STACK
 
 NOTES 
 
 ON THK 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 RA'MA'YAN OF TULSI DA'S 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWIN GREAVES 
 
 LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY, N. W. P. 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY E. .1. LAZARfs ,<, Co 
 AT THE MEDICAL HALT. I'KKSS. 
 
 BEN ARKS. 
 1S95.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 No apology is needed for the publication of any- 
 thing that will to any degree facilitate the study of the 
 Tulsi-krit Ritma'yan. To those who would understand 
 the language and thought of the Hindus of the North- 
 West Provinces the Rdmayan holds a place quite its 
 own. It presents the best and purest influences which 
 have helped to tone the religious thought of the masses. 
 To say that it is to the Hindus what the Bible is to 
 the people of England is overstepping the bounds of 
 accuracy, but it does hold a supreme place in their affec- 
 tions and is widely read and still more widely known. 
 A copy may be found in most villages, and many a 
 rustic who never reads anything else manages to spell: 
 out and sing some of its verses to his own and his 
 hearers' no small delight. Those who cannot read love 
 to listen to its homely strains and to commit to me- 
 mory some of its pithy couplets. 
 
 The difficulties of the Rama'yan are far greater to 
 a European than to a native, they mainly arise from 
 the colloquialisms, and the idiomatic and elliptical 
 structure of the sentences, or perhaps it would be 
 more correct to say, lack of structure. These very 
 difficulties constitute its peculiar value to the student 
 who wishes to learn the language of the people. It 
 disciplines the mind into recognizing words which 
 have been distorted and twisted, and teaches one that 
 a sentence can be turned upside down and inside out 
 and yet remain intelligible. There are some, I know, 
 who look upon the Rdnidyan as written in, perhaps, 
 
 2(
 
 IV 
 
 interesting, but still, obsolete, language, and who say 
 " But the villagers don't talk the language of the Ha- 
 ma'yan ; " it can only meekly be replied " But they do." 
 Not, of course, entirely, but village boli is very much 
 nearer to the language of the Ramayan than probably 
 any other book that could be named. s>r angg (what 
 shall I say ?) "irar, m^, WTO (his, to you, by me) *rraa 
 (he is coming) 'sm* (mine) 3? (two) =r firsft (you won't 
 get it) : this is the language of the Ranidyan and this 
 is the language of the peopfe. 
 
 I need hardly say how much I owe to Dr. Kel- 
 logg' s Hindi Grammar, a work far beyond my praise. 
 These notes, however, will be found to contain the re- 
 sults of a study of the Ramayan itself and are not a 
 reprint of the Sections in Dr. Kellogg' s work dealing 
 with the Rmyan. From Mr. Growse's fine English 
 translation of the R&n&yan also I have received much 
 help, but I have consulted not copied his translations, 
 not infrequently venturing to differ somewhat from 
 him. 
 
 Conscious of its many shortcomings I yet entertain 
 the hope that this little book may prove of service to 
 some who are taking up the study of the Ramdyan, 
 if so, the time that I have given to its preparation, has 
 not been ill spent. An intelligent sympathy with our 
 Hindu brethren is an essential condition of effective 
 help, and any work which may further this to any 
 degree is well within the legitimate sphere of labour 
 of a Missionary of the Gospel of Christ. 
 
 KACHHWA, 
 MIRZAPUR, N.-W p. EDWIN GREAVES. 
 
 May 17th, 18D3.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 THE TEXT AND EDITIONS. 
 
 CHANGES AND MODIFICATIONS OF LETTERS. 
 
 CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF WORDS. 9 
 
 N'TMBRR. ,~ 
 
 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. H 
 
 The Postpositions. 1 [ 
 
 The Genitive Case. H 
 
 The Accusative and Dative. 1 1 
 
 The Ablative or Instrumental. ]2 
 
 The Locative. ]2 
 
 The Agentive. 12 
 
 THE PRONOUNS. 
 
 First Personal Pronoun. 12 
 
 Second Personal Pronoun. 13 
 
 Proximate Demonstrative Pronoun. ... 1 3 
 
 Remote Demonstrative and Correlative. ... 13 
 
 Relative Pronoun. 14 
 
 Interrogative and Indefinite. ... 14 
 
 Indeclinable Interrogative and Indefinite. ... 14 
 
 Reflexive, Possessive, and Honorific Pronouns. 15 
 
 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Series. 15 
 
 Series. ... 16 
 
 With the Suffix 37. 16 
 
 Tfti<: NUMERALS. j ,- 
 
 THE YKKU. 
 
 The Verb " To be." ] 9 
 
 Two special forms of the Verb. 2 1 
 
 The Indefinite Tense. ... 1>1 
 
 The Gerundive Tense. ... 22 
 
 Forms terminating in fg. 23 
 
 The Infinitive. 24
 
 VI 
 
 Page. 
 
 The Imperfect Participle. ... 25 
 
 The Perfect Participle. ... 26 
 
 The Conjunctive Participle. ... 27 
 
 The Noun of Agency. ... 28 
 
 The Contingent Future. ... 28 
 
 The Absolute Future. ... 29 
 
 The Imperative. ... 30 
 
 The Present Imperfect. ... .31 
 
 The Indefinite Perfect. ... 32 
 Passive Construction of the Perfect with the 
 
 Agentive. ... 33 
 
 Other Tenses. ... 33 
 
 Irregular Verbs. ... 34 
 
 The Passive Verb. ... 35 
 
 Causal Verbs. ... 36 
 
 Compound Verbs. ... 37
 
 THE TEXT AND EDITIONS. 
 
 The Rimayan has been printed times well nigh innumerable, but 
 edited only occasionally. Many of the Bombay copies are well printed, 
 but have a poor reputation for correctness. A Lucknow edition issued 
 from Muushi Nawal Kishore's press, I used for some time, and though 
 by no means free from mistakes, is a fairly satisfactory edition. Three 
 editions issued in recent years call for special notice. 
 
 1. Edited by Pundit Ram Jasn and printed in Benares 
 
 in 1883. 
 
 2. An edition printed with Tnlsi Das' collected works at 
 
 Babu Bishebhar Prashad's press in Benares in 1887. 
 
 3. An edition printed at the Kharg Bilas Press, Bankipur, in 
 
 1889. 
 
 No 2, I have only referred t?o occasionally, so cannot say anything 
 about it from personal knowledge, it is, however, well spoken of. No. 
 1, is well and carefully printed and is an exceedingly valuable editiou. 
 No. 3, however, is probably the best edition yet published, it has not 
 been improved but left with the rugged spelling and inconsistencies 
 of which Tulsi Das was most probably guilty. In nearly every ques- 
 tion as to the form of words No. 3 is the safer authority, but when 
 the various readings affect words and lines then No. 2 appears to be 
 hardly, if at all, less weighty. 
 
 No two copies can be compared without it being at once manifest 
 that the text has nat been generally preserved in its integrity; vari- 
 ous readings are found in great numbers, some evidently misprints, 
 or mis-copyings, but others not so easily disposed of. The Text of 
 the Arauya Kand especially seems to be in great confusion, the dif- 
 ferences being not merely of words, bub of lines and whole passages. 
 
 CHANGES AND MODIFICATIONS OF LETTERS. 
 Editions of the Ramayan vary much in the spelling, and as no 
 Lexicographer can be expected to give every word under all the forms 
 in which it may be written, it may be well to note some of the sub- 
 stitutions and modifications that occur. The constant tendency in
 
 8 
 
 later editions is to approximate the spelling to the present standard. 
 T!'^ Kharg Bilas Press edition is very full of unusual spellings, but 
 probably the words were so written by Tulsi Das, and many of these 
 misusages of letters are common now, not only in written papers, but 
 in books printed apart from European supervision and influence. 
 
 51 and 5f are used quite indescriminately, though 51 is far more 
 often used for ?j than the reverse. 
 
 f is invariably used for qj. 
 
 U is generally substituted for TJST in the Khars; Bilas edition. 
 TLe following are more or less common : 
 
 ?H used -for <HT as in *jn?iT for 
 
 3; and 5 >, 
 
 5K 
 
 5T 
 
 ( target) 
 
 3 
 
 53 SnfrT 
 
 fa 
 
 . n inr mi 
 
 n
 
 ?T used for tf as in st for 
 
 ^ H 
 
 * H 
 
 Fsna 
 
 The two letters of a compound are often divided vJTJT for \3TT, 
 for 1PW, 53?? for IJ]^, TITOT^ for wvjTT, fafta for TrtrTJI. Occa- 
 sioixllv a letter is omitted HTH fof <Tt=rI, TTS for ^rn, 3f?T for 
 
 o o c\ 
 
 3T for ffTCS?: HTR for HT^, til fur 
 
 H in a compound at the b"-^ inning of a word is frequently 
 omitted forc for feiT, ^ for ^. 
 
 ^ is commonly added to nouns where it does not occur in 
 modern Hindi. Instances of this abound on every page iu the 
 Kharg Bilas edition cfH forest f^H, iNf, 5CTJT, ^H. 
 
 O ' \i O V4 SJ 
 
 The anusvar and anunfisik are used iu a very arbitrary and 
 indiscriminate fashion. Thus for 5l^T we have the forms n? ^?TT, 
 31. ^?, SffFT, 5rlr 5l^gf. In the case of verbs this careless use uf 
 anusvr is confusing, and often makes it difficult to decide whether 
 the verb be singular or plural. tcrfl, STCuf^, ^T^fs, UTclf^ are 
 continually found where the 3rd plural is indicated by the context. 
 
 CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF WORDS. 
 
 Any attempt to indicate all the modifications and changes to 
 which a word is liable in the hands of Tulsi Das would be quite vain. 
 He does not go in search of a word to fit into a certain corner, as a 
 meaner poet would do, but takes the word most suitable in meaning 
 and makes it fit, and it is wonderful how snug and comfortable these 
 words look and sound, after the eye and ear have had a little practice. 
 Take the simple word JNn. this appears as ^H, 'ffFT, 'BTH, ^JJT, 
 
 Such forms as snfigfrsT (^^^ 
 
 irrTW fqnaT) indicate with suf- 
 ficient clearness that the poet is not a slave to language but makes 
 it do his bidding. 
 
 Proper names which hare been given on nceount of their mean- 
 ing are fieelv changed to any other form which conveys the same
 
 10 
 
 meaning. In English it is reserved to a eomic paper to designate 
 Mr. Gladstone as Mr. Merry Pebble, but an Indian poet would iu all 
 seriousness adopt such an expedient if the metre required it. 
 JTCWT3 becomes ^R^T^T. Forasmuch as Ravan possesses ten heads 
 he is spoken of as <J8l-M, sreWT*!, 3f?*ftl3T, 3H*ftt, OTWlfa, SfHsRS 
 etc. Anything in the appearance or history of a personage is at 
 once fixed on, and compressed into a proper name and this again 
 changed indefinitely. I have noted over twenty names, or forms to 
 designate G vrur. K-imdeo again and Ganesh, and in fact, most of 
 the principal personages iu the Ramyan possess many names. 
 
 It is simp'y surprising the mviiber of changes that may be rung 
 in a simple phrusa. Take for instance w^T sra sRW in thought, word 
 and deed: by inodifyiug a letter or two, inverting the order of words, 
 throwing in a conjunction, or just changing one word, the poet can 
 make this scaa and rhyme anywhere. I h ive noted 17 different 
 forms of this phrase, and probably there are others which I have 
 missed. 
 
 Hindi possesses a wealthy vocabulary and Tulsi Das draws on. 
 it freely. I have noted about 30 different words for lotus used in the 
 Ramayan, and though uot quite so numerous, yet many words are 
 found for moon, sun, horse, elephant, snake, water^ bow, arrow, 
 quiver, etc. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Number in the Ramayan receives scant attention so far as it 
 concerns nouus. With very rare exceptions the nom. singular, and 
 plural are identical in form ; for the plural oblique cases however a 
 distinct form exists consisting of the nom. with the addition of 
 si ^ fcg 5^? followed by the postposition, or this may be omitte.i. 
 Tlie singular or plural of nouns is commonly determined by the form 
 of the verb. Exceptions even to this rule may, I think, be found, 
 and the loose use of anusvar occasionally leaves it an open question 
 as to whether a verb is singular or plural 
 
 Number receives more attention in the case of the pronouns as 
 will be duly noted. 
 
 A peculiarity worth noting is that HTH3TT and WHO are almost 
 invariably treated aa plural.
 
 11 
 
 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 
 POSTPOSITIONS. 
 
 The declension of the noun is effected by the use of postposi- 
 tions, the form being unchanged except for the oblique cases of the 
 plural (as noted above). 
 
 The postpositions however are by no means so generally inserted 
 as in modern Hindi; and it is this paucity of case forms, and the 
 frequent omission of the postpositions, which constitute one of 
 the difficulties of the Riiuayan. Take one or two illustrations 
 efifig * 5r=fi?T T^sfa 3T i *TTT ^^^ U-J sH^ II From fear of Raghubir 
 he is not able to speak, though, th". word smote him like an arrow. 
 *ft^H w5 MIT M5T tt i ai feaH eftu sfel WZ \\ At the breaking of (he 
 
 CV \> G\ C* 
 
 bow the kings became as bereft of their glory as the brightness of a lamp 
 it I'jst when the day comes. rTl HH^I ^ S?R WHUJ. Then Srtmantnt 
 rehearsed the King's message. 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 The ordinary forms RT qft 5R are found (the latter two fre- 
 quently), sometimes the anusvar is added to Sfif and i&. The form 
 g?f is probably a modification of gft. The form t% also occurs. 
 Other forms however are far more common. 5RT, 5fin (m) ^ft ^ft 
 (f) iit (pi.) and ^n. Also sfi, ^ (generally fern, but occasionally 
 mas.). ERT also is not uncommon. Occasionally <?; alone is found, 
 thus fg?j OTTO H3 >JtCT3I ^t=RT (obedience to) a father'* command it 
 the most distinguished of all good works. 
 
 With some of the pronouns, especially the relative and correlative, 
 the common postposition for the genitive is w thus 5Tr*J rTTCJ 
 for 
 
 As already noted, this, in common with other postpositions, is 
 very often omitted. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE. 
 
 For these cases Wti: efif|.Rfg SRIJ are used as postpositions, but 
 frequently the termination f? (also written ift and fg) takes their 
 place. This fig is rather the construct, form than a postposition 
 for it is found in other cases with a postposition following it. Thus 
 ITU aRHf nfl 5fi 3T Sn Ram make thy dwelling in (he heart* of 
 these. The form 6RT^[ looks like a postposition in some places but 
 is generally, if not always, the construct, form of ir^, thus; 
 9 ^T 2f? gave a fitting blessing to each ^
 
 12 
 
 THE ABLATIVE OR INSTRUMENTAL CASE. 
 
 The postposition for this cas is H (H. H. $) written vari- 
 ously H, H, H, , S^T, ?TJ. and HT. This postposition is very frequent- 
 ly omitted. Thus wfs^F^ *TTrT5S 3TTH^ ^T3fS- ZVi^y (mate) wtth 
 tixis and feet and (ear them with their teeth (5TT?f is used elsewhere 
 fur foot as well as for a kick). 
 
 THE LOCATIVE. 
 
 The principal postposition for the Locative Case is some equiva- 
 lent for H. H. ir : a variety of. forms oc-3'ir. I have noted the fol- 
 lowing Wl Wi JT^ Wig wfl mi> JTWtJ JTTHT OTHiT 
 
 trt, U SfftT. ("Iso found written *T7T) often indicate the Loca- 
 tive Case, and very frequently some form of TITU 1 written also 
 variously q^ trfl tiff tlTlf it^t. e. g. SlTPfT VI^ UH HT^ Raving 
 brought (them) placed (them) by his lord. 
 
 THE AGENT1VE, 
 
 The postposition % is not used in the Ramayan, hut wh a re 
 the Agentive (^ase is required the constructive form of the noun or 
 pronoun is usually employed, fa??? fsi5g 3 af 1 ?!^ fufl They who 
 saw the beloved travellers. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 The pronouns are used with great profusion in the Ramayan, and 
 by reason of the variety of forms and the paucity of cn.se postpositions 
 often involve some difficulty. The following is a good illustration of 
 this fail TlfraMfTl m*ft 31> i T 3FH ^in wffrT HI? Hit ll All the 
 loved attendants did BaidM take leave of , < greeting) each one in that 
 manner which was befitting. Literally : What to which one iva? fating 
 in that way to that one. The difficulty is still further increased by 
 the way the forms of the Demonstrative and Correlative and the 
 Interrogative and Indefinite respectively overlap each other. 
 
 The personal pronouns : First personal pronoun. 
 Singular N >m. fr TT=f TT?. THft is probably far fr ift. 
 
 Gen. im wm inft OTT *m din ift wrr *m WT. 
 
 Cons, iri wife wr^* 
 Plural Norn, ^w 
 
 (Jen. ^*TK 1HT 1WT3- 
 
 Cons, ^w 
 
 It is unnecessary to give all the cases as the postpositions used 
 with the proiiouus are the same as those already enumerated under
 
 13 
 
 the various cases, in is not used without a postposition, but 
 *n?H *J?1 frequently stnnd alone, specially for the ace. Thus tor the 
 ace. we find both CTT9Ri and infissRl. Once the forms im| and nrgf 
 occur for the ace. For the agentive if and not the constructive form 
 is used. One or two illustrative sentences may be given 
 
 W SI5 WTt flta H WTSL / and mine, thine and thou, (this is 
 all) delusion. 
 
 HT Jhfl H 3i^ STS inUTTVI. Some great sin must have been 
 
 Vj 
 
 (committed) by me. 
 
 XJT 5R W*rl tftfrT W HT. / have sung the lave of the people of 
 the city and of Jjharat. 
 
 SECOND PERSONAL PRONOUN. 
 Singular Nom. H rf g H^[ rl? 
 
 Gen. HTC HUT 
 
 Cons, ni aifi ( 
 Plural Norn. ?p gf 
 
 Gen. HJPgTT rT*Tft ( ft ) 
 
 Cons, 
 
 PROXIMATE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 Singular Norn, us 5i 5fig 
 
 Cons. Srg 5i qf 
 
 Ace. rrg Si 5ft 1 
 
 Plural Norn. 9 5 5? 51 
 
 Cons. 55^6 ^T 5 
 
 Ace. 
 
 REMOTE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN AND CORRELATIVE. 
 It will be better to treat these together as seldom is any distinc- 
 tion between them maintained in the R&n>yan. The forms of the 
 demonstrative are far less used than those of the correlative. 
 
 Sing. Norn. *T W3I &TS Sr? tlf m tl3 R? (this may be 
 
 construi'tive for agentive). 
 
 Cons. gfa mi m H?T 
 
 Gen. ?T^ m, e'.c. 
 
 Ace. $rfl ^Tg^ mfl riT;vi ?i : 
 
 Plural Nom. % H H ^3 H3J 
 
 Cons. 
 
 Ace.
 
 H 
 RELATIVE PRONOUN 1 . 
 
 Singular Nom. in 
 
 Cons ^f^ 51T 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Acc. 
 Plural Nom. 
 
 Cons. 
 
