THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DAVIS 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 W. HARRY LANGE 
 
THE 
 
 TINEINA 
 
 OF 
 
 NOBTH AMEEICA, 
 
 BY 
 
 (THE LATE) 
 
 BRiCKEHBIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 (BEING A COLLECTED EDITION OF HIS WRITINGS ON THAT GROUP OF INSECTS.) 
 
 WITH 
 
 tates hg % <M0r, 
 
 H. T. STAIN TON, F.R.S., SEC.L.S. 
 
 LONDON : 
 JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 MDCCCLXXII. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 DIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DAVIS 
 
LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS, 
 NEWTON STREET, HIGH HOLBORN. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IT is with a melancholy pleasure that I now place 
 before the public the collected writings on the TINEINA 
 of his country of the late Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, 
 of Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Little did I think when I received his first letter in 
 1857, two years before he became an author, that his 
 career was to be so brilliant and so short. 
 
 I had for some years contemplated putting together 
 such an arrangement of his writings as would enable 
 those who were previously unacquainted -with them 
 to profit by his remarks on the habits of new genera 
 genera with which we in Europe were unac- 
 quainted. 
 
 It would perhaps be a hasty conclusion were we to 
 imagine that none of his new genera will ever be 
 detected in Europe. 
 
 Through the kindness of Lord Walsingham I have 
 been favoured with a list of Clemens' TINEINA, still 
 extant in the collection of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, and these I have indicated by an 
 asterisk in the "Attempt at a Classified Arrangement" 
 prefixed to the volume. In a few cases where I have 
 been doubtful whether I had correctly interpreted the 
 meaning of Lord Walsingham's notes I have enclosed 
 the asterisk in brackets, thus (*). 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 It will be observed that the only one of Clemens' 
 species I have personally bred and had the pleasure of 
 seeing alive was Aspidisca splendoriferella (p. 105) ; 
 and strangely enough I received from Lord Walsing- 
 ham last autumn a number of the cases of a closely 
 allied species of Aspidisca, by which the aspen leaves 
 near Fort Klamath, Oregon, were perfectly riddled 
 with holes (one leaf has had at least 150 cases cut 
 out of it). Of this species I have already had the 
 pleasure of breeding and setting out eleven specimens; 
 it can scarcely be identical with A. splendoriferella (a 
 Cratcegus feeder) from the different food plant, but it 
 would be hard to say wherein the imago differs. 
 
 H. T. STAINTON. 
 
 MOUNTSFIELD, L.EWISHAM, 
 
 April 25th, 1872. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 ATTEMPT AT A CLASSIFIED ARRANGEMENT OF THE TINEINA 
 
 NOTICED IN THIS VOLUME, BY H. T. &TAINTON . . . . vii 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 LETTERS RECEIVED FROM DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 1. Letter of June 4th, 1857 1 
 
 2. Letter of December 12th, 1857 8 
 
 3. Letter of December 29th, 1857 16 
 
 4. Letter of May 15th, 1859 17 
 
 5. Letter of October 4th, 1859 22 
 
 6. . Letter of October 10th, 1859 23 
 
 7. Letter of February 16th, 1860 29 
 
 8. Letter of June 23rd, 1860 31 
 
 List of Tineina sent by Dr. Clemens, July 23rd, 1860 . . 37 
 
 9. Letter of October 29th, 1860 41 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PAPERS CONTRIBUTED BY DR. B. CLEMENS TO THE ACADEMY 
 
 OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Contributions to American Entomology, September, 1859 . . 47 
 Lepidopterology, No. 2, Nov., 1859 61 
 
 No. 3, January, 1860 87 
 
 No. 4, May, 1860 ..110 
 
 No. 5, June, 1860 . . 139 
 
 No. 6, August, 1860 . 154 
 
 No. 7, Nov., 1860 .. 159 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PAPERS CONTRIBUTED BY DR. CLEMENS TO THE ENTO- 
 MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 PAGE 
 Micro-Lepidopterous Larvse : Notes on a few Species, the 
 
 Imagos of which are probably undescribed, November, 1861 161 
 New American Micro-Lepidoptera, January, 1 862 . . ..179 
 North American Micro-Lepidoptera, March, 1862 .. ..189 
 Synopsis of Families of ffeterocera, March, 1862 ... . . 195 
 American Micro-Lepidoptera, March, 1863 . . . . . . 207 
 
 August, 1863 222 
 
 North American Micro-Lepidoptera, March, 1864 .. .. 237 
 
 December, 1864 . . 257 
 
 September, 1865 .. 264 
 
 Notes on Thyridopteryx Ephemerceformis, November, 1866 . 274 
 
 DEATH OF DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS 
 
 (Announced to the Society, February llth, 1867) . . 275 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN H. T. STAINTON AND B. D. 
 WALSH OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS, ON THE DEATH OF 
 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS .... . 276 
 
 INDEX . . .279 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ATTEMPT AT A CLASSIFIED ARRANGEMENT OF THE TINEINA 
 NOTICED IN THIS VOLUME, BY H. T. STAINTON, 
 
 NOTE. Of the species marked* Lord Walsingham found specimens in the 
 Collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, iri 1871 ; of 
 the species marked f I possess specimens myself, received either from 
 Dr. Clemens or from Mr. Walsh. H. T. S. 
 
 CATASTEGA, Clemens (177). 
 
 1. aceriella, Clemens (178). 
 
 2. Hamameliella, Clemens (178). 
 
 3. timidella, Clemens (177). 
 
 BRENTHIA, Clemens (133). 
 
 1. *\pawnacella, Clemens (134). 
 
 2. *inflatella, Clemens (209). 
 
 3. (*}Virginiella, Clemens (257). 
 
 This genus is only founded on the 
 habits of the larvas, the imago not 
 having been known. Possibly it 
 belongs to the PHYCIDE^. 
 
 This corresponds to our European 
 genus SIMAETHIS (see pp. 41 and 
 42 ). As many authors include this 
 group amongst the TiNElNA I 
 thought it best not to omit it alto- 
 gether from this arrangement. 
 
 ANAPHORA, Clemens (56, 59, 60). ^ This is so totally unlike any European 
 
 1. ^plumifrontella, Clemens (57). I form that I have no alternative but 
 
 2. Popeanella, Clemens (57). J to place it in front of all our own 
 
 3. *arcanella, Clemens (58). ' genera. 
 
 TINEID^E. 
 I. SOLENOBIA ?, Zeller (181). 
 
 1. * Walshella, Clemens (181). 
 
 ^ 
 1 
 
 II. XYLESTHIA, Clemens (53, 59, 
 
 60). Allied to OCHSENHEIMERIA and 
 
 l.^pruniramiella, Clem ens j HAPSIFERA. 
 (54). > 
 
 III. AMYDRIA, Clemens (55, 59, \ 
 
 60). I Closely allied to EUPLOCAMUS, if 
 
 1. *^effrenatella t Clemens J not identical with it. 
 (55). ; 
 
Vlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IV. TINEA, Fabr. (49, 59, 60). 
 
 1. \biflammaculella, Cle- 
 
 mens (49, 50, 237). 
 
 2. \dorsistrigella.) Clemens 
 
 (49, 50). 
 
 3. tapetzella, Lin. (258). 
 
 4. crocioapitella, Clemens 
 
 (49, 51). 
 
 5. carnariella, Clemens (49, 
 
 51). 
 
 6. ^lanariella, Clemens (50, 
 
 52). 
 
 7. \nubilipennella, Cle- 
 
 mens (50, 52). 
 
 8. variatella, Clemens (50, 
 
 53). 
 
 9. *acapnopennella, Clemens (233). 
 Group HOMOSETIA, Clemens (234). 
 
 10. *tricinffulatella, Clemens (234). 
 
 11. * costisignella, Clemens (235). 
 
 V. EUDARCIA, Clemens (101). 
 1. *simulatricetta, Cle- 
 mens (102). 
 
 = rusticella, var. spilotella, Teng- 
 
 strom. 
 Allied toferruginella, Hiib. 
 
 Possibly this is pellionella, L. 
 = biselliella, Hummel. 
 = fuscipunctella, Haw. 
 This is probably granella t L. 
 
 VI. HYBROMA, Clemens (187). 
 
 1. *servulella, Clemens 
 (187). 
 
 VII. TENAGA, Clemens (185). 
 
 1. *pomiliella, Clemens 
 (186). 
 
 The position of these genera is indi- 
 cated by the remarks at p. 108 and 
 at p. 188. 
 
 VIII. DIACHORISIA, Clemens (106). 
 1. *relatella, Clemens 
 (108). 
 
 IX. INCURVAKIA, Haworth. 
 
 1. *russatella, Clemens (89). 
 
 2. *Labradorella, Clemens (238). 
 
 3. *acerifoliella, Fitch (90). 
 
 4. * media striatella, Clemens (273). 
 
 X. ADELA, Lat. (249). 
 
 1. Ridingsella, Clemens (250). 
 
 HYPONOMEUTID^. 
 I. HYPONOMEUTA, Zeller. 
 
 1. *multipunctella, Clemens (95). 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 II. ANESYCHIA, Steph. (254). 
 
 1. sparsiciliella, Clemens (255). 
 
 PLUTELLUm 
 I. PLUTELLA, Schrank. 
 
 1. \vigilaciella, Clemens = porrectella, L. 
 
 (90). 
 
 2. \limbip ennella, Clemens = cruclferarum, Z. 
 
 (90). 
 
 3. mollipedella, Clemens Probably the $ of cruciferarum, Z. 
 
 (91). 
 
 GELECHID^E. 
 I. PSILOCOESIS, Clemens (149). 
 
 1. *quercicella, Clemens (149). 
 
 2. *reflexella, Clemens (150). 
 
 II. ENICOSTOMA ?, Steph. (230). 
 
 1. *Packardella, Clemens (231). 
 
 in. DEPRESSARIA, Haworth (229). 
 
 1. *Lecontella, Clemens (137). 
 
 2. *atrodorsella, Clemens (230). 
 
 3. *pulvipennella, Clemens (244). 
 
 IV. MACHIMIA, Clemens (147). 
 
 1. *tentoriferella, Clemens (148). 
 
 V. GELECHIA, Zeller (217. 
 
 1. *nigratomella, Clemens (217, 224, 260). 
 
 2. *gilvolinella, Clemens (223, 224). 
 
 3. *mediofuscella, Clemens (218, 224). 
 
 4. *angustipennella, Clemens (222, 224). 
 
 5. *punctiferella, Clemens (222, 224). 
 
 6. *cerealella, Olivier (112, 224). 
 
 7. *apicilinella, Clemens (223, 224). 
 
 8. *gallcegenitella i Clemens (242, 259). 
 
 9. *brumella, Clemens (239). 
 
 10. *ornatifimbriella, Clemens (242). 
 
 11. * Labradoriella, Clemens (220, 224, 239). 
 
 12. * ^Agrimoniella, Clemens (112, 224). 
 
 13. *flexurella, Clemens (115, 225). 
 
 14. *mimella, Clemens (116, 225). 
 
 15. *longifasciella, Clemens (219, 225). 
 
 16. *fmcopunctella, Clemens (218, 225). 
 
 17. gilvomaculella, Clemens (219, 225). 
 
 18. * \Rhoif ructella, Clemens (114, 225). 
 
 19. puttifimlriella, Clemens (223, 225). 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 GELECHI A continued. 
 
 20. \detersella, Clemens (116, 225). 
 
 21. * Ifroseosuffusella, Clemens (113, 225). 
 
 22. * \rubidella, Clemens (115, 225). 
 
 23. \fungivorella, Clemens (261). 
 
 24. Salicifungiella, Clemens (261). 
 
 VI. STEOBISIA, Clemens (117). 
 
 1. * firidipennella, Clemens (118). 
 
 2. * \emUemella, Clemens (118). 
 
 3. *levipedella > Clemens (207). 
 
 VII. TBICHOTAPHE, Clemens (121). 
 
 1. setosella, Clemens (121). 
 
 2. *juncidella, Clemens (122). 
 
 3. *flavocostella, Clemens (113, 180). 
 
 4. *alacella, Clemens (180). 
 
 VIII. HAMADEYAS, Clemens (245). 
 
 1. *llassettella, Clemens (246). 
 
 IX. TEYPANISMA, Clemens (125). 
 1. *prudens ) Clemens (125). 
 
 X. EVAGOEA, Clemens (119). 
 
 1. *apicitripunctella, Clemens (120). 
 
 XI. CHEYSOPOEA(NOMIA), Clemens (123, 158). 
 1. *li'nfjulacella ) Clemens (124). 
 
 XII. PAEASIA ? Duponchel (136). 
 
 1. *subsimella, Clemens (137). 
 
 XIII. ANOETHOSIA, Clemens (110). 
 
 1. * \punctipennella, Clemens (111). 
 
 XIV. MENESTA, Clemens (151). 
 
 1. *tortriciformella, Clemens (151). 
 
 XV. ANAESIA, Zcller(127, 36). 
 
 1. *pruniella, Clemens (128). 
 
 XVI. YPSOLOPHUS, Haw. (227). 
 
 1. *punctidiscelhis ) Clemens (228). 
 
 2. *2Jauciguttcllus, Clemens (228). 
 
 3. *unlcipunctellus, Clemens (229). 
 
 4. Jlavivittellus, Clemens (254). 
 
 CECOPHORIDvE. 
 I. DASYCEEA, Haworth (252). 
 
 1. *Newmanella, Clemens (252). 
 
 II. CALLIMA, Clemens (122). 
 
 1. *argenticinctella y Clemens (123). 
 
INTltODUCTION. XI 
 
 III. BEACHILOMA, Clemens (232). 
 
 1. *unipunctella, Clemens (232). 
 
 IV. HOLCOCERA, Clemens (225). 
 
 1. *chalcofrontella, Clemens (226). 
 
 2. *purpurocomella, Clemens (227). 
 
 3. *gilbociliella, Clemens (227). 
 
 4. *modestella, Clemens (227). 
 
 V. ENDROSIS ?,Hiibner(119). 
 
 1. * Kennicottella, Clemens (119). Probably our E. fenestrella, 
 Scopoli. 
 
 VI. BUTALIS, Treitschke. 
 
 1. *fuscicomella y Clemens (126). 
 
 2. * ^fiavifrontella, Clemens (126). Perhaps the B. basilaris, Zell. 
 
 3. * \matutella, Clemens (127). Perhaps the B. impositella, Zell. 
 
 VII. PIGRITIA, Clemens (135). 
 
 1. * \laticapitella, Clemens (136). 
 
 2. *ochrocomella, Clemens ( 232). 
 
 3. *ocJireella, Clemens (233). 
 
 GLYPHIPTERYGID^E, 
 I. GLYPHIPTERYX, Hiibner (213). 
 1. *impigritella, Clemens (214). 
 
 II. ANTISPILA, Herrich-Schaffer. 
 
 1. *nyss(efoliella, Clemens (102). 
 
 2. *cormfoliella, Clemens (103). 
 
 3. * Isabella, Clemens (142). 
 
 4. vlticordifoliella, Clemens (142). 
 
 III. ASPIDISCA, Clemens (104). 
 
 1. * \splendoriferella, Clemens (105). 
 
 2. *lucifluella, Clemens (143). 
 
 3. ostryafoliella, Clemens \ 
 
 (171). 1 These three species are named from 
 
 4. saliciella, Clemens (171). J the larvae only. 
 
 5. pruniella, Clemens (171). ' 
 
 ARGYRESTHID^, 
 
 I. ARGYRESTHIA, Hiibner. 
 
 1. f oreasella, Clemens (93). = Andereggiella, Dup. 
 
 GRACILARIID^E, 
 
 I. GRACILARIA, Zeller (215-). 
 
 1. *sujt)erbifrontella, Clemens (91). 
 
 2. Blandella, Clemens (257). 
 
 3. *fnlgidella, Clemens (92). 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. GRACILARIA continued. 
 
 4. venustella, Clemens (92, 216). 
 
 5. *strigifinitella, Clemens (92). 
 
 6. *violacella, Clemens (93). Dssmodifoliella (268). 
 
 7. coroniella, Clemens (243). 
 
 II. ORNIX, Zeller. 
 
 1. *trepidella, Clemens (94). 
 
 2. *festinella, Clemens (94). 
 
 3. *cratcegifoliella, Clemens (94). 
 
 4. quadripunctella, Clemens This species is named from the 
 
 ( 177). larva only ; it might be identical 
 
 with either of the first two 
 species, which were only known 
 in the perfect state. 
 
 5. *Soreasella, Clemens (237). 
 
 COLEOPHORID^E. 
 I. COLEOPHORA, Zeller (210). 
 
 1. * \coruscipennella, Clemens (88). 
 
 2. *laticornella, Clemens (88). 
 
 3. *leucocJirysella, Clemens (211). 
 
 4. *Ros(efoliella, Clemens (250). 
 
 5. *ccenosipennella, Clemens (88). 
 
 6. *infuscatella, Clemens (89). 
 
 7. * cretaticostella, Clemens (89). 
 
 8. *Rosacella, Clemens (251). 
 
 9. *concolorella ) Clemens (211). 
 
 10. cratipennella, Clemens (258). 
 
 11. caryatfolieUa, Clemens 
 
 (166). 
 
 12. corylifoliella, Clemens 
 
 (166). 
 
 13. Vibiirniella, Clemens 
 
 (167). 
 
 15. Ostryce, Clemens (167). 
 
 16. Tilicefoliella, Clemens 
 
 (168). 
 
 17. Queroiella, Clemens 
 
 (168). 
 
 These last seven species are named 
 from the larvce only, and may be 
 identical with some of the previous 
 species, eight of which were only 
 known in the perfect state. 
 
 ELACHISTID^E. 
 I. BEDELLIA, Stainton (95). 
 
 1. * -fStaintoniella, Clemens (96). 
 II. STILBOSIS, Clemens (129). 
 
 1. ttesguella, Clemens (129). 
 
 = somnulentella, Zeller (189). 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xlll 
 
 III. COSMOPTEEYX, Hiibner (99). 
 
 1. * \gemm\ferella, Clemens (100). 
 
 2. * ^Clemensella, Stainton (100, note). 
 
 IV. BEATRACHEDRA, Stainton (264). 
 
 1. * -\salicipo monella, Clemens (265). 
 
 V. WILSONIA, Clemens (253). 
 
 1. (*y>revimttella, Clemens (254). 
 
 VI. CHAULIODUS ?, Treit. (235). 
 
 1. *canicinctella, Clemens (236). 
 
 VII. LAVERNA, Curtis (130). 
 
 1. *luciferella, Clemens (130). 
 
 2. *Elolsella, Clemens (131). 
 
 VHI. WALSHIA, Clemens (240). 
 
 1. *^Amorphella, Clemens (241). 
 
 IX. CHRYSOCORYS, Curtis. 
 
 1. * ^Erythriella, Clemens (132). 
 
 X. ELACHISTA, Treitschke. 
 
 1. *illectella, Clemens (98). 
 2.' *maculoscella, Clemens (98). 
 
 3. *madarella, Clemens (98). 
 
 4. prcematurella, Clemens ( 133). 
 
 5. *BracTiyelytrifollella, Clemens (248). 
 
 XI. CYCLOPLASIS, Clemens (246). 
 
 1. * Panicifoliella, Clemens (248). 
 
 XII. ELACHISTA ?, Clemens (255). j (J imagine ^ ig quite distinct from 
 1. oriclialcella, Clemens V h ELACHISTA.) 
 
 (256). 
 
 XIII. TISCHERIA, Zeller (79). 
 
 1. *solidagonlfolwlla, Clemens (81). 
 
 2. Zelleriella, Clemens (81). ") 
 
 3. * ^citrinipennella, Cle- / These three oak-feeding species seem 
 
 mens (82). > very closely allied and possibly are 
 
 4. *quercitella, Clemens I not all distinct. 
 
 (221). ) 
 
 5. *malifolieUa, Clemens (141). 
 
 LITHOCOLLETIDJS. 
 I. LITHOCOLLETIS, Zeller (62). 
 
 1. *f lucidioostella, Clemens (66). 
 
 2. ^RoUniella, Clemens (66). 
 
 3. *lDe8modieIla, Clemens (68). 
 
XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. LITHOCOLLETIS continued. 
 
 4. *(erifereUa, Clemens (68). 
 
 5. *f basistrigella, Clemens (69). 
 
 6. * \argentijimbriella, Clemens (70). 
 
 7. *obscuricostella, Clemens (71). 
 
 8. * Ostryaifoliella, Clemens (71). 
 
 9. *\lucetidla, Clemens (73). 
 
 10. *obstrictella, Clemens (73). 
 
 11. * Carycefoliella, Clemens (74). 
 
 12. *aceriella, Clemens (75). 
 
 13. *guttifinitella, Clemens (76). 
 
 14. *cratcegella, Clemens (76, 141). 
 
 15. *hamadriiadella, Clemens (77). 
 
 16. *argentinotella, Clemens (78). 
 
 17. *Fitchella, Clemens (139). 
 
 (quercifoliella, Fitch.) 
 
 18. *tubiferella, Clemens (140). 
 
 19. salicifoliella, Clemens \ 
 
 (169). I These last two species are named from 
 
 20. juglandiella, Clemens j the larvse only. 
 
 (170). 
 
 ) 
 
 II. MAEMARA, Clemens (211). 
 
 1. (*}salictella, Clemens 
 (212). 
 
 III. LEUCANTHIZA, Clemens (84). 
 
 1. *ampliicarpea!foliella, 
 Clemens (85). 
 
 IV. PAEECTOPA, Clemens ( 144). 
 
 1. * LespedezafoUella, Cle- 
 
 mens (144). 
 
 2. *Robiniella, Clemens 
 
 (207). 
 
 I refer these three genera, with some 
 hesitation, to the family Lithocolle- 
 tidce. The larvae in all are 14-f ooted, 
 hut all quit their mines to undergo 
 their change to the pupa state ; in 
 that respect resembling the aberrant 
 Lithocolletis Helianthemella, Her- 
 rich-Schaffer. 
 
 I. LYONETIA, Hubner(183). 
 
 1. *speculella, Clemens (184). 
 
 II. PHYLLOCNISTIS, Zeller (82). 
 
 1. * \vitigenella, Clemens (83). 
 
 2. * Liriodendronella, Clemens (220). 
 
 III. OPOSTEGA, Zeller (179). 
 
 1. *albogaleriella, Clemens (180). 
 
 IV. BTJCCULATRIX, Hiibner (108). 
 
 1. *pomifoliella, Clemens CH6). 
 
 2. *agnella, Clemens (147). 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 IV. BUCCULATEIX continued. 
 
 3. *coronatella, Clemens (109). 
 
 4. *trifasciella, Clemens (272). 
 
 NEPTICULnm 
 I. NEPTICULA, Zeller. 
 
 1. *saginella ) Clemens (175, 271). 
 
 2. *Platanella, Clemens (173, 183, 192). 
 
 3. *ruUfollella, Clemens (152). 
 
 4. *fnscotiMella, Clemens (182). 
 
 5. *bifasciella Clemens ( 183). 
 
 6. corylifoliella, Clemens ^ 
 
 (172). 
 
 7. ostrycefoliella, Clemens 
 
 (172). 
 
 8. Virginiella, Clemens 
 (172). 
 
 9. cratcegi/oliella, Clemens 
 
 (173). 
 
 10. ji{gland'ifolieUa,ClemeviS 
 
 (173). 
 
 11. carycefoliella, Clemens 
 
 (174). 
 
 12. villoxella, Clemens (174). 
 
 13. AmelancMerella, Cle- 
 
 mens (174). 
 
 14. prunifoliella, Clemens 
 
 (174). 
 
 15. anguinella, Clemens 
 
 (175). 
 
 16. platea, Clemens (175). 
 
 17. roscefollella, Clemens 
 
 (176). 
 
 These last twelve species are named 
 from the larvae only. Two of the 
 first-named species, Blfasciella and 
 Fuscotibiella, were only known in 
 the perfect state. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 LETTERS RECEIVED FROM DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 [In the years 1857 to 1860 I received nine letters from Dr. Brack- 
 enridge Clemens ; as his published writings did not commence 
 till 1859, I place these letters altogether at the commencement 
 of this volume. H. T. S.] 
 
 I. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 June 4tk, 1857. 
 
 I HAVE become so well acquainted with you through 
 your writings that I cannot resist the temptation to put 
 myself in immediate communication with you. This I am 
 the more encouraged to do, knowing full well how liberal and 
 cordial is the interest you have displayed in the promotion 
 and encouragement of Entomological studies, I was about 
 to say in England, but may I not add everywhere ? I am 
 sure I can ; for Science is not limited by the boundaries of 
 countries, nor prejudiced by dissimilarity of nations and 
 national institutions, nor restricted in its range of sympathies 
 by distance ; the domain of mind is a region superior to that 
 which is temporal ; one in which its votaries live to benefit 
 and elevate their fellow-men. 
 
 We, Anglo-Saxons of the Western Hemisphere, ar"e, how- 
 ever, your natural allies, the inheritors of your civilization, 
 
 B 
 
2 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 your freedom, your laws, your literature, your manners and 
 customs, and even Old England's nursery songs whilst in our 
 cradles, and will you not also let us sit at the feet of the 
 Mother and become her pupils and assistants in Science ? 
 You are probably well aware but little has been accomplished 
 in the Entomological Department of Natural History in this 
 country by our own students ; few pursue it as scientific 
 observers, and of these few not more than one or two have 
 published their observations, except in a manner which makes 
 them almost inaccessible to the young student. Hence it is 
 that with us the study is found to be one of much difficulty 
 and full of sources of discouragement, to which may be added 
 the expostulations of friends against devoting time to a study 
 so barren in the great utilitarian results attainable in other 
 departments of science. 
 
 I have devoted my attention almost exclusively to Lepi- 
 doptera why I do not know, unless I was first attracted by 
 their beautiful colourings and of this order more especially 
 to Heterocera. The field for observation here is almost un- 
 limited, poorly cultivated and abounding in the most interest- 
 ing and beautiful undescribed rarities. It will give me great 
 pleasure to make a collection for you during the present 
 season, if you desire it, but you must not expect me to name 
 many of them, for that is impossible with my present acquire- 
 ments. I approach with hesitation the chief object I had in 
 writing to you, lest requests of a similar nature may be so 
 numerous as to render its fulfilment a matter of difficulty or 
 embarrassment to you. But if you can spare me a box of 
 duplicate Lepidoptera, it would be esteemed a great favour, 
 and would I am confident be the means of lightening the 
 laboriousness of classification and of advancing me more 
 rapidly in my studies. The possession of accurately classified 
 and named specimens would facilitate the recognition of 
 members of the same families and genera in a far greater 
 degree than descriptions and delineations. I have already 
 spent a considerable amount in the purchase of illustrated 
 works, and have in nearly every case had reason to regret the 
 
LETTER OF JUNE 4TH, 1857. 3 
 
 expenditure after examining them. The illustrations of 
 many of them are admirable as works of art, but the generic 
 descriptions, if they contain any at all, are so meagre, so in- 
 definite, so unsatisfactory, that I have been more than once on 
 the point of abandoning the study in despair. 
 
 There has been too much of this appealing to the popular 
 eye instead of the mind ; a study in which the artist's pencil 
 comes to be an indispensable aid does not deserve the name 
 of a Science. I am however fully convinced that it is far 
 from being indispensable, and that the study cannot become 
 general or popular, in this country at least, until some votary 
 of Entomology renders access to its mysteries less expensive 
 and less discouraging and difficult than it is now. 
 
 But I have wandered from what I wish to say to you on 
 the subject of exchanges. If you cannot supply me yourself 
 you can possibly induce some of your many friends to em- 
 brace this opportunity of benefiting a transatlantic <f brother 
 Jonathan." All favours of this kind will meet not only 
 my grateful acknowledgments, but be reciprocated by any 
 courtesy I can extend to them and their own boxes returned 
 filled with any American insects in my power to obtain. As 
 regards my own wants, I wish none but Lepidoptera belong- 
 ing to the section Heterocera ; you will greatly oblige me by 
 stating this to any one to whom you may make overtures, 
 and that I desire them to be named in every instance, in the 
 manner they may find most convenient. I do not desire 
 moreover to enter into any exchanges until the season has 
 nearly ended, for I shall be too much occupied to attend to 
 the matter previous to that time. Perhaps I should also tell 
 you I have never made exchanges, and have been induced 
 to address you on the subject only in consequence of the 
 generous and cordial spirit you display towards the young 
 Entomologists of your own country. If my application is 
 successful I have no doubt but that I can make arrangements 
 for the reception and transmission of cases through the pub- 
 lishing house of H. Bailliere, of New York City and London, 
 from whom I receive my foreign books. This reminds me, 
 
 B2 
 
4 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 en passant, I have just been informed by that house the 
 Weekly Intelligencer for 1856 is out of print. Can you obtain 
 a copy and have it charged to me at their house, 21 9, Regent 
 Street, London? 
 
 Should I not, even at the risk of being egotistical, give 
 you some introduction to myself? I am yet young, as you 
 have perhaps conjectured, a physician by education and pro- 
 fession, and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania ; 
 but here, I fear, my scientific qualifications to your regard 
 must find an end. I stand merely on the shores of Science, 
 gazing on the immensity before me. And as I follow with 
 my eyes the full-freighted Intellects, which, fanned by the 
 wings of Fame, sail over its placid waters in search of un- 
 known Truths, I am filled with doubts and the feelings of 
 despair, which arise from a consciousness of my own imper- 
 fections. 
 
 I shall, I fear, prove an unprofitable correspondent. I have 
 never published a single sentence in relation to my studies, 
 although I have, of course, kept a note-book, in which such 
 observations as I deemed worthy of record have been noted. 
 I have proposed to myself several problems for solution, if 
 possible, during this season ; some in relation to the physio- 
 logical uses of various organs, in order to understand their 
 value and significance in classification ; the determination of 
 the forces by the action of which wing-dilatation in Lepi- 
 doptera is produced ; and I am now especially endeavouring 
 to comprehend the signification of the neuration of their 
 wings. I worked at this subject for some time before knowing 
 it had been introduced into modern classification, endeavour- 
 ing to ascertain whether it could not be used as a dominator 
 character in the formation of families and genera. I have 
 thus far failed to satisfy my own mind in regard to its real 
 value, chiefly in consequence of being unable to recognize a 
 sufficient number of the genera of each family. Nevertheless, 
 in the absence of other means of classification, as, for instance, 
 the capture of a new imago, or the examination of mutilated 
 specimens, I have relied on it exclusively for the determina- 
 
LETTER OF JUNE 4TH, 1857. 5 
 
 tion of family and genus. I am unable, however, to decide 
 whether it is of sufficient importance to deserve my attention 
 and study. Will you please advise me on this point, or in- 
 form me whether the question has been solved ? 
 
 In examining your " Manual of British Moths and Butter- 
 flies," with which I am very much pleased, I find no direct 
 notice, in your remarks on the family Psy chides, of a curious 
 fact which attracted my attention a short time since, nor can 
 I find it noticed in any other work in my possession. A friend 
 presented me with a few cocoons of a member of the genus 
 Psyche, which he found during a visit forty or fifty miles from 
 this place. On opening one of them I found, much to my 
 surprise, the female never leaves its chrysalis case, and that 
 its interior was filled with young larvse, some free and others 
 visible through the transparent coats of the ova ; and that 
 these, together with a quantity of yellowish, floss-silk with 
 which the interior was filled, constituted all that remained of 
 the female. Its development can consequently never advance 
 beyond the condition of a chrysalis, which I supposed hereto- 
 fore never occurred. I am now rearing a large colony of the 
 larvae for the purpose of writing the history of the insect, for 
 I believe it to be undescribed, and ascertaining how the fecun- 
 dation of the ova is effected by the male. This is at present 
 a complete mystery to me. I have never before met with 
 any members of this genus, and would beg to inquire if the 
 facts above mentioned are usual in their history, or does the 
 female escape from the chrysalis case and remain within the 
 cocoon ? 
 
 Permit me to add an observation I made two years ago, 
 and if it be of any use in determining a doubtful question, 
 which I have never seen rationally explained, you are at 
 liberty to make any use of it you wish. It is a description 
 of the means by which Attacus Cecropia effects its delivery 
 from its cocoon, and almost merits the designation of Insect 
 parturition. I have reared great numbers of this insect, 
 which is one of our largest and most beautiful moths, but 
 have never been successful in witnessing the actual escape 
 
6 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 from the cocoon,, except in this one instance. I copy from 
 my note-book as it was recorded at the time of observation. 
 
 " My attention was first attracted by a crackling and move- 
 " ment within the cocoon, and after attentively observing it, 
 " I perceived its inmate had already engaged itself in the 
 " work of delivery and was producing a dilatation of the 
 " tapering portion, where the threads are left thin and con- 
 " vergent to the larva. In a short time I could perceive a 
 " dark outline dimly shown through the lax structure of the 
 te apex, and could notice more clearly the dilating effort made 
 " by the imago, and that it was confined principally to two 
 " points of the circumference of the cocoon. After making 
 " an effort of a few seconds' duration to advance itself, the 
 " imago rested for the purpose of recovering from its fatigue, 
 " and also, as I afterwards ascertained, of moistening the 
 " structure with a colourless secretion, which exudes from 
 " the mouth and dissolves the gummy substance by which 
 (e the threads of the cocoon are agglutinated. 
 
 " Presently the head, eyes and anterior portion of the 
 " mesothorax were protruded from the apex and were clearly 
 " visible, though still covered with many unruptured threads, 
 " and the insect rested in this position for a moment. When 
 66 the extruding efforts were recommenced, I could distinctly 
 " see that the dilating and extruding impulse was produced 
 " by an outward and backward movement of the wing-shoul- 
 " ders, the motion of which was as distinct and evident as 
 " that of one's elbows would be were the human body simi- 
 " larly confined. 
 
 "When the thorax was finally protruded the feet were 
 " folded upon it and appeared not to have been used as aids 
 66 in any manner. Indeed, the pressure of the cocoon around 
 " the confined portion of the body was apparently too great 
 " to admit of any movement of the legs. After the liberation 
 " of the feet, the insect used them as aids in the extraction 
 " of the abdomen, which was very large, the specimen being 
 " a fine female. But the chief means by which abdominal 
 " delivery was effected, was a curious vermicular movement, 
 
LETTER OF JUNE 4TH, 1857. 7 
 
 " which liberated small portions at a time from the constrict- 
 " ing part of the cocoon .... 
 
 " I think the threads of the cocoon were ruptured by being 
 " brought in contact principally with the anterior portion of 
 " the mesothorax, for this was the most advanced part of the 
 " body when I first obtained a distinct view of the insect ; 
 " although just before the head and eyes, which occupied a 
 <( lower plane than the mesothorax, were finally extruded, 
 " several threads in contact with them were ruptured without 
 " causing the least injury to the eyes. The noise caused by 
 " the rupturing of the threads very strongly resembled that 
 " produced by the gnawing of a mouse. 
 
 " The most remarkable part of the whole process was the 
 " dilating force which the insect exerted by means of the 
 " wing-shoulders, for they were at once the means of ad- 
 " vancement in the process of delivery of the thorax and of 
 " dilatation of the apex of the cocoon. The entire muscular 
 " power of the thoracic muscles seemed to be concentrated 
 " energetically on the performance of this duty. After the 
 " dilatation of the resisting part of the cocoon, in which the 
 " thorax might be situated, the wing-shoulders appeared to 
 " be used as the points of support from which the meso- 
 (( thorax was impelled against the resisting structures. 
 
 " The entire thoracic case at this period is soft and flexible, 
 <( and every effort after the insect was discernible was marked 
 " by an obviously increased breadth between the wing- 
 " shoulders and flattening of the convex surface of the 
 66 thorax. I should state possibly, that I mean by the term 
 " ( wing-shoulders' that part where the nervures converge 
 " to become attached to the thorax. * * * The delivery 
 " was accomplished in about ten minutes after I first ob- 
 " served the movements within the cocoon, but I believe the 
 " entire time to be much more." 
 
 I trust my description of this process is sufficiently clear 
 to enable you to understand it. I intended to submit it to 
 re-examination this season, but all my moths eluded my 
 vigilance. 
 
8 
 
 I have directed Mr. Bailliere to send me the ee Weekly 
 Intelligencer" by every steamer, so that I can have the 
 satisfaction of knowing what others are doing among the 
 World of Insects. I have your Annuals for 56 and 57, and 
 am about to order that for 1855. 
 
 Permit me to hope, in conclusion, I have not wearied you 
 with my letter, &c., &c.* 
 
 [A considerable portion of the foregoing letter I inserted in the 
 "Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer," Vol. 2, p. 175, in the 
 hopes of thereby securing some correspondents for Dr. Cle- 
 mens, who would exchange insects with him. I do not 
 appear to have any copy of my reply to this letter. H. T. S.] 
 
 II. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 December 12th, 1857. 
 
 ALLOW me to thank you most cordially for your kind 
 attention to my previous letter. It has been the means of 
 securing me, as correspondent, a gentleman whom I do not 
 doubt will prove an estimable and worthy one, since I find 
 his name entered in the List of British Entomologists in the 
 Annual for 1856, as one who is willing to assist beginners. 
 This fact alone was sufficient to command my confidence, 
 and to induce me to embrace his offer to exchange with 
 pleasure. 
 
 I intend to send you in my first box of exchanges to 
 Mr. Logan some specimens of an exquisitely beautiful leaf- 
 miner, which I found on the 18th of October, in the leaf of 
 the locust tree (Robinia Pseud-acacia). I was fortunate 
 enough to secure about fifteen or eighteen pupas and two 
 
 * This letter is signed " Breckenridge Clemens," and as the first I had 
 received from him I learnt from it his name, and have repeatedly written and 
 spoken of him as Breckenridge Clemens : the next and all subsequent letters 
 arc signed " Brackenridge Clemens." H. T. S. 
 
LETTER OF DECEMBER 12TH, 1857. 9 
 
 larvae. The enclosed sketches represent one of the larvae, 
 two views of the pupa, a mined leaf, and the neuration of 
 the wings of the perfect insect. I endeavoured several times 
 to make a creditable representation of the insect, but was 
 compelled unwillingly to give it up, being too much of a 
 novice in colouring. I send you the imago more for the 
 purpose of being assured I have classified it correctly, than 
 as an addition to your cabinet. I find with perhaps un- 
 necessary feelings of chagrin, that the pins sent me by 
 Messrs. Edleston and Williams, and marked No. 20, are too 
 large for its thorax, and consequently prevent the wings 
 being properly set. This may be owing, however, to want 
 of delicacy in manipulation on my part, but I can perceive 
 no difference between 19 and 20, except that the former is 
 slightly longer than the latter. Should there be no observable 
 difference between them in diameter ? 
 
 When I first noticed the leaf mined by this larva, I sup- 
 posed it was tenanted by a leaf-spider, and examined it with 
 no expectation of finding a " Micro." The larva mines the 
 underside of the leaf, and it is situated always on one side of 
 the midrib, sometimes near the base of the leaf, sometimes 
 about the middle, but most frequently near the free extremity. 
 The epidermis of the inferior surface of the leaf covering the 
 mined portion is a pure white colour, and is stretched over 
 a fold made by the margin being drawn towards the midrib. 
 This fold is seen on the upper surface as a ridge in a brownish 
 patch of variable size and shape. The larva feeds on the 
 cellular substance found between the network of veins in the 
 leaf, leaving them untouched and perfectly cleaned. It is 
 doubtless owing to this circumstance that the fold in the leaf 
 is formed, and increases as the external membrane is denuded 
 of cellular matter, and its nutrition prevented by the opera- 
 tions of the little miner. I supposed, at first, that the 
 epidermis of the inferior surface must be lined with silk, but 
 find on examination that it is not, and therefore the fold 
 cannot be produced by any agency of the larva directed to 
 that end. I noticed, however, several instances in which 
 
10 DR. BEACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 this membrane had been ruptured and closed by the larva 
 with a web of silk. Although the larva lives thus apparently 
 secure and concealed from its enemies, it is not safe from the 
 attacks of a minute Ichneumon, which had destroyed great 
 numbers, and in retaliation I constituted myself the execu- 
 tioner of many of the assassins. 
 
 The larva is 1*5 of a line in length. The head is smaller 
 than the diameter of the first segment, capable of being par- 
 tially retracted under it, nearly colourless, except at the 
 sides and the pointed, projecting mandibles, where it becomes 
 brownish. Body almost cylindrical, tapering posteriorly? 
 very slightly coloured with green, with a crimson dorsal line, 
 attenuated from its origin on the fifth segment to the ninth, 
 where it terminates in a point between two irregular patches, 
 chrome-yellow. Another specimen I examined did not have 
 the chrome-yellow patches, but the dorsal line was present. 
 Feet, f ..f ... 4 = 14.* 
 
 The cocoon is composed of silk, perfectly white and quite 
 densely woven, is nearly flat above, irregularly elliptical and 
 attached by a web to the sides of the fold in the leaf in which 
 it is constructed. It is not uncommon to find two in the 
 same mine attached at their extremities. 
 
 The pupa. The cytotheca is extended over the gastro- 
 theca, the extension being occupied by the antennas, wings 
 and legs, particularly by the last pair, which appear as an 
 elongated, free spine. The cephalotheca is somewhat hooked 
 and pointed at its extremity. The colour is dark brown, the 
 cytotheca being darker coloured than the abdomen. When 
 the imago is liberated the pupa case is thrust through the 
 cocoon and internal epidermis, and fixed in the cocoon by 
 means of the minute hooks or spines on the dorsum of the 
 pupa. 
 
 The perfect insect. The first imago appeared on the 
 20th of October, and the brood continues to appear for about 
 
 * I should perhaps explain that in this formula, which I am in the habit of 
 using in my note-book, the dots represent footless segments of the body, and 
 the figures segments having feet, together with their number. B. C. 
 
LETTEK OF DECEMBER 12TH, 1857. 11 
 
 a week or ten days. There were two pupas, which I hoped 
 at one time would remain in the chrysalis state until spring, 
 and that I should have the pleasure of sending them to you ; 
 .1 was much disappointed when I found, about the middle of 
 November, they had also appeared, though exposed to an out- 
 door temperature. I failed to ascertain in what situation the 
 eggs of the autumn brood are deposited, and am at a loss to 
 divine by what provision the spring brood is brought into 
 existence. When I found the pupae, October 18th, the 
 locust tree and our other forest trees had begun to shed their 
 leaves, and before all of the brood appeared the tree was 
 entirely denuded. They cannot appear as a general thing, 
 therefore, before the fall of the leaf, although some of them 
 do, and those which remain in the leaves as pupse are doubt- 
 less far removed from their food plant by the winds, when 
 they do make their appearance. Do you think it is probable 
 that the eggs of the autumn brood are deposited on the young 
 buds ? 
 
 Description. Head and salient, frontal toupet, greyish- 
 brown. Antenna dark brown above, whitish beneath, and 
 very slightly annulated with white on each joint. Face and 
 palpi silvery white. Anterior icings golden yellow, base 
 fuscous, with four costal and three dorsal or internal streaks 
 silvery white , and all black-margined on both sides: the first 
 costal streak is curved posteriorly, and terminates in a point 
 in the middle of the wing; the second costal, likewise curved, 
 joins the first dorsal streak near its point, the latter being 
 longer and more oblique; the third costal has the curvature 
 of the preceding streaks and unites with the second dorsal, 
 whose curvature is reversed, in some instances this streak is 
 shown as two distinct spots; the fourth costal and third dor- 
 sal are spots, placed on the margins just before the apical 
 spot, which is black and almost round; the elongated scales, 
 forming the posterior elliptical outline of the wing, are tipped 
 with black ; cilia long and grey. Posterior wings dark grey, 
 cilia the same. Al. exp. 2-5 to 3 lines. 
 
 Classification. Having no books of reference treating of 
 
12 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 this tribe, I was, of course, entirely unable to locate it, until a 
 few weeks since, during a short visit to Philadelphia, I was 
 able to consult hastily, at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 a copy of your excellent work on " Tineina," forming part of 
 Insecta Britannica. It is a source of regret with me that 
 I cannot obtain a copy,' having been assured it is out of 
 print. However, by carefully comparing my representation 
 of the neuration of this leaf-miner, with the pterological 
 delineations in that volume, I was at once enabled to refer 
 it to the family LithocoUetidce. Then, turning to your re- 
 marks on the family, satisfied myself at once as to the correct- 
 ness of the reference, having carefully examined the insect 
 before leaving home. You are probably prepared for any 
 degree of temerity on the part of the young student, but will 
 you not be surprised if I doubt whether it belongs to the 
 genus Lithocolletis? This doubt, however, is dependent on 
 the question whether the neuration of Lithocolletis Messani- 
 ella is correctly and accurately delineated : I do not, however, 
 for a moment doubt it with no evidence to the contrary. If 
 you will refer to it in the above work you will perceive, that 
 whilst mine is evidently of the same type, there is a marked 
 modification in the neuration of the anterior wings. The 
 sub-costal nervure in mine throws off, near the apex of the 
 wing and in quick succession, two marginal nervules, an 
 apical and post-apical nervule, whilst the median is entirely 
 icanting. I am unable, at present, to determine the value, 
 if it has any, of this modification. I have no other speci- 
 mens of this family with which to compare it. But my 
 investigations up to this time, with regard to the value of 
 neuration as a basis of classification, and its significance as a 
 " dominator * character," imperfect though they necessarily 
 are, in consequence of my limited entomological resources, 
 have constantly indicated to me the existence of three 
 general laws, which, however, I do not wish to be nnder- 
 
 * In his next letter Dr. Clemens proposed to substitute the word " predomi- 
 nant" for " dominator." H. T. S. 
 
LETTER OF DECEMBER 12TH, 1857. 13 
 
 stood as announcing positively, or as the final inductions to 
 be drawn from my studies. These are : 
 
 1. That in any given species, the pterogostic characters 
 of the wings are invariably identical in all individuals of 
 that species. 
 
 2. That modifications in the neuration of the posterior 
 wings, which involve a change of type, constantly carry with 
 them physical changes and differences in habits, recognized 
 as family distin ctions. 
 
 3. That variations from any given type in the neuration 
 of the anterior wings in the same families, or those in which 
 the neuration of the posterior wings is similar, indicate the 
 existence of minor physical modifications and differences in 
 habits, necessary to constitute generic relationships. 
 
 The latter proposition stands on the least positive basis, 
 but I trust I shall be able to demonstrate the correctness of 
 all at some future time ; provided I do not hereafter ascertain 
 I have generalized hastily and unphilosophically. For this 
 purpose I am extending, as industriously as I am able, the 
 data from which they are deduced. This, at best, is slowly 
 and laboriously, and I do not conceal from myself that there 
 exist many difficulties and perplexing problems, which even 
 the cleverness of Guenee has not clearly elucidated. If neu- 
 ration has any real value as a " dominator * character," indi- 
 cating natural affinities, its verification will not be the work 
 of one student, nor one pair of hands, but of many industrious 
 painstaking workers. 
 
 Permit me, therefore, to hope your judgment will approve 
 a suggestion I will take the liberty of making, as one much 
 interested in the usefulness of your " Natural History of the 
 Tineina" to the entomological student. This is, that the neu- 
 ration of each member of a genus be given in the work, in 
 order that all the modifications, if there be any, may be 
 shown. I think this would increase its cost but little, if any, 
 and I am sure would be regarded by every systematist as a 
 
 * See note in the preceding page. 
 
14 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 most valuable addition. A clever worker could learn I am 
 sure to denude and delineate in one day the wings of the 
 whole number described in a volume. I am awaiting, with 
 many pleasurable anticipations, the 2nd volume of " The 
 Natural History of Tineina," and am happy to perceive, by 
 the announcement in the " Weekly Intelligencer/' that it 
 treats of the genus in question. 
 
 I suppose it is my right to name the insect which I have 
 described, and would propose Lithocolletis Robiniella. Does 
 it make a good specific name? The botanical genus Robinia 
 was created as a mark of distinction to John and Vespasian 
 Robin, French Botanists. 
 
 Will you please return the enclosed sketches? I suppose 
 they would be of little value to you. You are, however, at 
 perfect liberty to make a copy and use it as you please. 
 During the next season I hope to be able to collect additional 
 parts of its history and to send you some of the pupae, with 
 perhaps many others. I have made drawings of the larvae 
 and mined leaves of several other leaf-miners, met with 
 during the course of the past season, but did not attempt to 
 rear them or secure the imago, having at that time no pins 
 with which to transfix them. I have just received a copy of 
 the " Entomologist's Companion," from which I hope to 
 derive much general information, that I need at present, on 
 this subject. Do you know any good means of distinguishing 
 the larvae of leaf-mining Diptera and Coleoptera from Lepi- 
 doptera? If you do, please tell me or inform me where 
 I can find it. 
 
 I have written a longer letter than I intended when I 
 began, and must now beg you to believe me with sentiments 
 of high esteem and respect. 
 
 Copy of my Reply to the above, dated January \\th, 1858. 
 
 Your letter of the 12th December lies before me ; an extract 
 from it will appear in the "Intelligencer" of the 16th inst., and in 
 that of the 23rd I shall have a leading article calling attention to 
 your discovery. 
 
REPLY OF JANUARY llTH, 1858. 15 
 
 Mr. Logan is a very good entomologist and one imbued with the 
 right scientific spirit. I am glad he has written to you. 
 
 Your insect is no doubt a Lithocolletis and possibly one already 
 named Acaciella, but on this point I can speak more decidedly 
 when I see your specimens. 
 
 You will have noticed lately in the "Intelligencer" I have 
 introduced one or two paragraphs referring to American Micro- 
 Lepidoptera; if you can meet with any of the species to which 
 I have alluded I should be very glad of specimens. 
 
 The pins No. 19 and 20 are almost identical, but No. 19 is 
 perhaps a trifle the more slender ; either of them should do for a 
 Lithocolletis; one collector here uses even No. 19 for Nepticulce! 
 
 The eggs of the autumn brood of your insect are probably 
 deposited on the young bud of the Robinia, but some autumnal 
 species appear to hybernate and perhaps deposit their eggs in 
 spring. 
 
 All the Lithocolletides of which the neuration has been inves- 
 tigated agree with the figure of Messaniella in the " Ins. Brit." 
 
 Your three laws approximate to the truth without attaining it. 
 
 1. In any given species you may meet with individuals of 
 aberrant neuration : a kind of deformities but such examples are 
 naturally very rare. 
 
 2. You will sometimes meet with minor modifications in different 
 species of the same genus, with no apparent modification or differ- 
 ence of habits. 
 
 3. That neuration often gives us positive characters when all 
 else appears hazy and indistinct is a great convenience we per- 
 haps suspect a difference, and the investigation of the wings con- 
 firms our suspicions. 
 
 I return your sketches (of which I have had a copy made), with 
 many thanks for the sight of them ; I see in the anterior wing 
 you have committed the error of turning it the wrong way up. 
 In the enclosed sketch I have marked in pencil the veins which 
 I fancy you may have overlooked, and hence caused the discre- 
 pancy of which you complain. 
 
 Dipterous larvse deposit their excrement at considerable in- 
 tervals ; it never forms the same continuous track that it does in 
 the mines of Lepidopterous larvse : for distinguishing Coleopterous 
 mining larvae there is nothing for it but experience, I am myself 
 often mistaken. Sometimes I neglect Lepidopterous larvae, fancy- 
 ing them Coleopterous; at other times I collect Coleopterous 
 larvae, thinking them Lepidopterous. 
 
 Excuse my letter not being so long as yours, for the length of 
 which I am sure no apology was necessary, as it contained so much 
 matter of extreme interest to me. 
 
 I enclose you a letter from Dr. Herrich-Schaffer of Ratisbon, one 
 of the most energetic and voluminous entomological writers in 
 Germany. 
 
16 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 If you read German I would recommend to you Frey's " Tineen 
 und Pterophoren der Schweiz ;" though it has no plates, it is a 
 most valuable work, and I think it more interesting than my 
 volume of the " Insecta Britannica." 
 
 III. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 December 2$tk, 1857. 
 
 [Received 18th January, 1858.] 
 
 I WRITE merely to correct a mortifying error in my 
 delineation of the neuration of the anterior wing of Litho- 
 colletis Robiniella. When I wrote I was quite confident of 
 its correctness from having made frequent and, as I supposed, 
 careful examinations with single lenses, magnifying from 
 twenty to about eighty diameters. But being unable to 
 comprehend the meaning of the disagreement between your 
 delineation in the same genus and mine, I was induced a 
 short time since to examine critically a copy of that which I 
 sent you, when I became convinced that the wing must be 
 represented upside down. A careful denudation of another 
 wing rendered this painfully apparent, while, at the same 
 time, the renewed examination, much to my surprise, re- 
 vealed I had likewise omitted the branch of the subcostal 
 nervure, which closes the discoidal cell. The representation 
 I now enclose I am sure 
 is correct, and an exami- 
 ation of it will show you 
 there is no essential diffe- 
 rence in the neuration of 
 Lithocolletis Robiniella 
 andZ. Messa wzW/,though 
 found in opposite hemispheres. . 
 
 I shall be much obliged to you if you will also make a 
 correction in the text of my former letter, and substitute 
 "predominant" in place of " dominator" characters; and, 
 
LETTEE OF DECEMBER 29TH, 1857. 17 
 
 should you deem it worthy of print, to strike out such 
 portions as in your judgment the rectification I have made 
 may render proper. It would doubtless be advisable likewise 
 to suppress the deductions which are there announced as 
 general laws, though it was merely for the purpose of calling 
 your attention to the facts alluded to in them ; for whilst I 
 feel much confidence in their general correctness, and in the 
 value of neuration as a predominant character indicating 
 certain natural divisions and affinities in the members of the 
 order, I am also conscious the announcement is premature. I 
 have been unable thus far to adduce any positive physiological 
 reasons in support of the deductions, and I am aware, until 
 this can be done, its value rests entirely upon an empirical 
 basis. 
 
 IV. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 May I5tk, 1859. 
 
 So long a time has gone by since you have heard from 
 me, that I fear you have forgotten your former American 
 correspondent. However this may be, I assure you my 
 devotion to the study of Entomology is as enthusiastic as 
 formerly, and from a student I have become a worker. Let 
 me tell you what I have been doing for Entomological 
 Science during the long interval in which you have heard 
 nothing respecting me. 
 
 At the urgent solicitation of myself and others, Professor 
 Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, has con- 
 sented to authorize Entomological collections in behalf of the 
 Institution throughout the United States, and at the military 
 stations in the Indian territories. This will doubtless result 
 in accumulating an immense amount of material, which wih 1 
 be distributed amongst students, who devote themselves to 
 special orders, to methodize and describe. Then the Institu- 
 tion is preparing to issue a complete collecting manual, giving 
 minute and specific directions in the collection, preservation 
 
 c 
 
18 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 and method of observation of the various orders of insects. 
 The portion referring to Lepidoptera was written by myself, 
 and enters fully into the subject.* For the purpose of dis- 
 tributing it widely Dver the country, it will appear in the 
 first place in the Smithsonian -Report for the present year, 
 and a large number of the article itself will be distributed by 
 mail as a circular, the number of reports not being sufficient 
 to enable us to supply all the various points of our large 
 territory. 
 
 The effect of this, however, will be seen in the future, and 
 I have but little doubt that the future of " Entomology in 
 America" will be a bright one. I have but just completed a 
 Synoptical Paper on the Sphingidce of the North American 
 Continent, with descriptions of nearly 100 species. Of course 
 all these are not my own, for I have been compelled to ex- 
 tract many from Mr. Walker's List of the British Museum. 
 It is intended, however, only as a " basis" on which the 
 information so much needed respecting species in our country 
 can be conveniently worked up. It contains some new fea- 
 tures on which you must decide when you see it. Now you 
 must not smile when I say, that I have added to it an Essay 
 on the Classification of the Order or rather of the Heterocera. 
 You must remember that here we are untrammelled by any 
 established reference books, which tie down minds to par- 
 ticular ideas. With us every thing has yet to be done, and 
 in what I have written I have endeavoured to treat the 
 subject philosophically and with reference to what I regard as 
 natural. You will doubtless find many ideas advanced with 
 which you will be inclined to take issue, and if they are 
 shown to be erroneous it will simply be a source of pleasure 
 and satisfaction to me. This paper will be published during 
 the summer in the Journal of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences in Philadelphia, and will be distributed to students 
 almost gratuitously. I shall have the Jionour to send you an 
 early copy of it. 
 
 I have, however, something else to tell you that will perhaps 
 
 * " Instructions for Collecting Lepidoptera." Smithsonian Report for 
 1858, pp. 173200. H. T. S. 
 
LETTER OF MAY 15TH, 1859. 19 
 
 give you more pleasure. Since completing the Synopsis of 
 the Sphingidce, I have been working at the " Micros" or 
 rather the Tineina. I could have accomplished much 
 more than I have, had I not suffered during last summer 
 from several weeks of illness that confined me to my room. 
 The majority of my summer observations were lost, or at least 
 their results. During the fall, however, I managed to collect 
 and described about sixty larvae. The perfect insects have 
 been appearing during the last week or two, but many I fear 
 have died in the pupa state. I will give you a list of the 
 genera I have recognized ; and some of the species correspond 
 so remarkably to your descriptions of some of the British 
 species, as to induce me to believe they must be identical. 
 
 The following are some of the genera, which I have recog- 
 nized beyond any doubt : 
 
 Plutella ; Coleophora ; Gracilaria ; Ornix ; Cosmopteryx, 
 a most beautiful species, which I think must be very like 
 Drurella ; Tischeria, and some other species belonging to 
 the same family, which I will not venture at present to 
 designate generically ; about fifteen species of Lithocolletis ; 
 and some Nepticula larvas, which have not yet produced 
 perfect insects. I have just finished the study of a species 
 about which I wish to write to you specially.* It has all the 
 structural characteristics of Asyclina terminella, except that 
 the submedian vein of the anterior wings is not furcate at the 
 base, and that the labial palpi are not drooping. The 
 specific description of Terminella corresponds, too, most 
 remarkably, to the species under consideration. I observe 
 you say that Terminella is a discrepant species in the genus 
 under which it is placed, and that its embryonic history is 
 unknown. I will, therefore, give you briefly the larval history 
 of the species in hand, hoping you have by this time ascer- 
 tained something respecting Terminella, and can inform me 
 whether they correspond, and whether the species has been 
 removed from the genus Asychna. 
 
 * Afterwards recognized as an Antispila and described as A. Nysscefoliella, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Jan. 1860. H. T. S. 
 
 C2 
 
20 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of Nyssa multiflora, in numbers 
 that are perfectly incredible. 
 
 It is subcylindrical, flattened above and beneath, with the 
 segments rounded and projecting laterally ; a dorsal plate on 
 first segment; no legs or prolegs, but a tubercle on the 
 ventral surface of twelfth ring, with a circlet of hooks. Head 
 broad, circular, flattened, thin and retractile. Head dark 
 brown, shield brownish; body very pale green, with dark 
 atoms along the dorsum ; ventral surface with a line of double 
 black spots. After the last moulting the shield becomes 
 " black, with a black vascular line. 
 
 In the mine of the larva the entire parenchyma of the leaf 
 is devoured, leaving the upper and lower epidermis almost 
 transparent. When it prepares for pupation the larva weaves 
 an oval cocoon within the mine ; and when the upper and 
 lower membranes are well carpeted within its limits, they are 
 cut in an oval form, and the cocoon permitted to fall to the 
 earth. 
 
 The two ends of the cocoon are still open, and the larva 
 attaches it by little cables of silk to surrounding objects on 
 the ground, to prevent the rains of fah 1 and spring from carry- 
 ing it away. 
 
 The pupa is thrust from the cocoon at maturity, the case 
 being extremely thin and delicate. I have not yet opened 
 any of the cocoons to describe the ^pupa itself. 
 
 The head of the imago is almost globose, without ocelli, 
 covered with closely appressed scales ; front somewhat pro- 
 duced in the middle at base of the tongue. No maxillary 
 palpi; labial separated, slender, curving on the sides and 
 ascending to about the middle of the front. Tongue about 
 half as long as the thorax. Eyes elliptical. Antennas rather 
 thick, but filiform, short, somewhat more than one-half as long 
 as the anterior wings. Abdomen nearly twice longer than 
 the thorax beneath. Hind tibias slightly pilose, with a pair 
 of spurs near the middle and a terminal pair. 
 
