LIBRARY OF THt UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class uocumeM^ ■1#'^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/abstractofforeigOOgrearich H ^ ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). FIRST ANNUAL ABSTRACT OF TOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. 1898-99. ^rwenteU to parliament tg Commanlr of fl^er iHajwtg. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, By darling & SON, Ltd., 1-3, Geeat St. Thomas Apostle, E.O. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, EAST Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.G., and 32, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W, ; or JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, Edinburgh, and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow ; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., LIMITED, 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. [C— 9442.] PHce U. 1899. SALE OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. The under-mentioned Firms have been appointed sole Agents for the sale of Government Publications, including Parliamentary Reports and Papers, Acts of Parliament, Record Office Publications, &c.. &c., and all such works can be purchased from them either directly or through retail booksellers, who are entitled to a discount of 25 per cent, from the selling prices : — IN ENGLAND :— For all publications excepting Ordnance and Geological Maps, the Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty, and Patent Office Publications : — Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, E.G. For Geological Maps : — Mr. E. Stanford, Cockspur Street, S.W. For Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty : — Mr. J. D. Potter, 31, Poultry, B.C. Patent Office Publications are sold at the Patent Office. For all Publications excepting the Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty and Patent Office Publications : — IN SCOTLAND :— Messrs. John Menzies & Co., 12, Hanover Street, Edinburgh, and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow. IN IRELAND :— Messrs. Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Limited, 104, Grafton Street, Dublin. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAPS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND :— There are Agents for the sale of these Maps in most of the chief towns. Copies can also be ordered at many Head Post Offices, and through any Bookseller, or from the Director-General Ordnance Survey, Southampton ; or, in the case of Ireland, from the Officer in Charge Ordnance Survey, Dublin. The following is a list of some of the more important Parliamentary and Official Publications recently issued : — Parliamentary : Statutes — Public General, Session 1899. With Index, Tables, &c. Cloth. Price 3s. Second Revised Edition. By authority. A.D. 1235-1713 to A.D. 1872-1880. XIY. Yols. Price 76'. 6d. each. Revised Editions. Tables showing subsequent Repeals, effected by Acts of Session 61 & 62 Vict. 1898. Price Qd. Statutes in Force. Index to. 14th Edition. To end of 61 & 62 Vict. 2 Vols. Price 10s. 6d. The Statutory Rules and Orders revised. Statutory Rules and Orders, other than those of a Local, Personal, or Temporary Character, issued prior to 1890, and now in force. Vols. I. to VIII. Price 10s. each. Statutory Rules and Orders other than those of a Local, Personal, or Temporary Character. With a List of the more important Statutory Orders of a Local Character arranged in classes : and an Index. Roy. 8vo. Boards. Issued in the years 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898. Price 10s. each. Statutory Rides and Orders in force on 1st January 1893. Index to. Price 10s. Statutory Rides and Orders^ 1899. Registered under the Rules Pablication Act, 1893. In course of issue. Acts of Parliament, Public and Local and Private, Session 1899. In course of issue. [C. 9509.] Dangerous Trades. Fifth and Final Report of Departmental Committee. Price 5d. [C. 9526.] Lead Compounds in Pottery in France. Report on. Price 2^d. [C. 9379.] Liquor Licensing Laws. Reports of Royal Commissioners on. Price 3s. M. [C. 9528.] Local Taxation. Royal Commission. Memorandum chiefly relating to the Classification and Incidence of Imperial and Local Taxes. Price 2s. [C. 9485.] Railway Accidents (U.K.). General Report. 1898. Price did. [0. 9457.J Railways (U.K.). General Report in regard to Share and Loan Capital. 1898. ^ ^ FriceUd- [0. 9506.] Samoa. Joint Commission on. Correspondence and Report of the. Price 3^/. [C. 9359.] Science and Art Directory. Revised to July, 1899. Price Qd. [0. 9182.] Statistical Abstract for Foreign Countries. Years 1887 to 1896-7. 25th No. Price Is. 6d. [0. 9458.] Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom. Years 1884 to 1898. Price la. Id. Mines. Reports of H.M. Inspectors for 1898, with Summaries of the Statistical portion under the provisions of the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1887 ; Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts, 1872-1875 ; Slate Mines (Gunpowder) Act, 1882, Districts Nos. 1 to 13. Set complete. Price 7s. Id. Mines in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. List of, for 1898. Price 3s. Quarries. Ditto. ditto. ditto. 1898. Price 3s. Sd. Mines Abandoned. List of the Plans of. Corrected to 31st December 1898. Price lOc^. ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). FIRST ANNUAL ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. 1898-99. ^regentetr to ^Parliament tjg Commantr of i^er iWajestg. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTTS STATIONERY OFFICE, By darling & SON, Ltd., 1-3, Great St. Thomas Apostle, E.G. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.G., and 32, ABINGDON Street, Westminster, S.W. ; or JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, EDINBURGH, and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow ; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., LIMITED, 104, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. [C— 9442.] Price Sd. 1899. u »♦«»**• ,^ CONTENTS Page Introduction ... vii Statistical Tables (for detailed List see pp. iii. to vi.) 1 Subject Index to Tables 145 Ill LIST OF TABLES IN ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. No. of Table. Page /Annual Wages of Labourers engaged L BUSSIAN EMPIBK-AaRICULTURALl ^V^^ ^''^''' ^""i P^'l?" ^^ages of T A TinTtn < Labourers engaged by the Day. with i^BOUB. 1 Limits of Fluctuations of Daily V^ Wages 1 r Daily Earnings of Timber Raftsmen, 7. „ Copenhagen . . . . ] per Week for " Tiece- workers) in 2. Norway.— TIMBER AND WOOD Trades j and Workmen in Wood Pulp and f. Cellulose Factories 3 3. Sweden. — Certain Groups of ( Weekly Earnings of Skilled and Un- Trades. \ skilled Workmen and Workwomen . . 4 ! Yearly Wages, Value of Yearly Wages in Kind and Money : Wages paid for a Days Work 6 5. „ Bakers Annual Earnings 7 6. Denmark.— Government Workmen Daily Earnings 8 ( Earnings (per Day ior Time-workers, per Week for " certain Trades 8. German Empire.— Seamen . . . . Monthly Rates 11 9. „ DAY LABOURERS.. Current Rates 12 ^^' " ^^^^5^^!^^"^^} Earnings per Day Worked .. ..13 11- „ Prussia.— Miners Annual Earnings 14 12. „ „ „ Annual Earnings in each District .. 15 13. „ WURTBMBURG .. 1^^^°^?^^ P®^ ^^^ Worked in certain STATE RAILWAYS JY^-^^ly^^^i^^^ 17 15. „ BADEN .. .. Weekly Earnings in Factories ,. ..18 ^^- " ^^^^^-"^^^^^j Earnings in Year, and per Day Worked 20 IT ATTmsjA ji Earnings for a Day's Work in Certain *'• " ALTONA .. ..| Trades 20 18. „ MANNHEIM ( Weekly Earnings in Certain Establish- (Baden). t ments 23 19. Holland.— QovERMENT CONTRACTS.. Hourly Wages 24' 20. Belgium.— Industrial Centres .. Daily Earnings 25 21. „ Minimum rates . . . \ Minimum Wages required to be Paid (on Public Contracts 36 22. FRANCE.-GENERAL SUMMARY . . . . { ^f °^°^^ P^"" ^^^ Worked, and during ^ 23. „ Various OCCUPATIONS .. Hourly Earnings 40 TDaily Wages of Day Labourers and 24. „ AGRICULTURAL LABOUR ..< Market Gardeners, and Yearly Wages I of Farm Servants 46 25. „ Coalmines Daily and Yearly Earnings .. ..47 26. „ (GOVERNMENT) MATCH ) tt^„,,^ t,„^„.„„^ .q FACTORIES. I Hourly Earnings 48 27. „ (GOVERNMENT) TOBACCO ( rr^„^, tj,„^„.„„ .^ Factories. j Hourly Earnings 48 _ (Monthly Earnings (by the Month) and 28. „ RAILWAYS . : . . . . ] Hourly Earnings (by the Day or ( Hour, or on Piece-wage) . . . . 49 29. SWITZERLAND | ^^ily Earnings in Principjil Trades in ( First Factory Inspection District . . 50 939—1500—11/98 Wt. 16387 D&S 1 a 105739 IV LIST OP TABLES. No. of Table. 30. Italy.— Mines 31. „ Silk MANUFACTURE .. 32. Austria-Hungary.— AUSTRIAN mines Wages — continued. .. Daily Earnings of Miners.. „ „ of Workpeople Daily Earnings 33. 35. 36. 37. AustrianBlast- furnaces. Eeichenberg District (Northern Bohemia). Austrian (Go- vernment) Tobacco Fac- tories BrOnn via), nee Works Weekly (Mora-') Engi- f R I N Gf S. ) Yearly Hourly Hungarian Ag-i RICUL T u R A L > Daily Wages Labour. ) Page . 53 . 53 . 54 . 54 . 56 58 58 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 48. 47. 48. United States.— Railways Agricultural BOUR. Hourly Earnings LA- \ Wages per Month (by Year or Season) ) in different Parts 61 ("Wages per Month (by Year or Season), \ Day Wages (in Harvest), Day Wages Principal Cities . New York State. Massachusetts . Connecticut.— Ba- kers. Connecticut. Prin- cipal Trades. ( for Ordinary Transient Service Daily Wages in certain Occupations . . ( Wages per Day in certain Occupations I in Principal Cities Yearly Earnings Weekly „ Earnings for a Full Week's Work Weekly Wages Yearly and Hourly Earnings 89 Norway.— Book Printers 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 5o. 56. 57- 58. Sweden.— BAKERS „ Certain Trades .. Denmark.— GOVERNMENT workmen „ Copenhagen German Empire.— Bakers and Con- fectioners. Hours of Labour. (Length of Working Day in Vestland . . ] and Nordenf jeld Factory Inspection ( District .. .. Weekly Working Hours .. Length of Working Day Prussia.— MINERS. „ State ] railways. j Hamburg.— Docks „ Cologne District.— Factories. Holland.— Factories and work- shops (1888-89). „ Factories and Work- shops (1895-96). „ Government Contracts. Belgium.— Industrial Centres France.— Various Trades Coal Miners Switzerland.— Factories Italy.— Silk Manufacture . . Daily Hours . . Length of Shift Length of Working Day Hours of Employment, and of Actual Work . . . . * Length of Working Week Length of Working Day 90 94 97 100 102 104 105 107 111 112 113 LIST OF TABLES. No. of Taljle. Hours, of LdLbOVLT^oimtinued. Pftge 67. UNITED STATES.-NBWYOEK STATE .. {^^^^^^iel '!'"''^'!'^ '^l""" !^ ^''!^"'''^] 113 70. Weekly Hours NEW York State. Bakers. CONNBcncDr.— BAKERS Daily Hours Prin- cipal Trades. Length of Working Week 115 115 116 Trade Disputes. ! Number of Disputes, and of Work- people who took part, find Duration in Working Days 72. German 73. EMPIRE. — Grouped Trades. Grouped Results. 74. 75. 76. France.— Grouped by Trades 117 BYCNunaber of Disputes, and of Work- ( people who took part 118 {Percentage of Disputes with Results in Favour of Workpeople, of Em- ployers, Compromised, Unsettled, or Unknown 118 Bavaria.— Number (Number of Disputes, and of Work- AND RESULTS. ( people who took part, and Results.. 119 BAVARIA. — ( Number of Disputes, and of Work- GROUPED by TRADBS. ( people who took part, by Trades . . 119 (Number of Disputes, and of Work- ( people who took part, by Trades . . 120 77. 78. 79. DURATION ( Duration of Disputes in Working Days, \ by Trades 120 {Number of Workpeople who took part in Disputes, classified according to Causes or Objects 121 ( Percentage of Workpeople who took ■D-c-cTTTTu J 2^^* i° Disputes with Results in KEbULiib \ t'avour of Workpeople, of Em- ( ployers. Compromised, or Unknown 121 ( Number of Strikes, and Number of 80. ITALY.— Grouped by Trades ( Workpeople affected, by Trades 122 81. 82. CAUSES RESULTS 84. Austria.— Grouped by Trades ■nnRATTON (Duration of Strikes in Working Days, DURATION I by Trades 123 {Number of Workpeople who took part in Strikes, classified according tq Principal Causes or Objects .. .. 123 {Percentage of Workpeople who took part in Strikes with Results in Favour of Workpeople.of Employers, Compromised, or Unknown .. ..123 Number of Industrial Strikes, and of Workpeople who took part, by Trades 124 (Duration of Industrial Strikes in { Working Days 1^4 S Number of Workpeople who took part in Industrial Strikes, classified ac- cording to Objects 125 r Percentage of Strikers in Industrial ) Strikes with Results in Favour of ■) Workpeople, of Employers, Com- V, promised, or Unknown 125 88. UNITED STATES.— NUMBER AND llE- J Number of Disputes, and of Work- SULTS. A 85. 87, DURATION OBJECTS RESULTS 80. 90. 91. 92. DURATION CAUSES GROUPED TRADES. grouped by States. ( people who took part, and Results . . 126 ! Number of Establishments in which . Disputes took place, and Average Duration 127 {Number of Establishments in which Disputes took place, classified ac- cording to Principal Causes or Objects 127 (Number of Workpeople, and of Estab- lishments affected by Disputes, and Average Duration, by Trades .. 127 (Number of Workpeople affected by t Disputes, by States and Territories. . 128 VI LIST OF TABLES. No. of Table. Page Co-operative Societies. 93. German Empire. — Number and ) Nature op \ Number of Societies of each Class . . 130 Societies. ) 94. „ Associations FOR C Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit, and Distribution (Schulze- \ other Particulars relating to Associa- Delitzsch). ( tions 130 QK rvrnTiiT AcennTA (Membership, Capital, Business, Profit, ^^' 'koNS(acHULlE-DEtms?H):| T£o Time to he Losf) of BAKERS (including Foremen and Apprentices) of both Sexes and all Ages in Sweden, in 1897. Workpeople, whose Earnings for a Full Year's Work, exclusive of Overtime and assuming them to lose nothing by short time or unemploy- ment, were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Earnings for a Full Year's Work. Male. Female. Number Percentage Number Percentage Per cent. i Per cent. Under 470 kronor (£26 2s. U.) 36 1-7 143 i 23-S 470, but under 600 kronor (£26 2s. 3 2 9J ■ • •• Painters 4 5i ( 3 4 27 9 25 7 ) •• •• •• Glaziers ] to ( 3 Ik to [ 26 8 j •• •• details defective. •• Metal, Engineering, AND Shipbuilding Trades. Pattern-making . . 3 7i 16to33p.e. over time- •• •• •• Iron foundries and ma- 3 6 wages. 26 8 2 9i .. .. chine-making. Smiths (heavy work) 3 4 not stated not stated ., Smiths (light work) 3 U 26 8 2 9: Braziers 4 3 not stated 2 11 .^ Coppersmiths 3 8A not stated 2 9; .. Tinplate workers (in 3 8| 27 9 2 l\ 21 "l 1 41 factories). Stove fitters 5 6| details defective. r 18 11 i 2 9i •• Filecntters •• I 20 % j 2 Hi •v •• Telephone work . . 3 lOf 3 4 .. ,. ., Instrument making 3 8 24" *5 not stated .. not stated Gold and silversmiths , . 3 lOf details defective. ( 20 ) •• details defective. •■ Clock and watch makers not stated I .% 1 •• .. •• •• Sail, flag, and compass making. Ship carpenters 3 8^ .. .. 3 61 27 9 .. ., .. ^~ Ship joiners 3 4 25 7 2 7 •• •• Textile Trades. r 8 11 ) Hand-knitting workshops .. .. .. .. 1 6 ..^ and machine-knitting ( 11 1 ) factories. Dyeing 2 Hi .. 2 9i . 1 8 ,. Kope-making 3 4 •• 2 7 •• 1 4 •• Clothing Trades. Garment-making (fac- tories). Trimmings manufacture. . not stated 1 4 10 3 8i 22 3 1 1 5J not stated Glove-making 22 3 1 11 1 Straw hat making . . not stated 30 not stated .. not stated not stutel Seamstresses (in work- 2 21 13 4 shops). (a) Compiled from a Report pubhshed by the Municipality of Copenhagen (ArbiidslUnneni KJObenhavmi Aaret 1892), 10 DENMARK : WAGES. WAGES AT CO'P^'NEAa'KlSf—oo'ttumed. Table 7.— Estimated Average Earnings ( per Day fur Time-worTters and per Week for Plece-worTiet-s') of Workmen (iiot includimf Foremen^ or Leadimj Hands ^ or Lads) and Workwomen employed in certain Trades at Copenhagen, in 1892 — cont'mued. MEN. WOMEN. 1 Trade. SKILLED Workmen. ! Labourers. 1 Wages of 1 Earnings Wage of Time- Earniups of Piece- 1 ! Wages of Time- Earnings of Piece- Time- workers per Bay. of Piece- workers per Week. workers workers workers workers per Pay. per Week. per Day. per Week. 6-. d. 6-. d. i<. d. s. d. a. d. s. d. PRINTING AND ALLIED Trades. Printing (book) not stated 23 4 not stated not stated 1 i not stated Bookbinding 3 4 WOODWORKING AND Furnishing Trades. Sawmills and Tnapnliine 4 1 .. 2 11^ .. .. ]omery. Coopering 3 8i details defective. not stated •• Wood turners not stated ,^ _, ,, (22 3 ) Turners (fine work) not stated 23 4 1 n 8 11 Cabinet makers 3 4 20 not stated Upholsterers 4 5k 26 8 3 If \\ not stated Cork cutting not stated not stated 2 7 1 6 10"7 Coach and cart building . . 3 4 not stated •• not stated ■-• Chemical Trades. 17 9 ) 8 11 Match making 3 4(a) to 20 0(a) 3 •• 1 8 to ( 9 5 Pottery, &o. Trades, (20 ) Pottery 3 4 If"! i not stated •• •• Terra-cotta manufacture 5 6J 3 4 1 lU 13 4 Porcelain manufacture . . 27 9 2l"l 13 4 Food and tobacco TRADES. Milling 3 ^ 3 l| 3 4 .. Baking.. .... .. ■ .. Confectionery m a n u - 1 8(6) .. ., • • faeture. Butchers 3 8i .. Brewing 3 5 not stated not stated about U 1 Brandy distilling . . 2 9^ Sugar refining 3" '6(c) •• about 3 Of details defective. l""9i details defective. Mineral water manu- 2 9i not stated 1 8 facture. Cigar and tobacco manu- facture. not stated 20 2 91 1 51 13 4 WORK in Fibre, cane, ETC. Basket making 2 9i 15 7 2 6 .. Brush making 3 4 about 20 2 11^ 17" *9 details defective. about 10 Leather and Fur Trades. Tanners 3 4 24 5 2 9i .. .. Furriers 4 1 22 3 •• •• about 1 61 OTHER TRADES. Market gardening .. 2 7(d) 2 2i .. not stated .. Chimney sweeps . . 3 4 •• •• •• Municipal Employees. ( 26 8 ) Gasworks not stated 31 1 not stated 1 ^% 1 •• (a) Factory workers, (c) Machine workers. (h) Also receive free board and lodging, (d) Young workmen. 11 WAGES IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. WAGES OF SEAMEN.(«) Table 8. — Number of Engagements of Able Seamen in each of the Maritime Districts of the G-erman Empire, and Monthly Rates of Money Wages (^Foud he'uig provided by the Ovomrs of the Vesisels) of such Seamen. Baltic District. North Sea District. Both Districts together. Year. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. 1883 4,282 s, d. 45 7 9,316 .V. d. 48 9 13,598 47 9 1884 4,190 45 9,911 48 9 14,101 47 7 1885 4,123 42 2 8,824 48 8 12,947 46 8 1886 3,722 39 10 9,597 47 13,319 45 1887 3,630 39 1 9,819 46 3 13,449 44 4 1888 3,620 41 6 10,159 48 4 13,779 46 6 1889 3,703 45 1 11,156 56 9 14,859 53 10 1890 3,945 49 3 11,852 b% 11 15,797 56 6 1891 4,008 49 7 12,255 59 2 16,263 56 10 1892 3,494 49 12,470 57 .3 15,964 55 6 1893 3,476 47 1 12,778 55 6 16,254 53 8 1894 3,290 46 8 12,959 52 4 16,255 51 2 1895 3,225 46 9 14,650 52 6 17,875 51 6 1896 3,320 47 2 14,201 52 9 17,521 51 9 1897 3,454 48 6 14,790 55 3 18,244 54 Qi^ Compiled from Virrfeljahrsftefte zur Statlstik des Deutsolieii IteicJis, published by the German Imperial Statistical Office. 12 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES, WAGES OF DAY LABOURERS.(«) Table 9.— Current Rates of Wages of Ordinary Day Labourers in certain Principal Towns in the German Empire, as at December 10 1897. Daily Wages of Population (Census of Town. Dec. 2, 1895). Men. 1 Boys (14 to 16). Women. Girls (14 to 16). s. d. s. d. s. d. K d. Berlin 1,677.304 2 8 1 4 1 6 1 Hamburg 625,552 3 1 2 1 Munich 407,307 2 6 1 1 1 8 1 Leipsic 399,963 2 10 1 4 10 Breslau 373,163 2 1 1 1 10 Dresden 336,440 2 6 1 6 1 6 1 Cologne 321,564 2 6 1 6 1 6 10 Frankfort (on the Main). Magdeburg 229,279 2 6 1 5 1 10 1 214,424 2 1 2 1 5 1 Hanover 209,535 2 5 1 2 1 6 1 Diisseldorf 175,985 2 5 1 2 1 6 10 Konigsberg 172,796 2 1 1 5 Nuremberg 162,386 2 2 1 4 1 5 11 Chemnitz 161,015 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 Stuttgart 158,321 2 8 1 4 1 6 1 Altona 148,944 3 1 2 1 Bremen 141,133 3 1 3 1 9 1 Stettin 140,724 2 3 1 1 7 Elberfeld 139,332 2 5 1 1 6 10 Strassburg 135,608 2 2 1 1 2 8 Charlottenburg 132,377 2 6 1 1 6 9 Barmen 126,992 2 5 1 1 6 10 Danzig 125,605 1 10 8 1 3 7 Halle 116,304 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Brunswick 115,138 2 2 1 1 6 1 Dortmund 111,233 2 1 2 1 5 10 Aix-la-Chapelle 110,551 2 1 1 1 1 5 10 Crefeld 107,245 1 2 5 1 2 1 6 1 Mannheim 97,780 2 8 1 6 1 8 1 Essen 96,128 2 5 1 2 1 6 10 Kiel 85,666 2 8 1 1 7 10 Carlsruhe 84,030 2 4 1 1 5 8 Miilhausen 82,986 (&) 2 2 (J) 1 2 (J) 1 10(0 I 0(0 Augsburg 81,903 1 10 1 1 4 1 Cassel 81,752 2 2 1 2 1 4 1 Erfurt 78,174 2 11 1 2 10 Mainz 76,946 (c) 2 6(0 I 5(0 1 5(0 1 0(0 Wiesbaden 74,133 2 5 1 2 1 7 1 Posen 73,229 1 7 9 ] 6 Duisburg 70,272 2 5 1 2 1 6 10 (a) Compiled from (1) Anhang zu Nr. 52 des Central-Blatts fiir das DeutscJie Beich, December 31, 1897, and (2) Statistisches Jalirhuch DeuUcher Stddfr. (V) The population is that of the town of Miilhausen, but the rates of wages are those for Miilhausen and a number of surrounding communes. (O The population is that of the town of Mainz, but the rates of wages are those for Mainz and a number of surrounding communes. GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. 13 WAGES ON STATE RAILWAYS IN PRUSSIA.(«) Table 10.— Average Earnings per Day Worked of certain Classes of Workpeople employed on the State Railways in Prussia. Average Earnings per Day Worked in Occupation. 1895-96. 1896-97. Male. s. d. *. d. Goods shed leading hands 2 8 2 8i Foreman shunters 2 8 2 9 Pointsmen and signalmen, cranemen, and bridge-keepers 2 If 2 2i Doorkeepers, and ticket collectors 2 H 2 4 Night watchmen 2 1 2 U Locomotive firemen 2 HCb) 2 6K&) Running-shed men 2 lOi 2 m Engine cleaners 2 5 2 5 Brakesmen 1 11(J) 1 iiKO Carriage and wagon examiners 2 111 3 05 Storekeepers 2 9| 2 9| Men attached to the General Management Staff and 2 6i 2 H Inspection Staff. Goods and luggage porters o 3 2 3 Workmen at electric lighting, power-generating stations and gasworks. Ferry boat staff, and ferry boat workmen 2 9 2 9| 2 6i 2 7i Permanent- way and ballast-pit-men 1 llf 2 Telegraphs maintenance workmen 3 3f 3 4 Workshops : — Leading hands 4 Of 4 U Fully-trained artisans— On time-wage 3 0(.) 3 lf(0 On piece-wage 3 ii-KO 4 0(0 Mechanics with artisan training— On time-wage 2 5K0 2 7(0 On piece-wage 3 6(^) 3 6kCo-) Other mechanics— On time-wage 2 4(^) 2 5(0 On piece-wage 3 21(0 3 3K0 Apprentices 1 Of 1 1 Other (subordinate) employees 2 8^ 2 9 («) Compiled from the oflBcial Report for 1896-97 of the Prussian State Railways (^Bericht ilher die Ergehnisse der Prcussischen StaaUeiseribahmii im. Betriehsjahro 1S96-97'). The figures in the table relate exclusively to Railway Servants not on the establishment. Oflficials on the establishment (civil ser- vants) receive fixed salaries, and, in addition, sums by way of contribution to their house-rent ; they are also entitled to pensions, if incapacitated, and after their death their families receive allowances on a fixed scale. (J) Exclusive of fixed extra payments (trip money, overtime pay, and lodging allowance) and premiums on economy in use of materials, &c. (^) In 1895-96 the total number of days worked by the classes of men in- dicated above on time-wage, was 2,498,002 ; on piece-wage, 8,351,717 ; in 1896-97 on time-wage, 2,667,024 ; on piece-wage, 8,260,543. 14 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES OP MINERS IN PRUSSIAX^) Table 11. — Average Annual Earnings (^Clear of Deductions for In- suraytce, ^r.) of Miners (^Adult Males') in Coal, Lignite, and Metal- liferous Mines in Prussia. Average Annual Earnings OF Miners (Adult Males). Year. L— Coal and Lignite Mines. Overmen and other Officials. Hewers and Trammers. Other Underground Workmen. Surface Workmen. 1888 £ s. d. 69 16 6 £ s. d. 41 3 2 & s. d. 35 15 8 & s. d. 34 2 8 1889 73 11 3 45 9 6 38 15 11 36 10 2 1890 79 14 7 52 6 8 43 11 4 40 7 1891 80 14 6 53 17 1 44 4 1 40 18 11 1892 81 18 7 50 1 9 39 18 9 39 11 8 1893 81 9 5 48 2 38 17 2 38 14 10 1894 82 9 2 48 13 4 39 6 9 38 17 2 1895 83 8 9 49 6 2 39 16 6 39 5 9 1896 85 8 7 52 8 11 41 14 5 40 11 11 1897 87 10 4 1 56 14 5 44 7 4 42 8 8 II.— Metalliferous Mines. 1888 U, s. d. 51 8 2 (ft) & s. d. 33 9 7(&) & s. 38 d. 2(&) £ s. d. 23 15 3 (i) 1889 58 11 2 35 11 8 36 7 9 29 4 1890 60 7 7 36 12 38 8 2 30 3 4 1891 62 7 35 6 8 37 17 1 30 7 5 1892 64 1 35 4 37 10 10 29 13 1893 63 18 1 33 13 11 34 18 1 29 7 11 1894 61 16 5 33 17 11 34 14 10 29 6 10 1895 64 19 1 33 12 6 34 6 8 29 5 10 1896 &Q 14 6 38 19 6 36 11 1 31 14 10 1897 67 4 9 41 12 1 39 8 33 11 5 (<7) Compiled from Zeitsehrift fiir das Berg- Iliitten- uiid Salinen-Wesen im Prems'isoheji Staate (1. Statistlsche Lieferunf)^ published by the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The earning-s are stated clear of all deductions for expenses falling on the miner (for accident, sickness, old-age and invalidity insurance, for sharpening tools, for materials, &c.), and without any addition in respect of benefits enjoyed by the workmen O'-*/., land, house-accom- madation, &c.). Male workmen of and over 16 years of age are alone referred to in the table. {h^ Oberharz district only. GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES OF MINERS IN PRUSSIA.C^) 15 ^PTable 12. — ^Number and Average Annual 'Eab.^I'SGB (^C'lmr of Bedn/^tions for Inswance, W etc.) of Miners in Coal, Lignite, and Metalliferous Mines in each of the Mining ■ Districts of Prussia, in 1897. Districts. Underground. Hewers and Trammers. (&) Other Under- ground Workmen. Surface. Men. Lads and Boys (under 16 Years). Women and Girls. Coal Mines. Upper Silesia : — Number Averagfe Annual Eaming-s Lower Silesia : — Number Average Annual Earnings Dortmund : — Number Average Annual Earnings Saarbrttcken (State Mines) : — Number ... Average Annual Earnings Aix-la-Chapelle : — Number Average Annual Earning? Lignite Mines. Halle :— Number Average Annual Earnings Metalliferous Mines. Harz (State Mines) : — Number Average Annual Earnings Siegen-Nassau : — Number Average Annual Earnings Other Rhenish Districts, Right Bank : — Number Average Annual Earnings Other Rhenish Districts, Left Bank :— Number Average Annual Earnings 33,234 £39 14 10,330 £42 9 88,930 &&& 8 20.497 £55 ' 1 5,381 £53 8 9,273 £46 9 1,627 £35 10 14,420 £43 11 3,249 £.39 11 1,521 £34 4 7,889 £.38 5 2,786 £41 45.327 £46 6 8,035 £41 18 1,4,50 £42 10 1,611 £39 13 444 £38 5 739 £42 6 285 £35 10 136 £35 9 11,128 £32 8 4,993 £35 9 31,159 £49 13 .5,129 £41 1,972 £42 12 14,150 £37 8 1,058 £26 18 .3,711 £36 2 1,364 £34 6 1,579 £31 8 456 £11 10 474 £14 17 5,624 £17 5 587 £12 6 355 £15 3 250 £20 1 236 £9 12 1,387 £18 9 282 £16 1 67 £13 12 3,669 £12 12 263 £19 4 18 £18 2 603 £21 12 424 £16 5 128 £14 13 84 £15 15 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote («) on p. 14, arde. The earnings are stated clear of all deductions for expenses falling on the miner (for accident, sickness, old-age and invalidity insurance, for sharpening tools, for materials, etc.), and without any addition in respect of benefits enjoyed by the workpeople (j'.g.^ land, house accom- modation, etc.). (ft.) The proportion of Hewers to Trammers in coal mines was : — 47*8 per cent. Hewers 62-2 per cent. Trammers in Upper Silesia ; 57'7 per cent. Hewers, 42*3 per cent. Trammers in Lower Silesia ; 74*2 per cent. Hewers, 25*8 per cent. Trammers in SaarbrUcken ; (in the other districts, not stated). 16 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES IN CERTAIN TRADES IN WURTEMBURG.OO Table 13.— Average Earnings per Day Worked of Workpeople employed in certain Industries in Wuetembubg. Chemical Trade. Tobacco Trade. 1 Sugar Manufacture. Year. Approximate Average Approximat e Average Approximate Average Mean Earnings Mean Earnings Mean Earnings No. of per Day No. of per Day No. of per Day Workpeople. Worked. Workpeople Worked. Workpeople. Worked. A% d. s. d. s. d. 1885 1886 509 2,094 2 3i 2 4 [ 2,310 1 3J ( 326 ) 683 If, 1887 2,176 2 41 2,007 1 41 735 2 4f 1888 2,409 2 5| 1,952 1 H 663 2 6 1889 2,449 2 7f 1,921 1 5f 712 2 6 1890 2,932 2 6 2,144 I H 735 2 6 1891 3,029 2 &\ 2,358 1 5i 840 2 6 1892 2,749 2 7 2,430 1 5| 791 2 7i 1893 2,778 2 6| 2,622 1 5f 676 2 lOJ 1894 * 2,912 2 1\ 2,705 1 6 718 2 9f 1895 2,966 2 1\ 2,906 1 5f 684 2 10| 1896 .3,105 2 8i 3,094 1 6 692 2 lOi Glass Manufacture. Tramways. Approximate Average Approximate Average Mean No. of Earnings per Mean No. of Earnings per Workpeople. Day Worked. Workpeople. Day Worked. .. d. s. d. 1885 20 2 \\\ 1886 , ... 113 2 10 1887 ... ... 177 2 9i 1888 ... ... 209 2 8| 1889 ... 280 2 4 1890 ... 337 2 4i 1891 ... ... 282 2 8A 1892 375 2 91 239 3 3| 1893 347 2 111 299 2 7^ 1894 388 2 8i 302 2 1\ 1895 350 2 71 331 2 1\ 1896 355 2 n 438 2 9 (a) Compiled from Wiirttemherglsclie Jahrliielierfur Statistik mid Landcslmnde, published by the Royal Statistical Office of Wurtemburg. The figures relate to factories subject to the Accident Insurance Laws. Workpeople of all ages are included. GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. 17 WAGES ON STATE RAILWAYS IN WURTEMBURG. 00 Table 14. — Average Yearly Earnings of certain Classes of Workpeople Employed on the State Railways in Wurtemburg. Occupation. Mean No. Em- ployed in 1895-96. Average Yearly Earnings. 1891-92. 1892-93. 1893-94. 1894-95. 1895-96. Permanent Way Department. Platelayers, level - crossing - keeper8(not on establishment), men in head stores depot and sleeper impregnation (creosot- ing, etc.) works. 2,334 & A-. d. 31 2 £ s, d. 31 5 10 £ *. d. 39 14 & s. d. 32 17 4 £ s, d. 31 17 Traffic Department. Outdoor Station Service. Waggon-number- takers, shunt- ers, couplers, ofl&ce messengers, cleaners, lampmen, night- watchmen, pointsmen and signalmen (not on establish- ment) and other daily wage servants at stations. 997 42 9 3 42 13 6 45 3 7 40 17 5 40 14 8 Goods, etc., Despatch Department. Men employed in goods and luggage, etc. despatch. 182 26 10 8 31 7 9 33 11 7 34 1 7 39 2 2 Train Staff (Guards, Brakesmen, etc.). Men of all classes (not on estab- lishment). 372 31 12 32 11 5 32 1 6 38 18 8 33 8 8 Train Preparation Service. Firemen (not on establishment) and other daily- wage men.(&) 696 38 18 6 37 7 42 9 11 46 2 4 47 19 8 Workshops. Turners Locksmiths and fitters Carpenters and joiners Ordinary day labourers 115 522 168 217 59 4 50 17 2 52 4 8 33 8 9 58 12 9 51 13 7 51 9 35 7 3j 57 17 10 51 5 3 51 14 11 32 19 1 59 8 2 53 7 8 54 12 7 35 5 11 59 10 4 54 11 11 ^5 10 2 38 10 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 16, ante. Workpeople of all ap[es are included. Where it is stated that certain classes of workpeople are not on the establishment, this implies that other persons in the same class are employed as qficials (civil servants). (^>) Including the following men in stations and station yards :— Occupation. firemen (not on establishment) Engine and carriage cleaners Mean No. Employed in 1895-96. Average Yearly Earnings. 1891-92. 1892-93. 1893-94. 1894-95. 1895-96 £ s. d. 44 8 1 36 16 2 £ s. d. 43 11 7 35 9 1 £ s. d. 47 14 9 34 12 6 £ s. d. 46 10 3 39 19 10 £ s. d. 47 15 6 41 4 3 18 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES IN Table 15.— Limits of the Weekly Earnings of the Workmen and Work- Factories Weekly Earnings. 0) Cotton Spinning (in 1896). (2) Cotton Weaving (in 189G). (3) Chemical Works (in 1896). (i) Joinery Works (in 1897). (5) Men. (Z6 years and over'). Number of Adult Workpeople whose Limits stated in 5*. and under ... ... 2 ... Over 5*. and up to 6*. ... ... 1 1 ... „ 6*. „ 8*. ... 33 2 3 7 „ 8*. „ 10*. ... 56 6 20 18 „ 10*. „ 12*. ... 134 10 56 33 „ 12*. „ 15*. .. 116 35 177 72 , 15*. „ 18*. ... 105 39 341 94 „ 18*. „ 21*. ... 34 8 405 91 „ 21*. „ 24*. ... 13 16 308 61 „ 24*. „ 27*. ... 6 1 126 33 „ 27*. „ 80*. ... ... ... 66 15 „ 30*. „ 35*. ... ... ... 30 10 Over 35* ... ... 7 10 Total Men 497 118 1,542 444 Women. (16 years and over'). 5*. and under 3 5 ... .. Over 5*. and up to 6*. ... 4 6 ... „ 6*. „ 8*. ... 18 40 ... „ 8*. „ 10*. ... 115 125 ... „ 10*. „ 12*. ... 76 239 ... „ 12*. „ 15*. ... 67 224 ... „ 15,y. „ 18*. ... 8 72 ... Over 18* ! 11 ... Total Women... ; 291 722 • (a) Compiled ivQva.Jahreshorlcht der Orossherzogllch Badischcn Fahrildnsjyection, to which the figures as to Chemical Works relate, 5 are establishments included in GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. 19 BADEN.OO WOMEN (^Exclmlve of Ajjjjrenticr.s and of Lad.s in Baden. and Girls) employed in certain Cigar Factories (in 1897). Paper Mills (in 1898). Wall-paper Factories (in 1898). Weekly Earnings. (6) (7) (8) 1 (9) Weekly E{irning-a were within the Columns 1 and 9. Men (^16 years and over'). 7 ... 10 5*. and under. 24 ... 13 Over 5*. and up to 6*. 61 ' 35 „ 6.9. „ 8*. 82 1 32 „ 8*. „ 10*. 124 20 41 „ 10*. „ 12*. 75 73 52 „ 12*. „ 15*. 20 57 62 „ 15*. „ 18*. 9 55 56 „ 18*. „ 21*. 3 18 47 „ 21*. „ 24*. 2 i 17 • 25 „ 24*. „ 27*. 1 1 ^ 5 7 „ 27*. „ 30*. 2 5 8 „ 30*. „ 35*. ... 3 Over 35*. 410 252 391 Total Men. Women (16 years and over). 39 ... 1 5*. and under. 72 6 5 Over 5*. and up to 6*. 210 15 9 „ 6*. „ 8*. 223 50 12 „ 8*. „ 10*. 165 29 7 „ 10*. „ 12*. 75 10 3 „ 12*. „ 15*. 4 1 „ 15*. „ 18*. Over 18*. 788 111 37 Total Women. published by the Baden Ministry of the Interior. ' Out of the 6 establishment those to which the figures as to Chemical Works given in Table 18, p. 2'i,post, relate- 939 B 2 20 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES OF DOCK LABOUR AT HAMBURG.OO Table 16.— Total Wages Paid to, Number of Days Worked by, and Average Earnings per Day Worked of. Workpeople employed in certain Branches of Dock Labour at Hamburg, in 1895. Branches of Dock Labour. Total Wages Paid. Total Number of Days Worked. Average Earnings per Man per Day Worked. Dock labourers (general discharge and loading). Goalies (discharge) Lightermen Warehouse workmen Wharf labourers Com porters, bushellers, etc. ... Coal porters (3 firms only) Ship and boiler cleaners Ship painters ... Enginemen and stokers & 126,632 59,615 104,066 83,414 134,154 15,980 10,413 13,260 10,824 5,560 491,948 141,438 501,245 394,007 707,139 76,831 50,193 88,225 52,343 24,636 s. d. 5 If 8 5 4 1| 4 21 3 91 4 2 4 11 3 4 If 4 ^ Totals and General Average 563,918 2,528,005 4 5i (a) Compiled from the Report of a Commission appointed by the Hamburg Senate (^BeHcht dcr Senafs-Commus'ion filr d'le Prilfung dcr A)'heltsverhdltnis.^a im Hamhurger Ilnfen. 1898). The total number of the workpeople, to whose earnings the figures stated in the table relate is 24,416. WAGES AT ALTONA.(^') Table 17. — Limits of the Daily Earnings of certain Classes of Workmen (^InGliid'mg Lads and Apprentwes) in certain Trades at Alton A, in 189L Number of Days Worked at Earnings within the undermentioned Limits. Total Days Worked. No. of Work- men. Trades. 3.S. and under. Over 3.S. Over 4.'. Over 5.S-. up to 6-S-. Over 6s. Over 7*-. BUILDING and Allied Trades. Foremen masons and brick- layers. Foremen carpenters . . 683 3,953 2,393 7,029 31 421 1,713 568 2,705 10 Journeymen masons and bricklayers. Journeymen carpenters ■■ 8,676 1,499 67,350 21,785 11,970 1,881 1.611 279 89,607 \ 25,394 1,154 272 Joiners - 3!8 3,705 2,175 149 59 6,436 56 Painters and paperhangers . . 16 3,782 17,429 542 .. 21,769 199 Plasterers 126 33 ! 159 9 Tinsmiths and mechanics . . 11 614 2,810 1,118 326 4,909 35 Potters 468 450 978 198 2,094 13 Slaters and tilers 8S 1,633 382 2,103 18 Quarrymen .. 966 1,990 • - 1 2,956 17 Enginemen _ .. 3'2 ■ • 1 312 1 Total 27 6,296 37,742 95,297 21,003 5,108 165,473 1,815 % Compiled from Altonaer ArheHerstatistik, I, AUonaer ArbeitsWhne, 1891, published by the Royal Commercial Institute at Altona. GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. ^1 WAGES AT ALTON A— contirmed. Table 17. — Limits of the Daily Eaunings of certain Classes of Workmen (^Including Lads and Apprentices) in certain Trades at Altona, in 1891 — continued. Number of Days Worked at Earnings within the under-mentioned Limits. Total Days Worked. No. of Work- men. Trades, .3.S. and under. Over 3.S-. upt9 4.S-. Over 4.S. Over OS. Over 6.9. Over Is. Ikon and Engineering. Fitters 1,267 20,335 25,179 9,739 2,956 1,929 61,405 525 Erectors 10 3,934 3,733 2,107 340 312 10,436 75 Smiths 76 3,011 5,147 3,871 1,598 300 14,003 87 Boilermakers 8 1,753 6,50J 5.578 2,960 216 17,021 135 Welders .. 748 925 1,072 1,282 4,027 19 Moulders (mould makers) . . 315 8,3ai 6,898 4,793 701 21,095 116 Founders (metal heaters) . . 51 300 351 2 Turners . 28 3,696 6,735 7,293 1,714 594 20,060 138 Coppersmiths 26 446 1,010 44 .. 1,526 12 Patternmakers, joiners, wheelwrights and car- penters. 3,485 9,871 1,602 153 15,111 97 Enginemen •• 592 •• •• 592 2 Total 1,704 44,625 65,906 36,918 11,541 4,933 165,627 1,208 Printin(j and Allied Trades. Machine minders, com- positors and rulers. 313 879 1,754 625 •• •• 3,671 17 Bookbinders 414 5,809 310 310 6,843 30 Total 727 6,688 2,064 935 ... 10,414 47 Woodworking. Joiners 1.147 3,941 15,851 10,491 2,669 1,251 35,350 304 Parquet makers and parquet layers. Woodcarvers '• 114 296 321 67 174 176 87 483 1,179 539 14 13 Coopers 221 186 1,671 1,051 460 885 4,474 25 Wheelwrights .. 764 1,343 610 .. 2,717 17 Mill joiners 58 1,351 1,294 382 .. 3,065 15 Smiths and iron turners (in coachbuilding and mill construction, «&c,). 1,588 5?3 314 202 2,657 14 Enginemen " 175 683 283 •• 1,141 6 Total 1»426 8,415 21,783 13,178 3,499 2,821 51,122 408 22 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. WAGES AT ALTOl!i A—coMinued. Table 17. — Limits of the Daily Eaenings of certain Classes of Workmen (^Iiicliidltui Lads and A2)prentices) in certain Trades at Altona, in 1891 — continued. Number of Days worked at Earnings within the under-mentioned Limits. Total Days Worked. No, of Work- men. Trades. 3s, and ander. Over 3s. Over 4s. Over 5s. ls!° Over 8s. Over 7s. Corn-Milling. Chargemen JloUer-men, &c., and journey- men. Head engineers and mill- wrights. Xurners, fitters, smiths and joiners. Enginemen 1,374 6,297 42 6,018 1,513 1,259 780 2,048 78 12 937 287 602 •• 78 780 16,102 680 1,567 2,196 ■ 104 3 14 15 Total 1,374 6,339 8,790 3,855 889 78 21,325 139 Brewing and malting. Head brewers, head malsters, foremen and leading hands, working mash and copper- side brewers, and head cellarmen. Working brewers and malsters. Coopers • . . . . . . • 365 1,268 70 851 749 1,349 15,384 2,108 2,300 1,095 2,126 2,557 1,545 304 365 365 334 4,205 19,209 3,723 3,455 2,543 12 125 15 Smiths, joiners, and masons and bricklayers. Engineers and enginemen . . •• 20 11 Total 3,303 22,236 6,897 699 33,135 183 Tanning. Journeymen tanners and fullers. Enginemen 1,407 14,240 11,446 350 6,822 2,737 310 36,962 350 213 1 Total 1,407 14,240 11,796 6,822 2,737 310 37,312 214 GERMAN EMPIRE : WAGES. 23 WAGES AT MANNHEIM (BADEN). («) Table 18. — Limits of the Weekly Earnings of the Workmen and Work- women (^Exchmve of AjyprenfAeea and of Lads and Girls under 16 years) employed in certain Establishments in Mannheim (Baden) and its immediate Vicinity, in 1890. Limits of Engineer- ing and Chemical Pottery, Brick and India- rubber Printing. Weekly Earnings. Iron Ship- Works. Tile Manu- Manu- building. facture. facture. I.— Number of f Adult) Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were within the Limits stated in Column 1. Men. (16 years and over.) 12s. and under 62 176 29 37 4 Over 12s. and up to 15s. 108 420 21 173 5 „ 15s. „ 18s. 302 594 110 145 5 „ 18s. „ 21s. 436 529 62 84 11 „ 21s. „ 24s. 414 471 44 36 41 „ 24s. „ 27s. 319 213 32 24 23 „ 27s. „ 30s. Over 30s. . . 278 81 11 14 4 439 105 5 8 8 Total Men . . 2,368 2,589 314 521 101 WOMEN. (16 years and over.) 6s. and under 5 5 10 3 Over 6s. and up to 8s. 32 7 150 3 „ 8s. „ 10s. 46 7 72 9 „ 10s. „ 12s. Over 12s. . . 10 3 32 2 1 32 1 Total Women •• 94 22 296 18 II.— PERCI ntaqe of ( Adult) Worl cpeople wh 3se Weekly Earnings 5 were with n the Limit s stated in ( Column 1. men. (16 years and over.) 128. and under 2-62 6-80 9-23 7-10 3*96 Over 12s. and up to 15s. 4-58 16-22 6*69 33*21 4*95 „ 15s. „ 18s. 12 -81 22-94 35-03 27*83 4*95 „ IBs. „ 21s. 18*49 20-43 19-75 16*12 10*89 „ 21s. „ 24s. 17 -56 18-19 14-01 0*91 40*60 „ 24s. „ 27s. 13-53 8-23 10-19 4-61 22-77 „ 27s. „ 30s. 11-79 3-13 3-50 2-69 3*96 Over 80s. . . 18-62 4-06 1-60 1-53 7*92 Total Men 10000 100*00 100*00 10000 10000 Women. (16 years and over.) 6s. and under.. 5-32 22*72 3-38 16*67 Over 6s. and up to 8s. 34-04 31-82 50-68 16*67 „ 8s. „ 10s. 48-94 31-82 24-32 50*00 „ 10s. „ 12s. 10-64 13*64 10-81 11*11 Over 12s. 1-06 10-81 5*55 Total Women •• 100*00 10000 100*00 100*00 (a) Compiled from Die Sociale Lage dcr Fabrikarbciter in Mannheim and dcssen nachster umgebtmg, prepared by direction of the Baden Ministry of the Interior 24 WAGES IN HOLLAND, WAGES ON GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. 00 Table 19.— Average Wages Paid to certain Classes of (Adult) Wokkpeople engaged on Government Contracts in Holland (^Exolu.uve in either case of Wages paid under Snl)- contracts and of Piece and Task Wages), in 1894. I.— Wages on Contracts other than for Dredging Works. Classes of Workpeople (Adults). No. of Cases {_}/) of Employment on which the Average is based. Day labourers Navvies, &c Porters, &c Carpenters ... ... Masons and bricklayers Shipwrights Bank-makers (wattle and mud) Painters Masons' and bricklayers' labourers house-breakers. Smiths Stone-setters and basalt workers Turners, planers, fitters, and ironworkers and 12,840 5,477 4,163 4,146 2,050 1,780 1,757 1,588 1,566 1,516 1,457 1,453 II.— Wages on Contracts for Dredging Works. No. of No. of No. of Cases (J) Cases (*) Cases (J)-) Classes of Average on which Average on which Average on which Workpeople Hourly theAverage Daily theAverage Weekly theAverage (Adults). Wages. specified in Col. 2 is based. \Vages. specified in Col. 4 is ba-^ed. Wages. specified in Col. 6 is based. (1) (2) (3) (i) (•■i) (28 17 3 3,059 ers, salt - workers, and watchmen. Stokers 3 32 2 6| 34 17 7 868 Rowers, deck-hands. ... ... 2 10 330 17 8 2,118 pilots, and turf- stowers. Dredgers and porters.. 31 102 2 8i 161 18 8 528 Enginemen ami en- 3 43 3 5| 127 24 2 1,397 gine-drivers. Foremen H 26 2 101 397 24 8 748 Works managers and 4 4 5 4 32 25 489 captains. (a) Compiled from Bijdragen tot de Stathtiek van Nederland, III., Ocerzicht hetreffende de Loonen en den Arheidsduur hij RijkswerTien in 1S94, published by the Dutch Central Statistical Commission. (J) i.e. No. of Returns ; every person employed at any given rate of wages dur'Dig the whole or part of any one month in the year counts as one " case." Thus, any particular day labourer employed on a Government contract for 9 months at, say, 2\d. an hour, and then for 3 months at, say, 3^. an hour, would count as 9 " cases " of employment at 2\d. per hour, and 3 " cases " of employment at 'dd. per hour. ^5 WAGES IN BELGIUM. WAGES IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CENTRES. 00 Table 20.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April 1891. Metal Trades. Estimated Estimated Average Average occupation. Daily Earnings Ooeupation. Daily Earnings of Work- of Work- people. people. Blastfurnaces : Seraing. .V, (I. Steel Making : Seraing. .V. d. Men (over 21 years). Men' (over 21 years). Keepers (First) 4 Oi Third hand at Bessemer 2 9| „ (Second-Slaggers) 3 U cupolas. (Third-Helpers) ... 2 8 Sump hands (Bessemer- 3 n Chargers 3 7i steel making.) Coke and mine fillers 2 lOi First hands at rail-mill o 8i Ore and limestone breakers 2 3| furnaces. Pig lifters 3 21 Second „ „ „ 3 7J „ unloaders 2 5i Third „ „ „ 3 OJ Slag loaders 2 ^ Fourth „ „ 2 8f Enginemen 2 8 Rail-mill men 3 7\ Stokers 2 7| Finishers (rails) . 3 Of Machinery (air-heating) at- 3 First hammermen . 5 9 tendants. Fitters 2 lOi Fitters 3 ^ Turners 3 Smiths 3 3J Boilermakers 3 Smiths' strikers 2 Smiths 3 2^ Turners 2 lOJ Smiths' strikers . .. 2 2§ Bricklayers 2 Hi Enginemen ... 2 8| Bricklayers' labourers 1 3 Stokers Spring benders 2 10 4 Women (over 21 years). Joiners 2 9i Coke and mine fillers 1 ^ Bricklayers ... 2 9J Labourers ... 2 4f Manufactured Iron Women (over 21 years). Coal carriers 1 10 Trade : Seraing. Men (over 21 years). Engineering: Seraing. Puddlers 4 1)^ Men (over 21 years). „ (underhands) 4 Hammermen Hammermen's helpers 4 3 2\ Iron and Brass Founding. Rolling-mill men 5 2J Head moulders 4 9i Helpers at rolling-mills 2 IIJ Journeymen moulders 3 2^ (^/) Compiled from Salaires et Buchjets Ouvriers en, Belgique au Mou d'Avrll, 1891, published by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture', Industry and Public Works. The figures are based upon information furnished by the Councils of Industry and Labour, composed of equal numbers of employers and workpeople. The Belgian tables give the earnings of workpeople of different ages up to " over 21 years." In those cases, in which only a few classes of workpeople are mentioned in the figures for the younger ages, the earnings of those of the age last specified are alone given here. 26 BELGIUM : WAGES. WAGES IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL C'^lJfTR'ES-contmued. Table 20.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April 1891 — continued. Metal Trades 5 — continwd. Estimated Estimated Average Average Occupation Daily Earnings Occupation. Daily Earnings of Work- of Work- people. people. Engineering: Seraing— COTlV, s. d. Turning, Fitting, &c. Turners (leading hands) ... s. d. 4 4| Turners 3 4f Men (over 21 jeaj:s)—co9d. Fitters (leading hands) ... Fitters 3 10 3 Drillers 3 4| Forges. Planishers 8 6i Hammermen 7 2A Pattern - makers (leading 4 41 Smiths 4 7i hands). Smiths' strikers 2 7i Pattern-makers 3 2i Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 17 up to 19 19 up to 21 Over 21 years. years. years. years. Engineering, &c.: s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Brussels. Male. Markers-off ... ... 5 2i r 2 4| Erectors and assemblers, &c. 1 2^ 1 n 2 < to L3 7i Fitters 1 2^ 1 7i r 2 1 ^ to y I 2 H j 3 7i Turners ... 1 7i ... 3 7J Planers ... 1 7i ... 3 7i Milling-machine men ... 1 7i ... 2 9^ Drillers 1 1 2^ 1 7^ 2 4f Fine borers ... 3 2^ Punchers ... ... ... 3 4| Eivetters ... 3 7i Moulders (mould-makers)... l' 2i l'"'7i 2 4f 3 7i Founders (metal- heaters and ... 2 9i pourers). Core-makers ... ... 1 n 3 21 Smiths ... ... 2 n ^ It Smiths' assistants and ... ... 2 2 4| strikers. Shoesmiths ... ... ... 3 7\ , Locksmiths, &c 1 n ... 2 91 3 7i Stovesmiths 1 n ... 2 91 3 7i Box and safe makers ... 2 1 3 7i Box and safe makers' assist- ... ... ... 2 41 ants. Combination makers ... ... ... 4 4f Helpers ... 2 41 2 4| Labourers ... l*"7i 2 3 BELGIUM : WAGES. 27 WAGES IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CmiTRE^-contmued. Table 20. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April 1891 — continued. Metal ^XZi^QS—GiMinued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Occupation. 16 np to 17 years. 17 up to 19 years. 19 up to 21 years. Over 21 years. Engineering, &c. : Li^ge. Male. Smiths Smiths' assistants and strikers. Turners Fitters s. d. 2 H 1 9 I 1 3i) 1 to 2 9H j 1 li( I to 2 6J f s. d. 3 2i ( 2 1) 1 to 2 3 f 1 2 0) 1 to 3 Oi j i to 2 8| ,) *. d. f 2 81) to 3 7if j 2 3 I ■ to2 4|j 2 3 1 to 2 3ij 2 41 ( to 2 lOi ) s. d. ( 3 6i to 3 10 1 2 31 1 to 2 61 j 3 1 to3 7i ; 2 9i to 3 3 Chippers 4| 1 11 2 3 2 41 Planei-s and milling- machine men. Planers Drillers 1 H 2 3 1 9 2 4f ( 1 11 i ] to 2 3 1 2 3 2 9^ 1 to 2 41 1 3 0^ j 3 1 ] to 3 2J ( 2 6| 1 to 2 10 Coppersmiths 1 9 ... 2 6 Grinders ... ... ... 2 lOf Temperers ... ... ... 2 9i Hammermen ... ... ... 5 3i Patternmakers ... 2 41 2 6f 1 2 81 1 to 3 3i Fumaoemen ... ... ... 4 51 Erect^ors and assemblers ... 1 1 3i) t to 2 6f ( i 1 11 1 ) to 2 8f f 1 2 4U \ to 2 lOi ) 3 Oi Enginemen ... 2 4| 2 9^ j 3 2i 1 to3 8i Enginemen and stokers ... ... ... ... 2 91 Boiler-makers (erectors) ... 2 6| 2 8f 2 10^ 3 2i (rivetters and filers). 2 4| 2 6| 2 8| 2 lOi 1 n 1 9 2 3 2 lOi Painters ... ... ... 2 6| Moulders (mould-makers) in loam. Moulders (mould-makers) in sand. Founders (metal- heaters and pourers). Coremakers ... 2 7i 2 41 2 41 2 9i 2 6| 2 41 2 6| 3 2i j 2 8f 1 to 3 1 2 9i i to 2 Hi i 2 7f 1 to 2 94 Labourers ... 1 11 2 3 2 41 . 28 BELGIUM : WAGES. WAGES IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CEl!iTRE^-o/i^. d. d. ' manufac- Erectors (roof, &c.) 6f _^ tured iron Tinfoil workers 6 ... i t. 7i ^ jp. 9 and steel (mirror manufac- Smiths t.p. 4| ture). machine Sheet painters 7i ... construc- Sheet varnishers ... 7 ... tion t. 4i Enamelled iron 8 ... Smiths' strikers 4i 3 printers. Locksmiths, &c. 6| 31 Drawing-bench men 5i ... Markers-off 5 Wire -drawers 61 ... Turners 1 t. * 61 ]p. n 4i Gold-beaters 6^ Clock and watch i^ Fitters (t. 6 1 t.p.6i i" makers. Stokers (manufac- 4| Hollow ware turners ft. n )p. 8i ... tured iron and steel). Planers, milling ma- jt. 6 |p. 61 Planers 4 Stokers (machine ... 3i chine men, &c. ... construction). Drillers ^\ 4i Labourers (smelting, ... 3f Stampers and punch- It. 5i (p. 7i steel manufacture, ers. ... &c.). Chippers 7 ... Labourers (manufac- ... 3 Polishers jt. 6 (p. 7f ... tured iron and steel). Planishers 9i ... Labourers (machine ... 3 Temperers 7| ... construction). Boiler makers jt. 5i Ip. 6i 4i Labourers (sundry- metal trades). ... 3i Coppersmiths ) t. 6 IP. 7i jt. 6| (p. 7i ... Female. Tinsmiths "... Machinists 3 Spring- grinders 7i ... Burnishers 3 ,. Saw-teeth sharpeners 6 % ... Labourers ... u Textile Trades. Male. d. d. Male — cont. d. d. Cardminders (cotton 2^ Frame workers (ho- jt. 5| IP.81 and wool). siery). ... Dressers (twine 7 ... Folders (yarn, cloth, 3 making). &c.). Combers ... 2i Dressers (finishing).. ... 21 Spinners ... 31 Dyers 31 Piecers (including ro- ... 2 Fullers ... 25 ving-frame tenters). Tapestry workers ... S\ Twisters Silk throwsters ... 21 21 Female. Sizers (weaving) ... 5 Cardminders (cotton ... li Weavers ... 21- and wool). Tulle (lace curtains, ... 5i Drawing frame ten- ... li &;c.) weavers. ters. Silk weavers 6* ... Roving-frame tenters ... 2 42 FKANCB : WAGES. WAGES IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS-^-^^^//''/^^^. Table 23. — Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, as for the Years 1891-93 — continued. Textile Trades — continued. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Pans and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Female— cowf. d. d. Female— c<>wf. d. d. Preparers (woollen ... If Bailers (sewing 3 ... yarn). cotton). Cop winders ... If Spinners ... If Weft winders ... 2 Piecers ... H Bobbin winders ... 2 Machine minders (in- ... H Twisters U cluding throstle Doublers ... If and ring spinning). Cop winders (sewing n Warpers ... 2 cotton). Weavers ... 2 Bobbin winders (sew- 3i ... Dressers (finishing).. ... H ing- cotton). Menders (hosiery) ... 2f Twisters (sewing 3 ... Seamstresses (tapes- 3f ... cotton). try). Doublers (sewing 3 ... cotton). Clothing Trades. Male. d. d. Female— c(>«i^. d. d. Tailoring — Tailoring — cont. Cutters (men's 9 ... Seamstresses 2 ... ready-made gar- (ready-made ments). clothing). Cutters (children's 6f JBoot and slioemaTi' ready-made gar- ing — Upper makers ... Shoemakers ments). Tailors Military uniform "k 4f 3 2i 1^ tailors (ready- Hat malting — made). Blowers (felt 3 ... Basters-up (bespoke 8 ... planking). garments). Trimmers (hats ... 2 Pressors 5f ... and bonnets). Boot and slioe- Embroidery — mahing — Machinistsf 3f ... Clickers 5i H Threaders 3| ... Closers H Menders 2f ... Shoemakers H Hat mailing — Hatmakers H Stay mailing — Machinists (t. 2 ( p. 3 ... Felt plankers 6i Finishers ... j t. 2 (p. 2i ... Felt finishers ^ ... ... Milliners (wholesale n ... Em broidery — Embroiderers 5 ... trade). Artificial flower 5f Female. dyers. Artificial flower 3f Tailoring— mounters. Tailoresses ... If Sewing machinists... ... 1| Machinists (ready- 3f Repairers 3^ ... made clothing). 1 Transport Trades (Railway Service).— i^/«wce as a Whole. Male. | Platelayers, &c. ... Pointsmen and signal- men. I Male — cont. Engine drivers Workshop labourers d, lOi PRANCE : WAGES. 43 WAGES IN VARIOUS OGCJJ'PATlOlifS-'OftHnmd' Table 23.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, as for the Years 1891-93 — continued. Printing: , Paper and Allied Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Male. d. d. Male— 6'0/i^ d. d. Printing ^' hinding — Paper making — Lithographic wri- 81 ... Cylinder minders... ... n ters and designers Machine minders... ... H Transferrers (litho- ^ Paper makers , ... 2i graphic). Cutters ... ... 2i Lithographic print- Si Labourers ... n ers. Lithographers Machine minders (lithographic). Engravers 10 9 41 U (litho. and typo.) Paper sta i 11 ing — Flock paper makers Printers (machine) Printers (hand) ... 5i. 6 7i Compositors j t. 64 (p. 6| "k Pressmen ... 61 k Female. Copperplate printers Machine minders (typo.). Readers Layers-on Takers-off Hot or cold rolling machine attend- ants. Makers-ready 61 10 H 3i H "k Printing S) hinding — Compositors Layers-on Folders Stitchers Binders Counters, packers, cutters-out,card- 2 If "2 61 ... board - workers, etc. Stereotypers 4 Letter-paper, etc., ... 3i Paper mailing — makers. Sorters ... ^ Paper edge cutters 31 ... Rag workers ... If Stitchers Binders (ordinary) 6| 5| ... Paper makers ... It. H ip. If Binders (art) 7f ... Cutters ... u Labourers 3 Labourers ... M Woodworking Trades. Male. d. d. Male — cont. d. d. Machine sawyers 6 3i Wood varnishers ... 6 Pit sawyers 7i Waxers and wax 51 ... Mouldings makers ... 6f ... polishers. Moulding machinists 6i, ... Polishers of ... (spindle-machines). Wood-cutting machin- 6^ Waggon builders ... It. 6| ]p. 8 " ists (generally). Carriage builders ... 61 ... Planers 5^ ... Carriage painters ... 5| ... Parquet-makers 7^ ... Frame gilders 6i ... Cabinet-makers )p. 7 3f Labourers, etc., (large work). 2| Cabinet-makers (t. H 3^ Labourers, etc., (cabi- ... 2i (rough work). \v- 6 net making, etc.). Wood turners 7 2J Upholsterers 9^ H Females. Wood carvers 9 H Burnishers 3 ... 44 PRANCE : WAGES. WAGES IN VARIOUS OCCUVATlONS-oofdmusd. Table 23.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, as for the Years 1891-93— continued. Chemical Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Male. d. d. Female. d. d. Lighters of rever- n Labourers If beratory furnaces. Stokers H Distillers 31 Labourers ... 3 Glass, Pottery, etc.. Trades. Male. d. d. Male. d. d. Kiln, &c., firemen (porcelain and jp.7f ( Limeburners Stokers ... 3f stoneware). Labourers 2i Mass kneaders (por- 7i celain). Mounters (porcelain) 8J ... Turners (pottery) ... 7f ... Furnace-men (filling 4 Female. and emptying ; glass). Glass cutters 3 Moulders (glass) ... 8 6 Grlass wreath work- 2^ ... Decorators and en- 7] ... ers. gravers (glass). Decorators (porce- H ... Looking-glass makers 7f ... lain). Grilders, &c., (looking- 7f ... Labourers ... U glass). Food Preparation Trades — Paris and Unvirom. Average Average Occupation. Earnings for a Day's Occupation. Earnings for a Bay's Work. Work. Male. s. d. Male— cow^. s. d. Millers (journeymen&assistan ts) 4 6 Bakers (French) 5 2 Refineries : „ (Viennese) 5 6 Sugar planers ... 5 4 Confectioners .5 2 Clarifiers 4 1 Bread carriers 3 10 Turbine men 4 6 Pastrycooks and ovenmen .5 2 Fillers 4 4 Chocolate makers 4 .0 Porters 6 10 Cooks 6 Sugar breakers ... Distillers (raw spirit) ... 4 8 4 JO Female. „ (spirituous liquors). 4 10 Sugar breakers 2 7 Brewers 4 Bread carriers 1 10 Head bakers 5 7 Vegetable pluckers 1 10 Kneaders 5 4 1 Packers and sorters 1 7 FRANCE : WAGES. 45 WAGES IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS-^^'^^'«^'^^/. Table 23.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, as for the Years 1891-93 — continued. Food Preparation Trades — continued. — France, other than Paris and Environs. Average Average Occupation. Earnings Occupation. Earnings ■per Hour. per Hour. '^Mj^—cont. d. 3 Male— cow^. d. Millers and mealmen Champagne making— c(»«^. Bolters H Sediment removers H Roller men 3i Bottle shakers H Starch, makers and grape sugar 3 Confectioners (Puy - de - Dome 8 &c. makerg (Nord Depart- and Haute Garonne). ment). Labourers 3 Sugar boilers (Nord District) H (Eure-et-Loir)... ^ Turbine men (Ardennes) 4| T^RMATj'R „ (Eure-et-Loir) ... H Brewers 4 Vermicelli makers (Rhone) ... 2i Maltmen 3| „ (other parts 1| Champagne making : of France). Corkers 4f Labourers H Leather and Fur Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. Prance, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs, Environs. Paris and Environs. Male. Male— 4,882 V J 1889 937 25,077 3,342 3,681 1890 81,601 5,235 26,497 3,798 4,424 1891 88,631 5,331 29,011 3,989 4,870 1892 89,916 5,078 29,229 3,807 5,163 t — ■■ ■^■— ■■-> 1893 83,766 5,507 4,412 27,882 2.823 4,181 4,073 1894 86,374 5,476 4,517 27,616 2,491 3,658 4,425 189.5 87,051 5,667 4,717 28,522 2,316 4,993 4,060 1896 89,362 .5,691 4,875 28,666 2,264 5,189 4,127 1897 90,4.30 6,215 5,048 29,659 2,535 4,949 4,565 Earnings. Underground. Surface. Average Earning a per Worker Average Earnings per Worker Per Day Worked. Per Year. Per (lay Worked. Per Year. . .. 1 £ .f. d. s. d. & i<. d. 1889 3 41 48 7 7 2 5| 36 3 11 1890 3 7f 52 11 2 2 6i 37 8 10 1891 3 8i 52 4 2 6i 37 18 5 1892 3 9 53 3 2 2 6i 38 3 2 1893 3 8 49 17 7 2 6i 36 3 2 1894 3 7f 5] 2 5 2 6i 37 11 2 1895 3 7i 50 6 5 2 6i 36 18 5 1896 3 7 50 19 2 2 6^ 37 12 10 1897 8 7i 52 2 6^ 37 8 (a) Compiled from Statistique de V Industrie Miner ale ^ published by the French Ministry of Public Works. 48 FRANCE : WAGES. WAGES IN (GOVERNMENT) MATCH FACTORIES. C«) Table 26.— Average Earnings per Hour, at a given Pay-day in February 1895, of the Workpeople employed in the (Government) Match Factories in France. Men and Lads. Women and Girls. Age. Number. Averagfe Earning-s per Hour. Number. Average Earningfs per Hour. From 12 to 18 years ... 25 d. 91 d. 21 „ 19 „ 25 „ ... 109 H 604 3 „ 26 „ 45 „ ... 451 5 661 H „ 46 „ 60 „ ... 73 4^ 78 H Over 60 years 18 4 10 3i Totals and General Averages. } 676 41 1,444 3i WAGES IN (GOVERNMENT) TOBACCO FACTORIES. («) Table 27.— Average Earnings per Hour, at a given Pay-day in February 1895 of the Workpeople employed in the (Government) Tobacco Factories in France. Men and Lads. Women and Girls. Age. Number. Average Earnings per Hour. Number. Average Earnings per Hour. From 12 to 18 years... „ 19 „ 25 „ ... „ 26 „ 45 „ ... „ 46 „ 60 „ ... Over 60 years 8 28 947 386 77 d. 2 4f H 5 50 560 9,145 3,567 352 d. 3 3 3 3 3 Totals and General Averages. 1 1,446 5 13,674 3 (d) Compiled from RepaHitlon (leg Salaires du Personnel Ouvrier daius les Manufactures de VEtat et lex Compagnies de Cheniins de Fer, 1896, published by the French Labour Department. FRANCE : WAGES. 49 WAGES OF RAILWAY SERVANTS.(«) Table 28.— Limits of the Earnings (as to Peesons employed by the Month, per Month ; as to Persons employed by the Day, or the Hour, or on Piece-Wage, per Hour) at a given Pay-day in February 1895, of Railway Servants in France. Males. Persons employed by the Month. Earnings per Hour. (5) Persons employed by the DAY, or HOUR, or on Piece-wage. Monthly Earnings. Number of Persons whose Monthly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Number of Persons whose Hourly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in Col. 5. (1) Under 18 yrs. (2) Over 18 yrs. (3) Total. (4) Under 18 yrs. (6) Over 18 yrs. (7) Total. (8) Under 71 francs (£2 16 10) 71 frs. and under 86 frs. (£2 16 10-£3 8 10). 86 frs. and under 111 frs. (£3 8 10-£4 8 10). Ill frs. and under 136 frs. (£4 8 10— £5 8 10). 136 frs. and under 166 frs. ^£5 8 10 -£6 12 10). 166 frs. and under 186 frs. (£6 12 ia-£7 8 10). 186 frs. and under 226 frs. (£7 8 10-£9 10). 226 frs. and under 276 frs. (£9 10-£ll 10). 276 frs. (£11 10) and over. 8 3 2 887 8,648 22,671 17,591 11,038 3,407 2,680 1,899 2.438 895 8,651 22,673 17,692 11,038 3,407 2,680 1,899 2,438 17"5c. (lid.) and under.. Over 17'5c. up to 2250. ma. -2irf.). Over 22-5c. up to 27'5e. (2ld.-2id.). Over 27'5c. up to 35-Oe. (2id.-Hd.). Over 35*0c. up to 41-5c. (Zkd.-id.). Over 41-50. up to 55-0 c. (M.~5ld.). Over 55-Oc. up to 65-0 c. (5id-6id). Over 65-Oe. up to 75-Oc. (6H-7id). Over 75-Oe. up to 90-Oc. Over 90*0 centimes (Sfd ) 502 193 224 406 82 46 3 232 785 6,576 23,457 12,847 13,474 4,725 2,375 1,013 374 734 978 6,800 23,863 12,929 13,520 4,728 2,375 1,013 374 Total .. .. 14 71,259 j 71,273 1 Total .. 1,456 65,858 67,314 Temales.C?') Persons employed by the Month. Earnings per Hour. (5) Persons employed by the DAY, or HOUR, or on Piece-wage. Monthly Earnings. Number of Persons whose Monthly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Number of Persons whose Hourly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in Col. 5. (1) Under 18 yrs. (2) Over 18 yrs. (3) Total. (4) Under 18 yrs. (6) Over 18 yrs. (7) Total. (8) Under 16 frs. (12s. 10d.\ 16 frs. and under 26 frs. (12s. 10d-£l 10). 20 frs. and under 41 fra. (£1 10-£1 12 10). 41 frs. and under 56 frs. (£1 12 10-£2 4 10). 56 frs. (£2 4 10) and over 3 10 5,272 7,693 1,679 601 61 5,275 7,703 1,679 601 61 2-5 e. up to 7-5c (H-Srf.). Over 7-5c. up to 12-5c. (id.-ld.). Over 12-5C. up to 17*5c. (ld-l|d). Over 17-5 centimes (Ifd) 53 264 40 7 686 2,049 528 91 739 2,313 568 98 Total . . 13 15,306 15,319 Total .. 364 3,354 3,718 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p 48, ante. The figures as to earnings given in the table include the estimated value of Ovl owances in kind (such as free housing, food, &c.). In addition to the allowances, the estimated v lue of which is included in the figures, the French Report states that the Railway Companies provide for their employees other benefits (including contributions to pension funds), the net value of which is estimated to be equivalent to about 15 per cent, on their wages. (b) Practically all the workwomen employed by the French Railway Companies are level-cross- ing keepers (usually the wives of servants in the employ of the companies, who devote only a portion of their time to their calling). 839 D 50 WAGES m switzerla:n'd. WAGES IN FIRST FACTORY INSPECTION DISTRICT.OO Table 29.— Limits of the Daily Earnings of Adult Workpeople engaged in certain Principal Trades in the First Factory Inspection District of Switzerland (Ziirich, Winterthur, Chur, etc.), in 1888-91. Trade. Number of Workpeople -whose Daily Earnings were 2 frs. (l.s. T2d.) and uncer. (b) Over 2 frs. and up to 3 frs, (Is. T2d. to i-8d.y Over 3 frs. and up to 4 frs. (.2sA-8d. to 3«.2-4d). Over Over Over 4 frs. 5 frs. 6 frs. and up and up and up to 5 frs. to 6 frs. to 7 frs. (3s. 2-4d. (l.s. Od. (.4s.Q-Qd. to to to 4.9. Od.). 4s.9-6d.). 5s.T2d.\ Over 7 frs. (5s.7-2(?.). Total Num- ber of Work- people. MEN. I. — Indust nra under Faofory InapoHion. Genebal Staff (All Trades). Stokers and enginemen Driving-gear attend- ants, oilers, shafting- bands repairers. Packers, warehouse- men, etc. Metal Trades. Foremen Wire-drawing and nail and chainmaking. Tinsmiths Relief stampers, etc. . . Coremakers Moulders Iron dressers Smiths Smiths' strikers.. Boilermakers Boilermakers' helpers Turners Drillers, corers, planers and milling machine operatives. Grinders Fitters and locksmiths Erectors, etc Labourers, etc Cotton Spinning and Thread Making. Openers and scatehers Oardrooaa operatives . . Doffers and piecers Spinners (self-actor minders). Labourers Cotton Weaving. Foremen and over- lookers. Operatives engaged in preparation and finishing, and labourers. 14 16 18 , 23 30 355 88 42 28 34 30 143 63 56 177 73 37 143 126 22 449 20 767 25 5 131 5 67 11 87 120 36 354 40 19 16 180 46 75 23 88 73 38 380 115 168 205 187 63 332 202 43 942 102 1,155 22 121 36 79 77 (a) Compiled from Die Arb itslohne in den Indadricllen Betrichen de^ ersten Schweizenxchen Fabrik- Inspektionskreises^ by Dr. F. Schuler, Federal Factory Inspector, assisted by Dr. H. Wiegmann Assistant. (b) The earnings of all in this column exceed 1 fr. (9'64 18 1 123 2 2 Silk Manufacture. Dyers and dyers' 1 23 84 7 115 2 8i helpers Finishing operatives . . 1 1 24 15 8 .. 49 3 3i Printing, Paper, and Allied Trades. Printing, lithography. V2 14 12 8 9 3 2 60 3 and bookbinding. Wood-pulp, celluloid. 3 83 35 4 4 1 130 2 5 paper and cardboard noanufacture, rag sorting. Woodworking Trades. Sawyers 14 40 17 2 .. 73 3 Oh Wood i-leavers . . 5 26 3 34 2 loi Joiners ' 'r, 37 214 343 '29 "4 "l 533 3 3| Parquet makers.. i 15 18 5 1 40 2 Si Coopers 5 7 4 "8 1 25 4 51 Coach and cart build- "l 15 4 20 3 1 ing. Turnery 6 21 15 9 • • ^ 61 2 7 Chemical Industry. Soap and candles f) 18 4 27 2 111 Manure, (ic. factories . . 4 17 2 23 2 9 Earth and Stone Industries. Chalk, plaster, and cement manufac- ture :— Journeymen, (ex- 23 57 1 .. 81 2 71 cludiyig millmen and bunicrs). Brick, tile, and pipe- making : — Clay getters . . 18 39 57 2 71 Brick and tile makers "2 19 31 "5 [] *.' 57 and ovenmen. Labourers, &c. 1 20 17 1 39 2 4f 2 si Pottery 1 5 10 4 .. [] .. 20 Food Preparation Trades. Millers 2 23 30 2 .. 57 3 4 Brewers 4 133 24 12 "3 176 3 3 Dairy and milk . . 3 49 13 5 "1 71 3 3 Chocolate "l 2 15 2 1 [[ 21 2 11 Saddlery and Boot 6 31 23 15 3 78 2 8k making. QASMAKING 4 63 40 3 " •• 110 3 2i 939 (o) The earnings of all in this column exceed 1 fr. (9&d.) D 2 52 SWITZE5RLA.ND : WAGES. WAGES IN FIRST FACTORY INSPECTION mSHmCT-eontinued. Table 29.— Limits of the Daily Earnings of Adult Workpeople engaged in certain Principal Trades in the First Factory Inspection District of Switzerland (Zurich, Winterfchur, Chur, &o.) in 1888-91 — continued. Number of Workpeople whose Daily Earnings were Total dum- ber of Work- people. Over Over Over Over Over Aver- Trade. 2 frs. (Is. 7-2d) 2 frs. and up 3 frs. and up 4 frs. and ap 5 frs. and up 6 frs. and up Over Earn- and to 3 frs. to 4 frs. to 5 frs. to 6 frs. to 7 frs. 7 frs. under. Is. T2d. (2s. 4-8d. (3s. 2U. (4s. Od (4s.9 6d. (5s.7-2rf.). ings. (a) to to to to to IsA-M.). 3s.2-4d). 4s. Od). 4s.9-6d). 5s.7-2d.). V-M-eontinued. s. d II. Indtost?'ies not under Factory Inspection. Industries other ITHAN EAILWAY service. Foremen and leading 31 34 11 7 83 4 7 hands (all trades). Stone hewers .. 11 29 89 72 29 10 240 3 5I Masons, bricklayers, "l 21 356 973 37 3 1,391 and plasterers. Navvies 5 138 039 21 803 2 Sf 3 l| Blasters and stone- 3 63 299 225 "4 594 breakers. Carpenters 2 12 181 344 21 1 1 562 1 W House-painters . . 9 19 1 31 Carters ,, 50 210 37 3 ,, 300 2 11 Boatmen, &c 6 32 12 2 52 3 0=^ Woodchoppers .. 9 13 2 \\ 24 2 9 Street ma,intenance,&e. 3 31 10 ,_ 44 3 Labourers of all kinds . . 'ie Ml 1,178 31 "3 1,578 2 71 Kailway Service. Permanent-way men . . 56 171 4 2 233 2 7i Casual men, porters, &c. ., 81 127 8 2 "1 ■'1 223 2 71 Carriage cleaners, la- ., 14 33 5 2 54 2 91 bourers, &c. Platelayers, level-cross- ,. 20 35 6 5 ., 66 2 10 ing keepers, &c. Train service staff •• 1 18 11 10 7 2 49 3 Hi WOMEN. Cotton Spinning and Thread Making. Drawing-frame and 53 •? .. 56 1 4 Derby doubler opera- tives. Roving frame opera- 17 T) 1 .. .. 23 1 n tives. Doffers and pieeers . . 32 32 \ %\ Reelers, winders, and 32 "4 36 doublers. Cotton Weaving. Weavers (grey cloth) . . 30 2K .. 58 \ i\ Weavers (coloured 35 17 .. 52 goods). Paper and Allied Trades. Wood-pulp, celluloid. 19 2 .. .. 1 1 4i paper and cardboard manu f acture, r a g - sorting. (a). The earnings of men in this column exceed 1 fr. (9-6(7.), as also those of all ivomen except 3 (in the following classes. 1 in "roving frame operatives," 1 in " reelers, winders, and doublers, and 1 in " wood-pulp, celluloid, paper and cardboard manufacture, rag-sorting"). 53 Table 30. WAGES m ITALY. WAGES OF MINERSX'O -Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople employed in and at Mines in Italy. Average Daily Earnings. Sardinian Minbs.(6) Sicilian Sul- phur Mines, (c) lioMAGNA Sul- phur MlNES.(d) Tear Miners. Hewerfl Hewers Islanders. Main- landers. Masons. Carters. Engine- men. on piece- wage. on day- wage. Miners. Loaders. 8. d. s. d. .s'. d. s. d. H. d. s. d. s. d. 1 s. d. \ s. d. 1883. . 2 3 3 ^ 2 iii 2 111 2 6 2 5 2 lOi 2 1 Ill 1 lOf 1884. . 2 1 3 3 2 3} 2 9| 2 2 1 11 18a5. . 2 3 3 2 11 2 2 2 7 2 8 2 81 110 110 1 7: 1886. . 2 3 2J 2 81 2 2 2 1 9 1 9 1 V 1887. 3 2 2 8 2 1 2 6f 1 11 1 7 1 9 1 7 18H8. 1 11 3 2 8 2 2 2 8 1 10 1 6 1 7 1 4 1889. 1 11 3 2 6 f,?l 2 4 1 10 1 6 1 7 1 6 189(). 1 11 3 2 8 2 2 2 3 1 10 1 7 1 7i 1891. 3 2 8 2 2 4 2 a 2 2 1 9i 1 9 1892. : nil 3 U 3 :| 2 7 1 m 2 5 2 10 1 10 1 8 1 71 1893. 2 7: IIU 2 4 2 8| 1 8i 1 7 1 n 1894. . 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 4} 2 4 2 4 1 el ni 1 h ' 1895. . 2 2 3 2 2 6 1 9| 2 7; 2 1 1 4 1 4| 1896. 2 2 3 3J i^f 1 10 2 5 2 8f 2 9i 1 8i 1'4 1 n 1897. . 2 2 3 3 1 81 2 5| 2 1 7| (a) Compiled from Annuario Statistico Italiano, published by the Statistical Office of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. (h) Sardinia produces silver, lead, zinc, antimony, manganese, coal, and iron. The hoTirs of labour in Sardinian Mines in 1893 were eight per day for miners, ten for other work- people. (c) The figures refer to the earnings of sulphur miners in the province of Caltanisetta, which contams nearly one-half of the Sicilian sulphur mines. Hewers on piece-wage pay out of their earnings about 3^. per day for lights and repair of tools. The hours of labour in Sicilian sulphur mines were, in 1892, about ten per day. (d) The hours of labour in the Romagna sulphur mines in 1893 were eight per day for underground, and ten for surface workers. WAGES IN SILK MANUFACTUREXO Table 31. — Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople employed in Silk Manufacture in Northern Italy, in 1898. Reeling. Throwing. Weaving. Average Average . Average Occupation, daily Occupation. daily Occupation. daily Earnings. Earnings. Earnings. «. d. 8. d. Women and MEN. MEN. Girls Throwsters (or- 1 7i (Adults and Young ganzine). Weavers . . l».2id.to2& Persons). Do. (tram) Is. 9d. to 2s. Overlookers 1 7:(/) Basin attendants 6 Women and Reelers .. 9 Girls. Winders . . 5: WOMEN. Girls Cleaners . . 6 (Children). Doublers.. 6 Weavers . . 9i'. d. 7 11 7 3i 6 7i 5 lU s. d. 5 1 5 n 5 n 5 7| 5 5 5 6i 6 1| 7 3 5 5 5 2i 4 Qi 4 l| 3 61 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 Hi 3 6i 4 6 4 3 4 2 4 2 4 11 5 lOi 7 4 6 7 6 5 8 9 9 7 5 5 6 9 li 7 8 5 10 6 3 7 9 s. d. 'J* 5 5i 5 6i 6 5 6 10i 5 6 4 5 9 4 5 3 5 2 8 3 4 2 11 :1 4 lo| 5 10 6 5^ 5 10 n 7 10 6 8i 5 5 6 2 6 5h 4 2 6 3 3 8 5 8 8 3 8 3 7 6 5 5 5 8^ 5 U 5 9 5 n 5 10 5 8i 6 3 4 8^ 4 7 4 9H 4 7 3 3 2h 3 3 3 3 Oi 3 4 4 0^ 3 10| 3 10 4 5J 5 ll 5 10 5 6 5 2^ 6 0, 7 4 6 1 4 8i 5 2| 5 11 8 10 8 4 6 8 8 Ok 7 8| 4 3 X. d. 5 9 5 9 6 1 4 11 3 11^ 4 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 4i 3 4 3 U 3 li 3 4^ 3 m 3 lOi 3 9i 4 2 4 9.i 5 6 3 5 5 5 Oi 3 111 5 21 5 U 7 1 6 3 6 IL 8 0: 7 3 4 3 5 6i 5 5 .") 4 5 9 5 10 5 11 5 3 8A 6i 3 3 2 11 3 5 3 9 3 8 3 lOi 4 2 4 7 5 2 5 10 5 4 5 5 5 9 7 1 5 10 4 4i 5 4 5 H 6 8 7 1 6 10* 6 of 5 4 4^ 5 5 IIJ 6 5^ 6 m 6 5 7 1 4 3 Maine. New Hampshire Vermont. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. Maryland. Vircrinia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Florida. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas. Arkansas. Tennessee. West Virginia. Kentucky. Ohio. Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa. Missouri. Kansas. Nebraska. South Dakota. North Dakota. Montana. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. Nevada. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. California. General Average. 989 66 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN Table 41.— Part I., Average Wages per Month by the Year or Season ; Part III., Average Day Wages for Ordinary Transient Service, of United States — contbmed. Part in.— day wages for state or Territory. Average Wages without Board. 3875. 1879. •s. d. 4 0* 4 1 3 4 ?l 4 2 1885. 1888. 1892. Maine . . New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Conneetieut . . New York New Jersey . . Pennsylvania Delaware . . Maryland . . Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi . . Louisiana Texas . . Arkansas Tennessee . . West Virginia Kentucky . . Ohio . . Michigan Indiania Illinois WiscoDsin .. Minnesota . . Iowa . . Missouri Kansas Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah .. Nevada Idaho .. Washington Oregon California General Average .s. d. 6 I 6 3 6 3i 6 6 9 6 3 6 2 6 04 5 8| 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 2 11* 3 5* 3 104 3 14 4 5| 4 2 4 9 4 7 3 m 4 U 4 34 5 7i 6 5i f> 5 5 8i 5 11 6 3 5 9 4 5i 5 5 5 Hi 6 9 6 U 7 8 3 10 3 li 2 '^ 3 2 2 10i 3 3 3 Q\ 3 10 3 7 2 lOi 3 4 3 'Ih 4 2 4 10 3 5 4 2^ 4 8 5 3J 4 8 2 94 4 44 7 7d 3 4.i 4 11 5 5 o 6 Oi 5 4 5 5 4i 5 0^ 5 4 7 3 5i 2 11 2 10 2 8i 2 11 3 Ih 3 3 \\ 3 4 3 lOi 3 3 5 3 74 4 111 5 5 4 6 4 114 5 64 6 9i 5 4 6"6i I 5 6J l"i I 7 1^ s. d. 4 Hi 5 5 4 9i 6 3 f) 2^ 5 6 5 3 4 10^ 4 7 4 2 3 104 2 111 2 9^ 2 6 3 0^ 3 4 3 5 4 1 2 11 3 5. 3 4 n 5 54 3 111 5 5 n 5 5J 7 1 5 5 6 6i 4 6 3 4i 310^ 3 9i s. d. 5 24 5 3| 4 10 5 11 5 11 5 6i 5 Oi 5 4 7 3 lU 3 9 3 Oi 2 64 2 84 3 l| 3 Hi 3 3 14 3 6| 3 Hi 3 lOi 3 1 3 6i 3 5 4 5i 5 4 7 5 3i 3 11 4 104 5 8| 5 7i 7 1 6 3 6 8 5 7 5 2 5 11 6 lOi 6 3 6 Oi 5 7i 310 s. d. 5 5 5 74 4 111 6 Oi Oi 5 8i .") li 5 2i 4 64 3 6i 3 74 3 l| 'i ^ 3 Oi 3 10 3 1 3 3i 3 8 4 Oi 3 lOi 2 Hi 3 9 3 8 4 4i 4 Hi 4 4i 4 8i 5 3 5 4 5 li 4 7 5 4 5 10 6 104 6 Oi 5 Hi 5 7i 6 7 6 9i 6 9i 6 8 5 9 6 5i 3 10 s. d. 5 4 5 4 5 li 5 11 5 11 5 9 5 1 5 2 4 7 3 4 3 6i 3 2 7i 2 7 3 3 74 2 111 3 9 3 6i 4 7 5 4 5 4 9 5 5 5 10 5 2i 3 104 4 9| 5 3 6 Oi [6 8 6 lOi 6 5i 6 3 5 2i 6 3 5 10 7 1 6 5i 6 8 3 10 UNITED STATES : WAGES. 67 AQ'RlCVLT'UILE—^o7itimed. Part II., Average Day Wages for Transient Service in Harvest; and Agricultural Labourers in the different States and Territories of the Ordinary Transient Service. Average Wages with Board. State or Territory. 1875. 1879. 1882. 1835. 1883. i 1890. 1892. «. d. s. d. .. ./. s. d. S. (i. s. d. •«. d. 4 4i 4 8 4 n 4 8 4 11 3 3 1 2 8 3 n 2 1 Ill 3 9 4 6 4 2 3 8 3 Hi 3 S^ 4 2 3 11 3 10 3 Hi 3 9 4 2 4 3 4 1 4 2 3 10 4 2 4 3 4 4 3 11 4 1 4 1 Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. 4 10 4 5 4 2 3 1U 2 11 3 8 2 10 2 10 4 1 3 lOi H 7 3 6i 3 4 4 2 11 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 9 3 7i 3 5 2 11 4 2 3 9 3 10 m 4 Oi 3 9 3 10 3 4i 2 6 Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. 2 m 2 14 2 l| 2 H 2 6 2 1 10 110 2 3i 2 1 11 1 lOi 2 Oi 2 7 LSI 2 8 2 li 2 1 IP 1 11 1 lOi 2 1 2 6i 2 1 1 104 1 lol 2 2 Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 2 11 2 2i 3 4 3 1 3 6 2 2i 2 1 2 3i 2 7 2 9 2 3* 2 1 2 3| 2 6 2 11 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 8 3 2 2 11 2 31 2 81 2 Hi 2 10 2 3i 2 6 2 9i 3 Oi 3 2 2 2 4 2 Si 3 Florida. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas. 3 4 2 6 3 H 3 4 2 2 6 2 1 2 3i 2 2| 3 5| 2 7 2 1 2 5i 2 6 3 Si 2 8 2 2 2 6 m 2 84 2 7 2 6 3 5 2 8i 2 4 2 10 2 94 3 5| 2 6 2 7 3 6i Arkansas. Tennessee. West Virginia. Kentucky. Ohio. 4 7 3 Hi 4 2i 4 2 4 5i 3 5 2 10* 3 Oi 3 4 3 11 4 3 3 3 9 4 li 4 3 3 10 3 4 3 74 3 114 4 ll 3 9 3 5 3 6 4 Oi 4 2 3 8 3 3 3 7 3 8 3 2 3 8 3 8 4 2 Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota. 4 2i 3 0| 3 9 4 2 14 6 3 4 2 5i 3 3 9 3 10 4 li 2 11 3 4 3 9i 4 7i 4 Oi 2 10 III 4 6 4 Oi 3 4 3 6i 4 2' 4 7 V\l 3 3 3 11 4.| 4 1 3 2 3 5i 4 (« 4 5 5 Iowa. Missouri. Kansas. Nebraska. South Dakota. North Dakota. 4"io 2 1 5*io 4*ili 2 4 4**8 •• 4**9 4 2 4**7 4**7 3 4i 4**9 4 8 4 2 3 9 1 7 6 Oi 4 8 4 4i 4 2 5 4 4i 5 74 If III 4 6 Montana. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. 4"9i 5 5 3 3 4**6 5 li 4**2 5 4i 4*i04 3 ll| 5 i? 4 11 4 11 8 04 5 34 4 34 4 9i 4 lOi 4ir 5 9 4 lOi Nevada. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. Cahtornia. 2 6i 2 9i 2 9i 2 9i 210 2 9 General Average. 939 E 2 68 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES- («) Table 42. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States. NEW YORK. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers ... Masons, stone Hod carriers Carpenters ... Joiners Plumbers ... Painters, house Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) Boiler-makers Boiler-makers' helpers Machinists Machinists' helpers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Transport. Teamsters Printing Trades, Compositors Wood Working Trades. Cabinet makers General. .-?. d. 16 9f 14 7 9 llf 14 6f 13 2f 14 7 14 7 14 2 9 lOf 6 4-1 10 \\\ 5 3| 11 ^ 6 10| Labourers n 12 1\ 9 6 1 6 lOi s. d. 16 8 16 8 10 li 14 Q\ 13 3 14 U\ 14 7 14 9^ 10 3| 6 Oi 11 3 6 3 11 n 7 8i 8 lOJ 12 8| 9 4i 7 U .«?. d. 16 8 16 8 10 14 7 12 91 15 7i 14 7 15 3f 11 H 5 Hi 11 Ok 6 H 12 2\ 7 4| 8 lOf 12 lOf 8 lU 6 6J s. d, 16 8 16 8 10 14 7 12 lU 15 7 14 7 14 lOJ 10 6i 5 10 10 U\ i 7 10 7^ 7 6 8 8 13 0\ 10 2 6 9| (a) Compiled from Bulletin of the Dexiartment of LaUv, No. 18, September, l§98, published by the United States Department of Labour, UNITED STATES : WAGES. 69 WAGES IN PRINCIPAL ClTmS-oontinued. Table 42.— Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States — continued. ' CHICAGO. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades, Bricklayers Masons, stone Stonecutters Hod carriers Carpenters Plumbers ... Painters, house Metal Trades. Pattern maJcers (iron works) Iron moulders Iron moulders' helpers Boilermakers Boilermakers' helpers Machinists Machinists' helpers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Transport. Teamsters Printing Trades. Compositors Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers ; General. -Lahonrera _«. ...,. _ ... s. d. 16 8 16 8 14 7 7 3^ 10 2\ 15 , 10 1 12 li 10 lOf 7 2i 12 1 7 31 11 54 6 8i 12 U 7 1 8 6 12 6 10 3| 6 3 .y. d. 16 8 16 8 16 8 7 ^ 9 7 15 7i 9 7i 12 4 11 H 7 2\ 12 1 6 lOi 11 lOf 6 10^ 11 Hi 7 n 8 6 12 6 9 9i 6 3i., 6 3 16 8 16 8 16 8 7 3i 12 3i 15 7| 10 IH 12 10 111 6 11 12 1 6 10^ 11 5i 6 7 11 4| 6 111 8 6| 12 6 9 S\ s. d. 16 8 16 8 18 9 8 4 10 2 15 1\ 11 %\ 12 %\ 11 3i 7 1\ 12 1 6 llf 11 8i 6 10 11. 8| 7 U-. 8 4i 12 6 8i 6 3 70 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN PRINCIPAL ClTlES-oontumed. Table 42. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various OCCUPATIONS in certain Principal Cities of the United S r ates — co?it hiued. PHILADELPHIA. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. -S-. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Bricklayers 14 3i 15 9 16 H 11 6i Masons, stone 8 6i 10 9i 10 11 5i Stonecutters 12 7f 13 8 14 8f 13 H Hod carriers 9 8| 10 5 10 5 8 4 Carpenters 11 5 11 51 11 7h 11 4| Joiners 11 10 01 10 9J 10 Labourers, street 6 4 6 H 7 3i 7 Sh Plumbers 11 5^ 12 6 12 6 11 3i Painters, house 11 4i 11 H 11 4i 11 3 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) 10 3 11 If 10 H 11 2i Iron moulders 10 9-1 9 lOi 9 n 9 8 Iron moulders' helpers 5 n 5 ^ 5 3 5 H Boilermakers 9 9i 9 71 9 H 9 5i Boilermakers' helpers 7 2i 7 3i 7 3.^ 7 3 Machinists 9 5 9 7 9 5h 9 8 Machinists' helpers 5 7^ 5 m 5 9 .5 7i Blacksmiths 9 8 9 6i 7 7f 8 6 Blacksmiths' helpers 5 7^ 5 11 4 n 5 4 Transport. Teamsters 7 21 7 If 7 1 7 U Printing Trades. Compositors 10 10^ 10 5 9 5i 9 8f Woodworking Trades. Cabinet makers 10 5| 10 2h 10 8 10 2i General. Labourers 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN PRINCIPAL ClTmS-continued. 71 Table 42. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of tlie United States — continued. ST. LOUIS. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers 6-. d. 15 .9. d. 18 4 .s. d. 18 4 •v. 13 d. 4 Masons, stone 16 8 16 8 16 8 11 8 Stonecutters 11 111 14 Oi 13 li 10 Sh Hod carriers 9 5 11 11 11 10 11 3 Carpenters 11 8 11 8 13 4 11 8 Labourers, street 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 Plumbers 14 7 14 7 14 7 14 7 Painters, house 10 Of 10 If 10 5 10 5 Metal Trades. Patternmakers (iron works) 11 n 11 2| 11 7i 11 2i Iron moulders 10 10 10 10 10 Iron moulders' helpers 6 3 6 5i 6 3 6 3 Boilermakers 11 7 11 5J 11 7 11 5i Boilermakers' helpers 6 U 5 8^ 6 5| 5 111 Machinists 9 10^ 10 2i 10 5^ 10 1 Machinists' helpers 2 8 2 8^ 2 10 2 8i Blacksmiths 10 111 10 lU 10 Hi 8 11 Blacksmiths' helpers 5 10 5 IH 6 9 6 H Tbanspobt. Teamsters 7 Oi 7 Hi 7 10| 7 11 Printing Trades. Compositors 12 OJ 12 0\ 12 Of 12 2i Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers 10 3| 10 lOi 10 8| 10 H General. Labourers 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 72 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN PRINCIPAL CmmS-oontmued. Table -1:2.— Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United S T ates — CO nt'mued. BOSTON. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. s. d. s. d. -f. d. s. d. Bricklayers 13 11 15 21 15 n 14 2i Stonecutters 12 7^ 13 m 11 Sh 12 3^ Hod carriers 8 6J 8 6| 9 H 8 2.^ Carpenters 10 2f 10 6 10 4 10 7 Labourers, street 8 5i 8 4f 8 u 8 4 Plumbers 13 6 13 ^ 13 Oh 13 7f Painters, house 10 1 10 6 11 5i 11 11 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) 11 6| 12 11 12 4f 11 8 Iron moulders 9 9f 10 3^ 9 81 10 9 Iron moulders' helpers 6 71- 7 Oi 6 7 6 8| Boilerraakers 10 3 10 8i 10 H 10 4 Boilermakers' helpers 6 o\ 6 2f 6 i| 6 11 Machinists 10 6i 10 8J 10 8f 10 8a Machinists' helpers 6 4i 6 H 6 6| 7 1 Blacksmiths 12 7i 11 H 11 ^ 11 6 Blacksmiths' helpers 6 lU 7 n 7 7f 7 8 Transport. Engineers, railroad 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 Oi Firemen, „ t 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 Conductors, „ ... ... 16 Q\ 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 Oi Teamsters 8 4' 8 7 8 61 8 8| Printing Trades. Compositprs ... 11 3| 11 Of 11 Oi 10 lU Woodworking Trades. Cabinet mjakers .. , 11 oj 10 8 10 5i 10 11. i j (jENERAjt. La,b'durefs ... ... 6 3 6- u 5 111 5 8| UNITED STATES : WAGES. 76 WAGES IN PRINCIPAL ClTll^S-oontimed. Table 42. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States — continued. BALTIMORE. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers s. d. 16 If *. d. 15 7i 1 *•. d. 15 5i 1 .. d. ; 12 6 j Masons, stone 16 li 16 7^ 17 n 1 13 Oi Stonecutters • 13 6^ 15 14 4 1 14 4 Hod carriers 8 lOi 9 lOi 9 2 7 lOi Carpenters 10 10 li 10 H 10 1 Labourers, street 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 11^ Plumbers 11 H 11 7i 11 8f 11 7i Painters, house 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 Metal Trades Pattern makers (iron works) ... 10 lOf 10 lOf 10 lOf 10 lOi Iron moulders 9 3| 9 3| 8 llf 9 1 Iron moulders' helpers 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 Boilermakers 10 If 10 If 10 \i 10 If Boilermakers' helpers 5 4 5 8i 5 8i 5 8i Machinists 9 7^ 9 7f 9 5^ 9 2f Machinists' helpers 5 8f 5 8f 5 8f 5 8| Blacksmiths 9 51 8 lOi 8 21 8 4 Blacksmiths' helpers 5 11 6 5 2^ 5 8 Transport. Teamsters ... ... 6 5| 6 5f 6. 5f 6 5f Printing Trades. Compositors 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers 9 6 9 5 9'5i 9 3i General. Labourers 5 2^ 5 2h 5"2i 5 2i 74 UNITED STATES ; WAGES. WAGES IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.(«) Table 43.— Average Rates of Wages per Day of Workpeople ^Adult 3Iales') employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities in the State of New York. Average Rates of Wages per Day in Occupation. New York. Brookl]^. BuflFalo. Rochester. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 8. d. s. d. s. d. BUILDING Trades. Bricklayers 16 5h 16 5^ .. .. .. .. Masons 16 7i 16 7 .. .. 13 5 14 9i Carpenters 12 11 12 10i 12 4J 11 10 8 10i 7 Oi 7 11 8 2 Painters 9 6 9 1 .. 8 Oi 7 10J 10 2 7 H 7 11 Varnishers 8 7 8 7 7 8i 6 Hi •• •• •• METAL TRADES. Pattern-makers . . 13 3 12 6 12 1 11 9i 9 10 9 6 9 9i 10 Moulders (iron) . . 11 6 11 8 12 1 11 7 9 9 9 9 11 2 10 11 (brass) .. 9 m 10 0^ 10 8i 10 10 .. .. .. Boilermakers 10 6 .. 8 6i 8 Oi .. .. Blacksmiths 11 5 11 3^ 10 8i 10 H 8 n 8 6 8 3i 8 \h Millwrights .. .. 95J 9 3 9 6i .. .. Machinists 10 1 9 11 10 2 9 8 8 7 8 9i 8 4 8 Oi Tinsmiths 11 2 9 9i 7 Oi 7 9 7 10 7 H •• •• Clothing Trades. Shoemakers .. .. .. 7 2i . .. 4 10 Cutters (shoe) lOlOJ 10 10^ 9 10 4 7 8 7 lOi Fitters (shoe) 6 4 5 6 4 4 •• Fitters (shoes-stock) .. 7 8i ■• •• Lasters 7 7 7 Oi 8 8 8 Oi 8 Finishers (shoe) .. 8 H 8 6i .. 7 11 •• Cutters (fur) 13 6i 15 6i •• •• Nailers (fur) 7 7 8 1 •• •• •• Finishers (fur) 4 n 5 2 •• •• (a) Compiled from Fourteenth Annual Itevort of the Bureau of Labour Statistics of the State of New Yoi% for the Year 1896. The years mentioned in the table, are years ended June 30. UNITED STATES : WAGES. 75 WAGES IN THE STATE OP NEW YORK-continiied. Table 43. — Average Rates of Wages per Day of Woekpboplb (^Adult Males) employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities in the State of New York— continued. Occupation. PRINTING, PAPER AND ALLIED TRADES. Printers (compositors) Pressmen (printing) Printers (-wallpapers) Feeders (press) Engravers . . WOODWORKING TRADES. Cabinet makers . . Coopers Sawyers (wood) .. Woodworkers (machine) Carvers (wood) Food and Tobacco Trades. Cellarmen (brewery) . Strippers (tobacco) Cigarmakers Cigarmakers (bunch- makers) Cigar packers GENERAL. Labourers . . Engineers (stationary) Firemen (stationary) Packers Drivers Watchmen Average Rates of Wages per Day in New York. 1891 1895 X. (I s. d. ;' 10 2 i;? m 12 4i 13 7 Hi 6 Hi 16 :i 15 7i 10 11 I 11 2 10 0^ I 11 5 8 lU I 9 2i 8 11 9 5i 13 4^ 12 3 4 Oi 7 9i 5 9 11 6 7 5i 12 Oi 9 5| 6 10 7 12 li 3 10 7 2 5 5 11 Hi 7 10i 12 6i 8 8i 6 Hi 9 7i 7 9i Brooklyn. 1891 s. d. 9 9i 8 5i 8 6i 7 2i 6 5 11 7i 9 7i 6 4 8 5 8 1 1895 s. d. 11 10 lOlOi 8 9i 9 7 Oi 11 lOi 9 4 5 2i 8 3 8 1 Buflfalo. 1891 Rochester. s. d. 12 4 7 8 7 4i 9 8i 5 lOi 10 3 7 5i 3 2 7 10 6 6i s. d. 11 7 8 Oi 7 7 7 1 10 4 5 5 10 5 7 6 3 2i 7 7i 6 11 6'. d. 7 1 6 9 5 9 11 2 8i 6 7i 7 Hi 6 6 9 8i 8 3i 3 5i 6 Hi 7 6i 76 UNITED STATES: WAGES. WAGES IN Table 44.— Average Yearly Earnings of Workpeople employed in certain Trade. Average Yearly Earnings 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. : Building Trades, £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 £ «. d. £ s. d. Stone 114 13 10 112 3 9 116 15 114 17 6 113 6 9 ' Metal Trades. Models, lasta and patterns . . Machines and machinery . . Shipbuilding ' .. Metals and metallic goods . . Artisans' tools Agricultural implements .. Arms and ammunition Cooking, lighting and heating apparatus. Bicycles and tricycles Electroplating Electrical apparatus and ap- pliances. Scientific instruments Musical instruments and materials Clocks -watches and j ewellery . . 113'io 3 131 2 104 13 122 19 10 103 16 6 125 9 9 117 19 4 107"4 10 114**6 9 129 11 3 104 10 10 114 2 103 5 123 16 7 127 15 4 115*15 5 116*4 3 141 9 1 107 8 2 115 8 6 108 1 2 126 16 10 130 2 10 125 *i9 5 147 11 3 117 2 6 146 10 4 107 14 10 111 12 1 111 7 5 124 16 129 17 119**8 7 142 12 3 113 10 7 131 12 1 105 13 9 110 7 106 12 1 118 18 8 133 5 4 91 "13 11 95 7 139 6 1 139 1 88 14 136 19 116 8 9 3 6 91 14 7 138 18 8 118 18 9 93 6 137 8 118 13 5 3 3 86 14 2 J35 13 1 110 5 Textile Trades. Cotton goods WooUen goods Cotton, -woollen and other textiles Worsted goods Flax, hemp, jute and Hnen goods. . Silk and silk goods Mixed textiles Carpet:ngs Hosiery and knit goods Print works, dye -works and bleacheries. A-wnings, sails, tents, etc Cordage and t-wine Hair (animal and human) -work . . 68 8 8 76 17 7 81 11 5 76 2 1 65 13 8 69 11 10 81 4 3 76 1 11 67 12 8 85 1 11 120 15 4* 68 9 9 83 18 69 16 75 7 77 11 77 4 65 9 70 6 78 15 75 11 69 16 86 10 126 7 68 6 82 10 9 5 7 6 6 4 9 2 5 3 4 71 14 2 79 2 81 7 2 77 14 10 67 6 72 18 2 81 6 8 77 10 4 69 11 89 3 5 128 17 11 70 2 3 76 3 3 72 1 81 3 78 12 76 18 65 14 71 76 9 80 15 72 3 90 117 12 73 4 79 17 8 1 1 7 3 7 9 4 6 9 3 5 4 71 10 5 77 3 76 5 n 73 16 2 66 4 9 67 19 7 77 7 8 76 7 4 67 6 87 2 1 119 19 9 71 19 4 71 15 10 Clothing TRADES. Clothing Buttons and trimmings Boots and shoes Straw and palm leaf goods 84 6 68 9 8 105 18 6 79 14 6 82 15 70 4 105 15 79 17 9 4 5 2 83 8 11 72 17 106 14 2 95 7 83 7 1 77 16 2 108 17 6 99 14 10 82 17 10 78 5 1 103 8 3. 99 11 5 PRIOTING, PAPER AND ALLIED ; TRADES. Printing, publishing and book- binding. Paper Boxes (paper J and paper goods . . 114 6 108 5 8 114 6 113 16 3 121 6 9 84 16 11 (c) 68 6 7 (d) 87 6 81^ (d) 3 9 88 11 5 (c) 79 11 8 id) 1 88 3 10 (d) 85 14 3 8.'"'4 4 (d) (a) Com'p'iled from Annual Statistics of Ma7mfactures, published by the Massachusetts di-vlded by the average number of persons employed during the year. (&) This group id) The figures are those given in these years under the group, "Boxes (paper and UNITED STATES : WAGES. 77 MASSACHUSETTS. («) Trades and in all Trades together in the State of Massachusetts. of Workpeople in- 1894. 1895. Aggregate Average Number of Persons Employed in 1897. Trade £ 8. d. 107 10 5 156 11 7 109 9 9 122 17 9 104 1 8 104 14 10 90 5 99 1 7 121 11 3 125 12 10 89 7 6 123 5 3 103 12 8 65 13 70 16 71 5 65 2 55 11 66 71 13 73 19 66 19 82 9 105 11 68 12 8 75 7 4 81 7 8 71 8 1 104 15 9 90 14 8 114 12 6 84 15 11 (f) 81 6 £ 8. d. 107 2 3 148 8 111 12 129 5 106 1 114 11 107 2 99 8 135 17 120 9 7 108 11 3 109 8 4 99 2 3 130 3 105 5 4 68 9 11 77 5 10 78 9 76 1 7 63 11 73 19 4 75 14 1 77 3 3 69 5 88 7 4 121 13 1 69 10 1 79 19 1 82 9 11 73 8 7 100 10 10 90 13 6 109 14 10 84 9 11 (c) 81 8 9 (<0 £ 8. d. 108 5 11 151 3 3 111 18 8 135 3 1 105 3 6 115 2 1 100 17 2 105 13 8 130 10 3 129 10 6 117 7 6 106 5 3 97 15 5 124 1 10 102 2 10 68 13 75 17 (&) 72 13 58 12 74 12 71 71 15 63 1 6 7 86 19 10 113 4 71 16 8 70 4 2 78 14 9 68 3 4 100 5 11 98 7 10 108 8 85 19 9 74 13 2 £ s. d. 108 17 2 145 14 4 109 4 8 129 18 102 13 9 105 3 5 98 14 2 93 1 6 127 3 11 126 5 2 113 15 11 98 7 1 94 118 14 103 8 69 13 77 12 (&) 74 5 62 8 75 12 71 72 7 62 19 85 2 10 108 17 1 68 13 63 11 4 79 5 6 69 12 8 98 2 4 96 8 5 107 10 86 5 8 , 75 19 4 4,374 460 17,387 787 13,608 1,860 579 1,434 1,717 2,240 142 2,895 1,338 2,540 3,750 79,144 16,866 (b) 12,705 1,159 1,764 832 4,622 5,249 162 !,406 147 8,673 830 47,788 2,410 3,012 9,177 3,963 BuiLDiNa Trades. Stone. Metal Trades. Models, lasts and patterns. Machines and machinery. Shipbuilding. Metals and metallic goods. Artisans' tools. Agricultural implements. Arms and ammunition. Cooking, lighting and heating apparatus. Bicycles and tricycles. Electroplating. Electrical apparatus and ap- pliances. Scientific instruments. Musical instruments and materials Clocks, watches and jewellery Textile Trades. Cotton goods. "Woollen goods. Cotton, woollen and other textiles. Worsted goods. Flax, hemp, jute and linen goods. Silk and silk goods. Mixed textiles. Carpetings. Hosiery and knit goods. Print works, dye works and bleacheries. Awnings, sails, tents, etc. Cordage and twine. Hair (animal and human) work. Clothing trades. Clothing. Buttons and trimmings. Boots and shoes. Straw and palm leaf goods. Printing, Paper and allied Trades. Printing, publishing and hook- binding. Paper. Boxes (paper) and paper goods. Bureau of Statistics of Labour, is not distinguished in this year, wooden)." The figures represent the total earnings in the year (c) In 1889-t95 the group was "Paper and paper goods," 78 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN Table 44.— Average Yearly Earnings of Workpeople in the State of Trade, Woodworking trades. Lumber FurnitTire Carriages and wagons Boxes, barrels, kegs, &Q. Burial cases, caskets, coffins, &e. Wooden goods Chemical Trades. Chemical preparations (com- pounded). Drugs and medicines Dye&tuffs Glue, isinglass, and starch . . Oils and illuminating fluids. . Paints, coloxirs, and crude chemicals Polishes and dressings Photographs and photographic materials. Tallow, candles, soap, and grease. Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades. Bricks, tiles, and sewer pipe Earthen, plaster, and stone ware . . Glass Cement, kaolin, lime and plaster. . Food and Tobacco Trades. Food preparations Liquors and beverages (not spirit- uous). Liquors: malt, distilled, and fer- mented. Tobacco, snuff, and cigars . . Workers in Fibre and Cane. Brooms, brushes, and mops . . Leather and India Eubber Trades. Leather Saddlery and harness. . Whips, lashes, and stocks Rubber and elastic goods Hose : rubber, linen, &c. Other Trades. Railroad construction and equip- ment. Sporting and athletic goods Building materials Emery and sand paper and cloth, &Q. Fancy articles, &c. Ivory, bone, shell, and horn goods, &c. Toys and games (children's) All Trades Together(rt) . . Average Yearly Earnings 1890. 101 6 102 14 7 120 9 2 [The figures for 114 7 121 2 110 7 107 8 6 £ s. d. 104 16 8 102 18 4 12i 4 6 100 15 104 19 124 1892. 97 11 4 104 14 11 124 1 1 £ s. d. 109 1 2 83 7 103 9 81 14 115 11 95 10 85 16 11 81 8 6 106 17 4 91 7 3 89 9 2 144 8 112 7 10 73 4 10 109 121 105 17 10 i2 4 6 7 7 13 3 19 10 ie 4 1 6 98 16 8 101 1 7 130 16 10 1889-95 do not include a group of 108 13 4 113 3 2 113 3 8 107 18 3 111 10 4 111 12 120 13 6 82 109 7 2 12 9 7 11 2 7 6 98 17 11 131 6 3 107 100 94 87 6 11 97 8 4 98 17 11 96 15 2 119 12 2 139 11 117 10 73 18 107 2 10 84 *4 5 93 4 84 14 11 129 4 10 93 10 2 iro 14 4 79 2 1 88 19 83 17 11 18 5 91 11 9 123 10 2 82 17 10 111 14 8 93 5 8 112 5 4 112 1 103 3 11 126 18 7 96 5 106 8 8 100 10 11 102 3 3 105 10 11 141 3 10 120 4 11 75 1 3 105 12 7 92 1 90 17 89 18 123 7 70 17 3 105 ii 11 61 6 10 94 17 82 16 3 ! 124 13 85 10 6 112 14 5 93 7 1 94 19 1 113 1 4 101 7 9 132 11 5 97 7 8 95 11 124 12 1 113 11 1 102 6 11 114 16 6 148 5 4 119 18 6 76 11 8 105 14 113 16 96 1 87 14 83 18 125 1 7 104 19 9 112 "5 5 80 lo 8 84 12 8 88 1 9 92 16 3 I 93 17 6 123 18 83 4 108 19 99 5 100 17 109 15 103 3 133 12 5 1 93 4 3 100 3 7 97 13 4 114 17 11 152 12 130 9 76 19 6 102 16 11 108 18 10 100 18 2 96 19 3 78 7 1 128 9 6 103 13 10 102 *4 3 83"i2 2 82 16 5 90 17 3 (a) By "All Trades Together"' is meant the aggregate of the industries (comprising particulars of which are not given m the table (these being UNITED STATES : WAGES. 79 'ULASSACEVSETTB— continued. employed in certain Tbades and in ALL Tbadbs Toobthbe MASHACHUSi^TTS—contimied. of Workpeople in Aggregate Average Number of Persons Employed in 1897. Trade. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. WOODWOBKINQ TRADES. 92 15 2 97 8 126 14 11 this natu 116 18 8 107 9 10 93 3 2 101 18 4 120 18 10 ^128 18 8 110 18 8 97 18 5 99 13 8 121 18 10 88 13 3 129 19 6 114 15 10 97 2 2 97 16 8 120 7 2 89 9 128 9 11 109 13 800 5,023 1,884 2,476 195 1,882 Lumber. Furniture. Carriages and wagons. Boxes, barrels, kegs, &c. Burial eases, caskets, cofiflns, &c. Wooden goods. CHEMICAL TRADES. 114 14 9 116 12 117 1 10 113 13 5 394 Chemical preparations (com- pounded). Drugs and medicines. Dyestuffs. Glue, isinglass, and starch. Oils and illuminating fluid. Paints,colours.and crude chemicals. Polishes and dressings. Photographs and photographic materials. Tallow, candles, soap, and grease. 89 6 5 105 5 2 97 12 6 112 12 3 96 14 3 102 10 9 87 103 6 6 89 18 1 113 "6 3 109 11 4 94 4 103 11 84 9 7 82 17 7 113 4 7 125 8 8 93 15 8 93 4 103 14 10 84 17 8 103 1 11 89 17 1 106 11 7 123 13 9 90 11 5 87 19 11 102 7 3 689 126 387 104 190 246 501 701 Glass, Pottery, &c.. Trades. 92 2 11 10111 6 117 4 9 93 5 102 18 7 106 15 7 96 8 5 92 11 6 103 8 11 102 15 1 96 17 3 88 15 7 96 18 107 1 4 98 2 1,490 199 278 114 Bricks, tiles, and sewer pipe. Earthen, plaster, and stone ware. Glass. Cement, kaolin, lime and plaster. Food and Tobacco Trades. 98 4 107 16 5 93 8 11 112 5 94 16 1 118 16 11 92 18 11 124 1 8 110 Food preparations. Liquors and beverages (not spirit- uous). Liquors: malt, distilled, and fer- mented. Tobacco, snuff, and cigars. 151 8 11 144 9 8 153 19 11 156 14 8 1,750 129 17 10 131 5 11 128 1 8 128 6 5 1,809 WORKERS IN Fibre and Cane. 73 4 3 74 6 75 12 4 71 4 4 733 Brooms, brushes, and mops. Leather and India rubber Trades. 98 13 8 105 15 4 90 3 4 87 18 9 93 18 10 100 4 5 112 12 1 88 16 7 90 10 92 14 1 98 16 2 110 17 4 87 3 8 88 4 10 83 13 8 99 4 9 109 10 86 5 8 83 8 11 91 18 11 6,413 402 416 7,256 683 Leather. Saddlery and harness. Whips, lashes, and stocks. Rubber and elastic goods. Hose : rubber, linen, &c. Other Trades. 106 18 5 90 17 3 107 "3 9 116 10 11 91 13 4 114 "7 6 121 2 8 103 16 123 6 10 104 17 119 12 106 11 4 123 6 1 110 11 2,681 215 451 233 Railroad construction and equip- ment. Sporting and athletic goods. Building materials. Emery and sand paper and cloth, &c. Fancy articles, &c. Ivory, bone, shell, and horn goods, &e. Toys and games (children's). 77 5 3 82 13 7 75 3 7 83 10 9 78 14 4 82 3 8 75 19 9 84 16 7 403 686 78 8 3 86 5 6 85 18 4 88 4 11 426 85 19 88 12 6 88 17 9 87 17 1 313,S16 All Trades Together.(rt) 77 classes in 1897), returns from which are utilised in the source, including a few trades, trades employing less than 100 persons each). 80 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN Table 45.— Limits of the Weekly Earnings of Workpeople employed in certain State of METAL TRADES.(&) Weekly Earnings. Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were within the Limits stated in Col, 1. 1889. 1890. 1891 1892. 189p. 1894. 1895. 1896. i 1897. Males. Under5dols.(£l Os.lOd.) 2,685 2.821 2,876 2,883 2,580 2,396 3,121 3,124 3,2:13 5 dels, but Tinder 6 dels. (£1 Qs. 10d.-£l 5s.). 1,442 1,657 1,870 1,851 1,880 1,499 2,100 2,140 2,197 6 dels, but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.~£l 9.S'. 2d). 2.234 2,707 2,697 2,667 2,482 2,256 3.086 3.144 3,118 1 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2d— £1 13.S 4d) 3,327 3,808 3,.i27 3,886 3,498 3,174 4.069 4,290 4,04S 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£113s.4d-£1176'.6d). 3,674 3.950 3,391 3.902 3,817 2,986 3,919 4,238 4,10: 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s.6d-£2 1s.8d). 5,174 6,162 5,570 6,030 5,440 4,532 6,218 6,686 6,25-} 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d.-£2 10s.). 5.769 7,209 7,059 7,938 7,391 6,211 7,613 8,136 8.332 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.-£3 2s. M). 8,222 10,071 10,430 10,816 9,880 8,073 11,29(5 12,104 12,038 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d.-M ds.U.). 7,044 9,281 9,959 10,264 9,522 5,953 8,796 9,887 9,626 20 dols. (£4 3s. 4d) and over. 2,539 3,044 3,329 3,240 3,007 2,027 2,974 2,927 2,936 Total Males 42,110 50,710 50,714 53,477 49.497 39,107 53,192 56,676 56,043 FEMALES. Under 5 dols. (£1 O.^.lOd) 621 816 821 959 711 614 1.028 1,049 1,217 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. lOrf.— £1 5s.). 547 678 693 713 594 591 1,062 1,018 931 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9s. 2d). 531 678 706 778 768 681 904 819 934 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s.2d-£113s.4d). 416 529 680 570 587 391 606 547 597 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£1 13s.4(?.-£l 17s. 6d). 324 392 389 357 335 293 358 416 374 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s.6d-£2 ls.8d). 198 245 280 212 248 223 413 264 299 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 ls.8d-£2 10s.). 128 115 123 '• 145 208 157 20;:i 238 231 12 dols. but under 15 dols (£2 10s.-£3 2s. Qd.). 66 71 58 i 49 78 69 101 87 49 15 dols. but under 20 dols. v£3 2s.6d-£4 3s.4d). 19 1!) 8 24 20 22 34 2J 20 20 dols. (£4 3s. M.) and over. 7 3 '1' 6 6 12 11 10 5 Total Females 2,857 3,546 3,710 1 3,813 3,555 3,058 4,725 4.470 4,657 (rt) Compiled from the source stated in footnote (a) on pp. 76, 77, ante. The figures show the greatest number of persons was employed. (&)ln this group are included the following classes of trades specified in the source :— Agricultural Watches, and Jewellery ; Cookinj?, Lighting, and Heating Apparatus ; Electrical Apparatus and and Patterns; Musical Instruments and Materials; Scientific Instruments and Appliances, and ((!; In this group are included the following classes of trades specified in the source -.—Awnings, Textiles" in 1889-95— s^e footnote (h) on pp. 76, 77, ante) ; Flax, Hemp. Jute, and Linen Goods ; Hair and Bleacheries ; Silk and Silk Goods Woollen Goods, and Worsted Goods, UNITED STATES: WAOES. 81 MASSACHUSETTS.(«) PniNCiPAL Groups of Trades and in All Trades Together in the Massachusetts. TEXTILE TRADES, (c) • Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Weekly Earnings. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896, 1897. Males. Under5dols.(£10s.l0rf.) 10,669 10,896 10,761 9,932 9,598 11,303 11,718 11,157 11,639 5 dols, but under 6 dols. (£1 06'. 10d.-£l 56'.). 4,781 5.230 5,611 5,806 5,775 7,456 7,669 7.577 7.836 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9s. 2d.X 9,698 10,262 10,146 10,229 9,524 11,005 11,901 12,184 12,083 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9.S. 2d,-£l Us. id.). 8,248 8,982 9,171 9,984 10008 9,608 10,915 10,781 10,847 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£1 13s. M.-&1 17s. 6d.). 6,165 6,381 7,010 7,036 8,204 7,504 8,712 8,954 8,899 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s. 6d.-£2 Is. 8d.\ 7,154 7,724 7,960 8,132 7,541 6,198 7,112 7,078 7.463 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d-£2 10s.). 6,336 6,880 7,233 7,801 7,938 6,777 8,087 7,794 7,995 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.— £3 2s. 6d). 4,530 5,040 5,004 6,049 5,703 3,883 4,891 4,857 5,361 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. Qd.-M 3s. id.). 2,062 2,275 2,285 2,540 2,589 2,008 2,323 2,409 2,331 20 dols. (£4 3s. id.) and over. "^otal Males 1,070 1,156 1,213 1,255 1,213 1,164 1,353 '1,381 1,342 60,713 64,826 66,394 68,764 68,093 66,906 74,681 74,172 75,796 Females. Under 5 dols. (£10s.lO(i) 19.730 19,676 19,885 18,^98 17,410 20,923 20,137 19,292 19,311 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. 10d.-£l 5s.). 13,134 13,449 13,493 13,246 12,932 14,656 14,614 14,639 14,813 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9s. 2d.). 12399 13,241 13,011 13,602 113,807 12,420 13,409 13,163 13,851 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2d~£l 13s. id.). 7.098 8,073 8,542 9,452 8,833 8,318 9,565 9,770 9,389 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£1 13s. 4d.-£l 17s. 6d.). 4,001 4,576 5,533 5,317 6,044 4,582 6,101 6,275 6,334 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s. 6d.-£2 Is. 8d). 2,473 2,684 3,090 3,391 3,485 1,913 2,738 2,484 2,446 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d-£2 10s.). 968 1,337 1,686 2,083 1,999 718 1,203 1,230 1,264 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.-£3 2s. M.). 180 • 201 181 259 307 119 206 172 191 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d-£4 3s. id.). 14 11 9 14 28 11 14 8 20 20 dols. (£4 3s. id.) and over. Total Females . . •• •• 1 1 •• ' 2 2 59,997 63,248 65,410 65,663 64,846 63,660 67,988 67,035 67,624 average weekly earnings in the week during which, in each establishment making returns, the Implements ; Arms and Ammunition ; Artisans' Tools ; Bicycles, Tricycles, &c. (in 1895-97) ; Clocks Appliances; Electroplating; Machines and Machinery ; Metals and Metallic Goods ; Models, Lasts, Shipbuilding. Sails, Tents, &c. ; Carpetings, Cordage, and Twine ; Cotton Goods (also "Cotton, Woollen, and other work (Animal and Human) ; Hosiery and Knit Goods ; Mixed Textiles ; Print Works ; Dye Works 939 F 82 UNITED STATES: WAGES. WAGES IN Table 45. — Limits of the Weekly Earnings of Workpeople employed in certain Principal CLOTHING TEADES.(a) Weekly Earnings. Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings -were within the Limits stated in Column 1. 1890. 1895. 1897. Males. Under 5 dols (£1 Os. 10(i.) 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. 10d.-£l 5s.) 6 dols. but under 7 dols, (£1 5.S.— £1 9s. 2d.) 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2d— £1 13s. 14d) 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£113s.4d— £117s.6(Z.) 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s. 6d.— £2 Is. Sd.) 10 dole, but underl2 dols. £2 Is. 8d.—&2 10s.) 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.— £3 2s. Qd.) 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d—M 3s. 4d) 20 dols. (£4 3s. 4d.) and over. Total Males 1,851 1,130 1,751 1,829 2,196 3,678 5,897 8,454 7,950 2,927 37,669 1,949 1,274 1,939 2,064 2,162 3,498 5,769 9,641 8,628 40,021 1,913 1,328 2,112 2,247 2,389 3,907 6,033 10,252 9,272 3,098 42,551 2,041 1,388 2,041 2,318 2,256 3,820 5,874 10,507 8,573 1,131 1,790 2,025 2,210 3,401 5,236 8,507 7,329 2,928 42.067 36,419 1,608 1,058 1,607 1,930 1,873 2,896 4,527 7,126 6,228 2,569 2,174 1,565 2,091 2,616 2,652 3,998 5,988 8,770 7,626 2,789 2,414 1,553 2,291 2,616 2,983 4,062 6,189 9,042 7,735 3,048 2,731 9,490 7,224 31,422 40,269 41,933 43.371 Females. Under 5 dols (£1 Os. lOd.) 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. lOd.— £1 5s.) 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5>'.-£l 9s. 2d.)\ 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£19s. 2d— £113s.4d.) 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£113s.4d— £117s.6d) 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s. 6d.— £2 Is. 8d.) 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d.—£2 10s.) 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.— £3 2s. 6d) 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d— £4 3s. 4d) dols. (£4 3s. 4d) and over. Total Females .. 2,930 3,505 3,391 2,739 2,497 2,179 1,714 577 48 23.302 3,889 4,638 4,625 2,618 3,168 3,270 3,334 3,815 3,545 3,282 3,500 3,376 2,905 2,971 3,194 2,525 2,474 2,775 2,667 2,453 2,861 2,079 2,052 2,113 650 809 886 80 86 103 24.029 25,966 26,748 3,351 3,035 3,084 2,656 2,712 2.000 765 73 24.622 3,422 4,446 2,569 3,351 2,693 3,733 2,692 3,173 2,461 2,645 2,156 2,592 2,336 2,736 1,641 1,926 622 615 74 49 20,666 25,266 5,052 3,278 3,724 3,502 3,050 1,906 746 142 27,192 5,813 3,763 3,879 3,732 3,304 2,940 2,973 2,000 601 120 29,126 (a) In this group are included the following classes of (&) By "All Trades Together" is meant the aggregate trades specified in the source :— Boots and of the industries (comprising 77 classes i» UNITED STATES : WAGES. 83 MASSACHUSETTS-^^"«^«iw^^. Groups of Trades and in All Trades Together in the State of Massachusetts— oon^iwwe^^. ALL TRADES T0GETHER.(6) Number of "Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were Limits stated in Column 1. within the Weekly Earnings. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. MALES. Under 5 dols. (£1 Os. lOd.) 17,105 17,876 17,934 16,929 16,007 17,141 19,621 19317 20,596 5 dols. and under 6 dols. (nOs.lOd. &1&S.) 8,542 9,458 10,491 10,506 10,226 11,401 13,282 13,198 13,752 6 dols. and under 7 dols (£1 5s.-£l 9«. 2d.) 15,804 17,364 17.581 17,200 16,125 17,484 20,046 20,472 20,846 7 dols. and under'S dols. (£1 9s. '2d.~£l 13s. 4d) 16.768 18,364 18,904 19,594 19,223 18,828 22,346 22,320 22,524 8 dols. and under 9 dols. (£1 13s. 4d.— £1 17s. 6d) 15,993 16.994 17,204 17,704 18,561 16,800 21,411 22,154 21,731 9 dols. and under 10 dols. (£1 17s. 6d.— £2 Is. 8d.) 24,170 26,672 28,003 28,942 27,480 23,248 28,858 28,940 28,979 10 dols. and under 12 dola (£2 Is. 8d.-£2 10s.) 26,532 30,603 31.989 33,290 31,336 6,793 32,974 33,403 34.106 12 dols. and under 15 dols. (£2 10d-£3 2s. 6d.) 31,331 35,821 38,469 39,573 36,507 29,792 37,593 39,189 39,809 15 dols. and under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d.-£4 3s. id.) 24,108 28,208 31,229 30,770 28,525 21,688 28,460 29,651 28,635 20 dols. (£4 3s. id.) and over. Total Males 8,772 9,619 10,219 10.338 9,544 7,659 9,285 9,613 9.000 189425 210.977 222,023 224,846 213,534 190,834 233,876 238,257 239,978 Females. Under 5 dols. (£1 Os. IQd.) 28,336 28,980. 30,609 28,219 26,515 29,154 31,780 31,264 32,166 5 dols. and under 6 dols. (£1 Os 10d.-£l 5a.) 19,413 19,392 21,456 20,266 19,440 20,748 22,575 22,445 23,129 6 dols. and under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9s. 2d.) 19,350 20,229 21,460 20,972 21,038 18,759 21,751 21,704 22,776 7 dols. and under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2d.-£l 13s. id.) 12,816 14,242 15.170 15,606 14,484 13,435 15,727 16,276 16,43S 8 dols. and under 9 dols. (£1 13s. id.-£l 17s. Qd.) 7,950 9,110 10,264 10,061 10,669 8,626 10,611 11,113 11,670 9 dols. and under 10 dols, (£1 17s. 6d-£2 Is. 8d.) 5,636 6,278 6,780 7,311 7,291 5,210 6,955 6,742 6,598 10 dols. and under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d.-£2 10s.) 3,757 4,647 5,102 5,844 5,595 3,816 5,010 5.084 5,152 12 dols. and under 15 dols. (£2 10s.-£3 2s. 6d.) 2,069 2,552 2,599 2,649 2,644 2,004 2,538 2,438 2,528 15 dols. and under 20 dols. (£3 2s. ed.-£4 3s. id.) 647 715 886 985 875 695 735 840 724 20 dols. (£4 3s. id.) and over. Total Females 61 94 96 121 90 87 74 166 141 100,035 106,239 114,422 112,034 108,641 102,634 117,756 118,072 121,317 Shoes, Buttons and Dress Trimmings, Clothing, and Straw and Palm Leaf Goods. 1897) returns from which are utilised in the source. 939 F 2 84 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN MASSACHUSETTS.C'O Table 46. — Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1897. Average Average Earnings Earnings Occupation. for a Full Occupation. for a Full Week's Week's Work. Work. A s. d. & s d. Building: Trades. Metals and Metallic Goods (Fine Work). Carpenters 3 3 5 Painters and glaziers 2 18 3 Woodworkers 3 8 9 Steam and gas fitters 3 5 Women 1 15 Slaters 3 15 Boys and girls 1 3 1 Paperhangers 3 17 1 Moulders 2 19 3 Plumbers 4 8 Grold workers 3 14 Plasterers 4 1 3 Steel workers 3 6 4 Masons 4 2 11 Metalworkers 2 16 9 Carpenters' labourers 1 14 4 Watchmen 2 1 8 Masons' and plasterers' 1 U 9 Engineers 2 16 4 labourers. Machines and Machinery. Stone. Patternmakers 2 17 2 Quarrymen 1 18 2 Iron moulders 2 9 3 Paving cutters 1 6 6 Brass moulders 3 8 Stone cutters 3 4 2 Core makers 1 9 Polishers 1 18 10 Blacksmiths 2 14 Blacksmiths ... 3 8 9 Blacksmiths' helpers 1 12 6 Teamsters ... 2 1 Machinists 2 6 1 Labourers 1 7 7 Cleaners and chippers ] 14 5 Chuckers 2 Fitters 1 18 11 Polishers 1 13 3 Metals and Metallic Setters-up 2 3 2 Goods. Rivet heaters, boys 1 6 10 Rivetters 3 3 Hammermen 4 1 Woodworkers 2 2 3 Heaters 3 8 7 Painters 1 15 11 Rollers 2 17 7 Labourers 1 10 11 Puddlers 2 14 6 Watchmen 1 14 6 Shinglers 2 16 3 Teamsters 1 19 6 Helpers 2 1 7 Wire drawers 1 11 5 Annealers and cleaners 2 4 9 Blacksmithing. Roughers 3 1 Finishers 2 7 11 Blacksmiths 3 6 8 Billeters 3 4 5 Stockers 2 4 4 Strikers-in 1 15 1 Cotton Goods. Brickmasons 2 18 4 Brickmasons' helpers 1 16 3 Openers and pickers 1 6 5 Sinkers 5 Openers and pickers, boys ... 1 2 Machinists 2 13 3 Strippers 1 6 11 Labourers 1 13 10 Grinders 1 15 8 (a) Compiled from the Twenty -eighth Amiual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Lahour, March, IftOS. Massac husflffs UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN UA^SACRVSWTTS-cofdinmd. 85 Table 46. — ^Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1897 — continued. Average Average Earnings Earnings Occupation. for a Full Occupation. for a Full Week 's Week's Work. Work. & .v. d. & s. d. Cotton Qooda—cont. Cotton Goods— (^ont. Frame tenders 1 11 3 Weavers, 8 looms 1 16 6 Drawers 1 2 2 Bobbin boys 1 5 Railway and alley boys 1 1 4 Cloth room, overseers 3 16 1 Slubbers 1 13 8 Cloth room, second hands ... 2 10 Overseers of carding 5 5 Cloth room, men 19 8 Section hands 1 18 1 Cloth room, women and boys 1 3 Second hands 2 13 11 Packing room, girls and boys 15 Overseers of spinning 4 15 8 Dyers 1 7 6 Second hands 2 11 11 Bundlers 1 12 8 Section hands 1 17 6 Overseers of repairs 5 14 1 General hands 1 9 6 Mechanics 2 8 4 Young persons It) 7 Mechanics, labourers 1 6 10 Spare hands 1 3 3 Engineers 3 10 8 Mule spinners 2 15 2 Firemen 1 19 3 Back boys 19 9 Overseers of yard 2 11 3 Doffers 1 5 2 Yard hands 1 9 3 Frame spinners 1 10 3 Watchmen 1 17 Frame spinners, girls 19 9 Teamsters 1 16 6 Frame spinners, boys 18 5 Ring spinners, overseers ... 4 10 8 Ring spinners, second hands 2 1 3 Ring spinners, third hands .. 2 1 1 Woollen Goods. Ring spinners, girls 1 7 Doffers, boys 19 4 Wool sorters 2 11 2 Fly and jack frame tenders.. 1 9 8 Washers and scourers 1 8 5 Reeling and warping, over- 3 10 10 Dyers 1 10 1 seers. Dryers 1 JO Reeling and warping, second 2 5 6 Young persons 1 3 2 hands. Dyers and scourers 1 6 2 Reeling and warping, spare 1 7 Washers 1 9 hands, girls. Dryers and pickers 1 6 Reeling and warping, 1 3 7 Scourers 1 3 spoolers. Carders 1 11 8 Reeling and warping, young 1 2 Carders, overseers 6 5 persons. Strippers 1 9 2 Warpers 1 12 10 Spinners 2 5 5 Dressers 2 2 Spinners, boys 1 10 9 Dressers, overseers 4 16 9 Spinners, women 1 6 7 Slasher tenders 2 2 7 Spoolers, women 1 4 3 Drawers 1 2 7 Spoolers, girls 18 10 Drawers, section hands 1 14 7 Dressers and warpers 2 1 Drawers, third hands 1 15 11 Dressers 2 4 7 Drawers, room hands 1 7 2 Weavers 1 16 Twisters, women 1 4 4 Fullers 1 10 5 Weavers 1 12 1 Shearers 1 8 Weavers, overseers 5 1 Giggers 1 9 7 Weavers, second hands 2 12 8 Burlers 1 2 8 Weavers, section hands 2 5 2 Bur]ers, women 1 3 6 Weavers, spare hands 1 9 Burlers, girls ] 2 2 Weavers, 4 looms 1 7 5 Finishers I 14 8 Weavers, 6 looms 1 10 9 Finishers, women 1 5 2 86 UNITED STATES : WAGES. WAGES IN MASSACHUSETTS— c««^i/i?^e^. Table 46.— Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1 897 — continued. Occupation. Woollen Goods— cow^. Packers Pressmen Section hands Firemen Engineers and firemen Labourers Watchmen Hosiery. Overseers of carding Young persons, carding Overseers of bleaching and dyeing. Men, bleaching and dyeing Overseers of spinning Men and boys, spinning Boarders Finishers, women Cutters Winders Knitters Twisters Sewing girls Menders , Rotary knitters, men Engineers Yard hands and watchmen Carpetings. Wool sorters Wool washers Dyers and dryers Weavers Section hands Drawers and spinners Frame spinners Firemen Machinists and carpenters. Watchmen Labourers Labourers, boys Earnings for a Full Week's Work. 2 2 7 1 17 9 2 11 6 1 19 4 2 15 5 1 8 1 2 3 9 4 13 9 18 7 3 12 11 1 6 6 4 17 11 2 8 8 1 18 11 10 8 1 5 1 5 1 10 19 1 7 1 5 2 13 3 10 1 8 2 7 1 8 1 12 1 18 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 16 10 2 5 1 1 14 6 1 7 11 16 3 Occupation. Boots and Shoes. Cutters Bottomers Boot treers Crimpers Fitters Finishers Buffers Heelers Edge setters Shoemakers Machine hands, women McKay operators Beaters-out Trimmers Women Clothing (Ready-made). Overseers ... ... ... Cutters Trimmers Pressers Basters, women Machine operators, women Finishers at home, women Finishers in shop, women Finishers, custom, women ... Pantaloons and vest makers, custom work, women. Straw Goods. Bleachers Blockers Pressers Packers Machine sewers Plaster block makers Whittlers Menders Tippers Trimmers Wirers Machinists Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work. s. d. 2 8 6 2 7 11 1 12 3 3 2 6 3 4 1 2 8 4 3 3 3 13 6 2 10 5 3 6 1 2 1 7 3 3 9 2 10 9 3 11 7 16 10 3 16 6 4 4 10 1 14 2 2 16 1 4 8 1 6 9 7 6 15 8 1 5 2 2 11 2 3 3 3 9 8 2 7 2 9 2 7 7 2 10 2 3 9 1 13 8 2 18 4 1 14 9 2 9 5 2 17 4 UNITED STATES : WAGES 87 WAGES IN MASSACHUSETTS-cflw«*^«^^- Table 46.— Average EarninctS for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1 89 7 — continued. Average Average Earnings Earnings Occupation. for a Full Occupation. for a Full Week s Week's Work Work. £ .V. d. & s. d. Agriculture. Carriages. Labourers j?er month, with Body makers 2 13 2 board 3 17 1 Painters 2 9 2 Labourers per day, without Carriage-part makers 2 13 2 board 5 3 Wheelwrights Trimmers Blacksmiths 3 4 11 3 13 7 2 14 11 Printing. Blacksmiths' helpers 2 8 Job compositors 3 4 7 Proof readers Proof readers, women 6 2 17 4 4 Musical Instruments. Job pressmen News-work Press feeders Press feeders, women Compositors, daily Pressmen, daily Book compositors 2 15 4 16 2 1 4 10 3 17 3 6 4 3 4 2 9 Case makers Varnishers Finishers Millmen Action makers 3 12 6 2 17 3 4 7 3 2 15 3 3 1 11 8 Action makers, women Tuners 2 1 8 4 13 7 Book compositors, women ... 2 4 Labourers 2 2 6 Paper. Glass. Foremen Millwrights 2 19 2 19 5 9 Blowers Kilnmen ... ... ... 4 11 3 2 10 Rag engine tenders 1 15 2 PnlisViPTS! 2 10 Paper machine tenders 3 13 9 L WXXOU\^1.0 ... ... ... Gaffers 5 Thresher women Rag cutters Finishers Finishers, girls 18 1 5 2 7 1 5 9 4 8 6 Servitors Footmakers Pressers d-^ fill PTPfft 4 7 6 3 2 6 3 15 3 2 6 Finishers' helpers Cutters, girls Bleachers Rag sorters Men on stock Mechanics 2 1 1 3 1 13 1 6 1 19 3 8 9 8 1 8 1 \J| ai UlX^X ^JL D ••• ••• ••• stickers-up Ware wheelers Engravers Mixers Men, not in departments ... Boys Women and girls 1 8 1 1 6 3 10 10 2 10 2 2 4 1 8 2 1 3 2 Engineers and firemen Labourers 2 15 1 14 6 11 Cabinet Making. Leather. Chair makers 3 2 2 Limers and beamers 2/- 1^12 Turners 3 2 Tanners 1117 6j Carvers 3 9 6 Shavers 3 1 4.'' Cabinet makers 2 16 5 Finishers 1 16 23 Millmen 2 7 2 Splitters 4 13 9i Polishers and finishers 2 11 3 Knifemen 3 5| Upholsterers 2 3 9 Tablemen 1 17 6^ Upholstery sewers, women 1 9 6 Foremen 3 19 2 88 UNITED STATES : WAGES WAGES IN MASSACHUSETTS— c<>M^i^i<^6rf. Table 46.— Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1897 — continued. Occupation. Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work. Occupation. Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work. Rubber Goods, Elastic Fabrics. Rubber workers Rubber workers, women Overseers of weavers Weavers, women Dyers Dyers, foremen Sewing girls 2 14 4 1 3 4 3 19 2 2 3 1 15 11 3 2 6 1 10 8 Rubber Goods, Elastic Fabrics— ^'^w^. Overseers of spoolers Spoolers, women Overseers of leather work Men on leather work Boys on leather work Quillers, boys and girls Woodworkers 1 17 6 1 7 1 3 8 9 2 16 3 1 9 2 15 4 2 3 9 WAGES OF BAKERS IN CONNECTICUT.C^O Table 47.— Number of Bakers in the State of Connecticut, whose Weekly Wages in the Year 1895-96 were as shown below : — Number of Number of Number of Bakers Bakers Bakers whose whose whose Weekly Weekly Wages Weekly Weekly Wages Weekly Weekly Wages Wages. were the amounts specified in Col. 1. Wages. were the amounts specified in Col. 3. Wages. were the amounts specified in Col. 5. (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) Dols. & s, d. Dols. & .s. d. Dols. & s. d. 5 = 1 10 3 10 = 2 1 8 83 15 = 3 2 6 43 6 = 150 11 11=2 5 10 17 16 = 3 6 8 47 7 = 192 6 12 = 2 10 183 17 = 3 10 10 24 8 = 1 13 4 16 13 = 2 14 2 26 18 = 3 15 16 9 = 1 17 6 18 14 = 2 18 4 36 20 = 4 3 4 4 Total number of Bakers comprised in the Returns, 533. Average Weekly Wages of all Bakers comprised in the Returns, £2 Us. lid. («) Compiled from the Rejwrt of the Bureau of Labor Statiatlcs of the State of Connecticut for the Year ending Novemhcr 30th, 1896. The figures given in the table include the value of board, in cases in which bakers boarded with their employers, such value being estimated at 4 dol. (16*. 8rf.) per week. UNITED STATES : WAGES. 89 WAGES JN CERTAIN TRADES IN CONNECTICUT.(«) Table 48. — Average Yearly Earnings and Average Earnings per Hour Worked of the Workpeople employed in certain Principal Groups of Trades in the State of Connecticut in the Year ending July 1, 1896. Number of Workpeople comprised in the Returns. Average Yearly Earnings. Average Group of Trades. Men. Women. Boys (16 years and Girls (16 years and Total. Earnings per Hour Worked. under). under). £ s. d. d. Stone cutting and quarrying. Iron and iron foun- dries. Machine shops 666 23 .. 689 101 12 8 H 4,342 14 147 4 4,507 i 113 19 9i , 7,915 68 156 20 8,159 128 16 4 lOi Brass and brass goods 9,520 2,202 350 224 12,296 108 12 8 9i Wire and wire goods 697 56 66 25 844 1 104 17 6 9 Firearms 687 10 2 .. 699 1 127 18 1 ) 101 Cutlery and tools . . 1,754 126 132 22 2,034 103 9 9 General hardware .. 8,424 484 508 231 9,647 97 17 7 8i Buttons, buckles and 402 451 47 205 1,105 87 11 9 U pins. Silver and plated ware 3,221 531 134 114 4,000 101 16 8 101 Cotton mills . . 1,540 1,499 444 520 4,003 62 19 2 5^ Cotton goods (b) 2,662 2,524 482 473 6,141 72 4 4 6i Woollens and woollen mills. Hosiery and knit goods. Silk goods .. .. 2,596 1,165 1,411 1,413 1,349 1,579 286 111 126 224 280 101 4,519 2,905 3,217 75 16 7 77 7 1 81 6 8 7 6i 61 Shoes 313 185 10 15 523 87 9 1 U Hats and caps.. 1,881 706 42 14 2,643 93 10 4 Si Corsets 471 3,407 71 146 4.155 69 14 6 6i Paper and paper goods 1,107 889 61 89 2,146 ' 80 3 6i Wood-working 1,609 69 16 .. 1,694 103 17 8 81 Carriages and carriage parts. Musical instruments and parts. Brickmaking .. 933 23 14 970 129 12 6 Hi 648 628 85 6 9 5 •• 742 639 136 19 3 55 12 2 13i 6i Leather goods.. 496 45 40 8 589 98 13 3 8i Rubber goods.. 1,365 594 60 52 2,071 102 18 2 9i Miscellaneous.. 1,583 306 135 90 2,114 107 5 11 9 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 88, ante. (6) Includes comfortables, twines, cotton warps and yarns, and men's and women's underwear. 90 HOURS OF LABOUR IN NORWAY. HOURS OF LABOUR OF BOOK PRINTERS.(«) Table 49.— Number of Hours worked as a Regular Working Day (^Intervals Excluded^ by Workpeople employed in Book Printing Offices in the Vestlant) and Noedenpjbld Factory Inspection District in Norway, in 1897. Length of Regular Working Day (intervals excluded). Number of Workpeople, the Length of whose Regular Working Day (inter- vals excluded) was as shown in Col. 1. Number. Per cent. 8 hours 39 7-17 8^ hours 32 5-88 9 hours 264 48-53 Over 9 hours and under 10 hours ... 160 29-41 10 hours 41 7-54 lOJ hours 8 1-47 Total 544 100-00 Average Hours per day for all Workpeople .•• 9 hrs. 9 mins. («) Compiled from Aarsheretmnge?' fra FahriJikisjycTitorerne for 1897, published by the Norwegian Department of the Interior. Norway is divided into two Factory Inspection Districts, the Vestland and Nordenf jeld District comprising about one-third of the persons employed in factories in the country. HOURS OF LABOUR IN SWEDEN. HOURS OF LABOUR OF BAKERS.(?') Table 50. — Percentage Proportion of Bakers in Sweden, whose Regular W^eekly Working Hours in 1897 were within the under-mentioned Limits. Weekly Working Hours. Percentage Proportion of Workpeople employed in Bakeries, whose Regular Weekly Working Hours were within the Limits specified in Col. 1. Male. Females. Hours. 60 and under Over 60, up to 72 „ 72 „ „ 84 „ 84 „ „ 96 ... M 96 Per cent. 7-4 34-4 37-0 16-4 4-8 Per cent. 10-9 26-0 33-1 25-0 6-0 Total 100-0 100*0 (J) Compiled from Arhetsstatistik Z, UndersokniTig af Bagerwrna i Sverige, prepared for, and under the supervision of the Royal Board of Trade of Sweden by Johan LeflBer. The figures include hours worked on Sundays as well as those worked on week days, but do not include overtime, the exact amount of which can not be stated ; a certain amount of overtime is worked, especially in bakeries making white (wheaten) bread for a number of days preceding public holidays. The hours stated are the gross working hours, and include all intervals, for meals or rest, of less than 2 hours' duration. SWEDEN : HOURS OF LABOUU. 91 HOURS OF LABOUR IN VARIOUS TRADES.(«) ["ABLE 51.— NU.AIBEB of HoURS WORKED Oil ORDINARY WORKING DAYS (^ImtervaU Excluded) by Adult Workpeople (prcr the Age of 18 Years) employed in the undermentioned Groups of Trades in Sweden, in 1891. Group of Trades. Number of Adult Workpeople (over the age of 18 years) by whom the Number of Hours specified below (intervals excluded) were worked on Ordinary Working Days. 8 hours or less. Overs up to 9 hours. Building Trades. Stone cutting and polishing Painters' and glaziers' shops Mining and Quarrying. Coal mines Iron mines Other metalliferous mines Marble and limestone quarries Metal 'Trades. Blastfurnaces Other smelting works Mamifactured iron and steel works. Engineering works and foundries . Shipbuilding (aZZ ?naiermZs) .. Tin and other plate works . . Textile Trades. Spinning and weaving Dye works 702 12 Clothing Trades. Boot and shoe making . . Tailoring and shirtmakitig Hat and cap making ;ork Printing and Paper Trades. Printing Bookbinding Pxdp making Paper mills Woodworking Trades. Sawmills Cut timber yards Joinery and planing works . . Bobbin, boot and shoe peg, and manufacture. Chemical Trades. Match making Coal briquette and peat factories . . Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades. Glass works Porcelain manufacture Stove-tile and stone vessel manufac- ture. Lime burning and cement making.. Brickmaking Food- and Tobacoo Trades. Milling Baking Dairying Brewing Distilling Sugar and chocolate manufacture .. Tobacco manufacture Leather Trades. Tanning and leather dressing 164 12 7ol 39 3 160 31 33 473 Over 9 up to 10 hours. 422 828 102 472 61 15 1,117 5,548 2,597 403 2,416 416 456 348 1,223 368 40 172 3,435 940 1,377 545 85 141 4 135 55 132 703 135 218 Over 10 up to 11 hours. Over 11 up to 12 houra 334 916 162 187 14 1,060 6,173 1,058 258 610 226 104 258 822 133 3,412 250 1,504 452 2,064 280 1,467 227 271 1,707 173 84 104 878 87 383 252 334 91 215 ioo 74 281 1,566 40 115 3,601 188 3 282 112 Over 12 hours. Total. 5,264 1,325 1,168 76 332 215 132 407 586 874 640 89 130 1,260 155 563 5 43 '13 877 774 •• 1,607 2,658 328 586 '*3 3,715 807 183 2 11,114 1,238 10 6 533 661 609 16 "68 2,152 518 395 1,445 49 '\2 12,432 2,521 4,064 750 .. 2,941 580 " 910 1,471 769 ill 1,482 4,173 104 58 1,020 305 544 3,344 414 1,005 2,136 1.151 (a) Compiled from the Report of the Royal Commission on Child Labour (Betdnkande afgifvet den 11 Mars 1892, af Komitdn fur Revision of Forordningen den 18 November 1881, angde7ide MinderKriges AiivaniUiinIc i Arhctc viil Fnhrik, Handtvc7-k cUer anunn Handtering, M. M. 1892). The figures relate to the hours worked on ordinary weekdays, to the exclusion of any days (e.(/., Saturdays) on which less than the usual number of hours was worked. 92 HOURS OF LABOUR IN DENMARK. HOURS OP LABOUR OF GOVERNMENT WORKMEN.(«) Table 52.— Hours of Labour of Workmen in certain Trades employed by the Danish Government, in 1896.(/>) Trade. Number of Workmen whose Daily Hours of Labour were Total. Under 7i. 7i. 8. 8i. 9. n. 10. 10^. Over lOi. Carpenters Joiners Woodworkers Machinists Ironworkers Blacksmiths Ordnance Works ... Torpedo Works ... Telegraph Works ... Shipbuilders Sailmakers Army Clothing Fac- tory. Saddlers Railway Service : — Traffic Machines (Work- shops)— Artisans Stokers Labourers Day labourers ... 16 13 41 15 55 237 2 23 17 93 100 19 713 4 1 3 140 ... 38 26 44 142 6] IS 148 1,135 147 14 1 ... 43 12 1 5 33 197 35 33 58 26 286 144 25 17 93 94 100 22 43 18 358 1,135 1,142 (a) Compiled from Danmarks Statistik, Statistiske Meddelelser^ Fjerde RceUhe, Iste Biiid^ 1897, published by the Danish Grovemment Statistical Office. The table relates to those workmen alone, who are paid only for days on which they actually work or for labour which they actually perform. Employees receiving weekly or monthly salaries are not included in the figures, (&) The period to which the figures relate is the month of October, 1896, except in the case of "Railway Service : Machines — (Workshops)," the figures as to which relate to the financial year 1896-96. DENMARK : HOURS OF LABOUR. 93 HOURS OF LABOUR AT COPENHAGEN.(«) Table 53. — Length of the Regular Working Day (^Intervals and Overtime excluded') in certain Trades at Copenhagen, in 1892. Trade. Building Trade. (^ Jan. and Dec. Masons and ^ Feb. and Nov. bricklayers ) Mar. and Oct. I. Apr. to Sept. Plasterers Painters Glaziers METAL, Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades. Pattern-making Iron foundries and machine- making. Smiths (heavy work) . . Smiths (light work) . . Braziers Coppersmiths Tinplate workers (in factories) Stove fitters Filecutters Telephone work Instrument making Gold and silversmiths . . Clock and watch makers Sail, flag and compass making Textile Trades. Dyeing Ropemaking Clothing Trades. Garment-making (factories). ( men . . Trimmings ) manufacture \ -women Straw hat-making Hat-making (other) Printing and allied Trades. Bookbinding Length of Working Day. Hrs. Mins. 7 30 9 9 30 10 10 10 ' 10 to . 10 30 10 30 10 30 10 30 10 to 10 30 9 to 9 30 9 30 10 to 10 30 9 30 to 10 10 10 to 10 30 10 10 30 10 9 to 10 about 9 30 10 to 11 10 Trade. Woodworking and Fur- nishing TRADES. Sawmills and machine joinery. Coopering.. Wood turners Turners (fine work) . , ( men . , Upholsterers women Cork-cutting Coach and cart building CHEMICAL Trades. Match-making .. Pottery, &c., Trades. Pottery Terra-cotta ( journeymen manuf ac- < labourers ture. (women .. Porcelain manuf ac- \ labourers ture. Food preparation Trades. Milling Confectionery manufacture , Brewing Sugar refining Leather and Fur trades. Tanners Furriers • Other Trades. ^spring 1 summer. Market gardening ) autumn I. winter. and and MUNICIPAL Employees. Gasworks Length of Working Day. Hrs. Mins, to 10 15 10 to 10 30 10 to 10 30 10 6 to 8 9 30 to 10 30 10 30 9 45 to 10 30 to 11 10 (a) Compiled from a Report published by the Municipality of Copenhagen (Arbeidsl&nnen Kjubenhavn i Aaret 1892). .^ -"'W^ 1-'-^- \ U- lA A rt "f^ OF THE ER3ITY OF ivN 94 HOUKS OF LABOUR IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. HOURS OF LABOUR OF BAKERS AND CONFECTIONERS.(^) ABLE 54.— Limits of the Daily Hours of Labour of Journeymen Bakers and Confectioners in the German Empire, in 1892. Limits op Daily Hours op Labour. I.— Normal Number of Establishments in which the Normal Hours of Labour of Journeymen were as under : — Hours. 12 hours or under. Over 12 up to 14 hours. Over 14 up to 16 hours. Over 16 up to 18 hours. Over 18 hours. Hours inde- terminate. Ordinary Bakeries (intervals in- cluded^. Day Bakeries (intervals ex- cluded^. Confectionery Works (in- tervals ex- cluded). 2,191 210 265 1,176 45 124 541 14 5 129 28 (Over 16 hours) 1 43 3 12 Number of Establishments in which Overtime was regularly worked by Journeymen on IL— Overtime. 1 or 2 days per week, for 3 or 4 days per week, for An indeterminate number of days per week, for Total Number of Establish- ments in which Overtime was regularly worked by Journey- men, i 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. Hours indeter- minate. Ordinary Bakeries. Day Bakeries... Confectionery Works. 356 21 15 452 32 21 38 3 72 5 2 97 5 10 113 13 15 242 16 89 1,370 95 152 (a) Compiled from Erhehung iiber die Arheitszeit in Bdckereien und Konditoreien, 1892, published by the German Imperial Statistical Office. By "Normal Hours" is meant hours worked by journeymen as a regular working day on ordinary days (days other than Saturdays and the eves of festivals) ; " Overtime " here means time worked (on ordinary days) in excess of such normal hours. By ** Ordinary Bakeries " is meant bakeries in which night work obtains ; by " Day Bakeries," those in which day work prevails. In bakeries in which night work prevails, and which bake more than three times a week, the working hours are (since July, 1896) regulated by law (see Laborer Gazette, April, 1896, p. 115). The total number of establishments, upon whose returns the figures stated in the table are based, is : — Ordinary Bakeries, 4,108 ; Day Bakeries, 273 j Confectionery Works, 406. GERMAN EMPIRE : HOURS OP LABOUR. 95 HOURS OP LABOUR OP MINERS IN PRUSSIA.(«) Table 55. — Number of Hours worked in One Shift (Bank to Bank, all Pauses included) by Miners in Coal, Lignite, and Metalliferous Mines in Prussia, in 1897. District. Underground. Hewers and Trammers. Other Under- ound orkmen. WO] Surface. Men. Lads and Boys (under 16 years). Women and Girls. Goal Mines. Upper Silesia :— Number employed . . Hours worked Lower Silesia : — Number employed .. Hours worked Dortmund :— Number employed .. Hours worked Saarbnieken (State Mines) ; Number employed . . Hours worked Aix-la-Chapelle :— Number employed Hours worked Lignite Mines. Halle :— Number employed . . Hours worked Metalliferous Mines. Harz (State Mines) :— Number employed . . Hours worked Siegen-Nassau :— Number employed . . Hours worked Other Rhenish Districts, Right Bank :— Number employed . . Hours worked Other Rhenish Districts, Left Bank :— Number employed . . Hours worked 33,234 8-12 (average 10*4) 0,330 8-12 (average 9*7) 88,930 6-9(6) 20.497 5,381 9*5 9,273 11-6 1.627 10'5 14,420 8-5 3,249 8-2 1,521 7,889 8-12 (average 10-8) 2,786 8-12 (average 9-9) 45,327 6-9(6) 8,035 1,450 9-5 1,611 11-6 444 ll'l 739 9-1 285 8-4 136 10*6 11,128 8-12 (average 11*2) 4,993 8-12 (average 10*8) 31,159 6-12 5,129 9-5 1,972 10*7 14.150 1,058 11-5 3,711 lO'l 1,364 11*8 1,579 11-5 456 8-12 (average 10-3) 474 8-10 (average 9-8) 6-12 587 9-5 9-2 250 11 236 11 1,387 10*3 282 11*6 67 10-8 3,669 8-12 (average 11*0) 263 8-12 (average 10*9) 18 11*0 603 11-6 424 10*4 128 11-6 84 10-8 (a) Compiled from Zeitsehrift fiir dan Berg- Hiltten- und Salinen-Wesen im Preussischen Staate (1. Statistische Lieferung), published b/ the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Industry. (6) It IS stated that, in general, the hours worked (exclusive of descent and ascent, which together occupy about 1 hour) are 8 for ordinary, and 6 for specially heavy work, 96 GERMAN EMPIRE : HOURS OP LABOUR. HOURS OP LABOUR ON STATE Table 56.— Limits of the Hours of Labour in the Autumn of 1897(J) fixed on the State Percentage Proportion of Total which was within the No. of Work- people. Occupation. 8 hrs. Overs Over 10 Over 12 ' or up to up to up to less. 10 hrs. 12 hrs. 13 hrs. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Level-crossing keepers, &c. 28,519 2-24 4-83 65-61 12-41 Pointsmen and sig^nalmen 20,405 7-93 5-88 68-66 7-63 Foremen shunters 2,921 6-47 9-41 77-92 3-87 Carriage and wagon examiners 2,061 2-48 11-98 82-53 1-84 Door-keepers, and ticket col- 3,976 3-60 ■ 15-01 58-93 11-01 lectors. Train stafe 26,029 14-22 18-76 37-35 9-68 Locomotive staff 21,250 19-31 17-53 25-91 12-58 Workshops and storehouse staff 4,852 7-56 52-58 38-13 1-46 Men at stations 27,321 1-86 14-61 72-40 6-02 Men at goods yards 13,448 0-74 82-79 53-58 8-71 Men attached to the General 1,077 25-91 38-90 34-54 0-65 Administration. Men in workshops 42,908 0-09 95-90 3-94 0-07 Permanent- way and telegraphs- 63,388 1-17 62-82 35-47 0-44 maintenance men. (a) Compiled from the Official Report for 1896-97 of the Prussian State Railways Im Betriebsjahre 1896^97'), (Jb") According to a Parliamentary Paper presented to the Prussian House of Representatives (^No. 6, Haus der Ahgeordneten, 18, Legidaturperiode, V. St'^ssion, 1898), the following are the corresponding percentages for the under- mentioned classes of workpeople for the year 1892 : — No. of Work- people. Percentage Proportion of Total Days worked, the Length of which was within the under-mentioned Limits. Occupation. 10 hrs. or less. Over 10 up to 1"^ hrs. Over 12 up to 13 hrs. Over 13 Tip to 14 hrs. Over 14 up to 18 hrs. Total. Level-crossing keep- ers, &,c. Pointsmen and signal- men. Foremen shunters . . 20,311 16,083 1,812 Per cent. 3*89 8-09 12-14 Per cent. 63-59 65-27 72-68 Per cent. 13-22 12-52 9-00 Per cent. 13-02 9-17 3-20 Per cent. 6-28 4-95 2*98 Per cent. 100-00 100-00 100-00 Carriage and wagon examiners. Train staff 1,315 21,686 8-29 28-97 79-39 18-53 5-10 9-95 3-57 10-48 3-65 32-07 100-00 100-00 Locomotive staff 15,632 26-64 19-38 13*80 15-47 24-71 100-00 GERMAN EMPIRE: HOURS OP LABOUR. 97 RAILWAYS IN PRUSSIA.(«) by the Official Time Tables for certain Classes of Workpeople employed Railways in Prussia. Days worked, the Length of under-mentioned Limits. Total. Over L3 Over 14 Over 15 Occupation. up to up to up to 14hrs. 15 hrs. 16 hrs. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 12-31 1-23 1-37 100-00 Level-crossing keepers, &c. 7-23 1-29 1-38 100-00 Pointsmen and signalmen. 2-33 ... 100-00 Foremen shunters. 1-17 ... ... 100-00 Carriage and wagon examiners. 6-74 2-72 1-99 100-00 Door-keepers, and ticket col- lectors. 8-86 5-72 5-41 100-00 Train staff. 14-74 5-72 4-21 100-00 Locomotive staff. 0-27 ... 100-00 Workshops and storehouse staff. 2-78 1-24 1-09 100-00 Men at stations. 2-51 1-12 0-55 100-00 Men at goods yards. Men attached to the General ... 100-00 Administration. ... ... ... 100-00 Men in workshops. 0-10 ... ... 100-00 Permanent-way and telegraphs- maintenance men. (Jiei'icht liber die Ergehnisse des Betriehes der Preussischen Staatseisenbahrien HOURS OP LABOUR IN HAMBURG DOCKS- («) Table 57.— Hours of Labour of Workpeople employed in certain Branches of Dock Labour at Hamburg, in 1897. Day Work. Night Work. Branches of Dock Labour. Number of Hours Number of Hours constituting a Full constituting a Full Day's Work (ex- Day's Work (ex- clusive of Intervals). clusive of Intervals). Hrs. Mins. Hrs. Mins. Ship painters Summer 10 Winter 7 30 1 7 Ship and boiler cleaners ... 10 7 30 Wharf labourers ... 10 8 9 30 Dock labourers (general discharge 10 9 and loading) and warehouse workmen. Coal trimmers 10 Indeterminate. Corn porters, bushellers, &c. ... 10 30 9 30 Lightermen ... 11 30 ... (a) Compiled from the Report of a Commission appointed by the Hamburg ^eudA^ {^Behcht der SenatsCovimlsxionfilr die Priifung der Arhcitsverhdltnisse im Ramhurger Ilafcn. 1898.) With respect to the coalies (discharge) it is stated that they begin work at 5 or 5-3C a.m., and continue at work until the vessel is cleared (usually until 7-8-30 p.m.), having intervals amounting to 2 hours in day work, and 1 additional hour if work is carried on after ] p.m. The working day of enginemen and stokers is from 5 or 5-30 a.m. to 6 or 7 p.m., with intervals amounting to 1^-2 hours. 939 G 98 GERMAN EMPIRE : HOURS OP LABOUR. HOURS OP LABOUR IN Table 58. — Number of Adult Workpeople employed in Factories in the (^Exclmire of Intervals')^ the Approximate Hours of Labour of Men. Number of Workmen, who worked, as a Total Regular Working Day (exclusive of in tervals) Num- Group of Trades. ber of Under lOhrs. 10 hrs. 11 hrs. 12 hrs. Over 12 hrs. Work- men. Building trades 100 887 502 1,489 Stone quarrying, clay getting, &c. ... 292 1,222 ... 22 1 536 Smelting works (blastfurnaces, &c.). Rolling mills and forges 78 417 8 ... ... '503 ... 1,489 1,030 96 2,615 Iron foundries, &;c ... 948 245 ... ... 1193 Boiler making ... 161 195 ... ... '356 Machine making, tool making, &c. 216 5,421 1,745 ... ... 7,382 Other metal trades 92 2,280 2,360 ... 4732 Cotton, linen and silk manu- ... 356 982 ... ... 1^338 facture. Woollen and worsted manu- ... 348 1,590 271 76 2,285 facture. Jute manufacture ... 272 262 ... ... 534 ther textile trades ... 156 1,662 89 1.907 Clothing trades 29 130 36 ... 195 Printing and allied trades 683 433 ... ... 1,116 Paper and paper goods manu- 70 879 213 ... ... 1,'162 facture. Manufacture of gilt cornices, etc. 33 367 66 ... ... 466 Other woodworking trades (and 409 639 281 ... 27 1,356 work in bone, ivory, &c.). Manufacture of lead products ... 692 26 ... ... 718 Miscellaneous chemical trades ... 1,194 397 30 ... 1,621 Gas, fatty and resinous products 30 426 50 ... ... 506 manufacture (including tar. pitch, tallow, oil, soapj candles, &c.). Manufacture of explosives ... 538 ... ... ... 538 China, porcelain and pottery 41 2,359 466 ... 2,866 trades. Cement works ... 484 ... ... ... 484 Brick and tile, &c. making "23 988 1,354 81 904 3,350 Flour milling, paste manu- 48 102 ... ... 150 facture, &c. Breweries 33 304 147 108 592 Sugar manufacture and refineries 156 1,531 ... 1,687 Chocolate and sweet-stuff manu- ... 580 ... ... 580 facture. Other food preparation trades 45 199 77 ... ... 321 Tobacco manufacture 29 102 31 162 Leather and leather goods 5 217 151 30 ... 403 manufacture Rubber and rubber goods manu- ... 257 41 .,, 298 facture. (tf) Compiled from JahreshericJvte der Koniflich ^revss^ischen GERMAN EMPIRE : HOURS OP LABOUR. 99 COLOGNE DISTRICT. («) District of Cologne, who worked in 1895, as a Regular Working Day Number of Hours stated below : — Hours of Labour of Women. Group of Trades. Number of Workwomen, who worked, as a Regular Working Day (exclusive of intervals) Total Number Under 10 hours. 10 Hours. 11 Hours. of Work- women. Iron foundries, &c. ... 13 ... 13 Machine making, tool making, &c. 63 1 ... 64 Other metal trades 7 76 125 208 Cotton, linen and silk manufacture ... 372 1,411 1,783 Woollen and worsted manufacture ... 415 1,307 1,722 Jute manufacture ... 274 271 545 Other textile trades 42 206 487 735 Clothing trades 193 499 109 801 Printing and allied trades 52 113 ... 165 Paper and paper goods manufacture ... 526 56 582 Manufacture of gilt cornices, &c.... ... 58 1 59 Other woodworking trades (and work in bone, ivory, &c.). Miscellaneous chemical trades 13 124 72 46 40 183 112 Manufacture of explosives ... 55 ... 55 China, porcelain and pottery trades ... 320 10 330 Brick and tile, &c., making ... 79 85 164 Breweries ... 15 1 16 Sugar manufacture and refineries ... 75 158 233 Chocolate and sweet-stuff manu- facture. Other food preparation trades ... 54 75 ... 54 75 Tobacco manufacture 17 111 26 154 Leather and leather goods manu- facture. Rubber and rubber goods manu- facture. 7 17 93 3 49 27 142 l{egieru7igt- und Gewei'htrathe nnd Berghehorden fur 1895. 939 G 2 100 HOURS OF LABOUE HOURS OP LABOUR IN Table 59.— Number of Establishments, in which the Number of Hours worked in the Number of Workpeople employed in certain Groups of Trades Group of Trades. 9 Hours or less. No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. of Work- people. Over 9 and up to 10 Hours. No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. of Work- people. Over 10 and up to 11 Hours. No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. of Work- X)eople. Building- trades Sculpture and art work Mining, &c., including- turf -get- ting and saltworks. Metal trades Manufacture of machines, tools, &c. Textile trades Clothing trades ... Printing and allied trades Paper, &c., trades Woodworking trades Shipbuilding, coachbuilding, &c. Chemical trades Work in earth, stone, &c. (in- cluding glassworks). Food and tobacco trades Gasworks, oil works, &c. Leather and leather cloth, &c., trades. 59 1 307 3 33 2 634 29 682 11 142 9 403 2 116 5 62 1 37 71 236 462 18 5 11 21 40 32 82 23 36 11 10 35 116 17 2 107 84 376 2,908 1,929 1,091 2.645 1,566 749 856 399 5,562 7,293 1,155 25 11 4 9 51 41 138 42 103 20 79 15 26 CO 288 37 11 205 78 154 1,882 2,459 15,428 1,047 2,399 606 1,874 1,436 766 2,318 10,445 1,188 180 (fi) Compiled from Vci'slaqen van de Inspecteurs ran dtm Arheid in Jut KonmhHjh dcr fijrnres given in this table are based upon a special inquiry particularly directed to which mechanical 101 IN HOLLAND. FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS. 00 Busy Season as a Reg^ular Day's Work (^Exclmlve of IntervaW) by the under-mentioned in Holland, in the Years 1888-89, was as stated below : — Over 11 and up to 12 Hours. Over 12 and up to 13 Hours. Over 13 Hours or Hours Indeterminate. Total. «^ No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. of Work- people. No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. of Work- people. No. of Estab- lish, nients. No. of Work- people. No. of Estab- lish- ments. No. Of Work- people. Group of Trades. 34 657 40 859 4 51 97 1,938 Building trades. 6 172 1 16 ... ... 11 266 Sculpture and art work. 10 102 252 3,687 3 81 33 727 4 ■ 1 34 20 32 199 864 6,725 Mining, &c., including turf -getting and salt- works. Metal trades. 50 3,103 15 475 6 29 135 9,608 Manufacture of ma- chines, tools, &c. 118 7,123 68 2,218 27 1,130 420 28,510 Textile trades. 73 1,265 62 932 11 200 231 4,677 Clothing trades. 44 1,278 4 67 1 4 243 6,796 Printing and allied trades. 20 442 2 24 2 27 69 2,781 Paper, &c., trades. 124 3,325 70 1,352 15 217 329 7,579 Woodworking trades. 35 3,719 13 1,428 7 107 82 7,583 Shipbuilding, coach- building, &c. 12 970 3 60 6 57 62 2,323 Chemical trades. 182 10,240 44 1,201 56 942 384 20,499 Work in earth, stone, &c. (including glass- works). Food and tobacco trades. G-asworks, oilworks, &c. 296 64 9,414 2,392 94 11 2,000 147 1 44 19 686 156 854 150 30,300 5,056 24 370 3 37 1 1 1 6 41 618 Leather and leather cloth, &c., trades. Nedcda factorie power y nden^ pul 3 and wo ras used. Jlished rkshops by the I in whicl )utch M a more inistry o than ten f DykeH persons , Commc were em rco, and Industry. The ployed, or in 102 HOLLAND : HOURS OF LABOUR. HOURS OF LABOUR IN Table <>0. — Number of Establishments inspected by the Factory Regular Day's Work (^Ejcdusive of Intermls^ by the Workpeople was as stated below : — Women, Young Persons and Children. Number of Establishments in which Group of Trades. the Working Day was Total Number of Establish- ments inspected. - 9 hours or less. Over 9 up to 10 hours. Over 10 up to 11 hours. Building trades 4 20 94 118 Sculpture and art work... ] 3 3 7 Mining, etc., including turf getting and salt- woiks. ... 3 7 10 Metal trades 9 67 245 321 Manufacture of machines, 5 17 60 82 tools, etc. Textile trades 12 58 199 269 Clothing trades 270 296 402 968 Printing and allied trades 39 176 153 368 Paper, etc., trades 1 26 32 59 Woodworking trades ... 9 48 198 255 Shipbuilding, coach- building, etc. 1 16 78 95 Chemical trades 4 10 10 24 Work in earth, stone, 11 39 149 199 etc. (including glass works). Food and tobacco trades 47 200 422 669 Gasworks, oilworks, etc. 5 15 15 35 Leather and leather cloth, 3 11 14 etc., trades. (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on pp. 100, 101, aide. HOLLAND : HOURS OF LABOUR. 103 FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS. («) Inspectors, in which the Number of Hours worked in the Summer as a employed in certain Groups of Trades in Holland, in the Years 1895-96, Men (16 years and upwards). Number of Establishments in which the Working Day was 9 hours or less. Over 9 up to 10 hours. Over 10 up to 11 hours. Over 11 up to 12 hours. Over 12 up to 13 hours. 49 51 40 3 2 ... 10 7 3 130 160 59 46 31 10 132 61 21 171 85 30 180 45 5 33 15 ... 116 111 36 22 58 20 19 4 1 105 32 16 369 258 68 26 29 ... 16 7 2 Over 13 hours. Total No. of Estab- lish- ments inspec- ted. Group of Trades. 11 2 3 23 19 36 45 159 15 29 14 51 173 20 2 162 8 23 378 111 256 349 411 64 301 114 40 i« ; 227 57 5 2 950 83 29 Building trades. Sculpture and art work. Mining, etc., in- cluding turf getting and salt- work. Metal trades. Manufacture of machines, tools, etc. Textile trades. Clothing trades. Printing and allied trades. Paper, etc., trades. Woodworking trades. Shipbuilding, coachbuild i n g, etc. Chemical trades. Work in earth, stone, etc. (in- cluding glass works). Food and tobacco trades. Gasworks, oil- works, etc. Leather and leather cloth, etc., trades. loi HOLLAND : HOURS OF LABOUR. HOURS OF LABOUR ON GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS.(«) Table 61.— Number of Hours Worked per Day by Workpeople employed (otherwise than under Suh-cotitracts or on Piece-toorJi or Task-work') on Government Contracts in Holland, in 1894. Number of Hours worked per Day (all pauses included). I.— Number of cases (?;) of Employment at Working Hours specified in Col. 1. Works other than Dredging. Dredging Works. 8 hours or under Over 8 and up to 9 hours » 9 „ „ 10 „ » 10 „ „ 11 „ » 11 » » 12 „ » 12 „ „ 13 „ „ 13 „ „ 14 „ „ 14 hours 2,239 3,388 7,235 13,723 20,518 2,284 402 107 185 397 869 807 2,788 1,059 2,126 2,326 Total 49,896 10,557 • II.— Percentage of cases (A) of Employment at Working Hours specified in Col. 1. Works other than Dredging. Dredging Works. 8 hours or under Over 8 and up to 9 hours 9 „ 10 „ 11 » 12 „ 13 „ 14 hours Total Per cent. 4-49 6-79 14-50 27-50 41-12 4-58 0-81 0-21 ioooo Per cent. 1-75 3-76 8-23 7-65 26-41 10-03 20-14 22-03 10000 (a) Compiled from Bijdraf//'ii tot de Statiatwh van Xederland^ III., Oeerzicht hetreffendc dc Looncn en drti Arheldsdniir bij Rijsioerlten inlS94, published by the Dutch Central Statistical Commission. (&) i.e., Betnrns ; every person employed at any given working hours during the tchole or j)art of any one viontlt in the year counts as one " case." Thus, any particular workman employed on a Government contract for nine months at, say, 10^ hours, and then for three months at, say, 10 hours, would count as nine " cases" of employment at 10^ hours, and three " cases " of employment at 10 hours. 105 HOURS OF LABOUR IN BELGIUM. HOURS OF LABOUR IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CENTRES.(«) Table (52. — Average Number of Hours Worked .per Day by various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April 18'Jl. Average Average Number Number Occupation. of Hours Occupation. of Hours worked worked per Day. per Day. Metal Trades. Metal Trades— ^''*«^. Manufaduri'd Iron Trade — Engbwerlng^ etc. : Liege. Hrs. Mins. Steel-mahing and EngiU' eerlng : Seralng. All classes of workpeople... Enfilneering : Bi'tusneU. Hrs. Mins. 10 20 Coppersmiths Smiths Smiths' helpers and strikers Turners Enginemen 10 30 1 10 V to 1 10 30 All classes of workpeople... 10 All other workpeople 10 Ziiw Works : Seraiug. Electrical Engioieering : Brussels. Furnace labourers Fillers h All classes of workpeople... 10 Gangers Fumacemen Yard labourers il2 10 Bronze Work, Jewellery and Gas Fittings, etc. : Liege. All classes of workpeople... 11 Utit'mnhig Tuqjlatcs : Brussels. Jewellery, Watch and Clock- Foremen ] making, etc. : Brussels. Furnacemen 1 Goldsmiths \\0 Men at chlorine machines... 1 Watch and clockmakers Men at untinning machines rio 45 and chasers. i Tin sorters Iron sorters J • All other workpeople 11 Textile Trades. BoU, etc. Making : Gilhj. Cotton S^nnning : Ghent. Enginemen All other workpeople 12 11 Grinders and grinders' helpers and labourers. All other classes of work- 12 C 11 30 Chain and Bolt,, etc. Making: Jumet. people. Cotton Wearing : Ghent. Smiths Smiths' helpers Chainmakers Boltmakers ... i,0 1 80 Sizers, assistant sizers, drawers- in, assistant drawers-in and their Ml All other workpeople 11 apprentices, and weft winders. Gun, etc. Manufactnre : Warp winders 10 Liege. Warpers 9 Warehousemeji 10 30 Examiners (on premises of 10 Stokers 12 30 manufacturer). All other classes of work- 11 30 All other workpeople 12 people. (a) Compiled from Salaires et Budgets Oiivricrs en Belgiquc an Mois d' Acril, 1891, published by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Public Works. The figures are b.ised upon information furnished by the Councils of Industry and Labour, composed of equal numbers of employers and workpeople, and relate to the same branches of industry and the same classes Of workpeople as those dealt with in the table of Belgian wages, pp. 25-35. ante. 106 BELGIUM : HOUES OF LABOUR. HOURS OF LABOUR IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL C^'NTR'E^— continued. Table 62. — Average Number of Hours Worked per Day by various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April 1891 — continued. Average 1 Average Number Number Occupation, of Hours Occupation. of Hours worked worked per J Day. per Day. Textile Trades— ^o^. Glass Trade— ^'""^. Woollen and Worsted Manu- Glass Works : Marchu-ntw- facture — Spinning and au-Pont — cont. Hrs. Mins. Weaving : BrunseU. Hrs. Mins. Flatteners "" All classes of workpeople... 11 Flatteners' assistants Pushers ■12 Woollen and Worsted Manu- facture — Sjnnning and : Stokers Coal wheelers Glass carriers ;i« Weaving : Liege. Box makers All classes of workpeople... ! 10 30 Smiths Strikers Flax Sj)inning : Liege. Carpenters All classes of workpeople... 12 Enginemen Bricklayers 11 Linen Weaving : Ghent. Slaters Labourers All classes of workpeople... 10 30 All other classes of work- people. 10 30 Linen Weaving : Court rai. Glass Works : Seraing All classes of workpeople... 12 (_Flint Glass Industry). Glass Trade. All classes of workpeople... 10 30 Glass Works : Boux (^Shed Coal Mining. Glass Industry'). Blowers 1 Vii Hewers. At Seraing I 7 ■ 8 9 9 30 to Gatherers Glass cutters and apprentices „ Ghlin and Liege .Gilly 45 Assorters 1 i 9 10 10 80 to Packers „ Paturages 30 Gas -producer men All other classes of work- 14 12 ,, all other places(a) people. Roadcutters. Glass Works: Marchienne- At Cipley 8 Oto au-Pont iSheet Glass „ Paturages Industry). „ Boussu, Dour and Ghlin 9 Mixers » Seraing 9 15 Blowers „ Liege 10 30 Gatherers and second-time „ all other placesCrtf) 10 gatherers. V 9 Cylinder carriers Putters and Trammers. Splitters ' AtFarciennes 8 Splitters' assistants j „ Ghlin 9 Teasers 13 „ Seraing 10 20 (12 » Liege ho 30 Gas-producer men \ and „ Chatelet ) (13 „ Giiiy 11 45 Assorters of cylinders [12 „ Dour and Paturages ... 12 Flattening-kiln lads „ all other places(a) 11 (a) i.e. centres of the coal mining industry named in Table 20, ante, p. 35 (except Roux, Cuesmes. Flenu, Frameries, Hornu and Wasmes, at which places the hours of work are not stated). 107 HOURS OF LABOUR IN FRANCE. HOURS OF LABOUR IN VARIOUS TRADES. (^) Table 63. — Estimated Avera(je Length of the Regular Working Day (Intervals ExdudecT) in certain Trades in France, as for the Years 1891-93. PARIS AND ENVIRONS. Estimated Estimated Average Average Trade. Length of Regular Trade. Length of Regular Working Working Day. Day. Hrs. Mins. Hrs. Mins. Building Trades. Metal Trades— ^'('«^. Plumbing, water and gas 10 15 Manufacture of tinsmiths' 10 30 supply work, pipe laying, work and of lamps, and &c. other metal objects. Public works construction. 10 Gold melting and beating .. ) masonry and bricklaying. 10 paving, &c. Gilding and bilver and 1 Chimney building and 10 30 nickel-plating. repairing. Jewellery manufacture ... 11 House painting 9 Stone cutting and polish- 10 ing. Textile Trades. Ropemaking, sewing-cotton 10 30 manufacture and Metal Trades. weaving. Dyeing (new goods) 10 15 Manufactured iron trade, i bolt and rivet works, &c. 11 Hosiery manufacture and 10 30 Locksmiths' work, &c. f embroidery. Manufacture of awnings. 9 45 Sheet-iron, wire-gauze, &c., works. Iron furniture manufacture 10 15 tapestry and quilts. 10 30 and wire-drawing. Clothing Trades. Boiler making, iron found- 10 45 ries and engineering. Ready-made clothing (in- 10 30 Coppersmiths' work, copper 10 30 cluding military uni- and brass plate-rolling. form) manufacture. and copper and brass Stay making, artificial 10 foundries. flower making and feather Manufacture of art bronzes 9 45 manufacture. and gas-fittings. Millinery, &c. 10 45 Manufacture of taps, cocka, 10 30 brass work, scientific Dyeing and cleaning 10 instrument making and musical instrument ma- Boot and shoe making 11 king. {ffroupcd lolfli saddle ry). Manufacture of stamped 10 Glove making {grmLped with 9 45 metal goods and buttons. morocco, Sfc, work'). («) Compiled from Salaires et Duree du Travail dam VIndustrie Frangaise, 1893-97, published by the French Labour Department. The figures exclude intervals (for meals, &c.) of 30 minutes each and upwards. Overtime is not included ; but periods, during which .short time was worked, are allowed for. 108 FRANCE : HOURS OF LABOUR. HOURS OP LABOUR IN VARIOUS TRABm-ammued. Table 63. — Estimated Average Length of the Regular Working Day (^Intervals Excluded) in certain Trades in France, as for the Years 1891-93 — continued. PARIS AND mfYlRONS-coyitirmed. Trade. Estimated Average Length of Regular Working Day. Trade. Estimated Average Length of Regular Working Day. Printing, Paper and Allied Trades. Printing and bookbinding . Paper making, paper staining, manufacture of cards, &c. Woodworking Trades. Wagon building Joinery and parquet factories. Sawmills and other works Cabinet making and model making. Manufacture of fancy wood wares. (Chemical Trades, Major chemical trades Manufacture of miscell- aneous chemical products, inks, fatty substances, &c. Glass, Pottery, &c. Trades, Brickmaking &c. Glass making China and stoneware manu facture. Brick and tile making Other allied trades Hrs. Mins. 10 10 30 9 45 10 45 10 10 30 11 15 10 30 10 15 10 30 10 15 Food Preparation Trades. Mechanical preparation of cereals. Sugar refining and break- ing and distilling. Brewing Manufacture of spirits, cordials, &c. Mineral water manufacture Other manufactures (food products). Leather, Fur and India Rubber Trades. Preparation of hides and skins. Skin dyeing... Saddlery (gnnqjed icith hoots and shoes). Morocco, &c., work (j^rovjyod loith glove mahitig). India rubber manufacture . Warehousing, &c. Employees of the State Hrs. Mins. 10 45 11 11 45 11 30 10 30 10 45 10 15 10 11 9 45 10 45 9 15 10 FRANCE : HOURS OP LABOUR. 109 HOURS OP LABOUR IN VARIOUS URADl^S-^ontimied. Table 63.— Estimated Average Length of the Regulak Working Day {InterraU Fxcludrd) in certain Trades in France, as for the Years 189l-9'i^coutinued. PRANCE OTHER THAN PARIS AND ENVIRONS. Trade. Estimated Average Length of Regular Working Day. Trade. Estimated Average Length of Regular Working Day. Building Trades. Public works construction, masonry and bricklaying and plumbing. Joinery Marble and stone cutting... Electric lighting Mining and Quarrying. Coal and lignite, &c., mines Iron mines ... Other metalliferous mines Asphalt, schist and sulphur mines. Saltworks Slate quarries Other quarries Metal Trades. Iron smelting and puddling and steel making. Smelting, &c., of other metals. Manufactured iron trade ... File and cutlery manufac- ture. Girder work and structural work in iron and steel generally. Boiler making Foundries (iron and steel) Engineering (machine con- struction). Copper and brass plate rol- ling and rolling other metals (not including iron). Brass work for building jobs and cock and tap making. Brass and copper founding, bronze, &c,, founding. Coppersmiths' work and brass work. Manufacture of buttons and stamped goods. Manufacture of tinsmiths' work. Scientific instrument mak- ing. Hrs. Mins. 10 30 10 45 10 30 10 9 15 9 45 10 30 10 10 30 10 30 10 45 11 10 45 10 10 30 y 10 45 10 10 30 10 15 10 45 12 Metal Trades— ^^'w?". Watch and clock making and jewellery manufac- ture. Work in precious metals ... Textile Trades. Flax, hemp and jute spin- ning. Canvas, &c., weaving Rope making Cotton spinning and doub- ling. Cotton weaving Velvet manufacture Fleece - stripping, fulling and felt-making. Woolcombing Woollen yam spinning ... Woollen weaving (other than cloth). Cloth weaving Carpet manufacture Silk combing and spinning Silk throwing Silk weaving Dyeing, bleaching and fin- ishing. Hosiery manufacture Manufacture of trimmings, braids, ribbons, &c. Manufacture of lace, tulle and machine-made em- broidery. Other textile manufactures (alfa, asbestos, &c.). Clothing Trades. Boot and shoe making (leather). Boot and shoe making (other materials). Military uniform, &c., mak- ing. Ready-made clothing manu- facture. Manufacture of underlinen and staymaking. Hat and bonnet making ... Artificial flower making ... Grlove making (leather) ... Hrs. Mins. 10 15 10 45 11 45 11 30 I 45 12 11 11 30 11 10 30 11 15 11 30 11 15 11 10 11 11 30 9 30 10 15 10 30 110 FRANCE : HOURS OF LABOUR. HOURS OF LABOUR IN VARIOUS TRADES-^^^^i^^^^. Table 63. — Estimated Avebage Length of the Regular Working Day (^IntervaU Mjcoluded) in certam Trades in France, as for the Years 1891-93 — continued. FRANCE OTHER THAN PARIS AND ENVIRONS-^^'^^^in?..^. Trade. Estimated Average Length of lte{?ular Working Day. Trade. Estimated Average Length of Regular Working Day. Printing, Paper and Allied Trades. Printing Paper manufacture Manufacture of special papers and of cardboard. Woodworking Trades. Sawmills Carpentry works ... Coachmaking Coopering Wooden shipbuilding Cabinet making Manufacture of sofas, chairs, &c. Manufacture of wooden musical instruments. Manufacture of boxes, sticks, &c. Manufacture of fancy woodwares. Cliemical Trades. Manufacture of conglomer- ated substances and coke making. Gasworks -. Petroleum refineries Maj or chemical trades Manufacture of miscellane- ous chemical products. Manufacture of explosives Manufacturing chemists ... Oil works Stearine works Lime burning and cement works. Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades, Brickmaking. China and stoneware manu- facture. G lass bottle making Plate glass and crystal ware manufacture. Table glass making Hrs. Mins 10 15 11 12 11 10 30 11 10 30 10 15 12 11 45 10 45 11 15 10 45 10 30 10 45 11 10 45 10 15 10 30 9 10 15 10 45 Glass, Pottery, &c.. Trades, Brickmaking CO/lf. Art glass and looking glass manufacture. Brick and tile making, pot- tery. Food Preparation Trades, Butter and cheese making Corn mills ... Manufacture of vermicelli, &c. Manufacture of st.irch, grape-sugar, &c. Sugar manufacture and reSning. Brewing and malting Distilleries Wine making and manuf ac- f acture of cordials, &c. Manufacture of chicory, vinegar and mustard. Chocolate manufacture ... Confectionery and pastry- cook's work. Manufacture of jams, pre- serves, &c. Leather, Fur and India Rubber Trades. Tanning und currying Leather dressing Saddlery, harness making, strap and thong making, Fur dressing India rubber and gutta percha manufacture. Miscellaneous Trades. Umbrella making Brush and broom manufac- ture. Jewel cutting, &c Employees of the State and of Municipal Authorities. Hrs. Mins. 11 10 15 10 15 11 15 10 30 10 15 11 15 11 30 10 30 11 15 10 30 11 10 30 10 45 10 15 11 15 10 15 10 30 1" 11 15 30 10 15 FRANCE: HOURS OF LABOUR. Ill HOURS OF LABOUR OF COAL MINERS. (^) Table 64. — Hours of Employment, and Hours of Actual Work of the Workpeople employed in and at Coal Mines in France, in 1890. Hours of Employment. Hours of Actual Work. L— Number. Hours. Number of Workpeople whose Hours of Employment were as shown in Column 1. Number of Workpeople whose Hours of Actual Work were as shown in Column 1. Underground. Surface. Underground. Surface, Hours. Mins. 7 7 30 7 45 8 8 30 8 45 9 9 30 9 45 10 10 30 11 12 ... 2*,898 6330 18,633 14,728 1,503 22,260 611 12,813 2,712 *958 296 12-071 1,883 4,933 8,986 2,900 10,556 3,338 37,499 10,393 13,926 160 3,716 4,797 602 3,372 2,412 12,206 2,316 3,422 Total 82,488 29,127 82,488 29,127 II.— Percentage. Hours. Percentage of Workpeople whose Hours of Employment were as shown in Column 1. Percentage of Workpeople whose Hours of Actual Work were as shown in Column 1 . Underground. Surface. Underground. Surface. Hours. Mins. 7 7 30 7 45 8 8 30 8 45 9 9 30 9 46 10 10 30 11 12 Per Cent. 3-r>i 7-67 22-59 17-86 1-82 26-99 0-74 15-53 3-29 Per Cent. 3-29 1-02 41-44 6-46 16-94 30-85 Per Cent. 3-52 12-80 4-05 45-46 12-60 16-88 0-19 4-50 Per Cent. 16-47 2-07 11-58 8-28 41'-' 90 7-95 11 - 75 Total lOQ-OO 100*00 10000 100*00 ( Miscellaneous trades 14 485 328 698 7,229 6,148 Total 3,022 9,356 •; ',318 14,032 128,808 63,119 DISPUTES GROUPED BY RESULTS.(«) Table 73.— Percentage of Trade Disputes in the German Empire, the Results of which were in Favour of the Workpeople, in Favour of the Employers, Compromised, or remained Unsettled or Unknown. Result. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. In favour of the workpeople In favour of the employers Compromised Unsettled or unkn own 32-88 43-83 20-55 2-74 43-97 31-03 21-55 3-45 27-48 38-93 28-25 6-34 42-65 35-78 14-71 6-86 48-03 21-95 25-26 4-76 47-06 26-47 25-26 1-21 Total ... ... 1000010000 10000 100-00 100*00 1000 (^0 Comjuled from ('on-cHj^ondc/izhlalt dcr Gencralhm nilss'ioii drr Gcwerhschaffcn Devtachlu/uli, the olBcial organ of the Federal Committee of German Trade Unions (^Gewerkschaften'). The information given by this journal is admittedly incomplete , exhaustive details in regard to all German disputes not being available. GERMAN EMPIRE : TRADE DISPUTES. 119 NUMBER AND RESULTS OP DISPUTES IN BAVARIA.(«) Table 74. — Number of Trade Disputes in Bavaria, Number of Workpeople taking part in, and Results of sucli Disputes. Percentage of Workpeople wlio Number took part in Disputes the Results Number of Work- of which were : — of Dis- people taking Year. In favour In favour Total. putes. part in Disputes. of Work- people. of Employers. Com- promised. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1889 48 5,275 13-93 10-24 75-83 100-00 1890 34 2,498 11-01 60-97 28-02 100-00 1891 14 995 3-52 20-20 76-28 100-00 1892 9 819 14-78 32-72 52-50 100-00 1893 5 130 20-00 46-92 33-08 100-00 1894 16 625 ... 30-24 69-76 100-00 1895 37 3,580 6-54 57-01 36-45 100-00 1896 35 4,256 2-42 11-33 86-25 100-00 1897 25 1,804 30-76 33-37 35-87 100-00 Totals and Mean Per- [223 19,982 10-43 29-56 60-01 100-00 centages. DISPUTES IN BAVARIA GROUPED BY TRADES.(«) Table 75.— Number of Trade Disputes in Bavaria, in 1889-97, Grouped by Trades, and Number of Workpeople taking part in such Disputes. Group of Trades. Number of Disputes. Number of Workpeople taking part in Disputes. Percentage of Disputes. Work- people. Building trades j 43 Mining, etc.(&) I 2 Metal working j 34 Engineering and implements i 11 manufacture. i Textiles j 14 Clothing and cleaning(cO ... j 21 Forestry | 1 Printing and allied trades ... 11 Paper trades •. 4 Wood, etc. trades(rZ) 33 Chemical trades 4 Stones and earths(r) 32 Food, tobacco, &c, preparation 9 Leather trades 3 Commercial employment ... 1 6,393 108 2,303 840 2,073 1,532 104 925 306 1,869 121 3,030 255 73 50 Per cent. 19-28 0-90 15-25 4-93 6-28 9-42 0-45 4-93 1-79 14-80 1-79 14-35 4-04 1-34 0-45 Per cent. 31-99 0-54 11-53 4-20 10-37 7-67 0-52 4-63 1-53 9-35 0-61 15-16 1-28 0-37 0-25 (a) Compiled from Statist'iarhcs Jahrhuchfiir das Kon'tgreich Bayern^ published by the Royal Bavarian Statistical OriSce. (/>) Includes blastfurnaces and other smelting works, also puddling and rolling mills, and salt works. (r) Includes laundries, hairdressers' shops, bathing establishments, and garment renovating. (jl) Includes work in bone, ivory, and similar materials which admit of being carved. («) Includes quarries, gravel, lime, cement, &c. works, pottery, brick, tile, &c. making, and glassworks. J 20 TRADE DISPUTES IN FRANCE. DISPUTES GROUPED BY TRADES. (^) Table 76.— Number of Trade Disputes in France, Grouped by Trades, and Number of Workpeople who took part in such Disputes. Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. L— Number of Dis- putes. Building trades.. 27 26 32 81 64 69 47 76 64 Mining and quarrying .. 39 22 20 35 20 22 23 23 21 Metal trades 40 38 40 70 54 49 70 61 60 Textile trades .. 118 104 84 246 122 149 210 87 110 Transport 9 11 15 27 11 16 13 16 14 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Miscellaneous trades .. 5 75 6 60 6 64 10 165 21 99 4 98 12 101 15 78 7 92 Total .. 313 267 261 634 391 407 476 356 368 II.— Number of Work- people WHO TOOK part. Building trades . . 3.773 3,572 4,405 20,061 6,494 8,288 4,586 16,870 47,267 Mining and quarrying .. 39,987 48,807 9,126 49,583 4,192 4,375 8,730 9,786 5,761 Metal trades 6.039 7,965 5,038 10,053 3,212 3,623 5,728 4,682 6,136 Textile trades . . 60,953 21,820 10,301 51,728 24,456 15,066 17,333 8,814 12,769 Transport 1,090 3,984 7,018 10,971 1,135 3,921 664 1,234 1,708 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Miscellaneous trades .. 990 6,097 1,145 21,651 5,655 0,360 6,095 21,632 2,413 12,674 61 10,755 5,571 7,239 21,082 6,407 1,056 7,368 Total .. 118,929 108,944 47,903 170,123 54,576 46,089 49,851 68,876 82,065 DURATION OF DISPUTES. (^) Table 77.— Aggregate Duration in Working Days of Trade Disputes in France, Grouped by Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Working Days lost by Workpeople affected by Disputes. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Building trades 244,300 39,960 69,053 61,870 305,794 722,142 Mining and quarrying 1,528,015 192,180 60,916 115,197 174,161 42,620 Metal trades 239,939 94,171 41,118 153,921 50,637 144,109 Textile trades . . 510,678 358,749 195,575 135,154 120,287 235,137 Transport 162,940 2,464 23,162 1,681 6,093 6,530 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Miscellaneous trades 158,920 23,003 53 32,735 65,095 3,875 329,208 351,953 228,912 143,610 58,877 61,893 Total 3,174,000 1,062,480 618,789 644,168 780,944 1,216,306 (a) Compiled from Stafistique des Grcves et des Eecours a la Conciliation et a I 'Arbitrage, published by the French Labour Department. PRANCE : TRADE DISPUTES. 121 DISPUTES GROUPED BY CAUSES.(«^) Table 78.— Causes or Objects of Trade Disputes in France, with the Number of Workpeople who took part in such Disputes. Number of Workpeople (b) who took part in Disputes. Cause or Objeot. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Wages. For increase 48,835 30,184 26,303 129,506 30,700 28,866 28,341 47,895 35,851 Against decrease . 6,476 7,150 4,920 9,826 9,261 3,204 5,902 2,712 5,869 Other 9,325 49,349 12,624 53,681 651 2,678 7,043 11,888 5,906 Hours of Labour. For decrease 47,043 11.902 2,359 25,883 2,380 6,106 4,481 5,714 3,478 Against increase . •• •• 434 450 •• •• •• Other •• •• •• 736 •• Other Causes. Working arrange- ments, for or against altera- tion. Against fines or deductions. 710 1,302 9,352 2,006 926 741 59,794 44,414 7,498 994 7,413 2,197 9,951 7,417 6,746 3,454 10,044 4,799 Disputes as to employment of other classes of workpeople. 12,097 11,295 11,706 16,980 11,663 10,407 15.011 17,681 6,365 Other causes 9,850 37,290 3,857 1,622 30 759 3,016 2,813 44,496 DISPUTES GROUPED BY RESULTS.(«) Table 79. — Percentage of the Workpeople who took part in Trade Disputes in France, the Results of which were in Favour of the Workpeople, in Favour of the Employers, Compromised, or Unknown. Percentage of the Workpeople who took part in Disputes. Result. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. In favour of the workpeople. 11*23 20-61 20-40 21-27 23*63 18-62 23-23 28*80 12*91 In favour of the employers. 63-97 29-47 29-60 52-37 30*96 35-88 42*56 29*43 47*43 Compromised . . 23-55 49-78 49*73 26-36 45*41 45-50 34*21 41*77 39-66 Unknown . . 1-25 0-14 0-27 •• 1 .. Total 100-00 10000 ! 10000 100*00 100 00 1 100*00 10000 10000 100-00 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on page 120, ante. (ft) In the figures stated in thin table a workman, who took part in a strike which had, say, two causes or objects, counts as two, and so on. 122 TRADE DISPUTES IN ITALY. DISPUTES GROUPED BY TRADES.(«) Table 80.— Number of Strikes(/0 in Italy, Grouped by Trades, and Number of Workpeople affected by such Disputes. Group of Trades. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1. Number op Strikes. Building trades 21 15 21 22 17 38 Mining and quarrying 19 19 21 16 61 10 Metal trades 4 7 8 8 21 17 Textile trades 41 44 20 39 52 74 Clothing trades 3 1 2 3 15 18 Dock labour and 8 16 9 7 8 9 transport. Agriculture 10 18 8 7 1 12 Miscellaneous 20 28 27 31 36 51 Employees of public 3 1 1 ... ... ... authorities. Total 129 149 117 133 211 229 II. Number op Workpeople who TOOK PART in Strikes. Building trades 3,866 (^) 4,340 (^) 4,224 4,263 3,137 5,336 Mining and quarrying 8,280 3,840 C^/) 13,318 3,486 31,007 1.261 Metal trades 638 415 (d) 1,814 571 2,816 1,988 Textile trades 7,663 (6') 14,042 (^0 2,926 8,188 9,979 16,053 Clothing trades 306 ... (d) 258 148 43,763 43,652 Dock labour and 5,140 5,147 id) 885 671 L201 2,114 transport. Agriculture 3,504 (c) 12,390 4,748 1,711 100 24,135 Miscellaneous 1,441(^0 2,944 (eri avrcnutl ndV InduHfna e nclV Agrwolfuru, issued by the Statistical Department of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. (?}} In addition to the strikes, particulars of which are given in the table, there are stated to have been certain lock-outs, most of which, however, appear to have been stoppages of work having no connection with any dispute between employers and employed. Excluding stoppages of this class, there were two lock-outs in 1893, directly involving 145 workpeople; 1 lock-out in 1894, directly involving 506 workpeople ; 1 lock-out in 1895, directly involving 60 workpeople ; 2 lock-outs in 1896, directly involving 1,351 workpeople ; and 3 lock-outs in 1897, directly involving 468 workpeople. (r-) As to 6 strikes in 1892 (3 in building trades, 1 in textile trades, 1 in agri- culture and 1 in miscellaneous) it was found impossible to obtain full particulars ; in 3 of these strikes 616 workpeople took part. (rf) As to 9 strikes in 181»3 (2 in building trades, 1 in mining and quarrying, 2 in metal trades, 1 in textile trades, 1 in clothing trades, 1 in transport and 1 in miscellaneous) it was found impossible to obtain full details ; in 5 of these strikes 481 persons took part. (^0 The number of non-strikers affected in agricultural strikes can not be stated. ITALY : TRADE DISPUTES. 123 DURATION OF DISPUTES.(^) Table 81. — ^Aggregate Duration in Working Days of Stbikes(&) in Italy, Grouped by Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Working Days Lost. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1897. Building trades Mining and quarrying .. Metal trades Textile trades Clothiqg trades Transport Asn*ieulture Miscellaneous Employees of public authorities Total working days lost by ) strikers ) Total working days lost by ) non-strikers ( Industrial \ Strikes.) ((0 ) 27.278 12,250 55,130 32,595 3,792 18,270 68,339 118,307 4,516 24,000 26,214 7,123 107,670 9,452 15,887 24,400 10,800 224,030 341,993 1 Not stated Not stated 27.994 228,903 4,588 20,149 1,530 5,186 43,058 21,135 13,776 19,703 35,902 4,654 47,216 476 3,691 20,565 14,266 19,104 362,801 26,112 70,229 644,160 1,201 100 366,319 I 146,473 I 1,152 603 21,240 5,317 16,938 328,273 639,068 18,714 322,020 83,985 1.435 555 9,221 40,249 I 30,899 181,109 DISPUTES GROUPED BY CAUSES.(«) Table 82. — Principal Causes or Objects of Strikes (/>) in Italy, with the Number of Workpeople who took part in such Strikes. Principal Cause or Object. Number of Workpeople who took part in Strikes. 1892. 18J3. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. Wages. For increase Against decrease 10,127 7,551 25,526 3,931 22,343 1,498 9,724 3,093 78,822 5,723 82,744 4,576 Total Wages strikes 17,678 29,457 23,841 12,817 84,545 87,320 Hours of Labour. For decrease Against increase 1,790 630 1,519 300 2,539 330 1,239 980 267 3,551 230 Total Hours of Labour strikes . . 2,420 1,819 2,869 1,239 1,247 3,781 Other Causes. Other causes or objects 13,590 12,742 5,633 6,962 10,359 9,6i;4 Grand Total 33,688(r0 44,018(c;) 32,343 21,018 96,151 100,705 DISPUTES GROUPED BY RESULTS.C^^) Table 83. — Percentage of Workpeople who took part in Strikes (^) in Italy, the Results of which wf re in Favour of the Workpeople, in Favour of the Employers, Compromised, or remained Unknown. Percentage of the Workpeople who took part in Strikes. Result of Strikes. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. In favour of workpeople In favour of employers Compromised Unknown 33-67 46*40 17-46 2-47 22-24 28-43 48-25 1-08 29-33 i 30-59 50-28 i 30-38 20-39 1 39-03 70-46 11-65 17-89 14-44 11-33 74*23 Total 100*00 100*00 10000 1 100*00 100*00 100*00 («) Compiled froai the source stated in footnote (7,465 .525.992 1895 460 292,077 .347,865 372,310 161,444 3,540,8.37 .593,215 1896 468 344,012 401.490 366,0.37 1.57,644 3,891,370 688.464 1897 489 403,872 403.330 375,142 162,424 4,131.849 ■/ 04,047 (a) Compiled from Jahrhuch dcs Alhjemehwn Verbandes dcr auf Selbdhilfe bcnihr/iden (ft) In 1883-87 some only of the banks formed on the Raiffeisen system were included ; Raiffeisen or of Schulze-Delitzsch, are included. (I'.) In these years the Industrial Associations for the Supply of Instruments of J 131 IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.OO of each Class in the German Empire. Associations for Production. Insurance and other Associations. Associations' for Distribution (Stores). Building Associations. Total. Year. Industrial. Agri- cultural. 145(0) 198 46 675 33 3,688 1883 144 (c) 226 47 678 33 3 822 1884 148(0) 301 49 682 33 4;i70 1885 154 (c) 388 55 696 35 4,438 1886 146 532 67 712 35 4821 1887 138 689 78 760 28 5,960 1888 140 833 75 868 38 6777 1889 151 974 87 984 50 7608 1890 151 1,087 94 1,122 55 8,418 ! 1891 128 1,196 100 1,283 77 8,921 1892 120 1,341 125 1,339 101 9934 1893 124 1,458 160 1,412 124 11141 1894 129 1,604 184 1,400 132 13005 ■ 1895 172 1,765 207 1,409 165 14842 1 1896 179 1,932 233 1,396 192 16069 1897 DISTRIBUTION (SCHULZE-DELITZSCH).(^) relatinof to the Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) on in the German Empire. 1 Net Profit after allowing Trade Expenses. for Depreciation (but not for Interest on Shares). Amount Gross Profit, devoted to Education, Year. Amount. Percentage on Sales. Amount. Percentage on Sales. &o. £ £ Per Cent. £ Per Cent. £ 217,027 93,912 5-75 123,115 7-53 1,255 1883 238,913 96,586 5-75 142,327 8-47 1,657 1884 249,377 98,038 5-58 151,340 8-61 1,627 1885 274,584 104,598 5-45 170,986 8*92 2,423 1886 299,311 114,109 5-51 185,203 8-94 1,931 1887 334,384 124,588 5' 32 209,796 8-96 2,302 1888 350,660 131,921 5-38 218,740 8'93 1,367 1889 402,944 149,040 5-23 253,904 8'90 1,095 1890 429,622 162,668 5-14 266,954 8-44 1,166 1891 475,019 181,181 5*39 293,838 8-75 1,354 1H92 504,450 114,258 5-69 310,192 9-08 1'^^^ 1893 604,226 22«,880 5-89 375,846 9*67 1,990 1894 658,347 247,647 5-99 410,700 9-93 2,763 1895 737,555 270,447 5-91 487,108 10-20 781 1896 791,760 294,600 6*09 497,160 10-28 1,501 1897 deuUchcn Erwerbs- und WirthscJiaftHgenosscnschaftcn. in 1888 and subsequent years all co-operative tanks, whether formed on the system of Production were included among Industrial Associations for Production. 939 I 2 132 GERMAN EMPIRE : CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES. CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS Table 95. — ^Membership, Capital, Business, Profit, and other particulars Delitzsch in the Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Share- holders in the Societies making Returns. Capital. Advances made by Societies (including Renewals). Trade Year Share. Reserve. Loan.(5) Interest paid or owing to Creditors. £ £ £ £ £ 1883 .. 922 466,575 5,269,674 970,379 19,467,964 75,680,864 800.908 1884 ., 879 451,779 5,317,469 1,008,480 19,658,327 75,847,631 796,579 1885 .. 896 458,080 5,392,056 1,079,080 20,090,069 76,692,046 818,653 1886 .. 881 451,452 5,461,692 1,144,574 20,587,057 76,128,571 785,501 1887 .. 886 450,276 5,531,548 1,212,250 21,356,263 80,092,860 818,778 1888 .. 901 461,356 5,526,168 1,275,139 21,261,044 79,578,466 770,060 1889 . 1,002 490,627 5,437,566 1,305,137 21,255,543 75,718,245 753,204 1890 .. 1,072 518,003 5,853,993 1,423,769 22,691,313 82,078,710 826,704 1891 .. 1,076 514,524 5,724,225 1,473,702 21,951,159 78,080,527 790,751 1892 .. 1,075 512,509 5,815,224 1,556,079 21,712,406 76,951,726 776,583 1893 .. 1,038 502,184 5,805,534 1,602,973 21,788,226 75,940,683 769,760 1894 .. 1,047 509,723 6,025,623 1,758,412 22,886,727 77,500,631 793,560 1895 .. 1,068 525,748 6,289,566 1,884,679 23,356,152 82,965,289 839,912 1896 .. 1,055 527,765 6,488,739 1,986,625 25,788,560 83,684,397 851,319 1897 .. 872 490,924 5,769,880 1,864,507 24,840,218 89,113,707 793,448 CO-0 PERATr /E CREDIT ASSOC lATIONS Tabl K 96.— Membership Capital , BUSINES th 3, Profit, and other e System of Raiffeisi particulars :n affiliated Year. Numb( Societ maki Retur ir of : ] Vumber of ilembers of Societies king Return s. ( :)apital. les ns. rna] Share. Reserve. 1881 . 1 1 i .. 1 11 Jl 13,220 £ 6.537 £ 7,634 1885 . .. .. ! 2. 15 24,466 10,051 20,447 1892 .. .. .. 71 13 62,027 23,637 58,979 1893 .. .. .. ; 6] Not stated. 23,688 58,819 1894 .. 9' ^s Not stated. 34,280 92,829 (a) Compiled from the source stated (b) Loans from private individuals (including savings bank accounts), current accounts, ( c) This relates to acceptances other than those of the societies themselves, and represents (d) Compiled from figures published by the Federation {GcneralamvalUchaft lan'llicher (e) These societies are nearly all banks, but include a few other classes of associations affiliated to the Federation in June, 1897, included 31 creameries, 18 wine growers' associa- distributive societies, selling goods required by their members ; some sell articles produced (/) Loans from private individuals (including savings bank accounts and current (ff) The figure given in the German statistics for 1881 under "Expenses" includes law GERMAJ^ EMPIRE : CO-OPERAtlVB SOCIETIES. 133 (SCHULZE-DELITZSCH). («) relating- to the Co-operative Credit Associations on the System of Schulze- German Empire. Expenses. Losses, (Bad Debts, Ac.) Profit. Amount paid or credited out of Profits to Liabilities at end of Year in respect of Accept- ances not matured, (c) Expenses of Administration (including Depreciation). Reserve. Dividend on Shares. Edu- cation, Ac. Year. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 278,686 48,174 413,869 76,766 323,809 3,571 472,565 1833 280,183 44,203 409,943 75,202 317,960 2,285 513,957 1884 279.897 45,477 417,705 80,271 324,011 1,732 181,310 1885 295.920 34,387 417,442 80,762 322,423 1,752 442,685 1886 298,283 40,388 411,692 77,278 320,706 2,042 574,631 1887 304,190 41,521 435,853 90,264 329,020 2,040 481,174 1888 296,346 50,434 423,707 84,814 314,466 2,435 522,001 1889 321,305 77,290 450,924 100,382 331,050 2,028 667,164 1890 312,543 61,888 442,024 99,366 320,102 2,653 727,968 1891 317,681 36,255 443,306 108,304 326,197 2,383 730,247 1892 313,622 50,786 443,873 103,825 324,284 3,428 768,710 1893 323,504 48,359 474,385 122,292 330,633 3,913 518,168 1894 333,987 52,525 470,912 111,718 336,160 4,355 643,180 1895 356,261 45,992 491,393 122,980 346,269 3,523 998,417 1896 329,091 45,584 476,432 128,281 319,738 3,594 1,136,953 1897 (RAIFFEISEN.-NEUWIED). (^0 relating to the Co-operative Credit Associations (Rural Banks) (e) on to the Neuwied Federation. Advances made by Societies (including law costs). Trade Expenses. Profit (Balance Loan.!/) Interest, &c. Expenses of Administration. in Caintal Account). 228,916 £ 124,715(0-) £ ll,726(sf) £ (g) 3,451 464,298 206,134 18,l&t 5,384 4,769 1,600,073 Not stated. Not stated. Not stated. 3,755 1,424,790 657,089 41,531 12,045 3,525 2,374,368 1,053,096 78,890 18,008 8,177 in footnote (a) on pp. 130-131, ante. liabilities on acceptances, and loans from banks and societies. liability by reason of endorsement Genossennchaften fiir DeuUchland zu Neuwied). (three wine growers' associations in 1881, four similar associations in 1885 ; the 2,666 societies tions, and 53 other societies, not banks). Most of the banks are at the same time by members. accounts) and loans from bank. costs and expenses of administration, as well as interest. i;u GJERMA.N EMPIRE : CO-OPBRA.TIVE SOCIETIES. CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ON THE RAIFFEISEN SYSTEM (WURTEMBURG). 0^) Table 97. — Membebship, TifRN-ovER, Profit, Reserves, and other particulars relating, to the Co-operative Credit Associations on the System of Raiffeisen affiliated to the Federation qf Agricultural Credit Associations in Wortemburg. Year. Number of ^ Associa- tions making- Returns. Number of Members of Associa tions making- Returns. Turn-over received j^lus cash expended). Profit. Reserve Funds. Goods Purchased for Sale to Members. (_h) Number of Societies making Returns of Purchases. Value of Purchases. 1883 77 1884 95 1885 112 1886 136 1887 153 1888 176 1889 217 1890 274 1891 358 1892 476 1893 574 1894 611 1895 649 1896 669 1897 716 6,096 8,037 11,278 12,100 13,964 15,533 19,468 24,636 31,479 40.874 49,188 53,782 58,695 62.120 65,691 231,626 328,448 387.436 480,826 581,472 701,894 927,864 1,162,804 1,473,985 1,968,564 2,430,948 2,716,294 3,069,161 3,258,911 3,501,265 £ 673 863 978 1,204 1,443 1,823 1,926 2.499 3,491 4,778 5,146 6,064 7,298 7,479 8,376 £ 1,329 2,143 3,249 4,248 5,709 7.454 9.132 8,976 10,927 14,165 18,190 21,905 28,039 34,429 40,020 17 34 43 73 79 79 104 103 161 242 283 277 308 325 £ 1,022 1,843 1,814 5,952 6,962 4.017 9,207 8,625 16,867 21,623 35,222 28,717 32,121 31,461 49,486 CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS TOR DISTRIBUTION (OFFEN- BACH FEDERATION). 00 Table 98.— Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit, and other particulars relating to the Co-operative Associations for Distribution affiliated to the Federation of German Agricultural Associations (Offenbach) Number [Number of of 1 Members Capital. Sa les. Year. Societies making Returns. of Societies making Returns. Share. Reserve. Loan and other. (ien.schaftt'ii des dentHcken Ik-ichs). These societies supply their members with manures, cattle food, seeds, coal, &c.. and are included in Table 93, ante, p. 130, among Agricultural Supply (Materials) Associations. (<■/) Total liabilities, less share capital and reserve funds. GERMAN EMPIRE : CO-OPERATIVE SOCEBTIES. 135 CO-OPERATIVE DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS (OFFENBACH FEDERATI0N).0O Table 99.— Membership, Capital, Sales, and other particulars relating? to the Co-operative Dairy Associations affiliated to the Federation of German Agricultural Associations (Offenbach). Membership. Share and Reserve Capital. Milk Sold. Premises and Plant. Year. Number of Associa- tions making Returns. Number of Members. Number of Associa- tions making Returns. Share. Reserve. Number of Associa- tions making Returns. Quantity of Milk Sold. Number of Associa- tions making Returns Value of Premises and Plant. 1892 1893 261 397 11,196 20,788 119 326 71,427 103,388 26,788 47,323 119 389 Gallons. 25,010,146 81,392,092 198 355 412,647 697,050 CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS (OFFENBACH FEDERATION).(«) Table 100.— Membership, Capital, Profit and other Particulars relating* to the Co-operative Credit Associations affiliated to the Federation of German Agricultural Associations (Offenbach). Number of Membership, of Capital. Expenses of 1 1 ! 1 ear. : oocieues making Returns. Societies making Returns. Share. Reserve. Loan and other.(6) Adminis- tration. ' I'rotit. £ £ £ £ £ 1889 207 21,184 48,987 - 25,442 928,854 5,726 9,412 1890 258 26,951 64,750 30,950 1,072,300 6,800 9,450 1891 363 40,959 97,600 57,150 1,613,500 10,350 13,800 1892 446 46,631 98,566 46,J990 1,981,357 11,543 14,862 1893 538 58,912 124,883 76,044 2,625,411 15,067 19,779 (^/) Compiled from the source stated in footnote (r) on p. 134, a/itc. (/>) Total liabilities, less share capital and reserve funds. 136 CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN HOLLAND. NUMBER AND NATURE OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES- («) Table 101.— Numbkr of Co-operative Societies of each Class in Holland and her Colonies. Year. Associations for Distribution. Associations for Production. Building Associations. Savings, Loan, Insurance, etc., Associations. Total. 1895 1896 1897 195 200 205 178 2i: 302 51 58 59 25 24 28 449 CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION (MEMBERS OF CO-OPERATIVE FEDERATION). («) Table 102. — Number of Associations for Distribution (Stores) which were Members of the Netherlands Co-operative Federation ; with their Membership and Sales, and the Value of the Goods purchased by them from the (Dutch) Co-operative Wholesale Society, and the Commercial Chamber of the Federation respectively (/>). Year (May to May). No. of Associations, Members of Federation. Number of Members of Associations. Total Sales. Value of Purchases from Co-operative Wholesale Society and Commercial Chamber respectively. (^) 1S81 12 3,027 & 53,681 £ 1882 14 3,739 68,285 — 1883 17 4,434 83,531 7.300 1884 17 4,793 90,481 12,725 , 1885 17 5,298 97,647 21,217 1886 17 5,814 107,789 27,267 1887 17 6,462 124,185 33,717 1888 18 7,385 145,564 38,025 1889 19 8,000 157,895 42,475 1890 19 8,529 165,990 43,875 1891 19 9,045 178,871 44,865 1892 20 9.742 183,977 47,591 1893 20 10,160 189,054 49,299 1894 22 11,091 199,668 50,582 1895 23 11,969 211,635 53,951 (a) Compiled from Jaarhoch ran den Ni'derlandsclicn. Coopcratieren Bond^ published by the Netherlands Co-operative Federation, The figures are stated to be probably too high, since in the absence of a legal obligation to register the dissolution (such as exists in regard to the formation) of a society, the Federation has no means of informing itself of all the cases in which societies have ceased to exist. (Jj) From the Co-operative Wholesale Society in 1881-89 ; from the Commercial Chamber of the Federation in 1890-95. 137 CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN BELGIUM. CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS (PEOPLE'S BANKS).(«) Table 103. — Number, Membership, Capital, Advances and Profit of the People's Banks in Belgium. Year. Total No. of Societies. No. of Societies making Returns. No. of Members of Societies. Capital. Advances made by Societies. .Profit (Balance (ft) Share. Reserve. Loan (c). in Capital Account). & £ £ £ £ 1882 16 16 9,975 76,759 6,596 194,188 1,063,882 4,744 1883 15 15 9,768 77,957 7,694 181,161 1,001,758 3,951 1885 15 15 9,977 84,097 10,285 227,927 1,233,580 4,323 1886 15 15 9,981 80.517 11,416 235,625 1,245,675 4,059 1887 18 17 10,351 82,564 12,688 263,238 1,251,790 4,239 1888 17 15 9,808 80,240 11,468 251,190 1,088 681 4,251 1890 16 15 10,724 84,377 11,170 248,248 1,277,082 7,607 1893 24 20 10,603 86,839 15,407 331,666 1,539,688 8,985 1894 24 20 11,666 92,383 18,937 386,768 1,423,720 8,432 1895 28 22 13,653 108,598 26.128 495,676 1,200 193 12,240 1897 21 21 13,341 115,814 29,436 id) 2,697,500 (d) (a) Compiled from the statistics published by the Federation of Belgian People's Banks. (b) To June 30th as to 1882 and 1883, 1885-88, 1893 and 1894 ; to December 31st as to 1890 and 1895 ; on January 1st as to 1897. (f) Including current accounts, unclaimed dividends, loans on security, deposits (savings bank and others), liabilities on re-discount of bills, &c. (d) Cannot be stated. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN FRANCE. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.CO Table 104. — Number and Membership of Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) in France. Number of Membership of Year. Total Number Associations of Associations of Associations. which Membership referred to in is known. Col. 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) 1894 719 591 198,848 (December 31st.) 1895 708 551 261,145 (December 31st.) 1897 708 — (April 30th.) CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION : BAKERIES.(^) Table 105. — Number and Membership of Co-operative Baking Associations (/) in France. Year. (1) Total Number of Associations. (2) Number of Associations of which Membership is known. (3) 1S94 439 431 (December 31st.) 1895 509 478 (December 31st.) 1897 491 __ (April 3()th.) Membership of Associations referred to in Col. 3. (4) 49,()09 98.783 (O Compiled from JivUefni dr V Office dii Travail, published by the French Labour Depai'tment. (/) The undertakings referred to in this table are bakeries included in the French statistics among " societcs cooperatives de consommation." A small number of baking- societies (formed, not by the purchasers of bread, but by bakers) are classed in the French statistics among the " productive " societies, and are included in the figures given in Table 106, jiost, p. 138. 138 FRANCE : CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION (OTHER THAN BAKERIES). 00 Table 106. —Number of Associations for Production {other than Bahrrics-) in France, in 1895 ; with their Membership, Capital (Share and Loan), Value of Business done and Profit earned, the Division of such Profit, and the Number of their Employees and Wages paid in that Year. (1) Position in 1895. Number of societies in operation in 1895. Number of societies to which the following particulars relate. Number of members at end of 1895 Paid-up share capital at date of inquiry held by— Workmen desiring employ- ment by the society. Former workmen of the society. Other workmen belonging to the trade carried on by the society. Other persons Total share capital (paid-up) (c) Loans by members to societies as shown by 1895 balance sheet, (o) Value of business done in 1895 Pi'ofits earned in 1895 Division of Profits of 1895. To reserve funds As interest or dividend to capital. . To management ! Members employed by j society. i Non-members employed- To Provident Fund j Total profiti! divided ■ Number of Employees and Wages paid in 1895. Member: ( Minimum ( Maximum Non-n>em„ers|Ei=, Total number ( Minimum em ployed. \ Maximum Total wages paid Associations entirely or mainly connected with the Building Trades. (2) 6;-) 63 1,065 £29,203 £2,016 £1,302 £230 £32,751 £9,431 £216,464 £22,230 £2,660 £3,203 £754 £1,237 £1,264 £865 £9,983 507 835 216 1,723 723 2,558 £81,006 Associations connected with Trades other than the Building Trades. (3) Associations of Cab- drivers.(/;) (4) All Associations together. <5) 89 85 7,138 £244,295 £31,761 £63,142 £12,478 £351,676 £21,365 £809,451 £65,832 £4,943 £40,811 £2,339 £7,114 £6,548 £1,638 £63,393 2,736 3,180 3,603 4,441 6,339 7,621 £316,326 £84,193 £84,193 £25,000 £169,899 £8,347 £517 £3,990 £3,142 £121 d. 7,770 770 849 455 571 1,225 1,420 £88,936 172 165 9,029 £357,691 £33,777 £64,444 £12,708 £468,620 £55,796 £1,195,814 £96,409 £8,120 £48,004 £3,093 £11,493 £7,812 £2,624 £81 146 4,013 4864 4,274 6735 11,599 £486,268 ((/) Compiled from the Report of an Inquiry, mainly relating to the year 1895, made by the French Labour Department (Les Ax.sociatio/is Ourriercs de I*rodiiction : Office da Travail). The same authority states the total number of associations for production in existence on January 1st, 1896, to have been 161, including 17 associations of cab-drivers, and on January 1st, 1897, 184, including a similar number of cab-drivero' associations ; while figures published by the same Department in Bulletin de fOffice du Travail show the number of such associations on January 1st, 1898, to have been 214 (again including 17 associations of cab-drivers). The statistics relate to industrial production and do not include agricultural enterprises. As to bakeries, see footnote if) on p. 137, ante. (h) In the statistics as to Workmen's Co-operative Associations published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade societies carrying on business of this nature are not counted as associations for production. ic) In addition to their share and loan capital, the balance-sheets made up to the end of 1895 or the nearest available date show that 162 of the associations referred to in the table (the balance-sheets of certain of these associations, one a very important society, not having been furnished ) possessed the following amounts :—l{eserve Fund, £228,070 (col. 2, £12,466; col. 3, £209,496; col. 4. £6,108): Accident and Sick Funds, £2,598 (col. 2, £1,341; col. 3, £1,030 ; col. 4, £227) ; Pension Fund, £16,714 (col. 2, £3,355 : col. 3, £13,356 ; col. 4, £3). 139 CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN SWITZERLAND. NUMBER AND NATURE OP CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES. («) Table 107.— Number of Co operative Societies of each Class in Switzerland. Nature of Associations. Number of Associations in 1895. 1898. Asaociations for Distribution ., „ Production Banks (Savings and other) and Guarantee Societies. Miscellaneous Associations 574 1,521 188 122 879 1,854 215 164 ' Total 2,405 3,112 CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. 00 Table 103. — ^Number, Membership, Capital, Sales, and Profit of Co- operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) in Switzerland, in 1894. Number of societies Number of societies making returns Number of members of societies making returns Capital : — Share Loan Reserve Special reserve Entrance fees Amount of sales ... Net profit after allowing for depreciation of property, but not for interest on share capital : — Amount Perceittage 0)1 8:de8 198 188(0 58,151 £ 78,701 64,593 63,454 6,601 3,906 928,979 77,828 8-4 (a) From an article by Dr. Bggenberger, of Berne, in SrhwHzfit-lsehe Blatter fill' Wli'thfirluiftii- intd Sticialpolitih, VI. Jahrgang 1898, Nr. 21. The figures are stated to be lower than the actual numbers, because they are in great part based upon official statistics relating exclusively to ref/lufcred societies. (//) Compiled from Die Hchweizer'h<('hi-)i Jio)is/n/if/e/io.s.' sta- < 1 ted. 1 ) V 330 500 715 940 54 224 1,077 4,249 9,670 16.254 24.375 38,128 56,138 78,293 £ 31 150 911 4,232 10,162 15,855 22,022 33,330 46,226 61,025 4 53 295 904 2,099 3,906 6,125 10.153 15,995 £ 328 3,421 9,194 44,328 119,835 243,639 408,436 690,206 1,075,139 1,632,907 1 £ : £ 363 3 3,285 j 23 9,837 ' 92 35,741 i 466 99,683 i 917 177,055 1,579 268,971 2,512 402,631 4,277 633.061 6,850 811,761 8,464 CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS IN HUNGARY.CO Table 116.— Number, Capital, Outstanding Advances, and Profit of the Co-operative Credit Associations in Hungary (including Croatia- Slavonia). No. of Societies Capital. Outstand- ing Profit (Balance in Capital Account). Year. In Exis- To which tence at End of the Particulars Share. Reserve. Loan.((/) Advances. Year. Relate. £ £ £ £ £ 1884 413 413 1,749,250 86,417 1,596,583(6) 3,388,417(6) 121,083 1885 447 447 2,107,667 101,000 1,590,833(6) 3.744,583(6) 129,000 1886 480 480 2,219,500 126,333 1,751,833(6) 3.969,250(6) 140,417 1887 538 538 2,228,000 132,333 1,808,500(6) 4,055,833(6) 140,637 1888 599 599 2,361,667 138,417 2,050,833(6) 4,399.917(6) 147,417 1889 624 624 2,550,667 155,583 2,293,417(6) 4,797,250(6) 175.167 1890 637 637 2,736,833 175,917 2,495,083(6) 5,173,083(6) 190,000 1891 644 644 2,851,917 195,667 2,868,333 5,537,750 i 193,667 1892 709 709 2,971.917 216,333 3,223,000 6,042,917 - 203,600 1893 768 726 3,216,667 227,083 3,175.000 6,332,833 271,000 1894 843 810 3.493.167 231,333 3,313,250 6,769,000 304,333 1895 1,028 977 . 3,826,167 272,000 3,668.417 7,412,500 339.583 1896 1,109 1,069 4100,167 286,250 3.904.167 7,842,333 : 347,417 1897 1,253 1,158 4,281,417 311,333 4,019,917 8,150,833 346,250 (a) Compiled from Statistische Monatschrift, Neue Folge, II. Jahrgang, April-Mai-Heft, and III. Jahrgang. Juni-Juli-Reft, Beilagen, published by the Austrian Imperial Central Statistical Commission. (h) Savings Bank Accounts, Current Accounts, and Loans. (6) Compiled from Magijar Statisztikai EokOnyv, published by the Statistical Bureau of the Hungarian Ministry "of Commerce. The figures as to Capital, Advances, and Profit are approximate only, since the Hungarian statistics give the details in thousands of gulden. (d) Includes Savings Bank Accounts. Deposits, Bank Drafts, Acceptances in Circulation, Current Accounts, Loans, and Advances. (6) In these years bills rediscounted were placed among Acceptances in Circulation on the debit side, and among Bills in hand on the credit side of the Assets and Liabilities Account ; in subsequent years they have been struck out of both sides of the account. 145 SUBJECT INDEX TO TABLES IN ABSTEACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. Page Agricultural Associations (Offenbach), Federation of German : Associations for Distribution affiliated to 134 Credit Associations affiliated to 135 Dairy Associations affiliated to 135 Agricultural Credit Associa- tions, Federation op, in wurtemburg, associations affiliated to 134 Agricultural Labour: Wages of , in France 46 „ ,, Hungary 60 '„ „ Russia 1-2 ,, „ Sweden 6 „ „ United States, ac- cording to groups of States .. 61 „ United States, ac- cording to sepa- rate States and Territories ..62-67 Altona, Earnings at 20-22 Austria : Co-operative Societies in 142-144 Trade Disputes in ... 124-125 Wages in " 54-59 Austria-Hungary. {See Austria, and Hungary.) B. Baden, Earnings in ... 18-19, 23 Bakeries, Co-operative. (-S^^^ Co-opiERATiVE Societies, Asso- ciations for Production.) Bakers : Earnings of, in Sweden ... 7 Hours of Labour of, in Con- necticut 115 Hours of Labour of, in German Empire 94 Hours of Labour of, in New York State 115 939 Bakers— CO ?i^. Hours of Labour of, in Sweden 90 Wages of, in Connecticut ... 88 Baltimore, Wages at 73 Bavaria, Trade Disputes in ... 119 Belgium : Co-operative Societies in ... 137 Hours of Labour in ... 105-106 Wages in 25-37 Blastfurnaces, Earnings of Workpeople Employed at Austrian 54-55 Book Printers. {See Printers, Book.) Boston (U.S.A.), Wages at ... 72 Brooklyn, Wages at 74-75 BRtJNN (Moravia), Earnings in Engineering Works at ...58-59 Buffalo, Wages at 74-75 C. Cellulose Factories, Earnings IN, IN Norway 3 Chicago, Wages at 69 Chur, Earnings at 50-52 Cologne District, Length op Working Day in 98-99 Commercial Chamber, of Netherlands Co-operative Federation. (^See Co-opera- tive Wholesale Society (Dutch.) Confectioners, Hours of La- bour of, in German Empire... 94 Connecticut : Earnings in Principal Groups of Trades in 89 Hours of Labour of Bakers in 115 „ „ in Principal Trades in 116 Wages of Bakers in 88 Co-operative Associations. ^See Co-operative Societies.) K 146 INDEX. Page Co-operative Banks (People's Banks) : In Belgium » Italy (^Sce also Co-operative Socie- 187 TIES— Credit Associations.) Co-operative Federation, Netherlands, Associations FOR Distribution Affiliated TO 136 Co-operative Societies : In Austria 142-144 „ Belgium 137 ,, France 137-138 „ German Empire ... 130-135 „ Holland ... 136 „ Hungary 144 „ Italy 140-141 „ Switzerland 139 Number and Nature of — in Austria 142 „ German Empire 130-131 ,, Holland 136 (other than Banks) in Italy 140 in Switzerland 139 Associations for Distribution in — Austria 142 France 137 German Empire... 130-131 German Empire (Offen- bach Federation) ... 134 G erman Empire (Schulze- Delitzsch) ... 130-131 Holland (Co-operative Federation) 136 Switzerland 139 Associations for Production in — Austria (Registered) ,.. 143 France (Bakeries) ... 137 „ (other than Bakeries) ... 138 . Credit Associations in — Austria (Registered) ... 143 Austria (Registered, Raiffeisen) 144 Belgium (People's Banks) 137 German Empire (Offen- bach Federa lion) ... 135 German Empire (on Kaiffeisen System, in Wurtemburg) ... 134 German Empire (Rural Banks on Raiffeisen System in Neuwied Federation) ... 132-133 German Empire(Schulze- Delitzsch) ... 132-133 Hungary 144 Italy (People's Banks)... 141 Dairy (German Empire) Asso- ciations, affiliated to the Offenbach Federation ... 135 Page Co-operative Wholesale So- ciety (Dutch), Value op Goods purchased by Associa- tions FOR Distribution prom 136 Copenhagen : Earnings at 9-10 Length of Working Day at ... 93 Credit Associations, Co-opera- tive. (^See Co-operative So- cieties.) Dairy Associations, Co-opera- tive. (See Co-operative So- CIETIES.) Day Labourers, Wages of, rt? German Empire 12 Denmark : Hours of Labour in 92-93 Wages in 8-10 Disputes, Trade : In Austria : Duration of 124 Grouped by Trades ... 1 24 Number of 124 Number of Workpeople affected by 124 Objects of 125 Results of 125 In Bavaria : Grouped by Trades ... 119 Number of 119 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 119 Results of 119 In France : Causes of 121 Duration of 120 Grouped by Trades ... 120 Number of 120 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 120 Objects of 121 Results of 121 In German Empire : Grouped by Trades ... 118 Number of 118 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 118 Results of 118 In Italy : Causes of 123 Duration of 123 Grouped by Trades ... 122 Number of Workpeople affected by 122 Objects of 123 Results of 123 INDEX. 147 Page Disputes, Trade— co/*/. In Sweden : Duration of Number of Number of Workpeople who took part in In United States : Causes of Duration of Grouped by Locality „ „ Trades Number of Number of Establishments involved in Number of Workpeople affected by ...126, 128-129 Objects of 127 Results of 126 117 117 117 ... 127 ... 127 128-129 ... 127 ... 126 127 CO-OPEEATIVE FOR. (^See Co- Distribution, Associations OPERATIVE Societies— Associa- tions FOR Distribution.) Dock Labour : Earnings of, at Hamburg ... 20 Hours of Labour of, at Ham- burg 97 Number of Days worked by Workpeople employed in, at Hamburg in 1895 20 Earnings {See Wages.) Engineering Works, Earnings in, at BRtJNN (Moravia) 58-59 F. Farm Servants, Wages of, in France 46 France : Co-operative Societies in 137-138 Hours of Labour in ... 107-111 Trade Disputes in ... 120-121 Wages in 38-49 G. German Empire : Co-operative Societies in 130-135 Hours of Labour in 94-99 Trade Disputes in ... 118-119 Wages in 11-23 Government Contracts: Hours of Labour on, in Holland 104 Wages on, in Holland ... 24 Government Workmen : Earnings of, in Denmark... „ „ „ France ... Hours of Labour of, in Denmark (^See also Railways.) Government Workwomen: Earnings of, in Austria ... „ „ ., France ... Page 8 48 92 58 H. ON 37 Hainaut, Minimum Wages Public Contracts in Hamburg : Earnings of Dock Labour at 20 Hours of Labour in Docks ... 97 Holland : Co-operative Societies in ... 136 Hours of Labour in ... 100-104 Wages in ... 24 Hours of Labour : In Belgium 105-106 „ Denmark ...92-93 „ France 107-111 „ German Empire ...94-99 „ Holland 100-104 .Italy ... 113 „ Norway ... 90 „ Sweden ...90-91 „ Switzerland ... 112 „ United States 113-116 Hungary : Co-operative Societies in ... 144 Wages in ... 60 Italy : Co-operative Societies in Hours of Labour in ... Trade Disputes in Wages in 140-141 ... 113 122-123 ... 53 Mannheim (Baden), Earnings AT 23 Market Gardeners, Wages of, IN France 46 Massachusetts : Earnings for a Full Week's Work in 84-88 Weekly Earnings in 80-83 Yearly Earnings in 76-79 148 INDEX. Match Factories, Earnings in French (Government) ... 48 Mines : Earnings in Austrian 54-55 „ Italian 53 Coalj Earnings in French ... 47 „ „ Prussian ...14-15 ,. Hours of Employment ana of Actual "Work in French Ill „ Hours of Labour in Prussian 95 Lignite, Earnings in French... 47 „ „ Prussian 14-15 ,, Hours of Labour in Prussian 95 Metalliferous, Earnings in Prussian ...14-15 „ Hours of Labour in Prussian ... 95 Miners : Earnings of, in Austria ...54-55 „ „ France ... 47 „ ,, Italy ... ... 53 „ „ Prussia ...14-15 Hours of Labour of, in France 111 ,, „ Prussia 95 N. Netherlands Co-operative Federation. (^See Co-opera- tive Federation, Nether- lands.) Neuwied Federation, Co-opera- tive Credit Associations (Rural Banks), on System of Raiffeisen, affiliated to 132-133 New York (City), Wages at 68, 74-75 New York State : Hours of Labour of Bakers in 115 „ ,, in Certain Occupations in 113-114 Wages in 74-75 Nordenpjeld. (^See Vestland AND Nordenpjeld.) Norway : Hours of Labour in 90 Wages in B 0. Offenbach Federation. (^Scc Agricultural Associations, Offenbach, Federation of German.) People's Banks. (^See Co-opera- tive Banks.) Philadelphia, Wages AT .., 70 Printers, Book, Hours of Labour of, in Norway ... 90 Production, Co-operative Asso- ciations FOR. (^See Co-opera- tive Societies.) Prussia : Earnings of Miners in . ..14-15 „ on State Railways in 13 Hours of Labour of Miners in.. 95 „ „ on State Rail- ways in 96-97 Public Contracts : Minimum Wages on, in Belgium ...36-37 R. Raiffeisen : Co-operative Credit Associa- tions (Registered) on System of , in Austria ... ... 144 Co-operative Credit Associa- tioBS (Rural Banks) on the System of (Neuwied Federa- tion), in German Empire 132-133 Co-operative Credit Associa- tions on System of, in Wurtemburg 131 Railways : Earnings on French 49 „ Prussian State ... 13 „ United States ... 60 ,, Wurtemburg State 17 Hours of Labour on Prussian State 96-97 Reichenberg District (North- ern Bohemia), Earnings in ...56-57 Rochester (N.Y.), Wages at ...74-75 Rural Banks. (_See Co-opera- tive Societies — Credit As- sociations.) Russia, Wages in 1-2 S. Schulze-Delitzsch ; Co-operative Associations for Distribution on System of, in German Empire Co-operative Credit tions on System German Empire Seamen, Wages of, in Empire 130-131 Associa- of, in 132-133 German ... ... 11 INDEX. 149 Silk Manufacture: Earnings in, in Northern Italy Hours of Labour in, in Northern Italy St. Louis, Wages at Strikes and Lock-outs, iSee Disputes, Trade.) Sweden : Hours of Labour in ... Trade Disputes in Wages in Switzerland : Co-operative Societies in Hours of Labour in ... Wages in 53 113 71 ...90-91 ... 117 ... 4-7 ... 139 ... 112 ...50-52 Timber Raftsmen, Earnings of, IN Norway 3 Timber Trade, Wages in, in Norway 3 Tobacco Factories : Earnings in Austrian (Govern- ment) 58 „ French (Govern- ment) 48 Trade Disputes. {See Disputes, Trade.) U. United States : Hours of Labour in Trade Disputes in Wages in 113-116 126-129 ...60-89 Page Vestla>;d and Nordbnfjbld, Hours op Labour of Book Printers in V. and N. Factory Inspection District (Norway) 90 w. Wages : In Austria 54-59 „ Belgium 25-37 „ Denmark 8-10 „ France 38-49 „ German Empire 11-23 „ Holland 24 „ Hungary 60 „ Italy 53 „ Norway 3 „ Russia 1-2 „ Sweden 4-7 „ Switzerland... ... 50-52 „ United States ... 60-89 winterthur, earnings at 50-52 Wood Pulp Factories (Nor- wegian), Earnings in Wood Trade. (^See Timber Trade.) wurtemburg : Co-operative Credit Associa- tions (Raiffeisen) in Earnings in Certain Industries in „ on State Railways in 3 134 16 17 z. Zurich, Earnings at ...60-52 lie following appear jwriodioilly, and can be subscribed for :^ Trade of the United Kingdom with British Possessions and Foreign Countries, showing the Quantities and the Declared Value of the Articles. The Proceedings of Parliament in Pulilic and Private Business are published daily — House of Lords, price Id. per 4 pp. ; House of Commons, Id. per 8 pp. Trade Reports of the several British Colonies, with information relative to their population and general condition. Trade REP(mTS by Her Majesty's Representatives in Foreign Countries, and Reports on Commercial and General Interests. tate Trials, being Reports of the Chief State Trials which have taken place between 1820 and the present time, published under the supervision of a Committee appointed by the Lord Chancellor Roy. 8vo. 1820-1823 to 1850-1858. 8 vols. Price 10s. each. hallengrer, K.IHrS. A Report on the Scientific Results of the voyage of, during the - > 1873-76, under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and Captain k Turle Thomson, R.N. Prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C, ,»>ville Thomson, Knt., F.R.S. ; and now of Sir John Murray, K.O.B. Complete in Fif"-" Yolumes. Price lOlZ. 158. A' V Act. Rules of Procedure. 1899. Price 4t^. Pay, Appointment, Promotion and Non-effective Pay of the. Royal Warrant 1898. Price U. LLERY. Garrison. Drill. 1899. Vols. I. and II. Price Qd. each. ,D Service Manual. Cavalry. 1899. Price 4tZ. Do. Mounted Infantry. 1899. Price 3d, ancial Instructions in relation to Army Accounts. Price Qd. ^'. Military. Manual of. 1899. Price 2s. ■ , AND Country between Dongola, Suakim, Kassala, and Omdurman. Report ;n the. Price 4&'. 6d. tilODEsiA. Southern. Precis of information concerning. By Major C. T. Dawkins, C.M.G. January 1899. Price 2s. VN. Handbook of the. Part I., Geographical. Part II., Historical. Price 2s. ; ro. Supplement to. July, 1899. Pries 2s. 6d. inval : — Tide Tables for British and Irish Ports for 1900, Price 2s. i-eolog'ical : — Silurian Rocks of Britain. Vol. I. Scotland. Price 15s. Sussex. Water Supply of, from underground sources. By W. Whitaker and Clement Reid. Price 3s. lOcal Croverzzxnent Board: — General Sanitary Circumstances and Administration of the Urban District of Aldershot. Report on. Price Is. Fever in the Village op South Witham in the Grantham Rural District. Outbreak of. Report on. Price 6d. County Boroughs, other Boroughs, Urban and Rural Districts in England and Wales on Ist April, 1898. Statement of. Price Is. 6d. iSmigrrants' Information O^ce, 31, Broadway, Westminster, viz.: — Colonies, Handbooks for. April 1899. 8vo. Wrapper. No. 1. Canada. 2. New South Wales. 3. Victoria. 4. South Australia. 5. Queens- land. 6. Western Australia. 7. Tasmania. 8. New Zealand. 9. Cape Colony. 10. Natal. Price Id. each. No. 11. Professional Handbook dealing with Prof essions in the Colonies. 12. Emigra- tion Statutes and General Handbook. Price 3d. each. No. 13 (viz., Nos. 1 to 12 in cloth). Price 2s. Consular Reports, Summary of. America, North and South. June 1899. Price 2d. Intending Emigrants, Information for : — Argentine Republic, price 2d. California, price Id. Ceylon, price Id. Maryland, price Id. Newfoundland, price Id. South African Republic, price 3d. West Indies, price 6d. oreigrn Office:— Africa by Treaty. The Map of. By Sir E. Hertslet, K.C.B. 3 Vols. Price 31s. Qd. Commercial Treaties. (Hertslet's.) A complete collection of Treaties, &c., between Great Britain and Foreign Powers so far as they relate to Commerce and Navigation, &c. By Sir E. Hertslet, K.C.B., &c., Vols. I. to XX. Price I5s. each. State Papers. British and Foreign. Vol. 80. General Index (chronologically and alphabetically arranged) to Vols. 65 to 79. (1873 to 1888.) Vol. 81. 1888-1889. Vol.82. 1889-1890. Vol.83. 1890-1891. Vol.84. 1891-1892. Vol.85. 1892-1893. Vol. 86. 1893-1894. Price 10s. each. i3ard of Trade Journal, of Tariff and Trade Notices and Miscellaneous Commercial Information. Published 15th of Month. Price Gd. Index to Vols. 1 to 14. Price 2s. And to Vols. XV. to XX. July, 1893 to June, 1896. . Price Is. Qd. iLew : B^oyal Sotanlc Gardens. Bulletins of Miscellaneous Information. Volume ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). FIRST ANNUAL ABSTEACT OE FOREiaN LABOUE STATISTICS. 1898-99. ^resentetr to ^parliament tg Commatttr of g^er ^ajesti). LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTTS STATIONERY OFFICE, By darling & SON, Ltd., 1-3, Geeat St. Thomas Apostle, E.C. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FLEET STREET, E.G., and 32, ABINGDON Street, Westminster, S.W. ; or JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, HANOVER STREET, Edinburgh, and 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow ; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., LIMITED, 104, QEAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1899. ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). SECOND ABSTEACT OF FOEEIGN LABOUR STATISTICS, JJresctttei to both Rouses of gadiam^nt bg (Eommanb of ^is JEaj^sts. LONDON: FEINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, By darling & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Steeet, E. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.G. and 32, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W.; or OLIVER & BOYD, Edinbttrgh; or E. PONSONBY, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. 1901. [Cd. 720.] Price U. 4k/. . SALE OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS, The under-mentioned Firms have been appointed sole Agents for the sale of Government Publications, including Parliamentary Reports and Papers, Acts of Parliament, Record Office Publications, &c., &c., and all such works can be purchased from them either directly or through retail booksellers, who are entitled to a discount of 25 per cent, from the selling prices ; — IN ENGLAND :— For all publications excepting Ordnance and Geological Maps, the Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty, and Patent Office Publications : — Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, E.G. For Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty :— Mr. J. D. PoTTER, 145, Minories, E.G. Patent Office Publications are sold at the Patent Office. For all Publications excepting the Hydrographical Works of the Admiralty, Patent Office Publications, and Ordnance and Geological Maps :— IN SGOTLAND : — Messrs. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. IN IRELAND :— Mr. E. Ponsonby, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAPS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND :— There are Agents for the sale of these Maps in most of the chief towns. Copies can also be ordered at many Head Post Offices, and through any Bookseller, or from the Director-General Ordnance Survey, Southampton ; or, in the case of Ireland, from the Officer in Charge Ordnance Survey, Dublin. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND : — The Agents for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps are also, as a rule, agents for the sale of Geological Survey Publications. The following is a list of some of the more important Parliamentary and Official Publications recently issued i-~ Parliamentary a Statutes — PuUic General, Session 1899, Sess. 2, and 1900, Sess. 1 and 2. With Index, Tables, &c. Cloth. Prices*. Second Revised Edition. A.D. 1235-1713 to A.D. 1872-1883. XVI. Vols. Price Is. Qd. each. Revised Editions. Tables showing subsequent Repeals, effected by Acts of Session 63 & 64 Vict. 1900. Price 6^. Statutes in Force. Index to. 16th Edition. To end of 63 & 64 Vict. 2 Vols. Price 10s. 6d. The Statutory Rules and Orders revised. Statutory Rules and Orders, other than those of a Local, Personal, or Temporary Character, issued prior to 1890, and now in force. Vols. I. to VIII. Price 10s. each. Statutory Rules and Orders other than those of a Local, Personal, or Temporary Character. With a List of the more important Statutory Orders of a Local Character arranged in classes ; and an Index. Roy. 8vo. Boards. Issued in the years 1890. 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900. Price 10s. each. Statutory Rules and Orders in force on 31st December 1899. Index to. .Price 10s. Statutory Rules and Orders, 1901. Registered under the Rules Publication Act, 1893. In course of issue. Acts of Parliament^ Public, Local, and Private, Session 1901. In course of issue. [Gd. 416.] Educational Subjects. Special Reports. Vol. IV. Canada, Newfoundland. &c. Price 4s. 6c^ [Cd. 417.] Do. do. Vol. V. Cape Colony, Australia, &c. Price 4s. [Cd. 418.] Do. do. Vol. VI. Preparatory Schools for Boys ; their place in English Secondary Education. Price 2s. 3AfZ. [Cd. 419.] Technical and Commercial Education in East Prussia, Poland, Galicia, Silesia, and Bohemia, by James Baker, F.R.G.S. Price 6i>Tira Ti\i.\^.i\ i\\Hr\ Hif.f/>. 1900. Price 4s. fid. ABSTRACT- OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). SECOND ABSTRACT OF FOREiaN LABOIJE STATISTICS. ^vtsmitb to both '^oxxstQ of Jparliamcut h^ (JEommanl) of gjis Jl-lajestj). LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, Bt darling & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Street, E. Aud to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.C. and 32, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W. ; or OLIVER & BOYD, Edinburgh; or E. PONSONBY, 116, Graeton Street, Dublin. 1901. [Cd. 720.] Price Is. ^d. 11 CONTENTS Page Introduction ... ... ... ... ... -. ... iii Statistical Tables relating to :— Wages 1-124 Hours of Labour 127-161 Trade Disputes ... 163-186 Conciliation and Arbitration ... ... ... 189-192 Trade Unions 195-215 Co-operation ... 217-240 Workmen's Insurance ... - ••• — 243-286 (For detailed List see pp. v. to xi.) Subject Index to Tables 287-294 Index to Trades and Occupations dealt with in the Wages and Hours of Labour sections ••. ... 295-322 Principal Board of Trade Publications on Labour Questions 323 325 Ill SECOND ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. To THE Secretary of the Board of Trade. Sir, I HAVE the honour to submit the second number of the Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics, prepared in the Labour Department in continuation of the volume which was published in 1899. This series is intended to be supplementary to the Statistical Abstract for the Principal and other Foreign Countries which has been compiled for many years in the Commercial Department, and also as companion volumes to the Annual Abstract of Labour Statistics of the United Kingdom. The subjects dealt with in the First Abstract were four in number, viz,, Wages, Hours of Labour, Trade Disputes and Co-operation. In the present volume, the whole of the figures given in the earlier number have, so far as practicable, been revised and brought up to date, and a large number of new Tables, compiled from information which has recently become available, have been added in relation to the subjects above mentioned. In addition, it has been found possible to include statistics with respect to three other matters of great importance in relation to Labour, namely. Conciliation and Arbitration, Trade Unions^ and Workmen's Insurance. The First Number of the Abstract gave figures with regard to twelve countries in all — Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria- Hungary, and the United States. In the new volume will also be found a Table setting forth in detail the wages obtaining in various occupations in Japan. Tables have also been added relating to the wages of Railway Servants and to Co-operative Societies in Russia, a country which in the earlier issue was represented by one Table only. Denmark is represented for the first time in the section treating of Co-operation and also in that relating to Trade Disputes. As regards the subjects treated for the first time in the present volume, three countries are dealt with as to Conciliation and Arbitration, seven as to Trade Unions, and four as to Workmen's Insurance. With regard to the last mentioned subject the Tables included extend to no less than forty-four pages, and it has been necessary, in order to save space, to confine the statistics to countries in which insurance is compulsory and contributions are exacted from workmen or employers, thus excluding some systems {e.(j., the Danish) of providing for old age or other contingencies. 6487—1500—7/1900 Wt 10241 D & S 1 a IV INTRODUCTION. In addition to a list of Tables at the beginning, and a subject-matter Index at the end of the report, a full Index to the various trades and occupations dealt with in the sections relating to wages and hours of labour has been compiled, which will, it is believed, considerably facilitate reference to the statistics on these subjects. The result of this revision and extension of the Abstract has been to increase its size to more than double that of its predecessor. In the preparation of the Abstract it has been necessary to examine a very large amount of statistical matter, and great difficulties have attended the effort made throughout to secure uniformity in the presentation of the figures, which, so far as possible, have been re-classified on the lines adopted in the Reports relating to the Labour Statistics of the United Kingdom. The methods of collecting information and of computing and presenting results adopted by the various authorities compiling the original statistics diflfer widely. No attempt has, therefore, been made to bring together in comparative Tables the informa- tion obtained from the various countries upon particular subjects, and great caution must be exercised in making comparisons between the figures for one country and another. The sources of the information are stated at the foot of each Table ; and the Department is greatly indebted to the various Statistical Authorities, Official Bureaux, and other organisations both for furnishing copies of their publications, and for the assistance, willingly given, in removing difficulties arising in the course of translation. Although this Abstract presents in a concise form the principal details contained in available statistics, it can, of necessity, make no claim to supply information complete in all respects in regard to the subjects with which it deals. So far as they go, however, the figures set forth in the pages which follow will, it is hoped, be found useful, and their publication may in some measure help to secure a greater degree of uniformity and completeness in Labour Statistics. I have, &c., A. E. BATEMAN. Commercial, Labour, and Statistical Departments, Board of Trade, 31st July, 1901. LIST OF TABLES IN ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. Table. Page L RUSSIAN EMPIBB.- RAILWAY Ser- j Earnings per Day Worked .. ..1 /"Annual Wages of Labourers engaged 9. AnT>Tr^^° ^^^' t Number and Membership of Unions . . 202 125. AUSTBIA-HUNQARY.-AUSTBIAN ^^^^^ | Number and Membership . . . . 203 126. „ t, AUSTRIAN UNIONS ) AND CLUBS, BY > Number and Membership, by Trades.. 203 TRADES. J 127. „ H ^^,^^^£^^??^S?^ \ Eeceip^ and Expenditure (other than OEIpS' ETC.' ) °° Dispute Pay) and Funds in Hand 205 128. „ „ AUSTRIAN UNIONS ~ AND CLUBS i (TRADE Union (Expenditure per Member on various F E D E R A T ION, / Benefits and Working Expenses . . 207 VIENNA) : EX- PENDITURE. 129. „ „ HUNQARLA.N ^ GROUPED BY [ Number and Membership, by Trades . . 207 TRADES. ) 130. UNITED STATES : NEW YORK STATE.— ) GROUPED BY> Number and Membership, by Trades . . 209 TRADES. 3 131. », „ NEW YORK STATE.— ) Expenditure per Member on Various EXPENDITURE. j Benefits 212 132. ^ ., CONNECTICUT.— ) GROUPED BY> Number and Membership, by Trades . . 213 Trades. j 19? „ „ CONNECTICUT.— ) Number, Membership, Receipts and RECEIPTS ANdJ Expenditure of Unions paying Sick EXPENDITURE. ) and Funeral Benefits 214 134. „ „ Indiana.- NUMBER, I EXP^NDITURE.'^^^ j *^^^ 0° ^^^^ ^^^ Funeral Benefits . . 215 "M^T^^RcsmP^Atni Number, Membership and Expefidi- Co-operation. 135. RUSSLAN EMPIRE.— ASSOCIATIONS FOR ( Capital, Sales, Profit and other Par- DISTRIBUTION. ( ticulars relating to Associations . . 217 iM PRirnTT AQcsnrTA (Number, Membership, Capital, Ad- **• " " t7ons -^^^^^^^ { vances and other Particulars relating ^^"^^" t to Associations 217 m. DBKMARK.-NUMBEE AND NATOEEOFJNumJ^^J. M^^^^^^^^ I SOCIETIES. ^ Classes .." ..219 138. GERMAN EMPIRE. — NUMBER AND NATURE OF \ Number of Societies of each Class . . 221 SOCIETIES. 139. ^ „ ASSOCIATIONS FOR Dis-( Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit and TRIBUTION— SCHULZE- 1 other Particulars relating to Associa- Delitzsch. (, tions 221 U(\ nimnTT A «?t;nr T a TTn-wci ( Membership, Capital, Advances, Profit 140. ,. " ^^Ic^SuL^DELms?!! Ssodl^fons^^''''."'^'^.'''^^^ *%23 141. „ t, CREDIT Associations ( Membership, Capital, Advances, Profit — RAIFFEISEN.— Neu-< and other Particulars relating to WIED. ( Associations 223 142. „ „ WURTEMBURG.— Credit ( Membership, Turn- over. Profit, Associations— Raif- < Reserves and other Particulars re- feisen. ( lating to Associations 225 143. „ « ^^?mBU?iSNrAoRic^?'] Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit and TURAT Supply)- C °*^®^ Particulars relating to Associa- DARMSTADT. J ^'^^^ 225 6487 b LIST OF TABLES. No. of Table, Page 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 167. 168. Co-operation — continued. German Emptrf — Datt?v assoota ( Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit and GERMAN EMPIRE.^ DAIR.^^AS^CIA I otoer Particulars relating to Assocla- ^^ HRvnTT As'5ooT VTroNs ( Membership, Capital, Advances, Profit " ^^^^™l^^^?3,^ ] and other Particulars relating to - -DARMbTADT. ^ Associations 227 HOLLAND.-NUMBEJI^^^AND NATURE j dumber of Hocieties of each Class . . 229 AscjopTATTo^^ WOT? -nyq (Number of Associations, and Value of TR^^ON Tn^'thfr') <^«o'i^ purchased from ail Sources T^^?TVJ^^r^T..,^A^?^ J and through Commercial Chamber LANDS FEDERAffON). ( of Federation .. 229 Belgium.— Number of Societies 230 ^^^^^i'^^.^i^ A Iw^r^A^ ( Number and Membership of, and Pur- r^NS? AbSOCiA-j chases by Associations .. .. ..230 ■TkATr,^ Aoor./^,TvrrTr.T.Tc ( Numbcr, Membership and Sales of DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS ..\ Associations.. .. 230 DmTTT T FRY AssooTATTONS ( Number, Membership, Share Capital, DISTILLERY AbbociAiioNb | and Sales of Associations .. ..231 PT?nPTTr'« TSAMTT'i [Number, Membership, Capital, Ad- PEOPLES BANKS .. ..| yances and Profit of Banks .. ..231 PpirnTT A ci A^l^x-To^T^ I ees, and other Particulars relating to RAIFFEISEN. ^ Associations 231 France.— ASSOCIATIONS for Dis- ( Number and Membership of Associa- TRIBUTION. ( tions .. ..232 AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIA- ( Number and Membership of Associa- TIONS. ( tions and Federations 232 „ ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRO- ( Number and Membership of Assoeia- DUCTION: BAKERIES. ( tions 232 / Number of Associations, Member- „ ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRO- \ ship. Capital, Business done. Profit DUCTION (OTHER THAN< earned, and Division of Profit BAKERIES), 1895. / and Number and Wages of Em- V ployees 233 ^^fS^oT^nS^LZ^l th^a^nI Number of Associations, Membership BaSriVS"^^ '"^""j andNumberofEmployees .. ..234 SWITZERLAND.-NUMBER^AND NATURE jj.^^^^^^ Societies of each Class .. 234 , ASSOCIATIONS FOR ( Number, Membership, Capital and Distribution. I Sales of Associations 234 ( Number, Capital, Deposits, Advances Italy.— PisoPLE's Banks \ and other Particulars relating to ( Banks 235 „ Societies other than \ Number, Membership and Capital of People's Banks. \ Societies of each Class 236 AUSTRIA - Hungary. — Austria. — .) Number and Nature \ Number of Societies of each Class „ . . 237 OF Societies. ) A'oorv^T A mT^T^To 4^^^T^l^^7' ( Number. Membership, Capital, Sales nn?lfN°(EmTs?EEED)! ) anaProfl.otAs«>oiations 237 A"oa^r.TvmT^T.TQ "^^1^^ T^T^ ^ 1 Numbor, Membership, Capital, Sales „ „ AUSTRIA. — ( Number, Membership, Capital, Ad- Oredit Associations ] vanees and Profit of Associations of (Registered). ( all Classes 2.38 „ „ Austria. —\ Credit associations (.Number, Membership, Capital, Ad- ( Registered.— Raif- ( vanees and Profit of Associations . . 239 feisen). ; „ „ Hungary.— ) Number, Capital, Advances and Profit Credit Associations. J of Associations ••-240 LIST OP TABLES. XI No. of Table. Page Workmen's Insurance. 169. QBEMAN EMPIBE.-8I0KNESS l^^^' \''lt!l}^^^"^y,t''^X ^^^^' i ture and Balances 243 170. „ „ ACCIDENT INSDR- ( Number Insured, Number Com- ANCE (General < pensated, Expenditure and Reserve SUMMARY). ( Funds 245 "1. - H ACCIDENT INSUR- 1 Number Insured and Number Com- TRADES. 1 pensated, by Trades 247 172. „ „ Old Age and ( Amount of Pensions, Ac, and Average Invalidity In- < Value of Pensions, Receipts, Expend- SURANCE. ( iture. Property and Liabilities ..257 173. BBLGIUM.-MINERS' ACCIDE^^^^ SiCK- 1 dumber Insured. Receipts, Expendi- OLD AGE INSURANCE j *^^«' I^iabilities and Properties . . 259 174. „ Seamen's accident. Sick- (Number Contributing, Number draw- NESS AND Old age In-< ing Pensions, Receipts, Expenditure SURANCE. ( and Property 261 .7^FBANCB.-M,™es; SICKNESS AN^^ validity iNSURA^CE. ^ Eeceipts, Expenditure and Reserves 262 17fl «?T!!AMT<:Tsr'<* Orn Am? Tn (Number in Receipt of Pensions, 178. „ SEAMEN S OLD AGE IN- j Amount of Pensions paid and Average SURANCE. I Value Of Pension 264 177. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.- AUSTRIAN SlCK- ( dumber Insured Numbe^^^^^^^^ NESS INSURANCE. | penditure -Receipts and t^x- ^^ ^'^^' " " ^^^^?!f„^„^^^^-) Number Insured, Number who met 180. „ „ AUSTRIA N^ Number Insured, Number in Receipt Miners' Acci- / of Pensions, Number of Cases and DENT, Sickness > Days of Sickness, and Cases of AND Old Age In- \ Permanent Disablement and Death, SURANCE, 1884-91. ' Receipts, Expenditure and Property 281 181. „ „ AUSTRIA N^ Number Insured, Number in Receipt Miners' Acci- / of Pensions, Number of Cases of Per- DENT, Sickness} manent Disablement and Death, and and Old Age In- \ Cases and Days of Sickness. Re- SURANCE, 1892-98. y ceipts, Expenditure and Property ..282 ^^^- " '• |[c^N^ss" ^ ^ IN^ 1 ^^^^^^ Insured, Receipts and Ex- SURANCE. j Penditnre 286 WAGES 6187 WAGES IN RUSSIAN EMPIRE. RAILWAY SERVANTS.(«) Table 1. — Average Earnings per Day Worked of certain Classes of Railway Servants in Russia. Year. Average Earnings(fe) per Day Worked of Eailway Servants. Permanent Way and Con- struction Department. Servants on Per- manent Staff. Servants not on Permanent Staff. Servants ! other I Day than Day Labour- Labour- ers. ers. Locomotive, Carriage, AND Waggon Depart- ment. Servants on Per- manent Staff. Servants not on Permanent Staff. Servants other than Day Labour- Day Labour- ers. Traffic Department. Servants not on Permanent Staff. Servants on Per- Servants manent other Staff, than Day I Labour- ers. Day Labour- ers. 884 887 8. d. lU III 1 1 111 1 1 1 Oi 1 I Ok 1 Oi 1 Oh 1 Oh 1 1 s. d. lU 111 101 11 m n lOi 111 111 111 1 Oi m 11 1 0^ s. d. 1 01 1 li 1 1 1 01 1 «l 1 01 1 01 1 Oh 1 01 1 n 3 H 3 31 3 4 3 4 3 6| 3 5h 3 H 3 7 s. a. 1 7 1 9 1 5 1 2h 1 51 1 2h 1 4| s. d. 2 01 fi. d. 1 lU s. d. 91 2 1 111! i 1 2 Oh nil 1 2i 2 U nil 1 3 2 1 111 1 2 2 01 iiU 1 H 2 Of 1 101 1 H 2 Oh nil 1 3 2 Oh 2 01 1 2 2 Ok nil 1 H 2 01 1 lu 1 3i 2 01 nil 1 3 2 0^ 2 1 31 2 11 2 U 1 31 .s. d. 1 5i 1 71 1 51 1 Sh 1 4^ 1 3 1 U 1 2i (a) Compiled from Sta/iKtifchcski Sburnik Ministi'rutva Putci So-obshtchtnya : Svyednuja o Zhclyniuiikh Dordgakh za 1897 g., published by the Statistical and Cartographic Department of the Ptussi;iii Ministry of Ways of Communication. The figures do not include the Transcaspian railways or those of Finland. The total number of persons employed on the railways referred to in the table in 1897 was as under :— Branch of Eailway Service. Railways worked by State. Private Companies. Total. Central and Local Administrations (general management, offices, and stations). Permanent Way and Construction Depart- ment. Locomotive, Carriage, and Wagon Depart- ment (including persons employed in workshops). Traffic Department (in which are included signalmen, officers at custom-house, sta- tions, and luggage and goods porters). Total 19,024 98,945 81,991 77,620 8,921 53,704 38,541 35,406 27.945 152,649 120,532 113,010 277,580 136,572 414,152 (?>) The earnings stated in the table include all premiums and allowances forming part of the regular rtmuneration of the employees referred to. The figures as to each of the department-J comprised in the table include the heads of these departments, their assistants, and office staff. RUSSIAN EMPIRE. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 2.— Average Annual Wages paid to Agricultural Labourers in Russia engaged by the Year, and Average Daily Wages paid to such Labourers engaged by the Day, with the Limits of the Fluctuation (as between one Year and another) of such Avbbagb Daily Wages. Average Annual Wages of Adult Workpeople engaged by the Average Daily Wages of Workmen engaged by the Day, and Limits of the Yearly Fluctuation of such Average Wages. Government. During Spring Sowing. During Haymaking. During Harvest of Cereals. Men. Women. Average Wages. Limits of Fluctuation. Average Wages. L'mits of Fluctuation. Average Wages. Limits cf Fluctuation. 1. Southern Steppe. Bessarabia . . £ .T. (/. 8 10 £ s. d. 4 \s. d. 1 Of s. d. s. d. 8i-l 4% 8. d. 1 3i s. d. s. d. lOt-1 5i X. d. 1 8i s. d. «. (/. I 41-2 41 Kherson 8 4 6 9J 81-1 4% 1 2 iO|-i 9i 2 6| 1 31-5 Taurida 10 8 5 8 1 1 1 0-1 2J 2 Oi 1 10^8 2i 2 71 1 7i-5 6 Ekaterinoslav 8 8 4 8 H 8i-l 2i 1 3i 1 0—1 9J 2 If 1 2)r-5 7\ Don region . . 9 4 8 1 8h-l 4i 1 4S 7i—3 2 5i 1 6-4 7i 2. South Western. Kiev . . 5 2 2 10 8 6 — Si 1 Oi 10^1 3i 1 If m-1 4i Podolia 4 8 3 6 71 ei- 8h 1 9^1 3J 1 2 10—16 Volhynia 3 2 12 n n~ 8h 11 9i-l lU 10^—1 3. Little Russia. Kharkov 6 6 3 12 81 7J- H 1 li 1 0—1 3i 1 6i 1 l\-2 6 Poltava 6 3 12 8 7i- 8^ Hi lOi—1 1 3 1 0-1 9^ Chernigov . . 5 3 8i n- H 1 2? 1 1\—1 6 1 OJ 101 -1 n 4. Central Agricul- tural. Voronezh 5 14 3 10 8i n- 9h 1 n 10-14^ 1 4J lOl-l 101 Kurok.. 5 10 3 2 8i n- H 1 Oi 10%-1 8i 1 3J I Ji-i 7\ Orel .. 4 18 2 14 8 n- H 11 lOl-l Hi JOf-l 5J Tula .. 5 2 2 14 9 n- H 1 1 1 0—1 2i 1 2i 1 0—1 4% Ryazan 5 2 2 16 9 Sir- H 1 u 1 0—1 2^ 1 3 lOi-1 4i TamboY 5 8 3 4 8 7k- 9 1 10%-1 Ji •• 1 H-l 2i 5. Central Volga. Simbirsk 5 12 3 4 81 8i- 9i 1 1? 1 0—1 3i 1 li 9i—l 6 Saratov 6 12 3 14 9| 8h-l 1 2 1 0—1 6 1 31 1 -2 2\ Penza .. 5 4 2 14 n 7i- 8i 1 m-1 i\ Hi 91-1 2i Kazaii .. 4 16 2 18 83 Si- H 1 Of 1 0—1 2i HJ 91-1 2i Nizhnyi-Nov- gorod. 5 14 3 10 8i- lOi 1 3 1 1 n-1 4i 1 2 1 n-1 2i (a) Compiled from The IndustrieH of liufisia ; Agriculture mid Forestn/, published in 1898, for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, by the Russian Department of Agriciilture, Ministry of Crown Domains, ine tigures are exclusive of the value of board and lodging, which are stated to be provided free by the employers in the case of workpeople engaged by the year, but not in that of those hired by the day. The period to which the figures relate ir stated to be, as to Annual Wages "during late years," as to Daily Wages irom 1882 to 1891. ' It is stated that "the wages paid to year workmen fluctuate very little." The Average iJaiiy \\ ages referred to in the table are those of workmen engaged by the day, and 7iot providiti'j their ovn itl5i* ^^mcments. The wages paid to those workmen who provide their own teams and implements are statea to exceed those paid to workmen of the former class by from ore-third to one-half. "The same aiirerenee exists between the prices paid to men and women." 6487 A 2 WAGES : RUSSIAN EMPIRE. AGRICULTURAL hABOJJB.-continued. Table 2. — Average Annual Wages paid to Agricultural Labourers in Russia, engaged by the Year, and Average Daily Wages paid to such Labourers engaged by the Day with the Limits of the Fluctuation (as between one Year and another) of such Average Daily Wages — cjntinued. Average Annual Wages ol Adult Workpeople Average Daily Wages of Workmen engaged by the Day, and Limits of Yearly Fluctuation of such Average Wages. Government. engaged by the Tear. During Spring Sowing. During Hay Making. During Harvest of Cereals, Men. Women. Average Wages. Limits of Flucttiation. Average Wages. Limits of Fluctuation. Average Wages. Limits of Fluctuation. 6. LOWER Volga. Samara £ s. d. 6 10 £ s. d. 3 6 s. d. 9 s. d. s. d. Si- lOi s. d. 1 2i 8. d. s. d. 1 -1 41 s. d. 1 31 s. d 8. d. 1 -1 10% Orenburg 5 8 2 10 H H-i H 1 2i 7\-2 2i 1 4i 1 2\-l 9h Astrakhan . . 7. Trade Regions. Vladimir 8 14 17 10 4 8 3 4 Not stated. 1 flj Not stated. Not stated. 1 6J Not stated. 1 S\-l 9\ Not stated. 1 3 Not stated. 1 Ik-l 6 Moscow izio 3 14 113 10%-1 1 H 1 21-1 4% 1 n 1 2h 1 4i Kaluga 5 14 3 n 8J- 10% 1 3 1 2\-l 4% 1 3i 1 HI ^1 Tver . . 7 4 11 91-1 .1\ 1 2i 1 1\-1 4i 1 li 1 -1 3i Yaroslav 7 10 4 2 1 21 1 1\-1 41 1 4 1 2h-l 6 1 n 1 21-1 4% Kostroma 7 10 4 4 lU 9h-l 21 1 U 1 0-1 3i 1 oj lOl-l Ik 8. White Russia. Moghilev 4 14 2 14 9 8h- n 1 li 1 -1 3i 1 10% -1 1\ Minsk .. 4 10 2 10 H n- «i lU 10%- 1 Hi 10%-1 Vitebsk.. .. 5 2 14 m 9\-l 1 u 1 0-1 21 1 Of 1 -1 2i Smolensk 4 12 2 18 m 91- 10% 1 21 1 H-1 4i 1 u 1 lk-1 2k 9. URAL. Vyatka 5 2 16 81 n- 9i in H-i n M 9\-l Ik Ufa .. .. 5 2 16 8i 7i- 9h m 9i--i 2i Hi 8\-l 2\ Perm .. 5 2 14 lU 10%-1 H 1 Oh 1 0—1 Ik 1 01 1 0-1 Ik lO.NORTHERN. Vologda 6 3 10 111 lOl-l 1\ 1 3 1 2i~l 3i 1 Of 1 -1 1\ Archangelsk .. 5 10 3 8 1 5i 91-2 1 6k 1 41-1 Si 1 5i 1 5i-i 7k U LAKE. Olonets.. 7 10 4 1 n 9)i-l 2i 1 6J 1 41-1 Si 1 4 1 21-1 7i Novgorod 7 10 4 ni JOf-J 1\ 1 4i 1 Sh-l 4% 1 2 1 -1 4% St. Petersburg 10 4 6 1 2 1 1\-1 31 1 n 1 6 -1 m 1 4i 1 n-i n Pskov .. 5 16 3 8 11 H-l 1\ 1 3 1 n-i 4i 1 11 1 Ik-l 3h 12. Lithuania Vilna .. 4 10 2 10 9 Si- 91 Hi 10%- 1 10^ 9\- 10% Kovno .. 4 6 2 10 lU 10%~1 1 U 1 0-1 2i 1 1 10 13^ Grodno.. 3 14 2 10 7 6- 7i 10 9—10 91 Si-i 13. BALTIC. Livonia 8 3 10 1 2i 1 1\-1 3i 1 31 1 3\-l 4% 1 3 1 2^1 4% Courland 9 4 C 1 3 1 2j-i rff 1 51 1 4%-l 7k 1 4i 1 3i-i 4% Esthonia 7 10 3 10 1 11 1 0-1 3i 1 3i 1 ih-1 7k 1 4i 18-14% WAGES IN NORWAY. VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS. («) Table 3. — ^Average Eaenings in various Occupations in Nob way. AVERAGE DAILT EARNINGS IN CERTAIN TRADES. (A) Country Districts. Occupation. 1880. 1885. 1890. 1895: Men. *. d. *. d. *. d. s, d. Carpenters (house) 2 6i 2 71 2 8i 2 9| Miners ... 2 3| 2 2f 2 4i 2 7 Engineering works 2 6 2 7i 2 111 2 Hi Ship carpenters 2 5|. 2 7i 2 9 2 9. Spinning mills 2 li 2 1 2 3i 2 31 Weaving mills 2 4i 2 li 2 3| 2 3| i providing own horses... Carters (timber) < ( not providing own horses 4 Oi 1 9f 4 1 1 111 4 1| 1 Hi 4 Si 2 I Woodcutters — 2 Oi 1 lOi 2 2i 2 4i Sawmills 2 3^ 2 3i 2 5i 2 6i Wood pulp factories 1 111 2 H 2 51 2 7 Match factories 1 8i 2 0^ 2 2i 2 2i Glass-works 3 8i 4 If ... 3 4 Tile works ■ 2 2| 2 31 2 5| 2 7i Distilleries 2 Oi I 111 1 91 2 U Labourers (with cottage, but without board) ... 1 2 1 3i 1 5i Labourers (with cottage and board) 7 7| 9i Day labourers (without board) 1 9i 1 lOi 1 11 2 Oi Day labourers (with board) 1 0^ 1 u 1 1| 1 2i Women. Spinning mills ' '^ 1 41 1 31 1 3i Weaving mills Hi 1 8 1 5 1 5i Day labourers (without board) 1 Of 1 1 1 n 1 3i Day labourers (with board) 6^ 7 7i 8\ (a) Compiled from Statisfisk Aarhog for Kongeriget Xorgt Norwegian Government Statistical Office. published by the WAGES VARIOUS OGGJJFATlO'NS-oontinued. Table 3.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in ^onw ay— continued. AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS IN CERTAIN TRADES-fo/iimucd. (B) Towns. Occupation. 1880. 1885. 1890. 1895. s. d. *. ^. s. d. s. d. Men. Bricklayers and masons (skilled workmen) 3 5| 3 11 4 2f 4 3i Bricklayers and masons (labourers) 2 3i 2 51 2 8f 2 ll| Carpenters 2 51 2 8J 3 21 3 21 Painters (skilled workmen) 2 7i 2 lOi 3 2i 3 3 Painters (labourers) 2 2i 2 5i 2 5i 2 8f Paviors 2 81 3 3^ 3 3 3 6f Roadmenders (in summer) 2 If 2 4| 2 61 2 8\ Roadmenders (in winter) 1 81 1 Hi 2 If 2 4i Iron moulders 2 9\ 3 If 3 3 3 6J Smiths (skilled workmen) 2 7i 2 91 3 li 3 Oi Smiths (labourers) 2 Oi 1 Hf 2 li 2 61 Tinsmiths 2 5i 2 81 2 Hf 2 11 Engineering works 2 91 2 71 3 01 3 li Ship carpenters 2 3i 2 64 2 Of 2 lU Sailmakers (skilled workmen) 2 4| 2 4f 2 9 2 9 Sailmakers (labourers) 2 01 2 4i 2 31 2 6 Spinning mills 2 3.1 2 3f 2 4f 2 8f Weaving mills 2 31 2 2f 2 41 3 1 Ropemakers (skilled workmen) 2 51 2 51 2 7i 2 71 Ropemakers (labourers) 1 lOi 1 10 1 lOi 2 7 Dyers (skilled workmen) 2 5J 2 6i 2 9i 2 lOi Dyers (labourers) 1 in 1 Hf 2 U 2 H Boot and shoemakers (skilled workmen) ... 2 2f 2 3f 2 6i 2 6f Boot and shoemakers (labourers) 1 91 1 lU 2 1 2 3 Tailors (skilled workmen) 2 6f 2 7i 2 Hi 2 Hi Tailors (labourers) 1 Hi 2 21 2 2i 2 6i Hat makers (skilled workmen) 2 7i 2 9 3 Of 2 Hi Hatmakers (labourers) 2 2| 2 2f 2 4i 2 3 Stevedores (in summer) 2 91 2 8i 2 lOf 3 Stevedores (in winter) 2 01 1 Hf 2 41 2 5i Printers 3 0^ 3 U 3 21 3 21 Bookbinders 2 Sk 2 10; 2 Hi 2 Hf Cabinet makers (skilled workmen) 2 4-1 2 7! 2 11 2 9f Cabinet makers (labourers) 2 2i 2 4| 2 5f 2 6 Coopers (skilled workmen) 2 31 2 10^ 2 9 2 9f Coopers (labourers) 2 31 2 3i 2 5i 2 Si NORWAY. O VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS~^''^i«««^. Table 3.— Average Eabninqs in various Occupations in 'Norway— continued. AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS IN CERTAIN IRADES-continued. (B) Towns— continued. Occupation. 1880. 1885. 1890. 1895. Men. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Timber yards (in summer) 2 i\ 2 5 2 9| 2 9J Timber yards (in winter) 1 9i 1 lOf 2 4 2 5f Sawmills 2 5| 2 4f 2 8^ 2 lOf Planing works 2 9 2 8i 2 lOf 3 2i Tile works 2 H 2 7i 2 n 2 9f Millers 2 3 2 5^ 2 8| 2 8 Bakers 2 6i 2 9J 3 3 li Butchers 2 5i 2 r>\ 2 9i 2 9f Breweries 2 3 2 3 2 5f 2 7i Tobacco spinners 3 2 11} 3 Oi 2 lOi Cigarmakers 3 0^ 3 1\ 3 7 3 9f Tanners 2 6i 2 6| 2 8| 2 lOi Furriers 2 6^ 2 10 2 Hi 3 1 Day labourers (without 2 H 2 li 2 4i 2 6i board). Day labourers (with ... 1 2 1 5 1 6i board). Women. Spinning mills 1 1 1 If 1 If I 5 Weaving mills 1 11 1 2 1 2i 1 5i Day labourers (without 1 H 1 3i 1 3i 1 5i board). Day labourers (with ... 11 Hi 1 Oi board). AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF SEAMEN. First mates (on steamers) First mates (on sailing (on Chief engineers ... Ship's carpenters steamers). Ship's carpenters (on sail- ing vessels). Able seamen (on steamers) Able seamen (on sailing £ 8. d. 2 1 1 £ s. d. J 5 7 £ s. d. 5 1 1 3 16 8 7 10 3 8 11 3 10 2 15 7 2 14 6 £ s. d, 5 3 16 8 7 17 9 3 8 11 3 11 1 2 10 2 7 9 ANNUAL WAGES OF DOMESTIC SERVANTS. • Men. In country districts In towns Women. In coun try districts In towns £ s. d. 8 10 11 5 7 3 10 4 6 8 £ s. d. 9 1 1 12 8 11 4 1 1 4 14 5 £ *. d. 9 7 9 13 5 7 4 5 7 5 1 1 £ s. d. 10 14 14 5 4 14 5 5 11 1 WAGES : NORWAY. LUMBER AND WOOD TRADES.(«) Table 4.— Part I. : Average Daily Earnings of Adult Timber Raftsmen in 1892-94 ; and Part II. : Average Daily Earnings in 1892-93 of Adult Workmen employed in Wood Pulp and Cellulose Factories in Norway (^Exclusive in all cases of Foremen). Part I. Occupation. No. of Workmen to whom the figures relate. Average Daily Earnings. Timber Raftsmen .... 846 3s. 2|d. Part II. Wood Pulp Factories. Cellulose Factories. Occupation. No. of Work- people to whom the figures relate. Average daily- cash earnings. (6) Occupation. No. of Work- people to whom the figures relate. Average daily cash earnings. (ft) Factory Workmen. Preparation. Piece-work gangers Hauliers (roller-planes) Preparers (bark and stripping, &c.). twig Grinding. Grinders Pulping, (fee. Machine minders ^ Takers-off .. ., Lubricators .'. Presserrf .. .^ Packers .. .; Other Operations. Drying apparatus attendants Stokers (drying apparatus) . . Other factory workmen Outside Workmen. Transport. Carters, &c. (horse transport) Men engaged in other trans- port. Pointsmen Labourers, &c. By-turn (reserve) men . . Day labourers Other labourer Artisans. Fitters Smiths Joiners Repairers Other artisans Total & General Average.. 3 5 117 95 11 2(c) 30 66 47 2 9: 2 8 2 7 2 6 12 10 6 2 7 2 4 2 4i 11 10 4 514 s. d. 3 1 2 9 2 lOi 2 8i 2 4 2 4i 3 4i 2 5 2 1^ 2 4 3 lOi 3 OA 2 111 3 4 2 n 2 8i FACTORY Workmen. Preparation. Preparers (bark and twig stripping, &c.). CJiemical Department. Calcium bisulphide producer.:) Caustic soda producers Other workmen Boiling, &c. Boilers Stokers Fuel movers Washing and Straining. Cutting-up machine men, &c. Washers Other workmen Pulping, &c. Machine minders Bleachers Lubricators Sorter!^, pressers, and packers Other factory workmen Outside Workmen. Stores overlooker Transport. Packing-house labourers and loaders. Carters Coal and stuff wheelers Labourers, &c. By-turn (reserve) men . . Day labourers . . . . Other labourers ARTISANS. Fitters Smiths Joiners Repairers Plumbers Other artisans Total & General Average.. Ill 6 553 8. d. 2 m 3 5i 3 6| 2 6 3 5 2 11* 3 'A 3 Of 2 3 2 5. 3 4i 3 3j 3 3 2 104 3 8| 3 5 Ok (a) Compiled from Socialstatistik, I., Arbeids- og Lonniyigsfarhohl red Skovdrift og Tommerflodnivg, and ///.. Arbeids- og Ldnningsfurhuld red TroKsUbericr og CeUuloscfahrikcr, published by the Norwegian Govern- ment Statistical Ofiice. (b) Many of the workmen received, in addition to their cash wages, free lodgings, or firing, or both ; but this was the case much less often in regard to the workpeople employed in cellulose factories than to those employed in pulp factories. (c; Exceptional ; this work is usually done by youths. WAGES IN SWEDEN. AaRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 5.— Wages of Agricultural Labour in Sweden. Yearly Wages. Daily Wages • Year. Yearly Cash Wages commonly paid to Servants boarded by their Employer. Value of Servant's Yearly Wages in Kind and Money. Wages paid for a Day's Work in Summer to Wages paid for a Day's Work in Winter to Male. Female. 1 Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. & 8. d. & 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. .; *. d. 8. d. s. d. d. 1865 6 10 2 17 9 15 14 5 9 13 4 1 4f 9i 11 51 1870 6 12 3 2 11 1 15 10 9 15 7 1 3} 8i 9| 5i 1875 9 15 7 8 11 1 22 6 8 12 14 5 2" 2f 1 Oi 1 6 81 1880 7 15 7 3 10 20 6 8 11 16 8 1 n lOi 1 1 7i 1885 8 3 4 3 15 7 19 15 7 11 5 7 1 8^, Hi 1 U 7f 1886 7 18 11 3 14 5 19 16 8 11 4 5 1 8i \\\ 1 u 71 1887 7 15 7 3 11 1 19 4 5 11 4 5 1 71 Hi 1 li 71 1888 8 2 3 3 16 8 20 3 4 11 7 9 1 8i iif 1 li 7f 1889 8 8 11 3 17 9 20 17 9 12 1 9i 1 Oi 1 2i 8i 1890 9 2 3 4 4 5 21 12 3 12 3 4 1 11 1 U 1 3i 9 1891 9 6 8 4 8 11 22 12 8 " 1 Hi 1 H 1 31 n 1892 9 8 11 4 10 22 6 8 12 12 3 1 111 1 U 1 4i 9i 1893 9 11 1 4 14 5 22 8 11 12 10 1 111 1 \\ 1 3| 9i 1894 9 16 8 4 15 7 22 13 4 12 11 1 2 1 2i 1 4i 95 1895 9 18 11 4 17 9 22 15 7 12 10 2 1 If 1 4 9i 1896 10 2 3 5 1 1 23 2 3 13 2 OJ 1 2 1 4i 9i 1897 10 11 1 6 6 8 23 14 5 13 2 li 1 2| 1 5i 10 1898 11 6 8 5 16 8 25 5 7 14 1 2 3| 1 3f 1 7, lU (a) Compiled from Bidrag till Sveriges Officiela Stathtik. jV) Jordhruk och BonkapsskMsel. HuHhallningssdllskapens Berdttelser, published by the Swedish Central Statistical Office. WAGES: VARIOUS GROUPS Table 6.— Average Weekly Earnings of Adult Workpeople (over the age of MEN. Skilled Workmen. Unskilled Workmen in all Lowest Average(6) Highest Average(c) Establish- Weekly Earnings in Weekly Earnings in ments. Group of Trades. Establish- Establish- Establish- Establish- ments ments ments ments Average employing employing employing not over 10 employing not over 10 over 10 over 10 Weekly Adult Adult Adult Adult Work- Work- Work- Work- Earnings. people. people. people. people. Building Trades. s. d. s. d. .. d. s. d. s. d. Stone cutting and polishing . . 12 10 11 11 21 20 1 10 7 Painters' and glaziers' shops . . 15 6 19 22 7 28 11 9 1 Mining and Quarrying. Coal mines 11 10 23 3 10 11 Iron mines li' 1 10 5 14" 9 15 10 9 1 Other metalliferous mine=! 11 6 10 7 18 9 10 4 Marble and hmestonc quarries * • 9 3 11 9 14 10 4 Metal Trades. Blastfurnaces 11 11 12 8 19 1 22 10 10 3 Other smelting works . . 10 10 12 4 13 7 19 7 10 3 Manufactured iron and steel 12 4 13 6 17 10 23 11 10 1 works. Engineering works and 12 3 13 8 18 22 10 10 8 foundries. Shipbuilding {all materials) . . 13 11 13 3 15 4 20 3 11 7 Tin and other plate works 15 6 17 4 20 11 28 6 10 4 Textile Trades. Spinning and weaving . . 10 11 10 10 17 11 21 7 9 4 Dye works 10 4 11 5 •14 9 14 7 9 11 Clothing Trades. Boot and shoo making . . 9 10 14 2 14 5 21 9 8 6 Tailoring and shirt making . . 12 9 15 6 18 29 5 9 9 Hat and cap making 15 7 13 2 23 10 21 4 11 Printing and Paper Trades. Printing 13 5 16 3 22 7 30 11 9 3 Bookbinding 13 18 3 19 6 28 11 8 7 Pulp making 9 6 11 10 12 3 20 10 11 Paper mills 11 4 10 7 }2 21 6 9 11 Woodworking Trades. Sawmills 11 11 14 3 16 6 20 11 11 6 Cut timber yards 12 15 26 8 22 5 16 10 Joinery and planing works . . 13 3 13 11 18 7 21 11 10 4 Bobbin, boot and shoe peg 13 7 12 8 23 23 10 10 5 and cork manufacture. Chemical Trades. Match making H 4 9 5 13 4 19 6 8 2 Coal briquette and peat factories 10 11 13 8 13 7 16 2 10 10 Glass, Pottery, &c.. Trades. Glass works 16 8 16 3 20 4 29 2 10 3 Porcelain manufacture . . 13 6 24 6 10 11 Stove-tile and stone-vessel 12 7 12 10 20* 5 23 1 10 1 manufacture. Lime burning and cement 10 5 14 17 20 11 12 4 making. Brickmaking 13 2 13 10 10 7 18 8 11 2 Food and Tobacco, &c., - Trades. Milling 10 11 1 13 9 19 9 9 10 Baking 13 9 19 5 19 3 27 8 13 7 Dairjang Brewine 10 1 10 7 17 11 13 7 12 3 14 1 34 2 18 7 10 5 11 11 Distilling 10 9 13 1 18 11 20 4 10 3 Sugar and chocolate manufac- 17 15 5 23 6 21 8 14 ture. Tobacco manufacture . . 12 11 13 22 3 24 3 11 1 Gasworks 13 9 15 6 19 9 23 8 12 2 Leather Trades. Tanning and leather dressing.. 11 11 13 5 15 lO 22 4 10 5 (a) Compiled from the Report of the Royal Commission on Child Labour (Betankande angarnde Mindcrahgcs Anvandande i Arhete vid Fabrik, Handtvcrk eller annan Handtcring, by workpeople is included in the figures. .^ , -, -i, .i-« * (h) By ' ' Lowest Average " is meant the average of the earnings specified by the ditterent woman in each establishment. .^ -, , i.t. j-«! * ic) By •' Highest Average" is meant the average of the earnings specified by tbe different woman in each establishment. SWEDEN. 10 OP TRADES.(«) 18 years) employed in the under-mentioned Geoups of Trades in Swbdbn, in 1890. Group of Trades. WOMEN. Skilled Workwomen. Lowest Average(&) Weekly Earnings in Establish- ments employing not over 10 Adult Work- people. Establish- ments employing over 10 Adult Work- people. Highest Average(c) Weekly Earnings in Establish- ments employing not over 10 Adult Work- people. Establish- ments employing over 10 Adult Work- people. Unskilled Work- -nromen in all Establish- ments. Average Weekly Earnings. Mining. Iron mines Other metalliferous mines Metal Trades. Blastfurnaces Other smelting works . . Manufactured iron and steel works. Engineering works and foundries. Tin and other plato works Textile Trades. Spinning and weaving .. Dye works Clothing Trades. Boot and f-lioe making . . Tailorin'jiiiil shirt luuking .. Hat and cap making Printing and Paper Trades. Printing Bookbinding Pulp making Paper mills Woodworking Trades. Sawmills Cut timber yards Joinery and planing works . . Bobbin, boot and shoe peg and cork manufacture. Chemical Trades. Match making Coal briquette and f actori .-s. peat Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades. Glass works Porcelain manufacture . . Stove-tile and stone-vessel manufacture. Lime burning and cement making. Brickmaking Food and Tobacco, &c.. Trader. Millin^i Baking Dairying Brewing Sugar and chocolate manu- facture. Tobacco manufacture .. Leather Trades. Tanning and leather dressing. . s. d. 4 3 6 2 3 3 6 4 6 5 10 5 7 10 8 1 7 2 7 2 8 2 6 9 6 8 G 11 7 11 7 7 6 2 10 6 6 8 7 11 7 9 7 11 s. d. 4 7 6 3 7 10 7 9 8 8 6 10 7 9 8 10 9 9 1 5 10 6 1 7 9 6 4 7 4 10 12 11 7 6 11 7 9 2 9 6 s. d. 14 7 10 12 6 12 7 15 5 11 1 10 8 8 7 10 8 4 7 8 13 9 9 11 9 9 10 2 11 5 s. d. 6 5 12 5 13 9 11 4 11 2 12 1 13 1 9 11 20 9 13 4 7 3 8 3 10 5 12 7 11 2 10 8 17 1 10 4 11 16 10 17 10 10 12 4 15 11 ». d. 5 3 5 4 6 2 6 2 6 7 6 fi 5 7 4 1 7 2 7 5 5 7 7 3 8 10 7 7 6 4 7 5 5 8 8 6 5 9 8 6 7 7 5 6 13 6 6 10 8 9 8 3 6 11 5 afgifvct dm 11. Mars 1892, of Komitcn fiir Bevision of ForQrdningen den 18. November 1881, MM. 1892). The value of any remuueration in kind (in addition to money wages) received establishments as the lowest earnings received by any one skilled workman or work- establishments as the highest earnings received by any one skilled workman or work- 11 WAGES : SWEDEN. BAKERS.(«) Table 7.— Limits of the Annual Earnings (/or a Full Year's WovTt, exclusive of Overtime and a.^mmin(i 710 Time to he Lod} of Bakers (including Foremen and Apprentices) of both Sexes and all Ages in Sweden, in 1897. Earnings for a Full Year's Work. Workpeople, whose Earnings for a Full Year's Work, exclusive of Overtime and assuming them to lose nothitig by short time or unemploy- ment, were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Male. Female. Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. Per cent. 1 Per cent. Under 470 kroner (£26 28. del) 36 1-7 143 23-8 470, but under 600 kronor (£26 2s. Sd.—&Sd 6s. 8d.) 346 16-1 392 65-3 600, but under 800 kronor (£33 6s. Sd.—&U 8s. lid.) 543 25-2 52 8-7 800, but under 1,000 kronor (£44 8s. nd.—&o5 Us. Id.) 691 32-1 13 2-2 1,000, but under 1.250 kronor (£55 11^. ld.—M9 8s. Ud.) 393 18-2 ... 1,250, but under 1,500 kronor (£69 8*. 1U7.— £83 6s. 8d.) 133 6-2 ... ... 1,500 kronor (£83 6s. 8d.) and over. 10 0-5 ... ... Total 2,152 100-0 600 100-0 («) Compiled from Arbetsstatistik I., Undersokning af Bagerierna i Sverige, prepared for and under the supervision of the Royal Board of Trade of Sweden by Johan Leffler. The figures include the estimated value of board and lodging, where given in addition to wages, and of other items provided by employers, e.g.^ medical attendance and medicine, accident insurance (also insurance of employees' belongings against fire) and allowance for laundry expenses, and of occasional money gifts, &c. 12 WAGES IN DENMARK. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 8.— Wages of Agricultural Labourers in Denmark : Part I.— General Average of Yearly Cash Earnings of Adult Farm-house Servants engaged by the Year ; Part II. — Average Yearly Cash Earnings of Farm-house Servants engaged by the Year, distinguishing Classes of Servants ; and Part III.— Estimated Average Yearly Earnings (^Including the value of Free Houses, ^-c.) of Male Day La- bourers permanently employed. Part I.— General Average (ft) of Yearly Cash earnings (c) of adult Farm- house servants engaged by the year. Year. Men. Women. 1872 1892 1897 £ s. d. 7 11 1 1 12 11 1 £ a. d. 3 16 8 7 7 15 7 part n.— average (6) yearly cash earnings (c) in 1897 of farm-house servants engaged by the year, together with the estimated value of their Board, distinguishing Classes of Servants. Males. Females. Cash Value of Cash Value of Class of Servant. Earnings Board per Class of Servant. Earnings Board per per Year. Day.(c) per Year. Day.(c) £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. Foremen 17 13 4 l\ Dairy mai« Is— Men in charge of 17 10 Head .. 15 7 9 91 cattle. Ordinary 9 10 73 Shepherds . . 13 12 3 7 Milkmaids . . 8 16 8 7 Horsekeepers 13 5 7 7 Housekeepers 12 7 9 91 Wagoners . . 13 14 5 8 Cooks 8 3 4 7; Farm labourers . . Brewerymaids . . 7 17 9 7 Best 14 2 3 7J Housemaids 7 3 4 n Ordinary 11 2 3 7^ Maids (other) 6 15 7 7 Oddmen 10 6 8 7 8^ General Servants.. 6 10 6f Apprentices 8 4 5 Boys 5 18 11 6^ Part III.— Estimated Average (b) Yearly Earnings (including the value of Free Houses, &c.) of Male Day Labourers permanently employed. Year. Earnings without Board. Earnings with Board. 1872 1892 1897 £ s. d. 22 12 3 27 29 13 4 £ 8. d. 12 17 10 19 3 4 (a) Compiled from Danmarks Slatistik, Statistiske Meddelelser, Fjerde Rcekke, Femte Bind, published by the Danish Government Statistical Office. (6) These average llgures are arrived at by dividing the sum of the figures shown for each of the districts into which Denmark is divided by the number of such districts. (c) The value of a man's board for a year is reckoned at £11 185, llrf., and that of a woman's at £10 186'. lid. Married men (foremen, men in charge of cattle, shepherds, horsekeepers, and best farm labourers) often have, in addition to money wages and board, free houses, &c. 11 WAGES : SWEDEN. BAKERS.(«) Table 7.— Limits of the Annual Earnings {for a Full Year's Work, exclusive of Overtime and a.^suminfj no Time to he Lo.st^ of Bakers (including Foremen and Apprentices) of both Sexes and all Ages in Sweden, in 1897. Workpeople, whose Earnings for a Full Year's Work, exclusive of Overtime and assuming them to lose nothing by short time or unemploy- ment, were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Earnings for a Full Year s Work. Male. Female. Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. Per cent. Per cent. Under 470 kronor (£26 28. 3f7.) 36 1-7 143 23-8 470, but under 600 kronor (£26 2s. 3^.— £33 6^. Sd.) 346 16-1 392 65-3 600, but under 800 kronor (£33 Qs. U.—Mi 85. 11^.) 543 25-2 52 8-7 800, but under 1,000 kronor (£44 8*. 11(?.— £55 lis. Id.) 691 32-1 13 2-2 1,000, but under 1.250 kronor (£55 Ws. 1<^.— £69 8*. Ud.) 393 18-2 ... ... 1,250, but under 1,500 kronor (£69 8«. lUZ.— £83 6#. 8^.) 133 6-2 ... ... 1,500 kronor (£83 6.?. U.) and over. 10 0-5 ... ... Total 2,152 100-0 600 100-0 (a) Compiled from Arbetssfatistik I., Undersokning af Bagerierna i Sverige, prepared for and under the supervision of the Royal Board of Trade of Sweden by Johan Leffler. The figures include the estimated value of board and lodging, where given in addition to wages, and of other items provided by employers, e.g., medical attendance and medicine, accident insurance (also insurance of employees' belongings against fire) and allowance for laundry expenses, and of occasional money gifts, &c. 12 WAGES IN DENTMARK. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 8.— Wages of Agricultural Labourers in Denmark : Part I.— General Average of Yearly Cash Earnings of Adult Farm-house Servants engaged by the Year ; Part II. — Average Yearly Cash Earnings of Farm-house Servants engaged by the Year, distinguishing Classes of Servants; and Part III.— Estimated Average Yearly Earnings (^Including the value of Free Houses^ <|'c.) of Male Day La- bourers permanently employed. Part I.— General average (6) of Yearly Cash Earnings (c) op adult Farm- HODSE servants ENGAGED BY THE TEAR. Year. Men. Women. 1872 1892 1897 £ s. d. 7 11 1 1 12 11 1 £ s. d. 3 16 8 7 7 15 7 Part n. -average (&) Yearly Cash Earnings (c) in 1897 of Farm-house Servants ENGAGED BY THE YEAR, TOGETHER WITH THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THEIR BOARD, DISTINGUISHING CLASSES OF SERVANTS. Males. Females. Cash Value of Cash Value of Class of Servant. Earnings Board per Class of Servant. Earnings Board per per Year. Day.(c) per Year. Day.(c) £ s. d. £ s. d. d. Foremen 17 13 4 7i Dairymaids- Men in charge of 17 10 81 Head .. 15 7 9 9 cattle. Ordinary 9 10 7 Shepherds . . 13 12 3 Milkmaids.. 8 16 8 7 Horsekeepers 13 5 7 Housekeepers 12 7 9 9 Wagoners .. 13 14 5 8 Cooks 8 3 4 7 Farm labourers . . Brewerymaids . . 7 17 9 7 Best 14 2 3 Housemaids 7 3 4 7i Ordinary 11 2 3 Maids (other) 6 15 7 7 Oddmen 10 6 8 7. General Servants.. 6 10 6f Apprentices 8 4 5 Boys 5 18 11 PART III.— Estimated Average (fc) Yearly Earnings (including the value of FREE Hodses, &c.) of Male Day Labourers permanently employed. Year. Earnings without Board. Earnings with Board. 1872 1892 1897 £ H. d. 22 12 3 27 29 13 4 £ s. d. 12 17 10 10 3 4 (a) Compiled trom Danmarks Siatistik, Statistiske Meddelelser, Fjerde Rcekke, Femte Bind, published by the Danisii Government Statistical Office. (6) These average ligures are arrived at by dividing the sum of the figures shown for each of the districts into which Denmark is divided by the number of such districts. (c) The value of a man's board for a year is reckoned at £11 18s, lid., and that of a woman's at £10 18a'. lid. Married men (foremen, men in charge of cattle, shepherds, horsekeepers, and best farm labourers) often have, in addition to money wages and board, free houses, &c. 13 WAGES : VARIOUS TRADES.(«) Table 9. — Average Weekly Earnings of Skilled and Unskilled Workmen respectively in various Trades in Denmark, in May, 1897. Trade. Skilled Workmen. Average Weekly Earnings in Copen- hagen. Other Towns Country Districts. s. d. s. d. 25 3 21 2 17 1 19 5 24 4 20 7 26 7 20 5 23 7 22 7 18 5 19 11 24 3 20 9 20 3 19 2 19 4 16 10 18 4 15 8 21 5 18 10 22 8 18 4 22 1 .. 21 1 21 29 5 20 22 10 • 19 7 19 8 26 1 .. 23 5 .. 37 3 25 10 17 2 15 3 19 18 4 19 20 9 Denmark as a ■whole. Unskilled Workmen. Average Weekly Earnings in Copen- hagen. Other Towns. Country Districts. s. d. s. d. 19 1 17 3 16 7 15 4 18 1 19 5 19 5 18 2 •• •• 17 2 17 8 14 9 15 4 13 11 12 3 10 3 19 8 15 11 14 6 .. 15 9 .. 17 9 22 11 20 3 17 11 16 7 •• 20 7 18 3 Denmark as a whole. Building Trades. }ns Stonecutters and polishers . . Carpenters Joiners Painters (including sign painters). Glaziers Metal, Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades. Ironfounders Machine (Factories .. construction ( vVorkshops .. Blacksmiths (heavy work) .. (light „ ).. Coppersmiths Braziers and pewterers Tinsmiths (including gas and water installation). Tinware factories Cycle works Sewing machine factories . . Surgical instrument makers Scientific, &c. (including opti- cal) instrument makers. Musical instrument makers. . Watchmakers Goldsmiths Shipbuilding s. d. 33 9 29 4 34 1 25 9 26 2 23 4 26 6 25 7 27 23 2 20 10 29 24 3 40 4 23 8 22 4 24 1 25 8 33 4 28 9 20 8 23 10 17 11 s. d. 24 9 20 8 23 10 25 1 24 6 20 10 24 7 22 3 20 1 16 2 24 1 25 6 23 4 27 9 26 10 22 6 22 3 25 9 30 7 28 8 18 20 11 18 10 s. d. 22 2 21 10 16 2i 17 2 20 8 22 2 22 18 4 23 3 18 6 19 1 20 14 3 22 3 15 4 8. d. 19 2 17 11 18 18 9 18 18 10 19 10 14 9 20 7 16 10 17 1 19 10 18 4 16 7 22 3 16 10 (a) Compiled from Danmarks Statistik, Statistiske Meddelelser, Fjerde Rcekke, Sjette Bind, published by the Danish Government Statistical Office. The figures relate to the earnings of male workmen (other than apprentices and boys), and include piece-work and overtime earnings. Taking together the 5,672 adult women employed in the trades referred to in the table, as to whose earnings information was obtained, their average weekly earnings were approximately as follows:— In Copenhagen, 11 s. 5|(^. ; in other towns, is. id. ; in country districts, 7.s'. 9\d. DENMARK. U VARIOUS T'EiA'D:E,S— continued. Table 9.— Average Weekly Earnings of Skilled and Unskilled Workmen respectively in various Trades in Denmark, in May, 1897 — continued. Trade. Skilled Workmen. Average Weekly Earnings in Copen- hagen. Other Towns. Country Districts. s. d, 24 3 s. d. 18 2 s. d. 19 7 23 9 23 11 .. 18 1 15 8 14 7 21 3 15 11 16 8 (a) 21 7 16 2 27 11 22 .. 22 10 23 7 .. 27 3 21 10 21 10 29 9 27 5 21 11 16 5 17 1 20 5 25 10 13 24 1 19 8 18 2 24 8 19 6 15 6 25 8 21 6 17 10 23 2 18 4 16 21 1 17 2 15 25 5 17 11 14 10 25 6 24 I 17 7 22 9 18 10 18 1 23 4 19 11 17 7 23 2 18 5 22 9 21 5 17 8 18 11 20 7 21 5 17 5 21 6 17 11 16 8 23 3 20 3 21 1 26 18 5 17 23 1 23 8 18 3 17 3 16 8 23 9 18 9 18 4 Denmark as a whole. Unskilled Workmen. Average Weekly Earnings in Copen- hagen. Other Towns Country Districts, 8. d. 10 8 1^6 d. 9 16 8 nil .. 18 7 12 7 15 9 12 1 ,. 16 9 12 8 14 9 13 16 9 15 3 15 5 •• 16 1 15 1 14 11 16 4 i 15 11 Denmark as a whole. Other Trades. Ropemaking Trimmings manufacture . . Bootmakers Boot factories Tailors Hatmakers and furriers Glovemakers Printers and lithographers . . Autotype, &c., manufacture Bookbinders Photographers Cabinet makers Wheelwrights and coach- builders. Coopers Wood turners and block (pulley) makers. Fancy wood ware makers . . Corn millers Bakers Confectioners Butchers and sausage, &c. makers. Brewers and maltsters Distillers Tobacco and cigar manu- facture. Brushmakers Tanners Saddlers and upholsterers . . Cardboard and other box making, &e. Barbers and hairdressers . . Chimney sweeps s. d. 18 8 23 9 16 1 20 3 (a) 24 2 23 24 8 29 7 19 10 17 3 20 9 17 11 21 3 19 9 19 2 16 1 20 9 £0 3 19 6 21 2 18 7 21 19 7 21 1 20 8 23 3 17 8 20 10 8. d. 13 11 17 3 (a) 16 4 16 8 23 8 17 4 16 2 17 5 16 6 13 4 20 3 15 8 s. d. 12 7 16 11 (a) 11 11 17 11 16 2 16 11 14 1 16 2 16 6 15 5 13 9 15 9 16 (a) Tailors in Copenhagen were excluded from the inquiry, because, at the time when it was made, an extensive strike was taking place in the tailoring trade of that city. 15 WAGES : CERTAIN TRADES Table 10.— Estimated Aveeage Eabnings {^er Bay for Time-workers and per or Lads) and Wobkwomen employed Trade. Men. Skilled . 1892. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. vVages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Unskilled. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. BUILDING TRADES. Masons and bricklayers , . Stonecutters (marble and sandstone). Granite cutters Paviors Navvies (including exca- vators, concreters, &c.). House cleaners . . Carpenters Joiners . ; Roofers Asphalters Plasterers Painters Glaziers Metal, Engineering. AND Shipbuilding Trades. Pattern makers Moulders Smiths (heavy work) Smiths (light work) Braziers Coppersmiths Tinsmiths (including plumbers). Tinware makers (in factories). Machinists (engineering shops). Stove fitters Zinc and bronze works . . File cutters «. d. 3 8i 4 6J 4 2 8. d. not stated not stated about 2os (in winter) to about 33s. U. (in summer) not stated ( 3 7J j 27 9 7 3 n 3 6(6) 3 4 3 n 4 3 3 81 5 6| ( 26 8 ) 16 to 33 p.c. over time- wages 26 8 (ft) not stated 26 8 not stated not stated 27 9 details defective ( 20 3 «. d. 4 5i 5 5 4 I 4 h\ 5 3J not stated 3 Si 4 5i 5 3 101 to 4 2 4 2Kc) 4 5i 4 5J 3 101 3 lOi 5 «. d. 38 11 26 8 24 5 38 11 about 40 details defective 40 27 9 33 4 to 33 p.c. over time- wages 26 8 33 4 1 V 1 ( 33 4(c)) 30 to 33 37 to 40 33 4 to 36 8 28 11 28 11 to 33 4 «. d. 3 4 2 Hi 2 9J to 3 4 2 H 3. d. Jnot stated about 22 3 not stated 2 9J(6) not stated 2 9J 2 Hi i 9i 2 U 2 9^ 2 Hi (a) Compiled from Reports published by the Munioipality of Copenhagen (ArbeidslOnnen i Kffhenhavn i Aaret 1893, and the similar Report for 1898). DENMARK. 16 AT COPENHAGEN.OO ]V(ic?i for Plece-ioorhcrs) of WORKMEN (not Including Foremen, or Leading Hands, in certain Trades at Copenhagen. Men. Unskilled. 1898. Wage of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Women . 1892. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Trade. .1. d. 3 5i 3 4 not stated 3 4 4 9i 3 4 3 to 3 m 3 4 4 m J not stated not stated 2 9i 3 4 3 2? 3 4(0) 3 4 not stated 2 9i 3 4 3 4 «. d. 33 4 20 to 21 1 ( 26 8 j 24 24 5 20 s. d. not stated •s'. d. not stated 5. d. not stated not stated 24 5 24 5 details defective 1 41 .s". d. (*) Iron foundries and machine making. (c) Braziers and metal workers. 6487 BuiLDiNQ Trades. Masons and bricklayera. Stonecutters (marble and sandstone). Granite cutters. PaTiors. Navvies (including exca- vators, concreters.'&c), House cleaners. Carpenters. Joiners. Roofers. Asphalters. Plasterers. Painters. Glaziers. Metal, Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades. Pattern makers. Moulders. '' Smiths (heavy work). Smiths (light work). Braziers. Coppersmiths. Tinsmiths (including plumbers). Tinware makers (in factories). Machinists (engineeiing shops). Stove fitters. Zinc and bronze works. File cutters. B 17 WAGES CERTAIN TRADES Table 10. — Estimated Average Earnings (^per Day for Time-ioorher^ and i)er or Lads) and Workwomen employed in Men. SKILLED. Unskilled. Trade. 1892. 1898. 1892. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- i workers per Day. Earnings | of Piece- i workers 1 per Week, i Metal, Engineering AND SHIPBUILDING TRADES— conf. Electric installation works Telephone work . . *. d. 3 lOJ «. d. s. d. about 4 7 3 10| g. d. ( 33 4 ) s. d. .. 3 4 ... d. Instrument making :— Surgical Optical and scientific . . j 3 ma) 24 5 (a) { t'i 24 ;-) not stated not \ \ stated i Goldsmiths Silversmiths 1 3 101 details i defective ) 3 101 3 lOi 24 5 26 1 . Electro-plate workers . . .. ( 20"0 ) to ( 22 3 ) 4 5i 28 8 .. .. Clock and watch makers Cycle factories not stated not stated 4 2 not stated 33 4 •• Rail, flag and compass making. Shii) carpenters Ship joiners Ship smiths 3 H 3 0=1 3 4 27 il 2.5 7 to ( 5 4 5\ 3 8! .3.5" '7 i to [ 38 11 ) ( to 33 P.O. J ] ovartime- > f, wages ) 2 7 .. Shipbuilding yard labour- ers. •• •• •• •• TEXTILE TRADES. Cotton weavers Woollen weavers .. \ details J defective details defective •• •• not stated Hand-knitting workshops and machine-knitting factories. Trimmings manufacture. . 3 8.1 22 3 3 8h ( 26 8 ) to [ ( 27 9 ) ^_ •• Dyeing 2 llj 4 1 2 9i •• Kopemaking 3 4 •• 3 n 2 7 •• CLOTHING TRADES. 1 Boot and shoemakers (factories). Wooden shoe manufacture not stated not stated 3 8^ not stated 22 3 25 7 * • Tailors Glove making 3 101 not stated 22 3 * ' (a) Surgical and optical instrument making. DENMARK. 18 AT COPENHAGEN-^"/'^'«"^'/. Week fur Piece-tvorkers') of WOBKMEN (^?iot hwludin/f Fovfmen, or Leading Handi. certain Trades at Copenhagen— pw«/jmwo. 1898. Trade Wages of Time- workers per Day, Earninus of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers pn- Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages o( Time- workers ptr Day.- Earnings of Piece- workers : per Week. i s. d. s d. s. d. s. d. s. d. g. d. Metal, Engineering AND Shipbuilding 1 TRADES-c'on^. 8 4 1 .. .. Electric installation works 3 4 1 .. .. .. Telephone work. f ■' :: 1 not stated ^^ 1 Instrument making- Surgical. Optical and scientific. \ BIO,] :: i details defective ■■ 1 llOi 2 2| J Goldsmiths. 12 3 : Silversmiths, not stated j Electro-plate workers. ! Clock and watchmaker.^. 3 4 30 .. 2 2f 10 8 Cycle factories. •• .. •• .. •• •• Sail, flag and compass making. Ship carpenters. .. ,, ,. ,, Ship joiners. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ship smiths. about 3 U 33to40p.c. over time- ■ wages • * * * 16 8 13 4 Shipbuilding yard labour- ers. Textile Trades. not stated 3 4 17 9 18 4 ( details i defective 1 6 1 5f details ( defective < ( 8 11 ( 11 1 ) not stated 2 2} 1 'to' 1 ( 2 on 1 lOi 1 8 Cotton weavers. Woollen weavers. Hand-knitting workshops and machine-knitting factories. Trimmings manufacture. 3 5i .. 1 8 1 lOi .. Dyeing. 3 If •• 1 4 1 6S 12 3 Ropomaking. Clothing Trades. 3 Of •• 1 10 1 4(6) details defective 10 0(6) 1 8 IS! 13 4 Boot and shoemakers (factories). Wooden shoe manufacture. Tailors.. •• •• •• 11 1 8 11 Glove making. 6487 (6) Factory workers. B 2 21 \VAGfeS CERTAIN TRADES Table 10. — Estimated Avekage EAKMi.siiS (^per Day for Time-icorhers and per or Lads) and Wokk WOMEN employed in Men. SKILLED. Unskilled. Trade. 1892. 1893. 1892. Wages of Time- workers per Day. 1 Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. "Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. 1 Woodworking and Furnishing Trades— cont. Gilders s. d. s. d. •• $. d. 4 5i s. d. 30 s. d. s. d. Coach and carl; building . . 3 4 not stated 3 10| ( 5 i not stated .. not stated Pianoforte manufacture.. 4 114 33 2 3 H •• Chemical Trades. • Chemical works . . Coke and salt works details defective •• " not stated not stated Petroleum works . . .. 1 17 "9 ) to (20 0(a). .. ,. .. .. Matchmaking 3 4(rt) •• •• •• Glass, Pottery, &c. Trades. Glass making . . . . : Pottery : Terra-cotta manufacture , 3 4 5 6i f20 ) to (22 3 ) 31 1 3 101 5 r 30 ) to ( 32 3 3 31 1 not stated 3 4 •• Tile works .. .. .. .. .. Porcelain manufacture .. .. 27 9 ., 53 4 21 1 Faience manufacture .. ,. ,, 27 9 .. Lime -burning .. .. .. .. .. .. Food and Tobacco Trades. Milling 3 6i 3 101 •• 3 4 •• Baking (wheaten bread) Baking (rye bread) . . !•■' •• ( 4n ( 4 91 .. •• •• Confectioners (in fac- tories). Confectioners (in bakeries) 1 8(6) •• •• •• •• Sweetmeat manufacture not stated not stated 4 7i 33 4 not stated not stated Butchers 3 8i .. 4 U .. .. .. Slaughter-house work- men. Sausage manufacture •• •• 3 lOf 4 51 •• Brewing 3 5 .. ,, .. not stated .. Brandy distilling .. c de letails fective. ■ •• 2 9\ •• (a) Factory workers. DENMARK. 22 AT COl^'ElXEAQ'Eli— continued. Week for Piece- workers') of WoBKMEN (iiot including Foremen, or Leading Hands, c-ertaiu Trades at CoPESHACxE^—contimied. Men. Women. Unskilled. 1892. 18wo. 1898. Trade. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of : Earnings Time- : of Piece- workers 1 workers pir Day. per Week. 1 Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. s. d. s. d. \ s. d. ' s. d. s. d. s. d. Woodworking and FURNISHING Trades- cow^. Gilders. 3 4 i " •• .. .. •• Coach and cart building. Pianoforte manufacture. 3 4 3 6 not stated not stated •• IK! •• Chkmtc^l Trades. Chemical works. Coke and salt works. 3 84 3 lOf 27 9 1 8 j to ( 9 5 j 2 1\ 2 2i ( 13 4 S Petroleum works. Match making. 3 U 1 8 10 • Glass, Pottery, &c. Trades. Glass making. 1 V* 1 20 llli 13 4 2 21 13 4 Pottery. Terra-cotta manufacture. 3 5| 25 24 5 •• 13 4 2 9^ not stated Tilo works. Porcelain manufacture. 1 n 11 1 Faience manufacture. not stated 30 .. .. .. Lime-burning. 3 6\ 1 •• •• ( Food and Tobacco Trades. Milling. Baking (wheaten bread). not stated \ " '* " • I Baking(rye bread). Hb) •• •• •• Confectioners (in fac- tories). Confectioners(in bakeries). 3 4 22 3 not stated not stated 1 8 12 3 Sweetmeat manufacture. •• .. .. .. Butchers. 3 4 1 '«»' 1 23 4 about not stated 11 1 2 Oi ]4"5 ■) to [ 16 8 \ Slaughter-house work- men. Sausage manufacture. Brewing. Brandy distilling. (6) Also receive free board and lodging. n Wages Table 10.- -EsTiMATED Average Eaknings or CERTAIN TRADES 3r Day for Time-worhevs and i^er ids) and Workwomen employed in Men. Skilled. .- . . i UNSKILLED. Trade. 1892. 1 1898. 1 1 1892. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers : per Week, i Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Food and Tobacco Trades— con/. Mineral water manu- facture. Chicory manufacture . . s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 2 9k s. d. not stated Sugar refining Jam factories 3 6(rt) 4 5J about 3 01 details defective Chocolate manufacture . . .. .. .. .. Cigar sorters Cigar makers (other) Tobacco spinners . . ( not i stated 20 ( 4 5^ 24 -.5 ( 22 3 ) to [ ( 27 9 3 28 11 > 2 9J 1 Gas works. Hetort-house men . . Coal wheelers Yard labourers )• not j stated 31 1 1 ;; ;: 1 not stated r 26 8 ) to . 27 9 Workers in Fibre, Cane, &c. Basket making 2 9J 15 7 3 4 ( 20 ) to 22 3 22 3 ) to \ ( 26 8 3 1 ''to' 1 1 '''»' 1 2 6 Brush making Leather and Fur Trades. Tanners 3 4 3 4 about 20 24 5 3 101 3 lOf 2 Hi 2 91 17 9 Chamois leather dressers Furriers Saddlers Other Trades. 4 1 details defective. 22 3 details defective. 3 7i 4 5J 3 101 2 9^ Oilcloth manufacture . . .. 4 5i 26 8 .. Gut cleaning .. 3 8^ .. .. Cork cutting not stated not stated 4 5i 26 8 2 7 Steam laundries . . ., .. .. .. .. Stokers .. Chimney sweeps . . 3 4 .. 4 5i •• Barbers and hairdressers not stated .. 3 0^ •• Government Employees. Railway servants , . Railway workshops •• ;; 3**3J 27* "O .. (rt) Machine workers, DEi^MARK. 24 AT COPENHAGEN— co^wme^i. WeeJi far Piece-workers) of WOEKMEN («oi including Foremen, or Leaaing Hands- certain Trades at Copenhagen — continued. Men. Women. Unskilled. _ IQ no lOOQ 1898. iOi;^. 10" [TO. Trade. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. Wages of Time- workers per Day. Earnings of Piece- workers per Week. a. d. 3 4 not stated 3 Oi 3 lOf s. d. ( 27**9 to ( 28 11 •• s. d. 1 8 1 91 s. d. details defective. s. d. llli 1 8 1 9i 1 8 s. d. 10 3 14 3 Food and Tobacco Trades— cowt. Mineral water manufac- ture. Chicory manufacture. Sugar refining. Jam factories. 3 4 1 51 Chocolate manufacture. •• [ 1 51 ■" 1 2 21 22 3 ( 18 11 ) to ( 20 3 11 1 Cigar sorters. Cigar makers (other). 3 4 .. ) ( 1 8 Tobacco spinners. GAS Works. ( 4 51 ] 3 10J ( 3 4 30"0 •• •• .. •• Retort-house men. Coal wheelers. Yard labourers. Workers in Fibre, CANE, &c. Basket making. 3 lOJ 3 5.1 ( 20 ) to 1 23 4 j 24 5 details defective about 10 •• 11 1 Brush making. Leather and Fur Trades. Tanners. 3 Of .. .. Chamois leather dressers. not stated •• about 1 61 '* 10 1 8 1 8 Furriers. Saddlers. C S 4 'i Other Trades. K. 22 3 ■■ ] 51 12 3 Oilcloth manufacture. V. o, ; 3 4 4 n 1 6 10 7 not stated ( 2 2i 3 1 10 f 13'"4 ) to [ ( 15 7 3 ( 13 4 ) ( 15 7 j Gut cleaning. Cork cutting. Steam laundries. Stokers. Chimney sweeps. Barbers and hairdressers. 2 81 2 9i 19" 7 •• •• •• .. Government Employees. Railway servants. Railway workshops. 25 WAG13S: bENMAtllt. GOVERNMENT WORKMEN. C^) Table 11. — Limits of the Daily Cash Earnings of Workmen in certain Trades, employed by the Danish Government, in 1896. Number of Workmen whose Daily Cash Earnings within the under-mentioned Limits. were iTrade. 1 krona (Is.Ud.) under. Over Ikr. and up to l-50kr. (Is. Hd. to Is. 8d.) Over IWkr. and up to 2kr. (Is. 8d. to 2s. 2m Over 2kr. and up to 2-50kr. (2s. 2H to 2s. 9^-^.) Over 2-50 A;r. and up to Ur. (2s. Q^d. to 3s. Ad.) Over Ur. and up to 3'50ftr. (3s. 4d. to 3S.10H) Over 3-50;cn and (Ss.lOid to 4s. 5d.) Over ikr. (4«.5d) Total. Carpenters .. . .. 8 10 12 2 .. 32 Joiners • • . 2 S 13 16 16 8 58 Woodworkers . . 3 17 4 2 26 Machinists . 4 13 104 76 28 61 286 Ironworkers . 4 14 31 24 71 144 Blacksmiths . • 4 10 10 1 25 Tinsmiths.. . ^^ 2 2 Stokers . . •• 16 16 Ordnance Works •• 7 8 2 17 Torpedo Works . . .. .. 1 22 38 23 9 93 TelegraphWorks(b) .. .. 12 11 43 28 94 Shipbuilders 7 44 29 22 106 Sailmakers .. • •• 2 12 5 3 • • 22 Army Clothing Factory .(o) Saddlers .. 12 16 8 13 3 4 4 43 18 Railway Service:— Platelayers (rf).. .. 1,425 800 139 108 13 2,492 Level crossing keepers.(d) Trafflc(d) 8 13 172 1 35 305 6 22 9 4 221 358 Machines (work- shops) : — (d) Artisans 75 828 903 Stokers .. " 25 25 Labourers . . .. 40 78 89 .. 207 Sailors .. 14 4 .. 18 Day labourers . . 16 92 659 311 48 U 8 1,145 (rt) Compiled from Danmarks Statistik, Statistiskc Meddelelser, Fjcrde Ecckke, IsU Bind, 1897, published by the Danish Government Statistical Office. The table relates to those workmen alone, who are paid only for days on which they actually work, or for labour which they actually perform. Employees receiving weekly or monthly salaries are not included in the figures. The period to which the figures relate is the month of October, 1896, except in the ease of the employees included under "Railway Service :— Machines ( Workshops)," the figures as to which relate to the financial year 1895-96. (b) A considerable number of these workmen receive free clothing. (f) Nearly all these workmen receive free lodging or lodgines allowance, (rf) Many of these workmen receive free clothing and lodging, and in some cases free allotments. :26 WAGES IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. SEAMEN. («) Table 12. — Number of Engagements of Able Seamen in each of the Mauitimb Districts of the German Empire, and Monthly Rates of Money Wages (^Food being j^rofided by the Owners of the Vessels) of such Seamen. Baltic District. North Sea District. Both Districts together. Year. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. Number of Engage- ments. Average Monthly Rate. 1884 4,190 .?. d. 45 9,911 s. d. 48 9 14,101 •y. d. 47 7 1885 4,123 42 2 8,824 48 8 12,947 46 8 1886 3,722 39 10 9,597 47 13,319 45 1887 3,630 39 1 9.819 46 3 13,449 44 4 1888 3,620 41 6 10,159 48 4 13,779 46 6 i88y 3,703 45 1 11,156 56 9 14,859 53 10 18D0 3,945 49 3 11,852 58 11 15,797 56 6 1391 4,008 49 7 12,255 59 2 16,263 56 10 1892 3,494 49 12,470 57 3 15,964 55 6 1893 3,476 47 1 12,778 55 6 16,254 53 8 1894 3,296 46 8 12.959 52 4 16,255 51 2 1895 3,225 46 9 14,650 52 6 17,875 51 6 1896 3,320 47 2 14,201 52 9 17,521 . 51 9 1S97 3,454 48 6 14,790 55 3 18,244 .. 54 1898 3,257 52 10 15,476 57 1 18,733 56 6 1899 3,317 52 . 5 15,430 5S 9 18,71-7 •• 57 8 (rt) Compiled from Viri'tcljahrshrfte zur Statistlk dcs Deutschen Reic/is, published by the German Imperial Statistical Office. S7 Wages DAY LABOURERS. C«) Table 13. — Current Rates of Wages of Oedinary Day Labourers in certain Principal Towns (ft) in the German Empire, on December 20th, 1900. Daily Wages of Population (Census of Town. Dec. 2, 1895). Men. Boys (14 to 16). Women. Girls (14 to 16). s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Berlin , 1,677.304 2 8i 1 3i 1 6 1 Hamburg . 625,552 3 1 2 1 Munich . 407,307 3 1 6 2 1 21 Leipsic . 399,963 3 1 4f 1 6 1 Breslau . 373,163 2 1 1 U 9i Dresden . 336,440 2 9^ 1 n 1 9 1 Cologne . 321,564 2 6 1 6 1 6 9i Frankfort (on the 229,279 2 6 1 H 1 9^ 1 Main). Magdeburg 214,424 2 1 2i 1 4| 1 Hanover 209,535 2 41 1 2i 1 6 1 Dusseldorf 175,985 3 1 6 1 9^ 1 Konigsberg 172,796 2 3i 1 1 If 41 Nuremberg 162,386 2 lOf 1 6 1 8^ 1 Chemnitz 161,015 2 6 1 3.^ 1 6 1 U Stuttgart 158,321 2 8^ 1 3^ 1 6 1 Altona 148,944 3 1 2 1 Bremen 141,133 3 1 3 1 9 1 Stettin 140,724 2 3 1 1 7\ Elberfeld 139,332 2 8i 1 l\ 1 81 1 Strassburg 135,608 2 6 1 u 1 3^ lOf (a) Compiled from (1) the Ceritral-Blatt filr das Deutsclw. I?cwh, published Stddtc, published by Dr. M. Neefe, Director of the Municipal Statistical Office of sixteen of the towns shown in the table in the period December, 1897, to Date of Change. Previous Rate of Daily Wages. Town. Men. Boys (14 to 16). Women. Girls (14 to 16) Munich Leipsic Dresden Dusseldorf Konigsberg Nuremberg Chemnitz .. Elberfeld Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1900 s. d. 2 6 2 2 6 2 41 2 2 2h 2 2h 2 4.^ s. d. 1 H 10 1 6 1 2k 1 1 3i 1 H 1 6-.! d. 1 8i 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 1 43 1 H 1 6 s. d. 1 10 1 9i 41 lOf 1 9^ (*) In the case of Leipsic, Chemnitz, Stettin, Brunswick, Aix-la-Chapelle exclusively to the town of which the population is &hown, but have reference GERMAN EMPIRE. 28 DAY LABOVRERS—omtinned. Table 13.— Current Rates of Wages of Ordinary Day Labourers in certain Principal Towns (2*) in the German Empire, on December 20th, 1900 — continued Daily Wages of Population Town, (Census of Dec. 2, 1895.) Men. Boys (14 to 16). Women. Girls (14 to 16). s. d. *. d. s. d. *. d. Charlottenburg 132,377 2 6 1 1 6 9 Barmen 126,992 2 8i 1 1: 1 8i 1 Danzig 125,605 ' 2 7| 1 3 61 Halle 116,301 2 2* 1 2i 1 li 1 Brunswick 115,138 2 2* 1 1 6 1 Dortmund 111,232 2 9 1 2i 1 4f 9i Aix-la-Chapelle ... 110,551 2 n 1 li 1 4f 9^ Crefeld 107,245 2 7\ 1 2i 1 7i 1 Mannheim 97,780 2 8^ 1 6 1 81 1 Essen 96,128 2 9* 1 2i 1 6 9i Kiel 85,666 2 8^ 1 1 7i 9^ Carlsruhe 84,030 2 3* 1 1 4| ■ 8i Miilhausen 82,986 1 2 2* 1 2i 1 9^ 1 Augsburg 81,903 1 H 1 1 3^ 1 Cassei 81,752 2 2 1 2 1 4 1 Erfurt 78,174 ' 2 lOf 1 2i 91 Mainz 76,946 2 7; 1 6 1 6 1 Wiesbaden 74,133 2 4f 1 21 1 n 1 Posen 73,229 1 7\ 9 ] 6 Duisburg 70,272 2 41 1 21 1 6 9J by the German Imperial Home Office, and (2) Statistisches Jahrhuch Deutscher Breslau. Changes in the rates of wages of day labourers have been reported for December, 1900. These towns are as follows :— Date of Change. Previous Rate of Daily Wages. Town. Men. Boys (14 to 16). Women. Girls (14 to 16). Strassburg Barmen Danzig Dortmund Aix-la-ChapeUe Crefeld Essen Mainz .. .. y Dec. 1899 Dec. 1900 Dec. 3899 Dec. 1900 Dec. 1899 Dec, 1900 Dec. ]900 Dec. 1900 s. d. 2 2i 2 41 1 9i 2 2 l\ 2 4J 2 4i 2 6 s. d. 1 1 7f 1 2i 1 li 1 2h 1 2i 1 4f s. d. 1 2i 1 6 1 3 1 4$ 1 43 1 6 1 (3 1 4| s. d. 8^ 9i 6^ 9i Qi 1 9i 1 Carlsruhe, Miilhausen, Cassei, and Mainz, the rates shown in the table do not apply to a,n areft which inglud^s one or more adjacent (sometimes rural) communities. 2y WACIES ASSOCIATED PRUSSIAN AND HESSIAN STATE RAILWAYS.(«) Cable 14.~Aveeage Earnings, per Day Worked, of certain Classes of Male Workpeople employed on the Associated Prussian and Hessian State Railways. Average Earnings per Day Worked in Occupation. * 1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99. ' • *. d. *. d. *. d. s. d. Groods shed leading hands ... 2 8 2 81 2 9J 2 10^ Foremen shunters 2 8 2 9 2 9| 2 101 Pointsmen and signalmen, cranemen. and 2 If 2 2i 2 31 2 41 bridge-keepers. Doorkeepers, and ticket collectors 2 41 2 4 2 4i 2 4| Night watchmen 2 1 2 U 2 21 2 3 Locomotive firemen 2 n(J) 2 61 (ft) 2 5 (ft) 2 .5i(J) Running-shed men 2 lOi 2 m 2 111 3 Engine cleaners 2 5 2 51 2 61 2 7i Brakesmen I 11 (ft) 1 IIK^*) 2 OK*) 2 1 (*) Carriage and wagon examiners 2 111 3 Oi 3 11 3 21 Storekeepers 2 9f 2 91 2 10| 2 ll-i Men attached to the General Manage- 2 6i 2 6^ 2 6i 3 7 ment Staff and Inspection Staff. Goods and luggage porters 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 5 Workmen at electric lighting and power- 2 9 2 9J 2 lOi 2 lOf generating stations and gasworks. Ferry boat staff, and ferry boat workmen 2 61 2 71 2 7 2 8i Permanent- way and ballast-pit men 1 llf 2 2 0| 2 11 Telegraphs maintenance workmen 3 3| 3 4 3 4^ 3 5i Workshops :— Leading hands 4 Of 4 U 4 2 4 21 Fully-trained artisans-— On time- wage 3 Co) 3 11(c) 3 11(c) 3 3f(0 On piece-wage 3 111(6') 4 (0 4 OUc) 4 li(.) Mechanics with artisan training — On time-wage 2 51(c) 2 7 (^) 2 6 (c) 2 8Kc) On piece-wage 3 6 (0 3 61(c) 3 61(0 3 7i(c) Other mechanics — On time-wage 2 4 (c) 2 5 (6-) 2 51(c) 2 6i(0 On piece-wage 3 21 (^) 3 31(c) 3 4 (.) 3 4Kc) Apprentices 1 Of 1 1 1 U 1 01 Other (subordinate) employees 2 Si 2 9 2 9| 2 lOi (a) Compiled from the official Report on the Working of the Associated Prussian and Hessian State Railways QBerirht ilher die Ergehnlsse des lietrlehcs der rerehiigten ■pn-usslschen und hessischen Staatseisenhahnert) in 1898-99 and corresponding reports for previous years. The figures in the table relate exclusively to Railway Servants not on the establishment. Officials on the establishment (civil servants) receive fixed salaries, and, in addition, sums in aid of house • rent ; they are also entitled to pensions, if incapacitated, and after their death their families receive allowances on a fixed scale. (ft) Exclusive of fixed extra payments (trip money, overtime pay, and lodging allowance) and premiums on economy in use of materials, &c. (d. an hour, would count as 9 " cases " of employment at 2\d. per hour, and 3 " cases " of employment at '6d. per hour. 42 WAGES IN BELGIUM. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 24.— Average Daily Wages of Ageicultural Labourers in Belgium. Average Daily Wages without Board. Average Daily Wages with MEN. Women. Men. women. 1874 1880 1890 1895 s. d. 1 7i 1 n 1 61 1 7 s. d. 111 1 Hi 111 d. Hi m Hi Hi Id. 6i 61 7 7 CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CENTRES. (&) Table 25.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891. Metal Trades. Estimated Estimated Average Average Occupation. Daily Earnings Occupation. Daily Earnings of Work- of Work- people. people. Blastfurnaces : Seraing^. Blastfurnaces: Seraing • s. d. — cont. *. d. Men (over 21 years). Men (over 21 years')— cont. Keepers (First) 4 Oi Bricklayers 2 Hi „ (Second-Slaggers) 3 U Bricklayers' labourers 1 3 (Third-Helpers) ... 2 8 Chargers 3 7\ Women (over 21 years). Coke and mine fillers 2 lOi Coke and mine fillers 1 6i Ore and limestone breakers 2 3| PigHfters „ unloaders 3 2i 2 5i Manufactured Iron Slag loaders 2 6i Trade: Seraing. Enginemen Stokers 2 8 2 7f Men (over 21 years). Machinery (air-heating) at- 3 Puddlers 4 n tendants. „ (underhands) ... 4 Fitters 3 3i Hammermen 4 Smiths 3 3i Hammermen's helpers 3 2i Smiths' strikers 2 Rolling-mill men 5 2i Turners 2 101 Helpers at rolling-mills ... 2 Hi («) Compiled from Anmiaire Statistique de la Belgique, published by the Belgian Ministry of the Interior and of Public Instruction. It is stated that the practice of providing labourers with board is more and more falling into desuetude (^Statistique de la Belgique : Agriculture : llecensement General de 1895^ published by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture and Public Works, p. 415). ih) Compiled from Salaircs et Budgets Onvriem en Belgique au Mots d Avrll, 1891, published by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Public Works. The figures are based upon information furnished by the Councils of Industry and Labour, composed of equal numbers of employers and workpeople. The Belgian tables give the earnings of workpeople of different ages "up to " over 21 years." In those cases, in which only a few classes of workpeople are mentioned in the figures for the younger ages, the earnings of those of the age last specified are alone given here. 43 WAGES CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CEl^TU'ES— continued. Table 25. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — contbuied. Metal ^XZ.^Q^— continued. Occupation. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Work- people. Occupation. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Work- people. Steel Making : Seraing. s. d. Engineering: Seraing. Men (over 21 years). Men (over 21 years). Third hands at Bessemer cupolas. 2 9f Iron and Brass Founding. s. d. Sump hands (Bessemer- steel making). 3 n Head moulders 4 9^ First hands at rail-mill furnaces. 5 8J Journeymen moulders 3 2\ Second „ „ „ 3 1\ Third Fourth 3 Of 2 8f Forges. Hammermen 7 2i Rail-mill men 3 1\ Smiths 4 7i Finishers (rails) First hammermen 3 Of 5 9 Smiths' strikers 2 7i Fitters 2 lOJ Turners Boiler-makers 3 3 Turning, Fitting, &c Turners (leading hands) ... 4 41 Smiths 3 21 Turners 3 4| Smiths' strikers Enginemen 2 2i 2 8f Fitters (leading hands) ... 3 10 Stokers 2 10 Fitters 3 Spring benders Joiners 4 2 9i Drillers 3 4f Bricklayers 2 9i Planiflhers 3 Hi Labourers 2 4| Pattern - makers (leading 4 41 Women (over 21 years). hands). Coal carriers 1 10 Pattern-makers 3 2i PBLGIUM. 44 CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CENTRES-^^^*^^^^. Table 26, — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891— continued. Metal Trades — continued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings oi \Voii:>.yooxjle of the age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 years. 17 up to 19 years. 19 up to 21 years. Over 21 years. Engineering, &c. : Brussels. Male. Markers-oflf Erectors and assemblers, &c. 1 2h Fitters 1 H Turners .. Planers .. . Milling-macliine men . Drillers 1 Fine borers . . Punchers • . Rivetters Moulders (mould-makers)... 1 H Founders Cmetal heaters and pourers). Core-makers • •• Smiths . .. Smiths' helpers and strikers. Shoesmiths • •• Locksmiths, &c 1 7i Stovesmiths 1 7i Box and safe makers .. Box and safe makers' helpers. Combination lock makers ... •• Helpers .. Labourers .. 1 7i 1 n 1 7i 1 7i 1 2i 1 7^ 1 7^ s. d. 2 2 to 2 9i 1 7| 2 4| 1 7i 2 H 2 2 9.1 2 Di 2 1 2 4f 2 ?. d. 5 2i ( 2 4f \ to ( 3 7i 3 7i 3 7i 3 7i 2 91 2 4| 3 21 3 4f 3 7i 3 7i 2 H 3 21 3 71 2 4| 3 7i 3 7i 3 71 3 7i 2 41 4 4f 2 4| 2 45 WAGES : CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL OBNTRES-^^^i^^^^. Table 25.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Metal ^T2^^QS— continued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 years. 17 up to 19 years. 19 up to 21 years. Over 21 years. Engineering, &c. : Li^ge. Male. Smiths Smiths' helpers and strikers. Turners Fitters *. d. 2 9i 1 9 1 to 2 9i J 1 to2 6|| *. d. 3 2i \ 2 11 to2 3 1 1 2 0) ' to 3 Oi 1 1 19 1 I to 2 8| f { 1 s. d. 2 8f) to 3 7i( 2 3 ( to 2 4|| 2 3 ) to 2 3if 2 4fi to 2 10^ ) s. d. j 3 6i I to 3 10 1 2 31 1 to2 6| j 3 1 to 3 7J ( 2 9| 1 to3 3 Chippers 4f 1 11 2 3 2 4f Planers and milling- machine men. Planers Drillers 1 3i 2 3 1 9 2 41 ( 1 11 1 i to2 3 1 ( 2 3 2 9^ 2 1 \ to 2 4|f 5 OJ ( 3 1 ( to 3 2J ( 2 61 ] to 2 10 Coppersmiths 1 9 ... ... 2 6 G-rind^rs ... ... ... 2 lOf Temperers ... ... ... 2 9i Hammermen ... ... ... 5*3J Pattern-makers ... 2 4f 2 6| ( 2 8| 1 to 3 3i Fumacemen ... ... ... 4 5i Erectors and assemblers ... Enginemen 1 to 2 6f f ( 1 11 ) 1 to 2 8| f 2 4f 1 2 4f) to 2 lOi ] 2 9i 3 OJ 1 3 2i 1 to 3 8i Enginemen and stokers ... ... ... 2 91 Boiler-makers (erectors) ... 2 6| 2 8f 2 10^ 3 2i ., (rivetters and filers). »> 2 4f 1 1^ 2 6| 1 9 2 8| 2 3 2 10^ 2 lOi Painters ... ... ... 2 6| Moulders (mould-makers) in loam. Moulders (mould-makers) in sand. Founders (metal-heaters and pourers). Core-makers ... 2 7i 2 4| 2 41 2 9i 2 6| 2 4f 2 6f 3 2i ( 2 8| ( to 3 1 2 9i i to 2 IH ( 2 7f \ to 2 94 Labourers ... 1 11 2 3 2 4f BELGIUM. 46 CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CENTRBS-^^^^^^w^^. Table 25. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Metal Trades—^'' Occupation. Estimated AA'erage Daily Earnings, of Work- people. Occupation. Estimated Average Daily Earnings Qf Work- people. Locksmith's Work, Safe and Stove Making : Li6ge. Men (over 21). Locksmiths' fitters Fitters Smiths Plate-makers Zincworks: Seraing. Men (over 21). Fillers Furnacemen Furnace labourers Gangers Untinning Tinplates Brussels. Men (over 21). Foremen Furnacemen ... Men at chlorine machines ... Men at untinning machines Tin sorters . Iron sorters . Iron pressers. Packers Fitters Smiths Gangers of yard labourers... Yard labourers Wicker workers Joiners Bricklayers Pointers (brickwork) Bolt, &c. Making: : Gilly. Men (over 21). Smiths Strikers Tools miths Turners Chippers Enginemen Women (19 to 21). Screw-makers 3 2J 2 9^ 3 7i 4 3 9J 4 4i 3 4f 4 Oi 3 3 4| 2 7i 2 7i 2 2i to2 4| 2 3 to 3 2 4f 4| to 2 9i 5 4 2 4f 2 1\ 4| 7i 2 7i 7i 4f H 3 1\ 2 1\ 2 9i 1 3i Chain and Bolt, &c. Making: Jumet. Men (over 21). Smiths Smiths' assistants Chainmakers Bolt-makers Turners (iron) Fitters Enginemen ... Labourers Women (19 to 21). Screw-makers Drillers Gun, &c. Manufacture: Li6ge. Men (over 21). Sight and barrel, &c. filers (leading hands). Sight and barrel, &c. filers Borers and riflers Lever makers Notchers Gunstock makers Assemblers Lock filers and action makers Repairers Engravers Carvers Vamishers (browners, &c.) Examiners (on premises of manufacturer). Women (over 21). Varnishers (browners, &c.) Electrical Engineering : Brussels. Men (over 21). Erectors and assemblers ... Fitters Turners ... Labourers Jewellery, Watch and Clockmaking, &c. : Brussels. Men (over 21). Jewellers Goldsmiths Watch and clockmakers '" Chasers Engravers s. d. 41 9^ 3 2^ 3 2^ 3 2i 2 1 Oi lU 3 4f 4f H H 4| n 4| 4| 4f 7i 1 7i 6 4f 5 7i 4 9i 2 4f n 7i to 4 9f 4 3 7i 47 WAGES : CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL Cl&l<(T!Rm~contmued. Table 25.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Metal Trades — oontimied. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 17 up to 19 19 up to 21 Over 21 years. years. years. years. Bronze Work, Jewellery, d. s. d. s. d. s. d. and Gas Fittings, etc.: Liege. ^^ Male. Chippers and filers 4| 1 1 7i 3 9i Turners 4f 9^ 1 2i 3 2i Relief stampers 1 2i 3 2^ Assemblers 4f 1 2 3 2i Gilders ... 4 9i Half -scourers ... ... 2 24 Polishers ... ... ... 3 Groldsmiths ... ... ... 4 Textile Trades. Cotton Spinning : Ghent. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Male. Scutchers ... 1 5f 1 71 1 11 Strippers ... 2 0\ Grinders ... ... ... 2 lOi Grinders' helpers ... 2 5^ Spinners ... ... 3 5J Piecers 1 2^ l'"7i 2 2 „ (doubling) . 1 u 1 6i I 10 1 10 Doublers ... 3 8f Warpers ... ... ... 3 3f Yarn bundlers ... ... ... 2 11 Labourers ... ... ... 1 11 Female. Drawing-frame tenters ... ... 1 7i 1 n Roving- frame tenters ... ... 1 11 1 11 Throstle spinners 1 of 1 9i 1 9^ Doublers v.. 1 lOi 1 10^ Reelers ... 2'*'o 2 2 Cotton "Weaving: Ghent. Male. Overlookers ... ... 3 91 Assistant overlookers ... 2 n Sizers ... 3 2^ Assistant sizers 1*"9^ Drawers -in and twisters-in ... ... 3"*7| Assistant drawers-in and ... 2 twisters-in & apprentices. BBLGIUM. 4» CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL CmfTREB-oontinued, Table 25.— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Textile Trdides— continued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Oconpatlon. 16 up to 17 17 up to 19 19 up to 21 Over 21 years. years. years. years. Cotton Weaving: #. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. Ctlient—cont. Male— coTi^. Weavers ... ... ... 2 3i(a) Warehousemen ... ... ... 3 4 Assistant warehousemen ... ... ... ... 2 5f Enginemen ... ... ... 3 4f Stokers ... ... ... 3 4| Labourers ... ... ... 2 4f Female. Winders ... ... ... 2 I Warpers ... ••• ... 2 2^ Woollen and Worsted ' Manufacture, Spin- ning: Brussels. Male. Wool sorters ... ... 1 7i 3 3i „ combers ... ... 2 4| Spinners 1 H ... ... 2 m Female. Wool combers ... s.. 1 3i 1 7i Spinners 1 0^ 1 2 1 2i 1 5| Woollen and Worsted Manufacture, Weav- ing: Brussels. Male. Warpers 1 2 I 2 1 2 9 Weavers 11^ 1 5i 1 11 2 4J Dyers 1 2^ 2 2 3 Finishers ... 2 7f Female. Winders 9^ Hi 1 2i 1 4| Weavers 1 3f 1 Hi 2 0^ 2 1 Finishers 1 6f Woollen and Worsted Manufacture, Spin- , ning and Weaving: Li^ge. ^^ Male. Spinners ... 4 Warpers 2 2 Weavers ... 2 ^ 2 4| 2 9i 3 2i 2 2| Fullers Cloth dressers ... l'"4f Enginemen Labourers ,.. ... ... (fl) Average wages of men, women and apprentices, taken together. 6487 ^' WAGES : CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL GENTU-ES-oontinued. Table 25. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Textile Trades — continued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 17 up to 19 19 up to 21 Over 21 years. years. years. years. Woollen and Worsted ^. d. ». d. *. d. s. d. Manufacture, Spin- ning and Weaving: Li^ge—cont. Female. Scribblers ... ... 2 OJ 2 Oi Weavers ... ... 2 2i Burlers and knotters ... l"'3f 1 3J 1 3i Flax Spinning : Li6ge. Male. Overlookers ... ... ... 4 8f Yarn storemen ... 2 OJ 2 6i Flax cutters 1 If i"'of 1 6h 1 5i Hacklers (machine) lOi 11 lOi (hand) ... ... ... 2*"5| Carders ... ... ... 2 7f Shafting, etc. oilers 1 H 1 n 1 81 1 Hi Oilers and card-fixers 1 3^ 1 H Hackle-setters and makers ... 2* *9| Apprentice hackle-setters ... ... l"*4i 1 11 ... Enginemen ... ... ... 3 5 Stokers ... ... ... ■2 8 Boiler cleaners ... ... ... 2 2| Bundlers and driers ... 1 7i ,.. 8 2f Female. Carders llf 1 Oi lu Hi Drawers lOf 10| iH 11 Spreaders lOi Hi lOi 11 Rovers 1 lli 1 U i If Doffers 10 11 ... Spinners 1 2k 1 3i l"*8f 1 Oh Reelers 1 81 1 8f 1 8f 1 8| Apprentice reelers 9^ 9i 9i 9i Sweepers and cleaners 1 Of Hi 1 If 1 u Linen Weaving: Ghent. Male. Heald and reed makers ... ... ... 2 U Drawers-in 11 1 6 ... Weavers ... 1 n 1 lOi 2"*1^ Dressers (finishing) ... ... 2 8 Enginemen and stokers ... ... ... ... 2 8 Smiths ... • ... ... ... 2 5i Labourers ... 1 8i 2 1 Female. Winders ... ... 1 4 2 Warpers ... ... ... 2 4|. BELGIUM. 50 CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL Cl^mB.-ES-continued. Table 25.-— Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Textile TTa.&e8--continued. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Occupation. 16 up to 17 17 up to 19 19 up to 21 Over 21 years. years. years. years. Linen Weaving : Courtrai. *. d. s. d. i. d. «. d. Male. Overlookers ... ... ... 3 4 Hackle setters ... ... ... 3 oi Warpers ... ... ..t 2 3J Tenters or tuners ... ... ... 2 9| Heald and reed makers ... 2 4f 3 2i Dressers ... 2 3| Weavers ... 2 8 ... 3 2i Cloth lappers ... ... ' ... 2 3| Fitters ... ... 3 5i Carpenters ... ... ... 3 2i Female. Winders ... 1 41 ... ... Weavers ... ... 2 8 ... ... Glass Trade. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Number of Occupation. Days Worked in Month. 16 up to 17 up to 19 up to Over 17 years. 19 years. 21 years. 21 years. Glass Works : Roux. (^Sheet Glass Industry.) *. d. s. d. *. d. *. d. Male. Mixers ... ... 2 Of 2 2i 30 Furnace-fillers ... ... 2 3i 2 4| 30 Gas-producer men ... ... ... 3 1\ 20 Blowers ... ... 14 20 Gatherers 2"'4f 2 '9^ 4 9i 6 20 Furnace cleaners ... 1 7i 1 7i 30 Splitters ... 2 8 30 Splitters' helpers l"7i 1 7i ... ... 30 Flatteners 2 4| 4 n 6 41 20 Flatteners' helpers 1*"4| 1 7i 30 Assorters of cylinders and 2""8 3*"2i 30 sheets. Glass cutters and apprentices 1 10 2 2 2 7i 4 26 Assorters ... ... ... 4 26 Packers ... 2 5i 2 9J 2& Box makers and joiners ... ... 2'4| 2 4J 2 41 30 Smiths ... 2 ^ 30 Smiths' strikers l"*7i l'**8f 1 10 30 Coal wheelers 2 Of 2 2\ 30 Yard labourers ... ... 2 H 2 2i 30 Female. Cylinder carriers 8i 8J 8i 8i 30 6487 D S 51 WAGES : CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL ClS^^TR-E^-continued. Table 25. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Glass Trade — continued. Occupation. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of lo up to 17 years. 17 up to 19 years. 19 up to 21 years. Over 21 years. Number of Days Worked in Month. Glass Works : Mar- cMenne - au - Pont. (^Sheet Glass Industry.^ Male. Mixers Gas-producer men ... Teasers Blowers Gatherers Second-time gatherers Cleaners Splitters Splitters' helpers Assorters of cylinders Flattening -kiln lads Flatteners Flatteners' helpers .. Pushers Glass carriers Glass cutters Assorters Packers Packers' helpers Boxmakers Smiths Smiths' strikers Carpenters Enginemen Stokers Brickmakers Masons and bricklayers Slaters Coal wheelers Labourers Female. Cleaners Cylinder carriers Flatteners' helpers ... Flattening-kiln girls Pushers s. d. 2 2 10^ 9i "iof 7i 1 2i lOi 9i *. d. 3 2 8 1 7i 2 2 1 10 2 I'lOJ 1 s. d. 4 l***8f 4'"9J l*"7i 3 1 2"*3f 2"4f 1 "ioi 1 1 *. d. 3 Of 2 H to 4 ^ 5 2i 3 4 5 lOi 3J 3 5i 6'"9^ 4 U 4 2 2 11 4f 3 2 3| 2 4f 2 7^ 3 2i 2 9i 2 4i 2 2i 30 . 30 20 20 24 24 24 30 30 30 30 30 20 30 30 30 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 30 30 Not stated. 26 26 30 26 30 30 30 30 30 BELGIUM. 52 CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL C^-^TRES-omtinued. Table 25. — Estimated Average Daily Earnings of various Classes of Workpeople in certain Principal Industrial Centres in Belgium, in April, 1891 — continued. Glass Trade — continued. Occupation. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople of the Age of Number of Days Worked 16 up to 17 years. 17 up to 19 years. 19 up to 21 years. Over 21 years. in Month. Glass Works : Seraing. CFlint Glass Industry.') *. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Male. (rlass makers Glass cutters Engravers I m 1 11 1 3i 1 Hi 1 11 1 3i 1 Hi 1 11 1 H 3 11 4 2 3 H 26 26 26 Female. Glass cutt«rs 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 n 26 Coal Mining. Estimated Average Daily Earnings of Locality. Hewers (Men over 21 years). Road Cutters (Men over 21 years). .Putters and Trammers (over 21 years). Men. Women. *. d. *. d. /. d. *. d. Chatelet 4 1 3 Hi 2 9J 1 9i Farciennes 4 2h 4 1 2 5 GiUy 4 4i 4 71 ... 1 Hi Marchienne-au-Pont 4 51 4 5f 3 1 H Roux 4 8| 4 8f ... 1 lOi Bernissart 3 3i 2 Hi 2 b(a) ... Boussu 3 5f 3 2| 3 8| ... Ciply 3 6i 3 7 3 5J • •. Cuesmes 3 5| 3 7i 3 5i ... Dour 3 7i 3 5i 3 n ... Fi6nu 3 2\ 3 7 3 4i ... \ \: \ ( 3 2i ) 3 8 I Frameries \ *<> \ 1 to [ ... 1 3 6i ! ( 3 2f 1 3 lOf ) Ghlin 4 Si 4 7f 3 2i Homu 3 3 3 2 2 3 ... I 3 4H j 3 li ) 1 3 5i ) Paturages 1 to i ... I 3 4i j Wasmes 3 6^ 3 7i 3 7i ... Liege 4 3i 3 9i 3 6i ,,. Seraing 4 4| 3 5i 3 3f ... (fl) 17 to 19 years. 63 WAGES t PUBLIC Table 26.— Minimum Wages required to be paid to Workpeople engagred Principal Towns, and for the Occupation. Minimum Wages Per Hour required to be paid to tions by Contractors for Public Works carried out Brussels, 1898 and 1899. Antwerp, 1896. Ghent, 1896 and 1898. Schaer- beck, 1896. Verviers, 1896. Stonecutters (c) Masons and brick- layers (c). Masons' and brick- layers' labourers. Carpenters () 4 m 2 41 3 5J (b) 48 (b) Printing and Allied Trades 4,900 5 Oh 2 8i 4 1 61 4 Paper and Indiarubber Trades .. 3,240 4 3f 2 31 3 61 52 8 Woodworking Trades. Sawmills, joinery factories, wooden ship- building, coach building, coopering, etc. Cabinet making, furniture making, organ building, stick making, brush making, etc. 1,450 3,050 5 2h 5 8i 2 2 8^ 5 2 4 llj 76 10 73 4 Chemical, Glass, Pottery, etc., Trades Chemical works, gas works (private), patent fuel works, oil mills, soap and candle works, etc. Glass trades, pottery trades, cement works, brick and tile making, etc. 2,550 3.160 3 10i 4 H 2 2 2 3 3 9 3 41 60 8 50 16 Pood Preparation Trades 6,500 4 7i 2 31 3 lU 59 12 Skin and Leather Trades (including boot and shoemaking and glovemaking). 4,000 1 4 H 2 6i 3 9i 55 12 Employees of the State or other Public authorities. 8,600 5 Oh 2 9 3 m 56 (a) Compiled from Salaires et Duree du Travail dans V Industrie Frangaise, (b) The flgure« as to Transport (Eailways) relate to the whole of France. 56 FRANCE. OP TRADES. S U M M A R Y).(a) Ykas by Workpeople employed in certain Gboups of Thadeb in France, 1891-93. France, excluding Paris and Environs. Number of Work- people (including Foremen and Fore- women) of both sexes and all ages comprised in the Returns. Average Earnings per Day Worked of Workmen over 16 years, other than appren- tices, etc. (Foremen not included). Work- vromen over 16 year8,other " than ap- prentices, etc. (Fore- women not included). All Work- people (including Foremen and Fore- women) of both sexes and all ages. Average Earnings during the Year of all Work- people (including Foremen and Fore- women) of both sexes and all ages. Group of Trades 170 92,450 5,750 25,450 18,000 32,300 7,200 100,350 9,850 127,400(&) 5,610 14,400 7,900 6,600 14,100 32,430 18,400 15,750 s. d. 210i 2 U 3 4i 3 31 2 8l 3 H 3 2 11 2 Hi 3 2J 2 11 2 lU 3 li s. d. 11 1 8i 1 31 1 3 1 6| 1 6| 1 61 1 4S 1 8J 1 4i 1 6J 1 3 1 5i 1 6i 1 n 1 8i 1 11 s. d. 2 Hi 2 3| 3 61 3 2i 3 Oi 3 3A 2 10| 2 41 2 2i 2 2 3 71 (ft) 2 U 2 3| 2 lOi 2 31 2 lOJ 2 8i 2 8i 2 7i 2 7i £ s. d. 37 12 35 12 56 16 46 8 38 47 4 42 49 12 42 16 34 31 12 30 16 58 16 40 36 16 0(6) 40 8 33 4 47 4 38 8 37 4 38 16 38 BUILDING Trades. Water and gas-supply works, public works construction and general building. Stone and marble cutting. Distribution of electricity. Mining and Quarrying. Mines. Quarries. Metal Trades. Pig iron (blastfurnaces), steel, etc., manu- facture. Manufactured iron and steel works. Engineering and iron and steel shipbuilding. Metal wares, etc. Manufacture of articles in precious metals, watchmaking, etc. Textile Trades. Clothtng Trades (excluding boot and shoemaking and glovemaking). Transport (railways). Printing and allied Trades. paper and Indiarubber Trades. Woodworking Trades. Sawmills, joinery factories, wooden ship- building, coach building, coopering, etc. Cabinet making, furniture making, organ building, stick making, brush making, etc. Chemical, Glass, Pottery, etc., Trades. Chemical works, gas works (private), patent fuel works, oil mills, soap and candle works, etc. Glass trades, pottery trades, cement works, brick and tile making, etc. Food Preparation Trades. Skin and Leather Trades (including boot and shoemaking and glovemaking). Employees of the State or other Public authorities. 1893-97, published by the French Labour Department. 57 WAGES VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS.(«) Table 28.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, 1891-93. (1.) Building Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Male. d. d. Male— co^i^. Carpenters d. d. 4 Masons n 3f Joiners 6f H Masons' assistants ... 4| Plumbers (water- 6i Stone cutters k supply work). Stone lifters k Zinc workers 7| Stone setters 5f ... Well sinkers 4| ... Paviors 6f ... Chimney builders ... 61 ... Paviors' assistants ... 4| ... House painters 7i ... (2.) Mining and Quarrying- Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour. Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour. Miners and driftmen Male. Coal and Lignite Mines. f Nord and Pas-de- Calais Departments. Other Departments ... All Departments together. Road-cutters (in seam). — Pas-de- Calais Department. TN , 11 , fNord and Pas Datallers, puiters and trammers, incline-men, wag-on - loaders (earth) and dri- vers. Onsetters. - ment. de-Calais De- partments. ; Other Depart- ments. All Departments 1^ together. Pas de-Calais Depart- d. 6i 5 6 3f 4 5f Male — cont. Timbermen RoUey-way men Banksmen and assistants. — Nord and Pas-de-Calais Departments, f Nord and Pas-de Calais Departments. Saone-et-Loire De- partment. Other Departments All Departments together. Engine tenders. Stokers Railway men Surface labourers All Mines and Quarries. Labourers d. 5i H 4 3f 4i 3 3f H H 3i 2i (3.) Metal Trades. Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. Paris and Environs. France, other than Paris and Environs. Paris and Environs. France, other than Paris and Environs. Male. Rollers (general) ... Rollers (carriage springs). Sheet rollers Pattern makers Iron moulders (mould makers). Iron founders (metal heaters and pourers) . d. H 61 it. 5i Ip. 6| 7f (t. 6 'Ml d. i" 4 31 Male — cont. Brass and copper moulders (mould makers). Brass and copper founders (metal heaters and pourers). Dressers d. d. 3i (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote (a) on p. 55, ante ; t. = on time-wage p. = on piece-wage ; t.p. = partly on time- wage, partly on piece- wage. B^RANCBS. 58 VARIOUS OCCVFATlO'SB—contimied. Table 28. — Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, 1891-93— continued. (3.) Metal Trades — continued. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Male— con^. d. d. Male— C0WJ5. d. d. ' manufac- Erectors (roof, &c.) 6f ... tured iron Tinfoil workers 6 ... It. 7i . Ip. 9 and steel (mirror manufac- Smiths t.p. 4| ture). machine Sheet painters n ... construc- Sheet varnishers ... 7 ... tion t. 4i Enamelled iron 8 ... Smiths' strikers H 3 printers. Locksmiths, &c. 6i 3i Drawing-bench men H ... Markers-oflf 5 Wire -drawers 6i ... Turners ( t. ' 6i p. 7i H Goldbeaters Clock and watch 6.^ ii Fitters (t. 6 1 t.p.6i 4* makers. Stokers (manufac- 4f Hollow-ware turners ft. 7i p. 8i ... tured iron and steel). Planers, milling-ma- jt. 6 (p. 6i Planers 4 Stokers (machine ... 3i chine men, &c. ... construction). Drillers H 4i Labourers (smelting, ... 3| Stampers and ponoh- ft. 5i (p. n steel manufacture, era. ... &c.). Chippers 7 ... Labourers (manufac- ,,. 3 Polishers jt. 6 (p. 71 ... tured iron and steel). Planishers ... n ... Labourers (machine ... 3 Temperers n ... construction). Boi4»r-makers it. 5i Ip. 6i H Labourers (sundry- metal trades). ... 3i Coppersmiths I t. 6 {p. 7i jt. 6| (P. 7i ... Female. Tinsmiths ... ... Machinists 3 Spring grinders 7i ... Burnishers 3 ". Saw-teeth sharpeners 6 ... Labourers ... u (4.) Textile Trades. Male. Cardminders (cotton and wool). Dressers (twine making). Combers Spinners Piecers (including ro- ving-frame tenters). Twisters Silk throwsters Sizers (weaving) Weavers Tulle (lace curtains, &c.) weavers. Silk weavers 6i n 2\ 31 2 2f 2i 5 2f H Male — cont. Frame workers (ho- siery). Folders (yarn, cloth, &c.). Dressers (finishing) . Dyers Fullers Tapestry workers ... , Female. Cardminders (cotton and wool). Drawing frame ten- ters. Roving-frame tenters t. 5| p. Si 8i 59 WAGES : VARIOUS OGCV?AT10'NS-conti7med. Table 28. — Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, l891-9B—contm'ued. (4.) Textile Trades— ^o/^^^^e^. Average Earnings Average Earnings tion. per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupa France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Female- —cant. d. d. Female— cowi^. d. d. Preparers (woollen ... If Spinners ... If yarn). Piecers ... H Winders ... ... 2 Machine minders (in- ... H Twisters n cluding throstle Doublers ... ... If and ring spinning). Reelers ... 3 Warpers 2 Twisters (sewing 'A ... Weavers 2 cotton). Dressers (finishing).. ... H Doublers (sewing 3 ... Menders (hosiery) ... 2f cotton). Seamstresses (tapes- 31 ... Bailers (sewing 3 ... try). cotton). (5.) Clothing Trades. Male. Boot and shoe- making — Clickers Closers Shoemakers Tailoring — Cutters (men's ready-made gar- ments). Cutters (children's ready-made gar- ments). Tailors Military uniform tailors (ready- made). Basters-up (bespoke garments). Pressors Hat making — Hatmakers Felt plankers Felt finishers Embroidery — Embroiderers Female. lailoring — Tailoresses Machinists (ready- made clothing). d. d. 6i 4i "k 9 6f ... "61 4f 8 ... 5f ... 6i H 5 ... "k If Female — cont. Tailoring — cont. Seamstresses (ready-made clothing). Boot and sJioemak- ing— Upper makers ... Shoemakers Hatmaking — Blowers (felt planking). Trimmers (hats and bonnets). Embroidery — Machinists Threaders Menders Stay making — Machinists Finishers Milliners (wholesale trade). Artificial flower dyers. Artificial flower mounters. Sewing machinists... Repairers (un- classified ) 31 3| 2f 2 3 2 2i n 5f 3f 3i d. 2i IS (6.) Transport Trades (Railway Service).— i^^^^^gg ^^ ^ Whole. Male. Platelayers, &c. Pointsmen and signal- Male — cont. Engine drivers Workshop labourers d. lOi 3i FRANCE. 60 VARIOUS OCGV^ATlOl^S-oontinued. TXBLE 28. — Average Earnings in various Occupations in Fbanob, 18n-93— CO ntifiucd. (7.) Printing, Paper and Allied Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs. Paris and Environs. Male. d. d. Male— cow^. d. d Printing 4' bitiding — Paper maldng — Lithographic wri- 8i ... Cylinder minders... n ters and designers. Machine minders... ... H Transferrers (litho- 8J ... Paper makers ... n graphic). Cutters ... 2^ Lithographic print- 8i ... Labourers ... ... 2i ers. Lithographers Machine minders (lithographic). Engravers i'6 9 4| bd (litho. and typo.) Paper staining — Flock paper makers Printers (machine) Printers (hand) ... 5i 6 7i ... Compositors jt. 6i (p. 61 "k Pressmen 61 k Female, Copperplate printers Machine minders (typo.). Readers Layers-on Takers-off Hot or cold rolling machine attend- 6i 10 8i H H 6i "k Printing ^ binding — Compositors Layers-on Folders Stitchers Binders Counters, packers. "k 2i 2 If "2 ants cutters-out, card- Makers-ready 6f ... board - workers, etc. Stereotypers 4 Letter-paper, etc., ... 3i Paper malting — makers. Sorters ... u Paper edge cutters 3i ... Rag workers !.. If Stitchers Binders (ordinary) 6f 5| ... Paper makers ... lt> li p. If Binders (art) 7| ... Cutters u Labourers 3 Labourers ... u (8.) Woodworking Trades. Male. d. d. M-Aij^i—cont. d. d. Machine sawyers ... 6 3i French polishers ... 5f Pit sawyers Mouldings makers ... 7i 6| Wagon builders ... (t. 6f )p. 8 Moulding machinists 6i ... Carriage builders ... 6| (spindle-machines) . Carriage painters ... 51 Wood-cutting machin- ^ ... Frame gilders H ists (generally). Looking-glass mak- 7f Planers b\ ... ers. Parquet makers n ... Gilders,&c., (looking- 7f ... Cabinet makers (t. 7 p. 7i 3| glass). Labourers, etc., 2f Cabinet makers it. 61 H (large work). (rough work). (p. 6 Labourers, etc.. (cabi- ... 2i Wood turners 7 2i net making, etc.). Upholsterers 9i H Wood carvers 9 H Wood varnishers 6 Females. Waxers and wax 5i ... Burnishers 3 polishers. 61 WAGES VARIOUS OCCJJVATlO'NS-^ontinued. Table 28.— Average Earnings in various Occupations in France, 1891-93 — continued. (9.) Chemical Trades. Average Earnings Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. per Hour in Occupation. France, 1 France, Paris and other than Paris and other than Environs. Paris and Environs. Environs, Paris and Environs. Male. d. d. Female. d. d. Lighters of rever- 2f Labourers If beratory furnaces. Stokers H Distillers H Labourers ... 3 (10.) Glass, Pottery, etc.. Trades. Male. Male— ^owi. d. d. d. d. Kiln, &c., firemen )t.6i) Limeburners ... Si (porcelain and ... Stokers ... 3i stoneware). Labourers ... ^ Mass kneaders (por- n ... celain). Mounters (porcelain) Sh ... Female. Turners (pottery) ... n ... Furnace-men (filling 4 Glass cutters 3 ... and emptying ; Glass wreath work- 2J ... glass). ers. Moulders (glass) ... 8 6 Decorators (porce- H ... Decorators and en- 7i ... lain). gravers (glass). Labourers ... n (11.) Food Preparation Trades— Paris and Envirom. Occupation. Occupation. Average Earnings for a Day's Work. Male. Millers (journeymen& assistants) Refineries : Sugar planers Clarifiers Turbine men Fillers Porters Sugar breakers Distillers (raw spirit) ,, (spirituous liquors)... Brewers Head bakers Kneaders ... Male — cont. Bakers (French) ,, (Viennese) Confectioners Bread carriers Pastrycooks and ovenmen Chocolate makers Cooks Female. Sugar breakers Bread carriers Vegetable pluckers Packers and sorters d. 2 6 2] 10 2i 5i 0, 2 7 1 10 1 10 1 7 FRANCS. VARIOUS OGCUFATIONS— continued. 62 Table 28.— Average Eaeninqs in various Occupations in France, 1 89 1-93 — continued. (11.) Pood Preparation Trades — continued. — France, other than Paris and Environs. Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour. Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour. Male. Millers and mealmen .. Bolters Roller men Starch makers and grape sugar &c. makers (Nord Depart- ment). Sugar boilers (Nord District) „ „ (Eure-et-Loir)... Turbine men (Ardennes) „ „ (Eure-et-Loir) ... Brewers Maltmen Champagne making : Corkers ... d. 3 3i 3i 3 3i H 4 H Male — cont. Champagne making — cont. Sediment removers Bottle shakers Confectioners (Puy - de - Dome and Haut« Garonne). Labourers Female. Vermicelli makers (Rhone) ... „ „ (other parts of France). Labourers d, H 3 2i (12.) Leather and Fur Trades. Average Earnings per Hour in Occupation. Average Earnings per Hour in [Occupation, Paris and Environs. France, other than Paris and Environs. Paris and Environs. France, other than Paris and Environs. Male. Tanners Curriers d. d. 3i MaIjK— cont. Fleshing-machine minders. Washers (fur skin) .. d. 7f 9 ••• Leather dressers 5f 3f Saddlers 8i ... Female. Saddle strap makers .. Harness makers Bridle makers 4f 6i ... Sewing machinists (saddlery). Fixers (purse making). Hair cutters 2k 2h 3f : Cutters (purse mak- ing)- Haircutters (fur dressing). 7i 7f ... Hair blowers and skin trimmers. Fur pullers and skin cutters. 3 : 63 WAGES : AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.(«) Table 29. — Average Daily Wages of Agricultuhal Labourers and Market GTardeners, and Average Yearly Wages of Farm Servants in France. Averag-e Daily Wages of Day Labourers and Market Gardeners. Class of Labour. 1882. 1892. Average Yearly Wages of Farm Servants. Class of Servant. 1882. 1892. Labourers to whom Food is furnished BY Employers. Men Women Children Summer Winter i' Summer Winter ( Summer ( Winter Labourers to whom Food is not fur- nished BY Em- ployers. Men Women ( Summer 1 Winter • Summer I Winter Summer Children ] I Winter Men -I Market Gardeners. Summer .. [ Winter Summer .. Winter Summer .. Women Children Winter 1 7 1 0^ 11 7i 7 5 2 6 1 9i 1 6 1 li 1 0^ 9 2 5f 1 10| 1 H 1 U 111 1 5f 1 0^ lOi 7i 61 4i 2 ^ 1 7^ 1 5 1 1 llj 9 2 4 1 H 1 4i 1 Of 11 9 Farm Bailiffs (working). Male Ser- vants OVER 16 YEARS of AGE. Ploughmen and wagoners. Stockmen Shepherds Cheesemakers .. Others Male Ser- vants under 16 YEARS of AGE. Female Ser- vants. £ i. d. 18 12 12 19 2 11 11 2 11 12 17 4 10 11 16 5 12 9 8 Ji t. d. 19 14 5 14 8 12 17 7 12 7 2 19 11 2 12 3 2 6 10 8 1 7 («) Compiled from Statistique Agricole de la France, Resultats de VEnquete Decoinale de 1892, published by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1897. Th3 figures in the table relate to France exclusive of Algeria, and appear to be arrived at by dividing the sum of the wage-rates paid in each of the Depart* ments of France by the total number of such Departments. FBANOB. 64 COAL MINES.(«) Table 30. — ^Number and Daily and Yearly Earnings of the Workpeople employed in and at Coal and Lignite Mines in France, Number employed. Underground. Surface. Year. Men Lads Children Men Lads Children (over (16-18 (under (over (16-18 Women. (under 18years). years). 16 years). ISyears). years). 16 years). ; ^ J 1889 73,937 4,882 25,077 3,342 3,681 1890 81,601 5,235 26,497 3,798 4,424 1891 88,631 5,331 29,011 3,989 4,870 1892 89,916 5,078 29,229 3,807 5,163 1893 83,766 5,507 4,412 27,882 2,823 4,181 4,073 1894 86,374 5,476 4,517 27,616 2,491 3,658 4,425 1895 87,051 6,667 4,717 28,522 2,316 4,993 4,060 1896 89,362 5,691 4,875 28,666 2,264 5,189 4,127 1897 90,430 6,215 5,048 29,659 2,535 4,949 4,565 1898 93,394 6,555 5,446 30,487 2,580 5,489 4,675 Earnings. Underground. Surface. Average Earninfra per Worker Average Earnings per Worker Per Day Worked. Per Year. Per Day Worked. Per Year. *. A. £ s. d. . d. £ s. d. 1889 3 4i 48 7 7 2 5| 36 3 11 1890 3 7f 52 11 2 2 6i 37 8 10 1891 3 8i 52 4 2 6i 37 18 5 1892 3 9 53 3 2 2 6i 38 3 2 1893 3 8 49 17 7 2 6i 36 3 2 1894 3 7f 51 2 5 2 6i 37 11 2 1895 3 1\ 50 6 5 2 6i 36 18 5 1896 3 7 50 19 2 2 6i 37 12 10 1897 3 1\ 52 2 6^ l37 8 1898 3 8i 53 13 7 2 1\ 37 19 2 (a) Compiled from Statistique de VIndustrie Mimrale^ published by the French Ministry of Public Works. 6487 65 WAGES : GOVERNMENT MATCH FACTORIES.(«) Table 31.— Average Earnings per Hour, at a given Pay-day in February, 1895, of the Workpeople employed in l^e Government Match Factories in France. Men and Lads. Women and Girls. Age. Number Em- ployed. Average Earnings per Hour. Number Em- ployed. Average Earnings per Hour. From 12 to 18 years ... „ 19 » 25 „ ... „ 26 „ 45 „ ... „ 46 „ 60 „ ... Over 60 years 25 109 451 73 18 d. H 5 H 4 91 604 661 78 10 d. 21 , 3 H 3x Totals and General Averages. } 676 41 1,444 3i GOVERNMENT TOBACCO FACTORIES.(«) Table 32.— Average Earnings per Hour, at a given Pay-day in February, 1895, of the Workpeople employed in the Government Tobacco Factories in France, Men and Lads. Women and Girls. Age. Number. Average Earnings per Hour. Number. Average Earnings per Hour. From 12 to 18 years... „ 19 „ 25 „ ... „ 26 „ 45 „ ... „ 46 „ 60 „ ... Over 60 3 ears 8 28 947 386 77 d. 2 41 5 5i 5 50 560 9,145 3,567 352 d. 3 3 3 3 3 Totals and General Averages. } 1,446 5 13,674 3 (a) Compiled from Re2iartitiun des Salaires du Personnel Ouvrier dans les Manufactures de VEtat et les Com/pagnies de Chemins de Fer, 1896, published by the French Labour Department. FRANCE. 66 RAILWAY SERVANTS.(«^) Table 33. — Limits of the Earnings (as to Persons employed by the Month, per Month ; as to Persons employed by the Day, or the Hour, or on Piece- Wage, per Hour) at a given Pay-day in February, 1895, of Railway Servants in France. Males. Persons employed by the Month. Earnings per Hour. (5) Persons employed by the Day. or Hour, or on Piece-wage. Monthly Earnings. Number of Persons whope Monthly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in Col. 1. Number of Persons whose Hourly Earn- ings were within the Limits statedin Col. 5. (1) Under 18 yrs. (2) Over 18 yrs. (3) Total. (4) Under 18 yrs. (6) Over 18 yrs. (7) Total. "(8) Under 71francs (£2 1610) 71 frs. and under 88 frs. (£2 16 10-£3 8 10). 86 frs. and under 111 frs. (£3 8 10-£4 8 10). Ill frs. and under 186 frs. (£4 8 10-£5 8 10). 136 frs. and under 166 frs. (£5 8 10-£6 12 10). 166 frs. and under 186 frs. (£6 12 10-£7 8 10). 186 frs. and under 226 frs. (£7 8 10-£9 10). 226 frs. and under 276 frs. (£9 10-£ll 10). 276 frs. (£11 10) and over. 8 3 2 887 8,648 22,671 17,591 11.038 3,407 2,680 1,899 2,438 895 8,651 22,673 17,592 11,038 3,407 2,680 1,899 2,438 17-5C. (IK) and under.. Over 17'5c. up to 22-5c. (lfd-2H). Over 22-5c. up to 27'oc. (21d-2|rf.). Over 27-5c. up to 35-Oc. (2id.-Shd.). Over 35-()c. up to 41-5c. md.-4d.). Over 41-5C. up to 55-0 c. m.-5id.). Over 55-Oc. up to 65-0 c, (5id.-6irf.). Over 650c. up to 75'Oc. md.-Ud.). Over 75-Oc. up to 90'0c. (7K-8|d.). Over 90*0 centimes (Sfd) 502 193 224 406 82 46 3 232 785 6,576 23,457 12,847 13,474 4,725 2.375 1,013 374 734 978 6,800 23,863 12,929 13.520 4,728 2,376 1,013 374 Total .. .. 14 71,259 71,273 Total .. 1,456 65,858 67,314 Females.(&) Persons employed by the Month. Earnings per Hour. (5) Persons employed by the Day, or Hour, or on Piece-wage. Monthly Earnings. Number of Persons whose Monthly Earn- ings were within the Limits stated in OoLL Number of Persons whose Hourly Earn- ings were within the Limits statedin Col. 5. (l) Under 18 yrs. (2) Over 18 yrs. (3) Total. (4) Under 18 yrs. (6) Over 18 yrs. (7) Total. (8) Under 16 frs. (12s. lOd.). 16 frs. and under 26 frs. (12s. I0d.-£l 10). 26 frs. and under 41 frs. (£1 10— £1 12 10). 41 frs. and under 56 frs. (£1 12 10— £2 4 10). 56 frs. (£2 4 10) and over 3 10 5,272 7,693 1,679 601 61 5,275 7,70y 1,679 601 61 2-5c.upto7-5c (H-K). Over 7"5c. up to 12*5c. iid.-ld.X Over 12-5C. up to 17-5c. (M.-lid.). Over 17-5 centimes (Ifd) 53 264 40 7 686 2,049 528 91 739 2,313 568 98 Total .. 13 15,306 15,319 Total .. .. 364 3,354 3,718 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 65, ante. The figures as to earnings given in the table include the estimated value of allowances m kind (such as free housing, food, &c.). In additior to the allowanr-es. the estimated value of which is included in the figures, the French Report states that the Eailway Companies provide for their employees other benefits (including contributions to pension funds), the net value of which is estimated to be equivalent to about 15 per cent, on their wages. (h) Practically all the workwomen employed by the French Bailway Companies are level-crofs- ing keepers (usually the wives of servants in the employ of the companies, who devote onlv a portion of their time to their calling). 6487 £ 2 67 WAGES m SWITZERLAND. FIRST FACTORY INSPECTION DISTRICT.(«) Table 34.— Limits of the Daily Earnings of Adult Workpeople engaged in certain Principal Trades in the First Factory Inspection District of Switzerland (Zurich, Winterthur, Chur, etc.), in 1888-91. Number of Workpeople whose Daily Earnings were Total Num- ber of Work- people. Trade.. 2frs. (In. T2d.) and under. (h) Over 2frs. and up to 3 f rs. (Is. T2d. to 2s.4-8d.). Over 3frs. and up to4frs. (2s.4-8d to 3s.2-4d.). Over 4frs. and up to 5 f rs. (3s. 2-4d. to 4s. Oi.). Over 5frs. and up to 6 f rs. (4s. 0(?. to 4s.9-6(?.). Over 6frs. and up to 7 f rs. (4s. 9-6d to 5s.7-2d.). Over 7frs. (5s.7-2d.). Aver- Earn- ings, MEN. s. d. I. — Industries uyider Factory Inspection. GENERAL Staff (All Trades). Stokers and enginemen .. 16 88 57 11 7 1 180 3 3} Driving-gear attend- ants, oilers, shafting- bands repairers. Packers, warehouse- men, etc. 3 1 18 23 22 42 3 6 3 .. •• 46 75 2 6i 2 9 Metal Trades. Foremen 3 8 11 16 38 6 7 Wire-drawing and nail and chainmaking. Tinsmiths •• 2 7 9 2§ 12 49 4 23 88 3 4 3 4 Relief stampers, etc. . . 3 4 34 25 6 1 .. 73 3 3 Coremakers 2 30 5 1 .. 38 2 11i Moulders .. 33 143 131 46 23 4 380 3 5i Iron dressers 2 43 63 5 2 .. 115 2 71 Smiths 1 5 56 67 30 8 1 168 3 7i Smiths' strikers.. .. 16 177 11 1 .. 205 2 9i Boiler-makers . . ., 10 73 87 13 3 1 187 3 31 Boiler-makers' helpers 2 24 37 .. 63 2 6i Turners 23 143 120 37 9 .. 332 3 4i Drillers, borers, planers and milling machine operatives. Grinders . . 2 1 29 9 126 22 36 9 9 2 •• 202 43 2 111 2 Hi Fitters and locksmiths 4 30 449 354 87 15 3 942 3 4J Erectors, etc .. 20 40 23 10 9 102 4 n Labourers, etc 14 355 767 19 •• •• 1.155 2 H (a) Compiled from Die Arbcltslohne in den Industriellen Betriehcn des ersten Schweizerischen Fabrik- I?ispcktionskreises, by Dr. F. Schuler, Federal Factory Inspector, assisted by Dr. H. Wiegmann, Assistant. (b) The earnings of all in this column exceed 1 fr. (9-6d). SWITZERLAND. 68 FIRST FACTORY INSPECTION BlSTRlCT-oontinued. Table 34.— Limits of the Daily Earnings op Adult Workpeople engaged in certain Principal Trades in the First Factory Inspection District op Switzerland (Zurich, Winterthur, Chur, &c.) in 1888-91 — continued. Number of Workpeople whose Daily Earnings were Total 1 Aver- Over Over Over Over Over Hum- age Trade. 2 frs. (Is. T2d.) 2 frs. and up 3 frs. and up 4 frs. and up 5 frs. and up 6 frs. and up Over berof Work- and to 3 frs. to 4 frs. to 5 frs. to 6 frs. to 7 frs. 7 frs. people. under. as.TM. (2s. 4-8d (3s. 2-id. (4s. Od. (4s. 9-6d. (5s. 7'2d). ings. (a) to to to to to 2s.4-8d.). 3s,2-4d.). 4s. Od.). 4s.9-6d.). 5s.7-2d). "ULE^-cmtimLed. s. d. I. — Industries wnder Factory Inspectio-n — continued. Cotton Spinning and Thread Making. Openers and scatchers 4 18 22 1 91 Cardroom operatives . . 37 81 "3 \\ \\ .. 121 1 9 Doflfers and piecers . . 28 8 ,^ ,, ,, 36 1 5 Spinners (self-actor 4 53 'is "4 79 2 3 minders). Labourers 9 56 12 •• •• •• 77 2 1\ COTTON Weaving. Foremen and over- 6 12 2 20 3 7 lookers. Operatives engaged in 4 17 4 .. .. .. .. 25 2 Of preparation and finishing, and labourera. Cotton Dyeing, Bleaching, Print- ing, and Fenishing. Dyers 2 36 29 * ,. 67 i If Finishers 3 8 14 "2 "1 "1 ,_ 29 Bleachers 1 6 16 4 27 2 9 Helpers, labourers, &c. 10 94 18 1 "• •• •• 123 2 2 Silk Manufacture. Dyers and dyers' helpers. Finishing operatives . . I 23 84 7 .. 115 2 8i 1 1 24 15 8 •• •• 49 3 3i Printing, Paper and Allied Trades. Printing, lithography 12 14 12 8 9 3 2 60 3 and bookbinding. Wood-pnlp, celluloid, paper and cardboard 3 83 35 4 4 1 130 2 5 manufacture, rag sorting. Woodworking Trades. Sawyers . . . 14 40 17 2 " " 73 2 lol 3 3 2 8i Wood cleavers . 5 26 3 34 Joiners . ■'5 37 214 243 "29 "4 "l 533 Parquet makers . 1 15 18 5 1 40 Coopers . . . 5 7 4 "8 "1 25 4 5 Coach and cart build- ^^ **1 15 4 20 3 1 ing. Turners 6 21 15 9 •• •• 51 2 7 (a) The earnings of all in this column exceed 1 fr. (9-6rf.>. 69 WAGES : FIRST FACTORY INSPECTION mSTmGT!--continued. Table 34. — Limits of the Daily Earnings of Adult Workpeople engaged in certain Principal Trades in the First Factory Inspection District of Switzerland (Zurich, Winterthur, Chur, &c.) in 1888-91 — continued. Number of Workpeople whose Daily Earnings were Total Num- ber of Work- people. Over Over Over Over Over Aver- Trade. 2 frs. (Is. TM.) 2 frs. and up 3 frs. and up 4 frs. and up 5 frs. and up 6 frs. and up Over Dl^ify Earn- and to 3 frs to 4 frs. to 5 frs. to 6 frs. to 7 frs. 7 frs. under. (Is. Tld (2s. 4-8d. (3s. 2-4d. (.4s. 0(Z. (4s. '^•U (5s.7-^d.) ings. (a) to to to to to 2S.4-8J.). i 3s.2-4d). 4. up to £144. £156. 24 176 355 134 14 1 2S1 19 193 Over £156 and up to £168. 134 142 Over £168 and up to £180. Over £180 and up to £192. 122 125 96 Over £192. 46 49 Total. Occupation, General administration Staff. 25 Ticket printers, lithographers and binders. Oflace-keepers, messengers, Ac. Head Office Staff. 56 ' Store-keepers, &c. 21 Office-keepers, messengers, night 1 watchmen, &c. I Permanent way depart- ment. 138 Superintendents (principal). 28 Superintendents (assistant). 287 Gangers and plate-layers. 1,686 Level- crossing -keepers, men i watching line, tunnels, &c. TRAFFIC Department. 146 Men and women in charge of waiting rooms. 69 Men in charge of luggage despatch. 78 TelepraphistB. 207 Goods and luggage foremen. 100 Inspectors in charge of rolling stock, and way-bills, &c. 358 Goods porters, carmen, &c. 186 Foremen shunters. 263 Shunters. 1,429 Pointsmen and signalmen. 65 Lampmen, cleaners and night watchmen. 100 Door-keepers and messengers. Train staff. 450 Head guards. 872 Guards. 407 Brakesmen. Locomotive and Rolling Stock Department. 818 Engine drivers. 853 Firemen. 155 Examiners, Ac. 100 Engine and carriage cleaners, coal porters, &c. 9.019 Total. of the Swiss Federal Railway Department, by Th. Sourbeck, General Secretary of the Swiss Transport n WAaftS : RAILWAY Table 35. — Limits of the Annual Eaunings of certain Classed of Workpeople employed Classes of Workpeople employed on, but not on the Occupation. Workpeople not on Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Wages 17 frs. (13a. T2d.) and under. Over 17 frs. (13s. T2d.) up to 19 frs. (15s.2-4rf.). General Administration AND Head office staff. OfBce-keepers, messengers and other workmen. PERMANENT WAY DEPART- MENT. Gangers Men watching line and other workmen. Traffic Department. Inspectors in charge of rolling stock and way-bills, &c Foremen (fast goods) „ (slow goods) . . (luggage) „ (shunters) Porters (fast goods) „ (slow goods) „ (luggage).. Shunters Pointsmen and signalmen Carriage cleaners and lampmen Office-keepers,messengers,door- keepers,and night watchmen. Female carriage cleaners TRAIN Staff. Guards and brakesmen (a) LOCOMOTIVE AND ROLLING STOCK DEPARTMENT. Reserve firemen (rt) Locomotive and other cleaners (including chimney sweeps). Men at turn-tables, &c Coal stores workmen Lampmen Foremen (over cleaners and night firemen). Night firemen Examiners .. Office-keepers, messengers, and night watchmen. WORKSHOPS. Foremen Smiths and moulders Turners Fitters and tool makers . . Erectors Planers, slotters, borers, drillers and milling machine men. Coppersmiths Tinsmiths Boiler-makers Wheelwrights Carpenters Joiners Painters Upholsterers Clockmakers and smiths, &c.,on small work. Telegraph construction foremen and workmen. Strikers and labourers . . Total 10 36 76 Over 19 frs. (15.«t. 2-id.) up to 21 frs. Over 21 frs. (16s. 9-6d.) up to 23 frs. (16«.9-6d.). (18s.4-8fi.). 19 64 18 16 Over 23 frs, (18s. 4 up •8(/.) to 13 403 10 254 25 frs. (£1). 11 318 14 342 13 139 116 152 2 49 3 6 20 147 28 217 1,042 1,143 1.723 1,773 830 Over 25 frs. (£1) up to 27 frs. Over 27 frs. (21s. T2d.) up to 29 frs. (21s.7-2rf.). (23s.2-4d.). 102 22 377 127 95 9 2 2 7 123 5 67 13 28 78 18 1 3 38 141 13 50 24 47 14 34 171 *3 2 6 11 8 19 23 13 (a) The figures as to the wages of SWITZBRLJLND. 74 S'ERVA'NT^S—coTitinued. on the Permanent Staff of Railways in Switzerland, and of the Weekly Wages of certain Permanent Staff of, such Railways, in 1898 — continued. Permanent Staff. were within the under-mentioned limits. Over Over 33 frs. 35 frs. (26s. i-8d.) (2as.) up to up to 35 frs. 37 frs. (28*.). (29s.7-2d.) Over 37 frs. (29s. T2d.) up to 40 frs. (32«.). Over 40 frs. (32s.) up to 42 frs. (334-.7-2d.). Over 42 frs. (3av. 7-2d.) up to 45 frs. (36«.). Over 45 frs. (3&.'.). Total. Occupation. 414 35 16 219 45 127 64 46 134 67 63 20 25 51 67 1424 103 14 121 10 19 95 1,113 76 365 356 257 68 25 52 205 450 14 143 25 15 25 47 14 78 139 185 1,127 59 125 18 34 51 23 78 158 140 51 3 23 923 8,369 General administration and Head Office Staff. Office-keepers, messengers and other workmen. Permanent way Depart- ment. Gangers, Men watching line and other workmen. Traffic Department. Inspectors in charge of rolling stock and way-bills, &c. Foremen (fast goods). „ (slow goods). „ (luggage). „ (shunters). Porters (fast goods). „ (slow goods). „ (luggage). Shunters. Pointsmen and signalmen. Carriage cleaners and lampmen. Office-keepers, messengers,door- keepers and night watchmen. Female carriage cleaners. Train Staff Guards and brakesmen, (a) Locomotive and Rolling Stock Department. Reserve firemen, (a) Locomotive and other cleaners (including chimney sweeps). Men at turn-tables, &c. Coal stores workmen. Lampmen. Foremen (over cleaners and night firemen). Night firemen. Examiners. Office-keepers, messengers, and night watchmen. Workshops. Foremen. Smiths and moulders. Turners. Fitters and tool makers. Erectors. Planers, slotters. borers, drillers and milling machine men. Coppersmiths. Tinsmiths. Boiler-makers, Wheelwrights. Carpenters. Joiners. Painters. Upholsterers. Clockmakers and smiths, Ac, on small work. Telegraph construction foremen and workmen. Strikers and labourers. Total. these workmen include extras. 75 WAGES IN COAL, METAL, Table 36.— AvEEAaB Daily Earnings of Year. Average Daily Sardinian Mines.(?>) Miners. Islanders. Main- landers, Masons. Carters. Engine- men. 1884 1885 1888 1887 1888 1891 1892 1893 1895 1896 s. d. 2 U 2 0| 2 1 11 1 11 1 11 111 1 11 1 Hi 1 111 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 61 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3i s. d. 2 Uh 2 11 2 81 s. d. 2 3i 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 Oi 1 111 2 1 11 1 11 2 4 1 9, 110 1 1 s, d. 2 71 2 2 2 2 4| 2 2i 2 41 2 5j 2 4J 2 2 7| 2 5| 2 51 SILK Table 37. — Average Daily Earnings of Workpeople Beeling. Throw- Occupation. Average daily Earnings. Occupation. Women and Girls (Adults and Young Persons). Overlookers Basin attendants Reelers Girls. (Children). Knub preparers s. d. 1 7|(^) 9} M. to 3|d. Men. Throwsters (organzine) .. Do. (tram) WOMEN AND GiRLS. Winders Cleaners Doublers Warehouse hands (a) Compiled from Annuario Statistico Italiano, published by the Statistical Oflace of the (b) Sardinia produces silver, lead, zinc, antimony, manganese, coal and iron. The hours people. (c) The figures refer to the earnings of sulphur miners in the province of Oaltanissetta. pay out of their earnings about 4fd. per day for lights and repair of tools. The hours of (d) The hours of labour in the Romagna sulphur mines are eight per day for (e) Not stated. (/) Compiled from a report on the prices paid for labour in the different departments cf by the Silk Association of Great Britain and Ireland. (g) Includes estimated value of board and lodging. 76 ITALY. &c., MINES.(«) WoEKPEOPLE employed in and at Mines in Italy. Earnings. SICILIAN Sulphur RoMAGNA Sulphur Mines, (c) MlNES.(d) Year. Hewers Hewers on on Miners. Loaders. piece- day- wage. wage. s. d. «. d. s. d. s. d. III 2 2 Oi 1 11 1884 1 10 1 10: 1 7: 1885 2 2 1 9 1 9 1 7 1886 1 11 1 7 1 9 1 n 1887 1 10 1 6; 1 7 1 4| 1888 1 10 1 6 1 7 1 6 1889 2 3 1 10 1 7 1 7i 1890 2 8 2 2 1 9i 1 9 1891 2 10 1 10 1 8 1 7! 1892 2 8 1 8i 1 el 1 7 1 11 1893 2 4 1 4A 1 4 1894 2 r 1 4 1 31 1 4^ 1895 2 8 1 8i 1 7j 1 7; 1896 2 9 2 1 8| 1 7i 1897 3 7i 2 3 (.) (e) 1898 MANUFACTURE.(/) employed in Silk Manufacture in Northern Italy, in 1898. mg. Average daily Earnings. s. d. 1 n Is. 9d to 2s. Weaving. Occupation. Men. Weavers Women. Weavers Average daily Earnings. l«.2id.to2s. Hd. to Is. Ud. Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. of labour in Sardinian Mines are eight per day for miners, ten for other work- which contains nearly one-half of the Sicilian sulphur mines. Hewers on piece- wage labour are eight per day. underground, and ten for surface workers. the silk industry in Northern Italy, by Mr. F. Armstrong, H.M. Consul at Utilan, published >t^ Table WAGES IN COAL, METAL, Ac, 5.— Average Daily Eabnings of (I.) Hewkbs, (II.) Puttebs District. I.-HEWERS. Total Number of Workpeople of all Classes employed in and about Mines referred to in the Districts named in 1898. 1892. 1893. Average 1894. Coal Mines. Mahr.-Ostrau (Silesia) ... Mahr.-Ostrau (Moravia) ... Schlan (Bohemia) Mies (Bohemia) Prague (Bohemia) Cracow (Galicia).- Pilsen (Bohemia) Briinn | Rossitz (Moravia) ( Mahr.-Triibau Kuttenberg (Bohemia) ... Lignite Mines. Briix (Bohemia) Teplitz (Bohemia) Falkenau (Bohemia) Elbogen (Bohemia) Wels (Upper Austria) ... Komotau (Bohemia) Ironstone Mines. Prague (Bohemia) Other Mines. Prague (Bohemia) Klagenfurt (Carinthia) ... 26,560 10,212 7,085 6,357 3,188 2,878 1,942 2,551 1,898 18,621 5,069 3,697 1,928 1,611 1,522 1,439 4,042 2,609 *. d. 2 li 3 4i 2 61 2 2 2 If 1 10 2 Of 2 4 1 8i 3 7i 3 5i 2 6i 2 6\ n! 1 lOi 1 9f 1 2i to 1 8 *. d. 2 4i 2 lU 2 7i 2 3i 2 2 1 8 2 Of 2 3| 1 H 1 9^ 3 6^ 3 4i 2 6| 2 5i 2 10 2 2 1 10^ 2 1 7» 2 7 3 li 2 7 2 4J 2 2i 1 101 2 Pi 2 2^ 1 3 1 10 3 7 3 5i 2 lOi 2 6i 2 9f 2 2i 1 10 2 1 8i (a) Compiled from StatUtUches Jahrhuch des K. K. Aekerhau- 78 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. MINBS.(«) and Trammers in Principal Mining Districts of Austria. I.-HEWERS. Daily Earnings in District. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. s. d. 2 lOi 2 10 s. d. 2 10| s. d. 2 IH Coal Mines. Mahr.-Ostrau (Silesia). 3 U 3 21 3 1 3 U Mahr.-Ostrau (Moravia). 2 7f 2 9i 2 10 2 10 Schlan (Bohemia). 2 2^ 2 2i 2 4i 2 n Mies (Bohemia). 2 5i 2 6 2 6i 2 7 Prague (Bohemia). 2 1 2 li 2 2 2 2i Cracow (Galicia). 2 li 1 11 1 lu 2 If Pilsen (Bohemia). 2 5| 1 Of 2 3 1 2i 2 4f 1 3i 2 7i 1 8 Rossitz ) Briinn Mahr.-Triibau j (Moravia). 1 111 2 2 1 11 Kutt.enberg (Bohemia). 3 6J 3 6i 3 7i 3 9 Lignite Mines. Briix (Bohemia). 3 5^ 3 6i 3 7 3 8i Teplitz (Bohemia). 2 10^ 3 Oi 3 Oi 3 2^ Falkenau (Bohemia). 2 61 2 7 2 81 2 9 Elbogen (Bohemia). 2 9^ 2 lOi 2 10 2 lOi Wels (Upper Austria). 2 21 2 2f 2 5^ 2 6i Komotau (Bohemia). 2 3i 2 2 2 5 1 Ironstone Mines. Prague (Bohemia). 2 2J 2 5 2 3i 2 5i Other Mines. Prague (Bohemia). 1 8i 1 8} 1 9i 1 lOJ Klagenfurt (Carinthia). MinUteriumg, published by the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture. 79 WAGES COAL, METAL, &c., Table 38. — Average Daily Earnings of (I.) Hewers, (II.) Putters and Total Number of Workpeople of all Classes employed in and about Mines referred to in the Districts named in 1898. II.-PUTTERS District. Average Daily 1892. 1893. 1894. Coal Mines. Mahr.-Ostrau (Silesia) Mahr.-Ostrau (Moravia) Schlan (Bohemia) Mies (Bohemia) Prague (Bohemia) Cracow (Galicia) Pilsen (Bohemia) Briina ) Rossitz (Moravia) f Mahr.-Trubau Kuttenberg (Bohemia) Lignite Mines. Briix (Bohemia) Teplitz (Bohemia) Falkenau (Bohemia) Elbogen (Bohemia) Wels (Upper Austria) Komotau (Bohemia) Ironstone Mines. Prague (Bohemia) Other Mines. Prague (Bohemia) Klagenfurt (Carinthia) 26,560 10,212 7.085 6,357 3,188 2,878 1,942 i 2,551 1,898 18,621 5,069 3,697 1,928 1,611 1,522 1,439 4,042 2,609 *. d. 1 6i 2 1 5i 1 8i 1 4i 1 Oi 1 7i 1 n\ 1 3i 2 Ii 2 41 2 U 2 3f j 'to" 1. (30) 1 8i 1 2f 1 3| 1 :»;:i *. d. 1 5f 1 6 1 6 1 8i 1 4 1 1 5i 1 7f Hi 1 31 2 If 2 4 2 U 2 2 1 11 1 81 1 2i 1 4J 1 4 s. d, 1 n 1 8f 1 9 1 8 1 4 1 Ii 1 5i 1 6f 1 1 2\ 2 If 2 2i 2 51 2 3i 1 Hi 1 9i 1 4 1 6i 1 4i blast- Table 39.— Average Daily Earnings of certain Classes of Workpeople Districts District. Total Number of Workpeople of all Classes employed at Blastfurnaces in the Districts named in 1898. Occupation. Average 1892. 1893. Mahr.-Ostrau (Moravia) Prague (Bohemia) ... MJihr.-Ostrau (Silesia) 1,691 I 820 1 1,033 \ Blastfurnacemen Yard labourers, &c. (men). Blastfurnacemen Labourers (men) Keepers Fillers Moulders s. d. 4 6 1 41 2 5 not stated 3 2 \l 2 3 *. d. 3 lOf 1 4 2 5i 1 8 2 7| 3 2i 1 44 («) In addition to the putters and trammers (•' Forderer"), who move the employed to take the coal, &c., in wheelbarrows from the working place to the class (" Forderer ") exclusively. (J) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on pp. 77-8, ante. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 80 MINES — cofitinugd. Trammers in the Principal Mining Districts of AvsTm A—continued. AND TEAMMERS.(«) Earnings in District. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. s. d. 1 8i 1 9 1 9i 1 n 1 3i 1 Si 1 H 1 7i 11 1 3 2 4i 2 2 2 4| 2 2i 2 1 9| 1 n 1 8 1 6 s. d. 1 9 1 9i 1 81 1 8i 1 4 1 4J 1 5 1 6i 1 Oi 1 3} 2 5» 2 8 2 5i 2 3 2 2 Oi 1 5i 1 9f 1 4i s. d. 1 9i 1 9i 1 94 1 104 1 4J 1 ih 1 5i 1 6J 1 6 1 3i 2 5| 2 3J 2 5i 2 4i 2 2 Of 1 6 1 91 1 5J s. d. 1 lOi 2 If 1 8f I lOi 1 6i 1 4f 1 7 1 5i 1 3i 1 4i 2 5i 2 4i 2 6i 2 4f 2 2 2i 1 7i 1 lOi 1 5i Coal Mines. Mahr.-Ostrau (Silesia). Mahr.-Ostrau (Moravia). Schlan (Bohemia). Mies (Bohemia). Prague (Bohemia). Cracow (Galicia). Pilsen (Bohemia). Rossitz ) Briinn. Mahr.-Triibau ) (Moravia). Kuttenberg (Bohemia). Lignite Mines. Briix (Bohemia). Teplitz (Bohemia). Falkenau (Bohemia). Elbogen (Bohemia). Wels (Upper Austria). Eomotau (Bohemia). Ironstone Mines. Prague (Bohemia). Other Mines. Prague (Bohemia). Klagenfurt (Carinthia). FURNACES.C&) employed at BLASTFURNACES connected with Mines in Principal Mining of Austria. Daily Earning in 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. District. d. 3i 6i 2 5 i| 9i *. d. 3 8i 1 4i 3i 9i d. 4 5 6| Oi s. d. 3 9f 1 6i 6 4 8 2 u *. d. 4 54 1 6i 2 10 1 5 3 Of 2 44 2 4i I Mahr.-OBtrau(Morayia). Prague (Bohemia). Mahr.-OBlrau (Silesia). coal, &c., in trucks, young men and lads, usually known as "Sauberer," ar« foot of the inclined plane. The figures stated in the table apply to the former 6487 81 WAGES REICHENBBRG DISTRICT Table 40.— Average Weekly Earnings of Workpeople (oth&r than Lads and Reichenberg (Northern Bohemia) Chamber of Trade. (1) Average Weekly Earnings of Workpeople (over 16 years). Men (2) Women. (3) Number of Workpeople to whose Earnings the figures stated la Cols. 2 and 3 relate. Men. (4) Women. (5) Metal, Engineering and Shipbuilding. Iron moulding Rolling mills, &e Steel goods manufacture Smiths, locksmiths, fitters, &c . . Manufacture of bronze goods, &c Manufacture of metal buttons Manufacture of machines Manufacture of agricultural machinery, combs (for textile trades), hosiery machinery, fire engines, pumps, &c. Shipbuilding Manufacture of musical instruments Textile Trades. Cotton spinning Cotton waste spinning Cotton and wool (mixed) spinning Knitting and crochet thread manufacture Cotton weaving Woollen yarn spinning Worsted yarn spinning Woollen cloth manufacture Manufacture of woollen goods Flax spinning Linen thread, twine, pack-thread, rope, &c., manu- facture. Linen weaving Jute spinning and weaving Silk weaving Ribbon weaving Manufacture of mixed (excluding vegetable flbrf) goods. Manufacture of carpets, blankets, &c Bleaching Cotton printing Dyeing Finishing Hosiery and embroidery m.anufacture Manufacture of covered (linon, &c.) buttons and trimminers. Elastic web weaving Clothing trades. Underlinen and stocking, &c., manufacture Boot and shoe making Felt and straw hat manufacture . . printing and Allied Trades. Printing and lithography Lithographic artists and lithographers 9 10 11 8 9 8 10 1 11 2 8 10 11 7 8 11 10 1 9 8 7 9 7 11 7 8 1 8 8 12 2 8 8 10 10 1 10 1 10 11 11 4 14 1 11 4 9 5 10 9 13 11 10 7 4 11 6 4 5**3 6 6 6 5 7 7 5 7 6 6 6 11 5 6 6 5 6 2 5 9 6 5 5 3 6 1 6 4 7 6 10 7 5 5 4 5 9 6 5 5 8 6 10 5 3 8 2 6 2 7 6 5 6 5 3 1,069 1,096 186 152 107 495 474 189 110 144 3,855 565 102 6,076 547 306 2,356 4,108 4,011 191 117 665 510 175 750 954 1,997 1,235 427 307 39 45 318 175 21 404 79 44 770 29 3,869 424 142 145 9,1.^5 204 471 1,294 5,108 6,254 142 835 649 GO 2,638 627 302 769 269 66 932 176 447 54 155 134 55 (a) Compiled from NordhUhmischc Arbeiter-Statistik, Tahellarische Darstellung der durchrjefiihrten Erhebung, published by the Reichenberg Chamber of Commerce and In 1890 was 1.85iJ,839,> 'Rstablishments (workshops, &c.) on a small scale were not included AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 82 (NORTHERN BOHEMIA).C«) Oirls under 16 ijmrs of age) employed in certain Teades in the DISTRICT of the CoMMEKCE and Industby, on December Ist, 1888. Trade. (1) Average "Weekly Earnings of Workpeople (ovir 16 years). Men. (2) Women. (3) Number of Workpeople to Earnings the flgtires stated in Cols. 2 and 3 relate. Men. (4) Women. (5)' PAPBB MAKING. Wood pulp making Paper making Manufacture of paper and cardboard goods Wood-working, Manufacture of Bone, India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Similar materials. Sawmills Wood wares (coarse goods) manufacture Woodwork (building joinery), cabinet making and fancy goods making. Bone button manufacture Agate, &c., button making Chemical, &c. Trades. Manufacture of chemical products Starch making and glue boiling Soap and candle making Gas (for lighting) making Stone, Earth, Pottery and Glass Industries. Ballast winning, manufacture of mill-stones and slates, and polishing of precious stones. Limeburning Brick and tile making Pottery Manufacture of flre bricks, &c. Manufacture of patent stone, majolica and terracotta goods. Porcelain manufacture Window glass manufacture Glass bottle manufacture Sheet glass manufacture Bar, rod and prism glass manufacture Manufacture of glass goods . . Looking-glass and frame manufacture and glass bevelhng. Food and Tobacco Trades. Com mills . Sugar manufacture Chocolate and candy manufacture . . Manufacture of coffee substitutes and spice Brewing .. ' Distilling leather, skin, brush, hair and feather Trades. a. d. 9 5 10 1 10 8 8 8 11 10 10 13 6 7 11 12 3 12 6 8 11 9 3 9 4 12 7 15 1 13 10 11 1 12 3 13 11 20 9 13 2 9 3 7 1 10 2 8 6 13 3 10 1 Vl 11 9 10 1 s. d. 5 10 5 10 5 6 a 6 11 4 10 5 1 6 3 5 6 8 5 11 5 11 6 4 7 4 5 4 6**4 5 2 5 6 5 4 6 9 ,404 51 836 387 146 824 1,505 82 138 160 100 311 220 334 225 670 229 1,123 145 474 367 593 506 5,373 53 61 1,074 194 642 83 967 106 34 429 43 130 21 48 171 61 241 320 150 236 Ergebnisse der von der lieiehenherger Handels- vnd Gewerhehamvier an 1. Pea mber, 1888, Industry. (The population of the district of the Reichenberg Chamber of Commerc© in this inquiry. 6487 P 2 83 WAGES : GOVERNMENT TOBACCO FACTORIES.(«) Table 41. — Average Weekly Earnings of Adult Women Piece Workers (not includiiig Learners) employed in certain Branches in the Government Tobacco Factories in Austria. Branch. Average Weekly Earnings in 1896. 1897. 1898. Cigar makinjT Cigarette making Tobacco makinpr (for pipes, etc.) Cardboard box making s.d. 6 10 7 9 6 11 8 10 7 8. d. 6 10 7 10 7 3 9 1 s. d. 7 7 11 7 i 9 1 General Average 7 1 7 3 ENGINEERING WORKS AT BRUNN (MORAVIA).C&) Table 42. — Limits of the Yearly Earnings (Overtime and Piece-work iiwluded) of the Adult Workmen employed during the Whole Year in Engineering Works at BrCnn (Moravia), Year ended March Slst, 1892. Number of (Adult) Workpeople whose Total Earnings in the Year {Overtirne and Piece-work included) were within the under-mentioned Limits. Oeoupation. 300 gulden (£25) and under. Over 300 g. and up to 400 g. (£25 to £336s.8d.). Over 400 g. and up to 500 g. (£33 6s. M. to £41136-.4d). Over 500 g. and up to 600 g (£41 13s. 4d. to £50). Over 600 g. and up to 800 g. f£50 to £66 13s. U.). Over 800 g. and up to 1000 g. (£66 13s. M. to £83 6s. 8d.). Over 1.000 g. and up to 1,200 g. (£836s.8d. to £100). Over 1,200 gulden (£100). Total. Pattern makers Iron-moulders and brass-foun- ders. Dressers .. Turners .. Planers, drillers, borers, slotters and milling - machine -men. Fitters • . Boiler-makers .. Smiths .. Smiths' strikers Coppersmiths .. Tinsmiths Labourers 1 2 1 4 2 1 2 15 7 2 6 8 8 37 10 '8 '8 67 7 8 1 7 16 51 22 2 8 i2 17 8 t a 16 13 39 15 7 9 is 9 29 16 65 13 61 31 13 5 1 18 2 5 26 S4 5 29 17 5 4 15 1 9 '8 17 8 S *2 8 is 25 6 2 2 6 57 74 10 140 56 253 109 32 32 10 81 110 Total.. 28 161 146 134 244 140 56 55 964 (a) Compiled from Mittlieilungen des K. K. Finanz-Ministeriwnu^ published by the Austrian Ministry of Finance. The number of persons employed in these factories in all branches combined at the end of 1898 was 38,547 (3,874 male and 34,673 female). (J) Compiled from Die Arheiter der B runner MascMnen- Industrie^ JJntersvchungen iiber ihre ArheiU-wnd Lohnverhaltnisse, published by the Briinn Chamber of Commerce and Industry. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 84 ENGINEERING WORKS AT BRUNN (MORAVIA).(«) Tablk 43.— Limits of the Average Earnings for each Hour worked during the Year (^Overtime and Piece-work included'), of the Workmen (^Excluding Apprentices) employed in Engineering Works at BrCnn (Moravia), Year ended March 31st, 1892. Occupation, Number of Workmen (excluding Apprentices) whose Average Earnings for each Hour worked during the Year (^Overtime and liece-work included) were within the under-mentioned Limits. Total. Under 2d. 2d. and under 3^. 3^. and under id. id. and under 5d. 5d. and under 6d. 6d. and up to 7d. Over 7d. 7/° Over 8d. up to 1*. Pattern makers 3 26 26 46 13 4 2 ... 120 Iron-moulders and brass-founders. 6 16 61 42 22 41 13 23 214 Dressers 4 49 12 1 ... ... ... ... 66 Turners 9 42 65 82 76 13 7 3 297 Planers, drillers, borers. Blotters and milling- machine men. 4 92 36 19 6 4 ... ... 160 Fitters 9 193 158 72 46 23 10 9 520 Boiler-makers ... 7 91 175 60 27 7 2 4 373 Smiths 2 13 31 13 11 7 1 2 80 Smiths' strikers 2 60 19 8 ... ... ... ... 79 Coppersmiths ... 1 6 12 7 20 10 1 ... 57 Tinsmiths 5 42 52 49 22 14 1 3 188 Labourers 165 268 16 2 ... ... ... ... 451 Total 217 888 653 401 242 123 37 44 2,605 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote (b) on p. b3, ante. 85 WAGES : AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR, 1895. («) Table 44.— Daily Wages of Manual Labourees employed in Agriculture in Hungary, in 1895. Occupation. Daily Wages for the Kinds of Work specified below. Harvest. Thresh- ing. Mowing. Vine- tending. Wood- cutting. Other Work. { with board ... Men \ ( without board I with board ... Women < { without board s. d. 1 5| 1 lU Hi 1 H *. d. 1 H 1 9i lOi 1 If s. d. 1 4 1 9i 9i 1 li s. d. 1 1 3| 8| 1 Oi g. d. oiu 1 'H Si 111 s. d. lOi 1 2i 7i 10| Carters (one horse) Carters (two horses) ... s. d. 3 1 5 3,^ Carters providing own horses and carts. s. d. 7 OJ AGRICULTURAL LABOUR, 1896-1898.(*) Table 45. — Average Daily Wages of Agricultural Labourers in Hungary, 1896-8. AVERAGE Daily Wages of Season. Men. Women. Children. 1896. 1897. 1893. 189o. 1897. im. 1396. 1897. 1898. Spring: With board s. d. n 8 s. d. n s. d. 5^ & d. 5i s. d. 5i s. d. H s. d. 3^ 8. d. 3J Without board .. 11^ m 101 8 8\ 71 oh 5h 5J Summer : With board 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 8 8^ 8h 5 5J 5J Without board .. 1 H 1 dh 1 51 m 1 Hi Ih 8 7i Autumn : With board 81 H 9 6 eh Gh 4 41 4i Without board .. I Oh 1 01 1 Oi 81 9 8f 6 6 6 Winter : With board 6i 6i 6i ik ih ih 2i 3 3 Without board . . 9 9i 9 H 6i 6i 4i 41 4i (a) Compiled from Magyar Statisztihai /Ccko/ti/v, published by the Statistical Bureau of the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce. The figures relate to Hungary proper. (&) Compiled from Sociale RundscJiau (the journal of the Austrian Labour Department), September 1900. 86 WAGES IN THE UNITED STATES. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR, 1879-92.(«) Table 46. — Averaqe Wages per Month by the Year or Skason of Agricultural Labourers in different Sections of the United States. Average Wages per Month by the Year or Season. Year. Eastern States. Middle States. Southern States. Western States. Mountain States. Pacific States. All Sections to- gether. Without Board. & g. d. £ *. d. £ *. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ ». d. £ s. d. 1879 ... 4 9 4 4 4 2 12 9 4 2 7 ... 8 7 2 3 6 11 1882 ... 5 10 8 4 16 9 3 1 2 4 16 11 7 12 1 7 15 1 3 17 5 1885 ... 5 5 5 4 16 8 2 19 6 4 12 10 6 6 7 17 5 3 15 3 1888 ... 5 8 6 4 16 4 3 7 4 12 8 6 19 1 7 13 1 3 16 1890 ... 5 11 4 18 5 3 1 7 4 11 9 6 13 1 7 5 4 3 16 5 1892 ... 5 10 3 4 19 4 3 1 11 4 14 3 6 14 7 10 8 3 17 6 With Board. £ s. d. £ *. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ *. d. £ », d. £ s. d. 1879 ... 2 14 4 2 11 7 I 15 3 2 13 2 ... 5 7 10 2 3 6 1882 ... 3 10 6 3 1 4 2 1 4 3 5 5 12 10 4 18 11 2 11 9 1885 ... 3 9 7 3 3 6 2 1 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 5 1 7 2 11 5 1888 ... 3 11 9 3 4 3 2 1 3 3 2 11 4 11 8 5 4 6 2 11 6 1890 ... 3 13 10 3 5 1 2 2 1 3 2 6 4 6 4 13 9. 2 11 11 1892 ... 3 12 11 3 5 9 2 1 9 3 4 4 8 8 5 1 1 2 12 3 (a) Compiled from Wages of Farm Labour in the United States, published by the United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Statistics. Where blanks are shown in the table, the details are wanting in the source. 87 WAGES : AGRICULTURAL LABOUR, 1893-99. («) Table 47.- -Average Wages in 1893-95, 1898, and 1899 in certain States of the United States : Part I., Wages per Month ; Part II., Wages per Day in Harvest ; Part III., Wages per Day outside of Harvest. Part I.— Wages per Month. Average Wages without Board. state. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1898. 1899. By the Year. By the Season. By the Year. By the Season. £ «. d. £ «. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ ». d. £ a. d. Yermont 5 6b 4 18 4 5 14 5 7 5 15 8 5 9 10 5 19 3 Pennsylvania 4 15 2 4 8 10 4 11 4 4 6 7 4 14 2 4 10 7 4 18 11 Nortb Carolina .. 2 12 4 2 8 10 2 8 3 2 8 8 2 12 1 2 9 10 2 13 5 Texas 3 19 3 14 1 3 14 4 3 12 3 3 15 11 3 13 1 3 16 9 Iowa 5 13 2 5 5 4 5 6 4 5 3 6 8 5 5 9 8 5 16 Oregon 6 7 5 5 7 2 4 19 1 5 16 1 6 8 3 6 3 6 6 16 e Average Wages with Board. £ ». d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Vermont 3 15 10 3 10 3 14 9 3 11 8 4 10 3 13 6 4 2 8 Pennsylvania 2 19 1 2 14 3 2 16 11 2 12 10 3 3 2 15 10 3 3 7 North Carolina . . 1 15 11 1 13 1 1 12 6 1 12 8 1 16 7 1 13 6 1 17 9 Texas 2 16 7 2 12 5 2 12 3 2 11 1 2 15 8 2 11 8 2 16 1 Iowa .. .. 4 1 1 3 14 7 3 15 7 3 12 8 3 18 10 3 16 7 4 4 4 Oregon 4 11 7 3 12 6 3 8 11 4 2 7 4 16 4 4 7 10 5 2 10 (a) Compiled from Bulletin of the Department 0/ iaftour, No. 29, July, 1900, published by the United States Department of Labour. The details were furnished to that Department by the statistician of the United States Department of Agriculture. UNITED STATES. 88 AGRICULTURAL LABOUR, lSd3-99-oofUinued. Table 47.— Average Wages in 1893-95, 1898, and 1899 in certain States of the United States : Part I., Wages per Month ; Part II., Wages per Day in Harvest ; Part III., Wages per Day outside of Harvest — continued. Part II.— Wages per Day in Harvest. State. Average Wages without Board. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1898. 1899. Vermont Pennsylvania North Carolina Texas Iowa Oregon s. d. 7 11 6 21 3 lU 4 7i 6 10 7 5i *. d. 7 0^ 5 9 3 9 4 3i 6 1 6 3^ s. d. 6 8i 5 11 3 lOj 4 4 6 li 5 8| *. d. 7 fi 3 lOi 4 9 6 7\ 6 llj *. d. 7 3 6 3i 3 11 4 10 7 3i 7 7 Average Wages with Board. Vermont Pennsylvania North Carolina Texas Iowa Oregon *. d. 6 8 4 m 3 4 3 lOi 5 6i 5 11 s. d. 5 n 4 6 3 li 3 7 4 10 4 11 s. d. 5 3 4 9 3 1 3 5i s. d. 5 8 4 81 3 3 3 10 5 4 5 7 s. d, 5 lOi 5 3 3| 3 101 6 li 6 H Part III. — Wages per Day outside op Harvest. State. Average Wages without Board. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1898. 1899. s. d. s. d. s. d. *. d. s. d. Vermont 5 3 4 7i 5 2i 5 S\ 5 5 Pennsylvania 4 64 4 2 4 4 4 6J 4 9i North Carolina 2 5 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 6 Texas 3 9 3 6 3 4i 3 8i 3 9 Iowa ... 5 4i 4 lOi 4 lOi 5 3i 5 10 Oregon 5 41 4 5 4 2 5 2 5 7i Average Wages with Board. jr. d. *. d. *. d. *. d. *. d. Vermont 4 4i 4 Oi 3 11 4 Oi 4 2 Pennsylvania 3 4i 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 6 North Carolina 1 11 1 9i 1 8i 1 10 1 11 Texas 3 2 9i 2 7J 2 9i 2 10 Iowa 4 2 3 8 3 lOi 4 li 4 7i Oregon 4 3 2 3 3 lOi 4 2 89 WAGES AGRICULTURAL Table 48.— Part I., Average Wages per Month by the Year or Season; Part III., Average Day Wages for Ordinary Transient Service, of United States. Part T.— Wages per Month State or Territory. Average Wages without Board. 1879. 1882. 1885. 1888. 1890. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont . . Massachusetts . Rhode Island Connecticut New York . . New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware .. Maryland .. Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama . Mississippi. Louisiana . Texas Arkansas . . Tennessee .. West Virginia Kentucky .. Ohio . . Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri . . Kansas Nebraska . . South Dakota North Dakota Montana . . Wyoming .. Colorado . . New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California .. General Average.. £ 8. d. 3 16 1 4 2 4 3 19 2 5 4 2 4 15 10 4 17 1 4 5 11 4 4 3 4 3 3 10 10 2 18 4 2 5 10 2 6 8 2 2 9 2 4 9 2 17 2 15 2 15 3 8 3 16 3 11 4 2 18 1 3 10 9 3 3 3 4 6 4 4 15 4 4 4 2 4 5 11 4 7 10 5 2 4 4 12 3 13 4 6 4 16 5 19 7 5 10 4 12 1 6 4 7 7 9 8 10 10 £ s. d. 5 3 5 5 4 17 6 7 5 15 5 16 3 4 18 6 5 1 1 4 15 4 3 15 10 3 8 1 2 17 11 2 13 2 10 2 13 3 9 4 2 14 10 3 2 11 3 15 10 4 4 2 3 17 1 2 17 4 3 19 10 3 15 10 5 2 4 5 7 4 16 4 19 5 9 5 9 5 9 3 4 13 4 4 19 5 5 1 11 7 12 1 6 19 7 19 £ s. d. 4 16 3 4 15 4 15 10 5 19 10 5 18 9 5 15 4 5 4 18 4 4 13 10 3 16 5 3 15 10 2 18 2 2 13 7 2 10 2 12 3 14 2 2 14 2 3 10 3 6 11 3 18 8 3 12 3 2 17 10 3 19 2 3 10 4 15 10 5 4 12 6 4 17 11 4 18 1 5 6 3 5 7 9 2 11 4 2 5 6 6 6 17 6 5 19 10 6 5 7 19 9 7 18 8 16 £ s. d. 1 7 16 11 2 11 15 8 5 14 5 4 17 4 12 3 15 3 17 3 16 4 2 15 11 2 11 1 2 12 6 3 15 2 16 8 3 2 8 3 4 1 4 3 16 5 2 18 4 3 18 1 3 8 10 4 12 7 5 5 4 13 9 4 16 8 5 " " 5 7 4 6 8 7 6 1 1 5 4 5 5 5 7 9 8 6 8 7 14 2 7 10 5 19 10 5 4 2 6 19 7 7 18 4 8 2 6 7 6 8 6 15 8 7 18 8 £ s. d. 4 2 4 10 3 4 5 12 6 5 1 11 5 4 7 4 15 3 12 4 3 13 8 2 19 3 2 13 6 2 10 5 2 14 9 4 8 2 18 4 3 4 1 3 6 7 4 2 9 3 16 8 2 19 4 4 16 3 10 3 4 12 1 3 4 12 9 16 11 1 6 2 6 5 5 11 4 4 5 4 14 10 5 6 3 5 3 2 7 12 7 1 7 5 14 6 17 6 14 5 10 11 1 14 2 11 8 7 11 3 S 5 3 18 11 3 14 11 3 16 3 16 6 3 17 6 £ s. d. 5 2 1 5 4 2 5 2 10 6 3 9 6 10 5 14 1 5 2 4 5 6 H 4 15 10 3 18 2 3 12 11 3 4 7 2 15 5 2 12 1 2 16 3 3 17 10 2 17 4 3 4 2 3 7 9 3 18 2 12 1 5 1 3 12 11 14 4 14 10 1 I 5 3 8 4 5 9 2 4 5 5 5 10 5 7 4 5 12 6 6 5 7 5 10 7 18 6 17 6 5 15 4 6 17 6 6 19 7 7 10 7 7 11 7 16 3 7 2 9 7 12 1 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on page 86, ante. Where UNITED STATES. 90 LABOUR.(«) Part II., Average Day Wages for Transient Service in Harvest ; and Agricultural Labourers in the different States and Territories of the BY the Tear or Season. Average Wages with Board. State or Territory. 1875. 1879. 1882. 1885. 1888. 1890. 1892. £ «. d. £ $. d. £ H. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. 3 6 5 3 16 1 4 • 9 4 4 5 3 19 2 2 6 2 2 11 3 2 7 11 3 3 11 2 15 3 3 7 4 3 9 8 3 6 8 3 16 1 3 10 10 3 6 8 3 5 8 3 7 6 3 14 5 3 13 9 3 11 8 3 10 10 3 8 4 3 15 3 12 11 3 12 11 3 13 4 3 12 4 3 17 1 3 15 3 10 10 3 12 11 :-i 12 9 3 15 3 14 Maine. New Hampshire, Vermont. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. 3 17 1 3 14 2 3 9 11 3 7 1 2 8 8 2 19 4 2 15 2 8 1 2 7 9 1 19 7 3 12 5 3 4 2 19 2 2 19 3 2 12 1 3 11 8 3 8 10 2 18 9 2 18 10 2 12 8 3 11 7 3 7 11 3 5 7 3 5 2 11 1 3 12 3 3 9 5 3 6 8 3 10 2 6 6 3 12 11 3 8 9 3 9 10 3 2 6 2 10 Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. 2 7 7 1 18 5 1 16 9 1 14 2 1 16 8 1 17 4 1 11 n 1 11 11 17 9 1 10 9 2 1 3 1 18 3 1 16 8 1 13 9 1 16 3 2 7 11 1 18 11 1 17 2 1 14 5 1 16 5 2 9 4 1 18 7 1 17 6 1 13 4 1 16 9 2 6 11 1 19 6 1 16 8 1 15 11 1 14 11 2 7 3 2 4 116 7 1 15 1 17 6 Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 2 4 10 1 19 2 2 6 11 2 10 10 2 15 9 1 16 5 1 14 7 1 18 8 2 7 2 7 11 2 2 6 1 17 11 2 2 1 2 12 11 2 18 6 2 7 5 1 17 11 2 18 2 6 11 2 17 2 2 7 3 1 19 7 2 2 1 2 6 4 2 12 6 2 12 6 2 11 2 3 9 2 9 2 2 15 5 2 11 2 118 3 2 3 7 2 9 4 2 14 2 Florida. Alabama. Mississipi, Lousiana. Texas. 2 14 2 2 1 8 2 14 7 2 10 3 8 1 2 7 2 1 16 3 2 5 7 2 18 2 15 7 2 11 1 1 19 7 2 11 11 2 9 3 7 11 2 11 1 2 7 2 11 8 2 8 9 3 4 7 2 12 1 2 18 2 11 1 2 7 3 3 2 6 2 12 4 2 2 2 2 14 2 8 9 3 2 11 2 7 11 2 2 6 2 13 2 2 11 8 3 5 Arkansas. Tennessee. West Virginia. Kentucky. Ohio. 3 16 11 3 7 3 3 10 4 3 8 7 3 8 2 3 1 2 13 2 2 14 3 2 17 7 3 5 1 3 12 3 5 3 3 11 5 3 14 7 3 14 3 7 3 3 3 9 3 9 2 3 9 11 3 9 10 3 10 10 3 3 9 3 6 8 3 10 3 13 8 3 9 10 3 17 3 8 2 3 9 10 3 9 2 3 6 8 3 2 6 3 8 9 3 10 10 3 13 4 Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota. 3 7 2 2 14 10 3 1 1 3 1 6 J4 5 5 2 17 11 3 9 4 2 15 4 3 111 3 9 1 3 14 10 2 18 2 3 6 2 3 7 6 3 10 10 3 5 3 6 8 3 8 9 3 13 4 3 12 3 2 19 2 3 6 11 3 11 7 3 15 11 3 10 10 2 18 4 3 2 9 3 9 2 3 11 3{ 3 14 2 19 2 3 7 6 3 10 3 16 1 4 7 6 Iowa. Missoari. Kansas Nebraska. South Dakota. North Dakota. 4 '8 1 2 19 5 5 '5 7 4 '3 4 2 17 6 4 *5 5 5i2 10 4 '8 7 3 12 11 4 *7 6 5 14 7 5 4 2 4 15 10 3 16 1 3 6 8 4 12 11 4 19 2 4 15 10 4 7 6 3 14 4 4 9 7 4 7 6 4 17 11 4 15 10 4 11 8 3 14 5 4 11 8 4 12 11 Montana. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. 5 '7 5 19 2 4 i9 6 5 9 6 5 '3 2 4 17 9 5 '9 5 4 8 7 5 4 2 5 12 6 5 9 5 5 4 2 4 15 10 5 7 •1 15 10 4 17 11 5 1 8 4 11 8 4 13 4 5 4 17 11 5 4 2 4 15 10 5 2 1 Nevada. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. California. 2 13 2 3 6 2 11 9 2 11 6 2 11 6 2 11 11 2 12 3 General Average. blanks are ahown in the table, the details are wanting in the sotircs. 91 WAGES AGRICULTURAL Table 48.— Part I., Average Wages per Month by the Year or Season ; Part III.. Average Day Wages for Ordinary Transient Service of United States — continued. Part II.— Day wages for State or Territory. Average "Wages without Board. 1879. 1882. 1888. 1892. s. d. Maine New Hampshire Vermont . . Massachusetts . Rhode Island . Connecticut New York New Jersey- Pennsylvania . Delaware .. Maryland .. Virginia . . North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia . . Florida Alabama .. Mississippi Louisiana .. Texas Arkansas .. Tennessee . . West Virginia . Kentucky . . Ohio Michigan .. Indiana . . Illinois Wisconsin . . Minnesota.. Iowa Missouri . . Kansas Nebraska .. South Dakota . North Dakota . Montana .. Wyoming . . Colorado . . New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . . 5 11 5 2i 5 4i 6 3 5 5 6 8 6 Ah G ^ 5 6| 5 8| 6 Hi 4 10 4 U 3 8} 4 1 4 3 4 4 2 4 3i 5 5 5 9 5 4 5 3 6 2A 6 % 8 5 7 6 4 8 9i 10 Hi 6 11 6 li 7 1 9 Oi 8 8 4 2 7 7 8 Hi 8 5 9 5i s. d. 6 lOj 7 in| 7 2i 6 4 5 3i 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 4i 5 li 4 7 5 9i 8 lOi 7 10| 7 Hi 10 5 10 lOi 9 4i 6 7i 7 1 8 li 11 Oi 6 lOi 8*"4 d. s. d. 6 7 6 lOi 7 7 1 lOi 6 lOi 7 10 7 3 5 6i 4 9i 3 7i 4 4 3 9 ! 1^ 4 2 3 Hi 5 6 7 11 7 8i 7 6 7 lOi 8 4 6 9 7 9i 8 3 5 9 8 6i 5 5i 7"'3i 'St 9 2 6 10: 6 lOi 111 lOi 3i 7 1 7 6 7 10 6 3i 5 10 6 1 5 5 4 3 Hi 4 li 4 4 4 Oi 4 Oi 3 10 5 li 7 6 6 10 6 8 7 6 9 2 41 7 5 6 8 7 6 8 10 8 4 8 4 a. d. 5 6 5 3 4 2 3 lOi 4 3 7 5i 6 5i 6 7 6 10 8 li 7 1* 5 7i 6 6 lOi 8 4 7 3i 6 m 5 21 7 11 8 7 s. d. 4 9i 3 11 4 4 5 4 1 4 2 4 4i 4 7 4 4i 4 11 5 2i 6 3 6 6i 6 7 6 9 7 3i 8 Hi 7 3i 5 10 6 9 6 8 8 9 9 4i 8 6i 8 4 9 2 8 4 9 4i General Average. 5 5 6 2 6 10 5 5i 5 6 5 5 UNITED STATES. 92 LABOUR — continued. Pare II., Average Day Wages for Transient Service in Harvest ; and Agricultural Labourers ia the different States and Territories of the Transient Service in Harvest. A7:ra^-G Ta;;e: ^i th Boird. State or Territory. 1875. 1879. 1882. 1885. 1888. 1890. 1892. 9. d. 8. d. *. d. ,. ^. 8, d. s. d. s. d. 6 2i 6 10 7 8i 6 3 6 3 4 6i 4 4 Oi 4 2 3 Hi 5 1 5 7 5 7 5 7i 5 5 4 Hi 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 8i 5 7| 5 9 5 7i 5 7i 5 9' 5 8i 5 9 5 7i 5 6 ■ 5 6i 5 5 5 4 Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont, Massachusetts. Rhode Island. 4 7 3 8 5 6 3 5 10 5 2i 4 11 5 5 4 li 4 2 IP 5 5 5 2i If 6 lOi 5 6 4 5 10 5 8i 6 3 if 5 9 5 9 6 1 4H 3 Hi 5 9 5 10 5 11 5 3 6i Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. 5 7 5 Oi 4 2 4 2^ 4 if 4 8 4 3 2 2 10 2 6i 4 9i 4 l| 3 6i 3 3 3 4 5 9 4 5 3 5 2 8 3 4 if 3 li 3 3 2i 4 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 4i 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 li 3 2 Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 3 4 9h 4 2 4 4i 6 3 3 2 3 6 3 2 3 11 3 4 3 4 3 Hi 3 6i 4 6 2 11 3 2 ■? 3 3 3 3 Oi 3 4 3 4 3 li 3 1 3 4 3 lOi 3 6i 3 2 2 11 3 5 3 9 Florida. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas. 6 2i 5 6 6 1 6 8 4 6 4 1 3 m 4 9| 4 lOi 4 3 4 2 4 2 4 11 5 10i If 4 lOi 5 10 3 lOi 3 10 in 3 lOi 4 2 4 9i 5 3 6 3 lOi 4 2' 4 7 5 2 Arkansas: Tennessee. West Virginia Kentucky. Ohio. 8 4 IP 9 7 6 5i 5 4 4 11 7 1 9 4i 7 4 6 7 6 5 8 9 9 III 5 10 6 fli 7 lOi 5 10 5 6 5 2i 6 7 3i 5 9i 5 2 5 3i 5 5 6 3i 5 10 5 4 5 5 5 9 7 1 Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota. 8 9 6 Hi 6 1 8 3 )7U 6 6i 4 lOi 5 6 6 11 7 6i 6 l| 5 7 6 6 9 li 6 8i 5 5 6 2 6 5i 4 2 6 1 5 11 6 10 6 3 4 7 li 6 4{ 5 10 4 4i 5 4 5 3i 6 8 7 1 Iowa. Missouri. Kansas. Nebraska. South Dakota. North Dakota. fl"3 3 9 7"3i 5'iii 7"0 6 10 6-6 6"3 3 8 5-8 6 3 5 5 5 7i 4 2 6 6 5 6 3 5 5 5 3 11 11 6 10 6 5 5 8 4 4 5 2 5 11 Montana. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. 8"4 7 2 8 4 6"8i 6 5 7 4 6"3 7 9 ., 6 3 6 3 7 6 5 8i 6 4 6 8 11 6 11 6 ■I 3 6 9i 6 5 6 11 6 5J 7 1 Nevaxla. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. California. 5 7* 4 2 4 9i 4 7 4 3 4 3 4 3 General Average. 93 WAGES AaRICULTURAL Table 43.— Part I., Average Wa-je:^ per Month by tlio Year or Season; Part III., Average Day Wages for Ordinary Transient Service, of United STATEa^oontitiued. State or Territory. Part m.— day wages for Average "Wages without Board. 1879. 1882. 1885. 1888. 1890. Maine" New Hampshire Vermont . . Massachusetts . , Bhode Island Conneeticut NciW York . New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware .. Maryland.. Virginia .. North Carolina . . South Carolina . . Geor^na ... Florida Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana . Texas .. . Arkansas .. Tennessee . . West Virginia Kentucky . . Ohio Michigan . Indiana . Illinois Wisconsin . Minnesota. Iowa Missouri . . Kansas Nebraska .. South Dakota North Dakota Montana . . Wyoming .. Colorado . . New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . . s. d. 6 3 3 10 4 H 4 3 1^ 3 lA 2 7| 2 5 2 2i 2 5 3 2 2 m 3 3 3 6^ 3 10 3 7 2 lOi 3 4 3 2i 4 10 3 5 4 2i 4 8 5 H 4 8 2 9* 4 H 5 4i 5 7 It General Average. 6 1 lOi 3 4i «. d. 4 11 5 5 5 6 0^ 5 4 3 5i 2 11 2 10 2 Si 2 11 3 n 3 3 U 3 4 3 m 3 8 3 3 5 3 7i 4 in 5 5 4 6 4 in 5 Gh 5 4 7 4 2 4 8 5 03 6 3 5 4 6"6i 5 6i 7 U 3 10i 8. d. 4 in 5 5 4 9i 8 3 5 2i 5 6 5 3 4 lOi 4 7 4 2 3 lOi 2 11^ 2 9A 3 6i 3 Oi 3 4 3 5 4 1 3 8i ■2in 3 5^ 3 - 4 5 4 4 6 4 9 5 5 2^ 5 5^ 3 in 5 5 7i 5 5i 'i 3 9i «. d. 5 2^ 5 3^ 4 10 5 11 5 11 5 6^ 5 0^ 5 4 7 3 11^ 3 9 3 0.^ 2 6i 2 8^ 3 U 3 m 3 3 1^ 3 H 3 11^ 3 lOi 3 1 3 6i 3 5 4 oi 4 7 4 8 5 1 5 5 5 3i 3 11 4 lOi 5 U 7 1 6 3 6 8 5 n 5 2| 5 11 6 lOJ 6 3 6 Oi 5 7| 6 8 3 10 s. d. 5 5 5 74 4 lU 6 0| 6 Oi 5 1^ .5 2J( 4 3 3 10 3 1 3 3^ 3 8 4 0^ 3 10^ 2 in 3 9 3 8 4 4i 4 lli 4 4i 4 8i 5 3 5 4 Ji 5 3 4 7 5 4 5 10 6 lOi 6 0^ 5 in 5 7i 6 7 5 9 6 H 6 9i 6 8 • 5 9 3 10 s. d. 5 4 5 4 5 n 5 11 5 11 3 &i 3 2 7i 2 7 3 4 3 3 4 3 7i 4 1 3 7i 2 Hi 3 9 3 6i 4 7 5 4 5 4 9 5 5 5 10 5 2* 3 lOi 4 9i 5 3 6 Oh G 8 6 lOi 6 5| 6 3 5 2i 6 3 5 10 6 8 7 1 6 5J 6 8 310 UNITED STATES. U LABOUR — continued. Part II., Average Day Wages for Transient Service in Harvest ; and Agricultural Labourers in the different States and Territories of the Ordinary Transient Service. Average Wages with Board. State or Territory. 1875. 1879. 1882. 1885. 1888. 1890. 1892. s. d. ». d. s. d. ». d. ' 8. d. 8. d. 8. d. 4 11 3 .0 3 1 2 8 1?| 3 9 4 6 4 2 3 8 3 IH 3 8 4 2 3 11 3 10 3 Hi 3 9 4 2 4 3 4 1 4 2 3 10 4 2 4 3 4 4 3 11 4 1 4 1 Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts; Rhode Island. 4 10 4 5 4 2 3 Hi 2 11 3 8 2 10 2 10 2 7i 2 1 4 1 3 lOi 3 7 3 6i 3 4 4 2 3 m 3 5i 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 9 3 7i 3 5 2 11 4 2 3 9 3 10 m 4 Oi 3 9 3 10 Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware. 2 lU 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 6 2 1 10 lit 1 10 2 3A 2 1 11 1 lOi 2 Oi 2 7 1 lOi 1 Hi 2 8 2 li 1 lOi 1 9i 2 1 IP 1 11 1 lOi 2 1 If 1 lOi 1 lOi 2 2 Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 2 11 'J vl 3 4 3 1 3 6 2 2i 2 1 2 3i 2 7 2 9 2 3* 2 U 2 8i 2 6 2 n 2 6 2 2 2 2 8 3 2 2 11 2 2* 2 3| 2 8| 2 Hi 2 10 2 3i 2 6 2 9i 3 Oi 3 2 2 2 4 2 8i 3 Florida. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas. 3 4 2 6 3 li 3 O' 4 2 2 6 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 5 2 7 2 1 2 5i 2 6 3 8i 2 8 2 2 2 6 3 el 2 8i 2 2i 2 7 2 6 3 5 2 8* 2 2i 2 10 2 9i 3 51 2 6 2 2i 2 7| 2 7 3 6i Arkansas. Tennessee. West Virginia. Kentucky. Ohio. 4 7 3 11* 4 2% 4 2 4 5i 3 5 2 10* 3 11 4 3 3 3 9 4 li 4 3 3 10 3 4 3 n 3 Hi 4 l| 3 9 3 5 3 6 4 Oi 4 2 3 8 3 3 3 7 11' 3 8 3 2 3 8 3 8 4 2 Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Wisconsin. Minnesota. 3 0| 3 9 4 2 j4 3 4 2 .5i 3 3 9 3 10 4 li 2 11 3 4 3 9i 4 7i 4 Oi 2 10 5 51 4 6 4 Oi 3 4 3 6i 4 2 4 7 141 3 3 3 11 44i 4 1 3 2 3 5i 4 4 5 5 Iowa. " ^ Missouri. Kansas. Nebraska. South Dakota. North Dakota. 4'io 2 1 5'io 2 4' 4'"8 4"9 4 2 4"7 4"7 3 4i 4**9 4 8 4 2 3 9 1 7 6 Oi 4 8 4 4i 4 2 5 4 4i 5 7i If III 4 6 Montana. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. 5 5 4"6 5 li 4"2 5 4i 4*ioi 5 4 11 4 11 6 5 3 4 3 4 9i 4 lOi 4 11 5 9 4 lOi Nevada. Idaho. Washington. Oregon. Calilornia. 3 3 2 6i 2 9i 2 9i 2 9i 2 10 2 9i General Average. 95 WAGES : RAILWAY SERVANTS, 1888-89.(«) Table 49.— Limits and Avebaqe Amount of the Houblt Earning! of certain Classes of Workpeople employed on Railways in the United States, in the Yeara 1888-89. Number of Railway Servants (&) whose Earnings per Hour were within the under-mentioned T/imits. Total Number Eailway Servants. (b) Average Earnings per Hour Worked. Occupation. 10 cents (5d.) and under. Over 10 cents and up to 16 cents m.-8d.) Over 16 cents and up to 18 cents (8d.-9d.). Over 18 cents and up to 20 cents m.-lOd.). Over 20 cents aod.). Foremen . . 6 3,729 634 549 2,167 7,085 8. d. 9i Baggagemasters . . 105 407 198 238 166 1,104 9k Baggagemen 87 52G 195 101 80 989 n Engineers .. 4 45 60 74 2,791 2,974 1 4J Enginemen 1 26 9 10 952 998 1 4 Firemen . . 75 1,605 2,072 932 1,033 6,717 9 Conductors 7 32 80 434 4,631 5,184 1 li Brakemen . . ,139 4,065 8,392 6,651 870 20.117 9 Machinists . . 24 268 593 665 2,956 4,503 Oil Carpenters.. 5 1,125 1,647 2,579 2,921 8,277 10 Blacksmiths 1 142 178 288 826 1,435 Oil Painters 6 338 306 402 531 1,583 98 Masons .. 94 47 64 669 874 1 oj Switchmen 109 2.054 399 635 1,065 4,262 74 Flagmen . . 795 848 112 214 20 1,989 51 Telegraph operators 520 2,305 659 316 416 4,216 7i Labourers .. 4,910 80,575 3,175 621 148 89,429 6i (a) Compiled from Fifth Annual Report of the (United States) Commissioner of Labour, 1889. Employees paid by the mile, trip, piece, contract, or commission are excluded. (&) If a servant worked in the course of one year on, say, four different railroads, he would be counted as four servants, and so on. UNITED STATES. 96 RAILWAY SERVANTS, 1892-99. («) Table 50.— Average Earnings per Day Worked of Railway Servants (other than General and other Officers) in the United States. Occupation. Average Earnings per Day Worked in Year ended June 30th. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. S. (I s. d. «. d. .S (/. .s- (/. s. d. s. d. 8. d. General office clerks 9 2 9 H 9 9 9 1.J 9 2i 9 1 9 4i 9 2 Station agents 7 H 7 7i 7 3i 7 3 7 2i 7 2i 7 2i 7 3 Other station men 7 6 10.J 6 9i 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 8i 6 8 Enginemen 15 4 15 3 15 Oi 15 2.i 15 2i 15 2i 15 8 15 8 firemen 8 7i 8 6 8 5i 8 6i 8 7 8 6.i. 8.8i 8.9. Conductors 12 9^ 12 10 12 8 12 8 12 8i 12 9i 13 Oi •13 OJ Other train men .. 7 lOi 7 Hi 7 lOi 7 11 .7 11 7 11 8 li 8 .1 : Machinists .. .. .. 9 6i 9 8i 9 2i 9-3 ■9 5 ■9 3i 9 6 9 6i Carpenters 8 8 8 9i 8 5 8' 5i 8 5i 8 4i 8 5 8 5i Other shopmen . . 7 U 7 3i 7 Oi 7 1 7 Oi 7 U 7 1 7 2 Section foremen . . 7 4 7 3i 7 li 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 Oi -7 Other track men .. 5 1 5 1 4 11 ] 4 lOi .4 lOi 4 10 -4 10 4H Switchmen, flagmen and watchmen. 7 5 7 6 7 3i; I.3i 7 3 ...7 2 7 3 7 4J Telegraph operators and dispatchers. 8 Oh 8 2i 8 Oi'' 8 3 8 Oi 7 11 8 0. 8 Oi Employees (account floating equipment). 8 7i 8 2 8 2i; 7 Hi 8 1 7 9 7 10i 7 10i All other employees (including labourers). 6 Hi 7 1 6 10i 6 10i 6 10i 6 10 6 Hi 7 (a) Compiled from the Seports of the United States Interstate Commerce Commission, except as to 1 899 ; the figures for that year are taken from the Bulletin of the Department of Labour, No. 29, July. 1900, having been supplied to that Department from advance sheets b f the statistician of the Commission. 6487 G 97 WAGES : PRINCIPAL CITIES. («) Table 51. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States. NEW YORK. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. s. d. s. d. *. d. *. d. Bricklayers 16 9J 16 8 16 8 16 8 Masons, stone 14 7 16 8 16 8 16 8 Hod carriers 9 111 10 n 10 10 Carpenters 14 6| 14 6i 14 7 14 7 Joiners 13 2J 13 3 12 9i 12 Hi Plumbers 14 7 14 lU 15 n 15 7 Painters, house 14 7 14 7 14 7 14 7 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) 14 2 14 9h 15 31 14 lOf Boiler-makers 9 lOf 10 31 11 H 10 6i Boiler-makers' helpers 6 H 6 0.^ 5 lU 5 10 Machinists 10 iH 11 3 11 0^ 10 \\\ Machinists' helpers 5 3f 6 3 6 H 4 7 Blacksmiths 11 51 11 n 12 n 10 7^ Blacksmiths' helpers 6 lOi 7 8i 7 H 7 6 Transport. Teamsters 8 9f 8 m 8 m 8 8 Printing Trades. Compositors 12 7i 12 81 12 lOi 13 OJ Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers ; 9 61 9 H 8 lU 10 2 General. Lalourers 6 m 7 U 6 6f 6 9f ('i) Compiled from Bulletin of the Department of Labour, No. 18, September, 1895, published by the United States Department of Labour, UNITED STATES. 98 PRINCIPAL ClTm^-<^ontinned. Table 51.— Average Daily Wages received by the Wobkpeople employed in various OCCUPATIONS in certain Pbincipal Cities of the United States — continued, CHICAGO. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers MasonB, stone Stonecutters Hod carriers Carpenters Plumbers Painters, house Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) Iron moulders Iron moulders' helpers ... Boiler- makers Boiler-makers' helpers Machinists Machinists' helpers *. d. 16 8 16 8 14 7 7 3| 10 2i 15 10 1 12 11 10 lOf 7 2i 12 I 7 31 11 5^ 6 81 s. d. 16 8 16 8 16 8 7 3^ 9 7 15 1\ 9 71 12 4 11 5i 7 2\ 12 I 6 101 11 lOf 6 101 *. d. 16 8 16 8 16 8 7 3i 12 3J 15 7i 10 Hi 12 10 111 6 11 12 1 6 lOJ 11 H 6 7 *. d. 16 8 16 8 18 9 8 4 10 2 15 71 11 81 12 3i 11 3i 7 7\ 12 1 6 llf 11 8i 6 10 Blacksmiths 12 11 11 lU 11 4| 11 8| Blacksmiths' helpers 7 1 7 11 6 n\ 7 n Transport. Teamsters 8 6 8 6 8 6J 8 4i Printing Trades. Compositors 12 6 12 6 12 6 13 6 ' Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers 10 3| 9 9i 9 8i 9 8i General. Labourers 6 3 6 3i 6 3 6 3 6487 G 2 - 9^. WAGES : PRINCIPAL CmiE^-^ontinned. Table 51. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States — oonthmed. PHILADELPHIA. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. -y. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Bricklayers U 31 15 9 16 ^ 11 6i Masons, stone 8 &\ 10 9i 10 11 51 Stonecutters 12 7f 13 8 14 8f 13 11 Hod carriers 9 8| 10 5 10 5 8 4 Carpenters ... 11 5 11 oi 11 7^ 11 4| Joiners 11 10 0| 10 ^4^ 10 Labourers, street 6 4 6 41 7 H 7 31 Plumbers 11 5i 12 6 12 6 11 31 Painters, house 11 H 11 5i 11 H 11 3 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) 10 3 11 If 10 4^ 11 21 Iron moulders 10 n 9 lOi 9 6i 9 8 Iron moulders' helpers .5 li 5 U 5 3 5 41 Boiler-makers 9 9^ 9 7f 9 ^ 9 51 Boiler-makers' helpers 7 2\ 7 3^ 7 3i 7 3 Machinists ... 9 5 9 7 9 H 9 8 Machinists' helpers 5 n 5 lOi 5 9 5 71 Blacksmiths 9 8 9 6i 7 71 8 6 Blacksmiths' helpers 5 n 5 11 4 9i 5 4 Transport. Teamsters 7 2f 7 If 7 1 7 11 Printing Trades. Compositors 10 lOi 10 5 9 51 9 8f Woodworking Trades. Cabinet makers 10 5| 10 2h 10 8 10 21 General. Labourers 6 3 6 3 1 6 3 6 3 UNltBD STATES. PRINCIPAL CITlES—oontinued. 100 Table 51.— Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States — continued. ST. LOUIS . Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers *. d. 15 *. d. 18 4 *•• d. 18 4 s. d. 13 4 Masons, stone 16 8 16 8 16 8 11 8 Stonecutters 11 111 14 Oi 13 IJ 10 8i Hod carriers 9 5 •11 11 11 10 11 3 Carpenters 11 8 11 8 13 4 11 8 Labourers, street 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 Plumbers 14 7 14 7 14 7 14 7 Painters, house 10 Of 10 1| 10 5 10 5 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) ... 11 9i •11 2| 11 7i 11 2t Iron moulders 10 •10 10 10 10 Iron moulders' helpers 6 3 6 5i 6 3 6 3 Boiler-makers 11 7 11 5i 11 7 11 5i Boiler -makers' helpers 6 H ■ 5 8i 6 5f 5 111 Machinists 9 lOJ 10 2i 10 5i 10 1 Machinists' helpers 2 8 2 8i 2 10 2 8i Blacksmiths 10 111 10 Hi 10 Hi 8 11 Blacksmiths' helpers 5 10 5 Hi 6 9 6 4i Transport. Teamsters 7 Oi 7 Hi 7 10| 7 11 Printing Trades. Compositors 12 Oh 12 OJ 12 Of 12 2\ Woodworking Trades. : Cabinet makers 10 3| 10 lOi 10 8| 10 5i General. Labourers 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 101 WAGES PRINCIPAL CmmS— continued. Table 51.— Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United States — co7itmned. BOSTON. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. BtiiLDiNQ Trades. s. d. *. d. s. d. *. d. Bricklayers 13 11 15 2f 15 2| 14 2i Stonecutters 12 7i 13 10| 11 8i 12 3^ Hod carriers 8 ^ 8 6f 9 u 8 2^ Carpenters 10 2| 10 6 10 4 10 7 Labourers, street 8 h\ 8 41 8 4i 8 4 Plumbers 13 6 13 3i 13 0^ 13 7| Painters, house 10 1 10 6 11 H 11 11 Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) ... 11 6| 12 11 12 4| 11 8 Iron moulders 9 9f 10 3i 9 8f 10 9 Iron moulders' helpers 6 7| 7 Oi 6 7 6 8| Boiler-makers 10 3 10 8i 10 H 10 4 Boiler-makers' helpers 6 5i 6 n 6 If 6 n Machinists 10 6} 10 81 10 81 10 8| Machinists' helpers 6 i\ 6 H 6 61 7 1 Blacksmiths 12 1\ 11 8i 11 H 11 6 Blacksmiths' helpers 6 IH 7 9^ 7 n 7 8 Transport. Engineers, railroad 16 OJ 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 Oi Firemen, „ 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 Conductors, „ 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 Oi 16 OJ Teamsters 8 i 8 7 8 61 8 8| Printing Trades. Compositors 11 3| 11 Of 11 Oi 10 lU Woodworking Trades. Cabinetmakers 11 Of 10 8 10 H 10 in General. Labourers 6 3 6 u 5 111 5 8| UNITED STATES. 102 PRINCIPAL ClTmS—cmtinued. Table 51. — Average Daily Wages received by the Workpeople employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities of the United St A TES — continued. BALTIMORE. Occupation. 1886. 1890. 1894. 1898. Building Trades. Bricklayers.. Masons, stone Stonecutters Hod carriers Carpenters Labourers, street Plumbers Painters, house Metal Trades. Pattern makers (iron works) ... Iron moulders Iron moulders' helpers Boiler-makers Boiler-makers' helpers Machinists Machinists' helpers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Transport. Teamsters Printing Trades. Compositors Woodworking Trades. Cabinet makers General. Labourers 8. d. 16 If 16 l\ 13 6i 8 lOi 10 5 5 11 4i 10 5 10 lOf 9 3f 5 8 10 If 5 4 9 n 5 8| 9 H 5 11 6 5f 11 3 9 6 5 2\ 8. d. 15 7^ 16 1\ 15 9 lOf 10 H 5 5 11 7i 10 5 10 10| 9 3f 5 8 10 If 5 8^ 9 7f 5 8f 8 \0\ 6 51 11 3 9 5 5 2i 8. d. 15 5i 17 1^ 14 4 9 2 10 li 5 5 11 8f 10 5 10 lOf 8 llf 5 8 10 If 5 8i 9 5i 5 8f 8 2| 5 2^ 6 5f 11 3 9 5^ 5 21 8. d. 12 6 13 0\ 14 4 7 lOi 10 1 6 Hi 11 7i 10 5 10 lOi 9 1 5 8 10 If 5 8i 9 2f 5 8f 8 4 5 8 6 5f 11 3 9 3i b 2i 103 WAGES : STATE OF NEW YORK.(«) Table 52. — AvERAaE Rates of Wages per Day of Workpeople (^Adult Males) employed in various Occupations in certain Principal Cities in the State of New York. Average Rates of Wages per Day in Occupation. New York. Brooklyn. Buffalo. Rochester. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. 1891. 1895. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s.- d. y. d. s. d. s. d. BuiLbiNG Trades. . . Bricklayers 16 5i 16 H .. ... .. Masons 16 7i 16 7 .. .. 13 5 14 Oh Carpenters 12 11 12 10i 12 4i 11 10 8 lOi 7 Oi 7 11 8 2 Painters .. .. Varnishers . . . . . . 9 6 8 7 9 1 8 7 7 8h 8 Oh 6 Hi 7 10 J 10 2 7 9i 7 11 Metal Trades. Pattern makers . . 13 3 12 6 12 1 U 9i 9 10 9 6 9 Oh 10 Moulders (iron) . . . . 11 6 11 8 12 1 11 7 9 9 9 9 11 2 10 11 (brass) .. 9 m 10 Oh 10 8i 10 10 .. .. .. Boiler-makers 10 6 .. .. 8 6h 8 Oh .. Blacksniiths ..... 11 5 11 3i 10 8J 10 Oh 8 n 8 6 8 H 8 n Millwrights.. .. .. .. .. 9 5i 9 3 9 6i .. Machinists 10 1 9 11 10 2 9 8 8 7 8 9i 8 4 8 Oh Tinsmiths .. .. .. 11 2 9 9i 7 Oh 7 9 7 10 7 5J •• Clothing Trades. ' Shoemakers. 7 2i .. 4 10 Cutters (shoe) .. 10 ICJ 10 lOi 9 10 4 .. 7 8 7 10i Fitters (shoe) 6 4 5 6 .. 4 4 . .. .•• , •• Fitters (shoes-stock) . . 7 8h .. .. .. •• Lasters 7 7 7 Oh 8 8 8 Oh • • •• 8 Finishers (shoe) . . 8 H 8 6i 7 11 " •• Cutters (fur) .. .. 13 6i 15 6i '• •• •• Nailers (fur) .. ..; 7 7 8 1 •• •• •• •• Finishers (fur) ... .. 4 9J 5 2 •• •• •• *• •• (a) Cjmpiled from Fonrtcevth Annual lieport of the Bureau of Labour Statistics of the State of New York, for the Tear 1S96. The vcars mentioned in the table are years ended Juno 3Jth. UNITED STATES. 104 STATE OF NEW YORK-oontiimed. Table 52.— Average Rates of Wages per Day of Workpeople (Adult Males) employed in various Occupations in certain Princihal Cities in the State of New York — continued. Average Rates of Wages per Day in Occnpation. New York. Brooklyn. Buffalo. Bochester. 1891 1895 1891 1895 1891 1895 1891 1895 Printing, Paper and Allied Trades. •f. d. s. d. «. d. s. d. *'. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Printers (compositors) .. 9 6 10 2 .. .. 12 4 11 7 •• Pressmen (printing) 13 m 12 4i 7 8 8 Oi .. Printers (wallpapers) . . 13 7 .. .. .. Feeders (press) . . 6 1U 6 lU ..■ .. .. Engravers 16 4J 15 7^ 11 10 •• " •• Woodworking Trades. Cabinet makers . . 10 11 11 2 9 9h lOlOi .. 7 1 6 U Coopers 10 OJ 11 5 8 5J 8 9J 7 U 7 7 .. •• Sawyers (wood) .. 8 lU 9 2^ 8 6i 9 .. .. .. .. Woodworkers (machine) 8 11 9 5i 7 2i 7 Oh 7 8 7 1 8 4 7 Hi Carvers (wood) . . 13 4i 12 3 •• •• Food and Tobacco Trades. Cellarmen (brewery) 12 H .. 9 8i 10 4 .. •• Strippers (tobacco) 4 Oh 3 10 .. .. .. ~ .. .. Cigarmakers 7 H 7 2 .. .. .. .. Cigarmakers (bunch- makers) Cigar packers 5 9 11 6 5 5 11 m " ' ■ •• •• • * •• General. Labourers 7 5i 7 lOi 6 5 6 8 5 m 5 5 6 6 6 Engineers (sUitionary) . . 12 Oi 12 6i 11 n 11 lOi 10 3 10 5 9 5 9 8i Firemen (stationary) 9 5i 8 8i 9 n 9 4 7 5i 7 6 9 11 8 3i Packers 6 C Hi 6 4 5 2h 3 2 3 2i 2 8i 3 5i Drivers 10 9 U 8 5 8 3 7 10 7 n .. 6 Hi Watchmen 7 7 9i 8 1 8 1 6 6i 6 11 6 9 7 6i 105 WAGES : MASSA- Table 53.— Ave iiAGE Yearly Earnings of Workpeople employed in certain Trade. Average Yearly Earnings 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Building Trades. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Stone :- Quarried Cut and monumental j 114 13 10 112 3 9 116 15 114 17 6 113 6 •1 1 2 Railroad construction and equip- ment. 121 13 3 129 4 10 123 7 125 1 7 128 9 6 3 Metal, Engineering and SHIPBUILDING trades. Models, lasts and patterns . . .. 147 11 3 142 12 3 4 Machines and machinery . . 113 10 3 114 6 9 116 4 3 117 2 6 113 10 7 5 Shipbuilding 131 2 129 11 3 141 9 1 146 10 4 131 12 1 6 Metals and metallic goods . . 104 13 104 10 10 107 8 2 107 14 10 105 13 9 7 Artisans' tools 122 19 10 114 2 115 8 6 111 12 1 110 7 8 Agricultural implements .. 103 16 6 103 5 108 1 2 111 7 5 106 12 1 9 Arms and ammunition 125 9 9 123 16 7 126 16 10 124 16 118 18 8 10 Cooking, lighting and heating apparatus. Bicycles, tricycles. &c 117 19 4 127 15 4 130 2 10 129 17 133 5 4 11 12 Electroplating .. .. 13 Electrical apparatus and ap- pliances. Scientific instruments and appli- ances. Musical instruments and materials 107 4 10 95 7 139 6 1 115 15 5 88 14 9 136 19 3 125 19 5 91 14 7 138 18 8 119 8 93 6 137 8 7 5 3 91 13 11 86 14 2 135 13 1 15 16 Clocks and watches Jewellery 139 1 116 8 6 118 18 9 118 13 3 110 •1 17 18 Textile Trades. • Cotton goods :— Cotton goods (woven) . . ) ( 19 „ yarn and thread >88 8 8 69 16 9 71 14 2 72 1 8 71 10 ' 20 „ waste ) ( 21 Woollen goods:— Woven goods and yarn . . Shoddy, waste, &c 76 17 7 75 7 5 79 2 81 3 1 77 3 •1 22 23 Cotton, woollen and other textiles 81 11 5 77 11 81 7 2 78 12 1 76 5 11 24 Worsted goods 76 2 1 77 4 7 77 14 10 76 18 7 73 16 2 25 Flax, hemp and jute goods . . 65 13 8 65 9 6 67 6 65 14 3 66 4 9 26 Silk and silk goods 69 11 10 70 6 6 72 18 2 71 7 67 19 7 27 Mixed textiles 81 4 3 78 15 81 6 8 76 9 9 77 7 8 28 (a) Compiled from Annual Statistics of Manufactures, published by the Massachusetts divided by the average number of persons employed during the year. Where a space being less than 100, or that the group does not occur in the statistics for the year in UNITED STATES. 106 CHUSETTS. («) Trades and in All Trades Together in the State of Massachusetts. of Workpeople in Aggregate Average Number of Persons Employed in 1898. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Male. Female. Total. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 2 1 107 10 5 107 2 3 108 5 11 j 93 13 122 11 4 89 15 2 123 6 11 2,443 1,908 •• 2.443 1,908 3 106 18 5 116 10 11 121 2 8 119 11 9 119 11 4 2,498 •• 2,498 4 156 11 7 148 8 151 3 3 147 3 4 144 3 10 499 1 500 5 109 9 9 111 12 7 111 18 8 108 8 10 112 8 5 1^371 287 18,658 6 122 17 9 129 5 1 135 3 1 129 19 4 130 7 7 735 •• 735 7 104 1 8 106 1 105 3 6 102 16 1 105 19 9 12,091 1,359 13,450 8 104 14 10 114 11 7 115 2 1 106 3 11 111 15 10 2,005 64 2,069 9 90 5 107 2 5 100 17 2 97 4 6 100 17 5 613 .. 613 10 99 1 7 99 8 7 105 13 8 106 11 4 102 10 4 1,448 134 1,582 11 121 11 3 135 17 9 130 10 3 127 8 8 123 19 1 1,601 7 1,608 12 .. 120 9 7 129 10 6 123 11 7 116 2 7 1.708 53 1,761 13 .. 108 11 3 117 7 6 106 17 11 102 10 1 101 5 106 14 125 12 10 109 8 4 106 5 3 97 18 10 109 12 5 2,918 577 3,495 15 89 7 6 99 2 3 97 15 5 93 2 3 91 9 6 1,157 254 1,411 16 123 5 3 130 5 3 124 1 10 116 1 7 118 17 2,506 158 2,664 17 18 103 12 8 105 5 4 102 2 10 1 105 11 101 10 11 104 2 6 99 18 1 1,057 2,505 1,325 1,299 2,382 3,804 19 ) 68 13 7| 70 1 3 67 2 9 36,363 34,767 71.130 20 \ 65 13 8 68 9 11 67 4 2 68 3 1 4,707 5.153 9,860 21 ) 75 4 5 77 4 5 262 133 395 22 23 j 70 16 1 77 5 10 75 17 3 j 78 110 82 7 8 77 3 6 80 11 1 12,184 231 6.956 67 19,140 298 24 71 5 5 78 9 .. .. ., .. •• 25 65 2 8 76 1 7 72 13 4 74 15 76 2 8 7,044 6,063 13,107 26 55 11 6 63 Oil 58 12 6 62 16 4 61 9 3 531 752 1283 27 66 1 73 19 4 74 12 8 70 19 8 73 8 3 848 1.681 2,529 28 71 13 4 75 14 1 71 6 7 •• •• •• •• •• Burean of Statistics of Labour. The figures represent the total earnings in the year is left blank, this indicates either that the figure has been omitted, the number employed question. 107 WAGES MASSA- Table 53.— Average Yearly Earnings of Workpeople in the State of Average Yearly Earnings Trade. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Textile Trades— cow/. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Carpetings :— Textile Other .. J76 111 75 11 4 77 10 4 80 15 4 76 7 •\ 29 30 Hosiery and knit goods 67 12 8 69 16 9 69 11 72 3 6 67 6 31 Print works, dye works and bleacheries. Awnings, sails, tents, &c 85 1 11 120 15 4 86 10 2 126 7 5 89 3 5 128 17 11 90 9 117 12 3 87 2 119 19 1 9 32 33 Cordage and twine 68 9 9 68 6 3 70 2 3 73 4 5 71 19 4 34 Clothing Trades, Boots and shoes :— Boots and stoes "(factory pro- duct). Soles, heels and cut stock Boot and shoe findings . . ( 35 V105 18 6 105 15 5 106 14 2 108 17 6 m 8 36 37 Stitching, heeling, &c ^ c 38 Clothing 81 6 82 15 9 83 8 11 83 7 1 82 17 10 39 Straw and palm leaf goods . . 79 14 6 79 17 2 95 7 99 14 10 99 11 5 40 PRINTING, Paper, and allied Trades. Printing, publishing and book- binding. Paper Paper goods Boxes (paper) 114 6 84 16 11 108 5 8 87 6 3 (a) 81 6 9 114 6 83 11 5 (a) 79 11 8 113 16 3 88 3 10 («) 83 14 7 121 6 85 14 (a) 83 4 9 •1 4 41 42 43 44 Photographs and photographic materials. 131 6 3 126 18 7 132 11 5 133 12 45 WOODWORKING TRADES. Lumber 101 6 104 16 8 100 15 97 11 4 98 16 8 46 Furniture 102 14 7 102 18 4 104 19 3 104 14 11 101 1 7 47 Carriages and wagons 120 9 2 122 4 6 124 1 124 1 1 130 16 10 48 Boxes, barrels, kegs, &c .. .. .. .. 49 Burial cases, caskets, coffins, &c. . . 114 7 121 5 2 108 13 4 113 3 2 113 3 8 50 Wooden goods 110 7 107 8 6 107 18 3 111 10 4 111 12 51 Chemical Trades. Chemical preparations (com- pounded). Drugs and medicines 109 1 2 120 13 6 123 10 2 124 13 123 18 6 52 83 7 3 82 7 2 82 17 10 85 10 6 83 4 53 Dye&tufifs 103 9 3 109 12 111 14 8 112 14 5 108 19 9 54 Glue, isinglass and starch . . 81 14 1 82 9 7 93 5 8 93 7 1 99 5 7 55 Oils and illuminating fluids. . 115 11 107 11 2 112 5 4 94 19 1 100 17 2 56 (a) The figures are those given in these years UNITED STATES. 108 CHUSETTS— ^o'i^^ww^'^- employed in certain Trades and in All Trades Together Massach USETTS — Gontinved. of Workpeople in Aggregate Average Number of Persons Employed in 1898. 1894. 1895. Male. Female, Total £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ IS. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 73 19 5 66 19 2 82 9 3 105 11 68 12 8 104 15 81 7 8 90 14 8 114 12 6 81 15 11 (a) 81 6 92 15 2 97 8 126 14 11 116 18 8 107 9 10 114 14 9 89 6 5 105 5 2 97 12 6 77 3 3 69 5 88 7 4 121 13 1 69 10 1 100 10 10 82 9 11 90 13 6 109 14 10 84 9 11 (a) 81 8 9 94 4 93 3 2 101 18 4 120 18 10 128 18 8 110 18 8 116 12 87 103 6 6 89 18 1 71 15 6 03 1 86 19 10 113 4 71 16 8 100 5 11' 78 14 9 96 7 10 108 8 85 19 9 74 13 2 ■ 93 4 97 18 5 99 13 8 121 18 10 88 13 3 129 19 6 114 15 10 117 1 10 84 9 7 82 17 7 113 4 7 72 6 82 2 7 62 14 11 88 10 2 102 6 5 66 17 7 100 6 76 14 80 3 90 13 7 77 8 3 96 18 8 106 9 9 85 10 7 81 11 8 72 14 8 113 13 94 6 10 98 7 7 120 13 5 87 3 3 122 14 11 95 10 11 119 18 11 86 9 8 101 4 10 92 17 3 106 11 7 70 1 9 90 17 8 62 17 6 91 18 i) no 3 11 68 14 5 97 15 75**6 80 5 7 88 78 7 11 97 2 1 106 4 9 88 1 9 76 le 6 72 1 1 120 7 4 95 5 8 99 19 4 124 13 5 89 6 1 125 10 8 95 19 125 1 3 87 3 95 4 94 15 6 112 13 9 2,025 102 1,666 4,899 152 1,253 132,821 ?,482 184 163 2,784 946 2,627 5,319 1,263 506 138 4,726 1,885 2,205 157 1,379 414 84 373 91 1,998 78 4,160 1,115 79 707 14,703 1,246 191 107 6573 1,578 1,577 4,02& 180 5,826 6,014 231 1,960 47,524 3 728 375 270 9,357 2,524 4,204 3,478 8,797 1,617 2,880 1,270 1,776 100 238 7 689 600 5,326 12 1,897 452 2,657 23 179 67 1.446 13 427 301 500 47 131 43 416 11 102 under the group " Boxes (paper and wooden)." 109 WAGES Table 53.- MASSA- -AvERAGE Weekly Eaenings of Workpeople in the State of Average Yearly Earnings Trade 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Chemical Trad-es-cohL Paints, colours and crude chemicals £ s. d. 95 10 2 £ s. d. 100 7 6 £ s. d. 112 1 £ s. 113 1 d. 4 £ s. d. 109 15 2 57 Polishes and dressing 85 16 11 98 17 11 103 3 11 101 7 9 103 3 3 58 Tallow, candles, soap and grease . . 96 8 7 94 5 9 99 7 9 97 7 8 99 5 1 59 Emery and sandpaper and cloth, &c. Fertilisers 105 16 4 106 14 4 105 11 11 112 5 5 102 4 3 60 •• •• •• •• 61 Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades. Brick, tiles and sewer pipe 81 8 6 87 6 11 96 5 95 11 93 4 3 62 Earthen, plaster and stone ware . . 106 17 4 97 8 4 106 8 8 124 12 1 100 3 7 63 Glass 91 7 3 .98 17 111 100 10 11 113 11 1 64 Cement, kaolin, lime and plaster . . •. •• .. •• •• 65 Food and Tobacco Trades. Food preparations Liquors (bottled) and carbonated beverages. Liquors (malt) 89 9 2 (b) 141 8 96 15 2 119 12 2 (b) 139 11 102 3 3 (a) 105 10 11 (ft) 141 3 10 102 6 11 (a) 114 16 6 (b) 148 5 4 97 13 4 (a) 114 17 11 (b) 152 12 66 67 68 Tobacco, snuff and cigars . . 112 7 10 117 10 120 4 11 119 18 6 130 9 69 Workers in Fibre and cane. Brooms, brushes and mops . . 73 4 10 73 18 9 75 1 3 76 11 8 76 19 6 70 Hair work (animal and human) . . 83 18 82 10 4 76 3 3 79 17 4 71 15 10 71 Leather and India Rubber TRADES. Leather Leather goods . . 1 109 17 10 107 2 10 105 12 7 105 14 8 102 16 11 j 72 73 Saddlery and harness .. • • .. 113 16 5 108 18 10 74 Whips, lashes and stocks . . 88 12 4 84 4 5 92 1 7 96 1 4 100 18 2 75 Rubber and elastic goods .. 87 6 93 4 90 17 5 87 14 5 96 19 3 76 Hose : rubber, linen, &c 92 7 7 84 14 11 89 18 7 83 18 1 78 7 1 77 Other Trades. Sporting and athletic goods 90 19 10 93 10 2 70 17 3 104 19 9 103 13 10 78 Building materials .. .. .. .. .. 79 Fancy articles, &e 54 1 79 2 1 61 6 10 80 15 8 .. 80 Ivory, bone, shell and horn goods, &c. Buttons and dross trimmings 91 6 88 19 94 17 84 12 8 83 12 2 81 68 9 8 70 4 4 72 17 77 16 2 78 5 1 82 Toys and games (children's) 72 9 1 83 17 11 82 16 3 88 1 9 82 16 5 83 All Trades Together (c) .. 83 18 5 91 11 9 92 16 3 93 17 6 90 17 3 (a) In these years the figures are those given under the group " Liquors and beverages (6) In these years the flgureB are those given under the group " Liquors : malt, distilled (c) By "All Trades Together"' is meant the aggregate of the industries (comprising particulars of which are not given in the table (these being trades employing less than 100 UNITED STATES. 110 CRVSWrTS— continued. employed in certain Trades and in All Trades Together Massachusetts —continued. of Workpeople in Aggregate Average Number of Persons Emplo^^ed in 1898. 1894. 1895. 1896 1897. 1898. Male. Female. Total. 57 £ s. d. 112 12 3 £ s. d. 113 6 3 £ s. d. 125 8 8 £ s. d. 116 5 5 £ s. d. 116 2 5 270 22 292 58 96 14 3 109 11 4 93 15 8 91 11 1 91 13 3 111 134 245 59 102 10 9 103 11 103 14 10 102 6 1 101 13 727 82 809 60 107 3 9 114 7 6 104 17 114 15 5 114 10 4 428 .. 428 61 •• •• 110 16 4 112 1 213 •• 213 62 92 2 11 93 5 92 11 6 89 1 85 3 1,245 2 1,247 63 101 11 6 102 18 7 103 6 11 95 16 4 92 3 4 168 37 205 64 117 4 9 106 15 7 102 15 1 105 11 10 no 19 4 242 14 256 65 •• 96 8 5 96 17 3 92 11 1 91 5 2 129 •• 129 66 67 98 4 (a) 107 16 5 93 8 11 (rt) 112 5 94 16 1 118 *16 11 93 19 2 126 12 5 92 9 9 120 6 3 6,659 282 2.517 4 9,176 286 68 (6) 151 8 11 (&) 144 9 8 (&) 153 19 11 162 18 10 167 8 1,513 1,513 69 129 17 10 131 5 11 128 1 8 128 2 1 125 7 3 1,464 571 2,035 70 73 4 3 74 6 75 12 4 70 15 1 73 2 10 403 391 794 71 75 7 4 79 19 1 70 4 2 60 16 5 69 16 9 50 54 104 72 73 j 98 13 8 100 4 5 98 16 2 99 14 9 95 15 4 100 13 5 90 18 9 5,440 729 25 277 5,465 1,006 74 105 15 4 112 12 1 110 17 4 115 15 10 110 8 330 21 351 75 90 3 4 88 16 7 87 3 8 86 4 8 86 16 10 332 136 468 76 87 18 9 90 10 88 4 10 85 7 6 89 4 5.202 4357 9,559 77 93 18 10 92 14 1 83 13 8 92 4 4 93 10 2 411 92 503 78 90 17 3 91 13 4 103 16 106 11 3 107 1 2 138 28 166 79 .. 123 6 10 121 6 4 121 13 4 1,278 2 1,280 80 77 5 3 75 3 7 78 14 4 74 8 74 11 1 134 221 355 81 82 13 7 83 10 9 82 3 8 86 4 6 82 14 11 768 153 921 82 71 8 1 73 8 7 68 3 4 69 14 8 66 16 6 301 528 829 83 78 8 3 86 5 6 85 18 4 84 19 11 84 15 6 396 84 480 85 19 88 12 6 88 17 9 87 19 5 87 16 2 219,560 113,109 332,669 (not spirituoTis)." and fermented." 88 classes in 1898), returns from which are utilised in the source, including a few trades persons each). Ill WAGES : MASSA- Table 54.— Limits of the Weekly Eaknings of Workpeople employed in certain State of METAL TRADES.(&) Weekly Earnings. Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were within the Limits stated in Col, 1. 1890. 1891 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. MALES. Under5dols. (£1 Os.lOd.) 2,821 2,876 2,883 2,580 2,396 3,121 3,124 3,397 3,536 5 dels, but under 6 dols. (£1 Qs. 10d.-£l 5s.). 1,657 1,876 1,851 1,880 1,499 2,100 2,140 2,246 2,688 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.— £1 9s. 2d.). 2,707 2,697 2,667 2,482 2,256 3.086 3,144 3,192 3.194 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2d.-£l 13s 4d.). 3,808 3,527 3,886 3,498 3,174 4,069 4,290 4,237 4,158 8 dols. but under 9 dols, (£113s.M-£117s.6d). 3,950 3,391 3,902 3,817 2,986 3,919 4,238 4,306 4,236 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s.6fZ.— £2 Is.Sd.). 6,162 5,570 6,030 5,440 4,532 6,218 6,686 6,466 6,654 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8d.-£2 10s.). 7,!:09 7,059 7,938 7,391 6,211 7,613 8,136 , 8,513 8,952 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.-£3 2s. Qd.). 10,071 10,430 10,816 9,880 8,073 11,296 12,104 ! 12,354 12,221 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s. 6d.-£4 3s. 4d). 9,281 9,959 10,264 9,522 5,953 8,796 9,887 i 9,973 10,091 20 dols. (£4 3s. id.) and over. 3,044 3,329 3,240 3,007 2,027 2,974 2,927 3,035 3,011 Total Males 50,710 50,714 53,477 49,497 39,107 53,192 56,676 57,719 58,741 Females. Under 5 dols. (£1 Os.lOd) 816 821 959 711 611 1,028 1,049 1,330 1,555 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. 10fZ.-£l 5s.). 678 693 713 594 591 1,062 1,018 977 i,117 G dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9s. 2d.). 678 706 778 768 681 904 819 1,136 1,262 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 9s. 2rf.— £113s.4d.). 529 630 570 587 391 q06 547 922 1,000 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£1 13s. 4d.— £1 17s. 6d.). 392 389 357 335 298 ¥ 416 664 797 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17s.6d-£2 ls.8n!.). 245 280 212 248 223 413 264 369 395 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 l.s-.8d.— £2 10s.). 115 123 145 208 157 208 238; 233 238 12 dols. but under 15 dols. (£2 10s.-£3 2s. 6d). 71 58 49 78 69 101 87: 48 69 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s.6d.-£4 3s. 4d). 19 8 24 20 22 34 2J 17 29 20 dols. (£4 3s. 4d.) and over. 3 2 6 6 12 11 10 4 9 Total Females 3,546 3,710 3,813 3,555 3,058 4,725 4.470 5,700 M71 1 1 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on pp. 105-6, ante. The figures show the greatest number of persons was employed. (b) In this group are included the following classes of trades specified in the source :— Agricultural Watches, Jewellery ; Cooking, Liehting, and Heating Apparatus ; Electrical Apparatus and and Patterns ; Musical Instruments and Materials ; Scientific Instruments and Appliances ; and (c) In this group are included the following classes of trades specified in the source :— Awnmgs, Textiles in 1890-95) ; Flax, Hemp, Jute, and Linen Goods (Flax, Hemp, and Jute Goods only, in 1890-96); Print Works ; Dye Works and Bleacheries ; Silk and Silk G oods ; Woollen Goods ; and UNITED STATES. 112 CHUSETTS.(«) Pkincipal Groups of Trades and in All Trades Together in the Massachusetts. TEXTILE TRADES, (t) Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings were Limits stated in Col. 1. within th« Weekly Earning!^. 1890. 1891. 18J2. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Males. Under5dols.(£10s.l0d) 10,896 10,761 9,932 9,598 11,303 11,718 11,157 11,810 13,139 f) dols. but under 6 dols. (HI 0.S-. 10t/.-£l 5.S-.). 5,230 5,611 5,806 5,775 7,456 7,669 7,577 8,052 8,929 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£1 5s.-£l 9.S'. 2^/.). 10,262 10,146 10,229 9,524 11,005 11,901 12,184 12,324 12,769 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£1 H.S-. 2(L-£\ 13.V. 4r/.). 8,982 9,171 9,984 10,008 9,608 10,915 10,781 11,222 11,999 8 doli^. but under 9 dols. (£1 13.S-. 4(}.-~n 17.S-. 6^/.). 6,381 7,010 7,036 8,204 7,504 8,712 8,954 9,094 9,213 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£1 17.S-. 6f7.-e2 Is 8(/.). 7,724 7,960 S,132 7,541 6,198 7,112 7,078 7,619 7,426 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 l.«. 89 2,789 3,048 2,726 2,691 Total Males .. 40,021 42,551 42,067 36,419 31,422 40,269 41,933 45,406 46,768 Females. Under 5 dols. (£1 Os. lOrf.) 3,889 4,638 4,625 3,958 3,422 4,446 5,052 5,978 6,565 5 dols. but under 6 dols. (£1 Os. IM.-Sl 5s.). 2,618 3,168 3,270 2,988 2,569 3,.351 3,278 3,836 3,861 6 dols. but under 7 dols. (£15s.-£19s.2d). 3,334 3,815 3,545 3,351 2,693 3.733 3,724 4,069 4,278 7 dols. but under 8 dols. (£19s.2(f.-£113.s.4rf,.\ 3,282 3,500 3,376 3,035 2,692 .3,173 3,.502 .3,910 4,019 8 dols. but under 9 dols. (£113s.4r?.-£117s.6d). 2,905 2,971 3,194 3,084 2,461 2,645 .3,050 3,415 3,473 9 dols. but under 10 dols. (£117s.6rf.-£2 1.s-.8f/.). 2,525 2,474 2,775 2,656 2,1.56 2.592 2,824 3,028 3,066 10 dols. but under 12 dols. (£2 Is. 8(7.-£2 lOs.). 2,667 2,453 2,861 2,712 2,336 2,736 2,968 3,030 3.112 12 dols. but under in dols. (£2 10s.— £3 2s. M.). 2,079 2,052 2,113 2,000 1,641 1,926 1,906 2,079 2,206 15 dols. but under 20 dols. (£3 2s.6(f.-£4 3s.4rf.). 650 809 886 765 622 1 615 746 661 .582 20 dols. (£4 .3x. 4^.) and over. 80 24,029 86 103 73 74 49 "25,266 142 111 82 Total Females .. 25,966 26,748 £4,622 20,666 27,192 30,117 31,244 (a) In this group are included the following classes of trades specified in the source:- Boots and (?>) By "All Trades Together" is meant the aggregate of the industries (comprising 88 classes m UNITED STATES. 114 Groups of Trades and in All Trades Together in the State of M-ASSACRVSETTH^eontnined. ALL TRADES TOGETHER.(fe) Number of Workpeople whose Weekly Earnings -were ^ Limits stated in Col. 1. within the Weekly Earnings. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1 1897. 1898. Males. ! Under 5 dels. (£1 0*-. lOd.) 17,870 17,934 1 1 16,929 16,007 17,141 19,621 19,317 21,217 23,269 5 dols. and under 6 dols. (ill Ox. 10owi?/«;^^^. Table 55.— Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1897 — Gdntinued. Average Average Earnings Earnings Occupation. for a Full Occupation. for a Full Week's Week's Work. Work. & H. (I. & .V. d. Woollen 0(00^^— cont. Boots and Shoes. Packers 2 2 7 Cutters 2 8 6 Pressmen 1 17 9 Bottomers 2 7 11 Section hands 2 11 6 Boottreers 1 12 3 Firemen j 1 19 4 Crimpers 3 2 6 Engineers and firemen ... | 2 15 5 Fitters 3 4 1 Labourers 1 8 1 Finishers 2 8 4 Watchmen i 2 3 9 Buffers 3 3 Heelers 3 13 6 ■ Edge setters 2 10 o Shoemakers 3 6 1 Machine hands, women 2 1 7 ]\IcKay operators 3 3 9 Hosiery. Beaters-out 2 10 9 Trimmers 3 11 7 Overseers of carding; 4 13 9 Women 16 10 Young persons, carding- 18 7 Overseers of bleaching and 3 12 11 dyeing. Men, bleaching and dyeing 1 G 6 Overseers of spinning 4 17 11 Men and boys, spinning ... Boarders 2 8 8 1 18 11 Clothing (Ready-made). Finishers, women 1 8 Overseers 3 16 6 Cutters 1 5 5 Cutters 4 4 10 Winders 1 5 11 Trimmers 1 14 2 Knitters 1 10 5 Pressers 2 16 Twisters 19 7 Bastors, women 1 4 8 Sewing girls 1 7 4 Machine operators, women 1 6 9 Menders 1 5 U Finishers at home, women 7 6 Rotary knitters, men 2 13 8 Finishers in shop, women 15 8 Engineers 3 10 1 Finishers, custom, women ... 1 5 Yard hands and watchmen 1 8 Pantaloons and vest makers, custom work, women. 2 2 11 Carpetings. Straw Goods. Wool sorters 2 7 3 Bleachers 2 3 3 Wool washers 1 8 7 Blockers 3 9 8 Dyers and dryers 1 12 5 Pressers 2 7 Weavers 1 18 1 Packers 2 9 Section hands 2 8 7 Machine sewers 2 7 7 Drawers and spinners 1 1 (5 Plaster block makers 2 10 Frame spinners 1 1 4 Whittlers 2 3 9 Firemen 1 16 10 Menders 1 13 8 Machinists and carpenters... 2 5 1 Tippers 2 18 4 Watchmen 1 14 6 Trimmers 1 14 9 Labourers 1 7 11 Wirers 2 9 5 Labourers, boys 16 3 Machinists 2 17 4 UNITED STATES. 118 MASSACHUSETTS— «'/^i5//i«e^/. Table 55. — Avekage Earnings for a Full Wbpjk's VVouk of Workpeople employed in certain Occupations in the State of Massachusetts, in 1897 — conthiHed. Occupation. Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work. Occupation. Average Earnings for a Full Week's Work. Agriculture. Labourers per months with board Labourers jwr (larts. Brickmaking .. 933 23 14 .. 970 129 12 6 ll.i 648 628 85 6 9 5 •• 742 639 136 19 3 M 12 2 131 6i Leather goods.. 496 45 40 8 589 98 13 3 8 Rubber goods.. 1,365 594 60 52 2,071 102 18 2 91 Miscellaneous.. 1,583 306 135 90 2,114 107 5 11 9 (a> Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 119, ante. (h) Includes comfortables, twines, cotton warps and yarns, and men's and women'n underwear. 121 WAGES VARIOUS Table 58.— Average Daily Wages in Average Daily Wages in Occupation. 1887. 1892. 1894. 1895. Japan as a whole. Japan as a whole. Tokio. Japan as a whole. Tokio. Male. stonecutters s. d. lU s. d. 1 0.^ s. d. 1 7 s. d. 10 s. d. 2 1 Carpenters lOi 11 1 n m 1 2f Plasterers lOi 11 1 4^ Si 1 i\ Screen and door makers . . . 10 OlOi 1 8:V 1 4i Paper fixers 10 11 IIJ Sk 1 01 Roofers (shingles, thatch, &c.). Roofers (tiles) 9 11 lOi IH 1 3 1 U Si 1 n 1 0| Miners ... ... ... 8i ... Smiths lOi om 1 o.i 9 1 01 Makers of metal utensils ... ... U 10 61 10 Jewellers, &c. ... ... 1 01 81 1 Of Cotton scutchers 7^ 8:1 7h 61 n Silk weavers 6 5^ 8] 51 3| • Dyers Si 8f 7h 7 10 Boot and shoe makers ... ... 1 «i 91 1 3i Makers of wooden shoes and over shoes. Tailors (Japanese garments) 9 m 7^ 1 7i 7i n 1 If Tailors (European garments) 1 91 1 6 1 9 1 01 1 n Agricultural day labourers 6^ 6d 6» 61 6| Gardeners ... ... 1 3 81 111 Tea preparation workmen lOi 10^ 1 3 81 1 H Varnish (lacquer) collectors ... ... 61 111 (a) Compiled from Resume Statistiqiie de V Empire du Japan, published by the in the table, the information 122 IN JAPAN. OCCUPATIONS. («) \AEious Occupations in Japan. Average Daily Wages in 1 i 1 1895. 1896. 1897. i Occupation. J-«- Tokio. '"UJil^* Tokio. Japan^asa, ^. d. 101 *. d. 1 71 1 Oi *. d. 1 Li 1 d. u Male. Stonecutters. 9 I 41 lU 1 21 1 Carpenters. 9i 1 41 IH 1 2J 1 Oi Plasterers. 9 1 3 10^ 1 3i Hi Screen and door makers. 8i 1 3 lOi 1 31 11 Paper fixers. 8^ 1 5 101 1 21 IH Roofers (shingles, thatch, &c.). Roofers (tiles). 9i 1 n 1 Oi 1 21 1 u 9i ... lOi ... 111 Miners. 8^ 1 1 11 1 01 IH Smiths. 9i 1 2i 101 1 2i IH Makers of metal utensils. 9i 1 3 10 1 1 lOi Jewellers, &c. 6^ 9 71 9J 8^ Cotton scutchers. 5i 4f 6i 4* 6i Silk weavers. 7i 1 8 n 8^ Dyers. 91 1 31 101 1 Oi m Boot and shoe makers. 7^ 7t 1 1 5i ui 1 6i 1 4> 10 8A 91 1 2J 6^ 111 11 1 5 7] 1 9i 9 2i 71 Makers of wooden sho(;s and over shoes. Tailors (Japanese gar- ments). Tailors (European gar- ments). Agricultural day labourers. 8i 1 1 10 1 Oi llh Gardeners. 91 1 5 11 1 Oi 11 Tea preparation workmen. 6i ... 7 1 of 9i Varnish (lacquer) collec- tors. Statistical Office of the Japanese Imperial Cabinet. Where no figures are stated is not given in the source. 123 WAGES : VARIOUS Table .58. — Average Daily Wages in Various Average Daily Ooeupation. 1887. Japan as a whole. 1892. I 1894. 1895. Japan as a whole. Tokio. Japan as a whole. Tokio. 'il[2L\e—<^ont'mued. d. "• 1 s. d. 1 d. ,.d. Oil pressers 81 I 9 10 7 11» Silkworm rearers 7i- 7^ 4' 5^. 5 Fisherruen ... ... 8;] 6^ H Compositors in 10 1 Qk 71 1 01 Pressmen 8:i 9i 10 7 n\ Paper makers ... ... n 5i 7» Sawyers 9i 102 1 u 81 1 Of Cabinetmakers 9^ 101 lli 8i 1 Of Tjaoquer goods makers 9.^ 101 1 7 m 1 8i Wheelwrights ... 1 11 8 11 Coopers ... ... 1 3 7i 1 01 Ship carpenters lOi m 1 i\ 9 1 4i Pottery workers 9^ 101 10 61 ... Brick makers ... ... 1 r>j 11 1 7 Tobacco cutters 81 91 10 71 1 2 Matmakers 10 101 10 81 1 22 Saddlers and harness makers ... ... ... 1 7 82 1 H Purse, pouch, &;c., makers ... 1 o^- 71 1 02 General labourers 7i 7i Di 6 8i Female. Silk spinners 51 51 3 4i 3 Silk weavers Zi 31 3i 3i 3i Silk worm rearers 33 4i 4 31 4 Agricultural day labourers 5 5i 3i 3^ 3i JAPAN. 124 Occupations in jA-PAJH—^otUinued. Wages in 1895. 1896. 1897. Occupation. ''«."» Tokio. '"SKiJfl Tokio. Japan as a whole. x, d. 71 6 71 8; 7v 5.^ 9i 8i 8} 81 7i 9i 65 7i 8.* 9 8J 6i 4.i 3J 3i .N'. ^/. jr. (I. 11 J 8 6 7 10] 8.^ I 1 8i i 1 :> SI \ 10.] 6! 1 1 3] 11 ! 1 2.] lOi ! 1 7] 10 11} 9i i 1 IJ 9 i 1 6| 11.. ! ... 81 ! 1 "» 1 1 1 8] 1 r, 10 1 u lOi i 1 1 8i j r>» 7? (J 4 5i 4 41 45 41 4» 1 41 11^ Ci\ 9\ 10] 9J 9f 1 1] 11 1 0\ 11 1 0} 1 3f 1 5 llf 1 1 1 U 1 21 9!- d. 9 8 9i Si Sh Sh Oi 11 11 10 94^ 1 01 91 1 u lOi 101 111 10 s\ 5 51 4 4J r, 4] 5 5 Male — continued. Oil pressers. Silkworm rearers. Fishermen, Oomposftors. Pressmen. Paper makers. Sawyers. Cabinet makers. Lacquer goods makers. Wheelwrig-hts. Coopers. Ship carpenters. Pottery workers, Brickmakers. Tobaceo cutters, Matmakers. Saddlers and harness makers. Purse, pouch, &;c., makers. General labourers. Female. Silk spinners. Silk weavers. Silkworm rearers. Agricultural day labourers. HOURS OF LABOUR 127 HOURS OF LABOUR IN NORWAY. BOOK PRINTERS.^') Table 59.— Xumber of Hours worked as a Regular Workixg Day (^IitfrrraU Exclndeil^ by Workpeople employed in Book Printing Offices in the Vbstlaxd and Xordenfjeld Factory Inspection District in Norway, in 1897. Length of Regular Working Day (intervals excluded). I Number of Workpeople the Length of I whose Regular Working Day (inter- vals excluded) was as shown in Col. 1 . Number. Percentage. 8 hours 8^ hours 9 hours Over 9 hours and under 10 hours 10 hours 10^ hours Total 39 32 264 160 41 s 544 Per cent. 7-17 5 -88 48- 5o 20 41 7-54 147 100-00 Average Hours per day for all Workpeople ... 9 hrs. 9 mins. (tf) Compiled from Aarsheretm luirt' fm Fahnliinspehtonn-ne fu)' 1897, published by the Norwegian Department of the Interior. Norway is divided into two Factory Inspection Districts, the Vestland and Nordenf jeld District comprising about one-third of the persons employed in factories in the country^. HOURS OF LABOUR IN SWEDEN. BAKERSX^O Table 60.— Percentage Propoetion of Bakers in Sweden, whose Regular Weekly Working Hours in 1897 were within the under-mentioned Limits. Weekly Working Hours. Percentage Proportion of Workpeople employed in Bakeries, whose Regular Weekly Working Hours were within the Limits specified in Col. 1. Male. Female. Hours. Per cent. Per cent. 60 and under 7-4 10-9 Over 60 up to 72 34-4 25-0 » 72 „ „ 84 37-0 33-1 „ 84 „ „ 96 16-4 25-0 „ 96 4-8 6-0 Total 1000 100 -0 (f/) Compiled from Ardetsstatistih 7., Under soMing of Bagerierna i Srerigr, prepared for, and under the supervision of the Royal Board of Trade of Sweden by Johan Leffler. The figures include hours worked on Sundays as well as those worked on week-days, but do not include overtime, the exact amount of which can not be stated : a certain amount of overtime is worked, especially in bakeries making white (wheaten) bread for a number of days preceding public holidays. The hours stated are the gros,s working hours, and include all intervals, for meals or rest, of less than 2 hours' duration. SWEDEN. 128 VARIOUS TRADES.(«) Table 61.— Number of Hours Worked on Ordinary Working Days ilnbervaU excluded) by Adult Workpeople (over the Age of 18 Years') employed in the undermentioned GtROUps of Trades in Sweden, in 1891. Group of Trades. Number of Adult Workpeople (over the age of 18 years) by whom the Number of Hour.-* specified below (intervals excluded) were worked on Ordinary Working Days. 8 hours or less. Overs up to 9 hours. Over 9 up to 10 hours. Over 10 up to 11 hours. Over 11 up to 12 hours. Over 12 hours. Total. Building Trades. Stone cutting and polishing . . Painters' and glaziers' shops . . Mining and Quarrying. Coal mines Iron mines Other metalliferous mines Marble and limestone quarries Metal Trades. Blastfurnaces Other smelting works Manufactured iron and steel works. Engineering works and foundries . Shipbuilding (all materials) . . Tin and other plate works . . Textile Trades. Spinning and weaving . . Dye works Clothing Trades. Boot and shoe making . . Tailoring and shirtmaking Hat and cap making Printing and Paper Trades. Printing Bookbinding Pulp making Paper mills ■ Woodworking Trades. Sawmills Cut timber yards Joinery and planing works . . Bobbin, boot and shoe peg and cork manufacture. Chemical Trades. Match making Coal briquette and peat factories . . Glass, Pottery, &c.. Trades. Glassworks Porcelain manufacture Stove-tile and stone vessel manufac- ture. Lime burning and cement making. . Brickmaking Food and Tobacco Trades. Milling Baking Dairying Brewing Distilling Sugar and chocolate manufacture . . Tobacco manufacture 269 702 13 Leather Trades. Tanning and leather dressing 164 30 3 160 30 31 473 338 488 422 828 102 472 61 15 1,117 5,548 2,597 403 2,416 416 456 348 1,223 40 172 3,435 940 1,377 222 545 141 4 135 583 90 55 132 703 135 218 334 152 916 162 187 14 1,060 6,173 1,058 258 610 226 104 258 3,412 250 1,504 452 280 1,467 227 271 1,707 173 84 104 878 87 215 ioo 74 7 281 1,566 40 115 3,601 188 112 5,264 1,325 1,168 76 332 215 132 407 586 874 640 89 130 1,260 155 563 5 43 13 183 10 16 141 104 483 28 877 774 1,607 2,658 328 586 621 408 2,476 13,447 3,715 807 11,114 1,238 533 661 609 2,152 518 396 1,445 12,432 2,521 4,064 750 2,941 580 910 1.471 1,482 4,173 1,020 306 544 3,344 414 1,005 2,136 1,151 (a) Compiled from the Report of the Royal Commission on Child Labour (Betankande afgifvet den 11 Mars 1892 of Knmiten fur Reinxion of Furordningen den IS November 1881, angaende Minder^rige.t Anvandande t Arhcte rid Fabrik, Handtrerk cUer annnn Handtcriiig, M. M. 1892). The figures relate to the hours worked on ordinary week-days, to the exclusion of any days (<'.(7., Saturdays) on which less than the usual number of hours was worked. 6487 I 129 HOURS OF LABOUR IN DENMARK. AT COPENHAGEN.(«) Table 62.— Length of the Regular Working Day {IntervaU and Overtime excluded') in certain Trades at Copenhagen. Trade. Length op Working Day. 1892. 1898. Building Trades. Masons and bricklayers r Jan. and Dec. I Feb. and Nov. J Mar. and Oct. ( Apr. to Sept. Stonecutters (marble and sandstone) Granite cutters Paviors i Jan. and Dec. ... ) Feb. and Nov. ... \ Mar. and Oct. ... ( Apr. to Sept. ... Navvies I Jan. and Dec. (including excavators, g>^^. -a ^ov. ( Apr. to Sept. concreters, &c.) Honse cleaners {^-;^,^ ■■■ [ Jan, and Dec. Carnenters < ^^^' ^^^ ^®^- uarpenters < ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ( Apr. to Sept. Joiners : — {Jan. and Dec. Feb., Mar., Oct. and Nov. Apr. to Sept. In builders' yards Roofers Aspbalters Plasterers Painters Glaziers I Jan. and Dec. j Feb. and Nov. j Mar. and Oct. ( Apr. to Sept. Hrs. Mins. Hrs. Mins. 30 30 10 10 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. about 9 7 8 9 10 9 10 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 7 7 9 9 10 30 0(&) 0(&) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 SO O(^) 30 30 (a) Compiled from Reports published by the Municipality of Copenhagen (^Arheidslonnen i Kohenharn i Aaret 1892, and the similar Report for 1898). (J) Average for year : 10 hours in 6 summer months, less in winter, (c) On building jobs in winter, 8 hours. DENMARK. 130 AT COV'ENEAQt'EN—corUinued. Table 62. — Length of the Regular Working Day (^Intervah and Overtime excluded^ in certain Trades at Copenhagen — cordinued. Length op Working Day. Tnulft xrcUU;. 1892. 1898. Metal, Engineering and Ship- Hrs. Mins. Hrs. Mi»i. building Trades. Pattern making 10 30 10 30 Moulders 10 30 (a) 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. Smiths (heavy work) 10 30 10 Smiths (light work) lOhrs. tolOhr.^. 30 niin. 10 Braziers 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. ... Coppersmiths 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 30 min. Tinsmiths (including ( summer plumbers) \ winter ... 10 ... 8 80 Tinware makers (factories) 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 Machinists ... 10 Stove fitters 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. ... File cutters 9 hrs. to 9 hrs. 30 min. ... Electric installation works ... 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. Telephone work 9 30 9 hrs. to 9 hrs. 30 min. Instrument making 9 30 9 0(Z») Gold and silversmiths 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 (c) Electro-plate workers ... 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. Clock and watch-makers 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. to 10 hre. 10 hrs. 80 min. Sail, flag and compass making 10 ... Shipbuilding yards ... 10 {d-) Textile Trades. Cotton weavers 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 miu. Woollen weavers ... 10 hrs. 15 min. to 10 hrs. 30 min. Dyeing 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 { men 10 9 hrs. 80 min. to Trimmings manufacture -j 10 hrs. I women ... 9 hrs. to 10 hrs. Ropemaking 10 10 *" Clothing Trades. Boot factories { ;X»« ._ ;;; ••• ... 10 9 SO Wooden shoe manufacture 10 Tailoring factories..: 10 *" 30 10 (e) Straw hat making 1 S^^_ "* women about 9 hrs. 30 min. 10 0(/) 8 0(/) Hatmaking (other) 10 hrs. toll hrs. G') men 9 hrs. 30 min. to Glovemaking -j 10 hrs. women 1 ... 9 30 (a) Iron foundries and machine making. (J) Surgical instrument making. (c) Goldsmiths. (d) Average for year : 10^ hours in summer, 8 hours in mid-winter. (e) Men. (/) Straw and ladies' hat making. (^) Skilled workmen 12 to 13 hours, less intervals of 2 to 2i hours ; unskilled workmen 14 hours, and women 11 hours, with similar intervals. 6487 I 2 131 HOURS OF LABOUR : AT CO'P'E'NEAGt'E'N— continued. Table 62. — Length of the Regular Working Day (^Intervals and Overtime excluded^ in certain Trades at Copenhagen — continued. Trade. Length of Working Day. 1892. 1898. Transport. Dock labourers I Apr. to Oct. Coal porters ...{^P-^^^^*- Hrs. Mins. Agricultural Labour. Gardeners spring and summer- autumn and winter 11 0(«) 30 («) Printing, Paper, and Allied Trades. Compositors (newspaper) „ (other) Pressmen Lithographers Bookbinders T> . • • { summer Paper staining ] ^.^^^ Woodworking and Furnishing Trades. Sawmills and machine joinery Coopering Wood turners Turners (fine work) Upholsterers Wood carvers men women ... Gilders Coach and cart building Pianoforte manufacture Chemical Trades. Coke and salt works Petroleum works... I ^f;--*/^^^- ( rest 01 year Match making Glass, Pottery, &c.. Trades. {White glass Green glass Other glass Pottery Terra-cotta i jonrneymen manufacture labourers women .. 10 10 30 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 15 min. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 6 hrs. to 8 hrs. 10 30 9 hrs. 45 min. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 30 7 30 11 7 30 Hrs. Mins. 10 9 10 8 10 9 about 9 9 9 10 30 30 15 30 30 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. 9 hrs. to 10 hrs. 10 10 10 9 hrs. to 9 hrs. 30 min. 10 10 9 10 10 9 30 10 15 ^d) Market gardeners DENMARK. 132 AT CO'P'E'NEAGtTSiN—cmtinued. Table 62.— Length of the Regular Wobkino Day {IrdervaU and Overtime exolitded) in certain Tbadbs at Copenhagen — coTitinutd. Trade. Length of Working Day. 1892. 1898. Glass, Pottery, &c., Trades— cow^. Brick and tile making Porcelain manufacture : labourers Faience manufacture Lime works Food and Tobacco Tbades. Milling Baking Confectionery manufacture Sweetmeat manufacture ... Slaughter-house workmen Sausage manufacture Brewing Brandy distilling Mineral water manufacture men women Chicory manufacture | Sugar refining Jam factories Sugar manufacture Tobacco manufacture Gas Works. Gas workers / skilled workmen \. labourers Workers in Fibre, Cane, &c. Basket making Brush making Leather and Fur Trades. Tanners (including chamois dressers) Furriers ^ ^^° Hrs. Mins. 10 hrs. to 11 hrs. about 10 hrs. to 11 hrs. about 10 hrs. 10 30 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 10 Saddlers women ... 30 30 30 Other Trades. Oilcloth manufacture (women) Gut cleaning Cork cutting Steam laundries Stokers Government Employees. State railway workshops Hrs. Mins. about 9 30 (a) 9 hrs. to 9 hrs. 30 min. 8 hrs. to 10 hrs. 10 9 80 about 10 hrs. 30 min. 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. 10 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 9hr8.30min.to lOhrs. 10 hrs. to 10 hrs. 80 min. 10 30 8hrs.30min.to9hr8. 10 10 10 10 10 9hrs.tolOhrs.(&) 10 9 10 hrs. to 11 hrp. 9 hrs. 30 min. to 10 hrs. 30 min. 10 10 10 (a) Average for year : 10 hrs. for 8 months, 8 to 9 hrs. for rest of year, (ft) In factories, 9 hrs. ; in workshops of chamber masters, 10 hrs. 133 HOUKS OF LABOUB : DENMARK. GOVERNMENT WORKMEN.(«) Table 63.— Hours of Labour of Workmen in certain Trades employed by the Danish Government, in 1896.(&) Number of Workmen whose Daily Hours of Labour were Trade. Total. Under 7i. 7i. 8. 8h. 9. 9i. 10. lOi Over lOi. Carpenters ... ... ... 15 4 ... 14 ... 33 Joiners ... ... ... 55 1 ... ... 1 1 68 Woodworkers ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 ... 26 Machinists ••• ... ... 237 ... 44 ... 5 286 Ironworkers ... ... ... 2 ... 142 ... ... 144 Blacksmiths ... ... ... 23 2 ... ... ... ... 25 Ordnance Works ... ... ... ... 17 ... ... ... ... ... 17 Torpedo Works ... ... ... 93 ... ... ... ... 93 Telegraph Works ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 ... 33 94 Shipbuilders ... ... ... 100 ... ... ... ... ... 100 Sailmakers ... ... ... 19 3 ... ... ... ... 22 Army Clothing Fac- tory. Saddlers ... ... ... ... ... ... IS 43 ... 43 18 Railway Service :— Traffic ... ... 13 ... ... ... 148 ... 197 358 Machines (Work- shops) — Artisans ->. Stokers V... ... ... ... ... ... 1,135 ... ... 1,135 Labourers ^ Day labourers 16 ... 41 713 140 38 147 12 35 1,142 (a) Compiled from Danmarlis Statistik, Statistishe Meddeldser^ Fjerde Reekks, Iste Bind, 1897, published by the Danish GTovernment Statistical Office. The table relates to those workmen alone, who are paid only for days on which they actually work, or for labour which they actually perform. Employees receiving weekly or monthly salaries are not included in the figures. (h) The period to which the figures relate is the month of October, 1896, xcept in the case of "Railway Service: Machines (Workshops)," the figures to which relate to the financial year 1895-96. 134 HOURS OF LABOUR IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. BAKERS AND CONPECTIONERS.(«) Table 64.— Limits of the Daily Hours of Labour of Journeymen Bakers and Confectioners in the German Empire, in 1892. Limits op Daily Hours op Labour. I.— Normal Hours. Number of Establishments in which the Normal Hours of Labour of Journeymen were as under : — 12 hours or under. Over 12 up to 14 hours. Over 14 Over 16 up to up to 16 hours. 18 hours. Over 18 hours. Hours inde- terminate. Ordinary (intervals iti^ eluded'). Day l^akeries (intervals ex- cluded). Confectionery works (in- tervals ex- cluded). 2,191 !10 265 1,176 45 124 541 14 5 129 28 (Over 16 hours) 1 43 3 12 Number of Establishments in which Overtime was regularly worked by Journeymen on 1 or 2 days per week, for II.— Overtime. 3 or 4 days per week, for 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. An indeterminate number of days per we< for 2 hours or under. Over 2 hours. Hours indeter- minate. Total Number of Establish- ments in ■which Overtime was regfularly worked by Journeymen. Ordinary bakeries. Day bakeries .. Confectionery works. 356 452 38 72 97 113 242 21 32 3 5 5 13 16 15 21 ... 2 10 15 89 1,370 95 152 (a) Compiled from Erltehung iiher die Arheitszeit in BdcUereien und Konditoreien, 1S92, published by the German Imperial Statistical Oliice. By "Normal Hours" is meant hours worked by journeymen as a regular working day on ordinary days (days other than Saturdays and the eves of festivals) ; " Overtime " here means time worked (on ordinary days) in excess of such normal hours. By "Ordinary Bakeries" is meant bakeries in which night work obtains ; by " Day Bakeries," those in which day work prevails. In bakeries in which night work prevails, and which bake more than three times a week, the working hours are (since July, 1896) regulated by law (see Labour Gazette, April, 1896, p. 115). The total number of establishments, upon whose returns the figures stated in the table are based, is : — Ordinary Bakeries 4,108 ; Day Bakeries, 273 ; Confectionery Works, 406. 135 HOURS OF LABOUR MINERS IN PRUSSIA.(«) Table 65.— Number op Hours worked in One Shift (^Bank to Banh, all Pauses included) by Miners in Coal, Lignite and Metalliferous Mines in Prussia. UNDERGROUND. District Hewers and Trammers. Other Underground Workmen. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1897. 1898. 1899. Goal Mines. Upper Silesia :— Number employed .. Hours worked Lower Silesia :— Number employed .. Hours worked Dortmund :— Number employed . . Hours worked 33,234 8-12 (average 10-4) 10,330 8-12 (average 9-7) 88^30 6-9(ft) 34,845 8-12 (average 10-5) (average 9*6) 96.961 6-9(h) 36,460 8-12 (average 10 "5) 10,894 8-12 (average 9-6) 103,707 8-9 7,889 8-12 (average 10*8) 2,786 8-12 (average 9-9) 45,327 6-9(6) 8,195 8-12 (average 10-8) 2,986 8-12 (average 9-7) 49,595 6-9(6) 8,763 8-12 (average 10*7) (average • 9-6) 53.347 8-9 Saarbnicken (State Mines) :- Number employed . . Hours worked 20.497 9 21,493 9 T^ 8,035 9 8,392 9 8.687 9 Aix-]a-Chapelle :- Number employed . . Hours worked W 5.738 9*5 vr 1,450 9'5 1,453 9-5 1,483 ..r„« 9-5 Lignite Mines. Halle :- Number employed . . Hours worked iW 9,683 11-4 9,587 11-5 1,611 11-6 1,634 11-5 ^ffi MetalUferous Mines. Harz (State Mines) :— Number employed .. Hours worked 1,627 10*5 1,602 10-5 1,498 10'5 444 ll-l 437 in 429 111 Siegen-Nassau :— Number employed . . Hours worked ''^ 13,874 8-5 13,409 8-4 739 9-1 797 9-1 773 9-1 Other Rhenish Districts, Right Bank : — Number employed . . Hours worked 3,249 3,831 8'2 IT 285 8-4 331 8-6 329 8-8 Other Rhenish Districts, Left Bank :- Number employed . . Hours worked W 1,496 9-2 Wf 136 10'6 126 10-6 145 10-5 (a) Compiled from Zeitschrlft fiir das Berg-, Hiitten- and Salinen-Wesen im Preussischen Staatc (i, Statistisnhe Lieferang), published by the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Industry. (6) It is stated that, in general, the hours worked (exclusive of descent and ascent, which together occupy about 1 hour) are 8 for ordinary, and 6 for specially heavy work. 6EBMAN EMPIRE. MINERS IN PRUSSIA-c^i^^. Table 65.— Number op Hours worked in One Shift (^Bank to Bank, all Pauses included) by Miners in Coal Lignite, and Metalliferous Mines in Prussia — ooTitinued. SUEFACE • iDistricts. Men. Lads and Boys (under 16 years). Women and Girls. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1897. 1898. ' 1899. 1887. 1898. 1899. Coal Mines. Upper Silesia :— Number employed . . Hours worked Lower Silesia :- Number employed . . Hours worked Dortmund : — Number employed . . Hours worked 11,128 8-12 (average 11-2)^ 4,993 8-12 (average 10-8) 31,159 6-12 11,471 8-12 (average iri) 5,184 8-12 (average 10-8) 33,379 6-12 11,984 8-12 (average iri) 5,277 8^12 (average 10-9) 35,513 8-12 456 8-12 (average 10-3) 474 8-10 (average 9-8) 5,624 6-12 610 8-12 (average 10-2) 487 8-12 (average 9-7) 6.018 6-12 967 8-12 (average 10 -2) 596 8-12 (average 9-6) 6,571 6-12 3,669 8-12 (average iro) 263 8-12 (average 10-9) 3,682 8-12 (average 10-9) 287 8-12 (average 11-1)^ 3.815 8-12 (average 10-9) 296 8-12 (average iri) Saarbriicken (State Mines) :- Number employed .. Hours worked 5,129 9*5 w 5.507 9*5 587 9-5 710 9-5 944 9*5 ;; •• • • Aix-la-Chapelle :~ Number employed . . Hours worked 1,972 l5'7 1,979 10-7 2,007 10-6 355 9-2 374 9-2 387 9*7 18 iro 18 10*9 19 10*9 Lignite Mines. ■ Halle :— Number employed . . Hours worked 14,150 11-8 14,864 11*8 15,607 11-9 250 11-0 290 11-4 363 11-4 603 11-6 680 11-7 716 11-5 Metalliferous Mines. Harz (State Mines) :— Number employed . . Hours worked i^ 1,069 11-5 1,085 11-5 236 11-0 230 iro 198 11*0 .. •• .. Siepen-Nassau :— Number employed . . Hours worked foT id-4 3,490 10-2 10*3 1,316 10-2 1,221 10-2 424 10-4 408 10-5 389 10-4 Other Rhenish Districts, Right Bank :— Number employed .. Hours worked 1384 11-8 1,431 11-7 1,815 11-3 282 ire 333 11-6 434 11-2 128 11'6 146 11-4 180 11-9 Other Rhenish Districts, Left Bank :— Number employed . . Hours worked 1,579 11-5 i¥f 1,619 11-4 67 10-8 90 10*6 121 10-5 84 10-8 — .4< r t 68 10-9 61 10-9 OF THE VI UNlVERSn / j OF / J 37 HOURS OP LABOUR : STATE RAILWAYS Tablb 66.— Limits of the Hours of Laboub in the Autumn of 1897(J) fixed on the Statb No. of Work- people. Percentage Proportion of Total which was within the L Occupation, 8hrs. or less. Overs up to lOhra. Over 10 up to 12 hrd. Over 12 up to 13hrB. Level-crossing keepers, &c. ... 23,519 Percent. 2-24 Per cent 4-83 Per cent. 65-61 Per cent. 12-41 Pointsmen and sigrnalmen 20,405 7-93 5-88 68-66 7-63 Telegraphists 2,975 34-42 20-57 40-64 2-49 Foremen shunters 2,921 6-47 9-41 77-92 3-87 Carriage and wagon examiners 2,061 2-48 11-98 82-53 1-84 Door-keepers and ticket col- lectors. Train staif 3,976 26,029 3-60 14-22 15-01 18-76 58-93 37-35 11-01 9-68 Locomotive stafif 21,250 19-31 17-53 25-91 12-58 Workshops and storehouse staflF 4,852 7-56 52-58 38-13 1-46 Men at stations 27,321 1-86 14-61 72-40 6-02 Men at goods yards 13,448 0-74 32-79 53-58 8-71 Men attached t Administratior Men in workshoj the General i. )S 1,077 42,903 25-91 0-09 38-90 95-90 34-54 3-94 0-65 0-07 Permanent- way s maintenance n ind telegraphs- len. 63,388 1-17 62-82 35-47 0-44 (a) Compiled from the Official Report for 1896-97 of the Prussian State Railways {Bericht (b) According to a Parliamentary Paper presented to the Prussian House of Represen- the corresponding percentages for the under-mentioned classes of workpeople for the Occupation. Percentage Proporl .ion of Total which was within the No. of Work- people. lOhrs Over 10 Ov«r 12 or less. up to 12 hrs. up to 18 firi. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 20,311 8-89 63 -59 13-22 16,083 8-09 6.0-27 12-52 2,419 41-71 48-62 4-13 1,812 12-14 72-68 9-00 1,315 8'29 79-39 5-10 21,688 28-97 18-53 9-95 15,632 26'64 19-58 13-80 Level-crossing keepers, Ac. . * Pointsmen and signalmen . . Telegraphists Foremen shunters Carriage and Waggon examiners. Train staff Locomotive staff GfiSRMAN EMPIRE. 138 IN PRUSSIA, 1897.(«) by the Official Time Tables for certain Classes of Wobkpboplb employed Railtv^ats in Fbussia. Days -worked, the Length of under-mentioned Limits. Total. Over 13 Over 14 Over 15 Occupation. up to Hhrs. up to IShrs. up to 16hr8. _ Percent 12-31 Per cent. 1-23 Per cent. 1-37 Per cent. 100-00 Level-crossing keepers, 3cc, 7-23 1-29 1-38 100-00 Pointsmen and signalmen. 1-11 0-47 0-30 100-00 Telegraphists. 2-33 ... 100-00 Foremen shunters. 1-17 ... ... 100-00 Carriage and wagon examiners. 6-74 8-86 2-72 5-72 1-99 5-41 100-00 100-00 Door-keepers and ticket col- lectors. Train staff. 14-74 5-72 4-21 100-00 Locomotive staff. 0-27 ... ... 100-00 Workshops and storehouse staff. 2-78 1-24 1-09 100-00 Men at stations. 2-51 1-12 0-55 100-00 Men at goods yards. ... ... ... 100-00 100-00 Men attached to the General Administration. Men in workshops. 0-10 ... ... 100-00 Permanent- way and telegraphs- maintenance men. ^ uber die Ergebnlsse des Betriebes der Premsiachen Staatseisenbahnen im Betrieb^ahre 1896-87), tatives (No. 8, 3au3 der Abgeordncten, 18. Legialaturperiode, V. Session, 1898) the followine are year 1892 :— Days worked, the Length of under -mentioned Limits. Total. Occupation. Over 13 Over 14 up to 14hr8. up to 18hrs. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 13-02 6-28 100-00 Level-crossing keepers, Ac. 9-17 4-95 lOO'OO Pointsmen and signalmen. 3-89 1-65 100-00 Telefiraphists. 3-20 2-98 100-00 Foremen shunters. 3-57 3*65 100-00 Carriage and wagon examiners. 10-48 32-07 100-00 Train staff. 15-47 24-71 100 '00 Locomotive staflP. 139 HOURS OF LABOUR : STATE RAILWAYS IN PRUSSIA AND THE Table 67.— Limits of the Hours of Labour fixed by the Oppicial Time Railways of Prussia and the Percentage Proportion of Total which was within the No. of Work- people. Occupation. 8hrs. Over 8 Over 10 Over 12 or up to up to up to less. 10 hrs. 12 hrs. 13 hrs. AUTUMN, Per cent Per cent. Per cent Per cent Level-crossing keepers, &c. 25,648 1-47 3-22 77-62 9-79 Pointsmen and signalmen 24,132 11-77 7-66 70-45 6-01 Telegraphists 3,213 41-08 30-19 28-17 0-34 Foremen shunters 3,531 34-98 18-01 45-82 0-85 Carriage and wagon examiners 2,227 1-39 22-54 75-53 0-23 Door-keepers and ticket col- 4,338 2-81 21-60 67-70 6-11 lectors. Train staff 29,849 12-88 24-04 41-34 7-21 Locomotive staff 24,448 18-10 28-44 25-20 11-03 Workshops and storehouse staff 3,749 9-63 70-47 19-02 0-75 Men at stations 27,250 12-35 16-85 64-75 4-12 Men at goods yards 14,768 0-39 33-22 61-31 3-46 Men attached to the General 962 39-61 40-02 19-33 0-73 Administration. Men in workshops 46,319 0-08 97-60 2-27 0-05 Machinists and running-shed 1,286 0-78 17-57 76-90 4-28 men. Engine cleaners 8,648 0-51 39-78 58-34 0-37 Permanent- way and telegraphs- 66,144 2-71 50-61 46-58 0-10 maintenance men. AUTUMN Level-crossing keepers, &c. 25,922 1-07 2-47 73-34 13-29 Pointsmen and signalmen 24,955 8-79 8-26 71-36 7-06 Telegraphists 3,261 39-62 31-03 28-43 0-92 Foremen shunters 3,622 17-67 19-02 62-26 0-83 Carriage and wagon examiners 2,310 0-87 21-08 77-40 0-30 Door-keepers and ticket col- 4,345 2-30 20-09 67-99 7-21 lectors. 1 130 20-00 46-92 33-08 100-00 1894 16 625 30-24 69-76 100-00 1895 37 i 3,580 6-54 57-01 36-45 100-00 1896 35 1 4,256 2-42 11-33 86-25 100-00 1897 25 1,804 30-76 33-37 35-87 100-00 1898 49 ! 5,887 10-74 16-22 73-04 100-00 Totals and : Mean Per- [272 25,869 10-50 26-58 62-97 100-00 centages. i BAVARIA-GROUPED BY TRADES.(«) Table 92.— Number of Trade Disputes in Bavaria, in 1889-98, Grouped by Trades, and Number of Workpeople who took part in such Disputes. Number of Disputes. Number of Percentage of Group of Trades. Workpeople who took part in Disputes. Disputes. Work- people. Per cent. Per cent. Building trades 47 6,919 17-28 26-75 Mining and smelting( J) 2 108 0-74 0-42 Metal working 41 2,768 15-07 10-70 Engineering and implements 15 1,028 5-51 3-97 manufacture. Textiles 16 2,135 5-88 8-25 Clothing and cleaning(c) ... 22 1,585 8-09 6-13 Transport 2 76 0-74 0-29 Forestry 1 104 0-37 0-40 Printing and allied trades ... 11 925 4-04 3-58 Paper trades 5 346 1-84 1-34 Wood, etc. trade8(r/) 44 4,749 16-17 18-36 Chemical trades 7 304 2-57 1-17 Stones and earths trades(0 ... 40 3,901 14-71 15-08 Food, tobacco, &c. preparation 12 328 4-41 1-27 Leather trades 4 208 1-48 0-80 Commercial employment 3 385 1-10 1-49 Total 272 25,869 10000 100-00 (ft) Compiled from Statist i sokes Jahrhushfilr das Konigreich Bayern, published by the Royal Bavarian Statistical Oifice. (Ji) See foot-note (J) on p. 167, atite. (/) See foot-note (c) on p. 1 67, ante, - (jT) See foot-note (d^ on p. 167, ante, le) See foot-note (e) on p. 167, ante. 169 TRADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 93.— Number of Tbade Disputes in France, and Number Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. I.— Number of Disputes. Building trades Mining and quarrying Metal trades Textile trades : — Manufacture Textile goods Transport Agriculture, forestry and fishing Miscellaneous trades Total .. 27 26 32 81 39 22 20 35 40 38 40 70 j 118 104 j 79 5 233 13 9 11 15 27 5 6 6 10 75 60 64 165 313 267 261 634 64 20 54 112 10 11 21 99 391 XL— Number of Workpeople who took PART IN THE DISPUTES. Building trades Mining and quarrying Metal trades .. Textile trades :— Manufacture Textile goods Transport Agriculture, forestry and fishing Miscellaneous trades Total .. 3,773 39,987 60,953 1,090 990 6,097 118.929 3,572 48,807 7,965 1,820 j 3,984 1,145 21,651 108,944 4,405 20,061 9,126 49,583 5,038 10,053 10,131 48,515 170 3,213 7,018 10,971 5,655 6,095 0,360 21,632 47,903 170,123 6,4W 4,192 3,212 23,461 995 ],135 2,413 12,674 54.576 DURATION- Table 94.— Aggregate Duration in Working Days Group of Trades. Number of Working Days lost by 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. Building trades Mining and quarrying Metal trades Textile trades :— Manufacture Textile goods Transport Agriculture, forestry and fishing . . Miscellaneous trades 244,300 1,528,015 239,939 484,760 25,918 162,940 158,920 329,208 39,960 192,180 94,171 308,225 50,524 2,464 23,003 351,953 69,053 60,916 41,118 190,655 3,800 23,162 53 228,912 61,870 115,197 153,921 127,625 7,529 1,681 32,735 143.610 Total 3,174.000 1,062,480 617,669 C44,168 (a) Compiled from Statistique dea Grives et des Recours a la Conciliation 170 m FRANCE. BY TRADES. («) of WoBKPEOPLB who took part in such Disputes, Grouped by Tbades. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Group of Trades. L— Number of Disputes. 69 47 76 64 113 Building trades. 22 23 23 21 55 Mining and quarrying. 49 70 61 60 140 Metal trades. 141 197 82 104 204 Textile trades :— Manufactxire. 7 13 5 6 16 Textile goods 16 13 16 14 46 Transport. 4 12 15 7 10 Agriculture, forestry and fishing. 98 101 78 92 160 Miscellaneous trades. 406 476 356 368 744 Total. IL-NUMBER OF WORKPEOPLE WHO TOOK PART IN THE DISPUTES. 8^ 4,586 16,870 47,267 17,741 Building trades. 4,375 8,730 9,786 5,761 36,162 Mining and quarrying. 3,623 5,728 4,682 6,136 48,906 Metal trades. 14,641 16.760 8,674 12,509 39,928 Textile trades :— Mamifaeture. 145 573 140 260 674 Textile goods. 3,021 664 1,234 1,708 8,369 Transport. 61 5,571 21,082 1,056 1,936 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. 10,755 7,239 6,407 7,368 23,365 Miscellaneous trades. 45,809 49,851 68,875 82,065 177,081 Total. BY TRADES.(«) I of Trade Disputes in France, Grouped by Tr^Idi Workpeople affected by Disputes. Group of Trades. 1897. 1898. 1899. 305,794 722,142 287,131 Building trades. 174,161 42,620 422,777 Mining and quarrying. 50,637 144,109 561,663 Metal trades. 119,496 232,568 1,966,033 Textile trades :— Manufacture. 791 2,569 2,589 Textile goods. 6,093 6,530 61,150 Transport. 65,095 3,875 31,735 Agriculture, forestry and fishing. 58,877 61,893 217,656 3",550i734~ Miscellaneous trades. 780,944 1,216,306 Total. tt a I 'Arbitrage^ published by the French Labour Department. 171 TRADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 95. — Causes or Object of Tbade Disputes in France, Number of Workpeople (6) Cause or Object. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Wages :- For increase 48,835 30,184 26,303 129,506 30,700 Against decrease . . 6,476 7,150 5,354 10,276 • 9,261 Other 9,325 49,349 12,624 57,262 1,478 Hours of Labour :— For decrease 47,043 11,902 2,359 25,883 2,380 Other 434 450 736 Employment of particular classes or persons. 12,097 11,295 11,706 16,980 11,663 Working arrangements 710 11,358 1,667 100,627 7,665 Other causes 9,850 37,290 3,857 1,622 30 GROUPED Table 96.— Percentage of Workpeople who took part in Trade Disputes Besult. Percentage of Workpeople • 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. In favour of workpeople .. 11*23 20*61 20*40 21*27 23*63 In favour of employers 63*97 29*47 29*60 52*37 30*96 Compromised 23*55 49*78 49*73 26*36 45*41 Unknown 1*25 0*14 0*27 •• Total .. .. 100*00 100*00 100*00 100*00 100*00 (a) Compiled from the source stated (&) In the figures stated in this table a workman, who took part in a FRANCE. 172 BY CAUSES.(«) with the Number of Workpeople who took part in such Disputes. who took part in Disputes. Cause or Object 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. i Wages :- 28,866 28,341 47,895 35,851 136,572 For incroase. 3,204 5.915 3,112 5,869 2,989 Against decrease. 3,729 9,174 12,411 7,033 45,351 Other. HowpB of Labour :— 6,106 4,481 5,714 3,478 32,290 For decrease. •• •• •• •• Other. 10,407 15.072 17.681 6,305 41,637 Employment of particular classes or persons. 8,181 11,686 7.858 9,587 25,655 Working arrangements. 857 6,723 5,032 46,625 50,040 Other causes. BY RBSULTS.(«; in France, Grouped according to the Results of such Disputes. who took part in Disputes. Eesult. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 18-73 23 -23 28*80 12-91 11-95 In favour of workpeople. 36-10 42-56 29*43 47-43 17-59 In favour of employers. 45 17 34*21 41-77 39*66 70-46 Compromised. Unknown. 100 00 10000 100 00 100*00 10000 Total. in footnote on pp. 169, 170, ante. strike which had say, two causes or objects, counts as two, and so on. 173 TEADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 97.— Number of Strikes(*) in Italy, Grouped by Group of Trades. 1892. 1893. 1894. I. Number op Strikes. Building trades 21 Mining and quarrying .. 19 Metal trades 4 Textile trades 41 Clothing trades 3 Transport 8 Agriculture 10 Miscellaneous 20 Employees of public aufch orities 3 Total II. Number of Workpeople WHO TOOK PART in STRIKES. Building trades ... Mining and quarrying Metal trades Textile trades Clothing trades ... Transport Agriculture Miscellaneous Employees of public authorities Not specified Total Strikers affected Total Non-strikers affected (Industrial. Strikes).('') 15 19 7 44 1 16 18 28 1 21 21 8 20 2 9 8 27 1 129 149 117 3,866 (c) 8,280 638 7,663 (c) 306 5,140 3,504 (c) 1,441 (c) 2,850 616 4,340 (rf) 3,840 (^d) 415 id) 14,042 id) ... (^) 5,147 (d) 12,390 2,944 (d) 900 481 4,224 13,318 1,814 2,926 258 885 4,748 3,022 1,148 34,304(0 44,499(^) 32,343 Not stated. Not stated. Not stated. (a) Compiled from Statistica degli Scioperi avvemdi nelV Industria e nelV Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, (J) In addition to the strikes, particulars of which are given in the table, to have been stoppages of work having no connection with any dispute between lock-outs in 1893, directly involving 145 workpeople; 1 lock-out in 1894, directly 2 lock-outs in 1896, directly involving 1,351 workpeople ; 3 lock-outs in 1897, 334 workpeople. (c) As to 6 strikes in 1892 (3 in building trades, 1 in textile trades, 1 in agri- in 3 of these strikes 616 workpeople took part. (d) As to 9 strikes in 1893 (2 in building trades, 1 in mining and quarrying, 2 in miscellaneous) it was found impossible to obtain full details ; in 5 of these (e) The number of non-strikers affected in agricultural strikes cannot be 174 IN ITALY. BY TRADBS.C'^) Trades, and Numbbr of Workpeople affected by such Strikes. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Group of Trades. I. NuMBEB OP Strikes. 22 17 38 51 Building trades. 16 61 10 26 Mining and quarrying. 8 21 17 14 Metal trades. 39 52 74 84 Textile trades. 3 15 18 15 Clothing trades. 7 8 9 10 Transport. 7 1 12 36 Agriculture. 31 36 51 56 Miscellaneous. ... ... ... ... Employees of public authorities. 133 211 229 292 Total. • II. Number op Workpeople WHO TOOK part in Strikes. 4,263 3,137 5,336 6,098 Building trades. 3,486 31,007 1,261 5,542 Mining and quarrying. 571 2,816 1,988 1.573 Metal trades. 8,188 9,979 16,053 13,382 Textile trades. 148 43,763 43,652 809 Clothing trades. 671 1,201 2,114 2,491 Transport. 1,711 100 24,135 8,495 Agriculture. 1,980 4,148 6,166 5,810 Miscellaneous. ... ... ... ... Employees of public authories. ... ... ... ... Not specified. 21,018 96,151 100,705 44,200 Total Strikers affected. Not 4,252 7,603 6,934 Total Non-strikers affected stated. (Industrial Strikes).(0 Agrieoltura, issued by the Statistical Department of the Italian Ministry of there are stated to have been certain lock-outs, most of which, however, appear employers and employed. Excluding stoppages of this class, there were 2 involving 506 workpeople ; 1 lock-out in 1895, directly involving 60 workpeople ; directly involving 468 workpeople ; and 4 lock-outs in 1898, directly involving culture and 1 in miscellaneous) it was found impossible to obtain full particulars ; metal trades, 1 in textile trades, 1 in clothing trades, 1 in transport and 1 in strikes 481 persons took part. stated. 175 TRADE DISPUTES duration- Table 9S.— AfiGREGATE DURATION in WORKING Number of Group of Trades. 1 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. ( Building trades 27,278 12,250 . 27,994 .19,703 Mining and quarrying 55,130 32,595 i 228,903 35,902 , Metal trades 3,7y2 18,270 1 4,588 4,654 Textile trades 68,339 118.307 20,149 47,216 Clothing trades 4,516 1,530 476 Transport 24,000 26,214 5,186 3,691 Agriculture .. 7,123 107,670 43,058 20,565 Miscellaneous 9,452 15,887 21,135 14,326 Employees of public authorities . . 24,400 10,800 13,776 Total working days lost by strikers . . 224,030 341.993 366,319 146,533 Total working days lost by non-strikers Not stated Not stated 9,221 40,249 (Industrial Strikes.) (c) GROUPED Table 99.— Pbincipal Causes or Objects of Strikes (J) in Italy, Number of Workpeople Principal Cause or Object. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. Wages. For increase Against decrease 10,127 7,551 25,526 3,931 22,343 1,498 9,724 3,093 Total wages strikes 17,678 29,457 23,841 12,817 Hours of Labour. For decrease Other 1,790 630 1,519 300 2,539 330 1,239 Total hours of labour strikes 2,420 1,819 2.869 1,239 Other causes or objects 13,590 12,742 5,683 6,962 Grand Total 33fiBS(d) 44,018(d) 32,343 21,018 GROUPED Table 100. — Percentage of Workpeople who took part in Strikes (J) Result of Strikes. Percentage of Workpeople 1894. 1895. In favour of workpeople In favour of employers Compromised Unknown Total 33-67 46-40 17-46 2-47 lOO'OO 22-24 28-43 48-25 1-08 lOO'OO 29-33 50-28 20-39 30-59 30-38 100*00 100*00 (a) Compiled from the source stated (b) The figures relate to strikes only (not (c) The number of working days lost by non- (d) As to 616 workpeople in 1892 and 481 in 1893 included in the totals shown in Table 96, cnite. ITALY. BY TRADES.(«) Days of Stbikes(&) in Italy, Grouped by Trades. 176 Working Days Lost. 1896. 1897. 1898. Group of Trades, 19.104 362,801 26,112 70,229 644.160 1,201 100 28.896 .. 21,-240 5,317 16.938 328,273 639,068 18,714 322.020 83,985 24.846 33,300 12,930 124,169 13.834 4,436 82.833 25,777 Building trades. Mining and quarrying. Metal trades. Textile trades. Clothing trades. Transport. Agriculture, Miscellaneous Employees of public authorities. 1,152,603 1,435,555 322,125 Total working days lost by strikers. 30,899 181,109 42,042 Total working days lost by non-strikers (Industrial Strikes), (c/ BY CAUSES.(«) with the Number of Workpeople who took part in such Strikes. who took part in Strikes. 1896. 1897. 1898. Principal Cause or Object. 78,822 5,723 82,744 4,576 24,817 6,902 Wages. For increase. Against increase. 84,545 87320 31,719 Total wages strikes. 980 267 3,551 230 891 908 Hours of Labour. For decrease. Other, 1^7 3,781 1,799 Total hours of labour strikes. 10359 9,604 10,682 Other causes or objects. 96,151 100,705 44,200 Grand Total. BY RESULTS.(«) in Italy, Gbouped according to the Results of such Strikes. who took part in Strikes, 1896. 1897. 1898. Eesult of Strikes. 70*46 11*65 17*89 14*44 11*33 74*23 •• 25*52 37*14 37-34 In favour of workpeople. In favour of employers. Compromised. Unknown. 100-00 10000 10000 Total. in footnote (a) on pp, 173-174, ante. including lock-outs) ; see footnote {b) on pp. 173-174, ante. strikers in agricultural strikes cannot be stated, the causes or objects of the strikes, in which these persons took part, could not be stated. 6487 M 177 TRADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 101.— Numbkb of Stbikes (a) in Austria, Gbouped by Group of Trades. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 7 7 13 12 26 13 4 i2 15 26 30 43 18 39 50 34 29 12 9 U 9 14 2 1 2 9 9 25 23 38 12 6 14 24 29 32(c) 16 32 25 26 104 101 172 172 209 1,392 2,058 10,675 15,169 22,986 5,375 626 1.338 1,444 1,521 2946 3,947 2,929 5,420 7,605 6,317 4,085 3,082 375 1,305 668 976 130 1,000 249 341 668 1,210 9.793 2,336 718 2.236 2,314 7,683 9,943 4,085(0 1,824 2,490 1,250 1,364 14,015 14,025 28,120 67.061 28,652 Not Not Not 7,562 2,062 stated. stated. stated. •• •• 74,623 30,714 I. NuMBEB OP Strikes. Building trades Mining Metal, engineering, «&c., trades . . Textile trades Clothing trades Transport and communication . . Woodworking, indiarubber and furnishing trades.(6) Chemical, glass, pottery, &c., trades. Miscellaneous trades Total n. Number of workpeople TAKING PART IN STRIKES. Building trades Mining Metal, engineering, &c., trades . . Textile trades Clothing trades Transport and communication . . Wood-working, indiarubber and furnishing trades.(6) Chemical, glass, pottery, &c., trades. Miscellaneous trades Total strikers affected Non-strikers affected Total workpeople affected DURATION- TABLE 102. — Aqgregate Dubation in Number of Group of Trades. 1891.(d) 1892.(d) 1893.(d) 1894. 1895. Building trades Mining Metal, engineering, &c., trades . . Textile trades Clothing trades Transport and communication . . Woodworking, indiarubber and furnishing trades.(b) Chemical, glass, pottery, &c., trades. Miscellaneous trades 5.231 12,911 26,529 90,888 390 5,336 4,377 101,454(c) 19,410 12,607 33,114 2,429 16,008 62,623 4,801 262,121 15,533 109,880 5,399 12,000 20,991 34,204 58,383 132,443 229,258 39,509 45,575 6,655 1,623 282,370 42,392 15,896 28,558 2,503 56,345 33336 17.327 54',319 92,882 14,578 Total working days lost by strikers Total working days lost by non- atrikers. 247,116 Not stated. 150,992 Not stated. 518,511 Not stated. 795,721 100,312 300,348 25,261 Total working days lost by all vorkpeople affected. •• •• •• 896,033 325,609 la) Compiled from Arbeit seinstellungen und Aussperrungen in OestejTeich, jaubWshed by refer exclusively to " industrial " establishments, strikes in agriculture and mining and subsequent years, disputes in the mining industry are included. In these tables lock-outs (b) Includes work in bone, ivory and similar substances which admit of being carved. (c) Includes 7 strikes in the printing and allied trades, directly involving 2,236 trade, directly involving 972 workpeople, and with an aggregate duration of 22,000 davs. (d) In these years the figures given as to days lost included Sundays and holidays. J 178 LN AUSTRIA. BT TRADES.(a) Trades, and Number of Workpbople affected by such Strikrs. 189& 1807. 1896L 1899. Group of Traden L NUICBKB OF STRIKES 43 11 47 43 25 2 56 34 25 46 2B U 5 28 29 39 28 19 1 28 34 26 55 85 17 3 36 Building trades. Mining. MetaJ, engineering, Ac, trades. Clothing trades. Transport and communication. Woodworking, indiarubber and fumishinf trades.(&) Chemical, glass, pottery, «fcc., trades. 33 34 28 26 46 35 30 31 Miseellaneous trades. 305 246 255 3U Total n. Number op workpeople TAKING PART IN STRIKES. 5,471 •Si *=! 4m 6.257 11,275 300 2.62B 1,382 3,340 13.961 7.W8 3.462 3471 1,364 124 UlS 4,540 7,846 *^ 117 3498 2.671 Building trades. MiDing. MeteL engineering, Ac. trades. Textile trades. Clothing trades. Transport and communication. Woodworking, indiarubber, and furnishing trade3.(&) Chemical glass, pottery. Ac, trades 3J29 4j657 4.682 2,694 Hiscellaneous trades. 3.473 38.467 2^ 39.658 5.4S8 54,7© 5,374 Total strikers affected. Non-strikers affected. e9,7t7 41,325 45,116 eo,i37 Total vorkpeople affected BY TBADES.C'^) Working Days of Strikes (a) in Austria. Working Days Lost 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Group of Trades. ^4M3 ISJBRl 196 151,388 56,657 lflj968 38,090 13.174 87,415 97347 2.670 7345 16.451 6Sj068 43jm 78,445 54,718 46316 22352 57,034 7MJ062 49361 24308 15388 Building trades. Mining. Metal, engineering, Ac , trades. Textile trades. Clothing trades. Transport and communication. Woodworking, indiarubber and Chemical, ^aas, pottery, Ac, trades. MisceUaneous trades. 89ejn9 374M5 368.096 33392 3S319 29.254 1329;»7 1063« Total working days lost by strikers. Total working days lost by non- strikers. tS7^i 4tl,4S8 S5S373 14M48S * Total working days lost by all work- people affected.. the Austrian lOnistiy of Commerce. For the years 1891-3, the figures stated in the tables in foundries and forges connected with mines not being included. In the figures for the are not meluded ; see footnote (6) on pp. 179-180. pott. workpeople, and with an aggregate duration of 75,000 days, and 7 strikes in the bakinsr which are ex<*hided in the later years. 6487 M2 179 TRADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 103. — Objects of Strikes (*) in Austria, with the Objects or Demands. Number of Workpeople(e) 1894. 1895. 1896. Wages. For increase Against decrease Other Hours of Labour. For decrease Other Employment of particular classes or persons. Working arrangements Trade Unionism Other objects 42,766 2,232 22,315 44,946 6,153 26,906 18,382 12,682 75,959 23,269 1,786 3,574 15,795 480 19,662 14,061 646 4,935 58,884 3,085 21,870 87,734 2,552 61,471 53,613 12,971 31,172 GROUPED Table 104.— Percentage of Workpeople who took part in Strikes(&) Percentage of Workpeople Result of Strikes. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. In favour of workpeople 11-46 25-00 9-07 9-15 12-81 In favour of employers 37-35 16-35 28-99 53-54 26-50 Compromised ., 48-27 58-65 61-94 37-31 60-69 Unknown 2-92 ... ... ... Total 10000 100-00 100*00 100*00 10000 («) Compiled from the source stated in (ft) In addition to the strikes referred to in the tables, mention is made of May 1st : — In 1891, 1 lock-out, directly involving 6,000-8,000 persons ; in directly involving 5,445 persons ; in 1897, 11 lock-outs, directly involving (c) In the figures stated in this table, a workman, who took part in a strike AUSTRIA. 180 BY OBJECTS. («) NuMBBB of WoBKPEOPLE who took part in such Strikes. involved in strikes. Objects or Demands. 1897. 1898. 1899. Wages. 35,191 39,049 43,042 For increase. 1,172 3,173 3,446 Against decrease. 3,039 7,970 5,487 Other. Hours of Labour. 15,539 17,421 46,497 For decrease. 448 1,067 532 Other. 19,914 15,947 24,063 Employment of particular classes or persons. 25,023 26,685 33,330 Working arrangements. 3,790 6,076 4,700 Trade Unionism. 14,679 14,717 19,942 Other objects. BY RESULTS. («) in AusTKiA, Grouped according to the Results of such Strikes. involved in strikes. Result of Strikers. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 4-60 15-69 8-36 10-21 In favour of workpeople. 32-60 36-50 25-18 17-80 In favour of employers. 62-80 47-81 66-46 71-99 Compromised. ... ... ... Unknown. 10000 10000 10000 10000 Total. footnote (a) on pp. 177-178, avte. •the following lock-outs, mainly on account of unauthorised absence on 1895, 8 lock-outs, directly involving 2,317 persons; in 1896, 10 lock-outs, 1,712 persons, and in 1899, 5 lock-outs, directly involving 3,457 persons, which had, say, two objects, counts as two, and so on. 181 TRADE DISPUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. NUMBER AND RESULTS- («) Table 105.— Number of Trade Disputes in the United States, Number of Workpeoplk affected by, and Results of sucli Disputes. STRIKES. Number of Strikes. NUMBER of Employees thrown out of employment by Strikes, the Results of which were ! Total. Percentage of Employees thrown out of employment by Strikes, the Results of which were Tear. In favour of Work- people. In favour of Em- ployers. Un- Compro- settled mised. or un- known. 1 In favour of Work- people. In favour of Em- ployers. Com- pro- mised. Un- settled or un- known. 1 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1881 .. 471 55,600 56,439 17,482 •• 129,521 42-93 43*57 13-50 1&82 .. 4.'>4 45,746 101,813 7,112 154,671 29-58 65-82 4*60 •• 1883 .. 478 55,140 77,599 17,024 •• 149,763 36*82 ,51-81 11-37 •• 1884 .. 443 52,736 89,274 5,044 147,054 35 '86 60-71 3*43 •• 1885 .. 645 115,375 103,475 23,855 242,705 47-54 42-63 9*83 •• 1886 .. 1,432 195,400 238,229 74,167 248 508,044 38-46 46-89 14*60 0-05 1887 .. 1,436 127,579 225,655 26,442 •• 379,676 33*60 59-43 6*97 •• 1888 .. 906 41,106 95,468 11,130 •• 147,704 27*83 64-63 7*54 •• 1889 .. 1,075 72,099 114,853 62,607 •• 249,559 28*89 46-02 25*09 •• 1890 .. 1,833 158,787 144,681 48,444 32 351,944 45*12 41-11 13*76 0*01 1891 1,717 80,766 195,288 22,885 •• 298,939 27-02 65-33 7*65 •• 1892 .. 1,298 61,125 129,117 16,429 206,671 29 58 62-47 7*95 •• 1893 .. 1,305 62,018 160,741 41,765 1,390 265,914 23*32 60*45 15*71 0-52 1894 (six months) j 896 65,048 328,627 88,391 •• 482,066 13*49 68*17 18*34 12-46 " Total- 14,389 1,188,525 2,061,259 462,777 1,670 3,714,231 32*00 55-60 0*04 (rt) Compiled from the Third and Tenth Annual Reports of the (United States) Commissioner of Labor. UNITED STATES. 182 NUMBER AND RESVLTS-continned. Table 105. — ^Numbbb of Tbadb Disputes in the United States, Numbeb of Workpeople affected by, and Results of such Disputes — continued. LOCK-OUTS. Tear. 1 Number of Lock- outs, (a) Number of Em- ployees iffeSted. ih) Number of Establishments in which results of Lock-outs were Total. Percentage of Establishments in which Results of Lock-outs were En favour of Em- ployers. M favour of Work- people. Com- pro- mised. Un- settled. In favour of Em- ployers. In favour of Work- people. Com- pro- mised. Un- settled. 1 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1881 9 655 8 •• 1 9 88-89 •• 11*11 •• 1882 42 4,131 27 15 •• •• 42 64 '29 35-71 •• 188:^ .. 117 20,512 66 51 117 56*41 43-59 •• •• 1884 .. 354 18,121 99 254 1 •• 354 27-97 71-75 0-28 •• 1885 183 15,424 70 107 6 •• 183 38-25 58-47 3-28 •• 1886 1^ 101,980 294 912 182 121 1,509 19-48 60-44 12-06 8-02 1887 67 .59,630 438 827 16 •• 1,281 34-19 64*56 1-25 •• 1888 .. 40 15,176 134 39 7 .. 180 74-44 21*67 3-89 •• 1889 .. 36 10,731 54 44 34 132 40-91 33-33 25-76 1890 64 21,555 213 93 18 324 65-74 28*70 5-56 •• 1891 69 31,014 349 119 78 .. 546 63-92 21-79 14-29 .. 1892 .. 61 32,014 495 40 181 •• 716 69-13 5*59 25-28 •• 1893 .. 70 21,842 119 113 52 21 305 39*02 37*05 17-05 6-88 1894 (Six months) 1 ^ 13,905 81 283 5 •• 369 21-95 76-69 1-36 •• Total.. 366,690 2M1 2,897 581 142 6.067 40*33 47*75 9*58 2*34 (a) For 1881-86 the number stated is that of the establishments affected by lock-outs, for 1887 and onwards the number is that of the lock-outn, whatever the number of establishments affected by each lock-out. (6) For 1881-86 the numbers are those of the employees locked-out <^ the number of the other workpeopI« affected not being given in the source). 183 TRADE DISPUTES : GROUPED BY TRADES.(«) Table 106.— Number of Workpeople affected by Trade Disputes in the United States in the period from January 1, 1881, to June 30, 1894, with the Number of Establishments in which such Disputes took place, and the Average Number of Days of Duration of such Disputes, classified according to Groups of Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Workpeople affected by Dispuies.(fc) Number of Establish- ments, in which Disputes took place. Average Num- ber of Days of Duration of Disputes (per Establishment). Building trades Mining (including gas and coke-making) and quarryiiig (including stone-cutting). Metal trades (including shipbuilding) Textile trades , Clothing trades Transport Timber, woodworking, and furnishing trades Miscellaneous trades Total and General Average 505,086 1,169,415 457,382 260,688 346,391 411,429 185,015 745,515 4,080,921 29,291 11,166 4,362 1,276 7,217 2,922 3,544 15,455 75,233 25*0 47-8 27-0 24'9 23-5 16-7 23*0 21*0 27*1 DURATION.(«) Table 107. — Number of Establishments in which Trade Disputes took place in the United States, with the Average Number of Days of Duration (per Establishment) of such Disputes. Year. Number of Establish- ments. Average Num- ber of Days of Diu-ation (jper Establishment). Tear. Number of Establish- ments. Average Num- ber of Days of Duration (per Establishment). 1881 .. 2,937 12-8 1889 3,918 27'2 1882 .. .. 2,147 23-5 1890 .. .. 9,748 25-8 1883 .. .. 2,876 22*1 1891 8,662 35*0 1884 .. .. 2,721 31-9 1892 6,256 28-9 1885 .. 2,467 29-8 1893 4,860 21-3 1886 .. 11,562 25-5 1894 (six months) 5,523 36-5 1887 .. 7,870 25-6 1888 .. 3,686 23-0 Total and Gen-) eral Average 1 75,233 27-1 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 181, ante. (b) So far as concerns the number of workpeople affected by lock-outs included in the figures stated in the table, the numbers for 1881-86 are those of the employees locked-out ; see footnote (b) on p. 182, ante. UNITED STATES. 184 GROUPED BY CAUSES.(«) Table 108.— Principal Causes or Objects of Trade Disputes in the United States in the period from January 1, 1881, to June 30, 1894, with the Number of Establishments involved in those Disputes. STRIKES. Principal Oauso or Establishments involved in Disputes. Principal Cause or Object. Establishments involved in Disputes. Object. NUMBER. Per Cent. Number. PER Cent. Wages. For increase Against decrease Other 31,748 5,564 383 45*90 8-04 0*55 Employment of particular classes or persons. Working arrangements .. Trade Unionism Other causes Grand Total 591 3,636 15,105 0*86 Total Wages Strikes .. 37,695 54*49 5*26 Hours of Labour. For decrease 11,641 498 16-83 0*72 21*84 Other 69,166 Total Hours of Labour ) Strikes. ] 12.139 17*55 100-00 LOCK-OUTS. Principal Cause or Object. Establishments involved in Disputes. Number. Per Cent. Principal Cause or Object. Establishments involved in Disputes. Number. Per Cent. Wages. For increase . . Against decrease ther . . Total Wages Strikes .. Hours of Labour. For decrease Other Total Hours of Labour ; Strikes. \ 644 10*62 534 8*80 739 12*18 1,917 31*60 121 1*99 253 4*17 374 6*16 Employment of particular classes or persons. Working arrangements .. Trade Unionism Other causes Grand Total 273 322 1,742 1,439 6,067 4*50 5-31 28*71 23*72 lOO'OO (a) Compiled from the source Htated in footnote on p. 181, ante. 185 TRADE DISPUTES GROUPED Table 109.— Number of Workpeople affected by Trade state or Territory. Population according to Census of Number 1880, Alabama .. Arizona . . Arkansas . . California Colorado .. Connecticut Dakota, North , . Dakota, South . . Delaware . . District of Columbia Florida .. Georgia .. .. Idaho Illinois Indiana . . Indian Territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky.. Louisiana . . Maine Maryland . . Massachusetts . . Michigan . . Minnesota Mississippi Missouri . . Montana .. Nebraska • . New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina . . Tennessee.. Texas Utah Vermont .. Virginia . . Washington West Virginia . . Wisconsin Wyoming.. Total United States 1,262,505 40,440 802,525 864,694 194,327 622,700 135,177 j 146,608 177,624 269,493 1,542,180 32,610 3,077,871 1,978,301 Not stated. 1,624,615 996.096 1,648,690 939,946 934,943 1,783,085 1,636,937 780,773 1,131,597 2,168,380 39,159 452,402 346,991 1,131,116 119,565 5,082,871 1,399,750 3,198,062 174,768 4,282,891 276,531 995,577 1,542,359 1,591,749 143,963 332,286 1,512,565 75,116 618,457 1,315,497 20,789 50,093,517(0) 1,513,017 59,6J0 1,128,179 1,208,130 412,198 746,258 182,719 ) 328,808 ) 168,493 230,392 391,422 1,837,353 84,385 3,826,351 2,192,404 180,182 1,911,896 1,427,096 1,858,635 1,118,587 661,086 l,0i2,.390 :i,238,943 2,093,889 1,301,826 l,'i89.600 2,679,184 132,159 1,058,910 376,530 1,444,933 153,593 5,997,853 1,617,947 3,672,316 313,767 5,258,014 345,506 1,151,149 1,767,518 2,235,523 207,905 332,422 1,655,980 762,794 .,686.880 60,705 62,694,837(d) 1831. 80 125 1,254 300 349 641 1,314 18,401 1,383 1,462 1,218 10,180 2,510 725 2,344 6,947 872 3,975 60 250 1,190 24,760 11,217 68 29,743 2,5!i5 810 125 1,057 3,047 1882. 130.176 1,119 44 1,156 3,326 300 412 14,808 724 3,717 "'475 130 4,246 12,239 3,727 1,677 3,943 581 2,583 30,078 16,833 189 49,620 94 294 180 '320 3,592 1,781 1883. 1884. 1885. 158.802 500 715 677 400 73 20,64S 3,951 696 143 1,350 1,4.59 4,495 3,967 2,279 5,205 61 10 59,251 14,170 33,944 261 65 370 170.275 100 23 3,723 5,947 5,063 .3o0 346 728 28 9,901 4,246 5,234 615 57 5,021 400 124 11,7.30 1,788 446 1,188 1,092 610 14,795 359 47,950 1,267 200 800 630 1,351 1,614 50 37 8 165,175 (a) Compiled from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, the sources stated in footnote (a) on (&) So far as concerns the number of workpeople affected by lock-outs included in the figures stated in (c) The total population of the United States according to the Census of 1880 was 50,155,783, including persons in Indian Territory, on Indian reservations and in Alaska. id) The total population of the United States according to the Census of 1890 was 62,622,250, including Indians and other persons in Indian Territory, on Indian reservations and in Alaska ; including these UNITED STATES. 186 BY LOCALITY.(«) Disputes in each Statb and Tbrbitobt of the Unitbd Statbb. of Workpeople affected (b) by Disputes. State or 1888. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894 (six months.) Territory. 64 "lOO 2,487 1,012 ** 94 4.991 " 95 10,155 " 31 582 40 *' 88 1.143 1,330 9.186 1.077 Alabama. Arizona. Arkansas. 2,184 1,171 9.735 1,413 687 6,186 2,689 710 1,651 637 740 2,077 3,363 2,270 13,278 2.314 1.910 2,200 1,080 877 4,043 747 1.928 5.450 11,868 7.355 1,413 California. Colorada. Connecticut. 327 739 2,465 536 1.290 93 4.434 '*307 819 15 1,649 ■*145 425 20 6,775 " 35 244 274 3,122 "213 112 198 986 46 225 8 4,006 ■"282 412 5.025 1.783 Dakota, North. Dakota, South. Delaware. District of Columbia. Florida. 2,979 469 1,218 1,890 721 5,037 1.204 1.006 2.248 Georgia. 126,924 4,976 78,063 7,542 25,487 i:332 17.668 7,037 90 68,170 3:i71 350 37,544 13,557 234 3.000 25,924 2.682 168 50,830 9.082 150 141,523 13,712 2,436 Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Indian Terri- tory. Iowa. 2,018 152 2,056 338 67 5,869 669 217 7,640 678 2,074 1,019 3,147 •7,154 592 245 234 218 3,917 605 1,502 406 1303 8,119 6,019 849 9,476 Kansas. Kentucky. 431 6,000 .. .. 2.584 690 29.928 Louisiana. • 4,804 10,314 43,962 7.522 5,402 60 19,037 i;i25 1,640 2,073 30,887 5,135 2,737 420 1,868 245 905 803 13,647 1,286 4,797 2*,284 37 1.248 612 28.648 1,220 5,589 4,210 34 1,352 3.095 20,065 9,919 5,263 83 2,619 1,070 245 2,196 11,883 4,651 4,764 387 2,400 715 2.591 5,796 17,957 3,553 2,237 6,586 217 5,192 179 13,520 3,9a5 4,456 209 8,194 164 4,078 14,581 3,713 20.126 7.410 89 Maine. Maryland. Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi. Missouri. Montana. 59 7.490 1,157 3,044 812 132 315 1,218 468 4,008 911 361 5 694 8,982 450 124 1,195 Nebraska. New Hamp- shire. New Jersey. New Mexico. New York. NorthCarolina. 15.233 210.609 116 17.342 71,669 6,780 625 28,578 6,129 800 37,784 10,974 80.717 10,721 555 58,440 2.149 51,098 53 5,865 320 19,785 19,984 358 20,589 200 23.529 14,580 60 7.806 13 5,494 10,744 1,456 20.362 9,939 95 31,665 52 54,945 Ohio. Oregon. 78301 156.706 30,034 104,259 85.550 112,519 33,482 67.800 104,849 Pennsylvania. 2,119 1,334 1.419 666 2,447 2,431 1,035 7,476 689 Rhode Island. 20 63 20 20 .. 32 .. .. SonthCarplina. 876 2.442 1362 326 609 12 5,132 163 2,329 1,624 4,305 1,369 1,687 195 3,985 433 4,160 109 Tennessee. Texas. .. 18 .. 15 1,324 .. 129 227 260 Utah. 140 3,434 28 2,095 25 90 151 2490 1.490 1.685 1,301 364 2,258 339 65 248 "441 Vermont. Virginia. 690 3,612 11,227 500 7,385 4,150 2OT 6,632 2,453 9 1,706 5,193 3,630 2,280 3,667 6,351 1,209 1,137 1,828 11,904 476 5,770 13,741 400 387 5,806 6,885 791 20,768 5,632 Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 610,024 439,306 162,880 260,290 373,499 329,953 238,685 287,756 495,971 Total United States. p. 126, ante, and the volumes of the Census of the United States of the the table, the numbers for 1881-86 are those of employees loclad-out ; 8 Nevada (which is not mentioned in the statistics as to trade disputes; Nevada and Oklahama (which are not mentioned in the statistics as persons the population was 62,929,776. years specified. ee footnote (ft) on p. 182, ante. ), but excluding Indians and other to trade disputes), but excluding CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION. 189 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. BY INDUSTRIAL COURTS,(«) Table 110.— Numbbb of Applications for the Intervention of the Industbial Ooubts in relation to Disputes between Employers and Employed in the G-erman Empire, with the Results of such Intervention. Year. Number of Appli- cations for Inter- vention of Courts. Number of Agree- ments brought about Courts. Number of Decisions pro- nounced by Courts. Number of Cases in which the Decisions referred to in the preceding column were Number of unsuccessful Attempts by Courts to effect Conciliation (no Decision being pronounced). Accepted. Rejected. 1893 1894 1895 1896 5 16 19 44 3 7 13 18 3 3 11 1 2 4 2 9 2 2 8 (a) Compiled from Kummission fur die Petitionen^ No. 196-201, ReicJ^stag 6. Legislaiur-Periode V. Session, 1897-98 (German Parliamentary Paper). The figures in the table are given as printed in this document. The Industrial Courts (of which there were 284 at the end of 1896) exist primarily for the settlement of disputes having reference to the fulfilment of existing labour contracts, but in the event of a strike or lock-out, or of a dispute which might result in either, an Industrial Court must intervene when both parties ask it to do so. With regard to the proceedings of those Courts in 1897-99, the following figures are contained in Das Gewerhegerlcht (June 1st, 1901), the official organ of the Federation of German Industrial Courts : Number of applications for inter- vention of Courts, 27, 30, and .50 ; number of agreements brought about by Courts, 12, 9, and 16 ; number of decisions pronounced by Courts, 4. 6, and 5 ; and number of cases in which these decisions were accepted. 2, 1, and 2 in the years 1897, 1898, and 1899, respectively. 190 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN FRANCE. UNDER THE LAW OF 1892.(«) Table 111.— Number of Cases in which the Conciliation and Abbitbation Act (of December 27th. 1892) was put into OPERATION in Fbanok, and Number of Disputes settled under this Law. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. No. of strikes 634 391 405(&) 476 356 368 740(c) No. of cases, in which the Act was put into operation bqf ore the commencement of any strike, (d) 7 5 56 2 46 8 5 6 3 2 2 No. of cases in which the Act was put into operation :— By initiative of employers ... By initiative of workpeople ... By initiative of both sides ... By initiative of Justice of the Peace. 4 51 2 44 2 46 3 34 4 57 4 39 4 46 1 37 3 57 2 32 1 112 4 80 Total 109 101 85 104 88 94 197 No. of strikes settled before formation of Conciliation Committees. 13 8 24 4 1 4 7 9 4 9 No. of refusals to settle by conciliation :— By employers By workpeople By both parties 34 6 2 29 ... 2 41 3 20 2 3 1 5 65 1 13 Total 42 29 31 44 25 38 79 No. of Conciliation Com- mittees formed. C'?) 55 65 53 53 54 52 106 No. of Committees (0 which settled disputes :— By conciliation By arbitration 28 5 31 2 24 3 21 1 25 5 18 2 36 6 Total 33 33 27 22 30 20 42 (a) Compiled from Statistique des Greres ct des Iteeours a la Conciliation et a r Arbitrage, published by the French Labour Department. (i) In addition to these 405 strikes there was one lock-out in 1895, which was not settled either by conciliation or arbitration. (6-) In addition to these 740 strikes there were, in 1899, 5 lock-outs (arising out of the application of the Workmen's Compensation Law of April 9th, 1898), none of which were settled by conciliation or arbitration. (^) Out of the 33 cases in seven years, in which the Act was put int,o operation before the commencement of any strike, a stoppage was averted in 14 cases. (e) In a few cases there have been several distinct committees in relation to the pame dispute. ^1 CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE BOARD OF ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION OF MASSACHUSETTS.(^) Table 112.— Cases submitted to the State Boabd of Abbiteation and Conciliation of Massachusetts, classified (Part I.) by Ybaes, (Part II.) byt Industries, and (Part III.) by Results. Part I. — Number of Establishments involved in industrial Controversies wMch were submitted to the State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation of Massachusetts, with the Total number of Trade Disputes in that State, and the Total Number of Establishments in which such Disputes occurred. Year. Number of Trade Disputes Recorded. Number of Establish- ments, in which the Trade Disputes referred to in Col. (2) occurred. Number of Establish- ments involved in Industrial Controversies submitted to Board. (1) (2) (3) (4) 1886 1 9 5 1887 142 456 21 1888 100 172 42 1889 130 288 25 1890 158 566 32 1891 145 244 30 1892 162 585 40 1893 175 383 33 1894 lOO(J) 127(J) 39 1895 («) (0 32 1896 (0 (^) 31 Total... 1,113 2,830 330 (a) Compiled from Lahovr BvUetin of the Covinionvealth of Ma/isaclivset/y published by the Bureau of Statistics of Labour of Massachusetts. (b) Includes only six months, (o) Record not yet made up. UNITED STATES. 192 STATE BOARD OP ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION OP MASSACHUSETTS— ^'ow^i^wed. Table 112.— Cases submitted to the State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation of Massachusetts, classified (Part I.) by Years, (Part II.) by Industries, and (Part III.) by Uesults— continued. Part II.— Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Controversies submitted to the Board, Grouped by Trades, in 1886-96. Group of Trades. Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Con- troversies sub- mitted to Board. Group of Trades. Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Con- troversies sub- mitted to Board. Building 19 Boots and shoes ... ITO Railroad construction and equipment. 8 Clothing 9 Stone 12 Printing, publishing and bookbinding. 6 Machines and ma- chinery. 4 Furniture 8 Shipbuilding 6 Leather 6 Metals and metallic goods. 6 Rubber and elastic goods. 4 Musical instruments and materials. 4 40 Miscellaneous trades Total 28 Cotton, woollen and other textiles. 330 Part III. — Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Controversies submitted to the Board, Grouped by Results, in 1886-96. Mode of Settlement. (1) Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Controversies submitted to Board which were settled as stated in Col. 1. (2) Percentage of Total Number of Establishments involved in Industrial Controversies submitted to Board which were settled as stated in Col. 1. (3) By those concerned Recommendations of Board accepted. No agreement 136 123 71 Per cent. 41-22 37-27 21-51 Total ... 330 100-00 6487 N TRADE UNIONS. « ^7 N 2 195 TRADE UNIONS IN DENMARK. NUMBER, MEMBERSHIP, INCOME AND EXPENDITURE, 1894 and 1896.(«) Table 113.— Number and Membership of Trade Unions and Federations of Trade Unions in Denmark, with their Income and Expenditure. 1894. 1896. Number of Federations of Trade Unions . . Number of Unions affiliated to Federations Membership of Unions affiliated to Federations Number of non -federated Trade Unions . . Membership of non-federated Unions .. Total Membership of all Trade Unions Total Income of all Trade Unions . . Total Expenditure of all Trade Unions .. 23 40 426 802(6) 25,576 54,757 45 53 2,S65 8,620 27.841 83,377 £17,632 £39,504 £14,548 £32,593 NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP, 1900.(^) Table 114. — Number and Membership of Trade Unions in Denmark, on January Ist, 1900. NUMBER OF TRADE UNIONS. MEMBERSHIP OF TRADE Affiliated to the General Federation of Danish Trade Unions. Not affiliated to the General Federation of Danish Trade Unions. UNIONS. Affiliated to Central Federations. Local Unions (not affiliated to Central Federations). Affiliated to Central Federations. Local Unions (not affiliated to Central Federations). Total. Unions -with :— 10 mambers or less Over 10 and up to 50 members „ 50 „ „ 100 „ 100 „ „ 250 ., 250 „ ., 500 „ 500 „ „ 1,000 „ 1,000 members 299 489 126 90 26 17 11 *7 15 5 1 17 29 32 14 1 2 2 '4 '2 2 3 1 316 529 173 111 30 22 14 TOTAL Number Unions .. 1,058 28 97 12 1,195 „ Membership „ 78,867 2,402 9,716 5,310 96,295 (a) Compiled from Die Gewerkschaftubewcgung, by W. Kulemann, Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1900. (5) The authority referred to in footnote (a) gives details as to the trades in which 776 of these unions existed, which show that they were distributed as under : — Member- Member- ship in ship in Number 1896 of Number 1896 of Group of Trades. of Unions Group of Trades. of Unions Unions. referred to in Col. 2. Unions. referred to in Col. 5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Building trades 156 9,094 Woodworking and furnishing 81 4,418 Metal, engineering, and ship- 117 6.739 ! Glass trades 4 190 building. Food and tobacco trades . . 102 4,331 Textile trades 12 1,200 Leather trades 3(5 615 Clothing trades 109 4,200 General labourers 96 19,395 Printing, paper, and allied 63 2,825 trades. Total 776 53,007 The above figures are exclusive of 12 unions of chamois dressers, lithographers, and domestic servants, which are stated to have between them about 1,000 members. (c) Compiled from Statistisk Aarbog, 5te Aarqang, 1900, published by the Danish Government Statistical Office. DENMARK. GROUPED BY TRADES.(«) 196 TiLBLB lis.— NuMBEB and Membsbship of Tbade Unions in Denmabk in 1900, Gboupbd by Tbades. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions. Membership of Trade Unions. Building trades .. .. .. .. .. 211 147 84 67 111 7 160 52 ™«> 11 14,391 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding Textile trades Clothino' trades .. .. .. 10,954 3,058 6,381(&) Transport 8657 3,554 Wondxporkincr fl.nd fiirnisViincr 5.520 618 Food and tobacco trades .. .. .. .. 7,701 Leather trades . . 1,186 29,044(0) 8,225 Trades not specified 2,072 Total .. 1,196 96.359 TRADE UNIONS IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. GEWERKVEREINE-HIRSCH-DUNCKER-NUMBER, MEMBERSHIP EXPENDITURE.(^) AND Table 116.— Number, Membeeship, and Expenditure on certain Benefits of the Gewerkvereine (Hirsch-Dunckeb Trade Unions, affiliated to the Federation of German Trade Unions) in the German Empire. Number, Membership and Benefits. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1899. Number of local Unions com- prised in federation. Membership of Unions making returns. Benefits paid by Unions making returns :— Unemployed, travelling, migration((/) Dispute Relief in special distress. . 1,313(«) 57,797 £ 2,355 70 541 not stated 61,153 2,785 40 505 1,436(/) 67,058 £ 3,066 67 620 not stated. 67,226 £ 3,231 186 518 not stated. 71,767 £ 3,094 411 533 1,633 79,553 £ 3,430 335 772 not stated. 86,423 £ 4,251 585 645 (a) Compiled from an article by J. Jensen, Chairman of the General Federation of Danish Trade Unions, in Corrcspondcnzblatt der Generalkommissiun der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, November 12th. 1900. With regard to the classes of benefit paid by the trade unions referred to in the table, it is stated that dispute pay is paid by 1,136 unions, with an aggregate membership of 88,763, unemployed pay by 465 unions with 32,220 members, travelling pay by 676 unions with 37,135 members, sick pay by 78 unions with 3,y32 members, accident pay by 82 unions with 5,563 members, and funeral benefit by 191 unions with 10,050 members ; 48 unions with 5,424 members, are stated not to pay any benefits of the classes just referred to. (b) Including 4 unions of seamstresses with an aggregate membership of 140. (o) Including 7 unions of female labourers with an aggregate membership of 1,400. id) Compiled from the statistics published by the Federation of German " Gewerkvereine" (Hirsch- Buncker Trade Umon8)—Arbeit?-Stntistik der Bciitschen Gewerkvcrei7ie (Hirsch-Duncker) &nd. Der Gewerk- verein (the organ of the Federation of those Trade Unions). All the trade unions included in the returns do not pay all the benefits mentioned in the table. The total membership of the Trade Unions affiliated to the Federation at the end of 1899 was 91,661. (e) Beginning of 1892. (/) End of 1894. (g) Exclusive of contributions of unemployed members remitted, amounting to £157 in 1892, £169 in 1893, £163 in 1894, £182 in 1895, £125 in 1896, and £131 in 1897; in 1899, however, such contributions are incltided in unemployed benefit. 97 TRADE UNIONS: GEWERKSCHAFTEN-NUMBER, MEMBERSHIP, INCOME, EXPENDITURE AND FUNDS.(«) Table 117,— Number, Membership, Income, Expenditure and Funds in Hand of the GETfERKSCHAPTE[N (Social-DemocrAtic Trade UNIONS) in the German Empire. Membership, Funds, &c. 1891.: 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 189£ Number and Membership. [umber of central federations . . 62 58 51 54 53 51 56 57 [umber of branches 2^1 3.956 4.133 4,350 4319 5,430 6,151 6,756 7,6 [embership of central federationsCft)— Male .. 232,739 218^46 241,243 262,478 313,965 397,715 481,261 561,1 Female •• 4,366 5,S84 5^51 6,697 15^65 14,644 13,481 19^ Total 277.659 237,094 223,530 246,494 259,175 329,230 412,359 494,742 580.4 pproximate membership of non- federated Local Unions. 10.000 7.640 6.280 5,550 10.781 5,858 6303 17,500 15.9 Total Membership 287,669 244,734 229,810 252,044 269,9S6 335,088 419,162 512,242 596,4 Income and Expenditure. umber of Central Federations making returns as to their finances under some or all of the heads stated below. otal Income fob Trade Union purposes. Expenditure. 'rade purposes (Strikes. Defence of Rights, Support of Discharged Employees). In employed. Travelling, Sick and S iperannuation, Special (Migration, Death, Distress). 'ublication of Federation Journal gitation undry Expenses . . Imployment Bureau liioe Expenses (including Salaries, Subscription to General Committee ani Costs of Law-suits) of Head Offices. . ilan33 of Contributions remaining with Branch Offices. imds in Hand 50 55,829 > 80,040<( (c) Not stated. 21,350 51 £ 101,596 14,581 39348 14374 1370 88 10,175 I 9,496 32317 £ 112318 5311 44,805 14,608 2,197 12,678 11.359 12,636 40,029 45 £ 134378 10,826 52372 13398 2,320 7,254 9,401 7,006 48 £ 151340 15,488 49,786 13,720 2,671 1.856 12.799 14.130 82347 50 £ 180,822 50,003 54,751 18,135 4,334 3,444 14317 116,184 £ 204,185 47,144 56342 21,963 5,444 3,147 56 16,425 27334 147371 57 £ 275,433 57,832 60,416 25,947 6317 5,388 191 21,127 36,155 218.666 £ 384,3 1113 743 30,1 103 73 1 24.8 65.3 2783' (a) Compiled from Correspondenzblatt der Oeneralkommission der Oewcrkschaften Deutschlands, the organ of the Oeiverkschaften (Social-Democratic Trade Unions). (J)) The figures as to membership rest partly on estimates ; for 1891-93 the number of members given is that at th< enl of the financial year, for 1894 and onwards the mean between the numbers at the end of each quarter. (c) It is not possible to distinguish the different items of expenditure in 1891. GERMAN EMPIRE. 198 CHRISTIAN TRADE UNIONS-NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIPS^) Table 118.— Number and Membership at the End of 1899 of the Christian Trade Unions in the German Empire, Grouped by Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions. Membership of Trade Unions. Building" trades Mining Mining and metal trades Metal trades Metal and chemical trades Textile trades Clothing (boot and shoe) and leather trades Transport (railway servants, including artisans, &c., employed in railway ser- vice). (&) Woodworking trades Brick and tile making Tobacco trades Various trades combined and miscellaneous Total 1,753 22,000 8,000 4,107 350 20,350 983 47,377 111,860 TRADE UNIONS IN HOLLAND. NUMBER.(0 Table 119. — Number of Trade Unions in Holland in 1895, Grouped by Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions making Returns. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions making Returns. Ordinary. Boman Catholic. Ordinary. Roman Catholic. Building trades (in- cluding laying.mend- ing and cleaning of roads, maintenance of canals, &c.). Metal, engineering and shipbuilding trades. Textile trades (cotton operatives). Clothing trades Land transport Water transport Glass, pottery, Ac., trades. Diamond workers . . 93 30 10 10 46 15 10 10 15 19 7 10 2 'is 1 Printing and paper- making. Woodworking and furnishing trades. Food, drink and to- bacco trades. Leather trades . . Other trades . . General unions (not conflned to one trade). Government em- ployees. Total.. .. 32 32 73 '7 2 1 19 17 7 10 9 I 370 131 (a) Compiled from Die Christlichen Geiverkvereine, by F. Woinhausen, Berlin* Schoneberg, 1900. (6) Includes Government employees. (c) Compiled from Bijdragen tot de Statistiek van Nederland, IV. Onderzoek naar de geschiedenis en wcrkzaamheid der Vakvereenigingen, published by the Dutch Central Statistical Commission. This Report relates to trade societies, including associations other than trade unions. The table above refers exclusively to such of the societies mentioned in the Report as have, to a greater or less extent, a trade union character, the information necessary to enable this distinction to be drawn having been furnished by Professor M. F. W. Treub, Secretary and Director of the Social Science Liformation Bureau of Amsterdam. 199 TRADE UNIONS IN FRANCE. NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP.(«) Table 120. — Number and Membership of Trade Unions and Pbdbeations of Trade Unions in France. Trade Unions. Federations of Trade Unions. Tear (July 1st). Number of Trade Unions. Number of Members. Number of Fed- erations of Trade Unions. Number of Trade Unions federated.(6) Number of Mem- bers of federated Trade Unions.(6) 1890 1,006 139,692 24 1891 1,250 205,152 27 474 1892 1,589 288,770 47 688 ., W 1,926 402,125 61 1894 2,178 403,440 72 896 132,982 1895 2,163 419,781 79 1,191 334,824 1896 2,243 422,777 86 1,243 336,491 1897(0 2,324 437,793 94 1,302 327,638 1898(c) 2,361 419,761 76 1,132 312,185 1899(c) 2,685 492,647 73 1,199 432,950 GROUPED BY TRADES.(^) Table 121. — Number and Membership of Trade Unions in France, at the Beginning of 1898, Grouped by Trades. Number of Membership Group of Trades. Trade of Trade Unions. Unions. Building trades 450 33,795 Mining and quarrying 63 41,761 Metal trades 286 38,316 Textile trades 169 35,432 Clothing trades (excluding boot and shoemaking and glovemaking) . . 129 8,092 Transport and commerce 243 160,208 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 69 8,002 Prmting, paper and allied trades 197 13,944 Woodworking and furnishing trades 199 13,588 Chemical trades 76 27,067 Glass, pottery, &c., trades and stone-cutting and polishing Food preparation trades Skins and leather trades (including boot and shoemaking and 70 146 167 9,150 I8,n52 20,262 glovemaking). Other trades 60 8,725 Total 2,324 437,793 (a) Compiled from Annuaire ties S!/)uUcats Frofemomielt, published by the French Labour Department. Where blanks are shown in the table, the details are not given in the French statistics. (6) Some organisations are affiliated to more than one federation. (c) Year ended December 31st. (d) Compiled from Les AHuoclations Frofessionelles Ouiricres, published by the French Labour Department. FBANOB. aoo UNEMPLOYED BENEPIT.(«) Table 122.— Number and Membership of Trade Unions in France, which in the Year 1894 paid Unemployed Benefit, with the Amount (Total, PER Member, and per Recipient) of such Expenditure. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions paying Unemploy- ed Benefit. Member- ship of Trade Unions re- ferred to in Col. 2. Amount expended on Unemployed Benefit by the Trade Unions referred to in Col. 2. Total. Average per Member. Average per Re- cipient.(6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) £ 8. d. «. d. 8. d. Building Trades .. 1 60 12 4 10 4 1 20 4« Metal, engineering, and shipbuilding. R 1.090 191 17 7 3 6i 18 8 Textile trades 6 768 11 18 7 3! 5 11 Clothing trades (hat-mak- ing and boot and shoe- making only). 8 1,294 2,027 8 10 31 4 86 71(6) Printing, paper, and alUed trades. 23 2,729 392 3 4 2 lOi 15 4(6) Woodworking and fur- nishing trades. 8 980 78 3 4 1 6i 14 . 9i Glass trades 2 170 13 14 1 U 17 U Food preparation trades 3 791 29 10 5 9 4 0(6) Workers in fibre, cane, &c. 3 114 50 14 8 101 29 10 Leather trades 3 200 18 11 2 1 lOJ 21 10 Warehousemen, clerks, &c. 2 6,420 178 4 10 6i 27 81 Other trades 1(f) 85 15 4 3 7 38 Totals and General Averages. 66 14,701 3,017 12 11 4 li 29 91(6) (a) Compiled from Note de VOfflce du Travail sur les Caisses de Secours en can de Chomage Orcnuisces jmi- Ics Syndicats Ouvriem, published by the French Labour Department. In addition to the 66 trade unions referred to in the table, there were in 1894 15 others, with a total membership of 750, whose rules provided for the payment of unemployed benefit, but which are stated not to have paid such benefits in 1894, either because none of their members were unemployed, or because the fund allowed to pay these benefits was exhausted. Six other trade unions, with a total membership of 899, are mentioned in this Report as bavins in force rules providing for the payment of unemployed benefit, such rules, however, not taking effect till 1895. With respect to travelling pay, it is stated that the total number of trade unions in France, whose rules provided for the payment of benefits of this nature in 1895, was 7. (6) In the case of 5 unions (1 in the clothing trades, 3,in the printing, &c., trades, and I in the food preparation trades) the number of recipients is not stated ; the averages for those groups are therefore based on more or less incomplete data. The total amount expended by the 5 unions referred to was £1,147 9s. \d. (f) A trade union of button makers. 201 TRADE UNIONS IN SWITZERLAND. GENERAL FEDERATION-N (JMBER, MEMBERSHIP AND EXPENDITURE.(«) Table 123. — Part I., Number and Membership ; and Part II., Expen- diture on certain Benefits of the Trade Unions affiliated to the General Federation of Swiss Trade Unions. Part I.— Number and Membership in 1896. Trade Unions. Number of Local Unions Affiliated to the Trade Unions referred to in Gol. 1. Membership of Unions referred to in Col. 2. (1) (2) (3) Glaziers 3 150 Metalworkers 53 2,615 Watchmakers not stated 3,000 Shoemakers 11 424 Tailors 25 746 Lithographers 9 292 Bookbinders 7 236 Wood workers 26 1,930 Corn millers 6 145 Tobacco workers 4 400 Basket makers not stated 80 Local unions (trades not 32 1,948 specified). Total ... 11,966 Part II.— Expenditure in 1889-95 inclusive. Nature of Expenditure. (1) Number of Trade Unions, by which the Expenditure referred to in Col. 1 was incurred. (2) Period, in which the Expenditure referred to in Col. 1 was incurred. (3) Amount of Expenditure. (4) Unemployed pay Travelling- pay In connection with wages dis- putes. Relief of 454 discharged work- people. Relief of sick and indigent members. Assistance to persons in need of legal protection. 20 123 124 65 68 24 Years. oj 7 7 5i 7 & s. d. 143 16 10 635 14 5 6,377 18 5 240 13 7 859 9 7 111 7 2 Total ... ... 8,369 (a) Compiled from information supplied by the Swiss Workmen's Secretary and transmitted by Mr. Angst, H.M. Consul at Ziirich. According to the same authority, the amount expended by the General Federation of Swiss Trade Unions (such expenditure being separate from that of the unions affiliated to this organisation) in connection with wages disputes, deputations, relief of discharged workpeople and expenses of administration was : — in 188'/, £1,127 4*. lOd.; in 1888, £572 2*'. 5^.; in 1889, £734 6s. 5d. ; in 1890, £586 6*. 5ri. ; in 1891, £235 11*. 2d.; in 1892. £342 13*. 7d. ; in 1893, £412 2*. 7d. ; in 1894, £2,604 16*. 6d. and in 1895, £1,515 13.y. Id. SWITZERLAND. NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIPS^) Table 124.^Number and Membkkship of Trade Unions in Switzbeland, in 1899. Federations and Trade Unions, (1) Number of Trade Unions making Returns. (2) Local Unions afQliated to Trade Unions referred to in Col. 2. (3) Member- ship of Trade Unions referred to in Col 3. (4) Federations and Trade Unions. (5) Number of Memb( shipc Trad UnioE referrec in CoL (8) —Trade Unions a fflUated to the General Federa- tion of Swiss Trade Unions .— [asons and bricklayers, and masons' and bricklayers' labourers. flaziers ranite cutters [etal workers . . ^atch and clockmakers extile workers . . allors ithoeraphers Woodworkers otters orn millers obacco workers asket makers ocal Unions (trades not specified). 28 12 29 14 66(6) U30 198 600 5,373 1.576 519 1,110 298 2,546 89 310 18 131 3,234 II.— Trade Unions not affiliated to the General Federation :— Joiners Stone workers Watch and makers. Shoemakers clock- Printers Bookbinders Enginemen and stokers Hairdressers' assistants Local Unions (trades not specified). TH.— Railway Servants.— a. Aflaiiated to the Federation of Swiss Transport Unions. 6. Not affiliated to the Federation, TV.— Government Em- ploy eea : — Postal, telegraph, tele- phone, customs and other employees :— a. Affiliated to the General Federation of Swiss (Federal) Government Em- ployees. h. Not affiliated (Pos- tal Service). Total 39 9 630 11 885 22 1,646 15 817 30 2313 10 437 23 1313 18 413 30(c) 1,608 171 14 19 758 13,542 2,524 4301 1354 49,034( (a) Compiled from Monatsblntter des Schweizeriachen Arbeitersekrdariats. The information there tabulated by \ wiss Workmen's Secretary is stated by him to be imperfect, the returns having been incomplete. {h) Not affiliated to any of the Trade Unions referred to in column 2. (d) Not affiliated to any of the Trade Unions referred to in column 6. (d) Includes 632 females, of whom 441 belonged to Local Unions (trades not specified), 22 to watch and clockmake i to textile workers', 12 to tailors', and 45 to shoemakera' unions, while 47 belonged to unions of Governni( nployees. 203 TRADE UNIONS IN TRADE GUILDS IN AUSTRIA- Table 125.— Numbbb (at the End of 1894) and Mbmbebship Number of Guilds known to exist. Number of Guilds making Returns as to Membership. Membership of Class of Agsociation. Full Members (Employers and independent Craftsmen, &c.). Associates (Employees). Guilds for single trades Guilds for several kindred trades Guilds for several distinct (not kin- dred) trades. Local guilds (embracing different trades in one district). 552 440 2,493 1,832 > 5,273 1 53,959 61,784 196,219 242,373 94,460 169,803 264,150 164,340 Total 5,317 5,273 554,335 692,753 TRADE UNIONS AND TRADE CLUBS IN AUSTRIA- Table 126. — NuMBEB and Membbeship of Tbade Unions 1892. Group of Trades. Number of Unions or Clubs making Returns. Number of Branches of Unions or Clubs referred to in Col. 1. Membership of Organisations referred to in Cols. 2 and 3. Number of Unions or Clubs making Returns. Number of Branches of Unions or Clubs referred to in Col. 7. Male. Female. Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (8) (7) (8) L -Trade Unions. Building trades Mining Metal trades Textile trades Clothing trades Transport and communica- tion (including railway service). Printing and allied trades .. 22 24 24 2C 41 7 23 30 17 51 31 15 91 41 2,648 3.340 8,049 4,537 2,972 540 7,746 5 60 87 1,040 110 320 2,653 3,400 8,136 5,577 3,082 540 8,066 28 38 28 28 56 8 25 55 66 74 8S 41 118 44 Woodworkine trades . . Chemical trades GlaM, pottery, &c., trades . . 28 2 10 34 2 102 3,892 714 4,221 23 9 313 3,915 723 4,534 31 5 10 65 3 158 Food and tobacco trades 16 14 1,144 11 1,155 18 16 Leather trades Fancy goods manufacture . . 6 11 5 28 670 2,900 4 220 674 3,120 6 11 7 31 Clerks, &c Other trades General Unions ( not confined to on© trade). 4 6 1 12 567 450 7 7 574 457 4 6 12 1 14 7 II.— Trade Clubs((?) . . 580 4 21,690 2,047 23.737 527 12 Total .. .. 830 478 66,080 4,263 70,343 840 794 (a) Corn-piled trom. Die Gewerblicfien Genossenschaften in Oi-s^ermc^, published in 1895 by the Statistical and their employees engaged in workplaces other than factories, and include independent craftsmen, &c., of which this Report mentions 23 as in existence. Of ihese 23 federations, 18, which made returns on 1883, membership of a guild is compulsory for all persons carrying on a trade or handicraft under August 14th, 1896, the establishment of trade guilds resembling those referred to in the table was made Eundschau (the journal of the Austrian Labour Department) for March, 1900, 20 guilds for the mining (6) The workmen belonging to a guild are permitted to form a special assembly for the protection (c; Compiled from Bechtnschaftsbericht der Geicerkschafts-Commissicn Ocsterreichs ulcr ihre Thdtigkeit Unterstutzungsvereine Oesterreichs, organisations. The total number of organisations, to which inquiries were addressed, (d) " Educational Associations " possessing to a 204 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP.OO (in the Middle of 181)4) of Guilds in Austria. Guilds. Number of Guilds with . Total. Workmen's A8semblies.(6) Arbitration Committees. Class of Association. 148,419 231,587 460,369 406,713 } 3,191 3,049 1 Guilds for single trades. Guilds for several kindred trades. Guilds for several distinct (not kindred) trades. Local Guilds (erabraciuR different trades in on© district). 1,247,088 3,196 3,049 Total. NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP.(^) and Tbade Clubs (^d) in Austria, Grouped by Trades. 1896. 1899. Membership of Organisations referred to in Cols. 7 and 8. Number of Unions or Clubs making Returns. (12) Number of Branches of Unions or Clubs referred to in Col. 12. (13) Membership of Organisations referred to in Cols. 12 and 13. Group of Trades. Male. (9) Femiile. (10) Total. (11) Male (14) Female. (15) Total. (16) (17) 4,711 8,441 15,671 6,045 5,938 19,267 9,979 6,816 120 7.400 2,190 2,346 3,080 775 2,442 712 16,252 9 116 104 1,502 220 2 518 33 10 770 16 7 113 15 13 57 2,256 i 4,720 8.557 15,775 7,547 6,158 19,269 10,497 6,849 130 8,170 2,206 2,353 3,193 790 2,455 769 18,508 16 19 18 26 54 4 17 39 5 7 19 4 12 10 21 120 492 118 156 206 120 104 163 65 97 12 146 36 43 8 5 5 78 17 7,686 13,396 18,269 7,520 8,650 16,665 11,603 7,102 1,361 8,739 2,973 3,596 3,117 1,385 1,716 8,332 26,457 104 187 105 1,950 433 1,147 36 94 949 310 76 52 58 5;-) 838 2,812 7,790 13,583 18,374 9,470 9,083 16,665 12,750 7,138 1,455 9,688 3,283 3,672 3,169 1,443 1,771 9,170 29,269 I. -TRADE Unions. Building trades. Mining. Metal trades. Textile trades. Clothing trades. Transport and commu- nication (including railway service). Printing and allied trades. Woodworking trades. Chemical trades. Glass, pottery, Ac. trades. Food and tobacco trades. Leather trades Fancy goods manufac- ture. Clerks, &c. Other trades. General Unions, (not confined to one trade). II.- TRADE CLUBS.(rf) 112,185 5,761 117,946 883 1,379 148,567 9,206 157,773 Total. Department of the Austrian Ministry of Commerce. These guilds are composed of Industrial employers (not employing workpeople). In addition to the guilds there are also federations of these organisations, this point, had aJliliated to them 569 guilds. Under the Industrial Code Amendment Law of March 15th conditions excluding their establishments from the technical definition of "factories." By a law dated obligatory for the mining industry (see LABOUR GAZETTE, April, 1897, p. 104). According to Sociale industry had been established up to that date. of their interests, so far as these are not opposed to the common interests of the guild. vom 1. Jdnner 1897 bis zum 31. December 1899 an den III. Congress der Gewcrkschafts-^Arbciterbildungs- und was, trade unions of particular trades, 278 ; general unions, 131 ; trade clubs, 604 : making a total of 1,013 greater or less extent trade unioi) functions. 205 TBADE UNIONS: TRADE UNIONS AND TRADE CLUBS IN AUSTRIA- Table 127. — Receipts and Expbnditubb [in respect of Benefits othsr than Dispute PayCb) ] Clubs(c) in Group of Trades. Organisations affiliated to the Trade Union Federation at Vienna.(d) Receipts in Expenditure in 1899. Funds in Hand on Dec. 31st, 1899. Organisations Union Receipts in 1899. I.— Trade Unions. Building trades Mining .. Metal trades . Textile trades Clothing trades Transport and communication (in- cluding railway service). Printing and allied trades Woodworking trades Chemical trades .. .. Glass, pottery, Ac, trades Food and tobacco trades . . Leather trades Fancy goods manufacture Clerks, Ac Other trades General Unions (not confined to one trade). II.— TRADE Clubs(c) Total £ s. d. 681 5 4 3,360 14 6 8,875 5 2,137 18 10 8,520 8 3 3,639 10 5 33,625 19 11 1,677 4 9 119 10 10 4,434 17 7 1,523 5 8 1,416 1 S 1,921 8 495 15 6 263 8 6 2,104 2 10 2,388 11 1 £ s. d, 662 12 3 3,371 14 8 8.187 4 3 1,879 2 10 8,072 5 1 3,610 4 8 31,443 14 6 1,581 12 11 100 12 8 4,128 18 2 1,653 1 5 1,084 10 1,683 8 3 488 15 5 178 7 5 2,078 7 2,227 11 £ t, d. 151 1 5 1,104 8 6 4,459 8 1 1,090 18 5 2,046 16 7 80 7 7 56,752 6 8 499 1 5 112 19 9 1,295 19 966 10 855 15 7 941 2 10 184 2 9 169 5 11 746 11 1 939 11 6 £ «. d. 334 19 I 169 15 970 8 6 113 4 3 620 15 4 209 11 3 655 5 5 75 1 7 7 3 3 176 1 2 50 17 7 46 16 8 4,769 3 5 77,185 6 72,430 16 4 72,395 17 11(c) 8,199 2 6 (a) Compiled from the source (5) The Receipts and Expenditure for Dispute Pay of the organisations referred to in the table are in 1899, on disputes, a total sum of £14,977. of which £7 608 was spent by them out of their own ~ " ■ P; Federation at Prague. id) The receipts of this Federation in 1899 were £3,893, while its expenditure («) Exclusive of the value of office AUSTBIA-HUNOART. 206 RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE AND FUNDS.C'^) in 1899, and Funds in Hand at the End of that Yeab, of Trade Unions and Tbade Austria. affiliated to the Trade Federation at Prague. Total (all organisations together). Expendi- ture in 1899. Funds in Hand on Dec. 31st, 1899. Beceiptsin 1899. Expenditure in 1899. Funds in Hand on Dec. 31st, 1899. Group of Trades. £ 8. d. & 8. d. £ ». d. £ «. d. & s. d. I.— TRADE unions. 283 12 7 149 13 9 1,016 4 5 946 4 9 300 15 2 Building trades. 169 8 1 152 2 2 3,530 9 6 3,541 2 4 1,256 10 8 Mining. 958 17 11 534 4 8 9,845 13 6 9,146 2 2 4,993 12 9 Metal trades. 85 10 8 63 6 1 2,251 3 1 1,964 13 6 1,154 4 6 Textile trades. 496 4 10 1.759 10 3 9.141 3 7 8,568 9 11 3.806 6 10 Clothing trades. ^ 3,639 10 5 3,610 4 8 80 7 7 Transport and communication (in- cluding railway service). 172 1 5 163 11 2 33,835 11 2 31,615 15 11 56.915 17 10 Printing and alUed trades. 592 11 331 4 2,332 10 2 2,174 3 11 830 1 9 Woodworking trades. 62 5 2 36 14 1 194 12 5 162 17 10 149 13 10 Chemical trades. 6 3 10 142 14 5 7 3 6 4,442 10 4,135 2 1,795 15 10 U03 2 6 1.098 13 9 Glass, pottery, &c. trades, 132 12 11 1,699 6 10 Food and tohacco trades. •• 1,416 1 3 1.084 10 855 15 7 Leather trades. •• •• 1,921 3 1,683 8 3 941 2 10 Fancy goods manufacture. 49 16 1 2 9 546 13 1 538 11 6 186 3 6 Clerks. Ac. 35 7 3 34 2 9 310 5 2 213 14 8 203 8 8 Other trades. •• •• 2a04 2 10 2.078 7 746 11 1 General Unions (not confined to one trade). 4,099 3 6 3,696 19 1 7,157 14 6 6326 4 5 4,636 10 7 XL— Trade Olubs.(c) 7,153 16 9 7.063 1 6 85,384 3 79.58413 1 79,45819 5(e) Total. stated in footnote (c) on pp. 203-204, ante. quite distinct from their Receipts and Expenditure for other purposes. These organisations expended. funds, £6,408 was contributed by the Trade Union Federation at Vienna, and £961 by the similar (c) See footnote (d) on pp. 203-204, ante. in 1899 amounted to £7,868, exclusive of £938 credited to Reserve Fund, furniture, libraries, &c.. estimated at £22,450. 207 TRADE UNIONS : TRADE UNIONS AND TRADE CLUBS IN AUSTRIA- Tablb 128.— Expenditure per Member (*) on Various Benefits and Work- Union Federation Expenditure per Group of Trades. Unem- ployed and Travel- ing. Sickness. Superan- nuation. Funerals. Grants in Special Distress. Defence of Rights. I.— Trade Unions. s. d. s. d. *. d. s. d. d. d. Building Trades Of 01 (rf) Cd) Oi Oi Mininof 6i 6i id) 0\ 3i 2i Metal trades 2 2f OJ (^) Cd) 2f 2i Textile trades 7f W Cd) Cd) 1 1 Clothing- trades 8 9f 2 3| I ih 2 2 li Transport} and commu- OJ W w Cd) u 5 nication (including railway service). Printing and allied 10 5 15 8 ^ lU 3 5i 4f Oi trades. Woodworking trades ... 11 1 ... Cd) 2 3i Chemical trades 2 ... .. 1| Of Glass, pottery, &c., trades 1 31 ... Cd) ... 1 2i Food and tobacco trades 1 9i lu 5f li 6 2I Leather trades 2 8f ... H If Fancy goods manufac- 2 If 1 7 ... 1 5 Oi ture. Clerks, &c 10 ... Oi 2f 8i Other trades 4 U Cd) Qi Of n General unions (not con- 5 Of ... H fined to one trade). 1 II.— -Trade Club8.(c) 3i Oi ... ... i Oi Averages for all | 1 1 Unions making; re- } 2 3 1 Si 61 4 1 2 2 turns 1 i 1 TRADE UNIONS IN HUNGARY- Table 129. — Number and Membership of Trade Group of Trades. of Trade Unions making Returns. Membership) of Trade Unions making Returns. Building trades Mining and smelting Iron manufacture and metal trades Textile trades Clothing trades Printing and allied trades 21 1 22 4 33 4 4.951 660 3,836 426 5,174 2,607 (a) Compiled fiom the source stated in footnote (c) on pp. 203-204, ante. lb) Calculated throughout on the basis of the total membership of the organisations particular classes of benefits. ((•) See footnote (d) on pp. 203-204, atite. (e) Compiled from figures given on the authority of the Executive Committee of the DeutscMands (see footnote (a) on p. 197, ante), of October 16th, 1899. The same authority agricultural labourers exist, whose membership would bring the total for all Hungarian would appear to be the end of 1898 or beginning of 1899. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 208 EXPENDITURE PER MEMBER.(«) [NO Expenses of Trade Unions and Trade Clubs(c) affiliated to the Tra.db at Vienna, in 1899. Member or I Total Office and i 3ubscrip- tiona Expen- diture Group of Trades. Trade Journals. Educa- tion. other Working Ex- penses. Sundries. to Central Organi- sations. per Member in 1899. *. d. s. d. *. d. d. I *. d. ' I. — Trade Unions. 5\ Oi 6f lOi ~ ] Building trades. 1 8i If 1 8i 10 Mining. 2 2i 3f 3 Oi 1 6 Metal trades. 1 2i H I 1 9f Textile trades. 1 6 Sf 2 li 4 1 Clothing trades. 2 8i .«• 9| 3 Transport and commu- nication (including railway service). 2 9^ 7i 4 llf 6 6 Printing and allied trades. 1 6| 2 1 4 9i Woodworking trades. 2i li 4 7^ 1 ^^ 11 4] Chemical trades. 2 H 1 6 2 Sf 1 Oi Glass, pottery, &c., trades. 1 6 4 2 lU 2 8i Food and tobacco trades. Hi Oi 1 2 8 Leather trades. 1 6f li 2 3 Hi Fancy goods manufac- ture. 1 u 3i 2 lOf 1 4i Clerks, &o. U 3 9i 8| Other trades. 8J 0} 2 9 General unions (not con- fined to one trade). If 1 ... 2 9i II.— Trade Clubs.(c) ( Averag^es for all 1 7 3^ 1 9 IIU 6! 11 4 < Unions making re- ( turns. NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP.(0 Unions in Hungary in 1899, Grouped by Trades. Group of Trades. Number of Trade Unions making Returns. Membership of Trade Unions making Returns. Woodworking trades Pottery trades Food preparation trades Leather trades General Unions (not confined to one trade). Total 22 4 2 4 3,923 528 852 362 284 126 23,603 referred to at the end of 1899, and not on the membership of the organisations paying the () of Trade Unions making Returns in Group of Trades. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Building trades 244 249 247 258 280 Stone workers 27 28 33 29 35 Street paving, &c 10 10 11 8 8 Iron and steel 87 93 103 131 137 Metalworkers 8 11 10 15 20 Textile trades 10 13 11 8 10 Clothing (excluding boot and shoe- making and glove-ujaking). 55 70 67 63 62 Hats, caps and furs 15 16 14 13 15 Railroad employees (steam) . . 112 116 128 132 131 „ „ (street surface).. 1 1 1 2 3 Coach drivers and livery stable em- ployees. 4 4 7 5 9 Marine trades 15 15 16 15 13 Printing, binding, &c 52 58 56 66 68 Wood workers 16 16 20 21 23 Furniture 8 8 6 5 4 Glass workers 15 15 12 14 12 Food products 23 27 32 31 33 Malt liquors and mineral waters 24 26 29 32 36 Cigars, cigarettes and tobacco 53 54 64 55 54 Leather workers (including boot and shoe-making and glove-making). 14 17 13 10 15 Hotel, restaurant and park em- ployees. 16 16 14 14 15 Musicians and musical instrument makers. 22 22 22 17 17 Theatrical employees and actors 7 9 9 10 12 Miscellaneous Trades 22 33 47 55 75 Total 860 927 962 1,009 1,087 (a) Compiled from the Reports of the New York Bureau of (b) In the figure* of the New York Bureau each (c) The sexes are not 210 THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF NEW YORK.(«) the State of New York, classified according to Groups of Trades. Group of Trades. Membership of Trade Unions making Returns in Male. Female. Total. 1895. Male. Female. Total. UO Building trades Stone workers Street paving, &c. Iron and steel Metal workers Textile trades Clothing (excluding boot and shoe- making and glove-making). Hats, caps and furs Railroad employees (steam) „ „ (street surface) Coach drivers and livery stable em- ployees. Marine trades Printing, binding, Ac Wood workers Furniture Glass workers Food products Malt liquors and mineral waters . . Cigars, cigarettes and tobacco Leather workers (including boot and shoe-making and glove-making). Hotel, restaurant and park em- ployees. Musicians and musical instrument makers Theatrical employees and actors . . Miscellaneous trades Total 44,151 I 5,153 I 797 j 7,464 ' 548 I 1,638 I 27,862 ' 2,701 8,503 2,500 779 7,115 10,912 1,736 1,163 881 2,187 3,153 6,789 1,802 1,377 5,642 969 3,887 149,709 50 40 4,798 263 147 13 1 1,933 118 2 123 7,488 44,151 48,638 5,153 4,993 797 812 7,464 8,522 598 846 1,678 1,834 32,660 37,351 2,964 3,330 8,503 8,958 2,500 1,000 779 1,020 7,115 8,064 11,059 11,744 1,736 1,709 1,176 1,239 882 1,300 2,187 2,799 3,153 3,411 8,722 7,011 1.920 2,188 1,377 1,351 5,644 5,954 1,092 1,532 3,887 4,523 157,197 170,129 149 i,6ri0 352 254 1,078 117 479 10,102 48,638 4,993 812 8,522 846 1,983 44,001 3,682 8,958 1,000 1,020 8,064 11,998 1,709 1,259 1,301 2,799 3,411 9,089 2,305 1,351 5,956 2,011 4,523 180,231 Labour Statisticd (formerly Bureau of Statistics of Labour). Union, Local Union, or Branch is counted as one. distinguished for the year 1H96. 6487 51,079 5,382 758 9.S68 1,322 1,746 24,031 2,287 9,365 1,000 3,973 7,974 13,650 2,033 917 1,042 2,842 4,311 9,79S> 2,119 1,412 5,353 2,168 5,865 170,296 O? 211 TRADE UNIONS NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP : STATE OF NEW YORZ-coyitmued. Table 130. — Number and Membership of Trade Unions in the State of New York, classified according to Groups of Trades — continued. Membership of Trade Unions making Returns in Group of Trades. 1897. 1898. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Building trades 48,898 48,398 55,093 55,093 Stoneworkers 5,299 5,299 4,865 4,865 Street paving, &c. 636 636 596 596 Iron and steel 10.653 10,653 12,551 12,551 Metal workers 963 963 1,511 1,511 Textile trades 680 680 767 698 1,465 Clothing (excluding boot and sUoe- making and glove-making). 24,252 2,690 26,942 17,157 8,414 20,571 Hats, caps and furs 2,224 112 2,336 1,605 92 1,697 Railroad employees (steam) . . 9,S98 9.898 10,457 10,457 (street surface) 3,247 3,247 8,680 3,680 Ooach drivers and livery stable em- ployees. 1,872 1,872 1,780 1,780 Marine trades 3,113 3,113 2,202 ■■ 2,262 Printing, binding, Ac 12,780 480 13,260 14,163 494 14,957 Wood workers 1,769 .. 1,769 1,741 1,741 Furniture 798 3 801 890 890 Glass workers 818 .. 818 758 758 Food products 2,508 40 2,548 2,586 2,586 Malt liquors and mineral waters . . 4,073 4,073 3,883 3,883 Cigars, cigarettes and tobacco 6,907 2,190 9,097 6.445 2,444 8,889 Leather workers (including boot and shoe -making and glove- 2,177 12 2,189 2,652 48 2,700 making). Hotel, restaurant and park em- ployees. 1,453 •• 1,453 1,404 1,404 Musicians and musical instrument makers. 5,379 5,379 5,596 1 5,597 Theatrical employees and actors , . 1,679 1^37 1,916 3,803 312 4,115 Miscellaneous trades 11,114 11,114 7,017 2 7,019 Total 162,690 5,764 168,454 163,562 7,505 171,067 UNITED STATES. 212 EXPENDITURE : STATE OP NEW YORK.(«) Table 131. — Expenditure per Member (&) on Various Benefits by Tbadb Unions in thf State of New York, in 1893. Expenditure per Member on the Benefits mentioned below. Total Expendi- ture per Member on all Benefits together. Group of Trades. Out of Work. Dispute. Sick. Funeral. Not olassifled. Grants to other Unions. Building trades I 6 8. d. 1 4 s. d. I 7 I'loi l-fi 8. d. 4 £ 8. d. 10 9 Stoneworkers 3 3 9 .. 8 10 3 5 16 3 Street paving, &c. 1 6i .. lUi 3 8i 1 2 10 li Iron and steel 4 7 4 4 om 1 7 3 H 5 16 7 Metal workers 6 a 4i .. 6 9 Textile trades 5i .. 2 12 11 3 13 9i Clothing, &c. (excluding boot and •) of unions, &e. paying funeral benefits Amount (^c) expended in year on „ „ 217 19,081 96 £1,720 125 £3.419 (a) Compiled from the Eeport for 1893-4 of the Department of Statistics of Indiana. It is stated that " it is assumed that the Bureau has succeeded in obtaining fuHy 90 per cent, of all the labour organisations of the State." (ft) In the figures of the Indiana Department each Union, Local Union, or Branch is counted as one. (c) The Report states that the figures given as to the amount expended on funeral benefits do not accurately represent the sums paid on account of such benefits, " because in numerous instances only the national organisations pay death benefits, the members of subordinate organisations paying assessments into a general fund which is disbursed by the national organisation, in which ease subordinate organisa- tions are not advised of sum totals disbursed for death benefits." CO-OPERATION 217 CO-OPERATION IN ASSOCIATIONS Table 135. — Capital, Sales, Profit and other particulars relating to Co- Capital and Debts. Year. (1) Number of So-^ieties makinpr Returns as to pirticul.irs re- ferred to in Cols. 3-7. (2) Share Capital. (3) Loan PpflPi-vP Special : CV.pital Reseive. punds. ! (Deposits, 1 &c.). (4) , (.5) ; (ti) Debts due by Societies at end of Year. (7) 1 1890 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 48 63 85 112 112 162(d) £ 68,555 96,866 135,694 197,403 222,854(6) 239,475 323,108 £ 14,341 23,783 27,834 32,041 37,299(6) 42.215 70,111 £ 2,169 5.934 5,081 5,750 8,701(6) 13,449 41,328 £ 5,833 7,306 9.751 21,823 763 £ 46,795 67830 104.933 117,669 207,403(6) 292,011 445,651 1 1 CREDIT Table 136.— Number, Membership, Capital, Advances Associations in the Total Number Number of Capital. Year. Number of of Societies making Members of Societies making Societies. Eeturns. Returns. Share. Reserve. 1883 1,006 765 207,559 596,978 66.684 1884 997 752 205,356 600,009 76,719 1885 988 725 195,002 595,107 84,486 1886 964 715 196,694 593.988 96,624 1887 904 719 19.5,548 596,250 106,933 1888 856 720 197,447 606.249 118,168 1889 828 730 202,749 623,247 127.945 1890 812 720 213,166 649.2'?1 1.53.5.58 1891 795 61(5 210,776 646,449 160,947 1892 754 662 211,400 646,199 164,.584 1S93 764 645 213.956 657,734 174.350 1891 '50 638 213,376 663,848 184,499 1895 729 634 218,100 671.313 197,529 1896 720 634 217,141 668.743 199,016 1897 704 619 218,391 721,562 216,834 (a) Comriled from the Annual Eeport of the Committee for Rnral Loan and Deposit Sbcregdtdnuikh i t.romuhhle nuikh Tovnr/shtchcstvakh ). It is ?t;ited that the societies cairy on their busiiiessby being accoi-dcd large credits for goodn supplied to them. (See given in the sourc<^. (6) These flgure> relate to 111 pocietie? only, one pociety having returned its capital and (c) In addition, one s-ociety. which did rot distinguish the items ot its assets or its (rf) In addition, one society, whioh did rot dif-lingui-h the items of its assets or its ((') Compiled from the source mentioned in footnote (a) and from No lo of the Petersburg, m^O) : see also Credit Popukiire, St. Petersburg. 1900. In addition to the last mentioned. 22 co operative credit associations of a somewhat different type, formed societies are not available. [Apart from credit associations fo'-med and worked upon persons requiring small loans, which have been created and are manag. d by local (720 at the date of the publication of Credit Popidaire), the communal loan and deposit available).] (/) Advances to societies and deposits. ns RUSSIAN EMPIRE. FOR DISTRIBUriON.(^) OPEBA.TIVE Associations for Distribution (Stores) iu the Russian Empire. Sales. Gross Profit, Trade Expenses and Net Profit. Number of Societies mj-kiag Returns as to partieulirs referred to in Col. 9. (8) Amount of Sales. (9) Number of Societies miking Returns as to po-rcioul irs refer ledtoinOjU. 11-13. (10) Gross Prolit. (11) Trade Expen-ies. (12) Net Profit. (13) Year. (14) 44 58 54 62 £ 527,542 1,120,500 957,507 1,016,491 92 1 92 I 99 I £ 163;248 144,679 233,741 £ 89,922 96,659 147,417 £ 73 326 48,020 86,324 1890 1892 1893 1894 1895 lti96 1897 ASSOCIATIONS.(e) ^|and other particulars relating to Oo-operative Credit ^-Russian Empire. Capita] —cont. Advances made by Profit (Balance in Capital Amount paid ou<-. of Profits as Dividend Year. Loan.(/) Other. Societies. Account). on Shares. & & £ £ £ 768.172 9,927 2,387,475 86,433 47.381 1883 778,703 9,790 2,454,361 87,293 48,891 1884 850,352 13,820 2,477,007 85,471 47,397 1885 912,217 18,242 2,466,343 85,066 46,718 1886 955,175 15,809 2,512,110 84,380 47,303 1887 1,009,395 19,038 2,596,286 86,845 46,546 1888 1,011,872 19,766 2,551.910 84,804 47,075 1889 1,127,900 6,426 2,818,238 89,192 50,507 1890 1,192,320 7.435 2,: 89.838 87,480 50,327 1891 1,234,270 11.915 2,816,435 89,079 49,299 1892 1,297,914 12,032 2,863.215 90,712 49.169 1893 1,377,359 13,646 2,921,498 90,416 47,863 1894 1,448,015 13,490 3,030,359 94,761 43.627 1895 l,3Ho,6.50 16,692 3,176,648 82,3S2 43.033 1896 1,462.869 16,215 3,482,480 88,266 47,459 1897 Societies ani Industrial Co-operative Soji^ties (Otchut Komiteta o Sehkikh Soudo- reierred to m the table, while borrowing capital to but a sma.! txtcnt, are . nat>lea to C/Ol. 7 m the taole.J Where no figures are stated in thj tab.u, the iniormation is not debt^ as amounting to £562, but without distinguishing items, liabilities, returned toral assets £71ii, loial i ibiii ies £oii3 liabilities, returned total asset'* £922. lotal liabilities £7-4. '• So-obsclum/a:' pubIiHhe3 1886 299,311 114,109 5-51 185,203 8-94 1,931 1887 334,384 124,588 5-32 209,796 8-96 2,302 1888 350,660 131,921 5-38 218,740 8-93 1,367 1H89 402,944 149,040 5'23 253,904 8-90 1,095 1890 429,622 162,668 5-14 266,954 8'44 1,166 1891 475,' 119 181,181 5-39 293,838 8 '75 1,354 1H92 504,450 154,258 5-69 310,192 9-08 1,365 1893 604,226 228,880 5'89 375,346 9-67 1,990 1894 658,347 247,647 5-99 410,700 9-93 2,763 1895 737,555 27<',447 5-91 467,108 10-20 781 1896 791,760 294,600 6-09 497,160 10-28 1,501 1897 8.')9,033 318,372 d'8S> 540,661 9-93 1,191 1«98 942,833 359,465 6*23 583,368 10-11 i 2,346 1899 deutschen Erwerbs- und Wirthschaftsgenosscnschaften. in 1888 and subsequent years all co-operative tanks, whether formed on the system of Production were included among Industrial Associations for Production, 223 CO-OPERATION CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS Table 140. — Membership, Capital, Advances, Profit and other particulars Delitzsch in the Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Share- holders in Societies making Returns. Capital. Advances made by Societies (including Renewals). Trade Year. Share. Reserve. Loan.(6) Interest paid or owing to Creditors. & £ £ £ £ 1885 .. 896 458,080 5,392,056 1,079,080 20,090,069 76,692,046 818,653 1886 .. 881 451,452 5,461,692 1,144,574 20,587,057 76,128,571 785,501 1887 .. 886 450,276 5,531,548 1,212,250 21,356,263 80,092,860 818,778 1888 .. 901 461,356 5,526,168 1,275,139 21,261,044 79,578,466 770,060 1889 ,. 1,002 490,627 5,437,566 1,305,137 21,255,543 75,718,245 753,204 1890 .. 1,072 518,003 5,853,993 1,423,769 22.691,313 82,078,710 826,704 1891 .. 1,076 514,524 5,724,225 1,473,702 21,951.159 78,080,527 790,751 1892 .. 1,075 512,509 5,815,224 l,556,07t» 21,712,406 76,951,726 776,583 1893 .. 1,038 502,184 5,805,534 1,602,973 21,788,226 75,940,683 769,760 1894 .. 1,047 509,723 6,025,623 1,758,412 22,886,727 77,500,631 793,560 1895 .. 1,068 525,748 6,289,566 1,884,679 23,356,152 82,965,289 839,912 1896 .. 1,055 527,765 6,488,739 1,986,625 25,788,560 83.684,397 851,319 1897 .. 872 490,924 5,769,880 1,864,507 24,840,218 89,113,707 793,448 1898 .. 862 497,111 6,082,847 1,979,957 26,437,735 95,363,264 888,663 1899 .. 875 508,327 6,394,496 2,109,765 28,536,160 106,396,490 1,007,762 CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS Table 141. — Membership, Capital, Advances, Profit and other particulars the System of Raiffeisen affiliated Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Members of Societies making Returns. Capital. Year. Share. Reserve. Loan. (/) 1881.. .. 1885.. .. 1892., .. 1893 .. .. 1894.. .. 1897.. .. 121 245 713 610 978 2.014 13.220 24,466 62,027 Not stated. Not stated. 168,675 £ 6,537 10,051 23,637 23,688 34,280 65,450 £ 7,634 20,447 58,979 58,819 92,829 137,462 £ 228,916 464,298 1,600,073 1,424,790 2,374,368 5,058,867 (a) Compiled from the source stated (b) Loans from private individuals (including savings bank accounts), current accounts, (c) This relates to acceptances other than those of the societies themselves, and represents (d) Compiled from figures published by the Federation {Generalverhnnd Jdn'llicher le) These societies are nearly all banks, but include a few other classes of associations affiliated to the Federation in June, 1897, included 31 creameries, 18 wine growers' associa- distributive societies, selling goods required by their members ; aomo sell nrtieles produced (0 Loans from private individuals (including savings bank accounts and current ip) The figure given in the German statistics for 1881 under " Exponfeg" includes law GERMAN EMPIRE. 224 (8CHULZE-DELITZSCH).(«) relating to the Co-opbbativb Cbbdit Associations on the System of Sohulzb- Gkbman Empirb. Expenses. Losses (Bad Debts. &c.). Profit. Amount paid or credited out of Profits to Liabilities at end of Year in respect of Accept- ances not matured, (c) Expenses of Administration (including Depreciation). Reserve. Dividend on Shares. Edu- cation, 3co. Year. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 279,897 45,477 417,705 80,271 324,011 1,732 481,310 1885 295,920 34,387 417,442 80,762 322,423 1,752 442,685 1888 298.283 40,388 411,692 77,278 320,706 2,042 574,631 1887 304,190 41,521 435,8o3 90,264 329,020 2,040 481,174 1888 296,346 50,434 423,707 84,814 314,466 2,435 522,001 1889 321,305 77,290 450,924 100,382 331,050 2,028 667,164 1890 312,543 61,888 442,024 99,366 320,102 2,653 727,968 1891 317,681 36,255 443,306 108,304 326,197 2,383 730,247 1892 313.622 50,786 443,873 103,825 324,284 3,428 768,710 1893 323,504 48,359 474,385 122,292 330,633 3,913 518,168 1894 333,987 52,525 470,912 111,718 336,160 4,355 643,180 1895 356,261 45,992 491,393 122,980 346,269 3,523 998,417 1896 829,091 45,584 476,432 128,281 319,738 3,594 1,136,953 1897 347.275 49,509 505,223 138,918 337,397 3,412 1,390.263 1898 371,164 99,909 555,126 170,892 356,862 3,656 1,454,897 1899 (RAIFFEISBN.-NEUWIED).(^) relating to the Co-operative Credit Associations (Rural Banks) (0 on to the Nbuwied Federation. Advances made by Societies (including law costs). Trade Expenses. Profit (Balance in Capital Account). Interest, &c. Expenses of Administration . Year. 124,715(?) 206,134 Not stated. 657,089 711,801 1.510,811 £ llJ28(g) 18,l&t Not stated. 41,531 78,890 154,499 £ (g) 5,384 Not stated. 12,045 18,008 37,982 £ 3,451 4,769 3,755 3,525 8,177 26,832 1881. 1885. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1897. in footnote (a) on pp. 221-2, antf. liabilities on acceptances, loans irom banks and societies and loans on mortgage. liability by reason of endorsement. Genosiienschaftcn fiir Deutschland zu Keuwlcd). (3 wine growers' associations in 1881, 4 similar associations in 1885; the 2,866 societies tions, and 53 other societies, not banks). Most of the banks are at tne same time by members. accounts) and loans from bank. costs and expenses of administration, a^ well a» interest. 64S7 P 225 OO-OPBRATION CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ON THE Table 142.— Membership, Tuen-ovbr, Profit, Reserves and other System of Raiffeisbn affiliated to the Federation of . Number of Number of Members Turn-over (cash received Year. Associa- tions of Associa- tions making Returns. making Returns. plus cash expended). 1884 95 8,037 328,448 1885 112 11,278 387,436 1886 136 12,100 480,826 1887 153 13,964 581,472 1888 176 15,533 701,894 1889 217 19,468 927,864 1890 274 24,636 1,162,804 1891 358 31,479 1,473,985 1892 476 40,874 1,968,564 1893 574 49,188 2,430,948 1894 611 53,782 2,716,294 1895 649 58,695 3,069,161 1896 669 62,120 3,258,911 1897 716 65,691 3,501,265 1898 772 72,536 4,022,433 ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION (AGRICULTURAL Table 143.— Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit and other particulars CULTURAL Supply) (d) affiliated to the Federation of Membership. Capital. Share. Re. Year. Number of Number Associations of Number of Number of making Members. Associations Amount Associations Returns. making Returns. Returned. making Returns. 1892 420 32,689 362 £. 31,179 382 1893 475 34,983 440 21,875 435 1894 38S 27,726 381 23,304 380 1895 635 46,018 623 29,900 574 1896 743 52,102 744 25,716 745 1897 813 57,354 837 27,792 897 1898 1,019 78,284 1,008 45,037 1,011 (rt) Compiled from Statistisches Sandbuch fur das Kunlgreieh Wiirttemberg, published (6) Manures, fruit, cattle food, seeds, Ac. (f) Compiled from figures published by the Federation (Allgenuiner Verband der was changed in 1900 from Offenbach to Darmstadt. The Societies affiliated to this included in Table 133, pp. 231-2, ante, among Agricultural Supply (Materials) Associa- (di) These Societies have now began also to sell agricultural products {,e.g„ corn and GERMAN EMPIRE. 226 RAIFPEISEN SYSTEM (WURTEMBURG).(«) particulars relating to the Co-operative Credit Associations on the AOBICULTURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS in WURTEMBURG. Goods Purchased for Profit. Reserve Funds. Sale to Members. (J) Number of Year. Societies Value of making Purchases. Returns of (*) Purchases. £ £ £ 863 2,143 34 1,843 1884 978 3,249 43 1,814 1885 1,204 4,248 73 5,952 1886 1,443 5,709 79 6,962 1887 1,823 7.454 79 4,017 1888 1,926 9,132 104 9,207 1889 2,499 8,976 103 8,625 1890 3,491 10,927 161 16,867 1891 4,778 14,165 242 21,623 1892 5,146 18,190 283 35,222 1893 6,064 21,905 277 28,717 1894 7,293 28,039 308 32,121 1895 7,479 34,429 325 31,461 1896 8,376 40,020 389 49,486 1897 9,090 47,422 427 51,471 1898 SUPPLY) OP THE DARMSTADT PEDERATION.CO relating to the Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Agri- German Agricultural Associations (Darmstadt). Capital— cont. Goods Supplied. Profit. serve. Number of Associations making Amount Returned. Number of Associations making Amount Returned. Year. Amount Returned. Returns. Returns £ £ £ 16,718 414 780,708 360 10,448 1892 16,153 470 608,198 447 8,716 1893 17,801 379 507,444 377 7,964 1894 22,828 630 543,960 479 9,045 1895 27,612 499 614,232 554 9,080 1896 34,483 504 724,649 566 10,759 1897 44,778 592 993,905 674 20,488 1898 by the Royal Statistical OflBce of Wurtemburg. landwirthsehaftlichcn Genossenschafttn des deidschen Relchs). The seat of this Federation organisation supply their members with manures, cattle food, seeds, coal, &c., and are tions. potatoes). 6487 P 2 227 CO-OPERATION DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS Table H4. — Membership, Capital, Sales, Profit and other particulars relating- to Agricultural Associa- Membership, Capital. Year Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Members Returned. Share. Reserve. Number of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. Number of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 261 397 475 412 562 675 794 11,196 20,788 26.482 24,781 39,766 50,638 63,846 127 353 272 300 555 674 791 £ 71,564 118,975 87.024 94.644 141,381 181,022 195.261 189 355 870 299 554 675 791 £ 31,335 53,433 72.848 53,442 115,439 161,026 219,006 CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS Table 145. -Membership, Capital, Outstanding Advances, Profit and other Federation of German Membership. Capital. Tear. Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Members Returned. Share. Reserve. Number of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. Number of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 290 314 424 462 538 645 1,065 1,781 3.131 3,667 25,484 30,614 44.988 51,551 58.912 71,747 93,417 129,987 219,595 260,050 207 258 363 463 535 591 1,038 1.701 .3,149 3,667 £ 48,987 64,750 97,600 108,680 124,883 143,906 175,638 221,696 284,963 344,871 207 258 363 463 535 646 1,059 1,701 3,149 3,667 £ 25,442 30,950 57,150 65,141 76,044 101,078 116,029 186,211 202.353 252,709 fa) Compiled from the source stated {h) Also 14,945 GERMAN BMPIRE. 228 (DARMSTADT PEDBRATION).(«) the Co-operative Dairy Associations aflUiated to the Federation of German TioNs (Darmstadt). Sales. Profit. Value of Premises and Plant. Milk. Butter. Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Societies making Returns. Value of Tear. Number of Quantity Number of Quantity Amount Returned. Premises and Plant Societies making Returned as Sold. Societies making Returned as Sold. Returned. Returns. Returns. £ £ 1 ( 100 10,957 199 412,647 1892 ( Nnf Bfp^<^ J 325 109,988 354 697,050 1893 f ) 318 28,005 351 739,769 1894 1 Gallons. CwtM. [ 365 62,989 238 525,212 1895 319 3,895,327 319 279,891 512 30,633 535 993,711 1890 417 4,104,995 403 328,300 609 47,428 636 1,174,449 1897 760 8,335,832(J) 764 660,546 755 70,764 791 1,405,794 1898 (DARMSTADT FEDERATION). («) particulars relating to the Co-operative Credit Associations affiliated to the Agricultural Associations (Darmstadt). Outstanding Advances. Expenses of Administration. Profit. ! On Current Account. For Fixed Terms. Number Number Tear. Number of Societies making Amount Returned. Number of Societies making Amount Returned. of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. of Societies making Returns. Amount Returned. Returns, Returns. £ £ '] ' 207 5,726 207 9,349 1889 258 6,800 314 11,350 1890 363 10,350 424 16,200 1891 ^ Not stated. ^ 437 11,543 463 17,587 1892 535 15,067 535 19,779 1893 608 15,570 646 23,096 1894 £ £ 845 20,823 1,038 25,511 1896 1,434 1,399,040 1,643 3,134,701 1,199 22,377 1,784 39,543 1896 3,148 1,738.915 1,801 3,693,248 1,425 28,038 3,149 58,994 1897 3,666 2,932,179 3,667 7,008,682 1,853 33,904 3,667 63,600 1898 in footnot( 5 (c) on pp. 225-6, ante. gallons of cream. 229 CO-OPEEATION IN HOLLAND. NUMBER AND NATURE OF SOCIETIES.(«) Table 146. — Number of Co-operative Societies of each Class in Holland and her Colonies. Year. Associations for Distribution. Associations for Production. Building Associations, Savings, Loan, Insurance, etc., Associations. Total. 1895 195 178 51 25 449 1896 200 211 58 24 493 1897 205 302 59 28 594 1898 232 365 66 35 698 1899 257 422 75 74 828 1900 281 475 81 87 924 1901 303 518 87 107 1,015 ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION (MEMBERS CO-OPERATIVE FEDERATION). («) OF Table 147.— Number of Associations for Distribution (Stores) aflSliated to both the Consultative and the Commercial Chamber of the Nether- lands Co-operative Federation ; with the Value of the Goods purchased by them (I.) from All Sources, and (II.) through the Commercial Chamber. Societies affiliated to both the Consultative and the Commer- cial Chamber of the Netherlands Co-operative Federation. Year. Number of Value of Total Pur- Value of Purchases through Commercial Chamber. Proportion of Total Pur- chases made Associations. chases from all Sources, through Commercial Chamber. £ £, Per cent. 1890 15 119,754 43,876 36-64 1891 16 130,613 44,865 34-35 1892 17 134,093 47,591 35-49 1893 19 168,569 49,299 29-25 1894 19 176,240 50,582 28-70 1895 21 177,773 53,951 30-35 1896 23 185,322 55,481 29 94 1897 26 189,235 65,797 34-77 1898 30 204,644 74,495 36-40 1899 28 220,151 80,817 86-71 (a) Compiled from Jaarhoeh van den Nederlandschen Cooperatieven Bond, published by the Netherlands Co-operative Federation. The figures given tis to the number of Dutch Co-operative Associations are stated to be probably too high, since, in the absence of a legal obligation to register the dissolution (such as exists in regard to the formation) of a society, the Federation has no means of informing itself of all the cases in which societies have ceased to exist. 230 CO-OPERATION IN BELGIUM. NUMBER OP SOCIETIES. («) Table 148.— Number of Co-operative Societies in Belgium. Year. Number. Year. Number. 1894 1895 1896 1897 311 394 564 873 1898 1899 1900 1,128 1,297 1,522 AaRICULTURAL SUPPLY (MATERIALS) ASSOCIATIONS.(&) Table 149. — Number and Membership of, and Purchases by Agricultural Supply Associations in Belgium. Year. Number of Societies. Number of Members of Societies. Value of Seeds, Manures, Feeding: Stuffs, Machines, Fuel, &c. purchased by Societies. 1895 1896 1897 1898 337 469 585 602 26,726 38,487 47,206 48,747 204.990 297,827 337,093 469,231 DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS.CO Table 150. — ^Number, Membership and Sales of Co-operative Dairy Associations in Belgium. Number of Societies having Dairies in operation. Number of Members of Societies. Sales. Year. Milk. Butter. Skimmed Milk, Cheese, &c. Total. 1895 1896 1897 1898 69 118 167 237 3,501 9,890 17,022 24,519 & 4,039 8,455 5,257 5,015 123,480 202,790 355,180 500,305 £ 1,959 3,143 5,253 6,792 £ 129,478 214,388 365,690 512,112 (a) Compiled from Reme du Travail, published by the Belgian Labour Department. The figures are stated to include all the Co-operative Societies which have been formed since 1873, and the dissolution of which has not been officially recorded, or discovered by the investigations of that Department. (b) Compiled from Renseignements Statirtiquc* concernant la Situation des Associations d'Interet Agricole pendant les Annees 1S95 et 1896, and similar details (^Exjwse Statistique) for following years, published by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture. (rr) Compiled from the sources stated in footnote (V). The members of the Associations referred to in the table owned in 1898, on the average, somewhat less than 3 cows each. 231 CO-OPERATION : BELGIUM. DISTILLERY ASSOCIATIONS.(«) ^Tablb 151.— Number, Membership, Shark Capital and Sales of Co-operative Distillery Associations in Belgium. Tear. Number of Societies having Distilleries in operation. Number of Members of Societies. Share Capital of Societies. Sales. 1897 1898 6 24 151 880 9.207 34,438 £ 14,460 159,489 CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS-PEOPLE'S BANKS.C*) Table 152.— Number, Membership, Capital, Advances and Profit of the People's Banks in Belgium. Tear. Total No. of Societies. No. of Societies making Returns. No. of Members of Societies. Capital. Share. Reserve. Loan.(d) Advances made by Societies. Profit (Balance in Capital Account). 1887 1888 1890 1893 1894 1895 1897 1899 9,975 9,768 9,977 9,981 10,351 9,808 10,724 10,603 11,666 13,653 13,341 14,379 £ £ 76,759 6,596 77,957 7,694 84,097 10,285 80,517 11,416 82,564 12,688 80,240 11,468 84,377 11,170 86,839 15,407 92,383 18,937 108,598 26,128 115.814 29,436 132,630 44,874 £ 194,188 181,161 227,927 235,625 263,238 251,190 248,248 331,666 386,768 495,676 (e) 602,557 £ 1,063,882 1,001,758 1,233,580 1,245,675 1,251,790 1,088 681 1,277,082 1,539,688 1,423,720 1,200,193 2,697,500 3,234,576 £ 4,744 3,951 4,323 4,059 4,239 4,251 7,607 8,985 8,432 12,240 (c) (e) CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ON THE RAIFFEISEN SYSTEM.C/) Table 153.— Number, Membership, Capital and Advances of Co-operative Credit Associations on the System of Raiffeisen in Belgium. Number of Societies. Number of Members of Societies. Capital. Advances Year. Members' Contributions. Reserve. Loan, (g) made by Societies, 1895 [896 1897 1898 33 77 (/i) 158 199 1,160 2,852 5,689 7,812 £ 135 334 653 909 £ 89 286 553 1,010 £ 11,335 25,441 63,359 113,224 £ 4,442 11,307 18,698 29,617 (a) Compiled from the sources stated in footnote (b) on p. 230, ante. The area under cultivation by the members of these Associations in 1898 was, on the average, slightly under 20 acres. (b) Compiled from the statistics published by the Federation of Belgian People's Banks and from the Revue du Travail, published by the Belgian Labour Department. (f) To June 30th as to 1882 and 1883, 1885-88. 1893, 1894, and 1899 ; to December 31st as to 1890 and 1895 ; on January 1st as to 1897. (d) Including current accounts, unclaimed dividends, loans on security, deposits (savings bank and others), liabilities on re-discount of bills, &c. (e) Cannot be stated. (/) Compiled from the sources stated in footnote 0>) on p. 230, ante. The Associations referred to in the table are mainly composed of small farmers, and their business is done chiefly with persons of this class. ig) Loans to Societies and deposits. , (h) Including 1 Society with 15 members, which at the end of 1896 had not yet commenced operations. 232 CO-OPERATION IN FRANCE. ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.(«) Table 154.— Number and Membership of Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) in France. Year. (1) Total Number of Societies. (2) Number of Societies of which Membership is known. (3) Membership of Societies referred to in Col. 3. (4) 1894 (December Slst) 1895 (December 3l8t) 1897 (April 30th) .. 1899 (July 1st) 1900 (July Ist) 719 708 708 806 822 591 551 7io 198,848 261,145 335,044 AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS.C'O Table 155.— Number and Membership of Agricultural Associations (Syndicats Agricoles) formed under the Law of 1884, and of the Federations of such Associations. Societies. Federations of Societies. Membership. Year. Number. Membership. Number. Number of Federated A880ciation8.(c) Number of Members of Federated A880ciations.(c) 1890 (1st July).. 648 234,234 9 1891 (l8t July).. 750 269,298 9 ,, 1892 (let July).. 863 313.800 14 1893 (1st July) . . 952 3.53,883 16 1894 (Ist July).. 1,092 378,750 15 729 537,966 1895 (1st July).. 1,188 403,261 17 821 565,318 1896 (Ist July).. 1,275 423,492 19 873 590,121 1897 (31st December 1,499 448,395 30 1,184 700„557 1898 (31st December 1,824 491,692 34 1,192 466,529 1899 (3l8t December 2,069 512,794 35 1,326 487,145 ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION : BAKERIES.(«) Table 156. — Number and Membership of Co-operative Baking Associations (d) in France. Year. (1) Total Number of Associations. • (2) Number of Associations of which Membership is known. (3) Membership of Associations referred to in Col. 3. (4) 1894 (December 3l8t) 1895 (December 31st) 1897 (April 30th) .. 1899 (July 1st) 1900 (July 1st) 439 509 491 612 641 431 478 566 49,609 98,783 135',231 (o) Compiled from Bulletin de V Office du Travail, published bv the French Labour Department. (h) Compiled from Annuaire des Syndicats Professioneh, published by the French Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Post and Telegraphs. (c) Some associations are alfiliated to more than one Federation. (d) The undertakings referred to in this table are bakeriefc included in the French statistics among " soci6t6s cooperatives de consommation." A small number of baking societies (formed, not by the purchabers of bread, but by bakers) are classed in the French statistics among the " productive " societies, and are included in the figures given in Table 157, post, p. 233. 233 CO-OPERATION ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION (OTHER THAN BAKERIES), 1895.(«) Table 157. — Numbeb of Associations for Pboduction (^othgr than Bakeries) in Fbance, in 1895 ; with their Membership, Capital (Share and Loan). Value of Business done and Profit earned, the Division of such Profit, and the Number of their Employees and Wages paid in that Year. Associations entirely or mainly connected with the Building Trades. Associations connected with Trades other than the Building Trades. Associations of Cab- driver8.(6) All 1 Associations j together. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Position in 1895. Number of societies in operation in 1895. Number of societies to which the following particulars relate. Number of members at end of 1895 65 89 18 172 63 1,065 85 7.138 17 826 166 9,029 Paid-up share capital held at date of inquiry by- Workmen desiring employ- ment by the society. Former workmen of the society. Other workmen belonging to the trade carried on by the society. Other persons Total share capital (paid up) (c) .. £29,203 £2,016 £1,302 £230 £32,751 £244,295 £31,761 £63,142 £12.478 £351,676 £84a93 £84,193 £357,691 £33,777 £64,444 £12 708 £468,620 Loans by members to societies as shown by 1895 balance sheet, (c) Value of business done in 1895 Profits earned in 1895 £9,431 £216,464 £22,230 £21,365 £809,451 £65,832 £25,000 £169,899 £8,347 £55,796 £1,195,814 £96,409 Division of Profits of 1895. To reserve funds As interest or dividend to capital. . To management ( Members employed by To labour \ society. ( Non-members employed To Provident Fund £2.660 £3.203 £754 £1,237 £1,264 £865 £4,943 £40,811 £2,339 £7,114 £6,548 £1,638 £517 £3,990 £3,142 ■'£121 £3,'093 £11,493 £7,812 £2,624 Total profits divided £9,983 £63,393 £7,770 £81,146 Number of Employees and Wages paid in 1895. ■M-^^v^^o S Minimum . . Members •• {Maximum.. .. Non-members |g;°iX^:: ;; 507 835 216 1,723 2,736 3,180 3,603 4,441 770 849 455 571 4,013 4,864 4274 6,735 Total number ( Minimum . . employed. \ Maximum . . 723 2,558 6,a^9 7,621 1,225 1,420 8,287 ll'599 Total wages paid £81,006 £316,326 £88,936 £486,268 (a) Compiled from the Report of an Inquiry, mainly relating to the year 1895. made by the French Labour Department {Les Associations Ouvricrcs de Production : Office du Travail). The sarae authority states the total number of associations for production in existence on January 1st, 1896, to have been 161, including 17 associations of cab-drivers, and on January 1st, 1897. 184, including a similar number of cab-driver^5' associations ; while figures published b^- the same Department in Bulletin de VOffice du Travail show the number of such associations on January 1st, 1898, to have been 214 (again including 17 associations of cab-drivers). The statistics relate to industrial production and do not include agricultural enterprises. As to bakeries, see footnote (rf) on p. 232, ante. (b) In the statistics as to Workmen's Co-operative Associations published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade societies carrying on business of this nature are not counted as associations for production. (c) In addition to their snare and loan capital, the balance-sheets made up to the end of 1895 or the nearest available date show that 162 of the associations referred to in the table (the balance-sheets of certain of these associations, one a very important society, not having been furnished) possessed the following amounts :— Reserve Fund, £228,070 (Col. 2, £12,466; Col. 3, £209,496; Col. 4, £6,108); Accident and Sick Funds, £2,598 (Col. 2, £1,341; Col. 3, £1,030 ; Col. 4, £227) ; Pension Fund, £16,714 (Col. 2, £3,355 ; Col. 3, £13,356 ; Col. 4, £3). FRANCE. 234 ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION (OTHER THAN BAKERIES), 1900.(«) Table 158. — Number of Associations for Production (other than Bakeries) in France, in 1900 (July Ist), with their Membership and the Number of their Employees. Number of Societies in 1900 (July Ist) Number of Societies furnishing Eeturns Number of Members of Societies furnishing Returns Number of Persons usually employed by Societies furnishing Eeturns ; Members Non-Members Total 247(6) 155 10,793 5,018 4^17 9;235 (a) Compiled from the source mentioned in footnote (a) on p. 232, ante. (6) The distribution of these 247 societies by groups of trades is as follows :— Building Trades, 85 ; Mining and Quarrying, U ; Metal, Engineering and Shipbuilding, 24 ; Textile Trades, 10 ; Clothing Trades, 18 ; Transport, 17 ; Printing, Paper and Allied Trades, 21 ; Woodworking and Furnishing Trades, 22 ; Glass Trades, 7 ; Food Preparation Trades, d ; Workers in Fibre, Cane, &e., 5 ; Leather Trades, 5 ; Diamond Workers, 5 ; Miscellaneous 16. The number of associations of the class referred to in the table was 184 at January 1st, 1,897, 214 at January 1st, 1898, and 246 at July Ist, 1899. CO-OPERATION IN SWITZEKLAND. NUMBER AND NATURE OP SOCIETIES.(^) Table 159. — Number ofCo-oPERATivESociETiEsof each Class in Switzerland. Class of Society. Number of Societies in 1895. 1898. Associations for Distribution „ „ Production Banks (Savings and other) and Guarantee Societies . . Miscellaneous Associations 574 1.521 188 122 879 1,854 215 164 Total 2,405 3,112 ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION. (^) Table 160. — ^Number, Membership, Capital and Sales of Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) in Switzerland. Year. Number of Societies. Number of Societies making Returns. Number of Members. Capital. Sales. Share. Reserve. Loan (Deposits by Members). 1894 1899 264 344 138(e) 337 58,151 117,594 78,701 73,961 £ 64,593 Not stated. £ 928,979 1,836,245 185,352 1 (c) From an article by Dr. Eggenberger, of Berne, in Schiveizerische Blatter fur Wirth- schafts und SocialpoHtik, VI, Jahrgang 1898, Nr. 21. The figures are stated to be lower than the actual numbers, because they are in great part based upcn official statistics relating exclusively to registered societies, (d) The figures for 1894 are compiled from a Report entitled Die SchweizerlHchen Kon- sumgefiossenHchaften, prepared by the Secretary of the Federation of Swiss Co-operative Distributive Societies (Dr. Hans Muller), The figures for 1899 are compiled from Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir i900,publiHhed by that Federation. In addition to the retail societies referred to in the table, there are two Co-operative Wholesale Societies', the one connected with the Federation just mentioned, the other with the Federation of Agricultural Supply Associa- tions in Eastern Switzerland. According to the Jahrbuch and the Report for 1899 of the former Federation, the sales of the Wholesale Agency connected with that organisation amounted to (in round figures) £17,3-i0 in 1893 (15 months), £22,880 in 1894, £45,400 in 1895, £71,440 in 1896, £91,080 in 1897, £104,720 in 1898. and £132,240 in 1899, In an article by Dr, Miilleria The Si-ottish Cu-operatur oi March 22nd, 1901, the sales of this Agency in 1900 are stated to have amounted to £150,000, The sales of the other Wholesale Society in 1898 (so far as concerns goods supplied to stores) amountei to £134,826, (e) The Returns as to membership came from 138 societies, those as to capital, other than loan, from 1.37, as to loan capital (deposits) from 57, and as to sales from 137. As to net profits in 1894, Returns from 135 societies shewed aggregate profits (after allowing for depreciation, but not for interest on share capital) amounting to £77,828. The Returns referred to related to societies other than the Agricultural Supply Associations affiliated to the Federation of Agricultural Co-operative Societies in Eastern Switzerland. The number of these Supply Associations in 1894 was 66, with an aggregate membership estimated at 4,600, Returns from 58 of these Associations shewed that in 1895 their sales had amounted to over £480,000, and their net prjflt to £4,812. In the article referred to in he preceding note Dr, MUller states the number of these societies as 120, with a member- hip of about 8,000. The Wholesale Agency connected with this Federation had in 190O a urn-over of £150,000. 236 CO-OPERATION IN ITALY. PEOPLE'S BANKS.(«) Table 161.— Number, Capital, Deposits, Advances and other particulars relating to the Co-operative Credit Associations (People's Banks) in Italy. No. of Banks in ex- istence. Particulars in relation to the Banks as to which details were available. (*) Year. Capital, Share and Reserve. Deposits on Current Accounts, Deposits on Savings- Bank Accounts, and Interest- Bearing Bonds, Bills in Hand. Outstanding Advances against Deposits of Securities, Warrants, etc. Investments (Public Funds, Industrial Stocks, etc.) held. £(c) £(.) £(.) £(0 £0) 1884 310 2,797,120 11,635,520 7,244,320 907,320 3,887,200 1885 407 3,172,320 13,076,920 8,365,200 1,180,720 3,500,560 1886 516 3,673,880 15,940,600 10,677,040 1,230,120 4,145,880 1887 608 4,164,360 17,104,6S0 11,412,480 1,440,320 4,050,320 1888 652 4,380,680 17,561,200 11,268,560 1,578,920 4,161,880 1889 672 4,598,680 17,004,000 10,919,520 1,408,960 4,587,880 1890 694 4,729,400 16,883,5( 50 10,306,080 1,538,880 4,639,880 1891 693 4,772,640 16,661,2^ 10 10,149,920 1,256,520 5,060,480 1892 718 4,754,880 16,855,640 9,878,920 1,110,800 5,590,120 1893 730 4,729,120 14,308,920 9,479,040 1,270,400 5,582,040 1894 720 4,588,880 14,886,560 8,579,600 1,176,920 5.440,080 1895 714 4,475,530 15,806,560 9,085,680 1,159,720 5,46-^680 1896 710 4,449,000 15,968,760 9,312,600 1,330,480 5,043,520 1897 685 4,334,840 16,234,480 9,772,560 1,404,960 5,284,080 1898 696 4,149,440 15,103,600 9,361,400 1,424,600 5,600,960 ((7) Compiled from Banche Popolarl, Anno 1898, published by the Statistical Department of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce ; the figures relate exclusively to the banks working on the principle of limited liability. (//) The number of banks making Returns is as follows : — 1886, 412 : 1887, 541 ; 1893, 655 ; 1894, 688 ; 1895, 681 ; 1896, 669 ; 1897, 645 ; 1898, 594 ; it is stated that for the remaining years " no special statistical investigation was made." (c) The figures are given in millions and thousands of lire, and the amounts stated in the text are, therefore, approximate only. ITALY. 236 SOCIETIES OTHER THAN PEOPLE'S BANKS.(«) Table 162.— Number, Membership and Capital of Co-opeuativb Societies of each Class (other than Banks) in Italy, on December 31 st, 1898. Number Number of of Share Number of Societies. Societies Members Capital of Class of Society. making Returns as to of Societies referred Societies referred to in Member- to in Col. 2. ship. Col. 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Distributive (store) 508 468 115,027 191.555 Building- and decorating 349 288 64,007 536,435 Metal and engineering trades 13 10 1,573 13,045 Textile trades 6 6 624 11,595 Electrical trades 18 16 3,218 36,679 Transport trades 21 15 1,309 24,191 Agriculture and viticulture... 50 38 8,415 25,252 Printing and allied trades ... 24 17 1,445 9,108 Chemical, etc., trades 29 26 2,123 22,639 Glass and pottery trades 11 8 877 40,028 Food preparation 92 84 10,325 48,035 Insurance societies 25 ... ,,, 78,954 Commercial societies 15 4 564 8.390 Hygienic societies 10 9 2,881 18,854 Other societies 128 70 25,466 56,933 Totalinl898 1,299 1,059 238,849 1,121,693 (a) Compiled from Anniuvio Statistico Italiano, published by the Statistical Department of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. The figures relate exclusively to registered Societies. With regard to unregistered Societies, the following information is given : — Class of Society. (1) Date to •which the Information refers. (2) Number of Societies in existence at date mentioned in Col. 2. (3) Distributive (Stores) :— (a) Independent (6) Attached to Friendly Societies . . Navvies, masons, and bricklayers and allied trades. Societies for building houses (for use of members). Industrial Societies Dairies December 31st, 1893 January 1st, 1895 December Slst, 1894 December Slst, 1896 December 3l8t, 1896 December Slst, 1896 274 409 27 11 84 360 237 CO-OPERATION IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. NUMBER AND NATURE OF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA.(«) Table 168. — Number of Co-operative Societies of each Class in Austria. Year. Credit Associations. Associations for Distribution (Stores). Other Associations. Total. 1884 1885 1186 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 :. 1,234 1,259 1,300 1.313 1,363 1464 1,588 1,695 1,882 2,118 2.428 2,766 3121 3,579 4,013 226 231 225 234 236 239 257 288 324 358 398 451 495 604 714 150 164 175 190 194 213 226 246 J95 .349 443 561 712 906 1,116 11 IS 5,089 6;843 ASSOCIATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRIA.(«) Table 164.— Number, Membership, Capital, Sales and Profit of Regis- tered Co-operative Associations for Distribution (Stores) in Austria. Year. Total Number of Societies. Number of Societies making Eeturns. Number of Members of Societies. Capital. Rales. Profit (Balance Share. Reserve. Loan. in Capital Account). 1883 1888 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 189 172 309 353 417 467 577 130 165 281 312 380 41@ 450 35,360 53.201 100,158 118,348 133,783 147,117 164,696 £ 38,779 70,634 103,626 117.635 134 617 147,012 182.401 £ 22,998 34,804 60,764 68,n45 70,481 73,515 80,903 £ 45,082 58,436 87,443 105,438 12.5,124 138,824 158,104 £ 481,124 703,091 1,216,488 1,326,964 1,492.378 1,671,780 1,910,365 £ 16,660 26,871 45a31 49,202 59,868 70,790 84,419 ASSOCIATIONS FOR PRODUCTION IN AUSTRIA.(«) Table 165. — Number, Membership, Capital, Sales and Profit of Registered Co-operative Associations for Production in Austria. Tear. Total No. of Societies. No. of Societies making Returns. No. of Members of Societies. Capital. Sales. Profit (Balance in Share. Reserve. Loan. Capital Account). 1894 1895 1896 1897 173 1 120 214 ! 163 217 L53 275 173 8,833 10,490 10.540 11,649 £ 343,943 398,380 432,188 493,466 £ 13,133 18,358 27.674 36.048 £ 1.53,138 169,672 178,151 240,783 £ 6(9.884 875,220 907,585 1,062,000 £ 20,654 23,401 31,448 38.753 (a) Compiled from Oesterreichisches Statistische Handbuch, published by the Austrian Imperial Central Statistical Commission, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 238 CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS IN AUSTRIA.C'^) Table 166.— Numbeb, Membebship, Capital, Advances and Pbofit of Registered Co-opeeative Credit Associations of all Classes in Austria. No. of Societies. No. of Shareholders in Societies. Capital. Advances made by Societies. Profit (Balance Year. Share. Beserve. T*oa,n.(6) in Capital Account). £ £ £ £ £ 1883 1,058 429,651 2,061,083 643,167 15,516,750 19,052,000 198,585 1884 1,101 460,058 2,128,833 702,250 16,416,917 19,440,500 202,250 1885 1,133 483,028 2,221,083 781,000 16,782,917 19,535,917 215,667 1886 1,178 504,814 2,208,000 846,583 18,161,583 20,041,250 203,167 1887 1,195 513,756 2,370,833 923,333 18,674,000 20,884,167 217,917 1888 1,257 5.35,772 2,444,250 1,003,083 19,961,333 21,410,083 239,500 1889 1,336 561,169 2,456,500 1,094,417 21,911,667 22,391,833 249,583 1890 1,489 602,270 2,604,667 1,185,750 23,373,500 23,241,667 242,417 1891 1,599 635,206 2,681,667 1,289,333 25,068,333 24,241,500 256,250 1892 1,790 667,733 2,804,333 1,416,083 27,393,083 26,263,000 260,500 1893 2,029 718,848 2,943,250 1,543,750 29,821,583 27,617,833 287,083 1894 2,342 777,668 3,175,583 1,702,333 32,748,167 30,490,083 318,667 1895 (c) 2,688(c) 861,635(0 3,356,333 (0) 1,838,583 (c) 35,564,750 (c) 34,685,417 (c) 316,833 1896 3,045 921,285 3.571,833 2.083,750 38,171.083 36,254,000 335,750 1897 3,506 1,022360 3.754,588 2,234,500 40,844,917 37,153,333 350,000 (a) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 237, ante. (b) Savings Bank Accounts, Current Accounts, and Loans. (c) The different classes of societies in existence in 1895 are shown by the following figures, compiled from Statiatische Monatschrift, Neue Folge, III. Jahrgang, published by the Austrian Imperial Central Statistical Commission :— Class of Society. No. of Societies. No. of Share- holders in Societies. Capital. Advan- ces made by Societies. Profit (Balance in Share. Reserve. Loan. Capital Account). Industrial and Com- mercial. Agricultural :— Schultze-Delitzsch System. Raiffeisen System For liberal profes- sions. Workmen's .. Other 203 134 1,023 109 6 1,213 ~2m~ 58,310 50,870 78,293 43,331 4,713 626,118 £ 235,666 175,500 61,000 706,417 10,750 2,167,000 3,356,333 £ 78,500 176 333 16,000 69.167 3,500 1,495,083 1,838,583 £ 1.555,500 4,?92.250 1,632,917 280,583 7,583 27,795,917 35,564,750 £ 4,965,584 2,347,667 811,750 504,583 57.333 25,998,500 34,685,417 i_. £ 19,917 22,667 8,417 39,833 1,417 224.582 Total 861,635 316,833 239 CO-OPBRATION CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS (RAIPPEISEN) IN AUSTRIA.(«) Table 167. — ^Number, Membership, Capital, A.dvances and Profit of the Registered Co-operative Credit Associations on the System of Raipfbisbn in Austria. Tear. Total No. of Societies. No. of Societies making Returns. No. of Members of Societies. Capital. Share. Reserve. £ £ 167 ... 917 83 4,250 333 10,167 917 16,833 2,083 22,000 3,917 33,333 6,167 46,250 10,167 61,000 15,917 73,917 22,167 93,417 32,250 Loan.(&) Advances made by Societies. Profit (Balance in Capital Account). 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 2 6 32 105 182 254 382 565 804 1,023 1,267 1,689 Not sta- ted. J L 330 500 715 940 1,163 1,501 54 224 1,077 4,249 9,670 16,254 24,375 38,128 56,138 78,293 100,017 135,146 333 8,417 9,167 44,333 119,833 243,583 408,417 690,250 1,075,083 1,633,083 2,199,250 2,979,417 £ 333 3,250 9,833 35,750 99,667 177,083 269,000 402,583 633,083 811,750 ,007,167 ,226,000 416 917 1,583 2,500 4,250 6,833 8,333 11,000 13.167 (rt) Compiled from the source stated in footnote on p. 237, (nitc. (A) Savings Bank Accounts, Current Accounts and Loans. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. -'40 CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS IN HUNGARY.Ca) Table 168.— Number, Capital, Outstanding Advances and Pbopit of Co-operative Credit Associations of all classes in Hungary (including Choatia-Slavonia). No. of Societies. Capital. Profit (Balance in Capital Account). rear. In Exis- tence at End of Year. To which the Particulars Relate. Share. Reserve. Loan.(6) Outstand- ing Advances. 1884 413 413 1,749,250 £ 86,41 l,596,583(c) £ 3,388,417(0 £ 121,083 1885 447 447 2,107,667 101,000 l,590,833(c) 3,744,583(c) 129,000 1886 480 480 2,219,500 126,333 1.751,833(c) 3,969.250(c) 140.417 1887 538 538 2,228,000 132,333 l,808,500(c) 4,055,833(c) 140,667 1888 599 599 2,361,667 138,417 2,050,833(c) 4,399,917(c) 147,417 1889 624 624 2,550,667 155,583 2,293,417(0) 4,797,250(c) 175,167 1890 637 637 2,736,833 175,917 2,495,083(c) 5,173,083(0 190,000 1891 644 644 2,851,917 195,667 2,868,333 5,537,750 193,667 1892 709 709 2,971,917 216,333 3,223,000 6,042,917 203,600 1893 768 726 3,216,667 227,083 3,175.000 6,332,833 271,000 1894 843 810 3.493,167 231,333 3,313,250 6,769,000 304,333 1895 1,028 977 3,826,125 272,000 3.668,417 7,409,708 339,542 1896 1,109 1,069 4100,125 286,250 3,904,208 7,84?,?50 347,417 1897 1,253 1,158 4,281,417 311,292 4,019,958 8,150,750 346,208 1898 1,460 1,261 4,709,125 345.000 4,193,875 8,892,951 384,917 (a) Compiled from Magyar Stathztikai EvkUnyv, published by the Statistical Bureau of the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce. The figures as to Capital, Advances and Profit are approximate only, since the Hungarian statistics give the details in thousands of kronen. (fc) Includes Savings Bank Accounts, Deposits, Current Accounts. Loans and Advances. (c) Tn these years bills redisconnted were placed among Acceptances in Circulation on the debit side, and among Bills in Hand on the credit side of the Assetf; and Liabilities Account : in subsequent years they have been struck put of both sid^s of the account. 6487 Q WORKMEN'S INSURANCE. 6487 Q 2 243 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE SICKNESS Table 169.— Number of Persons Insured under the German Sickness Persons, and Receipts, Expenditure and — 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Number of persons insured. 6,144,199 6.579,539 6,879,921 6,955,049 7,106,804 7.282,609 Number of cases of sickness. 2,040,082 2,422.350 2,397,826 2,478,237 2,794.027 2,492,309 Number of days of sickness. 33,428,682 39,176,689 40,798,620 42,756,028 46,199,436 43,686,440 Receipts :— £ £ £ £ £ £ Contributions of workpeople and employers, and entrance fees. 4,215,094 4,562,030 4,837,881 4,963,894 5,315,310 5,575,482 Other receipts (in- cluding capital drawn out). Total receipts 911,398 1,165,886 1,163,717 1,250563 1,291,560 1,230,083 5,126,492 5,727,916 6,001,598 6,214,157 6,606,870 6,805,565 Expenditure (not including capital INVESTED). Sick relief :- Doctors' fees .. 730,580 839,173 892,986 953,445 1,071,193 1,110,495 Medicine, &c. 588,767 709.362 744,703 801,968 884,671 871,345 Sick allowances.. 1,833,342 1,994,185 2,092,922 2,197,847 2,288,773 2,129,973 Maintenance in Hospitals, &o. 396,071 659,281 746,828 759,659 853,948 867,610 Total sick relief 3,548,760 4,202,001 4,477,439 4,712,919 5,098,585 4,979,423 Other expenditure 378,892 433,511 463,844 510,529 579,575 597,187 Total expenditure .. 3,927,652 4,635,512 4,941,283 5,223,448 5,678,160 5,576,610 BALANCE of Funds.. Not stated. Not stated. Not stated. Not stated. 4,190,598 4,715,282 (a) Compiled from Statistisches Jahrbuch fur das Deutsche Retch, published by the German in relation to persons employed in mining and in smelting works at mines. The number of 481,600,480,400,478,100,480,124,496,946, 528,566, 555,655 and 583,793 respectively. The number Sickness Insurance is, as a rule, borne as to § by the workpeople, as to J by the employers. 2U IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. INSURANCB.(«) Insurance Laws, Number of Cases and Days of Sickness among such Balances of the Sickness Insurance Funds. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 7^25^24 1 1 7,944.820 8337419 8,770,057 9,155382 Number op persons insured. 2.703,632 2.763,757 2,964,937 3,002393 3,476,067 Number of oases of sickness. 48,470,023 47,608,226 51313,783 53301,173 60,406,683 NUMBER OF DAYS OF sickness. £ £ £ £ £ Receipts :— 5369,951 6,332310 6,774338 7362,030 7,735370 Contribntions of workpeople and employers, and entrance fees. 1,414,275 1,457,682 1,616,167 1,763,101 1,998339 Other receipts (in- cluding capital drawn out). Total receipts. 7,284,226 7,790,492 8,390,503 9,025,131 9,734,109 EXPENDITURE (NOT including capital INVESTED). Sick relief :- 1,157,055 1,240,662 1345,712 1,455,393 1395,908 Doctors' fees. 906,715 945,475 1,034,991 1,100360 1328,133 Medicine, &c. 2,267312 2,323,133 2386,547 2,719325 3.177319 Sick allowances. 909,536 976,869 1 1,057,146 1,127,389 1364352 Maintenance in Hospital, &c. 5^1,118 5,486,139 6,024,396 6,4n?^,a«7 7366312 Total sick relief. 603,088 626,551 672,593 741,704 818,769 Other expenditure. 5,844,206 6,112,690 6,696,989 7,144,571 8,084,981 1 Total expenditure. 5,261,120 6,038,466 6,672,878 7,388.793 7,617,831 BALANCE OF FUNDS. Imperial Statistical Office. The table relates to Sickness Insurance other than that in fore* persons insured in the Special Miners' Funds in 1889-99 numbered 404,100, 437300, 459,100, given in the table as that of persons insured is the average for the year. The cost of 245 workmen's insurance: ACCIDENT INSURANCE Table 170.— Number of Persons Insured under the German Accident Expenditure of Insurance Offices - 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 189S. 1894. Number op persons insured. 13^74,566 13,619,750 18,015,286 18,014,280 18,118,850 18,191,747 Number of persons compensated in re- spect op accidents RESULTING IN :— Death 5.185 5,958 6,346 5,811 6,245 6,250 Total permanent disablement. 2.882 2,681 2,561 2,640 2,487 1,752 Partial permanent disablement. 16,337 22,615 27,788 30,569 36,236 38,952 Temporary disable- ment. 6.615 10,166 13,812 15.807 16,906 21,723 Total compensated 31,019 41,420 50,507 54,827 61,874 68,677 Expenditure OF insurance offices (6):— £ £ £ £ £ £ Compensation for accidents. 723.215 1,015,765 1,321,320 1.617,010 1,908,190 2,214,085 Inquiries in relation to compensation, 22.165 33350 43,640 51,755 60,270 71,305 Arbitration costs . . 17,505 19,570 24,775 26.715 31,690 33,985 Precautionary mea- sure8.(c) 16,205 18,425 22,705 23,220 28,475 33,075 General administra- • tion. 228,970 243,575 266,670 282,345 302,900 333,650 Credited to reserve fund. 649355 631,225 655,030 636,990 615,730 518,050 Total expenditure .. 1,657,415 1,962,410 2,334,140 2,638,035 2,947,255 3,204,150 AMOUNT OF reserve FUND (&) (AT END OF year). 2,108,750 2.806,545 3,554,920 4,297.435 5,044,585 5,705,895 (a) Compiled from tht employed while the es 5 source st ablishmen ated in th IS, by wh B footnote ich Ihey \ on pp. i243- vere efiipl -4, ante. 1 oyed, wer he number e working Industrial Census of 1895 and on material at the disposal ot the different Insurance counting of about a million and a half persons, and as to the inclusion of between four footnotes (a) and (6) on pp. 247-8, post. The accidents entailing' compensation under the 13 weeks. The number given as that of the persons compensated in respect of accidents fixed in that year. The entire cost of Accident Insurance is borne by the employers. (&) The Expenditure and Reserve Fund are stated in approximate figures, being given (<•) Adopted in order to prevent the frequency of accidents. QBRMAN EMPIRE. 246 (GENERAL SUMMARY).(«) Insuranob Laws, Number of Persons Compensated under such Laws, and Amount of Reserve Fund. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. - 18^,468 17,605,190 17,947,447 18,246.013 18,604,124 NUMBER OP PERSONS INSURED. NUMBER OF PERSONS COMPENSATED IN RE- SPECT OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN :— 6;^35 6,989 7,287 7,848 7.999 Death. 1,668 1,524 1,452 1,109 1,297 Total permanent disablement. 40,527 44,373 46,489 47,764 51,240 Partial permanent disablement. 25,937 32,386 35,943 40,053 44,275 Temporary disable- ment. 74,467 85,272 91.171 96,774 104,811 Total compensated. £ £ £ £ £ EXPENDITURE OF INSURANCE OFFICES (&) :— 2,506,290 2,857,720 3,198,680 3,555,435 3,934,032 Compensation for accidents. 85,280 39,825 96,455 43,890 104350 47315 113,610 48,950 125,586 52,740 Inquiries in relation to compensation, &c. Arbitration costs. 38,915 51,465 57,210 60,665 60,054 Precautionary mea- sures.(c) 354,585 370,065 390,330 407,930 435,779 General administra- tion. 396,320 249,880 88,415 24,195 19,950 Credited to reserve fund. 3,421,215 3,669,475 3,886,300 4,210,785 4,628,141 Total expenditure. 6,276,910 6,724,605 6,807,075 6,866,230 6,954,923 AMOUNT OF RESERVE FUND (b) (AT END OP YEAR). given in this table as that of the persons insured is that of the workpeople usually ordinary "full time." This number is approximate only, being based on the OflBces ; as to certain occupations for which vo numbers could be estimoted, as to the double and five millions of persons engaged on their own account in certain occupations, see German Accident Insurance Laws are those resulting in incapacity lasting more than is, as to each year, that of the persons the amount of the compensation due to whom was in the soxirce in thousands of marks. 247 workmen's INSURANCE: ACCIDENT INSURANCE Table 171.— Part. I.^ Numbbb of Persons Insured under the German Accident Classivied PART I.— Number op Group of Trades. 1889. 1890 1891, 1892. 1893. 1894. Building trades :— A. Ordinary 1,131,459 1,089,512 1.201,082 1.166,158 1,220,552 1,211,324 B. Insured with I (b) (ft) (&) (ft) (ft) (ft) special insti- tutions. Mining (including smelting works a r 375.410 398,380 421,137 424,440 421,124 426,555 t mines). Quarrying 231,250 251,400 253,250 252,800 227,500 226.300 Metal, engineering r 699,268 761,500 769,455 774,559 787,996 819,861 and shipbuilding. Textile trades.. 630,135 647,039 645,663 648,371 663,084 663.266 Clothing trades 99,599 107,171 104,748 106,071 109,882 116,617 Bail way service 263,241 285,006 304,327 294,089 288,638 290,9.35 Tramways 34.499 28.220 31,853 31,838 32,840 30,895 Carters, &c. . . 64,690 64.607 69,397 67,685 68,543 69,175 Seamen 40,400 42,546 43,300 43,023 42,155 ^•I'lfS Inland navigation . 53,221 55,175 55,157 54,029 53,113 52,917 Postal and telegrapl 1 12,178 12.796 13,981 14,900 16,231 17,164 service. Agriculture anc forestry. Printing trade.. I 8,277,491(0) 8,297,260 12,508,001((Z) 12,511,565 12.512,072 12,509,080 59,681 60,404 69,806 74,075 80,250 85,403 Paper-making 55,218 57,095 58,489 58,797 ^^Al^. 62,082 Paper-working 55,882 58,494 60,6H8 63,632 64,124 73,062 Wood-working trade s 201,805 213,913 214,596 216,041 220,269 221,949 Chemical trades 91,446 98,391 101,134 103,020 107,036 111,432 Glass trade 50,573 54,113 56,357 65,618 65,066 66,207 Pottery trade . . 55,722 58,263 60,455 59,962 61,585 61,702 Brick and tile makin g 232,742 272,669 254,102 252,959 266,536 2.13,889 Corn milling .. 86,913 86,343 86,439 86,995 86,240 86,380 Food preparation . Butchers • 1 49,622 53,425 58,161 61,205 63,681 67,285 Brewers and maltster s 67,123 70,617 72,517 76,823 79,552 83,492 Distilleries 42,381 43,388 41,569 41,843 44,225 44,1.59 Sugar manufacture . Tobacco manufactur 97,151 99,953 99,097 98,870 97,889 101,164 e 98,280 105,486 109,111 107,468 110,642 116,507 Gas and wate works. Leather trades r 23,212 24,876 26,873 27,660 29,354 29,520 45,491 47,339 46,289 47,005 49,409 50,204 Musical instrument 8 22,166 22,680 23,557 22,267 22,792 23,585 making. Warehousing, &c. . 68,218 75,436 80,348 81,971 84,465 92„384 Chimney sweeps 5,869 5,752 5,804 o5'887 5,919 5,945 Military stores anc 1 28,371 40,923 33,469 33,324 33,574 33,311 works department Dredging, &c. . . 3,279 3,651 3,624 3,712 4,178 3,.549 Harbours, &c. . . 543 431 462 497 521 .551 Employees of Loca 1 20,037(6') 25,496 31,008 35,121 37,638 40,751 Authorities. Total . 13,374,566 13,619,750 18,015,286 18,014,280 18,118,850 18,191,747 (a) Compiled from the source stated in the footnote on pp. 243-4. awfe. With respect to the class of given in relation to persons insured and persons compensated, see footnote (a) on pp. 245-b.awpe. It is in agriculture and partly in some other industry. Of the persons stated to be insured in ' Agriculture and account. (6) Cannot be stated. , . . ,^ * ^ (d) Increase due to the inclusion for the first time of persons engaged in agriculture or forestry as a (e) This figure is that obtained by a new census. GERMAN EMPIRE. 248 (BY TRADES). C«) Insurance Laws ; and Part II., Number of Persons Compensated under such Laws, by Trades. Persons Insured. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Group of Trades. Building trades :— 1,202,877 1,252.779 1,296,571 1,350.269 1,394,182 A. Ordinary. (b) (ft) (ft) (6) (b) B. Insured with special institutions. 430,820 446.342 468,953 495,086 521,352 Mining (including smelt- ing works at mines). 228,000 252.200 330,882 369,257 416,095 Quarrying. 867,044 964,170 1,064,119 1,131,010 1,235,371 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding. Textile trades. 702,881 729,140 729,601 748,541 763,438 125.246 135,385 149,578 161,785 173.224 Clothing trades. 297,126 301.463 323,587 341.340 350,321 Railway service. 21,657 L'4,347 28,606 33,017 39,454 Tramways. 72.286 79,365 70,938 76,541 88,282 Carters, &e. 44,065 43,165 45,280 48,648 48,552 Seamen. 56,795 55,905 60,148 59,119 59,770 Inland navigation. 18.012 15,568 18,987 20,874 23,957 Postal and telegraph ser- vice. 12,510,455 11.412,022(e) 11,411,675 11,412,178 11.417,918 Agriculture and forestry. 90,896 100.962 101,125 101,978 110,320 Printing trade. 61,548 63.719 65,645 66,535 67,050 Paper-making, 74,f)97 77,520 79,948 82,986 91,494 Paper-working. 233.600 251,648 266,947 283,455 300,294 Wood-working trades. 115.713 125,447 131,100 136,704 144,523 Chemical trades. 71,349 82,008 65.185 65,231 69,474 Glass trade. 6.3,114 68,510 71,105 71.883 74,136 Pottery trade. 276,603 277,641 263,970 280,733 283,303 Brick and tile making. 86,315 85,510 85,571 74,739 73,293 Corn milling. 78,024 74,333 1 42,555 40,6.34 46,122 39,420 48,809 40,482 Food preparation. Butchers. 89,413 91.2.39 95,103 92,995 96,948 Brewers and maltsters. 45,506 45.685 46,948 49.993 50,276 Distilleries. 100,058 100,655 100,738 98,219 97,000 Sugar manufacture. 123,(151 130,365 136,063 140,883 140,969 Tobacco manufacture. 30,486 32,087 34,848 37,129 42,670 Gas and water works. 53,593 56.6.37 62.817 61.679 63,226 Leather trades. 1 26,024 32.072 32,990 33,015 36,457 Musical instruments mak- 94,700 96,851 11.5,4.30 120,1.30 126,260 ing. Warehousing, &c. 5.980 6,023 6,186 e:m 6.225 Chimney sweeps. 30,599 29.666 35,765 37,064 35,144 Military stores and works department. 3,542 3,669 4,276 4,522 4,572 Dredging, &c. 550 .542 585 569 664 Harbours, &c. 58,943 60,550 62,988 66,158 68,619 Employees of Local Au- thorities. 18,389,468 17,605,190 17,947,447 18,246,013 18,604,124 Total. accidents entailing compensation under the German Accident Insurance Laws, and as to the number stated that in the number insured some 1,500,000 persons are counted twice over, being employed partly forestry," a large number (about 4,600,000 in 1899) were persons engaged in these occupations 6n their own (e) Brought within the laws at various dates within this year, subsidiary occupation. 249 WORKMBN^S INSURANCE ACCIDENT INSURANCE Table 171, — Pabt I., Number of Persons Insurkd under the German under such Laws, Classified Part II.— Number op Persons Compensated Death. Group of Trades. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Building trades :— A. Ordinary 858 856 844 867 902 850 B. Insured with special institu- 75 89 82 100 91 111 tions. Mining- (including smelting works at 816 824 977 830 920 793 mines). Quarrying 198 204 197 176 187 197 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding 302 371 323 301 342 336 Textile trades 98 95 83 73 85 69 Clothing trades 4 6 7 5 8 7 Railway service 337 410 468 403 418 414 Tramways 6 5 3 8 13 8 Carters, &c 131 147 140 95 148 137 Seamen 103 91 114 106 94 106 Inland narigation 111 156 133 91 113 103 Postal and telegraph service 10 8 5 ... 8 10 Agricultare and forestry 1,431 1,940 2,236 2,107 2,214 2,366 Printing trade... 2 7 5 3 6 4 Paper-making 52 44 44 40 35 53 Paper- working 3 8 3 7 4 12 Wood- working trades 107 113 94 93 98 116 Chemical trades 79 92 84 78 79 87 Glass trade 9 14 10 8 7 8 Pottery trade 9 8 10 7 10 12 Brick and tile making 87 99 105 92 99 103 Corn milling 94 99 92 91 96 86 Food preparation Butchers }10 14 15 6 12 20 Brewers and maltsters 92 89 97 85 95 87 Distilleries 20 35 32 28 32 43 Sugar manufacture 43 57 57 55 34 48 Tobacco manufacture 3 5 ... ... 6 7 Gas and water works 12 15 17 15 12 16 Leather trades 21 16 13 12 17 10 Musical instruments making 1 1 3 5 3 4 Warehousing, &c 93 111 113 102 115 115 Chimney sweeps 5 3 4 ... 8 5 Military stores and works department 25 5 10 9 7 9 Dredging, &c 8 3 3 6 8 ... Harbours, &c 3 1 1 2 3 ... Employees of Local Authorities ... 2 6 4 5 7 9 Total 5,260 6,047 6,428 5,911 6,336 6,361 GERMAN EMPIRE. 250 (BY TRABl^S^—continued. Accident Insueancb Laws; and Part II., Number of Persons Compensated by Trades — cantinued. IN respect op Accidents resulting in Death. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Group of Trades. Building trades : — 874 1,031 1,025 1,097 1,169 A. Ordinary. 113 112 129 136 125 B. Insured with special institu- tions. 915 975 966 1,262 1,064 Mining (including smelting works at mines). 171 169 228 252 264 Quarrying. 401 420 478 535 639 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding. 87 90 102 90 92 Textile trades. 5 6 11 9 12 Clothing trades. 376 464 457 517 502 Railway service. 10 15 15 19 40 Tramways. 146 167 172 189 176 Carters, &c. 158 93 123 104 125 Seamen. 108 180 139 145 158 Inland navigation. 9 3 9 9 5 Postal and telegraph service. a,282 2,432 2,542 2,674 2,674 Agriculture and forestry. 6 5 8 8 4 ; Printing trade. 49 54 43 49 57 Paper-making. 7 13 8 8 3 Paper-working. 107 127 132 119 160 Wood-working trades. 70 92 125 77 91 Chemical trades. 9 14 14 13 15 Glass trade. 12 10 17 13 15 Pottery trade. 87 95 104 134 154 Brick and tile making. 76 101 89 92 91 Corn milling. 12 18 S 17 11 12 Food preparation. 1 11 3 6 Butchers. 84 89 103 111 97 Brewers and maltsters. 31 32 36 39 53 Distilleries. 54 53 66 44 59 Sugar manufacture. ... 4 3 4 1 Tobacco manufacture. 27 22 16 18 22 Gas and water works. 19 19 28 29 19 Leather trades. 3 2 2 4 3 Musical instruments making. 112 144 158 139 174 Warehousing, &c. 9 7 3 5 7 Chimney sweeps. 2 14 9 5 8 Military stores and works department. 2 9 8 5 7 Dredging, &c. 3 ... ... ... 3 Harbours, &c. 12 20 20 16 18 Employees of Local Authorities, 6,M8 7,101 7,416 7,984 8,124 Total. 251 workmen's INSURANCE: ACCIDENT INSUaANCB Table 171.— Paet I., Number of Persons Insured under the German under such Laws, Classified Part II. — continued. — Number op Persons Compensated Permanent Total Group of Trades. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1891 1893. 1894. Building trades : — A. Ordinary 593 408 375 321 277 206 B. Insured with special institu- 26 27 34 24 20 32 tions. Mining (including smelting works at 644 480 335 412 257 122 mines). Quarrying 67 58 44 23 26 23 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding 317 202 262 202 221 155 Textile trades 40 37 43 37 35 37 Clothing trades 14 11 5 6 10 2 Railway service 234 310 279 282 280 278 Tramways 8 10 7 9 8 3 Carters, &c 91 112 23 47 34 30 Seamen 3 5 11 8 8 12 Inland navigation 30 12 7 12 22 10 Postal and telegraph service 4 3 6 5 6 ... Agriculture and forestry 285 481 685 821 792 593 Printing trade 4 4 2 1 2 3 Paper-making 17 18 18 20 20 20 Paper-working 1 86 1 3 2 1 Wood- working trades 38 47 32 41 38 13 Chemical trades 94 86 89 83 93 87 Glass trade 3 7 11 9 3 8 Pottery trade 13 18 11 18 23 13 Brick and tile making 92 77 62 59 60 9 Corn milling 30 30 21 24 23 14 Food preparation Butchers } ^ 6 5 3 4 4 Brewers and maltsters 156 94 110 112 167 44 Distilleries 13 8 10 7 10 8 Sugar manufacture ... 25 16 46 26 25 18 Tobacco manufacture 6 2 4 1 2 1 Gas and water works 11 20 23 15 13 3 Leather trades 8 5 5 4 5 8 Musical instruments making 1 3 1 3 2 4 Warehousing, &c 13 12 15 6 2 5 Chimney sweeps 1 ... 1 2 2 2 Military stores and works department 14 7 10 11 10 10 Dredging, &c 3 1 ... 1 1 3 Harbours, See 2 ... ... 1 ... Employees of Local Authorities ... 2 '"5 "2 5 "4 "3 Total 2,908 2,708 2,595 2,664 2,507 1,784 GERMAN EMPIRE. 252 (BY TRAD'ESy—Of^inued. Accident Insurance Laws ; and Pabt II., Numbbb of Persons Compensated by Trades — continued. IN RESPECT OP Accidents resulting in Disablement. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Group of Tradefl. Building trades : — 223 177 206 165 191 A. Ordinary. 38 23 55 30 29 B. Insured with special institu- tions. 92 73 79 61 82 Mining (including smelting works at mines). 18 14 18 18 16 Quarrying. 123 85 96 124 77 Metal, engineering and shipbuilding. 30 35 31 20 32 Textile trades. 4 ... Clothing trades. 260 225 21*8 178 "212 Railway service. 9 8 4 12 8 Tramways. 27 10 10 4 8 Carters, &c. 20 2 2 2 3 Seamen. 7 5 8 4 9 Inland navigation. 1 2 3 3 4 Postal and telegraph service. 607 671 574 369 470 Agriculture and forestry. 1 1 ... ... ... Printing trade. 11 9 10 10 14 Paper-making. 1 3 1 3 1 Paper-working. 30 18 7 12 7 Wood-working trades. 36 37 40 22 28 Chemical trades. 4 2 1 1 2 Glass trade. 14 ... 3 5 1 Pottery trade. 3 12 5 8 5 Brick and tile making. 9 12 9 8 7 Com milling. 7 10 ( 5 4 4 Food preparation. 1 2 ... Butchers. 74 60 "29 30 30 Brewers and maltsters. 5 4 5 4 9 Distilleries. 21 7 26 1 17 Sugar manufacture. 2 2 2 1 3 Tobacco manufacture. 6 3 6 2 6 Gas and water works. 10 4 11 6 8 Leather trades. 3 2 1 Musical instruments making. 3 9 '18 17 "'24 Warehousing, &c. 2 ... 1 1 1 Chimney sweeps. 8 9 8 5 9 Military stores and works department. 2 ... 1 ... ... Dredging, &c. ... ... ... ... ... Harbours, &c. 5 13 15 6 9 Employees of Local Authorities. 1,706 1,547 1,507 1,139 1,326 Total. 253 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE ACCIDENT INSURANCE TabIiE 171.--PABT I., NuMBEB of PERSONS Insubbd under the German under such LAWS, Classified Part II. — Gontmued.--'NvMB^n OP Persons Compensated Permanent Partial, or Group of Tral 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Building trades :— A. Ordinary 3,808 5,151 i 5,316 5,844 6 526 6,775 B. Insured with 329 502 586 703 744 799 special institu- tions. Mining (including 1,703 2,099 '. !,693 2,940 3,287 3,864 smelting works at mines). Quarrying 725 926 960 961 962 1,099 Metal, engineering and 3,370 4,278 4 t,527 4,638 4,846 5,222 shipbuilding. Textile trades 1,261 1,341 ] ,563 1,404 1,547 1,740 Clothing trades 85 138 163 149 171 235 Railway service 908 995 1 ,206 1,281 1,300 1,326 Tramways 35 44 45 46 67 78 Carters, &c 435 412 552 546 730 785 Seamen 71 174 186 187 157 206 Inland navigation 140 190 209 245 279 308 Postal and telegraph 25 17 13 18 20 28 service. Agriculture and forestry 5,297 10,629 16 »,997 20,952 25,240 30,385 Printing trade 77 104 140 128 131 141 Paper-making 295 349 342 360 367 372 Paper-working 132 49 139 149 138 191 Wood-working trades... 1,208 1,602 1 ,606 1,703 1,846 2,091 Chemical trades 340 449 469 439 511 572 Glass trade 88 114 145 149 113 136 Pottery trade ... 54 76 99 75 73 98 Brick and tile making 337 492 567 546 687 690 Corn milling 526 592 680 594 779 743 Food preparation Butchers 1 212 249 297 279 350 361 Brewers and maltsters... 469 655 720 836 880 896 Distilleries 163 174 224 231 244 257 Sugar manufacture ... 256 359 385 333 396 468 Tobacco manufacture... 34 39 44 58 45 50 Gas and water works ... 85 79 91 95 120 118 Leather trades 114 150 146 152 159 167 Musical instruments 39 46 47 39 39 28 making. Warehousing, &c. 543 611 719 729 814 893 Chimneysweeps 12 8 13 17 19 14 Military stores and 75 124 213 178 173 191 works department. bredging, &c 12 27 27 27 33 39 Harbours, &c 1 1 ... ... 2 Employees of Local 17 "39 56 "*48 ' 93 106 Authorities. Total 23,281 33,283 42 186 47,079 53,886 61,474 aCKMAN EMPIRE. &H (BY TRADTSi^y-oontinued. Accident Insubancb Laws ; and Part II., Number of Persons Compensated by Thades— continued. IN respect op Accidents RESULTING IN Temporarj ' Disablement. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. , Group of Trades. • Building trades : — 6,682 7,928 8.113 8,884 9,452 A. Ordinary. 909 996 971 1,083 1,071 B. Insured with special insti- tutions. 3,889 4,337 4,625 5,000 5,160 Mining (including smelting works at mines). 1,165 1,149 1,308 1,346 1,622 Quarrying. 5,548 6,571 7,486 8,594 9,814 Metal, engineering and ship- building. Textile trades. 1,765 2,041 2,261 2,228 2,441 248 294 284 382 405 Clothing trades. 1,341 1,494 1,683 1,800 1,963 Railway service. 89 129 149 174 252 Tramways. 725 1,039 1,060 1,170 1,217 Carters, &c. 219 226 272 260 291 Seamen. 299 386 380 367 410 Inland navigation. 27 42 42 43 59 Postal and telegraph service. 35 245 40,780 43,239 45,566 49,007 Agriculture and forestry. 166 200 244 194 234 Printing trade. 409 433 539 538 542 Paper-making. 196 267 262 267 296 Paper-working. 2,249 2,582 2,729 2,990 3,380 Wood- working trades. 635 769 842 861 996 Che^nical trades. 163 190 220 241 285 Glass trade. 94 104 146 153 135 Pottery trade. 780 831 976 1,039 1,262 Brick and tile making. 759 836 909 892 950 Corn milling. 419 422 / 318 \ 318 271 320 Food preparation. 337 392 Butchers. 873 879 1,010 985 1,066 Brewers and maltsters. 303 323 319 355 391 Distilleries. 401 449 417 417 452 Sugar manufacture. 41 46 52 56 61 Tobacco manufacture. 144 153 157 180 194 Gas and water works. 200 237 253 293 281 Leather trades. 56 65 87 94 118 Musical instruments making. 933 1,157 1,250 1,308 1,563 Warehousing, &o. 17 23 34 28 24 Chimney sweeps. 163 122 173 199 183 Military stores and works de- partment. 25 33 43 38 51 Dredging, &c. 3 5 2 1 Harbours, &c. 196 219 227 265 245 Employees of Local Authorities. 67,373 77,755 83,403 88,900 96,586 Total. 255 workmen's insurance : ACCIDENT INSURANCE Table 171. — Part I., Number of Persons Insured under the Gterman under such. Laws, Classified Part II. — continued. — Number op Persons Total. Group of Trades. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Building trades :— A. Ordinary 5,259 6,415 6,535 7,032 7,705 7,831 B. Insured witli L 430 618 702 827 855 942 special institu tions. Mining (including 3,163 3,403 4,005 4,182 4,464 4,779 smelting works a mines). Quarrying 990 1,188 1,201 1,160 1,175 1,319 Metal, engineering and I 3,989 4,851 5,112 5,141 [5,409 5,713 shipbuilding. Textile trades ... 1,399 1,473 1,689 lj514 1,667 1,846 Clothing trides 103 155 175 160 189 244 Railway service 1,479 1,715 1,953 1,966 1,998 2,018 Tramways 49 59 55 63 88 89 Carters, &c 657 671 715 688 912 952 Seamen 177 270 311 301 259 324 Inland navigation 281 358 349 348 414 421 Postal and telegrapl L 39 28 24 23 34 38 service. Agriculture andforestrj 7,013 13,050 19,918 23,880 28,246 33,344 Printing trade 83 115 147 132 139 148 Paper-making 364 411 404 420 422 445 Paper- working 136 143 143 159 144 204 Wood-working trades .. 1,353 1,762 1,732 1,837 1,982 2,220 Chemical trades 513 627 642 600 683 746 Glass trade 100 135 166 166 123 1.52 Pottery trade 76 102 120 100 106 123 Brick and tile making 516 668 734 697 846 803 Corn milling 650 721 793 709 898 843 Food prepfiration Butchers \ 227 269 317 288 366 385 Brewers and maltsters.. 717 838 927 1,033 1,142 1,027 Distilleries 196 217 266 266 286 308 Sugar manufacture .. 324 432 488 414 455 534 Tobacco manufacture.. 43 46 48 59 53 58 Gas and water works .. 108 114 131 125 145 137 Leather trades 143 171 164 168 181 185 Musical instruments 5 41 50 51 47 44 36 making. Warehousing, (fee. 649 734 847 837 931 1,013 Chimney sweeps 18 11 18 19 29 21 Military stores and I 114 136 233 198 190 210 works department. Dredging, &c 23 31 30 34 42 42 Harbours, &c 6 1 2 3 3 2 Employees of Loca I 21 50 62 58 104 118 Authorities. Total . 31,449 42,038 61,209 55,654 62,729 69 619 GERMAN EMPIRE. 256 (BY TRADES)— ^'ontfiiued. Accident Insurance Laws ; and Pabt II., Number of Persons Compensated by Trades — continued. Compensated in respect op Accidents. Total. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Grroup of Trades. 1 Building trades : — ■ 7.779 9,136 9,344 10,146 10,812 A. Ordinary. 1,06(> 1,131 1,155 1,249 1,225 B. Insured with special . institutions. 4,896 5,385 5,670 6,323 (5,306 Mining (including smelting works at minas) 1,354 1,332 1.554 1,616 1,902 Quarrying. 6,072 7,076 8,060 9,253 10,530 Metal, engineering and ship- " building. L882 2,166 2,394 2,338 2,565 Textile trades. 257 300 295 ■391 417 Clothing trades. 1,977 2.183 2,358 2,495 2,677 Railway service. 108 152 168 205 300 Tramways. 898 1,216 1,242 1,363 1,401 Carters, 6zc. 397 321 397 366 419 Seamen. 414 571 527 516 577 Inland navigation. 37 47 54 55 68 Postal and telegraph service. 38,134 43,883 46,355 48,609 52,151 Agriculture and forestry. 173 206 252 202 238 Printing trade. 469 496 592 597 613 Paper-making. ! 204 283 271 278 300 Paper-working. 2,376 2,727 2,868 3.121 3,547 Wood- working trades. i 741 898 1,007 960 1,115 Chemical trades. 176 206 235 255 302 Glass trade. 120 114 166 171 151 Pottery trade. 870 938 1,085 1,181 1,421 Brick and tile making. 844 949 1,007 992 1,048 Corn milling. AQfi 450 / 340 \ 329 286 336 Food preparation. -I.tJKJ 342 398 Butchers. I 1,031 1,028 1,142 1,126 1.193 Brewers and maltsters. 1 339 359 360 398 453 Distilleries. 1 476 509 509 462 528 Sugar manufacture. 43 52 57 61 65 Tobacco manufacture. 177 178 179 200 222 Gas and water works. 229 260 292 328 308 Leather trades. 62 69 89 99 121- Musical instruments making. 1,048 1,310 1,426 1,464 1,761 Warehousing, &c. 28 30 38 34 32 Chimney sweeps. 173 145 190 209 200 Military stores and works de- partment. 29 42 52 43 58 Dredging, &c. 3 3 5 2 4 Harbours, &c. 213 252 262 287 272 Employees of Local Authoritiej. 75,527 86,403 92,323 98,023 106,036 Total. 6487 257 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE : OLD AGE AND INVA- Table 172.— Part I., Amount of Pensions and other i^uantx, and Avera^je Insurance Laws ; and Part II., Receipts, ExrENurruRE, 1892. 1893. 1891. Part I.— Total Amount of Pensions and other Grants Insurance Pensions and other Grants. I. Pensionni paid :— Old age Invalidity Total Pensions II. Premiums refunded : - To women marrying . . To relatives of insured dying before receipt of pension. Total Premiums Refunded !From money contributed by employers and workpeople. From State sub- vention. Total Pensions and other Grants. Average annual Value of Pensions dating from each Year :— Old age Invalidity Receipts :— Premiums of employers and workpeople. Interest and rents Other receipts Total Receipts Expenditure :— On old age pensions . . On invalidity pensions On pensions commuted On premiums refunded On medical treatment of Invalids. On current administra- tion. On collection of pre- miums and auditing. Other expenses. Total Expenditure . . 765335 5 765,340 462,850 302,490 765,340 Not stated Not stated 1,053,580 67,670 1,121,250 ;72,r)95 448,555 1,121,250 £ .s. d. 6 7 4 14 8 1,138,16") k6 1.145 1,402,310 839,22c 563,085 1,402.310 6 9 5 5 18 1,223,720 508,060 1,732.380 1,039,6 12,745 1,732,380 £ s. d. 6 5 7 6 1 2 1,328,820 776,280 2,105,100 7,930 3,040 10,970 1,275,400 840,670 2,116,070 £ s. d. 6 11 10 6 4 1 Part II.— Receipts, Expenditure, Property £ 4.444,350 36,115 1,900 4,482,365 452,420 20 15 112,430 60,300 16,465 641,650 Property at end of Year 3,837,415 annual Sums for which ! Not stated Offices were Liable at END OF Year in respect OF Pensions. £ 4,426,530 167,440 9,565 4,603,535 615,940 35,680 5 ' 1,590 132,950 73,630 23,490 883,285 7,594,560 587,185 £ 4,494,610 281,645 10,53') 4,786,799 666,805 139,880 50 ' 5,360 131,310 82,100 24.740 1,0C0,275 11,360,000 730,09.-) £ 4,636,525 400.220 29,725 5,066,470 718,880 269,425 50 18,135 143,300 82,125 26,645 1.258,560 15,215,630 897,730 £ 4,767,595 519,300 48,930 5,335,825 781,540 419,850 190 10,595 31,335 160,260 90,730 33,360 1,527,860 19,083,870 1,072,'',00 (a) Compiled from the source stated in the footnote on pp. 243-4, r? ///,". The funds for the purposes beside-A paying the premiums of workmen during their period of service in the Army or Navy, and course of payment on January 1st, 1901, was .593,8li9, vi/., 188,472 for old age and 405,337 for invalidity, of Section 10 of the Law of July 13th, 1899, under M^hieh persons who, though not incapacitated for their incapacity. {b) The bulk of the insured (('.(/. 11,070,000 out of a total of CtERMan empire. 258 LIDITY INSURANCE.OO Annual Value of Pensions under the German Old Age and Invalidity Property and Liabilities of the District Insurance OrFiCES.(J) 1896. j 1897. 1898. 1899. and average annual value of pensions (all Offlcea). 1,370,645 1,055,060 £ 1,381,215 1,369,315 £ 1,.375,945 1,738,495 £ 1,344,275 2,141,595 Pensions and other Grants. I. Pensions paid :— Old age. InA-alidity. 2,425,705 72,905 25,865 2,750,530 129,370 40,180 3,114,440 173,070 51,815 3,485,870 205,155 67,180 Total Pensions. II. Premiums refunded : - To women marrying. To relatives of in.sured dying hafore receipt fi 98,770 1,568,490 955,985 169,550 1,840,240 1,079,840 224,885 2,127,{W(1 1,211,785 272,335 2,411,530 1,346,675 pension. Total Premiums Refiinded. From money j contributed by/ employers and(^ Total workpeople. f (1. »t II. ) From State sub-V 2 524,475 £ s. d. 6 13 5 6 6 8 2,920,080 £ .S-. d. 6 15 10 6 8 8 3,339,325 £ .s'. (/. 6 18 6 10 10 3,758,205 £ s. d. 7 1 7 6 11 7 Total Pensions and other Grants. average Annual Value of Pensions dating from each Year :— Old age. Invalidity. and Liabilities {District insurance Offlccs).{h) £ • 5,076,.320 640.850 9,670 £ 5,233,325 749,255 11,.395 £ 5,469,350 860,835 11,730 £ 5,915,190 967,955 12,460 EECEIPTS :- Premiums of employers and workpeople. Interest and rents. Other receipts. 5,726,840 809,865 579,405 75 95,230 58,200 169,400 102,965 36,230 5,993,975 814,990 753,580 145 164,900 91,.365 180,580 109,815 40,650 6,341.915 817,310 970.370 255 219,355 123,010 201,530 116,890 43,555 6.895,605 799,030 1,203,710 405 265,685 185,725 217,845 128,650 48,140 Total Eeceipts. EXPENDITURE :— On old age pensions. On invalidity pensions. On pensions commuted. On premiums refunded. On medical treatment of invalids. On current administra- tion. On collection of pre- miums and auditing. Other expenses. 1,850,870 23,031,945 1,253,865 2,156,025 26,948,225 1,447,140 2,492,275 30,905,280 1,660,970 2,849,190 35,076,026 1,881,385 Total Expenditure. Property at end of Year. annual Sums for which Offices were Liable at end of Year in respect OF Pensions. of these Laws are contributed (I.) by the State, which pays £2 10s. 0"^'g i^und. p^^j^^^_ Mons '] Namur Fund. Fun;l. All Funds together, Number of workpeople employed in and about mines affiliated to the Funds. Receipts of Funds :— Deductions from wages of workmen. Contributions by employers Grants by the State . . Grants by Provincial Authorities Other receipts Total Receipts Expenditure of Funds :— Pensions Allowances Cost of administration and other expenses. Total Expenditure . . Estimated liability of Funds (as at next .(anuary 1st). Estimt^ed property of Funds (as at next January 1st). 17.051 £ 9,388 9,387 284 57 1,861 20,977 19,740 "l85 19,925 19,974 61,923 43,525 29,340 541 88 1,795 30,8 27.774 I 449 j 3^267 : 842 :45 245 10 31,764 17,440 11,460 576 29,476 28,575 56,125 31,490 10,935 18,094 360 29,389 29,093 89,312 542 394 -'6 19 43S 412 1,337 28,054 32,802 437 109 4.801 2,879 123,2; 1,758 39 22 298 38,149 30,6 2,117 1,202 l.OvIO 80 31.248 30,309 128,416 2,372 2,353 9,449 £ 9,633 101,306 1,760 279 12,061 125,039 80,350 30,670 1.829 112,849 110,716 346,592 260 IN BELGIUM. AND OLD AGE INSURANCE. («) and Old Aqe with the Miners' Relief Funds in Belgium, and Receipts, Expenditure, of such Funds. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 114,697 117,359 119,063 120,044 118,490 123,220 123.131 ^ Ji £ £ £ £ i: 7,758 8,256 8.565 8,660 8,890 9,633 10,344 79,414 84,473 86/):W 88,728 92,592 101,306 108,691 i,a)8 391 1,799 390 1,810 268 1,796 267 1,777 307 1,760 279 1,778 271 11,571 12,002 11,999 11,646 11,681 12,061 12,152 100,942 106,920 109,180 111,097 115,256 125,039 133,236 68,128 24,850 1.874 70.240 25,208 2,123 73,636 26,895 2,065 76,483 27,884 1,767 78,814 29,883 1,839 80,350 30,670 1,829 81,309 31.964 1,918 94,852 97,571 102,596 106,134 110,336 112,849 115,191 90,673 95,609 99,671 103,714 107,975 110,716 112,797 308,692 317.972 324,557 329,482 334.401 346,592 364,645 Number of Workpeople Em- ployed IN AND about Mines AFFILIATED TO THE FUNDS. llECEiPTs OF Funds :— Deductions from wages of workmen. Contributions by employers. Grants by the State. Grants by Provincial Authorities. Other receipts. Total Receipts. Expenditure of Funds:— Pensions. Allowances. Cost of administration and other expenses. Total Expenditure. Estimated annual Liability OF Funds (as at next Janv;ary 1st). Estimated Property of Funds (as at next January 1st), and Public Instruction. The obligation to insure with the Funds referred to in the table is imposed by insurance falls differently, and the benefits granted are dlfctent, in each of the six Funds, by means of which table below, the details are given for 1898 and 1899 separately for the different Funds, 1 1 Central Fund. Char- leroi Fund. Li6gc Fund. Luxem- Mens Fund. Namur -r,^^. Number of workpeople employed 17.246 43,031 31.294 860 27,775 2,925 123,131 in and about mines affiliated to the Funds. Receipts of Funds :— £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Deductions from wages of 10,090 ., 254 10,344 workmen. Contributions by employers . . 10.091 32.121 29.605 254 34,646 1,974 108,691 Grants by the State 283 543 458 9 445 40 1,778 Grants by Provincial Authorities 56 86 1 108 22 271 Other receipts Total Receipts 1,897 1,882 3,250 65 4,769 289 12,152 22,417 34,632 33,313 583 39,966 2,325 133,236 Expenditure of Funds : — Pensions 20,397 17,604 10,985 390 30.731 1,202 81,309 Allowances 11,998 18.836 25 1,105 31,964 Cost of admmistration and other 189 .^97 369 20 656 87 1,918 expenses. Total Expenditure 20,586 30,199 30,190 435 31,387 2,394 115,191 Estimated annual hability of 20,11*2 29,300 29,948 430 30,372 2,335 112,797 Funds (as at next January 1st;. Estimated property of Funds (as at next January Ist). 68,764 60,058 92,435 1,485 137,025 9,378 364,645 WTr jf^ OF THE 1 UNIVERSITY ^ 261 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE : BELGIUM. SEAMEN'S ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE.OO Table 174.— Number of Persons paying Contributions to, and Number of Persons drawing Pensions from, the Seamen's Accident, Sickness and Old Age Insurance Fund in Belgium, and Receipts, Expenditure and Property of such Fund. Year. Number of Contributors and Pensioners (at end op Year). Number of Persons Paying Contributions to Fund. Number of Persons drawing Pensions. Officers and Seamen. Widows. Orphans. Total. ISJo 1896 1897 1898 1899 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 2,652 3,288 3,508 3,280 3,466 46 50 48 50 49 181 180 173 178 180 243 243 235 241 241 Receipts, Expenditure and Property of Fund. Receipts of Fund (jncludi7ifi Cash in Hand at commencement of Yea)'). Expenditure of Fund (including Sums Expended in Purchase of Securities'). Property of Fund at end of Year. 7,078 6,705 7,188 7,578 7,295 6,251 6,156 5,945 6,853 44,117 45,889 48,128 50,231 ' 52,582 {a) Compiled from Imtitations de Frccoijanrc : Bdijiqac, by L Duboisdenghien, a vohxme published in connection with the Paris Exhibition of 1900. The l^und referred to in the table is maintained by deductions from the wages of seamen at the rate of 4 per cent, tor caprains, mates and chief engineers, and B per cent, for other seamen, by payments required to be made by shipowners at the rate of I'd per cent, on their wages-bills, by donations and leoacies, and by grants and subventions from the Government, together %vith certain lines authorised to be exacted from seamen and with interest accramg on investments belonging to the Fund. The accounts for 1899 show total receipts of year, >b,570 (made up of contributions deducted from seamen's wages, £3,063 ; payments by shipowners^ £l,89o: extraordinary receipts, £141; interest on investments, £1969: and s^nfry /^«3*^' ,t^^>j and total expenditure, £4,206 (made up of pensions paid £3,481 ; cost of sick and other allowances, medical attendance and funeral benefits, £66S ; sundry expenses £57). The property of the Fund at the end of 1899 consisted of investments (at cost), £oJ,07«,.ana cash in hind, £303. 262 WORKMEN'S INSURAlSrCE IN FRANCE. MINERS SICKNESS AND INVALIDITY INSURANCE.CO Table 175. — Number of Persons Insured against Sickness and Invalidity with the Miners" Relief Funds in France, Number of Cases and Days of Sickness, and Number of Cases of Death among such Persons ; and Receipts, Expenditure and Reserves of such Funds. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Number of Members of Funds .— Workpeople Officials, kc Not stated Not stated Not stated Not stated 158,572 5,862 164,710 5,964 Total Members Number of Casks of Sickness (/v) Days „ (b) ,, Cases of Dj:ath :— From accident „ other causes 154,696 103,081 1,543,874 184 1,208 158,770 113,721 1,631,221 189 1,176 164,434 122,049 1,749,220 187 1,339 170,674 128.592 1,817,927 219 1,462 Total Deaths Reckipts op Funds :— Deductions from wages Contributions of employers... Subventions from State Fines Interest on investments Taken from Reserve Funds ... Sundry receipts (including donations). 1,392 £ 118,030 59,145 12,060 839 585 4,398 1,365 £ 124 015 62.107 16 12,511 1.137 1,71'0 4.297 1,526 £ 129,874 65.153 118 13,923 1,506 4,082 4,v96 1,681 £ 138,120 f 9,596 57 14,047 2,659 4,015 4,175 Total Receipts 195,057 205,873 218,252 1 i 232,669 (a) Com]nled frojxi Stati.'itiquede I' iNdustrie Mi7ur/V' GrbaniiKj und du; Enjebnisse iler Krnfik('/tvcniirfiern/itfinu.ed. Insuuanck Law.s, Numbkh of Persons who met with Accidents entailing of Insurance OFFiCEi^—co?tt'utiicd. 1895. 188,276 1,833,696 173 9,198 42 2,121 ,492 49,967 2,294 2,840 173 1897. 1^13 29,105 11,.399 2,131,989 262,785 2,474,817 40 10,831 l.o9 2,987 106 1.645 £ 327,862 2,978,225 30 LV06 3,476 1,492 ' 1,283 52,.503 I 59,819 2,617 2,548 480 ,879 39,860 43,799 6,347 2,856,189 3,439,315 £ 399,415 3,487,767 43 14,060 59 4,743 1,492 63,779 3,043 4,134 2.32 1,984 42,146 4.022.991 EXPENDITURE OF INSUR- ANCE OFFICES :— Compensation lor Acci- dents. To Credit of Capital Account to satisfy Cur- rent Liabilities. Paid to Private Insurance. Offices for Re-insurance, «S;o. Cost of Inquiries in rela- tion to AcoidentB. Capital repaid to State Railway Insurance Office. Arbitration Costs. Contributions of Insurance Offices to cost of Govern- ment Factory Inspec- tion. General Expenses of Ad ministration. Written off. Loss on Sale of Securities. firant to Industrial Hygiene Museum (for Promotion of Preven- tion of Accidents). Pension Fund (for Em- ployees of Insurance Offices). Credited to Fund for covering loss on sale of securities. Balance to credit of Offices (exclusive of Balance brought forward from previous Years). Total Expenditure. 271 workmen's insurance ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN Table 179. — Part I.. Number of Persons Insured under the Austrian with Accidents entailing Compen- Part I— Number of Group of Trades. 1890, 1891. 1892. 189.S. Building trades 144,497 1.55,662 166,244 189,805 206,645 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 1(13,596 116,970 124,884 134,032 14.3.270 Smelting works and conneeted industries. 15,684 16,037 24,120 22,9.59 24,021 Metal manufacture 45,918 49,932 51,570 56,621 .58,648 Machine ponstruction, tool and instrument making, &e. 63,547 66,710 67,709 09,910 74,077 Textile trades 217,098 2?8,53? 233,435 246,677 255,019 Clothing and cleaning trades 17,267 18,059 18,804 20,394 21,503 Railways -. 25,727 25,448 29,290 32,807 31.508 Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. 361,688 437,898 403,947 423,159 501.642 Printing and allied trades . . 14,031 15„500 16,217 16,980 17.989 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 40,226 43,963 44,.332 46,966 48.586 Wood-working, basket and brush -making, work in horn, meerschaum, &c. Chemical trades 37,526 16,212 43,296 17,810 ,46,837 18,022 47,574 19,902 52.403 19,616 Manufacture of heating and lighting substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades 10,945 117,856 11,496 122,460 11,663 123,807 12,374 126.110 13,093 130,351 Other trades(<') •• •• Total 1,231,818 1,369,763 1,380,881 1,466,270 1,598,404 (a) Compiled from the sources stated in the footnote on pp. 267-8, a/ite. As to certain to the class of accidents ent.ailing compensation under the Austrian Insurance Laws, see (b) Increase due to the inclusion for the Hrst time of railway servant-^ (c) Including certain classes of workpeople brought within the Insurance AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 272 AUSTRIA (BY TRADES).(«) Accident Insurance Laws ; and Part II., Number of Persons who met SATioN, Classified by Trades. PERSONS INSURED. 1897. Qroup of Trades. 227,059 149,413 29,026 62,755 78.955 23,210 172,695(&) 623.628 19.041 61.170 68.707 19J215 14.318 134,948 62,776 246.697 155,567 31,926 65,105 79,308 266,975 24,863 204.205 530.530 20.020 52.290 62.630 19.749 15,364 136,239 63.176 264.050 165,657 35,194 69.990 85,445 268,134 25.602 226.494 550,581 20.916 64.619 64.109 20,620 16.294 141.709 1,877.194 1,974,644 2,077,473 2,200,112 307.834 172,795 75,180 90,743 268.969 27,043 249.421 576.166 22.348 56,333 66 600 21,082 16,730 142.832 69.776 Building trades. Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. Smelting works and connected Industries. Metal manufacture Machine construction, tool and instrument making. &c. Textile trades. Clothing and cleaning trades. Railways. Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. Printing and allied trades. Paper, leather, indiarubher and celluloid trades. Wood-working, basket and brush-making, work in horn, meerschaum, &c. Chemical trades. Manufacture of heating and liifhiing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades. Other trades.(c) Total. occupations not included, as to the number given in relation to persons insured, and as^ that nolo. other than those employed in railway construction and workshops. Laws in 189.n, and also workpeople insured vithout legal ohliontion. <>487 IS 273 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN Table 179. — Part I., Number of Persons Insured under the Austrian with Accidents entailing Compensation, Part II.— Number op Persons who met with Death. Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1 Building trades 151 167 156 186 229 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 101 124 100 127 107 Smelting works and connected industries. 16 13 17 17 22 Metal manufacture 5 12 18 12 16 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. •^1 17 25 31 27 Textile trades 82 21 33 44 35 Clothing and cleaning trades 1 2 3 3 ... Railways 7 7 11 14 16 Agriculture, forestry and cora mills. 56 42 48 52 54 Printing and allied trades 1 ... ... 1 ... Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 22 19 10 17 18 Wood-working, basket and brush- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades 20 13 35 13 54 13 53 12 44 17 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades 9 83 14 79 8 78 9 71 4 81 Other trades ... ... ... ... ... Total 548 565 574 649 670 AUSTRIA-HUXGARY. 274 AUSTRIA (BY TRAJ)'E^S)-oo^drmm7. Accident Insurance Lawh; and Part TI., Number of Perbons who met Classified by Trades— cofitinued. Accidents (ENTAILING COMPENSATION) RESULTING IN Death. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Group of Trades. 194 237 229 258 Building trades. 119 138 127 129 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 48 25 28 27 Smelting works and connected industries. 10 4 15 17 Metal manufacture. 37 27 25 21 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 32 43 40 29 Textile trades. 2 ... 3 1 Clothing and cleaning trades. 146 160 172 203 Railways. 53 40 43 41 Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. ... 1 ... ... Printing and allied trades. 16 17 24 28 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 51 16 65 13 62 13 72 12 Wood-working, basket and brush- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades. 5 70 8 77 9 84 9 61 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades. 51 74 55 70 Other trades. 835 ! 1 929 929 978 Total. 6487 S 2 275 WORKMEN'S INSURANCH ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN Table 179.— Part I., Number of Persons Insured under the Austrian witii Accidents entailing Compensation, Part 11.— oontltiucd.—'S v^ibeu of Persons who met with Permanent Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Building trades 190 393 472 757 H36 Quarries, stone and earth trades i and glass making. U4 213 258 301 345 Smelting works and connected industries. 43 66 95 118 149 Metal manufacture 80 96 179 191 222 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 185 219 284 312 471 Textile trades 255 298 267 343 301 Clothing and cleaning trades ... 8 15 18 20 28 Railways 27 30 48 82 48 Agriculture, forestry and com mills. 217 282 279 296 355 Printing and allied trades 9 10 9 17 20 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 82 110 189 122 148 Wood-working, basket and brueh- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, kc. Chemical trades 170 24 213 26 217 1 23 298 62 336 66 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades 12 149 11 171 1 33 1 214 28 809 48 343 Other trades ... ... ... ... ... Total 1,593 2,151 1 2,530 3,244 3,701 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 276 AUSTRIA (BY TRABl^S)- continued. Accident Insurance Laws ; and Part II., Number of Personh who met Classified by Trades — cotUinued. ACCIDENTS (ENTAILING COMPENSATION) RESULTING IN Disablement. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Group of Trades. 1,117 1,317 1,146 1,279 Building trades. 460 531 524 668 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 201 183 191 198 Smelting works and connected industries. 233 269 260 270 Metal manufacture. 488 556 498 516 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 449 443 418 402 Textile trades. 32 16 23 24 Clothing and cleaning trades. 216 205 185 167 Railways. 396 361 408 409 Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. 25 22 35 27 Printing and allied trades. 175 200 150 166 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 443 48 427 66 451 62 517 73 Wood-working, basket and brush- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, kc. Chemical trades. 45 394 71 391 66 314 61 318 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades. 202 351 335 289 Other trades. 4,924 5,399 5,046 5,284 Total. 277 workmen's insurance ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN Table 17i). — Part I.. Number of Persons Insured under the Austrian with Accidents entailing Compensation. Part II. — eont'muea I. — Number of Person? WHO MET WITH Temporary Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1 1893. 1894. Building trades 970 1,380 1,327 1,542 1,814 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 358 494 613 654 654 Smelting works and connected industries. 214 216 351 400 509 Metal manufacture 328 461 386 453 535 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 091 869 896 944 1,130 Textile trades 455 587 570 600 719 Clothing and cleaning trades 26 34 33 38 41 Railways 209 230 256 305 392 Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. 255 331 387 345 395 Printing and allied trades 50 55 47 41 60 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 221 247 279 274 272 Wood-working, basket and brush making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades 2(?8 69 407 93 44 8 3 5 577 129 673 99 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades 69 417 92 572 80 565 107 599 132 756 Other trades ... ... ... ... ... Total ^ t,600 6,068 6,318 7,008 8,181 AUSTRIA-HUNG IRY. 278 AUSTRIA (BY TRADES)-'"^^'/***^^. Accident Insurance Laws ; and Part. II., Number of Persons who met Classified by TnADis,s—continvrd. Accidents (ENTAILING COMPENSATION) RESULTING IN Disablement. 1895. 1896. ' 1897. 1898. Group of Trades. 2,120 2,453 2^841 3,126 Building trades. 812 971 1,058 1 1,147 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 569 668 758 779 Smelting works and connected industries. 550 680 748 848 Metal manufacture. 1,112 J .263 ' J, -127 1,531 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 705 763 882 847 Textile trades. 52 45 52 58 Clothing and cleaning trades. 1.550 1,714 2,096 2,417 Railways. 449 475 506 489 Agriculture, forestry and com mills. 66 73 77 93 Printing and allied trades. 292 364 403 401 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 850 107 898 132 891 155 904 160 Wood-working, basket and brush making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades. 120 819 149 9S1 177 921 180 994 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and tats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades. 463 637 694 756 Other trades. 10,636 Is^sii" 13,686 14,720 Total. 279 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE : ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN Table 179.— Part I., Number of Persons Insured under the Austrian with Accidents entailing COxMpensation, Part II.- ■continuea 5.— Number op Persons who met ToLal. Group of Trades. 1890. 1891. 1802. 1893. 1894. Building trades 1,311 1,940 1,955 2,485 2,879 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 603 830 971 l,0S2 1,106 Smelting works and connected industries. 273 295 463 535 680 Metal manufacture 413 568 583 656 773 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 905 1,105 1,205 1,287 1,628 Textile trades 742 806 870 987 1,055 Clothing and cleaning trades ... 35 51 49 61 69 Railways 243 267 315 401 466 Agriculture, forestry and corn mills. 528 655 714 693 804 Printing and allied trades 60 65 56 59 80 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 325 376 428 413 438 Wood-working, basket and brush- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades 458 106 655 132 714 121 926 193 1,053 172 Manufacture of heating and light- ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades 90 649 117 822 121 857 144 079 179 1,180 Other trades ... ... Total 6,741 8,784 9,422 10,901 12,552 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. AUSTRIA (BY TRADES) -^^^«^i>m^rf. 280 Accident Insurance Laws ; and Part II., Number of Persons who met Classified by Trades — continued. WITH Accidents (entailing Compensation). Total. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Group of Trades. .3,431 4,009 4,216 4,663 Building trades. 1,391 1,640 1,709 1,844 Quarries, stone and earth trades and glass making. 813 876 977 1,004 Smelting works and connected industries. 793 953 1,023 1,135 Metal manufacture. 1,628 1,846 1,950 2,068 Machine construction, tool and instrument making, &c. 1,187 1,249 1,340 1,278 Textile trades. 85 61 78 83 Clothing and cleaning trades. 1,912 2,079 2,453 2,787 Railways. 901 876 957 939 Agriculture, forestry and com mills. 91 96 102 120 Printing and allied trades. 483 581 677 595 Paper, leather, indiarubber and celluloid trades. 1.340 171 1,388 201 1,404 230 1,493 235 Wood-working, basket and brush- making, work in horn, meer- schaum, &c. Chemical trades. 170 1,283 228 1,399 242 1,319 250 1,373 Manufacture of heating and light- . ing substances, oils and fats ; heating and lighting works. Food and tobacco trades. 716 1,062 1,084 1,115 Other trades. 16,395 18,544 19,661 20,982 Total. 281 workmen's insurance MINERS' ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, 1884-91.(«) Table 180.— Number of Persons Insured agrainst Accidents, Sickness and Old Age in the Miners' Provident Funds in Austria, Number of Persons in Receipt of Pensions from, Number of Cases an** Days of Sickness, and Number of Cases of Permanent Disablement and Death among the Persons Insured with, and Receipts, Expenditure and Property of such Funds, in 1884-91. 1881. 1885. I 1886. 1887. 1 1888. 1889. 1 i 1890. 1891. Number of persons 1 insured :— Members of Funds . . 97,795 94,829 94,331 96,569 100,369 113,312 122,533 i 127,197 Participants . . 24,501 25,586 21,668 21,473 23,320 21,3»3 21,889 20,918 Total insured .. 122,296 120,415 115,999 118,042 1 123,689 134,695 144,422 148,115 Number of women 171,132 175,504 1 179,077 183,204 186,006 201,948 211,679 215,601 and children en- 1 titled TO benefits. Number of persons in actual receipt of 1 pensions :- Men 9,077 9,253 1 9,681 10,111 10,459 10,663 11,072 11,547 Women 12,433 12,802 1 13,095 13,266 13,499 13,832 14,448 14,649 Children 8,750 30,260 9,070 8,990 8,967 8,957 8,902 9,010 9,392 Total in receipt of 31,125 31766 32,344 32,915 33,397 34.530 35,588 pensions. Number of cases of 107,845 108,441 106,802 105,935 115.048 119,104 146,650 128,584 sickness among mem- bers AND partici- pants. Number of days of 995,530 1,034,183 1.021,461 972,076 1,081,056 1.117,190 1,463,733 1,278,663 sickness among mem- bers and partici- pants. Number of cases of PERMANENT DISABLE- MENT AMONG MEMBERS AND participants: — (i) from accident 42 62 64 83 112 95 89 99 (ii) from other causes 895 1,045 1,214 1,068 1,190 1.201 1,125 1,421 Total cases of perma- 937 1,107 1,278 1,151 1,302 1,296 1,214 1,520 nent disablement. NUMBER OF CASES OF DEATH AMONG MEM- BERS AND PARTICI- PANTS :— (i) from accident 182 313 140 141 183 184 228 266 (ii) from other causes 1,589 1,626 1,547 1,386 1,689 1,662 1,840 1,633 Total cases of death. . 1,771 1,939 1,687 1,527 1,872 1,846 2,068 1,899 RECEIPTS : - £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Contributions of mem- bers. Contributions of par- 117,121 112,465 115,841 120,340 130.426 141,749 161,420 168,644 12,216 17,228 12,961 14,308 15,229 15,816 15,363 15,635 ticipants. Contributions of em- ployers. 47,568 43,284 45,555 47,602 52.015 56,327 63.476 75,640 Total contributions . . 176,905 172,977 174,357 182,250 197,670 213,892 240,259 259,919 EXPENDITURE : — For permanent relief 101,115 103,240 107,698 111,322 117,593 122.959 130,428 136,358 For temporary relief 29,208 .S0,801 30,412 30,131 32,927 33,9.50 lilll^ 43,819 For medical attend- 39,072 40,086 40,083 41,440 44,338 45,207 50,797 50,207 ance and medicines. Total expenditure . . j 169,395 174,127 178,193 182,893 194,858 202,116 225,099 230,384 PROPERTY OF FUNDS (AT 1,000.388 1,058,039 1,(192,846 1,091,258 1,176,043 1,240,075 1367,241 1,466,788 PRESENT VALUES). (a) Compiled from Oestcrreichischrs StafistiscJiea Ilandhnch, see the footnote on pp. 265-6, nnte. The table relates to the Special Miners' Provident Funds (Bruderladen). AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 282 MINERS' ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, 1892-98.(«) Table 181. — Number of Persons Insured agrainst Accident, Sickness and Old Age in the Miners' Provident Funds in Austria, Number of Persons in Receipt of Pensions from, Number of Cases of Per- manent Disablement and Death, and Number of Cases and Days of Sickness among the Persons Insured with, and Receipts, Expen- diture and Property of such Funds, in 1892-9S. Part I., Perma- nent Pension Funds (^Accidents, Sickness and Old Age) ; Part II., Temporary Allowance Funds (^Sickness). Part L— permanent pension Funds (Accident, Sickness and Old Age). — 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Number of Persons Insured (Members of Funds) :— I. Entitled to receive 122,659 127,922 131,732 126,790 133,761 140,306 143,934 full >jeneflts.(b) IL Entitled to receive 15,705 14,795 14,593 12,401 10,564 10,149 10,267 partial beneflts.(c) Number of Women and 213,713 218,200 229,586 233,603 239,224 247,981 259,051 Children entitled to Benefits. Number of Persons in actual Receipt of Pensions :— Fornaer members of 11,429 12,125 12,846 13,387 14,354 15,051 15,451 Funds. Widows 14,477 14,783 15,301 15.331 15,598 16,199 16,226 Orphans 9,497 9,529 10,047 104J05 10,440 10,547 10,486 Total in receipt of 35,403 36,437 38,194 38,923 40,392 41,797 42,163 pensions. Number of Cases of Permanent Dis- ablement :— Among full -benefit members :— (i.) From accident . . 105 118 160 169 170 210 205 (ii.) From other causes 1,521 1,636 1,647 1,756 2,021 1,865 1,803 Among partial - benefit members. Total cases of per- 43 2 17 15 18 22 25 1,669 1,756 1,824 1,940 2,209 2,097 2,033 manent disable- ment. Number of Cases of Death :- Among full - benefit . members :— (i.) From accident 501 214 389 203 178 168 Ifrl (ii.) From other causes 1,342 1,245 1,144 921 999 1,005 1,057 Among partial -benefit members. Total cases of death 136 Ul 114 145 133 132 130 1,979 1,570 1,647 1,269 1,310 1,305 1,351 (a) Compiled from the source stated in the footnot-a on page 281, ante. The table shows the facts in relation to the Special Miners' Provident Funds (Bruderladeii) in the period subsequent to the date when certain amendments in the law with regard to these Funds were carried into effect. Particulars relatinir to Fuuds connected with salt and petroeum works and with ozokerit mines are not included in this table. With respect to the Miners' Provident Funds generally, the cost of insurance is, by virtue of the amendments in i he law referred to above, borne by employers and workpeople in equal shares, except that officials receiving over £100 a year pay the entire contributions with no assistance from the employers, and that the cost of maintaining a Central Reserve Fund to meet the extra burdens resulting from accidents through which more than 5 persons are killed or disabled (not to exceed O'l per cent, of the wage=-bill of an employer for the preceding year) falls on the employers. In regard to insurance against sickness in the case of State-owned mines and works, the entire cost of insurance is borne by the State. (&) i.e.. Pensions in case of permanent disablement resulting from accident, sickness, or old age. (c) i.e.y Pensions in case of permanent disablement resulting from accident only. 283 workmen's insurance : MINERS' ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, 18d2-9S— (continued. Table 181. — Number of Persons Insured ag-ainst Accidents, Sickness and Old Age in the Miners' Provident Funds in Austria, Number of Persons in Receipt of Pensions from, Number of Cases of Permanent Disablement and Death, and Number of Cases and Days of Sickness among the Persons Insured with, and Receipts, Expenditure and Property of such Funds, in l?i92-l)8. Part I., Permanent Pension Funds (Accid/'/itx, Sickness and Old Age) ; Part IL, Temporary Allowance Funds (^Sickness')— continued. Part L— Permanent Pension Funds (Accident, Sickness and Old kob)— continued. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Receipts :— Contributions of full- beneflt members. Contributions of partial- benefit members. Contributions of employers £ 156,155 7,297 168.173 £ 161,273 6,670 175,287 £ 166,342 5,625 179,601 £ 144,757 5,091 157,764 £ 149,356 3,876 161,959 £ 154,659 2,322 164,228 £ 168,934 2.329 169,131 Total contributions Other receipts 331,623 ( Not i stated. 89.991 299 48,289 10,727 343,23(1 Not stated. 98,881 494 60,975 11,228 .351.568 Not 1 stated.^ 105,761 298 52,679 12,008 307,612 101,657 315,191 130,437 321,209 137,069 330,394 149.346 Total receipts Expenditure :— Pensions paid to:— Full-beneflt members . . Partial-benefit members Widows Orphans 409,269 113,518 348 53,487 12,440 445,628 122,664 354 64,783 12,862 458,278 131,516 534 57,182 13,324 5 ^ Total pensions Capital sums paid to members out of reserve funds. Other expenses 149,306 745 ( Not I stated. 174,564 1,505,470 161,578 875 Not stated. 189,549 1,727,460 170,746 2.473 Not ) stated. \ 198,042 1,982,556 179,793 4,517 12,031 190,663 7,894 19,228 202,556 12.593 22,503 209,047 19,970 23.754 Total expenditure . • PBOPERTY of funds :- Funds for State-owned mines and works. Funis for private mines and works. 196,341 201,557 1,947,801 217,785 215,328 2,182,116 237,652 227,284 2,400,420 252,771 237,475 2,589,253 Total property of Fundi 1,680,034 1.917,009 2,180,598 2,149,358 2.397,444 2,627.704 2,826.728 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 284 MINERS' ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, lQd2-98-'^o,itinued. Table 181. — Number of Persons Insured against Accidents, Sickness and Old Age in the Miners' Provident Funds in Austria, Number of Persons in Receipt of Pensions from, Number of Cases of Permanent Disablement and Death, and Number of Cases and Days of Sickness among the Persons Insured with, and Receipts. Expenditure and Propekty of such Funds, in 18y2-l>8. Part I., Permanent Pension Funds QAccideat, Sickness and Old Agc^ ; Part II., Temporary Allowance Funds (^Slck/wss) — continued. Part II.— Temporary allowance Funds (Sickness). — 1892. 1898. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. A. NUMBER OF MEMBERS UNDER OBLIGATION TO INSURE. 137,531 140,124 142,143 147,843 151,844 158,504 159.908 B. Number of pensioners belonging to sick (temporary allow- ance) FUNDS. number op persons (rela- tives) dependent on a. 12.681 176.905 5.239 154.500 4.900 146,907 4.809 153,309 6.089 169.374 5.941 169.534 7.370 168.560 Number of persons (rela- tives) dependent on B. 11.531 9,091 6,119 6,020 8,084 8.023 9,293 Number of oases of sick- ness :- i. From accident.. 7.167 6,523 S,501 15,622 16,604 14.045 18,208 ii. From other causes . . 117,733 134,461 116,364 105,596 98,000 104.037 102,670 Total cases of sickness . . 124,900 140.984 124.865 121.218 114,694 118.082 120.878 Number of days of sick- N>233 :— i. From accident.. 117.874 131.815 158.752 213,968 230,954 205.355 247.938 ii. From other causes . . 1,195.600 1,536,571 1,468,818 1,390,648 1,354,075 1.389,910 1,371.894 Total days of sickness . . 1.313,474 1.668.386 1.627,570 1,604.616 1.585.029 1.595.265 1.619.830 Number of days op sick- ness in respect of which sick allowances were paid. Number of cases of Death :— - •• •• 1,552.190 1.550,081 1.557,170 1.576.817 i. From accident.. 615 218 894 228 200 181 177 ii. From other causes 1.534 1,609 1.267 136 1,.340 1,289 1.216 Total cases of death 2.049 1.727 t.661 1.473 1.540 1.470 1,393 285 WOEKMEN'S INSURANCE : MINERS' ACCIDENT, SICKNESS AND OLD AGE INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, lS92-dS-(^^rimned. Table 181. — Number of Persons Insured against Accidents, Sickness and Old Age in the Miners' Provident Funds in Austria, Number of Persons in Receipt of Allowances from. Number of Cases of Permanent Disablement and Death, and Number of Cases and Days of Sickness among the Persons Insured with, and Receipts, Expenditure and Property of such Funds, in 1892-98. Part I., Permanent Pension Funds (^Accident, Sichness and Old Age) ; Part II., Temporary Allowance Funds (^Siehness) — continued. PART II.— Temporary allowance Funds (Sickness)— cowiiwuecf. 1892. 1893. 1894. 189:.. 1896. 1897. 1898. receipts :— £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Contributions paid by :— /'On own ac- count. 46.076 50,368 55,954 58,305 60,719 63,407 65,195 Members < On account of dependent relatives. 9,731 10,974 11,074 11,633 12,757 13,972 15,107 Employers 52,376 60,054 65,829 67,712 70,787 73,708 74,214 Total contributions . . 108,183 121,396 132,857 137,650 144,263 151,087 154,516 Other receipts 1 NO. r stated. ) r 14,503 14,491 14,217 17,797 Not stated. Not J stated. ^1 Total receipts .. I 152,153 158,754 165,304 172,313 expenditure :— L— Sick allowances, relief of special distress and funeral expenses. 53,080 61,280 60,931 66,146 67,536 68,879 70,335 II.— Cost of medical attend- ance and medicines. 46,366 48,016 51,675 54,121 56,676 61,200 65,047 III.— School fees paid by Funds and expenses of administration. Total I.-in 5,650 7,429 9,383 12,037 12,958 13,489 13.480 105,096 116,725 122,019 132,304 137,170 143,568 148.862 Other expenditure . . •• 7,917 10,394 9,101 8,860 Total expenditure 105,096 116,725 122,019 140,221 147,664 152,669 157,728 Property of Funds:— Funds for State -owned mines and works. 441 1,247 1,792 2,268 2,878 3,564 4.295 Funds for private mines and works. 17,191 28,622 41,873 52,486 67,000 79,584 93,6i51 Total property of Funds 17,632 1 27.869 43,665 1 54,754 i 69,878 83,148 97,956 AUSTRIA- HUNGARY. 286 SICKNESS INSURANCE IN HUNGARY.(«) Table 182.— Number oe Persons Ivsured under the Hungarian Sickness Insurance Law, and Receipts and Expenditure of the Sickness Insurance Funds. I 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Number of persons insured ... 523,257 540,642 560,724 599,107 Receipts : — £ £ £ £ Contributions for insurance ... 276,393 296,638 31.5,638 333,534 Entrance fees for voluntary 170 144 104 85 insurance. Donations to funds 1,376 1,983 2,666 1,547 Interest 1,789 2,234 3,385 3,803 Fines 3,094 3,127 3,868 3,444 Loans to funds 2,824 3,156 6,805 1,234 From realisa,tion of invest- ) 36,760 32,857 3,122 ments. [ 19,877 I Other receipts 6,205 7,266 9,170 Total receipts 305,523 350,247 372,589 355,939 Cash in hand 20,367 27,916 26,025 30,688 Total 325,890 378,163 398,614 386,627 Expenditure :— Benefits paid to insured :— Sick(including confinement) 95,176 98,091 96,726 104,682 allowances. Cost of midwifery 4,822 5,513 6,199 6,125 Cost of maintenance in 17,995 23,939 25,981 25,781 hospital. Paid to chemists for 51,084 57,740 57,699 64,694 medicines. Funeral expenses 10,352 11,244 10,919 11,762 Doctors' fees 47,095 53,204 55,067 58,047 Cost of other benefits ... ... 3,745 8,311 Total benefits 226,524 249,731 256,336 279,402 Cost of administration : — Salaries and wages 29,478 32,417 33,934 34,195 Oflaces, printing, &c. 10,657 10,422 12,934 9,696 Total cost of adminis- 40,135 42,839 46,868 43,891 tration. Invested on capital account ... 25,985 52,496 43,328 17,028 Amortisation of debts 2,544 2.197 6,326 4,796 Other expenses 5,294 5,883 3,079 7,173 Total expenditure ... 300,482 353,146 355,937 352,290 Excess of Receipts over 25,408 25.017 42,677 34,337 Expenditure. (a) Compiled from Magyar Statlsztikai Evkuiti/v, published by the Statistical Bureau of the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce. The number given as that of the persons insured is, as to each year, the number at the end of that year. The cost of Sickness Insurance is borne as to ij by the workpeople, as to i by the employers (except as to persons voluntarily insured). 2$K SUBJECT INDEX TO TABLES IN ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS. A. Accidents, Insuraxok agaikst. (^Srf Workmen's Insurance.) AoRiruL ruRA i. Association;^. <'0-OPERATlVE. (^Scr i'O-OPERA- TION.) a(iricultural associations (Darmstadt), Federation ov Gebman : Associations for Distribution (Supply) affiliated to 225 Credit Associations affiliated to 227 Dairy Associations affiliated to 227 AORICULIURAL CREDIT ASSOCIA- TIONS, Federation of, in wuutemburg, associations affiliated to 225 Agricultural LaAour : Wages of, in Belgium ,, „ France Page Agricultural ATiONS. Co-operative. operation.) Altona, Earnings at Arbitration. {See Conch AND Arbitration.) 6487 Hungary, in 1895 „ 18% 98 Russian Empire Sweden United States, ac- cording to groups of States, in 1879 92 United States, in certain States, in 1893-99 87 United States, ac- cording to seim- rate Stat.es and Territories ...89 Supply Assoc i 22G 22S 228 226 42 85 85 2 3 8 86 -88 91 :{7-:{9 Austria : Co-operative Societies in Trade Disputes in Trade Unions in Wages in Workmen's Insurance in Austria-Hunoahv. (.sV^ Austria, and IIun(;arv.) B. Page 2B7 239 177-180 203-208 ...77 84 267-2S5 Baden, Earnings in 35-36, 40 Bakeries, Co-operative. (See Co-operation — Associations for Production.) Bakers : Earnings of, in Sweden ... 11 Hours of Labour of, in Con- necticut ... 160 Hours of Labour of, in German Empire ... 134 Hours of Labour of, in New York State ... 160 Hours of Labour of, in Sweden 127 Wages of, in Connecticut ... 119 Baltimore, Wages at ... ... 102 Bavaria, Trade Disputes in ... 168 Belgium : Co-operation in 230 231 Hours of Labour in ... 150 -151 Wages in ...4. 2-54 Workmen's Insurance in 259- -261 Blastfurnaces, Earnings OP Workpeople Employed AT . Austrian ...79 80 Bohemia (Northern). (-SVr Reich EN BERG.) Book Printers. (.sv 226 „ German Empire (Schulze- Delitzsch) ... 221 222 „ Holland (Co-operative Federation) 229 „ Russian Empire ... 217 218 „ Switzerland 234 Associations for Production — In Austria (Registered) 237 238 ., France (Bakeries) ... 232 ', „ (other than Bakeries) 233-234 Credit Associations — In Austria (Registered) ... 238 ,, Austria (Registered, RaifEeisen) 239 „ Belgium, People's Banks 231 ., „ (Raiffeisen) ... 231 „ German Empire (Darm- stadt Federation) 227-228 „ German Empire (on Raiffeisen System, in Wurtemburg) ... 225-226 ,, German Empire (Rural Banks on Raiffeisen System — Neuwied Federation) ... 223 224 „ German Empire (Schulze- Delitzsch) ... 223-224 „ Hungary (including Croatia-Slavonia) ... 240 „ Italy (People's Banks) ... 235 „ Russian Empire ... 217-218 Dairy Associations — In Belgium 230 „ German Empire (Darm- stadt Federation) 227-228 Distillery Associations (Bel- gium) 231 Co-operative Associations. (^See Co-operation.) Co-operative Banks (People's Banks) : In Belgium 231 „ Italy 235 (^S(^e aUo Co-operation- Credit Associations.) Co-operative Federation, Netherlands, Associations affiliated to 229 Copenhagen : Earnings at 15 24 Length of Working Day at 129-132 Credit Associations, Co-opera- tive. (^See Co-operation.) Croatia-Slavonia. (^Sce Co- operation—Credit Associa- tions.) INDEX. 290 l^ijf« Dairy Associations, Co-opera- tive. (iSi'C CO-OPKRATION.) Darmstadt Federation. (.sVr Agricultural Associations, Darmstadt.) Day Labourers, Wages of, in German Empire 27-28 Denmark : Hours of Labour in ... 129-133 Trade Disputes in ... 164-165 Trade Unions in .. 195-196 Wages in ... ._,. ...12-25 Disputes^ Trade : In Austria : Duration of ... 177-178 Grouped by Trades 177-178 Number of ... 177-178 Number of Workpeople affected bv ... 177 178 Objects of ..*. ... 179-180 Results of 179-180 In Bavaria : Grouped by Trades* ... 168 Number of... ... ... 168 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 168 Results of 171 172 In Denmark : Causes of 164 Duration of 164 Grouped by Trades ... 165 Number of 164 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 164 Objects of 161 In France : Causes of 171 172 Duration of ... 169 170 Grouped by Trades 1 69-1 70 Number of 169-170 Number of Workpeople who took part in 169-170 Objects of 171-172 Results of 171-172 In German Empire : Causes of, 1899 167 Grouped by Trades,1892-98 166 Grouped by Trades, 1899 167 Number of, 1892-98 ... 166 Number of, 1899 167 Number of Workpeople affected by, 1899 ... 167 Number of Workpeople who took part in, 1892-98 166 Objects of, 1899 167 Results of, 1892-98 ... 166 ,1899 167 {^See aUo Bavaria.) Pagre Disputes, Trade— r(»//^ In Italy : Causes of ... ... 175-176 Duration of ... 175-176 Grouped by Trades 173-174 Number of 173-174 Number of Workpeople affected by ... 173-174 Objects of 175-176 Results of 175-176 In Sweden : Duration of 163 Number of 163 Number of Workpeople who took part in ... 163 In United States : Causes of 184 Duration of 183 Grouped bv Locality 1 85-186 ,; Trades ... 183 Number of 181-182 Number of Establishments involved in 183 Number of Workpeople affected bv ... 181-183 Objects of .*. 184 Results of 181182 Distribution, Co-operative Associations for. {^See Co- operation— Associations for Distribution.) Dock Labour : Earning's of. at Hamburg- ... 37 Hours of Labour of, at Ham- burg 141-142 Number of Days worked by Workpeople employe2-l;">(j Trade Disputes in ... 169-172 Trade Unions in ... 199-200 Wages in 55-66 Workmen's Insurance in 262-264 German Empire : Conciliation and Arbitration in 189 Co-operation in 221-228 Hours of Labour in ... 134-144 Trade Disputes in ... 166-168 Trade Unions in ... 196-198 Wages in 26-40 Workmen's Insurance in 243-258 Gewerkschaftex (Social Demo- cratic Tradr Unions) 197 Gewerkverkine (HiRscir-Dux- CKKR Trade Unions) 196 Government Contracts : Hours of Labour on, in Holland 1 49 Wages on. in Holland ... 41 Government WoRKivrEN : Earnings of, in Denmark ... 25 ., ,, , ., France ... 65 Hours of Labour of, in Den- mark 133 (iSVr also Railways.) Government Workwomen : Earnings of, in Austria ... 83 „ „ „ France ... 65 Guilds, Trade. (^See Trade Unions— IN Austria.) H. Hainaut. Minimum Wages on Public Contracts in ...53-54 Hamburg : Earnings at Hours of Labour at 37 141-142 Hesse : Earnings in Hours of Labour in 29 139-140 Hirsch-Duncker Trade (Gewerkveretne) Unions 196 Holland : Co-operation in... Hours of Labour in . Trade Unions in Wages in 229 145-149 198 ... 41 Page HouR.< OF Labour : In Beloium 150-151 ,. Denmark 129-133 ,, France 152-156 „ German Empire ... 134-144 „ Holland 145-149 „ Italy 158 „ Norway 127 „ Sweden 127-128 ., Switzerland 157 „ United States ... 158-161 Hungary : Co-operation in 240 Trade Unions in ... 207-208 Wages in 85 Workmen's Insurance in ... 286 I. Indiana, Trade Unions in ... 215 Industrial Courts (German), Conciliation and Arbitra- tion p.Y 189 Insurance. (S^c Workmen's In- surance.) Invalidity, Insurance against. (See Workmen's Insurance.) Italy : Co-operation in 235-236 Hours of Labour in 158 Trade Disputes in ... 173-176 Wages in ... 75-76 Japan, Wages in 121-124 Lumber Trades, Wages in, in Norway M. Mannheim (Baden), Earnings AT 40 Market Gardeners, Wages of, IN France 63 Massachusetts : Conciliation and Arbitration in 191-192 Wages in .,. ... 105-119 INDEX. 292 Page Match Factories, Eaknings in French Government Mines : Earnings in Austrian ... „ „ Italian ... Coal, Earnings in French „ Italian „ Prussian ...77-80 ...75-76 ... 64 ...75-76 ...30-32 ., Tfours of Employment and of Actual Work in French 156 ., Hours of Labour in Prussian ... 135-136 Lignite, Earnings in French... 64 „ „ ,, Prussian 30-32 „ Hours of Labour in Prussian ... 135-136 Metalliferous , framings in Prussian ...30-32 ji Earnings in Italian ...75-76 » Hours of Labour in Prussian 135-136 Miners : Earnings of, in Austria ...77-80 >j j> ., France ... 64 V „ Italy ... ...75-76 ?! V ,, Prussia ...30-32 Hours of Labour of, in France 156 „ ., „ Prussia 135-136 Minimum Waues on Public Con- tracts, IN Belgium 53-54 N. Xbtherlands Co-operative Federation. (^Sce Co-opera- tive Federation. Nether- lands.) Nkuwied Federation, Co-opera- tive Credit Associations (Rural Banks), on Raiffeisen Page System, affiliated to... New York (City) : Hours of Labour at Wages at New York (State) : Hours of Labour in Trade Unions in Wages in Nordenfjeld. (^See AND Nordenfjeld.) Norway : Hours of Labour in Wages in 0. Old Age, Insurance Against. (^Sre Workmen's Insurance.) 223-224 158- -159 ... 1)7 103- -104 l.>8- -160 20y-2l2 103- -104 Ves iland 127 .. 4-7 P. People's Banks. (Sec Co-opera- tive Banks.) Philadelphia, Wages AT ... 99 Printers, Book, Hours of Labour of, in Norway ... 127 Production, Co-operative Asso- ciations for. (^Sec Co-opera- tion.) Prussia : Earnings in 29-32 Hours of Labour in ... 135-140 Public Contracts, Minimum Wages on, in Belgium ...53-54 R. Raiffeisen : Co-operative Credit Associa- tions on System of, in Bel- gium 231 Co-operative Credit Associa- tions (Registered) on System of , in Austria 239 Co-operative Credit Associa- tions (Rural Banks) on System of (Neuwied Federa- tion), in German Empire 223-224 Co-operative Credit Associa- tions on System of, in Wurtemburg 225-226 Railways : Earnings on French ... ... M ,, „ Prussian and Hess- ian State ... 20 „ 5, Russian I „ „ Swiss 71-74 ,, „ United States, 1888-89 ... 9.^> „ United StateB, 1892-99 ... 9n .. Wurtemburg State .'U Hours of Labour on Prussian State 137 Hours of Labour on Prussian and Hessian State 139 438 140 Reiciienberg District (North- ern Bohemia), Earnings in ...81-82 Rochester (N.Y.) : Hours of Labour at ... 158-159 Wages at 103-104 Rural Banks. (^See Co-opera- tion — Credit Associations.) Russian Empire : Co-operation in 21 7-2 1 8 Wages in 1-3 293 INDEX. Page Schulze-Delitzsch : Co-operative Assouiatious for Distribution on System of, in German Empire ... 221-222 Co-operative Credit Associa- tions on System of, in German Empire ... 223-224 Seamen, Wages or, in German Empire 26 Sickness, Insurance against. (See Workmen's Insurance.) Silk Manufacture : Earning-s in, in Northern Italy 75-76 Hours of Labour in, in Northern Italy 158 Social - Democratic Trade Unions (Gewerkschaften) ... 197 St. Louis, Wages at 100 Strikes and Lock-outs (See Disputes, Trade.) Sweden : Hours of Labour in ... 127-128 Trade Disputes in 163 Wages in 8-11 Switzerland : Co-operation in 234 Hours of Labour in 157 Trade Unions in ... 201-202 Wages in 67-74 Syndicats Agricoles. (^See Agricultural Associations, IX France.) T. Timber Raftsmen, Earnings of, IN Norway 7 Tobacco Factories (Govern- ment): Earnings in Austrian 83 ., ,. French 65 Trade Disputes. C>See Disputes, Trade.) Trade Clubs. (&« Trade Unions —IN Austria.) Tjiade Guilds. QSoc Trade Unions — IN Austria.) Trade Unions : In Austria : Expenditure per Member (Unions and Clubs) 207-208 Number and Membership (Guilds) 203 204 Number and Membership (Unions and Clubs) 203-204 Receipts, Expenditure, and Funds in Hand (Unions and Clubs) ... 205-206 Page Trade Unions — cont. In Denmark : Grou ped by Trades ... 196 Number and Membership, 1900 195 Number, Membership, In- come and Expenditure, 1894, 1896 (Unions and Federations) 195 In France : Grouped by Trades ... 199 Number and Membership (Unions and Federa- tions) 199 Unemployed Benefit ... 200 In German Empire : Number and Membership (Christian) 198 Number, Membership, and Expenditure (Gewerk- vereine — Hirsch - Dun- cker) 196 Number, Membership, In- come, Expenditure, and Funds in Hand (Ge- werkschaften) 197 In Holland : Number, grouped by Trades 198 In Hungary — Number and Membership, grouped by Trades 207-208 In Switzerland : Number and Membership 202 Number, Membership, and Expenditure (General Federation) 201 In United States : Connecticut: Number and Membership, grouped by Trades 213 Connecticut : Receipts and Expenditure 214 Indiana : Number, Mem- bership, and Exi>enditurc 215 New York (State) : Ex- 13enditure per Member 212 New York (State) : Num- ber and Membership, grouped by Trades 209-211 u. Unions, Trade. Unions.) United States : Conciliation and (^>See Trade Arbitration in 191- Hours of Labour in ... 158- Trade Disputes in ... 181- Trade Unions in ... 209- Wages in 8«- 192 161 186 215 12(» INDEX. 294 Page Vestland and Xordbnfjeld, Hours of Labour of Book Printers in V. and N. Factory Inspection District (Norway) w. 127 Wages': In Austria ., Belgium „ Denmark „ France „ German Empire „ Holland „ Hungary ... V Italy „ Norway ,, Russian Empire ,, Sweden ,. Switzerland... „ United States „ Japah ..77-81 ..42-54 ,12-25 ..55-66 .26-40 . 41 . 85 ..75-76 4-7 1-3 8-11 67-74 86-120 121-124 winterthur, earnings at 67-70 Wood Pulp Factories (Nor- wegian), Earnings in 7 Wood Trade, Wages in, in Norway 7 Page Workmen'h Insurance : In Austria 267-285 ,, Belgium 259-261 ., France 262-264 !, German Empire ... 243-258 .. Hungary ... 286 Against Accident — In Austria 267-28.5 „ Belgium 259-261 „ German Empire 24.5-256 Against Invalidity— In Belgium 259-260 „ France 262-263 „ Germany 257-258 Against Sickness — In Austria ... 265-266 , 281-285 „ Belgium 259-261 „ France 262-263 ,, German Empire 243-244 „ Hungary ... 286 Against Old Age — In Austria 281-285 „ Belgium 259-261 „ France ... 264 „ German Empire 257-258 WURTEMBURG : Co-operation in 225-226 Earnings in 33-34 Hours of Labour in ... 141-142 z. ZOrich, Earnings at ...67-70 295 INDEX TO TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS MENTIONED IN TABLES OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR. [N'OTE, — Fi(/ures in iUilicH relate to Hours of Labour^ dJl other figures to Wa{/es.'\ Page 12, 19, 20, 121 86 1)4. Able Seamen, see Seamek. Action Makers (Gun Manufac- ture) : Belgium (Musical Instruments) : United States Agate Button Making : Austria Agricultural Implement Makers : United States 105 Labourers : Belgium... Denmark France ... Hungary Japan Russia ... Sweden ... United States Machinery Makers : Austria Alfa Manufacture (Textiles) : France AjiLEY Boys (Cotton Mills) : United States Ammunition Manufacture : United States Annealers : United States Appliances Manufacture, see H.mler Electrical ami Scien- tific. Apparatus Manufacture, see under Cooking, Electrical, H hating and Lightim^ Apprentices : Arm 105, 4G 118 82 106 42 131 63 85 124 2,3 8 118 81 116 106 115 Belf^ium 17 :.o. l.jO, lol Denmark ... 12 UermaJi Empire ... 2y IS Manufactuue : Belgium 46, 150 Denmark ... 25, 133 United States ... 105, 106, 120. 161 lY Clothing Manufacture : Denmark ... 25, 133 France ... o'J, 152, 154 Page Artificial Flower Makers : France 59, 152, 154 Artisans, see Mechanics. Art Workers, Sculpture and : Holland 145-US Asbestos Makers : France ... 154 Asphalters : Denmark 15, 16, 12U Asphalt Miners : France ... 154 Assemblers (Enginebring, Bronze Work, Jewellery AND Gas Fittings, &c.) : Belgium 44 47 AssoRTERs (Glass Making) : Belgium 50,51,75/ Athletic Goods Makers ; United States 109, 110 Autotype Manufacture : Denmark ... 11 Awnings Makers : France 152 United States 107,108 B. Mills) : 11, iM. 22. Back Boys (Cotton United States Baggagemasters and Baggage MEN (Railway) : United States Bakers : Denmark France ... German Empire Norway Sweden United States Ballast Winning : Austria Pit Men (Railway) German Empire 9-11, 127, 119, 16 132 61 134 <> 12S IfiO 82 INDEX. 296 Page BALLER8, Sewing Cotton : France Bank-makers, Wattle and Mud: Holland Banksmen and Assistants (Mines) : France Barbers, itre Hair Dressers. Bar Gr.Ass Makers : Austria ... Barrel Filers (Gun Manufac- ture) : Belgium MAKiN(r: United States ... Basalt Workers : Holland Basin Attendants (Silk Reel- ing) : Italy 75, 7G, Basket Making : Denmark 2i>, 24, Basters (Clothing) : France United States Beamers (Leather) : United States Beaters-out (Boot and Shoe) : United States Bessemer Steel Manufacture : Belgium Bevellers, Glass : Austria Beverages, Manufacture op Carbonated : United States ... Bicycle Makers : United States ... BiLLETERS (Metal) : United States Binders, see Bookbinders. Bisulphide of Calcium Pro- ducers (Cellulose Fac- tories) : Norway , Blacksmiths : Denmark United States ... 41 S2 Hi 107 41 /.3\ 59 117 118 117 48 82 109,110 105, 106 15 1.33 13,2:^ 95, 97-103, 115, US, lis Blacksmiths' Helpers : United States ... 97 102 Blanket Makers : Austria Blasters : Switzerland ... Blastfurnace Workers : Austria Belgium France German Empire Sweden Bleachers (Cellulose TORIES) : Norway (Paper Making) : United States (Straw Goods) : 15, 118 81 ()9 United States — (Textile) Austria ... France ... Switzerland United States 79. so ... 42 ...55, 5fi 741-143 9, 10, 1:^8 Fac- 7 ... 118 ... 117 ... 81 ... lo4 ... «8 117 107. 108 Page Blockers (Straw Goods) : United States 117 Block Makers, Plaster (Straw Goods): United Stiites 117 Block Makers, Pulley (Wood) : Denmark 11 Blowers (Glass Making) : Belgium... ... ... 50, 51, 151 United States 118 (Hat Making) : France... 59 Hair : France 62 Boarders (Hosiery) : United States 117 Boatmen : Switzerland 09 Bobbin Boys (Cotton Mills) : United States Makers : Sweden ... ... 116 9, 10, 12,s Body Makers (Carriage Build- ers) : United States Boiler Attendants : German Empire Cleaners : Belgium... German Empire Makers : 118 34 Austria Belgium... France German Empire Switzerland Unitetl States ... Boiler Makers" Helper^ German Empire Switzerland United States ... Boilers (Cellulose Factories) : Norway Sugar: France Bolters (Food Trades) : France Bolt Makers : Belgium ... ... 49 37, 141, 142 ...83,84 ...43,45 58. 152, lo4 'M,'6%A43 67, 73, 74 97 103. /5.V .. 34 .. 67 97-102 62 62 France Bone Workers : Austria German Empire Switzerland United States Bonnet Makers : France BUOKBINDEHS : Denmark France German Empire Norway Sweden Switzerland Uniteil States ., 46, 150 . 152 ... 82 143, 144 ... 157 109, 110 ^, 154 14, 19, 20, 131 60, 153 38 *.! 9,10,12*' .. 68,71,72 107, 108 297 INDEX. Page Boot and Shoe Makers : Austria 81 Denmark ... 1^, 17, 18, 130 France oo,b6,5^,152-164 Japan 121, 122 Norway ... 5 Sweden ^J, 10, 12S Switzerland 69 United States ... 103, 107, 108, 117, 120, 169, 161 Laboureks : Norway ... 5 Boot Factories : Denmark ...14, 17 Boot Treers : United States ... U7 Borers (Metal Trades) : Austria So, 84 Belgium 44, 4(> German Empire 34 Switzerland ... ... (57, 73, 74 Bottle Shakers (Champagne Making) : France 62 Bottomers (Boot and Shoe Makers): United States ... 117 Box Makers and Assistants (Metal) : Belgium 44 Cardboard : Austria 83 Denmark 14 (Glass Making) : Belgium o0,bl,151 (Paper) : United States 107,108 (Wooden) : France 155 United States 107,108 Boys and Lads : Belgium Denmark France German Empire Hungary United States ... 51 12 ..63-66 27, 28, 32, loO 85 u.vrio 1.54 Braid Manufacture : France. Brakesmen (Railway) : German Empire 2St Switzerland 71-74 United States 95 Brandy Distillers, nee Dis- tilleries. Brass Founders : Austria ... ... ... ...83,84 Belgium 43 France 67,152,154 ^ Moulders : Belgium... ... ... ... 43 France 57 United States ... ... 115,256 Workers : France 152, 154 United States 120, 101 Braziers and Labourers : Denmark ... 13, 15, 16. ISO I'age Breakers, Stone : Switzerland... 69 Sugar : France ... 61, 75.i Breweries, Workpeople in : Austria 82 Denmark ... 12,14,21,22,2.1?^' France 61, 62, /Jo>, iJ5 German Empire ... 39, 143, 144 Norway .. 6 Sweden 9, 10,128 Switzerland 69 United States 104 Brewery Maids : Denmark ... 12 Bricklayers : Belgium ... 42, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, to! Denmark 15,16,120 France 152,154 German Empire 37,39 Holland 41 Norway 5 Switzerland 69 United States 97-103,255 Bricklayers' Labourers : Belgium 42,53,54 Holland 41 Norway ... ... 5 Brickmaking : Austria ... 82 Belgium 51 Denmark 132 France 55,56,25^,255 German Empire ... iO, 143,144 Japan 123,124 Sweden 9,10,2^5 Switzerland 69 United States ... 109,110,120,262 Brickmasons and Helpers (Metal Works) : United States 115 Bridge-keepers (Railway) : German Empire 29 Bridlk Makers : France 62 Briquet'i K Makers. Coal r SAveden 9, 10, 12S Bronze Works : Austria 81 Belgium 47,250 Denmark 15,16 France ... 152,154 Broom Makers, see Brush Makers. Browners (Gun ManCfacture): Belgium 46 Brush Makers : Austria 82 Denmark ... 14,23,24,252 France ... 55, 56, 155 United States 109,110 Buckle Making : United States 120,267 Buffers (Boot and Shoe Makers) : United States ... 117 INDEX. 298 Page Builders' Labourers : Belgium 53,54 Holland 41 Norway 5 Unitetl States 99-102,115 Building Materials Manu- facture : United States K ►9,110 Trades : Belgium 53, "il Denmark ... 13, 15, 16, l:iU France ... .. o5-o7,1-j2, J.54 German Empire ... m, 141-14:! Japan 121,122 Holland 41,i^' 7^.s Norway . . 4, 5 Sweden 9, ll'S Switzerland .. 69 United States ... 97-103,105,106, 115, /.>.S Bunch Makers(Cioar Making) : United States 104. 7.5.9 Bundlers (Textile) : Belgium 47,49 United States 116 BurialCase and Casket Making : United States 107 Burlers (Woollen and Wors- ted) : Belgium 49 United States 116 Burnishers (Metal) : France ... 58 (Wood) : France 60 BUSHELLERS (DOCK LABOUR) : German Empire ... '^1.141,142 Butchers : Denmark 14,21,22 Norway 6 Butter Makers : France lHo Button Makers : Austria 81,82 France /5^', l-')4 United States ... 109.110,120,767 Bt-turn Men (Wood Pulp and Cellulose Factories) : Norway 7 Cabinet Makers : Austria 82 Denmark 14.19,20 France 65, 56, 60, i-io, /<5.5 Japan 123, 124 Norway 5 United States 97-102, 104, 118, 150 Makers' Labourers : France 60 Norway 5 Calcium Bisulphide Producers (Cellulose Factories) : Norway 7 Candle Makers: Austria France German Empire Switzerland United States Candy Makers : Austria .. Cane, Workers in : Denmark United States Canvas Weavers : France Cap Makers : Sweden United States Captains (Dredging Works) : Holland Carbonated Beverages, Manu- facture OF : United States 109 Cardboard Workers : Austria ... 82 Denmark 14 France 60, 153,155 Switzerland 68, 70 Carders, Cardmindbrs and Cardroom Operatives : 82 ...55, 56 141-143 ... 69 109, 110 ... 82 23, 24, 109, 132 110 ... 154 9, 10, 12S 120,161 41 10 Belgium ... ... 49 France ... ... 58 Switzerland ... ... 68 United States ... ... 116,117 Carmen, «ee Carters. Carpenters : Belgium 50,51,53,54 757 Denmark 13. 15, 17 , 25, 129 130, 133 France ... ... 57 LJermau Empire . J4, 37, 38 Holland ... ... 41 Japan ... 121-124 Norway ... ... 4,5 Switzerland ... 59, 73, 74 United States 95- 108, 115. 117, 758 Carpenteks' Labourers : Belgium ... ...53, hi United States ... ... ... 115 Carpenters, Ship : Denmark ... ... 17 Norway ... ... 4-6 Carpet Manufacture : Austria 81 France ... ... 154 United States ... 107 108, 117 Carriage Builders : France ... ... 60 United States ... 107, 118 120, 161 Cleaners (Railway): Switzerland ... ...70-74 Department, Workpeople IN (Railway) : Russia ... Examiners (Railway) : German Empire ... 29, 137-140 Switzerland 71-74 299 INDEX. Page Carriage Lifters (Railway) : German Empire .S4 Carriage-Part Makers ; United States ... 118,120,76'/ Carriers, Bread : France ... 61 Belgium "... 50, 51, 151 Cart Building : Denmai-k ... 21. 22. 131 Switzerland 68 Carters : Belgium Denmark 5H, .54 19 Hungary Italy Norway Switzerland _ 85 ...75, 76 4,7 69, 71 Carvers (Gun Manufacture) : Belgiuui .. 46 Wood : Denmark 19, 20, 25i France 60 German Empire ... ... 38 United States ... 104, 118, 159 Casual Men (Railway) : Switzerland ' ... 70 Cattle. Men in charge op : Denmark 12 Caustic Soda Producers (Cellu- lose Factories) : Norway ... 7 Ceiling Plasterers and Labourers : Belgium 53,54 Cellarmen (Brewery) : German Empire ... ... 39 United States 104, 159 Celluloid Manufacture : Switzerland 68, 71) Cellulose Factory Workmen : Norway 7 Cement Making : France 55, 56, 155 German Empire 143 Sweden 9, 10. 12S Switzerland ... ... ... 69 United States 109,110 Cereals, Preparation or : France ... ... ... ... 153 Chain Makers : Belgium 46. 150 Switzerland 67 Chair Makers : France 155 United States 118 Chalk Manufacture : Switzerland ... ... ... 69 Chamois Dressers : Denmark 23, 24, 132 Champagne Makers : France ... 62 Chargemen (Corn Milling): German Empire 39 Chargers (Blastfurnaces) : Belgium ... ... 42 Page Chasers (Jewellery, Watch and Clock) : Belgium ... 46, 150 Chebsemakers : France ... 63, 155 Chemical Trades : Austria ... ... 82 Denmark 21, 22, 131 France 55, 56, 61, 153, 155 German Empire 33, 35, 40, 141-144 Holland ... ... ... 145-14S Norway 7 Sweden 9. 10, /5cV Switzerland 69, 157 United States 107-110 Chemists, Manufacturing : France ... ... 155 Chicory Manufacture : Denmark 23, 24, 132 France 155 Chimney Builders : France 57, 152 Repairers : France ... 152 Sweeps : Denmark 14, 23, 24 Switzerland 73, 74 China Manufacture : France 153, 155 German Empire 143,144 Chippers (Metal) : Belgium ...45 47 France ... 58 United States ... 115 Chlorine Machine Men (UN- tinning Tinplates) : Belgium 46, 150 Chocolate Making : Austria ... 82 Denmark ...23.24 France 61. 155 German Empire 143, 144 Switzerland ... 69 Sweden 9. 10. 12S Choppers. Wood : Switzerland ... 69 C H UC K E Its ( E N G I N E ER I N G ) United States ... ... 115 Cigar Manufacture : Austria ... 83 Denmark 14. 23, 24 German Empire ... 36 Norway 6 United States ... 104. 109, 110. /.3.9 — Sorters : Denmark ...23.24 Cigarette Makers : Austria ... 83 Clarifiers (Sugar Refineries) France 61 Clay, Workers in : German Empire Switzerland ... ... 143 69, 157 Cleaners : Belgium Denmark France (ierman Empire 29, ...49-51 15, 16, 129 ... 152 M. 139 14:2 INDKX. 300 Vage «'l.KA\KUS — ^OHf. Italy ... 7.-,, 76, /.;.v Switzerland 70 71 United States ... 115 Cleavers, Wood : Switzerland ... (58 Clerks, General Office (Rail- way) : United States 96 Clickers (Boot and Shoe) : France 59 Clock Makers : Belnfiuni 40,750 Denmark 17, 18, 130 France 58, 15^/ Switzerland 73, 74, 157 United States 105, 106 Closers (Boot and Shoe) : France 59 Cloth Dressers and Lappers : Belgium 48,50 Manufacture : Austria ... ... ... ... 81 France 58, 154 Switzerland 70 Room Operatives (Cot- ton Mills) : United States ... Ui\ Trade, Leather : Holland U5-14S Clothing Trades : Austria ... ... ... ... 81 Denmark ... 17-20, 25, 130, 133 France 55, r><), 59, 152, 154 German Empire ... 141-144 Holland 145-14S Japan 121 Swetlen 9, 10, 12S United States ... lOli. 107, 108, 113, 117, 150 Coach Building : Denmark ... 14, 21, 22, Z5/ France 55,56,75.5 German Empire 38 Holland 145-148 Switzerland 68 Coal Briquette Makers : Sweden 9, 10, 128 Carriers (Steel Making) : Belgium 43 Mines, Workpeople in : Austria 77-80 Belgium 52,757 France 57,64,754,756 German Empire 30-32, 755, 130 Italy 75,76 Sweden 9,128 Porters : Denmark 19,20,757 German Empire ... M, 141, 142 Switzerland ... ... ... 71 Stores Workmen (Rail- way) : Switzerland ... 71-74 Trimmers : German Empire ... 141, 142 Page Coal Whkklkrs : Belgium... ... ... 50,51,75/ Denmark 23,24 Norway 7 CoALiEs, «ee Coal Porters. Cock Makers (Brass) : France 152, 154 Coffee Substitutes Manufac- ture : Austria ... 82 Coffin Making : United States ... 10" Coke Fillers (Br.ASTrrRNACES) : Belgium 42 Works : 21,22,75/ Vjij United States 109, 110 44 .. 48 58, 154 Te.ktile ,. 81 IS. 130 Denmark France ... Colour Makers Combination Lock Makers Belgium Combers (Tkxtile) : Belgium France Comb Makers (for Trades) : Austria Compass Makers: Denmark 17 Compositors : Denmark 19. 20, 131 France 6o German Empire 38 Japan ... 123,124 United States 97 102, 104, 118, /J.^ CONCRETERs : Denmark ... 15,16,/?'^' Conductors (Railway) : United States 95, 96, 101 CONFtXJTlONKIiri : Denmark ... 14,21,22,75^ France 61, 62, 755 German Empire 75^ Conglomerated Substances Manufacture (Chemical) : France Construction Department Men (Railways) : Russia Cooking Apparatus Manufac- ture : United States ... 10. Cooks : France Denmark Coopers : Denmark France German Empire Japan Norway ... Switzerland United States ... Coopers' Labourers Copper Founders : France Moulders : France 755 106 14. 19, 20, 75/ ... 55, 56, 755 38,39 123, 124 ... 68 104, 150 Norway .7. 152, i Copperplate Printers : France 154 57 «;o :m INDEX. Page < Coppersmiths : Austria 8H, 81 Belgium lo, 150 Denmark ... 13, 15, 16, 130 France 58,152,154 German Empire ... 31. 38 Switzerland 73. 74 Cordage Makers : United States 107,108 Cordials, Manufacture of : France 153, 155 Core Makers ; Belgium 41,45 Switzerland 67 United States 115 Cork Cutters : Denmark 23, 132 Sweden 9, 10, 128 Corkers (Champagne Making) : France 62 Corn Millers, iiee Millers. Porters : German Empire ... 37, 141, 142 Cornice Makers : German Empire ... 143, 144 Corset Making, aw Stay Making. Cotton Industry : Austria ... Belgium Denmark France ... German Empire Japan Switzerland United States ., 105, 60 29 117 15 81 ,. 47, 48, 150 .. 17, 18, 130 ?, 59, 152, 154 .. .35, 143, 144 121, 122 ,. 68, 70. 157 106, 115, 116, 120, Uil Counters (Printing and Bind- ing) : France Cranemen (Railway) : German Empire Crimpers (Boot and Shoe) : United States Crystal-Ware Manufacture : France CupoLAMEN (Steel Making) : Belgium Curriers : France Custom-house Porters : Denmark Cutlers : France United States Cutters (Boot and Shoe) : United States (Cellulose Factories) Norway (Clothing) ; France United States (Cork) : Denmark... (File): Denmark... ... 43 62, 155 19,20 ... 154 120, 161 ... 117 103,117 23, 131 15 Cutters (Flax) : Belgium (Fur) France United States ... — (Glass Making) Belgium France Fagf ... 49 ... 62 103, 15f) .50-52, 151 ... 61 (Hosiery) : United States 117 (Jewel) : France U5 (Leather): France .,. 62 (Paper) : France United States . — (Printing) France — - (Shoe) : United States^ — (Skin) : France — (Stone) : Belgium ... Denmark France ... Japan Sweden ... United States ... 60 ... 118 ... 60 103, 159 ... 62 — (Tobacco) Japan (Wood) : .. 53 . .. 13, \:>, 129 .. 55 57 152 . 121, 124 ^,128 98 -102, 105, 115, 120. 161 123 124 60 85 4 France Hungary Norwaj' , CvcLE Making : Denmark 13, 17, 18 United States 105, 106 Cylinder Assorters and Car- riers (Glass) : Belgium 50, 51, 151 Minders (Paper Mak- ing) : France 60 Dairying Trades : Denmark 12, 19, 20 France 63,25.5 Sweden 9, 10, 12S Switzerland (»9 Datallers (Mining) : France 57 Day Labourers, see Labourers. Deck-hands (Dredging Works) : Holland 41 Decorators : Belgium ... 53 France 61 Derby Doubler Operatives (Cotton) : Switzerland 70 INDRX. .302 Pa{?e Page . 41> .68, 70 . 116 DiSTILLKlUES, WORKPKOPLK IN : Austria ^- Denmark ... 11,21,22, /o^ France ^\.lo3,155 I Xorway "t Sweden 1>, '^'^ Dock Laboi reus and Stevedokes : Denmark 19, 20, /51 : German Empire ...S7, 141,142 Norway •'» DOFFEllS : Belgium Switzerland United States Domestic Seuvanth : Norway ... 6 Doorkeepers (Railway) : German Empire ... 29,137 14(J Switzerland 71-74 Door Makers : Japan ... 121.122 DouBLERS (Textile) : Belgium 47 Fi-ance .VJ, 75^ Italy 75, 7(>,/JS' Switzerland ... ... ... 70 Drawers (Textile) : Belgium 47, 49, /J^ United States 116.117 Drawing-bench IMen (Metal Trades) : France 58 Drawing-frame Operatives : Belgium 47 France 58 Switzerland 70 Dredging employees : Holland 41, 7i.^^ Dressers, Fur : France 62 (Metal) : Austria 83,84 France 57 Switzerland 67 (Textile) : 107, 108 Belgium 48-50 France 58,59 United States 116 Dressing Manufacture (Chemi- cal) : XJnited States ... 109,110 Dress Trimmings Manufacture : United States 109,110 Driers (Textile) : Belgium ... 49 Driftmen (Mining) : France ... 57 Drivers : France 57 United States 104, 7.W Driving-Gear Attendants : Switzerland 67 Drillers : Austria 83,84 Belgium 43-46 France 58 Switzerland 67,73,74 Drugs Manufacture : United States Dryers (Woollen) : United States 116,117 Drying Apparatus Attendants (Wood Pulp Factohies) : Norway <" Dyers ; Japan 121,122 France l-'>^ Norway ''» -— Artificial Flower : France 59, lo5, /.54 (Clothing) : Prance ... 1''>2 Dyers' Helpers (Textile) : Switzerland Labourers : Norway m Dyers (Textile) : Austria Belgium Denmark France Sweden Switzerland United States ... 81 48 .. 17, 18, 130 .. 58,2.J^,/J:^ .. 9, 10, 13S 68 107,108,116, 117,119 Dyestuffs, Manufacture op : United States 107 Earthenware Manufacture : United States 109,110 Earth Trades : Austria 82 German Empire ... 141,142 Holland 145-14S Switzerland 69 Edge Setters (Boot and Shoe): United States 117 Elastic Fabrics Manufacture: Austria 81,82 United States ... 109, 110, 119 Electrical Apparatus and Appliances Manufacture : United States 10.5,106 Engineering Works : Belgium 46, 7J0 Electric Installation Works : Denmark Lighting Trades) : France Lighting n,130 (Building ... 55, 56, AND Power Stations 154 Generating (Railway) : German Empire Electro-platers, see Platers. Embroidery Manufacture : Austria ... 29 81 France ... 59, ?.5^, 154 :m INDEX. Paore Emery Cloth and Paper Makers : United States 109,110 Enamelled Iron Printers : France 58 Engine Cleaners : German Empire ... 29, 130, 140 Switzerland 71-74 Drivers : France 59 Holland 41 Switzerland 71, 72 United States (jiee Engineers and Enginemen). Engineering Works, Operatives IN. iiSce also MACHINISTS.) Austria 81, 83, 84 Belffinm 43-46, 150 Denmark ... 13, 15-18, 130 France 55, 56, 162, 154 German Empire 38, 40, 141, 142 Norway ... ... 4, 5 Sweden 9, 10, 12S Switzerland ... ... ... 157 Uniteil St.ates 105 Engineers (av^ also Machinists) : German Empire 30 United States 95, 101, 101. 115-118, 159 (Seagoing) : Norway ... 6 Enginemen : Belgium ... 42, 43, 45. 46, 48, 49, 51, 150, 151 France ... 57 German Empire 34, 37-39, 141, 142 Holland ... 41 Italy 75,76 Switzerland 67 United States 9.5.96,118 Engine Tenders, see Enginemen. Engravers (Glass) : Belgium... ... 52 France 61 United States 118 (Metal) : Belgium ... 46 (Printing) : France 60 United States lOi, 159 Erectors : Belgium ...44-46 France 58 German Empire 34,38 Switzerland 67, 73, 74 Examiners (Gun Manufacture): Belgium 46, 7 J^ (Railway) : German Empire ... 29, 137, 140 Switzerland 71-74 Excavators : Denmark ... 15. 16, 129 Explosives Makers : France 155 German Empire ... 143, 144 Page Faience Manufacture (Porce- lain) : Denmark ... 21, 22, 132 Fancy Articles Manufacture : Austria 82 Denmark 14 France 153, 155 United States 109,110 Farm Bailiffs : France 63 Labourers, see Agricul- tural Labourers. Servants 12 Denmark France Farriers : Norw.ay Fat, Workers in : France German Empire Feather Trades : Austria France Feeders (Press) : United States 104, 159 ... 153 141-143 82 152 Felt Making : France Hat Makers ; Austria ... France Ferry Boat Staff and Work- men (Railway): German Empire Fertilisers Manufacture, see Manure Manufacture. Fibre, Workers in : Denmark ... 14, France United States File Cutters : Denmark... Makers : France ... Filers : Belgium Fillers (Blastfurnaces) : Austria (Glass Making) : 154 29 23, 24, 132 55, 56, 155 109,110 15, 130 ... 154 45-47 Belgium (Sugar Refineries) : France (Zinc Works) : Belgium Finishers (Boot and Shoe) : United States ... 103. (Cabinet Makers) : United States (Clothing) : United States .... (Felt Hat) : France (Fur) : United States* 79,80 ... 50 ... 61 46, 150 117, 75.9 .. lis ... 117 51) |(>.{, 159 INDEX. 304 Finishers (Leather) : United States ... — (Metal) : Belgium... United States Page 118 43 116 — (Musical Instruments) : United States 118 — (Paper Makincj) : United States 118 — (Stay Makers) : France... 59 — (Tailors): United States 117 Finishers (Textile) : Austria 81 Belgium 48 France 58, 59, 154 Switzerland 68 United States , 116,117 Firearms Manufacture, jt^e Arms Manufacture. Fire Brick Makers : Austria ... 82 Fire Engine Makers : Austria... 81 Firemen : France 61 German Empire 29 Switzerland 71-74 United States ... 95, 96, 101. 104. 116-118, U9 Fishermen : Japan ... 123, 124 Fitters (Boot and Shoe) : United States ... 103, 117, 7.59 Gas: France 55,152 United States 115 (Metal) : Austria 81,83,84 Belgium 42-46,50 Denmark 15,16,130 France 58 German Empire ... 34. 38, 39 Holland '.. 41 Norway ... ... ... ... 7 Switzerland 67, 73, 74 United States 115 Fixers (Purse Makers) : France 62 Flag Makers : Denmark ... 17, 18, 130 Flagmen (Railway) : United States 95, 96 Flatteners (Glass Making) : Belgium 50,51,151 Flattening-Kiln Girls (Glass Making) : Belgium ... 51, 151 Flattening-Kiln Lads (Glass Making) : Belgium 51 Flax Industry : Austria ,. ... 81 Belgium 49,151 France 154 United States 105,106 Fleece-Strippers : France ... 154 6487 Page Fleshing-Machine Minders : France 62 Flint Glass Makers : Belgium 52,151 Floating Equipment Em- ployees (Railway) : United States ... ... ... 96 Flock Paper Makers : France ... 6<> Flour Millers, see Millers. Flower Makers, Artificial : France ... 59, 152, 154 Fly Frame Tenders (Textile) : United States J 16 Folders (Printing and Bind- ing) : France (K) (Yarn,. Cloth, &c.) : France ... ... ... ... ."iS Food Trades : Austria Denmark France ... 55, German Empire Holland ... Norway ... Sweden Switzerland United States ... 82 14, 21-24. 132 •)6. 61, 62, 153, 155 ...134.141-144 145-148 <> 9-11.7^7, 128 69. 157 104, 109. 110,'ll9, 159, 100 Footmakers (Glass Making) : United States 118 Foremen : Belgium 46,750 Denmark 12 German Empire 29, 34, 37, ^9,137-140 Holland 41 Switzerland ... 67-69. 71-74 United States ... 95,96.118,119 Forgers (Metal) : German Empire Foundries (Metal), people in : Austria Belgium France German Empire Sweden United States ... 143 Work- 83, 84 43-45 ... 57, 152, 154 38 ... 9, 10, 128 ...115, 120.161 Frame Gilders : France ... Makers : Austria ... 60 82 Spinners (Textile) : n6, 117 Workers United States — Tenters (Textile) : Belgium ... France United States French Polishers : France Fuel Movers (Cellulose Fac- tories) : Norway 47 58 116 60 U 305 INDEX. Page 55,56 .. 62 .. 39 .. 48 58, 154 .. 116 14, 23, 24, 132 ... 62,153, 155 6 103.75,9 FoEL Workers, Patent : France Fullers (Fur and Leather) France ... German Empire (Textile Trades) : Belgium France ... United States For Trades : Denmark France ... Norway ... United States . Furnace Cleaners (Glass Mak- ing) : Belgium ... 60 Fillers (Glass Mak- ing) : Belgium 60 Labourers (Zinc Works) : Belgium ... 46,150 Lighters (Chemical Trades) : France ... .. 61 FURNACEMEN : Belgium ... France Furnishing Trades Austria ... Denmark France Japan Norway ... ... ... ... 6 United States 97-102, 104. 118, 159 Furniture Makers (Iron) : France ... 152 Makers (Wood) : France 65,56 United States 107,108 Furriers, .^ee Fur Trades. ... 45, 46, 150 61 82 14, 19-22, 131 55, 56, 153 155 123,124 Page Gas Works : Austria 82 Denmark 23,2i,132 France 55, 56, 155 German Empire ... 29,143 Holland 145-148 Sweden 9 Switzerland 69 Gatherers (Glass Making): Belgium 50,51,151 United States 118 Gauze Makers, Wire : France ... 152 General Administration Staff (Railway) : German Empire ... 2^,137-140 Switzerland 71-74 Gaffers (Glass Makers) : United States ... 118 GAxMes Makers, Children's : United States 109,110 Gangers : Belgium 46,150 Switzerland 71-74 Gardeners : Denmark 19, 20, 151 France 63 Japan 121,122 Gas Fitters : France 65,152 United States 115 Gas Fittings Makers : Belgium 47,150 France 152 G as Installation Tinsmiths : Denmark ... ... ... I" Gas - Producer Men (Glass Making) : Belgium ... 60. 61. 151 Hands (Textile) United States — Labourers Belgium Japan ... United States . 116 Servants 53, 54 123,124 ... 97-102,104,159 Denmark ... 12 GiGGERS (Textile) : United States 116 Gilders (Metal) : Belgium... France (Woodwork) : Denmark France ... Girder Makers : France Girls : Belgium France German Empire Hungary Italy United States Glass Bevellers : Austria Bottle Makers : Austria France Carriers : Belgium Cutters : Belgium France Making Trades : Austria Belgium Denmark France German Empire Holland Norway 4 Sweden 9, 10, 188 United States ... 109,110,118 ^: Wreath Workers : France 61 Glaziers : Belgium 53,54 Denmark ... 13. 15, 16,1^.9 Sweden 9.12S United States ... 1J5 ... 47 ... 152 21, 22, 131 ... 60 ... 154 51 63-66 27, 28, 32, 136 85 ... 75, 76, 158 115-120 ... 82 ... 82 ... 155 51,151 .50-52, 151 ... 61 ... 82 50-52, 151 21, 22, 131 55. .56, 61, 151, 153, 155 33 145-148 INDEX. 306 Page Glaziers' Labourers : Belgium 63 54 Glovemaking : Denmark France ... 14, 17, 18, 130 .■i5, 56, 152-154 Glue Making : Austria ... United States 82 107, 108 Gold Beaters : France ... 58,152 Melters : France 152 Goldsmiths : Belgium... Denmark... 4«. 47, 150 13.17,18,250 Gold Workers : Belgium 4G, 47, 150 Denmark ... 13, 17, 18, 130 France 58, 152 United States 116 Goods Porters (Railway) : German Empire 29 Switzerland 71 Shed Leading Hands : German Empire 29 Yards, Men at : German Empire 137-140 Government Contracts, Work- people ON, see Public Con- tracts. Employees : Austria 83 Denmark ... 2'6 -2b, 132,133 France 5.5, 56, 65, 153,155 German Empire... 29, 34, 137-140 Granite Cutters: Denmark 15, 129 Grape Sugar Makers : France 62,155 | Grease Makers: United States 109, 110 ! Grinders (Metal) : Belgium... ... ... ... 45 Switzerland 67 (Textile) : Belgium 47,250 United States 115 (Wood Pulp Factories) : Norway ... ... ... . 7 Guards (Railway) : Switzerland 71-74 Gun Manufacture, see Arms Manufacture : GuNSTOCK Makers : Belgium ... 46 Gut Cleaners : Denmark... 23, 24, 132 GuTTA Percha Manufacture : Austria 82 France ... 155 H. Page 49 Hacklers (Flax) : Belgium Hackle Setters (Linen) : Belgium 49,50 Hair Blowers (Fur Trade) : France 62 Cutters (Fur Trade) : France 62 Dressers : Denmark 14, 23, 24 Workers : Austria 82 United States 109,110 Half-scourers (Bronze Work, &o.) : Belgium 47 Hammermen : Belgium... 42,48,45 United States 116 Hammermen's Helpers: Belgium 42 I Hand-knitters : Denmark ...17, 18 : Hardware Manufacture : i United States 120,261 ! Harness Makers : i France 62,255 Japan 123,124 United States 109,110 HATMAKINQ ; Austria 81 Denmark 14,19,250 France 59,254 Norway ... ... ... ... 5 Sweden ^,10,128 United States* 120, 26?2 Hatmakers' Labourers : Norway 5 Hauliers (Wood Tulp Factories) : Norway 7 Head Office Staff (Railway) : Switzerland 71-74 Heald Makers (Textile) : Belgium 49,50 Heaters, Metal, see Foundries. Heating Apparatus Manufac- ture : United States ... 105, 106 Heelers (I^oot and Shoe) : United States 117 Helpers, Brickmasons" : United States 115 (Glass Making) : Belgium .50 (Metal Trades) : Belgium 42,44 United States 98-102.115 (Textile) : Belgium 47 Switzerland 6K Hkmp Manufacturk : France 154 United States 105, 106 6487 U 2 307 INDEX. Page Hewers : Austria ... ... 77 Belgium 52,25i German Empire ... 'dO,Si, 135 Italy 76 Switzerland 69 Hide Trades : France 153 Hod Carriers : United States 97-102 Hollow-ware Turners : France 58 Horn Workers : Switzerland 157 United States ... ... 109, 110 Horsekeepers (at Farms) : Denmark .. 12 Hose Manufacture, Linen and Rubber : United States 109, 110 Hosiery Machinery Makers : Austria 81 Hosiery Manufacture : Austria ... ... 81 France o8,b9, 152. 154 United States 107, 108, 117, 120, 101 House Breakers : Holland ... 41 Cleaners : Denmark 15, 16, 129 Housekeepers and Housemaids (AT Farms) : Denmark 12 House Painters, see Painters. I. Illuminating Fluids Manufac- ture : United States .^ 107, 108 Implements Manufacture, see u7ider Agricultural. Incline Men (Mines) : France ... 57 India Rubber Trades : Austria , ... 82 France ... ... ?5, 56, 153, 155 German Empire ... iO, 143, 144 United States 109, 110, 119, 120, 161 Ink Makers: France 153 Inspection Staff (Railway) : German Empire 29 Switzerland 71-74 Instrument Makers (see also Musical, Optical, Scientific and Surgical) : Denmark 130 German Empire ... 141,142 Iron Dressers : Switzerland ... .. ... 67 Ironfounders : Belgium 4S Denmark ... 13 France 57, 152, 154 German Empire ... 143 144 United States . ... 120, 7 W Page Iron Manufacture, Workpeople Employed in : Austria 79,80 Belgium 42,250 France 55, 56, 58, 152, 154 German Empire ... 141-143 Sweden 9, 10, 128 United States ... 115, 120, 267 Mining : Austria 77-80 France 154 Sweden ... 9, 10 12S Moulders : Austria 79-81,83,84 Belgium 43 France 57 Norway 5 United States ... 98-103, 115. 158 Moulders' Helpers : United States 98-102 Pressers : Belgium ... 46 Sorters : Belgium 46, 150 Ironworkers : Denmark 25, 133 Holland 41 Isinglass Manufacture : United States 107, 108 Ivory Workers : German Empire ... 143,144 United States ... ... 109, 110 J. Jack Frame Tenders (Textile) : United States [16 23, 24, 132 ... 155 34 Jam Manufacture : Denmark Franpe Japanners : German Empire Jewellers : Belgium 46,47,250 France 152,154,155 German Empire ... ... 36 Japan 121,122 Switzerland ... 757 United States 105, 106 Joiners : Belgium 43,46,50,53 Denmark 13, 15, 18. 25, 129, 130, 133 France 57 German Empire ... 34, 37-39 Norway ... ... ... ... 7 Switzerland 68, 73, 74 United States 97,99 Joiners' Labourers : Belgium 53, 54 mDBX. 308 Page ! Joinery Works, Operatives in Austria Denmark France German Empire Sweden Jute Industry : Austria ... France German Empire United States . ... 82 19, 131 153-155 ... 35 ... 0. 10 ... 81 ... 154 143; 144 105,106 K. Kaolin Manufacture : United States .. ... 109,110 Keepers (Blastfurnaces) : Austria 79,80 Belgfium 42 Keg Making : United States ... 107 Kilnmen : France 61 United States 118 Kneaders (Baking) : France ... 61 Mass (Porcelain) : France 61 Knifemen (Leather Trades) United States 118 Knitting (Hand and Machine) : Denmark 17,18 United States 1 07, 1 08, 1 1 7, 1 20, 1 61 Knotters (Textile) : Belgium... 49 Knub Preparers (Textile) : Italy 75,76,158 Labourers : Austria 79,80,83,84 Belgium... 42-51, 53, 54, 150, 151 Denmark ... 12, 15-25, iJ2 -25.3 France 57-63 German Empire ...27, 28, 34, 37, 141,142 Holland 41 Hungary 85 Japan 121-124 Norway 4-7 Russia 1-3 Sweden 8 Switzerland .. 67-70, 73, 74 United States ... 86-102,104,11.5- 118, 159 Lace Curtain, &c.. Weavers : France 58 Industry : France 154 Lacquer Goods Makers : Japan 123,124 Lads, see Boys. Page . 152 .71-74 . 50 105, 106 103. 159 Lamp Makers : France ... Lampmen (Railway) : Switzerland Lappers, Cloth : Belgium Last Makers (Metal) : United States Lasters (Boot and Shoe) United States Laundries, Workers in : Denmark 23, 24, 132 Layers-on (Printing): France... 60 Leading Hands : German Empire 29,39 Switzerland 69 Lead Products Manufacture: German Empire 143 Leather Cloth Trade : Holland 145-148 Trades : Austria 82 Denmark 23, 24, 132 France ... 55, 56, 62. 153, 155 German Empire ... 141-144 Holland 145-148 Sweden 9, 10, 128 Switzerland 157 United States 109, 110, 118, 120. 161 Work, Operatives on (India Rubber Goods) : United States . Letter-Paper Makers : France Level Crossing Keepers : Denmark France ... German Empire Switzerland Lever Makers (Gun Manu- facture) : Belgium Lightermen : German Empire Lighting Apparatus FACTURE : United States Lignite Miners : Austria ... France ... German Empire Lime Burning : Austria Denmark France Sweden ... United States .. H9 80 ... 66 137-140 ...70-72 ... 46 . 36, 141, 142 Manu- 105, 106 77-80 ... 57, 64, 154 30-32, 135, 136 ... 82 21, 22, 132 61,155 9, 10, 128 109, 110 ... 118 LiMERs (Leather Trades) : United States Limestone Breakers (Blast FURNACEvS) : Belgium 42 QUARRYMEN : Sweden ...9, 128 Line-watchers (Railway) : Switzerland 71-74 309 tNnjjx. Page I Linen Industky : ' Austria ... ... ... ... 81 Belgium -^d, 50, 151 Grerm an Empire ... 143,144 Switzerland 157 j Liquors, Manufacture of : United States 109,110 ; Lithographic Printers : i Austria • 81 Denmark ... 14, 19, 20, 131 France ... ... ... ... 60 Switzerland 68, 71, 72 Loaders (Cellulose Factories) : { Norway 7 ' (Mining) : Italy 76 Lock Filers (G-un Manufao- ] tore) : Belgium 46 i Locksmiths : i Austria ... ... 81 I Belgium ... ...44,46 France 58,25^ | German Empire ... ... 34 Switzerland ... ... ... 67 Locomotive Department, Work- j people in (Railway) : ! Russia ... ... ... ... 1 j Switzerland ... ... ...71-74 | Firemen : German Empire 29 Staff : German Empire ... 137-140 Looking-Glass Makers : Austria 82 France 60, J?55 Lubricators (Wood Pulp and Cellulose Factories) : Norway 7 Luggage Despatchers and Porters (Railway) : German Empire ... .. 29 Switzerland 71,72 Lumber Trade, Workpeople in : Norway 7 United States 107 Page M. Machine Attendants, Rolling (Printing): France 60 Hands (Boot and Shoe) : United States 117 Joiners, see Joinery Works. Knitters: Denmark ...17,18 Makers : Austria 81 Denmark 13, 25, 7 INDEX. 318 Page Spinning Mills, Wokkpeople in : Austria 81 Belgium 47-49,250,252 France 58, 59, 154 German Empire ... ... 85 Japan 123, 124 Norway ... ... ... ... 4-6 Sweden 9. 10, 12S Switzerland 68,70 United States 116,117 Spirits, Manufacture of, xee Distilleries. Splitters and Assistants (Glass Making) : Belgium ... 50, 51, 151 (Leather) : United States 118 Spoolers (Textile) : United States 116, 119 Sporting Goods Manufacture : United States 109, 110 Spreaders : Belgium 49 Spring Benders (Steel Makers): Belgium 43 Stainers, Paper : uue ... oo Denmark 131 France 60,153 Stampers (Metal) : Belgium 47 France 58,254 Switzerland 67 Starch Making : Austria 82 France 62,155 United Sfeates ... 107, 108 State Employees, .see Public Authorities. Station Agents (Railway) : United States 96 Stations, Men at (Railway) : German Empire ... 137-140 United States 96 Stay making : France 59, 152, 154 United States 120,267 Steam-Fitters: United States ... 115 Steam Laundries, Workpeople AT : Denmark 23, 24, 132 Stearine Manufacture : France 155 Steel Manufacture, Work- people employed in : Austria 81 Belgium 43,250 France 55.56,58,254 Sweden 9, 10, 128 United States 115 Stereotypers : France 60 Stevedores : Norway 5 Stick Makers : France ... 55, 66, 155 Stickers-Up (Glass Making) : United States 118 Page Stitchers (Printing and Bind- ing) : France 60 Stock, Men on (Paper Making) : United States 118 Stockers (Metal) : United States 116 Stocking Manufacture, see Hosiery. Stockmen, Farm: France ... 63 Stokers * Belgium 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 51, 150, 151 Denmark ... 23-25, 132, 133 France 57, 58, 61 German Empire ... 37, 141, 142 Holland 41 Norway ... 7 Switzerland 67 Stonecutters, see Cutters (Stone). Stone Industry": Austria 82 Belgium 53,54 Denmark ... 13,15,16,255 France bo-ol ,152, 154 German Empire ... 141-143 Holland il, 145-148 Japan 121, 122 Sweden 9,128 Switzerland 69,257 United States 98-102, 105, 106, 115, 120, 161 Stoneware Manufacture : France 61, 153, 155 Sweden 9,10,128 United States 109,110 Storekeepers (Railway) : German Empire ...29,137-140 Switzerland 71, 72 Storemen, Yarn : Belgium ... 49 Stores Overlooker (Cellulose Factories) : Norway 7 Stove Fitters : Denmark 15, 130 Makers : Belgium ... 46 Smiths : Belgium 44 Tile Makers : Sweden 9,10,255 Strap Makers : France ... 62, 155 Straw Goods Manufacture : United States 107,108,117 Straw Hat Making, see Hat Making. Street Labourers : United States ... 99-102 Maintenance, Work- people engaged on : Switzerland 69 Strikers-In (Metal) : United States ... 115 Strippers (Textile) : Belgium France United State>« ... 47 154 115,116 319 INDEX. Strippers (Tobacco) :' United States 104,759 Structural Iron and Steel Work, Manufacture of : France 754 Stuff Wheelers (Cellulose Factories) : Norway 7 Sugar Industry : Austria 82 Denmark 23, 24 132 France 61, 62, W, 2,5.5 Grerman Empire ... 33, 143, 144 Sweden 9, 10,128 Sulphur Miners : France 254 Italy 76 Sump Hands (Steel Makers) : Belgium 43 Superintendents (Railway) : Switzerland 71^ 72 Surface Workmen (Mines) : France 57, 6i, 156 German Empire 30, 32, 136, 137 Surgical Instrument Makers : Denmark ... 13, 17, 18, 7 JO Sweepers (Textile) : Belgium... 49 Sweeps (Chimney) : Denmark 14^ 23 Switzerland 73 Sweetmeat Manufacture : Denmark 21,22,132 German Empire ... 143, 144 Switchmen (RailwayJ : United States ... .. ...95, 96 T. Table Glass Makers: France... 155 Tablemen (Leather) : United States 118 14, 17, 18, 130 59 121,122 5 ... 9, 10, 128 117 Tailors : Denmark France Japan Norway Sweden United States Tailors' Labourers : Norway ... 5 Takers-off (Printing) : France 60 (Wood Pulp Factories) : Norway 7 Tallow Manufacture : German Empire 143 United States 109, 110 Tannery Workers : Denmark ... 14, 23, 24, 132 France 62,155 German Empire ... ... 39 Norway ... ... ... ... 6 Sweden 9, 10,128 United States 118 m Page Tapestry Manufacture : France 58,59,75^ Tap Makers (Brass) : France 152, 154 Tar Boilers : German Empire ... 143 Tea Preparers : Japan ... 121, 122 Teamsters : United States ... 97-102,115,116 Teasers (Glass Making) : Belgium 51,757 Telegraph Construction Men (Railway) : Switzerland ...73, 74 Telegraphists (Railway) : German Empire ... 137-140 Switzerland 71,72 United States 95*96 Telegraph Maintenance Work- men : German Empire ... 29, 137-140 Works, Workmen at : Denmark 25,133 Telephone Workers : Denmark 17, 18, 130 Temperers (Metal) : Belgium... 45 Friince ... 58 Tenders, see Tenters. Tent Makers : United States 107, 108 Tenters (Textile) : Belgium 47,50 France 58 United States lie Terracotta Manufacture : Austria 82 Denmark 21, 22, 131 Textile Trades : Austria 81 Belgium 47-50, 150, 151 Denmark 17, 18, 130 France ... 55. 56, 58, 59, 152, 154 German Empire ... S5, 141-144 Holland 145-148 Italy 75, 76, 158 Japan 121-124 Norway 4-6 Sweden 9, 10, 128 Switzerland 68,70,757 United States 105-108, 112, 115, 117, 120,767 Thatchers : Japan ... 121, 122 Thong Makers : France 755 Threaders (Embroidery) : France 59 Thread Manufacture : Austria 81 Switzerland ...68, 70 United States 105, 106 Thresher Women (Paper Making) : United States ... 118 Throstle Spinners: Belgium 47 France 59 INDEX. 120 Pa^e Thbowstbrs (Silk) : France 58,754 Italy 75,76,755 Ticket Collectors : German Empire ...29,137-140 Printers : Switzerland 71,72 Tile Fixers : German Empire ... 87 Works, Operatives in : Austria ... Denmark France ... German Empire Norway ... Sweden Switzerland United States Tilers : Belgium German Empire Japan Tilers' Labourers : Belgium Timber Carters : Norway Timbermen (Mining) : France Timber Raftsmen : Norway Yard Workpeople : Norway 4, 6 Sweden y, 10, l'2S' Tinfoil Workers (Mirror Manu- facture) : France '>H TiNPLATE Workers : Belgium 46.750 Sweden 9, 10, 12S Tinsmiths : Austria ... Denmark France ... German Empire 82 ... 21, 22, 132 55, 56, 75.3, 755 ...40, 143,144 4,6 9,10 69 109, 110 53,54 ... 37 121,122 ...53. .54 i ... 57 7 Norway .. Switzerland United States 83,84 18, 15, 16, 25. 130 ... 58. 152, 154 34, 37 5 ... 67, 78, 74 103,755 Tin Sorters (Untinnino Tin- plates) : Belgium ... 46, 750 Tinware Factories : Denmark 13.15,750 Tippers (Straw Goods) : United States 117 Tobacco Manufacture : Austria ... Denmark France ... German Empire Holland ... Japan Norway ... Sweden ... United States . Tool Makers : German Empire Holland .. Switzerland United Stat«i . 82, 83 14, 23, 24, 132 65 ... 33,142-144 145-148 123, 124 6 ... 9, 10, 128 104, 109, 110,755 .. M. 143, 144 145-148 73,74 105. 106, 120. 101 TooLSMiTHS : Belgium Torpedo Works, Workmen at Denmark Toy Makers : United States Trackmen (Railway) : United States Page 46 25, 133 109,110 96 Traffic Department, Work- people IN (Railway) : Denmark 2b, 133 Russia 1 Switzerland 71-74 Train Staff, see Railway Ser- vants. Tramway Workers : German Empire 33 Trammers (Mining) : Austria 79 Belgium ... ... 52,757 France 57 German Empire ... 30,31,755 Transferrers (Lithographic) : France 60 Transport Trades : Denmark 19, 20, 23-25, 757, 755 France 55,56,59,66 German Empire 26, 29, 33, 37, 137-142 Norway 5-7 Russia ... ... ... ... 1 Switzerland 70-74 United States ... 95-102, 104,7 5£> Tricycle Makers : United States . ... 105, 106 Trimmers (Boot and Shoe) : United States 117 (Carriage Makers) : United States 118 (Clothing) : France 59 United States 117 Skin : France 62 (Straw Goods) : 117 United States Trimmings Manufacture : Austria .. 81 Denmark ... 14,17,18,750 France 154 United States 109,110 Tube Makers : German Empire... 34 Tulle Manufacture : France 58, 154 Tuners (Linen Weavers) Belgium (Musical Instruments) : United States 118 Tunnel Watchers (Railway) : Switzerland 71.72 Turbine Men (Sugar) : France.. .61, 62 Turf-qetters : Holland ... 145-148 50 6487 821 IKDSZ. Page TUBF Stowebs : Holland 41 Turners (Metal Trades) : Austria 83,84 Belgium 42-47,250 France ... .. ... ... 58 German Empire ... 34.38,39 Holland 41 Switzerland 67,73,74 (Pottery) : France ... 61 (Wood) : Denmark ... 14, 19, 20, 131 France 60 Switzerland 68 United States 118 Turn-table Men (Railway) : Switzerland 73,74 Twine Makers : Austria ... ... 81 France 58 United States? ... 107, 108, 120 Twisters (Textile Trades) : Belgium 47 France ... 58,59 United States 116,117 Typo. Machine Minders : France 60 Umbrella Makers : France ... 155 Underground Workmen, see Miners. Underlinen Manufacture : Austria 81 France 154 United States 120 Uniform Tailors, Military, see Army Glothinc;. Unskilled Workpeople, tee Labourers. Untinning Tinplatbs, Work- PEOPLE engaged IN : Belgium 46,150 Upholsterers : Denmark ... 14, 19, 20, 131 France 60 Switzerland 73,74 United States 118 Upper Makers (Boot and Shoe): France 69 V. Vabnishers : Belgium 46 France 58, 60 German Empire 34 United States ... .108. 118, 158 Page Varnish Collectobs (Laoqubb) : Japan 121,122 Velvet Manufactubb : France... 154 Veemicelli Makebs : France 62, 155 Vest Makebs : United States ... 117 ViNEGAB Makebs : France ... 155 ViNEYABD Laboubebs : Hungary 86 w. Wagon Buildebs : France 60, i5^ United States 107 Depabtment, Workpeople IN (Railway) : Russia 1 Dbivers (Mining) : France 57 Examiners (Railway) : German Empire ... 29, 137-140 Switzerland 71-74 Wagoners : France ... 63 Denmark 12 Wagon-Loaders (Mining): France 57 Waiting - Room Attendants (Railway) : Switzerland ...71, 72 Wall Paper Manub^acture : German Empire 36 United States 104,15s Warehouse Employees (Silk) : Italy 75,76,155 Warehousemen : Belgium 48,150 France 153 German Empire ... 37, 141, 142 Switzerland 67 Ware Wheelers (Glass Making) : United States 118 Wabpebs : Belgium 47-50,150 France 59 United States 116, 120 Washebs (Cellulose Fao- tobies) : Norway ^ (FuE Skin) : France ... 62 Wool : United States 116, IIT Waste Manufactubb, Cotton : Austria 81 United States 106,106 Watch Making : Belgium i%150 Denmark ... 13, 17, 18, 130 France oa. 56, 58, 154 Switzerland l^"^ United State* 105,106 mnjtx. '6^2 Page Watchmen : Wood Turners : German Empire 29,34 Denmark 19 Holland 41 France 60 Switzerland 71-74 Woodworkers : United States yj, 104, 115-117, 159 Austria 82 Water Installation Tinsmiths: Denmark 14, 19-22, 25, 131, 133 Denmark . .. ... IB France 55, 56, 60, 153, 155 Xyt/J-lXiAH-X *X ••• ••• ••• •■*' Supply Work, Work- German Empire Holland ... '68,141-144 145-148 people ENGAGED IN : France 55-57, 152 Hungary Japan 85 121-124 Waxers AND Wax Polishers Norway 4-7 (Woodworking) : France .. HO Sweden ... 9,10,128 Weaving Mills, Workpeople in: Austria ... ... ... ... 81 Switzerland United States 97 ... 68, 69, i57 -102, 104, 107, 115, Belgium i7-oO, 150, 151 119, ]20, 159, 161 Deumark 17. 18, 130 Woollen Industry : France 58. 59, 152, 154 Austria 81 German Empire 35 Belgium 48 Japan 121-124 Denmark ... 17, 18, 130 Italy 75, 76,i56' France ... 58,59,15^ Norway 4-6 Switzerland 157 Sweden 9, 10, 12S United States ... 105, 106. 116, 117, Switzerland 68,70 120, 161 United States 105-107, 116, 117, 119 i XTl^ AXTr\T»C»rflTT.TN T-VTT^ TTC< rtlT* ^ - . Welders : German Empire ... 38 Belgium Ail ufjo laj. . ... 48, 49, 151 Well Sinkers : France 57 German Empire United States ... 143,144 116 Wharf Labourers : Worsted Industry : German Empire ... 37, 141, 142 Austria 81 Wheelwrights : Belgium ... 48, 49, 151 Denmark 14 German Empire 143, 144 German Empire 34, 38 United States ... 105, 106 Japan 123,124 Wreath Workers (Glass) : Switzerland 73, 74 France 61 United States 118 Whip Makers : United States 109, 110 Whittlers (Straw Goods) : United States 117 Y. Wicker Workers : Belgium ... 46 Winders : Yard Hands (Textile) : Belgium 48-50, 2 JO United States ... 116,117 France 59 Labourers : Italy 75, 76, US Austria 79, 80 Switzerland ... .. .. 70 Belgium ... 46,50,150 United States 117 Denmark 17,23 Window Glass Makers : Austria 82 Yarn Manufacture Wine Makers : France 155 Austria 81 Wire Workers : Belgium France 47,49 ... 58, 59, 154 France 58, i<5^ Switzerland 67 United States ... 105, 106, 120 United States ... 115, 120, 161 WiRERS (Straw Goods) : United States 117 Woodcutters : Norway 4 z. Wooden Shoe Making : Denmark 17,18,750 Zinc Working : Japan 121,122 Belgium 46, 53, 54, 150 Wood Pulp Manufacture : Denmark 15,16 Austria 82 France 57 Norway 4, 7 Workers' Labourers : Switzerland 68,70 Belgium 63,54 323 PRINCIPAL BOARD OF TRADE PUBLICATIONS ON LABOCJR QUESTIONS. The following are among the principal Publications relating to Labour Questions, which have been published by the Board of Trade. MONTHLY JOURNAL. The " LABOUR GAZETTE ''—the Journal of the Labour Depart- ment of the Boafd of Trade — published on the 15th of each month, may be ordered through any newsagent, price Id, or obtained direct from the Publishers, Messrs. Horace Marshall & Son, Temple House, Temple Avenue, London, E.G., at the rate of 2s. per annum for addresses in the United Kingdom, including postage. ANNUAL AND SPECIAL REPORTS. These may all be obtained through any bookseller, or direct from Messrs. Eyre and Spottiswoode, East Harding Street, London, E.G. When ordering, the official number, given below, should be quoted. Title of Report. Official Nuuiber to be quoted on Ordering. Price, exclu- sive of Postage. Price, includ ingPar- cel Post- age in the United King- dom. Statistics of the Abstract of Labour United Kingdom :— 1893-4 1894-5 1895-6 1896-7 1897-8 1898-9 1899-1900 Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics :— First Second Changes in Wages and Hours of Labour in the United Kingdom : — 1st Report on (1893) 2nd » (1894) 3rd >» (1895) 4th )) (1896) 5th »> (1897) 6th )t (1898) 7th (1899) 8th •1 (1900) Standard Piece Rates (1893) ... ,, V „ (1900) ... Standard Time Rates (l8ino .. ,. (1900) .. 6-. d. 0.-7,565 9 0.-7,900 m 0.-8,230 1 0.-8,642 1 0.-9,011 Hi Od.— 119 Hi Cd.— 495 1 0.— 9.442 8 Od.— 720 1 n 0.-7,567 1 3 0.-8,075 1 9 0.--6,374 1 2 0.-8,444 1 6 0.-8,975 1 2h c.—9,in\ 1 5 Cd.— 309 1 6 Od.— 0.-7,567-1 1 Cd.— 144 1 4 0.-7,567-11 1 3 Cd.— 317 11 1 1 1^ 1 2i 1 2i 1 3 m* 1 8J 1 7 2 1 1 5 1 10 1 5^ 1 9 1 10 Letter Post. 324 ANNUAL AND SPECIAL REPORTS— '-ontinued. Price, includ- Title of Report. Official Number to be quoted on Price, exclu- sive of ing: Par- cel Post- age in t,hp Ordering. Postage. lillc United King- dom. .*. d. *. d. Rates of Wages paid in the United Kingdom in 1886 :— Principal Textile Trades 0.-5,807 1 6 1 10 Minor „ „ 0.-6,161 9i 1 0* Mines and Quarries 0.-6,455 1 1 3 By Local Authorities and Private Companies 0.-6,715 1 3 1 6 to Police, and to Workpeople employed on Roads, &c., and at Gas and Water Works. General Reportf 0.-6,889 4 3 4 9 Wages and Earnings of Agricultural Od.— 346 :; 4 3 8 Labourers in the United Kingdom. Weekly Hours of Labour in 1850, 1860, 1870, H.O. 375, 1890 7^ 9i* 1880, and 1890. ► Conciliation (Trade Disputes) Act, 1896 :— Ist Report of Proceedings under 0.-8,533 3 4* 2nd „ „ „ „ H.O. 275, 1899 2 2i§ •'ird „ „ „ „ (In the Press) - - Strikes and Lock-outs, Ist Report on (1888) 0.-5,809 10 1 Oi* 2nd „ (1889) 0—6,176 1 3 1 6 3rd ,. (1890) 0.-6,476 2 11 3 4 4th „ (1891) 0.-6,890 4 4 4 9 5th „ (1892) 0.-7,403 3 3 3 8 6th „ (1893) 0.-7,566 2 4 2 8 7th ., (1894) 0.-7,901 2 9 3 1 8th „ (1895) 0.-8,231 2 4 2 8 9th „ (1896) 0.-8,643 1 2 1 5 10th „ (1897) 0.-9,012 1 1 1 4 11th „ (1898) 0.-9,437 10^ 1 li 12th ,. (1899) Od.— 316 11 1 2 13th „ (1900) (In the Press) - - — Trade Unions, Ist Report on 0.-5,104 n 91* „ 2nd „ (1887) 0.-5,506 2 5 2 9 „ 3rd „ (1888) 0.-5,808 2 lA 2 5i „ 4th ,. (1889 and 1890) C._6,475 5 U 5 75 „ 5th ., (1891) ... 0.-6.990 2 4 2 8 6th .. (1S92) 0.-7,436 2 8 3 7th „ (1893) C— 7,s08 2 3 2 7 8th ,. (1894 and 1895) 0.-8,232 4 4 4 10 9th „ (1896) 0.-8,644 1 4 1 8 iOth ., (1897) 0.-9,013 1 n 1 8i „ 11th „ (1898) 0.— 9.443 1 6i 1 loi 12th „ (1899) Od.- 422 1 6i 1 lOi 13th ., (1900) (In the Press) ~ — Letter Post. t Some of the figures in this volume relate to 1891 and 18^2. § Book Post. 325 ANNUAL AND SPECIAL REPORTS-'-^m^f^w Title of Report. Official Price, Number to exclu- be quoted on sive of Ordering. Postage. • Price, includ- ing Par- cel Post- age in the United King- dom. Provision for Old Age Abroad Profit-sharing, Report on (1894) " Gain-sharing " and certain other systems of Bonus on Production, Report on (1895). Report on Contracts given out by Public Authorities to Associations of Work- men (1896). Co-operation. Report on Workmen's Co-opera- tive Societies in the United Kingdom. Cost of Production in relation to Wages in certain Industries (1891). Women and Girls, Employment of:— Statistics of Employment of Women and Girls (1894). Chansres in the Employment of Women and Girls in Industrial Centres (1898), Part I. Money W^ages of Domestic Servants Employment of Children on leaving School (Upper Standards), Return of. Unemployed, Report on the Agencies and Methods for dealing with the (1893). Alien Immigration :— Alien Immigration into United States (1893) Recent Immigration from Eastern Europe ; Reports on the Volume and Effects of (1894). Directory of Industrial Associations 2nd Edition • Letter Post. C— 9,414 0.-7,458 0.-7,848 C.~8,233 (In the Press) 0.-6,535 C— 7,564 0.-8,794 0.-9,346 H.C. 23, 1899 0.-7,182 I 0.-7,113 I 0.-7,406 Od.— 120 (In the Press) d. 3 10 1 1 6i 1 i 5 . 7 1 8 ' 6 j H 6 1 11 1 1 7 i 1 1 ! n \ 1 s. d. 4" 1 1 8J* 1 9 1 11 lOi* 8* 4r 8* 2 3 1 11 1 3 10^ LONDON : FEINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE Bt darling & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacok Stemt, E 1901. Mines Abandoned. List of the Plans of. Corrected to Slst December 1900. Price 1« Accidents at Docks, Wharves, and Quays. Report upon. Price 6d. The following appear periodically, and can be subscribed for : — Trade of the United Kingdom with British Possessions and Foreign Countries, showing the Quantities and the Declared Value of the Articles. The Proceedings of Parliament in Public and Private Business are published daily- House of Lords, price Id. per 4 pp. ; House of Commons, Id. per 8 pp. Trade Reports of the several British Colonies, with information relative to their population and general condition. Trade Reports by His Majesty's Representatives in Foreign Countries, and Reports oa Commercial and General Interests. 5 ial Reports on educational Subjects. Issued by Board of Education :^ jLic Library and Public Elementary School. The connection between. Price 2^d. juristic Method of Teaching. Price Sd. odern Language Teaching in Belgium, Holland and Germany. Price 6hd. .^condary Schools in Baden. Price did. ECONDARY SCHOOLS IN PRUSSIA. Price 1«. Jniversity and Secondary Education in France Price 4rf. Intermediate Education in Wales, and the Organisation op Education in Switzerland. Price Is. Id. SIxMPLIfication op French Syntax. Decree of the French Minister for Public Instruction, 26 February, 1901. Price Id, Alilitary ;— Africa. British East. Protectorate and Zanzibar. Precis of Information concerning. Price 3s. Barracks. Care op. Instructions in. 1901. Price M Engineering. Military. Manual of. Provisional edition. Price Is. Gold Coast. Northern Territories op. Report on. Compiled by the late Lt.-Col. H. P. Northcott, C.B. Price 6.§. Position Findep. Handbook. 1901. Price 3^/. Sweden and Norway. Armies op. Handbook. By Major J. H. V. Crowe, R.A. Staff Captain Price U. Volunteer Force. Regns. 1901. Price Is. Kydrog-raphical : — Pacific Cable Route. Proposed. Report on Soundings of H.M.S. "Egeria." Price 9J. Oceanic Depths and Serial Temperature Observations received at the Admiralty during the year 1901. Price 4s. Xocal G-overnment Board: — Sanitary Circumstances and Administration op the Urban District op St. Helens, Isle of Wight. Report on. Price 2d. Sanitary Circumstances and Administration op the Holsworthy Urban District. Report on. Price 2d. Emigrants' Information Office, 31, Broadway, We^tfcminster, viz.: — Colonies, Handbooks for. April 1901. 8vo. Wrapper. No. 1. Canada. 2. New South Wales. 3. Victoria. 4. South Australia. 5. Queens- land. 6. Western Australia. 7. Tasmania. 8. New Zealand. 9. Cape Colony. 10. Natal. Price Id. each. No. 11. Professional Handbook dealing with Prof essions in the Colonies. 12. Emigra- tion Statutes and General Handbook. Price Sd. each. No. 13 (viz., Nos. 1 to 12 in cloth). Price 2«. Consular Reports, 1899. SuMxMary op. America, North and South. July 1900, Price 2d. Intending Emigrants, Information por : — Argentine Republic, price 2d. California, price Id. Ceylon, Oct. 1900, price Id. Federated Malay States, Jan. 1900, price Qd. Maryland, price Id. Newfoundland, price Id. South African Republic, price 3d. West Indies, price 6d. Excise Iiaws. Practical Arrangement op the Laws relative to the Excise, &c., &c. By Nath. J. Highmore, Assist. Solicitor of Inland Revenue. 2nd Edition. 2 Vols. Price 30«. Forelg'n Office:— Africa by Treaty. The Map of. By Su- E. Hertslet, K.C.B. 3 Vols. Price 31s. 6d. Commercial Treaties. (Hertslet's.) A complete collection of Treaties, &c., between Great Britain and Foreign Powers so far as they relate to Commerce and Navigation, &c By Sir E. Hertslet, K.C.B., &c.. Vols. I. to XX. Price ISs. each State Papers. British and Foreign. Vol. 80. General Index (chronologically and alphabetically arranged) to Vols. 65 to 79. (1873 to 1888.) Vols. :— 81. 1888-9. 82. 1889-1890. 83. 1890-1. 84 1891-2. 85. 1892-3. 86. 1893-4. 87. 1894-5. 88. 1895-6. 89. 1896-7. Price 10s. each. Board of Trade Journal, of Tariff and Trade Notices and Miscellaneous Commercial Information. Published weekly. Price Id. Index to Vols. 1 to 14. Price 2s. And to Vols. XV- to XX. July, 1893 to June, 1896. Price Is. ^J- l^ort of Ziondon Commission. Minutes of Evidence. Price Is. per day. __ j: ABSTRACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR STATISTICS, BOARD OF TRADE (LABOUR DEPARTMENT). SECOND ABSTEACT OF FOREIGN LABOUE STATISTICS. -W^-^r ^xzsmtzb W both ^otts^js of jparliami^nt hj Qromman"b of ^is JEajfstjB. LONDON : FEINTED FOE HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONEET OFFICE, By DAELING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Street, E. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYEE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, E.G., and 32, AbincTdon Street, Westminster, S.W.; or OLIVEE & BOYD, Edinburgh; or E. PONSONBY, 116, Grafton Street, Dtjblin. 1001. i:]^. 720.] Price Is. Hd. / mi, LUAN PERIOD j p ^ ^ FORM NO. DD 7, 8m, 6'76 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY" BERKELEY, CA 94720 i&^i\ ®i '■■^r^' ■V re 34878 ujmmmifi^m.^^mmmmmmijmfm^ mmi^mmmKmmtim wmmj^^fmmmmu^'f^'^'rr'f^