 Acc. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN AND INDEFINITE. 
 The nominatives of these two pronouns retain their own proper 
 meaning but in the oblique cases it is impossible always to maintain the' 
 
 distinction. Thus in the line fg?TT SRelfat? HH 5R I HTH SRft'H 5jfa Wlft 
 
 o 
 
 Worthy Sir, have no anxious thought in any matter on my account ; 
 the form would suggest an interrogative meaning, but the indefinite 
 is clearly intended, it is for feRnV StTrT aft not 
 Singular Nom. 
 
 Cons. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Acc. 
 
 Agentive 
 Plural Nom, ER 
 
 INDECLINABLE INTERROGATIVE Jt INDEFINITE PRONOUN. 
 
 For efifr the forms found in the Kamayan are EFT and sirgT and 
 less commonly sjfrg, aRT^gi f also printed aft can hardly be called a 
 pronoun, it is used interrogatively, expressing surprise and expecting 
 the answer "No." The following 3 lines illustrate both gsrr and fe. 
 
 FstTTKT I rTO 
 
 TH gT 5?u f^ fa?fi fsi-j TTW n 
 
 injury h>is Kausalyd now done on account of which you bring 
 this thunderbolt on the city ? What ! will Sitd give up the companion- 
 ship of her husband? What! will Lakshman stop at home? What / 
 will Bharat enjoy the kingly dignity in the city? What! will the King 
 remain alive without Ram ? 
 
 Closely allied with this meaning, is that of " or " by which thia 
 fej must sometimes be rendered. The following line fairly illus- 
 t ates the transition from the one meaning to the other qft H^ ITR 
 1TRT What ! ('shall I go as a) living bdy or only my tije t
 
 15 
 
 For the Indefinite 3fi5 is sometimes found, but more frequently 
 i^ also fog?. For the form <**qfi. see note on the Numerals. 
 
 REFLEXIVE, POSSESSIVE AND HONORIFIC PRONOUN. 
 
 or rather wm in its reflexive sense is frequently used thus, 
 UrrfSrT 5tn I UT3 5IT<? H?% *Nt SPTOT #e himself having 
 got himself up as a priest icenl and lay down on the mat:hless couch. 
 
 I have noted no instance of the use of wm as honorific. 
 Mr. Growse translates it so once but. I think, wrongly, *jrr|| Hfrtf 
 tniri 3T| 5fT? he translates " Where can I go to fit'd your equal." 
 (In the Bal Kand immediately after Doha 154) but the words should 
 probably be put into the mouth of Ram. Where shall I go and seek 
 a son like myselj'' 3THT tieing used for HfTlTST 
 
 For the honorific, *T3* is used under various modified forms 
 n^fr *rart TTCTT n^TT TIT TIT Tlfrfg Tlif^. These are Genitive, 
 .equal to ^TH RT e. g. ^fl TT3T: WTfl 'HTM^ (TT5FT He who sought (lit. 
 aimed at) your great injury. 
 
 TJUJSTT assumes the forms sjftR 'Bmfa ww3\ (bath fern.) wm*[ 
 5jra^T (construct.) ^gm^. 
 
 imisf "&* 3H UW WI 1 ^ Grant to me, lord, thy own form. It 
 is difficult to fix the exact force of WRITS or satPTOT. Thus %flf 
 *5!tRa3 5TR foHJ. He knew in his heart that the cause rested with 
 himself. TI3 might stand for TJI9 here, but this meaning would not 
 suit other passages. 
 
 faol is sometimes used ffifir g^T faaf fa^ *% ^5 full of joy 
 they departed to their several homes. 
 
 Or ^ is joined to the noun fira fool 
 
 7T^ TT TIT^ II Having flung (as a net) their bewitching 
 f'>rms, they have brought into their power the men and women oj the 
 city. 
 
 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The two series of $HT WT, etc. and ^rFTT farrTIT, eto are freely 
 used in theRamayan. It will be sufficient to note the various forms. 
 
 a.
 
 16 
 
 All these forms are here grouped together, but in many 
 places they are used more as " Adverbs of manner" 
 than us pronominal adjectives. The form a;g has been 
 taken still further a field and is used like efiri why ? or 
 with negative attached, ^R like efijr sT^f. 
 
 Similar to the u^e of 51*? is sra both might be classed as 
 derivatives from the relative pronoun as far as their 
 meaning is concerned, for they are frequently equiva- 
 lent to fxH QeFTT 
 
 5THT ^c?^ felfa 5 
 
 HH 
 
 EFHT ERH (for 5fifrT9R see under Numerals.) 
 
 OT as a suffix to express " like" is used under the forms *ft ?T 
 thus HVTn=rt like nectar T1W ^TO 1 * *T WT^ brothers such as 
 
 O 
 
 Ram and Lakshman. 53, ^3, ^t ^T^ and f^w are used 
 with a very similar, if not identical, meaning. 
 
 la addition to some pronominal adjectives mentioned in the 
 section on the Numerals, the following may be noted, 
 signifying "another" or "others" ^HXJT, 119T, 
 
 THE NUMERALS. 
 
 A few of the numerals are well worth} 7 of notice, not because of 
 any difficulty they present, but because they admirably illustrate 
 Tulsi Das' profuse vocabulary, and the plastic nature of the forms 
 of words in his hands. 
 
 T&R is variously written 53; $35 5313 5^i S3i. 
 For ifT we get the following words and forms: 
 
 3i gi 2??, srrer, ^?, T?, 3^1, ^T!, g^a, snr, snra, *jira, ^rft, 
 
 " o o o vjo o vj a " sa sj o 
 
 5IT2T, 3MH, 3WT, 3^f, |^t, the last eight generally used for " both " 
 or " the pair. 1 ' 
 
 For &* we find cfrr, ?ft^T, rTtR3, ^5, frTS ff??, ffTS. 
 
 >j o a 
 
 In composition of words both ^ia and fa are used, as, 
 ?HWaw, the three worlds. 
 
 For gr* the forms grfr, ^ifi, ^rf*3. occur, and 
 fow. 
 
 For 6 BT^. In composition 5, as ^nj, Me rix flavours.
 
 For 10 ^H, 3Tg, 2TS 3H?, is the ten. 
 
 In larger numbers the necessities of the metre are variously 
 met, 14 is not only expressed by gi5?, but grft^, SiraTft, 3^ 
 HTcTT, *&t tffl. lo is ^3flT and IJQOTI, 20 is gfrgT, 25 is 
 and iNsrte, 27 SH SH* sfari. 
 
 The ordinals are found under the following forms. First 
 second 5HK, 33*, 35TT. 3^t, third fftgT, rftHtT, rfti, fourth 
 
 Ci CV C. Ci 
 
 , fifth U^JT, sii'th $3, ^3. seventh HTrTof, eighth sffTSsf, ninth ^s 
 3niT and ^q are "two-fold '' qcpJT "nine-fold." 
 
 VJ>> C\ 
 
 Half is expressed by 
 
 2i by v&i. 
 
 Half as much aain 
 
 Snaeof the numbers, especially tb.3 ordinals are used as 
 prouonrnal adjectives. ^[T3 53ft is "some " or "sone one." 
 
 5^5 "Z"^ is " one or t>v>j" A "few" or "seme " are expressed 
 by gTR, ^Hag, ^HaT^. 
 
 555 in the form of SR is frequently added to the end of words to 
 express '-about" 3?3TTCfi t\r<e or jour, HrT 53i some sevn, 
 
 -fifty, & HTrT=F, T6Rr?T5;, 5iffT5 s^'/i^, ^5^51 *o//ie or somewhat, 
 many. One or two "ther us tg*s may be noted sR^iR sQinetimei 
 
 v. II on one 'jcc.i&i'tii, 5*1 ^t aljne, ^iT?-5i w t/'.t^ ^o f^ft 55R 5iT 
 ^IsJI 53! ToRHt our other request. 
 
 Oue other idiom may be note 1 ns it is very common among the 
 villagers now, and sometimes proves confusing. 1135 info U*rl $13 
 WT^ is not, they tetit to call Bkarat and the two brothers, but, 
 the two brothers, Bharat and another. In the same way ^H VRrT 3T3 
 WTf. The two brothers, Bharat and the other, went. If a native be 
 asked h <w many brothers he h-is he may say ^, meaning there- 
 by not that he has two brothers, but that there are two brothers in 
 the family, himself and another. 
 
 ADVERBS, ETC. 
 
 A few adverbs may be mentioned here, as in some cases they 
 appear to be closely allied in form and meaning to Pronominal 
 Adjectives. The series e. g. ^fn, etc. is practically identical 
 in meaning with im, etc. 
 
 fsrFw fflfji fofjT (also
 
 18 
 
 irafn ?ra vrcsft i 35H JTrmsr ranr 
 
 At whose moving the earth shakes in the same way as a 
 
 boat does when an elephant goes on board. 
 The series for qfsf etc. presents a considerable variety of furm.s, 
 
 Hit HIT HI Hi Hi HI? H13T HI 
 
 The word is repeated to give a broadened or extended mean- 
 ing STlfl 511T 5T1 5J>* TI3 HI HI IWR^. Wherever two 
 brothers go there is supreme joy. 
 ^TJTH = dtewliere, 
 
 =TH 3H = =[VR 3 V -IT- The two words are generally together, hut 
 may be separated e. g. HH H^f? 1TH ^QT 3H H3i3 113 ^Tg. His 
 lr,p for his son in this direction, his ('pledged) ivord in that direction, 
 the King has become involved in a difficulty. 
 
 SRHi^lf am/where, and is also used of manner " in some vjay 
 \ 
 
 or other " HTHWS T5IH SRHi H tn=lT. (//e rushed madly about the 
 
 v . 
 
 t-irth) seeking a warrior worthy of his mettle but found' one no-where. 
 
 "Ztnvm RHi tl^K ^f^f IT?. Rdvan having obtained this news in some' 
 way or other. 
 
 efii also is used with the same meaning ^?^f. 
 
 %T, HT (If ...... then) frequently take the place of ^T, HT of H. 
 
 H. The first often having ^ joined to it ^TTI. Thus Laksh man's 
 mother says to him ifj^ sftaTm ^^ oTTlf I ^3VJ HSBK 35T^ 51^ =TTlf II 
 // Sitd and Ram go to the woods, you Iiave no business to slay in Ivadh. 
 For HT, H is frequently joined on to the preceding word, or stands 
 alone, not only after Hgf, but also with other words, thus, vfo^T 
 ^^V H HT?^ UT^:. Take courage, then you shall reach the other side. 
 
 The form H3 is also found Hfg H3 tt*H WIT JTH 5|- ^ juc^r- 
 7e/*< w this, Bharat, that you indeed ...... 
 
 stiff is found under various forms. HT1, TTl^, 5fT?f, STlffR, 5TT, T. 
 For the prohibitive JTH, Slfl is the word invariably used. For n|f 
 HT, TTTSfT and 5fH are used, 5THS- 
 
 ftR^ (again) is occasionally found but Tjfcr aflf^ and 3%lft are 
 the words commonly used, qfaf means not only "again" but '' more- 
 over" "then' "on the other hand."
 
 19 
 
 For this H. H. word fgrT, *ttfn *ffn. and occasionally %?r 
 are used, ^ft? ^fn rrw vjft 5H1I1T. On account of which Ham took 
 a human body. 
 
 5F3T, 3irT both mean gqf. For gift flf, 3WT and fgR are usei. 
 Thus ?T5l Him TSTHfz fol rinit. ir/ty 6?tW you not then overcome hi'/i 
 in lattle. 
 
 5ffjT=^f (Urdu tak). 
 
 ?T5T (body) is used sometimes simply with the meaning of " in 
 the direction of" : thus farf? STT'T^ft ^Ttra rTR 1 (He) looked toward* 
 Janki and Lakshman. The same remark applies to ??a (face). 
 
 nifT and tr are used for u* (but, nevertheless} aud also s*; the 
 latter frequently signifying "even if" thus, gre rfa HIT? 5Ttl-T U 
 3T3 5ffn ^T UTS TJ^TTTlt Eoen if Lakshman, smite (me) with an an-jv., 
 nevertheless until I ivash thy feet ...... 
 
 fa or Tit at the end of a word has the force of *ft or ^ thus 
 ?rr ffTHT? ?ff? 3^ ^HV\- He is my muster there is no other ( ^T^ ift 
 
 g ns an affix in compounds is generally supplied by fa* (or fa) ?sr 
 (or SR) used as affixes, igH, ita as suffixes, and JTrl, fourl. fsf^, and 
 ^fl?f. either joined to the word, or written separately, either preceding 
 or following it, e. g. fag 173 g ^^ fsIH SRT^T I SK fsig HRW ^ 
 fefy TT^T II Without feet He moves, He hears without ears, ivithout 
 hands He performs many kinds of works, ^fsnifT ^^H ^^Tlf^ S^TT ' 
 W5isr fg^TT TT1H TTrT WST I 5if^ TTH ^tfrT fa^qfi S3T II //^ who 
 Basses not away ( ? ) (he Imisible, without beginning, matchless, free 
 from all change, indivisible ; the Vedas declare Him to be ivithout form, 
 and for ever cry " neti" (i. e. He is not this). fanfT f91I3 Without 
 fft'ief, ^^?T lustreless are examples of fsHTH and ^?f. 
 
 irf?r, <Jmrea, W^ aud fwT are all used to express " much " 
 exceedingly." 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 * THE VERB "TO BE" %TT- 
 
 This is used 1. Alone, 2. aa an auxiliary and 3. as the first 
 member in such compound verbs as %r oTT^T, %T eFT^T, %T 'nTTT, 
 %T T^TT. Its use as an auxiliary will be found under the sections 
 dealing with the several tenses. In place of *n (as an auxiliary) 
 TgT (in its various forms) is generally found. Where it woul I 
 stand alone W33 is used, as also for ffsjjT. Before giving the various 
 
 * I find I have been very remiss in noting the various forms 
 of ^TT, and there are many, I fear, not included ia this list.
 
 20 
 
 parts four lines may be quoted shewing how the poet gives the 3 
 principal parts, Past, Present, and Future. 
 
 W53 * 31!? 1 sra %Tfainn. Neither has been, nor is, nor 
 is to l>e. 
 
 sr WT? *lfi 1 i"R. Such a brother has not been, nor is, 
 nor will be. 
 
 *TO3 ^ % 5RT3 %R3 STTlf- -Any such one has not been, nor is, 
 nor will be. 
 
 ^53 HH 5RT3 T WI3 5TTT WTlf I % ^fig 5Rrr| IT^l TT^f II ^T/ie/'e 
 has not been their equal in the world, nor is anywhere, nor will be. 
 
 Infinitive. %TT. 
 
 Conjunctive Participle. |j. 
 
 Noun of Agency. iif^fSKT. 
 
 Present. 
 
 1 Sing. %T ITS- 
 
 2 Sing. %ifH (this form in ?H is the only 2nd 
 
 singular, I have noted). 
 
 3 Sing. %, *|, -al, <5jrg~, ^^gfg, ?H I ^, sjjf^, .g^ 
 
 C\ 
 
 ?SI!T. (or is this an interjection ?) 
 
 2 PI. *SrJlTJ %T(?). 
 
 ^3 PI. Wgf ^Tlfs (once ig5). 
 
 Present Imperfect (used also for Past Imperfect) ffi?T, %Tf?T, 
 (once fn^3 Indef. Irnperf.). 
 
 Contingent Future. 
 
 1 Sing, iii, IT!. 
 
 o 
 
 3 Sing. %T? ( ) trH, %lf^, ir?f!. (or this 
 
 rnay be considered as the Fut. 
 Absol. used as the Contingent) 
 
 2 PI. %T 
 
 3 PI. 
 
 ABSOLUTE FUTURE. 
 l Sing. 
 
 3 Sing. 
 
 1 PL 
 
 2 PI. 
 
 3 PI. %T=nifil 
 
 Also the form %T5I
 
 21 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 2 Sing. %re, %T3 
 2 PL iiif, i 
 
 It is unnecessary to give the forms found for the various parts 
 of ni^r and the Indef. Perf. T or H33 as though many, they pre- 
 sent few difficulties. 
 
 TWO SPECIAL FORMS OF THE VERB. 
 
 Two forms of the verb call for special mention. In many cases 
 they may be identified with forms coming under other tenses, but 
 ' frequently they do not yield naturally to such classification, and 
 appear to claim individual niches of their own, and names also, if 
 such can be found, which will at all adequately describe their func- 
 tious. The one is the simple root which may be called tentatively 
 the Indefinite Tense, and the second a form ending iu ^H or ?u 
 which for want of a better name I venture to call the Gerundive 
 
 Tense. 
 
 THE INDEFINITE TENSE. 
 
 In the majority of instances this form doubtless is used as the 
 Indefinite Perfect. 
 
 T 9fg ^RI life. Gddhts son, smiling inwardly, said. 
 "ZZ FiRf* tfrrsTT. Upon being touched the old bow broke. 
 
 Q TTTTJ 33TIT. Leaving the chariot at the door he 
 entered the house. 
 
 In many cases however it seems necessary to translate it by the 
 Present Imperfect. 
 
 f^Tal ^iT 11R RT?55 ^ 3tarr. Having plucked out her eyes with her 
 r >wn hands she yet wishes to see. 
 
 5IJT o!cr TTW TTW 511 3ifi The world invokes Ram, Earn invokes 
 ( ifi?^ i . e ) Bharat. 
 
 JTprifl ^itwJTH *IT3 5HT. The world obtains whatever it asks or 
 desires. 
 
 In other cases it is equivalent to the Contingent Future. 
 
 <TB ! Uia trig irra tJWTT. That my father may not be troubled 
 through anxiety about me. 
 
 ^U^ HHJ Tfi *pt=i 1 3TRT- Neither can the eye see nor the ear 
 hear. 
 
 3li HI 3X1 W VR 9CRT. Wheresoever they may see him who 
 grasps the bow and arrow (i. e. Rani).
 
 22 
 
 In some cases the Absolute Future meaning seems to be 
 required. 
 
 life UTcf 5W U* 2Ttf TRY- (That) woman shall endure many 
 kinds of pain in the region of death. 
 
 Whether this identity of form should be looked upon as incident- 
 al, and a real difference in origin and meaning maintained cannot be 
 easily decided. It does seem possible hosvever that there may have 
 existed this bare form capable of being used to express the mere 
 verbal idea, without reference to number, person, or time. 
 
 THE GERUNDIVE TENSE. 
 
 Another form consisting of the root with ^a or cju presents 
 equal difficulties. In many instances it doubtless represents the 
 respectful Imperative, but this by no means exhausts its use. 
 
 35fzPH rTTH *?T TH3T fsRTift- Call him, my brother, the greatest ascetic. 
 *5T ^fe wfcm 3itrs ^rTrr?. Go up to the battle field and perform 
 (there your feats of) cunning and cleverness. 
 
 fsRU eRfttf OTTO! tt 5Tl4- Go and make supplication to the ocean. 
 Not in frequently it looks equivalent to the Contingent Future, 
 ^fi! ^T ^T foF^ cfiflSJ sRl4- If in this (sacred) spot I should 
 utter any mere fabrication. 
 
 5T sRTCTt H^ ^igsr. Why should ice not render homage to this 
 Benares ? 
 
 Also to the Present Imperfect. 
 
 STRrT 7? Kfe'i ^>*J 15=ITjft. Why, my master, do you ask when you 
 already know ? 
 
 To the Indefinite Perfect. 
 
 fgHJT 1TC5T ilf% UTT foftfl. Who drank up the deadly poison. 
 sftf F*T*F Wlflg 3T3*J fspH- Under this pretext he gave me 
 instruction. 
 
 In some places a Passive would be expected. 
 
 <TW. Jlow is his glory to be declared. 
 ?I tn?^ tlT^. Maintain your steadfastness then the 
 fuither shore will be reached or (you will reach). 
 
 The Active Infinitive appears to be appropriate in some passages. 
 
 551 U5FTC WqfrT ^f MTTft I sirfe TStUT^ ^if^^T ^f? ^TTlft II In every 
 way the king is greatly blessed, to make lament on his account is vain. 
 
 i HUT MK* 5i ^T^J IITTTT u
 
 23 
 
 To place your commands on my head and do tJicm, this, my 
 lord, is my supreme duty. 
 
 Again it is used where in H. H. we should *3ud the Infiu. 
 with gifgir 
 
 gRtTSTO ITT! ^Ttm ^Hcrfe. It is absolutely necessary to obey your 
 guru's order. 
 
 %Vom ^iTO fl 3ilf 3PiT *!rrgi It is necessary, to see (I ivould fain 
 sti-j where the monkey comes from. 
 
 Still other uses of this form occur. Thus 
 
 SHUT 
 
 o ^ 
 
 The demon awoke how pear? Justus if Death should 
 
 tak' 1 a body (and appear); lih. 'hat. 
 
 ffTnf^Rf ^T5 T iffaa gift. Screened by them the water did not appear. 
 
 It can only be said here, as was said with respect to the Inde- 
 finite Tense these may be different parts of the verb and the identity 
 of form an accident; it d tes seem more than possible however that 
 they may represent some widely embracing part of the verb not no\v 
 in use. 
 
 It may be a modification of this form which appears in the fol- 
 
 lowing line fsTOef *H.f WT UTTrT 5TPTT. The king knew full well (both 
 how) to lice and to die. 
 
 FORMS TERMINATING IN fij. 
 
 It hardly seems necessary to enumerate under the various ten- 
 ses the forms terminating in fg. It can he affixed to most, if not 
 all, of the tenses and may modify their form to some extent, but 
 this will be found to involve no real difficulty. A far more inter 
 ing question is the modification of meaning involved in its use. Its 
 usage is just about equivalent to that of the 2nd person singular of the 
 Personal Pronoun or Verb in direct address, it indicates great con- 
 tempt or great familiarity. (I am speaking of the Ramayan only, 
 this use of ffj is not so. consistent in later works). 
 
 Let there be abuse about a person or directly addressed to him 
 and the fa comes into requisition at once. Notice this especially 
 in passages connected with Kavan, and Mauthara, the wicked hump- 
 buck. 
 
 It is also put into the mouths of Inferior beings in their ordinary 
 conversation among themselves without in their rase involving dis- 
 respect, Thus Bali the monkey and his brother use it when talK
 
 24 
 
 between themselves, before their disagreement had taken place. 
 uhv* irrfi ^K trooniT i TTi *n!n ei STRH mn n Look out for me 
 
 for a fortnight, if I do not come then know that I have been slain. 
 
 It is used also in addressing women. Here apparently tender- 
 ness is the prevailing idea, though woman's supposed inferiority has 
 doubtless something to do in the adoption of the form. Ram addres- 
 ses Sita. fcrZTf ilfn TTJl^fsT 5FH Tnif. my beloved U'hy do you not, 
 quickly appear? It is used even by Ram in speaking of Lakshman's 
 mother; and Jatayu the old vulture uses it in addressing Sita, 
 ^tH 3P3T 5JTTH olfa TTHT. Sita my daughter don't be afraid (Here 
 there is profound respect combined with the liberty and familiarity 
 granted to old age). So also llam uses it of Lakshman when referring 
 to him as a mere child. 
 
 Similar to this is the use of f^f in spaaking of, or to, the vari- 
 ous saintly animals who are such prominent characters in the Rama- 
 yan. Here the inferiority of their nature is recognized, but no con- 
 tempt intended, rather kindliness. It is used in connexion with Garur, 
 the king of the birds, Bhusnnd, the devout crow; Ram addresses 
 Hanuman in this way. ^^ cRftr foq WPrfe offa 3J5TT I H *TH fflU 
 Sff^JTST H 3TT II Hear, monkey, don't harbour in your mind the 
 thought that you are inferior, than art twofold more dear to me than 
 even Lakshman. Similarly this form is used in connexionwith Guha 
 the Nikhad, indicating his low caste, but by no means implying want 
 of regard. 
 
 An interesting line occurs in the Avodhva Kand JTRftf *RT> 
 
 / */ ^ 
 
 fllHT *H[rrrt As though he had killed his father or mother. This is 
 spoken of Sumantra, a chief minister, but in thus describing his 
 grief as like that of a murderer of father or mother the adoption of 
 this form in fiff is justified. A similar line occurs on' the next page. 
 I have only been able to discover our passage where this expla- 
 nation of ft? does not satisfy, in a line in which Ram is addressed 
 srefe *J3T 11*1 aR^J tjfarrera. Abide (with us) for ever and be our pro- 
 tector (or nurturer.) 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 The usual form of the Infin. is the root with the addition of 
 ^ but there are also found the forms in 5ff, fa, 5T cons. JT, it In one 
 or two instances a form is used identical with that of the Conjunc- 
 tive Participle or 3 sing. Cont. Fut. The form in ^ is generally 
 used in the cons, unchanged in form, and the usual SET omitted 
 when idiomatically conjoined with another verb. 
 
 When Kausalyd goes to call (him).
 
 25 
 
 TJH 715 U3T 5^n- The Raghu prince went to the guru's House 
 
 to read. 
 
 No one asked him to take a seat. 
 
 Having considered it to be a suitable 
 time for naming (the children). 
 
 The EfiT however is sometimes written, as 
 
 t! M5TT UHrft. He stretdied out his hand* to lay 
 hold of them. 
 
 The cons, form in ^ even when used is not so much the cons. 
 form as the usual form modified for the sake of the metre, thus 
 
 zz ^TU H% 5p:F? ?JWR i frfsa ir^F^ trra ftrci^ u By your- 
 
 getting angry the broken boiv will not get joined, take a seat, your feet 
 must be (ready) to ache. (The usuage of the Infiu. as well as the form 
 is here somewhat unusual). 
 
 In 5TT. |3? i?TT H>^ 2RT i JJ3? MTSfsr Vj ^sNl II Their re- 
 ceiving and giving their very eating and cheiving is utterly false. 
 
 In g. This form is more used where the noun idea predomi- 
 nates, the form in ^ where the verbal idea is stronger. 
 
 wif?T Fsrosr JKsi 3* ^T^t i Hifg* nfti tiFtr f:?^ f??r ^T^ 11 
 
 Having taken to heart for consideration) the king's life and death and 
 having looked at your oivn gain and loss think of it, my friend. 
 
 In it ii ?ra 3HT HTfti 5fT3=R. / am able to break your teeth. 
 
 In fa. TTJT f^^TSRM T^ifjT ^5i^ i sfaft: ^rfirfc 
 
 -\ rv 
 
 U*T^TJ 5fu f^TU si 1 ? WITH I ^^3 ^3 
 
 O O v 
 
 Remembering again and again how Ram used to look and speak and 
 walk, thinking of his laugh and manner of meeting one, having looked 
 towards his lord and breathing many a, prayerful tvord he went aivay, 
 having imprinted his lotus feet in his heart. 
 
 In a few places a form similar to or identical with that of the 
 Conjunctive Participle is found e. g. fa=H F^5l 5RT ?Tsl gRTi| WTUT I 
 tin 5n^i cRT 9533 HUT AH f them declared each one his own capabi- 
 lities, but entert'iined a doubt of being able to reach the other side. 
 51T*=[ ^TH Hvn^ TjHTrr. My evil nature is Jit to be burnt. 
 
 A form in g ( fg^gg, gsr-T, UIJ ) ought probably to be classed 
 as a noun formed from the Infinitive. 
 
 THE IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The Imperfect Participle is formed by the addition of H to the 
 root, generally changed to ffi for the famiuine.
 
 26 
 
 Knowinj that the jlory of the Solar 
 
 \ 
 
 face is co ming. 
 
 H^ OTft JJira TTPT 3TC?T WiftH sHTTig UTtT 5R. 77<e?!. i!/<e maidens ging- 
 " l 'J j.yj u l strains, having received an order from the great saint. 
 
 'HT^fT ^m 5in??R FfaT. 2Vte loedding p<trty see in j Situ coming. 
 
 nfa trfa rroftJ f^rra F?ra H^gf?? *r*T HSiita. Again and again 
 Sit a gazed on Ram being abashed, yet not abashed in her heart. 
 
 Notice the form fmrft fepHf! (also falflrTj for verbs whose root 
 ends in a vowel. 
 
 One or two unusual forms occasionally occur. 
 
 SrTT (m. g.) 
 
 JTTrff Sin at the time of death. 
 
 *HT M19RT ( Whatever J the heart is desirini. 
 
 Not infrequently the Participle is used where we should expect 
 the Infinitive with H or a*. Thus 5ITH ^rm fTTHTfT 55! onrr I 3?T?:fl 
 ^?! Ucf THy ^HTTT^T II -5y remembering lo'/ose mine only once, mtn cross 
 this boundless ocean of existence. Notice also such a phrase as HJ ^i 
 ?HrT lohile they were alt looking. gtlH Hflf? JTIT^ iffl ^TRT. l^/io 
 burned the city even lohile you looked on. 
 
 The simple Participle is commonly used where in modern 
 Hindi we should have the form JJRH T!^ Thus H^rT SHST 3?T 
 33T^. iTpow hearing (this) lifting the garland ivith both hands. 
 
 Sometimes f% or ^ is inserted as ??r! a^^T ?T ; THf? 5TT STTt>. 
 
 C> - O C\ 
 
 i/n^ o hearing the words of the charioteer. aflJfrl T? trf^q 5RH 
 
 B 
 
 Why ask, my lord, when you yourself know ? 
 
 THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The usual form in m is found but rarely, but the construct 
 form (5 added to the root) is common and the feminine form in 3f 
 occurs occasionally, also the bare root. 
 
 The following may be an instance of the first (or it may be 
 the Indefinite Perfect; tti ^T\H T^pnasR giTTT- Th-- Rajhu lord 
 kn*w that blood had flowed. 
 
 The usual form is 5 a'l.led to the root but this may arise from 
 the fact that in most instances the construct form would be re- 
 quired. Thus ;nzr wire HIJ HTO na SRT i H%i ^TT! ^u 5Fm vta ^T n 
 
 J/// Lord, the joy of hut-ing accompanied (yonj h'/s become (min> ;', 
 I hai-e obtained the fruition of h<.u-inj been born into the uo/ld. TTS
 
 27 
 
 
 
 FsR M?T fR Vim I ^TH^ HJTt? FcW SrTSFJTr II FcfaCT FR 
 
 \J O *O \3 
 
 i TJJT ^5T US FsRS ^H* 115 II Kingship without sound policy, 
 wealth witJiout righteousness, good works not rendered to Vishnu, know- 
 hdje without wisdom, briny (only ) useless labour as their fruit to those 
 who studied or wrought, or obtained them. ITIJ STlFl having known that 
 they had gone. 
 
 Fen. in ^ : 3 5R5? fo W? Wlft Jana.l; saio that the croivd hud 
 become very large. 
 
 Occasionally the root alone is used as perf. part. e. g. fcin! TTM 
 VWZ afrrar HW 3ai. Who saw the L^rd as (hough Death had visibly 
 appeared. 
 
 Several Irregular forms occur e. g. tiftn! (passive) H*? (from 
 5^?TT) 3S (from g^B^i) ig5 (killed) IT (from aTT?TT). 
 
 The Perf. Part, is commonly used where the Infin. Wi'h H or 
 m might be expected, e. g. wtt* ^ ^H ^ifl TT?. Ri'ihu seizes the 
 moon ivhen an opportunity occurs. fH5S HT siSS f^riS W^I ^T^. No 
 good (comes) from making enmity ivith him. 
 
 The form in 5 is often used as the Passive Participle e. g. HT ^ 
 UTH ?r JlTiT (sic) ^fagT 7Vie'?i Wiy (Zi(Z he not grant the death that was 
 asked for. 
 
 Also a feminine passive 3^ wnf?T a* *ftnlT. / /icwe received the 
 vouchsafed gift of love. 
 
 Other passive forms are found such as wfrfT, *ffFjTfT, 3rT. 
 
 THE CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The conjunctive participle is generally forme 1 by adding <? (4 
 wi. #.) to the root, but other forms are found which are mentioned 
 below. 
 
 Regular form, 53; TR gfa 3iHJT ^?^T5- 0/z one occasion having 
 plucked some beautiful Kusum flowers. >3T? 33T? HT=[ 3T 5lt^. 
 Having run and lifted him up he took him to his heart? in? JlFtl ^W 
 ?5T5TT SlFf ITTRY. Deeming it late they went to the guru. 
 
 Other forms occur more or less frequently. 
 
 The root ^r 3fi^ 5F13 3itr3 5RT ^Tlf. // /, having used decep- 
 tion, could say anything to you. 
 
 *T. JRcre TT* T5iTaH qTOT i mf^ *6cdi FT ^ ^rrar u 
 
 The boatman having obtained Ram's permittion brought with /u'.y 
 own hands a wooden vessels'/led (with water}.
 
 28 
 
 5 changed to 5, ^^ ijn f for HH 3 g*ft ; It for &K. 
 $ is also found after roots ending with a consonant fe?T having 
 beheld. 
 
 Also 5. jjwi fsiHTJfi OTH Hsl. (Ram) having seen that all the 
 people are full of fear. 
 
 5 and u are used with roots ending in ^7; thus im?, WQ, sum. 
 The following forms also occur. SUT^, JTTfifi, ^H3i*. 
 
 THE NOUN F AGENCY. 
 
 The usual termination of the Noun of Agency is ^TT. Fern, 
 fjlft. added to some form of the Infinitive. The following forms 
 are also found, added to the root. ^, fa, ofTTT, 3, SR. 
 Examples : 
 lu. ^R. sra ST? JTTTtlTC WT srraT- Now this one has become, in 
 
 very truth, doomed to death. 
 
 oTn X115R H53 itafqriR I fslfy 'gft ^W ?TCT5lfalK II 
 You are the spectator of this world's spectacle (or piny) and make 
 Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh to dance (according to your will). 
 
 fan t%3 =t t%S SITSTfalTfl Sita knowing (the thought) of her 
 beloved's heart. 
 In. ^. TWT 5Klfe IT^ra ^TSITeliT. (Whose} lustre is the putter to 
 
 shame of a myriad Kdmdevas. 
 
 In. fa. 5T5[ *Jti 5R^R l^f^T 551 |T5TT. ^%e wza^er o/ aW joy, the de- 
 stroyer of all pain. 
 
 In. gin F? $fl rTT5T ^rT* ^U^TT. T7*ey are the keen watchmen of 
 
 this lake. 
 In. a jnr *j*ra 3T*5T 3U 3T?:a I 3TST&\I HWHT f^CTTW II ^Ae shat- 
 
 terer of the dreadful torments begotten of the mind, kinsman 
 
 of the humble, disseminator of evenness of mind. 
 In. g;. fcRtl fgiig; TfRf?I fsl^cTT^sR. Disseminator of humility, 
 
 wisdom and unworldliness. 
 
 THE CONTINGENT FUTURE. 
 
 This name is very insufficient to represent the usages of this 
 Tense in the RSmayan. It is used for the Contingent Future, for 
 the Absolute Future (especially an immediate future), for the Habi 
 tual Present, Historic Present, Optative, and even for the Past. Tl 
 
 following examples will indicate to some degree the breadth of its 
 use. 
 
 1H afT^ft tifs CRT ?3!Tf>. Putting aside his vow he will m 
 surely e/ect the marriage.
 
 29 
 JTIrT JtfB facT SWf 5WT5TT I W^T %T^ feu W=T ETCairaT II 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 Garur ( TlfrlTRT) (to such an one) his mother is the same as Death, 
 his father as Destruction, and even ambrosia becomes poison. 
 
 WJJT UTUfrr tf 5RH I *TTrn ftj?n XT* f^THT Ire II Hoiv does the 
 woman of medium excellence regard another's husband ? As her own 
 brother or father, or son. 
 
 ttS TIT fatr 5133? wmift I 5TTCT wi? WSfSra WTft ll IViey leap into 
 the midst of the enemy's army, and in the greatness of their strength of 
 arm began 10 crush them. 
 
 g*H HTTCl 5TT3J 5fffsT sfislt? rlT HfrT WIT* ll my lord may my 
 mind never forsake thy lotus feet. 
 
 JT5 3iT 3"Ft> 5RTT fel TTcft. / was fostering enmity towards my gu- 
 ru day and night. (la this and several other passages in the Uttar 
 Knd the Con. Fat. seems to be used as the Past Imperfect and Inde- 
 finite Perfect ; the speaker however has probably taken his standpoint 
 iu the past and regards the various incidents he is relating as just 
 being, or about to be, effected.) 
 
 fn?TT HTrT 33* ^ft ^it I JTR WKtl fol^T5 aftlt My worthy Sir 
 make not enmity ipith him, if he smites you you die, if he gives you 
 life you live. (This is a peculiarly useful example, shewing how 
 freely the forms arc modified.) 
 
 Space will not permit of illustrative sentences being given for 
 
 every individual form : words alone must suffice except in special 
 instances. 
 
 1st personal singular 3, 3E, ^"3, ^, ^ II 33, 
 
 2nd & 3rd root, 
 
 2nd plural ?, ^ ll mn 
 
 V3 SS 
 
 3rd f%, ^f, t si 
 
 THE ABSOLUTE FUTURE. 
 
 The use of the Absolute Future calls for little remark beyond 
 this, that it is not unfrequently used where the Contingent Future 
 might be expected. Thus SWK5J 3TS5T HRci H*? irri I MTW FT* 5m 
 ?T?f? HTt ll Whatever you may think or speak or do shall always be 
 in the world the quintessence of righteousness.
 
 30 
 
 1st singular Iff, flT, 1ST, !!?T u SETT ( fafera* ifa 3iVr wf^ 
 / will make the earth free from demons). 
 
 2nd & 3rd i?i l??g, u gfafg, ofiK'gTS. Notice the forms 
 
 ofiTnT, UTcJ^iTT. 
 2ud plural i-g^ II 311?. 5RRH5. ^S?- Notice the form 
 
 o 
 
 1st & 3rd l?rg II sRK'gfi, Sllfif. Notice the form 
 
 The form in g is generally unchanged for gender or number 
 
 Some few variations of form occur 'Such as fg, fgj (sometimes 
 feminine) 5ft, ST. Thus HS?3, fsT^^, sR^, 3rnii. Iu one line we 
 have the forms 35TT, ^aT for (apparently) the 1st singular but this 
 in ay be the Infinitive. 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Under the Imperative it is only necessary to notice the 2nd 
 person singular and plural; instances of the 3rd person belong more 
 properly to the Contingent Future and occasionally the Absolute 
 Future. 
 
 The usual form for the singular is 3 (and m. g. n\) and for the 
 plural T| (m. g. i|) 3!^, H^. 3g, ^T>T!, 5IT^. 
 
 Other forms also are found. In the singular the following may 
 be noted. The root alone, fi, iV II 3, 
 
 In the plural ^7, ST3, W^, 3i, 5?, 5^, and after a vowel 
 Si?, elf. II oRTT, 1fT?fT, e[^^ (for 
 
 There is also the form in ^ ll efiTSI, Tl^, with the variations fsf, 
 eft, 5TT. II 5wfa, STfsT^t, ^fwifT. 
 
 Several forms are fouad for the Respectful Imperative. 
 5, ^% W ??, ^5, ^1, 13, $5. II ?TTT5, fe^, HfsTS, gift?, 
 
 A few varieties in ^ also occur; thus 
 
 THE PRESENT IMPERFECT. 
 
 Dr. Kellogg speaks of one form of the Present Imperfect as ident- 
 ical with that of the Contingent Future, possibly however we should 
 go a trifle further and say that it is that tense, and that that tense 
 is far wider in its scope than the name that has been affixed to it
 
 31 
 
 would indicate. It must be confessed however that the line cited by 
 I>r. Kellog,' if 3*pfi if*afi fa^ %T& (Who see, may see, who have 
 ), where evidently the same form must be taken as two tenses, 
 i^ a very strong argument against this view. The last word has not 
 yet been said about the Tense system of the Ramayan, possibly the 
 discovery of a consistent system is impossible, i have noted Severn! 
 instances where the form is as evidently one tense, as the meaning 
 of another is evidently necessitated. ' Speaking generally the forms 
 of the Present Imperfect which are not. identical with those of th.- 
 Contingent Future do not seem to be used so loosely and broadly 
 as those which are. 
 
 Apart from these forms the Imperfect Participle with or without 
 .the addition of the Present Tense of fjTSTT is common. The simple 
 form in H commonly changed to f ?T ( rft m. g.) for the feminine, is 
 used for all persons and both numbers a?T, WZfl, Sl^FrT uf^rTTrlt 
 
 It will be sufficient to give a few instances of the occureuce of 
 the form with auxiliary. 
 
 1 singular 5THrn|. Silrlii, STT^rT 'STgS. 
 
 3 ^ftrttilfs HT^^rT 'Biff. {Slid is sitting deep in thought). 
 
 2 plural 
 
 3 ,, 
 
 In one or two Sanskritic passages there are found 3rd plural 
 forms in ^ and for e. g. 5Hr?Tl WaTr^rT 513?^. 
 
 This Tense both in its simple form (<T. Ffl) and in an inflected 
 form is commonly used us a Contingent Imperfect. In the apodosis 
 the Imperfect or Perfect may be employed. 
 
 ^T 51 ilH am 5T=W W*rT 5RT I *T3i^ WW 'yT \J5CR VITrT ^T II If 
 the birth of Bkarat had not taken place in the world, then who ha>/ 
 upheld the standard of righteousness upon the earth, iff ^ fsfij ^ %TTFT 
 SRferfT^ I HT girT 5^5? 5^1 SF^^FJT? H If indeed there were not perver- 
 sity in (his) heart, u'hy has he. brought un army with him. 
 eFTafi CT3T rT n*gTH ^ 5TW I *nrrg %T?T WiTr? 9^TP H Had you assumed 
 ihe kingship indeed, it were no blame to you, and on heading it, it 
 would have comfuried Ram. ^R ?TW fw?f^3 H^IJT TTJTtOT I JT^TH3 ffTtl 
 
 \3 O \5 
 
 RJ*Trf* yf?: Bt^TT H Had I met t/ou at first, saints, I would have 
 listened (fern.) to your teaching with bowed head. 
 
 Sometimes the tense occurs in the apodosis only and rnay then lie 
 n Contingent Past or Future in meaning. && M&% ^ H TKH3 ^T^t. 
 You are old otherwise I would kill you (or would have killed you.) 
 ?rrflH 3>fr Wtf H5R ?TTTT I ^ 5TTH3 5tr?fl 9^TrT II Otherwise hav- 
 ing smashed thy head 1 would forcibly carry off Sitd.
 
 32 
 
 THE INDEFINITE PERFECT. 
 
 The Indefinite Perfect presents a considerable variety of forms, 
 which may be roughly classified under 1, the bare Perfect Participle, 
 variously modified, and including a few instances of Braj forms, and 
 2, the Inflected forms which modify the termination according to the 
 1st, '2nd and 3rd persons. 
 
 1. The participial form may be simply the root, or the root with 
 ^T, f ( 4 m - 9-} (fern.) and a plural in 5. e( is generally inserted 
 after a root ending in a vowel and sometimes after a consonant. 
 Thus TTO rm ?K%. *m S^ift I ijfa ^ *m Tirc ire^t ll He called out 
 Earn, Ram, with great love. Earn, and af/ain he cried out Ram, Lakth- 
 man, Baidehi. So trs (entered) farler (gazed). With sjrr. Mini, 
 SUIT. With ^ and ^ offgi? eR^t Hift 3U3JT. With g inserted 
 tJT^T, U35IT. The plural in 5 is common; after a vowel q is some- 
 times inserted, g^, 5fva, ^^oTT5 (bathed) tqui, 5U3 ( from ^TclHT ). 
 
 It will be sufficient to note a few other forms that occur only 
 occasionally, foz! (for T5F3T ) efi% (5RHT) ^T 
 ( from \-lTcl?TT ), fsRQTj g^TT, l^T, 
 
 3>rT and HfT are not only used in compound words but also as 
 the Indef. perf. of oFT^r and att^n. Thus 
 
 The Lord again adjusted arrows upon hts low. ^fg TJ&cftf. n?T 
 ^HT'S. In this way that night passed, JTT also appears in one or two 
 places wffl ?WJI JTT folHfr ^TH'3;. /?* their great loce they forgot their 
 disguise ; TIT fsreft for 
 
 2. The following examples illustrate the Inflected forms. 
 
 1 Singular in 53, S3 ?3, II 31T53. ^T^3, UT53, sftl3 (note 
 
 also 
 
 53 53 II 
 
 Notice also the form 
 
 1 and 3 plural sf;g, ^[ u ^%T5?, WT^S, 3T%. 9RT^ and 
 
 appear to be used as 3rd singular. 
 
 2 51 ^' ^^ 
 
 Another form of the Perfect worthy of separate notice is that 
 in which ( is inserted after roots ending in in (making the verb
 
 33 
 
 assume the appearance of a modified form of the Infinitive of mo- 
 dern Hindi). The ^ may stands as terminal but is more commonly 
 followed by *Jtr, ^, 4, 5, 5 and even other terminations. 
 
 <TW H5T *WT=t V in**. His gloria us power entered (from %Wl*lJ 
 the lord's mouth, qfa gifd 5ig:T 5JT.FT fflfeWTTT. Hearing the monkey's 
 speech he become very angry, HF fufieWTfa TTJT tjfg *T?. Then she 
 became angry and went to Ram. TJW FsiflTS ^3 W^THi With mingled 
 joy and sorrow in her heart she became distressed. ^nfil 5J9T *R??TH1 
 'BefR'R I faff 1 51H 51T Hts^ JTSTR II Thirst come over them and they 
 became exceedingly bewildered, no water was to be met with and they 
 lost themselves in the dense jungle. JT-T JTfl TlfWrTT'T. They became 
 afflicted in their minds. 
 
 Passive construction of the Perfect with the Agentive. This 
 construction is common in the Ramayau ; the only difference as a 
 rule between the Ramayan and modern Hindi is that ^ is not used 
 with the Agentive in the former, though the construct form is used 
 where such exists. The Verb may be in the 3 sing. mas. followed 
 by Accusative, or this may be in the Nominative and the verb made 
 to agree with it. The following line illustrates both usages fsPt? 
 WITH JCTTT ?T W WIT. / smote those who smote me. With a double ac- 
 cusative one may retain its accusative form, the other become nomin- 
 ative frisiS rra^T fi gwt 3 3THT. They told all these things to Rdvan. 
 
 One or two other illustrations may be useful fsntj faRf tfij 
 wffJJn 3R5 HT^ft. Those who knew something of the Lords glory. 
 
 a^T 5tf srnsr 3?% srgH^. The lord told of the many hardships of 
 the forest. eRtJT SR JT 'HlaT fatJK. One said I saw (them) to-day, 
 im *jrfo frl^ti 3^ ^*ft. They saw the lord's form in that fashion. 
 
 Absolute consistency is not to be expected, in in wfw 5ra fen 
 Uij \rrft. When Sitd placed her foot (reached) the tournament ground, 
 the verb evidently is made to agree with Sita and not with IJTT. 
 
 OTHER TENSES. 
 
 Other Tenses are found but occasionally, except two which Dr. 
 Kellogg calls the Past Imperfect (Imperfect participle with niTi as 
 auxiliary) and the Inceptive Imperfect (Imperfect participle supple- 
 mented by WOT ). 
 
 The Past Imperfect is not very common. It is equivalent to 
 the modern Hindi 9RHT SIT- 
 
 Illustrations, grief *13 apl* *Z1. / was (at that time} going 
 3
 
 3 
 
 to K uvcr's (Jtcel/tJi'J. irii ITT ^Tm3r 3mH I%3 a TTCT. On ontf 
 occasion I was in thi Shivdla repeating Shiva's name. 
 
 This tense must not be confuted with the use of the conjunc- 
 tive participle of a verb 1'olluwel by *H^T. e.g. grr? T?t she went. 
 tlTT *% They surrounded (them). 
 
 The Inceptive Imperfect is frequently met with, but in many 
 cases has no special reference to the inception of au act, but could 
 be interchanged for the perfect with no difference in meaning. It 
 is only necessary to give one or two illustrations, fsn^ni >jfr Rfa 
 Rl n^5 I UTS TT? ^H *H3 W93I ll Having assumed the form of a 
 Brahman the monkey went there, and having bowed his head thus en- 
 quired. HH 5TH^ RTrT WIT- The charioteer used his best efforts. ?JTH 
 
 UcR HH TTcMH WT5I. Hanumdn quickly went on his way. 
 9 
 
 The Contingent Imperfect (High Hindi eRTHT %T3). This is rarely 
 founJ. 5KH ^ T13 ^1 ^tafrT %T^. Uoiv can I remain (here) if she be 
 living 
 
 The Presumptive Imperfect and Past Contingent Imperfect are 
 both supplied by forms of the Imperfect without any auxiliary verb. 
 Thus nfCsFT 'SlFwa'3 5?t39[H- The child must be tired, overborne of sleep. 
 
 in afSRsh fsi^ s wfji wnt i m TJ^ ^ft %T?ST =r isrt H // / Aarf 
 
 only been knowing, br other > that there were no warriors on the earth, 
 then I had not, by making the vow have become a laughing-stock. 
 
 The Contingent Perfect ( H. H. four il ) 
 OT flftllTS *lTv^ 3fi5 %T^' If you hare just been perpetrating some joke. 
 
 The Presumptive Perfect. ( H. H. fam %mi ) 
 
 %T?ft! sRt^S 5i5nl 'SlfrtWTsrr. He must at some time have been guilty o/ 
 pride. 
 
 The Past Contingent Perfect ( H. H. fgrai %TrTT ). 
 
 il 5! ITrT ^?TT wfu tnl I JTg^ ii qii ^*fl fa mi II // <Acy lad 
 not obtained tidings of Siid, would they have been able to eat oj the 
 fruit of the Delectable Forest ? 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 Several of the Verbs, more especially those whose roots end iu 
 a vowel, are conjugated irregularly; the irregularities being most con- 
 spicuous in thh Perfect Tense. Not uncommonly 5 is inserted 
 before the termination, thus 1TP?3? for mui |l, 353 from 3*n?TT, feH- 
 53 from ferTcRT. The verbs ^TT, ifTT and 3R5TT commonly have 
 their perfect iu 75 for both sing, and pi. thus
 
 35 
 often has i inserted &%3 (Perf.) gpgg (Fut.) 
 
 (Con. Fut.) 
 
 The most irregular of all is 5TRT, as many of the forms are 
 constructed from the root which appears in the H. H. Peifect 
 
 The Infin. has both gn^f and 7T35T. 3%3 STT^T eR iif'S 
 Far what fault (of yours) has he told you to depart into the forest. 
 sjfrr .RT^ ^f iraT ^TTTTof- Quickly make your preparations to depart 
 into the forest. ^T;T is probably a noun. 
 
 The Participle has grrfT for the Present, but the form in n for 
 the Past. e. g. ^ jrfa ?r<ri? ^fjTsR fxRF^ UTT- <w though a snake should 
 again find its lost jewel. 
 
 The following illustrates the existence of a Present Participle in 
 IT. ?T*H traT^H na^frT W53T. Hanumdn iuas quickly on his ivay. 
 
 The Contingent Fut. also has not only such forms as 5TTfg. 
 ^%f, ofra, ^ but likewise those in H e. <j. 5T? H^ oFT^JT JTolfl 
 The cowards Jlee hither and thither. 
 
 The Imperative has both forms e. g. ^TIT|. srnhr. JT3Rt>, 
 The absolute Future uses the form in 5T thus ir3 c g. 1 have uot 
 noted any use of a form iu n in this feiise. 
 
 The Perfect uses only the forms in TT b it a considerable variety 
 in these. 
 
 o. Those with simply TT. and a termination, such as JT^'3, "Tf 
 
 (1. siug.) irg3, n^3 n^T (sin?.) ir, na (3 pi.). 
 &. TTH *f. .'7. UcT iftisrw stTaTKrj vr 1 ! . 77^ //'-..' .^a*on passed awvy 
 
 Hill] ihf runt'u .-'fa^'ifi I'nmf. 
 
 Fiuui the f'/rui 71^^ '. ,</. n^jft (> sin?.) Trg^ (3 pi.) 
 ff. JTcR With 5RTI7T. f. 7. IT^JT cRY^[ H^ 5 ! 
 
 O 
 
 f. IHTT with cRT^T- e. fj. HIHT UW^ tTW 
 
 '/^ov to Jt'ii.'/i. 
 
 THK PASfyZE- 
 
 The Passive is lifllc used except in The various phrases to express 
 the impossibility of anything being described. Here the common 
 usage is some form of the Perfect, supplemented by some part of 
 51RT Thus 
 
 T irnr <3*nft axd ST?I 5^% sf5T^. Ca?w<tf fo described (Lit. may 
 not be described).
 
 5TIH 'TST gr^ft. Cannot be ex%>lained or described. 
 
 3>Tg sf 7.TT? and gfg * sH^. Cannot be spoken. 
 and other variations. 
 
 The same constrnetion is used in a few more general sentences 
 howeTer. Thus in FsraH TJ??rr? =T 5TT^. -So overcame irith love teat 
 the thit (the girl\rd) oull no". be put on. 3R ^? *nT3 at if (it) 
 were touched. OTT ir% trill be slai,i. 
 
 Occasionally an Active form is used with a Passive meaning. Thus 
 if WTT l *ST JTPg tJT THST^T K I J/imj u*?r the demon* 
 
 lying on the b tie field who had b en slain by Uanumdn and Angad. 
 *I5 5T3T ^I?S T'J f<rnTff. / becime like a snake reared on milk. 
 
 Such forms as qa4ta (worthy of worship) diq^l^lr (able i.. ; 
 spoken) o- % cur, sometimes however these are active in meaning. 
 
 Similar in meaning are such forms as UilT-gfld (worthy of praise) 
 also TOI worthy of worship. 
 
 In the phrase a>5i gsk Wl*<i ^t srrf. Caught like a parrot or 
 monkey shziT must be taken as passive. 
 
 Sometimes a coin pound with a-Rl becomes about equivalent 
 to a passive rm 2H ^f^ 3^ TTTHT^ Holy Sir, Ram can't be gittn 
 p. 3H T gr=T?T 517IT Pifrr?. The assembly in the city cannot be 
 described. 
 
 CAUSALS. 
 
 The Causal Verb does not offer many peculiarities. Some: 
 there is found the causal form without the causal meaning. TTJ=T 
 9el VTQ ^tFT. T^ wA-jfc too rid and all the kings vere tern, 
 is used for v& ITQT (increased). 
 
 The ordinary rule for forming the Causal is followed, viz., the 
 addition of ^n to the root e.g. 5WRF, d*4Mf. afis sometimes a: 
 to this in some p^rts of the verb, especially the Imt*rative. gsrr3? 
 5Tnn (3TR 5nt) Sometimes a precedes the ^rr especially after a 
 root closing with a vowel, thus fecrnrr. H3TOI (from ?rpn ). In 
 some cases the first syllable alone is lengthened without any add 
 to the second, thus we find f^hg for T*4Hle(irr.. w?| for TudlHil.. ynfa 
 for g?nH^. Often again a oug vowel is retained in the first syllable 
 where the second syllable is lengthened fgctiJTi and gaRi are both 
 found, also^iTRT ( for fci^M! ) 5TR-- ^TisTT). Occasionally I 
 
 b inserted before vr in the second syllable, thus^tfU^ (for
 
 COMPOUND VERBS. 
 
 Compound verbs though not so common as in modern Hindi 
 are frequently found. The Pesiderative (with gT^TT ) the Inceptive 
 (with Hinstt for 5TTRT). the Potential (with H^RTT). and tho Inten- 
 sive (withofRT) are the most common. Of these in the case of 
 the first two the first verb in the compound is more generally put 
 in the Infinite in qr, and in the latter two (Potential- and Intensive) 
 the form of the Conjunctive Participle is used. In the Desiderative 
 however the first verb of the compound is also frequently found 
 in the perfect participle. Other forms very occasionally occur. A 
 few examples may be useful. 
 
 ^R^ 'QtiH R ift^T STT^T. The lord of my life is about to start 
 for the jungle. 
 
 ^Tf* H>JT fsltl ^TSH 'tifaT. Throwing away ambrosia she withes 
 to taste poison. 
 
 5R3i il*T 51*1 ftjR s?! ^Tilf. Janak overpowered by love ia un- 
 willing to turn back. 
 
 The first two of the above examples illustrate the two uses of 
 this compound. 1. To be about to. 2. To desire. 
 
 <JS !<RT?TT. They all began to prostrate themselves. 
 
 flT* *lWr. They ate the fruit and began to break 
 the trees. 
 
 Who can conquer in the battle ? 
 
 ffl^lT. Neither the Scriptures nor Sheshndy 
 can speak forth (his form). 
 
 In the Intensive the 5TRT is generally merely idiomatic and 
 redundant, giving no additional force to the verb. 
 
 f^R ^fa TT^3 WT5T ^T! 3T5T. The days have passed and the in- 
 terest has greatly increased. 
 
 J fTCanTt tftaf wf5C 3ff^. Who just seeing a forefinger (raited) die. 
 
 It will be noticed that with these compounds either verb may 
 precede the other and the two may be separated by intervening 
 Words. 
 
 Many other compounds are used, but call for no special com- 
 ment. A few examples are appended. 
 
 ?TO SJTT^f fcni r3 wHt. tie was well pleased and called the two 
 }r other t,
 
 38 
 
 ^ FsfS T^lft, He brought together all ft is trustworthy 
 tenants. 
 
 ?SR tra? OTT 3fi^ 3in=i i surf T^TT^I TJTIT STT^ H^T? 11 Without 
 
 V> 5, >i \J 
 
 //zs asking they showed (him,) the road, on whomsoever he looked the man 
 just withered up ( W^ JTtn ) (i. e. with fright ) 
 
 fn 5 ? feu rrw H 3??nT UT5- They did not obtain a look at Sitd 
 and Ram.
 
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