 If I have not mistaken the structural affinities of this 
 species, it belongs to a genus not described in your " Insecta 
 Brit.," and if none has been formed for its reception I propose 
 
LETTER OF MAY 15TH, 1859. 21 
 
 to describe it under the name of Diacopia. If you can en- 
 lighten me on the subject, your valuable aid will be highly 
 appreciated. 
 
 As soon as I can arrange my materials, I intend to begin 
 to describe Tineina in the Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. 
 Sciences, and will send them to you regularly. And what 
 will be still more acceptable, as soon as I have supplied a few 
 friends and the Cabinet of the Academy with specimens I 
 have classified, I will be happy to supply your cabinet also, 
 but I will promise to send you those alone which I have 
 classified or cannot classify. I can do this without the least 
 expense to either you or myself; the Smithsonian Institution 
 will take charge of these transmissions, and deliver them to 
 you without any expense. Their exchanges with Europe 
 take place but twice a year however, and as the packages are 
 all included in one large box, it might not be the safest mode 
 
 that could be adopted. 
 
 * * * ***** 
 
 I never received the number of the " Intelligencer" in 
 which you noticed the differences between L. Acaciella and 
 the American Robiniella. I met, however, during last 
 spring Baron Osten Sacken in Washington city, and he 
 informed me he had visited you when in London and that 
 you had given him the article. He was kind enough to 
 send it me the next day, but his messenger lost it on the 
 way. 
 
 Is Professor Frey's work the only good one on Tineina 
 you can recommend to me? Are there none in French? 
 I do not yet read the German with sufficient ease to enable 
 me to use the former to advantage. The recognition of 
 genera is much more laborious to the American student than 
 to the Continental one, for we have no cabinets of classified 
 specimens that we can consult. Your very excellent " In- 
 secta Brit." and the " Nat. Hist, of the Tineina" have been 
 of great value to me, but I suppose there are many genera 
 which are not included in the former, and it will perhaps be 
 years before the subject is exhausted in the latter. If you 
 
22 DK. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 know of any work which you think will be valuable to me, 
 and will extend my knowledge of genera, by giving me the 
 title you will add another to the many obligations I feel 
 
 under to you for past kindness and encouragement. 
 
 # # # * # # * # 
 
 I determined long since to form no collection for myself, 
 and freely give away all specimens I have systematized. 
 Such specimens as are new I add to the collection of the 
 A cad. of Nat. Sciences in Philadelphia, where any one may 
 find them. 
 
 V. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 October th, 1859. 
 
 I BEG you to accept the contents of the accompanying box. 
 I collected the cocoons especially for you a day or two since, 
 and they are all full fed on their food plants, not in vivaria. 
 I intended to send this with my next letter to you, but as a 
 steamer leaves on the 5th inst., I will defer writing until 
 I can send also a copy of my paper on the Sphingina, and 
 perhaps my first on the Tineina. Then I send some species, 
 which I fear may appear on the voyage to you, and to antici- 
 pate the event if possible I send them immediately. A few 
 specimens of L. Robiniella are at present in their mines 
 though nearly full fed ; these I hope will become pupae ere 
 you receive them. The cocoonets are separated from each 
 other by thin layers of cotton, and a bit of paper in each lot 
 giving their names. Commencing at the top is a beautiful 
 species that will surprise you. I wish I could enjoy your 
 surprise : Phyllocnistis vitigenella. The rest are members 
 of the genus Litliocolletis perhaps not all specifically dis- 
 tinct except some Antispila nyss&foliella. 
 
 With respect to this and an allied new genus I have some- 
 thing of interest to tell you. The mine of Phyllocnistis is 
 not correctly described in the " Insecta Britannica," unless 
 the mines of your species differ considerably from ours. 
 The larva is apod. Particulars hereafter. 
 
LETTER OF OCTOBER 4TH, 1859. 23 
 
 If you receive this lot of cocoonets safely, it will be prefer- 
 able to sending the perfect insects, both to you and myself. 
 You can then set out your own specimens, for it is an act in 
 which I am not yet proficient. 
 
 I beg you will pardon the informality of this scrip * almost 
 a transatlantic despatch, and believe me, &c. 
 
 P.S. The P. vitigenella have just formed their cocoons. 
 They will appear in about a fortnight from this date; per- 
 haps one may come out before this box reaches you. Two 
 specimens are in the larva state yet, but are preparing to 
 form their cocoons. On the top I add a few cocoonets of a 
 new genus, Aspidisca splendor if erella. 
 
 VI. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 October lOtk, 1859. 
 
 I HAD the pleasure to send you by last week's steamer a 
 little box containing a few of the cocoons of some of our 
 Micros. I hope you will receive them safely, and that their 
 confinement and transatlantic voyage may not injure the pupas. 
 I do not desire any return for them, nor was the box sent 
 under any expectation or hope that you might be induced to 
 make a return of your own insects. The hope that I may 
 thus give you some pleasure in return for your kindness and 
 courtesies is a sufficient remuneration, and I dare say the 
 satisfaction and pleasure I had in sending quite equals what 
 you will feel on their reception. Should the pupse of this 
 lot produce images, I will gladly send you others hereafter. 
 This I can easily do, probably during the summer, as but ten 
 days at most will expire before they reach you, and my 
 observations, during the last and the present summer, have 
 put me in possession of the history of many larvse. Some of 
 them are very troublesome to rear, and in many instances 
 
 * The slip 'of paper on which the above letter was written, in pencil and 
 extremely small, is five inches long and less than 1 inch wide. II. T. S. 
 
24 DK. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 I have been entirely unsuccessful in carrying them through 
 their transformations. One species, which I found this 
 season, for the first time, in abundance, all I believe died in 
 the larva state, notwithstanding the assiduous attention I 
 gave it and all my devices contrived for its benefit. I will 
 not trouble you to read the particulars of its history, unfor- 
 tunate history I should say, at the present time. 
 
 It is with feelings of some trepidation that I send by the 
 present post my first paper on Entomology. Need I say 
 I shall be pleased to have your opinion of it ? Do not hesi- 
 tate to indicate that which you conceive to be objectionable 
 or erroneous. I have honestly expressed the results of my 
 own labours, regardless of the praise or disapprobation they 
 may meet with, and confident that if my conceptions are 
 truthful and accurate they will stand the tests of examination 
 and discussion. 
 
 My first paper on the Tineina will appear some time 
 during this month in the Proceedings of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences. In it I describe four genera, and give 
 figures of the heads, wings, &c., like those in your " Insecta 
 Britannica." I know nothing of the primary states of two of 
 these genera, and as the perfect insects are quite distinct in 
 their characters from any genus described in your work 
 I have pronounced them to be new. 
 
 The plan on which the publication of the Proceedings is 
 conducted does not include illustration, except at the expense 
 of the author ; therefore I will not continue these papers with 
 plates beyond another number or two in the Proceedings, 
 and if I cannot induce Prof. Henry of the Smithsonian to 
 continue them, as I work up the material in my collection, 
 I will cease to publish them. 
 
 The article to which I referred in my last as being ready 
 for distribution by the ' Smithsonian Institution has been 
 printed in the Annual Report, but has not been distributed, 
 owing to the want of franks. When I receive copies of it 
 I will send you one.* 
 
 * See ante, p. 18. H. T. S. 
 
LETTER OF OCTOBER 10TH, 1859. 25 
 
 One of the most interesting species amongst the cocoons 
 I sent to you will doubtless be Phyllocnistis vitigenella. The 
 larva mines the leaves of Vitis cordifolia in an exceedingly 
 long, winding, narrow tract, just sufficiently broad to accom- 
 modate its body. The tract is not transparent, and the 
 entire parenchyma of the leaf is not consumed, so that in 
 appearance it is not unlike the tracings left by snails. Just 
 before undergoing its transformation the larva enlarges its 
 mine sufficiently to enable it to throw the leaf into a small 
 fold and weave its cocoon. 
 
 The larva is without feet or prolegs. The body tapers 
 posteriorly somewhat, with the sides of the segments slightly 
 projecting, but flattened, and the middle cylindrically ele- 
 vated. The head is thin, flat and circular, with the man- 
 dibles forming an appendage in front in the median line. 
 The head is umbre-brown. The body shining, translucent, 
 whitish on the sides and dark green in the middle. It is 
 somewhat viscid, adhering to whatever touches it after the 
 larva is taken from the mine. When this is done, it makes 
 little or no voluntary movement and does not retreat in its 
 mine when touched. The larva is apparently very delicate 
 and is easily killed, indeed, does not survive the gentlest 
 handling and examination. 
 
 All the specimens I found in the larva state produced 
 perfect insects some time past, but, fortunately, the day before 
 I sent the box to you I found four or five mines, the Iarva3 
 in which were just preparing for pupation. I secured these 
 for you, and as soon as I was sure they had begun to weave 
 I packed them in the box. When they appear I think you 
 will find I have not mistaken the genus. 
 
 In the leaf of the same plant ( V. cordifolia) I found, a few 
 weeks since, another Antispila larva, another much larger 
 one in a species of domestic grape (the Isabella), another in 
 a species of Cornus, and on the day I went out for your 
 benefit still another species in the leaf of the Hickory.* So 
 
 * Carya, a genus of Juglandacece. H. T. S. 
 
26 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 you perceive I was rewarded for my kind intentions to you, 
 by Nature herself, and I know no one whom she could more 
 properly adopt as her protege. I intended to send you speci- 
 mens of these, although I have but few of each, but I was 
 much pressed for time when preparing the box and over- 
 looked them. 
 
 Aspidisca splendoriferella is a genus very close to Anti- 
 spila. The mine of the larva is similar but much smaller, 
 and although the cocoon is very small, but little of the mine 
 is left after the membranes of the leaf are cut. It feeds on 
 the leaf of Crat&gus tomentosa. 
 
 The larva. The head is much smaller than the first 
 segment, rounded above and elliptical. The body is flattened 
 and tapers from the anterior rings, but the first is smaller 
 than the second ring. The segments are rather deeply 
 incised, the thoracic obtusely rounded at the sides and the 
 remainder, each with a lateral nodule or mammilla. "Without 
 legs or prolegs, but on the second and third thoracic rings, 
 both on the ventral and dorsal surfaces, are spots or cup-like 
 depressions, two on each ring, capable of being contracted 
 and expanded ; so also, from the sixth to the ninth inclusive 
 on the ventral surface, are oval central spots of a similar 
 kind, one on each ring, and on the ring next the last is a 
 protuberance both dorsal and ventral, with two cup-like 
 depressions on each surface. These are not supplied with 
 hooks, and if they are substitutes for feet must act like 
 suckers. These cup-like depressions are pale brown; the 
 head dark brown ; the body brown, with blackish along the 
 dorsal and ventral surfaces. 
 
 The mine is a small transparent blotch, but little larger 
 than what is sufficient to form the disk, with the " frass" 
 deposited collectively. The disk is oval, rather pointed at 
 the extremities, and is secured to some object by one of its 
 ends tied down on a little white silk button. The larva 
 carries the disk quite a distance sometimes before finally 
 securing it. 
 
 As the perfect insect is very small I will give you its 
 
LETTER OF OCTOBER 10TH, 1859. 
 
 27 
 
 characters, and beg, when your specimens appear, that you 
 will verify my diagnosis. 
 
 Head smooth (with a cap of curved scales oterarching 
 the vertex from behind ; this may be owing to the pinning), 
 with the scales of clypeus somewhat produced into a point 
 beneath. Ocelli none. Forehead or vertex rounded. Eyes 
 very small, not visible from above and scarcely visible in 
 front. Antennas held extended laterally, very short, scarcely 
 one half as long as the fore-wings and about twice the length 
 of the head ; rather thick, obtuse, with diameter equal, rough- 
 ened with scales. Maxillary palpi none. Labial palpi none. 
 Tongue none. 
 
 I supposed at first this insect must belong to Tinagma, 
 but it differs from it in the neuration of the wings, in orna- 
 mentation, and in its cha- 
 racters as given above. The 
 perfect insect is very beau- 
 tiful. I will not describe 
 it, although your specimens 
 will not appear until next 
 spring. 
 
 I send you a leaf of 
 Ostrya Virginicd, contain- 
 ing what to me is a novel 
 mine. I found it for the 
 first time a few days ago, JB 
 when looking for cocoons j|j 
 intended for you. I should V ; 
 be glad to learn whether S 
 you know of any larva hav- l|j 
 ing a similar habit. The 
 mine begins along the mid- 
 rib, and scarcely ever ex- 
 ceeds the limit of the two 
 veins, between which it is 
 first commenced. Its pe- 
 culiarity consists in the construction of lateral walls of " frass" 
 
28 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 within the mine, that are extended as the mine increases in 
 length, forming a tube, transparent above and below, which 
 leads to an opaque one alongside of the mid-rib of the leaf.* 
 When the larva is alarmed or disturbed it retreats along 
 this way and conceals itself under the opaque portion along 
 the mid-rib. It quits the leaf to transform, and weaves a 
 little ovoid cocoon. 
 
 I sent you a Lithocolletis which mines this leaf also, and 
 there is still another species in it, which had not become 
 pupae at that time, whose cocoon is a little ovoid mass formed 
 of"frass." 
 
 I have found other tube-forming larvae, that construct 
 their tubes on the outside of leaves. One of these is very 
 singular, its tube being two or three inches in length, and 
 covered at the large extremity by a web of silk, under which 
 the larva feeds. I have two cocoons of this larva which 
 I hope will produce imagos. It is rather rare in this locality, 
 but two years ago I found it very abundant in the oaks of 
 Minnesota near Saint Paul. I did not succeed in getting 
 pupae at that time, and I think Pennsylvania is probably its 
 southern limit. 
 
 I am much obliged for the kind invitation you have given 
 me to consult you, whenever I find myself in difficulty. 
 There are a great many questions I should like to ask, but 
 I know how valuable is your time, and feel sure much of it is 
 devoted to the incipient Entomologists of your own country. 
 Then, too, I have been taught, from my youth, in the words 
 of the homely adage, that " those who help themselves, God 
 helps." 
 
 Is there a genus in the family Elachistidce, the larva of 
 which form their cocoons in a thin open net-work, so that the 
 pupa is visible ? I found larvae which made cocoons of this 
 kind feeding on the drupes of the fruit-heads of sumach. 
 
 I am quite sure I have found a new genus in Lyonetidce. 
 I am acquainted, however, only with the imago. Are there 
 
 * Nothing at all analogous to this is known amongst the mining Lepi- 
 dopterous larvae of Europe. H. T. S. 
 
LETTEK OF OCTOBER 10TH, 1859. 29 
 
 any other genera in this group besides those you have so well 
 described? Besides this I have made drawings and descrip- 
 tions of many other novelties, of which you will hear in due 
 time. Please do not forget to send me the diagnoses of the 
 new genera you may describe. 
 
 VII. 
 
 EASTON, February I6th, 1860. 
 
 As I am compelled to leave home on a visit to Virginia 
 to-morrow, to be absent perhaps for some time, I send in the 
 post which will bring to you this note, three papers on 
 Tineina, and hope they will prove of some interest to you. 
 You will find also enclosed herewith, some photographic 
 copies of some of my drawings referred to in the first paper,* 
 together with a sheet on which I have traced some heads of 
 other genera and copies of the wing structure of others, f 
 This will enable you to make more satisfactory comparisons, 
 particularly in those groups which I have designated as new 
 ones. By it you will perceive that the genus Aspidisca is 
 quite as nearly related to Cemiostoma as to Tinagma. The 
 genus I have described ought to carry with it in a systematic 
 arrangement that of Antispila, and thus you perceive how 
 much we are at variance respecting its position. I have no 
 hesitation in saying that I regard the position of the genera 
 Perittia, Tinagma and Douglasia in the family Glyphip- 
 terygidcB as too anomalous to be correct, and think that 
 a revision of these genera and a comparison with those alluded 
 to previously would induce you to throw them together in a 
 new group, with some of the genera included under Lyonetidce. 
 I have recognized some of our Tineina as belonging to the 
 
 * This will be found introduced at the end of the first published paper, re- 
 printed from the " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences," Sept., 
 1852. The figures, though referred to there at p. 262, were not published. 
 H. T. S. 
 
 t These I have introduced under the notices of the respective genera, which 
 they illustrate. H. T. S. 
 
30 
 
 former family, but have not yet fully satisfied my mind, that 
 they do not belong to Glyphipteryx, and hence have not yet 
 described them, but certainly they are too markedly different 
 from Antispila to admit of inclusion in the same family group, 
 even under my own views. 
 
 In the photographic copies of my sketches you will find 
 the details of structure of a new genus, Anorthosia, which 
 I have not yet published.* I send it because I regard it as 
 very curious in the structure of its labial palpi, and as it was 
 upon the same sheet containing the others. I intended to 
 give illustrations of all the new genera I might describe in 
 the papers I send, but I found that the expense was altogether 
 too great, for our American engravers are exorbitant in their 
 
 charges Hence I do not send you the artist's 
 
 plate, but my own drawings. As I am my own delineator, 
 the work of course consumes much of my time, and recently 
 I have ceased to delineate the heads. I am now sorry that 
 I have made no representation of B. ? Staintoniella, Buccu- 
 latrix? coronatella ; JZudarcia, Diachorisia, or Cosmiotes or 
 Aspidisca, because they are all small and difficult to de- 
 lineate. 
 
 I send you two copies of each of my papers, and beg you 
 will have the kindness to present one of each, with my compli- 
 ments, to Professor Zeller. You are doubtless in frequent 
 communication with him, and as he has described quite a 
 number of American Tineina (however, I have never seen the 
 descriptions), he may recognize in my descriptions some 
 previously published by himself. Please say to him, that if 
 he can send me, without inconvenience to himself, his de- 
 scriptions of our Tineina, I shall look upon his kindness 
 as a great favour. And must beg both you and himself 
 not to forget, that in the recognition of genera in such an 
 immense field as our country presents, with no guide but 
 books treating of foreign fauna, I labour under many diffi- 
 culties. 
 
 Professor Agassiz, however, has interested himself in my 
 
 * Described in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. May, 1860. H. T. S. 
 
LETTER OF FEBRUARY 16TH, 1860. 31 
 
 studies most kindly, and will supply me with a suite of 
 specimens, which will be received from agents in Europe in 
 a few months, including all the European genera. When 
 I receive these the work will be easier and more certain. 
 
 I was very sorry to hear my box of cocoonets disappointed 
 you in not producing specimens. And I thought I was careful 
 to designate Robiniella and Vitigenella as those which would 
 appear in the fall. The specimens of Aspidisca, which will 
 be most interesting to you, will appear notwithstanding they 
 are kept in a warmed room; at least, the only specimens 
 I have appeared last spring under these circumstances. 
 
 I have not seen the " Intelligencer" since December 3rd, 
 and cannot imagine why it is delayed. Could I not make 
 arrangements at the publishing office, after subscribing 
 through Bailliere, to have it sent me directly? 
 
 Your use of my remarks on species* in the Synopsis was a 
 most unlooked-for compliment and a most pleasant recogni- 
 tion of the views advocated, which a perusal of Darwin has 
 not disturbed. 
 
 I am writing in much haste .... 
 
 VIII. 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 June 23rd, 1860. 
 
 ENCLOSED in my fourth paper, on American Tineina, 
 which I send by the present post, I have taken the liberty of 
 sending a photograph of myself for which I sat a few months 
 ago. May I beg you to receive it as a token of my esteem 
 and friendship, sent to you in the hope that it may dissipate to 
 a certain extent that sense of vagueness, which must be con- 
 nected with my personalty whenever I may be recalled to 
 your mind ? Need I say how much I should be pleased to 
 possess a like memorial of yourself, to hang amongst those of 
 other friends in my study. If you can send me one without 
 
 Quoted in the "Entomologist's Annual" for 1860, pp. 156168. H. T. S. 
 
32 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 any inconvenience, or without having it taken for this pur- 
 pose alone, it will give me much pleasure. 
 
 I was very glad to hear you had succeeded in breeding 
 A. splendoriferella, and am pleased that the species is so 
 interesting in your view. 
 
 In return I have an announcement to make which I think 
 will somewhat surprise you. I have at last succeeded in 
 breeding a Nepticula, and the species is so very like your 
 Angulifasciella, both in ornamentation, as given in Vol. I. of 
 the (f Nat. Hist, of the Tineina," and in its preparatory 
 states, that I am much inclined to believe it the same 
 insect. Indeed my feeling in this respect amounts almost 
 to a conviction, and yet I have named it Rubifoliella from 
 its food plant, merely, however, because at the time I de- 
 scribed it I had but a single specimen. Since that time 
 another imago has made its appearance. During the present 
 season I will make special search for it and hope to secure 
 specimens in the pupa state for you. You will find the 
 entire history of the species detailed in a paper which I will 
 send to you in July. I enclose in this note a rough sketch 
 of the neuration of the species, in which you will notice that 
 the discoidal ceh 1 of the fore-wings is closed by a faint nervure 
 near the base. Will you please inform me whether in 
 Angulifasciella this peculiarity exists? Should these insects 
 prove to be the same, will it not be a very interesting fact in 
 geographical distribution? At least it appears so to my 
 mind when I consider its minuteness and the oceanic interval 
 which separates us from England or the continent of 
 Europe. 
 
 I have been greatly interested in Mr. Darwin's theory of 
 the origin of species, and Dr. Hooker's introductory essay to 
 the Tasmanian Flora. I cannot but admire the boldness 
 of the former and the apparent candour with which he urges 
 his views ; but whilst he succeeds in jostling rudely ordinarily 
 received views, and engendering doubts from his ingenious 
 reasoning, he does not leave on the mind a sense of conviction. 
 This theory of profitable modifications of structure resulting 
 
LETTEK OF JUNE 23KD, 1860. 33 
 
 from a struggle for existence adds nothing to our knowledge, 
 and is flatly contradicted by all our physiological facts. It is 
 really a revival of the doctrine of Yon Bar enunciated nearly 
 fifty years ago, " That heterogeneous or special structure 
 arises out of one more homogeneous or general, and this by 
 means of gradual change" This united to the doctrine of 
 transmutation puts us in possession of the entire Darwinian 
 theory. 
 
 Prof. Agassiz is now writing a reply to his argument, and 
 in this, all that can be urged in favour of immutability will 
 be ably advocated and represented. Even if the theory of 
 the immutability of species must be abandoned, from the 
 accumulation of testimony against it, there is still, in my own 
 view, a safe and reasonable intermediate position which can 
 be occupied. This I conceive is indicated in the proposition 
 of Dr. Le Conte as contained in my introductory remarks in 
 the Synopsis of the N. A. Sphingidce. 
 
 I have been preparing to write a Monograph of the Ameri- 
 can Tineina, but greatly to my regret I must defer the com- 
 mencement of the work for at least another year. All the 
 material that is accumulated results from my own industry, 
 and thus far my captures have been almost purely local. 
 At the end of this season I shall be able to determine how 
 much and what kind of assistance I shall receive from others. 
 A few students and collectors are collecting for me at present 
 in various parts of the country, but the region thus occupied 
 is not by any means sufficiently extensive. They are all 
 north of 38 N. latitude, and all my efforts are now devoted 
 to obtaining collections south of this, or in the extreme 
 southern states, but thus far without any success. 
 
 It may interest you to know that I have constructed a 
 Synoptical Table of all the British Genera of the Tineina, 
 including those groups which I have described as new ones, 
 and carried it out rigidly on the basis of structural characters. 
 I have done this chiefly for my own convenience, but with 
 the intention likewise of using it in a monograph of our own 
 
34 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 insects, after having tested its value in my own studies. All 
 the groups are rigidly exclusive, and you would be gratified, 
 I think, could you see how much systemization is facilitated 
 by the use of it, however much you might object to the 
 principal groups which are formed in it. I will give these, 
 and they will indicate, at the same time, my conceptions re- 
 specting classification. The future study of our fauna may, 
 however, modify my conceptions, but I cannot here specify 
 in what particulars. 
 
 In the first place, then, I am much inclined to include the 
 Tor trices in the group TINEINA, as one of its family groups. 
 I will not detail here my reasons for this, but of one thing I 
 am certainly convinced, that Mr. Wilkinson's division of the 
 group into families, representing I suppose the European 
 practice in this respect, is purely artificial and unmeaning in 
 so far as any definite conception is connected with them. 
 They are merely convenient groupings of genera intended to 
 facilitate the recognition of these groups. This object can be 
 attained in a manner less objectionable. 
 
 With respect to the Tineina proper, to give you a tabular 
 statement of my ideas, I would arrange the group in the 
 following manner ; but I ought to premise that this is merely 
 an abstract of the principal groups in the Table, and they 
 are not as distinctly characterized as they are there. 
 
 TINEID^E. Hind-wings rather broad, frequently somewhat 
 
 narrow and ovate-lanceolate, never linear-lanceolate. 
 Group. I. Micropterigides. Neuration of both wings 
 
 nearly alike. 
 
 Group II. Tineides. Median vein of h. w. two-branched ; 
 subcostal simple or bifid ; discal nervules two or three, 
 distinct; often rather narrow and ovate-lanceolate. 
 Group. III. Gelechides. Median of hind-wings three- 
 branched; very frequently the medio-posterior and 
 central nervules are placed on a common stalk ; sub- 
 costal simple or bifid ; discal nervules are two, one or 
 none. 
 
LETTER OF JUNE 23RD, 1 860. 35 
 
 Sub-Fam. GRACILARIN^. Hind-wings extremely narrow, 
 
 setiform or linear-lanceolate. 
 
 Group I. Gracilarides. Hind-wings with median vein 
 two or three -branched ; cell most frequently open, &c. 
 Group II. Lithocolletides. Hind-wings with median 
 vein always simple ; cell always open. 
 
 These groups are subdivided into subordinate groups by 
 means of the most general characters, and these again into 
 others, until at last they are cut up in small groups of genera, 
 which are distinguished from each other by their special and 
 peculiar characters. Thus those which most nearly approach 
 each other in structure are brought into direct contrast, ex- 
 cept when they happen to be separated by some category 
 having a general significance. You will not approve this 
 arrangement, but I find it is so convenient and serviceable that 
 I cannot but believe it will be valuable and useful to others. 
 In the present state of Lepidopterology the attempt to con- 
 struct a natural system must be purely approximative. I 
 should be glad to submit the entire Synopsis of Genera to your 
 inspection, did it not take up too much space to send in MS. 
 
 I have been greatly disappointed this spring in the failure 
 of some of my most interesting pupse to produce imagos. 
 This was the case with the pupa from the larva which made 
 the peculiar mine in the leaf of Ostrya* sent to you last fall, 
 and the tube-making larvae on the lower surface of the oak 
 leaf. I found however a Butalis larva. It mines the leaves 
 of Aster cordifolia in rather a peculiar manner. The lower 
 surface of the leaf, near the base, is covered with a web con- 
 taining silken tubes, and the larvas open mines connected 
 with these, and they are rarely extended to a greater length 
 than that of the body of the miner. They are easily alarmed 
 and immediately retreat from the mine to the web, where 
 they are almost concealed. 
 
 In November, 1858, I found two cases of, I suppose, 
 Coleophora larvae, spun up on the slots of the window- 
 
 * See p. 27. H. T. S. 
 D2 
 
36 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 shutters to an outhouse. The cases are cylindrical, about 
 two lines long, and the free end is closed like a three-sided 
 pyramid, while the mouth is slightly curved. I allude to 
 them here because, a few days ago, I removed the cases from 
 the glass tube in which they have been since I first found 
 them, with the intention of opening them to ascertain what 
 they contained. Much to my surprise I found the larvaB in 
 both were living, before I succeeded in opening the cases, 
 which appear to consist of tough silk. As no images ap- 
 peared during last summer, I supposed the larvse were dead, 
 and I am astonished that they should be living now after 
 having passed nineteen months in the larva state without 
 food. 
 
 My published generic diagnosis of Aspidisca is erroneous 
 in one or two particulars. The two specimens from which 
 this was drawn were not well set, and I suppose I must have 
 injured the oral parts in my microscopic examinations. I 
 have corrected these errors in my last paper, the fifth, now 
 in press. The correction is, that the labial palpi are ex- 
 tremely short and slender, much separated. Tongue naked, 
 and scarcely as long as the anterior coxse. 
 
 The miner in the leaf of Hickory of which I spoke in one 
 of my previous letters is not an Antispila as I supposed, but 
 another species of Aspidisca very like Splendor if erella, yet 
 specifically distinct. 
 
 If there are any species I have described you would like to 
 examine or to possess specimens of, I will send them to you, 
 if you will specify them, in August, through the Smithsonian 
 Institution. I cannot promise, however, to send specimens 
 of all the Tineina I have described, for frequently the descrip- 
 tions have been drawn from a single specimen which has been 
 deprived of one pair of wings. 
 
 Yesterday I found the $ of Anarsia ? pruniella ; it is the 
 same as the European, and the genus is no longer question- 
 able. 
 
LIST OF INSECTS, JULY 23RD, 1860. 37 
 
 N. American Tineina for Mr. H. T. Stainton of Mounts- 
 field, Lewisham, London, S.E., from Brackenridge 
 Clemens of Easton, Pennsylvania, U. S. 
 
 1. Tinea biflavimaculella (2). 
 
 2. dorsistrigella (3). 
 
 3. lanariella (4). 
 
 4. nubilipennella (3). 
 
 5. Xylesthia pruniramiella (2). 
 
 6. Amydria effrenatella (1), very rare. 
 
 7. Anaphora plumifrontella (3). 
 
 8. Lithocolletis lucidicostella (4). 
 
 9. Desmodiella (3). 
 
 10. basistrigella (3). 
 
 11. lucetiella (5). 
 
 12. Tischeria citrinipennella (1). 
 
 13. Lithocolletis argentifimbriella (1). 
 
 14. Phyllocnistis vitigenella (2). 
 
 15. Plutella vigilaciella (1). 
 
 16. limbipennella (2). 
 
 17. Argyresthia Oreasella (1). 
 
 18. Bedellia? Staintoniella (3). 
 
 19. Coleophora coruscipennella (5). 
 
 20. Cosmopteryx gemmiferella (6). 
 
 21. Aspidisca splendor if erella (4). 
 
 22. Gelechia Agrimoniella (6). 
 
 23. Rhoifructella (3). 
 
 24. ? rubidella (3). 
 
 25. ? roseosuffusella (3). 
 
 26. ? deter sella (2). 
 
 27. Butalis matutella (7). 
 
 28. flavifrontella (1). 
 
 29. Stilbosis tesquella (3). 
 
 30. Strobisia iridipennella (3). 
 
 31. emblemella (3). 
 
 32. Chrysocorys Erythriella (2). 
 
 33. Brentliia pavonacella (4). 
 
 34. Pigritia laticapitella (2). 
 
38 
 
 35. Anorthosia punctipennella (2). 
 
 Phy cites. 
 
 36. Lanthaphe Plantanella (2), one specimen, much muti- 
 
 lated for examination. Both males. 
 
 I should have been glad to have made the list of species 
 more extensive, but cannot do so at present. 
 
 July 23, 1860. B. C. 
 
 [My remarks on the above series of North American Tineina 
 were published by Dr. Clemens in the Proceedings of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for October, 
 1860, pp. 433, 434, and also in the second volume of the 
 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 
 vol. 2, pp. 130132. I quote here from the first named 
 work, which contains some introductory sentences by Dr. 
 Clemens, omitted in the Proceedings of the Entomological 
 Society. H. T. S.] 
 
 Extracted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, October, 1860, p. 433-4. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN TINEINA, BY H. T. STAINTON OP 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 [Mr. STAINTON has very kindly sent me the following observa- 
 tions, on a small lot of American Tineina, forwarded to him late 
 in July. In return, I am indebted to him for 'an interesting suite 
 of European genera and specimens of those insects, which he con- 
 siders identical with ours. It is quite needless for me to say that 
 I regard any opinion Mr. Stainton may deliberately form, on ques- 
 tions of classification, to be final.* 
 
 After having examined a specimen of the genus Simaethis, 
 I must acknowledge that Brenthia seems congeneric with it. 
 Whether the former genus naturally belongs to the Pyralidina 
 must be left for future determination. My own opinion at present 
 is, that it is improperly included in this well-marked group. 
 
 BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS.] 
 
 Tinea biftavimaculella. This is closely allied if not identical 
 with T. spilotella (see Linn. Eut. vi. p. 108, Eusticella, var. b.). 
 Spilotella appears confined to the north of Europe, occurring in 
 Finland and Scotland. 
 
 T. dorsistrigella is allied to T. ferruginella, but the markings 
 are much whiter and the dorsal streak is broader. 
 
 * I need scarcely say that I do not shave Dr. Clemens' notions of my being 
 always right. " Humanum est errare." H. T. S. 
 
MR. STAINTON'S OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN TINEINA. 39 
 
 T. nubilipennella is identical with our T. fuscipunctella. 
 
 T. lanariella is identical with our everywhere abundant 
 T. biselliella. 
 
 Xylesthia pruniramiella. This curious genus appears to be 
 rather allied to Ochsenheimeria ; another strange genus in this 
 vicinity, Hapstfera, was founded by Zeller in the Isis of 1847, 
 p. 32. 
 
 Amydria ejffrenatella. I am disposed to place this in the genus 
 Euplocamus; the palpi are very like those of E. tessulatella, Z. 
 (Linn. Ent. vi. p. 96). (This is true of the labial palpi ; but the 
 maxillary palpi in Amydria are extremely short. B. C.). 
 
 Anaphora plumifrontella. I am utterly perplexed with this : 
 we have no European form at all resembling it. 
 
 Lithocolletis lucidicostella. These ae * earl alied 
 
 . 
 L. argentifimbriella. 
 
 L. basistrigella. This is nearly allied to a south European 
 species, Suberifoliella (Zell. Entomol. Zeitung, 1850, p. 208) ; 
 but it is smaller, the basal streak is shorter, the subapical streaks 
 are more distinct and the ground colour darker. 
 
 Tischeria citrinipennella. This is rather intermediate between 
 our European Complanella and Marginea; it possesses a black 
 spot at the anal angle, as in the last-named species. 
 
 Phyllocnistis vitigenella. This is closely allied to our Suffu- 
 sella and Saligna; but it is smaller, and the position of the suba- 
 pical dorsal streak is different. 
 
 Coleophora coruscipennella. This is very nearly allied to our 
 C. Fabriciella; but the anterior wings are a little browner. The 
 antennae quite agree with those of Fabriciella. 
 
 Plutella vigilaciella. This is our P. porrectella ; you will find 
 the larva in gardens on Hesperis matronalis. 
 
 Plutella limbipennella. This is our P. cruciferarum; it 
 seems cosmopolitan, as I have seen specimens from various parts 
 of the globe. Probably wherever man eats cabbages Crucifera- 
 rum will occur. 
 
 Argyresthia oreasella. This seems quite identical with our 
 A. Andereggiella. 
 
 Bedellia ? Staintoniella. Certainly a Bedellia, and I cannot 
 distinguish it specifically from our Somnulentella, only it is 
 smaller. 
 
 Cosmopteryxl gemmiferella. A true Cosmopteryx ; but your 
 specimens are not all the same species ; four of them I take to be 
 the true Gemmiferella. These have the central fascia reddish- 
 orange, edged with silvery violet. This fascia is considerably 
 broadest on the costa, its hinder margin being formed by two 
 silvery-violet spots, which are by no means opposite ; at the apex 
 of the wing is a short silvery-white scale [streak ?], preceded by a 
 violet-silvery spot, with which it is not connected. 
 
40 DR. BKACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 The other two specimens, for which I propose the name 
 Cosmopteryx Clemensella, differ from Gemmiferella in the an- 
 terior wings being darker, the orange fascia is paler, not so 
 reddish ; its margins are pale golden, instead of silvery-violet, and 
 its hind margin is almost straight (this is very different from 
 Gemmiferella) ; finally, the apical streak is continuous, not inter- 
 rupted, and of a silvery- white throughout. I shall describe this in 
 an early number of the " Intelligencer," in some remarks on the 
 extra-European species of the genus Cosmopteryx.* 
 
 Anorthosia punctipennella. This seems to be allied to Cleo- 
 dora, and I do not feel confident that it is generically distinct. 
 
 Gelechia agrimoniella. Allied to G. ligulella and G. tcenio- 
 lella but quite distinct. 
 
 G. ? roseosujffusella ; a true Gelechia, allied to G. decurtella 
 (H.-S. Tineides, tab. 72, f. 539). 
 
 G. Rhoifructella. This has considerable resemblance with 
 our Populella; but the anterior wings are broader and blunter, 
 and the anterior segments of the body are not pale. 
 
 G. ? rubidella. A true Gelechia, somewhat allied to G. erici- 
 nella, but smaller, and the anterior wings narrower. 
 
 G. detersella. I am uncertain about this ; it is perhaps allied 
 to our moss-feeding G. affinis. The name detersella must be 
 altered, that name having been used by Zeller for a Sicilian species 
 of the genus (Isis, 1847). 
 
 The genus Gelechia, as at present constituted, is very elastic 
 and includes a variety of slightly different forms. G. subocellea 
 is our most discordant species. 
 
 'These are very different from any 
 thing in Europe, and the form of the 
 
 Strobisia iridipennella. 
 
 S. emblemella. 
 
 wing in Iridipennella is so peculiar 
 that you are clearly justified in form- 
 
 Butalis flavifrontella. , 
 B. matutclla. 
 
 ing a new genus ; it is not improbably 
 a connecting link between Gelechia 
 and Glyphipteryx. 
 
 f Zeller has described, in the "LinnaBa 
 Entomologica," vol. x., several North 
 American species of Butalis. His 
 Basilaris, p. 230, is perhaps identical 
 with your Flavifrontella, and his 
 
 Impositella, p. 241, may have been 
 described from a worn specimen of 
 .your Matutella. 
 Stilbosis tesquella. This is a very curious insect, resembling 
 in form of wing Asychna ceratella; the ornamentation is more 
 like that of some of the L aver nee. 
 
 Chrysocorys Erythriella. This is a true Chrysocorys. 
 
 * Intelligencer," rol. ix. p. 31 (Oct. 27th, 1860). 
 
LETTER OF OCTOBER 29TH, 1860. 41 
 
 BrentMa pavonacella. I am disposed to consider this not 
 a TINEINA, but rather one of the PYRALIDINA, allied to Simaethis; 
 but I have never observed the strutting habit in any of our species. 
 
 Pigritia laticapitella. This is an obscure looking insect of 
 doubtful location, reminding one most strongly of some of the 
 aberrant Butalidce. 
 
 IX. (AND LAST). 
 
 EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNITED STATES, 
 October 29th, 1860. 
 
 YOUR very kind letter of the 26th of September was 
 received only a few days after the deaths of a lovely and 
 accomplished sister, and my father-in-law, whom I greatly 
 respected and loved. 
 
 This latter event will interrupt my studies during the 
 winter, I fear, as it has left me to settle the affairs of a large 
 and complicated estate. Together with other duties it may 
 absorb my entire time, for there are indications, not insignifi- 
 cant, of a coming commercial crisis, consequent on the do- 
 mestic agitation of the slavery question. 
 
 The box containing the insects reached me the day after 
 your letter. Its contents were entirely uninjured, and I 
 cannot sufficiently thank you for the generosity you have 
 shown, as I expected nothing in return when my box was 
 sent to you. I should have written on the reception of your 
 letter announcing the safe arrival of my box, that the report 
 of your examination of the American species would amply 
 repay me, if you connected with the act any obligation, for 
 the specimens sent to you. The sickness of those who were 
 very dear to me determined me to defer writing from day to 
 day until I entirely forgot to do so. 
 
 I was much interested in your observations, which confirm 
 in some instances what I could only suspect, having no 
 European specimens for comparison. I have sent a copy 
 of your remarks to the " Proceedings" for publication this 
 month, but have not yet received copies. I agree with you 
 
42 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 entirely, that Brentliia is very like the genus Simaethis. 
 These genera doubtless belong to the same group. I cannot 
 perceive, however, why Simaethis is placed in the group 
 PYRALIDINA, and cannot imagine what considerations have 
 governed European systematists in determining this to be the 
 natural and proper place for the genus. 
 
 After having attentively examined the specimens of N. 
 angulifasciella, which you sent me, and comparing them 
 with those of N. rubifoliella in my possession, I do not 
 believe the two insects to be distinct. The structure of the 
 wings is the same in both ; in each there is a closed discoidal 
 cell near the base of the wing, thus differing from your de- 
 lineations of the wing structure of the genus in Insect. Brit. 
 The silvery fascia of the fore-wings has less tendency to be 
 interrupted in the middle in Rubifoliella, and is somewhat 
 more curved towards the base of the wing ; and the only dis- 
 tinction I can perceive between them is, that the cilia of the 
 fore-wings in Rubifoliella are less white, or rather I should 
 say not whitish, and that it is at least one-third smaller than 
 Angulifasciella. I have failed to meet with our larva this 
 year, and indeed during the fall month, in which I expected 
 to find it, have been unable to look for it. 
 
 In July last I found a single specimen of an imago 
 belonging to the genus Opostega. It differs structurally in 
 no respect from the European species of this genus; its 
 ornamentation is very simple, the entire insect being silvery 
 white, with a minute black dot at the extreme apex of the 
 fore-wings. I have not yet published a description of it, but 
 have named it O. Nap (Bella. It may possibly be identical 
 with or approach closely some of your species. 
 
 My time has been so occupied during this season that the 
 number of observations I have been able to make on larvae 
 has been very small and unimportant. 
 
 A few days ago, however, I found on oak a case-bearing 
 krva that puzzles me. I am undecided whether it is a 
 Coleophorous or Coleopterous insect. It does not mine the 
 leaf, but feeds on the under surface, leaving the net-work of 
 
LETTER OF OCTOBER 29TH, 1860. 43 
 
 veins exposed. The case is black and hard, seeming to be 
 formed of " frass" woven together solidly with silk. The 
 form is also peculiar; it is nearly conical, and resembles 
 somewhat a beetle as it is fixed on a leaf; behind there is a 
 short tail or projection turned downwards; the mouth is 
 large; and the larva has remarkably long legs. The case 
 seems to have been formed by successive additions of the 
 matter of which it is composed, and its length is only two 
 lines. On the approach of cold weather the larva with its 
 case falls to the ground. What is it? a Coleopterous 
 insect ?* 
 
 A friend has secured for me a small number of Tineina 
 from Labrador, where he spent a portion of the summer. I 
 have not, however, yet received them from him. Another 
 collection, which I have not yet examined, has been sent to 
 me by the secretary of the Agricultural Bureau of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 A week or two before receiving your last letter, I received 
 one from Dr. Herrich- Schaffer. After referring to my 
 labours in an encouraging way, he proposed that I should 
 publish my new genera in his Novas Spec. Lepid. Exot., and 
 desired me to send specimens of them for delineation in 
 a plate which he would give occasionally, at the same time 
 assuring me he would return their full value in European 
 genera. But as this would interfere with my intention of 
 making a Monograph of the Tineina at some future day, I 
 shall decline the offer. 
 
 Before the opening of the next season, I hope to send you 
 another box of our Tineina, and in it I will endeavour to 
 include as many of the new genera I have described as 
 possible. Remember that I do not think you are under any 
 obligation whatever to make a return in European specimens. 
 Your remarks, if you will be kind enough to make any on 
 the species I may send, will amply repay me for the speci- 
 mens. 
 
 * I now think this larva would probably be referable to the Coleopterous 
 genus Clythra. H. T. S. 
 
44 DK. BKACKENRIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 I ought to say, without meaning however to be compli- 
 mentary, that I have derived the greatest pleasure from the 
 study of your volume of " Insecta Britannica." It is, indeed, 
 the only entomological work of which I can say as much, 
 and on this account alone, I feel no little friendship for the 
 student who has led me so skilfully through the complicated 
 mazes that exist in the group of beings of which it treats. 
 In the account of pleasure received I am still largely your 
 debtor. 
 
 With this note I have likewise posted a paper on our 
 TortricidcB. I fear you will not like it, especially the con- 
 cluding remarks. Permit me to call your attention par- 
 ticularly to the new genus Dysodia, p. 349 
 
 [This was the last I ever heard from Brackenridge Clemens. I 
 had thought his attention had been entirely diverted from 
 Entomology, and was agreeably surprised sometime after- 
 wards to find a series of papers from his pen in the Proceed- 
 ings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia for 1861 
 and 1862 ; the sight of these papers led to my writing him a 
 letter on the 24th May, 1863, but to that letter I received no 
 reply. I subjoin a copy of that letter. H. T. S.] 
 
 Copy of my Letter to Dr. Clemens, dated May 24th, 1863. 
 
 I HAVE just been reading with much pleasure your papers on 
 American Tineina in the Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Phila- 
 delphia for November and December, 1861, for January and 
 February, 1862, and for March and April, 1862. 
 
 Till I met with these papers I had thought that your Entomo- 
 logical activity had been checked, and I am delighted to find that 
 such is not the case, but that so many new observations have been 
 made. 
 
 From the mode of feeding of the genus Catastega, which you 
 describe at p. 86, 1 should think that your suspicion that they may 
 belong to the Phycidece is probably correct. 
 
 I trust that your calendar of these larvae, with the indications 
 you have given, will prove serviceable in inducing fellow labourers 
 to work at the same group. 
 
 I believe I must plead guilty to not having yet replied to yonr 
 letter of the 29th October, 1860, nor thanked you for your paper 
 on the Tortricidce, sent at the same time. 
 
REPLY OF MAY 24TH, 1863. 45 
 
 In that letter you held out an expectation, that before the open- 
 ing of the next season, you hoped to send another box of Tineina, 
 and I fear that I was waiting for this before replying to your 
 letter. 
 
 I do not know whether you have any more papers in the 
 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. I should like 
 to have the whole series complete before I get them bound, and 
 I should like a copy of my own remarks which you say you had 
 sent to the Proceedings for publication. 
 
 With reference to your Nep. rubifoliella, it will interest you 
 that a species allied to Angulifasciella has been bred in Europe 
 from the bramble, and Dr. Wocke has described it under the name 
 of N. rubivora. I am not, however, well acquainted with its dis- 
 tinctive characters. 
 
 I was much pleased to hear that you had met with a species of 
 the interesting genus Opostega; we are still without any clue 
 to the habits of the larvae of that genus.* 
 
 " The case-bearing larva on oak leaves, feeding on the underside, 
 leaving the net- work of veins exposed, with remarkably long legs" 
 you have probably bred by this time ; it is perhaps your Coleo- 
 phora querciella^ but I have never myself observed any long- 
 legged Coleophora larvae, though amongst some of the case-bearing 
 larvae of the genera Tinea and Solenobia I have noticed larvae 
 with legs of unusual length. 
 
 Have you yet met with any larvae of the strange genus Micro- 
 pteryx ? I enclose you a birch leaf, with a mine of that genus ; the 
 great characteristic is the linear excrement. I also enclose an 
 alder leaf with mine of Tinagma resplendellum. Looking at the 
 blotch only it is very like a mine of the genus Antispila, only 
 that the Tinagma larva passes the greater part of its life in 
 burrowing down the mid-rib and back again before it commences 
 its blotch, which is sometimes scarcely larger than the oval case it 
 cuts out. It is not an easy species to breed, and it is very difficult 
 to find leaves with the larvae in them. 
 
 Though I have been so long without writing I have thought of 
 you constantly. I shall always be happy to hear from you, and to 
 assist you in any of your perplexities, as far as lies in my power. 
 
 I have lately returned from a six weeks visit to Italy, where 
 I was much interested with the configuration of the country and 
 the more southern Flora, so different from anything I had seen in 
 my previous travels. I was too early in the season to do much in 
 Entomology, but met with an unknown Lithocolletis larva near 
 Florence, though they were too young to rear; unless it is the 
 larva of L. leucographella it is probably a new species. 
 
 * That very season Dr. Schleich, of Stettin, bred a crippled Opostega 
 auritella from a larva mining the flower stem of Caltha palustris, but has 
 not again met with it. H. T. S. 
 
 f See note, p. 43. H. T. S. 
 
46 DK. BEACKENKIDGE CLEMENS' LETTERS. 
 
 The number of workers at Micro-larvae in Europe has much 
 increased of late years, and I hope soon to have active correspon- 
 dents in the south of France and at Vienna, from both which 
 localities there is doubtless yet a good crop of observations to be 
 expected. 
 
 In Italy I fear it will be some time before we see a native Micro- 
 Lepidopterist. Entomologists are far from numerous in Italy, and 
 I do not know of a single first-rate collection of Macro-Lepidoptera 
 there. 
 
 I observe you are in correspondence with Mr. B. Walsh of 
 Rock Island. I had heard of him from Dr. Hagen, the great 
 Neuropterist, who seems to have a very high opinion of him, and 
 he had recommended me to write to him on the subject of N. A. 
 Micro-Lepidoptera. This I now see will not be necessary on my 
 part as he is already in correspondence with you, and I would 
 rather not attempt to divert the current of American captures, 
 but let them all pass, in the first instance, through your hands. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 PAPERS CONTRIBUTED BY DR. B. CLEMENS TO THE 
 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, September, 1859, pp.^256 262.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 BY BRACKENKIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 IT is the intention of the writer to confine these contributions 
 to Lepidopterology, to the description of species, which are 
 new to entomological history, or which are believed to be 
 new. This plan dispenses with the necessity of general 
 remarks on systematic arrangement, since but few species at 
 a time will be given, as the genera to which they belong are 
 determined, or ascertained to be undescribed. Indeed I have 
 nothing of value to add to what has been recently advanced 
 elsewhere, nor has any question arisen in my studies of the 
 present group, that would induce me to retract or doubt the 
 accuracy of the views advocated respecting the nature of a 
 family. I do not wish, however, to be understood to assert 
 that the group Tineina is synonymous with a family. I do 
 not by any means entertain the belief that it includes only 
 one, and yet I can perceive but little in the majority of the 
 groups collected under this term, other than artificial as- 
 semblages of genera, under a family termination. 
 
 I find in the pterogostic characters of the perfect insect a 
 similitude of structure which enables the investigator, with 
 
48 PAPEKS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 but little difficulty, to refer it to the appropriate principal 
 group formed on this basis. The individuals, thus assembled 
 together, agree not only in general structure, but in embryonic 
 histories and in larval forms, so far as my own observation 
 and study of other fauna than our own has enabled me to 
 determine the question. The agreement in embryonic form 
 extends into the group Tortricina, and the relationship in 
 the imago is likewise expressed to a certain degree in the 
 neuration of the wings of this latter group as compared with 
 that of the Tineina. These characters, however, are suffi- 
 ciently marked in each, and can scarcely be mistaken in 
 either instance by one of ordinary powers of discrimination. 
 
 Without, therefore, attempting to fix at present the limits 
 and characters of the group, more definitely than by the 
 wing structure, and rejecting the generic values usually as- 
 signed to it, except where there is characteristic variation, 
 we will proceed to describe generic groups and their indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Imago with the nervules of the anterior wings radiating 
 chiefly from the posterior part of the disc, with four to five 
 subcosto-marginal nervules, the first of which arises near the 
 base of the wing, with two* simple disco-central nervules, 
 with the median nervure branching near its posterior ex- 
 tremity into three nervules medio-superior , central and pos- 
 teriory with the submedian fold well marked, and the sub- 
 median nervure simple and usually bifid toward the base. 
 Posterior wings with bristle, with costal nervure simple, with 
 subcostal usually simple and attenuated toward the base of 
 the wing, emitting a discal nervure from which arise at least 
 two disco-central nervules, with median either bifid or trifid, 
 with submedian fold and simple submedian nervure, and an 
 internal fold or nervure. 
 
 Dr. Clemens has written in pencil on the margin of my copy of this paper 
 "or three." H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 49 
 
 TINEA, Fabr. 
 
 Head free, as broad as the thorax, roughly haired above 
 and in front. Ocelli none. Eyes hemispherical and salient. 
 Antennae simple, filiform, in the very slightly ciliated, 
 tapering from the base, with joints closely set and striated, 
 not so long as the anterior wings, and scarcely as long as the 
 body. Maxillary palpi long, folded, five-jointed. Labial 
 palpi cylindric, scaly, the second article with bristles, espe- 
 cially at the apex above; third article small and somewhat 
 deflexed. Tongue very short, not as long as the labial palpi. 
 Wings exceeding the, tip of the abdomen; the anterior 
 oblong-ovate, with moderate apical cilia; posterior ovate, 
 clothed with scales, and with long cilia behind. 
 
 The following species are represented in my collection and 
 may be tabulated as follows : 
 
 A semi-pellucid discal spot on under surface of fore- 
 wings, 
 f Fore-wings without a dorsal streak. 
 
 Biflavimaculella. Dark brown, tinged with violet, with a 
 very pale yellow costo-discal patch, and one above 
 interior angle.* 
 
 ft Fore-wings with a dorsal streak. 
 
 Dorsistrigella. Dark brown, with a costo-discal very pale 
 yellowish patch, f 
 
 Crocicapitella. Fuscous, with a discal yellowish spot. 
 No discal spot on under surface of fore-wings. 
 
 Carnariella. Yellow-brown, dusted with fuscous ; a discal 
 and two intermediate dark brown spots. 
 
 * I received two specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it appears to be al- 
 most identical with Tinea rusticella, var. spilotella, Tengstrom. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it appears to be a 
 good species, allied to T. fermginella, Hub. H. T. S. 
 
 E 
 
50 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Lanariella. Pale yellowish-brown, or a silky pale yellow, 
 
 with sometimes a brownish discal spot.* 
 
 Nubilipennella. Dark fuscous, dusted with dull yellowish. f 
 Variatella. Whitish, varied with dark brown, with white 
 
 costal and dorsal spots. 
 
 Medio-superior and central nervules of fore-wings arise on a 
 common stalk ; last branch of subcostal bifid. 
 
 T. biflavimaculella.\ Palpi pale yellowish, dark brown 
 externally; antennas dark fuscous, darkest toward the base. 
 Head and front luteous. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen 
 dark grey. Fore-wings umber-brown, tinged with a violet 
 hue, especially toward the tip, where it prevails. On the 
 middle of costa, a pale yellow, somewhat triangular patch 
 extended to the disc, and a dorsal patch of the same hue at 
 the interior angle; cilia dark-coloured, dotted on the pos- 
 terior margin of the wing with pale yellow. Hind-wings 
 grey, with a bronzy hue. Exp. al. 6*50 lines. 
 Imago, August, September. 
 
 Medio-superior and central nervules branch from a com- 
 mon stalk. 
 
 T. dorsistrigella.^ Labial palpi yellowish, dark brown 
 externally, third article yellowish. Head and front very pale 
 yellow, tinged with dark brown on the sides above the eyes, 
 and at base of antennas. Antennas dull brown. Thorax 
 dark brown, with the disc very pale yellow. Fore-wings 
 blackish-brown, somewhat tinged with obscure reddish, with 
 a dorsal streak along the inner margin, whitish or pale 
 
 * I received four specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is our T. biselliella, 
 Hummel. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is our T. fusci- 
 punctella, Haw. H. T. S. 
 
 J I received two specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it appears to be almost 
 identical with Tinea rusticella, var. spilotella, Tengstrom. H. T. S. 
 
 I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it appears to he a 
 good species allied to T. ferrnginella, Hub. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 51 
 
 yellowish-white, and usually somewhat dilated above the 
 interior angle ; with a costo-discal patch of the same hue, 
 and the costa punctated with pale yellowish atoms, which 
 become small spots toward the apex of the wing, and on the 
 posterior margin. Hind-wings pale brownish, with a reddish 
 hue: cilia gray. Exp. al. 4'75 to 6*00 lines. 
 
 T. crocicapitella. Labial palpi yellowish, dark brown 
 externally. Head and front saffron-yellow. Thorax dark 
 fuscous, with the disc saffron-yellow. Fore-wings dark 
 fuscous, with dispersed saffron-yellow scales, especially along 
 the costa, with a saffron-yellow dorsal streak and a paler, 
 nearly round, discal spot. Hind-wings pale brownish-gray. 
 Exp. al. 4-50 to 6'50 lines. 
 
 T. carnariella. Palpi dark brown. Head and front rather 
 dark ochreous, tinged with reddish. Fore-wings pale yel- 
 lowish-brown, dusted with fuscous, especially at the costal por- 
 tion of the base ; with a conspicuous dark brown spot on the 
 end of the disc, with two smaller spots of the same hue between 
 this and the base of the wing, one about the middle of the 
 disc, and the other beneath it in the submedian fold ; fringes 
 unicolorous and rather paler than the general hue. Hind- 
 wings pale bluish-gray ; fringes somewhat darker. Exp. al. 
 5-50 to 7-50 lines. 
 
 This species, perhaps, may have been heretofore described 
 under another name;* but if it has, I have been unable to 
 recognize it. I have two specimens only in my collection. 
 The larvas were found in one of my boxes of Lepidoptera, 
 and had constructed cases of detached portions of the insects 
 and the scales, united by silk. The imago appeared, one on 
 March 13th, and the other some days subsequently. 
 
 The eggs were whitish, smooth and nearly cylindrical, but 
 tapering slightly toward the upper end. Length about one 
 fourth of a line, diameter one half the length. The mature 
 
 * I have not seen this insect, but suspect that it is our old friend T.pellio- 
 nella, L. H. T. S. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 larva was of a dirty white colour, with a black head and 
 black cervical shield. 
 
 T. lanariella* Head ochreous. Labial palpi dark 
 brownish. Antennae dull fuscous. Thorax and abdomen 
 pale yellow. Fore-wings pale yellowish-brown or pale 
 yellow, with a silky lustre, and immaciilate ; sometimes 
 slightly dusted with fuscous on the costa at the base, and 
 with a brownish spot on the end of the disc. Hind-wings 
 pale shining yellow, cilia the same. Exp. al. 5 '50 to 6*50 
 lines. 
 
 I am not sure this is not a variety of the previous species, 
 and has, perhaps, been heretofore described, as it is a very 
 common inhabitant of houses. The larvae feed on woollen 
 substances, carpets, clothes, &c., of which each constructs a 
 case. I have reared a great many in confinement, and have 
 also found that they feed on the bodies of their dead progeni- 
 tors, when the opportunity offers. 
 
 I find the egg described in my note-book as spheroidal and 
 of large size for so small an insect; I doubt, however, the 
 correctness of the term descriptive of the figure. The young 
 larvae appear after about two weeks, and do not immediately 
 make a case. The mature larva is white, with a dark brown 
 head and a cervical shield of the same hue. They reach 
 maturity about the middle of March, and climb the sides of 
 the walls to the ceiling of the room in which they feed, and 
 suspend or attach their cases. The imagos of the first brood 
 appear about the beginning of May; there is another in 
 August and September. 
 
 T. nubilipennella.^ Labial palpi yellowish, dark brownish 
 exteriorly. Head and front dull fuscous or brownish-yellow. 
 Antennae dull dark brown. Thorax brownish-yellow. Fore- 
 wings deep fuscous, sprinkled with dull yellowish, with a 
 yellowish spot on the inner margin at the base, and the 
 
 * The four specimens I received from Dr. Clemens are all Tinea biselliella, 
 Hummel. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is our T. fusci- 
 punctella, Haw. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 53 
 
 middle of the inner margin tinged with the same hue ; with 
 a deep fuscous spot at the end of the disc, and two others of 
 the same hue rather indistinct, one in the fold beyond the 
 middle, the other on the disc and a little posterior to it. 
 Sometimes the dull yellowish hue prevails, freely dusted with 
 deep fuscous and with the spots more distinct than in the 
 darker specimens. Hind-wings bluish, shining gray, with 
 the cilia of the same hue. 
 
 Exp. al. 5-50 to 5-60 lines. 
 
 Imago on wing in September. 
 
 jT. variatella* Palpi pale yellow, blackish externally. 
 Head yellowish-white. Thorax gray, with tegulas black, 
 tipped behind with gray. Abdomen blackish. Antennas 
 blackish-brown. Fore-wings whitish, varied with dark 
 brown and blackish; with a dark brown streak containing 
 blackish scales, curving somewhat from the costa at the base 
 to the fold; with a blackish-brown spot on the fold rather 
 before the middle, slightly connected with one of the same 
 hue nearer the base on the costa ; with a dark brown, some- 
 what oblique patch about the end of the disc and one at the 
 tip of the wing, and with the apical portion dusted with the 
 same hue ; a few white spots on the cilia of the inner margin, 
 and on the costa behind the discal patch; before the discal 
 patch are two well-marked white spots on the costa, the one 
 nearest the discal patch having a blackish central dot ; the 
 inner margin, toward the base, white, varied with dark brown 
 striae ; cilia grayish. Hind-wings dark brown, rather tinged 
 with reddish, cilia the same. 
 
 Exp. al. 5*5 lines. 
 
 Imago on wing in September. 
 
 XYLESTHIA. 
 
 Head roughly haired. Ocelli none. Eyes round, visible 
 in front. Antennae filiform, with whorls of scales on each 
 article, and the basal joint with a tuft of scales in front that 
 
 This is probably T. granella, L. H. T. S. 
 
54 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 conceals it, not as long as the body and about one-half as 
 long as the fore-wings. Maxillary palpi very short, scaly 
 and concealed beneath the labial palpi. Labial palpi cylindric, 
 with a tuft of hair beneath, and with lateral bristles ; the third 
 article smooth and quite short. Tongue not quite as long 
 as the palpi. Wings exceeding the body; the anterior 
 oblong-ovate, with elevated tufts of scales; the posterior 
 ovate, with the costa excavated at the insertion of the costal 
 nervure. 
 
 X. pruniramiella* Antennas yellowish-white. Palpi 
 and head hoary. Thorax hoary, dusted with brownish. 
 Abdomen dark brown. Fore-wings blackish-brown and 
 luteous-brown, somewhat varied with whitish, with patches 
 of elevated scales at the base and along the fold ; with an 
 indistinct whitish band crossing the middle of the disc, one 
 nearer the base still fainter and one about the end of the disc, 
 with a white dorsal spot at the inner angle and a whitish 
 streak from the costa above it, with another whitish costal 
 streak between this and the tip ; a blackish spot at the tip, 
 white-margined before; cilia brownish, white at the dorsal 
 spot. The luteo-brownish hue usually prevails toward the 
 tip of the wing, and sometimes the whitish markings are 
 indistinct. Hind-wings dark brown, somewhat tinged with 
 reddish, cilia the same. Exp. al. 6 to 6 "5 lines. 
 
 The larva of this insect feeds on the woody excrescences 
 found on the branches of the plum tree. These nodose 
 tumours have recently attracted the fruit-grower's attention, 
 but I am unable to say whether the larva is the cause of the 
 disease. It does not confine its operations to the cortical 
 portions of the node, but bores the wood likewise. I have 
 found it associated with another much larger larva, but the 
 imago of the only specimen I received, escaped from the 
 vivarium before I saw it. Both pass the winter in the larval 
 state, and may be taken in recent excrescences, during the 
 
 * Dr. Clemens sent me two specimens of this insect ; it appears allied to 
 Ochsenheimeria and Hapsifera. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 55 
 
 latter part of April or the beginning of May, and become 
 images in June. The larva is dirty whitish in colour, with 
 a brown head and shield and scarcely one-half an inch long ; 
 the larger larva is quite an inch in length, with no distinctive 
 markings. Pruniramiella makes its cocoon of " frass" and 
 silk in a gallery formed in the wood, but near the surface. 
 The pupa has minute spines on the dorsum and is thrust 
 from the cocoon at maturity. 
 
 The following species, I believe, forms a new genus. It 
 is rather rare, at least I have met with the imago but few 
 times. I know nothing of its embryonic states. In appear- 
 ance the imago bears considerable resemblance to the figures 
 of Euplocamus Boleti of Europe, but its generic characters 
 separate it from the latter very distinctly. 
 
 AMYDRIA. 
 
 Head free, as broad as the thorax, roughly haired (the 
 hairs of the front ascending and those of the vertex inclined 
 from each side towards the median line, or having a stelliform 
 arrangement behind the antennae). Ocelli none. Eyes small, 
 hemispherical and salient. Antennas simple in both sexes, 
 moderately thick, with joints closely set and with whorls of 
 scales, one-half as long as the fore-wings and scarcely two- 
 thirds as long as the body. Maxillary palpi extremely small 
 and two-jointed. Labial palpi with the second article beneath 
 hairy and formed like a brush ; the third slender and ascending. 
 Tongue wanting. Wings narrow, much exceeding the tip 
 of the abdomen ; the anterior elliptical, cilia rather long, 
 especially at the inner angle, giving the wing the appear- 
 ance of being angulated; posterior obtusely ovate, with 
 moderately long cilia behind. 
 
 A. effrenatella.* Labial palpi yellowish-brown, with the 
 
 * This is printed effrentella, but Dr. Clemens has written in pencil that an 
 a should be inserted between the n and the t. I received one specimen of this 
 insect ; it is probably an Euplocamus ; in the structure of the palpi it comes 
 very near to E. tes&ulatella. (See ante, p. 39.) H. T. S. 
 
56 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 second article dark brown exteriorly. Head and front 
 yellowish-brown. Thorax dark brown, varied with yellowish. 
 Fore-wings fuscous, varied with yellow, which prevails along 
 the inner margin, with fuscous spots around the apical 
 margin, and in the ? a large discal fuscous patch. The 
 fore- wings, of the $ have more of the yellowish hue than the 
 ? ; cilia yellowish. Hind-wings pale brownish-yellow, cilia 
 the same. Exp. al. 8 to 11 lines. 
 
 The following species likewise form a new genus ; at least, 
 I am not aware that any has been formed into which they 
 can be received. Plumifrontella is found here in June and 
 July, when it may be taken at light. I am unacquainted 
 with the embryonic history of the species described, and have 
 never met with the female Plumifrontella. The genus, 
 I think, belongs to the group Exapatida, and as the females 
 in some of the genus are apterous, that of Plumifrontella 
 may be unsupplied with wings. The antennaa should be 
 examined very carefully, otherwise their peculiar structure 
 will be overlooked and mistaken for simple filiform organs. 
 
 ANAPHORA. 
 
 Head hairy, concealed by the labial palpi in the <? , free in 
 the ? . Ocelli none. Eyes small. Antennse but little 
 longer than the thorax, serrated beneath, with the ends of the 
 articles finely ciliated. Maxillary palpi moderately long, 
 scaly and three-jointed in both $ and ? . Labial palpi in 
 the $ * greatly developed, ascending and thrown back on the 
 dorsum of the thorax, which they equal in length ; the first 
 article scaly, arctate and equal, to the superior margin of the 
 eyes, and the two succeeding ones equal and furnished with 
 abundant spreading hairs; in the ? short, not ascending 
 above the eyes, articles nearly equal, the first and second 
 hairy beneath, the third rather smooth and porrected. 
 
 * This is printed $ in the original, but Dr. Clemens has marked in pencil 
 that it should be $, H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 57 
 
 Tongue wanting. Wings exceeding the tip of the abdo- 
 men; the anterior with costa nearly straight, hind margin 
 obliquely convex, inner margin nearly straight, but slightly 
 emarginate above the interior angle ; the posterior ovate and 
 both with rather short cilia. 
 
 Species. 
 Fore-wings with two short dark brown streaks at the 
 
 base of the fold. 
 Popeanella. 
 
 Fore-wings with no basal streaks. 
 
 Labial palpi in the $ as long as thorax. 
 Plumifrontella.* Hubescent, mixed with maroon-brown. 
 
 Labial palpi in the not recurved on thorax. 
 Arcanella. Dark brown, with a purplish hue ; luteous-brown 
 in the fold. 
 
 A. plumifrontella.* Labial palpi reddish-brown. Thorax 
 dull brown, tinged with reddish. Fore-wings rubescent and 
 maroon-brown intermixed, the former hue prevailing along 
 the fold, at the base along costa and disc, dusted with dark 
 brown; with a dusky or dark brownish spot on the end of 
 the disc, one about the middle of the fold and another near 
 the base. In some specimens these spots are quite indistinct. 
 Hind-wings dusky brown. 
 
 Exp. al. 17 lines. 
 
 Female not known. 
 
 All my specimens of the following species are much faded 
 from exposure. The specific description will not, therefore, 
 apply accurately to the insect as it is found in nature. 
 
 Antenna of the $ distinctly serrated beneath. 
 
 A. Popeanella. Labial palpi dark brownish, whitish? at 
 the tip in the ? . Thorax dull brownish in the , with the 
 tegulse tipped behind with gray; whitish? tinged with brown 
 
 * I received three specimens of this insect from Dr. Clemens ; it is totally 
 unlike any European form. H. T. S. 
 
58 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 in the ? . Fore-wings brownish-luteous or dull reddish- 
 brown, with luteous or yellow along the fold and inner 
 margin, a spot on the disc, and one on the middle of the 
 nervules of the same hue, with a dark brown spot between 
 them; a dark brown spot on the fold beneath the median 
 vein, most frequently semicircular, with a short dark brown 
 streak at the base on the submedian vein and another parallel 
 to it beneath the median. The anterior margin striated from 
 the costa with dark brown, with a subterminal row of dark 
 brown spots above the branches of the median vein, and the 
 ends of the nervules dotted with the same hue ; cilia pale 
 yellowish-brown. Hind-wings brownish-yellow, cilia the 
 same. Exp. al. 12 to 18 lines. 
 
 Male and female alike. 
 
 From Smithsonian Institution. Capt. Pope's collection 
 in Texas. 
 
 Labial palpi shorter in the $ than in the preceding ; ascend- 
 ing, but not recurved. 
 
 A. arcanella. Palpi luteous-brown in front, dark brown 
 externally. Thorax dark brown, almost blackish. Fore- 
 wings dark brown, with an obscure purplish hue; with 
 luteous-brown on the disc and in the fold, interrupted by 
 a blackish-brown, nearly square, submedian spot in the fold 
 and a small one near its base of the same hue sometimes 
 merely a few blackish-brown scales with an irregular 
 blackish-brown spot on the end of the disc, and the costa 
 and apical portion of the wing dusted and dotted, sometimes 
 striated with blackish-brown. Hind-wings dark brown, 
 tinged with blackish. Exp. al. 12 lines. 
 
 Female not known. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1859. 59 
 
 The genera here described may be distinguished from each 
 other by the following table : 
 
 Head rough. 
 
 f Palpi cylindric, second joint with bristles above. 
 TINEA. Antennas striated; maxillary palpi folded, five to 
 six-jointed; tongue scarcely as long as the labial 
 palpi ; no naked space round the eyes. 
 
 ff Palpi tufted beneath. 
 
 Tongue wanting. 
 
 AMYDRIA. Joints of antennas with whorls of scales, not 
 tufted at base; third joint of palpi rather long, 
 ascending. 
 
 Tongue nearly as long as the labial palpi. 
 XYLESTHIA. Joints of antennae with whorls of scales, tufted 
 at base ; fore-wings with raised tufts. 
 
 f ff Palpi hairy beneath in the ? , reflexed and very 
 long in the $ . 
 
 Antenna serrated beneath in both $ and ? . 
 ANAPHORA. Tongue obsolete ; fore-wings not pointed. 
 
60 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 
 
 Genus TINEA, fig. 1. The head of T. crocicapitella; 1 , 
 a portion of antenna; 1 b, the anterior and posterior 
 wing of T. lanariella. 
 
 Genus XYLESTHIA, fig. 5. The head of X. pruniramiella ; 
 5 a, a portion of antenna ; 5 b, the anterior and posterior 
 wings. 
 
 Genus AMYDRIA, fig. 2. The head of A. effrenatella ;* 2 a, 
 a portion of antenna; 2b, the anterior and posterior 
 wings. 
 
 Genus ANAPHORA, fig. 3. The head of A. plumifrontella, 
 the $ ; 3 a, a portion of antenna ; 3 b, the anterior and 
 posterior wings. Fig. 3'. The head of A. Popeanetta, 
 the ? ; 3' a, a portion of antennae of the $ . 
 
 NOTE. Above is a copy of a photograph received from Dr. Clemens (see 
 ante, p. 29) representing 
 
 1. The head of Tinea crocicapitella. 
 
 2. The head of Amydria effrenatella. 
 
 3. The head of Anaphora plumifrontella. 
 
 4. The head of A. Popeanella. 
 
 5. The head of Xylesthia pruniramiella. 
 
 As already mentioned (p. 29) the Plate of which the explanation is above 
 given was never published. H. T. 'S. 
 
 * Printed effrentella, but Dr. Clemens has again written in pencil that an 
 a should be inserted between the n and the t. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1859. 61 
 
 [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, November, 1859, pp. 317 328.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. No. 2. 
 
 BY BRACKEKRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 LlTHOCOLLETHXE. 
 
 IMAGO with pointed or almost caudate anterior wings, 
 with the costal nervure rather short, and nearly coincident 
 with the basal portion of the anterior margin ; with the 
 subcostal simple from the base to the apical third of the 
 wing, where it delivers to the costa two or three very short 
 marginal nervules (except in Tischeria) ; with the discoidal 
 cell usually acute behind, with one or two branches to the tip 
 of the wing ; with the median simple nearly to the tip, and 
 dividing into two approximated nervules, with the submedian 
 simple. The posterior wings linear-lanceolate, with a very 
 short costal nervure at the base ; with the subcostal nervure 
 simple; with the median nervure simple and both rather 
 faintly indicated. 
 
 TABLE OF GENERA. 
 
 Head with a tuft above. 
 Tuft abundant and hairy. 
 Antennae simple. 
 
 LITHOCOLLETIS. Anterior wings with two subcosto-mar- 
 ginal veins, and one from the apex of the discoidal cell. 
 
62 PAPEKS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Tuft little exceeding the front, scaly. 
 Antennae ciliated in the $ . 
 
 TISCHERIA. Anterior wings with four subcosto-marginal 
 veins, the first from near the basal third ; discoidal cell 
 not pointed, and two distinct discal nervules. 
 
 Tuft scanty, not overarching the vertex. 
 LEUCANTHIZA.* Anterior wings with three subcosto-mar- 
 ginal veins ; discoidal cell acute, with two distinct veins 
 from the apex. 
 
 Head smooth. 
 
 PHYLLOCNISTIS. Anterior wings with three subcosto-mar- 
 ginal veins ; discoidal cell pointed, with a single vein 
 from the apex, furcate near the tip. 
 
 LITHOCOLLETIS, Zeller 1 . 
 
 Head roughened with an abundant tuft of hairs overarch- 
 ing the vertex. Front smooth, broad and retreating or 
 much retreating. Ocelli none. Eyes scarcely visible, and 
 partially covered with scales. Antennae simple, hardly 
 shorter than the anterior wings, with the basal joint mode- 
 rately thickened, but not expanded into an eye-cap. Max- 
 illary palpi none. Labial palpi filiform and drooping (in the 
 living insect ascending). Tongue naked, about as long as 
 the anterior coxae. 
 
 The anterior wings are pointed (from the outline of the 
 cilia appearing to be elliptical), the posterior lanceolate. In 
 the anterior wings the discoidal cell is acute behind; the 
 subcostal nervure sends two short branches to the costa, and 
 
 * This genus, and the one succeeding 1 it, belong to the family Lyonetidcs in 
 the system of European writers. The close relationship indicated in the struc- 
 ture of the perfect insects, and the general harmony of their histories, do not, 
 however, in my own view, authorize the separation of the genera here described 
 into distinct families. B. C. 
 
 1 This is printed preceding, but Dr. Clemens has marked in pencil it should 
 be succeeding. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1859. 63 
 
 from, the apex of the discoidal cell a single vein to the tip. 
 The median nervure sends two veins to the inner margin 
 near the tip. In Desmodiella there is but one subcosto- 
 marginal vein. In the posterior wings both the subcostal 
 and median nervures are simple. 
 
 There are two larval forms in this genus. In the first, the 
 head is much longer than broad, acutely ellipsoidal, with the 
 sides rather thick and rounded ; the body is cylindrical, sub- 
 moniliform, and the thoracic rings somewjiat swollen. In 
 the second, the head is thin and flattened, with the mandibles 
 forming an appendage in front ; the body flattened, deeply 
 incised and mammillated on the sides. In both groups 
 there are three pairs of thoracic feet, three of abdominal, and 
 a terminal pair, but shorter in the second than the first. 
 
 The larvse mine the upper and under side of leaves, the 
 larvae of the first group usually throwing the leaf into a fold, 
 and feeding from the margins of the mine to the centre; 
 those of the second* forming a flat mine, sometimes a rather 
 broad linear tract, and sometimes an irregular blotch, their 
 mandibles being capable of working only in a horizontal 
 direction. They change into pupa within the mine, some 
 weaving a firm cocoon, some suspended in a web, and some 
 forming a cocoon of grains of excrement and silk, or con- 
 structing the outline of a cocoon with them. The cocoons 
 of the second group are shown on the separated epidermis as 
 a circle, and an almost hemispherical protuberancef on the 
 under surface. 
 
 The perfect insects rest with the antennas thrown backward 
 beneath the wings; some with the head slightly elevated, 
 others with the head applied to the surface and the body 
 behind elevated. I think the majority of the species here 
 described assume the latter position, with variations in the 
 angle formed with the surface on which they rest. 
 
 * I doubt much whether we have in Europe anything resembling this second 
 group among the larvse of the American species of Litliocolletis. H. T. S. 
 f This seems to be a very striking peculiarity. H. T. S. 
 
64 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Table of Species. 
 
 I. With an apical spot. 
 Without a basal streak. 
 
 Fore-wings golden above the fold. 
 
 2. Robiniella* dark cinereous beneath the fold, sometimes 
 rather silvery. 
 
 Fore-wings pale reddish-saffron, with golden hue. 
 4. ^riferella, with the first dorsal streak black-margined 
 internally and at tip behind. 
 
 Fore-wings deep reddish-orange. 
 
 10. Obstrictella, with three silvery bands ; apical spot with 
 one or two silvery scales. 
 With a basal streak. 
 Fore-wings silvery. 
 
 Basal streak black. 
 
 6. Argentifimbriella, f with the streaks decidedly dark- 
 
 margined ; golden towards the tip. 
 
 Basal streak golden. 
 
 1. Lucidico stella, J with the streaks not decidedly margined ; 
 suffused with golden. 
 
 Fore-wings pale golden. 
 
 Silvery basal streak black-margined. 
 
 7. Ob s cur ico stella, with inner margin at base of the general 
 
 hue. 
 
 Silvery basal streak unmargined. 
 
 8. Ostry&foliella, with inner margin at base with a white 
 
 streak. 
 
 I received four specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it does not resemble 
 any European species. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is allied to Crame- 
 rella, F., and Heegeriella, Zell. H. T. S. 
 
 J I received four specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is allied to Heege- 
 riella, Zell., and Tenella, Zell. H. T. S. 
 
(LITIIOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 65 
 
 II. With no* apical spot. 
 Apex concolorous and not dusted. 
 With a basal streak. 
 
 Fore-wings shining ochreous-saffron. 
 
 5. Basistrigella, f with first costal and dorsal streaks un- 
 margined. 
 
 With no basal streak. 
 
 Fore-wings ferruginous-brown. 
 3. Desmodiella, J ruby-tinted at base, with two silvery bands. 
 
 Fore-wings silvery. 
 9. Lucetiella, 1 golden toward tip, with a black costal spot 
 
 and opposite black line. 
 
 An oblique costo-apical white streak or spot. 
 Apex not dusted with dark scales. 
 
 Fore-wings reddish-orange. 
 
 12. Aceriella, with a short dorsal streak near the base, two 
 silvery bands, an oblique dorsal streak near the tip, and 
 a costal spot above it. 
 
 Apex dusted with dark scales. 
 
 12. Yar. Aceriella ?. 
 
 With dispersed, dark, apical scales. 
 Fore-wings reddish-orange. 
 With three silvery bands. 
 
 1 1 . Cary&foliella, black margin of the second band produced, 
 apical scales on a white ground. 
 With two silvery bands. 
 
 13. Guttifinitella, black margin of second band not produced ; 
 
 a costal and dorsal spot near the tip. 
 
 Fore-wings white. 
 
 15. Hamadryadella, branded with shining ochreous-safiron ; 
 irrorated with black. 
 
 * In the original this is misprinted an; Dr. Clemens has altered it in pencil 
 to no. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is near our Euro- 
 pean Suberifoliella, Zell. H. T. S. 
 
 J I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is very splendid, 
 and like no European species; the form of the wings is more like a Gracilaria 
 than a Litliocolletis. H. T. S. 
 
 ^f I received five specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is very distinct from 
 any European species. H. T. S. 
 
 F 
 
66 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMEXS. 
 
 With a basal streak. 
 5. Basistrigella* (sometimes) with four costal and three 
 
 dorsal slender streaks. 
 
 16. Argentinotella, with Jive costal and four dorsal conspi- 
 cuous streaks. 
 
 With a median, black, apical streak. 
 Fore-wings dark brownish-golden. 
 
 14. Cratcegella, with a silvery basal streak, black-margined 
 above. 
 
 1. L. lucidico stella. f Antenna? white. Head and tuft 
 silvery-white. Fore-wings, basal portion silvery-white to 
 the middle, with a discal pale golden streak from the base, 
 retreating from the costa before reaching the middle of the 
 wing and somewhat suffused with golden beneath the fold. 
 From the middle to the tip pale golden, with four costal 
 silvery streaks, dark-margined internally, and two dorsal 
 silvery streaks, the first opposite the second costal streak and 
 both dark-margined internally ; the Jirst costal streak not 
 decidedly dark-margined. J Apical spot black. Hinder- 
 marginal line in the cilia dark brown ; cilia pale gray. Hind- 
 wings shining bluish-gray ; cilia gray. 
 
 The larva mines the under side of the maple leaf, Acer 
 saccharinum, in July, September and October. The head 
 is pale brown ; body pale green, coloured darker by the in- 
 gesta. " Frass " collected into a ball within the mine. The 
 pupa is suspended in a web of silk within the mine. 
 
 2. L. Robiniella. Antennae dark brown. Front silvery 
 
 * I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is near our Euro- 
 pean Suberifoliella, Zell. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received four specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is allied to Heege- 
 riella, Zell., and Tenella, Zell. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 3$ 
 lin. H. T. S. 
 
 % There is some mistake in this sentence, the first costal streak is decidedly 
 dark-margined ; the first dorsal streak, it is true, has scarcely a perceptible 
 margin it should probably be the Jirst costal streak decidedly dark-margined, 
 or else the first dorsal streak not decidedly dark-margined. H. T. S. 
 
 I received four specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it does not resemble 
 any European species. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 3 lin. 
 H. T. S. 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 67 
 
 white, toft dark brown, mixed with grayish. Thorax dark 
 brown. Fore-wings golden-yellow above the fold, and dark 
 cinereous, somewhat dusted with blackish, beneath it. About 
 the middle of the wing is an oblique, silvery costal streak, 
 black-margined on both sides, extending to the fold; another 
 beyond the middle, meeting nearly in the centre of the wing 
 at an angle, a dorsal streak from the inner margin, the former 
 black-margined on both sides, the latter internally ; another 
 costal streak near the tip with an internal circular black 
 margin opposite to a dorsal streak of the same hue and joined 
 or nearly joined to it. Just behind the apical spot is a straight 
 silvery streak, black-margined internally. Between the first 
 and second dorsal streaks is a short black streak in the fold. 
 Apical spot black and round, with a hinder-marginal blackish 
 line in the cilia; cilia grayish. Hind-wings shining dark 
 gray, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva mines the underside of the locust leaf (Robinia 
 pseud-acacia), the separated epidermis of which is conspi- 
 cuously white. It may be found in the latter part of Sep- 
 tember and the beginning of October. The pupa is contained 
 in a white silken cocoon within the mine. The imago appears 
 in the latter part of October or early in November. I have 
 not found a spring or summer brood in the leaf of the locust. 
 .The larva is cylindrical ; the head pale brown ; the body pale 
 greenish-white, with a red vascular line from the 5th to the 
 9th segment ; on the 9th segment are two irregular patches, 
 chrome yellow ; sometimes these patches are wanting. 
 
 The under side of the leaf of Amphicarp&a monoica is 
 also mined by a larva, which I believe is the same as that in 
 the leaf of the locust. It may be found in the beginning of 
 September, the imago in October. The imago differs very 
 slightly from Robiniella, and I have no note of any difference 
 in the larval state, and, like Robiniella, it weaves a white 
 silken cocoon within its mine. The perfect insect differs 
 from the foregoing species in the following respects : the 
 wing beneath the fold is blackish at the base, with a silvery 
 
 F2 
 
68 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 dorsal spot rather nearer the base than the first costal spot 
 and exterior to the dark margin, it is silvery, dusted with 
 -blackish ; the second costal spot is not as distinctly angled in 
 the middle, and the apical spot is larger ; in some specimens 
 there are two dorsal white lines on the thorax. The general 
 resemblance between the two is so marked that I consider it 
 unnecessary to designate it as a variety, for it is undoubtedly, 
 
 1 think, the same insect. 
 
 With a single subcosto-marginal nervule. 
 
 3. L. Desmodiella.* Antennae dark brown, tipped with a 
 silvery hue. Front whitish, with a ruby-coloured lustre; 
 frontal tuft dark brown. Thorax with a splendent ruby hue. 
 Fore-wings ferruginous-brown, ruby-tinted at the base, with 
 two silvery bands dark-margined on both sides, one near the 
 base and one in the middle of the wing. A costal and dorsal 
 silvery spot near the tip, opposite to each other, and a costal 
 silvery spot just before the tip, the two former dark-margined 
 on both sides, and the latter slightly dark-margined. No 
 hinder marginal line ; the cilia opposite the last dorsal spot 
 blackish, and the wing beneath the last costal spot golden- 
 brown. Hind-wings pale brownish-gray, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva may be found in the leaf of Desmodium viridi- 
 florum in July and early in August; it mines the under 
 surface, usually near the margin, which is more or less folded, 
 and the separated epidermis brown and hairy. I have no 
 description of the larva. It becomes a pupa during the latter 
 part of August, and is suspended within the mine in a very 
 slight web of silk. The perfect insect is the smallest of this 
 group that has come under my observation. 
 
 4. L. ^Eriferella. Antennas dark brown above, white 
 beneath. Front silvery-white ; tuft dark brown. Fore-wings 
 
 I received three specimens of this insect from Dr. Clemens ; it is very 
 splendid and like no European species ; the form of the wings is more like a 
 Gracilaria than a Lithocolletis. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 
 
 2 lin. H. T. S. 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 69 
 
 pale reddish-saffron with a golden hue, especially from the 
 middle to the base, with four silvery costal streaks, the first 
 on the middle of the costa, and all, except the last, black- 
 margined toward the base, the third but faintly, and the costa 
 black from the base to the first costal streak. Three silvery 
 dorsal streaks on the inner margin, the first two large and 
 the third small, the first black-margined internally and around 
 the tip behind, the second by a line curved above. Apical 
 spot small and black, with the scales behind it having a bluish 
 splendent lustre ; hinder marginal line blackish ; cilia dark 
 grayish, with a fulvous hue. Hind-wings dark gray, cilia 
 fulvous. 
 
 The larva may be found in the leaves of oaks in September 
 and early in October. It makes a small mine on the under 
 surface, and the leaf is thrown into a fold previously to pupa- 
 tion and the cuticles folded and corrugated. The pupa is 
 contained in an ovoid cocoon within the mine, composed of 
 "frass" and silk. The imago appears in May. The body 
 of the larva is cylindrical. The head is pale brown ; the 
 body yellow, with a broad, vascular, reddish-brown band. 
 There is doubtless a spring brood, but I have not searched 
 for the larva during the season. 
 
 5. L. basistrigella* Antennae silvery. Front silvery, 
 tuft fulvous, mixed with silvery. Thorax pale, reddish- 
 golden, with a white streak on each side and one in the 
 middle. Fore-wings shining ochreous-saffron, with a slender 
 unmargined white basal streak in the fold, a white basal 
 streak along the costa, narrowly dark-margined on the ex- 
 treme costa, extended to the first costal streak, which is 
 silvery-white, very oblique and unmargined ; behind this are 
 three small costal streaks of the same hue, the two central 
 dark-margined internally. Opposite the first costal streak is 
 a long, very oblique, silvery-white dorsal streak, extended 
 
 * I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is near our Euro- 
 pean Suberifoliella, Zell., but smaller, the basal streak shorter, the subapical 
 streak more distinct and the ground colour darker. The exp. al. (omitted by 
 Dr. Clemens) is 4 lin. H. T. S. 
 
70 PAPEKS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 along the inner margin to the base, with dark brown scales 
 between their hinder ends, or exterior to the tip of the dorsal 
 streak, but sometimes absent. Nearly opposite the third 
 costal streak is a dorsal silvery streak dark.-margined inter- 
 nally. No apical spot, sometimes with dispersed brown scales 
 beneath the last costal spot. The hinder-marginal line 
 blackish ; cilia pale fulvous. Posterior wings gray ; cilia gray, 
 with a fulvous hue. 
 
 The larva mines the under side of the leaves of oaks ; 
 I have usually found it in the leaf of the chestnut oak, in 
 September. The mine is limited by two veins of the leaf, 
 and when completed the external epidermis is left transparent. 
 The "frass" is cast on the margins of the mine, and when the 
 larva is prepared to enter the pupa state it collects the grains 
 of "frass" and makes an oval outline of them within the 
 mine, or wall to its cocoon, leaving the cuticles transparent, 
 so that the pupa can be seen within. The imago appears 
 early in May. The body of the larva is cylindrical. It is 
 lemon-yellow along the dorsum, except the three anterior 
 rings, which are whitish, with a series of dark brownish 
 dorsal dashes beginning on the third ring ; on the eighth 
 ring, in some specimens, is a dorsal reddish-orange patch, 
 Head whitish, tinged with pale brown. 
 
 6. L. argentifimbriella.* Antennse silvery, annulated with 
 darkish brown. Head, front and thorax silvery-white. An- 
 terior wings silvery, pale golden from nearly the middle to 
 the tip, with a long basal dark-brown streak margined above 
 with golden, extending nearly to the first costal streak. 
 There are four silvery costal streaks, all dark-margined, the 
 first very oblique, the second convex toward the base of the 
 wing. The first costal dark margin is decided and extended 
 on the costa toward the base. Two silvery dark-margined 
 dorsal streaks, the first opposite the second costal streak. 
 
 * I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is ailed to Orame- 
 rella, F., and Heegeriella, Zell. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 
 3 lin. H. T. S. 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 71 
 
 The apical spot black; hinder-marginal line dark brown, 
 cilia silver-gray. Hind- wings silver-gray, cilia the same. 
 
 Found in the pupa state in the same leaf as the foregoing 
 in the latter part of September. The pupa is suspended 
 within the mine in a very thin silken web. The perfect in- 
 sect appears early in May. 
 
 7. L. obscuricostella. Head and frontal tuft silvery. 
 Thorax very pale golden. Fore-wings pale golden, with 
 a silvery median stripe from the base, black-margined to- 
 ivard the costa, extending to the middle of the wing; with 
 four silvery costal streaks, the first very oblique and rather 
 long, and all except the last black-margined internally, the 
 margin of the first being long and the continuation of a 
 black streak from the base along the extreme costa. Three 
 silvery dorsal streaks, the first quite long, obliquely curved 
 and opposite the first costal streak, and the first two black- 
 margined internally; the second dorsal obliquely opposite the 
 third costal streak. Apical spot black : hinder-marginal line 
 black, cilia grayish. Hind-wings bluish-gray, cilia the same. 
 Abdomen black, tipped freely with yellow. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of Ostrya Virginica (hop-horn- 
 beam) in September. I have no description of the larva, 
 supposing at the time of capture it was the same as the 
 succeeding species. The pupa was not contained in an 
 ovoid cocoon made of " frass" and silk. The imago appears 
 in May. 
 
 8. L. Ostry&foliella. Antennas silvery. Front silvery, 
 tuft fuscous and silvery mixed. Thorax silvery, with the 
 basal part of tegulas pale golden. Fore-wings pale golden, 
 with an unmargined, median, silvery basal stripe, and a 
 silvery streak along the basal portion of the inner margin. 
 Fore-wings pale golden, with four silvery costal streaks, all 
 except the last black-margined internally; with two dorsal 
 streaks of the same hue, black-margined internally. The 
 first costal and first dorsal streaks opposite, quite oblique and 
 
72 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 broad at their bases, the second dorsal opposite the second 
 costal streak. The basal streak is moderately broad, and 
 extends quite to the middle of the wing. Apical spot black ; 
 hinder-marginal line blackish; cilia fulvous-gray. Hind- 
 wings gray, cilia fulvous-gray. Abdomen pale fulvous. 
 
 The larva mines the under side of the leaves of Ostrya, 
 and may be found early in July and October. The mine is 
 usually near the margin of the leaf, is flat at first, but is 
 gradually thrown into a fold, the separated epidermis cor- 
 rugated. When completed the epidermis has changed to a 
 pale brown colour. The larva undergoes its transformation 
 in a cocoon composed of " frass" and silk, in the form of a 
 small ovoid ball suspended within the mine. The larva is 
 cylindrical, with the body pale yellow, coloured on the dorsum 
 beyond the third segment dark green from the ingesta. The 
 imago appears in August and May. 
 
 In the same leaf, mining the upper surface in a blotch 
 mine, at first white and subsequently brown, may be found 
 in October a Lithocolletis larva* of a different type from the 
 above. It tapers posteriorly, is flattened above and beneath, 
 with the rings distinctly separated and mammillated at the 
 sides; the first ring is rather abrupt anteriorly and much 
 broader than the head. The head is somewhat triangular, 
 flattened and thin, with the mandibles projecting in front as 
 two small, rounded appendages. The head is pale brown, 
 the body of the same hue, with dorsal, dark brown, elliptical 
 maculae, placed transversely on the segments. I have not 
 seen the imago and refrain from naming the species, lest it 
 may be identical with some one hereafter described. The 
 cocoon is circular, its outline being visible on the upper 
 
 * I was at first disposed, from the description, to refer this larva to the genus 
 Tischeria, but on closely examining some cocoons sent me by Dr. Clemens 
 (from which unfortunately I did not rear any moths), I cannot decidedly say 
 they belong to the genus Tischeria ; moreover, a very singular fact is, that 
 these cocoons occur two or three on one leaf, and almost in immediate contact 
 with one another. H. T. S. 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 73 
 
 epidermis as a circle, while beneath it is raised and pro- 
 minent. 
 
 9. L. lucetiella* Antennae silvery. Head, tuft and 
 thorax silvery. Anterior wings silvery from the base to the 
 middle, and thence to the tip golden, with a golden costal 
 streak from the base not extended to the middle. About 
 the middle of the wing is a silvery band, broadly margined 
 internally with golden, and with a minute black point on the 
 costa internally ; a costal silvery spot, margined internally by 
 a black spot, nearly opposite to which is a large dorsal silvery 
 streak margined internally by an oblique black line; near the 
 tip is a costal, silvery, unmargined streak curving to the tip ; 
 cilia golden at the tip, and on inner margin silvery. No 
 apical spot nor hinder-marginal line. Hind-wings silver- 
 gray, cilia the same. Abdomen blackish, tipped with silvery- 
 gray. 
 
 The larva mines the under side of the leaf of Tilia Ameri- 
 cana (bass wood) in July, September and October. The 
 mine is most frequently nearly square in form, and when 
 completed both cuticles of the leaf are left nearly transparent, 
 and the leaf is not folded. The " frass" is cast on the edges 
 of the mine. It weaves an oval cocoon, thin enough, how- 
 ever, to permit the pupa to be seen through the cuticles. 
 The larva is cylindrical. The he.ad pale brown; the body 
 pale greenish-white, with a series of dorsal brown spots from 
 the third ring posteriorly. The imago appears in August 
 and May. 
 
 10. L. obstrictella. Antennae silvery beneath, blackish 
 above, with a whitish band near the tip. Front silvery, 
 with a reddish tinge on the forehead. Tuft and thorax 
 reddish-orange. Fore-wings deep reddish-orange, with three 
 
 * I received five specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is very distinct from 
 any European species. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 3| lin. 
 H. T. S. 
 
74 PAPERS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 silvery bands black-margined exteriorly, one beyond * the 
 middle toward the base, one about the middle and one near 
 the tip. A large black apical spot, with a few silvery scales 
 or minute spots; hinder-marginal line dark brown, cilia 
 reddish-orange. Hind-wings blackish, cilia blackish-brown. 
 Abdomen black. 
 
 The larva mines the under surface of oak leaves, in Sep- 
 tember. I did not open the mines of the specimens I 
 secured, as I had but two. The larva was cylindrical, and 
 through the unruptured cuticle appeared to be of a lemon- 
 yellow colour. The pupa was contained in a very slight web 
 within the mine. The imago appeared in May. The larvse 
 which I secured were taken in the leaves of the black oak on 
 September 23rd. , 
 
 11. L. Cary&foliella. Antennae silvery, annulated with 
 blackish. Front silvery. Tuft and thorax reddish-orange. 
 Fore-wings reddish-orange, with three silvery bands, black- 
 margined exteriorly, the second about the middle of the 
 wing, angulated, with the black margin broad and produced 
 posteriorly on a whitish ground, nearly to the third, which is 
 somewhat interrupted in the middle; the first midway be- 
 tween the second and the base of the wing and also angulated 
 near the costa. The apical portion of the wing white, covered 
 with dispersed black scales, with a few black scales on a 
 whitish ground, on the costa, between the last silvery band 
 and the dusted apical portion; with two hinder-marginal 
 lines, one the margin of the apical scales, the other a dark 
 brownish line in the cilia. Hind-wings pale brownish-gray ; 
 cilia gray, with a fulvous hue. 
 
 The larva mines the upper side of the leaves of the hickory 
 tree in June, July and September, making a white blotch, 
 or an irregular, rather broad tract when there is but one 
 in the leaf; and not throwing the leaf into a fold. Fre- 
 quently there are several larvas in a leaf; in one instance I 
 
 * This is surely a misprint for before. H. T. S. 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 75 
 
 counted twelve. The " frass" is deposited along the middle 
 of the mine. The larva is flattened and its physical cha- 
 racteristics are similar to those of the second larval group. 
 The head is very light brown; the body dark lead colour, 
 becoming yellowish posteriorly, with the mammillae of the 
 thoracic rings yellowish, and a central spot of the same hue 
 on the first; each ring on the dorsum with a dark brown, 
 shining macula, those on thoracic rings trapezoidal, the re- 
 mainder oval ; on the ventral surface the maculse are also 
 dark brown, those on the fourth and fifth rings being oval. 
 The perfect insects of the spring brood appear in August ; 
 from the fall brood I did not succeed in rearing the imago. 
 
 12. L. aceriella. Front silvery, tuft reddish-orange and 
 silvery mixed. Thorax reddish-orange. Fore-wings reddish- 
 orange, somewhat metallic, with a white streak black-margined 
 exteriorly, from the inner basal angle to the fold; with two 
 oblique silvery bands black-margined behind, one about the 
 middle of the wing and the other midway between it and the 
 base of the wing. Near the tip is a costal silvery spot, black- 
 margined behind, with an opposite, oblique, dorsal streak of 
 the same hue, likewise black-margined behind, and an oblique, 
 costal, silvery streak continued an the line of the last dorsal, 
 running into the cilia just before the tip, black-margined 
 above, at the tip before, and below at the tip behind ; scarcely 
 with a hinder-marginal line, cilia of the general hue. Hind- 
 wings plumbeous, cilia with a fulvous hue. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of maple in September. It mines 
 the upper surface, of the leaf, making a flat, rather broad 
 tract, casting its fe frass" along the middle of the course of it. 
 Physical characteristics those of the second larval group. 
 Head pale brown; body yellowish-green, with oval, dorsal, 
 brown maculae, darkest on their margins; thoracic rings on 
 their sides pale yellowish. The cocoon is circular. The 
 larva is likewise found in the leaf of Hamamelis Virginica 
 (witch-hazel). 
 
76 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 I have two or three other specimens, which appear to 
 unite the specific characters of the present and succeeding 
 species, and I therefore decline to describe them until I have 
 conducted more careful observations on their embryonic 
 histories than I have instituted at present. 
 
 13. L. guttifinitella. Front silvery, with a reddish hue. 
 Tuft and thorax reddish-orange. Antennas blackish-brown. 
 Fore-wings rather deep reddish-orange, with two silvery bands 
 black-margined behind, one in the middle of the wing and 
 nearly straight, the other midway between this and the base 
 of the wing and obliquely placed. Before the costo-apical 
 cilia is a costal silvery spot, black-margined on both sides, 
 with an opposite dorsal spot, black-margined behind. The 
 apical portion of the wing is dusted with blackish, dispersed 
 scales, with a white spot near the tip above the middle of the 
 wing. There are two hinder-marginal lines, one the margin 
 of the dispersed scales, the other dark brownish in the cilia. 
 
 The larva may be taken in August and September in the 
 leaf of Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Oak), mining the upper 
 surface in a rather broad, tortuous tract, and there are ordi- 
 narily several in the same leaf. The larva belongs to the 
 second larval group. The head is a fine pale brown; the 
 body yellowish posteriorly, becoming brownish above, with 
 dorsal and ventral dark maculae. The cocoon is circular, 
 formed within the mine as usual in this group in a little cir- 
 cular depression. 
 
 It is probably unnecessary to caution the collector to be 
 careful in handling the leaves of the food-plant of this larva; 
 to many persons they are poisonous, producing a very dis- 
 agreeable and uncomfortable eruption. I was affected by it 
 when I first collected this species, and would advise all others 
 to handle the food-plant "with gloves." 
 
 14. L. crat&gella. Antennae, front and tuft dark silvery- 
 gray. Fore-wings rather deep brownish-golden, with a broad 
 silvery basal streak, black-margined toward the costa, ex- 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 77 
 
 tended to the tegulas in front and pointed behind, with the 
 point black-margined on both sides and with the costa black. 
 Four costal silvery streaks, the first oblique but rounded 
 beneath and black-margined on both sides, the others toward 
 the base alone. Three silvery dorsal streaks, the first rather 
 broad, oblique, nearly touching the first costal, and black- 
 margined on both sides, as also the second ; the third only 
 toward the base. A streak of black scales in the middle of 
 the wing at the apex, extended backwards between the 
 streaks to the second dorsal and costal. Hinder-marginal 
 line blackish, with a violet metallic hue ; cilia dark fulvous. 
 
 The larva mines the underside of black thorn* during 
 September and October. The mine is usually limited by 
 two veins of the leaf. The larva is cylindrical, with a very 
 pale brown head; the body yellowish, coloured dark green 
 by the ingesta. The imago appears in April and May. 
 
 15. L. hamadryadella. Front, tuft and thorax white. 
 Antennas white, annulated above with blackish. Fore-wings 
 white, with an angulated, shining, ochreous band, rather 
 behind the basal third of the wing, black-margined internally 
 with dispersed scales; a broad angulated band of the same 
 hue, behind the middle, black-margined internally with dis- 
 persed black scales, produced in the middle, so as to divide 
 it into two portions, with the space between the bands some- 
 what suffused behind the second with ochreous-saffron, and 
 an irregular line of blackish, dispersed scales through the 
 middle of it. Near the tip is a costal and dorsal ochreous- 
 saflron spot, with the white space between these and the 
 second band dusted with blackish, with the apical portion 
 white, dusted with black scales, and connected with the patch 
 before it by a line separating the costal and dorsal spots. 
 The basal portion of the wing somewhat dusted with black, 
 with a small blackish patch on costa near the base, and two 
 
 In Asa Gray's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, the 
 name of "Black or Pear Thorn" is assigned to Cratcegus tomentosa. 
 H. T. S. 
 
78 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 small, faint saffron patches beyond it. The hinder-marginal 
 line blackish, cilia with a fulvous hue. Hind-wings rather 
 dark silvery-gray, cilia with a fulvous hue. 
 
 Variation F. 
 
 The first ochreous-saffron band interrupted in the middle, 
 with a broad internal margin of scattered scales, produced 
 behind in the middle ; the second somewhat diffuse, with the 
 irrorated portion of the wing spreading out behind from the 
 produced part of its black margin. 
 
 Variation Gr. 
 
 "With an angiilated line of blackish scales before the first 
 band and an ochreous-saffron patch between its angle and 
 that of the black margin of the first band. 
 
 The larva mines the upper side of the leaves of oaks in 
 July. The head is black, the body pale yellowish, with an 
 ochre-yellowish patch on the dorsum of the eighth segment, a 
 dark vascular line and a few dark subdorsal spots posteriorly. 
 The imago appears early in August. The variations F. and 
 G. were specimens found in the pupa state. 
 
 16. L. argentinotella. Antennae silvery. Front and 
 tuft silvery. Thorax pale reddish-saffron, with a rather 
 short, unmargined, silvery basal streak, with Jive costal 
 streaks and four dorsal streaks of the same hue. The first 
 costal and dorsal streaks unmargined, the first dorsal being 
 near the inner angle of the base, tapering to a point in the 
 middle of the wing from a very broad base ; the first costal 
 streak rather slender and only one-half as long as the first 
 dorsal; the second costal and second dorsal connected about 
 the middle of the wing, and dark-margined toward the base 
 by a line much curved in the middle ; the third costal and 
 third dorsal opposite, and each dark-margined internally ; the 
 fourth dorsal about midway between the fourth and fifth costal 
 streaks; sometimes the fourth costal and dorsal streaks with 
 a few dark internal scales, sometime unmargined. At the 
 
(LITHOCOLLETIS) NOVEMBER, 1859. 79 
 
 apex is a small patch of scattered black scales ; the hinder- 
 marginal line rather indistinct ; cilia saffron, paler on inner 
 margin. Hind-wings shining silver-gray, cilia rather darker. 
 I am unable to give any account of this species. The 
 specimens were unmarked by any number referring to my 
 notes, and I suppose I must have mistaken it for some other, 
 as I did not observe its peculiar markings until I came to 
 write the present paper. I hope, however, to supply its 
 larval history next season, now that the species thus far met 
 with are tabulated in a manner which will facilitate recognition. 
 
 The following genus belongs, in the arrangement of Euro- 
 pean systematists, to the family Elachistidcs. I do not think 
 any argument necessary to prove that it is a natural portion 
 of Lithocolletida, which is usually regarded as being com- 
 posed of a single genus. 
 
 TISCHERIA, Zeller. 
 
 Head with a rather erect frontal tuft of scales ; the front 
 smooth, narrow and but little inclined. Ocelli none. Eyes 
 rather salient, naked and not covered with scales in front. 
 Antennas scarcely more than one-half so long as the anterior 
 wings, with rather long pilose dilations beneath in the $ , 
 simple in the ? , with the basal joint tufted in front. Max- 
 illary palpi very short and scarcely perceptible. Labial palpi 
 short, filiform and drooping. Tongue scaled, as long as the 
 anterior coxae. 
 
 The wings with long cilia; the anterior pointed, almost 
 caudate, the posterior lanceolate. The discoidal cell of the 
 anterior not pointed, closed in front by a very faint nervure, 
 and with a faintly indicated secondary cell, beyond which the 
 subcostal nervure is almost obsolete. The subcostal nervure 
 sends jfr wr veins to the costa, the first of which is rather long 
 and arises near the basal third of the wing ; the discal emits 
 a simple vein to the costa above the tip and one to the inner 
 margin beneath. The median nervure sends two veins to the 
 inner margin near the tip. The submedian is simple. 
 
80 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The head of the larva is circular in outline, thin, flat and 
 nearly as broad as the first ring. The body tapers much 
 posteriorly, is subcylindrical and moniliform, with the an- 
 terior rings slightly dilated, with the segments rounded and 
 distinct at the sides; with three* thoracic feet, four* ab- 
 dominal and one terminal pair, all of which are extremely 
 short, and are scarcely more than cup-like depressions. 
 
 The mine is usually made, if not always, near the margin 
 of the leaf, which, in this case, is folded and curled so as 
 almost to conceal the separated epidermis when completed, 
 although in the beginning it is nearly flat. It contains no 
 " frass," and an examination of the under surface reveals the 
 presence of minute, round holes, through which the larva 
 ejects its excrement. The pupa is contained within the mine, 
 generally not in a cocoon, but the mine is carpeted through- 
 out with silk, thus closing up the holes in the lower surface. 
 The pupa case is thrust from the mine at maturity. 
 
 The imago reposes with its head elevated, and the tips 
 of the wings touching the surface on which it rests. The 
 antennae are thrown back beneath the wings, the anterior 
 legs folded on the breast, the insect sustaining itself by means 
 of the middle and posterior legs. 
 
 Table of Species. 
 
 Fore- wings with isolated black atoms. 
 Solidagonifoliella, yellowish, slightly tinted with fuscous. 
 
 Fore-wings immaculate. 
 
 Hind-wings concolorous. 
 
 Zelleriella, yellowish, with reddish-saffron at the tip. 
 Female ? the entire insect reddish-ferruginous. 
 
 Hind-wings with a fuscous patch near the base. 
 Citrinipennella^ bright yellow, reddish-ferruginous at tip. 
 
 " Pairs of " is of course understood in each case. II. T. S. 
 f I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is intermediate be- 
 tween our Complanella, Hub., and Margined, Haw. H. T. S. 
 
 
NOVEMBER, 1859. 81 
 
 T. solidagonifoliella. Head, thorax and antennae pale 
 yellowish. Fore-wings yellowish, somewhat tinted with 
 fuscous, with a short line of black atoms along the middle of 
 the inner margin, two small patches or much scattered, iso- 
 lated black atoms toward the base of the wing, a patch near 
 the tip on the inner margin, with a minute patch or a few 
 isolated atoms on the costa between the line and patch on 
 inner margin ; at the tip are a few isolated atoms. Hind- 
 Avings very pale yellowish, cilia the same. The male de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Found in the pupa state August 1st in the leaf of a 
 species of Solidago. The mine was on the upper surface 
 and the leaf not folded. The pupa was contained in a 
 slight circular cocoon, attached to the upper cuticle, which 
 formed its upper walls. On August 9th the imago appeared, 
 the pupa case having been thrust through the under side of 
 the leaf. 
 
 T. Zelleriella. Antennas, head and thorax pale yellow. 
 Fore-wings yellowish, with reddish-saffron along the middle 
 and toward the tip ; cilia reddish-saffron, pale yellow on the 
 inner margin. Hind-wings bluish-gray, tinted with yellow 
 externally toward the tip, cilia yellow on the exterior margin 
 toward the tip, internally pale yellowish-gray. 
 
 Female*? The head, thorax and fore-wings yellowish, 
 suffused with reddish-ferruginous, darkest toward the tip. 
 Hind-wings dark gray. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of oaks in September, making 
 at first a white blotch on the upper surface, but subsequently 
 the upper epidermis becomes brown and the margin of the 
 leaf curled. The head is dark brown ; the body yellowish, 
 with the dorsum of the first segment blackish, with two lateral 
 minute pale spots ; a vascular dark green line. The imago 
 appears early in May, and there is, therefore, a spring 
 brood. 
 
 G 
 
82 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 T. citrinipennella.* Antennae pale fuscous; head and 
 thorax yellowish, tinted with reddish-saffron. Fore-wings 
 bright yellow from the base nearly to the tip ; apical portion 
 reddish-ferruginous. Hind-wings dark grey, with a fuscous 
 patch near the base; cilia pale fuscous. The male de- 
 scribed. 
 
 There is but little difference between this and the fore- 
 going species, either in the perfect or larval state. The 
 larva mines the upper surface of oak leaves, in September. 
 The head is dark brown; the body yellowish-green, with a 
 double dark-brown macula on the dorsum of the first ring ; 
 vascular line very narrow and dark green. A more careful 
 examination than I have given these insects may prove them 
 to be the same, or the latter a variation. I have but a few 
 of each of them. The imago appears early in May, and a 
 spring brood will be found in early summer. 
 
 PHYLLOCNISTIS, Zeller. 
 
 Head smooth, elongated above, and clothed with im- 
 bricated scales. Front with scales closely appressed, slightly 
 retreating and broad at the clipeus. Forehead or vertex 
 globosely rounded. Ocelli none. Eyes scarcely visible in 
 front, and partially covered with scales. Antennae simple, 
 one-third less long than the anterior wings ; basal joint 
 scarcely with an eye-cap, somewhat enlarged and flattened, 
 but smooth and squamose. Maxillary palpi none. Labial 
 palpi very slender, and drooping (in the living insect they 
 are ascending). Tongue very slender, naked and scarcely as 
 long as the anterior coxae. 
 
 The anterior wings almost caudate, the posterior lanceolate. 
 In the anterior wings the discoidal cell is acute behind; the 
 
 * I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is intermediate be- 
 tween our Complanella, Hub., and Margined, Haw. The description would 
 be improved by adding, " there is a faint gray spot at the anal angle of the 
 anterior wings." The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 4 lin. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1859. 83 
 
 subcostal nervure sends three short branches to the costa, and 
 from the apex of the discoidal cell arises a branch furcate 
 behind the tip, one of the nervulets proceeding to the costa 
 before the tip, the other to the inner margin. The median 
 nervure sends two approximated veins to the inner margin 
 near the tip. In the posterior wings the subdorsal is simple, 
 ending in the tip, the median furcate near its marginal ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 The head of the larva is thin, flat and circular, with the 
 mandibles forming an appendage in front on the median line 
 similar to some of the Lithocolletis larvae. 
 
 The body tapers somewhat posteriorly, with the sides of 
 the segments slightly projecting and flattened, with the 
 general form rather cylindrical. It is without feet or pro- 
 legs, and is very inactive, making little or no voluntary 
 motion when removed from the mine, and does not retreat in 
 its mine when touched. The body is somewhat viscid. 
 
 The mine is a linear tract just wide enough to accommo- 
 date the body, long and winding. The larva does not con- 
 sume all the parenchyma of the leaf along its tract, but 
 simply separates the upper epidermis, so that it is not trans- 
 parent. When full grown the end of the mine is enlarged, 
 and the cocoon woven in a little pucker of the leaf within the 
 
 The perfect insect is very 
 sluggish, at rest carrying its /r^- 
 
 antennae thrown backward, but 
 arched somewhat above the dorsal 
 surface. 
 
 P. vitigenella.* Antennae brownish-silvery, fuscous at 
 the tip. Head and thorax silvery-white. Fore-wings silvery- 
 
 * Printed Vitegenella, but corrected in pencil by Dr. Clemens to Vitigenella. 
 I received two specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is closely allied to onr 
 Suffusella, Zell., and Saligna, Zell., but is smaller, and tbe position of the 
 subapical dorsal streak is different. The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) 
 is 2i lin. H. T. S. 
 
 G2 
 
84 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 white, slightly golden toward the tip, with a blackish dorsal 
 patch on the inner margin near the base. Somewhat behind 
 the middle of the wing is a black oblique costal streak, and a 
 black line curving from the costa to the inner margin. At 
 the tip is a circular black spot, and before it on the costa two 
 short, straight, black streaks. At the extreme tip of the 
 wing are two blackish, diverging streaks in the cilia, with 
 one of the same hue in the cilia beneath the apical spot, 
 nearly joining a black hinder-marginal line ; cilia silvery. 
 Hind-wings silvery, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva mines the upper side of the leaf of Vitis cordi- 
 folia, and perhaps other species, in September and October. 
 The imago appears in September. / 
 
 LEUCANTHIZA. 
 
 Head slightly hairy above on the vertex. The front 
 smooth, covered with closely appressed scales, broad, even 
 beneath and somewhat inclined. The forehead or vertex 
 rather acutely rounded above or ridge-like. Ocelli none. 
 The eyes scarcely visible in front, partially concealed by 
 scales. Antennas simple, nearly or quite as long as the 
 anterior wings, the basal joint squamose and but little larger 
 than the stalk. Maxillary palpi none. Labial palpi very 
 slender and drooping. Tongue naked, as long as the anterior 
 
 COX83. 
 
 The fore-wings are almost caudate at the tip ; the posterior 
 lanceolate. The discoidal cell of the fore-wings is acute 
 behind, with two veins emitted at its point, one to the costa 
 before the tip, the other to the inner margin. The subcostal 
 nervure sends three short veins to the costa, and the median 
 two approximated veins to the inner margin. In the hind- 
 wings the subcostal and median are both simple, and the 
 latter extended to the tip. 
 
 The head of the larva is very thin and flat, with projecting 
 mandibles in front. The body is much flattened, tapering 
 anteriorly and posteriorly, the rings separated by rather deep 
 
NOVEMBER, 1859. 85 
 
 incisions, and their ends on the sides mammillated, the rings 
 themselves being rather elongated ellipsoids. 
 
 The thoracic feet are three* and mere mammillas; the 
 abdominal three,f but their appearance not very distinct, and 
 a terminal pair. The larva approaches that of the second 
 group of Lithocolletis very closely. 
 
 The mine is a conspicuous white blotch on the upper 
 surface, generally occupying the greater portion of the leaf, 
 and- sometimes, when two are present in the same leaf, the 
 whole of it. A day or two previously to undergoing its last 
 moulting, the larva ceases to eat, and at the end of that time, 
 leaving its " cast" within the mine, abandons it to construct a 
 white silken cocoon, which is 
 woven on some substance on 
 the surface of the ground. 
 
 The perfect insect holds the 
 antennas extended at the sides 
 when at rest, and moves them 
 with a rotatory motion during 
 progression. 
 
 L. amphicarpecefoliella. Head golden, with fuliginous 
 hairs above. Antennas golden-brown, with the tips silvery- 
 white. Thorax golden, fuliginous in front, and abdomen 
 golden-brown. Fore-wings deep orange-yellow, with the 
 apical portion dark golden-brown, and a fuliginous or deep 
 brown patch occupying the basal part of the wing, bordered 
 broadly behind by a circular golden streak, extending from 
 the costa to the inner border at the basal angle. A very 
 oblique, somewhat curved, golden streak, dark-margined on 
 both sides, extends from the basal third of the wing, near the 
 costa, to the middle of the costa. A large golden patch, 
 dark-margined above, extends from the inner angle to the 
 middle of the wing, with the inner margin between it and 
 
 * Pairs, of course ; why the three is italicised I cannot conceive. H. T. S. 
 f Pairs, of course. H. T. S. 
 
86 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the circular basal streak dark golden-brown. At the begin- 
 ning of the costal cilia is a golden dorsal* streak ; cilia dark 
 brown, in certain lights golden-brown. Hind-wings dark 
 grey, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva makes a conspicuous white blotch mine on the 
 upper surface of the leaf of Amphicarpcea monoica (hog pea- 
 nut) from August to October. The head is pale brown ; the 
 body pale green, with brownish maculse along the dorsum, 
 and round dark-brown spots on the ventral surface ; the ends 
 of the first ring on the sides are yellowish. After the last 
 moulting the body is uniformly dark green, the ec cast" with 
 dorsal maculas being left within the mine. The imago ap- 
 pears about the middle of May. This insect is one of the 
 most beautiful I have met with. 
 
 NOTE. The reader is requested to make the following 
 corrections in the paper contained in the September number 
 of the Proceedings. 
 
 Page 257, line 9 from the top, after " two" insert or three.\ 
 
 Page 260, instead of A. effrentella read A. effrenatella, 
 
 and also in the explanation of the plate, p. 262.J 
 
 * So printed. H. T. S. 
 
 t See ante, p. 48, note *. H. T. S. 
 
 f See ante, pp. 55 and 60, notes *. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 87 
 
 [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, January, 1860, pp. 4 15.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. No. 3. 
 
 BY BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 THE plan of these papers will hereafter be changed, and no 
 diagnosis of genera will be given, except when there is doubt 
 respecting the identity of the European and American groups, 
 and when the genera are new. The intention of giving some 
 conception of the systematic arrangement of the group 
 TINEINA will therefore be abandoned, and the subsequent 
 papers be confined simply to the description of species. I 
 find myself compelled to adopt this course, in consequence of 
 perceiving, as I advance in the recognition of generic groups, 
 that the diagnoses of the families heretofore cited are too 
 limited, and that, in order to represent my conception of 
 these groups, I shall be obliged to make them more compre- 
 hensive. These changes, together with the generic synopses 
 of the families, will be best treated in a monograph of the 
 TINEINA, which will be undertaken as soon as the collection 
 of the writer represents, with some degree of completeness, 
 the genera found in our country. . In order that the accom- 
 plishment of this may not be too long delayed, contributions 
 of specimens are respectfully solicited from collectors, either 
 in accordance with the call from the Secretary of the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, in the Report of 1858, or the request 
 made at the present time. Contributions may be sent to the 
 Smithsonian Institution, or to myself, but in the latter case, 
 
88 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the charges for carnage must be prepaid; and shduld the 
 contributor desire it, a suite of named specimens will be 
 returned to him. Full directions for the collection and pre- 
 servation of Lepidoptera are contained in the Smithsonian 
 Report for 1858,* and may be had on application to the 
 Secretary of the Institution. 
 
 COLEOPHORA, Zeller. 
 Stalk of antennae clothed with erect scales to the middle. 
 
 C. corns tip ennella.\ Labial palpi and head bronzy-green. 
 Antennas, basal half bronzy-green, with a reddish-violet re- 
 flection ; terminal half white, annulated with brown. Fore- 
 wings uniform bronzy-green, with the apical portion reddish- 
 violet, or of a reddish-coppery hue. Hind-wings dark brown ; 
 cilia the same. 
 
 Stalk somewhat thickened, with scales not erected. 
 
 C. laticornella. Labial palpi and head brownish-ochreous. 
 Antennas pale brownish-ochreous towards the base, becoming 
 white, with an ochreous tinge, toward the tip, and annulated 
 with dark brown throughout. Fore-wings rather deep, 
 uniform brown, with a whitish- ochreous streak along the 
 costa, from the base to the costo-apical cilia, narrowing 
 behind, and not reaching beyond the subcostal nervure. 
 Hind-wings rather dark brown ; cilia the same. 
 
 Antennal stalk simple ; basal joint thickened with scales. 
 
 C. ccenosipennella. Labial palpi and head white. An- 
 tennas white, annulated with dark brown ; basal joint white. 
 Fore-wings dull yellow, with a white streak along the basal 
 portion of inner margin, one along the costa and one along 
 the sub-costal nervure, separated from the former by a narrow 
 
 * See ante, p. 18. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received five specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is very nearly 
 allied to our Fabriciella, Villers, but is a little browner. The exp. al. 
 (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 89 
 
 line of the general hue ; an oblique, white streak along the 
 disk, and inclined to the inner angle, and one in the fold, 
 with three rather faint, oblique, white streaks between the 
 terminal portions of the costal and discal streaks. Hind- 
 wings rather dark gray ; cilia fulvous. 
 
 C. infuscatella. Labial palpi brownish-gray. Head pale 
 leaden-gray, whitish on the sides and above the eyes. 
 Antennas gray, annulated with dark brown. Fore-wings 
 grayish-brown, with a white streak along the costa to the 
 tip, and one along the inner margin ; a white streak along 
 the fold, and one parallel to it along the middle of the wing 
 and somewhat dilated on the inner margin; cilia grayish- 
 brown. Hind-wings gray ; cilia the same. 
 
 C. cretatico stella. Labial palpi white. Head white, tinged 
 with yellowish. Antennas white, annulated with brownish. 
 Fore-wings shining yellow, with a rather broad white streak 
 along the costa, extended nearly to the tip ; somewhat 
 streaked with ochreous, and the tip rather deep ochreous. 
 The inner margin of the wing is whitish. Hind-wings 
 ochreous-brown ; cilia the same. 
 
 INCURVARIA, Haworth. 
 
 /. russatella. Head ochreous. Antennas dark brown, 
 ochreous at the base, and annulated with ochreous. Thorax 
 purplish-brown. Fore-wings deep fuscous, with a beautiful 
 purple reflection. Near the base of the wing is a very pale 
 yellow band, broadest on the inner margin, and a costal and 
 dorsal spot of the same hue opposite each other, a little 
 beyond the middle of the wing. Hind-wings pale fuscous, 
 tinged with purplish-red ; cilia pale brown. 
 
 The wing structure of the following species departs from 
 that of the genus. Both wings are pointed, the fore-wings 
 with a single discal nervure, given off to the inner margin, 
 
90 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 and the hind-wings with two discal nervules branching from 
 a common stalk. 
 
 /. Acerifoliella. Ornix Acerifoliella, Fitch, Reports 1 
 and 2, p. 269.* Head reddish- 
 ochreous. General hue a fine me- 
 tallic green; fore-wings without 
 markings. 
 
 I am indebted to the kindness 
 of Dr. Fitch for a specimen of this 
 insect. 
 
 PLUTELLA, Schrank. 
 
 P. mgilaciella.\ Head white, with fuscous before and 
 behind the eyes. Labial palpi white ; exterior of second 
 joint fuscous. Antennae ochreous, annulated with white, 
 especially towards the tips. Thorax white; tegulae dark 
 fuscous. Fore-wings white, streaked with ochreous, with a 
 dark ochreous streak at the base of the fold, margined on the 
 inner side with dark brown. The inner border, from near 
 the base to the tip of the wing, is closely dotted with dark 
 brown ; and on the costa, toward the tip, are a few dots of 
 the same hue, and in the middle of the wing an elongated 
 dark brown dot; cilia white and dark brown intermixed. 
 Hind- wings dark gray. Abdomen dark gray. 
 
 P. limbipennella.\ Head pale ochreous. Labial palpi 
 whitish ; tuft dark brown. Antennae brown, .slightly annu- 
 
 * Larva blotches the leaves of maple in August, and then cuts out cases 
 forming holes of a nearly circular form in the leaves. The perfect insect 
 appears in May (Fitch, 1. c.). H. T. S. 
 
 f I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is our Porrectclla, 
 L. H. T. S. 
 
 J I received two specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is our Crucif 'era- 
 rum, Zell. Dr. Clemens has a pencil note in the copy of his paper he sent me 
 that it is the Cerostoma Brassicella ? Fitch, Nox. Ins. Report, i. 170 5. 
 Cruciferarum is truly cosmopolitan ; I have received it from all parts of the 
 globe. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 91 
 
 lated with white. Thorax yellowish-white; tegulae dark 
 brown. Fore-wings cinereous-brown, dusted with dark 
 brown, with a dark brown sinuated streak along the fold, 
 and the inner marginal portion of the wing pale yellowish- 
 white, with three rounded projections toward the fold. Hind- 
 wings brown, with a purplish hue ; cilia brownish-ochreous. 
 Abdomen dark brown. 
 
 P. mollipedella.* Head and thorax pale brownish-ochre- 
 ous. Fore-wings pale brownish-ochreous, somewhat paler 
 along the costa, and dotted with dark brown, with a fuscous, 
 sinuated streak in the fold, narrowly edged with ochreous- 
 gray. The inner marginal portion of the wing pale brownish- 
 ochreous, with three projections toward the fold, and the inner 
 border dotted with dark brown to the tip of the wing. Hind- 
 wings dark gray ; cilia brownish-ochreous. 
 
 GRACILARIA, Zeller. 
 
 G. superbifrontella. Labial palpi yellow, tipped with 
 brownish. Antenna? dull yellow, with very faint brownish 
 rings. Head stramineous, tinged with reddish-violet on the 
 forehead. Thorax stramineous, with tegulse externally 
 striped with reddish-violet. Fore-wings beautiful reddish- 
 violet, with a shining stramineous patch on the inner margin 
 at the base, and a large costal triangle of the same hue, 
 reaching almost across the wing, and extending along the 
 costa from the basal third, nearly to the apex. Hind-wings 
 blackish-gray ; cilia dark fuscous. 
 
 This insect must approach very closely the European 
 Swederella. 
 
 The larva may be found, in the middle of July, in cones, 
 on the leaves ofHamamelis Virginica (witch-hazel), and the 
 imago appears early in August. The head of the larva is 
 
 * I have not seen this insect, but I should not be at all surprised if it should 
 prove to be the <j> of Cruciferarum, which has so often been looked on as a 
 distinct species from the $ . H. T. S. 
 
92 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 pale green ; body pale green, darker-coloured by the ingesta, 
 with the tenth ring whitish, and the cervical shield pale 
 brown. 
 
 G.fulgidella. Head and antenna yellowish-white. Fore- 
 wings white, with a silvery lustre, with a dark brown blotch 
 near the base, not extended across the wing. Rather beyond 
 the middle of the wing is a broad, dark brown band, with the 
 exterior margin darkest, and sharply angulated just above 
 the inner margin. The apical portion of the wing contains 
 two rather broad, dark brown costal streaks, somewhat con- 
 fluent in the middle of the wing, with a white costal spot 
 between them. The extreme apex of the wing is dark brown, 
 with a white costal streak before it, and opposite the costal 
 white spot is another, at the interior angle, sometimes two 
 not distinctly separated. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia the 
 same. 
 
 G. venustella. Labial palpi white, with a blackish spot 
 near the middle, and one, near the tip. Antennae dark 
 brownish. Head silvery-white. Fore-wings dark cinereous, 
 with a purplish hue, and white along the inner margin from 
 the base to the middle. At the basal third of the wing is a 
 small, white costal spot ; three oblique, equidistant, slender 
 white bands, dark-margined on both sides, the fir st about the 
 middle of the wing, the second and third converging at the 
 inner margin, with a white spot at the extreme apex, dark- 
 margined on both sides by short streaks ; cilia cinereous and 
 white intermixed. Hind-wings blackish-gray; cilia rather 
 paler. 
 
 G. strigijinitella. Labial palpi yellowish-white, dotted with 
 dark brown, and with two dark-brown rings before the tip. 
 Head and antennas dull yellow. -Fore-wings brownish-gray, 
 suffused with dark brown, with the inner margin, from near 
 the base to the middle, varied with white and dark brown ; on 
 the middle of costa a white .streak, and a few small, costal, dark 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 93 
 
 brown blotches. Xear the tip, on the inner margin, a slender, 
 very oblique white streak, dark-margined on both sides, which 
 crosses an oblique streak of the same hue from the costa, 
 likewise dark-margined on both sides above the streak from 
 the inner margin, and curved beneath, forming a white hinder- 
 marginal line in the cilia, beneath the tip, and extending 
 nearly to the apex of the wing. Beyond these, toward the 
 base, in the apical third of the wing, are two oblique dark- 
 brown costal streaks, with a short, white one between them, 
 the first irregular and somewhat diffused, the second margined 
 behind with brownish-yellow. Apical portion of the wing 
 dark brown. Hind-wings dark brown ; cilia somewhat paler. 
 
 G. violacella. Head and face pale yellowish, tinged with 
 reddish-violet. Labial palpi yellowish-white, annulated at the 
 tip with brownish. Fore-wings with the external half pale, 
 shining, cream-yellow, interior half suffused with a pale 
 violet iridescence. About the middle of the costa are a few 
 separated blackish-brown dots, and in the middle of the wing 
 a blackish-brown comma spot, and near the tip an atom of 
 the same hue. The posterior part of the fold somewhat 
 suffused with fuscous; cilia reddish-fuscous. Hind- wings 
 dark gray, with a reddish tinge ; cilia reddish-fuscous. 
 
 ARGYRESTHIA, Htibner. 
 
 A. oreasella* Labial palpi silvery-white. Head silvery- 
 white ; forehead and face faintly tinged with pale golden- 
 brown. Antennas silvery, annulated with dark brown. Fore- 
 wings silvery-white, with a pale golden-brown streak at the 
 base of the costa. About the middle of the wing is an 
 oblique, dark golden-brown band, broadest on the inner 
 margin, and tapering to the costa, beyond which is a 
 narrower, oblique band of the same hue produced in the 
 middle, as a rather broad, somewhat curved streak toward 
 
 * I received one specimen of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is our Andereg- 
 giella, Dup. H. T. S. 
 
94 PAPERS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the tip, behind which it is arrested ; cilia pale golden-brown, 
 with a darker hinder-marginal line. Hind-wings dark gray ; 
 cilia the same. 
 
 Another specimen, on the middle of the inner margin, has 
 a rectangular, golden-brown patch, not extended to the costa, 
 with an irregular, obliquely placed patch of the same hue on 
 the inner margin, near the tip, and slightly connected with a 
 small costal patch placed midway between the patches, on 
 the inner margin. The tip of the wing is golden-brown, and 
 is scarcely connected with the second patch by a posteriorly 
 produced portion. 
 
 Taken on wing, June, July. 
 
 ORNIX, Zeller. 
 
 O. trepidella. Labial palpi yellowish- white, annulated 
 with dark brown near the tip. Head dark brown. Antennae 
 dark brown, slightly annulated with whitish. Fore-wings 
 dark purplish, dusted with dark brown. Along the costa are 
 several short, oblique, obscure yellowish streaks, with dark 
 brown streaks between, extending from the middle of the 
 wing to the tip, obliquely placed till near the apex. Hind- 
 wings dark gray ; cilia the same. 
 
 O.festinella. Labial palpi silvery-gray, with the second 
 joint at the apex annulated with dark brownish. Head 
 dull brownish-gray. Antenna? dark brown, annulated with 
 whitish. Fore-wings grayish, somewhat suffused with 
 brownish from the base to the middle, with the costa at base 
 dark brown. From the middle to the tip freely dusted with 
 dark brown, with several whitish, rather obscure costal streaks, 
 becoming plainer near the tip, and two or three on the inner 
 margin, near the tip. At the tip are a few dark brown scales, 
 with the cilia of extreme apex white ; cilia grayish, with dark 
 brown tipped scales intermixed. Hind-wings pale gray ; cilia 
 similar. Abdomen blackish, tipped with yellowish-ochreous. 
 
 O. crat&gifoliella. Labial palpi whitish. Head dark 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 95 
 
 brown and gray intermixed. Antennae dark brown, faintly 
 ammlated with whitish. Fore-wings dark brown, with a 
 purplish hue. Along the inner margin, from the base to the 
 anal angle, whitish, dusted with dark brownish. In the fold 
 at the base is a dark brown streak, and a small blotch of the 
 same hue beyond the middle, nearly reaching to the inner 
 margin. Toward the tip are a few whitish, costal streaks, 
 and at the apex a small, round, dark-brown spot, in a whitish 
 patch, with a circular, dark-brown apical line behind it ; cilia 
 blackish-gray. Hind-wings blackish-gray ; cilia rather paler. 
 Abdomen blackish, tipped with dull yellow. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of Cratcegus tomentosa (black 
 thorn), in September, and becomes a pupa early in October, 
 weaving a reddish-brown cocoon in a turned-down edge of 
 the leaf. The pupa case is thrust from the end of the cocoon 
 at maturity, the imago appearing early in May. There is, 
 doubtless, a summer brood, but I have not sought for it. 
 The head of the larva is brown ; the body greenish-white, 
 with the dorsuin reddish-brown. 
 
 HYPONOMEUTA, Zeller. 
 
 H. multipunctella. Labial palpi, head, antennas and 
 thorax white. Thorax with a black spot on the front of 
 tegulas, and a few spots of the same hue on the disk. Fore- 
 wings white, with the costa at the base blackish, and longi- 
 tudinal rows of distinct black dots ; two of which, one along 
 the inner margin, and one along the fold, are very plain. 
 Hind-wings blackish-gray. 
 
 BEDELLIA ? Stainton. 
 
 This genus is represented by a single species, in Europe. . 
 It was, therefore, a surprise to myself when I found the 
 species described below, corresponded to the European not 
 only in structure but in ornamentation. There is, however, 
 a slight difference in the neuration of the posterior wings of 
 the two insects when compared with Mr. Stainton's delinea- 
 
96 TAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 tion, and hence I give a full generic diagnosis of the American 
 species. 
 
 The anterior wings are narrow and pointed, and the 
 posterior very narrow, almost setiform. The discoidal cell 
 of the anterior is acute behind, with three subcosto-marginal 
 nervules, the last of which arises at the apex of the cell, 
 together with the apical nervule, which sends off, at about 
 its middle, a nervulet to the inner margin, and is furcate near 
 the tip of the wing. The median nervure sends only a single 
 branch to the inner margin. Both the costal and submedian 
 nervures are short. The posterior wings without discoidal 
 cell ; the costal nervure is very short ; the subcostal runs 
 through the middle of the wing, and sends a branch to the 
 inner margin,* rather beyond the middle, and is furcate at 
 its extremity, the lower branch 
 proceeding to the tip, along 
 the inner margin. Above the 
 subcostal nervure is a rather 
 indistinct parallel fold. The 
 median nervure is long, well marked, and simple; placed 
 near the inner margin of the wing. 
 
 Head rough above, and in front, between the antennas, 
 almost tufted ; face smooth, moderately broad and rounded. 
 Ocelli none. Eyes moderately prominent, round, and 
 partially covered with hairs from above. Antennas as long 
 as the anterior wings, filiform, simple ; basal joint squamose. 
 No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi very short, pointed, and 
 rather porrected, with two joints only distinguishable. 
 Tongue naked and short. 
 
 B. Staintoniella.^ Labial palpi and head ochreous, the 
 latter somewhat reddish-ochreous above. Antennas ochreous. 
 
 * This " branch to the inner margin, rather beyond the middle," I do not 
 see in my denuded specimen of a British JB. somnulentella, Zell., and this is 
 probably the slight difference in the neuration of the posterior wings to which 
 Dr. Clemens alludes. H. T. S. 
 
 t I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is certainly our 
 B. somnulentella^ Zell., only a little smaller. In October, 1869, 1 also received 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 97 
 
 Fore-wings ochreous, dusted with dark fuscous, but leaving 
 a streak of the general hue along the inner margin. Hind- 
 wings dark gray ; cilia rather dark ochreous. Abdomen 
 dark brown and ochreous mixed. 
 
 COSMIOTES.* 
 
 Fore-wings rather narrowly ovate-lanceolate, with the dis- 
 coidal cell closed acutely. The subcostal nervure is attenuated 
 toward the base of the wing, and subdivides into three 
 marginal branches, the first of which arises at about its 
 middle, and sends from the angle of the disk a trifid branch, 
 which is either forked on the costa by an exceeding short 
 branch beforef the tip, and gives rise at about its middle to 
 a branch to the inner margin, or is trifid at its extreme tip. 
 The median is two or three-branched near its end. The 
 submedian is simple. Hind-wings are without a discoidal 
 cell ; and the costal nervure is moderately long. The sub- 
 costal runs through the middle of the wing, (is central,) and 
 is furcate near the tip. The median is well indicated, with 
 two or three short, approximated branches about the middle 
 of the inner margin. 
 
 Size very small. J Head smooth. Without ocelli. Fore- 
 head rather elevated and rounded ; face rounded and nearly 
 equally broad. Eyes very small, oval and somewhat sunken, 
 scarcely visible in front. Labial palpi moderately long and 
 slender, smooth, pointed and somewhat recurved; the second 
 joint slightly compressed laterally. Ko maxillary palpi. 
 
 the same insect from the late Mr. B. D. Walsh of Rock Island, Illinois, who 
 had bred it from blotch-mines on the leaves of Ipomcea purpurea. His speci- 
 mens, and also some I have received from Texas, collected there by Mr. Bel- 
 frage, all agree in size with Dr. Clemens' specimens, and are smaller than our 
 European insect. H. T. S. 
 
 * Afterwards recognized as the genus Elachisia. H. T. S. 
 
 f Dr. Clemens has erased this word "before" in the copy of his paper sent 
 me, and has marked in the margin in pencil "behind." "Behind the tip" could 
 only, as I understand the words, be in the apical cilia. H. T. S. 
 
 J A most unfortunate definition, as Dr. Clemens nowhere mentions the size. 
 H. T. S. 
 
 H 
 
98 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Antennas inserted laterally ; basal joint short and rather thick, 
 with a few cilia at the base before ; stalk simple, slender, and 
 scarcely as long as the body. Tongue naked, and about as 
 long as the labial palpi. 
 
 Median vein of hind-wings two-branched. Apical 
 
 vein trifid at the tip. 
 
 C. illectella. Labial palpi and head yellowish-brown. 
 Antennas fuscous. Fore-wings fuscous, dusted with dark 
 brown, with a broad, transverse, silvery-white band near the 
 middle of the wing, a spot of the same hue on the costa near 
 the tip, and an opposite one on the inner margin nearly join- 
 ing it in the middle of the wing. The extreme apex of the 
 wing has a silvery streak in the cilia, margined behind with 
 a row of dark-brown atoms on their ends. Hind-wings 
 grayish-fuscous ; cilia the same. 
 
 Median vein of hind-wing three-branched. Apical 
 vein forked on the costa, with a nervulet to the inner 
 margin. 
 
 C. maculoscella. Labial palpi dull yellowish. Head dark 
 brownish. Antennas fuscous. Fore-wings shining silvery- 
 grayish, suffused with dark golden-brown, with a rather 
 obscure silvery band in the middle of the wing and a silvery 
 spot on the costa just before* the tip. The extreme apical 
 portion of the wing is blackish-brown; cilia grayish-brown. 
 Hind-wings grayish, dusted with dark brown ; cilia grayish- 
 brown. 
 
 Media-posterior and central veins opposite the 
 space between the second and third subcosto-mar- 
 ginals. 
 
 C. madarella. Head .dark silvery-gray. Antennas dark 
 brown, yellowish-white at the tips. Fore-wings dark golden- 
 
 * Here again Dr. Clemens has erased this word "before" in the copy of his 
 paper sent me, and has marked in the margin in pencil "behind." See note f, 
 p. 97. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 99 
 
 brown, silvery-gray at the base, with an oblique pale-golden 
 band near the middle of the wing, the costal portion being 
 nearest the base. On the costa, near the tip, is a pale-golden 
 spot, with a spot of the same hue opposite on the inner 
 margin, and one in the middle of the wing before* the tip ; 
 cilia pale brown, dotted with dark brown. Hind-wings 
 grayish-brown ; cilia rather darker. 
 
 COSMOPTEKYX? Hiibner. 
 
 The anterior wings are rather narrow and slenderly caudate. 
 The discoidal cell is elongate and very narrow, and closed 
 acutely behind with three subcosto-marginal nervules, the 
 first arising about the middle of the wing. The median 
 sends four nervules to the inner margin, the first arising 
 midway between the first and second subcostal branches, and 
 the last from the apex of the discoidal cell, together with an 
 apical branch, which almost immediately sends off a nervulet 
 to the inner margin, whilst the apical proceeds through the 
 middle of the slender, acicular, caudate extremity to its tip. 
 At the basal third of the wing, the subcostal nervure 
 becomes attenuated. The costal is nearly coincident with 
 the margin ; the submedian furcate at the base. The pos- 
 terior wings are narrow, almost setiform, and without a dis- 
 coidal cell. The submedian is central, simple and faintly 
 indicated until near the tip, when it becomes furcate. The 
 median, which is better defined, runs near the inner margin, 
 and subdivides into three branches to the inner margin. 
 The costal is coincident with the marginal. 
 
 Head perfectly smooth, advanced, long, and flattened 
 above ; forehead very convex and globose ; face full, rounded 
 and somewhat retreating. Ocelli none. Eyes flattened, 
 scarcely visible in front, oval. Antennae nearly as long as 
 the anterior wings ; basal joint long, slender, and clavate ; 
 stalk setaceous and simple. Maxillary palpi extremely short, 
 scarcely perceptible. Labial palpi very long, slender, much 
 recurved and pointed ; the second joint somewhat compressed 
 
 * See note in preceding page. 
 H2 
 
100 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 toward the end, shorter than the third. Tongue scaled, as 
 long as the thorax beneath. 
 
 C. ? gemmiferella* Labial palpi dark greenish-brown, 
 with a silvery stripe on the front of the third joint, and another 
 behind, continued to the second joint. Face, head and 
 thorax dark greenish-brown, with a narrow, central, silvery 
 line continued to the thorax, and one of the same hue above 
 the eyes on each side. Antennae dark greenish-brown, with 
 two silvery lines on the basal joint, the stalk annulated with 
 silvery, and a broad, silvery ring before the tip, which is 
 likewise silvery. Fore-wings dark greenish-brown to the 
 middle, and from the apical third to the tip, with an orange- 
 coloured patch rather beyond the middle of the wing, extended 
 across the wing, and a little produced along the costa behind, 
 having a large, transverse, oval, smooth patch of elevated 
 
 * The following remark has already appeared in the 9th volume of "The 
 Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer," p. 31: "Dr. Clemens has very liberally 
 forwarded me six specimens of his Cosmopteryx; but I find on close examina- 
 tion, that only four of them truly belong to Gemmiferella, the other two being 
 manifestly a distinct, though closely allied, species, which, though possessing 
 the three short longitudinal streaks near the base in place of the fascia, differs 
 in the following respects: The ground colour of the anterior wings is darker, 
 the orange fascia is paler, not so reddish, its margins are pale golden, instead 
 of silvery-violet and its hind margin is almost straight, and thus very different 
 from that in C. gemmiferella ; finally the apical streak is continuous, not inter- 
 rupted, and of a silvery-white throughout. I have much pleasure in naming 
 this species, after its captor, Cosmopteryx Clemensella." 
 
 The exp. al. of Clemensella is 4J lines. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 101 
 
 silvery scales, somewhat violet-hued, on its internal margin, 
 the patch extending nearly across the wing ; another smaller 
 and similar, nearly round one behind it, on the inner margin, 
 and another small one on the costa, behind the produced 
 portion, with a white costal streak above it in the cilia. All 
 these patches are somewhat black-margined. Near the base 
 of the wing are three short, silvery streaks, one nearly on the 
 disk, one near the fold beneath it, and an oblique one above 
 it, near the costa. The cilia of the extreme apex is silvery- 
 white, black-margined above, with a violet-silvery scale in 
 the middle of the wing before the tip. The inner margin, at 
 the base of the wing, is silvery. Hind-wings dark brown ; 
 cilia somewhat paler.* 
 
 The ornamentation of this insect is very elegant. Taken 
 on wing in June, July. 
 
 EUDABCIA. 
 
 Head and face rough. Without ocelli. Eyes small, 
 hemispherical, quite prominent, with a naked space above ? 
 Labial palpi short, rather smooth, and separated ; the third 
 joint somewhat less thick than the second, and nearly as 
 long. Maxillary palpi long, folded and five or six-jointed. 
 Antennae, basal joint moderately long, approximated on the 
 front, simple and full as long as the anterior wings. Tongue 
 naked and very short, scarcely as long as the labial palpi, and 
 not reaching beyond the front. 
 
 Fore-wings with the subcostal nervure attenuated at the 
 
 * In the 9th volume of " The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer," p. 31, 
 I have noticed, in reference to this species, that it "is intermediate between 
 C. Scribaiella and the Druryella group ;" and that the essential characters 
 are, "Anterior wings dark greenish-brown, with three short longitudinal 
 silvery streaks near the base (these represent the fascia we find in Eximia and 
 ScJimidiella*), with a reddish-orange fascia, edged with silvery-violet, in the 
 middle (this fascia is considerably broadest on the costa, its hinder margin 
 being formed by two silvery-violet spots, which are by no means opposite') ; 
 at the apex is a short silvery-white scale, preceded by a violet-silvery spot, 
 with which it is not connected." 
 
 The exp. al. of C. gemmiferella is 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
102 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 base ; at the basal third arises a long marginal branch, and 
 about its middle a furcate branch, and thence the subcostal 
 is faintly indicated to the discal nervure, beyond which it 
 reappears as a furcate branch to the costa behind the tip. 
 The discoidal cell is closed, and sends a single branch to the 
 inner margin behind the tip. The median subdivides into 
 three approximate branches. The subinedian is furcate at 
 the base. In the hind-wing the costal nervure is rather long 
 and distinct; subcostal simple, 
 and obsolete from the middle to 
 the base; discoidal cell unclosed, 
 with an independent discal ner- 
 vule, faintly indicated from the 
 base, and furcate at the apical 
 third. The median strongly in- 
 dicated and bifid rather beyond the middle of the inner 
 margin. 
 
 E. simulatricella. Head brownish-ochreous. Antennae 
 ochreous, annulated with dark brown. Fore-wings dark 
 brownish, with a white band about the basal third of the 
 wing, a white spot on the costa, near the middle, and one 
 on the inner margin, a little behind it, and a white trans- 
 verse streak near the tip. Hind-wings dark brown, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 This insect has considerable resemblance to an Incur- 
 varia. Its neuration, however, places it in a very distinct 
 group. 
 
 ANTISPILA, Herrich-Schaffer, Frey. 
 
 A. nys&foliella* Head above dark brown. Face, 
 labial palpi and fore-feet shining yellowish-ochreous. An- 
 tennae dark brown; basal joint yellowish-ochreous. Fore- 
 wings dark brown, with a greenish reflection, and the base 
 with a bright coppery hue. Near the base is a rather broad, 
 
 * It should be Nysscefoliella ; the food plant is Nyssa multiflora (Black or 
 Sour Gum, or Tupelo). H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 
 
 103 
 
 bright-golden band, broadest on the inner margin, where it 
 is nearest the base, and con- 
 stricted at the fold of the wing ; 
 a spot of the same hue on the 
 costa, at the apical third of the 
 wing, and one on the inner mar- 
 gin, midway between this and 
 the band; cilia somewhat coppery, and rather grayish at 
 the inner angle. Hind-wings purple-brown; cilia grayish- 
 ochreous. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of Nysa * multiflora in Sep- 
 tember. The head is dark brown; first segment dark 
 brownish; body very pale green, with dark atoms along the 
 dorsum; ventral surface with a line of two black spots. 
 After the last moulting the first segment is black, and the 
 dorsal spots become a black, vascular line. When full fed 
 the larva weaves an oval cocoon within the mine, and cutting 
 the two skins of the leaf into a correspondent form, permits 
 it to fall to the ground. There is thus left an oval hole in 
 the deserted mine. The images appear during the following 
 May. 
 
 A. cornifoliella. Head, face, labial palpi, and fore-feet 
 dark brown. Antennse dark brown; basal joint somewhat 
 ochreous. Fore-wings rather dull dark brown, with a 
 coppery hue. Near the base is a rather narrow, golden 
 band, not constricted on the fold, and rather indistinct 
 toward the costa, where it is somewhat suffused with a 
 coppery hue, and nearest the base on the inner margin. At 
 the apical third of the wing is a small golden spot, and 
 nearly opposite, on the inner margin, another of the same 
 hue, with the hinder portion of the wing tinged with a bright 
 reddish coppery hue ; cilia dark grayish. Hind-wings pur- 
 plish-brown ; cilia somewhat paler, with a coppery hue. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of Cornus florida in Sep- 
 tember. It may possibly be a variation of Nys&foliella. 
 * See note in preceding page. 
 
104 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLKMKXS. 
 
 Hie larva? of die insects are very like each other, but I don't 
 know whether that of C*r*ifoKfUa undergoes the same 
 change of coloration after the last moulting as that of Nysie- 
 JvKella* The head and shield dark brown; body nearly 
 white, with seven minute, black points along the dorsum, 
 and eight on the ventral surface, somewhat larger, and more 
 distinct* Its mode of preparing for pupation is the same as 
 die previous species, bat whilst the individuals of Nys<B- 
 on a single tree are almost innumerable, those of 
 are not abundant. 
 
 ASPIDISCA. 
 
 Fore-wings with no discoidal cell. The subcostal nervule 
 traverses the middle of the wing, attenuated from the base to 
 die basal third, where it gives origin to a long, marginal 
 branch, which reaches the costa at the apical third of the 
 wing; near the tip it subdivides into three short branches, 
 one of which is delivered to the costa behind the tip,* one 
 to die tip, without attaining die extreme apex, and one to 
 margin, somewhat behind the second marginal 
 Tke median merrmre if tr<z*ting. The submedian 
 Hind-wings with no dis- 
 coidal celL The subcostal nervure 
 is central and attenuated towards 
 the base, and at about its apical 
 third delivers a branch to the inner 
 margin and is bifid behind the tip 
 of the wing. Hie median is simple. The submedian obso- 
 lete or wanting. 
 
 Size extremely smaH Head and face smooth, covered 
 with closely appressed scales. Face rather broad, and some- 
 what produced beneath into * point. Forehead rounded. 
 Ocelli none. Eyes extremely small, not visible from above, 
 and scarcely visible in front. Antenna? held extended at the 
 
 :: 15 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 105 
 
 sides, very short, scarcely one-half as long as the anterior 
 wings, rather thick, obtuse, and roughened with scales. 
 Maxillary palpi none. Labial palpi extremely short and 
 slender, much separated.* Tongue naked and scarcely as 
 long as the anterior coxse.* 
 
 A. splendor if erella.\ Head golden. Antennae fuscous, 
 tinged with golden. Fore-wings, from the base to the 
 middle, leaden-gray, with a splendent lustre, and from the 
 middle to the tip golden, with a broad, nearly straight, 
 metallic, silvery streak, extending from the costa near the tip 
 to the middle of the wing, and dark-margined on both sides. 
 This is nearly joined by a dorsal streak of the same hue, 
 almost opposite to it, with converging dark margins, and 
 with a blotch of dark-brown scales adjoining it behind. In 
 the costo-apical cilia is a short, blackish-brown streak, parallel 
 to the dark margin of the silvery costal streak. 
 
 At the tip is a black, apical spot, with metallic, silvery 
 scales in its centre, and a few silvery scales in the cilia above 
 and beneath it. A blackish-brown hinder-marginal line in 
 the cilia, interrupted by a silvery streak in the cilia beneath 
 the apical spot, and the cilia yellowish-brown. Hind-wings 
 leaden gray : cilia yellowish-brown. 
 
 See corrections mentioned in letter of Jane 23rd, 1860 (ante, p. 36). 
 In the original paper we read " Labial palpi none. Tongue none." H. T. S. 
 
 f There is a wonderful superficial resemblance between this insect and 
 Cemiostoma scitella, but the dark lines in the cilia are in Aspidisca splendori- 
 ferella represented by only a single line, which projects straight out at the 
 apex, starting from a black apical spot, which is bordered internally by two 
 short silvery streaks, one above and one below, which, by their union, form a 
 silvery semicircle, separating the apical black spot from the rest of the wing ; 
 the basal portion of the wing is glossy pale-gray, not with the decided bluish 
 tinge we find in C. gcitella; a little beyond the middle are two obliquely-placed 
 silvery streaks, sloping posteriorly, and forming, by their union, an angulated 
 silveiy fascia; the space between them and the snbapical silvery arch is tawny. 
 Exp. al. 2 lines, or sometimes rather less. 
 
 I had the pleasure of breeding two specimens of this insect in the spring of 
 I860, from pupae sent me by Dr. Clemens, October, 1859. (See ante, pp. 23, 
 31, 32.) H. T. S. 
 
106 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of Crat&gus tomentosa early 
 in September. The mine appears at first as a very narrow 
 line, and is subsequently expanded into a small, transparent 
 blotch. At maturity the larva weaves a cocoon between the 
 cuticles, and cuts out a small oval disk. This is sometimes 
 carried quite a distance, and is ultimately secured to some 
 object by one of its ends tied down on a little button of white 
 silk. It enters the pupa state toward the latter part of 
 September, and appears as an imago in early spring. 
 
 The mature larva has a head much smaller than the first 
 ring, rounded above, and elliptical. The body is flattened, 
 and tapers posteriorly from the anterior rings. The seg- 
 ments are rather deeply incised, the thoracic obtusely rounded 
 at the sides, and the rest with a minute lateral nodule or 
 mammilla. It is without legs or prolegs, but on the second 
 and third thoracic rings, on both the dorsal and ventral sur- 
 faces, are spots or cup-like depressions, one on each side, 
 capable of being contracted and expanded. So, likewise, 
 from the sixth to the ninth inclusive, on the ventral surface 
 are transversely placed oval spots, similar to the thoracic, 
 and one on each segment. On the segment next the last is 
 a protuberance, both dorsal and ventral, with two cup-like 
 depressions on each surface. These are not supplied with 
 hooks, and, if they are substitutes for feet, must act like 
 suckers. They are all pale brown. The head is dark brown ; 
 the body brown, with blackish along the dorsal and ventral 
 surfaces. 
 
 When the larvae are young, it is extremely difficult to 
 discover their mines, and the transparent blotch is not much 
 larger than the cocoon, leaving a space in which the " frass" 
 is collected. 
 
 DlACHORISIA. 
 
 Fore-wings pointed, narrowly ovate-lanceolate; discoidal 
 cell closed behind by a very faintly indicated nervure, with a 
 faintly indicated secondary cell. The subcostal nervure ob- 
 scurely indicated from the secondary cell to the base of the 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 107 
 
 wing, with a long and distinct marginal nervule from near 
 the base, one from the middle of the secondary cell, and three 
 from the end of it to the costa. Three nervules from the 
 discal nervure to the inner margin beneath the tip. The 
 median without branches; beyond the discal it proceeds to 
 the inner margin, as a single short vein ; perhaps it may be 
 bifid. The submedian is simple. Hind-wings lanceolate, 
 clothed with scales, with the discoidal cell closed by a very 
 faintly indicated nervure. The costal nervure is long, and 
 extends nearly to the tip of the wing. The subcostal is 
 simple, and wanting from near the origin of the discal ner- 
 vure, where it is slightly produced 
 inwardly, but well indicated thence 
 to near the tip. The discal ner- 
 vure gives rise to a discal branch, 
 which quickly becomes bifid, and 
 its branches well defined near to 
 the tip, above and beneath. The median is well indicated, 
 and is three-branched, the last very faintly connected with 
 the second. No submedian nervure.* 
 
 Size very small. Head rough and hairy above and in 
 front. Ocelli none. Eyes rather large, round and salient, 
 not set on a naked circular portion of the head, nor with a 
 naked space above the eyes. Antennae about one-half as 
 long as the anterior wings, inserted laterally, and microscopi- 
 cally pubescent beneath ; basal joint moderately long, stalk 
 roughened with scales. Maxillary palpi rather long and 
 folded. Labial palpi moderate, slender, smooth, cylindrical, 
 separated and somewhat drooping ; the third joint nearly as 
 long as the second, which has a few bristles at its end and 
 beneath. Tongue ? 
 
 D. velatella. Labial palpi dark brownish. Head brownish- 
 gray. Antennas grayish-fuscous, with the basal joint whitish, 
 
 * The sketch of the neuration I received from Dr. Clemens has apparently 
 been made from a specimen only partially denuded, and is not therefore com- 
 plete. H. T. S. 
 
108 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 having a blackish, external streak. Fore-wings whitish, 
 dusted with dark fuscous, with a few dark fuscous spots along 
 the costa, and one of the same hue about the middle of the 
 disk, beneath which on the fold is another of the same hue. 
 Toward the apex, in the middle of the wing, beneath the last 
 costal spot, is a small dark fuscous spot, sometimes connected 
 toward the base of the wing with a dusted streak of the same 
 hue; cilia whitish, somewhat dotted with dark fuscous. 
 Hind-wings grayish-brown ; cilia the same. 
 
 The relationship of this insect to INCURVARIA and its allied 
 genera, especially to Acerifoliella and to EUDARCIA, is very 
 obvious. 
 
 BUCCULATRIX? Hiibner. 
 
 The anterior wings lanceolate; the discal cell is closed 
 acutely behind, with the subcostal nervure faintly indicated 
 from the middle of the wing to the base, and sending four 
 nervules to the costa, the first about the basal third, and its 
 origin from the subcostal faintly indicated; the three others 
 arising near the apical portion of the wing, with the subcostal 
 between the second and last rather faintly indicated; the 
 third nervule scarcely noticeable, and the last branch arising 
 from the apex of the discoidal cell. The median is strongly 
 indicated throughout, and sends off to the inner margin, at 
 its posterior end, a very faintly indicated branch, whilst the 
 apical branch, which appears to be a continuation of it, 
 becomes bifid behind the tip of the wing. The posterior are 
 narrowly lanceolate, without 
 discoidal cell. The subcostal 
 nervure is central, and sub- 
 divides beyond the middle of 
 the wing into three branches, 
 two to the inner margin, and 
 one along the exterior margin to the tip. The median 
 nervule is simple. 
 
 Size extremely small. Head rough, tufted in the middle. 
 Face smooth and retreating. Eyes salient, visible in front. 
 
JANUARY, 1860. 109 
 
 Antennas with a spreading basal eye-cap, expanded above 
 the eyes ; stalk very slender, simple, scarcely more than one- 
 half so long as the body. No labial or maxillary palpi. 
 Tongue naked, very short, not one-half as long as the anterior 
 
 COX83. 
 
 B. ? coronatella. Face yellowish-white. The head with 
 the tuft pale orange-chrome: the eye-caps pale yellow, 
 touched behind with orange-chrome. Antennse yellow, dotted 
 above with dark brown. Fore-wings pale orange-chrome, 
 with a whitish patch near the base above the fold, one nearly 
 opposite, on the inner margin, and one about the middle of 
 the wing, on the costa. Near the tip of the wing is a rather 
 indistinct, narrow, whitish band, becoming somewhat diffuse 
 on the inner margin, about the middle of the cilia : extreme 
 apex of the wing whitish, mixed with scales of the general 
 hue; cilia grayish-fulvous. Hind-wings dark gray; cilia 
 fulvous-gray. Abdomen pale orange-chrome, with a dark- 
 brownish stripe along the dorsum varied with fulvous. 
 
 [Here follow descriptions of two Macro-Lepidoptera : 
 viz., of one of the HEKMINID^E, Epipaschia super atalis 
 
 and 
 of one of the J&GERIIVM, Trochilium Acerni.~] 
 
 NOTE. In the November number, 1859, the following cor- 
 rections should be made. 
 
 In the first line of the note on p. 317, preceding should 
 read succeeding.* 
 
 In Division II. of the table of species, on p. 318, an 
 should read no."\ 
 
 On page 327, for vitegenella read vitigenella.\ 
 
 * See ante, p. 62, note 1. 
 f See ante, p. 65, note *. 
 J See ante, p. 84, note *. 
 
110 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia for May, 1860, pp. 156174.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. No. 4. 
 
 BY BRACKENBIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 [THE first five pages are devoted to descriptions of Macro- 
 Lepidoptera, viz. : 
 
 Saturnia galbina, 
 
 Pimela lanuginosa, 
 
 Limacodes laticlavia, 
 
 Adoneta voluta, 
 
 Empretia stimulea, * Limacodida. 
 
 E. p&nulata, 
 
 Nochelia tardigrada, 
 
 Attacus splendida, 
 
 Hypercompa inierrupto-marginataj\ 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 Anorthosia. 
 
 Anterior wings rather narrow, and somewhat lanceolate. 
 The subcostal nervure is nearly straight, and gives off from 
 the disk, which is unclosed, three marginal nervules and 
 becomes bifid before the tip. The discal nervule is indepen- 
 dent. The median is four-branched, its last nervule is bifid, 
 and arises opposite the middle of the origins of the second 
 and third subcosto-marginals. The submedian is bifid at its 
 
 Hind-wings somewhat emarginate behind the tip on the 
 external margin, and rather deeply emarginate beneath the 
 tip. Disk unclosed. Subcostal nervure bifid from the end 
 
Q I 
 
 MAY, 1860. 
 
 Ill 
 
 of the disk. This discal nervure is transferred to the median 
 side, and the median nervure is three-branched. 
 
 Head and face smooth ; vertex elongated, with long loose 
 scales overlapping in the middle. Forehead rounded. Ocelli 
 very smah 1 . Eyes small, round and salient. Antennae about 
 one-third less long than the anterior wings, basal joint long 
 and slender, the stalk slightly denticulated beneath. Maxil- 
 lary palpi extremely small. Labial palpi smooth, long and 
 porrected, their development being almost entirely in the 
 second joint, which is supplied above with long hairs capable 
 of being erected, although usually decumbent, and with the 
 third joint short, very slender, smooth and pointed, arising 
 nearly erectly at the apical third of the second, and is like- 
 wise capable of being erected or depressed. Tongue scaled 
 at the base and about as long as the labial palpi. 
 
 A. punctipennella.* Labial palpi and head rather dark 
 ochreous, the former dark brownish externally. Antennas 
 ochreous, annulated with dark brown. Fore-wings rather 
 dark ochreous, sometimes dusted with dark brownish, with 
 three pairs of blackish-brown dots along the fold, the first 
 near the base of the wing, the second rather above the 
 middle, and the third near its end. One dot of each of the 
 latter pairs is in the fold, the other above it obliquely. The 
 costa at the base, and beyond the middle, is touched with 
 blackish, with the hinder portion of the wing dotted and 
 dusted with dark brown, especially along the hinder margin. 
 
 * Of this species I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens ; it seems to 
 be allied to Cleodora, and I do not feel confident that it is generically distinct. 
 The exp. al. is 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
112 PAPERS BY DR. fi. CLEMENS. 
 
 Cilia ochreous. Hind-wings shining, blackish-gray, cilia 
 the same. Abdomen blackish. 
 
 GELECHIA, Zeller. 
 
 G. cerealella. Anacampsis (JButalis) cerealella, Harris, 
 Treat, on Ins., 2nd ed., p. 392. Head and face dull 
 ochreous. Labial palpi pale ochreous, with fuscous ring at 
 the tip and a slight fuscous spot on the middle of the second 
 joint. Fore-wings pale, shining ochreous, with a fuscous 
 streak in the fold toward the base and a few fuscous scales 
 toward the tip of the wing on the margin : cilia grayish- 
 ochreous. Hind-wings grayish-ochreous, cilia the same. 
 
 This insect has doubtless been introduced into this country 
 from Europe. My own specimens were obtained from the 
 W. D. Porter wheat, distributed by the Patent Office at 
 Washington city. The seed of this wheat was originally 
 procured from Mount Olympus in Asia, and from two heads 
 of this as a beginning was grown in the District of Columbia 
 the grain distributed in the years 1854 and 1855. The 
 insect is probably common in the District. 
 
 G. agrimoniella.* Labial palpi yellowish. Eyes crim- 
 son. Antennae yellowish, annulated with black. Head, 
 thorax and fore-wings blackish, somewhat suffused with a 
 greenish hue, the latter black beyond the middle, with a pale 
 yellow band, somewhat hooked on the costa, at the apical third 
 of the wing. Hind-wings blackish-brown, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva may be found about the middle of June, nearly 
 full fed, in the leaves of Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria), 
 which it rolls and binds together with silken threads. 
 
 The body of the full grown larva is coloured obscure 
 
 * Of this I received six specimens from Dr. Clemens. The exp. al. is 5| 
 lines. The fascia, which curves a little outwards on the costa, is represented 
 on the underside as a distinct, almost triangular costal spot the basal portion 
 of the anterior wings is much more decidedly paler than the apical portion 
 in our European Tceniolella. The food-plant of the American species is 
 very interesting, all the species of the group in Europe, as far as known, 
 feeding on Leguminosce. H. T. S. 
 
(GELECHIA) MAY, 1860. 113 
 
 green, dotted with black dots. Head and shield pale brown. 
 The young larva is flesh-coloured and dotted with dark 
 coloured dots. The pupa is contained in a slight cocoon, 
 sometimes woven between the leaves of its food plant, but 
 usually it is abandoned to construct it. The pupa case is 
 not thrust from the cocoon at the maturity of the insect. 
 
 The June brood of larvae become imagos during the latter 
 part of June, or the beginning of July. 
 
 Fore-wings scarcely pointed. Secondary cell faintly indi- 
 cated. Subcosto-apical vein forked. The last branch 
 of median bifid. Hind-wings emarginate before the 
 tip and slightly beneath it, with an intercostal cell at 
 the base. 
 
 G. t flavo co stella. Labial palpi wanting. Head dull red- 
 dish-yellow. Antennas blackish-brown, yellowish toward the 
 base. Thorax, disk black, front and sides dull yellow. 
 Fore-wings black, with a broad, pale yellow costal streak, 
 extending from the base nearly to the tip of the wing, undu- 
 lating from the base to the middle of the wing and dilated 
 into an angle at the apical third, with a faint, yellowish 
 streak produced from the apex of the angle toward the 
 inner angle of the wing. Hind-wings dark brown, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 This insect does not, probably, belong to the genus under 
 which it is placed. As the labial palpi are wanting, I 
 include it here from its general structure and appearance, 
 not knowing otherwise where to place it. 
 
 One specimen from A. J. Packard, jun., of Brunswick, 
 Maine. 
 
 The second joint of labial palpi moderately thickened. 
 Hind-wings deeply emarginate beneath the tip, which is 
 produced. 
 
 G. ? roseosuffusella.* Labial palpi, second joint whitish, 
 
 * Of this I received three specimens from Dr. Clemens ; it is allied to G. 
 decurtella and G, suldecurtella. The exp. al. is 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
 I 
 
114 PAPEKS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 spotted with dark fuscous; the third dark fuscous, annulated 
 with two white rings. Head and thorax ochreous, tegulae 
 with a dark-brown spot in front. Antennse dark fuscous, 
 annulated with whitish. Fore-wings dark brown, ochreous 
 along the inner margin, where it is suffused with roseate. 
 At the base of the wing is a white spot containing a dark- 
 brown dot, and near the base an oblique white band. About 
 the middle of the wing is a large white spot or indistinct 
 broad band, irrorated with dark brownish and tinted with 
 roseate on the inner margin. Near the tip is a costal white 
 spot and a roseate spot opposite on the inner margin, and 
 a whitish spot at the tip. Cilia brownish-gray. Hind- 
 wings dark fuscous-gray, cilia fuscous. Feet annulated with 
 white. 
 
 Fore-wings scarcely pointed. Hind-wings slightly emar- 
 ginate beneath the tip, with an intercostal cell at the 
 base. 
 
 G. Rhoifructella* Head, face and thorax grayish- 
 fuscous. Labial palpi rather dark ochreous. Antennse 
 ochreous, annulated with black. Fore-wings grayish-fus- 
 cous, dusted with dark brown, and with four dark-fuscous 
 dots, one near the base of the fold, two near the middle of 
 the wing (one on the fold and one above it), and one on the 
 end of the disk. Near the end of the wing is an indistinct 
 grayish band. Hind-wings fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 The larvse may be found in April or early in May, in the 
 fruit spikes of sumach (Ehus Typhina), where they feed on 
 the crimson hairs and exterior envelope of the drupes, with- 
 out however eating the drupes themselves. The larvse are 
 concealed in galleries formed in the fruit spikes, and their 
 presence is indicated by strings of "frass" clinging to the 
 
 * Of this I received three specimens from Dr. Clemens ; it has considerable 
 resemblance with our G. populella, but the anterior wings are broader and 
 blunter, and the anterior segments of the abdomen are not pale. The exp. al. 
 is 8 lines. H. T. S. 
 
(GELECHIA) MAY, 1860. 115 
 
 exterior. The cocoon is a slight silken web woven among 
 the "frass" near the surface. The larva is immaculate, and 
 varies in colour, from dark reddish-brown to a pale brown, 
 dotted with rows of darker-coloured dots, each giving rise to 
 a hair; the head is brown and the shield blackish. The 
 imago appears about the middle of June. 
 
 Size small. Fore-wings rather lanceolate and pointed. Hind- 
 wings deeply emarginate beneath the tip, which is 
 produced. The second joint of labial palpi somewhat 
 thickened. 
 
 G. ? rubidella.* Head and face ochreous. Labial palpi 
 yellowish-white, with two deep fuscous spots on the middle 
 joint, and two blackish-brown rings on the terminal one, a 
 narrow one near its base, and a broad one near the tip, 
 while the tip is blackish. Antennas deep fuscous, annulated 
 with white. Thorax fuscous, deep fuscous in front. Fore- 
 wings roseate, dusted with deep fuscous, with a brownish- 
 ochreous streak along the inner margin from the base to 
 nearly the middle of the wing, and interrupted about its 
 middle by a roseate hue. At the basal third of the wing is 
 an oblique deep fuscous band, extending from the costa to 
 the fold, and beyond the middle of the costa is a spot of the 
 same hue, joined toward the inner margin by a brownish- 
 ochreous spot. The apical portion of the wing much dusted 
 with deep fuscous; cilia ochreous, with a fuscous hinder- 
 marginal line. Hind-wings blackish-gray; cilia somewhat 
 paler. Feet rather pale ochreous, spotted with deep fus- 
 cous. 
 
 G. fiexurella. Head and face grayish-fuscous. Labial 
 palpi, second joint dark fuscous, terminal joint white with a 
 blackish ring at the base, and one near the tip. Antennas 
 whitish, annulated with dark fuscous. Fore-wings grayish- 
 
 * Of this I received three specimens from Dr. Clemens ; it is somewhat allied 
 to our G. ericinella, but is smaller and the anterior wings are narrower. The 
 exp. al. is 4 lines. H. T. S. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 PAPEKS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 fuscous, with a pale-grayish band near the apex, margined 
 internally on the costa by a blackish-brown spot, with another 
 of the same hue about the middle of the costa and another on 
 the costa near the base. Near the base of the fold is a rather 
 faint dark-brownish spot, and the wing is sprinkled with 
 dark-brown atoms. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia ochreous- 
 gray. 
 
 Variety ? Fore-wings smoky fuscous, with a pale grayish- 
 band near the tip, broadest and most distinct on the costa, 
 margined broadly internally across the wing with dark 
 brown, with a pale-grayish spot between it and a dark- 
 brown spot on the middle of the costa. In the middle of the 
 wing are two dark-brown spots, one on the basal part of the 
 fold, and a small one on the costa above it of the same hue. 
 Hind wings dark fuscous. 
 
 G. mimella. Head and face tawny-brown. Labial palpi, 
 second joint dark fuscous, with a whitish ring at its end ; 
 third joint gray, with a ring in its middle. Antennae pale 
 fuscous, annulated with white. Fore-wings tawny-brown, 
 with an ochreous band near the tip, margined internally 
 slightly with dark brown. Along the costa are a few dark- 
 brown spots, and a few in the apical portion behind the 
 ochreous band. Hind-wings dark brown. 
 
 Size small. Fore-wings acutely pointed or lanceolate. 
 Hind-wings deeply emarginate beneath the tip, which is 
 produced. Labial palpi rather short; middle joint 
 somewhat thickened with scales, terminal rather short. 
 
 G. ? deter sella.* Head and face grayish-fuscous. Labial 
 palpi pale yellowish-white, with two fuscous patches on the 
 middle joint, a very narrow fuscous ring at the base of 
 terminal joint, a broad one near the tip, with the extreme 
 apex whitish. Antennas grayish-fuscous, annulated with 
 
 * Of this I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens; it is rather an obscure 
 species, perhaps it comes nearest to our G. affinis. The exp. al. is 5 lines. 
 H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 117 
 
 dark fuscous. Fore-wings grayish, very profusely dusted 
 with dark fuscous, with a dark-fuscous spot on the disk; 
 cilia ochreous-gray. Hind-wings pale ochreous-gray ; cilia 
 pale ochreous. Feet annulated with whitish. 
 
 I have found this genus a very difficult one. It is of great 
 extent, and includes individuals of a variety of aspects and 
 more or less marked modifications in the labial palpi. The 
 oral parts in the doubtful species correspond so nearly to 
 those of the genus, that I have concluded, after much hesita- 
 tion, not to place them in separate groups, notwithstanding 
 the produced apex of the hind-wings in some of them. 
 
 STROBISIA. 
 
 Fore-wings obtuse and rounded behind. The subcostal 
 divides into four branches, with the apical branch simple or 
 forked. The discoidal nervure gives origin to a disco-central 
 branch. The median is four-branched ; submediaii forked at 
 the base. Hind-wings trapezoidal, not broader than fore- 
 wings, with the hinder margin slightly emarginate beneath 
 the tip. Subcostal bifid from the discoidal, which gives rise 
 to a disco-central vein. Median three-branched, the two 
 upper branches arising at a common base. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Forehead and face 
 rounded. Ocelli large. Eyes oval and obliquely placed. 
 Labial palpi recurved, moderately long ; second joint flattened, 
 smooth, with appressed scales; third slender, smooth and 
 pointed. Maxillary palpi short and distinct. Antennas 
 slender, simple ; basal joint subclavate. Tongue scaled, nearly 
 or quite as long as the thorax beneath. 
 
 The structure of the insects here included, closely ap- 
 proaches that of the genus Geleckia f in which I placed them 
 in the first arrangement. I cannot believe, however, that 
 they are members of this group, and have hence removed 
 them.* The perfect insects are most commonly found in 
 shaded places, on the surfaces of leaves. They are active and 
 
 * The bluntly rounded hind margin of the anterior wings is very peculiar, 
 especially in the broader-winged species Iridipennella. H. T. S. 
 
118 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 restless in their motions, and turn in circles on their resting- 
 places, especially after short flights ; withal they are disposed 
 to be quarrelsome and drive away from the leaves on which 
 they may happen to be enjoying themselves, other "little 
 people" of the shaded wood. 
 
 Fore-wings obtusely rounded behind. Subcosto-apical branch 
 
 simple. Medio-posterior vein bifid. 
 
 S. iridipennella* Head and thorax brown, with a greenish 
 hue; face whitish beneath. Labial palpi dull silvery. 
 Antennae dark brown. Fore-wings dark brown, with a 
 greenish-golden hue. Along the costa are three f metallic 
 blue or violet-blue oblique streaks, scarcely reaching the 
 middle of the wing; the first f is longest and is placed about 
 the middle of the costa, the third f near the tip, and with three 
 spots of the same hue beneath the second f streak, one in the 
 fold and two in the middle of the wing. In the apical por- 
 tion near the hind margin are three or four parallel similarly 
 hued streaks, and at the base of the fold is a violet-blue spot. 
 Hind-wings brown, along the base of the costa pale yellow. 
 
 Fore-wings obtuse, hind margin slightly oblique. Apical 
 
 branch bifid. 
 
 S. emblemella.\ Head and thorax dark brownish, with a 
 golden hue ; face whitish beneath. Labial palpi silvery-gray ; 
 third joint fuscous in front. Antennas dark fuscous. Fore- 
 wings dark brown, somewhat golden. The costa at the base 
 and a basal band are dull silvery, and rather behind the middle 
 of the costa is an oblique silvery costal streak and about the 
 
 * I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens ; it is a very hand- 
 some insect, in colouration resembling the European GelecJiia (Lamprotes) 
 micella, but the silvery markings have a bluer tinge. The exp. al. is 5 6 
 lines. II. T. S. 
 
 f There is also a fourth streak, nearer the base running to the fold, but it 
 does not quite touch the costa : this Dr. Clemens has omitted, so that what is 
 really the second streak is his first, the third is his second, and the fourth short 
 subapical streak is his third. H. T. S. 
 
 J Of this I received three specimens from Dr. Clemens. The exp. al. is 
 4 lines ; it is not nearly so brilliant an insect as its congener. II. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 119 
 
 middle is a curved costal streak of the same hue. This unites 
 with an oblique silvery streak, from the middle of the inner 
 margin, and which becomes diffuse in the middle of the wing. 
 Near the tip, at the beginning of the costal cilia, is a small 
 costal silvery spot and a row of spots or short parallel bluish- 
 silvery streaks along the hinder margin. Cilia at the tip 
 ochreous, containing a dark-fuscous line ; on the inner margin 
 dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark brown, yellowish along the 
 costa ; cilia dark brown. 
 
 ENDEOSIS? Hiibner. 
 
 Hind-icings with a medio-discal branch, in addition to the 
 disco-central; terminal branch of median bifid. Trans- 
 parent patch at base, quite distinct. 
 
 E. ? Kennicottella.* Head and thorax white, with a small 
 dark-fuscous patch on the front of tegulas. Labial palpi 
 white, terminal joint with a dark-fuscous ring at the base and 
 near the tip, with the extreme apex white. Antennae dark 
 fuscous. Fore-wings whitish, much dusted with dark fuscous. 
 At the base is a white spot and the adjoining portion of the 
 costa dark fuscous ; behind the middle and near the tip is a 
 whitish spot, and opposite the latter, on the inner margin, is a 
 whitish spot nearly joining it, both dusted with fuscous. Apical 
 portion dark fuscous, with a few whitish spots on the margins ; 
 cilia ochreous. Hind-wings gray; cilia pale ochreous. Feet 
 with tarsi annulated. 
 
 From Mr. Kobert Kennicott of North Westfield, 111. 
 Two specimens. 
 
 EVAGOKA. 
 
 Fore-wings rather narrow and obliquely pointed at the tip ; 
 inner margin slightly retuse beyond the middle. Discoidal 
 cell closed by a faint, simple, oblique nervure, given off from 
 the subcostal near the third marginal branch ; without disco- 
 
 * In all probability this will prove identical with our Endrosis fcnestrella. 
 H. T. S. 
 
120 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 central nervule. The subcostal runs almost straight from 
 the base to the tip of the wing, giving off from the cell three 
 marginal branches, one near the middle of the wing, and two 
 near the end of the disk ; beyond the disk it sends another 
 branch to the costa, and before the tip becomes bifid, sending 
 one branch above and another below the tip. The median 
 subdivides into four branches, which are aggregated at their 
 origins, and, except the medio-posterior, are long. The sub- 
 median is furcate at its base. Hind-wings deeply emarginate 
 beneath the tip, which is abruptly produced, although short. 
 The discoidal cell is closed by a slight curved nervure, and 
 is without a disco-central nervule. The subcostal is bifid 
 from the discal nervure, and the median gives rise to a medio- 
 discal nervule, which curves much upward ; the last branch of 
 the median much removed from the two terminal branches, 
 which are approximated. 
 
 Size small. Forehead rounded ; face rather narrow. Ocelli 
 none. Eyes round, moderately prominent. Antennae rather 
 thick, simple, and about one-half as long as the fore-wings ; 
 basal joint rather slender but short. Labial palpi cylindrical, 
 rather short, middle joint slightly thickened toward its ex- 
 tremity, at least one-half longer than the terminal joint, which 
 is somewhat roughened, but slender and pointed. Maxillary 
 palpi not perceptible. Tongue scaled at the base, short, not 
 as long as the labial palpi. 
 
 This genus shows some resemblance in structure to Parasia, 
 but I think it is very distinct. 
 
 E. apicitripunctella. Head, face and thorax ochreous. 
 Labial palpi ochreous internally, externally dark fuscous; 
 terminal joint with a fuscous ring at the base and tip, extreme 
 tip ochreous. Antennae dark fuscous, indistinctly annulated 
 with ochreous. Fore-wings brownish-ochreous, with three 
 oblique dark streaks from the costa to the middle of the wing, 
 bordered behind with very pale ochreous, the first near the 
 base, the second about the middle of the costa, the third near 
 the tip, with its pale-ochreous margin extended across the 
 
MAY, 1860. 121 
 
 wing. Beneath the third streak are two dark-fuscous spots, 
 sometimes margined with pale ochreous. At the tip are three 
 dark-fuscous dots, one nearly on the extreme apex and two 
 others behind it. Cilia of the tip somewhat dusted with fus- 
 cous, the inner margin ochreous. Hind-wings rather dark 
 ochreous, cilia the same. 
 
 TRICHOTAPHE. 
 
 Fore-wings scarcely pointed, hind margin oblique, costa 
 behind the tip deflexed. The discoidal cell is closed and 
 rounded behind. The subcostal nervure sends four veins to 
 the costa behind the tip, the last of which is furcate, and one 
 to the hind margin beneath the tip from the cell. The 
 median sends four branches to the hind margin, the last of 
 which is furcate. Hind-wings emarginate in the middle of 
 the costa and somewhat emarginate beneath the tip, with an 
 intercostal cell at the base ; subcostal bifid from the discal 
 nervure, which sends a branch to the hind margin. The 
 median is three-branched. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Without ocelli. 
 Eyes round and moderately prominent. Labial palpi re- 
 curved ; middle joint slightly curved, rather broad, compressed 
 laterally, squamose on the sides and hairy toward the end ; 
 terminal joint slender, smooth, pointed and not so long as the 
 middle joint. Maxillary palpi short and distinct. Antennas 
 rather more than one-half as long as the fore-wings, somewhat 
 denticulated and microscopically pubescent beneath in the 
 male ? Tongue scaled at the base, nearly as long as the 
 thorax beneath. 
 
 Middle joint of labial palpi much flattened ; hairy above 
 and below, with diverging hairs. 
 
 T. setosella. Head, face and thorax rather dark ochreous. 
 Labial palpi, middle joint blackish-brown externally, with the 
 spreading hairs above and beneath at the end, ochreous; 
 terminal joint ochreous, tipped with fuscous. Antennas 
 fuscous, ochreous toward the base. Fore-wings dark brown, 
 
122 PAPEES BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 slightly dusted with pale ochreous. At the base of the costa 
 is a pale ochreous irregularly triangular patch, slightly dusted 
 with fuscous, angulated on the upper portion of the fold ; the 
 angle is margined beneath with blackish-brown, with a small 
 patch of the same hue between the angle and base of the 
 wing, and a large one behind it, extending from the subcostal 
 nervure to the fold. Across the base of the nervules runs a 
 pale-ochreous line, on each side of which the wing is nearly 
 uniform dark brown. Hind-wings yellowish-brown. 
 
 Middle joint of labial palpi without spreading hairs. 
 
 T. juncidella. Head, face and thorax dark brown. Labial 
 palpi ochreous-orange. Antennae dark brown. Fore-wings 
 dark brown, almost blackish-brown, with an ochreous-orange 
 spot on the disk, one on the subcostal nervure nearer the base, 
 one beneath it in the fold, and one on the end of the disk, all 
 of the same hue. On the costa near the tip is a small ochreous- 
 orange spot, and the cilia, which are somewhat paler than the 
 general hue, are varied with shining ochreous. Hind-wings 
 dull yellowish-brown. 
 
 CALLIMA. 
 
 Fore-wings rather ovate, obtusely pointed. The subcostal 
 nervure sends four nervules to the costa, the last one furcate 
 behind the tip, with both branches above it. From the discal 
 proceeds a disco-central nervule, and the median subdivides 
 into four branches. Submedian furcate at the base. 
 
 The hind-wings are much narrower and shorter than the 
 fore-wings, emarginate in the middle of the costa, hind margin 
 obtusely pointed and very oblique. The costal ends in the 
 middle of the wing. The subcostal is attenuated towards the 
 base, the discal gives rise to two nervules and the median is 
 three-branched, the superior and central nervules arising in a 
 short common stalk. 
 
 Head smooth, with hair-like scales. Face quite narrow. 
 Ocelli none. Eyes round and quite prominent. Labial palpi 
 long and recurved ; the middle joint rather slender, smooth, 
 with appressed scales, slightly flattened, longer than the third 
 
MAY, 1860. 123 
 
 joint, which is slender, smooth and pointed. Maxillary palpi 
 none. Antennae inserted on the front, basal joint smooth and 
 subclavate, slightly denticulated beneath and microscopically 
 pubescent (in the $ alone ?). Tongue scaled at the base and 
 somewhat longer than the anterior coxse. 
 
 This insect, I think, must approach very nearly (Ecophora 
 of Zeller, if it is not, indeed, a member of that genus. 
 
 C. argenticinctella. Head, face and thorax deep reddish- 
 orange. Labial palpi, middle joint dark brown, terminal 
 white, with a broad dark-brown ring on its middle. Antennas 
 silvery-white, annulated with blackish. Fore-wings yellowish- 
 orange. Along the basal margin of the wing, from the fold 
 to the basal angle, is a silvery line black-margined on both 
 sides, and one from the basal third of the inner margin, some- 
 what curved and not extended to the costa, likewise silvery 
 and black-margined on both sides ; the basal portion of the 
 wing included between these lines is deep reddish-orange. 
 Near the apical third of the wing is a silvery costal streak, 
 curved and tapering outwardly, slightly dark-margined on 
 the costa behind. Opposite this on the inner margin is a 
 semicircular silvery line, black-margined on both sides at its 
 beginning, which terminates in a dark-brown spot, white- 
 margined exteriorly at the commencement of the cilia, before 
 which the line becomes grayish-silvery. The portion of the 
 wing included within this line is deep reddish-orange, as well 
 as the apical portion, in which along the hind margin is a 
 row of silvery spots, each slightly dark-margined. Hind-wings 
 fuscous. Feet annulated with white. 
 
 Fore-wings rather narrowly ovate-lanceolate, discoidal cell 
 very narrow, long and unclosed, with two independent discal 
 nervules to the hinder margin beneath the tip. The costal 
 nervure is short. The subcostal nearly straight, sending 
 
 * Subsequently (August, 1860, see p. 158), Dr. Clemens proposed to substi- 
 tute for this name (already in use to designate a genus of bees), the name 
 CHRYSOPOKA. H. T. S. 
 
124 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 three nervules to the costa from the cell, the first from the 
 middle of the wing, and its last branch bifid, with both 
 branches above the apex. The median is two-branched, 
 the one nearest the base bifid near its end. The submedian 
 is furcate at its base. 
 
 Hind-wings narrower than the fore-wings, costa nearly- 
 straight, but slightly curved; apex decidedly produced, with 
 the hind margin deeply and circularly excavated beneath it 
 and the anal angle rounded. The discoidal cell is broad and 
 unclosed, with a short independent discal nervule beneath the 
 middle of the wing. Subcostal nervure simple. Median 
 three-branched, the first delivered to the inner margin rather 
 behind the middle, the last to the rounded anal angle. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Forehead and face 
 broad and rounded. Ocelli none. Eyes oval, not promi- 
 nent, flattened. Labial palpi short, somewhat reflexed, 
 smooth, rather slender and pointed; terminal joint extremely 
 short, much slenderer than the middle. Maxillary palpi 
 not perceptible. Antennas about one-half as long as the 
 fore- wings, rather thick, but tapering, roughened; basal joint 
 rather slender and short. Tongue slender, scaled at the 
 base, longer than the anterior coxaa. 
 
 N. lingulacella. Head, face and thorax dark fuscous. 
 Tegulas golden. Labial palpi pale yellowish, terminal joint 
 fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Fore-wings golden-yellow. 
 At the base of the costa is a dark golden-brown patch, not 
 extended beyond the fold, and margined behind and beneath 
 with iridescent silvery. On the inner margin near the base 
 and extended to the middle of the margin is a rather long 
 patch of the same hue, with an iridescent silvery internal 
 patch and touched exteriorly with the same hue. A large 
 trapezoidal golden-brown patch on the middle of the costa is 
 margined internally by a rather broad iridescent silvery streak, 
 which is slightly dark-margined internally, having also an 
 external silvery streak produced in the middle of the wing 
 toward the apex, and beneath it, at its anterior angle, a, 
 brownish-silvery blotch, pointing to the inner margin at the 
 
MAY, 1860. 125 
 
 beginning of the cilia. In the apical portion of the wing is 
 a silvery streak, dark-margined on both sides behind, point- 
 ing into the costal cilia above the apex. The costa, from the 
 trapezoidal patch to the tip, is touched with dark brown; 
 cilia dark brown; beneath the apex varied with silvery on 
 the base of the cilia. Hind-wings dark brownish. 
 
 TRYPANISMA. 
 
 Fore-wings ovate -lanceolate. The discoidal cell is rather 
 narrow and elongately oval. The subcostal nervure sends 
 three nervules to the costa, the last from the end of the cell, 
 together with the apical branch, which curves at its origin 
 to send off a very short and faint discal nervure, and at its 
 middle gives rise to a costal' branch, becomes furcate behind 
 the tip and delivers a branch above and one below the tip. 
 The median is three-branched, the middle branch being bifid. 
 Submedian furcate at the base. Hind-wings narrower than 
 the fore-wings, with an intercostal cell at the base; apex 
 produced, deeply emarginate on hind margin and anal angle 
 rounded. The costa is slightly emarginate in the middle. 
 The discoidal cell broad, and closed by a very faint nervure 
 from the middle of the subcostal, which is furcate near the 
 tip. The discal nervule arises near the median, which is 
 three-branched, with branches rather approximated. 
 
 Size small. Head smooth, with appressed scales. Fore- 
 head and face rounded and rather broad. Ocelli none. 
 Eyes oval, moderately prominent. Labial palpi moderate, 
 arched; middle joint slightly thickened with scales beneath, 
 terminal as long as the second, smooth, pointed and tapering 
 from the middle. Maxillary palpi not perceptible. An- 
 tennae slender and simple ; about one-half as long as the fore- 
 wings; basal joint subclavate. Tongue scarcely so long as 
 the labial palpi. 
 
 T. prudens. Head pale yellowish-white, dusted with 
 fuscous. Face yellowish-white. Labial palpi pale yellowish- 
 white, with two dark-brown spots on the second joint and 
 two rings on the terminal of the same hue, one at the base 
 
126 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 and one near the apex. Thorax yellowish, dusted with fuscous. 
 Antennae fuscous, slightly annulated with yellowish. Fore- 
 wings fuscous, tinted with yellowish, with a small ochreous- 
 yellow patch on base of costa, one of the same hue on the 
 middle of inner margin, extended to the middle of the wing, 
 and a band of the same hue near the tip, much angulated or 
 nearly interrupted in the middle of the wing. Hind-wings 
 fuscous. 
 
 The generic characters of this insect approach those of 
 Evagora. The larva lives within a silken web woven on the 
 under surface of the leaves of chestnut oak. It feeds on the 
 cuticles and parenchyma of both sides of the leaf, gaining the 
 upper side by round holes eaten through its substance, and 
 just large enough to admit the body; of these there were 
 three at various points of the eaten surface. If alarmed the 
 larva immediately retreats through the opening last made to 
 the web on the under surface. The pupa is robust, almost 
 ovoid, and is contained in a slight cocoon woven on the leaf 
 on which the larvae feed. It was taken July 22nd, became 
 a pupa on the 27th, and an imago on August 8th. 
 
 BUTALIS, Treitschke. 
 
 B. fuscicomella. Head, face, labial palpi and thorax 
 yellowish-fuscous ; antennae purplish-fuscous. Fore-wings 
 purplish-fuscous, tinted somewhat with yellowish; cilia 
 purplish-fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous. 
 
 Taken on wing in June. The egg is ellipsoidal; dirty 
 white ; investing membrane thin and covered with punctures, 
 variolate. 
 
 Fore-wings with three subcosto-marginal branches, the apical 
 
 simp le : apex po in ted. 
 
 B.flavifrontella.* Head and face pale brownish-ochreous. 
 Labial palpi dark fuscous. Thorax and antennae purplish- 
 
 * Of this I received one specimen from Dr. Clemens ; it is perhaps identical 
 with B. lasilaris, Zeller (Linn. Ent. x. 230). The exp. al. is 5 lines. 
 H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 127 
 
 fuscous. Fore-wings purplish-fuscous, with a yellow basal 
 streak from the base to the middle of the wing, sometimes 
 almost wanting, and the tip of the wing of the same hue. 
 Hind-wings dark fuscous. 
 
 Fore-wings with three nervules beneath the apical. 
 B. matutella* Head, face, thorax and antennas dark 
 brownish, with a purple hue. Fore-wings reddish-fuscous, 
 with a brassy lustre ; a pale greenish-white spot rather 
 obliquely placed near the middle of the wing, and one of the 
 same hue on the inner margin, near the apex. Hind-wings 
 dark fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 ANAESIA? Zeller. 
 
 Fore-wings ovate-lanceolate ; with an opaque space on the 
 costa, towards the end of the costal nervure, and the first 
 subcosto-marginal branch. Discoidal cell rather narrow, 
 closed by a short nervure. The subcostal sends four branches 
 to the costa, the first from a point rather behind the middle 
 of the wing, much separated from the second, and the last 
 furcate on the costa before the tip, and a simple branch 
 beneath the latter to the inner margin just beneath the tip of 
 the wing. The median subdivides into four branches, rather 
 approximated at their origins, the medio-posterior branch 
 being nearly opposite to the second marginal. Subcostalf 
 furcate at the base. Hind-wings trapezoidal, costa retuse, 
 slightly emarginate beneath the tip, hind margin obliquely 
 rounded; broader than the fore-wings. Subcostal nervure 
 rather attenuated toward the base, with a faintly formed 
 intercostal cell, furcate. Discoidal cell broad, closed, with 
 a nervule given off to the hind margin. Median three- 
 branched, medio-posterior branch distant from the others. 
 
 * Of this I received six specimens from Dr. Clemens ; it is possible that 
 it may be the B. impositella, Zeller (Linn. Ent. x. 241). The exp. al. is 5 
 lines. H. T. S. 
 
 f Submedian is probably here meant, not subcostal. H. T. S. 
 
1 28 PAPERS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Head smooth, covered thickly with decumbent scales. 
 Forehead broad, almost spherical; face rather narrow be- 
 neath. Ocelli none. Eyes rounded, moderately prominent. 
 Labial palpi, second joint thick, with a very abundant tuft 
 of hairs beneath prolonged in front ; third joint smooth, 
 slender and pointed, as long as the second. Maxillary palpi 
 short and distinct. A ntenna3 simple, scarcely more than 
 one-half so long as the anterior wings, slightly denticulated, 
 basal joint smooth. Tongue scaled at the base, about as long 
 as the labial palpi. 
 
 I have three specimens of the insect belonging to this 
 genus, but none of them show the peculiar structure of the 
 palpi of the European male.* Whether mine are all females, 
 or whether the individuals are generically distinct from the 
 European, as the detail of some parts of their structure seems 
 to indicate, must be left for future determination. 
 
 A. ? pruniella.* Head and face pale gray ; thorax dark 
 gray. Labial palpi dark fuscous externally, and pale gray 
 at the end ; terminal joint gray, dusted with dark fuscous. 
 Antennae grayish, annulated with dark brown. Fore-wings 
 gray, dusted with blackish-brown, with a few blackish- 
 brown spots along the costa, the largest in the middle, and 
 short blackish-brown streaks on the median nervure, sub- 
 costal, in the fold, and one or two at the tip of the wing; cilia 
 fuscous-gray. Hind-wings fuscous-gray; cilia gray, tinted 
 with yellowish. 
 
 The larva was taken June 16th, full grown and about to 
 transform on the limbs of the plum. Its head is black, body 
 uniform reddish-brown, with indistinct papula, each giving 
 rise to a hair, and with pale-brown patches on the sides of 
 the 3rd and 4th segments ; shield and terminal prolegs black. 
 One specimen had secreted itself under a turned-up portion 
 of the old bark of the trunk. The cocoon is exceedingly 
 slight, and the tail of the pupa is attached to a little button 
 
 See ante, p. 36. H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 129 
 
 of silk. The pupa is ovate, abdomen short and conical, 
 smooth ; colour dark reddish-brown. I do not know on what 
 part of the tree the larva feeds. 
 
 STILBOSIS. 
 
 Fore-wings narrow and pointed. Discoidal cell open, 
 elongated and very narrow. Subcostal nervure, with three 
 nervules to the costa from the cell, and an apical branch 
 which sends a nervule to the costa from its middle, and is 
 bifid at the tip of the wing ; the apical branch is nearly 
 obsolete from the third to the fourth marginal branch. Be- 
 neath the apical is a discal nervule, which is obsolete pos- 
 teriorly from its middle. The median is three-branched; 
 the submedian simple. Hind-wings setaceous ; the discoidal 
 cell is open and moderately broad toward the base of the 
 wing. The subcostal is obsolete toward the base and bind 
 at the tip of the wing; a discal nervule beneath it is obsolete 
 posteriorly from its middle. The median subdivides into 
 three separate branches. 
 
 Head and face perfectly smooth. Ocelli none. Eyes small, 
 oval and visible in front. Labial palpi moderate, somewhat 
 curved, slender, smooth and pointed ; terminal joint as long 
 and as thick as the middle, and very acute at its apex. 
 Antennae rather thick, simple, somewhat roughened, rather 
 short; basal joint smooth and subclavate. Tongue short. 
 This genus is nearly related to Cosmopteryx of Hiibner,* but 
 the labial palpi are much less developed, and the tongue 
 much shorter. 
 
 S. tesquella.^ Head and face grayish-silvery, having a 
 greenish splendent lustre. Labial palpi ochreous. Antennae 
 dark fuscous. J Fore-wings fuscous-golden, tinted along the 
 
 * It also shows affinities with StatJimopoda, but differs widely from both in 
 the shorter and thicker antennae. H. T. S. 
 
 f I received three specimens of this from Dr. Clemens. The exp. al. is 4J 
 lines. H. T. S. 
 
 J Dr. Clemens should have added "with the tip white." H. T. S. 
 
 K 
 
130 PAPERS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 base of the costa with reddish-violet ; with three patches of 
 raised scales, one in the fold near the base, one behind the 
 middle of the wing, and one near the tip on the inner margin, 
 the latter two are large and extended nearly to the costa. 
 In certain lights these raised patches are golden internally, 
 while the spaces of the wing between them become dark 
 fuscous, and with the light striking the wing from the tip 
 the patches are dark ochreous, and the last is extended ob- 
 liquely into the costa as a streak of the same hue. The tip 
 of the wing is reddish-violet, in certain lights dark fuscous. 
 The cilia are very long and are extended along the hind 
 margin beyond the middle of the wing; fuscous, tinged 
 with reddish. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 LAVERNA, Curtis. 
 
 Fore-wings pointed, oblique along the hinder margin, with 
 five veins beneath the furcate apical vein. Discoidal cell 
 narrow. Submedian furcate at each end; basal fork long, 
 the apical fork shorter. Hind-wings rather retuse on the 
 costa before the tip ; hind margin rounded or cimetar-shaped 
 from base to apex. The subcostal is obsolete toward the 
 base, simple and runs into the costa before the tip. Dis- 
 coidal cell closed, with a discal vein furcate at the tip. 
 Median three-branched, the last two arising on a common 
 base. 
 
 Head smooth ; backhead or vertex elongated. Forehead 
 obtuse, advanced; face retreating. Eyes oval, visible in 
 front. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, smooth but 
 rather loosely scaled; second joint flattened toward its end, 
 subclavate ; the third short, smooth and pointed. Antennae 
 rather more than one-half as long as the fore-wings, simple, 
 setaceous, basal joint subclavate. Tongue sparingly scaled, 
 extremely short, not one-half as long as the labial palpi. 
 
 L. luciferella. Head and face silvery, tinged with yellowish. 
 Backhead dark fuscous. Labial palpi silvery ; middle joint 
 
MAY, 1860. 131 
 
 dark fuscous from the base to the middle, the terminal joint 
 with a minute fuscous dot at its base. Antennae dark fuscous. 
 Fore-wings dark reddish-fuscous, with a large, rather faint 
 bluish-silvery patch at the base, one on the middle of the 
 costa, and a curved band near the tip of the wing, of the 
 same hue. On the fold beneath the costal patch is a patch 
 of raised scales, and another on the inner margin joining the 
 band behind. Exterior to the band the wing is touched with 
 ochreous, containing in the middle a short dark-fuscous 
 streak, sometimes a pale yellowish-white streak margined 
 with dark fuscous, and on the costa, just behind it, is a short 
 pale yellowish-white streak, margined exteriorly with dark 
 fuscous. Apical portion of the wing is dark fuscous ; cilia 
 of inner margin fuscous. Hind-wings fuscous, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 Fore-wings slenderly and shortly caudate at the tip. 
 Apical vein with a long fork, with an independent discal 
 nervure beneath it. Median four-branched. Submedian 
 with a long basal fork, no apical fork, but with the end of 
 the fold thickened. Labial palpi recurved, thickened at the 
 end of second joint with loose scales ; the third rather long, 
 smooth and pointed. Tongue nearly as long as the anterior 
 
 COX83. 
 
 L. Eloisetta. Head, face and thorax silvery-white, the 
 latter spotted with blackish. Labial palpi white, with a dark- 
 brown spot on the middle of the second joint, and two dark- 
 brown rings on the third, one at the base and one at the tip. 
 Antennae tawny-yellow, white at the base. Fore-wings 
 silvery-white, with a small tuft of tawny scales at the basal 
 third of the fold, and a larger patch of the same hue on the 
 inner margin at the end of and above the fold. Between the 
 tufts is an oblique dark-brownish costal streak, nearly joined 
 at an angle by another of the same hue in the middle of the 
 wing and exterior to the first tuft ; the fold is tinted with 
 golden-yellow. Exterior to the second tuft is a blackish- 
 brown streak, which becomes diffuse behind and above, while 
 
 K2 
 
132 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the apical portion of the costa to the slender apex of the wing 
 is golden-yellow. At the base, beneath the fold, is a blackish- 
 brown spot, and another of the same hue beneath the fold, 
 equidistant from the first and the first tuft of scales, and on 
 the costa midway between these latter is a rather faint dark- 
 brownish spot. Cilia yellowish-gray. Hind-wings tawny- 
 grayish, cilia ochreous. 
 
 CHRYSOCORYS, Curtis. 
 
 C. Eryihriella* Head, face and thorax fuscous, with a 
 greenish-brassy hue. Labial palpi ochreous, terminal joint 
 fuscous. Antennas bronzy-yellowish fuscous. Fore-wings 
 reddish-fuscous, with a greenish-brassy hue; cilia fuscous. 
 Hind-wings reddish-fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Specimens of this insect reared by myself were much smaller 
 than those taken on the wing, had less of the brassy hue and 
 were nearly uniform grayish-fuscous, but I have no doubt it 
 is the same insect. 
 
 The larva feeds on the fruit racemes of sumach. It tapers 
 anteriorly and posteriorly, incisures deep, segments elevated 
 in the middle, with a single row of transversely arranged 
 epidermic joints on each ring, each one giving rise to one or 
 two rather stiff hairs; abdominal legs very slender and short, 
 terminal placed posteriorly. Head with a few hairs, ellip- 
 soidal, pointed, rather small, and pale brown. The body is 
 uniform dark green. " Frass" scarlet. 
 
 The cocoon was woven on the outside of the raceme. It 
 was ovoid and appeared to consist of coarse silk and but a 
 single thread, being woven so as to leave large meshes, en- 
 abling one to see the pupa through it distinctly. At maturity 
 the pupa case is thrust forth. The pupa is pale green, with 
 the head-case distinctly separated from the case of the thorax. 
 The length of the larva is about two lines, of the pupa about 
 one and a half. 
 
 * Of this I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens; it is closely allied to 
 our C.festaliella. The exp. al. is 4 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 133 
 
 The larva may be taken in July ; the imago appears early 
 in August, and may be taken on the wing at this time in the 
 neighbourhood of the food plant of the larva. 
 
 ELACHISTA, Treitschke. 
 
 I would beg here to call the student's attention to the fact, 
 that the genus described in Paper No. 3, January, 1860, 
 under the name Cosmiotes* is the same as the present one. 
 I much regret the existence of this error; it is not, however, 
 necessary to state how I came to be misled. 
 
 Median vein of hind-wings two-branched. Apical vein of 
 fore-wings with a branch from its middle to the costa, 
 bifid at the tip ; median vein two-branched. 
 
 E. prcematurella. Head, face and labial palpi grayish- 
 fuscous. Antennas rather dark fuscous. Fore-wings fuscous, 
 with a purplish hue. Rather behind the middle of the wing 
 is a white band, silvery-hued, and near the tip a costal and 
 opposite dorsal spot of the same hue. Extreme apex of the 
 wing white, with a row of dark-brown atoms in the cilia, 
 which are fuscous. Hind-wings bluish-gray, cilia fuscous, 
 with a reddish hue. 
 
 The imago may be taken on the wing early in April. 
 
 BRENTHIA. 
 
 Fore-wings almost cuneiform, rounded behind. The 
 subcostal nervure sends a vein to the costa from the middle 
 of the cell, and subdivides into two branches at the point of 
 junction with the discoidal nervure; arising from this are 
 \five veins to the hinder margin, and the median nervure sub- 
 divides into two branches at its tip. The subcostal f is fur- 
 cate at the base. The hind-wings are broad, irregularly 
 
 See ante, p. 97. H. T. S. 
 
 \ "Submedian" is probably here intended. H. T. S. 
 
134 PAPERS BY DE. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 oval. The subcostal is simple. The discoidal does not join 
 it, gives rise to three veins to the hind margin, and is deflected 
 towards the base. The median is two-branched, the upper 
 one being bifid about its middle. 
 
 Head smooth. Forehead and face rounded. Ocelli large. 
 Eyes oval and rather prominent. Labial palpi moderately 
 long, rather slender, pointed and somewhat squamose; the 
 terminal joint shorter than the second. Antennae slender, 
 simple in the ? , rather densely ciliated in the $ . Tongue 
 slightly scaled and very short. 
 
 The insect belonging to this genus, which is nearly allied 
 to Glypliipteryx of Hiibner,* has the curious habit of strutting 
 about broad leaves in shaded places, with its fore-wings 
 somewhat spread and the hind-wings turned forward at right 
 angles to the costa of the fore-wings, so as to display the 
 surface of the under pair. It is easily recognized by this 
 characteristic alone. 
 
 B. pavonaceUa.'f Head and thorax fuscous; face whitish 
 beneath. Labial palpi white, with three fuscous rings, one 
 at the end of the second joint, one at the base of the terminal 
 and one near its tip. Antennas fuscous, annulated with 
 white. Fore-wings fuscous, mottled with whitish, especially 
 on the middle of the wing, with a fuscous spot on the middle 
 of the disk, ringed with whitish. Near the hinder margin is 
 a black band, not extended to the costa nor the inner margin, 
 with two sharp indentations of the general hue internally, 
 and containing on its middle a streak of brilliant scarlet-blue 
 metallic scales. Along the costa are one or two faint spots 
 of the same hue. Hind-wings fuscous, whitish at the base 
 and along the costa, with a short white line near the hind 
 margin, above the inner angle of the wing, and a rather faint 
 scarlet-blue metallic hued band on the hind margin, from near 
 
 * Probably a Simaetliis, see ante, pp. 38, 41. H. T. S. 
 f Of this I received four specimens from Dr. Clemens. The exp. al. is 
 lines. H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 135 
 
 the tip to beyond the middle. The under surface of both 
 wings shows a metallic hued subterminal band. 
 Imago on the wing in July and August. 
 
 PlGRITIA. 
 
 Fore-wings narrow, elongated, pointed and very slightly 
 retuse on the costa before the tip. The subcostal sends to the 
 costa, beyond the apical third of the wing, a long, thick vein, 
 which arises behind the middle, and subdivides into three 
 branches at its tip, the apical being forked, with one of its 
 branches delivered to the tip and the other to the costa before 
 it. The discoidal cell is much elongated and narrow, and 
 sends to the hinder margin a disco-central branch. The 
 median is three-branched at its tip, all of which are short, 
 and the two upper veins arise on a common stalk. Sub- 
 median is forked at the base, with the lower branch nearly 
 obsolete. Hind-wings narrowly lanceolate, broad at base, 
 with interior basal angle rounded. The subcostal vein is 
 simple and extended to the tip. Discoidal cell closed by a 
 very faint nervure, giving rise to a simple nervule. Median 
 nervure is three-branched, the last two branches from a com- 
 mon base. 
 
 Head smooth, with decumbent scales, slightly retracted. 
 Forehead broad and rounded ; face with the scales spreading 
 out at the base of the tongue, so as to make it nearly equally 
 broad. Eyes oval, vertically placed. Ocelli small. Labial 
 palpi very short, smooth ; first and second joints rather thick ; 
 terminal joint pointed, slender, and as long as the second. 
 No maxillary palpi. Antennae setaceous, simple in the ? , 
 microscopically pubescent in the $ , rather more than one- 
 half as long as the fore-wings ; basal joint flattened and ex- 
 panded into a small eye-cap, with cilia in front. Tongue 
 scaled, rather longer than the thorax beneath. 
 
 I have but one male, which is without labial palpi. With 
 the aid of good lenses, I cannot make out whether they have 
 
136 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 been broken ' off, or whether they are naturally obsolete. 
 Otherwise the head is in most perfect condition. 
 
 The genera Zelleria and Ocnerostoma are congeneric with 
 this in the neuration of the wings, especially the hinder pair 
 in the latter genus. 
 
 P. laticapitella* Head, face and thorax shining tawny- 
 fuscous. Labial palpi dark fuscous. Antennae fuscous, basal 
 joint tawny-fuscous. Fore-wings dark fuscous, with a rufous 
 tinge, sprinkled with white, especially toward the tip, with an 
 indistinct whitish band behind the middle of the wing ; cilia 
 pale rufo-fuscous. Hind-wings grayish-fuscous ; cilia the 
 same. 
 
 PARASIA ? Duponchel. 
 
 Fore-wings lanceolate. The subcostal nervure sends three 
 veins to the costa, the first from the middle of the cell, and an 
 apical branch which delivers from its middle a branch to the 
 costa, and is forked before the tip, with one of the branches 
 above and the other beneath it. The discoidal cell is closed, 
 but gives rise to no nervule. The median fan-branched, 
 more separated than in Evagora and all the branches long. 
 Submedian is forked at the base. Hind-wings with the apex 
 produced. The submedian is forked beyond the discal 
 nervure, which gives rise to a disco-central branch. The 
 median is three-branched. 
 
 Head smooth, with loose decumbent scales. Forehead 
 advanced, globose ; face retreating. Ocelli small. Eyes 
 oval, vertically placed, but little visible from the front. 
 Labial palpi rather short, recurved, smooth, with appressed 
 scales ; second joint thick, subclavate ; third joint short, very 
 acuminate. Maxillary palpi short, distinct. Antennae simple, 
 setaceous, one-third less long than the fore-wings. Tongue 
 clothed with scales, scarcely as long as the anterior coxas. 
 
 * Of this I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens; it is an obscure-look- 
 ing insect of doubtful location, reminding one somewhat of Blastobasis phyci- 
 della. The exp. al. is 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
MAY, 1860. 137 
 
 This insect and Evagora apicitripunctella* certainly 
 approach each other closely in structure : nevertheless, they 
 are very different in appearance. The hind-wings differ from 
 those of Parasia in the produced apex being straight, and 
 slightly in neuration. 
 
 .P. ? subsimella. Head, face and thorax ochreous-fuscous. 
 Labial palpi, second joint dark brownish, ringed with whitish 
 at its tip ; third joint white, terminal half black. Antennae 
 dark fuscous, basal joint striped with yellowish in front. 
 Fore-wings dark ochreous-fuscous ; along the costa from its 
 middle, and toward the tip, brown, and in the latter part 
 much sprinkled with whitish. On the middle of the costa is 
 a short, yellowish-white streak, and in the apical third of the 
 wing is an oblique line of the same hue, meeting in the middle 
 of the wing another of the same hue from the inner margin. 
 At and beneath the tip is a blackish-brown spot, and in the 
 cilia a dark-fuscous line. Hind-wings dark ochreous, cilia 
 the same. 
 
 DEPKESSAKIA, Haworth. 
 
 D. Lecontella. Head and face ochreous. Labial palpi 
 ochreous ; second joint varied externally with fuscous ; third 
 joint with a slight fuscous ring at the base, and one near the 
 tip. Antennae fuscous. Thorax ochreous, with two blackish- 
 brown dots before. Fore- wings dark ochreous, with dispersed 
 blackish-brown dots throughout the wing, two of which, about 
 the middle of the median nervure, are more conspicuous than 
 the others; cilia rather pale ochreous. Hind-wings pale 
 grayish-ochreous, cilia the same. 
 
 This is the only true Depressaria I have found thus far ; 
 but we have other nearly allied species, which differ from it 
 in the structure of the labial palpi. In this respect they 
 resemble somewhat Gelechia rufescens of Europe, but differ 
 from the genus to which it belongs in several particulars. I 
 
 * See ante, p. 120. H. T. S. 
 
138 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 think they must form a group intermediate between Depres- 
 saria and Gelechia.* 
 
 I have now nearly worked up my collection of Tineina, 
 and would beg those who feel interested in the continuation 
 of these studies, to aid me in extending my knowledge of 
 species, by contributing collections from their various neigh- 
 bourhoods. 
 
 * Probably of the genus Cryptolechia, so extensively represented out of 
 Europe. H. T. S. 
 
JUNE, 1860. 139 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, June, 1860, pp. 203221.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. No. 5. 
 
 BY BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 [THE first five pages are devoted to descriptions of CEAM- 
 
 BITES and PHYCITES, viz., 
 
 Crambus agitatellus, Chilo longirostrallus, 
 
 C. laqueatellus, C. melinellus, 
 
 C. involutellus, C. aquilellus, 
 
 C. camurellus, Nephopteryx undulatella, 
 
 C. luteolellus, N. ? ulmi-arrosorella, 
 
 C. caliginosellus, Pempelia ? virgatella, 
 
 C. mutabilis, P. ? subc&siella, 
 
 C. vulgivagellus, Ephestia ostrinella, 
 
 C. albellus, E. Zea, 
 
 C. elegans, Lanthaphe platanella* 
 
 C. Girardellus, L. asperatella.~\ 
 
 C. auratellus, 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 LITHOCOLLETIS. (See Paper No. 2.)f 
 L. Fitchella. Argyromiges quercifoliella, Fitch, Re- 
 port V., Section 327. Head, face and thorax silvery-white. 
 Labial palpi tipped with pale ochreous. Antennas pale 
 saffron ; basal joint silvery-white. Fore-wings pale reddish- 
 saffron, with a slight brassy hue. Along the costa are Jive 
 
 * Of this I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens; see ante, p. 38. H.T.S. 
 f See ante, p. 62. H. T. S. 
 
140 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 silvery-white costal streaks, all black-margined internally 
 except the first, which is very oblique and continued along 
 the costa to the base of the wing. All the costal streaks are 
 short, except the first. On the inner margin are two con- 
 spicuous silvery dorsal streaks, dark-margined internally, 
 the first very large, and placed near the middle of the inner 
 margin, the second opposite the third costal streak. At the 
 tip is a small, round black spot, placed above the middle of 
 the wing ; cilia silvery-gray, tinted with saffron. Hind- 
 wings grayish-fuscous ; cilia paler. 
 
 The specific name used by Dr. Fitch being already in use 
 to designate a European species of this genus, it was neces- 
 sary to change it. I feel pleasure, therefore, in dedicating it 
 to the industrious observer who first described it, and who is 
 adding so much to our knowledge of entomological Natural 
 History. 
 
 L. tubiferella. Head silvery- white. Antennae fuscous, 
 slightly annulated with white ; basal joint pale saffron. 
 Fore-wings pale saffron, with two silvery-white moderately 
 broad bands, black-margined externally, one near the base 
 and the other on the middle of the wing, and both some- 
 what oblique ; cilia of the general hue. Hind-wings dark 
 grayish, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva belongs to the second larval group of this genus, 
 but the body is much more contracted than that of any other 
 larva I have seen. Its form is almost that of a flattened 
 ovoid, the rings separated by deep incisions, and each forming 
 in the sides a projecting mammilla. 
 
 The larva mines the upper surface of the leaves of oaks in 
 September, and doubtless also in the summer months. The 
 mine is a linear tract, sometimes curved or wavy, gradually 
 increasing in breadth from the beginning to the end, or as 
 the larva increases in length, with the " frass" deposited on 
 each side of the tract and marking its outlines by two black 
 lines. The position of the larva within the mine is likewise 
 a peculiar one, as it is always placed transversely to its 
 
JUNE, 1860. 141 
 
 course, and hence the deposition of the " frass" on the sides, 
 and the gradual increase in breadth as the larva grows in 
 length. Its head is blackish-brown ; the body pale greenish, 
 with pale-brown dorsal maculse, darker on their edges. It 
 undergoes transformation in the end of the mine, preparing 
 a circular cell or slightly silk-lined cavity, and leaves the 
 last larval cast outside of it. The fall brood of larvae become 
 images about the middle of May. 
 
 L. cratagella* This insect is found on the apple and 
 wild cherry (P. serotina), without undergoing any variation 
 which I can detect. I thought beyond doubt, that that in 
 the leaf of wild cherry must be a distinct species, for the 
 larva has a habit unusual to larvse of this group, and which 
 I have not noticed in those on the thorn and apple, although, 
 doubtless, they correspond. The habit I refer to, in wild 
 cherry miners, consists in deserting an old mine to form a 
 new one, reminding one strongly of the early habits of the 
 Ornix larvae. The larva enters along the midrib to form a 
 new mine, which I have found in various stages of advance- 
 ment, besides the old and tenantless mine in another portion 
 of the leaf. 
 
 TISCHEKIA. (See Paper No. 2.)f 
 
 T. malifoliella. Head and antennas shining dark brown ; 
 face ochreous. Fore-wings uniform, shining dark brown 
 with a purplish tinge, slightly dusted with pale ochreous ; 
 cilia of the general hue. Hind-wings dark gray ; cilia with 
 a rufous tinge. 
 
 The larva mines the upper surface of the apple leaf. The 
 mine is flat, at least until the larva enters the pupa state, and 
 begins as a slender white line, dilating as it increases, and is 
 ultimately formed into an irregular brownish-coloured patch, 
 which is sometimes extended over the beginning. This is then 
 
 * See ante, p. 76. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 79. H. T. S. 
 
142 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 shown on the separated epidermis as a white line or streak. 
 The head of the larva is brown; the body uniform pale green ; 
 first segment brownish, with a short vascular greenish streak. 
 When the pupation begins the leaf is thrown into a fold, 
 which is carpeted with silk, and the pupa lies within it. 
 This state begins about the latter part of September, and the 
 imago appears early in May. 
 
 ANTISPILA. (See Paper No. 3.)* 
 
 A. Isabella. Head golden. Antennae purplish-brown. 
 FoYQ-wmgs purplish-brown, without violet and greenish reflec- 
 tions, with a pale-golden band near the base, inclined toward 
 the base, not constricted on the fold, but broadest on the inner 
 margin. Near the tip of the wing is a small pale-golden 
 costal spot, and one of the same hue nearly opposite on the 
 inner margin. The hind-wings have a greenish rejection; 
 in Nyss&foliella they are rather deep purple. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of the Isabella grape in September. 
 Its head is brown ; the body yellowish-white, with a few black 
 dorsal spots on a dark-green ground, on the middle segments 
 and beneath a spot on the fourth and fifth segments ; first 
 segment dark green. It cuts out a very large, nearly round 
 disk, during the latter part of September, and appears as an 
 imago in the latter part of May. 
 
 A. viticordifoliella. The larva mines the leaves of wild 
 grapes. Its head is brown ; the body yellowish-green, with- 
 out dorsal or ventral spots ; the first ring brown. It may be 
 taken in August, and in the beginning of September it cuts 
 out a small oval disk and enters the pupa state. I have not 
 succeeded in breeding the imago, but have no doubt it is 
 specifically distinct from any heretofore described. 
 
 * See ante, p. 102. H. T. S. 
 
JUNE, 1860. 143 
 
 ASPIDISCA. 
 
 (See Proceedings, January, 1860, p. 11.)* 
 
 The diagnosis of this genus was made from two specimens 
 of A. splendor if erella. In insects so extremely small and 
 fragile, even when relaxed by moisture, it is no simple task 
 to make a correct diagnosis from a single examination. The 
 reader will therefore please correct in the January number of 
 the Proceedings as follows :f Labial palpi extremely short and 
 slender, much separated. Tongue naked and scarcely as 
 long as the anterior coxa. 
 
 A. lucifluella. Head silvery. Antennas rather dark fuscous. 
 Fore-wings silvery from the base to the middle, and thence 
 to the tip dark fuscous varied with golden. Near the tip are 
 three short, costal silvery streaks adjacent to each other ; the 
 first is longer than the others, with converging dark margins, 
 and a golden patch on its internal side ; the second with 
 straight dark margins, and a golden patch beneath and 
 adjoining it; the third is unmargined, except by the external 
 margin of the second streak, which separates them. Opposite 
 the first costal streak is a dorsal, tapering streak of the same 
 hue, and placed in the dark-fuscous portion of the wing. 
 From the second golden spot to the middle of the hinder 
 margin is an oblique silvery streak, sometimes separated into 
 two spots. At the extreme apex is a deep black triangular 
 spot ; the cilia grayish, tinged with pale brownish. 
 
 The larva may be found in September and October, mining 
 the leaves of hickories. The head, first and second segments 
 are brownish^ with a reddish tinge ; body brownish-green, 
 with a dark green vascular line and three blackish dorsal 
 spots on the middle segments. Early in October the larva 
 cuts out an oval disk and enters the pupa state, to appear as 
 an imago early in June. The perfect insect is larger than 
 Splendoriferella. 
 
 * See ante, p. 104. H. T. S. 
 
 f See ante, pp. 36 and 105. H. T. S. 
 
144 PAPEKS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 PARECTOPA. 
 
 The fore-wings are lanceolate. The disk is acutely closed 
 behind, at the apical third of the wing and narrow. No 
 costal nervure. The subcostal sends off quite near the base 
 of the wing a long marginal branch, and, near its end, two 
 other branches to the costa. From the acute apex of the 
 disk arises the apical branch, which near its origin sends a 
 branch to the costa, and about its middle becomes bifid, 
 sending one branch to the costa near the tip, and the other 
 to the inner margin beneath it. The median is three- 
 branched, the posterior vein arising somewhat interiorly to 
 the costal origin of the second marginal, and is most distinct 
 on the inner margin, being faintly indicated from its middle 
 to its origin. 
 
 Hind-wings very narrow, almost setiform. The disk 
 unclosed. The costal nervure is well indicated and long, 
 reaching almost to the tip of the wing. The subcostal is . 
 furcate beyond the middle of the wing, and is attenuated 
 toward the base almost from its bifurcation ; it runs close to 
 the costal trunk. The median nervure is furcate within the 
 middle of the wing, on the inner margin. 
 
 Head with long, loose scales above, forming a slight tuft 
 between the antennae. Forehead rounded. Face narrow 
 and short, somewhat retreating and smooth. No ocelli. 
 Eyes small, round, salient and naked. Labial palpi mode- 
 rately long, slender, smooth, pointed and drooping (in the 
 living insect most probably ascending) ; second joint slightly 
 thickened at its end. Maxillary palpi not perceptible. 
 Antennas inserted on the front ; filiform and simple ; basal 
 joint scarcely thicker than the stalk and short ; nearly as long 
 as the fore-wings. Tongue naked, slender, nearly as long as 
 the thorax beneath. 
 
 P. Lespedezcefoliella. Head and face white. , Labial 
 palpi, second joint dark fuscous, the third white. Antennas 
 dark grayish-fuscous. Thorax blackish-brown. Fore-wings 
 
JUNE, 1860. 145 
 
 blackish-brown, with three silvery-white spots along the inner 
 margin ; one almost at the base of the wing, one at the apical 
 third, and the other intermediate between them. On the 
 costa are two silvery-white spots, the first a little exterior to 
 the second dorsal ; the second costal opposite the third dorsal. 
 Along the hinder margin is a black hinder-marginal line, or 
 two decided converging black streaks, one from the costa, 
 and the other from the inner margin, meeting at the tip where 
 there is a small silvery-white spot. The cilia along the hinder 
 margin are silvery-white, tipped with blackish, and along the 
 inner margin dark gray. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 The larva mines the leaves of bush-clover (Lespedeza 
 violacea), early in September. It makes a whitish blotch 
 mine, with a number of narrow lateral mines, or rather wide 
 galleries running out from it on the upper surface of the leaf. 
 The blotch is chiefly in the middle of the leaf, the larva 
 mining along the mid-rib in the first instance, and when dis- 
 turbed it conceals itself by retreating to the mid-rib, and 
 applies itself along the course of it. Hence tenanted mines 
 may easily be mistaken for deserted ones. The mine never 
 contains " frass," and the larva seems to leave one capriciously, 
 whilst it is yet small in extent, to form a new one ; this it does 
 by penetrating the under cuticle of the leaf. In the course 
 of larval life many new mines are formed and the insect is a 
 troublesome one to breed. The larva is cylindrical, slightly 
 tapering from the first segment, and the body bright, con- 
 colorous green. It deserts its food plant about the middle of 
 September to form its cocoonet ; this is woven upon some 
 substance on the ground, in the vivarium, in a pucker on a 
 leaf, or under a turned-down portion of the edge, and is white. 
 It appears as an imago early in May. 
 
 I have no good description of this larva in my notes, but 
 have of another having precisely similar habits, and in appear- 
 ance very like it. It mines a species of Desmodium, plants 
 nearly related to Lespedeza, and is probably the same insect, 
 or at least of the same genus, as the above. The body of this 
 
 L 
 
146 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 larva tapers posteriorly; it is submoniliform and slightly 
 flattened, with segments roundly mammillated on the sides. 
 The feet are three, the abdominal three and the terminal one 
 pair. 
 
 The head is pale brown; the body bright green, tinged 
 with yellowish. The larvae desert their mines to form new 
 ones ; hence they are never extensive, sometimes blotches, and 
 again irregular galleries along the mid-rib, with lateral 
 branches. The " frass " is voided at the entrance opening 
 beneath. I was not successful in breeding the larvae on 
 Desmodium. 
 
 BUCCULATRIX, Zeller. 
 
 (See Paper No. 3, Proceedings, January, 1860. The 
 authority there given is a mistake.*) 
 
 B. pomifoliella. Head and face very pale ochreous, with 
 the tuft tipped with brownish. Antennas pale ochreous, 
 dotted above with dark fuscous. Fore-wings whitish, tinged 
 with pale yellowish, freely dusted with brown. On the 
 middle of the inner margin is a large dark-brown oval patch, 
 forming with its opposite, when the wings are closed, a con- 
 spicuous, nearly round dorsal patch ; a streak of the same 
 hue, from the costa opposite it, running to the inner angle of 
 the wing and tapering from the costa, where it is broadest. 
 At the tip is a round dark-brown apical spot, and in the 
 cilia a dark-brown hinder-marginal line. Hind-wings pale 
 brownish-ochreous, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva feeds externally on the leaf of apple, at least at 
 the time it was taken, in the latter part of September. It is 
 cylindrical and submoniliform ; tapers anteriorly and pos- 
 teriorly ; with punctiform points and isolated hairs, first seg- 
 ment with rather abundant dorsal hairs ; thoracic feet three, 
 abdominal four and very short, terminal one pair. Head 
 small, ellipsoidal, brown ; body dark yellowish-green, tinged 
 with reddish anteriorly, hairs blackish and short. 
 
 See ante, p. 108. H. T. S. 
 
JUNE, 1860. 147 
 
 Early in October the larva enters the pupa state, weaving 
 an elongated, dirty white, ribbed cocoon, and appears as an 
 imago during the latter part of the following April or early 
 in May. 
 
 B. agnella. Head and face sordid white, the latter touched 
 with fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Fore-wings whitish, 
 washed with pale luteous-brown, which prevails especially 
 towards the tip and along the fold. About the middle of the 
 inner margin, on the fold, is a small dark-fuscous mark, con- 
 sisting of a few scales. The costa is dark fuscous from the 
 base, and about the middle of the wing gives off a short 
 oblique streak of the same hue, and another near the apical 
 third, which is fuscous near the costa and pale luteous-brown 
 beyond it, and margined exteriorly with white, especially on 
 the costa. The long scales in the cilia are tipped with dark 
 brown. Hind-wings brownish ; cilia brownish, with a rufous 
 tinge. 
 
 Taken on the wing about the middle of May. 
 
 MACHIMIA. 
 
 Fore-wings with the hind margin obliquely pointed. The 
 subcostal nervure gives off a marginal branch near the basal 
 third, and at the end of the disk subdivides into four nervules, 
 of which the apical is furcate near the tip. The median is 
 four-branched, the medio-posterior remote from the penulti- 
 mate. The submedian is furcate at the base. In the disk is 
 a long, faintly indicated, secondary cell. The neuration of the 
 hind-wings like that of Depressaria. The discal nervure is 
 oblique. The interior basal angle rounded, and the margin 
 slightly excised behind it. 
 
 Head and forehead between the antennas shaggy. Face 
 rather smooth, depressed and retreating. No ocelli. Eyes 
 small, oval and salient. Labial palpi rather long, remote 
 from the face, slender, curved and ascending ; second joint 
 roughened with scales ; the third smooth, aciculate, and about 
 
 L2 
 
148 PAPEKS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 one-third less long than the second. Maxillary palpi very 
 short. Antennae about one-half as long as the fore-wings,, 
 simple and filiform ; basal joint short. Tongue scaled, about 
 as long as the anterior coxae. 
 
 M. tentoriferella. Labial palpi pale yellowish ; basal half 
 of the second joint blackish or dark fuscous. Fore-wings 
 reddish-ochreous, with dispersed dark-fuscous atoms. The 
 extreme base of the costa is blackish, from a small black spot 
 on its edge ; with three blackish-brown spots arranged in a 
 triangle in the middle of the wing, one about the middle of 
 the disk, another on its end, and one in the fold beneath them ; 
 cilia rather long and russet-coloured. Hind-wings rufo- 
 fuscous, along the discal portion of costa pale ochreous. 
 
 The larva tapers posteriorly from the head ; terminal legs 
 short, placed posteriorly, projecting beyond the shield ; ab- 
 dominal legs short ; with papiliform points in squares, each 
 bearing a hair ; body cylindric and submoniliform. The head 
 is large, carried horizontally ; somewhat flattened above but 
 rounded ; cervical shield doubtfully indicated, its colour dark 
 green. Body dark green, at first uniform, but after the last 
 moult a double yellowish-green dorsal line is added. 
 
 It may be found during the latter part of July on the 
 leaves of wild cherry, oaks and hickories. On the underside 
 of the leaf it throws a closely woven sheet or web from the 
 mid-rib to the side of the leaf, and draws it into a shallow 
 fold. This sheet or tent is not much longer than the larva 
 itself, open at both ends, transparent, shining and vitreous. 
 Beneath this it rests during the day, and in the night leaves 
 it to feed on the edges of the leaf, retreating to its cover if 
 alarmed. To this it clings most tenaciously if disturbed, 
 thrusting its head from beneath it, shaking it from side to side ; 
 or if disturbed in Front, retreats, without leaving it, and 
 defends itself stoutly with its mandibles. Its length is about 
 half an inch. When it leaves a leaf to form a new tent on 
 another, it always devours the silk of the one it deserts. 
 
 During the latter part of August or first part of September 
 
JUNE, 1860. 149 
 
 it enters the pupa state and forms its cocoon, by turning 
 down a portion of a leaf, carpeting it with silk and binding 
 its edges closely. The opening left at the end, correspond- 
 ing to the tail of the pupa, is closed densely, and the other 
 with loose silken threads. The pupa-case is very dark 
 reddish-brown, and it remains in situ when the imago escapes. 
 The antennae-cases as long as the wing-cases ; abdomen 
 rather short and blunt ; cylindrico-conical. The imago 
 appears during the latter part of September. 
 
 PSILOCOKSIS. 
 
 The neuration of the wings differs in scarcely any respect 
 from the foregoing genus, except that the medio-posterior 
 vein is not remote from the penultimate. The posterior veins 
 of the median are very much curved. The structure of the 
 fore-wings in both these groups is much like that in the 
 Tortrices. 
 
 Head smooth. Face rounded. Ocelli none. Eyes large, 
 round and salient. Labial palpi long, remote from the face, 
 recurved, rather slender ; second joint rather flattened, smooth, 
 with appressed scales ; third smooth, slender and pointed, 
 nearly as long as the second joint. Maxillary palpi short, 
 distinct. Antennae about one-half as long as the fore-wings, 
 simple and filiform ; basal joint rather long and subclaVate. 
 Tongue one-half as long as the thorax beneath, scaled. 
 
 P. quercicella. Head and thorax dark yellowish-brown. 
 Labial palpi, second joint ochreous, with a black line on the 
 edge beneath ; third black, with two yellowish- white stripes 
 in front. Antennae ochreous, with a black line above, termi- 
 nating in black spots ; basal joint with two black stripes in 
 front. Fore-wings yellowish-brown, varied with blackish 
 irregular striae, chiefly from the costa, with a black dot on 
 the end of the disk. The posterior margin is tipped with 
 blackish ; the cilia are yellowish-brown, containing two dark- 
 fuscous hinder-marginal lines. 
 
150 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Posterior wings pale ochreous, cilia the same. 
 
 The larva tapers from the third segment anteriorly and 
 posteriorly; flattened above and beneath, submoniliform ; no 
 dorsal papilliform points, but two rows on the sides; abdo- 
 minal and terminal feet very short, the latter placed pos- 
 teriorly. Head small, cordate, horizontal. The body is 
 yellowish or pale greenish, the head, 1st, 2nd and 3rd seg- 
 ments black. 
 
 It binds the leaves bf oaks together, in August and Sep- 
 tember, and picks out the parenchyma between the network 
 of veins. In the latter part of September it weaves a slight 
 cocoon between two leaves (in nature it is probably made 
 elsewhere than between the leaves of its food plant), and 
 becomes a rather short, thick pupa, with the antennae-cases 
 moniliform and longer than the wing-cases, beyond the end 
 of which they project as an obtuse spine. It appears as an 
 imago in March or April. 
 
 Labial palpi very long and recurved, the tips extending 
 back as far as the prothorax, but remote from the face 
 and head. 
 
 P. reflexella. Head brownish, tinged with ferruginous. 
 Labial palpi dark ochreous, with a black line on the edge of 
 the second joint beneath, and three black lines on the third, 
 one in front and one on each side. Antennas dark ochreous, 
 annulated with dark fuscous; basal joint with two black 
 stripes in front. Fore-wings dull ochreous, profusely dusted 
 with reddish-fuscous ; cilia short and dark-coloured. Hind- 
 wings fuscous. 
 
 This species very closely resembles, physically, M. tentori- 
 ferella. The labial palpi are longer, however, more recurved, 
 and the second joint perfectly smooth, whilst in Tentori- 
 ferella it is roughened with scales. 
 
 Both these genera likewise closely approach the European 
 genus Phibaloeera, and it is not impossible that one of them 
 may be really identical with it, notwithstanding the longer 
 
JUNE, 1860. 151 
 
 antennae and shorter third joint of the labial palpi in the 
 European species. 
 
 MENESTA. 
 
 Fore-wings obtusely pointed above the middle, elongate- 
 ovate. Disk closed by a very faint nervure. The subcostal 
 divides into five nervules, the first of which is from the 
 middle of the disk, the fourth being the apical, and the fifth 
 the post-apical from the middle of the disk behind. The 
 median is three-branched, the medio-posterior being opposite 
 the third subcostal vein. The fold is thickened at its end 
 and runs into the basal third of the median. The submedian 
 curved, and shortly furcate at the base. 
 
 Hind-wings somewhat trapezoidal, slightly emarginate on 
 the hind margin beneath the tip. The discoidal cell unclosed. 
 The costal nervure is long and extended nearly to the tip. 
 The subcostal somewhat attenuated at its base, distinct from 
 the costal, and furcate at the apical third of the wing. The 
 median three-branched, the superior and central veins on a 
 common stalk. 
 
 Size small. Head and face smooth, minutely scaled. 
 Forehead and face rounded and very broad. Ocelli none. 
 Eyes vertically placed, minute, oval, salient. Labial palpi 
 smooth, slender, curved and ascending equal to the vertex; 
 second joint slightly thickened towards its end; third very 
 slender, pointed and not more than one-half as long as the 
 second. Maxillary palpi very short, distinct. Antennas 
 much separated at their base, about one-half as long as the 
 fore-wings, filiform and ciliated beneath microscopically, with 
 one hair to each article; basal joint very short, scarcely thicker 
 than the stalk. Tongue scaled at the base, slender and about 
 as long as the anterior coxae. 
 
 M. tortriciformella. Labial palpi fuscous, towards the 
 base whitish. Head, antennae and face dark luteo-fuscous, 
 the latter whitish beneath. Fore-wings dark brownish with 
 a purplish hue, with a small lunate white spot on the end of 
 
152 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the disk. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia the same. Feet 
 pale yellowish, the ends of middle and posterior tibiae touched 
 with fuscous; the middle tarsi fuscous externally, and the 
 hind tarsi banded with fuscous at the base. 
 
 NEPTICULA, Zeller. 
 
 N. rubifoliella. Head dark luteous. Palpi somewhat 
 paler luteous. Antennae luteous, basal joint silvery-white. 
 Fore-wings blackish-brown, with a rather narrow, curved 
 silvery band about the middle of the wing. The band is 
 concave toward the base of the wing and shows a tendency 
 to be interrupted in the middle. Cilia whitish. Hind- wings 
 grayish, cilia the same. 
 
 I have very carefully compared this insect with the descrip- 
 tion and delineation of N. angulifasciella, of Stainton, in the 
 first volume of " The Natural History of the Tineina," and 
 though unwilling to believe the fact, I cannot resist the con- 
 clusion, that it is the same species. I have not named the 
 species in accordance with this conviction, because as yet 
 I have secured but a single specimen.* 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of blackberry in September. It 
 makes a blotch mine on the upper surface of the leaf, begin- 
 ning as a slender gallery, extending quite a distance, usuaUy 
 along a vein of the leaf, before being enlarged into a blotch. 
 The body of the larva tapers posteriorly, the terminal rings 
 being attenuated ; colour pale green, with a bright dark-green 
 vascular line; head greenish-brown and small. The larva 
 was not taken from the mine for description. It leaves the 
 mine very early in October to spin an oval, very dark reddish- 
 brown cocoon, and appears as an imago during the latter part 
 of May, or early in June. There is therefore, in all pro- 
 bability, a summer brood, which may be found in July and 
 August, if the conjecture is correct. 
 
 I have no doubt that subsequent observation will prove 
 this insect to be the same as Angulifasciella, and I am no 
 
 * See ante, p. 42. H. T. S. 
 
JUNE, 1860. 153 
 
 little astonished to find so minute a creature common to the 
 continents of Europe and America. During the coming 
 season I will endeavour to record minutely the history of the 
 preparatory states of the American species. 
 
 [Here follow descriptions of several PHALENITES and 
 PYKALID^E, viz: 
 
 Dory odes acutaria, Hydrocampa 1 for mo sails, 
 
 D. spadaria, Cataclystafulicalis, 
 
 Desmia maculalis, C. ? helopalis, and 
 
 Eustales Tedyuscongalis, Sironia maculalis. 
 Two pages are also devoted to a consideration of the difficulty 
 caused to the American Entomologist, in the attempt to as- 
 certain the American Lepidoptera described by M. Guenee 
 by " the omission of synopses of genera," which, " when the 
 number of them in his family groups calls for such tables, as 
 it does so frequently, is a most serious, not to say, unpardon- 
 able, defect in the six volumes published by M. Guenee."] 
 
154 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 [THE 6th of Dr. Brackenridge Clemens' Contributions to 
 American Lepidopterology, contained in the Proceedings of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, August, 
 1860, pp. 345 362, is entirely devoted to the TORTRICID^, 
 which are reputed by Dr. Clemens as a family of the 
 TINEINA he there describes the following forty species, 
 
 Pcecilochroma ? dorsisigna- 
 
 tana, 
 
 P. ? similiana, 
 Monosphragis otiosana, 
 Lozopera? angustana, 
 Argyrolepiat lepidana, 
 Ccelostathma discopunctana, 
 Smicrotes peritana, 
 Exartema nitidana, 
 E. permundana, 
 E. versicolorana, 
 E. inornatana, 
 E. fasciatana, 
 Hedya Pyrifoliana, 
 H. Scudderiana, 
 Bactra ? argutana, 
 Endopiza? Viteana, 
 E. ? agilana, 
 Carpocapsa Pomonella, 
 
 and 
 loplocama formosana. 
 
 Antithesia nimbatana, 
 
 A. bipartitana, 
 
 A. ? coruscana, 
 
 Lozotcenia Rosaceana, 
 
 L.fervidana, 
 
 Peronea Viburnana, 
 
 Platynota sentana, 
 
 P. fawedana, 
 
 Anchylopera Spireafoliana, 
 
 A. nubeculana, 
 
 A. Platanana, 
 
 A. striatana, 
 
 A. costomaculana, 
 
 Dysodia oculatana, 
 
 Stigmonota inter stinct ana ^ 
 
 Halonota simulana, 
 
 If. incanana, 
 
 Ephippiphora parmatana, 
 
 Amorbia humerosana, 
 
 Croesia ? reticulatana, 
 
 C. ? sulfureana, 
 
 The following concluding remarks on the family TORTRICID^E 
 are too interesting to be omitted here.] 
 
 This group of insects is probably the most difficult, in a 
 systematic point of view, and the least interesting family in 
 
AUGUST, 1860. 155 
 
 the order of Lepidoptera. The impression I have derived 
 from the study of it, induces me to believe that it is owing 
 chiefly to the artificial system by which it is at present inter- 
 preted, and which I have endeavoured to follow in this paper. 
 Numerous families, or so-called families, have been arbitrarily 
 instituted on the most trivial and untenable characters, some 
 of which are only sexual peculiarities, while ornamentation 
 appears to be a far more important element than structure, 
 in the diagnoses by which they are characterized. Such an 
 arrangement possesses a certain amount of convenience, inas- 
 much as it frequently enables the student or inquirer to limit 
 the probable number of genera to which an insect he may 
 wish to classify may belong. This, however, is its total sig- 
 nificance, and even in this respect it is often deficient and 
 deceptive. It* is a system of convenience and not of nature, 
 which works on categories of structure and recognizable con- 
 ceptions or ideas. 
 
 In my own view, from which, doubtless, many naturalists 
 will dissent, ornamentation is purely an individual character- 
 istic of species, and, although in general sufficiently constant, 
 subject to a degree of variation in the same species that is often 
 very considerable. Why should that which is unstable in 
 species receive the stamp of scientific approval in the recog- 
 nition of superior groups, instead of that which is constant 
 and fixed, which is more or less indicative of modes of life, 
 which is the expression in the imago of those categories of 
 thought that we designate genera and families ? I cannot 
 perceive why it should be preferred, when I recall the won- 
 derful fertility in structural invention which characterizes 
 every natural family, and the logical connections that exist 
 between all those groups of species composing its various 
 genera. If the specific conception is the same in the prepa- 
 ratory states, and the structure of the various imagos that 
 result is nearly identical, differing in some trivial peculiarity, 
 
 * For " This is," which appears in the original, Dr. Clemens has marked in 
 pencil on the copy he sent me " It is." H. T. S. 
 
156 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 perhaps, to which we are unable to assign any significant 
 value, would it not be more scientific and convenient, more 
 natural and philosophic indeed, to regard such individuals as 
 forming a distinct group in the genus, to which they are 
 evidently so intimately related, regardless of peculiarities of 
 ornamentation ? 
 
 What would be thought of that system in anthropography 
 which separated men of the same race upon a long or a short 
 nose, a large or small ear, thin or thick lips, or wide or nar- 
 row shoulders ? I am not prepared to assert, that a principle 
 like this has been introduced into the system which represents 
 the present arrangement of this family, but when one recalls 
 its comparative poverty in generic characters in the imago, 
 or otherwise the extremely close relationship indicated in the 
 diagnoses of many of its genera, the probability of something 
 similar to it having existence is at least suggested to the 
 mind. 
 
 It would be well if Entomologists would cultivate just and 
 philosophic conceptions respecting the nature of the various 
 groups . at present recognized in our systems. No other 
 department of Natural History offers, probably, equal facili- 
 ties for observation and determining with accuracy the limits 
 of generic and specific cycles. The mind however must be 
 disabused of the fallacious notion that the imago is the most 
 important part of species ; that it is, indeed, the species ; or 
 that classification can be truly and properly made on this 
 basis alone. Perfect insects are easily arranged systemati- 
 cally upon a consideration of their entire structure, its general 
 agreements and special differences, but there are considera- 
 tions more important than these involved in the idea of species. 
 
 The " imago" is no more the species which it represents as 
 an individual, than the principal noun of a grammatical 
 sentence is the idea which may be conveyed to our mental 
 perceptions. Each is necessary to the other, each incomplete 
 without the other, and when a hiatus exists in either case, 
 we are placed simply in a region of conjecture, respecting 
 the significance connected with the representative presented 
 
AUGUST, 1860. 157 
 
 to us. We have an object, but no idea. The noun and the 
 imago may be well known to us, but until we have followed 
 them through all the collateral terms in which they exist as 
 the materials of thought, we cannot duly value the conceptions 
 which may be connected with them. 
 
 The advocates of the Darwinian Theory of the origin of 
 species would have us believe that species is an abstraction ; 
 that it represents nothing ideal ; that in nature nothing but 
 individuals exist, and in these must we look for the charac- 
 teristics of species. The entire superstructure of reasoning 
 on which the theory is built, is one that admits what is 
 material in the specific group, probably because it is obvious 
 to the senses of every one, but ignores the existence of that 
 which is immaterial, intellectual, spiritual in every true 
 specific creation, and which is to it as the soul to the material 
 body of man ; that which distinguishes the vital machine from 
 mechanical inventions or imitations, created by the concep- 
 tions of the human mind. Nor does this belong to the 
 imago alone, but is written in vital characters in the 
 various transitional forms which belong to each species, in 
 their organs, and their acts and manifestations of life, and 
 intelligence or instinct. It is this, the definite conception, 
 that casts each individual of a species in the same organic 
 and instinctive mould, that cannot change. Individuals of 
 the same species may change in ornamentation, but never in 
 structure, unless as the consequence of amalgamation with 
 another species, or an occasional abnormal modification, 
 which is individual, not specific, and disappears with the 
 individual. The creative fiat involved in the life of every 
 species, and in its conditions, remains unalterable, because 
 change in that which has an organic, vital and spiritual 
 significance cannot take place without destruction to the 
 species. 
 
 The supposition that " profitable variations of structure" 
 may be initiated in the cell action of the reproductive system, 
 in order that organisms may more successfully maintain an 
 overestimated " struggle for existence," is simply a monstrous 
 
158 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 physiological fallacy and assumption. If we suppose amal- 
 gamating influences to be inoperative, where do we perceive 
 the evidences of it ? The vegetable perpetuates itself by a 
 germ, which already has its type distinctly impressed on it 
 before the character of its architecture is developed by the 
 effect of influences under which it is gradually worked out, 
 cell upon cell, in one season or through a long series of years. 
 In the annual the reproductive action is most probably, nay, 
 there are well ascertained facts, which directly teach us that 
 it is a simple process of continuous growth in species. Thus 
 species have not a transient existence, but rather a terrestrial 
 immortality. Individual life is ephemeral, specific life co- 
 eternal with the existence of the conception producing the 
 representative form. Individual lives are like the leaves of a 
 deciduous tree, and having performed their functions are 
 constantly shed, while the source of them continues to spread 
 itself through space and time, until its appointed period has 
 ended. 
 
 Under this simple view of species, supported alike by 
 reason and all carefully collated physiological facts, how the 
 study of the humblest branch of Zoology is ennobled ! It 
 acknowledges the existence in nature of a Principle as a 
 creative power similar to our own minds. It deals with 
 living thoughts, and seeks to represent, through many mis- 
 conceptions and difficulties, the logical sequences existing 
 amongst them, and to seize the hidden meanings which 
 appeal to our intelligence in the ponderous volume on which 
 they are inscribed. 
 
 NOTE. The reader is requested to make the following cor- 
 rections : 
 
 In Paper 4, May, 1860, p. 160, for Nomia, read Chryso- 
 pora* Nomia is already in use to designate a genus of bees. 
 
 In Paper 5, June, 1860, p. 219, line 21, for "graduation" 
 read " gradation." 
 
 * See ante, p. 123. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1860. 
 
 159 
 
 [THE 7th of Dr. Brackenridge Clemens' Contributions to 
 American Lepidopterology, contained in the Proceedings of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November, 
 1860, pp. 522 547, is entirely devoted to BOMBYCIM;, 
 ARCTIID^E, LITHOSIID^E and GLAUCOPIDID^E. The follow- 
 ing species are described 
 
 BOMBYCIDJE. 
 Oyloihrix salebrosa. 
 
 ARCTIID^E. 
 
 EcpantheriaScribonia, Stoll, 
 E. caudata, Walker, 
 E. incarnata, Walker, 
 E. extrema, Walker, 
 E. obliterata, Walker, 
 E. nigriplaga, Walker, 
 E. simplex, Walker, 
 E. decora, Walker, 
 E. Cunigunda, Cramer, 
 Arachnis aulcea, Hiibner, 
 Arctia caja, Linn., 
 A. Dahurica, Boisd., 
 A. Quenselii, Greyer, 
 A. gelida, Moschler, 
 A. virgo, Hiibner, 
 A. Dione, Drury, 
 A. virguncula, Kirby, 
 A. Nais, Drury, 
 A. Phylira, Drury, 
 A. Placentia, Abbott & 
 
 Smith, 
 
 A. virginalis, Boisd., 
 A. hyperborea, Curtis, 
 
 A. Americana, Harris, 
 A. Parthenos, Harris, 
 A.fervida, Walker, 
 Ectypia bivittata, 
 Hypantria textor, Harris, 
 H. cunea, Drury, 
 H.Echo, Ab. & Sm., 
 Spilosoma Isabella, Ab. & 
 
 Sm., 
 
 S. acrea, Drury, 
 S. Virginica, Fabr., 
 S. congrua, Walker, 
 S. Jussicece, Poey, 
 Euchcetes Egle, Drury, 
 var. ? E. Eglenensis, 
 Halesidota Caryce, Harris, 
 H. annulifascia, Walker, 
 H. tessellaris, Ab. & Sm., 
 H. fulvo-Jlava, Walker, 
 H. maculata, Harris, 
 H. bicolor, Walker, 
 H. insulata, Walker, 
 H. palpalis, Walker, 
 H. strigosa, Walker, 
 H. cingulata, Walker, 
 Hypercompa militaris, Har- 
 ris, 
 
160 
 
 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Hypercompa confinis, Wal- 
 ker, 
 
 H. contigua, 
 H. Clymene, Esper, 
 H. fulvicosta, 
 
 Phragmatobia vagans, Boisd. 
 P. assimilans, Walker, 
 P. albicosta, Walker, 
 P. fuliginosa, Stephens. 
 
 LITHOSIIM: and GLAUCOPI- 
 
 DID.E. 
 
 Lycomorpha Pholus, Fabr., 
 Ctenucha Latreillana., Kirbj, 
 C. rubriceps, Walker, 
 (7. venosa, Walker, 
 C. rujiceps, Walker, 
 C.fulvicollis, Hiibner, 
 Aglaope Americana, Boisd., 
 A. coracina, 
 Acoloithus falsarius, 
 
 Procris ? Smithsoniana, 
 Malthaca perlucidula, 
 Crocota rubicundaria, Hiib- 
 ner, 
 
 C. brevicornis, Walker, 
 C. ferruginosa, Walker, 
 C. cupraria, Walker, 
 C. Iceta, Boisd., 
 Atolmis ? miniata, Kirby, 
 Nudaria ? mendica, Walker, 
 Psychomorpha Epimenis, 
 
 Drury, 
 Cosmosoma Omphale, Hiib- 
 
 ner, 
 
 Ormetica sphingiformis , 
 Cyanopepla cruenta, 
 Euchromiaplumipes, Drury, 
 JS. Pretus, Cramer, 
 
 and 
 Pceciloptera compta.~\ 
 
 This closes the series of Papers by Dr. Clemens in the Pro- 
 ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 
 H. T. S. 
 
CHAPTEK III. 
 
 PAPERS CONTRIBUTED BY DR. CLEMENS TO THE ENTOMO- 
 LOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. I. pp. 7587, November, 1861.] 
 
 MICRO-LEPIDOPTEROUS 
 
 Notes on a few Species, the Imagos of which are probably undescribed. 
 
 BY BRACKENKIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 I PROPOSE to describe in the following paper, the mines and 
 larvae of a few of our American leaf-miners, to indicate their 
 food plants and the months in which they should be sought 
 for by the collector. The observations are taken from my 
 notes, and refer to larvae I have not been successful in rearing, 
 or to those I have noticed out of season. 
 
 In general, it may be said, the mines of the leaf-miners 
 are characteristic of the genus to which the larva may belong. 
 A single mine, once identified, enables the collector to pro- 
 nounce on the genus of all the species he may find thereafter. 
 This added to the ease with which the larvae are coUected, 
 and the little subsequent care required to bring them to 
 maturity, except to keep the leaves in a fresh and healthy 
 state, makes the study of this group in every respect pleasant 
 and satisfactory to the Entomologist. 
 
 I feel confident that many of our intelligent and pains- 
 taking collectors would engage in the study with enthusiasm 
 if once placed safely on the way. I can see no surer course 
 than commencing with the larva, assuring the student that in 
 such a month, on the leaf of a certain tree, he may find the 
 larva of a certain " micro." The search for those indicated 
 in the present paper can scarcely fail to result in the discovery 
 of many other leaf-miners not alluded to here, and these will 
 
 M 
 
162 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 surely be taken and carried home to ascertain the appearance 
 of the imago. With this comes a desire to identify its genus 
 and species, and thus in a few seasons, or even in a single 
 one, the collector adds greatly to his stock of entomological 
 knowledge. 
 
 If the search for leaf-miners is confined to forest trees, 
 with which it is probably best to begin, the most favourable 
 localities are the edges of a wood or forest bordering on culti- 
 vated fields, patches of young trees often found in fields, or 
 even isolated trees, and the borders of a wood along streams. 
 Some mines are most easily seen on the upper surface of the 
 leaf, and others most perceptible on the under surface, and 
 those which are transparent by placing the leaf between the 
 sky and the eye. 
 
 The collector should be supplied with a tin box or canister 
 of convenient size in which to place the mined leaves, sepa- 
 rated from the tree at the end of the stalks, to prevent them 
 from withering. If the top fits securely, leaves and parts of 
 herbaceous plants may be kept fresh for several hours. He 
 will render good service if he describes in a note book, the 
 mine and the larva, both of which should be done with accu- 
 rate minuteness (retaining likewise the mined leaf and num- 
 bering it), and the particulars of its transformation to a pupa, 
 numbering the description and the vessel containing the leaf- 
 miner. Two insects that are distinct, or suspected to be dis- 
 tinct species, should never be placed in the same breeding 
 vessel. For the great majority of leaf-miners a common 
 tumbler or drinking-glass, the top of which is made level by 
 grinding with emery on a piece of sheet lead, covered with a 
 piece of glass and containing a little white sand moistened 
 with water, makes a very good breeding vessel. 
 
 The leaf, or if a large one a portion of it, is stuck into the 
 moistened sand, and this together with the humid air of the 
 interior of the vessel keeps it fresh. 
 
 Coleophora larvae do not bear well confinement in the humid 
 air of the breeding jar. To be successful in rearing the 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 163 
 
 larvae, one must use a pot of moistened sand, in which the 
 food plant is placed, covered with a glass cylinder, with fine 
 gauze tied over the top ; or the plant may be kept in water 
 and covered with a cylinder of glass. For this purpose old 
 chimney tops to lamps answer very well. The larvae of this 
 genus, taken in the fall of the year, hybernate in their cases 
 until the following spring, and " feed up" on the first leaves 
 that put forth. They must not, therefore, be kept in a 
 warmed room during the winter. The pupae of the fall 
 brood of larvae thrive much better, likewise, if not kept in 
 a warm room during the cold months. The spring or early 
 summer brood of larvae produce imagos in a few weeks after 
 entering the pupa state, and hence it is much more satis- 
 factory to collect early in the year than during the latter 
 part. 
 
 For convenience of reference, I append a table of months, 
 designating the species included in this paper and their food 
 plants, and intended to show when they should be looked for 
 by the collector. 
 
 I shall be glad to hear from anyone who may find any of 
 the larvae and is successful in rearing the imago. At the 
 same time he might communicate the fact to the Entomo- 
 logical Society for publication in their Proceedings, accom- 
 panied with a description of the imago and any observations 
 on its natural history he may deem interesting or important. 
 In the course of time, such a system would make the Journal 
 an entomological necessity and provide a pleasant and in- 
 structive channel of communication between American Ento- 
 mologists. 
 
 A CALENDAR SHOWING WHEN THE FOLLOWING 
 
 SHOULD BE SOUGHT. 
 MAY. 
 
 Coleophora tilicefoliella. Early to end. Leaves of bass- 
 wood, T. Americana. 
 
 M2 
 
164 PAPEKS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 Lithocolletis salicifoliella. Middle to end. Leaves of yellow 
 
 willow. 
 
 Nepticula villosella. Latter part. Leaves of blackberry. 
 Lithocolletis juglandiella. Early. Leaves of black walnut. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Catastega Aceriella. Early. Leaves of red maple. 
 Nepticula corylifoliella. Latter part, to middle of August. 
 
 Leaves of hazelnut. 
 ostry&foliella. Same time. Leaves of iron-wood, 
 
 O. Virginica. 
 Platanella. Early. Leaves of button-wood, 
 
 P. occidentalis. 
 
 saginella. Early. Leaves of oaks. 
 cratcegifoliella. Latter part. Leaves of dwarf- 
 thorn, C. parvifolia. 
 juglandifoliella. Latter part, to middle of August. 
 
 Leaves of black walnut. 
 caryafoliella. Middle to August. Leaves of 
 
 hickory. 
 Aspidisca Saliciella. Early to middle. Leaves of yellow 
 
 willow. 
 
 Nepticula villosella. Early to middle. Leaves of black- 
 berry. 
 ? prunifoliella. Leaves of 
 
 wild cherry. 
 
 Amelanchierella. Early. Leaves of service-berry, 
 A. Canadensis. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 Ornix quadripunctella. Early. Leaves of service-berry, 
 
 A. Canadensis. 
 Lithocolletis juglandiella. About middle of the month. 
 
 Leaves of black walnut. 
 Catastega timidella. Latter part. On oaks. 
 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 165 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Aspidisca ostryafoliella. Middle to middle of Oct. Leaves 
 
 of iron-wood. 
 Nepticula virginiella. Early. Leaves of iron-wood. 
 
 roscefoliella. Early. Leaves of dwarf wild rose. 
 Catastega timidella. Early. On oaks. 
 
 ? Hamameliella. Early to middle. Leaves of 
 witch-hazel. 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 Aspidisca ostrycefoliella. 
 Coleophora carycefoliella. 
 Coryliella. 
 Viburniella. 
 Ostryce. 
 
 Nepticula saginella. Early. Leaves of oaks. 
 Coleophora quercifoliella. Early. On leaves of oaks. 
 Nepticula platea. Early. Leaves of oaks. 
 
 anguinella. Early. On leaves of oaks. 
 corylifoliella. Very early. On leaves of hazel- 
 nut. 
 
 Coleophora pruniella. Very early. On leaves of wild 
 cherry. 
 
 COLEOPHORA. 
 Habits of the Larvce. 
 
 The young larvae feed either as miners in the interior of 
 leaves or in the interior of seeds. When a leaf-mining larva 
 has attained a certain age, it cuts out the two skins of the 
 mined place and constructs of it a portable case, which it 
 never abandons subsequently, except to construct a new one, 
 when its increase in growth demands the change. In feeding 
 the larva attaches its case to a leaf and bores into it between 
 its skins, eating out a transparent patch, extending its body 
 from the case for this purpose, but quickly retreats into it 
 again if alarmed. Some of the seed-feeding species remain 
 
166 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 within the withered flower, and therefore entirely concealed, 
 until they are quite full fed. Others make a case of the husk 
 of a seed, which they have eaten and are very difficult to distin- 
 guish from the untenanted seeds of the plant. The natural 
 orders of plants that seem most frequented by the members 
 of the genus are the Caryophyllacece, the Leguminosce, the 
 Composites and the Labiates ; at least this applies to Europe 
 and probably to our own country. 
 
 The larvae, except when preparing to form a new case, make 
 small mines, and the discovery of a leaf in which there are one 
 or several transparent patches, and both the skins of the leaf 
 entire, with one of them pierced with a minute hole, is a very 
 certain indication that it has been the work of a Coleophora 
 larva. 
 
 The larvae hybernate in their cases during the winter and 
 produce imagos in the following summer, "feeding up" during 
 the spring. 
 
 Some of the insects named here from the larvae may, pos- 
 sibly, have been named and described in the perfect state. 
 
 1. C. carycefoliella. The larva mines the leaves of hickory 
 in September and October. The head and body is reddish- 
 brown, somewhat darker on the second and third rings. 
 
 The case is small, dark brownish, and in form is a flattened, 
 simple cylinder. The larva feeds only in small, rectangular 
 patches, of which there are usually several in the same leaf. 
 The case is fixed to the under surface, and the larva feeds in 
 one patch until it is compelled to remove its entire body from 
 its case, and then removes to another part of the leaf to form 
 a new mine. The fall larvae may doubtless be taken in the 
 spring or early summer. 
 
 I have likewise found a case like the above on the leaves of 
 dogwood. The case I found was attached to the midrib of 
 a leaf; I have not noted the existence of a mine. 
 
 2. C. corylifoliella. The larva mines the leaves of hazel 
 in September and October. It is pale brown, with dark- 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 167 
 
 brown thoracic, dorsal spots. The case is three lines long, 
 dark brown, irregularly cylindrical, compressed or flattened 
 at its hinder end, with two teeth about the middle of the 
 upper edge, separated from each other about one-third of the 
 length of the case, and dilated somewhat or rounded on the 
 lower edge between the teeth. Mouth of case not deflected. 
 The mine of the larva is nearly circular. 
 
 3. C. Viburniella. The larva mines the leaves of Viburnum 
 prunifolium in September and October. The head and body 
 is dark brown, with blackish thoracic patches on the second 
 and third rings. 
 
 The case is irregularly formed. It is reddish-brown, 
 nearly cylindrical, with a deflected mouth, and tapering at 
 the hinder end; on the upper edge, running up from the 
 mouth of the case, is a flattened wing-like appendage serrated 
 on its upper edge, nearly equal to one-third of the case in 
 length. 
 
 The lower case is dilated near the middle or undulating, 
 and near the hinder end above and below there is a slight 
 projection. The case is attached to the under surface of the 
 leaf, and the mine is an irregular blotch. 
 
 4. C. Pruniella. The larva mines the leaves of wild 
 cherry early in October, when it is more than half grown. 
 
 The case is flattened, having a notch on the upper edge 
 about one-third from the mouth, whence it is curved regularly 
 to the hinder end, and the under edge is nearly straight from 
 the mouth to about one-third of the length from the hinder 
 end, where it is deeply notched and curved towards the upper 
 edge, thus forming a tail-like appendage. On the upper 
 edge, from the mouth of the case to the anterior notch, the 
 edge is regularly curved. 
 
 5. C. Ostryce. The larva mines the leaves of iron-wood, 
 Ostrya Virginica, in October and during spring. 
 
 The case is flat, rather wide, and the edges nearly parallel 
 
168 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 except near its mouth. The upper edge is slightly curved, 
 and almost at the hinder end is a slight notch, which is some- 
 times wanting, and the hinder end is squarely excised. Colour 
 of the case pale reddish-brown. 
 
 6. C. Tili&foliella. The larva feeds on the leaves of the 
 linden from the beginning to the latter part of May. 
 
 The case is black, somewhat pistol-formed; straight along 
 the upper edge, turned abruptly down so as to form a handle- 
 like appendage behind, with a toothed, flattened projection 
 about the middle of the under edge, whence to the mouth of 
 the case it is cylindrical. The body of the larva is dull, dark 
 brown and the dorsal plates and head black. 
 
 At this date the larva does not mine the leaf, but eats holes 
 in it, devouring its substance. The case is fixed to the under 
 surface of the leaf, and is easily seen, even on the leaves of the 
 higher branches. 
 
 The larva enters on pupation in the latter days of May or 
 early in June. 
 
 7. C. Querciella. The larva feeds on the leaves of oaks in 
 October. 
 
 It does not make a mine at that date, but picks out the 
 parenchyma of the leaf from the under surface, leaving the 
 net-work of veins and the upper epidermis of the leaf entire. 
 
 The case is blackish-brown and smooth, the larva permit- 
 ting the lower edge of the case to come in contact with the 
 leaf. The case is slightly pistol-formed ; the portion near 
 the mouth circular and deflected, beyond which it widens and 
 rises on the upper edge to a hump or projection about the 
 hinder third, whence the outline descends to the posterior 
 end, which is squarely excised. The under edge is curved to 
 a notch nearly opposite to the hump on the upper edge. 
 
 The habits of the larva are similar to the European C. ibi- 
 pennella ; but the case differs from it in form. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 169 
 
 LlTHOCOLLETIS. 
 Habits of the Larvae. 
 
 The larvae mine the leaves of trees, shrubs or low plants, 
 separating either the upper or lower cuticle and feeding on 
 the inner substance of the leaf. When the mine is on the 
 upper surface, or at least most frequently when it is in this 
 position, the leaf becomes folded and curved at the place 
 mined, and the separated cuticle is gathered into folds or 
 covers the curved portion so as to make a capacious habita- 
 tion. Some of the miners of the upper surface of leaves 
 make large blotches or tracts, and when the mines are fresh 
 the separated cuticle is whitish and very noticeable. The 
 miners of the under surface cause the upper cuticle to be 
 discoloured in patches, and this with the fold of the side of 
 the leaf is often sufficient to indicate the presence of a mine. 
 
 Usually the species are confined to a single plant ; some, 
 however, feed on several allied plants. 
 
 The larva never quits the mine and changes in it to a pupa. 
 Some species make no cocoon, others only a very slight one, 
 and others make one of grains of excrement woven together 
 with silk. 
 
 Many of the species of the fall brood remain in the pupa 
 state during the winter, and appear as images in the spring, 
 and some of the imagos that appear late in the fall seem to 
 hybernate during the winter in the imago state. The spring 
 brood of larvae produce imagos in the summer. 
 
 When the imagos escape from the mine the pupa case is 
 thrust through the separated cuticle, and left there after the 
 escape of the imago. 
 
 1. L. salicifoliella. During the latter part of June or 
 early in July the leaves of yellow willow, Salix vitellina, var. 
 S. alba, should be searched for this insect. The mine is on 
 the under surface, usually near the base of the leaf and along 
 the edge. I found these mines for the first time on the 
 23rd of July of the present year, but they were untenanted, 
 
170 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 and the images had escaped, so that I am unable to furnish 
 any further particulars respecting the species. 
 
 2. L. juglandiella. The larva makes an elongated, rather 
 wide tract on the upper surface of the leaves of black walnut, 
 without folding the leaf, and may be found from the beginning 
 to the middle of the month. 
 
 Itis blackish or blackish-brown, with a few pale-brownish 
 dots on each side of the thoracic segments, and with the tip of 
 the abdomen and head pale brown. It belongs to the second* 
 larval group described in the Proceedings of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November, 1859, and may 
 not be specifically distinct from L. cary&foliella, described 
 on page 323. f 
 
 ASPIDISCA.t 
 Habits of the Larvce. 
 
 The larvae of this genus are characterized by making a 
 small blotch mine between the cuticles of the leaves, and 
 when they have arrived at maturity weaving a cocoon between 
 the cuticles, and cutting out of them a small, oval disk, thus 
 leaving a hole in the mined place of the size and shape of 
 the cocoon. In this respect they resemble the genus Anti- 
 spila. 
 
 The larvaa of the two genera are, however, easily distin- 
 guished by their colour ; the Antispila larvse are white or 
 whitish, with black dorsal and ventral spots, while the Aspidisca 
 larvae are reddish-brown. The disk of the latter is likewise 
 always fixed by a button of silk to some object in the neighbour- 
 hood of the food-plant, and the pupae must be kept in a dry vessel 
 after the disks have been cut out, otherwise the insects will 
 not come to maturity. On the other hand the Antispila 
 require a damp situation after entering the pupa state. 
 
 See ante, p. 63. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 74. H. T. S. 
 J See ante, p. 104. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 171 
 
 1. A. ostryaefoliella. The larvae may be found on the 
 leaves of iron-wood during the latter part of September and 
 early in October. 
 
 About the 10th of October all the mines are untenanted. 
 There may be a spring brood in the leaves of the Ostrya, but 
 I have not observed them. 
 
 The mine is large when compared to those found in the 
 leaves of other plants, and the hole left by cutting out the disk 
 is out of proportion to the size of the mined portion. 
 
 2. A. saliciella. From the beginning to the middle of 
 July the larva may be taken on the leaves of yellow willow. 
 The mine is very small, the excised portion, with which the 
 disk is formed, taking up the greater portion of it. I noticed 
 in this larva a habit, which may be generic, but if so it has 
 escaped my observation : the larva, after cutting out its disk, 
 lets itself down by a thread, and in the middle of July the 
 disks may be found suspended under willows as the larva lets 
 itself down to the surface of the ground. My specimens 
 were taken on July 23rd, when the mines were generally 
 deserted. 
 
 A larva of this genus mines the leaves of wild cherry in 
 July. The mines are usually near the base of the leaf, and 
 are more elongated than any others I have found. The mine 
 is a short tract, not broader than the short diameter of the 
 disk, which is cut out from the end of the mine, the hole 
 occupying its entire breadth. If the species is distinct, and 
 this I am disposed to doubt, it may be called A. pruniella. 
 
 NEPTICULA. 
 Habits of the Larva. 
 
 These larvae mine very narrow serpentine paths in the 
 interior of leaves, the mine being always on the upper sur- 
 face.* The mines vary much in form, being sometimes a 
 
 * The larva of the European N. trimaculella mines indifferently both sur- 
 faces of the leaves of Populus nigra. H. T. S. 
 
172 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 slender gallery or line, either simple, or enlarged towards the 
 end into a blotch, or a complete blotch. 
 
 When the larva is full fed, it quits the mine, cutting for 
 this purpose the separated cuticle, in order to weave a minute 
 cocoon. 
 
 The larvae of some Dipterous insects make mines that 
 strongly resemble those of some of the Nepticulce, but they 
 may usually be distinguished by the more maggot-like ap- 
 pearance of the former. 
 
 1. N. corylifoliella. The larva makes a long, winding, 
 narrow tract in the leaves of hazel in the latter part of July 
 and the beginning of August, and the fall brood may be found 
 early in October. The frass or excrement of the larva is 
 deposited along the middle of the tract, forming a minute 
 central black line. The edges of the mine are smooth, and 
 but little broader throughout its extent than the width of the 
 miner. 
 
 The mine is left transparent by the larva from the begin- 
 ning to the end. 
 
 There is another miner in this leaf that I suspect to be a 
 Dipteron. It makes a rather broad, tortuous tract, much 
 broader than the preceding, and the " frass " is scattered in 
 separated grains along the middle of the tract. 
 
 2. N. ostry&foliella. The larva in July and August 
 makes a rather wide, most frequently much contorted, trans- 
 parent mine, with a narrow, central, black line of "frass ;" 
 sometimes the early portion of the mine is filled up with "frass," 
 and in others the line of frass is distinct from the beginning. 
 From the middle to the end of the mine whence the larva 
 escapes it will average nearly a line in width. 
 
 3. N. Virginiella. In the leaf of iron-wood, Ostrya ; 
 makes a very narrow, long tract, not broader than the width 
 of the larva, the interior of which is filled up with dispersed 
 grains of frass , and which is dark brown whilst the larva is 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 173 
 
 mining. The larva is very slender, of nearly uniform dia- 
 meter, terminal segments pointed, pale green, with a darker 
 green central line ; head pale brown. It should be sought 
 early in September. 
 
 On the 14th of the month it is nearly full fed. 
 
 4. N. Platanella. From the beginning to the middle of 
 July the blotches produced by these larvas may be found on 
 the leaves of the button-wood tree or sycamore. The blotch 
 is often extended over the early portion of the mine, so as to 
 obliterate it, and again the early portion is present, being a 
 slender line from which the blotch is formed. 
 
 The larva is pale green and the head pale brown, and weaves 
 a cocoon of a reddish-brown colour during the latter days of 
 July. 
 
 5. N. cratcegifoliella. The larva may be found in the 
 leaves of dwarf thorn, Cratcegus parvifolia, from the middle 
 to the latter part of July. The mine is rather a wide tract, 
 not long, most often tortuous, sometimes turned back on 
 itself and when nearly straight, with irregular edges, having 
 a narrow, contorted line of frass running through the middle 
 of it. The later half of the mine will average at least a line 
 in width. 
 
 The larva is rather thick, bright green. One larva which 
 I observed especially mined a space of Jive lines in three days, 
 at the end of which time it was full grown. Previously it 
 was not more than half grown, and the distance mined while 
 under observation forms nearly one half the length of the 
 entire mine. The larva enters the pupa state during the 
 latter part of July. 
 
 6. N. juglandifoliella. The larva mines the leaves of 
 black walnut from the latter part of July to the middle of 
 August. The mine is a very narrow, whitish tract, very 
 often recurved and slightly tortuous, somewhat, although 
 slightly, enlarged at its end, with a very narrow central line 
 
174 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 of "frass." The larva is pale green, almost whitish, rather 
 thick and resembling a Dipteron. 
 
 I found a single specimen on the 27th of last August, when 
 the mines appear to be usually untenanted, and, very oddly, 
 it escaped from its mine as I held the leaf, whilst looking un- 
 successfully for another specimen. 
 
 7. N. caryafoliella. In the leaves of hickory late in July 
 and early in August. The mine is very like the preceding, 
 but rather wider and longer and not so tortuous, but nearly 
 always recurved and with the central ( ' frass" line. The 
 larva is pale green, with a dark green central line and 
 brownish head. It is nearly or quite cylindrical, diameter 
 uniform, the anal segments pointed. 
 
 I have taken a specimen as late as the 30th of August, 
 but at this date almost every mine found is untenanted. 
 
 8. N. villosella. May be found in the leaves of the black- 
 berry about the middle of July. The mine is very narrow, 
 only about wide enough to accommodate the miner, tortuous, 
 with a central frass line. The larva is pale brownish and 
 leaves its mine during the latter part of July. 
 
 This differs from N. rubifoliella (see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 
 of Phila., June, 1860, p. 214) * both in the mine and colour 
 of the larva. 
 
 9. N. Amelanchierella. In the leaves of service-berry or 
 June-berry, Amelancliier Canadensis, in June and July. The 
 mine rather a broad tract, sometimes much contorted, with 
 rather irregular edges, placed most often towards the base of 
 the leaf and having a rather broad " frass" line of a dark- 
 brown colour. 
 
 10. N. ? prunifoliella. Mines resembling those of the 
 Nepticulce, maybe found in the leaves of wild cherry, Prunus 
 
 * See ante, p. 152, H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 175 
 
 serotina, during the latter part of July and early in August. 
 It is more or less blotchy in the beginning, with frass dis- 
 persed and towards the end gathered into a rather broad line, 
 with the grains distinct. I have never found them tenanted, 
 and it is quite possible that they are the work of Dipterons 
 larvae. The mines are reddish-brown after the larvae leave 
 them. 
 
 11. JV. anguinella. May be found in the leaves of oaks 
 early in October and in the latter part of June. The mine 
 is a very narrow serpentine tract, which is filled or dis- 
 coloured throughout its length by blackish excrement. The 
 larva fits the mine closely, in colour lemon-yellow, with ten 
 square dark brown or blackish spots on the ventral surface. 
 
 Other mines in the same leaves have, sometimes, a broad 
 frass line, sprinkled along the middle and often it begins as 
 a slender line, and these doubtless all belong to the same 
 species. 
 
 12. N. platea. Mines oaks early in October. The mine 
 is a moderately broad, winding tract, with a broad line of 
 dispersed grains of excrement. The larva is purplish, with 
 a pale-green vascular line and a row of reddish-brown dorsal 
 dashes. The mine is much broader than that of the preceding 
 miner. 
 
 13. N. saginella. Mines oaks early in October. I have 
 found the larva abundant in the leaves of chestnut early in 
 August. The larva makes a transparent, moderately broad, 
 serpentine tract, gradually increasing in breadth from the 
 beginning to the end, where it is very slightly enlarged, with 
 a central black frass line. It is about a line wide towards 
 the larger end, and from twelve to fifteen lines long. In the 
 leaves of chestnut the mine is often made along the edge of 
 one of the coarse pointed teeth, running up to the point, 
 whence the enlarged portion is turned inwards. In this leaf 
 the mines are only twelve lines long. 
 
176 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The larva is dark bright green, with a darker vascular 
 line ; head brownish. The body is rather thick, and of 
 nearly uniform diameter. The summer brood leave their 
 mines towards the latter part of August, and in oaks, I think, 
 in July. 
 
 There may be found in oaks a mine very similar to the 
 above, that is about a line wide towards its larger end, but 
 which is about two-and-a-half inches long* And another 
 much narrower than either, which is not much contorted, 
 but nearly straight, running along the veins and midrib and 
 measuring at least four inches in length. 
 
 14. N. ros&foliella. In the leaves of dwarf wild rose, 
 Rosa lucida, early in September. The mine is very serpen- 
 tine, frequently running around the edge of the leaf including 
 its teeth, moderately broad, nearly filled with a broad blackish- 
 brown frass line, the grains of which are dispersed . or have 
 a wavy arrangement in the later part of the mine. In the 
 early portion, the tract is filled with the excrement of the 
 larva. 
 
 The larva is lemon-yellow; head and spot on the middle 
 of the second segment pale brown. I have no doubt about 
 the distinctness of this species from any other mining the 
 leaves of plants allied to the rose family. 
 
 It may however be identical with or closely resemble the 
 European N. anomalella. 
 
 ORNIX. 
 Habits of the Larva. 
 
 In early life the larvae are leaf-miners and make mines on 
 the under surface of leaves, difficult to be distinguished from 
 those of the genus Lithocolletis. Towards maturity, however, 
 they abandon their mines and feed under a portion of a leaf 
 turned down from its edge, which is bound closely with silk. 
 
 * Perhaps the mine of a Lyonetia, allied to L. Clerkella. H. T. S. 
 
NOVEMBER, 1861. 177 
 
 When they are full fed, a small portion of the edge of the leaf 
 is turned over and the larva weaves its cocoon within the cover 
 thus made. 
 
 O. quadripunctella. Early in August the larva may be 
 found in the leaves of June-berry or Service-berry making 
 Lithocolletiform mines on the under surface. Towards the 
 middle of the month, it abandons its mine and feeds under a 
 turned-down portion of the leaf. The larva is dirty greenish, 
 with four black dots on the head and four on the dorsum of 
 the second segment. It weaves its cocoon, which is reddish- 
 brown, during the latter part of the month. 
 
 CATASTEGA. 
 Habits of the Larvae. 
 
 The insects included in this genus are not leaf-miners, 
 although they belong to the division of Micro-Lepidoptera. 
 I am not, perhaps, justified in forming a genus from the 
 characters and habits of the larvse, and would not do it, if 
 I were not convinced that the genus is undescribed. The 
 insects may not belong to the group Tineina, and if not they 
 most probably belong to the Phy cites. 
 
 The larvge make tubes in which they live, with the grains 
 of their excrement and silk, on the underside of leaves, cover- 
 ing them with a tent or sheet of closely-woven silk, under 
 which they feed by picking out the parenchyma of the leaves. 
 They are extremely, timid, and do not begin to feed or weave 
 until after night-fall. As the tube is increased in length, the 
 silken tent is likewise advanced as it is necessary for the 
 insect to obtain new feeding-grounds. 
 
 1. C. timidella. The tube of the larva may be found on 
 the underside of oak leaves in the latter part of August and 
 early in September. 
 
 The larva is semi-cylindrical, wrinkled transversely, with 
 a shield on the second segment; head small, pointed. It is 
 
 N 
 
178 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS., 
 
 very dark, concolorous green, shield paler ; head pale brown, 
 varied with darker brown. 
 
 The tube is very long, cylindrical, enlarging from the 
 beginning, which is a mere thread until it attains considerable 
 thickness. The open extremity is covered by a web, in the 
 middle of which is a gallery lined on each side with frass, and 
 the larva passes through it in order to feed. In feeding the 
 larva leaves the outer cuticle and the net-work of veins 
 entire. 
 
 About the middle of September the larva abandons its 
 tube to form a cocoon on the surface of the ground. I have 
 seen numbers of this larva on oaks in Minnesota, near 
 St. Paul. 
 
 2. C. Aceriella. The larva forms a moderately long, 
 slender, cylindrical tube at the base of the leaf of maple, 
 A. rubrum, early in July, and is covered with a thin trans- 
 parent web closed in advance. The tube increases in diameter 
 from the beginning to the end and is placed between two 
 principal veins of the leaf, and the web is extended from one 
 vein to the other. 
 
 3. C. ? Hamameliella. The larva constructs a little, short 
 tube of frass along the midrib of the leaf of witch-hazel, 
 Hamamelis Virginica, during the latter part of September. 
 The tube is begun in the angle made by a vein and the mid- 
 rib, and the triangular space between them is covered with a 
 thin web of silk, having beneath it the tube. 
 
 The larva is nearly cylindrical, slender, with the head 
 pointed. It is of a uniform, rather pale-green colour. 
 
JANUARY, 1862. 179 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. I. pp. 131137, January, 1862.] 
 
 NEW AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BBACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 OPOSTEGA, Zeller. 
 
 Discoidal cell of wings open. Hind-wings extremely 
 narrow, linear-lanceolate. The subcostal vein is central and 
 becomes trifid beyond the middle of the wing, sending an 
 extremely short branch to the costa from the point of sub- 
 division and two long branches, one of which runs to the tip 
 of the wing and the other to the inner margin. The median 
 vein is distinct, curved, simple and nearly joined by the inner 
 extremity of the subcostal vein. The submedian distinct and 
 short. 
 
 Fore-wings pointed, almost caudulate, but appearing from 
 the cilia to be dilated posteriorly. All the veins simple, 
 parallel, without branches, some much attenuated and none 
 extended to the tip of the wing. Subcostal vein much 
 attenuated, nearly obsolete, equally remote from the costa 
 and the median vein, which is thickened and distinct, and 
 runs through the middle of the wing without reaching the 
 inner margin below the tip. The fold of the wing is distinct, 
 with a parallel, much attenuated nervule above it, arising at 
 the extreme base of the median. The submedian vein dis- 
 tinct, thickened. 
 
 Head smooth above. Face mostly on the inferior surface 
 of the head, extremely narrow, hairy beneath and between 
 the antennas in front. Eyes oval, obliquely placed, almost 
 concealed by the antennal eye-caps. Antennae with the 
 
 N2 
 
180 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 basal joint expanded into a large eye-cap, which is thin and 
 cup-like anteriorly. Labial palpi hidden on the under surface 
 of the head, short, drooping, with the terminal joint very 
 short. No maxillary palpi. No tongue. 
 
 O. albogaleriella. Silvery-white. Fore-wings with a 
 minute black dot at the extreme apex of the wing. Hind- 
 wings and cilia somewhat yellowish-white. 
 
 This insect is very interesting, as it is the first extra-Euro- 
 pean member of the genus, as well as I can ascertain, that 
 has been described. The imago was found on the table under 
 my gas-light on the morning of the 9th July. It was only 
 slightly injured, the stalks of the antennae having been burned 
 off and the cilia of one pair of wings a little burned. 
 
 None of the larvae belonging to this genus have been dis- 
 covered.* 
 
 TRICHOTAPHE, Clemens. 
 
 T. flavo co stella. O.? jlavocostella, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. May, 1860, p. 162. f 
 
 I have not met with another specimen of this insect, but 
 have been enabled to determine its genus from the following, 
 which resembles it closely in many respects. These insects 
 must be handled very carefully when they are taken, as the 
 labial palpi are easily detached even whilst they are living. 
 
 T. alacella. Labial palpi: second joint orange-yellow, 
 terminal joint tinged with fuscous. Head deep brown above, 
 iridescent. Face shining pale yellow. Antennae deep brown. 
 Fore-wings deep brown, with a steel blue, shining streak along 
 the costa, extending from the base to an orange-yellow costal 
 spot at the beginning of the apical cilia, and deeply excised 
 in the middle of the wing. Beneath the excised portion and 
 near the inner margin is a short, steel-blue streak, and the 
 costal streak emits a slender line to the inner margin, opposite 
 
 * See note, p. 45. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 113. H. T. S. 
 
JANUARY, 1862. 181 
 
 the costal orange-yellow spot. Hind margin with a series of 
 steel-blue dots. Cilia brown. Hind-wings fuscous ; cilia a 
 little paler. 
 
 Taken on wing 17th of July. 
 
 SOLENOBIA? Zeller. 
 
 In the hind-wings the costal vein is well developed and 
 placed close to the costa. The subcostal vein is simple, giving 
 rise near its middle to an angulated discal vein, which sends 
 off a branch to the margin beneath the tip and receives the 
 discal fold at its angle. The median subdivides into four 
 branches, the two superior branches having a common origin, 
 the others short and equi-distant. 
 
 The subcostal vein of the fore-wings sends off a long, decided 
 marginal branch from the basal third; about the middle of 
 the wing forms a long, rather large secondary cell, from the 
 hinder end of which arise two marginal branches, and from 
 the point where the lower branch of the secondary cell enters 
 the discal two other branches arise diverging from their origin, 
 one to be delivered above and the other beneath the tip. 
 Opposite the discal fold arises another branch, running to the 
 margin beneath the tip, and the median vein subdivides into 
 three nearly equi-distant, short branches, the posterior of 
 which is nearly perpendicular to the inner margin. The sub- 
 median is short and furcate towards the base for half its length. 
 
 Head hairy above and in front; without oceUi. Eyes 
 small, spherical, slightly naked above. Cephalic stigmata very 
 large and distinct. Antennae setaceous, scaly and tufted 
 slightly above towards the end, ciliated beneath. Maxillary 
 palpi, labial palpi and tongue undeveloped. 
 
 S.? Walshella. Head and face dark gray. Antennae 
 dark gray, slightly spotted with white. Fore-wings pale 
 gray, varied with fuscous sprinkled over the surface, without 
 defined markings, except along the costa near the tip, where 
 there are a few pale gray or whitish spots. Cilia gray. 
 Hind-wings gray. 
 
182 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 I received a specimen of the above insect some time since 
 from my esteemed friend Benj. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, 
 111., who was compelled to fix it to a strip of card for the 
 want of small pins. The specimen may have been injured in 
 its parts by this treatment, but I cannot discover any injury. 
 He likewise forwarded at the same time a specimen of the 
 case, which is earth-brown in colour and consists of silk, 
 granulated with particles of fine sand, and therefore the larva, 
 could not have been a wood-miner, as Mr. Walsh at first 
 supposed. The larva is in all probability lichenivorous and 
 feeds in the portable case in which Mr. Walsh found it in the 
 fall. I sincerely hope the discoverer of the species will not 
 fail to ascertain the natural history of the larva and put it on 
 record in the pages of the (( Journal," for I know no one who 
 can do this more pleasantly and accurately. 
 
 In his letter to me Mr. Walsh says: " The little moth 
 I sent you is certainly not a e wood-miner,' although it occurs 
 in the bark of shag-bark, hickories and other trees with scaly 
 bark. From finding the larva late in the fall and the winter 
 enclosed in its case in that situation, I had supposed that it 
 fed under the bark; but I ascertained in August and Sep- 
 tember that it was not there, and therefore conclude that it 
 merely retires there to become a pupa. I noticed an indi- 
 vidual apparently identical this winter attached to a pine- 
 board fence. There was not the least appearance of ' mining' 
 under the bark, by which I understand cutting a channel 
 similar to other boring insects." 
 
 Only the males of the genus Solenobia are winged, and 
 the females have attracted much attention recently, in conse- 
 quence of the fact that they lay unimpregnated fertile eggs. 
 
 NEPTICULA. 
 
 N. fuscotibiella. Antennas dark fuscous, basal joint silvery- 
 white. Head reddish-yellow. Fore-wings purplish-fuscous, 
 with a rather broad, slightly oblique silvery band exterior to 
 the middle of the wing. On the costa of the wing the band 
 
JANUARY, 1862. 183 
 
 is rather nearer to the base than on the inner margin ; cilia 
 pale grayish. Hind- wings pale gray, with pale-gray cilia. 
 Thorax dark, fuscous, with a purplish hue. Legs and abdo- 
 men beneath yellowish, with a brassy lustre ; the hind tibise 
 fuscous. 
 
 Taken at light on the llth of August. 
 
 N. Mfasciella. Antennae pale fuscous, basal joint silvery. 
 Head pale reddish-yellow. Fore-wings dark bronzy-green, 
 somewhat purplish at the base, with two silvery bands; a 
 rather broad, straight one on the basal third of the wing and 
 a narrower straight one on the apical third; cilia gray. Hind- 
 wings gray, with gray cilia. 
 
 At light, 1 1 th of August. 
 
 N. Platanella.* Antennae dark fuscous, eye-caps large, 
 silvery. Head reddish-ochreous. Fore-wings dark brown, 
 with a small white, slightly silvery spot on the middle of the 
 inner margin and a very short costal streak of the same hue 
 opposite to it. The cilia very pale yellowish, and the scales 
 behind the cilia of the same hue, tipped with dark brown. 
 Hind-wings yellowish-fuscous; cilia fuscous. 
 
 Imago during the latter part of July. 
 
 LYONETIA, Hiibner. 
 
 The hind-wings are setaceous. The subcostal is placed 
 nearly in the middle of the wing, is bifid from about the 
 middle, sending a small branch to the costa and a long one 
 along the inner margin to the tip. The median vein is very 
 distinct and simple. 
 
 Fore-wings caudate, when denuded. The discoidal cell is 
 very long and narrow, acute behind. The subcostal vein 
 sends two branches to the costa, a moderately long one from 
 the middle of the cell and one just behind the acute angle of 
 the disk. (In European specimens there are three subcostal 
 branches, two of which are given off near the end of the disk.) 
 
 * See ante, p. 173. H. T. S. 
 
184 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The apical branch and the superior branch of the median 
 vein arise at the angle of the disk, the former of which is 
 trifid, sending a branch to the costa at the beginning of the 
 slender tail, another to the inner margin a little beyond it 
 and a branch to the tip of the' wing. (In European speci- 
 mens the apical branch is represented simple.) Median 
 vein two-branched. The submedian with a long fork at its 
 base. 
 
 Head smooth with appressed scales, face broad and re- 
 treating, slightly tufted above with erect scales. Antennas 
 as long as the anterior wings, slender, with a moderate-sized 
 basal eye-cap, partly concealing the eyes. Labial palpi 
 slender, cylindrical, ascending (in the living insect) to the 
 basis of the antennas, much separated; in the dead insect, 
 drooping and applied to each other. Tongue naked, a little 
 longer than the labial palpi. 
 
 L. speculella. Head, face and palpi pure white. An- 
 tennae slightly fuscous, basal joint white. Fore-wings pure 
 white, with a bronzy-fuscous streak on the inner margin, 
 which is obliquely inclined to the tip of the wing, extending 
 a little above the fold and pointed behind, and a short streak 
 of the same hue behind it and nearly parallel to the inner 
 margin. Near the apical portion of the wing are four 
 bronzy-fuscous costal streaks, the most interior one of which 
 is oblique and the others nearly vertical and more or less 
 united in the middle of the wing, and at the extreme apex is 
 a black spot. Hind-wings darkish gray, with gray cilia. 
 
 Images on wing the 5th of August. 
 
 The larvae of this genus are represented to make long, 
 tortuous galleries or tracts in leaves, and to quit the leaf 
 when full fed. I have never bred an imago of this genus, 
 nor can I say with certainty that I have met with a larva 
 belonging to it. I suspect, however, that the mine presently 
 to be described is the work of one of them, although the larva 
 much resembles Phyllocnistis in its habits. 
 
JANUARY, 1862. 185 
 
 The mine to which I refer may be found during the latter 
 part of August in the leaves of wild grape-vines. It is very 
 long, winding, linear and narrow, filled with blackish frass 
 and hence easily seen, differing thus from a Phyllocnistis 
 mine, which resembles the tracings left on leaves by snails. 
 When the larva is full fed, it enlarges the mine at its 
 extremity, without making the enlargement transparent, and, 
 making a fold in the leaf at this point, weaves its cocoon and 
 undergoes its transformation in the mine like a Phyllocnistis 
 larva. The larva is pale greenish, immaculate, long and very 
 slender, with the anal segments very pointed. 
 
 Since writing the preceding remarks on the larva which 
 makes the blackish mine in wild grape leaves, and which 
 I suspected might be a Lyonetia, I examined one of the 
 pupas I had obtained from the miner. This although dead 
 had completed its full development, and the markings on the 
 wing, extracted from its wing-case, were beautifully distinct. 
 The imago was certainly not L. speculella. In its unex- 
 panded state, a wing is quite opaque and the neuration very 
 indistinct, and I judge that the chitinic matter of the veins 
 is not secreted until after the escape of the imago from the 
 pupa-case. The neuration of the insect under consideration 
 was that of Phyllocnistis, and so also was the ornamentation 
 of the wing ; and it appeared to me to be distinct from that 
 of P. vitigenella, although very similar to it. 
 
 TENAGA, new gen. 
 
 Hind-wings lanceolate. Without discoidal cell. The 
 costal vein is delivered to the costa about its apical third. 
 The subcostal simple, almost or quite obsolete from the 
 middle to the base of the wing. The discal vein is central, 
 much attenuated through the middle of the wing, giving rise 
 to a branch to the inner margin about the middle of the whig, 
 the base of which is extremely attenuated, becoming furcate 
 
186 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 about the apical third, delivering both branches to the inner 
 margin beneath the tip. The median vein is two-branched, 
 the superior one angulated in the middle. 
 
 Fore-wings ovate-lanceolate. Discoidal cell very narrow 
 and placed rather beneath the middle of the wing. The 
 subcostal vein is rather indistinct, sending off a costal branch 
 from the costal third, and near the end of the cell two costal 
 branches, the second one of which is furcate and much 
 attenuated from the bifurcation to its origin. Near this last 
 branch arises another furcate branch, much attenuated to- 
 wards its base, both of whose branches are delivered to the 
 inner margin beneath the tip of the wing. The median vein 
 is three-branched. The submedian simple. 
 
 Head and face rough, hairy. "Without ocelli. Eyes very 
 small, hemispherical, with a narrow space around, naked. 
 Antennae nearly as long as the fore-wings, setaceous, simple. 
 Labial palpi, in the living insect, ascending to the middle of 
 the face, rather slender, cylindrical, smooth and almost con- 
 cealed in the facial hairs ; middle joint slightly thickened and 
 roughened with scales beneath, with terminal bristles; ter- 
 minal joint about half as long as the middle joint; in the 
 dead insect, the palpi are drooping and divergent. No 
 maxillary palpi. No tongue. 
 
 T. pomiliella. Head and palpi dull ochreous. Antennas 
 dark fuscous. Fore-wings yellowish-ochreous, with a black 
 spot on the costa at the base of the wing, and with three black 
 bands ; one near the base, one rather behind the middle of the 
 wing, and one about the apical third, interrupted more or less 
 in the middle. In the spaces between the bands are scattered 
 black scales. The extreme apex of the wing is blackish, 
 with two costal spots of the same hue between the third band 
 and the apex, and two or three along the inner margin behind 
 the apex, some of which are indistinct. Cilia of the general 
 hue. Hind-wings and cilia grayish-fuscous. 
 
 Taken on wing 27th of July, in damp wooded places. 
 
JANUARY, 1862. 187 
 
 HYBEOMA, new gen. 
 
 The venation and form of the hind-wings are much like 
 that of Tenaga. The costal vein enters the costa about its 
 middle. The subcostal is simple, almost obsolete posteriorly. 
 The discal vein is central, much attenuated behind, giving 
 rise behind the middle of the wing to a branch to the inner 
 margin, attenuated at its base, and at the apical third of the 
 wing becomes bifid, sending one branch to the costa above the 
 tip and the other to the inner margin beneath it. The median 
 runs straight to the inner margin and is two-branched. With- 
 out discoidal cell. 
 
 Fore-wings ovate-lanceolate ; the subcostal vein is much 
 attenuated from its middle and gives rise to a costal branch 
 behind the basal third and forms a rather large secondary cell, 
 the branch forming it almost obsolete, and from its hinder 
 end throws off three costal branches nearly equi-distant. 
 Beneath these arises the apical branch, which is simple and 
 delivered to the costa behind the tip. Two other branches 
 are given off from the disk to the inner margin beneath the 
 tip. Median vein three-branched. Submedian simple. Dis- 
 coidal cell fusiform, rounded behind. 
 
 Head and face rough, hairy. Without ocelli. Eyes very 
 small, hemispherical. Antennae rather more than half 
 so long as the fore-wings, setaceous and simple. Labial 
 palpi slender, cylindrical, much separated ; middle joint with 
 short terminal bristles ; terminal joint nearly as long as the 
 middle, deflected. Maxillary palpi long, folded, four or Jive 
 jointed. Tongue very short, reaching to the end of the 
 middle joint of labial palpi. 
 
 H. servulella. Head and palpi pale yellow, the latter fus- 
 cous beneath. Antennae dark fuscous. Fore-wings sulphur- 
 yellow, with a dark fuscous streak along the costa from the 
 base, slender at first, but enlarged into a spot about the 
 middle of the costa ; a band of atoms of the same hue, com- 
 mencing on the costa at the beginning of the apical cilia, and 
 
188 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 a streak of the same hue along the inner margin, with its 
 hinder end turned up obliquely towards the costa. Hind- 
 wings dark brownish. 
 
 Taken on wing 18th of July. 
 
 The venation of Eudarcia, Tenaga and Hybroma is much 
 alike, particularly that of the hind-wings ; the species in- 
 cluded in them are congeneric, and to the group thus formed, 
 that of Diachorisia may be likewise added. If we disregard 
 the significance of venation, the number of genera can be 
 reduced. But nature does not make variations of structure 
 without attaching to the change some difference of habit, some 
 distinction in the biography of the individual. I have no 
 doubt of the naturalness of the genera, and they are probabl y 
 peculiar to our own country. 
 
 [Here follows a description of a TORTRIX, Dysodia 
 margaritana. H, T. S.] 
 
MARCH, 1862. 189 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
 Philadelphia, Vol. I. pp. 147151, March, 1862.] 
 
 NOKTH AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BBACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 BEDELLIA SOMNULENTELLA.* 
 
 IN the January number of the Proceedings of the Academy 
 of Natural Sciences for 1860, page 8,f I described a species of 
 the genus BEDELLIA under the specific name Staintoniella. 
 Subsequently Mr. Stainton, of London, pronounced our 
 American species to be the same as the European, and kindly 
 sent me specimens for comparison. Our insect should hence 
 be known as somnulentella, the name of the European species 
 with which it is identical. 
 
 Early in last October, a little friend, who amuses himself 
 by searching for mined leaves for me, brought me some leaves 
 of the Morning Glory (Ipomosa purpurea), in which he had 
 detected mines. It instantly occurred to me that they were 
 the work of a species of Bedellia, as I knew this to be the food 
 plant of the genus. The leaves were put in breeding vessels, 
 and in due time I had the satisfaction to secure a number of 
 imagos. The species is double-brooded ; the last brood ap- 
 pearing during the latter part of October and early in No- 
 vember. 
 
 The larva and its habits are described in European works, 
 but I desire to put on record in the Proceedings, for the 
 benefit of American students, my own description of its 
 habits. 
 
 * See ante, pp. 39 and 96. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 9G. H. T. S. 
 
190 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 In early life the larva mines in a narrow, very serpentine 
 track, sometimes intricately winding, and much resembling 
 the mine of a Nepticula larva. It is perfectly transparent, 
 with a central line of " frass," but in consequence of exposure 
 to the weather, after its abandonment by the young larva, the 
 delicate cuticles of the leaf are destroyed. When the young 
 larva is about one line long, it appears to leave the linear 
 mine, and thenceforward it mines the leaves in blotches, en- 
 tering between the cuticles, from the under surface. These 
 blotches are perfectly transparent, or glassy in appearance, 
 when the leaf is held up to the light, and the larva, with its 
 peculiarities of colouring, is seen with perfect distinctness. 
 The point at which the larva raises the lower cuticle of the 
 leaf is maintained open and the terminal rings of its body 
 remain at this opening, or the larva retreats to it to void its 
 " frass " externally. One leaf is often inhabited by several 
 larvae. 
 
 The lower surface of the leaf is occupied around the mined 
 places by numerous cross-threads, woven by the larva and 
 which resemble spider threads. These are freely traversed 
 by the larvae in moving from one part of the leaf to another. 
 
 In locomotion the movements of the larva are those of a 
 half-looper. 
 
 The larva is slender, rather moniliform and somewhat 
 flattened. The body is tuberculated along the sides of the 
 segments with round nodules. The terminal prolegs project 
 behind, like a little fork ; the abdominal prolegs are very 
 short and slender, and four in number ; the pair on the 8th 
 segment is rather larger than the others. 
 
 It is beautifully coloured. General hue greenish, varied 
 with dark reddish, with six dark-reddish tubercles on each 
 side. On each side the 5th segment is a pair of white 
 tubercles, and two more pairs of the same hue on the 8th and 
 9th, and a single white one on each side of the 6th. Head 
 pale brownish, as well as the second segment. 
 
 The pupa is naked, not inclosed in a cocoon, and is fixed 
 by the tail at the junction of cross-threads on the under sur- 
 
MARCH, 1862. 191 
 
 face of the leaf of the food plant, or other convenient neigh- 
 bouring objects. The pupa is not suspended by the tail as in 
 butterflies, but is supported on the cross-threads in a position 
 more or less horizontal. The head case of the pupa is nar- 
 rowly elongated and pointed, the process thus formed being 
 three-sided. It tapers regularly from the thorax to the 
 abdominal extremity, but on the back of the abdomen-case, 
 which is somewhat flattened, there are three ridges, one in 
 the middle, and one on each side. Colour blackish-brown ; 
 varied on the dorsum of the abdomen-case, with grayish along 
 the edges of the ridges, and with greenish between them. 
 
 The first imago, taken in the pupa state on the 9th of 
 October, appeared on the 21st instant. The. imago rests in 
 the position of a Tischeria, that is, with the fore-legs applied 
 to the breast, the front part of the body elevated, and the ends 
 of the wings touching the surface on which the imago may 
 be standing. It is rather sluggish in its habits. The fall 
 brood doubtless hybernates until the following spring. 
 
 The affinities of this little insect are very interesting. In 
 early life its mode of mining indicates a relationship to the 
 genus Nepticula. Its subsequent habits recall those of the 
 genera Tischeria and Butalis. 
 
 The larva resembles the false loopers of the Noctuina, and 
 its mode of transformation closely approaches the pupation of 
 the Rhopalocerous larvae, the Pterophorina, and that of the 
 genus Elachista. In the imago the folded fore-legs, the 
 position at rest and the tufted front, show strong affinities 
 towards the genus Tischeria, and its wing structure places it 
 in the Lithocolletiform group of the Tineina, to which the 
 former genus belongs. 
 
 The collector in searching for the larvae of this insect, 
 should look amongst the leaves that are most shaded, for 
 these are preferred to those exposed to the sun. After having 
 found a plant inhabited by them, he can either secure them 
 and rear them in breeding-vessels, or wait until the period of 
 pupation, and secure the pupae without the trouble of attend- 
 ing to the feeding of the larvae. 
 
192 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 NEPTICULA MINERS OF THE SYCAMORE LEAF. 
 
 I ascertained during the fall of 1861, that there is more 
 than one species of Nepticula that mines the leaves of the 
 sycamore tree, and that all of them are double-brooded. The 
 first brood may be taken early in June and July, and the 
 second during the latter part of September and early in 
 October. 
 
 The mine and larva of one species is described in the 
 November and December number of the present work for 
 1861, page 83,* and the imago in the January and February 
 number for 1862, page 133 ;f but it may be well to repeat 
 here, for the purpose of comparison, a more circumstantial 
 description of the mine of the species to which allusion is 
 made. 
 
 The mine of Nepticula Platanella begins as a very slender 
 track, the entire length of which is filled with fr ass. This is 
 very soon expanded into a round, conspicuous, blister-like 
 blotch, on the upper surface of the leaves, which sometimes 
 obliterates the early portion of the mine ; but in this event it 
 is still perceptible on the separated epidermis as a slender, 
 dark-brown line. After the blotch has been formed, the 
 "frass" is diffused over the floor of the mine, discolouring its 
 surface. 
 
 Sycamore miner. No. 2, mines in quite a straight line, 
 when its course is along a vein of the leaf, otherwise it is 
 slightly winding. The mine begins as an extremely minute 
 tract, and is gradually enlarged towards the extremity. A 
 day or two before leaving its mine the larva enlarges the end 
 into a small blotch) which has attached to it a long linear 
 track, with a central line of blackish frass. In the enlarged 
 portion of the mine the frass-line changes into one of scattered 
 and separated grains. 
 
 The larva is of a lively or bright-green colour, with a dark- 
 green central line of intestinal matters. Head pale brownish. 
 
 * See ante, p. 173. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 183. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1862. 193 
 
 The body tapers somewhat from the thoracic rings. The 
 larva was not taken from the mine for description. 
 
 The imago of this species is undescribed, and although 
 I secured cocoonets last fall, which may produce imagos in 
 the spring, I shall be glad if some new observer rears imagos 
 in the coming summer and records a description of them. 
 
 Sycamore miner, No. 3, mines, at first, in a very narrow, 
 transparent track, having a blackish central line of frass ; 
 the tract being usually much contorted. At this stage of its 
 larval life, which is its earliest period, the miner can scarcely 
 be detected by the naked eye. Three or four days before 
 pupation, the larva begins to enlarge the linear mine into a 
 blotch. This enlargement takes place most often over the 
 course of the old linear mine, the latter half of which furnishes 
 the basis of the blotch, and hence leaves within it a blackish 
 frass-line. The edges of the blotch are irregular; in the 
 mine of Platanella the blotch is circular or nearly so, and 
 the early portion of the mine is filled with frass, while the 
 blotch is formed by dilating the linear tract, after it becomes 
 five or six lines long. 
 
 The larva, when young, is transparent ; colour white, tinged 
 with greenish, with the thoracic segments swollen, giving it 
 a fusiform appearance. Subsequently it becomes of a pale- 
 green colour, retaining, however, the swollen thoracic rings. 
 
 In order to insure success in rearing these larvae, one must 
 be careful that an excess of moisture does not condense on 
 the sides of the vessels in which the leaves containing them 
 are kept. When the larvae are full fed, they abandon their 
 mines in order to weave their cocoons, and if there is much 
 moisture on the sides of the vessel, the larvae will be drowned 
 in it as they endeavour to ascend its sides. When this 
 happens, or when the larvae are disabled by a few hours' sub- 
 mersion in this moisture, the observer is not only discouraged, 
 but his care and attention are lost. 
 
 This accident has happened to me very often. In order 
 to avoid it I have found that if the layer of moist sand is 
 
 o 
 
194 PAPEKS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 covered with a layer of damp earth an inch or two thick, and 
 packed rather firmly, that the moisture does not collect on 
 the sides of the vessel to such a degree as to endanger the 
 lives of the larvse. Indeed its accumulation may be prevented 
 entirely, provided the sand is not too wet. The earth should 
 not be wetted and its degree of dampness should be that 
 which is natural to the soil in summer. If the cover of the 
 breeding-vessel fits accurately, the leaves may be laid simply 
 on the surface of the earth, and they will keep fresh for quite 
 a long time. 
 
 The cocoonets are not as easily detected by the eye, how- 
 ever, on the brown earth, as they are on the surface of white 
 sand. But if the surface of the earth is smoothed with the 
 fingers, so as to leave no fissures or cracks in it, the larvse 
 will nearly always weave on the sides of the glass where they 
 meet the surface of the earth. 
 
 The sycamore miners often weave their cocoonets within 
 their mines, when the air within the vessel is too humid. 
 Previously to weaving they carefully cut the epidermis, some 
 distance on each side of the point at which the cocoonet is 
 to be placed, and thus secure their exit as imagos. Accord- 
 ing to my observation, this never takes place in nature. 
 And yet, great numbers of the larvae that mine leaves over- 
 hanging a stream of water for the sycamore usually stands 
 along the margins of streams must be drowned after abandon- 
 ing their mines. 
 
 
MARCH, 1862. 195 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
 Philadelphia, Vol. I. pp. 173-181, March, 1862.] 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES OF HETEROCERA. 
 
 BY BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 THAT the following Synopsis of Families may be used to 
 advantage, it is necessary that the fore and hind-wings should 
 be carefully denuded of their scales on both sides. 
 
 My own method of doing this, is as follows : the wings are 
 carefully detached from the thorax and placed on a slip of 
 glass, with the surface a little moistened with common water. 
 Then with a sable hair-pencil, pointed and moistened by the 
 lips, the upper surface is denuded, working with light and 
 careful touches, in the direction in which the scales lie. 
 When the upper surface has been denuded and the wings 
 have dried, they can be easily detached from the glass by 
 placing the point of the pencil under the base, or the part 
 attached to the thorax. After the wings have been detached 
 from the glass the denuded side is secured to it by a little 
 moisture from the mouth, as it is slightly adhesive when 
 dried, and the under side is then carefully denuded. 
 
 The entire surface of the wing need not be denuded; it is 
 quite sufficient if those parts in which the modifications of 
 structure chiefly take place are made transparent. This, 
 however, applies principally to the fore-wings ; it is necessary 
 to obtain a clear view of every portion of the hind-wings, 
 except the distribution of the nervules to the hinder margin. 
 
 When the wings are very small, they must be denuded 
 under a lens. When large, the under side can be denuded 
 without removal from the body. 
 
 02 
 
196 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The wings thus treated should be permitted to remain on 
 the glass slide after the under side has been deprived of their 
 scales, and protected from injury by a thin piece of mica, or 
 thin glass cemented to the surface by common paste or some 
 of the cements used for making microscopic preparations. 
 The slides may be an inch wide and two inches long, and 
 may contain one or more specimens. In order that they may 
 be easily distinguished, the slides should be covered with 
 paper, leaving openings through which the wings can be 
 seen, and the names of the family, genus and species written 
 upon it. 
 
 The following is the method used by M. Guenee, which 
 the student may prefer : (< I commence by depriving the 
 wing, on both sides, of nearly all its scales, by means of the 
 solution of gum that is used to take impressions of them 
 [between two pieces of paper or tissue-paper, which are 
 moistened with the solution of gum, I suppose, and submitted 
 to light pressure] ; and as some scales are not taken off by 
 this treatment, especially those which cover the subcostal 
 vein of the fore-wings, I submit it several times to a separate 
 impression, and I finish by brushing away, with the point of 
 a pencil, all the scales that remain on it. Afterwards I place 
 the wings, still wet, between two perfectly equal slips of glass, 
 and secure them with a little wooden vice [the clothes-pin 
 which opens and closes by means of a spiral spring answers 
 a very good purpose for this use], and bind around the slips 
 a little band of black paper, which I turn over slightly on 
 each end. When ah 1 is dry I remove the compressor, and 
 obtain thus a very transparent frame, on the side of which 
 I write the name of the species, and which presents, for study, 
 the greatest convenience." 
 
 In order to save space, the contraction " F. w." will be 
 used for Fore-wings ; and unless the fore-wings are specified, 
 the categories must always be understood to refer to the hind- 
 wings. 
 
 The " secondary cell" is formed within the disk of the 
 fore-wings by a branch from the subcostal vein ; it will some- 
 times be contracted into " 2ndy cell." 
 
MARCH, 1862. 197 
 
 The " areole" is a cell formed by the branches of the sub- 
 costal vein of the fore-wings. 
 
 The "disco-central" nervule is one that rises from the 
 middle of the disk; when on the side of the median vein, it 
 will be called " medio-discal." To save space, the former 
 will sometimes be simply " the disco-central." 
 
 The " intercostal cell" is formed in the hind-wings by a 
 junction between the costal and subcostal veins or a minute 
 communicating vein, when the two are parallel in their course, 
 called the intercostal. 
 
 For all particulars respecting the names of the veins, &c., 
 the student is referred to a paper on the North American 
 Sphinges, contained in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., July, 
 1859, where the subject is illustrated by figures. 
 
 I regret that I have neither the material nor the time to 
 enable me to give a synopsis of the genera of each of the 
 families. The plan here adopted is perfectly applicable to 
 this purpose ; but it is scarcely the work of one who has 
 a limited collection, and by no means an extended acquaint- 
 ance with genera. For much of the information contained 
 in the various categories, I have been dependent on various 
 authors, so that I fear that now and then a family group may 
 be misplaced under a general heading not applicable to it, or 
 some detail of structure may not be correct. This I am sure 
 the student will overlook, when he considers that this is the 
 first attempt that has been made to arrange analytically the 
 numerous families of the great group Heterocera. 
 
 It may be advisable, perhaps, to indicate the mode of using 
 the following table, in order to ascertain the family to which 
 an insect may belong, that one wishes to classify, or to ascer- 
 tain whether it has been described. 
 
 It will be noticed that for each affirmative category there 
 is a corresponding negative category, and, as far as rny know- 
 ledge extends, each of them is absolute. Thus, the first 
 includes all Heterocerous Lepidoptera whose " wings are not 
 penniform or fissured," and an insect corresponding to this 
 will be found in its family group some place under this head- 
 
198 PAPEES BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 ing. If, on the contrary, the wings of the insect are fissured, 
 it will be found under the second principal category, printed 
 in the same kind of type f as the first, viz. : those whose 
 " wings are penniform or fissured." 
 
 If the specimen belongs to the first category, the student 
 will notice whether the hind-wings are supplied with a 
 " bristle," or not ; if it is absent, the specimen belongs to a 
 family included under the second category. He will then 
 observe whether the wing structure in both the fore and hind- 
 wings is alike ; if it is, and the specific diagnosis below this 
 category corresponds to his specimen, it belongs to the family 
 
 If the wing structure is not alike in the fore and hind- 
 wings of the specimen, then its family must be sought under 
 the category marked**. If this has not a " costal vein" in the 
 hind-wings, it is included in the division marked ; but if it 
 has a " costal vein," then under the next affirmative category 
 referring to the same structure. This latter category is again 
 subdivided into two others, insects " With an intercostal cell" 
 and " Without an intercostal cell" and the latter is again 
 subdivided into groups according to the peculiarities of the 
 (f internal vein" 
 
 The specimen, however, probably is supplied with a 
 " bristle" at the base of the costa of the hind-wings, and in 
 this case the student will pass, without further examination 
 of the categories included in the second one, to the corre- 
 sponding affirmative category, printed in the same kind of 
 typef as the second, viz. : insects " with a bristle at the base 
 of the hind-wings." 
 
 If the wings are " without long cilia," the specimen will 
 be found under the next head; but if, on the contrary, the 
 wings have " long cilia," all the matter included under the 
 negative category may be passed over until the corresponding 
 
 f In the original, Dr. Clemens has endeavoured to introduce a great variety 
 of types, so as really to carry out this idea, but this, in reprinting, I have found 
 impracticable. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1862. 199 
 
 affirmative one is reached, under which will be found the 
 family to which the specimen belongs. 
 
 To assist the student in discovering the various affirmative 
 and negative categories, those which have reference to the 
 same structural peculiarities are printed in some distinctive 
 type,f and the different categories separated by spaces. He 
 should confine himself to these, until some one is found that 
 corresponds to his specimen, and then continue the investiga- 
 tion by examining the various subdivisions under it, until one 
 is found that is again descriptive of his specimen, and at last 
 the special description indicating the family. Whenever the 
 category disagrees with his specimen, he should, therefore, 
 pass on to the next one in the same kind of typef until one is 
 found that does agree with it. 
 
 Each category includes everything between it and the next 
 of the same value, so that it is useless to look under a dis- 
 agreeing head for anything that characterizes the specimen 
 whose structure does not correspond to it. 
 
 The student must be careful, in detaching the wings from 
 the thorax of a moth, that the little "bristle," which attaches 
 the hind-wings to the anterior pair, is not broken. 
 
 HETEROCERA. 
 
 Antennas setaceous or fusiform, with the apex attenuated 
 (except Castnia, which, however, has a collar to the pro- 
 thorax and the posterior wings a bristle) : wings usually fiat 
 in repose ; hind-wings generally furnished with a bristle ; 
 prothorax covered by a collar or patagium. Very often 
 with ocelli or false eyes on the head behind the antennas. 
 Flight diurnal, crepuscular, most frequently nocturnal. 
 
 WINGS NOT PENNIFOEM OR FISSURED. 
 
 HIND-WINGS WITHOUT A BRISTLE AT THE BASE OF THE COSTA. 
 
 * Neuration alike in the fore and hind-wings. 
 Costal vein long; a basal spur at base; subcostal 4-branched, 
 
 apical furcate. 
 
 Wings long, narrow ; discal 3-branched. Median 2-branched. 
 Antennae very short. Epialidse, 
 
 f See note on previous page. H. T. S. 
 
200 PAPEKS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 * * Neuration not alike in fore and hind-wings. 
 
 Without a costal vein. 
 
 Subcostal vein bifid; with disco-central nervule; median 
 4-branched. Bombycidse (Oylothrix}. 
 
 With a costal vein. 
 
 f With a more or less distinct intercostal cell. 
 Costal vein short ; subcostal 3 or 4-branched. 
 Cell nearly circular, more or less distinct; discal branchless; 
 median 4-branched. Bombycidae, 
 
 Costal rather long ; subcostal bifid, attenuated. 
 Cell long, narrow ; discal fold decided ; median 4-branched. 
 F. w. fold thickened. Cossidae, 
 
 f f Without an intercostal cell. 
 
 J With a long internal vein extended to anal 
 
 angle. 
 
 Costal long, free, simple. Subcostal 3-branched. 
 Disk usually open ; if closed without disco-central. 
 F. w. with the subcosto-inferior nervule furcate. Saturn idse, 
 F. w. with the subcosto-inferior nervule simple. 
 
 Ceratocampidse, 
 
 \ \ With a short internal vein, near inner 
 
 margin. 
 
 Costal and subcostal veins parallel towards the base. 
 Subcostal divides interior to the discal vein. 
 Discal angulated, simple, arising from subcosto-post apical. 
 Antennae pectinated or filiform. Palpi very short. Tongue 
 almost obsolete. Wings often falcate. * DrGpanulidfiGi 
 \ \\ Without an internal vein. Subcostal bifid. 
 Median trifid. Discal nervule arises from subcostal. 
 F. w. costal vein bifid. H. w. tailed. Imagos papilio- 
 naceous. Uranidse, 
 HIND-WINGS WITH A BKISTLE AT THE BASE. 
 WINGS WITHOUT LONG CILIA, NOT POINTED. 
 
 HIND-WINGS WITHOUT A COSTAL VEIN. 
 Submedian and internal veins distinct, long. 
 
 * Median vein 4-branched. 
 Hind-wings, costa dilated at the base. 
 
 Subcostal curved, 3-branched, with an imperfect basal cell. 
 
 * Characters drawn from Platypteryx (Drepana) lacertinaria of Europe. 
 
MARCH, 1862. 201 
 
 F. w. subcostal exterior to the disk 4-branched ; fold thickened ; 
 
 submedian doubly furcate. Bombycidse (Gen. Pimela}. 
 
 Hind-wings, costa not dilated at the base. 
 
 Subcostal bifid. Lower branch not decidedly angulated. 
 Without disco-central. Antennas incrassated at the tip, 
 
 shortly pectinate. Zygsenidse, 
 
 Antennas setaceous, pectinate ; body often metallic. 
 
 Subcostal bifid. Lower branch decidedly angulated. 
 With disco-central, antennas pectinate ; wings slightly 
 
 diaphanous. Ctenuchidse, 
 
 * * Median vein 3-branched. 
 
 f Subcostal trifid. With a disco-central nervule. 
 Antennas setiform; wings semi-diaphanous. (Nudaria? C.) 
 
 Lithosidae, 
 J Without disco-central nervule. 
 
 Wings with marginal gemmated spots. (A remarkable ex- 
 ception.) Pyralidse, 
 
 F. w. with a broad stripe ; f. w. neuration sphingiform 
 (Ormetica,C.) . Glaucopididse, 
 
 f f Subcostal bifid. Without disco-central. 
 
 Antennas minutely pectinated; f. w. subcostal branches 
 separated. Lycomorphidse, 
 
 J J With a disco-central nervule. 
 
 Antennas deeply pectinate; wings limpid; ? apterous. F. 
 w. submedian with branches. Psychidse, 
 
 Antennas shortly pectinate ; body metallic. F. w. neuration 
 sphingiform. Glaucopididse, 
 
 * * * Median bifid, lower branch furcate at tip. 
 
 f Subcostal bifid. With disco-central nervule. 
 Antennas pectinate ; wings often limpid or with limpid spots. 
 
 Glaucopididse, 
 
 Submedian distinct) internal obsolete. 
 
 f Median vein 2-branched. The females of the 
 
 genus Dineurodes. 
 f f Median vein 3 or 4-branched. 
 
 Subcostal trifid, furcate at base;* discal vein with or with- 
 out nervule. 
 
 * Properly considered, the costal and subcostal are partly soldered together, 
 but the formation might be mistaken for a trifid vein by a novice. 
 
202 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 F. w. with one or more areoles. Wings thin. Body slen- 
 der. Geometridse, 
 
 Submedian and internal veins obsolete. 
 
 Subcostal and median 3-branched ; with disco-central. Sexual 
 peculiarity among ? of Eu bolides. Geometridse, 
 
 HlND WINGS WITH A COSTAL VEIN. 
 
 1. With an intercostal cell. 
 f With an internal vein. 
 Median 3 or 4-branched. Subcostal bifid. 
 Lower branch of subcostal angulated ; costal furcate at base. 
 Antennae fusiform. F. w. with nervules radiating from the 
 disk. Zygsenidse, 
 
 Lower branch not angulated ; costal simple at base. 
 Antennae fusiform, setigerous, sometimes ciliated. F. w. 
 with subcostal nervules aggregated. Sphingid33, 
 
 f f Without an internal vein. 
 Median vein 3-branched. 
 Subcostal simple; discal vein with angle pointing outward, 
 
 with a nervule. 
 
 Subcostal bifid, discal vein curved, with disco-central. 
 Wings thin, delicate; h. w. angulated at apical nervule. F. 
 w. with two areoles. Geometridse, 
 
 2. Without an intercostal cell. 
 IF Hind-wings without an internal vein. 
 Hind-wings with a tail-like appendage. 
 
 Median 3-branched. Subcostal bifid. 
 
 Disk closed, with disco-central. F. w. with costal vein 
 simple; subcosto-inferior simple. Sematuridse, 
 
 Hind-wings without tail-like appendage. 
 Median 3-branched. Subcostal bifid. Costal and 
 
 subcostal pendiculate. 
 Body slender. Wings thin. F. w. often with an areole. 
 
 Geometridae, 
 IF IF Internal vein never very short or nearly 
 
 coincident with the inner margin. 
 Antennce thickened or incrassated towards the tip. 
 Wings with transparent spots. Abdomen tufted at the tip. 
 
 Thyridae, 
 
MARCH, 1862. 203 
 
 Subcostal bifid. Median trifid. With disco-central. 
 F. w. submedian with an internal branch; subc. inferior fur- 
 cate. Antennae clavate. Castniadse, 
 F. w. submedian simple; subc. inferior simple. Antenna? 
 thickened towards tips. Agaristidse, 
 Subcostal simple. Median trifid, upper branches pedi- 
 cellate. With disco-central. 
 
 Wings often hyaline. F. w. with radiating nervules; costa 
 folded. Antennas fusiform. /Egeriadae, 
 
 Antennae never thickened or incrassated toward the tip. 
 
 1. F. W. WITH NERVULES RADIATING FROM THE DISK. 
 
 Hind-wings, costal vein simple. 
 
 Subcostal simple, attenuated towards base; discal ner- 
 vules, two. 
 F. w. spotted; medio-posterior remote; secondary cell very 
 
 distinct. Gen. P&ciloptera, Clem. 
 
 F. w. not spotted; medio-posterior not remote; secondary 
 
 cell indistinct. Gen. Anaphora, Clem. Tineidae, 
 
 Subcostal simple, slightly joined to costal and curved 
 
 into the discal. 
 
 Median 3-branched; discal vein simple. 
 F. w. with seven nervules to the costa and hind margin.* 
 (E. Zees.) Pyralidae, 
 
 Subcostal bifid, not attenuated; branches usually conni- 
 
 vent. 
 
 Median 4-branched; without disco-central. 
 F. w. costa at base often arched; median nervules curved. 
 Subcostal remote. Tortrlcidse, 
 
 2. F. W. WITH NERVULES NOT RADIATING FROM THE 
 DISK. 
 
 1. F. w. with the fold thickened by a slender vein. 
 Costal vein simple, crossing subcostal or pedicel- 
 late. 
 
 Subcostal bifid. Discal irregular, with medio-discal 
 branch. 
 
 * This wing-structure is a remarkable exception in the family- B. C. 
 
204 TAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Median 3-branched. Tongue extremely short or absent. 
 Body short, thick. Limacodidse, 
 
 2. F. w. with the fold not thickened. 
 * MEDIAN 3 OR 4-BRANCHED. COSTAL SIMPLE. 
 
 f Subcostal bifid, attenuated towards the base from 
 
 the discal. 
 
 With maxillary palpi. Antennae, basal joint often with 
 
 appendages. Pyralidse, 
 
 f f Subcostal bifid, not attenuated; parallel to or 
 
 in contact with costal. 
 
 Head without ocelli. Tongue nearly obsolete or short. 
 \ Subcostal divides exterior to the discal vein. 
 Costal arched at base, touching subcostal slightly. 
 Disco-central wanting. Antennae generally pectinate. Abdo- 
 men tufted at the end. LiparidaBi 
 Costal parallel to or in contact with subcostal toward 
 
 the base. 
 
 With disco-central. Antennas shortly pectinate or ciliate. 
 Body thick. Legs hairy. Notodontidse, 
 
 Costal and subcostal with a common stalk. 
 
 Median 3-branched. Discal simple or with medio-discal. 
 
 F. w. subcostal remote. L'lthosidse, 
 
 Median 3-branched. Disco-central feeble, lost in the fold. 
 
 Head small, sunken (Glottulides). Noctuidse, 
 
 J t Subcostal divides interior to the discal 
 
 vein. 
 
 Costal and subcostal vein parallel. 
 
 With medio-discal. Antennae simple, pubescent. Body 
 rather thick. Legs hairy. 
 
 Noctuidse pars. (Noctuo-Bombycides.) 
 
 Head with ocelli. Tongue short or almost obsolete. 
 
 J Subcostal divides exterior to the disk. 
 Costal and subcostal parallel or touching at the base. 
 With disco-central. Antennae simple or ciliated. Legs and 
 abdomen with tufts. Notodontidae pars. 
 
 Costal and subcostal veins with a common stalk. 
 Antennae bipectinate, ciliate, serrate or simple. 
 
MARCH, 1862. 205 
 
 Labial palpi small, pilose, scarcely exceeding the clypeus. 
 Medio-posterior nervule remote from medio-inferior. 
 Median 4-branched. Discal vein angulated, simple. Abdo- 
 men, most often spotted. ArctiidcB, 
 Median 3-branched; discal angulated, simple. F. w. apical 
 vein trifid at tip. Gen. Crocota. 
 
 Head with ocelli. Tongue moderately long. 
 
 J Subcostal divides exterior to the disk. 
 Costal and subcostal pedicellate or decussating at base. 
 Labial palpi ascending, stout; last joint closely scaled, 
 
 slenderer than the middle. 
 
 Median 3-branched, with medio-discal or disco-central. 
 F. w. always with an areole, sometimes two. Wings de- 
 flexed. Noctuidse, 
 * * MEDIAN 4-BRANCHED. COSTAL VEIN BIFID. 
 Subcostal simple, attenuated or obsolete, from a minute 
 
 intercostal. 
 Discal with a long curve. Head with maxillary palpi. 
 
 Pyralidse, 
 
 IT T 1T Hind-wings with an internal vein, very 
 
 short, or almost obsolete. 
 
 Internal vein nearly coincident with the inner, margin. 
 Costal and subcostal pedicellate, parallel, or in contact towards 
 the base. 
 
 Subcostal bifid; median trifid; with or without disco- 
 central. 
 
 Wings thin, often elevated in repose. F. w. often with an 
 areole. Geometridse, 
 
 WlNGS WITH LONG CILIA, POINTED. IMAGO SMALL. 
 
 NEURATION SIMILAR IN FORE AND HIND-WINGS. 
 
 Costal veins bifid or simple. 
 
 Subcostal with 2ndy cell. F. w. with an intercostal branch 
 between a branch of the costal and the first of subcostal ; 
 second branch furcate, with four branches from the end of 
 the disk. An intermediate branch between the bifid medio- 
 posterior and the median vein. MicropteHgidae, 
 
206 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 ^Tineidae, 
 
 Subcostal without 2ndy cell. In both wings, three subcosto- 
 marginal nervules, the apical bifid; medio-posterior from 
 near the base, connected with the median or a branch of it 
 by a transverse branch. Micropterig'ldae, 
 
 NEURATION DISSIMILAR IN FORE AND HIND-WINGS. 
 Hind-wings rather broad; very often ovate-lanceolate, never 
 
 linear -Ian ceo late. 
 Median 2-branched; discal nervules2 or 3. Sub-' 
 
 costal bifid or simple. Group Tineides. 
 Median 3-branched; discal nervules 2, 1, or none. 
 
 Subcostal bifid or simple. 
 
 Costa often excised; very often the upper median 
 nervules pedicellate. Group Gelechides. 
 
 Hind-wings extremely narrow, linear-lanceolate or almost 
 
 setiform. 
 Median vein 2 or 3-branched. Subcostal simple or 
 
 bifid. 
 
 Disk most often unclosed; with a simple or 
 furcate nervule, free, or arising from the sub- 
 costal. Group Gracilarides. 
 
 Median vein simple. Subcostal central, 
 
 2, 3 or 4-branched. 
 
 Disk always unclosed. Costal vein obsolete. 
 Group Lithocolletides. 
 
 Gracilaridae, 
 
 WINGS PENNIFORM OR FISSURED. 
 
 Fore-wings fissured, hind-wings entire. 
 Sometimes amongst the Deltoididce. 
 
 Both wings fissured. 
 
 Fore-wings bifid, hind-wings trifid. PterophoHdae, 
 
 Fore and hind-wings divided into six. A I licit id 86, 
 
MARCH, 1863. 207 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. II., pp. 414, March, 1863.] 
 
 AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BKACKENKIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 TlNEINA. . 
 
 STROBISIA, Clemens.* 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL, May, 1860, p. 164. 
 S. levipedella. Fore-wings dark brownish, with a cupreous 
 hue. The apical half of the wing is darker than the basal 
 half. About the middle of the costa is a short oblique white 
 streak, and another of the same hue midway between it and 
 the tip of the wing, perpendicular to the costa, and of nearly 
 triangular form. Beneath the first costal streak are two 
 short, longitudinal dashes; one on each side of the fold of the 
 wing, and two others of the same hue, parallel, and beneath 
 the second costal streak. Cilia with a violet iridescence. 
 Hind-wings dark brownish. 
 
 Antennae dark brownish. Head whitish beneath. Labial 
 palpi white, third joint dark brownish exteriorly. Feet 
 annulated with white. 
 
 When it alights after a flight, it walks in a wavy line and 
 turns round several times in a circle. 
 
 I have a single specimen, taken on wing the 1st of June. 
 
 PAEECTOPA, Clemens, f 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., June, 1860, p. 209. 
 
 P. Robiniella. Fore-wings fine brown, somewhat golden, 
 shaded with dark brown. Along the costa are three oblique 
 
 * See ante, p. 117. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 144. H. T. S. 
 
208 PAPEES BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 silvery streaks, the one nearest the base of the wing short, 
 and the other extended to the middle of the wing, each shaded 
 along their margins with dark brown. On the inner margin 
 are three silvery dorsal spots, placed opposite the spaces 
 between the costal streaks. Near the tip of the wing is a 
 transverse, narrow, curved silvery line, passing from the 
 costa to the inner angle. At the base of the cilia are two 
 black converging lines, which do not meet opposite the apex 
 of the wing. Cilia silvery-white, tipped with dark fuscous. 
 Hind-wings dark brown ; cilia the same. 
 
 Antennae dark brown, very slightly annulated with whitish, 
 and the extreme tip silvery-white. Head dark brown, tuft 
 and face silvery-white. Labial palpi dark fuscous, the third 
 joint silvery- white. Feet annulated with white. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of the locust, making a blotch 
 mine on the upper surface of the leaf, with a number of 
 lateral galleries running out from it, on each side. Its habits 
 in all respects are similar to those of P. lespedezctfoliella. 
 I am unable to indicate exactly the month in which it should 
 be sought, as I have mislaid the notes made on this species ; 
 but I think it can be found in the latter part of spring. 
 I have always found the mines untenanted at the time the 
 leaf is mined by Lithocolletis Robiniella. 
 
 In the Fifth Annual Report of New York State Agricul- 
 tural Society, Dr. Fitch describes two locust leaf-miners. The 
 first, Anacampsis Robiniella, is unquestionably a Lithocolletis. 
 If Dr. Fitch has been led into no error, it is a new species, 
 and the specific name must be changed. The other species, 
 Argyromiges Pseudacaciella, is identical with Lithocolletis 
 Robiniella* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., November, 1859, p. 319, 
 first described by myself a year or two previously in the 
 Entomologist, f published in London, by W. H. Stainton 
 (sic). P. Robiniella and L. Robiniella are the only miners 
 
 * See ante, p. 66. H. T. S. 
 
 f This allusion is to the Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer, vol. 3, p. 125, 
 where some extracts from the letter of December 12th, 1857 (see ante, p. 8), 
 were inserted. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1863. 209 
 
 I have found in the leaf of the locust, although I have exa- 
 mined the leaves yearly for several years in succession. And 
 I will candidly say, that I do not think there can be two 
 species of Lithocolletis, that mine the leaves of the locust, for 
 Dr. Fitch's history of Anacampsis Robiniella is contradictory 
 and at variance with the natural history of the genus. His 
 description of larva shows that it belongs to the second larval 
 group * (see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., November, 1859, p. 318), 
 the mines of which are in variably fiat and situated on the 
 upper surface of the leaf ; but according to his description 
 the mine is on the under surface and tent-like. The flattened 
 Lithocolletis larvas cannot make a mine similar to that of the 
 cylindrical larvaa, in consequence of the different formation of 
 their heads. In all probability Dr. Fitch has been led into 
 error respecting the insect he has named Anacampsis Robi- 
 niella, and I am unable to recognize, in his description of the 
 imago, any of the species of Lithocolletis known tome. 
 
 BKENTHIA, Clemens, f 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., May, 1860, p. 172. 
 
 The second joint of the labial palpi almost tufted. 
 
 B. inflatella. Fore-wings dull orange ; in the middle of the 
 wing dark fuscous, dusted with white. At the base of the 
 wing are three or four small spots of a beautiful metallic green, 
 and two others of the same hue on the disk, between which, 
 on the costa, is a small white spot. At the apical third of 
 the wing is a curved metallic green band, extending from the 
 costa to the inner angle, beginning on the costa in a small 
 white spot. A little beyond the metallic line, towards the 
 base of the wing, on the inner margin, is a small spot of the 
 same metallic hue. Near the hinder margin is a subterminal 
 dark-fuscous line, which from the costa to the middle of the 
 wing is overlaid with metaUic-green scales, and on the costa, 
 between the two transverse lines, is a white spot. Cilia fus- 
 
 * See ante, p. 63. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 133. H. T. S. 
 
210 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 cous, white in the middle of the wing. Hind-wings dull 
 fuscous, with two iridescent spots near the inner angle. Ab- 
 domen with two iridescent spots near the tip. 
 
 Antennas fuscous, annulated with white. Head and labial 
 palpi gray, varied with fuscous. Feet dark fuscous, annu- 
 lated with white. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen, taken on the wing in 
 July. 
 
 COLEOPHORA, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 4. 
 
 Wings with long cilia. Hind-wings very narrow, lanceo- 
 late. The subcostal vein is attenuated towards the base of 
 the wing, and near the middle of the wing divides into two 
 branches. The median vein runs near the inner margin of 
 the wing, and divides into two short branches. The discoidal 
 vein, often indistinct, is simple and free. 
 
 The fore-wings are lanceolate, often nearly caudulate. 
 The discoidal cell is closed, long and narrow. The subcostal 
 vein is rather remote from the costa and throws off from the 
 cell three branches to the exterior margin, and two to the tip 
 of the wing from the exterior end of the cell, sometimes a 
 furcate branch. The median vein gives off two very short 
 branches from its extreme end to the inner margin behind the 
 tip. The submedian has a long fork at its base. 
 
 Head above and in front smooth. No ocelli. Antenna 
 sometimes thickened with scales to the middle, generally 
 slender, simple, basal joint elongated, frequently with a tuft 
 of hair. Labial palpi slender, rather porrected, with a slender 
 prolonged tuft from the second joint, the third joint pointed. 
 Tongue scaled, about as long as the anterior coxae or a little 
 longer. 
 
 The larva is a case bearer, changing to a pupa within the 
 case. 
 
 * See ante, p. 88. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1863. 211 
 
 Antennal stalk simple, basal joint tufted. 
 
 C. leucochrysella. Fore-wings immaculate white, slightly 
 tinted with yellowish at the extreme apex. Cilia yellowish- 
 white. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia the same. Antennae 
 annulated with black and white. Head and labial palpi 
 white. Feet annulated with white and brownish. 
 
 Taken on wing in the latter part of July. 
 
 Antennal stalk simple, basal joint not tufted. 
 
 C. concolorella. The entire insect is of a uniform, rather 
 dark yellow-ochreous colour. 
 
 Taken on wing 13th of June. A single specimen. 
 
 I have other species belonging to this genus, but as they 
 are not in perfect condition I forbear to describe them. 
 
 MARMARA, new gen. 
 
 Hind wings setiform. The subcostal vein is faint, attenu- 
 ated and simple. The discal vein free, central and two- 
 branched. The median vein simple. 
 
 Fore-wings narrowly lanceolate. The disk long, narrow 
 and closed. The subcostal vein is well defined from the base 
 to the first marginal branch, which appears to be a continua- 
 tion of it. But from the origin of the first marginal branch, 
 the vein is greatly attenuated and is deflected towards the 
 middle of the wing, and subdivides into two branches opposite 
 the point at which the first marginal branch attains the costa. 
 The two branches into which the subcostal divides are de- 
 livered one to the costa just behind the tip and the other 
 midway between this and the costal end of the first marginal 
 branch. The median vein is two-branched and is well defined 
 from the base to its branches, all of which are attenuated. 
 The posterior branch is short, and the next is delivered to 
 the tip of the wing and receives an oblique discal vein from the 
 last branch of the subcostal, which closes the disk. The sub- 
 median vein is simple. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Ocelli ? An- 
 
 p2 
 
212 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 tennse one-third less long than the fore-wings. Labial palpi 
 slender, ascending, not higher than the vertex; the second 
 joint is scaly, the third smooth. Beneath the labial palpi are 
 small, ascending maxillary palpi. Tongue naked, as long as 
 the fore coxae and femora. 
 
 The larva is much flattened, and the segments separated 
 by deep incisions, particularly on the sides. The head is 
 extremely thin, circular, with a peculiar appendage in front 
 of the mandibles similar to that found in the larva of Litho- 
 colletis of the second group* which it likewise resembles in 
 form. Like these it has three feet and three abdominal pro- 
 legs and one terminal pair, all very short. It leaves its mine 
 at maturity to weave a white, semi-transparent cocoon within 
 some crevice of the bark of the tree on which it feeds or upon 
 the ground. The exterior of the cocoon is covered with little 
 froth-like globules, which resemble minute pearls. 
 
 The imago rests with the front part of the body elevated, 
 and, I believe, the fore-feet applied to the breast, like the 
 members of the genus Tischeria. The antennas are held 
 extended at the side of the head, and have a constant trembling 
 motion. 
 
 M. salictella. Fore-wings dark fuscous, with a silvery- 
 white band at the basal third of the wing, and a slightly 
 oblique one of the same hue, in the middle inclined towards 
 'the inner angle. Near the tip of the wing is a dorsal and 
 costal silvery-white spot opposite each other. Behind the 
 dorsal spot, is a narrow, somewhat curved white streak, 
 extending from the apical cilia to the middle of the wing. 
 Cilia silvery-grayish at the tips. Hind- wings grayish- 
 fuscous. 
 
 Antennas grayish-fuscous. Head silvery-white. Labial 
 palpi silvery ; the hairs of the second joint touched with fus- 
 cous. Maxillary palpi dark fuscous. 
 
 The larva mines the young branches of the yellow willow 
 tree. I have always found it in those that spring from the 
 
 * See ante, p. 63. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1863. 213 
 
 trunk. Its mine is extremely long and very narrow, being 
 only a tract beneath the young and delicate cuticle of the 
 branches, sufficiently wide to accommodate the body of the 
 miner. At first it is difficult to detect the mine, but after 
 some months it is easily traced by the elevated line of reddish- 
 brown matter that marks the course of it. Thus it is easily 
 found in early spring before the buds have expanded, and the 
 larva may be sought in April and is easily reared. In the 
 spring the larva is of a dark lemon-yellow colour without 
 markings, and at this time the larva can be seen through the 
 cuticle of the branch. About the middle of May, or rather 
 about the 10th of the month, the larva will be found banded 
 alternately with red and yellow, with two black dorsal dashes 
 on the second segment. (I regard the head as the first.) 
 This is the indication that it has reached its maturity, and in 
 a day or two it cuts the cuticle and leaves the mine to weave 
 its cocoon, sometimes in the angle of a bud, on the branch of 
 which it has been feeding, and sometimes on adjacent sub- 
 stances. 
 
 In rearing this insect, it is simply necessary to thrust the 
 branches of the willow into wet sand contained in some 
 convenient vessel, and to protect them so that the larvse cannot 
 wander after leaving their mines. 
 
 The perfect insect appears after a pupation of about a 
 month, or, as in the case of one specimen specially observed, 
 in twenty-six days. It may be found as an imago, therefore, 
 about the middle of June. 
 
 GLYPHIPTERYX, Hiibner. 
 
 Wings oblong or elongate, with moderately long cilia. 
 Hind-wings rather ovate or lanceolate. The costal vein is 
 conspicuous, free and simple. The subcostal simple, attenu- 
 ated towards the base. The discal vein gives rise to two 
 discal nervules. The median subdivides into three branches, 
 the upper two arising from a common base. 
 
 In the anterior wings the secondary cell is distinct and the 
 
214 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 subcostal vein divides into four branches, the first arising 
 behind the secondary cell and three from its hinder end, the 
 last of which is delivered to the tip of the wing. Beneath 
 these are three nervules thrown off from the middle of the 
 disk. The median is 3-branched, giving off the nervules 
 somewhat aggregated. 
 
 Head smooth. Forehead broad. Ocelli large. Antennae 
 slender, short, not one-half as long as the fore-wings, with 
 distinct joints. Labial palpi arched, reaching about the 
 middle of the front (but in the dried specimen decumbent 
 or porrected), cylindrical, slightly hirsute; terminal joint 
 pointed, as long as the second. Tongue naked, of moderate 
 length. 
 
 G. impigritella. Fore-wings dark bronzy-brown, with a 
 conspicuous, curved, silvery-white streak, arising from the 
 basal third of the inner margin, where it is widest and curving 
 to the middle of the wing, and dark-margined on both sides. 
 On the costa are five short, silvery-white streaks, the first 
 oblique, the others nearly perpendicular, all of which are 
 black-margined internally ; the lines which form these margins 
 are more or less distinctly extended across the wing. That 
 of the first and second costal streaks meet just above the end of 
 the conspicuous dorsal streak from the inner margin. Between 
 the costal streaks, the wing is slightly touched with golden- 
 brown. Opposite the first and second costal streaks is a small 
 white spot on the inner margin, the curved black marginal 
 line of the second costal streak touching its inner side. At 
 the tip of the wing is a conspicuous round black spot, and 
 beneath it, in the cilia, is a silvery-gray hook, and the cilia 
 of the extreme tip is slightly touched with a silvery hue. 
 Hind-wings and cilia of the same hue as the fore-wings. 
 
 Antennas and head dark bronzy-brown. Labial palpi 
 whitish, with fuscous exteriorly. Feet annulated with white. 
 
 Taken on wing in July. 
 
 This insect is very like G. equitella of Europe. The 
 darker colour of our species, the dark-margined silvery 
 
MARCH, 1863. 215 
 
 streaks and the absence of silvery-violet spots, are the chief 
 differences. The European species burrows in the shoots of 
 Sedum acre (Stone-crop or Wild Orpine), and probably our 
 species may be found in the same plant or another of the 
 genus Sedum. 
 
 GRACILARIA, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 6. 
 
 Wings with long cilia. Hind-wings narrowly lanceolate ; 
 the costa is concave or excised in the middle. The costal 
 vein is short, entering the costa at the beginning of the con- 
 cavity. The subcostal vein is simple and runs near the 
 costa, and is much attenuated posteriorly. The discal vein 
 runs through the middle of the unclosed cell, arises at the 
 base of the wing much attenuated, and is connected by an 
 inosculating, minute branch with the subcostal vein about the 
 middle of the wing, and becomes furcate at its extremity. 
 The median vein is placed near the inner margin and is 
 3-branched. 
 
 Fore-wings lanceolate. The discal cell is long and narrow, 
 and the subcostal vein is attenuated towards the base, and 
 gives off a single, rather long, marginal branch, quite near 
 the base of the wing. From the hinder portion of the discal 
 cell nine nervules are given off, four of which go to the costa, 
 and five to the hinder margin. The submedian vein is 
 simple. 
 
 Head and face smooth. Without ocelli. Antennas fili- 
 form, as long as the fore-wings. Labial palpi slender, ascend- 
 ing, cylindrical; the second joint with appressed scales, not 
 tufted; the terminal joint pointed. Maxillary palpi rather 
 long, filiform. Tongue clothed with scales. 
 
 In the small species of this genus, the maxillary palpi are 
 less developed, and the labial palpi are almost drooping. In 
 the dried specimen the labial palpi are almost always more 
 or less drooping. 
 
 * See ante, p. 91. H. T. S. 
 
216 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The species of this genus are elegant in form and often 
 gaily coloured or prettily mottled. The position of the 
 imago at rest is extremely characteristic, but not peculiar 
 to it. The front of the body is elevated by the fore-legs 
 being held vertically, so that the tips of the wings touch the 
 surface on which the insect rests. The imago appears to be 
 about to poise itself on its wing-tips, or to have raised its head 
 into a position of profound attention. The larvae have only 
 fourteen feet; when young they mine the leaves, but at a 
 later period of growth many of the species construct cones, by 
 rolling up a portion of the leaf. They devour the inner 
 portion of the cone, which thus becomes discoloured and 
 easily observed. 
 
 The description of the species below was made originally 
 from a poor specimen,* and I therefore take this opportunity 
 to amend it from a perfect specimen, which I mistook at first 
 for a distinct species. 
 
 G. venustella. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., January, 1860, p. 6. 
 Fore-wings dark fuscous, with four equidistant costal streaks ;f 
 the first, near the base of the wing, quite short; the second 
 extended obliquely across, or nearly across, the wing, and 
 constricted or partially interrupted near the middle; the 
 third likewise oblique, but narrower than the second, ex- 
 tended to the middle of the wing; the fourth, near the tip of 
 the wing, slender, curved, nearly vertical to the costa and all 
 dark-margined internally. The basal portion of the inner 
 margin is white. Cilia dark fuscous, at the tip of the wings 
 white, touched with black at their ends, and having a few, 
 black-tipped scales in the middle of the white spot. Hind- 
 wings dark fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Antennae fuscous. Head and face white. Labial palpi 
 white, the 2nd joint fuscous at its end and the third with a 
 broad fuscous ring, leaving the extreme tip white. 
 
 Taken on wing the 25th of July. 
 
 * See ante, p. 92. H. T. S. 
 
 f Dr. Clemens has omitted here the colour of these streaks, but at p. 92 
 they are described as white. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1863. 217 
 
 GELECHIA, Zeller.* 
 
 Hind-wings trapezoidal, slightly or deeply emarginate below 
 the apex. The costal vein is simple, often there is a narrow 
 intercostal cell between the costal and subcostal veins at the 
 base of the wing. Most frequently the subcostal vein is bifid 
 about its apical third, rarely the subcostal vein is simple. 
 The median vein is 3-branched and nearly always the two 
 upper or superior branches arise from a common stalk, or 
 from one point. The discal cell is sometimes closed, when 
 it gives rise to a single nervule; sometimes unclosed, when 
 there is a single free discal nervule or none. When the 
 subcostal vein is simple, there are two discal nervules. 
 
 Fore-wings oblong or elongate, pointed or obscurely 
 pointed. The apical nervule of the subcostal vein is usually 
 furcate and terminates in the costa before the apex, and below 
 it are five veins from the posterior end of the discal cell. 
 Sometimes the apical vein is trifid. 
 
 Head smooth. With or without ocelli. Antennae with 
 joints thickly set. Labial palpi moderately long, or long, 
 reflexed; the second joint beneath slightly broader than the 
 basal joint, with appressed scales, hardly resembling a brush, 
 sometimes quite smooth; the terminal joint slender, almost 
 needle-like, smooth and pointed. Maxillary palpi very short. 
 Tongue of moderate length, clothed with scales. 
 
 This genus is of great extent and comprises a considerable 
 diversity of species. The imago is extremely active. 
 
 The habits of the larvae are extremely varied, feeding upon 
 leaves, flower-buds, young shoots, in the interior of grains 
 and seeds. The species that feed in buds and shoots are 
 mostly in the larva state in spring and the beginning of 
 summer ; those that feed in and upon leaves are met with in 
 summer and autumn, and those that feed on seeds do so in the 
 autumn and winter. 
 
 G. nigratomella. Fore-wings shining white. The apical 
 portion of the wing is pale brown and contains an oblique 
 
 See ante, p. 112. H. T. S. 
 
218 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 white streak margined internally, on the costa, with dark 
 brown. Beneath the tip is a small black spot, towards which 
 the oblique white streak is directed. Along the costa, 
 between the tip and the costal end of the white streak, are 
 two or three white spots, and the cilia of the apex of the wing 
 are touched with dark brown. On the middle of the costa is 
 a short, oblique, dark-brown streak. Hind-wings and cilia a 
 little darker than the fore-wings. 
 
 Antennae pale yellowish. Head and face whitish. Labial 
 palpi, second joint fuscous externally except at the extreme 
 tip, where it is white ; terminal joint white, with a dark ex- 
 ternal fuscous line. 
 
 G. mediofuscella. Fore-wings very pale yellowish, with a 
 dark-brown spot along the costa, extending from near the 
 basal third of the wing to the fold, oblique on its internal 
 edge. At its angle on the fold is a blackish-brown dot, and 
 another of the same hue obliquely above it on the edge of the 
 spot. Exteriorly the spot is lost along the costa in dark- 
 fuscous dispersed atoms, with which the apical portion is 
 dusted. Hind- wings shining pale gray; cilia tinted with 
 yellowish. 
 
 Antennae annulated with dark fuscous and whitish. Head 
 yellowish-white. Labial palpi whitish, with two dark -fuscous 
 spots on the exterior of the second joint; terminal joint dark 
 fuscous at the base and, thence to the tip dotted with fuscous 
 atoms. 
 
 G. fuscopunctella. Fore-wings dark gray, with three 
 dark-fuscous spots along the costa ; a small one near the base, 
 beneath which obliquely are two small ones of the same hue, 
 one on each side of the fold; one at the beginning of the 
 costal cilia, sometimes indistinct, beneath which, in the middle 
 of the wing, are two dark-fuscous dots, one placed above the 
 other; and midway between the two costal spots is a larger 
 costal spot, with a dot of the same hue beneath it in the disk. 
 The largest costal spot, and that nearest the base of the wing, 
 
MARCH, 1863. 219 
 
 are slightly margined beneath with pale brown. The hinder 
 border, at the base of the cilia, has three or four dark-fuscous 
 dots. At the basal end of the fold is a dark-fuscous dot and 
 another at the extreme base of the costa. 
 
 Antennas dark fuscous. Head dark gray. Labial palpi 
 gray; second joint dark fuscous externally; terminal joint 
 with two blackish rings, one near the middle and one near 
 the tip. 
 
 G. gilvomaculella. Fore-wings dark brownish, with an 
 indistinct yellowish spot on the costa near the base of the 
 wing; one of the same hue on the middle of the costa, 
 extended indistinctly or diffusely to the fold, where there is a 
 blackish-brown spot ; a yellowish streak on the costa near the 
 tip, with an opposite one of the same hue on the inner margin. 
 Cilia yellowish. Hind-wings dark grayish, cilia grayish- 
 fuscous. 
 
 Antennae dark fuscous. Head fuscous, somewhat yellowish 
 in front. Labial palpi dark fuscous, the end of the second 
 joint yellowish- white and somewhat varied with yellowish; 
 terminal joint with the extreme tip, and short streak about 
 the middle, internally) yellowish-white. 
 
 G. longifasciella. Fore-wings dark purplish-brown, with 
 a broad white band, beginning on the costa near the base and 
 curving towards the middle of the inner margin, of which it 
 covers at least one-third. Near the beginning of the cilia of 
 the inner margin, it is constricted or pointed, and then dilates 
 into a white spot behind the tip. Cilia whitish. Hind-wings 
 pale grayish; cilia the same. 
 
 Antennas annulated with white and purplish-brown. Head 
 white. Labial palpi, second joint dark fuscous, with the tip 
 white; terminal joint white, the extreme tip and middle 
 fuscous. 
 
 I have two mutilated specimens from Mr. A. S. Pack- 
 ard, Jr. 
 
220 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 G. Labrador iella. Fore-wings dark fuscous, with a white 
 spot on the costa at the extreme base, and two white bands, 
 one near the base of the wing, and inclined towards the anal 
 angle, the other near the tip and parallel with the hinder 
 margin; between the two bands, on the costa, is a rather 
 large white spot. 
 
 Antennae dark brown. (The head is entirely denuded of 
 scales and the labial palpi have been broken off.) 
 
 I have a single specimen from Mr. A. S. Packard, Jr., 
 collected in Labrador. 
 
 PHYLLOCNISTIS, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Nov. 1859, p. 327. 
 
 P. Liriodendronella. Fore-wings silvery-white, the pos- 
 terior portion of the wing pale golden, with a broad pale 
 golden streak along the middle of the wing above the fold, 
 arising at its base. About the middle of the costa is a pale 
 golden, oblique costal streak black-margined on both sides, 
 which coalesces with the posterior end of the median streak. 
 The costal cilia silvery, containing three diverging black 
 streaks. The apical spot black, with a silvery scale or two 
 before and behind it, and at the extreme apex, two black 
 lines in the cilia, diverging from the apical spot. In the 
 cilia of the hinder margin is a black, curved line, and at the 
 beginning of the cilia of the hinder margin is a dorsal silvery 
 spot. Hind- wings silvery-gray; cilia the same. 
 
 Antennas, head, labial palpi silvery-white. 
 
 The larva mines the small terminal leaves of the branches 
 of the tulip-tree. It is without feet. The body tapers from 
 the head, the terminal portion being slender and pointed, 
 deeply incised, almost moniliform. Head thin and flat. It 
 makes a broad linear mine on the underside of the leaves, 
 leaving a brownish " frass" line. The mine is much con- 
 torted and very long, so as often, if not always, to take up the 
 
 See ante, p. 82. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1863. 221 
 
 entire under surface of the leaf, winding over it so as to detach 
 nearly all the under epidermis. This is extremely delicate 
 and of a bluish-white colour, and often the greater portion of 
 it is detached by abrasions. 
 
 The larva may be taken from the beginning to the latter 
 part of July. My own specimens were found on the 22nd 
 of July, at which time they were nearly full fed. Taken in 
 the latter part of the month it is very easy to rear the larva 
 and obtain the most perfect images. 
 
 TISCHERIA, Zeller.* 
 
 T. quercitella. Fore-wings orange-yellow, apical portion 
 of the wing reddish-brown, dusted with dark brown. Hind- 
 wings pale yellowish, towards the apex reddish-brown and 
 the apical cilia dark brownish. Antennae, head, labial palpi 
 dark orange-yellow. 
 
 The larva makes a white, blotch mine on the upper surface 
 of the leaves of the oak in September and October. About 
 the middle of the mine is a spot whiter than any other part, 
 circular and more opaque. On this spot, when full fed, the 
 larva spins a circular whitish cocoon. The head of the larva 
 is circular; body flattened, tapering posteriorly. Head dark 
 brown ; second segment with a dorsal dark-brown spot divided 
 by a paler vascular line ; body pale yellowish-green immacu- 
 late. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen whose wings are not 
 fully grown. 
 
 See ante, p. 79. H. T. S. 
 
222 PAPEKS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia., Vol. II. pp. 119129, August, 1863.] 
 
 AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BKADKENBIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 i 
 
 GELECHIA.* 
 
 G. angustipennella. Fore-wings white, dusted with fus- 
 cous from the basal third of the wing to the apex, with a 
 blackish-brown dot in the middle of the wing behind the tip, 
 and two dark-fuscous dots near the costa at the base of the 
 wing, beneath the second of which is an oblique, short fuscous 
 streak. Cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 Antennae white, dotted with fuscous above. Head and 
 thorax white. Labial palpi white, second joint with a dark- 
 fuscous spot near the ends of the second joint ; terminal joint 
 with a broad blackish-brown ring at the tip, leaving the 
 extreme apex white. 
 
 G. punctiferella. Fore-wings white. Near the base of 
 the fold is a blackish dash, and above this in the middle of 
 the wing is a blackish dot and a third one of the same hue, 
 so placed posteriorly as to form a triangle with the other two. 
 Immediately behind the latter, and above the end of the fold, 
 are two blackish dots, placed one above the other. Around 
 the apex and posterior margins, the wing is dusted with dark 
 fuscous. Cilia yellowish-brown. Hind-wings yellowish- 
 brown, cilia the same. 
 
 * See ante, pp. 112 and 217. H. T. S. 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 223 
 
 Antennae yellowish-brown. Head and thorax rather sordid 
 white. Labial palpi whitish, second joint dusted externally 
 in the middle with fuscous ; terminal dusted with fuscous, 
 extreme apex white. 
 
 G. gilvolinella. Fore-wings pale yellowish, dusted with 
 dark fuscous, especially towards the tip and along the costa 
 from the middle to the tip. Near the tip is an oblique, pale- 
 yellowish line from the costa, extended to a spot of the same 
 hue beneath the tip. Behind this line in the middle of the 
 wing is a blackish-brown dot. Between the costal end of the 
 line and the tip of the wing are two or three small pale- 
 yellowish costal dots, and a few on the margin beneath the 
 tip, sometimes indistinct. Cilia yellowish-fuscous. Hind- 
 wings fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Antennae annulated with yellowish and fuscous. Labial 
 palpi fuscous, terminal joint yellowish, fuscous at the base. 
 
 G. apiciUnella. Fore-wings pale yellowish, dusted with 
 fuscous, with a fuscous dot near the middle of the fold, and 
 two others of the same hue beyond it in the middle of the 
 wing, placed longitudinally. 
 
 The apical portion of the wing is more freely dusted with 
 fuscous than that towards the base ; the cilia at the extreme 
 tip, touched on their ends with fuscous, so as to make a fuscous 
 line. .Cilia very pale yellow. Hind-wings rather paler than 
 the fore-wings, cilia concolorous. 
 
 Antennae annulated with pale yellow and fuscous. Head 
 and labial palpi pale yellowish. 
 
 G. pullifimbriella. Fore-wings dark fuscous, tinted with 
 yellowish, with an indistinct black dot in the middle of the 
 fold, one of the same hue in the middle of the wing above it, 
 and one likewise blackish-brown in the middle of the wing 
 above the beginning of the cilia of the inner margin, the 
 formev rather indistinct. Hind-wings somewhat lurid. 
 
 Antennae dark fuscous. Head rufo-fuscous, face beneath 
 
224 
 
 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 somewhat yellowish. Labial palpi dull ochreous ; second 
 joint somewhat fuscous beneath, terminal joint with fuscous 
 atoms. 
 
 The following table of species may facilitate the recognition 
 of species. Some of them included in the table have been 
 described in the Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., May, 1860, p. 162.* 
 
 Fore-wings white or yellowish. 
 
 With no sharp markings in apical cilia. 
 
 1. With an oblique line near tips. 
 
 Fore-wings white or y el- nigratomella [p. 217]. 
 lowish, with costa 
 white. 
 
 Fore-wings yellowish- 
 fuscous. 
 
 2. With a large median 
 
 costal patch. 
 
 3. With discal spots or dots. 
 
 Well dusted with fus- 
 cous nearly to the base. 
 
 Slightly dusted with fus- 
 cous. 
 
 4. Without distinct dots, 
 
 wings nearly unicolo- 
 
 gilvolinella [p. 223]. 
 mediofuscella [p. 218]. 
 
 angustipennella [p. 222]. 
 punctiferella [p. 222]. 
 Cerealella [p. 112]. 
 
 rous. 
 
 With sharply marked line in 
 apical cilia. 
 Fore-wings dark gray or dark 
 
 brown., without roseate hue. 
 Fore-wings with bands. 
 1. Bands transverse. 
 
 With two white bands 
 
 and costal spot. 
 With one concave yel- 
 low band. 
 
 apicilinella [p. 223]. 
 
 Labradoriella [p. 220]. 
 Agrimoniella [p. 112]. 
 
 * See ante, pp. 112116. H. T. S. 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 
 
 225 
 
 With one band near the 
 apex, doubly curved. 
 
 Hind-wings apex pro- flexurella [p. 115]. 
 duced. 
 
 Hind-wings apex mimella [p. 116]. 
 rounded. 
 2. Bands long, longitudinally longifasciella [p. 219]. 
 
 curved, white. 
 Fore-wings with costal spots or dots. 
 
 The spots black. fuscopunctella [p. 218]. 
 
 The spots rather indistinct, yel- gilvomaculella [p. 219]. 
 
 lowish. 
 Fore-wings with discal spots. 
 
 Hind- wings broader than the Rhoifructella [p. 114]. 
 
 fore-wings. 
 
 Hind- wings as narrow as fore- 
 wings. 
 Fore-wings dark fuscous, 
 
 tinted with yellowish. 
 Fore-wings grayish, dusted 
 
 with fuscous. 
 
 Fore-wings with a roseate hue. 
 With alternate white and dark 
 
 brown bands. 
 Without distinct bands. 
 
 pullifimbriella [p. 223]. 
 deter sella [p. 116]. 
 
 roseosuffusella [p. 113]. 
 rubidella [p. 115].* 
 
 HOLCOCERA, new gen. 
 
 Hind-wings slightly excised along the costa. Subcostal 
 vein simple, attenuated towards the base. The discal vein is 
 oblique, and gives off two branches, one central, the other a 
 curved medio-discal branch. Median vein three-branched, 
 the two superior branches arising from a short common stalk. 
 The submedian distinct. 
 
 Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate. At the discal third of the 
 wing the subcostal vein sends off a marginal branch, and at 
 
 * G. ? flavocostella, p. 113, does not appear in this table, having been re- 
 moved (see p. 180) to the genus TricJiotaphe. H. T. S. 
 
 Q 
 
226 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the end of the disk, two others to the costa behind the tip and 
 a furcate apical branch near its end, the lower branch running 
 into the apex of the wing. Beneath the apical are five 
 nervules, the posterior two of the median vein arising close 
 together. The submedian forked at the base. 
 
 Head large, smooth, with hair-like scales. Face broad, 
 not tapering, rounded. No ocelli. Antennae about one-half 
 as long as the fore-wings ; basal joint in the $ ciliated in 
 front, rather long, flattened, concave within, articulates with 
 the stalk by means of a nodule, at the junction of which with 
 the stalk, it is sharply excised, and the stalk beneath, micro- 
 scopically pubescent : in the ? the basal joint is long, cylin- 
 drical, stalk scarcely pubescent beneath. Labial palpi cylin- 
 drical, ascending equal to the vertex, rather widely separated ; 
 second joint slightly thickened beneath with scales, rather 
 longer than the terminal ; terminal joint slenderer than the 
 second, smooth and pointed. Maxillary palpi very short. 
 Tongue scaled at the base, as long as the thorax beneath. 
 
 The perfect insects bear some resemblance to those of the 
 genus Gelechia ; they are sluggish in their motions and flight. 
 
 H. chalcofrontella. Fore-wings pale yellowish, dusted 
 with fuscous, so as to produce two or three- ill-defined fus- 
 cous spots along the costa, from the middle of the wing, and 
 one on the middle of the inner margin. Near the tip is a 
 wavy fuscous line, and the ends of the nervules are touched 
 with the same hue. In the middle of the wing is a blackish- 
 brown dot, and usually one of the same hue beneath it in the 
 fold. Above the end of the fold are two blackish-brown dots 
 in the middle of the wing, one above the other. Hind-wings 
 yellowish-fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Antennas, basal joint pale yellowish, stalk dark fuscous. 
 Head pale yellowish. Labial palpi fuscous, the end of the 
 second joint pale yellowish, and the extreme tip of the terminal 
 joint yellowish in the $ . 
 
 This insect appears to be a variable one. 1st. Sometimes 
 the wings are entirely fuscous, with but little yellowish, when 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 227 
 
 of course the costal markings are not distinguishable, but the 
 dots are conspicuous. 2nd. Sometimes the fore-wings are 
 yellowish-fuscous, with the median dot distinct, but those at 
 the end of the fold indistinct, and the costal markings want- 
 ing. The dots on the middle of the wing and above the end 
 of the fold are the most constant markings. 
 
 H. purpurocomella. Fore-wings uniform dark purplish- 
 fuscous, with an indistinct, blackish median dot, and two 
 of the same hue in the middle of the wing above the fold. 
 Hind-wings dark yellowish-fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Head and thorax fuscous with a reddish hue. Face tinted 
 with yellowish. Labial palpi fuscous. 
 
 H. gilbociliella. Fore-wings pale yellow, with a black dot 
 in the middle of the wing, and slightly dusted with fuscous 
 towards the apex. Hind-wings pale ochreous-fuscous. 
 
 Antennae dark ochreous. Head and labial palpi pale yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 The fore-wings of the female are more dusted with fuscous 
 than those of the male. 
 
 H. modestella. Fore-wings fuscous, the basal portion of 
 the wing is paler and shining, and has a faint grayish hue ; 
 in the middle of the wing is a dark fuscous spot. 
 
 Antennae, head and labial palpi fuscous. 
 
 YPSOLOPHUS, Haw., Zell. 
 
 Wings elongate, with moderate cilia. 
 
 Hind-wings trapeziform, slightly retuse before the apex ; 
 with an intercostal cell. Subcostal vein furcate. Discal 
 vein curved, with a central nervule. Median vein three- 
 branched, the two superior nervules given off from a common 
 stalk. Submedian vein distinct ; internal obsolete. 
 
 Fore-wings narrow ; discal end narrow. The apical 
 branch of the subcostal vein is furcate, and enters the costa 
 behind the tip, and behind it are three subcosto-marginal 
 
 Q2 
 
228 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMEN^. 
 
 branches. The posterior branch of the median is furcate. 
 Submedian furcate at the base. 
 
 Head smooth. Ocelli none (?). Antennas setaceous, re- 
 motely denticulated in the $ , microscopically ciliated. 
 Labial palpi with the second joint beneath formed like a 
 brush, with the hairs produced in front; the terminal joint 
 smooth, pointed, recurved and needle-like. Maxillary palpi 
 not perceptible. Tongue of moderate length, clothed with 
 scales. 
 
 The labial palpi in the imagos I refer to this genus are 
 not so much like a brush as those of Y. parenthesellus of 
 Europe, for a specimen of which I am indebted to Mr. H. T. 
 Stainton of London. In our species the second joint of the 
 palpi has not the long brush-like hairs along its under sur- 
 face, but are arranged almost into a tuft at the end of the 
 joint. 
 
 The species described by Dr. Fitch, under the generic 
 name of Chaltochilus, belong to this genus. I have been 
 unable to recognize any of the following in his descriptions. 
 
 Y.punctidiscellus. Wings narrow. Fore-wings pale ochre- 
 ous, dusted and[? with, H. T. S.] brown; along the costa towards 
 the base paler, rather whitish. At the base of the fold is a 
 brown dot, two of the same hue about the middle of the wing, 
 and one or two, likewise brown, at about the end of the disc. 
 Near the tip is an indistinct yellowish line, with a brown 
 band exterior to it. The hinder margin has a series of 
 blackish dots at the base of the cilia. Cilia similar in colour 
 to that of the fore-wings. Hind-wings somewhat plumbeous 
 gray. 
 
 Antennae annulated with pale yellowish-brown and deep 
 brown. Head pale yellowish-brown. Labial palpi, second 
 joint dark fuscous, pale ochreous at the end; terminal joint 
 pale ochreous. 
 
 Y. pauciguttellus. Fore-wings rather dull, uniform earthen 
 brown, irregularly and sparsely dotted with dark brown. 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 229 
 
 Cilia concolorous with the wing. Hind-wings brownish, 
 with a bluish iridescent hue. 
 
 Antennae dark brownish, not annulated. Head dark 
 brownish. Labial palpi, second joint dark brown, whitish at 
 the end; terminal joint dark brownish, striped internally 
 with whitish. 
 
 Y. unicipunctellus. Wings rather broad. Fore-wings 
 pale brownish-ochreous, with a purplish hue, slightly dusted 
 with blackish. In the fold, about the middle, is rather an in- 
 distinct blackish dot, and one of the same hue in the middle 
 of the wing about the end of the disk, with two or three white 
 scales on its interior margin. Around the hinder margin is 
 a series of blackish dots. Cilia unicolorous with the fore- 
 wings. Hind-wings brownish. 
 
 Antennas annulated with yellowish and brown. Head 
 brownish-ochreous. Labial palpi, second joint brown, whitish 
 at the end; terminal joint yellowish-white, sometimes dusted 
 with brownish. 
 
 DEPRESSARIA.* 
 
 Wings with moderate cilia. 
 
 Hind-wings rather broad, generally with the inner margin 
 emarginate opposite the submedian vein and dilated or 
 rounded opposite the internal vein. The costal vein is long 
 and contiguous to the costa. Subcostal vein simple. The 
 discal vein distinct, throwing off two branches. Median 
 3-branched, the two superior on a short common stalk. 
 
 Fore-wings oblong, rounded at the apex. Discal cell long 
 and rather narrow. The subcostal vein sends off four branches 
 to the costa, the first from the basal third of the wing, the 
 last, or apical, furcate. From the discal vein two branches 
 are thrown off. The median vein is 2-branched, the posterior, 
 given off opposite the third subcosto-marginal branch, being 
 
 * See ante, p. 137. H. T. S. 
 
230 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 forked. The fold is thickened towards its tip and the sub- 
 median is forked at its base. 
 
 Head smooth, scales not appressed. Ocelli none. An- 
 tenna3 with joints compressed, hardly denticulate, not pube- 
 scent. Labial palpi moderately long, reflexed ; second joint 
 beneath thickened and roughened with scales, resembling a 
 brush; third joint slender, smooth, pointed. Maxillary 
 palpi very short. Tongue of moderate length, scaled. Ab- 
 domen flattened above, with projecting scales at the sides. 
 
 The Iarva3 of this genus are extremely active, and feed on 
 a variety of substances; some in rolled-up leaves of composite 
 plants, some in the leaves, and others in the umbels of the 
 Umbellifera ; many of the latter descend from the plant on 
 the slightest agitation, so that considerable caution is neces- 
 sary in attempts to collect them. The full-fed larvas descend 
 to the ground and change to pupse among the fallen leaves. 
 The perfect insects have the peculiarity of sliding about when 
 laid on their backs. 
 
 D. atrodorsella. Fore-wings yellow-ochreous, with several 
 (6 or 8) black costal dots from the base to the tip of the wing. 
 On the basal portion of the disk is a black dot, beyond which, 
 on the disk, is a rufous-coloured patch, extended towards the 
 tip of the wing, and partially interrupted over the middle of 
 the subcosto-marginal nervules. Cilia rufous. Hind-wings 
 yellowish. 
 
 Thorax black. Antennas dark fuscous. Head above 
 rufous, face blackish-brown above, yellowish beneath. Labial 
 palpi pale yellow; second joint dusted with blackish exteriorly ; 
 terminal, with two dark-fuscous rings, one near the base, the 
 other near the tip. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen. 
 
 ENICOSTOMA? Steph. 
 
 Wings broad, ovate. Cilia of hind-wings rather long. 
 Hind-wings broadly ovate ; costa straight, hind margin 
 rounded to the base, scarcely retuse before the tip. Costal 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 231 
 
 vein long, entering the costa behind the tip ; subcostal simple, 
 attenuated towards base; discal vein oblique, with two 
 branches, the lower one arched. Median 3-branched, the 
 two superior from a common point. The fold slightly 
 thickened. Submedian and internal distinct. 
 
 Fore-wing, the first subcostal branch arises about the basal 
 third, beyond which are three branches, the apical furcate 
 near the tip, both branches entering the costa just above it. 
 The origins of the first and . second branches separated. 
 Discal vein has two branches. Median 3-branched, the two 
 posterior from a common point. Fold thickened. Sub- 
 median with basal fork. 
 
 Head rather rough *(?). No ocelli. Antennae scarcely 
 one-half so long as fore-wings, filiform, slightly denticulate 
 beneath. Labial palpi arched, the whole of the terminal 
 joint being above the vertex; second joint long, twice the 
 length of the terminal, flattened, with appressed scales, except 
 at the tip ; terminal smooth, cylindrical, slender. Maxillary 
 palpi not perceptible. Tongue at least twice the length of 
 the labial palpi, scaled. 
 
 E. ? Packardella. Fore-wings gray, tinted along the costa, 
 especially at the base, with roseate; slightly streaked and 
 dusted with deep brown. From the base of the wing, on the 
 costa, arises a deep brown irregular stripe, which bends 
 towards the inner margin to about the middle of the fold, 
 and thence curves to the middle of the costa, and throws off, 
 towards the inner margin, a short hook margined internally 
 with white, and above it a streak towards the base of the 
 wing with white in the angle. Hind-wings pale gray. 
 
 Antennas fuscous, tinted with roseate at the base. Head 
 gray. Labial palpi gray ; second joint tinted with roseate 
 and dusted with fuscous; terminal with a fuscous ring near 
 the tip. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen, in tolerably good con- 
 dition, received from Mr. Packard. 
 
 * Almost too much denuded to determine. B. C. 
 
232 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 BRACHILOMA, new gen. 
 
 Wings with rather short cilia. 
 
 Hind-wings broadly ovate; costa arched; hind margin 
 circular. The costal vein is long removed from the costa. 
 The subcostal vein bifid beyond the discal, and with scarcely 
 a distinct basal origin. The discal vein has a sweeping curve, 
 with a branch on the side of the median system. The median 
 3-branched ; the two superior branches arising at the junction 
 of the discal with the median. Submedian and internal dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 Fore-wings oblong, rounded behind. The subcostal sends 
 five branches to the costa, the first from the middle of the 
 wing. The discal vein is oblique and sends off a branch from 
 the subcostal and median side. Median 3-branched, aggre- 
 gated, and arising opposite the origin of the last subcostal 
 branch. Submedian long, with basal fork. 
 
 Head somewhat rough. Ocelli none. Antennas pube- 
 scent beneath, about one-half as long as fore-wings. Labial 
 palpi recurved, with tips quite equal to the vertex, smooth, 
 cylindrical; second joint rather thick, with appressed scales; 
 terminal slenderer than the second, pointed and about one- 
 half as long. Maxillary palpi short, distinct. Tongue 
 short, (?) scaled. Abdomen short, compressed laterally, 
 slightly tufted. 
 
 B. unipunctella. Fore-wings pale ochreous, with a single 
 black discal dot. Hind-wings similar in colour to the fore- 
 wings. 
 
 Antennas and head pale ochreous-brown. Labial palpi, 
 second joint pale brownish; terminal joint white. 
 
 I have a single specimen, received from Dr. Jno. G. Morris, 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 PIGRITIA, Clemens.* 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., May, 1860, p. 172. 
 P. ochrocomella. Fore-wings pale yellow, with a broad 
 * See ante, p. 135. H. T. S. 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 233 
 
 band of fuscous atoms in the middle, and at the tip broadly 
 dusted with the same hue. Hind-wings fuscous, cilia the 
 same. 
 
 Antennae dark ochreous. Head shining pale ochreous. 
 
 A single specimen, a male, and, as in other species of this 
 genus, is without labial palpi. 
 
 P. ochreella. Fore-wings, hind-wings, and the cilia of each, 
 shining ochreous and immaculate. 
 
 Antennas russet-coloured. Head and labial palpi ochreous. 
 A single specimen. 
 
 TINEA, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., September, 1859, p. 257. 
 
 T. acapnopennella. Fore-wings white, with two small 
 spots of fuscous scales on the costa near the base, one nearly 
 at the base, the other within the basal third. In the middle 
 of the fold is a small spot of brown scales, and obliquely 
 above it, in the middle of the wing, another of the same hue. 
 Towards the tip of the wing is a spot of brown, rather dis- 
 persed scales, reaching the hinder margin beneath the tip. 
 Cilia white. Hind-wings dark gray. 
 
 Antennae yellowish. Head whitish. Labial palpi white, 
 dusted with fuscous. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen, slightly worn. 
 
 The following insects differ in some respects from the 
 genus to which they appear to belong, and instead of indi- 
 cating them as a new genus, I have concluded to describe them 
 as a group of the genus Tinea. The principal difference 
 between the members of the group below, and the genus, is 
 in the neuration of the hind-wings ; and even here, the type 
 is essentially the same, except that they are so much more 
 narrow and differently formed, that the submedian and in- 
 ternal veins are obsolete. 
 
 * See ante, p. 49. H. T. S. 
 
234 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Group HOMOSETIA. 
 
 Hind-wings very narrow, linear-lanceolate. Internal border 
 without basal angle, costa arched at the basal third, and con- 
 cave thence to the tip. Without submedian or internal veins. 
 The subcostal vein is simple, much attenuated from the 
 middle to the base, and enters the costa behind the tip of the 
 wing. The cell is closed by a very indistinct discal vein and 
 gives rise to two branches ; the upper one, sometimes attenuated 
 towards its origin, is delivered to the tip of the wing; the 
 lower one, sometimes on a common stalk with the superior 
 branch of the median vein, runs to the hinder margin beneath 
 the tip. The median vein runs near the inner margin, is 
 3-branched, the posterior vein becoming quickly identified 
 with the margin. 
 
 Fore-wings narrow, lanceolate. The costal vein almost 
 identified with the costa. The subcostal attenuated towards 
 the base, and gives off, at the basal third, a long marginal 
 branch, and from the hinder part of the discal cell four 
 branches; the discal vein throws off two branches. The 
 median is 3-branched, the posterior, sometimes attenuated at 
 its origin, remote from the others. The fold is thickened at 
 its end. Submedian simple. 
 
 Head rough. Ocelli none. Antennae filiform, with joints 
 closely set, more than one-half as long as the fore-wings. 
 Labial palpi cylindrical, smooth, slender, much separated, 
 and depressed ; the second joint furnished with a few bristles ; 
 terminal joint slenderer than second, about one-half as long. 
 Maxillary palpi folded, 5-jointed. Tongue scarcely as long 
 as labial palpi. 
 
 T. tricingulatella. Fore-wings gray, slightly dusted with 
 fuscous. At the base of the costa is a fuscous spot,' and at 
 the basal third of the wing a fuscous band, scarcely extended 
 to the inner margin. In the middle of the wing is a broad, 
 irregular band, dark fuscous internally and externally, of 
 a brassy brown colour. Near the tip of the wing are two 
 
AUGUST, 1863. 235 
 
 irregular somewhat curved bands, fuscous, tinted with a brassy 
 hue, and between each of the bands on the costa are fuscous 
 spots, leaving the costa from the middle to the tip alternately 
 dotted with fuscous and pale gray. At the extreme apex 
 the wing is slightly dusted with fuscous. Cilia pale. Hind- 
 wings fuscous, with a brassy lustre. 
 
 Antennas grayish. Head blackish, gray above ; face 
 whitish. Labial palpi whitish ; second joint fuscous ex- 
 ternally. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen. 
 
 T. costisignella. Fore-wings tawny, with about eight 
 white costal spots from the base to the tip of the wing, sepa- 
 rated by dark-brown costal spots. The tip of the wing and 
 the inner margin from the middle to the tip varied with 
 white and dark brown, so as to produce irregular spots. 
 Cilia whitish, spotted with dark brown, especially beneath 
 the tip. Hind-wings dark brown, with a brassy hue ; cilia 
 pale. 
 
 Antennas dull tawny. Head whitish. Labial palpi tawny 
 yellow. 
 
 Taken in damp places in woods, the first of June. 
 
 I have a single specimen. 
 
 CHAULIODUS ?, Treit. 
 
 Wings with long cilia. 
 
 Hind-wings very narrow, linear lanceolate ; the costa is 
 dilated about the basal third and thence concave to the tip. 
 The costal vein is distinct, and enters the costa beyond the 
 dilated part. The subcostal vein much attenuated and bifid 
 beyond the discal vein, which is obliquely curved, and 
 gives rise to a discal branch. The median vein is distinct, 
 3-branched, the posterior a little remote. The submedian is 
 almost obsolete. 
 
 Fore-wings narrow, lanceolate. No secondary cell. Discal 
 cell long and narrow. The first subcostal branch is rather 
 long, and arises about the middle of the wing ; three other 
 
236 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 branches are given off, rather remote from the first, the 
 apical branch being furcate, with both branches entering the 
 costa behind the tip. Discal vein obliquely inclined towards 
 the base, with two branches. The median vein with three 
 rather long branches, the posterior arising nearly opposite the 
 middle of the space between the first and second subcostal 
 branches. Submedian furcate at the base. 
 
 Head smooth, broad in front, forehead rounded. No ocelli. 
 Antennae filiform, about one-half as long as the fore-wings, 
 with joints closely set, basal joint short (with short hairs in 
 Chauliodus*). Labial palpi recurved, so as to equal the 
 vertex ; second joint subclavate, slightly thickened with scales 
 towards the end ; terminal joint cylindrical, slightly roughened, 
 nearly equal in length to the second, pointed. No maxillary 
 palpi. Tongue wanting. (In Chauliodus, short and naked.) 
 
 C. ? canicinctella. Fore-wing dirty whitish towards the 
 base, apical half fuscous, varied with blackish. An irregular 
 whitish band near the tip, inclined towards the base, margined 
 externally with a short black line from the inner margin, and 
 with two short exterior black dashes, one in the middle of the 
 wing, one on the costa. The internal edge of the fuscous 
 portion of the wing is inclined towards the tip and margined 
 with whitish. The extreme apex is blackish, and the cilia 
 around it whitish, sprinkled with black. Cilia fuscous. 
 Hind-wings fuscous. 
 
 Head and labial palpi whitish ; the terminal joint of the 
 latter with two fuscous rings, one about the middle and one 
 at the tip. 
 
 I have before me two mutilated specimens, one simply 
 with a pair of wings, received from Mr. A. S. Packard, Jr., 
 and numbered by him 790. 
 
 * In the specimen before me the basal joints have been denuded by mites. 
 B.C. 
 
( 237 ) 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the^Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 415-430, March, 1864.] 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BKACKENKIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 LABRADORIAN TINEINA. 
 TINEA. 
 
 1. Tinea biflavimaculella* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 
 Sept. 1859, p. 257. 
 
 A single, much mutilated specimen collected in Labrador 
 by Mr. A. S. Packard, Jr., and numbered 1631. 
 
 Mr. Stainton remarks in his Observations on American 
 Tineina : This insect is closely allied to, if not identical with, 
 Tinea Spilotella (see Linn. Ent. vi. p. 108, Rusticella, 
 var. b.). Spilotella appears confined to the North of Europe, 
 occurring in Finland and Scotland. 
 
 ORNIX. f 
 
 2. Or nix Boreasella, n. s. Fore-wings dark fuscous, 
 with two white costal spots, one exterior to the middle of the 
 costa, and the other midway between the first and the apex 
 of the wing ; and with two white dorsal spots, one a little 
 interior to the first costal spot, and the other, with some 
 scattered white scales, opposite the second costal spot. Cilia 
 dark fuscous, with a white patch behind the second dorsal 
 spot, and apparently a few white scales on the costa behind 
 
 * See ante, p. 50. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 94. H. T. S. 
 
r .\rr.iis nv nu. r>. ci KMKXS, 
 
 the tip. The apical spot is not distinct if present, the apex 
 being nearly denuded of cilia and scales. 
 
 The single specimen before me is much mutilated and with- 
 out a head; therefore I was obliged to rely exclusively on the 
 neuration of the wings to determine the genus to which it 
 belonged. Compared with other members of the genus the 
 venation of the wings varies slightly. In the fore-w T ings 
 there are four subcosto-margiual nervules, and the apical 
 nervule, which arises from the middle of the posterior end of 
 the cell, is furcate at its extremity. The median vein is 
 ;>-branched. In the hind-wings the venation is the same as 
 in other members of the genus, except that the inosculation 
 of the bitid subcostal vein with the tip of the costal, and of 
 the lower branch of the former with the furcate discal nervule, 
 is almost obsolete and very indistinct. 
 
 The insect appears to resemble Ornix guttea of Europe, 
 but cannot be identical, as the spots in Boreasella are nearly 
 round instead of triangular as in Guttea, and the former has 
 but two costal spots, while the latter has tliree. 
 
 The specimen was collected in Labrador by Mr. A. S. 
 Packard, Jr., and was numbered 1621. 
 
 IXCURVARIA.* 
 
 3. Incurvaria LabradoreUa, n. s. Fore-wings fuscous 
 with a brassy hue, with a white band at the basal third of the 
 wing and an opposite dorsal and costal spot of the same hue 
 at the apical third of the wing, and which nearly meet in the 
 middle of the wing. Cilia concolorous with fore-wings. 
 Hind-wings fuscous, somewhat iridescent Head and an- 
 tenna? dark fuscous, 
 
 In the fore-wings the apical vein is simple and enters the 
 eosta behind the tip. In the hind-wings the median vein is 
 o-branehed ; subcostal simple ; discal nervules two. In 
 ornamentation the insect bears strong resemblance to the 
 JElhdtute. 
 
 * See ante, p. SO. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 239 
 
 I have before me a single specimen collected by Mr. A. S. 
 Packard, Jr., in Labrador. 
 
 GELECHIA, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1863, p. 10. 
 
 4. Gelechia brumella, n. s. Second joint of labial palpi 
 with loose scales beneath, scarcely resembling a brush. Fore- 
 wings ochreous, clouded with dark fuscous at the base of the 
 wing, narrowly along the costa and in the middle of the 
 apical portion of the wing from about the termination of the 
 disk to the tip, leaving a very irregularly formed, transverse 
 ochreous stripe, a little exterior to the apical third of the 
 wing. Cilia ochreous. Hind-wings dark ochreous. 
 
 Head yellowish-ochreous ?. Antennae dark fuscous. Labial 
 palpfi ochreous, middle joint with a fiiscous spot at base and 
 one about the middle ; terminal joint fuscous at the base, 
 with a slight fuscous ring about the middle. 
 
 A single somewhat denuded specimen collected in Labrador 
 by A. S. Packard, Jr., and numbered 1641. 
 
 5. Gelechia Labrador iella. f Proc. Ent. Soc., March, 
 1863, p. 12. 
 
 [Here follow descriptions of four Labradorian Tortricidce 
 and two Crambites, viz. : 
 
 6. Anchylopera plagosana, n. s. 
 
 7. Halonota Packardiana, n. s. 
 
 8. Lozoperat fuscostrigana, n. s. 
 
 9. Antithesia bipartitana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Aug. 
 1860, p. 346. 
 
 Cr ambus albellus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., June, 1860, 
 p. 204. 
 
 Crambus inornatellus, n. s. 
 
 * See ante, pp. 112, 217 and 222. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 220. H. T. S. 
 
240 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 I have a few specimens of Labradorian moths that I will 
 not venture to describe, in consequence of their denudation 
 and mutilated condition. Doubtless some of the specimens 
 I have named and described in this paper may belong to the 
 Fauna of Northern Europe, a fact which the want of good 
 descriptive works has made it impossible for me to deter- 
 mine. 
 
 TINEINA OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 WALSHIA, new gen. 
 
 This genus is apparently related to the genera Laverna 
 and Chrysoclista and partakes of the character of each of 
 them.* 
 
 Hind-wings with long cilia, rather long, narrow and lanceo- 
 late. The costa is somewhat dilated near the basal third, 
 and slightly excised about the middle. Inner margin rounded 
 from the base of the wing to the tip. The submedian and 
 internal veins are obsolete, the former is replaced by a sub- 
 median fold. The costal vein is simple. Subcostal vein 
 attenuated towards the base ; it appears to be simple, but is 
 really bifid, the point of bifurcation being invisible except by 
 transmitted light under a lens ; the lower branch is continued 
 through the disk as a false nervule. The disk is closed, 
 becoming narrower behind or exteriorly. The median vein 
 is very distinct and 4-branched, the three posterior branches 
 being equidistant. 
 
 Fore-wings with large thick tufts of scales ; the tips of the 
 wings are bent or turned under, when closed, lanceolate and 
 pointed. The disk is narrow. The subcostal vein has three 
 marginal branches, the first arising from the middle of the 
 disk ; the apical branch is furcate, and enters the costa before 
 the tip of the wing. Beneath the apical branch are five 
 nervules to the inner margin. 
 
 * The most conspicuous tuft of scales on the anterior wings is placed near 
 the costa, beyond the middle, but the thickened termination of the basal joint 
 of the antennae is the most striking peculiarity. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 241 
 
 Head without ocelli, smooth with appressed scales. An- 
 tennas as long as the body, slightly serrated beneath towards 
 the tip ; basal joint rather long, smooth, slender. Labial 
 palpi smooth, moderately long, recurved, not ascending 
 higher than the vertex ; second joint slightly compressed, 
 slightly broader than the terminal joint, which is cylindrical, 
 about as long as the middle joint, of uniform diameter and 
 scarcely acute. Maxillary palpi short, distinct. Tongue 
 rather longer than the anterior femora, clothed with scales to 
 the tip, densely at the base. 
 
 W. Amorphella* Fore-wings yellowish-fuscous, with a 
 rather large blackish-brown patch at the base of the wing, 
 somewhat varied with spots of the general hue, and a black- 
 ish-brown tuft, having the scales directed toward the tip of 
 the wing, on the basal third of the fold, and a smaller one 
 above it near the costa* Near the end of the fold is another 
 small tuft of the general hue, having the ends of the scales 
 tipped with dark brown, and in the middle of the wing, 
 nearly adjoining the latter, is a large tuft of the general hue. 
 Above the end of the fold is a small blackish-brown tuft, the 
 scales of which are not so much erected as in the other tufts ; 
 between this and the central tufts is a blackish-brown patch, 
 which sends a streak of the same hue into the fold. The 
 apical portion of the wing is somewhat discoloured with 
 brown, and along the inner margin, at the base of the cilia 
 are five or six black dots. Cilia dull testaceous. 
 
 Antennae fuscous. Head and thorax blackish-brown. 
 Labial palpi yellowish-fuscous. 
 
 Mr. B. D. Walsh, to whose kindness I am indebted for 
 three specimens of this moth, informs me that the larva 
 burrows in a gall formed on the stem of Amorphafruticosa, 
 and undergoes its transformation within it. 
 
 * I received two specimens from Mr. B. D. Walsh. It is a handsome 
 insect, expanding 7 8 lines. H. T. S. 
 
 K 
 
242 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 GELECHIA, Zeller.* 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1863, p. 10. f 
 
 Gelechia? ornatifimbriella^ n. s. Fore- wings dark brownish, 
 varied slightly with ochreous. Cilia shining, pale ochreous, 
 dotted with dark-brown scales. Hind-wings brownish-ochre- 
 ous? 
 
 Head dark brown, with ochreous reflections. Antennas 
 dark brownish. Labial palpi dark brown. 
 
 An inconspicuous-looking insect, most probably an aber- 
 rant form of the genus, partaking of its characters and those 
 of the group Depressaria. In size and general characters it 
 resembles most strongly the Gelechia; its neuration is that 
 of this generic group. In the hind-wings the subcostal vein 
 is bifid, with an intercostal cell at the base of the wing, 
 between the costal and subcostal veins. The median vein is 
 3-branched, the disk closed with a central nervule. The 
 form of the wing is trapezoidal, tip slightly produced, and 
 the hinder margin beneath the tip slightly excised. In the 
 fore-wings the venation is as usual in the Gelechice. 
 
 It differs from the Gelechice, however, in the structure of 
 the labial palpi, the second joint of which is almost brush- 
 like beneath and the abdomen is somewhat flattened above. 
 
 I have two specimens from Illinois, neither of which are 
 in very good condition, received from Mr. B. D. Walsh. 
 They were captured by him in the winter, under the loose 
 bark of trees. 
 
 Gelechia gall&genitella, n. s. Fore-wings white, but so 
 freely dusted with black as almost to obscure the ground 
 colour, especially between the bands. There are three oblique, 
 black bands not distinctly marked, the first within the basal 
 third of the wing, the second near the middle, the third, 
 which is less distinct than the others, placed about the apical 
 
 * See ante, pp. 112, 217 and 222. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 217. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 243 
 
 third of the wing. Along the base of the costal and apical 
 cilia is a line of black dots and the cilia are discoloured with 
 blackish ; cilia of the inner margin dark gray. Hind-wings 
 pale gray; cilia grayish-ochreous. 
 
 Antennas blackish, annulated with whitish. Thorax white, 
 dusted with blackish. Head white, with the ends of the scales 
 touched with blackish. Labial palpi blackish; middle joint 
 with a central and apical white ring; terminal joint with a 
 basal white ring, and one of the same hue, near the apex, 
 which is blackish. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen in good condition, re- 
 ceived from Mr. B. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, Illinois. He 
 says respecting it : " It is a species of which I have bred two, 
 from the oak-apple galls of Cynips quercus-spongifica, O. S. 
 There is also a large Tortrix? larva that eats up the ' sponge' 
 of these galls, leaving the central cell, the imago of which I do 
 not know, but I suspect its normal food is oak-leaves, because 
 I have found a very large Notodonta larva, which I know 
 usually eats oak-leaves, engaged in the same operation. I 
 know nothing of the larva of this species, but am certain both 
 images came out of these oak-apples." 
 
 GRACILARIA, Zell. 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., January, 1860, p. 6 ;* Proc. Ent. 
 Soc. Phil., March, 1863, p. 9.f 
 
 Gracilaria coroniella, n. s. Fore-wings dark yellowish, 
 overlaid with purple. Near the middle of the costa is a large, 
 triangular, pale yellow patch, the angle of which terminates 
 at the fold of the wing and containing on the costa three or 
 four purplish dots. A little posterior to the triangular patch 
 is a small costal pale yellow spot. The apical portion of the 
 wing is yellowish ; cilia yellowish, tipped with black. Hind- 
 wings shining gray; cilia dull dark gray. 
 
 * See ante, p. 91. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 215. H. T. S. 
 
 T? O 
 
 R2 
 
244 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 Head dark yellowish. Antennas dark fuscous, very slightly 
 annulated with yellowish. Labial palpi yellowish, terminal 
 joint dark brownish exteriorly. 
 
 This is a very handsome insect. I have a single specimen 
 from Illinois, for which I am indebted to Mr. B. D. Walsh. 
 His specimens were taken in the winter, under the loose bark 
 of trees, and consequently the imago hybernates. 
 
 DEPHESSARIA, Haw.* 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., August, 1863, p. 124. f 
 
 Depressaria pulvipennella, n. s. Fore-wings dark, slightly 
 reddish-ochreous, freely dusted and spotted with blackish- 
 brown. The costa at the base is pale ochreous and is marked 
 with blackish-brown, short strias from near the base to the tip. 
 On or near the disk is a blackish shade, or nearly square spot 
 containing a white dot in a short streak thrown from it ex- 
 teriorly. There is another blackish patch at the base of the 
 fold. The hinder margin is indistinctly dotted with blackish ; 
 cilia with a reddish hue. 
 
 Thorax pale ochreous, dusted with dark brownish. Face 
 whitish; head touched above with reddish-brown. Antennas 
 dark brown. Labial palpi dark brownish; middle joint 
 dusted with whitish and the scales beneath touched with 
 reddish; terminal joint blackish, with the extreme tip and a 
 central ring reddish-ochreous. 
 
 A single specimen from Mr. B. D. Walsh, and a specimen 
 in the collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 
 from the State of Virginia. 
 
 Besides the foregoing I am indebted to Mr. Walsh for 
 some specimens of the smaller Tineina. Unfortunately they 
 were set on strips of card, with the wings unexpanded, and 
 have been too much denuded in the process of setting to 
 enable me to determine precisely to what genus and species 
 
 * See ante, p. 137. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 229. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 245 
 
 they belong. One of these, which was taken in the winter 
 time, hybernating under the loose bark of trees, is a Litho- 
 colletis, either Robiniella or Cratcegella, but possibly a new 
 species. There were likewise new specimens of Phylloc- 
 nistis, so much denuded and worn that I cannot determine 
 the species. 
 
 Depressaria cinereocostella, n. s. Fore-wings reddish- 
 brown, grayish along the costa, marked with numerous short, 
 black, longitudinal dashes. Hind-wings grayish-fuscous. 
 
 Head and thorax grayish. Labial palpi whitish ; middle 
 joint with two dark-brown patches and the ends of the scales 
 beneath, touched with dark brownish; terminal joint dark 
 brownish, with two grayish rings, one in the middle, the 
 other at the extreme tip. 
 
 Virginia. Coll, Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 HAMADRYAS, n. gen, 
 
 This imago, which I have placed in a new genus, appears 
 to me to be congeneric with a portion of the genus Gelechia. 
 
 The hind-wings are lanceolate. The submedian and in- 
 ternal veins distinct. Subcostal simple, attenuated towards 
 the base. The disk is closed, and two nervules are given off 
 from it. The median vein is 3-branched. 
 
 The fore-wings are lanceolate, with the inner margin 
 dilated near the base of the wing. The subcostal vein has 
 four branches, the first arising near the middle of the wing 
 and the apical nervule furcate. The disk is closed, with two 
 nervules given off from it. Median vein 3-branched, the 
 posterior branch arising midway between the space opposite 
 the origins of the first and second subcosto-marginal nervules. 
 Submedian furcate at the base. 
 
 Head smooth, face and forehead broad. Ocelli very small. 
 Antennae rather thick, about one -half as long as the fore- 
 wings, denticulated beneath. Labial palpi moderately long, 
 curved, rather slender, smooth, pointed; the middle joint 
 
246 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 slightly compressed,, rather thicker and longer than the ter- 
 minal joint, which is cylindrical. Maxillary palpi extremely 
 short. Tongue clothed with scales at the base, and about as 
 long as the anterior coxae. 
 
 H. Bassettella. Fore-wings bright reddish-orange, some- 
 times tinted with yellowish-orange, with a black spot at the 
 base above the fold of the wing, and a broad black stripe, 
 showing bluish or greenish reflections, along the inner mar- 
 gin, extending from the middle of the fold to the tip of the 
 wing and occupying nearly one-half of the breadth of it. 
 Along the costa, about the middle of it, is a shining black 
 stripe, which becomes narrower as it approaches the apical 
 third of the wing. Cilia blackish. Hind-wings shining, 
 dark greenish-black. 
 
 Head and thorax black. Antennas black. Labial palpi 
 yellowish-orange. 
 
 I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. H. F. Bassett, of 
 Waterbury, Conn., for a number of specimens of this inte- 
 resting gall miner. Mr. B. says the species is rather com- 
 mon in his neighbourhood, and the larva feeds in a gall found 
 on t( a species of oak which I call Q. tinctorial 
 
 The galls are formed on the smaller branches, three or four 
 being aggregated, are globular, yellowish-brown, shining and 
 hard. 
 
 The species is dedicated to the discoverer, who will doubt- 
 less work out its larval history. 
 
 CYCLOPLASIS, n. gen. 
 
 This new generic type is an extremely novel and interest- 
 ing one, not only on account of larval history, but the struc- 
 ture of the perfect insect. It is a type that is probably pecu- 
 liar to our own continent. 
 
 The hind-wings are so extremely narrow as to be hair-like, 
 or spine-like, dilated near the base, so as to resemble a paddle ; 
 they are adorned with very long cilia. The median vein is 
 
MAKCH, 1864. 247 
 
 very short and placed near the basal angle and is branchless. 
 The subcostal vein is attenuated towards its base, is adjacent 
 to the costa, distinct in the basal third of the wing, and runs 
 through the middle of the setiform portion and is likewise 
 branchless. 
 
 The fore-wings are narrowly lanceolate. The subcostal 
 vein is attenuated towards the base, is placed near the costa 
 and without branches. The median vein is distinct and 
 placed in the middle of the wing ; it is delivered to the acute 
 tip of the wing, near which it is probably furcate, sending a 
 very short, indistinct branch to the costa, which however can 
 scarcely be seen under a -J^ inch lens. The submedian vein is 
 obsolete. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Face and forehead 
 broad. Antennas setaceous, short, slightly more than one- 
 half so long as the body. Labial palpi short, separated ; in 
 the living imago, ascending but scarcely reaching to the 
 middle of the face, slightly curved, slender, smooth and 
 pointed; in dead specimens the palpi are depressed and much 
 divergent laterally; the terminal joint is very short and in- 
 distinct. No maxillary palpi. Tongue naked, short, rather 
 longer than the face. 
 
 When at rest the imago holds the posterior pair of legs 
 elevated at the sides above the wings, and in walking its 
 motions are very active uses them by making very rapid 
 vibrations, during which they touch the surface for only an 
 instant. The femora and tibiae of the posterior legs are not 
 hairy, but quite densely clothed with spines, and the feet of 
 this pair appear to be without hooks. The antennas are por- 
 rected. 
 
 The mine of the larva is like that of an Elachista, begin- 
 ning as a long threadlike line and towards the latter part of 
 larval life is enlarged into a blotch. When it has reached 
 maturity, it cuts a perfectly circular disk from the upper 
 cuticle of the leaf, folds it along its diameter and unites the 
 edges of the circumference, so as to make a semicircle. 
 When completed the larva, enclosed in its semi-circular co- 
 
248 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 coon, lets itself fall to the ground, where it attaches the cocoon 
 to some adjacent object. 
 
 C. Panicifoliella. Fore~wings dark brown, with a violet 
 hue ; from the middle to the tip, bright silvery, with a bright 
 silvery band about the basal third. Cilia violet-brown. 
 Hind-wings violet-brown, cilia fuscous. 
 
 Head and thorax silvery. Antennas brown, touched with 
 a silvery hue towards the base. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of Panicum clandestinum early 
 in July. My specimens were taken July 9th, and at that 
 time many mines were tenantless and appeared to be old, and 
 are characterized by the circular piece cut out of the upper 
 cuticle. The mine begins near the base of the leaf as a 
 minute, threadlike line and runs to the tip, Whence returns 
 along the side to the middle of it, when it is irregularly en- 
 larged by the larva. 
 
 On July 12th, five specimens taken on the 9th began their 
 preparations for pupation, and on the 25th of July two images 
 made their appearance and continued to appear for several 
 days subsequently, 
 
 n, Pennsylvania, 
 
 ELACHISTA. 
 
 Cosmiotes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan., 1860, p. 9.* Ib., 
 May, 1860, p. 172. f 
 
 Elachista Brachyelytrifoliella. Fore-wings dark grayish- 
 brown from the base to the middle of the wing and thence to 
 the tip, blackish-brown between the markings. The costa at 
 the base is white, and connected with the white costa, about 
 the basal third of the wing, is a short, oblique silvery-white 
 costal streak. Near the apical third of the wing is another 
 conspicuous silvery-white oblique costal streak, nearly meet- 
 ing in the middle of the wing a dorsal streak of the same 
 
 _ /-\rr TT T 1 O 
 
 - l^7V^ U'/VlsB, p. VI. 11. 1. O. 
 
 f See ante, p. 133. H. T, S, 
 
MARCH, 1864. 249 
 
 hue. In the costal cilia, just above the tip, are two minute 
 silvery-white streaks, black-margined internally. Beneath 
 the tip the wing is slightly varied with pale grayish. Hind- 
 wings grayish-brown, cilia the same. 
 
 Antennas grayish-brown. Head in front and labial palpi 
 silvery-white. 
 
 The larva mines the leaf of Brachyelytrum aristatum early 
 in July. The mine at this period is a blotch, taking up 
 most of the leaf, but the beginning is a threadlike line. My 
 specimens were taken on the 9th of July, at which time the 
 most of the mines I found were tenantless, and two of the 
 larvae were young. On the 12th of July, one of the larvae 
 left its mine to prepare for pupation ; this it did by weaving 
 a slight web in which the larva attached its anal prolegs, 
 with the head downward. The larva that spun up on the 
 12th, appeared as an imago on the 25th of July, 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania, 
 
 ADELA, Lat. 
 
 Hind-wings oblong-ovate, with moderate cilia. The sub- 
 costal vein is simple, attenuated towards the base. The dis- 
 coidal cell is closed by a doubly angulated vein, which 
 throws from the upper angle a discal branch, furcate near the 
 extremity and anastomoses with a false nervule in the middle 
 of the disk. The median vein is 3-branched, the upper 
 branch being medio-discal and closes the lower portion of 
 the disk. Submedian and internal veins distinct. 
 
 Fore-wings oblong. The subcostal vein gives origin to four 
 marginal branches, the first arising near the base of the wing 
 and forms a secondary cell. (In the species described below, 
 Riding sella, the third marginal branch is furcate.) Two 
 discal branches are delivered to the hinder margin from the 
 discal vein. The median vein is 3-branched. The submedian 
 furcate at its base. 
 
 Head rough, with hairlike scales ; face beneath rather 
 smooth. Ocelli none. Eyes remote in both sexes. An- 
 
250 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 tennse twice as long as the fore-wings in the $ , slender, 
 slightly thickened towards the base ; in the $ shorter, and at 
 the base downy. Labial palpi cylindric, slender, porrected, 
 nearly naked on the sides exteriorly, with long hairlike 
 scales, especially beneath. No maxillary palpi. Tongue of 
 moderate length. 
 
 A. Ridingsella, n. s. Fore-wings coppery-brown, with 
 a pale grayish-brown patch, dusted with black, in the middle 
 of the wing, on the nervules. At the anal angle of the wing 
 is a patch of four or five black spots, those placed along the 
 margin each containing an embossed silvery-violet spot, and 
 that nearest the base of the wing containing two silvery- 
 violet spots. Across the middle of the wing is a silvery 
 band, and towards the tip an oblique, silvery, costal streak 
 which nearly reaches the most interior of the black patches 
 above the anal angle. At the extreme tip of the wing is a 
 silvery spot, and just interior to it is a short silvery band ; 
 between this and the oblique costal streak is a silvery costal 
 spot, and one of the same hue on the inner margin nearly 
 opposite to it, placed between the apical band and the last 
 of the black patches. Hind-wings fuscous, with a reddish- 
 purple hue. 
 
 Head, face and labial palpi fuscous, intermixed with 
 dark ochreous. Antennas annulated with white and dark 
 fuscous. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia; taken by Mr. 
 Jas. Ridings of Philadelphia. 
 
 COLEOPHORA, Zell.* 
 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., March, 1863, p. 6.f 
 Coleophora Rosafoliella, n. s. Basal joint of antennae 
 tufted. Fore-wings pale grayish towards the base, clouded 
 with dark brownish from the middle to the tip, where the 
 
 * See ante, p. 88. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 210. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 251 
 
 colour is most decided. Cilia grayish-brown. Hind-wings 
 blackish-brown, cilia grayish-brown. 
 
 Head and thorax white. Antennae, basal joint white, 
 annulated with black and white. Labial palpi white, dark 
 brownish externally. 
 
 Case silken, covered with granulations. It is cylindrical, 
 slightly compressed, the mouth slightly deflexed and the 
 opposite end turned down slightly, hook-like. Colour brown, 
 varied with gray and reddish-brown granulations. 
 
 I took the larva of this species on the 19th of April, feed- 
 ing on the opening buds of the common hundred-leafed 
 garden rose. During the winter, the case was attached to a 
 thorn on one of the principal stems. The imago appeared 
 on the 25th of May. 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coleophora Rosacella, n. s. Basal joint of antennce slightly 
 thickened with scales. Fore-wing blackish-brown, with the 
 costa from the base to the beginning of the costal cilia, nar- 
 rowly touched with white. Cilia concolorous with fore- 
 wings. Hind-wings blackish, cilia concolorous. 
 
 Antennas, basal joint dark grayish-brown. Head and 
 thorax dark grayish-brown. Labial palpi grayish, grayish- 
 brown externally. 
 
 The case is made of the cuticle of the rose-leaf on which 
 the larva feeds. It is a compressed cylinder, dilated slightly 
 on the middle of the under edge and serrated above. Colour 
 dark ochreous. 
 
 I took the larvaa on the 19th of April, feeding on the 
 opening buds of the sweet briar, the leaf of which is strongly 
 serrated, and I found the same species on the common hun- 
 dred-leafed rose at the same time. The case of the latter 
 differs from that of the larva of the sweet briar ; it is smaller, 
 but of the same form, not serrated along the upper edge, and 
 with a slight projection on the middle of the under edge ; its 
 colour is grayish-brown. The cases of both are attached to 
 the thorns of the bush during the winter, or to one of the 
 
252 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 principal stems amongst the thorns, and it is not easy to dis- 
 tinguish them from the spines of the rose-bush. 
 
 Variety. Two specimens were obtained from the cases of 
 sweet briar-feeders which varied in colour from the others, 
 although the cases were not distinguishable. The imagos 
 have the fore-wings dark ochreous, and the hind-wings dark 
 brown. 
 
 The imagos appear during the latter part of May and early 
 in June. 
 
 There is a strong resemblance between the variety of 
 C. Rosacella and the European C. Limosipennella, the larva 
 of which feeds on the elm-leaf. 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 DASYCERA, Haw. 
 
 Hind-wings ovate. The subcostal vein is simple. The 
 discal vein, which closes the discoidal cell, gives rise to two 
 discal branches. The median is 3-branched, the two upper 
 branches arising on a common stalk. The submedian and 
 internal veins are distinct. 
 
 Fore-wings elongate, lanceolate. The subcostal vein sub- 
 divides into four marginal branches, the apical furcate, both 
 branches reach the costa behind the tip. The discal vein 
 sands two branches to the hinder margin beneath the tip, and 
 the median vein is 3-branched. The fold is thickened at its 
 tip and the submedian furcate at its base. 
 
 Head smooth. Ocelli none. Antennae towards the base 
 thickened, with hairy scales on the back of the base, with the 
 apex comparatively naked, slightly ciliated. Labial palpi 
 reflexed, ascending above the vertex, the end of the middle 
 joint equal with the forehead ; the second joint compressed 
 with appressed scales ; the terminal joint slender, pointed, 
 nearly as long as the second joint. Maxillary palpi short. 
 Tongue somewhat longer than the anterior coxae, clothed with 
 scales. 
 
 D. Newmanella. Fore-wings purple, with an orange- 
 
MARCH, 1864. 253 
 
 coloured stripe in the disk and a shorter one at the base of 
 the wing in the fold and nearly joining the former. Hind- 
 wings dark fuscous. 
 
 Antennae dark purple, tip silvery. Head and face of a 
 brassy hue. Labial palpi and tongue orange-yellow. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 WILSONIA, n. gen. 
 
 Hind-wings very narrow and acutely pointed, with very 
 long cilia. The costa is dilated near the middle. The sub- 
 median vein is nearly obsolete. The costal vein enters the 
 costa just beyond the dilatation. The subcostal is simple, 
 attenuated and obsolete from the middle of the wing to the 
 base. The discoidal cell is closed by an extremely attenu- 
 ated discal vein, which gives rise to two nervules, the upper 
 of which appears to be a lower branch of the subcostal, but is 
 unconnected with it, and is continued through the discoidal 
 cell to the base of the wing as a false nervule. The median 
 vein runs near the inner margin and subdivides into three 
 equidistant branches. 
 
 Fore-wings lanceolate. The discoidal cell is long and 
 narrow, and appears to be unclosed. The subcostal vein 
 subdivides into five branches, the apical branch bifid, both 
 its nervulets are delivered to the costa behind the tip. The 
 median is 4-branched. The submedian furcate at its base. 
 
 Head smooth, with appressed scales. Without ocelli. 
 Eyes small. Antennae simple, about one-half as long as the 
 fore-wings ; basal joint slightly thickened with scales. Labial 
 palpi recurved, tips equal, at least, to the vertex, rather slender, 
 especially towards the base, with a spreading, limited tuft of 
 scales over the articulation of the middle and terminal joints, 
 and thence to the base smooth and slender ; terminal joint 
 about as long as the middle, roughed with scales from its 
 base to the tip, cylindric, pointed and thicker than the basal 
 portion of the middle joint and about as long. No maxillary 
 palpi. Tongue clothed with scales, extremely short. 
 
254 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 The genus is dedicated to Dr. Thomas B. Wilson of 
 Philadelphia, in recognition of the eminent encouragement 
 he has given to Entomological studies in the United States. 
 
 W. brevivittella. Fore-wings fuscous, intermixed with gray- 
 ish, with three black longitudinal streaks or dashes ; one at 
 the base of the fold, another in the middle of the wing, and 
 the last in the middle of the wing near the tip. On the 
 inner margin are three small black spots, placed respectively 
 beneath the dashes. Hind-wings fuscous, cilia the same. 
 
 Antennas dark fuscous, basal joint yellowish. Head pale 
 yellow. Labial palpi dark fuscous, the tuft and two rings on 
 the terminal joint pale yellowish. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 YPSOLOPHUS, Haw., Zell. 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Aug. 1863, p. 122.* 
 
 Ypsolophus flavivittellus, n. s. Fore-wings dark brown, 
 yellowish along the costa from the base to near the tip of the 
 wing. The yellowish streak is limited by the subcostal vein, 
 and is slightly dotted with dark brown. Hind-wings fus- 
 cous. 
 
 Antennas, head and labial palpi fuscous. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 ANESYCHIA, Steph. 
 
 Hind-wings rather broadly oblong, with short cilia. The 
 subcostal vein is simple. The discoidal cell is closed by a 
 transverse discal vein, which gives rise to two branches. The 
 median vein is 3-branched, the two upper branches arising 
 from a short common stalk. The submedian and internal 
 veins distinct. 
 
 Fore-wings elongate-ovate. The subcostal vein subdivides 
 into four branches ; the first is given off near the middle of 
 
 * See ante, p. 227. H. T. S. 
 
MARCH, 1864. 255 
 
 the wing and the apical branch furcate. The discal vein has 
 two branches, and the median is 3-branched, all the branches 
 being aggregated at its posterior end. The submedian fur- 
 cate at the base. 
 
 Head smooth. Ocelli none. Antennas of the males with 
 the joints rather dentate and pubescent-ciliated. Labial 
 palpi smooth, cylindric, moderately long, exceeding the 
 vertex somewhat, reflexed with the third joint pointed; middle 
 joint longer than the terminal joint. No maxillary palpi. 
 Tongue of moderate length, clothed with scales towards the 
 
 According to Mr. H. T. Stainton the larvas of this genus 
 seem exclusively attached to plants of the Borage family, on 
 which they feed. 
 
 Anesycliia sparsiciliella. Fore-wings white, with deep- 
 black markings. At the extreme base of the costa is a small 
 black spot, and one on the inner margin at the base, of the 
 same hue. On the middle of the costa is a rather large 
 black spot, nearly square, but with a slight incision on its 
 inner side and doubly curved on its exterior side. Near the 
 middle of the fold is a black dot, and one obliquely above it 
 in the disk. The apical portion of the wing is slightly dusted 
 with dispersed black atoms, and near the hinder margin, on 
 the ends of the nervules, are a few black dots. