 24:, 1914. AUSTRIAN demands are considered absolutely unacceptable by Servian Govern- ment, who earnestly trust that His Majesty's Government may see their way to induce Austrian Government to moderate them. This request was conveyed to me by Servian Prime Minister, who returned early this morning to Belgrade. His Excellency is dejected, and is clearly very anxious as to developments that may arise. No. 9. Note communicated hy German Ambastador, July 24, 1914. THE publications of the Austro-Hungarian Government concerning the circumstances under which the assassination of the Austrian heir presumptive and his consort has taken place disclose unmistakably the aims which the Great Servian propaganda has set itself, and the means it employs to realise them. The facts now made known must also do away with the last doubts that the centre of activity of all those tendencies which are directed towards the detachment of the Southern Slav provinces from the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and their incorporation into the Servian Kingdom is to be found in Belgrade, and is at work there with at least the connivance of members of Government and army. The Servian intrigues have been going on for many years. In an especially marked form the Great Servian chauvinism manifested itself during the Bosnian crisis. It was only owing to the far-reaching self-restraint and moderation of the Austro-Hungarian Government and to the energetic interference of the Great Powers that the Servian provocations to which Austria-Hungary was then exposed did not lead to a conflict. The assurance of good conduct in future which was given by the Servian Government at that time has not been kept. Under the eyes, at least with the tacit permission of official Servia, the Great Servian propaganda has continuously increased in extension and intensity ; to its account must be set the recent crime, the threads of which lead to Belgrade. It has become clearly evident that it would not be consistent either with the dignity or with the self-preservation of the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy still longer to remain inactive in face of this movement on the other side of the frontier, by which the security and the integrity of her territories are constantly menaced. Under these circumstances, the course of procedure and demands of the Austro-Hungarian Government can only be regarded as equitable and moderate. In spite of that, the attitude which public opinion as well as the Government in Servia have recently adopted does not exclude the apprehension that the Servian Government might refuse to comply with thoee demands, and might allow themselves to be carried away into a provocative attitude against Austria-Hungary. 12 The Austro-Hungarian Government, if it does not wish definitively to abandon Austria's position as a Great Power, would then have no choice but to obtain the fulfilment of their demands from the Servian Government by strong pressure and, if necessary, by using military measures, the choice of the means having to be left to them. The Imperial Government want to emphasise their opinion that in the present case there is only question of a matter to be settled exclusively between Austria- Hungary and Servia, and that the Great Powers ought seriously to endeavour to reserve it to those two immediately concerned. The Imperial Government desire urgently the localisation of the conflict, because every interference of another Power would, owing to the diiferent treaty obligations, be followed by incalculable consequences. No, 10. Sir Edward Qrey to Sir F. Bertie. Sir, Foreign Office, July 24, 1914. AFTER telling M. Cambon to-day of the Austrian communication to Servia, which I had received this morning, and of the comment I had made to Count MensdorfE upon it yesterday, I told M. Cambon that this afternoon I was to see the German Ambassador, who some days ago had asked me privately to exercise moderating influence in St. Petersburgh. I would say to the Ambassador that, of course, if the presentation of this ultimatum to Servia did not lead to trouble between Austria and Russia, we need not concern ourselves about it ; but, if Russia took the view of the Austrian ultimatum, which it seemed to me that any Power interested in Servia would take, I should be quite powerless, in face of the terms of the ultimatum, to exercise any moderating influence. I would say that I thought the only chance of any mediating or moderating influence being exercised was that Germany, France, Italy, and ourselves, who had not direct interests in Servia, should act together for the sake of peace, simultaneously in Vienna and St. Petersburgh. M. Cambon said that, if there was a chance of mediation by the four Powers, he had no doubt that his Government would be glad to join in it ; but he pointed out that we could not say anything in St. Petersburgh tiU Russia had expressed some opinion or taken some action. But, when two days were over, Austria would march into Servia, for the Servians could not possibly accept the Austrian demand. Russia would be compelled by her public opinion to take action as soon as Austria attacked Servia, and therefore, once the Austrians had attacked Servia, it would be too late for any mediation. I said that I had not contemplated anything being said in St. Petersburgh until after it was clear that there must be trouble between Austria and Russia. I had thought that if Austria did move into Servia, and Russia then mobilised, it would be possible for the four Powers to urge Austria to stop her advance, and Russia also to stop hers, pending mediation. But it would be essential for any chance of success for Buch a step that Germany should participate in it. M. Cambon said that it would be too late after Austria had once moved against Servia. The important thing was to gain time by mediation in Vienna. The best chance of this being accepted would be that Germany should propose it to the other Powers. T said that by this he meant a mediation between Austria and Servia. He replied that it was so. I said that I would talk to the German Ambassador this afternoon on the subject. I am, &c. E. GREY, No. 11. Sir Edward Grey to Sir H. Rumhold. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 24, 1914. GERMAN Ambassador has communicated to me the view of the German Govern- ment about the Austrian demand in Servia. I imderstand the German Government is making the same communication to the Powers. I said that if the Austrian ultimatum to Servia did not lead to trouble between 13 Austria and Russia I had no concern with it ; I had heard nothing yet from St. Petersburgh, but I was very apprehensive of the view Russia would take of the situation. I reminded the German Ambassador that some days ago he had expressed a personal hope that if need arose I would endeavour to exercise moderating influence at St. Petersburgh, but now I said that, in view of the extraordinarily stifE character of the Austrian note, the shortness of the time allowed, and the wide scope of the demands upon Servia, I felt quite helpless as far as Russia was concerned, and I did not believe any Power could exercise influence alone. The only chance I could see of mediating or moderating influence being effective, was that thefour Powers, Germany, Italy, France, and ourselves, should work together simultaneously at Vienna and St. Petersburgh in favour of moderation in the event of the relations between Austria and Russia becoming threatening. The immediate danger was that in a few hours Austria might march into Servia and Russian Slav opinion demand that Russia should march to help Servia ; it would be very desirable to get Austria not to precipitate military action and so to gain more time. But none of us could influence Austria in this direction unless Germany would propose and participate in such action at Vienna. You should inform Secretary of State. Prince Lichnowsky said that Austria might be expected to move when the time limit expired imless Servia could give unconditional acceptance of Austrian demands in toto. Speaking privately, his Excellency suggested that a negative reply must in no case be returned by Servia ; a reply favourable on some points must be sent at once, so that an excuse against immediate action might be afforded to Austria. No. 12. Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Crackanthorpe. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 24, 1914. SERVIA ought to promise that, if it is proved that Servian officials, however subordinate they may be, were accomplices in the murder of the Archduke at Serajevo, she win give Austria the fullest satisfaction. She certainly ought to express concern and regret. For the rest, Servian Government must reply to Austrian demands as they consider best in Servian interests. It is impossible to say whether military action by Austria when time limit expires can be averted by anything but unconditional acceptance of her demands, but only chance appears to lie in avoiding an absolute refusal and replying favourably to aa many points as the time limit allows. Servian Minister here has begged that His Majesty's Government wiU express their views, but I cannot undertake responsibility of saying more than I have said above, and I do not like to say even that without knowing what is being said at Belgrade by French and Russian Governments. You should therefore consult your French and Russian colleagues as to repeating what my views are, as expressed above, to Servian Government. I have urged upon German Ambassador that Austria should not precipitate military action. No. 13. Note communicated hy Russian Ambassador, July 25. (Translation.) M. SAZONOF telegraphie au Charge M. SAZONOF telegraphs to the Russian d'Affaires de Russie a Vienne en date du Charge d'Affaires at Vienna on the 11th 11 (24) juiUet, 1914 : (24th) July, 1914 : " La communication du Gouvemement " The communication made by Austria- austro-hongrois aux Puissances le lende- Hungary to the Powers the day after the main de la presentation de I'ultimatum a presentation of the ultimatima at Belgrade Belgrade ne laisse aux Puissances qu'un leaves a period to the Powers which is delai tout a fait insuffisant pour entre- quite insufficient to enable them to take prendre quoi qu'il soit d'utile pour any steps which might help to smooth I'aplanissement des complications surgies. away the difficulties that have arisen. 14 " Pour pr^venir les consequences incal- culables et egalement nefastes pour toutes les Puissances qui peuvent suivre le mode d'action du Gouvernement austro-liongrois, il nous parait indispensable qu'avant tout le delai donne a la Serbie pour repondre soit prolonge. L'Autriche-Hongrie se declarant disposee a informer les Puis- sances des donnees de I'enquete sur lesquelles le Gouvernement Imperial et Royal base ses accusations, devrait leur donner Egalement le temps de s'en rendre compte. " En ce cae, si les Puissances se con- vainquaient du bien-fonde de certaines des exigences autrichiennes, elles se trou- veraient en mesure de faire parvenir au Gouvernement serbe des conseils en cons^qiience. " Un refus de prolonger le terme de I'ultimatum priverait de toute portee la de- marche du Gouvernement austro-liongrois aupres des Puissances et se trouverait en contradiction avec les bases meme des relations intemationales. " Le Prince Koudachef est charg^ de communiquer ce qui precede au Cabinet de Vienne. " M. Sazonof espere que le Gouverne- ment de Sa Majeste britannique adherera au point de vue expose, et il exprime I'espoir que Sir Edward Grey voudra bien munir TAmbassadeur d'Angleterre a Vienne d'instructions conformes." " In order to prevent the consequences, equally incalculable and fatal to all the Powers, which may result from the course of action followed by the Austro-Hungarian Government, it seems to us to be above aU essential that the period allowed for the Servian reply should be extended. Austria- Hungary, having declared her readiness to inform the Powers of the results of the enquiry upon which the Imperial and Royal Government base their accusations, should equally allow them sufficient time to study them. " In this case, if the Powers were con- vinced that certain of the Austrian demands were well founded, they would be in a position to offer advice to the Servian Government. " A refusal to prolong the term of the ultimatum would render nugatory the proposals made by the Austro-Hungarian Government to the Powers, and would be in contradiction to the very bases of international relations. " Prince Kudachef is instructed to com- municate the above to the Cabinet at Vienna. " M. Sazonof hopes that His Britannic Majesty's Government will adhere to the point of view set forth above, and he trusts that Sir E. Grey will see his way to furnish similar instructions to the British Ambassador at Vienna." No. 14. Sir Edward Qrey to Sir F. Bertie and to Sir 0. Buehanari. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. AUSTRIAN Ambassador has been authorised to explain to me that the step taken at Belgrade was not an ultimatum, but a demarche with a time limit, and that if the Austrian demands were not complied with within the time limit the Austro-Himgarian Government would break o£E diplomatic relations and begin military preparations, not operations. In case Austro-Hungarian Government have not given the same information at Paris (St. Petersburgh), you should inform Minister for Foreign Affairs as soon as possible ; it make^ the immediate situation rather less acute. No. 15. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received Jvly 25.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 25, 1914. 1 LEARN from the Acting Political Director that the French Government have not yet received the explanation from the Austrian Government contained in your telegram of to-day.* They have, however, through the Servian Minister here, given similar advice to Servia as was contained in your telegram to Belgrade of yesterday.f See No. 14. t See No. IJ 15 No. 16. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Orey. — (Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 25, 1914. ACTING- Minister for Foreign Affairs has no suggestions to make except that moderating advice might be given at Vienna as well as at Belgrade. He hopes that the Servian Government's answer to the Austrian ultimatum will be sufBciently favourable to obviate extreme measures being taken by the Austrian Government. He says, however, that there would be a revolution in Servia if she were to accept the Austrian demands in their entirety. No. 17. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Orey. — (Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) St. Peterslurgh, July 25, 1914. I SAW the Minister for Foreign Affairs this morning, and communicated to his Excellency the substance of your telegram of to-day to Paris,* and this afternoon I discussed with him the commimication which the French Ambassador suggested should be made to the Servian Government, as recorded in your telegram of yesterday to Belgrade.! The Minister for Foreign Affairs said, as regards the former, that the explanations of the Austrian Ambassador did not quite correspond with the information which had reached him from German quarters. As regards the latter, both his Excellency and the French Ambassador agreed that it is too late to make such a communication, as the time limit expires this evening. The Minister for Foreign Affairs said that Servia was quite ready to do as you had suggested and to punish those proved to be guilty, but that no independent State could be expected to accept the political demands which had been put forward. The Minister for Foreign Affairs thought, from a conversation which he had with the Servian Minister yesterday, that, in the event of the Austrians attacking Servia, the Servian Government would abandon Belgrade, and withdraw their forces into the interior, while they would at the same time appeal to the Powers to help them. His Excellency was in favour of their making this appeal. He would like to see the question placed on an international footing, as the obligations taken by Servia in 1908, to which reference is made in the Austrian ultimatum, were given not to Austria, but to the Powers. If Servia should appeal to the Powers, Russia would be quite ready to stand aside and leave the question in the hands of England, France, Germany, and Italy. It was possible, in his opinion, that Servia might propose to submit the question to arbitration. On my expressing the earnest hope that Russia would not precipitate war by mobilising until you had had time to use your influence in favour of peace, his Excellency assured me that Russia had no aggressive intentions, and she would take no action until it was forced on her. Austria's action was in reality directed against Russia. She aimed at overthrowing the present status quo in the Balkans, and establishing her own hegemony there. He did not believe that Germany really wanted war, but her attitude was decided by ours. If we took our stand firmly with France and Russia there would be no war. If we failed them now, rivers of blood would flow, and we would in the end be dragged into war. I said that England could play the role of mediator at Berlin and Vienna to better purpose as friend who, if her counsels of moderation were disregarded, might one day be converted into an ally, than if she were to declare herself Russia's ally at once. His Excellency said that unfortunately Germany was convinced that she could count upon our neutrality. I said all I could to impress prudence on the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and warned him that if Russia mobilised, Germany would not be content with mere mobilisation, or give Russia time to carry out hers, but would probably declare war at once. His Excellency replied that Russia could not allow Austria to crush Servia and become the predominant Power in the Balkans, and, if she feels secure of the support of France, she will face all the risks of war. He assured me once more that he did not wish to precipitate a conflict, but that unless Germany could restrain Austria I could regard the situation as desperate. • See No. 14. f See No 12, 16 No. 18. Sir H. Rurribold to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 25, 1914. YOUR telegram of the 24tli July* acted on. Secretary of State says that on receipt of a telegram at 10 this morning from German Ambassador at London, he immediately instructed German Ambassador at Vienna to pass on to Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs your suggestion for an extension of time limit, and to speak to his Excellency about it. Unfortunately it appeared from press that Count Berchtold is at Ischl, and Secretary of State thought that in these circumstances there would be delay and difficulty in getting time limit extended. Secretary of State said that he did not know what Austria-Hungary had ready on the spot, but he admitted quite freely that Austro- Hungarian Government wished to give the Servians a lesson, and that they meant to take military action. He also admitted that Servian Government could not swallow certain of the Austro-Hungarian demands. Secretary of State said that a reassuring feature of situation was that Count Berchtold had sent for Russian representative at Vienna and had told him that Austria- Hungary had no intention of seizing Servian territory. This step should, in his opinion, exercise a calming influence at St. Petersburgh. I asked whether it was not to be feared that, in taking military action against Servia, Austria would dangerously excite public opinion in Russia. He said he thought not. He remained of opinion that crisis could be localised. I said that telegrams from Russia in this morning's papers did not look very reassuring, but he maintained his optimistic view with regard to Russia. He said that he had given the Russian Government to understand that last thing Germany wanted was a general war, and he would do all in his power to prevent such a calamity. If the relations between Austria and Russia became threatening, he was quite ready to fall in with your suggestion as to the four Powers working in favour of moderation at Vienna and St. Petersburgh. Secretary of State confessed privately that he thought the note left much to be desired as a diplomatic document. He repeated very earnestly that, though he had been accused of knowing all about the contents of that note, he had in fact had no such knowledge. • See No. 11. No. 19. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 25, 1914. I SAW the Secretary-General this morning and found that he knew of the suggestion that France, Italy, Germany, and ourselves should work at Vienna and St. Petersburgh in favour of moderation, if the relations between Austria and Servia become menacing. In his opinion Austria will only be restrained by the unconditional acceptance by the Servian Government of her note. There is reliable information that Austria intends to seize the Salonica Railway. No. 20. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 25, 1914. LANGUAGE of press this morning leaves the impression that the surrender of Servia is neither expected nor really desired. It is officially announced that the Austrian Minister is instructed to leave Belgrade with staff of legation failing unconditional acceptance of note at 6 p.m. to-day. Minister for Foreign Affairs goes to Ischl to-day to communicate personally to the Emperor Servian reply when it comea 17 Na21. Mr. Crackanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Belgrade, July 25, 1914. THE Council of Ministers is now drawing up their reply te the Austrian note. I am informed by the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs that it will be most conciliatory and will meet the Austrian demands in as large a measure as is possible. The following is a brief summary of the projected reply : — • The Servian Government consent to the publication of a declaration in the " Official Gazette." The ten points are accepted with reservations. Servian Govern- ment declare themselves ready to agree to a mixed commission of enquiry so long as the appointment of the commission can be shown to be in accordance with international usage. They consent to dismiss and prosecute those officers who can be clearly proved to be guilty, and they have already arrested the officer referred to in the Austrian note. They are prepared to suppress the Narodna Odbrana. The Servian Government consider that, unless the Austrian Government want war at any cost, they cannot but be content with the full satisfaction offered in the Servian reply. No. 22. Mr. Crackanthorpe to Sir Edvxird Grey. — {"Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Belgrade, July 25, 1914. I HAVE seen the new French Minister, who has just arrived from Constantinople, and my Russian colleague, and informed them of your views. They have not yet received instructions from their Governments, and in view of this and of the proposed conciliatory terms of the Servian reply, I have up to now abstained from offering advice to the Servian Government. I think it is highly probable that the Russian Government have already urged the utmost moderation on the Servian Government. No. 23. Mr. Crackanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 25.) (Telegraphic.) Belgrade, July 25, 1914. THE Austrian Minister left at 6-30. The Government have left for Nisch, where the Skuptchina will meet on Monday. I am leaving with my other colleagues, but the vice-consul is remaining in charge of the archives. No. 24. Sir Edward Grey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. YOU spoke quite rightly in very difficiilt circumstances as to the attitude of His Majesty's Government. I entirely approve what you said, as reported in your telegrain of yesterday,* and I cannot promise more on behalf of the Government. • See No. 6. [833] C 18 I do not consider that public opinion here would or ought to sanction our going to war over a Servian quarrel. If, however, war does take place, the development of other issues may draw us into it, and I am therefore anxious to prevent it. The sudden, brusque, and peremptory character of the Austrian demarche makes it almost inevitable that in a very short time both Russia and Austria will have mobilised against each other. In this event, the only chance of peace, in my opinion, is for the other four Powers to join in asking the Austrian and Russian Governments not to cross the frontier, and to give time for the four Powers acting at Vienna and St. Petersburgh to try and arrange matters. If Germany will adopt this view, I feel strongly that France and ourselves should act upon it. Italy would no doubt gladly co-operate. No diplomatic intervention or mediation would be tolerated by either Russia or Austria unless it was clearly impartial and included the allies or friends of both. The co-operation of Germany would, therefore, be essential No. 25. Sir Edward Grey to Sir H. Rumbold. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. THE Austrian Ambassador has been authorised to inform me that the Austrian method of procedure on expiry of the time limit would be to break off diplomatic relations and commence military preparations, but not military operations. In informing the German Ambassador of this, I said that it interposed a stage of mobilisation before the frontier was actually crossed, which I had urged yesterday should be delayed. Apparently we should now soon be face to face with the mobilisation of Austria and Russia. The only chance of peace, if this did happen, would be for Germany, France, Russia, and ourselves to keep together, and to join in asking Austria and Russia not to cross the frontier tiU we had had time to try and arrange matters between them. The German Ambassador read me a telegram from the German Foreign Office saying that his Government had not known beforehand, and had had no more than other Powers to do with the stiff terms of the Austrian note to Servia, but that once she had launched that note, Austria could not draw back. Prince Lichnowsky said, however, that if what I contemplated, was mediation between Austria and Russia, Austria might be able with dignity to accept it. He expressed himself as personally favourable to this suggestion. I concurred in his observation, and said that I felt I had no title to intervene between Austria and Servia, but as soon as the question became one as between Austria and Russia, the peace of Europe was affected, in which we must all take a hand. I impressed upon the Ambassador that, in the event of Russian and Austrian mobilisation, the participation of Germany would be essential to any diplomatic action for peace. Alone we could do nothing. The French Government were travelling at the moment, and I had had no time to consult them, and could not therefore be sure of their views, but I was prepared, if the German Government _ agreed with my suggestion, to teU the French Government that I thought it the right thing to act upon it. 19 No. 26. Sir Edward Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. THE Russian Ambassador has communicated to me the following telegram which his Government have sent to the Russian Ambassador at Vienna, with instructions to cormnunicate it to the Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs : — " The delay given to Servia for a reply is so limited that the Powers are prevented from taking any steps to avert the complications which are threatening. The Russian Government trust that the Austrian Government wiU prolong the time limit, and as the latter have declared their willingness to inform the Powers of the data on which they have based their demands on Servia, the Russian Government hope that these particulars will be furnished in order that the Powers may examine the matter. If they found that some of the Austrian requests were well founded, they would be in a position to advise the Servian Government accordingly. If the Austrian Government were indisposed tO' prolong the time limit, not only would they be acting against inter- national ethics, but they would deprive their communication to the Powers of any practical meaning." You may support in general terms the step taken by your Russian colleague. Since the telegram to the. Russian Ambassador at Vienna was sent, it has been a relief to hear that the steps which the Austrian Government were taking were to be limited for the moment to the rupture of relations and to military preparations, and not operations. I trust, therefore, that if the Austro-llungarian Government consider it too late to prolong the time limit, they will at any rate give time in the sense and for the reasons desired by Russia before taking any irretrievable steps. No. 27. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie, Sir H. Rumbold, and Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 2b, 1914. I HAVE communicated to German Ambassador the forecast of the Servian reply contained in Mr. Crackanthorpe's telegram of to-day.* I have said that, if Servian reply, when received at Vienna, corresponds to this forecast, I hope the German Government will feel able to influence the Austrian Government to take a favourable view of it. • See No. 21. No. 28. [Nil.] [833] C 2 20 No. 29. Sir Edward Grey to Sir R. Rodd. Sir, Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. THE Italian Ambassador came to see me to-day. I told him in general terms ■what I had said to the German Ambassador this morning. The Italian Ambassador cordially approved of this. He made no secret of the fact that Italy was most desirous to see war avoided. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 30. Sir Edward Grey to Mr. Crackanthorpe. Sir, ^ _ Foreign Office, July 25, 1914. THE Servian Minister called on the 23rd instant and spoke to Sir A. Nicolson on the present strained relations between Servia and Austria-Hungary. He said that his Government were most anxious and disquieted. They were perfectly ready to meet any reasonable demands of Austria-Himgary so long as such demands were kept on the "terrain juridique." If the results of the enquiry at Sarajevo — an enquiry conducted with so much mystery and secrecy — disclosed the fact that there were any individuals conspiring or organising plots on Servian territory, the Servian Government would be quite ready to take the necessary steps to give satisfaction; but if Austria transported the question on to the political ground, and said that Servian policy, being inconvenient to her, must undergo a radical change, and that Servia must abandon certain political ideals, no independent State would, or could, submit to such dictation. He mentioned that both the assassins of the Archduke were "Austrian subjects — Bosniaks ; that one of them had been in Servia, and that the Servian authorities, considering him suspect and dangerous, had desired to expel him, but on applying to the Austrian authorities found that the latter protected him, and said that he was an innocent and harmless individual. Sir A. Nicolson, on being asked by M. Boschkovitch his opinion on the whole question, observed that there were no data on which to base one, though it was to be hoped that the Servian Government would endeavour to meet the Austrian demands in a concihatory and moderate spirit. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 31. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 26.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 25, 1914. SERVIAN reply to the Austro-Hungarian demands is not considered satisfactory, and the Austro-Hungarian Minister has left Belgrade. War is thought to be imminent. No. 32. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 26.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 26, 1914. ACCORDING to confident belief of German Ambassador, Russia wiU keep quiet daring chastisement of Servia, which Austria-Hungary is resolved to inflict, having received assurances that no Servian territory wiU be annexed by Austria- 21 Hungary. In reply to my question whether Russian Government might not be compelled by public opinion to intervene on behalf of kindred nationality, he said that everything depended on the personality of the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, who could resist easily, if he chose, the pKessure of a few newspapers. He pointed out that the days of Pan-Slav agitation in Russia were over and that Moscow was perfectly quiet. The Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs would not, his Excellency thought, be so imprudent as to take a step which would probably result in many frontier questions in which Russia is interested, such as Swedish, Polish, Ruthene, Roumanian, and Persian questions being brought into the melting-pot. France, too, was not at all in a condition for facing a war. I replied that matters had, I thought, been made a little difficult for other Powers by the tone of Austro-Hungarian Government's ultimatum to Servia. One naturally sympathised with many of the requirements of the ultimatum, if only the manner of expressing them had been more temperate. It was, however, impossible, according to the German Ambassador, to speak effectively in any other way to Servia. Servia was about to receive a lesson which she required ; the quarrel, however, ought not to be extended in any way to foreign co\mtries. He doubted Russia, who had no right to assume a protectorate over Servia, acting as if she made any such claim. As for Germany she knew very well what she was about in backing up Austria- Hungary in this matter. The German Ambassador had heard of a letter addressed by you yesterday to the German Ambassador in London in which you expressed the hope that the Servian concessions would be regarded as satisfactory. He asked whether I had been informed that a pretence of giving way at the last moment had been made by the Servian Government. I had, I said, heard that on practically every point Servia had been willing to give in. His Excellency replied that Servian concessions were all a sham. Servia proved that she well knew that they were insufficient to satisfy the legitimate demands of Austria- Hungary by the fact that before making her offer she had ordered mobilisation and retirement of Government from Belgrade. No. 33. Sw H. Rumbold to Sir Edward Grey. — [Received July 26.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 26, 1914. EMPEROR returns suddenly to-night, and Under-Secretary of State says that Foreign Office regret this step, which was taken on His Majesty's own initiative. They fear that His Majesty's sudden return may cause speculation and excitement, Under-Secretary of State likewise told me that German Ambassador at St. Peters- burgh had reported that, in conversation with Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, latter had said that if Austria annexed bits of Servian territoiy Russia would not remain indifferent. Under-Secretary of State drew conclusion that Russia would not act if Austria did not annex territory. No. 34. Sir H. Rumbold to Sir Edivard Grey. — [Received July 26.) (Telegraphic) Berlin, July 26, 1914. UNDER-SECRETARY of State has just telephoned to me to say that German Ambassador ab Vienna has been instructed to pass on to Austro-Hungarian Government your, hopes that they may take a favourable view of Servian reply if it corresponds to the forecast contained in Belgrade telegram of 25th July.* Under-Secretary of State considers very fact of their making this communication to Austro-Hungarian Government implies that they associate themselves to a certain extent with your hope. German Government do not see their way to going beyond this. • See No. 21. [833] C 3 22 No. 35. Sir R. Ttodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 26.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 26, 1914. MINISTER for Foreign Affairs welcomes your proposal for a conference, and will instruct Italian Ambassador to-night accordingly, Austrian Ambassador has informed Italian Government this evening that Minister in Belgrade had been recalled, but that this did not imply declaration of war. No. 36. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie, Sir H. Rumhold, and Sir R. Rodd. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 26, 1914. WOULD Minister for Foreign Affairs be disposed to instruct Ambassador here to join with representatives of France, Italy, and Germany, and myself to meet here in conference immediately for the purpose of discovering an issue which would prevent complications ? You should ask Minister for Foreign Affairs whether he would do this. If so, when bringing the above suggestion to the notice of the Governments to which they are accredited, representatives at Belgrade, Vienna, and St. Petersburgh should be authorised to request that all active military operations should be suspended pending results of conference. No. 37. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 26, 1914. BERLIN telegram of 25th July.* It is in;portant to know if France will agree to suggested action by the four Powers if necessary. * See No. 18. No. 38. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 27.) Sir, Rome, July 23, 1914. I GATHER that the Italian Government have been made cognisant of the terms of the communication which will be addressed to Servia. Secretary-General, whom I saw this morning at the Italian Foreign Office, took the view that the gravity of the situation lay in the conviction of the Austro-Hungarian Government that it was absolutely necessary for their prestige, after the many disillusions which the turn of events in the Balkans has occasioned, to score a definite success. I have, &c. RENNELL RODD. 23 No. 39 Reply of Belgian Government to Austro-Hungarian Note. — {Communicated by the Servian Minister, July 27.) (Translation.) LE Gouvemement Royal serbe a regu la communication du Gouvemement Imperial et Royal du 10 de ce mois'"' et il est persuade que sa reponse eloignera tout malentendu qui menace de gater les bons rapports de voisinage entre la Monarchie austro-hongroise et le Royaume de Serbie. Le Gouvemement Royal conscient que les protestations qui ont apparu tant de la tribune de la Skoupcbtina nationale que dans les declarations et les actes des representants responsables de I'Etat, pro- testations qui furent coupees court par les declarations du Gouvemement serbe, faites le 18 mars, 1909, ne se sont plus renou- velees vis-a-vis de la grande Monarchie voisine en aucune occasion et que, depuis ce temps, autant de la part des Gouverne- ments Royaux qui se sont succede que de la part de leurs organes, aucune tentative n'a ete faite dans le but de changer I'etat de choses politique et juridique cre6 en Bosnie et Herzegovine, le Gouvemement Royal constate que sous ce rapport le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal n'a fait aucune representation, sauf en ce qui concerne un livre scolaire, et au sujet de laquelle le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal a regu une explica- tion entierement satisfaisante. La Serbie a de nombreuses fois donne des preuves de sa politique pacifique et moderee pendant la duree de la crise balkanique, et c'est grace a la Serbie et au sacrifice qu'elle a fait dans I'interet exclusif de la paix europeenne que cette paix a ete preservee. Le Gouvemement .Royal ne pent pas etre rendu responsable pour les manifestations d'un caractere prive, telles que les articles des joumaux et le travail paisible des societes, manifestations qui se prodiusent dans presque tons les pays comme une chose ordinaire et qui echap- pent, en regie generale, au controle officiel, d'autant moins que le Gouvemement Royal, lors de la solution de toute une serie de questions qui se sont presentees entre la Serbie et I'Autriche-Hongrie, a montre une grande prevenance et a reussi, de cette fagon, a en regler le plus grand nombre au profit du progres des deux pays voisins. C'est pourquoi le Gouvemement Royal a ete peniblement surpris par les affirma- tions, d'apres lesquelles des personnes du Royaume de Serbie auraient participe a la preparation de I'attentat commis a THE Royal Servian Government have received the communication of the Im- perial and Royal Government of the 10th* instant, and are convinced that their reply will remove any misunderstanding which may threaten to impair the good neigh- bourly relations between the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Servia. Conscious of the fact that the protests which were made both from the tribim.e of the national Skuptchina and in the declarations and actions of the responsible representatives of the State — protests which were cut short by the declarations made by the Servian Government on the 18th March, 1909 — have not been renewed on any occasion as regards the great neigh- bouring Monarchy, and that no attempt has been made since that time, either by the successive Royal Governments or by their organs, to change the political and legal state of affairs created in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Royal Government draw attention to the fact that in this connection the Imperial and Royal Government have made no representation except one concerning a school book, and that on that occasion the Im- perial and Royal Government received an entirely satisfactory explanation. Servia has several times given proofs of her pacific and moderate policy during the Balkan crisis, and it is thanks to Servia and to the sacrifice that she has made in the exclusive interest of European peace that that peace has been preserved. The Royal Government cannot be held respon- sible for manifestations of a private character, such as articles in the press and the peaceable work of societies — manifestations which take place in nearly all countries in the ordinary course of events, and which as a general rule escape official control. The Royal Government are all the less responsible in view of the fact that at the time of the solution of a series of questions which arose between Servia and Austria-Hungary they gave proof of a great readmess to oblige, and thus succeeded in settling the majority of these questions to the advantage of the two neighbouring coimtries. For these reasons the Royal Govern- ment have been pained and surprised at the statements according to which members of the Kingdom of Servia are supposed to have participated in the preparations for [833] Old style. C 4 24 Sarajevo ; il s'attendait h ce qu'il soit invito a collaborer k la recherche de tout ce qui se rapporte a ce crime, et il etait pret, pour prouver son entiere correction, a agir contre toutes les personnes a I'egard desquelles des communications lui seraient faites, se rendant done au desir du Gouvemement Imperial et Royal, est dis- pose a remettre au Tribunal tout sujet serbe, sans 6gard a ea situation et a son rang, pour la complicite duquel, dans le crime de Sarajevo, de preuves lui seraient fournies, et specialement, il s'engage a faire publier a la premiere page du " Journal oflSciel " en date du 13 (26) juillet, I'enonciation suivante : "Le Gouvernement Royal de Serbie condamne toute propagande qui serait dirigee contre I'Autriche-Hongrie, c'est-a- dire I'ensemble de§ tendances qui aspirent en dernier lieu a detacher de la Monarchie austro-hongroise des territoires qui en font partie, et il deplore sincerement les consequences funestes de ces agissements criminels. Le Gouvernement Royal re- grette que certains officiers et fonction- naires serbes aient participe, d'apres la communication du Gouvemement Royal et Imperial, a la propagande susmentionnee, et compromis par la les relations de bon voisinage auxquelles le Gouvemement Royal serbe etait solennellement engage par sa declaration du 31 mars,* 1909, qui desapprouve et repudie toute idee ou ten- tative d'une immixtion dans les destinees des habitants de quelque partie de I'Au- triche-Hongrie que se soit, considere de son devoir d'avertir formeUement les officiers et fonctionnaires et totite la population du royaume que, dorenavant, il procedera avec la derniere rigueur contre les personnes qui se rendraient coupables de pareils agissements, qu'il mettra tous ses efforts a prevenir et a reprimer." Cette enonciation sera port^e a la con- naissance de I'armee Royale par un ordre du jour, au nom de Sa Majeste le Roi, par Son Altesse Royale le Prince heritier Alexandre, et sera publie dans le prochain bulletin officiel de I'armee. Le Gouvernement Royal s'engage en outre : 1. D'introduire dans la premiere con- vocation reguliere de la Skoupchtina une disposition dans la loi de la presse, par laquelle sera punie de la maniere la plus severe la provocation k la haine et au m^pris de la Monarchie austro-hongroise, aiusi que contre toute publication dont la • New the crime committed at Serajevo ; the Royal Government expected to be invited to collaborate in an investigation of all that concerns this crime, and they were ready, in order to prove the entire correctness of their attitude, to take measures against any persons concerning whom representations were made to them. Falling in, therefore, with the desire of the Imperial and Royal Government, they are prepared to hand over for trial any Servian subject, without regard to his situation or rank, of whose complicity in the crime of Serajevo proofs are forthcoming, and more especially they xmdertake to cause to be published on the first page of the " Journal officiel," on the date of the 13th (26th) July, the following declaration : — " The Royal Government of Servia condemn all propaganda which may be directed against Austria-Hungary, that is to say, all such tendencies as aim at ultimately detaching from the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy territories which form part thereof, and they sincerely deplore the baneful consequences of these criminal movements. The Royal Government regret that, according to the commtmica- tion from the Imperial and Royal Govern- ment, certain Servian officers and officials should have taken part in the above- mentioned propaganda, and thus compro- mised the good neighbourly relations to which the Royal Servian Government was solemnly engaged by the declaration of the 31st March,* 1909, which declaration disapproves and repudiates all idea or attempt at interference with the destiny of the inhabitants of any part whatsoever of Austria-Hungary, and they consider it their duty formally to warn the officers, officials, and entire population of the king- dom that henceforth they will take the most rigorous steps against all such persons as are guilty of such acts, to prevent and to repress which they wiU use their utmost endeavour." This declaration will be brought to the knowledge of the Royal Army in an order of the day, in the name of His Majesty the King, by His Royal Highness the Crown Prince Alexander, and will be published in the next official army bulletin. The Royal Government further under- take : — 1. To introduce at the first regular convocation of the Skuptchina a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred or contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and for taking action against any publication the general tendency of style. 25 tendance g^n^rale serait dirig6e centre I'integrite territoriale de I'Atitriclie- Hongrie. II se charge, lors de la revision de la Constitution, qui est prochaine, a faire introduire dans I'article 22 de la Constitution un amendement de telle sorte que les publications ci-dessus puissent etre confisquees, ce qui actuellement aux termes categoriques de I'article 22 de la Constitution est impossible. 2. Le Gouvernement ne possede aucune preuve et la note du Gouvernement Imperial et Royal ne lui en foumit non plus aucune que la societe " Narodna Odbrana " et autres societes similaires aient commis, jusqu'a ce jour quelques actes criminals de ce genre, par le fait d'un de leurs membres. Neanmoins, le Gouvernement Royal acceptera la demande du Gouvernement Imperial et Royal et dissoudra la societe " Narodna Odbrana " et toute autre society qui agirait contre I'Autriche-Hongrie. 3. Le Gouvernement Royal serbes'engage k eliminer sans delais de I'instruction publique en Serbie tout ce qui sert ou pourrait servir a fomenter la propa- gande contre I'Autriche-Hongrie, quand le Gouvernement Imperial et Royal lui fournira des faits et des preuves de cette propagande. 4. Le Gouvernement Royal accepte de meme a eloigner du service militaire ceux pour qui I'enquete judiciaire aura prouve qu'ils sont coupables d'actes diriges contre I'integrite du territoire de la Monarchie austro-hongroise, et il attend que le Gouvernement Imperial et Royal lui com- munique ulterieurement les noms et les faits de ces officiers et fonctionnaires aux fins de la procedure qui doit s'ensxiivre. 5. Le Gouvernement Royal doit avouer qu'il ne se rend pas clairement compte du sens et de la portee de la demande du Gouvernement Imperial et Royal que la Serbie s' engage a accepter sur son terri- toire la collaboration des organ es du Gouvernement Imperial et Royal, mais il declare qu'il admettra la collaboration qui repondrait aux principes du droit inter- national et a la procedure criminelle ainsi qu'aux bons rapports de voisinage. 6. Le Gouvernement Royal, cela va de soi, considere de son devoir d'ouvrir une enquete contre tons ceux qui sont ou qui, eventuellement, auraient ete meles au complot du 15 juin; et qui se trouveraient BUT le territoire du royaume. Quant a la participation a cette enquete des agents ou autorites austro-hongrois qui seraient d^legu^s k cet efEet par le Gouvernement which is directed against the territorial integrity of Austria - Hungary. Th« Government engage at the approaching revision of the Constitution to cause an amendment to be introduced into article 22 of the Constitution of such a nature that such publication may be confiscated, a proceeding at present impossible under the categorical terms of article 22 of the Constitution. 2. The Government possess no proof, nor does the note of the Imperial and Royal Government furnish them with any, that the " Narodna Odbrana " and other similar societies have committed up to the present any criminal act of this nature through the proceedings of any of their members. Nevertheless, the Royal Government will accept the demand of the Imperial and Royal Government, and will dissolve the " Narodna Odbrana " Society and every other society which may be directing its efforts against Austria- Hungary. 3. The Royal Servian Government undertake to remove without delay from their public educational establishments in Servia all that serves or could serve to foment propaganda against Austria- Hungary, whenever the Imperial and Royal Government furnish them with facts and proofs of this propaganda. 4. The Royal Government also agree to remove from military service all such persons as the judicial enquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the integrity of the territoiy of the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy, and they expect the Imperial and Royal Government to communicate to them at a later date the names and the acts of these officers and officials for. the purposes of the proceed- ings which are to be taken against them. 5. The Royal Government must confess that they do not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand made by the Imperial and Royal Government that Servia shall undertake to accept the collaboration of the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government upon their terri- tory, but they declare that they wiU admit such collaboration as agrees with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure, and with good neigh- bourly relations. 6. It goes without saying that the Royal Government consider it their duty to open an enquiry against all such persons as are, or eventually may be, implicated in the plot of the loth June, and who happen to be within the territory of the kingdom. As regards the participa- tion in this enquiry of Austro-Hungarian agents or authorities appointed for this 26 Imperial et Royal, le Gouvemement Royal ne peut pas I'accepter, car ce serait une violation de la Constitution et de la loi sur la procedure criminelle ; cependant dans des cas concrets des communications sur les resultats de I'instruction en question pourraient etre donnees aux agents austro- hongrois. 7. Le Gouvemement Royal a fait pro- ceder, des le soir meme de la remise de la note, a I'arrestation du Commandant Voislav Tankossitch. Quant a Milan Ziganovitch, qui est sujet de la Monarcliie austro-hongroise et qui jusqu'au 15* juin etait employe (comme aspirant) a la direc- tion des cliemins de fer, il n'a pas .pu encore etre arrete. Le Gouvemement austro-hongrois est prie de vouloir bien, dans la forme accoutumee, faire connaitre le plus tot possible, les presomptions de culpabilite ainsi que les preuves eventuelles de leur culpabilite qui ont ete recueillies jusqu'a ce jour par I'enquete a Sarajevo, aux fins d'enquete ulterieure. 8. Le Gouvemement serbe renforcera et 6tendra les mesures prises pour empecher le trafic illicite d'armes et d'explosifs a travers la frontiere. II va de soi qu'il ordonnera de suite une enquete et punira sev^rement les fonctionnaires des fron- tieres sur la ligne Schabatz-Loznitza qui ont manque a leurs devoirs et laisse passer les auteurs du crime de Sarajevo. 9. Le Gouvemement Royal donnera volontiers des explications sur les propos que ses fonctionnaires, tant en Serbie qu'a I'etranger, ont eu apres I'attentat dans des entrevues et qui, d'apres I'affirmation du Gouvemement Imperial et Royal, ont ete hostiles envers la Monarchic, des que le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal lui aura communique les passages en question de ces propos, et des qu'il aura demontre que les propos employes ont, en effet, et^ tenus par lesdits fonctionnaires, quoique le Gouvemement Royal lui-meme aura soin de recueillir des preuves et convictions. 10. Le Gouvemement Royal informera le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal de I'ex^cution des mesures comprises dans les points precedents en tant que cela n'a pas 6te deja fait par la presente note, aussitot que chaque mesure aura ete ordonnee et executee. Dans le cas ou le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal ne serait pas satisfait de cette reponse, le Gouvemement serbe, considerant qu'il est de I'int^ret commun de ne pas precipiter la solution de cette question, est pret comme toujourg d'ac- purpose by the Imperial and Royal Government, the Royal Government can- not accept such an arrangement, as it would be a violation of the Constitution and of the law of criminal procedure ; nevertheless, in concrete cases communi- cations as to the results of the investiga- tion in question might be given to the Austro-Hungarian agents. 7. The Royal Government proceeded, on the very evening of the delivery of the note, to arrest Commandant Voislav Tankossitch. As regards Milan Zigano- vitch, who is a subject of the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy and who up to the 15th* June was employed (on probation) by the directorate of railways, it has not yet been possible to arrest him. The Austro-Hungarian Government are requested to be so good as to supply as soon as possible, in the customary form, the presumptive evidence of guilt, as well as the eventual proofs of guilt which have been collected up to the present, at the enquiry at Serajevo for the purposes of the later enquiry. 8. The Servian Government will re- inforce and extend the measures which have been taken for preventing the illicit traffic of arms and explosives across the frontier. It goes without saying that they will immediately order an enquiry and will severely punish the frontier oflBcials on the Schabatz-Loznitza Kne who have failed in their duty and allowed the authors of the crime of Serajevo to pass. 9. The Royal Government will gladly give explanations of the remarks made by their officials, whether in Servia or abroad, in interviews after the crime which ac- cording to the statement of the Imperial and Royal Government were hostile to- wards the Monarchy, as soon as the Imperial and Royal Government have communicated to them the passages in question in these remarks, and as soon as they have shown that the remarks were actually made by the said officials, although the Royal Government will itself take steps to collect evidence and proofs. 10. The Royal Government wiU inform the Imperial and Royal Government of the execution of the measxires comprised under the above heads, in so far as this has not already been done by the present note, as soon as each measure has been ordered and carried out. If the Imperial and Royal Government are not satisfied with this reply, the Servian Government, considering that it is not to the common interest to precipitate the solution of this question, are ready, as always, to accept a pacific understanding, Old style. 27 cepter \me entente paclfique, soit en either by referring this question to the remettant cette question a la decision du decision of the International Tribunal of Tribunal international de La Haye, soit The Hague, or to the Great Powers which aux Grandes Puissances qui ont pris part took part in the drawing up of the declara- a I'elaboration de la declaration que le tion made by the Servian Government on Gouvernement serbe a faite le 18 (31) mars, the 18th (31st) March, 1909. 1909. Belgrade, le 12 (25) juillet, 1914. Belgrade, July 12 (25), 1914. No. 40. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 27.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 26, 1914. RUSSIAN Ambassador just returned from leave thinks that Austro-Hungarian Government are determined on war, and that it is impossible for Russia to remain indifferent. He does not propose to press for more time in the sense of your telegram of the 25th instant* (last paragraph). When the repetition of your telegram of the 26th instant to Parisf arrived, I had the French and Russian Ambassadors both with me. They expressed great satisfaction with its contents, which I communicated to them. They doubted, however, whether the principle of Russia being an interested party entitled to have a say in the settlement of a purely Austro-Servian dispute woidd be accepted by either the Austro- Hungarian or the German Government. Instructions were also given to the Italian Ambassador to support the request of the Russian Government that the time limit should be postponed. They arrived, however, too late for any useful action to be taken. • See No. 26. t See No. 36. No. 41. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 27.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 27, 1914. I HAVE had conversations with aU my colleagues representing the Great Powers. The impression left on my mind is that the Austro-Hungarian note was so drawn up as to make war inevitable ; that the Austro-Hungarian Government are fully resolved to have war with Servia ; that they consider their position as a Great Power to be at stake ; and that until punishment has been administered to Servia it is unlikely that they will listen to proposals of mediation. This country has gone wild with joy at the prospect of war with Servia, and its postponement or prevention would undoubtedly be a great disappointment. I propose, subject to any special directions you desire to send me, to express to the Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs the hope of His Majesty's Government that it may yet be possible to avoid war, and to ask his Excellency whether he cannot suggest a way out even now. No. 42. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 27.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 27, 1914. YOUR proposal, as stated in your two telegrams of yesterday,* is accepted by the French Government. French Ambassador in London, who rettirns there this evening, has been instructed accordingly. Instructions have been sent to the French Ambassador at Berlin to concert with his British colleague as to the advisability of their speaking jointly to the German Government. Necessary instruc- tions have also been sent to the French representatives at Belgrade, Vienna, and St. Petersburgh, but until it is known that the Germans have spoken at Vienna with some success, it woidd, in the opinion of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, be dangerous for the French, RxiBsian, and British Ambassadors to do so. • Nos. 36 and 37. 28 No. 43. Sir E, Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 27.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 27, 1914. YOUR telegram of 26th July.* Secretary of State says that conference you suggest would practically amount to a court of arbitration and could not, in his opinion, be called together except at the request of Austria and Russia. He could not therefore fall in with your suggestion, desirous though he was to co-operate for the maintenance of peace. I said I. was sure that your idea had nothing to do with arbitration, but meant that representatives of the four nations not directly interested should discuss and suggest means for avoiding a dangerous situation. He maintained, however, that such a conference as you proposed was not practicable. He added that news he had just received from St. Petersburgh showed that there was an intention on the part of M. de Sazonof to exchange views with Count Berchtold. He thought that this method of procedure might lead to a satisfactory result, and that it would be best, before doing anything else, to await outcome of the exchange of views between the Austrian and Russian Governments. In the course of a short conversation Secretary of State said that as yet Austria was only partially mobilising, but that if Russia mobilised against Germany latter would have to follow suit. I asked him what he meant by " mobilising against Germany." He said that if Russia only mobilised in south, Germany would not mobilise, but if she mobihsed in north, Germany would have to do so too, and Russian system of mobilisation was so complicated that it might be difficult exactly to locate her mobilisation. Germany would therefore have to be very careful not to be taken by surprise. Finally, Secretary of State said that news from St. Petersburgh had caused him to take more hopeful view of the general situation. • See No. 36. No. 44. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — [Received July 27.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petersburgh, July 27, 1914. AUSTRIAN Ambassador tried, in a long conversation which he had yesterday with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, to explain away objectionable features of the recent action taken by the Austro-Hungarian Government. Minister for Foreign Affairs pointed out that, although he perfectly understood Austria's motives, the ultimatum had been so drafted that it could not possibly be accepted as a whole by the Servian Government. Although the demands were reasonable enough in some cases, others not only could not possibly be put into immediate execution seeing that they entailed revision of existing Servian laws, but were, moreover, incompatible with Servia's dignity as an independent State. It would be useless for Russia to offer her good offices at Belgrade, in view of the fact that she was the object of such suspicion In Austria. In order, however, to put an end to the present tension, he thought that England and Italy might be willing to collaborate with Austria. The Austrian Ambassador undertook to communicate his Excellency's remarks to his Government. On the Minister for Foreign Affairs questioning me, I told him that I had correctly defined the attitude of His Majesty's Government in my conversation with him, which I reported in my telegram of the 24th instant.* I added that you could not promise to do anything more, and that his Excellency was mistaken if he believed that the cause of peace could be promoted by our telling the German Government that they would have to deal with us as well as with Russia and France if they supported Austria by force of arms. Their attitude would merely be stiffened by such a menace, and we could only induce her to use her influence at Vienna to avert war by approaching her in the capacity of a friend who was anxious to preserve peace. His Excellency must not, if our efforts were to be successful, do anything to precipitate a conflict. In these circumstances I trusted that the Russian Government would defer mobilisation ukase for as long as possible, and that troops would not be allowed to cross the frontier even when it was issued. • See No. 6. 29 In reply the Minister for Foreign Affairs told me that until the issue of the Imperial ukase no effective steps towards mobilisation could be taken, and the Austro-Hungarian Government would profit by delay in order to complete her military preparations if it was deferred too long. No. 45. Sir 0. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. —(Received July 27.) « (Telegraphic.) St. Petershurgh, July 27, 1914. SINCE my conversation with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, as reported in my telegram of to-day,* I understand that his Excellency has proposed that the modifications to be introduced into Austrian demands should be the subject of direct conversation between Vienna and St. Pelersburgh. • See No. 44. No. 46. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 27, 1914. GERMAN Ambassador has informed me that German Government accept in principle mediation between Austria and Russia by the four Powers, reserving, of course, their right as an ally to help Austria if attacked. He has also been instructed to request me to use influence in St. Petersburgh to localise the war and to keep up the peace of Europe. I have replied that the Servian reply went farther than could have been expected to meet the Austrian demands. German Secretary of State has himself said that there were some things in the Austrian note that Servia could hardly be expected to accept. I assumed that Servian reply could not have gone as far as it did unless Russia had exercised conciliatory influence at Belgrade, and it was reaUy at Vienna that moderating influence was now required. If Austria put the Servian reply aside as being worth nothing and marched into Servia, it meant that she was determined to crush Servia at aU costs, being reckless of the consequences that might be involved. Servian reply shoidd at least be treated as a basis for discussion and pause. I said German Government shoiild urge this at Vienna. I recalled what German Government had said as to the gravity of the situation if the war could not be localised, and observed that if Germany assisted Austria against Russia it would be because, withoat any reference to the merits of the dispute, Germany could not afford to see Austria crushed. Just so other issues might be raised that would supersede the dispute between Austria and Servia, and would bring other Powers in, and the war would be the biggest ever known ; but as long as Germany woidd work to keep the peace I would keep closely in touch. I repeated that after the Servian reply it was at Vienna that some moderation must be urged. No. 47. Sir Edward Grey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 27, 1914. SEE my telegram of to-day to Sir E. Goschen.* I have been told by the Russian Ambassador that in German and Austrian circles impression prevails that in any event we would stand aside. His Excellency deplored the effect that such an impression must produce. This impression ought, as I have pointed out, to be dispelled by the orders we have given to the First Fleet, which is concentrated, as it happens, at Portland, not to disperse for manoeuvre leave. But I explained to the Russian Ambassador tiiat my reference to it must not be taken to mean that anything more than diplomatic action was promised. * See No. 37. 30 We hear from German and Austrian souTces that they believe Russia will take no action so long as Austria agrees not to take Servian territory. I pointed this out, and added that it would be absurd if we were to, appear more Servian than the Russians in our dealings with the German and Austrian Governments. No. 48. Sir E. Orey to Sir M. de Bunsen. » Sir, Foreign Office, July 27, 1914. COUNT MENSDORFF told me by instruction to-day that the Servian Govern- ment had not accepted the demands which the Austrian Government were obliged to address to them in order to secure permanently the most vital Austrian interests. Servia. showed that she did not intend to abandon her subversive aims, tending towards continuous disorder in the Austrian frontier territories and their final disruption from the Austrian Monarchy. Very reluctantly, and against their wish, the Austrian Government were compelled to take more severe measures to enforce a fundamental change of the attitude of enmity pursued up to now by Servia. As the British Govern- ment knew, the Austrian Government had for many years endeavoured to find a way to get on with their turbulent neighbour, though this had been made very difiicult for them by the continuous provocations of Servia. The Serajevo murder had made clear to everyone what appalling consequences the Servian propaganda had already produced, and what a permanent threat to Austria it involved. We would understand that the Austrian Government must consider that the moment had arrived to obtain, by means of the strongest pressure, guarantees for the definite suppression of the Servian aspirations and for the security of peace and order on the south- eastern frontier of Austria. As the peaceable means to this effect were exhausted, the Austrian Government must at last appeal to force. They had not taken this decision without reluctance. Their action, which had no sort of aggressive tendency, could not be represented otherwise than as an act of self-defence. Also they thought that they would serve a European interest if they prevented Servia from being henceforth an element of general unrest such as she had been for the last ten years. The high sense of justice of the British nation and of British statesmen could not blame the Austrian Government if the latter defended by the sword what was theirs, and cleared up their position with a country whose hostile policy had forced upon them for years measures so costly as to have gravely injured Austrian national prosperity. Finally, the Austrian Government, confiding in their amicable relations with us, felt that they could count on our sympathy in a fight that was forced on them, and on our assistance in locahsing the fight, if necessary. Count Mensdorff added on his own account that, as long as Servia was confronted with Turkey, Austria never took very severe measures because of her adherence to the policy of the free development of the Balkan States. Now that Servia had doubled her territory and population without any Austrian interference, the repression of Servian subversive aims was a matter of self-defence and self-preservation on Austria's part. He reiterated that Austria had no intention of taking Servian territory or aggressive designs against Servian territoiy. I said that 1 could not understand the construction put by the Austrian Govern- ment upon the Servian reply, and I told Count Mensdorff the substance of the conversation that I had had with the German Ambassador this morning about that reply. Count Mensdorff admitted that, on paper, the Servian reply might seem to be satisfactory ; but the Servians had refused the one thing — the co-operation of Austrian officials and police — which would be a real guarantee that in practice the Servians would not carry on their subversive campaign against Austria. I said that it seemed to me as if the Austrian Government believed that, even after the Servian reply, they could make war upon Servia anyhow, without risk of bringing Russia into the dispute. If they could make war on Servia and at the same time satisfy Russia, well and good ; but, if not, the consequences would be incalculable. I pointed out to him that I quoted this phrase from an expression of the views of the German Government. I feared that it would be expected in St. Petersburgh that the Servian reply would diminish the tension, and now, when Russia found that there was increased tension, the situation would become increasingly serious. Already the effect on Europe was one of anxiety. I pointed out 31 that our fleet was to have dispersed to-day, but we had felt unable to let it disperse. We should not think of calling up reserves at this moment, and there was no menace in what we had done about our fleet ; but, owing to the possibility of a European conflagration, it was impossible for us to disperse our forces at this moment. I gave this as an illustration of the anxiety that was felt. It seemed to me that the Servian reply already involved the greatest humiliation to Servia that I had ever seen a country undergo, and it was very disappointing to me that the reply was treated by the Austrian Government as if it were as unsatisfactory as a blank negative. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 49. Sir Edward Grey to Sir R. Rodd. Sir, Foreign Office, July 27, 1914. THE Italian Ambassador informed Sir A. Nicolson to-day that the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs agreed entirely with my proposal for a conference of four to be held in London. As regards the question of asking Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Servia to suspend military operations pending the result of the conference, the Marquis di San Giuliano would recommend the suggestion warmly to the German Government, and would enquire what procedure they wotdd propose should be followed at Vienna. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 50. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 31.) Sir, Vienna, July 28, 1914. I HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith the text of the Austro-Hungarian note announcing the declaration of war against Servia. ' MAURICE DE BUNSEN. Enclosure in No. 50. Copy of Note verlale, dated Vienna, July 28, 1914. (Translation.) ^ POUR mettre fin aux menees subver- IN order to bring to an end the rives partant de Belgrade et dirigees centre subversive intrigues originating from I'int^grite territoriale de la Monarchie Belgrade and aimed at the territorial austro - hongroise, le Gouvernement Im- integrity of the Austro-Hungarian perial et Royal a fait parvenir a la date Monarchy, the Imperial and Royal Govern- du 23 juiUet, 1914, au Gouvernement ment has delivered to the Royal Servian Royal de Serbie une note dans laquelle se Government a note, dated July 23, 1914, trouvait formulee une serie de demandes in which a series of demands were pour I'acceptation desquelles tm delai de formulated, for the acceptance of which quarante-huit heures a ete accorde au a delay of forty-eight hours has been Gouvernement Royal. Le Gouvernement granted to the Royal Government. The Royal de Serbie n'ayant pas repondu a Royal Servian Government not having cette note d'lme maniere satisfaisante, le answered this note in a satisfactory Gouvernement Imperial et Royal se trouve manner, the Imperial and Royal Govern- dans la necessity de pourvoir lui-meme a ment are themselves compelled to see to la sauvegarde de ses droits et interets et the safeguarding of their rights and de recourir a cet effet a la force des interests, and, with this object, to have armes. recourse to force of arms. L'Autriche-Hongrie, qui vient d'adresser Austria-Hungary, who has just addressed k la Serbie une d^Iaration formeUe con- to Servia a fonnal declaration, in con- 82 form^ment k I'article 1" de la convention du 18 octobre, 1907, relative a I'ouverture dee liostilit^s, se considere d^ lors en etat de guerre avec la Serbie. En portant ce qui precede a la connais- Bance de I'Ambassade Royale de Grande- Bretagne le Miniature des Affaires Etran- geres a I'lionneur de declarer que rAutriche-Hongrie ee conformera an cours des hostilites, sous la reserve d'un precede analogue dela part de la Serbie, aux stipula- tions des conventions de La Haye du 18 octobre, 1907, ainsi qu'^ ceUes de la Declaration de Londres du 26 f^vrier, 1909. L'Ambassade est pri^e de vouloir bien comrauniquer, d'urgence, la presente noti- fication a son Gouvemement. formity with article 1 of the convention of the 18th October, 1907, relative to the opening of hostilities, considers herself henceforward in a state of war with Servia. In bringing the above to notice of His Britannic Majesty's Embassy, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs has the honour to declare that Austria-Hungary will act during the hostilities in conformity with the terms of the Conventions of The Hague of the 18th October, 1907, as also with those of the Declaration of London of the 28th February, 1909, provided an analogous procedure is adopted by Servia. The embassy is requested to be so good as to communicate the present notification as soon as possible to the British Government. No. 51. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) Sir, Paris, July 27, 1914. I HAVE the honour to transmit to you herewith copy of a memorandum from the acting Minister for Foreign Affairs as to the steps to be taken to prevent an outbreak of hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Servia. FRANCIS BERTIE. Enclosure in No. 51. Note communicated to Sir F. Bertie by M. Bienvenu-Martin. (Translation.) PAR une note en date du 25 de ce mois, son Excellence I'Ambassadeur d'Angle- terre a fait connaitre au Gouvemement de la Republique que, d'apr^s Sir Edward Grey, la seule maniere d'assurer, si c'etait possible, le maintien de la paix dans le cas oil les rapports entre la Russie et I'Autriche deviendraient plus tendus serait une d-marche commune a Vienne et a Saint-Petersbourg des repr^sentants de I'Angleterre, de la France, de I'AUemagne et de ritalie en Autriche et en Russie ; et il a exprim^ le desir de savoir si le Gouvemement de la Republique 6tait dispose a accueillir favorablement cette suggestion. Le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres par interim a I'honneur de faire connaitre a son Excellence Sir Francis Bertie qu'il a invito M. Jules Cambon a se concerter avec I'Ambassadeur d'Angleterre en Alle- magne et k appuyer la d-marche qu'ils IN a note of the 25th of this month, his Excellency the British Ambassador in- formed the Government of the Republic that, in Sir E, Grey's opinion, the only possible way of assuring the maintenance of peace in case of the relations between Russia and Austria becoming more strained would be if the representatives of Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Austria and Russia were to take joint action at Vienna and at St. Petersburgh ; and he expressed the wish to know if the Government of the Republic were dis- posed to welcome such a suggestion. The Minister for Foreign Affairs ad interim has the honour to inform his Excellency Sir F. Bertie that he has re- quested M. Jules Cambon to concert with the British Ambassador in Germany and to support any representation which they 33 jugeront opportune de faire aupr^s du Cabinet de Berlin. Le Gouvernement de la R^publique a, d'autre part, conformement au desir ex- prime par le Gouvernement britannique et que son Excellence Sir Francis Bertie lui a transmis par une note en date du 26 de ce mois, autorise M. Paul Cambon a prendre part a la reunion proposee par Sir Edward Grey pour recbercher avec lui et les Ambassadeurs d'Allemagne et d'ltalie a Londres, les moyens de resoudre les diflBcultes actuelles. Le Gouvernement de la Republique est pret ^galement a donner aux agents fran9ais a Petersbourg, k Vienne et a Belgrade des instructions pour qu'ils obtiennent des Gouvernements russe, autricbien et serbe de s'abstenir de toute operation militaire active en attendant les resultats de cette conference. EL estime toutefois que les chances de succ^s de la proposition de Sir Edward Grey reposent essentiellement sur Faction que Berlin serait disposee ^Vienne [sic]. Une demarche aupres du Gouvernement austro-hongrois pour amener la suspension des operations militaires parait vou^e k I'echec si I'in- fluence de I'Allemagne ne s'est pas exercee au prealable sur le Cabinet de Vienne. Le Garde des Sceaux, President du Conseil et Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres par interim, saisit cette occasion de renouveler, &c. Paris, le 27 juillet, 1914. may consider it advisable to make to the Berlin Cabinet. Li accordance with the desire expressed by the British Government and conveyed to them by Sir F. Bertie in his note of the 26th of this month, the Government of the Republic have also authorised M. Paul Cambon to take part in the conference which Sir E. Grey has proposed with a view to discovering, in consultation with himself and the German and Italian Ambassadors in London, a means of settling the present diflBculties. The Government of the Republic is like- wise ready to instruct the French repre- sentatives at St. Petersburgh, Vienna, and Belgrade to induce the Russian, Austrian, and Servian Governments to abstain from all active military operations pending the results of this conference. He considers, however, that the chance of Sir E. Grey's proposal being successful depends essentially on the action which the Berlin Government would be willing to take at Vienna. Representations made to the Austrian-Hungarian Government for the purpose of bringing about a suspension of military operations would seem bound to fail unless the German Government do not beforehand exercise their influence on the Vienna Cabinet. The President of the Council ad interim takes the opportunity, &c. Paris, July 27, 1914. No. 52. Note communicated hy French Embassy, July 28, 1914. LE Gouvernement de la Republique accepte la proposition de Sir Edward Grey relative a une intervention de la Grande- Bretagne, de la France, de I'Allemagne et de ritalie en vue d'eviter les opera- tions militaires actives sur les frontieres autrichiennes, russes et serbes ; il a autorise M. P. Cambon a prendre part aux deliberations de la reunion a quatre, qui doit se tenir a Ijondres. L'Ambassadeur de France a Berlin a regu pour instructions, apres s'etre con- certe avec I'Ambassadeur d'Angleterre a Berlin, d'appuyer la demarche de ce dernier dans la forme et la mesure qui seraient jugees opportunes. M. Viviani est pret a envoyer aux repre- sentants frangais a Vienne, Saint-Peters- bourg et Belgrade des instructions dans le sens suggere par le Gouvernement britan- nique. Ambassade de France, Londres, le 27 juillet, 1914. [833] (Translation.) THE Government of the Republic ac- cepts Sir Edward Grey's proposal in regard to intervention by Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy with a view to avoiding active military operations on the frontiers of Austria, Russia, and Servia ; and they have authorised M. P. Cambon to take part in the deliberations of the four representatives at the meeting which is to be held in London. The French Ambassador in Berlin has received instructions to consult first the British Ambassador in Berlin, and then to support the action taken by the latter in such manner and degree as may be con- sidered appropriate. M. Viviani is ready to send to the representatives of France in Vienna, St. Petersburgh, and Belgrade instructions in the sense suggested hy the British Government. French Embassy, July 27, 1911. 34 No. 53. M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff.— {Communicated by Count Benckendorff, July 28.) Saint-Peter shourg, (T^l^graphique.) le 14 (27) juillet, 1914. L'AMBASSADEUR d'Angleterre est venu s'informer si nous jugeons utile que FABgleterre prenne rinitiative de con- voquer a Londres une conference des representants de I'Angleterre, la France, TAllemagne et I'ltalie, pour etudier une issue a la situation actuelle. J'ai repondu k I'Ambassadeur que j'ai entam6 des pourparlers avec I'Ambassa- deur d'Autriche-Hongrie, en conditions que j'espere favorables. Pourtant je n'ai pas encore regu de r^ponse a la proposition que j'ai faite d'une revision de la note entre les deux Cabinets. Si des expKcations directes avec le Cabinet de Vienna se trouvaient irrealisa- bles, je suis pret a accepter la proposition anglaise, ou toute autre de nature a resoudre favorablement le conflit. Je voudrais pourtant ecarter des au- jourd'hui un malentendu qui pourrait surgir de la reponse donnee par le Ministre de la Justice frangais a I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne, concernant des conseils de moderation a dormer au Cabinet Imperial. (Translation.) St. Petershurgh, (Telegraphic.) July 27, 1914. THE British Ambassador came to ascer- tain whether we think it desirable that Great Britain should take the initiative in convoking a conference in London of the representatives of England, France, Germany, and Italy to examine the pos- sibility of a way out of the present situation. I replied to the Ambassador that I have begun conversations with the Austro- Hungarian Ambassador under conditions which, 1 hope, may be favourable. I have not, however, received as yet any reply to the proposal made by me for revising the note between the two Cabinets. If direct explanations with the Vienna Cabinet were to prove impossible, I am ready to accept the British proposal, or any other proposal of a kind that would bring about a favourable solution of the conflict. I wish, however, to put an end from this day forth to a misunderstanding which might arise from the answer given by the French Minister of Justice to the German Ambassador, regarding counsels of mo- deration to be given to the Imperial Cabinet. No. 54. M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff. — {Communicated hy Count Benckendorff, July 28, 1914.) (Translation.) SaintrPetershourg, (T^legraphique.) le 15 (28) juillet, 1914. MES entretiens avec I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne confirment mon impression que I'Allemagne est plutot favorable a I'intransigeance de I'Autriche. Le Cabinet de Berlin, qui aurait pu arreter tout le d^veloppement de la crise, parait n'exercer aucune action sur son alliee. L'Ambassadeur trouve insuffisante la reponse de la Serbie. Cette attitude aUemande est tout par- ticulierement alarmante. 11 me semble que mieux que toute autre Puissance I'Angleterre serait en mesure de tenter encore d'agir h Berlin pour engager le Gouvernement allemand k Taction n6- cessaire. Cast a Berlin qu'indubitable- ment se trouve la clef da la situation. St. Petershurgh, (Telegraphic.) July 15 (28), 1914. MY interviews with the German Ambassador confirm my impression that Germany is, if anything, in favour of the uncompromising attitude adopted by Austria. The Berlin Cabinet, who could have prevented the whole of this crisis develop- ing, appear to be exerting no influence on their ally. The Ambassador considers that the Servian reply is insufiicient. This attitude of the German Government is most alarming. It seems to me that England is in a better position than any other Power to make another attempt at Berlin to induce the German Government to take the necessary action. There is no doubt that the key of the situation is to be found at Berlin. 35 No. 55. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petershwrgh, July 27, 1914. WITH reference to my telegram of yesterday,* I saw the Minister for Foreign AfEairs this afternoon and found him very conciliatory and more optimistic. He would, he said, use all his influence at Belgrade to induce the Servian Government to go as far as possible in giving satisfaction to Austria, but her territorial integrity must be guaranteed and her rights as a sovereign State respected, so that she should not become Austria's vassal. He did not know whether Austria would accept friendly exchange of views which he had proposed, but, if she did, he wished to keep in close contact with the other Powers throughout the conversations that would ensue. He again referred to the fact that the obligations undertaken by Servia in 1908, alluded to in the Austrian ultimatum, were given to the Powers. I asked if he had heard of your proposal with regard to conference of the four Powers, and on his replying in the affirmative, I told him confidentially of your instructions to me, and enquired whether instead of such a conference he would prefer a direct exchange of views, which he had proposed. The German Ambassador, to whom I had just spoken, had expressed his personal opinion that a direct exchange of views would be more agreeable to Austria-Hungary. His Excellency said he was perfectly ready to stand aside if the Powers accepted the proposal for a conference, but he trusted that you would keep in touch with the Russian Ambassador in the event of its taking place. • See No. 44. No. 56. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 27, 1914. THE Russian Ambassador had to-day a long and earnest conversation with Baron Macchio, the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He told him that, having just come back from St. Petersburgh, he was well acquainted with the views of the Russian Government and the state of Russian public opinion. He could assure him that if actual war broke out with Servia it would be impossible to localise it, for Russia was not prepared to give way again, as she had done on previous occasions, and especially during the annexation crisis of 1909. He earnestly hoped that something would be done before Servia was actually invaded. Baron Macchio replied that this would now be difficiilt, as a skirmish had already taken place on the Danube, in which the Servians had been the aggressors. The Russian Ambassador said that he would do all he could to keep the Servians quiet pending any discussions that might yet take place, and he told me that he would advise his Government to induce the Servian Government to avoid any conflict as long as possible, and to fall back before an Austrian advance. Time so gained should suffice to enable a settlement to be reached. He had just heard of a satisfactory conversation which the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs had yesterday with the Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgli. The former had agreed that much of the Austro-Himgarian note to Servia had been perfectly reasonable, and in fact they had practically reached an understanding as to the guarantees which Servia might reasonably be asked to give to Austria-Hungary for her futiire good behaviour. The Russian Ambassador urged that the Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh should be furnished with full powers to continue discussion with the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, who was very willing to advise Servia to yield all that could be fairly asked of her as an independent Power. Baron Macchio promised to submit this suggestion to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. [833] D ? 36 No. 57. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 27, 1914. MINISTER for Foreign Affairs greatly doubts whether Germany will be willing to invite Austria to suspend military action pending the conference, but he had hopes that military action may be practically deferred by the fact of the conference meeting at once. As at present informed, he sees no possibility of Austria receding from any point laid down in her note to Servia, but he believes that if Servia will even now accept it Austria will be satisfied, and if she had reason to think that such will be the advice of the Powers, Austria may defer action. Servia may be induced to accept note in its entirety on the advice of the four Powers invited to the conference, and this would enable her to say that she had yielded to Europe and not to Austria-Hungary alone. Telegrams from Vienna to the press here stating that Austria is favourably impressed with the declarations of the Italian Government have, the Minister for Foreign Affairs assures me, no foundation. He said he has expressed no opinion to Austria with regard to the note. He assured me both before and after communication of the note, and again to-day, that Austrian Government have given him assurances that they demand no territorial sacrifices from Servia. No. 58. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 28, 1914. I COMMUNICATED to the Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs this afternoon the substance of your conversation with the German Ambassador, recorded in your telegram* to Berlin of the 27th July. His Excellency is grateful for the communication. He said that it confirms what he had heard of your attitude, and he feels confident that your observations to the German Ambassador wiU have a good effect in the interest of peace. • See No, 46. No. 59. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Receivtd July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 28, 1914. I INFORMED the Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs to-day of your conver- sation with the Russian Ambassador, as recorded in your telegram of yesterday* to St. Petereburgh. He is grateful for the communication, and quite appreciates the impossibility for His Majesty's Government to declare themselves " solidaires " with Russia on a question between Austria and Servia, which in its present condition is not one affecting England. He also sees that you cannot take up an attitude at Berlin and Vienna more Servian than that attributed in German and Austrian sources to the Russian Government. German Ambassador has stated that Aiistria would respect the integrity of Servia, but when asked whether her independence also would be respected, he gave no assurance. • See No. 47. 37 No. 60. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 28, 1914. SECRETARY of State spoke yesterday in the same sense as that reported in my telegram of yesterday* to my French and Italian colleagues respecting your proposal. I discussed with my two colleagues this morning his reply, and. we found, that, while refusing the proposed conference, he had said to all of us that nevertheless he desired to work with us for the maintenance of general peace. We therefore deduced that if he is sincere in this wish he can only be objecting to the form of your proposal. Perhaps he himself could be induced to suggest lines on which he would find it possible to work with us. • See No. 43. No. 61. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July'28.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 28, 1914. I SAW Minister for Foreign Affairs this morning. His Excellency declared that Austria-Hungary cannot delay warlike'proceedings against Servia, and would have to decline any suggestion of negotiations on basis of Servian reply. Prestige of Dual Monarchy was engaged, and notliing could now prevent conflict. No. 62. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 28, 1914. I SPOKE to Minister for Foreign Affairs to-day in the sense of your telegram of 27th July* to Berlin. I avoided the word "mediation," but said that, as mentioned in your speech,| which he had just read to me, you had hopes that conversations in London between the four Powers less interested might yet lead to an arrangement which Austro-Hungarian Government would accept as satisfactory and as rendering actual hostilities unnecessary. I added that you had regarded Servian reply as having gone far to meet just demands of Austria- Hungary ; that you thought it constituted a fair basis of discussion during which warlike operations might remain in abeyance, and that Austrian Ambassador in Berlin was speaking in this sense. Minister for Foreign Affairs said quietly, but firmly, that no discussion could be accepted on basis of Servian note ; that war would be declared to-day, and that well-known pacific character of Emperor, as well as, he might add, his own, might be accepted as a guarantee that war was both just and inevitable. This was a matter that must be settled directly between the two parties immediately concerned. I said that you would hear with regi-et that hostilities could not now be arrested, as you feared that they might lead to complications threatening the peace of Eiirope. In taking leave of his Excellency, I begged him to believe that, if in the course of present grave crisis our point of view slioidd sometimes differ from his, this would arise, not from want of sympathy with the many just complaints which Austria- Hungary had against Servia, but from the fact that, whereas Austria-Hungary put first her quarrel with Servia, you were anxious in the first instance for peace of Europe. I trusted this larger aspect of the question would appeal with equal force to his Excellency. Ho said he had it also in mind, but thought that Russia ought not to oppose operations like those impending, which did not aim at territorial aggrandisement and which could no longer be postponed. * See No. 46. t " Hansard," Vol. 65, No. 107, Columns 931, 932, 933. [833] D 3 38 No. 63. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Editxird Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 28, 1914. YOUR telegram of 25t]i July to Paris.* I have communicated substance to Minister for Foriegn Affairs, who immediately telegraphed in precisely similar terms to Berlin and Vienna. • See No. 27. No. 64. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 28, 1914. AT the request of the Minister for Foreign Affairs I submit the following to you : — In a long conversation this morning Servian Charg^ d'Affaires had said he thought that if some explanations were given regarding mode in which Austrian agents would require to intervene under article 5 and article 6, Servia might still accept the whole Austrian note. As it was not to be anticipated that Austria would give such explanations to Servia, they might be given to Powers engaged in discussions, who might then advise Servia to accept without conditions. The Austro-Hungarian Government had in the meantime published a long official explanation of grounds on which Servian reply was considered inadequate. Minister for Foreign Affairs considered many points besides explanation — such as slight verbal difference in sentence regarding renunciation of propaganda — quite childish, but there was a passage which might prove useful in facilitating such a course as was considered practicable by the Servian Charge d'Affaires. It was stated that co-operation of Austrian agents in Servia was to be only in investigation, not in judicial or administra- tive measures. Servia was said to have wilfully misinterpreted this. He thought, therefore, that ground might be cleared here. I only reproduce from memory, as I had not yet received text of Austrian declara- tion. Minister impressed upon me, above all, his anxiety for the immediate beginning of discussion. A wide general latitude to accept at once every point or suggestion on which he could be in agreement with ourselves and Germany had been given to Italian Ambassador, No. 65. Mr. Crackanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Nish, July 28, 1914. I HAVE urged on the Servian Government the greatest moderation pending efforts being made towards a peaceful solution. Two Servian steamers fired on and damaged, and two Servian merchant- vessels have been captured by a Hungarian monitor at Orsova. No. 66. Mr. Crackanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 28.) (Telegraphic.) Nish, July 28, 1914. TELEGRAM received here that war declared by Atistria. No. 67. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Gosehen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 28, 1914. EXPLANATION given in your telegram of the 27th July* of what was my idea in proposing a conference is quite right. It would not be an arbitration, but a private and informal discussion to ascertain what suggestion could be made for a settlement. No suggestion would be put forward that had not previously been ascertained to be acceptable to Austria and Russia, with whom the mediating Powers could easily keep in touch through their respective allies. But as long as there is a prospect of a direct exchange of views between Austria and Russia, I would suspend every other suggestion, as I entirely agree that it is the most preferable method of all. I understand that the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs has proposed a friendly exchange of views to the Austrian Government, and, if the latter accepts, it will no doubt relieve the tension and make the situation less critical. It is very satisfactory to hear from the German Ambassador here that the German Government have taken action at Vienna in the sense of the conversation recorded in my telegram of yesterday to you.t • See No. 43. t See No. 46. No. 68. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Gosehen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 28, 1914. GERMAN Government, having accepted principle of mediation between Austria and Russia by the four Powers, if necessary, I am ready to propose that the German Secretary of State should suggest the lines on which this principle should be applied. I will, however, keep the idea in reserve until we see how the conversations between Austria and Russia progress. No. 69. Sir Edward Grey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 28, 1914. IT is most satisfactory that there is a prospect of direct exchange of views between the Russian and Austrian Governments, as reported in your telegram of the 27th July.- I am ready to put forward any practical proposal that would facilitate this, but I am not quite clear as to what the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs proposes the Ministers at Belgrade should do. Could he not first mention in an exchange of views with Austria his willingness to co-operate in some such scheme ? It might then take more concrete shape. • See No. 55. [833] D 4 40 No. 70. Telegrams communicated by Gount Benckendorff, July 29, 1914. (1.) Telegram, from M. Sazonof to Russian Ambassador at Berlin, dated July 28, 1914. IN consequence of the declaration of war by Austria against Servia, the Imperial Government will announce to-morrow (29th) the mobilisation in the military circon- scriptions of Odessa, KiefE, Moscow, and Kazan. Please inform German Government, confiiming the absence in Russia of any aggressive intention against Germany. The Russian Ambassador at Vienna has not been recalled from his post. (2.) Telegram to Count Benckendorff. The Austrian declaration of war clearly puts an end to the idea of direct communications between Austria and Russia. Action by London Cabinet in order to set on foot mediation with a view to suspension of military operations of Austria against Servia is now most urgent. Unless military operations are stopped, mediation would only allow matters to drag on and give Austria time to crush Servia. No. 71. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Gh'cy. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 28, 1914. AT invitation of Imperial Chancellor, I called upon his Excellency this evening. He said that he wished me to tell you that he was most anxious that Germany should work together with England for maintenance of general peace, as they had done successfully in the last European crisis. He had not been able to accept your proposal for a conference of representatives of the Great Powers, because he did not think that it would be effective, and because such a conference would in his opinion have had appearance of an " Areopagus " consisting of two Powers of each group sitting in judgment upon the two remaining Powers ; but his inability to accept proposed conference must not be regarded as militating against his strong desire for effective co-operation. You could be assured that he was doing his very best both at Vienna and St. Petersburgh to get the two Governments to discuss the situation directly with each other and in a friendly way. He had great hopes that such discussions would take place and lead to a satisfactory result, but if the news were true which he had just read in the papers, that Russia had mobihsed fourteen army corps in the south, he thought situation was very serious, and he himself would be in a very difficult position, as in these circumstances it would be out of his power to continue to preach moderation at Vienna. He added that Austria, who as yet was only partially mobilising, would have to take similar measures, and if war were to result, Russia would be entirely responsible. I ventured to say that if Austria refused to take any notice of Servian note, which, to my mind, gave way in nearly every point demanded by Austria, and which in any case offered a basis for discussion, surely a certain portion of responsibihty would rest with ,her. His Excellency said that he did not wish to discuss Servian note, but that Austria's standpoint, and in this he agreed, was that her quarrel with Servia was a purely Austrian concern with which Russia had nothing to do. He reiterated his desire to co-operate with England and his intention to do his utmost to maintain general peace. " A war between the Great Powers must be avoided " were his last words. Austrian colleague said to me to-day that a general war was most unlikely, as Russia neither wanted nor was in a position to make war. I think that that opinion is shared by many people here. 41 No. 72. Sir 6. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petersburgh, July 28, 1914. MINISTER for Foreign Affairs begged me to thank you for the language you had held to the German Ambassador, as reported in your telegram* to Berlin, substance of which I communicated to his Excellency. He took a pessimistic view of the situation, having received the same disquieting news from Vienna as had reached His Majesty's Government. I said it was important that we should know the real intentions of the Imperial Government, and asked him whether he would be satisfied with the assurances which the Austrian Ambassador had, I understood, been instructed to give in respect of Servia's integrity and independence. I added that I was sure any arrangement for averting a European war would be welcomed by His Majesty's Government. In reply his Excellency stated that if Servia were attacked Russia would not be satisfied with any engagement which Austria might take on these two points, and that order for mobilisation against Austria would be issjied on the day that Austria crossed Servian frontier. I told the German Ambassador, who appealed to me to give moderating counsels to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, that from the Ijeginning I had not ceased to do so, and that the German Ambassador at Vienna should now in his turn use his restraining influence. I made it clear to his Excellency that, Russia being thoroughly in earnest, a general war could not be averted if Servia were attacked by Austria. As regards the suggestion of conference, the Ambassador had received no instruc- tions, and before acting with me the French and Italian Ambassadors are stiU waiting for their final instructions. • See No. 46. No. 73. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 28, 1914. I HAVE received note verbale from Ministry for Foreign Affairs, stating that, the Servian Government not having replied to note of 23rd July* in a satisfactory manner, Imperial and Royal Government is compelled itself to provide for protection of its rights, and to have recourse for that object to force of arms. Austria-Hungary has addressed to Servia formal declaration according to article 1 of convention of 18th October, 1907, relative to opening of hostilities, and considers herself from to-day in state of war with Servia. Austria-Hungary will conform, provided Servia does so, to stipulations of Hague conventions of 18th October, 1907, and to Declaration of London of 26th February, 1909. • See No. 4. No. 74. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 28, 1914. I AM informed by the Russian Ambassador that the Russian Government's suggestion has been declined by the Austro-Hungarian Government The suggestion was to the effect that the means of settling the Austro-Servian conflict should be discussed directly between Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, who should be authorised accordingly. The Russian Ambassador thinks that a conference in London of the less interested Powers, such as you have proposed, offers now the only prospect of preserving peace of Europe, and he is sure that the liussian Government will acquiesce willingly in your proposal. So long as opposing armies have not actually come in contact, all hope need not be abandoned. 42 No. 75. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 29, 1914. I WAS sent for again to-day by the Imperial Chancellor, who told me that he regretted to state that the Austro-Hungarian Government, to whom he had at once communicated your opinion, had answered that events had marched too rapidly and that it was therefore too late to act upon your suggestion that the Servian reply might form the basis of discussion. His Excellency had, on receiving their reply, despatched a message to Vienna, in which he explained that, although a certain desire had, in his opinion, been shown in the Servian reply to meet the demands of Austria, he understood entirely that, without some sure guarantees that Servia would carry out in their entirety the demands made upon her, the Austro-Himgarian Government could not rest satisfied in view of their past experience. He had then gone on to say that the hostilities which were about to be undertaken against Servia had presumably the exclusive object of securing such guarantees, seeing that the Austrian Government already assured the Russian Government that they had no territorial designs. He advised the Austro-Hungarian Government, should this view be correct, to speak openly in this sense. The holding of such language would, he hoped, eliminate all possible misunderstandings. As yet, he told me, he had not received a reply from Vienna. From the fact that he had gone so far in the matter of giving advice at Vienna, his Excellency hoped that you would realise that he was sincerely doing all in his power to prevent danger of European complications. The fact of his communicating this information to you was a proof of the confidence which he felt in you and evidence of his anxiety that you should know he was doing his best to support your efforts in the cause of general peace, efforts which he sincerely appreciated. No. 76. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 29, 1914. I FOUND Secretary of State very depressed to-day. He reminded me that he had told me the other day that he had to be very careful in giving advice to Austria, as any idea that they were being pressed would be likely to cause them to precipitate matters and present a fait accompli. This had, in fact, now happened, and he was not sure that his communication of your suggestion that Servia's reply offered a basis for discussion had not hastened declaration of war. He was much troubled by reports of mobilisation in Russia, and of certain military measures, which he did not specify, being taken in France. He subsequently spoke of these measures to my French colleague, who informed him that French Government had done nothing more than the German Government had done, namely, recalled officers on leave. His Excellency denied German Government had done this, but as a matter of fact it is true. My French colleague said to Under-Secretary of State, in course of conversation, that it seemed to him that when Austria had entered Servia, and so satisfied her military prestige, the moment might then be favourable for four disinterested Powers to discuss situation and come forward with suggestions for preventing graver complications. Under-Secretary of State seemed to think idea worthy of consideration, as he replied that would be a different matter from conference proposed by you. Russian Ambassador returned to-day, -and has informed Imperial Government that Russia is mobilising in four southern governments. 43 No. 77. Sir Edward Orey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. I MUCH appreciate the language of Chancellor, as reported in your telegram of to-day.* His Excellency may rely upon it that this country will continue, as heretofore, to strain every effort to secure peace and to avert the calamity we all fear. If he can induce Austria to satisfy Russia and to abstain from going so far as to come into collision with her, we shall all join in deep gratitude to his Excellency for having saved the peace of Europe. * See No. 75. No. 78. Sir G. BucJmnan to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petersburgh, July 29, 1914. PARTIAL mobilisation was ordered to-day. I commimicated the substance of your telegram of the 28th instant* to Berlin to the Minister for Foreign Affairs in accordance with your instructions, and informed him confidentially of remarks as to mobilisation which the German Secretary of State had made to the British Ambassador at Berlin. This had already reached his Excellency from another source. The mobilisation, he explained, would only be directed against Austria. Austrian Government had now definitely declined direct conversation between Vienna and St. Petersburgh. The Minister for Foreign Affairs said he had proposed such an exchange of views on advice of German Ambassador. He proposed, when informing German Ambassador of this refusal of Austria's, to urge that a return should be made to your proposal for a conference of four Ambassadors, or, at all events, for an exchange of views between the three Ambassadors less directly interested, yourself, and also the Austrian Ambassador if you thought it advisable. Any arrange- ment approved by France and England would be acceptable to him, and he did not care what form such conversations took. No time was to be lost, and the only way to avert war was for you to succeed in arriving, by means of conversations with Ambassadors either collectively or individually, at some formula which Austria could be induced to accept. Throughout Russian Government had been perfectly frank and conciliatory, and had done all in their power to maintain peace. If their efforts to maintain peace failed, he trusted that it would be realised by the British public that it was not the fault of the Russian Government. I asked him whether he would raise objections if the suggestion made in Rome telegram of the 27th July,t which I mentioned to him, were carried out. In reply his Excellency said that he would agree to anything arranged by the four Powers provided it was acceptable to Servia ; he could not, he said, be more Servian than Servia. Some supplementary statement or explanations would, however, have to be made in order to tone down the sharpness of the ultimatum. Minister for Foreign Affairs said that proposal referred to in your telegram of the 28th instantj was one of secondary importance. Under altered circumstances of situation he did not attach weight to it. Further, the German Ambassador had informed his Excellency, so the latter told me, that his Government were con- tinuing at Vienna to exert friendly influence. I fear that the German Ambassador will not help to smooth matters over, if he uses to his own Government the same language as he did to me to-day. He accused the Russian Government of endangering the peace of Europe by their mobilisation, and said, when I referred to all that had been recently done by Austria, that he could not discuss such matters. I called his attention to the fact that Austrian consuls had warned all Austrian subjects liable to military service to join the colotirs, that Austria had already partially mobilised, and had now declared war on Servia. From what had passed during the Balkan crisis she * tSee No. 67. t S«e No. 57 (See No. 6U. 44 knew that this act was one which it was impossible without humiliation for Russia to submit to. Had not Russia by mobilising shown that she was in earnest, Austria would have traded on Russia's desire for peace, and would have believed that she could go to any lengths. Minister for Foreign Affairs had given me to understand that Russia would not precipitate war by crossing frontier immediately, and a week or more would, in any case, elapse before mobilisation was completed. In order to find an issue out of a dangerous situation it was necessary that we should in the meanwhile all work together. No. 79. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Beeeived July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 29, 1914. THERE is at present no step which we could usefully take to stop war with Servia, to which Austro-Hungarian Government are now fully committed by the Emperor's appeal to his people which has been published this morning, and by the declaration of war. French and Italian Ambassadors agree with me in this view. If the Austro-Hungarian Government would convert into a binding engagement to Europe the declaration which has been made at St. Petersburgh to the effect that she desires neither to destroy the independence of Servia nor to acquire Servian territory, the Italian Ambassador thinks that Russia might be induced to remain quiet. This, however, the Italian Ambassador is convinced the Austrian Government would refuse to do. No. 80. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 29, 1914. IN your telegram of the 27th instant*' to Berlin, German Ambassador was reported to have accepted in principle the idea of a conference. This is in contradiction with the telegram of the 27th instantf from Berlin. Information received by the Italian Government from Berlin shows that German view is correctly represented in Sir E. Goschen's telegram of the 27th July,! but what creates difficulty is rather the " conference," so the Minister for Foreign Affairs under- stands, than the principle. He is going to urge, in a telegram which he is sending to Berlin to-night, adherence to the idea of an exchange of views in London. He suggests that the German Secretary of State might propose a formula acceptable to his Government. Minister for Foreign Affairs is of opinion that this exchange of views would keep the door open if direct communication between Vienna and St. Petersburgh fails to have any result. He thinks that this exchange of views might be concomitant with such direct communication. The German Government are also beiug informed that the Italian Government would not be pardoned by public opinion here unless they had taken every possible step so as to avoid war. He is urging that the German Government must lend their co-operation in this. He added that there seemed to be a difficulty in making Germany believe that Russia was in earnest. As Germany, however, was really anxious for good relations with ourselves, if she believed that Great Britain would act with Russia and France he thought it would have a great effect. Even should it prove impossible to induce Germany to take part, he would still advocate that England and Italy, each as representing one group, should continue to exchange views. • See No. 46. t See Xo. 43. 16 No. 81. Sir Edward Orey to Sir R. Rodd. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. WITH reference to your telegram of yesterday.*' It is impossible for me to initiate discussions with Ambassadors here, as I under- stand from Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs that Austria will not accept any discussion on basis of Servian note, and the inference of all I have heard from Vienna and Berlin is that Austria will not accept any form of mediation by the Powers as between Austria and Servia. Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs must therefore speak at Berlin and Vienna. I shall be glad if a favourable reception is given to any suggestions he can make there. • See No. 64. No. 82. Mr. Beaumont to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Constantinople, July 29, 1914. I UNDERSTAND that the designs of Austria may extend considerably beyond the sanjak and a punitive occupation of Servian territory. I gathered this from a remark let faU by the Austrian Ambassador here, who spoke of the deplorable economic situation of Salonica under Greek administration and of the assistance on which the Austrian army coidd count from Mussulman population discontented with Servian rule. • No. 83. Mr. Graekanthorpe to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Nish, July 29, 1914. I HAVE been requested by Prime Minister to convey to you expression of his deep gratitude for the statement which you made on the 27th instant in the House of Commons. No. 84. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. THE German Ambassador has been instructed by the German Chancellor to inform me that he is endeavouring to mediate between Vienna and St. Petersburgh, and he hopes with good success. Austria and Russia seem to be in constant touch, and he is endeavouring to make Vienna explain in a satisfactory form at St. Petersburgh the scope and extension of Austrian proceedings in Servia. I told the German Ambassador that an agreement arrived at direct between Austria and Russia would be the best possible solution. I wotdd press no proposal as long as there was a prospect of that, but my information this morning was that the Austrian Government have declined the suggestion of the Russian Government that the Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh should be authorised to discuss directly with the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs the means of settling the Austro-Servian conflict. The press correspondents at St. Petersburgh had been told that Russian Government would mobilise. The German Government had said that they were favourable in principle to mediation between Russia and Austria if necessary. They seemed to think the particular method of conference, consultation or discussion, or even conversations d quatre in London too formal a method. I urged that the German Government 46 should suggest any method by which the influence of the four Powers could be used together to prevent war between Austria and Russia. France agreed, Italy agreed. The whole idea of mediation or mediating influence was ready to be put into operation by any method that Germany could suggest if mine was not acceptable. In fact mediation was ready to come into operation by any method that Germany thought possible if only Germany would " press the button " in the interests of peace. No. 85. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 29, 1914. I WAS asked to call upon the Chancellor to-night. His Excellency had just returned from Potsdam. He said that should Austria be attacked by Russia a European conflagration might, he feared, become inevitable, owing to Germany's obligations as Austria's ally, in spite of his continued efforts to maintain peace. He then proceeded to make the following strong bid for British neutrality. He said that it was clear, so far as he was able to judge the main principle which governed British policy, that Great Britain would never stand by and allow France to be crushed in any conflict there might be. That, however, was not the object at which Germany aimed. Provided that neutrality of Great Britain were certain, every assurance would be given to the British Govern- ment that the Imperial Government aimed at no territorial acquisitions at the expense of France should they prove victorious in any war that might ensue. I questioned his Excellency about the French colonies, and he said that he was unable to give a similar undertaking in that respect. As regards Holland, however, his Excellency said that, so long as Germany's adyersaries respected the integrity and neutrality of the Netherlands, Germany was ready to give His Majesty's Government an assurance that she would do likewise. It depended upon the action of France what operations Germany might be forced to enter upon in Belgium, but when the war was over, Belgian integrity would be respected if she had not sided against Germany. His Excellency ended by saying that ever since he had been Chancellor the object of his policy had been, as you were aware, to bring about an understanding with England ; he trusted that these assurances might form the basis of that understanding which he so much desired. He had in mind a general neutrality agreement between England and Germany, though it was of course at the present moment too early to discuss details, and an assurance of British neutrality in the conflict which present crisis might possibly produce, would enable him to look forward to realisation of his desire. In reply to his Excellency's enquiry how I thought his request would appeal to you, I said that I did not think it probable that at this stage of events you would care to bind yourself to any course of action and that I was of opinion that you would desire to retain full liberty. Our conversation upon this subject having come to an end, I communicated the contents of your telegram of to-day® to his Excellency, who expressed his best thanks to you. • See No. 77. No. 86. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 29.) (Telegraphic.)^ Rome, July 29, 1914. MINISTER for Foreign Affairs thinks that moment is past for any further discussions on basis of Servian note, in view of communication made to-day by Russia at Berlin regarding partial mobilisation. The utmost he now hopes for is that Germany may use her influence at Vienna to prevent or moderate any further demands on Servia. 47 No. 87. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. AFTER telling M. Cainbon to-day how grave the situation seemed to be, I told him that I meant to tell the German Ambassador to-day that he must not be misled by the friendly tone of our conversations into any sense of false security that we should stand aside if all the efforts to preserve the peace, which we were now making in common with Germanj'-, failed. But 1 went on to say to M. Cambon that I thought it necessary to tell him also that public opinion here approached the present difficulty from a quite different point of view from that taken during the difficulty as to Morocco a few years ago. In the case of Morocco the dispute was one in which France was primarily interested, and in which it appeared that Germany, in an attempt to crush France, was fastening a quarrel on France on a question that was the subject of a special agreement between France and us. In the present case the dispute between Aiistria and Servia was not one in which we felt called to take a hand. Even if the question became one between Austria and Russia we should not feel called upon to take a hand in it. It would then be a question of the supremacy of Teuton or Slav — a struggle for supremacy in the Balkans ; and our idea had always been to avoid being drawn into a war over a Balkan question. If Germany became involved and France became involved, we had not made up our minds what we should do ; it was a case- that we should have to consider. France would then have been drawn into a quarrel which was not hers, but in which, owing to her alliance, her honour and interest obliged, her to engage. We were free from engagements, and we should have to decide what British interests required us to do. I thought it necessary to say that, because, as he knew, we were taking all precautions with regard to our fleet, and I was about to warn Prince Lichnowsky not to count on our standing aside, but it would not be fair that I should let M. Cambon be misled into supposing that this meant that we had decided what to do in a contingency that I still hoped might not arise. M. Cambon said that I had explained the situation very clearly. He understood it to be that in a Balkan quarrel, and in a struggle for supremacy between Teuton and Slav we should not feel called to intervene ; should other issues be raised, and Germany and France become involved, so that the question became one of the hegemony of Europe, we should then decide what it was necessary for us to do. He seemed quite prepared for this announcement, and made no criticism upon it. He said French opinion was calm, but decided. He anticipated a demand from Germany that France would be neutral while Germany attacked Russia. This assuiance France, of course, could not give ; she was bound to help Russia if Russia was attacked. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 88. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. I TOLD the German Ambassador this afternoon of the information that I had received, that Russia had informed Germany respecting her mobilisation. I also told him of the communication made by Count BenckendorfF, that the Austrian declaration of war manifestly rendered vain any direct conversations between Russia and Austria. I said that the hope built upon those direct conversations by the German Government yesterday had disappeared to-day. To-day the German Chancellor was working in the interest of mediation in Vienna and St. Petersburgh. If he succeeded, well and good. If not, it was more important than ever that Germany should take up what I had suggested to the German Ambassador this morning, and propose some method by which the four Powers should be able to work together to keep the peace of Europe. I pointed out, however, that the Russian Government, while desirous of mediation, regarded it as a condition that the military operations against Servia should be suspended, as otherwise a mediation would only drag on matters, and give Austria time to crush Servia. It was of course too late for all military operations against Servia to be suspended. In a short time, I supposed, the Austrian forces would 48 be in Belgrade, and in occupation of some Servian territory. But even then it might be possible to bring some mediation into existence, if Austria, while saying that she must hold the occupied territory until she had complete satisfaction from Servia, stated that she would not advance further, pending an effort of the Powers to mediate between her and Russia. The German Ambassador said that he had already telegraphed to Berlin what I had said to him this morning. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 89. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. AFTER speaking to the German Ambassador this afternoon about the European situation, I said that I wished to say to him, in a quite private and friendly way, something that was on my mind. The situation was very grave. While it was restricted to the issues at present actually involved we had no thought of interfering in it. But if Germany became involved in it, and then France, the issue might be so great that it would involve all European interests ; and I did not wish him to be misled by the friendly tone of our conversation — which I hoped would continue — into thinking that we should stand aside. He said that he quite understood this, but he asked whether I meant that we should, under certain circumstances, intervene ? I replied that I did not wish to say that, or to use anything that was like a threat or an attempt to apply pressure by saying that, if things became worse, we should intervene. There would be no question of our intervening if Germany was not involved, or even if France was not involved. But we knew very well that, if the issue did become such that we thought British interests required us to intervene, we must intervene at once, and the decision would have to be very rapid, just as the decisions of other Powers had to be. I hoped that the friendly tone of our conver- sations would continue as at present, and that I should be able to keep as closely in touch with the German Government in workiug for peace. But if we failed in our efforts to keep the peace, and if the issue spread so that it involved practically every Eiiropean interest, 1 did not wish to be open to any reproach from him that the friendly tone of all our conversations had misled him or his Government into supposing that we should not take action, and to the reproach that, if they had not been so misled, the course of things might have been different. The German Ambassador took no exception to what I had said ; indeed, he told me that it accorded with what he had already given in Berlin as his view of the situation. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 90. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. IN addition to what passed with the German Ambassador this morning, as recorded in my telegram of the 29th Jiily* to your Excellency, 1 gave the Ambassador a copy of Sir HenneU Rodd's telegram of the 28th Julyt and of my reply to it.f I said I had begun to doubt whether even a complete acceptance of the Austrian demands by Servia would now satisfy Austria. But there appeared, from what the Marquis di San Giuliano had said, to be a method by which, if the Powers were allowed to have any say in the matter, they might bring about complete satisfaction for Austria, if only the latter would give them an opportunity. I could, however, make no proposal, for the reasons I have given in my telegram to you, and coidd only give what the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs had said to the German Ambassador for infoi-mation, as long as it was understood that Austria would accept no discussion with the Powers • See No. 84. f l5«« No. G4. % See No. 81. 49 over lier dispute with Servia. As to mediation between Austria and Russia, I said it could not take the form simply of urging Russia to stand on one side while Austria had a free hand to go to any length she pleased. That would not be mediation, it would simply be putting pressure upon Russia in the interests of Austria. The German Ambassador said the view of the German Government was that Austria could not by force be humiliated, and could not abdicate her position as a Great Power. I said I entirely agreed, but it was not a question of humiliating Austria, it was a question of how far Austria meant to push the humiliation of others. There must, of course, be some humiliation of Servia, but Austria might press things so far as to involve the humdiation of Russia. The German Ambassador said that Austria would not take Servian territory, as to which I observed that, without taking territory and while leaving nominal Servian independence, Austria might turn Servia practically into a vassal State, and this would affect the whole position of Russia in the Balkans. I observed that when there was danger of European conflict it was impossible to say who would not be drawn into it. Even the Netherlands apparently were taking precautions. The German Ambassador said emphatically that some means must be found of preserving the peace of Europe. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 91. Sir Edward Grey lo Sir M. de Bunsen. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. THE Austrian Ambassador told me to-day he had ready a long memorandum, which he proposed to leave, and which he said gave an account of the conduct of Servia towards Austria, and an explanation of how necessary the Austrian action was. I said that I did not wish to discuss the merits of the question between Austria and Servia. The news to-day seemed to me very bad for the peace of Europe. The Powers were not allowed to help in getting satisfaction for Austria, which they might get if they were given an opportunity, and European peace was at stake. Count Mensdorff said that the war with Servia must proceed. Austria could not continue to be exposed to the necessity of mobilising again and again, as she had been obliged to do in recent years. She had no idea of territorial aggrandisement, and all she wished was to make sure that her interests were safeguarded. I said that it would be quite possible, without nominally interfering with the independence of Servia or taking away any of her territory, to turn her into a sort of vassal State. Count Mensdorff deprecated this. In reply to some further remarks of mine, as to the effect that the Austrian action might have upon the Russian position in the Balkans, he said that, before the Balkan war, Servia had always been regarded as being in the Austrian sphere of influence. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 92. Sir Edward Grey to Sir R. Rodd. Sir, Foreign Office, July 29, 1914. THE Italian Ambassador made to me to-day a communication from the Marquis di San Giuliano suggesting that the German objections to the mediation of the four Powers, a mediation that was strongly favoured by Italy, might be removed by some change in the form of procedure. I said that I had already anticipated this by asking the German Government to suggest any form of procedure under which the idea of mediation between Austria and Russia, already accepted by the German Government in principle, could be applied. I am. &c. E. GREY. [833] E 50 No. 93. Telegrams communicated by Gount Benckendorff, July 30, 1914. . (1.) Russian Ambassador at Vienna to M. Sazonof. Vienne, (Telegraphique.) le 15 (28) juillet, 1914. J 'AT entretenu aujourd'hui le Comte Berchtold dans le sens des instructions de votre Excellence. Je lui lis observer, en termes les plus amicaux, combien il etait desirable de trouver une solution qui, en consolidant les bons rapports entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie, donnerait k la Monarchie austro - liongroise des garanties serieuses pour sea rapports futurs avec la Serbie. J'attirais I'attention du Comte Berchtold sur tons les dangers pour la paix de I'Europe, qu'entrainerait un conflit arm6 entre I'Autriclie-Hongrie et la Serbie. Le Comte Berchtold me repondit qu'il se rendait parfaitement compte du serieux de la situation et des avantages d'une franche explication avec le Cabinet de Saint-Petersbourg. II me dit que d'un autre cote le Gouvernement austro - hongrois, qui ne s'etait decide que tres mal volontiers aux mesures energiques qu'il avait prises contre la Serbie, ne pouvait plus ni reculer, ni entrer en dis- cussion aucune des termes de la note austro-hongroise. Le Comte Berchtold ajouta que la crise etait devenue si aigue, et que I'excitation de I'opinion publique avait atteint tel degre, que le Gouvernement, le voulait-il, ne pouvait plus y consentir, d'autant moins, me dit-il, que la reponse meme de la Serbie donne la preuve du manque de sincerite de ses promesses pour I'avenir. (Translation.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 15 (28), 1914. I SPOKE to Count Berchtold to-day in the sense of your Excellency's instruc- tions. I brought to his notice, in the most friendly manner, how desirable it was to find a solution which, while consolidating good relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia, would give to the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy genuine guarantees for its future relations with Servia. I drew Count Berchtold's attention to all the dangers to the peace of Europe which would be involved by an armed 'conflict between Austria-Hungary and Servia. Count Berchtold replied that he was well aware of the gravity of the situation and of the advantages of a frank explana- tion with the St. Petersburgh Cabinet. He told me that, on the other hand, the Austro-Hungarian Government, who had only decided, much against their will, on the energetic measures which they had taken against Servia, could no longer recede, nor enter into any discussion about the terms of the Austro-Hungarian note. Count Berchtold added that the crisis had become so acute, and that public opinion had risen to such a pitch of excite- ment, that the Government, even if they wished it, could no longer consent to such a course. This was all the more impos- sible, he said, inasmuch as the Servian reply itself furnished proof of the insin- cerity of Servia's promises for the future. (2.) M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff. Saint-Petersbourg, (Telegraphique.) le 16 (29) juillet, 1914. L'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne m'informe, au nom du Chancelier, que I'Allemagne n'a pas cesse d'exercer a Vienne une influence moderatrice et qu'elle con- tinuera cette action meme apres la de- claration de guerre. Jusqu'a ce matin il n'y avait aucune nouvelle que les armees autrichiennes aient franchi la frontiere serbe. J'ai prie I'Ambassadeur de trans- St. Petersburgh, (Telegraphic.) July 16 (29), 1914. THE German Ambassador informs me, in the name of the Chancellor, that Germany has not ceased to exercise a moderating influence at Vienna, and that she will continue to do so even alter the declaration of war. Up to this morning there has been no news that the Austrian army has crossed the Servian frontier. 1 have begged the Ambassador to express my 51 mettre au Chancelier mes remerciements pour la teneur amicale de cette communi- cation. Je I'ai informe des mesures mili- taires prises par la Russie, dont aucune, lui dis-je, n'etait dirigee centre I'Alle- magne ; j'ajoutais qu'elles ne prejugeaient pas non plus des mesures agressives centre I'Autriche-Hongrie, ces mesures s'ex- pliquant par la mobilisation de " la plus grande partie de I'armee austro-hongroise. L'Ambassadeur se pronon^ant en faveur d'explications directes avec le Cabinet de Vienne et nous, je repondis que j'y etais tout dispose, pour peu que les conseils du Cabinet de Berlin dont il parlait trouvent echo a Vienne. En meme temps je signalais que nous etions tout disposes a accepter le projet d'une conference des quatre Puissances, Tin projet auquel, paraissait-il, I'Allemagne ne sympathisait pas entierement. Je dis que, dans mon opinion, le meil- leur moyen pour mettre a profit tons les moyens propres a produire une solution pacifique, consisterait en une action parallele des pourparlers d'une conference h. quatre de I'Allemagne, de la France, de I'Angleterre et de I'ltalie et d'un contact direct entre I'Autriche - Hongrie et la Russie, a I'instar a peu pres de ce qui avait eu lieu aux moments les plus critiques de la crise de Fan dernier. Je dis a I'Ambassadeur qu'apres les concessions faites par la Serbie, un terrain de compromis pour les questions restees ouvertes ne serait pas tres diflBcile a trouver, a condition toutefois de quelque bonne volonte de la part de I'Autricbe et a condition que toutes les Puissances usent de toute leur influence dans un sens de conciliation. thanks to the Chancellor for the friendly tenour of this communication. I have informed him of the military measures taken by Russia, none of which, I told him, were directed against Germany ; I added that neither should they be taken as aggressive measures against Austria- Hungary, their explanation being the mobilisation of the greater part of the Auatro-Hungarian army. The Ambassador said that he was in favour of direct explanations between the Austrian Government and ourselves, and I replied that I, too, was quite willing, pro- vided that the advice of ' the German Government, to which he had referred, found an echo at Vienna. I said at the same time that we were quite ready to accept the proposal for a conference of the four Powers, a proposal with which, apparently, Germany was not in entire sympathy. I told him that, in my opinion, the best manner of turning to account the most suitable methods of finding a peaceful solution would be by arranging for parallel discussions to be carried on by a con- ference of the four Powers — Germany, Prance, England, and Italy — and by a direct exchange of views between Austria- Hungary and Russia on much the same lines as occurred during the most critical moments of last year's crisis. I i6\d the Ambassador that, after the concessions which had been made by Servia, it should not be very difficult to find a compromise to settle the other questions which remained outstanding, provided that Austria showed some good-will and that all the Powers used their entire influence in the direction of conciliation. . (3.) M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff. Saint-Petershourg, (Telegraphique.) le 16 (29) juillet, 1914. Lors de mon entretien avec I'Ambassa- deur d'Allemagne, dont traite mon tele- gramme precedent, je n'avais pas encore regu le telegramme du 15 (28) juillet de M. Schebeko. Le contenu de ce telegramme constitue un refus du Cabinet de Vienne de pro- ceder a un echange d'idees direct avec le Gouvernement Imperial. Des lors, il ne nous reste plus qu'a nous en remettre entierement au Gouvernement britannique pour I'initiative des demarches qu'il jugera utile de provoquer. St. Petershurgh, (Telegraphic.) July 16 (29), 1914. AT the time of my interview with the German Ambassador, dealt with in my preceding telegram, I had not yet received M. Schebeko's telegram of the 15th (28th) JuJy. The contents of telegram constitute a refusal of the Vienna Cabinet to agree to a direct exchange of views with the Im- perial Government. From now on, nothing remains for us to do but to rely entirely on the British Go- vernment to take the initiative in any steps which they may consider advisable. [833] E 2 52 No. 94. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 29, 1914. I LEARN that mobilisation of Russian corps destined to carry out operations on Austrian frontier has been ordered. My informant is Russian Ambassador. Ministry for Foreign Affairs here has realised, though somewhat late in the day, that Russia will not remain indifferent in present crisis. I believe that the news of Russian mobilisation will not be a surprise to the Ministry, but so far it is not generally known in Vienna this evening. Unless mediation, which German Government declared themselves ready to offer in concert with three other Great Powers not immediately interested in the Austro-Servian dispute, be brought to bear forthwith, irrevocable steps may be taken in present temper of this country. German Ambassador feigns surprise that Servian affairs should be of such interest to Russia. Both my Russian and French colleagues have spoken to him to-day. Russian Ambassador expressed the hope that it might still be possible to arrange matters, and explained that it was impossible for Russia to do otherwise than take an interest in the present dispute. Russia, he said, had done what she could already at Belgrade to induce Servian Government to meet principal Austrian demands in a favourable spirit ; if approached in a proper manner, he thought she would probably go still further in this direction. But she was justly offended at having been completely ignored, and she could not consent to be excluded from the settlement. German Ambassador said that if proposals were put forward which opened any prospect of possible acceptance by both sides, he personally thought that Germany might consent to act as mediator in concert with the three other Powers. I gather from what Russian Ambassador said to me that he is much afraid of the effect that any serious engagement may have upon Russian public opinion. I gathered, however, that Russia would go a long way to meet Austrian demands on Servia. No. 95. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received Jidy 30) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 30, 1914. RUSSIAN Ambassador hopes that Russian mobilisation will be regarded by Austria as what it is, viz., a clear intimation that Russia must be consulted regarding the fate of Servia, but he does not know how the Austrian Government are taking it. He says that Russia must have an assurance that Servia will not be crushed, but she would understand that Austria-Hungary is compelled to exact from Servia measures which will secure her Slav provinces from the continuance of hostile propaganda from Servian territory. The French Ambassador hears from Berlin that the German Ambassador at Vienna is instructed to speak seriously to the Austro-Hungarian Government against acting in a manner calculated to provoke a European war. Unfortunately the German Ambassador is himself so identified with, extreme anti- Russian and anti-Servian feeling prevalent in Vienna that he is unlikely to plead the cause of peace with entire sincerity. Although I am not able to verify it, I have private information that the German Ambassador knew the text of the Austrian ultimatum to Servia before it was despatched and telegraphed it to the German Emperor. I know from the German Ambassador himself that he endorses every line of it. No. 96. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 30, 1914. The Russian Ambassador gave the French Ambassador and myeeK this afternoon at the French Embassy, where I happened to be, an account of his interview with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, which he said was quite friendly. The Minister for 53 Foreign Affairs had told h.im that as Russia had mobilised, Austria must, of course, do the same. This, however, should not be regarded as a threat, but merely as the adoption of military precautions similar to those which had been taken across the frontier. He said he had no objection to the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh continuing their conversations, although he did not say that they could be resumed on the basis of the Servian reply. On the whole, the Russian Ambassador is not dissatisfied. He had begun to make his preparations for his departure on the strength of a rumour that Austria would declare war in reply to mobilisation. He now hopes that something may yet be done to prevent war with Austria. No. 97. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) ' St. Petersburgh, July 30, 1914. FRENCH Ambassador and I visited Minister for Foreign Affairs this morning. His Excellency said that German Ambassador had told him yesterday afternoon that German Government were willing to guarantee that Servian integrity would be respected by Austria. To this he had replied that this might be so, but nevertlieless Servia would become an Austrian vassal, just as, in similar circumstances, Bokhara had become a Russian vassal. There would be a revolution in Russia if she were to tolerate such a state of affairs. M. Sazonof told us that absolute proof was in possession of Russian Government that Germany was making military and naval preparations against Russia — more particularly in the direction of the Gulf of Finland. German Ambassador had a second interview with Minister for Foreign Affairs at 2 A.M., when former completely broke down on seeing that war was inevitable. He appealed to M. Sazonof to make some suggestion which he could telegraph to German Government as a last hope. M. Sazonof accordingly drew up and handed to German Ambassador a formula in French, of which following is translation : — " If Austria, recognising that her conflict with Servia has assumed character of question of European interest, declares herself ready to eliminate from her ultimatum points which violate principle of sovereignty of Servia, Russia engages to stop all military preparations." Preparations for general mobilisation will be proceeded with if this proposal is rejected by Austria, and inevitable result will be a European war. Excitement here has reached such a pitch that, if Austria refuses to make a concession, Russia cannot hold back, and, now that she knows that Germany is arming, she can hardly postpone, for strategical reasons, converting partial into general mobilisation. No. 98. Sir E. Goscheri to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 30, 1914. SECRETARY of State informs me that immediately on receipt of Prince Lichnowsky's telegram recording his last conversation with you he asked Austro- Hungarian Government whether they would be willing to accept mediation on basis of occupation by Austrian troops of Belgrade or some other point and issue their conditions from there. He has up till now received no reply, but he fears Russian mobilisation against Austria will have increased difficulties, as Austria-Hungary, who has as yet only mobilised against Servia, will probably find it necessary also against Russia. Secretary of State says if you can succeed in getting Russia to agree to above basis for an arrangement and in persuading her in the meantime to take no steps which might be regarded as an act of aggression against Austria he still sees some chance that European peace may be preserved. He begged me to impress on you difficulty of Germany's position in view of Russian mobilisation and military measures which he hears are being taken in France. [833] E 3 54 Beyond recall of officers on leave — -a measure which had been officially taken after, and not before, visit of French Ambassador yesterday — Imperial Government had done nothing special in way of military preparations. Something, however, would have soon to be done, for it might be too late, and when they mobilised they would have to mobilise on three sides. He regretted this, as he knew France did not desire war, but it would be a military necessity. His Excellency added that telegram received from Prince Lichnowsky last night contains matter which he had heard with regret, but not exactly with surprise, and at all events he thoroughly appreciated frankness and loyalty with which you had spoken. He also told me that this telegram had only reached Berlin very late last night ; had it been received earlier Chancellor would, of course, not have spoken to me in way he had done. No. 99. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 30, 1914. PRESIDENT of the Republic teUs me that the Russian Government have been informed by the German Government that unless Russia stopped her mobilisation Germany would mobilise. But a further report, since received from St. Petersburgh, states that the German communication had been modified, and was now a request to be informed on what conditions Russia would consent to demobilisation. The answer given is that she agrees to do so on condition that Austria-Hungary gives an assurance that she will respect the sovereignty of Servia and submit certain of the demands of the Austrian note, which Servia has not accepted, to an international discussion. President thinks that these conditions will not be accepted by Austria. He is convinced that peace between the Powers is in the hands of Great Britain. If His Majesty's Government announced that England woidd come to the aid of France in the event of a conflict between France and Germany as a result of the present differences between Austria and Servia, there would be no war, for Germany would at once modify her attitude. I explained to him how difficult it would be for His Majesty's Government to make such an announcement, but he said that he must maintain that it would be in the interests of peace. France, he said, is pacific. She does not desire war, and all that she has done at present is to make preparations for mobilisation so as not to be taken unawares. The French Government will keep His Majesty's Government informed of everything that may be done in that way. They have reliable information that the German troops are concentrated round Thionville and Metz ready for war. If there were a general war on the Continent it would inevitably draw England into it for the protection of her vital interests. A declaration now of her intention to support France, whose desire it is that peace should be maintained, would almost certainly prevent Germany from going to war. No. 100. Sir R. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 30.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 30, 1914. GERMAN Ambassador told me last night that he thought that Germany would be able to prevent Austria from making any exorbitant demands if Servia could be induced to submit, and to ask for peace early, say, as soon as the occupation of Belgrade had been accomplished. I made to his Excellency the personal suggestion that some formula might be devised by Germany which might be acceptable for an exchange of views. I see, however, that you have already made this suggestion. 55 No. 101. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 30, 1914. YOUR telegram of 29tli July.* His Majesty's Government cannot for a moment entertain the Chancellor's proposal that they should bind themselves to neutrality on siich terms. What he asks us in effect is to engage to stand by while French colonies are taken and France is beaten so long as Germany does not take French territory as distinct from the colonies. From the material point of view such a proposal is unacceptable, for France, without further territory in Europe being taken from her, could be so crushed as to lose her position as a Great Power, and become subordinate to German policy. Altogether apart from that, it would be a disgrace for us to make this bargain with Germany at the expense of France, a disgrace from which the good name of this country would never recover. The Chancellor also in effect asks us to bargain away whatever obligation or interest we have as regards the neutrality of Belgium. We could not entertain that bargain either. Having said so much, it is unnecessary to examine whether the prospect of a future general neutrality agreement between England and Germany offered positive advantages sufficient to compensate us for tying our hands now. We must preserve our full freedom to act as circumstances may seem to us to require in any such unfavouralile and regrettable development of the present crisis as the Chancellor contemplates. You should speak to the Chancellor in the above sense, and add most earnestly that the one way of maintaining the good relations between England and Germany is that they should continue to work together to preserve the peace of Europe ; if we succeed in this object, the mutual relations of Germany and England will, I believe, be ipso facto improved and strengthened. For that object His Majesty's Government will work in that way with all sincerity and good-will. And I will say this : If the peace of Europe can be preserved, and the present crisis safely passed, my own endeavour will be to promote some arrangement to which Germany could be a party, by which, she could be assured that no aggressive or hostile policy would be pursued against her or her allies by France, Russia, and ourselves, jointly or separately. I have desired this and worked for it, as far as I could, through the last Balkan crisis, and, Germany having a corresponding object, our relations sensibly improved. The idea has hitherto been too Utopian to form the subject of definite proposals, but if this present crisis, so much more acute than any that Europe has gone through for generations, be safely passed, I am hopeful that the relief and reaction which will follow may make possible some more definite rapproche- ment between the Powers than has been possible hitherto. * See No. 85 No. 102. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 30, 1914. I HAVE warned Prince Lichnowsky that Germany must not count upon our standing aside in all circumstances. This is doubtless the substance of the telegram from Prince Lichnowsky to German Chancellor, to which reference is made in the last two paragraphs of your telegram of 3Uth July.* * See No. 98. [833] E 4 56 No. 103. Sir Edward Grey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 30, 1914. GERMAN Ambassador informs me that German Government would endeavour to influence Austria, after taking Belgrade and Servian territory in region of frontier, to promise not to advance further, while Powers endeavoured to arrange that Servia should give satisfaction sufficient to pacify Austria. Territory occupied would of course be evacuated when Austria was satisfied. I suggested this yesterday as a possible relief to the situation, and, if it can be obtained, I would earnestly hope that it might be agreed to suspend further military preparations on all sides Russian Ambassador has told me of condition laid down by M. Sazonof , as quoted in your telegram of the 30th July,* and fears it cannot be modified ; but if Austrian advance were stopped after occupation of Belgrade, I think Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs' formula might be changed to read that the Powers would examine how Servia could fully satisfy Austria without impairing Servian sovereign rights or independence. If Austria, having occupied Belgrade and neighbouring Servian territory, declares herself ready, in the interest of European peace, to cease her advance and to discuss how a complete settlement can be arrived at, I hope that Riissia would also consent to discussion and suspension of further military preparations, provided that other Powers did the same. It is a slender chance of preserving peace, but the only one I can suggest if Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs can come to no agreement at Berlin. You should inform Minister for Foreign Affairs. • See No. 97. No. 104. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 30, 1914. YOU should inform the Minister for Foreign Affairs of my telegram to Sir G. Buchanan of to-day,* and say that I know that he has been urging Russia not to precipitate a crisis. I hope he may be able to support this last suggestion at St. Petersburgh. • See No. 103. No. 105. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. Sir, Foreign Office, July 30, 1914. M. CAMBON reminded me to-day of the letter I had written to him two years ago, in which we agreed that, if the peace of Europe was seriously threatened, we would discuss what we were prepared to do. I enclose for convenience of reference copies of the letter in question and of M. Cambon's reply. He said that the peace of Europe was never more seriously threatened than it was now. He did not wish to ask me to say directly that we would intervene, but he would like me to say what we should do if certain circumstances arose. The particular hypothesis he had in mind was an aggression by Germany on France. He gave me a paper, of which a copy is also enclosed, showing that the German military preparations were more advanced and more on the offensive upon the frontier than anything France had yet done. He anticipated that the aggression would take the form of either a demand that France should cease her preparations, or a demand that she should engage to remain neutral if there was war between Germany and Russia. Neither of these things coiild France admit. I said that the Cabinet was to meet to-morrow morning, and I woidd see him again to-morrow afternoon. I am, &c. E. GREY. 57 Enclosure 1 in No. 105. Sir Edward Grey to M. Cambon. My dear Ambassador, Foreign Office, November 22, 1912. FROM time to time in recent years the French and British naval and military experts have consulted together. It has always been understood that such consulta- tion does not restrict the freedom of either Government to decide at any future time whether or not to assist the other by armed force. We have agreed that consultation between experts is not, and ought not to be regarded as, an engagement that commits either Government to action in a contingency that has not arisen and may never arise. The disposition, for instance, of the French and British fleets respectively at the present moment is not based upon an engagement to co-operate in war. You have, however, pointed out that, if either Government had grave reason to expect an unprovoked attack by a third Power, it might become essential to know whether it could in that event depend upon the armed assistance of the other. I agree that, if either Government had grave reason to expect an unprovoked attack by a third Power, or something that threatened the general peace, it should irmnediately discuss with the other whether both Governments should act together to prevent aggression and to preserve peace, and, if so, what measures they would be prepared to take in common. If these measures involved action, the plans of the General Staffs would at once be taken into consideration, and the Governments would then decide what effect should be given to them. Yours, &c. E. GREY. . Enclosure 2 in No. 105. M. Cambon to Sir Edward Grey. L'Ambassade de France, Londres, Cher Sir Edward, ce 23 novembre, 1912. PAR votre lettre en date d'hier, 22 no- vembre, vous m'avez rappele que, dans ces dernieres annees, les autorites mili- taires et navales de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne s'etaient consultees de temps en temps ; qu'il avait toujours 6te entendu que ces consultations ne res- treignaient pas la liberte, pour chaque Gouvernement, de decider dans I'avenir s'ils se preteraient I'un I'autre le concours de leurs forces armees ; que, de part et d'autre, ces consultations entre specialistes n'etaient et ne devaient pas etre con- siderees comme des engagements obligeant nos Gouvernements a agir dans certains cas ; que cependant je vous avals fait observer que, si I'un ou I'autre des deux Gouvernements avait de graves raisons d'apprehender une attaque non provoquee de la part d'une tierce Puissance, il deviendrait essential de savoir s'il pourrait compter sur I'assistance armee de I'autre. Votre lettre r^pond a cette observation, et je suis autorise a vous declarer que, dans le cas ou I'un de nos deux Gouverne- ments aurait un motif grave d'apprehender soit I'agression d'une tierce puissance, (Translation.) French Embassy, London, Dear Sir Edward, November 23, 1912. YOU reminded me in your letter of yesterday, 22nd November, that during the last few years the military and naval authorities of Prance and Great Britain had consulted with each other from time to time ; that it had always been under- stood that these consultations should not restrict the liberty of either Government to decide in the future whether they should lend each other the support of their armed forces ; that, on either side, these consulta- tions between experts were not and should not be considered as engagements binding our Governments to take action in certain eventualities ; that, however, I had re- marked to you that, if one or other of the two Governments had grave reasons to fear an unprovoked attack on the part of a third Power, it would become essential to know whether it could count on the armed support of the other. Your letter answers that point, and I am authorised to state that, in the event of one of our two Governments having grave reasons to fear either an act of aggres- sion from a third Power, or some event 58 soit quelque 6v^nement menaQant poiir la paix generale, ce Gouvemement examine- rait immediatement avec I'atitre si les deux Gouvernements doivent agir de concert en vne de prevenir I'agression ou de sauve- garder la paix. Dans ce cas, les deux Gouvernements delibereraient sur les mesures qu'ils seraient disposes a prendre en comniun ; si ces mesiires comportaient une action, les deux Gouvernements pren- draient aussitot en consideration les plans de leurs etats majors at decideraient alors de la suite qui devrait etre donnee a ces plans. Votre sincerement devoue, PAUL CAMBOK threatening the general peace, that Govern- ment would immediately examine with the other the question whether both Governments should act together in order to prevent aggression or preserve peace. If so, the two Governments would de- liberate as to the measures which they would be prepared to take in common ; if those measures involved action, the two Governments would take into immediate consideration the plans of their general staffs and would then decide as to the effect to be given to those plans. Yours &c. PAUL CAMBON. Enclosure 3 in No. 105. French Minister for Foreign Affairs to M. Cavibon. L'ARMEE allemande a ses avant- postes sur nos bomes-frontieres, hier ; par deux fois des patrouilles allemandes ont penetre sur notre territoire. Nos avant-postes sont en retraite a 10 kilom. en arriere de la frontiere. Les populations ainsi abandonneea a I'attaque de I'armee adverse protestent ; mais le Gouveme- ment tient a montrer a I'opinion publique et au Gouvernement britannique que I'agressetir ne sera en aucun cas la France. Tout le 16' Corps de Metz ren- force par une partie du 8' venu de Treves et de Cologne occupe la frontiere de Metz au Luxembourg. Le 15* Corps d'Armee de Strasbourg a serre sur la frontiere. Sous menace d'etre fusilles les Alsaciens- Lorrains des pays annexes ne peuvent pas passer la frontiere ; des reservistes par dizaines de milliers sont rappeles en Alle- magne ; c'est le dernier stade avant la mobiUsation : or, nous n'avons rappele aucun reservists. Comme vous le voyez, TAlleinagne I'a fait. J'ajoute que toutes nos informations concordent pour montrer que les prepara- tifs allemands ont commence samedi,* le jour meme de la remise de la note autrichienne. Ces elements, ajoutes a ceux contenus dans mon telegramme d'hier, vous per- mettent de faire la preuve au Gouverne- ment britannique de la volonte pacifique de I'un et des intentions agressives de I'autre. (Translation.) THE German army had its ad- vance posts on our frontiers yesterday ; German patrols twice penetrated on to our territory. Our advance-posts are withdrawn to a distance of 10 kilom. from the frontier. The local population is protesting against being thus aban- doned to the attack of the enemy's army, but the Government wishes to make it clear to public opinion and to the British Government that in no case will France be the aggressor. The whole 16th corps from Metz, reinforced by a part of the 8th from Treves and Cologne, is occupying the frontier at Metz on the Luxemburg side. The 15th army corps from Strass- burg has closed up on the frontier. The inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine are pre- vented by the threat of being shot from crossing the frontier. Reservists have been called back to Germany by tens of thousands. This is the last stage before mobilisation, whereas we have not called back a single reservist. As you see, Germany has done so. I would add that all my information goes to show that the German preparations began on Saturday,* the very day on which the Austrian note was handed in. These facts, added to those contained in my telegram of yesterday, will enable you to prove to the British Government the pacific intentions of the one party and the aggressive intentions of the other. Sic in orig'inal. The actual date of the presentation of the note was, in fact, Thursday, July 23. 59 No. 106. Sir B. Rodd to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Rome, July 30, 1914. I LEARNT from the Minister for Foreign Affairs, who sent for me this evening, that the Austrian Government had declined to continue the direct exchange of views with the Russian Government. But he had reason to believe that Germany was now disposed to give more conciliatory advice to Austria, as she seemed convinced that we should act with France and Russia, and was most anxious to avoid issue with us. He said he was telegraphing to the Italian Ambassador at Berlin to ask the German Government to suggest that the idea of an exchange of views between the four Powers should be resumed in any form which Austria would consider acceptable. It seemed to him that Germany might invite Austria to state exactly the terms which she would demand from Servia, and give a guarantee that she would neither deprive her of independence nor annex territory. It would be useless to ask for anything less than was contained in the Austrian ultimatum, and Germany would support no proposal that might imply non-success for Austria. We might, on the other hand, ascertain from Russia what she would accept, and, once we knew the standpoints of these two countries, discussions could be commenced at once. There was still time so long as Austria had received no check. He in any case was in favour of continuing an exchange of views with His Majesty's Government if the idea of discussions between the four Powers was impossible. No. 107. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 30, 1914. 1 DO not know whether you have received a reply from the German Government to the communication* which you made to them through the German Ambassador in London asking whether they could suggest any method by which the four Powers could use their mediating influence between Russia and Austria. I was informed last night that they had not had time to send an answer yet. To-day, in reply to an enquiry from the French Ambassador as to whether the Imperial Government had proposed any course of action, the Secretary of State said that he had felt that time would be saved by communicating with Vienna direct, and that he had asked the Austro- Hungarian Government what would satisfy them. No answer had, however, yet been returned. The Chancellor told me last night that he was " pressing the button " as hard as he could, and that he was not sure whether he had not gone so far in urging moderation at Vienna that matters had been precipitated rather than otherwise. * See No. 84. No. 108. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 31, 1914. C3HANCELL0R informs me that his efforts to preach peace and moderation at Vienna have been seriously handicapped by the Russian mobilisation against Austria. He has done everything possible to attain his object at Vienna, perhaps even rather more than was altogether palatable at the Ballplatz. He could not, however, leave his country defenceless while time was being utilised by other Powers ; and if, as he learns is the case, military measures are now being taken by Russia against Germany also, it would be impossible for him to remain quiet. He wished to tell me that it was quite possible that in a very short time, to-day perhaps, the German Government would take some very serious step ; he was, in fact, just on the point of going to have an audience with the Emperor. His Excellency added that the news of the active preparations on the Russo-German frontier had reached him just when the Czar had appealed to the Emperor, in the name of their old friendship, to mediate at Vienna, and when the Emperor was actually conforming to that request. 60 No. 109. Sir E. Gosehen to Sir Edward Orey. — {Received July 31 .) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 31, 1914. I READ to the Chancellor this morning your answer to his appeal for British neutrality in the event of war, as contained in your telegram of yesterday.* His Excellency was so taken up with the news of the Russian measures along the frontier, referred to in my immediately preceding telegram, that he received your communica- tion without comment. He asked me to let him have the message that I had just read to him as a memorandum, as he would like to reflect upon it before giving an answer, and his mind was so full of grave matters that he could not be certain of remembering all its points. I therefore handed to him the text of your message on the understanding that it should be regarded merely as a record of conversation, and not as an official document. His Excellency agreed. • See No. 101. No. 110. Sir Edward Orey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 31, 1914. I LEARN from the German Ambassador that, as a result of suggestions by the German Government, a conversation has taken place at Vienna between the Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Russian Ambassador. The Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh has also been instructed that he may converse with the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, and that he should give explanations about the Austrian ultimatum to Servia, and discuss suggestions and any questions directly affecting Austro- Russian relations. If the Russian Government object to the Austriane mobilising eight army corps, it might bo pointed out that this is not too great a number against 400,000 Servians. The German Ambassador asked me to urge the Russian Government to show goodwill in the discussions and to suspend their military preparations. It is with great satisfaction that 1 have learnt that discussions are being resumed between Austria and Russia, and you should express this to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and tell him that I earnestly hope he will enqourage them. I informed the German Ambassador that, as regards military preparations, I did not see how Russia could be urged to suspend them unless some Kmit were put by Austria to the advance of her troops into Servia. No. 111. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Gosehen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 31, 1913. I HOPE that the conversations which are now proceeding between Austria and Russia may lead to a satisfactory resiJt. The stumbling-block hitherto has been Austrian mistrust of Servian assurances, and Russian mistrust of Austrian intentions with regard to the independence and integrity of Servia. It has occurred to mo that, in the event of this mistrust preventing a solution being found by Vienna and St. Petersburgh, Germany might sound Vienna, and I would undertake to sound St. Petersburgh, whether it would be possible for the four disinterested Powers to offer to Austria that they would undertake to see that she obtained full satisfaction of her demands on Servia, provided that they did not impair Servian sovereignty and the integrity of Servian territory. As your Excellency is aware, Austria has already declared her willingness to respect them. Russia might be informed by the four Powers that they would undertake to prevent Austrian demands going the length of impairing Servian sovereignty and integrity. AU Powers would of course suspend further military operations or preparations. You may sound the Secretary of State about this proposal. 6] I said to German Ambassador this morning that if Germany could get any reasonable proposal put forward which made it clear that Germany and Austria were strivintT to preserve European peace, and that Russia and France would be unreasonable if they rejected it, I would support it at St. Petersburgh and Paris, and go the length of saying that if Russia and France would not accept it His Majesty's Government would have nothing more to do with the consequences ; but, otherwise, I told German Ambassador that if France became involved we shoidd be drawn in. You can add this when sounding Chancellor or Secretary of State as to proposal above. No. 112. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey.— {Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 31, 1914. ACCORDING to information just received by German Government from their Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, whol6 Russian army and fleet are being mobilised. Chancellor tells me that " Kriegsgefahr " will be proclaimed at once by German Government, as it can only be against Germany that Russian general mobilisation is directed. jVIobilisation would follow almost immediately. His Excellency added in explanation that " Kriegsgefahr " signified the taking of certain precautionary measures consequent upon strained relations with a foreign country. This news from St. Petersburgh, added his Excellency, seemed to him to put an end to all hope of a peaceful solution of the crisis. Germany must certainly prepare for all emergencies. I asked him whether he could not still put pressure on the authorities at Vienna to do something in general interests to reassure Russia and to show themselves disposed to continue discussions on a friendly basis. He replied that last night he had begged Austria to reply to your last proposal, and that he had received a reply to the effect that Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs would take wishes of the Emperor this morning in the matter. No. 113. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petersburgh, July 31, 1914. IT has been decided to issue orders for general mobilisation. This decision was taken in consequence of report received from Russian Ambassador in Vienna to the effect that Austria is determined not to yield to inter- vention of Powers, and that she is moving troops against Russia as well as against Servia. Russia has also reason to believe that Germany is making active military preparations, and she cannot afford to let her get a start. No. 114. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie and Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 31, 1914. I STILL trust that situation is not irretrievable, but in view of prospect of mobilisation in Germany it becomes essential to His Majesty's Government, in view of existing treaties, to ask whether French (German) Government are prepared to engage to respect neutrality of Belgium so long as no other Power violates it. A similar request is being addressed to German (French) Government. It is important to have an early answer. «2 No. 115. Sir Edward Grey to Sir P. Villiers. (Telegrapliic.) Foreign Office, July 31, 1914. IN view of existing treaties, you should inform Minister for Foreign Affairs that, in consideration of the possibility of a European war, I have asked French and German Governments whether each is prepared to respect the neutrality of Belgium provided it is violated by no other Power. You should say that I assume that the Belgian Government will maintain to the utmost of their power their neutrality, which I desire and expect other Powers to uphold and observe. You should inform the Belgian Government that an early reply is desired. No. 116. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, July 31, 1914. I HAVE received your telegram of yesterday's date.* Nobody here feels that in this dispute, so far as it has yet gone, British treaties or obligations are involved. Feeling is quite different from what it was during the Morocco question. That crisis involved a dispute directly involving France, whereas in this case France is being drawn into a dispute which is not hers. I believe it to be quite untrue that our attitude has been a decisive factor in situation. German Government do not expect our neutrality. We cannot undertake a definite pledge to intervene in a war. I have so told the French Ambassador, who has urged His Majesty's Government to reconsider this decision. I have told him that we should not be justified in giving any pledge at the present moment, but that we will certainly consider the situation again directly there is a new development. ■» • See No. 99. No. 117. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 31, 1914. AT 7 o'clock this evening I was sent for by Minister for Foreign Affairs. When I arrived the German Ambassador was leaving his Excellency. German Ambassador had informed his Excellency that, in view of the fact that orders had been given for the total mobilisation of Russian army and fleet, German Government have in an ultimatum which they have addressed to the Russian Government required that Russian forces should be demobilised. The German Government will consider it necessary to order the total mobilisation of the German army on the Russian and French frontiers if within twelve hours the Russian Government do not give an undertaking to comply with German demand. The Minister for Foreign Affairs asks me to communicate this to you, and enquires what, in these circumstances, will be the attitude of England. German Ambassador could not say when the twelve hours terminates. He is going to caU at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to-morrow (Saturday) at 1 p.m. in order to receive the French Government's answer as to the attitude they will adopt in the circumstances. He intimated the possibility of his requiring his passports. I am informed by the Russian Ambassador that he is not aware of any general mobilisation of the Russian forces having taken place. 63 No. 118. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received July 31.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, July 31, 1914. I AM informed by Count Forgach, Under-Secretary of State, that although Austria was compelled to respond to Russian mobilisation, which he deplored, the Austrian Ambassador in London has received instructions to inform you that mobilisation was not to be regarded as a necessarily hostile act on either side. Telegrams were being exchanged between the Emperor of Russia and the German Emperor, and conversations were proceeding between Austrian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh and Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. A general war might, he seriously hoped, be staved off by these efforts. On my expressing my fear that Germany would mobilise, he said that Germany must do something, in his opinion, to secure her position. As regards Russian intervention on behalf of Servia, Austria- Hungary found it difficult to recognise such a claim. I called his attention to the fact that during the discussion of the Albanian frontier at the London Conference of Ambassadors the Russian Government had stood behind Servia, and that a compromise between the views of Russia and Austria-Hungary resulted with accepted frontier line. Although he spoke in a conciliatory tone, and did not regard the situation as desperate, I could not get from him any suggestion for a similar compromise in the present case. Count Forgach is going this afternoon to see the Russian Ambassador, whom I have informed of the above conversation. The Russian Ambassador has explained that Russia has no desire to interfere unduly with Servia ; that, as compared with the late Russian Minister, the present Minister at Belgrade is a man of very moderate views ; and that, as regards Austrian demands, Russia had counselled Servia to yield to them as far as she possibly could without sacrificing her independence. His Excellency is exerting himself strongly in the interests of peace. No. 119. Sir Edward Orey to Sir F. Bertie. Sir, Foreign Office, July 31, 1914. M. CAMBON referred to-day to a telegram that had been shown to Sir Arthur Nicolson this morning from the French Ambassador in Berlin, saying that it was the imcertainty with regard to whether we would intervene which was the encouraging element in Berlin, and that, if we would only declare definitely on the side of Russia and France, it would decide the German attitude in favour of peace. I said that it was quite wrong to suppose that we had left Germany under the impression that we would not intervene. I had refused overtures to promise that we should remain neutral. 1 had not only definitely declined to say that we would remain neutral, I had even gone so far this morning as to say to the German Ambassador that, if France and Germany became involved in war, we should be drawn into it. That, of course, was not the same thing as taking an engagement to France, and I told M. Cambon of it only to show that we had not left Germany under the impression that we would stand aside. M. Cambon then asked me for my reply to what he had said yesterday. I said that we had come to the conclusion, in the Cabinet to-day, that we could not give any pledge at the present time. Though we should have to put our policy before Parliament, we could not pledge Parliament in advance. Up to the present moment, we did not feel, and public opinion did not feel, that any treaties or obligations of this country were involved. Further developments migat alter this situation and cause the Government and Parliament to take the view that intervention was justified. The preservation of the neutrality of Belgium might be, I would not say a decisive, but an important factor, in determining our attitude. Whether we proposed to Parliament to intervene or not to intervene in a war. Parliament would wish to know how we stood with regard to the neutrality of Belgium, and it might be that I should ask both France and Germany whether each was prepared to tmdertake an engagement that she would not be the first to violate the neutrality of Belgium, 64 M. Cambon repeated his question whether we would help France if Germany made an attack on her. I said that I could only adhere to the answer that, as far as things had gone at present, we could not take any engagement.^ — M. Cambon urged that Germany had from the beginning rejected proposals that might have made for peace. It could not be to England's interest that France should be crushed by Germany. We should then be in a veiy diminished position with regard to G'ermany. In 1870 we had made a great mistake in allowing an enormous increase of German strength, and we should now be repeating the mistake. He asked me whether I could not submit his question to the Cabinet again. I said that the Cabinet would certainly be summoned as soon as there was some new development, but at the present moment the only answer 1 could give was that we could not undertake any definite engagement. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 120. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) St. Petershurgh, July 31, 1914. MINISTER for Foreign Affairs sent for me and French Ambassador and asked us to telegraph to our respective Governments subjoined formula as best calculated to amalgamate proposal made by you in your telegram of 30th July* with formula recorded in my telegram of 30th July.t He trusted it would meet with your approval : — " Si I'Autriche consentira a arreter marche de ses troupes sur le territoire serbe, si, reconnaissant que le conflit austro-serbe a assume le caractere d'une question d'interet europeen, elle admet que les Grandes Puissances examiuent la satisfaction que la Serbie pourrait accorder au Gouvernement d'Autriche-Hongrie sans laisser porter atteinte a ses droits d'fitat souverain et a son independance, la Russie s'engage a conserver son attitude expectante."J His Excellency then alluded to the telegram sent to German Emperor by Emperor of Russia in reply to the former's telegram. He said that Emperor Nicholas had begun by thanking Emperor William for his telegram and for the hopes of peaceful solution which it held out. His Majesty had then proceeded to assure Emperor William that no intention whatever of an aggressive character was concealed behind Russian military preparations. So long as conversation with Austria continued. His Imperial Majesty undertook that not a single man should be moved across the frontier ; it was, however, of course impossible, for reasons explained, to stop a mobilisation which was already in progress. M. Sazonof said that undoubtedly there would be better prospect of a peaceful solution if the suggested conversation were to take place in London, where the atmosphere was far more favourable, and he therefore hoped that you would see your way to agreeing to this. His Excellency ended by expressing his deep gratitude to His Majesty's Govern- ment, who had done so much to save the situation. It would be largely due to them if war were prevented. The Emperor, the Russian Government, and the Russian people would never forget the firm attitude adopted by Great Britain. • See No. 103. + See No. 97. I Translation. — " If Austria will agree to check the advance of her troops on Servian territoiy ; if, reco^nisiug that tiie dis|jute between Austria and Servia has assumed a character of European interest, she will allow the Great Powers to look into the matter and determine whether Servia ccmld satisfy the Austro- Ilungaiian Government without impairing her rights as a sovereign State or her independence, Russia will nndenake to maintain her waiting attitude." 66 No, 121. Sir E. Goscfien to Sir Edward Orey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, July 31, 1914. YOUR telegram of 31st July.* I spent an hour with Secretary of State urging him most earnestly to accept your proposal and make another effort to prevent terrible catastrophe of a European war. He expressed himself very sympathetically towards your proposal, and appreciated your continued efforts to maintain peace, but said it was impossible for the Imperial Government to consider any proposal until they had received an answer from Russia to their communication of to-day ; this communication, which he admitted had the form of an ultimatum, being that, unless Russia could inform the Imperial Government within twelve hours that she would immediately countermand her mobilisation against Germany and Austria, Germany would be obliged on her side to mobilise at once. I asked his Excellency why they had made their demand even more difficult for Russia to accept by asking them to demobilise in south as well. He replied that it was in order to prevent Russia from saying all her mobilisation was only directed against Austria. His Exce'llency said that if the answer from Russia was satisfactory he thought personally that your proposal merited favourable consideration, and in any case he would lay it before the Emperor and Chancellor, but he repeated that it was no use discussing it until the Russian Government had sent in their answer to the German demand. He again assured me that both the Emperor William, at the request of the ■Emperor of Russia, and the German Foreign Office had even up till last night been urging Austria to show willingness to continue discussions— and telegraphic and telephonic commimications from Vienna had been of a promising nature — but Russia's mobilisation had spoilt everything. • See Na 111. No. 122. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegiaphic.) Berlin, July 31, 1914. NEUTRALITY of Belgium, referred to in your telegram of 31st July to Sir F. Bertie, t I have seen Secretary of State, who informs me that he must consult the Emperor and the Chancellor before he could possibly answer. I gathered from what he said that he thought any reply they might give could not but disclose a certain amount of their plan of campaign in the event of war ensuing, and he was therefore very doubtful whether they would return any answer at alL His Excellency, nevertheless, took note of your request. It appears from what he said that German Government consider that certain hostile acts have already been committed by Belgium. As an instance of this, he alleged that a consignment of com for Germany had been placed under an embargo already. I hope to see his Excellency to-morrow again to discuss the matter further, but the prospect of obtaining a definite answer seems to me remote. In speaking to me to-day the Chancellor made it clear that Germany would in any case desire to know the reply returned to you by the French Government. • See No, 114. [883] F 66 No. 123. Sir Edvxird Grey to Sir E. Ooachen Sir, Foreign Office, Av/just i, 1914. I TOLD the German Amhaseador to-day that the reply* of the German Government with regard to the neutrality of Belgium was a matter of very great regret, because the neutrality of Belgium affected feeJing in this country. If Germany could see her way to give the same assurance as that which had been given by France it would materially contribute to relieve anxiety and tension here. On the other hand, if there were a violation of the neutrality of Belgium by one combatant while the other respected it, it would be extremely difhcult to restrain public feeling in this country. I said that we had been discussing this question at a Cabinet meeting, and as I was authorised to tell him this I gave him a memorandimi of it. He asked me whether, if Germany gave a promise not to violate Belgium nentrahty, we would engage to remain neutral. I replied that I could not say that ; our hands were still free, and we were considering what our attitude should be. All 1 could say was that our attitude would be determined largely by public opinion here, and that the neutrality of Belgium would appeal veiy strongly to public opinion here. I did not think that we could give a promise of neutrality on that condition alone. The Ambassador pressed me as to whether I could not formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral. He even suggested that the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed. I said that -I felt obliged to refuse definitely any promise to remain neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep our hands free. I am, &c. E. GRE\.. • See No. 122. No. 124. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 1.) (Telegraphic) Paris, July 31, 1914. ON the receipt at 8 30 to-night of your telegram of this afternoon,* I sent a message to Minister for Foreign Affairs requesting to see him. He received me at 10"30 to-night at the Elysee, where a Cabinet Council was being held He took a note of the enquiry as to the respecting by France of the neutrality of Belgium which yo\i instructed me to make. He told me that a commrmication had been made to you by the German Ambas- sador in London of the intention of Germany to order a general mobilisation of her army if Russia do not demobilise at once. He is iirgently anxious as to what the attitude of England will be in the circumstances, and begs an answer may be made by His Majesty's Government at the earliest moment possible. Minister for Foreign Affairs also told me that the German Embassy is packing up. • See No. 114. No. 125. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, July 31, 1914. MY immediately preceding telegram.* Political Director has brought me the reply of the Minister for Foreign Affairs to your enquiry respecting the neutrality of Belgium. It is as follows :— French Government are resolved to respect the neutrality of Belgium, and it would only be in the event of some other Power violating that neutrality that France might find herself under the necessity, in order to assure defence of her own security, to act otherwise. This assurance has been given several times. President of the Republic spoke of it to the King of the Belgians, and the French Minister at Brussels has spontaneously rienewed the assurance to the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs to-day. • See No. 124. 67 No. 126. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, August 1, 1914. I HAVE had conversation with the Political Director, who states that the German Ambassador was informed, on calling at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs this morning, that the French Government failed to comprehend the reason which prompted his communication of yesterday evening. It was pointed out to his Excellency that general mobilisation in Russia had not been ordered until after Austria had decreed a general mobilisation, and that the Russian Government were ready to demobilise if all Powers did likewise. It seemed strange to the French Government that in view of this and of the fact that Russia and Austria were ready to converse, the German Government should have at that moment presented an ultimatum at St. Peters burgh requiring immediate demobilisation by Russia. There were no differences at issue between France and Germany, but the German Ambassador had made a menacing communication to the French Government and had requested an answer the next day, intimating that he would have to break off relations and leave Paris if the reply were not satisfactory. The Ambassador was informed that the French Government considered that this was an extraordinary proceeding. The German Ambassador, who is to see the Minister for Foreign Affairs again this evening, said nothing about demanding his passports, but he stated that he had packed up. No. 127. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Orey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, August 1, 1914. GENERAL mobilisation of army and fleet. No. 128. Sir F. Villiers to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Brussels, August 1, 1914. BELGIAN neutrality. The instructions conveyed in your telegram of yesterday* have been acted upon. Belgium expects and desires that other Powers wiU observe and uphold her neutrality, which she intends to maintain to the utmost of her power. In so informing me. Minister for Foreign Affairs said that, in the event of the violation of the neutrality of their territory, they believed that they were in a position to defend them- selves against intrusion. The relations between Belgium and her neighbours were excellent, and there was no reason to suspect their intentions ; but he thought it well, nevertheless, to be prepared against emergencies. • See No. 115. No. 129. Minister of State, Luxemburg, to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Translation.) Lnixembourg, 2 aoM, 1914. Luxemburg, August 2, 1914. (T61egraphique.) (Telegraphic.) MINISTRE d'fitat du Luxembourg The Luxemburg Minister of State Eyschen vient de recevoir par I'inter- Eyschen has just received through the mediaire du Ministre d'AUemagne a German Minister in Luxemburg, M. de Luxembourg, M. de Buch, un telegramme Buch, a telegram from the Chancellor of du Chancelier de I'Empire allemand the German Empire, Bethmann-Hollweg, Bethmann-HoUweg disant que les mesures to the effect that the military measures [833] G 68 militaires a Luxembotirg ne constituent taken in Luxemburg do not constitute a pas un acte hostile centre le Luxembourg, hostile act against Luxemburg, but are mais sont uniquement des mesures only intended to insure against a possible destinees a assurer contre attaque 6ven- attack of a French army. Full compen- tuelle d'une armee frangaise. L'exploita- sation will be paid to Luxemburg for any tion des voies ferries afferm^es k I'Empire damage caused by using the railways Luxembourg recevra complete indemnity which are leased to the Empire, pour dommages eventuels. No. 130. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 1, 1914. WE are informed that authorities at Hamburg have forcibly detained steamers belonging to the Great Central Company and other British merchant-ships. I cannot ascertain on what grounds the detention of British ships has been ordered. You should request German Government to send immediate orders that they should be allowed to proceed without delay. The effect on public opinion here will be deplorable unless this is done. His Majesty's Government, on their side, are most anxious to avoid any incident of an aggressive nature, and the German Government wiU, I hope, be equally careful not to take any step which would make the situation between us impossible. No. 131. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 1, 1914. I STILL believe that it might be possible to secure peace if only a little respite in time can be gained before any Great Power begins war. The Russian Government has communicated to me the readiness of Austria to discuss with Russia and the readiness of Austria to accept a basis of mediation which is not open to the objections raised in regard to the formula which Russia originally suggested. Things ought not to be hopeless so long as Austria and Russia are ready to converse, and I hope that German Government may be able to make use of the Russian conununications referred to above, in order to avoid tension. His Majesty's Government are carefully abstaining from any act which may precipitate matters. No. 132. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic ) Foreign Office, August 1, 1914. FOLLOWING telegram from M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff of the 3l8t July communicated to me to-day : — " (Urgent.) " Formule amend^e conform^ment k la proposition anglaise : ' Si Autriche consent a arreter la marche de ses troupes sur le territoire serbe et si, reconnaissant que le conflit austro-serbe a assume le caractere d'une question d'int^ret europeen, elle admet que les Grandes Puissances examinent la satisfaction que la Serbie pourrait accorder au Gouvernement austro-hongrois sans laisser porter atteinte a ses droits d'Etat souverain et a son independance, la Russie s'engage a conserver son attitude expectante.' " ^'ma.bJ CSrJgj (Above communicated to aU the Powers.) - i Translation — " Formula amended in accordance with the English proposal : ' If Austria consents to stay the march of her troops on Servian territory, and if, recognising that the Austro-Servian conflict has assumed the character of a question of European interest, she admits that the Great Powers may examine the satisfaction which Servia can accord to the Austro- Hungarian Government without injury to her sovereign rights as a State and to her independence, Russia undertakes to preserve her waiting attitude.' " 69 No. 133. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Ooschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 1, 1914. M. DE ETTER came to-day to communicate the contents of a telegram from M. Sazonof, dated the Slet July, which are aa follows : — " The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador declared the readiness of his Government to discuss the substance of the Austrian ultimatum to Servia. M. Sazonof replied by expressing his satisfaction, and said it was desirable that the discussions should take place in London with the participation of the Great Powers. " M. Sazonof hoped that the British Government would assume the direction of these discussions. The whole of Europe would be thankful to them. It would be very important that Austria should meanwhile put a stop provisionally to her military action on Servian territory." (The above has been communicated to the six Powers.) - No. 134. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward drey. — (Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, August 1, 1914. PRESIDENT of the Republic has informed me that German Government wore trying to saddle Russia with the responsibility ; that it was only after a decree of general mobilisation had been issued in Austria that the Emperor of Russia ordered a general mobilisation ; that, although the measures which the German Government have already taken are in efFect a general mobilisation, they are not so designated ; that a French general mobilisation will become necessary in self-defence, and that France is already forty-eight hours behind Germany as regards German military preparations ; that the French troops have orders not to go nearer to the German frontier than a distance of 10 kilom. so as to avoid any grounds for accusations of provocation to Germany, whereas the German troops, on the other hand, are actually on the French frontier and have made incursions on it ; that, notwithstanding mobilisations, the Emperor of Russia has expressed himself ready to continue his conversations with the German Ambassador with a view to preserving the peace; that French Govern- ment, whose wishes are markedly pacific, sincerely desire the preservation of peace and do not quite despair, even now, of its being possible to avoid war. No. 135. Sir Edward Orey to Sir G. Buchanan. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 1, 1914. INFORMATION reaches me from a most reliable source that Austrian Government have informed German Government that though the situation has been changed by the mobilisation of Russia they would in full appreciation of the efforts of England for the preservation of peace be ready to consider favourably my proposal for mediation between Austria and Servia. The effect of this acceptance would naturally be that the Austrian military action against Servia would continue for the present, and that the British Government would urge upon Russian Government to stop the mobilisation of troops directed against Austria, in which case Austria would naturallj- cancel those defensive military counter-measures in Galicia, which have been forced upon Austria by Russian mobilisation. You should inform Minister for Foreign Affairs and say that if, in the consideration of the acceptance of mediation by Austria, Russia can agree to stop mobilisation, it appears still to be possible to preserve peace. Presumably the matter should be discussed with German Government also by Russian Government. 70 No. 136. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Orey. — {Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, August 1, 1914. MINISTER of War informed military attache this afternoon that orders liad been fiven at 3"40 for a general mobilisation of the French army. This became necessary ecause the Minister of War knows that, vmder the system of " Kriegszustand," the Germans have called up six classes. Three classes are sufficient to bring their covering troops up to war strength, the remaining three being the reserve. This, he ' says, being tantamount to mobilisation, is mobilisation under another name. The French forces on the frontier have opposed to them eight army corps on a war footing, and an attack is expected at any moment. It is therefore of the utmost importance to guard against this. A zone of 10 kilom. has been left between the French troops and German frontier. The French troops will not attack, and the Minister of War is anxious that it should be explained that this act of mobilisation is one for purely defensive purposes. No. 137. Sir Edward Grey to Sir M. de Bunaen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Ojjice, August 1, 1914. 1 SAW the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador this morning. He supplied me with the substance of a telegram which the Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs had sent to the Austrian Ambassador in Paris. In this telegram his Excellency was ^ven instructions to assure the French Minister for Foreign Affairs that there was no intention in the minds of the Austro-Hungarian Government to impair the sovereign rights of Servia or to obtain territorial aggrandisement. The Ambassador added that he was further instructed to inform the French Minister for Foreign Affairs that there was no truth in the report which had been published in Paris to the effect that Austria- Hungary intended to occupy the sanjak. Count Mensdorff called again later at the. Foreign Office. He informed me of a telegram sent yesterday to the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh by Count Berchtold, and gave me the substance. It states that Count Berchtold begged the Russian Ambassador, whom he sent for yesterday, to do his best to remove the wholly erroneous impression in St. Petersburgh that the " door had been banged " by Austria-Hungary on all further conversations. The Russian Ambassador promised to do this. Count Berchtold repeated on this occasion to the Russian Ambassador the assurance which had already been given at St. Petersburgh, to the effect that neither an infraction of Servian sovereign rights nor the acquisition of Servian territory was being contemplated by Austria-Hungary. Special attention was called by Count Mensdorff to the fact that this telegram contains a statement to the effect that conversations at St. Petersburgh had not been broken off by Austria-Hungary. No. 138. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 1, 1914. YOUR telegram of to-day.* I have communicated the substance of the above telegram to the Secretary of State, and spent a long time arguing with him that the chief dispute was between Austria and Russia, and that Germany was only drawn in as Austria's ally. If therefore Austria and Russia were, as was evident, ready to discuss matters and Germany did not desire war on her own account, it seemed to me only logical that Germany should hold her hand and continue to work for a peaceful eettlement. Secretary of State said that Austria's readiness to • See No, 131. 71 discuss was the result of German influence at Vienna, and, had not Russia mobilised against Germany, all would have been well. But Russia by abstaining from answering Germany's demand that she should demobilise, had caused Germany to mobilise also. Russia had said tliat her mobilisation did not necessarily imply war, and that she could perfectly well remain mobilised for months without making war. This was not the case with Germany. She had the speed and Russia had the numbers, and the safety of the German Empire forbade that Germany should allow Russia time to bring up masses of troops from all parts of her wide dominions. The situation now was that, though the Imperial Government had allowed her several hours beyond the specified time, Russia had sent no answer. GTermany had therefore ordered mobilisa- tion, and the German representative at St. Petersburgh had been iiistructed within a certain time to inform the Russian Government that the Imperial Government must regard their refusal to answer as creating a state of war. No. 139. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey.— {Received August 2.) ' (Telegraphic.) St. Petersburgh, August 1, 1914. MY telegram of 31st July.* The Emperor of Russia read his telegram to the German Emperor to the German Ambassador at the audience given to his Excellency yesterday. No progress whatever was made. In the evening M. Sazonof had an interview with the Austrian Ambassador who, not being definitely instructed by his Government, did his best to deflect the conversa- tion towards a general discussion of the relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia instead of keeping to the question of Servia. In reply the Minister for Eoreign Affairs expressed his desire that these relations should remain friendly, and said that, taken in general, they were perfectly satisfactory ; but the real question which they had to solve at this moment was whether Austria was to crush Servia and to reduce her to the status of a vassal, or whether she was to leave Servia a free and independent State. In these circumstances, while the Servian question was unsolved, the abstract discussion of the relations between Austria-Hungarj' and Russia was a waste of time. The only place where a successful discussion of this question could be expected was London, and any such discussion was being made impossible by the action of Austria-Hungary in subjecting Belgrade, a virtually unfortified town, to bombardment. M. Sazonof informed the French Ambassador and myself this morning of liia conversation with the Austrian Ambassador. He went on to say that during the Balkan crisis he had made it clear to the Austrian Government that war with Russia must inevitably follow an Austrian attack on Servia. It was clear that Austrian domination of Servia was as intolerable for Russia as the dependence of the Netherlands on Germany would be to Great Britain. It was, in fact, for Russia a qixestion of life and death. The policy of Austria had throughout been both tortuous and immoral, and she thought that she could treat Russia with defiance, secure in the support of her German ally. Similarly the policy of Germany had been an equivocal and double-faced policy, and it mattered little whether the German Government knew or did not know the terms of the Austrian ultimatum ; what mattered was that her intervention with the Austrian Government had been postponed until the moment had passed when its influence would have been felt. Germany was unfortunate in her representatives in Vienna and St. Petersburgh : the former was a violent Russophobe who had urged Austria on, the latter had reported to his Government that Russia would never go to war. M. Sazonof was completely weary of the ceaseless endeavours he had made to avoid a war. No suggestion held out to him had been refused. He had accepted the proposal for a conference of four, for mediation by Great Britain and Italy, for direct conversation between Austria and Russia ; but Germany and Austria-Himgary had either rendered these attempts for peace ineffective by evasive replies or had refused them altogether. The action of the Austro-Hungarian Government and the German preparations had forced the Russian Government to order mobilisation, and the mobilisation of Germany had created a desperate situation. M. Sazonof added that the formula, of which the text is contained in my telegram • See Mo. 120. [833] H n of 3lst July,* had been forwarded by the Russian Government to Vienna, and he would adhere to it if you could obtain its acceptance before the frontier was crossed by German troops. In no case would Russia begin hostilities first. I now see no possibility of a general war being avoided unless the agreement of France and Germany can be obtained to keep their armies mobilised on their own sides of the frontier, as Russia has expressed her readiness to do, pending a last attempt to reach a settlement of the present crisis. * See No. 120. No. 140. Sir F. Bertie to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 1.) (Telegraphic.) Paris, August 1, 1914. THE Minister of War again sent for the military attache this evening, as he said he wished to keep him informed of the situation. He laid great stress on the fact that the zone of 10 kilom. which he had arranged between the French troops and the German Rentier, and which was still occupied by peasants, was a proof of the French endeavours to commit no provocative act. No. 141. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Vienna, August 1, 1914. I AM to be received to-morrow^ by Minister for Foreign Affairs. This afternoon he is to see the French and Russian Ambassadors. I have just been infonned by the Russian Ambassador of German ultimatum requiring that Russia should demobilise within twelve hours. On being asked by the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs whether the inevitable refusal of Russia to yield to this curt summons meant war, the German Ambassador replied that Germany would be forced to mobilise if Russia refused. Russian Ambassador at Vienna thinks that war is almost inevitable, and that as mobilisation is too expensive to be kept for long, Germany will attack Russia at once. He says that the so-called mobilisation of Russia amoimted to nothing more than that Russia had taken military measures corresponding to those taken by Germany. There seems to be even greater tension between Germany and Russia than there is between Austria and Russia. Russia would, according to the Russian Ambas- sador, be satisfied even now with assurance respecting Servian integrity and inde- pendence. He says that Russia had no intention to attack Austria. He is going again to-day to point out to the Minister for Foreign Affairs that most terrific consequences must ensue from refusal to make this slight concession. This time Russia would fight to the last extremity. I agree with his Excellency that the German Ambassador at Vienna desired war from the first, and that his strong personal bias probably coloured his action here. The Russian Ambassador is convinced that the German Government also desired war from the first. It is the intention of the French Ambassador to speak earnestly to the Minister for Foreign Affairs to-day on the extreme danger of the situation, and to ask whether proposals to serve as a basis of mediation from any quarter are being considered. There is great anxiety to know what England will do. I fear that nothing can alter the determination of Austro-Hungarian Government to proceed on their present course, if they have made up their mind with the approval of Germany. No. 142. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 1, 1914. ORDERS have just been issued for the general mobilisation of the navy and army, the fijst day of mobiUsation to be 2nd August. 78 No. 143. Sir E. Oosehen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 1, 1914. DETENTION of British merchant ships at Hamburg. Your telegram of 1st August* acted on. Secretary of State, who expressed the greatest surprise and annoyance, has promised to send orders at once to allow steamers to proceed without delaj-. • See No. 130. No. 144. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 2, 1914. SECRETARY of State has just informed me that, owing to certain Russian troops having crossed frontier, Germany and Russia are now in a state of war. No. 145. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 2, 1914. MY telegram of 1st August.* Secretary of State informs me that orders were sent last night to allow British ships in Hamburg to proceed on their way. He says that this must be regarded as a special favour to His Majesty's Government, as no other foreign ships have been allowed to leave. Reason of detention was that mines were being laid and other precautions being taken. * See No. 143. No. 146. Sir F. Villiers to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Telegraphic.) Brussels, August 2, 1914. THE news that a German force has entered Grand 'Duchy of Luxemburg has been officially confirmed to the Belgian Government. . No. 147. Minister of State, Luxemburg, to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 2.) (Translation. ) (T^legraphique.) Luxembourg, le 2 aout, 1914. J'AI I'honneur de porter a la connais- sance de votre Excellence les f aits suivants : Dimanche, 2 aout, de grand matin, les troupes allemandes, d'apres les informa- tions qui sont parvenues au Gouvemement Grand ducal a I'heure actuelle, ont penetre sur le territoire luxembourgeois par les ponts de Wasserbillig et de Remich, se dirigeant specialement ver§ le sud du [833J Luxemburg, (Telegraphic.) August 2, 1914. I HAVE the honour to bring to your Excellency's notice the following facts : — On Sunday, the 2nd August, very early, the German troops, according to the in- formation which has up to now reached the Grand Ducal Government, penetrated into Luxemburg territory by the bridges of Wasserbillig and Remich, and pro- ceeded particularly towards the south and H 2 74 pays et vers la ville de Luxembourg, in the direction of LTuemburg, the capital capitale du Grand Duche. Un certain of the Grand Duchy. A certain number nonibre de trains blindes avec des troupes of armoured trains with troops and ammu- et des munitions ont ete achemines par la nition have been sent along the railway voie de chemin de fer de Wasserbillig a line from Wasserbillig to Luxemburg, Luxembourg, ou Ton s'attend de les voir wliere their arrival is expected. These arriver. D'un instant a I'autre, ces faits occurrences constitute acts which are impliquent des actes manifestement con- manifestly contrary to the neutrality of the traire a la neiitralite du Grand Duche Grand Duchy as guaranteed by the Treaty garantie par le Traite de Londres de 1867. of London of 1867. The Luxemburg Le Gouvernement luxembourgeois n'a pas Government have not failed to address an manque de protester energiquement contre energetic protest against this aggression cette agression aupres des representants to the representatives of His Majesty the de Sa Majeste I'Empereur d'Allemagne a German Emperor at Luxemburg. An Luxembourg. Une protestation identique identical protest will be sent by telegraph va 6tre transmise telegraphiquement au to the Secretary of State for Foreign Secretaire d'Etat pour les Affaires Affairs at Berlin. Etrangeres a Berlin. No. 148. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 2, 1914. AFTER the Cabinet this morning I gave M. Cambon the following memo- randum : — " I am authorised to give an assurance that, if the German fleet comes into the Channel or through the North Sea to undertake hostile operations against French coasts or shipping, the British fleet will give all the protection in its power. " This assurance is of course subject to the policy of His Majesty's Government receiving the support of Parliament, and must not be taken as binding His Majesty's Government to take any action until the above contingency of action by the German fleet takes place." I pointed out that we had very large questions and most difficult issues to consider, and that Government felt that they could not bind themselves to declare war upon Germany necessarily if war broke out between France and Germany to-morrow, but it was essential to the French Government, whose fleet had long been concentrated in the Mediterranean, to know how to make their dispositions with their north coast entirely undefended. We therefore thought it necessary to give them this assurance. It did not bind us to go to war with Germany unless the German fleet took the action indicated, but it did give a security to France that would enable her to settle the disposition of her own Mediterranean fleet. M. Cambon asked me about the violation of Luxemburg. I told him the doctrine on that point laid down by Lord Derby and Lord Clarendon in 1867. He asked me what we should say about the violation of the neutrality of Belgium. I said that was a much more important matter ; we were considering what statement we should make in Parliament to-morrow — in effect, whether we should declare violation of Belgian neutrality to be a casus belli. 1 told him what had been said to the German Ambas- sador on this point. No. 149. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 2, 1914. YOUR telegram of 1st August.* I regret to learn that 100 tons of sugar was compulsorily unloaded from the British steamship " Sappho" at Hamburg and detained. Similar action appears to have been taken with regard to other British vessels loaded with sugar. You should inform Secretary of State that, for reasons stated in my telegram of 1st August,! I most earnestly trust that the orders already sent to Hamburg to allow the clearance of British ships covers also the release of their cargoes, the detention of which cannot be justified. • See No. U3. t See No. 130. 75 No. 150. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey, — {Received August 3.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 3, 1914. YOUR telegram of 2nd August* : Detention of British ships at Hamburg. No information available. * See No. 149. No. 151. Sir F. Villiers to Sir Edward Grey. — (Received August 3.) (Telegraphic.) Brussels, August 3, 1914. FRENCH Government have offered through their military attache the support of five EVench army corps to the Belgian Government. Following reply has been sent to-day : — " We are sincerely grateful to the French Government for offering eventual support. In the actual circumstances, however, we do not propose to appeal to the guarantee of the Powers. Belgian Government will decide later on the action which they may think it necessary to take." No. 152. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Bertie. Sir, Foreign Office, August 3, 1914. ON the 1st instant the French Ambassador made the following communication : — " In reply to the German Government's intimation of the fact that ultimatums had been presented to France and Russia, and to the question as to what were the intentions of Italy, the Marquis di San Giuliano replied : — " ' The war undertaken by Austria, and the consequences which might result, had, in the words of the German Ambassador himself, an aggressive object. Both were therefore in conflict with the purely defensive character of the Triple Alliance, and in such circumstances Italy would remain neutral.' " In making this communication, M. Cambon was instructed to lay stress upon the Italian declaration that the present war was not a defensive but an aggressive war, and that, for this reason, the casus foederis under the terms of the Triple Alliance did not arise. I am, &c. E. GREY. No. 153. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 4, 1914. THE King of the Belgians has made an appeal to His Majesty the King for diplomatic intervention on behalf of Belgium in the following terms : — " Remembering the numerous proofs of your Majesty's friendship and that of your predecessor, and the friendly attitude of England in 1870 and the proof of friendship you have just given us again, I make a supreme appeal to the diplomatic intervention of your Majesty's Government to safeguard the integrity of Belgium." His Majesty's Government are also informed that the German Government havp delivered to the Belgian Government a note proposing friendly neutrality entailing 76 free passage through Belgian territory, and promising to maintain the independence and integrity of the kingdom and its possessions at the conclusion of peace, threatening in case of refusal to treat Belgium as an enemy. An answer was requested within twelve hours. We also understand that Belgium has categorically refused this as a flagrant violation of the law of nations. His Majesty's Government are bound to protest against this violation of a treaty to which Germany is a party in common with themselves, and must request an assurance that the demand made upon Belgium will not be proceeded with and that her neutrality will be respected by Germany. You should ask for an immediate reply. No. 154. Sir F. Villiers to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received August 4.) (Telegraphic.) Brussels, August 4, 1914. GEKMAN Minister has this morning addressed note to Minister for Foreign Affairs stating that as Belgian Government have declined the well-intentioned proposals submitted to them by the Imperial Government, the latter will, deeply to their regret, be compelled to carry out, if necess'ary by force of arms, the measures considered indispensable in view of the French menaces. No. 155. Sir Edward Grey to Sir F. Villiers. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 4, 1914. YOU should inform Belgian Government that if pressure is applied to them by Germany to induce them to depart from neutrality. His Majesty's Government expect that they will resist by any means in their power, and that His Majesty's Government will support them in offering such resistance, and that His Majesty's Government in this event are prepared to join Russia and France, if desired, in oftering to the Belgian Government at once common action for the purpose of resisting use of force by Germany against them, and a guarantee to maintain their independence and integrity in future years. No. 156. Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 4, 1914. 1 CONTINUE to receive numerous complaints from British firms as to the detention of their ships at Hamburg, Cuxhaven, and other German ports. This action on the part of the German authorities is totally unjustifiable. It is in direct contravention of international law and of the assurances given to your Excellency by the Imperial Chancellor. You should demand the immediate release of aU British ships if such release has not yet been given. No. 157. German Foreign Secretary to Prince Lichnowsky. — {Communicated by Germxin Embassy, August 4.) (Telegraphic.) Berlin, August 4, 1914. PLEASE dispel any mistrust that may subsist on the part of the British Govern- ment with regard to our intentions, by repeating most positively formal assurance that, even in the case of armed conflict with Belgium, Germany will, under no pretence whatever, annex Belgian territory. Sincerity of this declaration is borne out by ^act that we solemnly pledged our word to Holland strictly to respect her neutrality. It is obvious that we could not profitably annex Belgian territory without making at the same time territorial acquisitions at expense of Holland. Please impress upon Sir E. Grey that German army could not be exposed to French attack across Belgium, which was planned according to absolutely unimpeachable information. Germany had consequently to disregard Belgian neutrality, it being for her a question of life or death to prevent French advance. No. 158. Sir F. Villiers to Sir Edward Orey. — {Received August 4.) (Telegraphic.) Brussels, August 4, 1914. MILITARY attache has been informed at War OflSce that German troops have entered Belgian territory, and that Liege has been summoned to surrender by small party of Germans who, however, were repulsed. No. 159. * Sir Edward Grey to Sir E. Goschen. (Telegraphic.) Foreign Office, August 4, 1914. WE hear that Germany has addressed note to Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs stating that German Government will be compelled to carry out, if necessary, by force of arms, the measures considered indispensable. We are also informed that Belgian territory has been violated at Gemmenich. In these circumstances, and in view of the fact that Germany declined to give the same assurance respecting Belgium as France gave last week in reply to our request made simultaneously at Berlin and Paris, we must repeal that request, and ask that a satisfactory reply to it and to my telegram of this morning* be received here by 12 o'clock to-night. If not, you are instructed to ask for your pass- ports, and to say that His Majesty's Government feel boimd to take all steps in their power to uphold the neutrality of Belgium and the observance of a treaty to which Germany is as much a party as ourselves. • See No. 153. Despatch from His Majesty's Ambassador at Berlin respecting the Rupture of Diplomatic Relations with the German Government. Sir E. Goschen to Sir Edward Grey. Sir, London, August 8, 1914. IN accordance with the instructions contained in your telegram of the 4th instant ■•'■ I called upon the Secretary of State that afternoon and enquired, in the name of His Majesty's Government, whether the Imperial Government would refrain from violating Belgian neutrality. Herr von Jagow at once replied that he was sorry to say that his answer must be " No," as, in consequence of the German troops having crossed the frontier that morning, Belgian neutrality had been already violated. Herr von Jagow again went into the reasons why the Imperial Government had been obliged to take this step, namely, that they had to advance into France by the quickest and easiest way, so as to be able to get well ahead with their operations and endeavour to strike some decisive blow as early as possible. It was a matter of life and death for them, as if they had gone by the more southern route they could not have hoped, in view of the paucity of roads and the strength of the fortresses, to have got through without formidable opposition entailing great loss of time. This loss of time would have meant time gained by the Russians for bringing up their troops to the German frontier. Rapidity of action vras the great German asset, while that of Russia was an inexhaustible supply of troops. I pointed out to Herr von Jagow that this fait accompli of the violation of the Belgian frontier rendered, as he would readily understand, the situation exceedingly grave, and I asked him whether there was not still time to draw back and avoid possible consequences, which both he and I would deplore. He replied that, for the reasons he had given me, it was now impossible for them to draw back. During the afternoon I received your further telegram of the same date,t and, in compliance with the instructions therein contained, I again proceeded to the Imperial Foreign Office and informed the Secretary of State that unless the Imperial Government could give the assurance by 12 o'clock that night that they would proceed no furtlier with their violation of the Belgian frontier and stop their advance, I had been instructed to demand my passports and inform the Imperial Government that His Majesty's Government would have to take all steps in their power to uphold the neutrality of Belgium and the observance of a treaty to which Germany was as much a party as themselves. Herr von Jagow replied that to his great regret he could give no other answer than that which he had given me earlier in the day, namely, that the safety of the Empire rendered it absolutely necessary that the Imperial troops should advance through Belgium. I gave his Excellency a written summary of your telegram and, pointing out that you had mentioned 12 o'clock as the time when His Majesty's Government would expect an answer, asked him whether, in view of the terrible consequences which would necessarily ensue, it were not possible even at the last moment that their answer should be reconsidered. He replied that if the time given were even twenty-four hours or more, his answer must be the same. I said that in that case I should have to demand my passports. This interview took place at about 7 o'clock. In a short conversation which ensued Herr von Jagow expressed his poignant regret at the crumbling of his entire policy and that of the Chancellor, which had been to make friends with Great Britain and then, through Great Britain, to get closer to France. I said that this sudden end to my work in Berlin was to me also a matter of deep regret and disappointment, but that he must understand that under the circumstances and in view of our engagements, His Majesty's Government could not possibly have acted otherwise than they had done. ♦ See " Miscellaneous, No. 6 (1914)," No. 153. t See "Miscellaneous, No. 6 (1914)," No. 159. [916] B I then said that I should like to go and see the Chancellor, as it might be, perhaps, the last time I should have an opportunity of seeing him. He begged me to do so. _ I found the Chancellor very agitated. His Excellency at once began a harangue, which lasted for about 20 minutes. He said that the step taken by His Majesty's Government was terrible to a degree ; just for a word — " neutrality," a word which in war time had so often been disregarded — just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to be friends with her. All his efforts in that direction had been rendered useless by this last terrible step, and the policy to which, as I knew, he had devoted himself since his accession to office had tumbled down like a house of cards. Wliat we had done was unthinkable ; it was like striking a man from behind while he was fighting for his life against two assailants. He held Great Britain responsible for all the terrible events that might happen. I protested strongly against that statement, and said that, in the same way as he and Herr von Jagow wished me to understand that for strategical reasons it was a matter of life and deatfi to Germany to advance through Belgium and violate the latter's neutrality, so I would wish him to understand that it was, so to speak, a matter of " life and death " for the honour of Great Britain tliat she should keep her solemn engagement to do her utmost to defend Belgium's neutrality if attacked. That solemn compact simply had to be kept, or what confidence could anyone have in engagements given by Great Britain in the future ? The Chancellor said, " But at what price will that compact have been kept. Has the British Government thought of that ? " I hinted to his Excellency as plainly as I could that fear of consequences could hardly be regarded as an excuse for breaking solemn engagements, but his Excellency was so excited, so evidently overcome by the news of our action, and so little disposed to hear reason that I refrained from adding fuel to the flame by further argument. As I was leaving he said that the blow of Great Britain joining Germany's enemies was all the greater that almost up to the last moment he and his Government had been working with us and supporting our efibrts to maintain peace between Austria and Eussia. I said that this was part of the tragedy which saw the two nations fall apart just at the moment when the relations between them had been more friendly and cordial than they had been for years. Unfortunately, notwithstanding our efforts to maintain peace between Russia and Austria, the war had spread and had brought us face to face with a situation which, if we held to our engagements, we could not possibly avoid, and which unfortunately entailed our separation from our late fellow-workers. He would readily understand that no one regretted this more than I. After this somewhat painful interview I returned to the embassy and drew up a telegraphic report of what had passed. This telegram was handed in at the Central Telegraph Office a little before 9 p.m. It was accepted by that office, but apparently never de.spatched.* At about 9-30 P.M. Herr von Zimmermann, the Under-Secretary of State, came to see me. After expressing his deep regret that the very friendly official and personal relations between us were about to cease, he asked me casually whether a demand for passports was equivalent to a declaration of war. I said that such ail authority on international law as he was known to be must know as well or better than I what was usual in such cases. I added that there were many cases where diplomatic relations had been broken off and, nevertheless, war had not ensued ; but that in this case he would have seen from my instructions, of which I had given Herr von Jagow a written summary, that His Majesty's Government expected an answer to a definite question by 12 o'clock that night and that m default of a satisfactory answer they would be forced to take such steps as their engagements required. Herr Zimmermann said that that was, in fact, a declaration of war, as the Imperial Government could not possibly give the assurance required either that night or any other night. In the meantime, after Herr Zimmermann left me, a flying sheet, issued by the " Berliner Tageblatt," was cbculated stating that Great Britain had declared war against Germany. The immediate result of this news was the assemblage of an exceedingly excited and unruly mob before His Majesty's Embassy. The small force of police which had been sent to guard the embassy was soon overpowered, and the attitude of the mob became more threatening. We took no notice of this demonstration as long as it was confined to noise, but when the crash of glass and the landing of cobble stones into the drawing-room, where we were all sitting, warned us that the situation was getting unpleasant, I telephoned to the Foreign Office an account of what was * This telegram never reached the Foreign Office. [916] • B 2 happening. Herr von Jagow at once informed the Chief of Police, and an adequate force of mounted police, sent with great promptness, very soon cleared the street. From that moment on we were well guarded, and no more direct unpleasantness occurred. After order had been restored Herr von Jagow came to see me and expressed his most heartfelt regrets at what had occurred. He said that the behaviour of his countrymen had made him feel more ashamed than he had words to express. It was an indelible stain on the reputation of Berlin. He said that the flying sheet circulated in the streets had not been authorised by the Government ; in fact, the Chancellor had asked him by telephone whether he thought that such a statement should be issued, and he had replied, " Certainly not, until the morning." It was in consequence of his decision to that effect that only a small force of police had been sent to the neighbour- hood of the embassy, as he had thought that the presence of a large force would inevitably attract attention and perhaps lead to disturbances. It was the " pestilential ' Tageblatt,' " which had somehow got hold of the news, that had upset his calculations. He had heard rumours that the mob had been excited to violence by gestures made and missiles thrown froin the embassy, but he felt sure that that was not true (I was able soon to assure him that the report had no foundation whatever), and even if it was, it was no excuse for the disgraceful scenes which had taken place. He feared that I would take home with n)e a sorry impression of Berlin manners iu moments of excitement. In fact, no apology could have been more full and complete. On the following morning, the 5th August, the Emperor sent one of His Majesty's aides-de-camp to me with the following message : — " The Emperor has charged me to express to your Excellency his regret for the occurrences of last night, but to tell you at the same time that you wiU gather from those occurrences an idea of the feelings of his people respecting the action of Great Britain in joining with other nations against her old allies of Waterloo. His Majesty also begs that you wiU tell the King that he has been proud of the titles of British Field-Marshal and British Admiral, but that in consequence of what has occurred he must now at once divest himself of those titles." I would add that the above message lost none of its acerbity by the manner of its delivery. On the other hand, I should like to state that I received aU through this trying time nothing but courtesy at the hands of Herr von Jagow and the officials of the Imperial Foreign Office. At about 11 o'clock on the same morning Count Wedel handed me my passports — which I had earlier in the day demanded in writing — and told me that he had been instructed to confer with me as to the route which I should follow for my return to England. He said that he had understood that 1 preferred the route vi4 the Hook of Holland to that via Copenhagen ; they had therefore arranged that I should go by the former route, only I should have to wait till the following morning. I agreed to this, and he said that I might be quite assured that there would be no repetition of the disgraceful scenes of the preceding night as full precautions would he taken. He added that they were doing all in their power to have a restaurant car attached to the train, but it was rather a difficult matter. He also brought me a charming letter from Herr von Jagow couched in the most friendly terms. The day was passed in packing up such articles as time allowed. The night passed quietly without any incident. In the morning a strong force of police was posted along the usual route to the Lehrter Station, while the embassy was smuggled away in taxi-cabs to the station by side streets. We there suffered no molestation whatever, and avoided the treatment meted out by the crowd to my Kussian and French colleagues. Count Wedel met us at the station to say good-bye on behalf of Herr von Jagow and to see that all the arrangements ordered for our comfort had been properly carried out. A retired colonel of the Guards accompanied the train to the Dutch frontier, and was exceedingly kind in b'S efforts to prevent the great crowds which thronged the platforms at every station where we stopped from insulting us ; but beyond the yelling of patriotic songs and a few jeers and insulting gestures we had really nothing to comi.)lain of during our tedious journey to the Dutch frontier. Before closing this long account of our last days in Berlin I should like to place on record and bring to your notice the quite admirable behaviour of my staff under the most trying circumstances possible. One and all, they worked night and day with scarcely any rest, and I cannot praise too highly the cheerful zeal witli which counsellor, naval and military attaches, secretaries, and the two young attaches buckled to their ► work and kept their nerve with often a yelling mob outside and inside hundreds of British subjects clamouring for advice and assistance. I was proud to have such a staff to work with, and feel most grateful to them all for the invaluable assistance and support, often exposing them to considerable personal risk, which they so readily and cheerfully gave to me. I should also like to mention the great assistance rendered to us all by my American colleague, Mr. Gerard, and his staff. Undeterred by the hooting and hisses with which he was often greeted by the mob on entering and leaving the embassy, his Excellency came repeatedly to see me to ask how he could help us and to make arrangements for the safety of stranded British subjects. He extricated many of these from extremely difficult situations at some personal risk to himself, and his calmness and savoir-faire and his firmness in deahng with the Imperial authorities gave full assurance that the protection of British subjects and interests could not have been left in more efficient and able hands. I have, &c. W. E. GOSCHEN. 5" tl5 Co >• |! §5 1- 1 eg- Co • ■^ fc^ ^ e =« <<. s §■ I-* ^ 5' a Q •a g a o B a o If. B CB •0 &: tr > £- CB H '^ Q 5' s o' B T t? w % 3 ^ B P 0; H ^ oq CO CB r+ g O 5 tS W OS i -^ » c CD o s > o o B •-H i' B c 5 "H." g a> o" P' B o r* y 1 P e-t- tf 5' rt- u c t2 c t2 p a MISCELLANEOUS. No. 9 (1914). DESPATCHES FROM HIS MAJESTY'S AMBASSADOR AT BERLIN KBSPECTING AN OFFICIAL GERMAN ORGANISATION FOR INFLUENCING THE PRESS OF OTHER COUNTRIES. Presented to both Houses of Parliament ly Command of His Majesty. September 1914. LONDON: PRINTED (7NDER THE AUTHORITY OF IllS MAJUSTYS STATIONERY OPFICH Bt HARP.I8(iN and sons, 45-47, St. Martin's Lane. W.L!., Printers in Ordinaky to His Majesty. To be purchased either directly or througli any Bookseller, from WYMAN AND SONS, Ltd., 29, Bkeams Buildings, Fetter Lanb, E.G., and '28. AiiiNGDON Strkkt, S.W., and 04, St. Mart Street, Cardifb ; or B.ll. 8TATI0NF.RY OFFICE (Scottish Branch), 23, Forth Street, EDiNBuaoH; or E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116, Grafton Street, Duulin ; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, tL* United States of America, the Continent of Europe and Abroad of T. FISHEB UNWIN, London, W.C. 1914. [Cd. 7595.] Price ^d.. DESPATCHES FROM HIS MAJESTY'S AMBASSA- DOR AT BERLIN RESPECTING AN OFFICIAL GERMAN ORGANISATION FOR INFLUENCING THE PRESS OF OTHER COUNTRIES. No. 1. Sir E. Ooschcn to Sir Edward Grey. — {Received March 2.) Sir, Berlin, Febnmry 27, 1914. I HAVE the honour to transmit herewith a report on the establish- ment, under Government control, of a powerful secret association for the purpose of influencing the foreign press in the interest of the German export trade and of the spread of German influeace generally. I have, &c. W. E. GOSCHEN. Enclosure 1 in No. 1. Report. For some time past a variety of schemes had been ventilated in the press with the object of improving German prestige abroad. It was said that in certain foreign parts Germany was being persistently and wrongfully abused, that she could obtain no fair hearing because the press of those distant countries was in hands hostile to any German enterprise, and because the telegraphic agencies serving those countries were equally biassed. An " Associa- tion for World-Commerce " was to have remedied this evil by a persistent pro-German propaganda in the countries most bitterly complained of. It was hoped that the necessary funds could have been raised by contributions from all the trading and industrial societies interested in the German export trade, and, in view of the supreme importance to Germany of her export trade, it was intended that agents of the Association should be sent and stationed abroad to assist the exporting industries by tiinely advice and an active policy generally, such as private individuals could pursue more effectively than officials. The opportunity for realising tliis scheme seemed to offer itself under the following circumstances. A plan was being prepared to start a German-American Economic Society. Similar societies with an application to other countries already exist — e.g., a German- Argentine Society, a German-Canadian Society, a German-Eussian Society, &c. The foundation of a German-American Society had been advocated in connection with the revision of the American [926] tariff' which gave German industries new clmnces of an intensified export to the United States. As was natural in any matters dealing with German-American affairs, M. Ballin, of the Hamburg- America Line, was approached to take the matter in hand. He consented. Uniler his inspiration the idea of a German- American Society was abandoned and the idea of a World Society was substituted. A preliminary meeting was held at which the various German-foreign societies v/ere represented ; tliere were present also representatives of the "Central Association of German Industrials," and of its great rival, the " Federation of Industrials," as well as of most of the leading industrial firms. Internal dissensions, however, soon appeared, and several important members sent in their resignations. The details of the foundation were to have been settled at a meeting convened for the 26th February ; to-day the whole scheme stands prorogued sine die. If it is ever realised its plan will have to be considerably altered. In the meantime the original plan of a German-American Society ha.s been revived. This society is, in fact, to be constituted in Berlin early in March in the form ori o Co* >■ t- s: t-H ^s. 5^ 1 1 ^ &3 ct ^ ? C^ 3 S" -. g. o B a ro o B m '^ o to t-' It" s W 1- C c t CD »-*> c L 3 B crt- 3 >— t g''"' 1— t t c c > ^ cc P • ^ ?: CD* O ff 71 .' . -c ri- B 3 ^^ f oo" C °S > 5> O a. **. 3 V p cr c O p M ^ Si's g 1 ( c o & \ 1 B 2 ^ o •-J ■ MISCELLANEOUS. No. 11 (1914). DOCUMENTS RESPECTING THE NEGOTIATIONS PRECEDING THE WAR PDBLISHED BY THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty. October 1914. LOKDON: PEINTBD tJNDBK THE AUTHORITY OP HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OPPICB By HARRISON akd SOXS, 45-47, St. Martin's Lanb, W.C, j PkINTKRS in OllUINAKY TO HiS MAJESTY. I I To be purchased either directly or through auy Bookseller^ from WYMAN AND SON'S, Ltd., 29, Bkeams Builmngs, Fettbu Lane, E.G., and ■J8, .\BiNOi)ON Street, S.W., and 54, St. Mary Stkeet, CARUirr; or H.1I. STATIONERY OFFICE (Scottish Branch), 23, Forth Street, Edinburgh; or E. I'ONSONBY, Ltd., IIG, Giupton Street, Dublin; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependenoies, the United States of America, the Continent of Europe and Abroad of T. FISHER UNWIN, London, W.O. 1914. [Cd. 7626.] Price 3d. ■'L DOCUMENTS RESPECTING THE NEGOTIATIONS PRECEDING THE WAR, PUBLISHED BY THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT. No. 1. Russian Chargi eC Affaires at Belgrade to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Belgrade, July 10 (23), 1914. (T616gramme.) Le Ministre d'Autriche vient de transmettre, a 6 heures du soir, au Ministre des Finances Patchou, qui remplace Paohitch, une note ultimative de son Gouvernement fixant un d^lai de quai"ante-huit heures pom- I'acceptation des demandes y contenues. Giesl a ajoute ver- baleinent que pour le cas oula note ne serait pas acceptee integralement dans un delai de quarante-huit heures, il avait I'ordre de quitter Belgrade avec le personnel de la legation. Pachitch et les autres Ministres qui se trouvent en tournee elec- torale ont ete rappeles et sont attendus k Belgi-ade demain vendredi k 10 heures du matin. Patchou, qui m'a communique le nontenu de la note, sollicite I'aide de la Russie et declare qu'aucun Gouvernement serbe ne pourra accepter les demandes de I'Autriche, (Sigu^) STRANDTMAN. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Austrian Minister, at 6 o'clock this evening, presented an ultimatum from his Govern- ment to the Minister of Finance, Patchou, in the absence ofPash- itch, requiring the acceptance of the demandscontained therein within forty-eight hours. Giesl added verbally that, in the event of failure to accept the note integrally within forty- eight hours, he was under instructions to leave Belgrade with the staff of the legation. Pashitch and the other Ministers, who are away electioneering, have been i-ecalled and are ex- pected at Belgrade to-morrow, Fi'iday, at 10 A.M. Patchou, who communicated to me the contents of the note, solicits the help of Russia and declares that no Servian Government could accept the demands of Austria. [995] B 2 No. 2. Russian ChargS d" Affaires at Belgrade to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Belgrade, July 10 (23), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) Text of the note presented to the Servian Government by the Austro-Hungarian Minister to-day. (T^ldgrammc.) Texte de la note qui a ete ti-ansmise aujourd'hui par le Ministi'e d'Autriche-Hongrie au Gouvemement serbe : [Here follows the text of the note, for which see " Miscellaneous No. 6 (1914) " [Cd. 7467], No. 4, p. 3-6.] (Sign6) STRANDTMAN. No. 3. Note verhale personally presented hy the Austro-Hungarian Ambas- sador at St. Petersburg to the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, at 10 A.M. on July 11 (24), 1914. (Translation.) Le Gouvemement Imperial et Royal s'est trouve dans la n^cessite de remettre le jeudi 10 (23) du mois courant, par I'entremise du Ministre Imperial et Royal a Belgrade, la note suivante au Gouvemement Royal de Serbie. [Suit le texte de la note.] The Austro-Hungarian Gov- ernment have found themselves obliged to present the following note to the Servian Government through the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade on Thurs- day, the 10th (23rd) instant. [Here follows the text of the note.] No. 4. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian ChargS d' Affaires at Vienna. St. Petersburgh, July 11 (24), 1914. (Translation). (Telegram.) Please convey the following message to the Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs : — (Tel^gramme.) Veuillez transmettre au Ministre des Affaires ^trang^res d'Autrichc-Hongi-ie ce qui suit : " La communication du Gou- vemement austro-hongrois aux Puissances le lendemain de la "The communication made by the Austro-Hungarian Govern- ment to the Powers the day after presentation de Tultimatnin a Belgrade nelaisseauxPuissances qu'uu delai tout k fait insuffisant pour entrepreudre quoi qu'il soit d'utile pour Taplanissement des complications surgies. " Pour pfevenir les conse- quences incalculables et ^gaie- ment uefastes pour toutes les Puissances qui peuvent suivre le mode d'action du Gouverne- ment austro-hongrois, il nous parait indispensable qu'avant tout le delai donu6 k la Serbie pour repondre soit prolong^. L' Autriche-Hongrie, se declarant disposee k informer les Puis- sances des donn^es de I'euquete sur lesquelles le Gouvernement Imperial et Royal base ses accu- sations, devrait leur donner egalement le temps de s'en rendre compte. " En ce cas, si les Puissances se couvainquaient du bien-fond^ de certaines des exigences autrichiennes, elles se trou- veraient en mesure de faire parvenir au Gouvernement serbe des couseils en consequence. " Un refus de prolonger le terme de I'ultimatum priverait de toute port^e la d-marche du Gouvernement austro-hongrois aupres des Puissances et se trouverait en contradiction avec les bases memes des relations Internationales." Communiqut^ a Londres, Rome, Paris, Belgrade. (Sign6) SAZONOW. the presentation of the ultimatum at Belgrade affords to the Powers a period which is quite insuffi- cient to enable them to take any steps which might help to smooth away the difficulties that have arisen. " In order to prevent the con- sequences, incalculable and equally fatal to all the Powers, which may result from the course of action followed by the Austro-Hungarian Govern- ment, it seems to us to be above all essential that the period allowed for the Servian reply should be extended. Austria- Hungary, having declared her- self to be disposed to inform the Powers of the facts elicited by the enquiry upon which the Imperial and Royal Government base their accusations, should equally allow them sufficient time to study those facts. " In this case, if the Powers were convinced that certain of the Austrian demands were well- founded, they would be in a position to offer corresponding advice to the Servian Goyem- ment. " A refusal to prolong the term of the ultimatum would render nugatory the representa- tions made by the Austro-Hun- garian Government to the Powers, and would be in con- tradiction to the very bases of international comity." Communicated to London, Rome, Paris, and Belgrade. (Signed) SAZONOF. No. 5. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Representatives at London, Berlin, Rome, and Paris. St. Petersburg, July 11 (24), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) • With reference to my tele- gram of to-day to Kudachef* we trust that the Government to which you are accredited will share the Russian point of view and will at once instruct their Representative.at Vienna to hold similar language. (T^l^gramme.) Me r^f^re a mon t^l^gramme k Koudachew d'aujourd'hui ; nous esp^rons que le Gouverne- ment aupr^s duquel vous etes accr^dit^ partagera notre point de vue et prescrira d'urgence k son Representant a Vienne de se prononcer dans le meme sens. Communique a Belgi-ade. (Sign6) SAZONOW. Communicated to Belgi-ade. No. 6. Telegram from His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Servia to His Majesty the Emperor of Russia. Belgrade, July 11 (24), 1914. Le Gouvernement austro- hongrois a remis hier soir au Gouvernement serbe une note concernant I'attentat de Sara- jevo. Consciente de ses devoirs internationaux, la Serbie dks les premiers jours de I'horrible crime a declare qu'elle le condamnait et qu'elle ^tait prete k ouvrir une enquete sur son territoire si la complicity de certains de ses sujets etait prouv^e au cours du proces instruit par les autorit^s austro-hongroises. Cependant, les demandes con- tenues dans la note austro- hongi-oise sont inutilement humiliantes pour la Serbie et incompatibles avec sa dignity comme fitat ind6pendant. Ainsi on nous demande sur un ton pdremptoire une declaration du (Translation.) The Austro-Hungarian Go- vernment yesterday evening presented to the Sei-vian Gov- ernment a note respecting the outrage at Sarajevo. Servia, aware of her interna- tional obligations, has declared, ever since the horrible crime was committed, that she con- demned it, and that she was ready to open an enquiry in Servia if the complicity of certain of her subjects were proved at the trial instituted by the Austro-Hungarian autho- rities. The demands contained in the Austro-Himgarian note are, however, unnecessarily humiliating for Servia, and in- compatible with her dignity asan independent State. For instance, we are peremptorily called upon * Russian Charg^ d' Affaires in Vienna. Gouvernement daus 1' "OfEciel," et un ordre du Souverain a I'ar- raee,ounous reprimeiions I'esprit hostile centre I'Autriche en nous faisant k nous-memes des re- proches d'une faiblesse crimi- nelle en vers nos menees perfides. On nous impose ensuite I'ad- mission des fonctionnaires austro-hongrois en Serbie pour Farticiper avec les notres a instruction et pour surveiller I'ex^cution des autres conditions iiidiquees dans la note. Nous avons re§u un d^lai de quarante- huit heures pour accepter le tout, faute de quoi la Legation d'Autriche - Hongrie quittera Belgi-ade. Nous sommes prets a accepter les conditions austro- hongroises qui sont compatibles avec la situation d'un iitat ind6pendant, ainsi que celles dont I'acceptation nous sera conseillee par votre Majesty ; toutes les personnes dont la participation a I'attentat sera demontree seront severement punis par nous. Certaines parmi ces demandes ne pour- raient etre executees sans des changementB de notre legisla- tion, ce qui exige du temps. On nous a donn6 un d^lai trop court. Nous pouvc/iis etre attaques apr^s I'expiration du delai par I'armee austro-hon- groise qui se concentre sur notre froutiere. II nous est impossible de nous defendre et nous supplions votre Majeste de nous donner son aide le plus tot possible. La bienveillance pr^cieuse de votre Majesty qui s'est manifestee taut de fois a notre egard nous fait esp^rer fermemement que cette fois encore notre appel sera entendu par son geu^reux coeur slave. En ces moments difficiles j'intei-prete les sentiments du peuple serbe, qui supplie votre Majesty de vouloir bien s'in- to insert a declaration by the Government in the " Official Journal," and for an order from the Sovereign to the army, in which we are to check the spirit of hostility towards Austria and to blame ourselves for criminal weakness as regards our trea- cherous intrigues. We are fur- ther required to admit Austro- Hungariau officials into Servia to take part with our officials at the trial and to superintend the carrying out of the other condi- tions laid down in the note. We are required to accept these demands in their en- tirety within forty-eight hours, failing which the Austro-Hun- garian Legation will leave Belgrade. We are prepared to accept those of the Austro- Hungaiian conditions Avhich are compatible with the position of an independent State, as well as those to which your Majesty may advise us to agree, and all those persons whose complicity in the crime may be E roved will be severely punished y us. Certain of the demands could not be carried out with- out changes in our legislation, which would need time. We have been alloAved too short a time limit. We may be attacked at the expiration of the time limit by the Austro-Hungarian army which is concentrating upon our frontier. We are unable to defend ourselves and we beg your Majesty to come to our aid as soon as possible. Tha much appreciated goodwill which your Majesty has so often showa towards us inspires us with the firm belief that once again our appeal to your noble Slav heart will not pass unheeded. At this critical moment I echo the feelings of the Servian people in praying your Majesty to he pleased to interest 6 tdresser au sort du Eoyaume de yourself in the fate of the King- Serbie. dom of Servia. (Sigii6) ALEXANDRE. No. 7. Bussian Chargi ^Af aires at Berlin to Rus-nan Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, July 11 (24), 1914. (T^legramme.) TOUS les journaiix du matin, meme ceux, rares, qui recon- naissent Timpossibilite pour la Serbie d'accepter les conditions posees, aocueillent avec une grande sympathie le ton ener- gique adopts par rAutriche. L'officieux " Local-Anzeiger " est particulierement agressif; il qualifie de superflus les re- cours eventuels de la Serbie a Saint-Petersbourg, a Paris, a Ath^ues et k Bucarest, et ter- mine en disant que le peuple allemand respirera librement quand il aura appris que la situation daus la peninsule balkanique va enfin s'ecJaircir. (Signd) BRONEWSKY. (Translation.) (Telegram.) All the morning papers, even those few wliich recognise the impossibility of Servia's accept- ing the prescribed conditions, warmly welcome the strong line adopted by Austria. The semi- oificial " Lokal-Anzeiger " is particularly violent ; it describes as fruitless any possible appeals that Servia may make to St. Petersburg, Paris, Athens, or Bucharest, and concludes by saying that the German people will breathe freely when they learn that the situation in the Balkan peninsula is to be cleared up at last. No. 8. Russian Chargi d' Affaires at Fains to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Paris, July 11 (24), i;U4. (TeMgramme.) La copie de la note officielle- ment remise a Belgrade a ete communiqu^e par I'Ambassa- deur d'Autriche au Gouverne- ment franQais. Plus tard I'Am- bassadeur d'Allemagne a visite le Ministre et lui a lu une communication reproduisant les arguments autrichiens et indi- quant qu'en cas de refus de la (Translation.) (Telegram.) A COPY of the note officially presented at Belgrade has been communicated to the French Government by the Austrian Ambassador. The German Ambassador later visited the Minister and read to him a communication containing the Austrian arguments, and indi- cating that in the event of a part de la Serbie, rAutriuhe serait obligee de recouiir a une pression et, en cas de besoin, a dos mesures militaires ; la com- munication se terminait par la reniavque qu'k I'avis de I'Alle- magiie cette question devrait etre resolue directement entre I'Autiiche et la Serbie et qu'il etait de I'interet des Puissances de circonscrire I'affaire en I'abandonnant aux parties inte- ressees. Le gerant du Departe- ment politique, qui assistait a I'entretien, demanda a I'Ambas- sadeur s'il fallait considerer Taction autrichienne comme un ultimatum — en d'autres termes, si, dans le cas oil la Serbie ne se soumettrait pas enti^rement aux demandes autrichiennes, les ho8tilit6s 4taient inevitables. L'Ambassadeur evita inie res- ponse directe en alleguant I'ab- sence d'instructions. (Sign^) SEVASTOPOULO. refusal on the part of Servia, Austria would be obliged to resort to pressure, and, in case of need, to military measures. The communication ended with the observation that, in the opinion of G emiany, this question ought to be settled between Austria and Servia direct, and that it was to the interest of the Powers to localise the affair by leaving it to the interested parties. The Acting Head of the Political Department, who was present at the interview, asked the Ambassador whether the Austrian action should be considered as an ultimatum — in other words, whether, in the event of Servia not submitting entirely to the Austrian de- mands, hostilities were inevit- able. The Ambassador avoided a direct reply, alleging that he had no instructions. No. 9. Russian Charge d' Affaires at Belgrade to Russian Minister for Foreign Affaires. Belgrade. July 11 (24), 1914. (T^l^gi-amme.) Pachitoh est rentre a Bel- grade. II a I'iiitentiou de donner dans le delai fixe, c'est- a-dii'e demain samedi a 6 heures du soir, une reponse a I'Autriche indiquant les points acceptables et inacceptables. On adressera aujourd'hui meme aux Puissances la priere de defeudre I'indepen dance de la Serbie. En8uite,ajouta Pachitch, si la guerre est inevitable — nous ferons la guerre. (Signe) STRANDTMAN. (Translation.) (Telegram.) Pashitch has returned to Belgi-ade. He intends to give an answer to Austria within the prescribed thne limit — that is to say, to-morrow, Saturday, at 6 P.M. — showingthe points which are acceptable or unacceptable. To-day an appeal will be addressed to the Powers to defend the independence ot Servia. Then, added Pashitch, if war is inevitable, we will make war. 8 No. 10. A nnouncement by the Russian Government. St. Petersburg, July 12 (25), 1914. Les derniere ^v^nements et I'envoi par I'Autriche-Hongrie d'un ultimatum a la Serbie pr^- occupent le Gouvemement Imperial au plus haut degre. Le Gouveruementsuit attentive- ment revolution duconflit serbo- autrichien qui ne peut pas laisser la Russie iudiflKrente. (^Translation.) Recent events and the despatch of an ultimatum to Servia by Austria- Hungary are causingthe Russian Government the gieatest anxiety. The Government are closely follow- ing the course of the dispute between the two countries to which Russia cannot remain indifferent. No. 11. Russian ChargS d' Affaires at Vienna to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Vienna, July 12 (25), 1914. (Translation.) (T^legramme.; Le Comte Berchtold se trouve k Ischl. Vu I'impossibilit^ d'y arriver a temps, je lui ai tele- graphic notre proposition de prolongerle d^Iai de I'ultimatum et I'ai rdpdtee verbal ement au Baron Macchio. Ue dernier m'a promis de la communiquer k temps au Ministre des Affaires Etrang6res, mais a ajout^ qu'il pouvait pr^dire avec assurance un refus cat(5gorique. (Hign^) KOUDACHEW. (Telegram.) Count Herohtold is at Ischl. In view of the impossibility of arriving there in time, I have telegraphed to him our proposal to extend the time limit of the ultimatum, and I have repeated this proposal verbally to Baron Macchio. The latter promised to communicate it in time to tlie Minister for Foreign Affairs but added that he had no hesita- tion in predicting a categorical refusal. No. 12. Russian Chargi reply, although it was com- municated to them. Up to the present this note has not appeared in extenso in any of the local papers, which, to all appear- ances, do not wish to publish it in their columns, being well aware of the calming effect which it would have on German readers. [995] 32 No. 47. Musiian Ambassador at Vienna to Iiussia7i Minister for Foreian Affairs. Vienna, July 15 (28), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegramme.) (Telegram.) Le decret sur la motilisation The order for generalmobilisa- gdneraie a ^t^ signe. tion has been signed. (Signe) SCH£b£KO. No. 48. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassador at Lo7idon. St. Petersburg, July 15 (28), 1914. (Teldgramme.) En presence deshostilites entre rAutiiche-HoiigTie et la Serbie il est ueeessaire que I'Angleterre entreprenned'urgenceuneaction mediatrice et que Taction mili- taire de TAutriche contre la Serbie soit immediatement sus- peudue. Autrement la mediation ne servira que pretexte pom- lirer en longueur la solution de la question et donnera entre temps a rAutriche la possibilite d'ecraser completement la Serbie et d'occuper une situation domiuante dans les Balkans. Communique h, Paris, Berlin, Vienne et Rome. (Sign6) SAZONOW, (Translation.) (Telegi-am.) In face of the hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Servia, it is necessary that Great Britain should take instant mediatory action, and that the military measures undertaken by Austria against Servia should be immediately suspended. Otherwise mediation will only serve as an excuse to make the question drag on, and will mean- while make it possible for , Austria to crush Servia com- pletely andtoacquire a dominant position in the Balkans. Sent to Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and Rome. No. 49. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Chargi d' Affaires at Berlin. St. Petersburg, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) L'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne m'informe, au nom du Chance- lier, que I'Allemagne n'a pas (Translation.) (Telegram.) The German Ambassador informs me, in the name of the Chancellor, tliat Germany has 33 cesse d'exorcer a Vieniie line influence moderatrice et qu'elle continiiera cette action meme apres la declaration de guerre. Jusqu'a ce matin il n'y avait ancune nouvelle que les armees autricliiennes aient franchi la frontiere serbe. J'ai prie I'Am- baiisadenr de transmettre au Cliancelier mes remerciments pour la teneur amicale de cette commnnication. Je I'ai informe des meBures militaires prises par la Russie, dont aucune, lui dis- je, n'etait dirigee contre I'Alle- magne ; j'ajoutais qu'elles ne prejugaient pas non phis des mesures agi'essives contre rAutriche-Hongrie, ces mesures s'expli([uaut par la mobilisation de la plus gi-ande partie de I'armee austro-liongroise. L'Ambassadeur se prononqant en faveur d'explications directes eutre le Cabinet de Vienne et nous, je lepondis que j'y etais tout dispose, pour peu que les conseils dii Cabinet de Berlin dont il parlait trouveut echo a Vienne. En meme temps je signalais que nous etions tout disposes a accepter le projet d'line con- ference des quatre Puissances, un projet auquel, paraissait-il, I'Allemagne ne sympathisait pas entiereraent. Je dis que, dans mon opinion, le meilleur moyen pour mettre a profit tons les moyens propres a produire une solution pacifique consisterait en une action parallel e des pourparlers d'une conference a quatre de I'Alle- magne, de la France, de I'Angle- terre et de I'ltahe et d'un contact direct entre rAutriche-Hongrie et la Russie, a I'instar a peu pres de ce qui avait eu lieu aux moments les plus critiques de la crise de I'au dernier. [995] not ceased to exercise a mode- rating influence at Vienna, and that she will continue to do so even after the declaration of war. Up to this morning there had been no news that the Austrian army had crossed the Servian frontier. I begged the Ambassador to express my thanks to the Cliancellor for the friendly tenor of this communi- cation. I informed him of the military measures taken by Russia, none of which, 1 told him, were directed against Germany; I added that neither should they be taken as aggressive measures against Austria-Hungary, their explana- tion being the mobilisation of the greater part of the Austro- Hungarian army. The Ambassador said that he was in favour of direct explana- tions between the Austrian Government and Russia, and I replied that I, too, was quite willing, provided that the advice of the German Government, to which he had referred, found an echo at Vienna. I pointed out at the same time that we were quite ready to accept the proposal for a conference of the four Powers, a proposal with which, appa- rently, Germany was not in entire sympathy. I told him that, in my opinion, the best manner of turning to account all methods suit- able for finding a peaceful solution would be to arrange for parallel discussions to be carried on as to a conference of the four Powers — Gernjany, France, Great Britain, and Italy — and by a direct exchange ot views between Austria-Hungary and Russia on much the same lines as occurred during the most critical moments of last year's crisis. D 2 84 Je die a TAmbassadeur qu'apres les concessions faites par la Serbie, iiu terrain de compromis pour les questions restees ouvertes ne serait pas tr^B difficile a trouver, a con- dition toutefois de quelque bonne volenti de la part de rAutriclie et a condition que toutes les Puissances usent de toute leur influence dans un pens de conciliation. Communique aux Ambassa- deurs en Angletene, en France, eu Autricfae-Hongrie et en Italic. (Sign6) SAZONOW. I told the Ambassador that, after the concessions which had been made by Servia, it should not be very difficult to find a compromise to settle the other questions -which remained out- standing, provided that Austria showed some goodwill and that all the Powers used their entire influence in the direction of conciliation. Communicated to Russian Ambassadors in England, France, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. No. 50. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassadors at London and Paris. St, Petersburg, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) LORS de mon entretien avec r Arabassadeur d' All emagn e, dont traite mon telegramme pre- cedent, je n'avais pas encore re9U le telegramme du 15 (28) juillet de M. Schebeko. Le contenu de ce telegramme constitue un ref'us du Cabinet de Vienne de proccder a ini echange d'idees direct avec le Gouverne- ment Imperial. Des lors, il ne nous reste plus qua nous en remettre enti^re- ment au Gouvernement brifan- nique pour I'initiative des demarches qu'il jugera utile de provoquer. Communique a Vienne, Rome et Berlin. (Sigue) SAZONOW. (Translation.) (Telegram.) At the time of my interview with the German Ambassador, recorded in my preceding tele- gram, I had not yet received M. Schebeko's* telegram of the 15th (28th) July. The contents of this telegram amount to a refusal on the part of the Vienna Cabinet to agree to a direct exchange of views with the Russian Government. Hence nothing remains for us to do but to rely entirely on the British Government to take the initiative in any steps which they may consider advis- able. Communicated to Vienna, Rome, and Berlin. ♦ Rub-sian Ambassador at Vienna. 35 No. 51. Russiati Cliargd d' Affaires at Berlin to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berliu, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) SuR ma question s'il avaitune repoiise de Vieune relativemeiit a votre proposition de pour- parlers prives a Saint-Peters- bourg, le Secretaire d'llltat a r^poudu negativement. II declare qu'il lui est fort difficile d'agir sur Vienne, sur- tout ouverteraent. Parlaut a Cambon, il a meme ajoute qu'en cas d'une pression trop evidente rAutriche se haterait de mettre I'Allemagne en presence d'un fait accompli. Le Secretaire d'Etat dit qu'il a re^u aujourd"hui un tele- gramme de Pourtales d'oii il constate que plus que les pre- miers jours vous etes dispose a trouver un compromis accep- table pour tons. J'ai replique que probablemeut vous avez ete des le commencement en favour d'un compromis, bien entendu a la condition qu'il soit acceptable non seulement pour I'Autriche, mais egalement pom- nous. II m'a dit ensuite qu'il paraissait que nous avions commence a mobiliser sur la froutiere autrichieuue et qu'il craignait que ceci rendrait plus difficile pour I'Autriclie la poesi- bilite de s'entendre avec nous, d'autant plus que I'Autriche ne mobilisait que contra la Serbie et ne faisait pas de preparatifs eur notre frontiere. J'ai re- pondu que, d'apr^s les ren- seignements dont je disposais, TAutriche mobilisait egalement sur notre frontiere et que par cons^quentnous devions prendre (Translation.) (Telegram.) Ox my enquiry wlietlier lie had received from Vienna a reply respecting your proposal for private discussions at St. Petersburg, the Secretary of State answered in the negative. He declares that it is very difficult for him to produce any effect at Vienna, especially openly. He even added, iti speaking to Cambon, that were pressure brought to bear too (ibviously, Austria •would hasten to lace Gennan}'' with a fait accompli. The Secretary of State tells me that he received a telegram to-day from Pourtales, stating that you seemed more inclined than you previously were to find a compromise acceptable to all parties. I replied that pre- sumably you had been in favour of a compromise from the outset, provided always tliat it were acceptable, not only to Austria, but equally to Russia. He then said that it appeared that Russia had begun to mobilise on the Austrian frontier, and that he feared that this would make it more difficult for Austria to come to an understanding with us, all the more so as Austria was mobi- lising against Servia alone, and was making no preparations upon our frontier. 1 replied that, according to the informa- tion in my possession, Austria was mobilising upon the Russian frontier also, and that conse- quently we had to take similar steps. I added that whatever measures we might, perhaps, 36 des niesures analogues. J'ai ajoute que lesmesures que nous avons peut-etve prises de notre cote n'etaient nuUement dirigees contre I'Allemagne. (Signe) BRONEWSKY. have taken on our side were in no -wise directed against Ger- many. No. 52. Rusxian ChargS d' Affaires in Scrvia to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Nish, July 16 (29), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Bulgarian Minister to- day declared to Pashitch, in the name of his Government, that Bulgaria would remain neutral. (Telegramme.) Aujourd'hui le Ministre de Bulgarie, au nom de son Gou- vernement, a d(^clare k Pachitch que la. Bulgarie observerait la neutralite. (Sign^) STRANDTMAN. No. 53. Russian A mbassador at Paris to Russian Minister for Foreign A fairs. Paris, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) A L'OCCASION de I'arrivee du President de la Republique f ran- 9aise, le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres avait prepare uu court expose de la situation politique actuelle, a peu pres dans les termes suivants : L'Autriche, craiguant la decom- position interieure, s'est emparee du pretexte de I'assassinat de I'Archiduc pour essaj'er d'obtenir des garanties qui pourront revetir la forme de I'occupation des communications militaires serbes ou meme du teiritoire serbe. L'Allemagne soutient I'Autriehe. Le maintien de la paix depend de la seule Russie, parce qu'il s'agit d'une affaire qui doit etre "localisee" entre (Translation.) (Telegram.) FoK the information of the President of the French Re- public on his return, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs had prepared a short summary of the present political situation, approximately in the following terms : Austria, fearing internal disintegration, seized upon the assassination of the Archduke as an excuse for an attempt to obtain guarantees, Avhich may assume the form of an occupation of iServian military lines or even Servian territory. Germany is supporting Austria. The pre- servation of peace depends upoa Russia alone, for the question at issue must be *■' localised " between Austria and Servia ; 37 I'Autriche et la Serbie, c'est-a- clire de la piinition de la poli- tique precedente de la Serbie et des garanties pour I'avenir. De ceci rAllemagne conclut qu'il faut exercer luie action mode- ratrice a Petersbourg. Ce sophisme a etc refute a Paris comnie a Londres. A Paris, le Baron de Schoen a en vain taclie d'entrainer la France a line action solidaire avec I'Alle- magne sur la Russie en faveur du maintien de la paix. Les raemes tentatives ont 6te faites a Londres. Dans les deux capitales il a ete repondu que Taction devrait etre exercee a Vienne, car les demandes ex- cessives de TAutriche, son refus de discuter les rares reserves de la Serbie, et la declaration de guerre inenacent de provoquer la guerre generale. La France et I'Angleterre ne peiivent exercer luie action mod^ratrice sur la Russie, laquelle jusqu'ici a fait preuve de la plus grande moderation, surtout en conseil- lant a la Serbie d'accepter ce qui etait possible de la note autrichienne. Aujourd'hui I'Alle- magne parait renoncer a I'idee d'une action sin- la Russie seiile et incline vers une action media- Irice a Petersbourg et a Vienne, mais en meine temps I'Allemagne comme TAutriche tachent de faire trainer I'affixire. L'Alle- raagne s'oppose a la conference sans indiquer aiicune autre raaniere d'agir pratique. L'Au- triche mene des pourparlers manifestement dilatoires a Petersbourg. En meme temps elle prend des mesures actives, et si ces mesures sont tolcJrees, ses pretentions augraenteront proportionnellement. II est tres desirable que la Russie prete tout son appui au projet de mediation que presentera Sir E. Grey. Dans le cas contraire, that question is the punishment of Servia for her previous policy and the obtaining of guarantees for the future. Germany con- cludes from this that a mode- rating influence should be exerted at St. Petersburg. This sophism has been refuted both in Paris and in London. In Paris, Baron von Schoen vainly endeavoured to induce France to adopt joint action with Germany towards Russia for the pre- servation of peace. The same attempts were made in London. In both capitals the answer was given that any action taken should be at Vienna, as it was Austria's inordinate demands, her refusal to discuss Servia's few reservations, and her de- claration of war, that threatened to provoke a general war. France and England are unable to bring anymoderatingpressure to bear upon Russia, as, so far, that Power has shown the greatest moderation, more par- ticularly in her advice to Servia to accept as much as was possible of the Austriaa note. Apparently Germany has now given up the idea of pressure upon Russia only, and inclines towards mediatory action both at St. Petersburg and at Vienna, but at the same time both Ger- many and Austria are endea- vouring to cause the question to drag on. Germany is op- posing the conference without suggesting any other practical course of action. Austria is continuing discussions at St. Petersburg, which are inani- fcstlyof aprocrastinatingnature. At the same time she is taking active steps, and if these steps are tolerated, her claims will increase proportionately. It is highly desirable that Russia should lend all her support to the proposal for mediation which 38 I'Autriche, sous pretexte de " garantie," pourra, en fait, changer le stalut temtorial de I'Europe orientale. (Signe) ISWOLSKY. will be made by Sir E. Grey. In the contrary event, Austria, on tlie plea of " guarantees," will be able, in effect, to alter the territorial status of eastern Europe. No. 54. Ritssiav Ambassador at London to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. London, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) Ai communique le contenu de vos telegrammes du 15 (28) juillet a Grey. II a declare aujourd'hui a I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne que les pourparlers directs entre la Russie et I'Au- triche avaient echoue, et que les correspondants des joumaux maudaient de Saint-Petersbourg que la Russie mobilisait centre I'Autriche a la suite de la mobi- lisation de cette derniere. Grey dit qix'en principe le Gouverne- ment allemand s'est declare en faveur de la mediation, mais qu'il rencontre des difficult^s quaut a la forme. Greyaiusiste pour que le Gouvernement alle- mand indiquat la forme laquelle a I'avis de I'AUemagne pourrait permettre aux quatre Puissances d'exercer leur mediation pour eviter la guen-e ; vu le consente- ment de la France, de I'ltalie et de I'Augleterre la mediation pourrait avoir lieii seulement dans le cas oii TAllemague con- sentirait k se ranger du cote de la paix. (Sign6) BENCKENDORFF. (Translation.) (Telegram.) I HAVE communicated the contents of your telegrams of the 15th (28th) July to Grey. He informed the German Am- bassador to-day that the direct discussions between Russia and Austria had been fruitless, and that press correspondents were reporting from St. Peters- burg tliat Russia was mobilis- ing against Austria in conse- quence of the latter's mobilisa- tion. Grey said that, in prin- ciple, the German Government had declared themselves in favour of mediation, but that he was experiencing difficulties Avith regard to the form it should take. Grey has urged that the German Government should indicate the foim Avhich.. in their opinion, would enable the four Powers to have re- course to mediation to prevent war ; France, Italy, and Great Britain having consented, me- diation could only come into play if Germany consented to range herself on the side of peace. 39 No. 55. Russian Ambassador at Paris to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Paris, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) ViviANi vient de me cou- firmer I'entiere resolution du Gouvernenient fran9ais d'agir d'accord avec nous. Cette reso- lution est soutenue par les cercles les plus etendus et par les partis y compris les radicaux- socialistes, qui viennent de lui presenter une declaration ex- primant la confiance absolue et les dispositions patriotiques du groupe. Des son arrivee a Paris, Viviani a telegraphic d'urgeiu:e a Loudres que, vu la cessation des pourparlers directs entre Pctersbourg et Vienne, il etait necessaire que le Cabinet de Londres renouvelat le plus tot possible, sous telle ou autre forme, sa proposition concernant la mediation des Puissances. Avant moi Viviani a re9u au- jourd'hui I'Ambassadeur d'Alle- niagne, qui kii a renouvele I'as-surance des tendances paci- fiques de I'Allemagne. Viviani ayant fait observer que si rAllemagne desirait la paix elle devrait se hater d'adherer a la proposition de mediation anglaise, le Baron Schcen a repondu que les mots " confe- rence " ou " arbitrage " effray- aient TAutricho. Viviani a r6- plique qu'il ne s'agissait pas de mots, et qu'il serait facile de trouver uue autre forme de mediation. D'apres I'avis du Baron de Schoen, pour lesucces des negociatious entre les Puis- sances il serait necessaire de savoir ce que I'Autriche comp- terait demander a la Serbie. Viviani a repondu que le Cabinet de Beriin pourrait bien facile- (Translation.) (Telegram.) Viviani has just confirmed to me the French Government's firm determination to act in concert with Russia. This determination is upheld by all classes of society and by the political parties, including the Radical Socialists who have just addressed a resolution to the Government expressing the absolute confidence and the patriotic sentiments of their party. Since his return to Paris, Viviani has telegraphed an urgent message to London that, direct discussions between St. Petersburg and Vienna having ended, the London Cabinet should again put for- ward their proposal for mediation by the Powers as soon as pos- sible under one form or another. Before seeing me to-day Viviani saw the German Ambassador, and the latter again assured him of the peaceful intentions of Ger- many. Viviani having pointed out that if Germany wished for peace she should hasten to give her support to the British pro- posal for mediation. Baron von Sohoen replied that the words " conference " or •' arbitration " alarmed Austria. Viviani re- torted that it was not a question of words, and that it would be easy to find some other form for mediation. In the opinion of Baron von Schoen, it was necessary for the success of the negotiations between the Powers to know what Austria intended to demand from Ser- via. Viviani answered that the Berlin Cabinet could quite 40 raent s'en enqu^rir aupr^s de TAutriclie, mais qu'en attendant la note responsive serbe pour- rait servir de base a la discus- sion ; il a ajoutc que la France desirait sincferement la paix, mais qu'elle etait en meme temps resolue d'agir en pleine harmonie avec ses allies et amis, et que lui, le Baron de Schoen, avait pu se convaincre que cette rc^solution rencontrait la plus vive approbation du pays. (Signe) ISWOLSKY. easily make this enquiry of Austria, but that, meanwhile, the Servian reply might well form the basis of discussion ; he added that France sincerely desired peace, but that she was determined at the same time to act in complete harmony with her allies and friends, and that he, Baron von Schoen, might have convinced himself that this determination met with the warmest approval of the country. No. 56. Telegram from His Royal Highnesn Prince Alexander of Servia to His Majesty the Emperor of Russia. ProfondiSment touche par le telegramme que votre Majeste a bien voulu m'adresser hier, je m'empresse de la remei'cier de tout mon coem\ Je prie votre Majeste d'etre persuadee que la cordiale sympathie dont votre Majeste est animee envers mon pays nous est particulierement precieuse, et remjjlit notre ame de I'espoir que I'avenir de la Serbie est assure, etant devenu I'objet de la haute sollicitude de votre Majeste. Ces moments penibles ne peuvent que laffer- mir les liens de I'attachement profond qui unissent la Serbie a la sainte Russie slave, et les sentiments de reconnaissance eternelle pour I'aide et la pro- tection de votre Majeste seront conserves pieusement dans 1 ame de tons les Serbes. (Signe) ALEXANDRE. (Translation.) Deeply touched by the tele- gram wliich your Majesty was pleased to address to me yester- day, I hasten to thank you with all my heart. Your Majesty may rest assured that the cordial sympathy which your Majesty feels towards my country is especially valued by us, and fills our hearts with the belief that the future of Servia is secure now that it is the object of 3"our Majesty's gracious solici- tude. These painful moments cannot but strengthen the bonds of deep attachment which bind Servia to Holy Slav Russia, and the sentiments of everlasting gratitude which we feel for the help and protection afforded to us by your Majesty will ever be cherished in the hearts of all the Serbs. iiW^^i 41 No. 57. Russian ChargS d' Affaires in Servia to Russian Minister for foreign Affairs. Nish, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramnie.) J'ai communique a Pachitch le texte du telegramme responsif de Sa Majesti TEmpereur au Prince Alexandre. Pachitch, apres I'avoir lu, se signa et dit : "Seigneur! Le Tsar est grand et clement ! " Ensuite il m'em- brassa, ne pouvant contenir I'emotion qui I'avait gagne. L'heritier est attendu k Nich dans la nuit. (Signd) STRANDTMAN. (Translation.) (Telegram.) I HAVE communicated to Pashitch the text of the tele- gi'aphic reply returned by His Majesty the Emperor to Prince Alexander. On reading it. Pashitch crossed himself and exclaimed: "The Czar is great and merciful ! " He then embraced me and was over- come with emotion. The heir- apparent is expected at Nish late to-night. No. 58. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassador at Paris. St. Petersburg, July 16 (29), 1914. (Telegramme.) Aujourd'HUI I'Ambassadeur d'AlIemagne m'a communique la resolution prise par son Gouvernement de inobiliser, si la llussie ne cessait pas ses preparatifs militaires. Or, noiis n'avons commence ces deriiiei'S qua la suite de la mobilisation a laquelle avait deja procede I'Autriche et vu I'absence evidente chez cette derniere du desir d accepter iin mode quel- conque d'une solution pacifique de son conflit avec la Serbie. Puisque nous ne pouvons pas acceder au desir de I'AUemagne, il ne nous reste que d'accelerer nos propres armements et de compter avec I'inevitabilite pro- bable de la' gnen-e. Veuillez en avertir le Gouvernement (Translation.) (Telegram.) The German Ambassador to- day informed me of the decision of his Government to mobilise, if Russia did not stop her military preparations. Now, in point of fact, we only began these pre- parations in consequence of the mobilisation already undertaken by Austria, and owing to her evident unwillingness to accept any means of arriving at a peaceful settlement of her dis- pute with Servia. As we cannot comply with the wishes of Germany, we have no alternative but to hasten on our own military preparations and to assume tliat war is probably inevitable. Please inform the French Government of this, and 42 fran^ais et lui exprimer en meme temps iiotre sincere re- connaissance ponr la declaration que I'Ambassadenr de France m'a faite en son uom en disant que nous pouvons compter entierement sur I'appui de notre alliee la France. Dans les cir- constances actuelles cette decla- ration nous est particulierement precieuse. Commuiiiqae aux Ambassa- deurs en Angleterre, Autriche- Hongrie, Italic, Allemagne. (Sign4) SAZONOW. add that we are sincerely grate- ful to them for the declaration which the French Ambassador made to me on their behalf, to tlie effect that we could count fiilly upon the assistance of our ally, France. In the existing circumstances, that declaration is especially valuable to us. Communicated to the Russian Ambassadors in Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and G ermany. No. 59. Jlussian Cliargi d' Affaires in Servia to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Nish, July 17 (30), 1914. (Telegrarame.) Le Prince-Regent a public hier \\\\ mauifeste signe partous les Ministres a I'occasion de la declaration de la guerre par I'Autriche a la Serbie. Le manifesto se termine par les paroles suivantes: "Defendez de toutes vos forces vos foyers et la Serbie." Loi-s de rouve'r- ture solennelle de la Skoup- chtina, le R6gent hit en son nom le discours du troue, an debut duquel il indiqua que le lieu de la convocation d^montrait Timportance des evenements actuels. Suit I'expose des faits des derniei-s jours — Fultiraatum autrichien, la reponse serbe, les eSorts du Gouvernement Royal de faire tout ce qui etait com- patible avec la dignite de I'liltat S)our dviter la guerre et enfin 'agression armee du voisin plus puissant centre la Serbie, aux cotes de laquelle se tient le Montenegi'o. En passant a I'examen de I'attitude des Puis- (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Prince Regent yesterday published a manifesto, signed by all the Servian IMinisters, on the declaration of war by Austria against Servia. The manifesto cTuls witli the following words : " Defend yovir homes and Servia with all your might." At the solemn opening of the Skupchtina the Regent read the speech from the Throne, in his own name. At the beginning of his speech he pointed out that the place of their convocation showed the importance of present events. He followed this with a summary of recent events — the Austrian ultimatum, the Servian reply, the efforts ot the Servian Government to do their utmost to avoid war that was compatible with the dignity of the State, and, finally, the armed aggression of their most poAverful neighbour against Servia, at whose side stood Montenegro. Passing in review 43 sances en presence du conflit, le Princo iiisista tout d'abord Bur les sentiments dont est animee la Russie et sur la toute gracieuse communication de Sa Majeste I'Empereur disant que la Russie en aueuu cas n'aban- donnera la Serbie. A chaque mention dti nom de Sa Majeste Imperiale et de la Russie un " jivio " formidable et febrile secouait la salle des seances. Les marqiies de sympathie de la pai't de la France et de I'Angleterre furent aussi re- levees separement et provo- querent des "jivio" d'approba- tioii de la part des deputes. Le discours dutrone se termine par la declaration d'ouverture de la Skoupchtina et par I'expression du voeu que toutes les mesures soient prises pour faciliter la tache du Gouvernement. (Signe) STRANDTMAN. the attitude of the Powers towards the dispute, the Prince emphasised in the first place the sentiments which animated Russia, and the gracious com- munication from His JIajesty the Emperor that Russia would in no case abandon Servia. At each mention of His Majesty the Czar and of Russia the hall resounded with loud bursts of wild cheering. The sympathy shown by France and England was also touched upon in turn, and called forth approving plaudits from the members. The speech from the throne ended by declaring the Skupchtina open, and by expressing the hope that everything possible woxild be done to lighten the task before the Government. No. 60. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassadors at Berlin, Vienna, Paris, London, and Rome. St. Petersburg, July 17 (30), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The German Ambassador, who has just left me, has asked whether Russia would not be satisfied with the promise which Austria might give — that she would not violate the integrity of the Kingdom of Servia — and whether we could not indicate upon what conditions we woiild agree to suspend our military preparations. I dictated to him the following declaration to be forwarded to Berlin for imme- diate action : " If Austria, re- cognising that the Austro- Servian question has become a question of European interest. (Telegramme.) L'Ambassadeur d'AlIemagne, qui vient de me quitter, m'a de- mande si nous ne pou'vions pas nous conteuter de la promesse que I'Autriche pouiTait donuer — de ne pas porter atteinte a I'integrite du Royaume de Serbie — et indiquer a quelles condi- tions nous pourrions encore consentir h, suspendre nos arme- ments ; je lui ai dicte, pour etre transmise d'urgence a Berlin, la declaration suivante : " Si I'Autriche, reconnaissant que la question austro-serbe a assume le caractere d'une question europ^enne, se declare prete a 44 eliminer de son ultimatum les points qui poi-tent atteinte aux droits souverains de la Serbie, la Russie s'engage a cesser ses preparatifs militaires." Veuillez telegraphier d'ur- gence quelle sei-a I'attitude du Gouvernemeut allemand en pi-e- sence de cette uouvelle preuve de notre desir de faire le pos- sible pour la solution pacifique de la question, car nous ne pouvons pas admettre que de semblables pourparlers ne ser- vent qu'a faire gagner du temps a I'Allemagne et a FAutriche pour leurs preparatifs militaires. (Sigue) SAZONOW. declares herself ready to elimi- nate from her ultimatum such points as violate the sovereign rights of Servia, Russia under- takes to stop her military pre- parations." Please inform me at once by telegraph Avhat attitude the German Government wll adopt in face of this fi-esh proof of our desire to do the utmost possible for a peaceful settlement of the question, for we cannot allow such discussions to con- tinue solely in order that Ger- many and Austria may gain time for their military prepara- tions. No. 61. Biissiaii Ambassador at Berlin to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, July 17 (30), 1914. (Translation.) ('JYlegramme.) J'apprends (^ue le d^cret de mobilisation de I'armee et de la flotte allemandes vient d'etre promulgue. (Sign^) SWERBfiEW. (Telegram.) I LEARN that the order for the mobilisation of the German army and navy has just l)een issued. No. 62. Russian Ambassador at Berlin to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. (Telegramme.) Le Ministre des Affaires Illtrangeres vient de me tele- phoner pour commuiiiquer que la nouvelle lancee tout a I'heure de la mobilisation de I'armee et de la flotte allemandes est fausse ; que les feuillets des jour- Berlin, July 17 (30), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Minister for Foreign Affairs has just telephoned that the news of the mobilisation of the German army and fleet, which has just been announced, is false ; that the news sheets had been printed in advance sq rnv^M 45 naux etaieiit iraprimes d'avance en previsiou de toutes 6ventua- lit^s, et mis en vente a I'heure de Tapv^s-inidi, mais que main- tenant ils sont confisques. (Sign6) SAVERB^EW. as to be ready for all eventua- lities, and that tbey were put on sale in the afternoon, but that they have now been confis- cated. No. 63. Hiiasian Ambassador at Berlin to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, July 17 (30), 1914, (Telegramme.) Al repu votre telegramme du 16 (29) juillet et ai transmis le texte de votre proposition au Ministre des Affaires fitrangeres, que je viens de voir ; il m'a dit qu'il avait re9U un telegramme ideutique de I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne a Saint - Peters- bourg et ra'a declare ensuite qu'il trouvait notre proposition inacceptable pour I'Autriche. (Signe) SAYERBEEW. (Translation.) (Telegi-am.) I HAVE received your tele- gram of 16tli ^29th) July, and have communicated the text of yo\ir proposal to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, whom I have just seen. He told me tliat he had received an identic tele- gTam fi'om the German Ambas- sador at St. Petersburg, and he then declared that he con- sidered it impossible for Austria to accept our proposal. No. 64. Russian Ambassador at London to Russian Minister Jor Foreign Affairs. London, July 17 (30), 1914. (Telegramme.) Al communique le contenu de vos telegrammes des 16 (29) et 17 (30) juillet k Grey,lequ(-1 con- sidere la situation com me tres serieuse, mais desire continuer les pourparlers. J'ai fait ob- server a Grey que depuis que vous lui aviez fait la proposition d'accepter tout ce qu'il pro- posei-ait en faveur du maintien de la paix, pourvu que I'Autriche ne put profiter de ces atermoie- ments pour ^eraser la Serbie, la (Translation.) (Telegi'am.) I HAVE communicated thes substance of your telegrams of the 16th r29th; and 17th (30th) July to Grey, who looks upon the situation as most serious, but wishes to continue the discussions. I pointed out to Grey that — since you agreed 'with him to accept whatever proposal ho might make in order to preserve peace, provided that Austria did not profit by any ensuing delays to crush Servia 46 eituatioii dans laquelle votis votis troiiviez s'etait apparemment modifi^e. A cette epoqiie nos rapports avec TAllemagne n'6- taient pas comproniis. Aprte la declaration de I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne a Saint - Peters- boiirg coucernaut la mobilisation allemaude, ces rapports avaient change et sa demands avait re9u de votre part la seule r^ponse que pouvait donner une Grande Puissance. Lorsque I'Am bassadeur d' All emagne etait revenu aupres de vous et s'etait enquis de vos conditions, voiis les aviez formulees dans des circonstances tout k fait spe- ciales. J'ai en meme temps de nouveau insiste aupres de Grey sur la necessite de prendre en consideration la situation nou- velle creee par la faute de I'Allemagne a la suite de Taction de I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne. Grey a repondu qu'il le com- prenait et qu'il tiendi'ait compte de ces arguments. (Signe) BENCKENDORFF. — the situation in which you were placed had apparently been modified, At that time our relations with Germany had not been compromised. After the declaration made by tlie German Ambassador at St, Petersburg regarding Gennan mobilisation, those relations had changed, and you had returned the only reply to his request that was possible from a Great Power. When the German Ambassador again visited you, and enquired what your con- ditions were, you had formu- lated them in altogether special circumstances. 1 also again emphasised to Grey the neces- sity of taking into consideration the new sitviation brought about by the fault of Germany in consequence of the German Ambassador's action. Grey re- plied that he fully understood this, and that he would remem- ber these arguments. No. 6,5. Russian Ambassador at London fo Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, London, July 17 (30), 1914. (T61egramme.) L'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne a demande a Grey pour quelle raison I'Angleterre preiiait des mesures militaires sur terre et Bur mer. Grey a repondu que ces mesures n'avaient pas un caractere agressif, mais que la situation etait telle que chaque Puissance devait se preparer. (Sign^) BENCKENDORFF. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The German Ambassador has asked Grey why Great Britain was taking military measures both on land and sea. Grey replied that these measures had no aggressive character, but that the situalion was sucirthat each Power must be ready. 47 No. 66. Russian Ambassador at Vienna to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Vienna, July 18 (31), 1914. (T^legramme.) Malgrk la mobilisation gene- rate, je continue a ecbanger des vues avec !e Conite Berclitold et ses collaborateurs. Tons insistent sur I'absence cliez I'Autviche d'intentions agres- sives quelconques centre la Russie et de vis6es de conquete a regard de la Serbie, mais tous insistent egalement sur la ne- cessite pour I'Autricbe de pour- suivre jusqu"au bout Taction commencee et de donner k la Serbie une leijon serieuse qui pourrait constituer inie certaine garantie pour I'avenir. (Signe) SCH^BfiKO. (Translation.) (Telegi'ara.) In spite of the general mobi- lisation, my exchange of views with Count Berchtold and his colleagues continues. They all dwell upon the absence on Austria's part of any hostile intentions whatsoever against Russia, and of any designs of conquest at the expense of Servia, but they are all equally insistent ihat Austria is bound to carry through tlie action which she has begun and to give Servia a serious lesson, which would constitute a sure, guarantee for the future. No. 67. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassadors at Berlin, Vienna, Paris, London, and Rome. St. Petersburg, July 18 (31), 1914. (T^legramme.) Me rt^ffere a mon telegrarnine da 17 (30; juillet. D'ordre de son Gouvernement, I'Ambas- sadeur d'Angleterre m'a transmis le desir du (Jabinet de Londres d'introduire quelques modifica- tions dans la formule qui j'ai proposee hier a rArabassadeur d'Allemagne. J'ai repondu que j'acceptais la proposition an- glaise. Ci-dessous je vous trans- mets la formule modifiee en consequence : " Si I'Auti'iche consent a arreter la marche de ses armies sur le territoire serbe et si, reconnaissant que le conflit [995] (Translation.) (Telegram.) Please refer to my telegram of 17 (30) July. The British Ambassador, on the instructions of his Government, has informed me of the wish of the London Cabinet to make certain modi- fications in the formula which I suggested yesterday to the German Ambassador. I replied that I accepted the British suggestion. I accordingly send you the text of the modified formula which is as follows: — '' If Austria will agree to check the advance of her troops on Servian territory; if,recognising that the dispute between E 48 austro-serbeaassume le caract^ro d'une question d'iiit^reteuropeeu, elle admet que les Grandes Puis- Bances examiueiit la satisfaction que la Serbie pourrait accorder au Gouveruement d'Autriche- Hongrie sans laisser porter atteinte a ses droits d'fitat souverain et a son iiidepend;uice, — la Russie s'engage a couserver son attitude expectante." (Sign^) SAZONOW. Austria and Servia has become a question of European interest, she will allow the Great Powers to look into the matter and decide what satisfaction Servia could afford to the Austro-Hungarian Government without impairing her rights as a sovereign State or her independence, Russia will undertake to maintain her wait- ing attitude." No. 68. Bussian Ambassador at Berlin to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, July 18 (31), 1914. (Telegi-amme.) Le Ministre des Affaires iltrangeres vient de me dire que nos pourparlers, qui etaientdejk diiBciies a la suite de la mobilisa- tion contre I'Autriche, le devien- nent encore davautage en presence des graves mesures militaires que nous prenons contre TAlIemagne ; des nou- velles y relatives sont, d'apres lui, re9ues ici de tons les cotes et devront provoquer inevitable- ment des mesures analogues de la part de FAllemagne. A cela j'ai repondu que, d'apres des renseignements surs dont je disposais et qui ^taient oonfirmes par tous nos corapatriotes arrivant a Berlin, la prise contre nous des mesures susdites se poursuivait egalement en Alle- magne avec grande activite. Malgre cela, le Ministre des Affaires fitrangeres affirme qu'ici on n'a fait que rappeler les officiers de leurs conges et les troupes des champs de manoeu- vrep. (Signe) SWERBfiEW. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Minister for Foreign Afiairs has just told me that our discussions, which were already difficult enough on account of the mobilisation against Austiia, were becoming even more so in view of the serious military mesures that we were taking against Germany. He said that information on this subject was reaching Berlin from all sides, and this must inevitably provoke similar mesures on the part of Germany. To this 1 replied that, according to sm-e informa- tion in my possession, which was confirmed by all our com- patriots arriving from Berlin, Germany also was very actively engaged in taking military measures against Russia. In spite of this, the Minister for Foreign Affairs asserts that the only step taken in Germany has been the recall of officers from leave and of the ti-oops from manoeuvres. 49 No. 69. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Ambassador at London. St. Petersburg, July 18 (31), 1914. (Telegranime.) J'ai prie I'Ambassadeur d'An- gleterre de transmettre a Grey I'expressioii de ma plus siuc^re reconnaissance pour le ton aniical et i'erme dont il a use pen riant les pourparlers avec I'Allemagne et I'Autriche, jjraee il quoi I'espoir de trouver une issue pacifique de la situation actuelle n'est pas encore perdu. .le I'ai aussi prie de dire an Alinistre anglais que je pensais que ce n'etait qu'a Londres que les pourparlers auraient encore quelques chances d'un succfe quelconque, en facilitant a I'Autriche la necessitc d'un com- promis. Communique a I'Ambassadeur en France. (Signc) SAZONOW. (Translation.) (Telegram.) I HAVE requested the British Ambassador to express to Grey my deep gratitude for the firm and friendly tone which he has adopted in the discussions with Germany and Austria, thanks to which the hope of finding a peaceful issue to the present situa- tion need not yet be abandoned. I also requested him to inform the British Minister that in my opinion it was onlj' m London tliat the discussions might still have some faint chance of success and of rendering the necessary compromise easier for Austria. Communicated to Eussian Ambassador in France. No. 70. Secret Telegram to Russian Representatives abroad. July 19 (August 1), 1914. (Translation.) (Telegram.) (Telegramme.) A MINUIT I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne m'a declare, d'ordre de son Gouvernement, que si dans les douze heures, c'est-k- dire a midi, samedi, nous ne commencions pas la demobilisa- tion, nou seulemeut a I'egard de I'Allemagne, mais aussi a I'egard de I'Autriche, le Gouvernement allemand sei'ait force de donner I'ordre de mobilisation. A ma question si c'etait la guen-e, I'Ambassadeur a repondu par la [995] At midnight the German Ambassador announced to me, on the instruction of his Govern- ment, that if within 12 hours, that is by midnight on Saturday, we had not begun to demobilise, not only against Germany, but also against Austria, the German Government would be compelled to give the order for mobilisation. To my enquiry whether this meant war, the Ambassador repHed in the negative, but E 2 50 negative, mais en ajoiitant que added nous ^tions fort pres d'elle. it. (Sign6) SAZONOW. that we were very near No. 71. Russian Ambassador at London to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. London, July 19 (August 1), 1914. (Telegranime.) Grey m'a dit qu'il a tel^- gi-aphie a Berlin qu'a son avis la dernifere formule acceptee par le Gouvernementrusse constitue la base de negocialions qui prdsente le plus de chances pour une solution pacifique du conflit. II a exprime en meme temps I'espoir qu'aucune Grande Puissance ne commencerait les hostilites avant I'examen de cette formule (Signe) BENCKENDORFF. (Translation.) (Telegram.) Grey tells me that he has telegraphed to Berlin that in his opinion the last formula accepted by the Russian Govern- ment offers the best prospect as a basis of negotiations for a peaceful settlement of the dis- pute. At the same time he expressed the hope that no Great Power would open hos- tilities before this fonnula had been considered. No. 72. Russian Ambassador at London to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. London, July 19 (August 1), 1914. (T^legramme.) Le Gouvernement de la Grande-Bretagne a pose aux Gouvernements fran9ais et alle- mand la question s'ils respec- teraient la neutraHte de la Belgique. La France a repondu dans I'affirmative, tandis que le Gou- vernement allemand a declare ne pouvoir repondre a cette question categoriquement. (Sign6) BENCKENDORFF. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The British Government has enquired of the French and German Governments whether they will respect the neutrality of Belgimn. France answered in the affirmative, but the German Government stated that they could not give any definite answer to the question. Bf. 51 No. T6. ■ Russian Ambassador at Paris to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Paris, July 19 (August 1), 1914. (Telegramme.) L'Ambassadeub d'Autriche a visite liier Viviani et lui a declare que I'Autriche non seule- ment n'avait pas le dessein de porter atteiute a I'integrite terri- torials de la Serbia, mais etait prete a discuter avec les autres Puissances le fond de son con- flit avec la Serbie. Le Gou- veruement franqais est tres pi'eoccupe par les preparatifs militaires extraordinaires de rAllemagne sur la frontiere fran9ai8e, oar il est convaincu que sous le voile du " Kriegs- zustaud " se produit une v(5ri- table mobilisation. (Sign6) ISWOLSKY. (Translation.) (Telegram.) The Austrian Ambassador yes- terday visited Viviani and de- clared to him that Austria,farfrom harbouring any designs against the integrity of Servia, was in fact ready to discuss the grounds of her grievances against Servia with the other Powers. The French Government are much exercised at Germany's extra ordinary military activity on the French frontier, for they are convinced that, under the guise of " Kriegszustand," mobilisa- tion is in reality being earned out. No. 74. Russian Ambassador at Pans to Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Paris, July 19 (August 1), 1914. (Telegramme.) A LA reception ici du tele- gramme . de I'Ambassadeur de France a Saint-Petersbourg contenant la communication que vous a faite I'Ambassadeur allemand conceruant la resolu- tion de I'Allemagne de decreter aujourd'hui la mobilisation generale, le President de la Republique a sign6 le decret de mobilisation. Dans les rues on procede a I'affichage des listes d'appel des reservistes. L'Am- bassadeur d'Allemague vient de rendre visite a Viviani, mais ne lui a fait aucune nouvelle com- (Translation.) (Telegram.) On the receipt in Paris of the telegram from the French Ambassador at St. Petersburg, reporting the communication made to you by the German Ambassador respecting Ger- many's decision to order general mobilisation to-day, the Presi- dent of the French Republic signed the order for mobilisation. Lists of the reservists recalled to the colours are being posted up in the streets. The German Ambassador has just visited Viviani, but told him nothing fresh, alleging the impossibility 52 munication, en allegiiant Fiin- possibilite de dechiffrer les telegrammes qu'il a recjus. Viviani I'a iiifoime de la signa- ture du dec7-et de mobilisation en reponse a la alleinande et lui a etounement son rnobilisation fait part de de ce que I'Allemagne eut pris une telle mesure a un moment ouse pour- suivait encore un ^change de vues amical entre la Russie, rAutriclie et les Puissances ; il a ajoute que la mobilisation ne prejugeait pas necessaii-ement la guerre et que I'Ambassadeur d'Allomagne pourrait rester a Paris comme I'Ambassadeur de Eussie est reste a Vienne et celui d'Autriche a Saint-Peters- bourg. (Sign^) ISWOLSKY. ofdecyphenngthe telegrams he has received. Viviani informed him of the signature of the order for mobilisation issued in reply to that of Germany, and ex- pressed to him his amazement that Germany should have taken such a step at a moment when a friendly exchange of views was still in progi'ess between Russia, Austria, and tjie Powers. He added that mobilisation did not necessarily entail w^ar, and that the German Ambassador miglit stay in Paris as the Russian Ambassador had remained in Vienna and the Austrian Am- bassador in St. Petersburg. No. 75. Russian Ambassador at Paris to Russian Minuter for Foreign Affairs. Paris, July 19 (August 1), lill4. (Telegramme.) Je tiens du President qiie peiidant les dernieres journees I'Ambassadeur d'Autriche a assure avec force le President du Conseil des Ministres et lui- meme, que I'Autriche nous aurait declare etre prete k respecter non seulement I'int^- grite territuriale de la Serbie, mais aussi ses droits souverains, mais que ncus aurions inten- tionnellement fait le silence sur cette declaration. J'ai oppose un dementi categorique k cela. (Signd) ISWOLSKY. (Translation.) (Telegram.) I HEAR from the President that during the last few days the Austrian Ambassador em- phatically assured both the President of the Council of Ministers and him that Austria had declared to Russia that she was ready to respect both the territorial integrity of Servia and also her sovereign rights, but that Rxissia had intention- ally received this declaration in silence. I contradicted this flatly. KFtj 53 No. 7i>. Note presented hy the Gei'man Ambassador at St. Petersburg on July 19 (August 1), at 7-10 P.M. Le Gouvernement Imperial s'est effbrce dfes les debuts de l;i crise de la mener a iiue solu- tion pacifique. Se rendaiit a un desir q^ii lui en avait ete exprime par Sa Majeste I'Em- perevir de Riissie, Sa Majeste lEmpeveur d'Allemagne d'ac- cord avec TAngleteiTe s'etait applique a accomplir un role mediateur aupris des Cabinets de Vienne et de Saint-Peters- bourg, lorsque la Russie, sans en attendre le resultat, proceda k la mobilisation de la totalite de ses forces de terre et de mer. A la suite de cette mesure mena9ante ne motivee par aucun {)resage miiitaire de la part de 'Allemagne, I'Empire allemand s'est trouve vis-a-vis d'uu danger gravQ et imminent. Si le (ionvernement Imperial eiit manque de parer a oe peril, il aurait compromis la securite et I'existence meme de I'Alle- magne. Par consequent le Gouvernement allemand se vit force de s'adresser au Gouverne- ment de Sa Majeste I'Rmpereur de Toutes les Russies en in- sistant sur la cessation desdits actes militaires. La Russie ayant refuse de faire droit a (n'ayant pas cru devoir lepondre a*) cette demande et ayant mauifeste par ce refus (cette attitude*) que son action etait dirigee contre rAllemagne, j'ai I'honneur, d'ordre de mon Gou- vernement, de faire savoir a votre Excellence ce qui suit : * Les mots places entre paren- theses se trouvcnt dans I'original. II faut supposer quo deux variantes avaient etc preparees d'avance et que par errcur elles ont ete inserees toutes les deux dans la note. (Translation.) The Imperial German Govern- ment luive used every effort since the begiiming of the crisis to bring about a peaceful settlement. In compliance with a wish expi'essed to him by His Majesty the Emperor of Russia, tlie German Emperor had u n dertaken , in con cert with Great Britain, the part of mediator between the Cabinets of Vienna and St. Petersburg; but Russia, without waiting for any result, proceeded to a general mobilisa- tion of her forces both on land and sea. In consequence of this threatening step, which was not justified by any military proceedings on the part of Ger- many, the German Empire was faced by a grave and imminent danger. If the German Govern- ment had failed to guard against this peril, they would have compromised the safety and the very existence of Ger- many. The German Govern- ment were, therefore, obliged to make representations to the Government of His Majesty the- Emperor of All the Russias and to insist upon a cessation of the aforesaid military acts. Russia, having refused to comply with (not having considered it neces- sary to answer*) this demand, and ha vin g shown by this refusal (this, attitude*) that her action was directed against Germany, Ihave the honour, on the instructions of my Government, to inform your Excellency as follows: — * The words in brackets occur in the original. It must be supposed that two variations had been pre- pared in advance, and that, by mis- take, they were both inserted In the note. 54 Sa Majesty I'Empereiir, mon anguste Souverain, an nom de I'Empive, relevant le defi, se considere eu etat de guerre avec la Russie. (Signe) F. POURTALES. His Majesty the Emperor, my august Sovereign, in the name of the German Empire, accepts the challenge, and considers hiraself at war with Russia. No. 77. Announcement by the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs respecting Recent Events. July 20 (August 2), UU4. Un expose defigiu'ant les ev^nements des derniers jours ayant paru dans la presse etraugere, le Jlinistere des Aif aires litrang^res croit de son devoir de publier raper9U sui- vant des pourparlers diplo- raatiques pendant le temps s us vise : Le 10 (23) juillet, ann^e cou- rante, leMinistred'Autriche-Hon- grie ^Belgrade presenta au Mini- stre President serbe une note ou le Gouvernement serbe etait accuse d'avoir favorise le mouvenient pan-serbo qui avait abouti a i'assassinat de I'heritier du trone austro-hongrois. En conse- quence rAutriche-Hongrie de- mandait au Gouvernement serbe non seulement de condamner «ous une tbrme solennelle la susdite propagande, mais aussi de prendi'e, sous le control e de I'Autriche-Hongrie, une serie de mesures tendant a la d^- couverte du complot, a la puni- tion des sujets serbes y ayant participe et a la prevention dans I'aveuir de tout attentat sur le Bol du Royaume. Uu delai de quaraute-huit heures fut tixe au Gouvernement serbe (Translation.) A GARBLED Version of the events of the last few days having appeared in the foreign press, the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs considers it his duty to publish the following brief account of the diplomatic discussions during the penod under review : — On the 10th (23rd) July, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade presented a note to the Pnme Minister of Servia, in which the Servian Government were accused of having fostered the pan-Serb movement, which had led to the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungai-ian throne. Austria-Hungary, there- fore, demanded of the Servian Government, not only the con- demnation in the most formal manner of the above-mentioned propaganda, but also the adoption, under Austrian super- vision, of a series of measures for the discovery of the plot, for the punishment of any Sei-vian subjects who had taken part in it, and for tlie prevention of any future attempts at assassination upon Austiian soil. A time limit of forty-eight hours was 55 pour la r^ponse k la susdite note. Le Gouvernement Imperial, auquel I'Ambassadeur d'Au- triche-Hoiigrie k Saint- P^ters- bourg avait communique letexte de la note dix-sept heures apves ea remise a Belgrade, ayant pris connaissance des demandes y contenues, dut s'apercevoir que qiielques-uues parmi elles etaient inexecutables quant au fond, tandis que d'autres etaient presentees sous une forme in- compatible avec la dignity d'un llltat independant. Trouvant inadmissibles la diminution de la dignity de la Serbie contenue dans ces demandes, ainsi que la tendance de rAutricbe-Hongrie d'assurer sa prepondt^rance dans les Balkans demonti-ee par ces memes exigences, le Gouverne- ment I'usse fit observer dans la forme la plus amicale k I'Aiitricbe-Hongrie qu'il serait desirable de soumettre a un nouvel examen les points con- teiius dans la note austro- hougroise. Le Gouvernment austro-liongrois ne crut possible de consentir a une discussion de la note. L'action moderatrice des autres Puissances a Vienne ne fut non plus couronn6e de succes. Malgre que la Serbie efit reprouve le crime et se fut mon- tree prete k doiuier satisfiiction a I'Autriche dans une naesure qui depassa les previsions non seulement de la Russie, mais aussi des autres Puissances, le Ministre d'Autriche-Hongrie a Belgrade jugea la reponse serbe insuffisante et quitta cette ville. Reconnaissant le caractere exagere des demandes pre- sent(ies par I'Autriche, la Russie avait d^clar6 encore auparavant given to the Servian Govern- ment within which to reply to this note. The Russian Government, to whom the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at St. Petersburg had commuuicated the text of the note seventeen hours after its presentation at Belgrade, having taken note of the demands contained therein, could not but perceive that some of these demands were im- possible of execution as regards their substance, whilst other's were presented in a form which was incompatible with the dignity of an independent State. Russia considered that the humi- liation of Servia, involved in these demands, and equally the evident intention of Austria- Hungai-y to secure her own hegemony in the Balkans, which underlay her conditions, were inadmissible. The Russian Government, therefore, pointed out to Austria-Hungary in the most friendly manner that it wouldbedesirable to re-examine the points contained in the Austro-Hiuigarian note. The Austro-Hungarian G o vernment did not see their way to agree to a discussion of the note. The moderating influence of the four Powers at Vienna was equally unsuccessful. Despite the fact that Servia had reprobated the crime, and had shown herself ready to give Austria satisfaction to an extent beyond tl'e expectations, not only of Russia, but also of the other Powers — despite these facts, the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade considered the Servian reply insufficient and left the town. Recognising the exaggerated nature of the demands made by Austria, Russia had pre- viously declared that she could 66 qu'il lui serait impossible de rester indiff^rente, sans se re- fuser toutefois a employer tous ses efforts pour trouver uue issue pacifique qui fut acceptable pour I'Autriche et menageat son amour-propre de Grande Puis- sance. En meme temps la Russie ^tablit fermement qii'elle admettait une solution pacifique de la question seuJeraent dans une mesure qui n'impliquerait pas la diminution de la dignite de la Serbie corame Iiltat ind^- pendant. Malheureusement tous les efforts deployes par le Gouvernement Imperial dans cette direction resterent sans effet. Le Gouvernement austro- hoDgrois, apres s'etre d6rob6 k toute intervention conciliatiice des Puissances dans son conflit avec la Serbie, pioceda a la mobilisation, declara officielle- ment la guerre a la Serbie, et le jour suivant Belgrade fut bom- bardee. Le manifeste qui a accompagne la declaration de guerre accuse ouvertement la Serbie d'avoir prepare et exe- cute le crime de Sera'iewo. Une pareille accusation d'un crime de droit commun lanc6e centre tout un peuple et tout lui £tat attira a la Serbie par son inanite evidente les larges sympathies des cercles de la societe europeenne. A la suite de cette maniere d'agir du Gouvernement austro- liongrois, malgre la declaration de la Russie qu'elle ne pourrait rester indifferente au sort de la Serbie, le Gouvernement Imperial jugea necessaire d'or- donner la mobilisation des cir- coiiscriptions militaires de Kiew, d'Odessa, de Moscouetde Kazan. Une telle decision s'imposait parce que depuis la date de la remise de la note austro-iion- groise au Gouvernement serbe et les premieres demarches de not remain indifferent, while not desisting from doing her utmost to find a peaceful issue which might prove acceptable to Aus- tria, and spare the latter's self- respect as a Great Power. At the same time Russia let it be clearly understood that she could accept a peaceful settlement of the question only so far as it involved no humilia- tion of Servia as an independent State. Unhappily all the efforts of the Russian Government to this end were fmitless. The Austro-Hungarian Government, which had shunned any attempt at conciliatory intervention by the Powers in the Austrian dispute with Servia, proceeded to mobilise and declared war ofiicially against Servia, and the following day Belgrade was bombarded. The manifesto which accompanied the de- claration of war openly accuses Servia of having prepared and carried out the crime of Sei'a- jevo. Such an accusation of a crime at common law, launched against a whole j)eople and a whole State, aroused, by its evident inanity, widespread sympathy for Servia throughout all classes of European society. In consequence of this beha- viour of the Austro-Hungarian Government, in spite of Russia's declaration that she coiild not remain indifferent to the fate of Sei-via, the Russian Government considered it necessary to order mobilisation in the military dis- tricts of Kieff, Odessa, Moscow, and Kazan. This decision was rendered necessary by the fact that since the date when the Austro - Hinigarian note Avas communicated to the Servian Government, and since the first 57 la Russie cinq jours s'etaient econl^s, et cependantle Cabinet de Vienne n'avait fait ancun pas pour aller au-devant de nos efforts pacifiques ; an contraire, la mobilisation de la inoitie de I'armee aiistro-hongroise avait ete d^cretee. Le Gouvernement allemand fut mis au conrant des mesiu-es prises par la Russie; il lui fut en meme temps explique qu'elles n'etaient que la conse- quence . des armements au- trichiens et nullenient dirigees contre I'Allemague. En meme temps, le Gouvernement Impe- riel declara que la Russie etait prete a contiuuer les pourparlers en vue d'une solution pacifique du conflit, soit par la voie de neg-ociatious directes avec le Cabinet de Vienne, soit, en suivant la proposition de la Grande-Bretagne, par la voie d'une conference des quatre Grandes Puissances non inte- ressees directement, voire, I'Angleterre, la France, I'Alle- magiie et I'ltalie. Cependant cette tentative de la Russie eclioua egalement. L'Autriche-Hongrie ddclina un echange de vues ulterieur avec nous, et le Cabinet de Vienne se deroba a la participation a la conference des Puissances pro- jetee. Neaiimoins, la Russie ne dis- continua pas ses efforts en faveur de la paix. Repondant a la question de I'Ambassadeur d'Allemagne, a queiles _ con- ditions nous coiisentirious encore a suspendre nos armements, le Ministre des Aiiiiires iStrangeres declara que ces conditions 8e- raient la reconnaissance par I'Autriche-Hongi-ie que la ques- tion austro-serbe avait revetu le cai-act6re d'une question euro- p6enne, et la declaration de steps taken by Russia, five days had elapsed, and yet the V^ienna Cabinet bad not taken one step to meet Russia half- way in her efforts towards peace. Indeed, quite the contrary ; for the mobilisation of half of the Austro - Hungarian army had been ordered. The German Government were kept infonned of the steps taken by Russia. At the same time it was explained to them that these steps were only the result of the Austrian prepara- tions, and that they were not in any way aimed at Germany. Simultaneously, the ' Russian Governmentdeclared that Russia was ready to continue discus- sions with a view to a peaceful settlement of the dispute, either in the form of direct negotiations with Vienna or, as suggested by Great Britain, in the form of a conference of the fom- Great PoAvers not directly interested, that is to say, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. This attempt on the part of Russia was, howevei-, equally unsuccessful. Austria-Hungary declined a further exchange of views with Russia, and the Vienna Cabinet was unwilHng to join the proposed conference of the Powers. Nevertheless Russia did not abandon her efforts for peace. When questioned by the Ger- man Ambassador as to the con- ditions on which we would still agree to suspend our prepara- tions, tlie Minister for Foreign Affairs declared that these con- ditions were Austria's recogni- tion that the Austro-Serbian question had assmned a Euro- pean character, anda declaration by her that she agreed not to insist upon such of her demands 58 cette meme Puissance qu'elle consentait a ne pas insister eur des demaiides incorapatibles avec les droits souverains de la Serbie. La proposition de la Russie f'ut jugee par I'Allemagne inac- ■ceptable pour rAutiiche-Hon- grie. Simultan6ment on recjut A Saint-Petersbourg la nouvelle de la proclamation de la mobili- sation g(5nerale par I'Autriche- Hongrie. En meme temps les hostilitds continuaieut sur le territoire serbe et Belgi'ade fnt bombardee derechef. L'insucces de nos propositions pacifiques nous obligea d'elargir les mesures de precaution mili- taires. Le Cabinet de Berlin nous ayant adresse une question k ce stijet, il lui fut repondu que la Russie etait forcee de com- mencer ses armements pour se premunir contre toutes eventu- •alites. Tout en prenant cette mesure de precaution, la Russie n'en dis- •continuait pas moins de reclier- •cber de toutes ses forces une issue de cette situation et de- ■clava etre prete a accepter tout moyeu de solution du conflit qui ■comporterait I'observation des •conditions posees par nous. Malgre cette communication conciliante, le Gouvernement allemand, le 18 (31) juillet, adressa au Gouvernement russe la demande d'avoir a suspendre ses mesui'es railitaires a midi du 19 juillet (l"aoiit), en mena9ant, dans le cas contraire, de pro- •ceder a une mobilisation gene- rale. Le lendemain, 19 juillet (l" aout), I'Ambassadeur d'Alle- magne transmit au Ministre des Affaires fitraug^res, au nom de as were incompatible with the sovereign rights of Servia. Germany considered this Rus- sian proposal unacceptable to Austria-Hungary. At that very moment news of the proclama- tion of general mobilisation by Austria -Hungary reached St. Petersburg. All this time hostilities were continuing on Servian territory, and Belgrade was bombarded afi'esh. The failure of our proposals for peace compelled us to extend the scope of our pre- cautionary military measures. The Berlin Cabinet questioned us on this, and we replied that Russia was compelled to begin preparations so as to be ready for every emergency. But while taking this pre- cautionary step, Russia did not on that account abandon her strenuous efforts to find some solution of the situation, and she announced that she was ready to accept any proposed settlement of the problem that might be put forward, provided it complied with the conditions laid down by her. Li spite of this conciliatory commimication, the German Government on the 18th (31st) July demanded of the Russian Government that tliey should suspend their military measures by midday on the 19th July (1st August), and threatened, should they fail to comply, to proceed to general mobilisation. On the following day, the 19th July (1st August), the German Ambassador, on behalf of his Government, forwarded a decla- JH 59 son Gouvernemeiit, la declara- tion de guen-e. ration of war to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. No. 78. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Russian Representatives Abroad. St. Petersburg, July 20 (August 2;, 1914. (Telegramme.) Il est absolument clair que TAllemagne s'eiforce des a pre- sent de rejeter sur nous la responsabilit6 de la rupture. Notre mobilisation a et*^ provo- quee par Fenorme responsabilite que nous aurions assumee, si nous n'avions pas pris toutes les mesures de precaution a un mo- ment oil I'Autriche, se bornant a des pourparlers d'un caract^re dilatoire, borabardait Belgrade et procedait a une mobilisation gtincrale. Sa Majeste I'Empereur s'etait engage vis-a-vis de I'Empereur d'AUemagne par sa parole a n'entreprendre aucuu acte agressif taut que dureraient les pourparlers avec I'Autriche. Apr6s une telle garantie et apres toutes les preuves de I'amour de la Eussie pour la paix, I'AlIe- magne ne pouvait ni avait le droit de douter de notre decla- ration que nous accepterions avec joie toute issue pacifique compatible avec la dignite et I'independance de la Serbie. Une autre issue, tout en etant completement incompatible avec notre propre dignite, aurait certainement ^branle I'equilibre europeen, en assurant I'hege- monie de I'Allemagne. Ce ca- ract^re ein-opeen, voire mondial, du confiit est infiniment plus important que le pretexte qui I'a cree. Par sa decision de (Translation.) (Telegram.) It is quite evident that Ger- many is now doing her utmost to foist upon us the responsi- bility for the rupture. We were forced to mobiHse by the immense responsibility which would have fallen upon our shoulders if we had not taken all possible precautionary mea- sures at a time when Austria, while confining herself to dis- cussions of a dilatory nature, was bombarding Belgrade and was undertaking general mobi- lisation. The Emperor of Russia had promised the German Emperor that he would take no aggi'es- sive action as long as the discussions with Austria con- tinued. With such a guarantee, and after so many proofs of Russia's desire for peace, Ger- many neither could, nor had the right to, doubt our declara- tion that we would joyfully accept any peaceful settlement compatible with the dignity and independence of Servia. Any other solution, besides being entirely incompatible with our own dignity, would assuredly have upset the Euro- pean balance of power by securing the hegemony of Ger- many. The European — nay, the world-wide— character of this dispute is infinitely more important than the pretext from which it springs. By 60 nous declarer la guerre a un moment ou se poiusuivaieut les negociatious entre les Puis- sances, l-Allemagne a assum^ une lourde responsabilite. (Sign6) SAZONOW. her decision to declare war upon us, at a moment when negotiations were in progress between the Powers, Germany has assumed a heavy respou- sibuitv. ^ No. 79. 1914, at 6 p.j/'""''*'^'^/'"- Foreign Affarrs on July 24 {August 6) (Translation.) On the instructions of his Government, the undersigned the Austro-Hungarian Ambas- sador, has the honour to inform his Excellency the Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs as lollows : — DORDRE de son Gouvenie- men^ le soussigu^ Amba^sadeur dAutriche-Hongrie a I'honneur de notifier a son Excellence M le Ministre des Aifaires I^tran- geres de Russie ce qui suit : " Vu ] 'attitude menagante prise par la Russie dans le con- flit entre la Monarchie austro- hongroise et la Serbieet en presence du fait qu'en suite de Jn view of the threatening attitude adopted by Russia in the conflict between the Austro- Hungariau Monarchy and ce conflit fa Russi; dWr ''!c ^"^V ^"^^ °^ ^'^^ ^^^^ «^^^t, s---^ du^^ET stei.:sin c=;ts; Berlin a cru devoir ouvrir les hostihtes contre I'Ailemagne et que celle-ci se trouve par conse- quent en etat de guerre avecla- dite Puissance, I'Autriche-Hon- gne se considere egalement en etat de guerre avec la Russie k partir du present moment." (Signe) SZAPARY, iias seen fat, as a result of that conflict, to open hostiHties against Germany; and whereas brermany is consequently at war with Russia; Austria-fiungary therefore considers herself also at war with Russia from the present moment." i '■m r % r' -^■■ '^s Book is ""^^ ANo ^""^ ^O sot/ ''"E- ThI V^^JSN MAY 27 1943 ■«■' ; ■<• ! i I 1 1 1 mi^L. >. *^^^^^^^ L J *c::^ "T "' Jf ;rT". : -;tv!»*'*^" ^ 277VV8 r¥ ■3- UNIVERSITY OF CAI.IFORNIA UBRARY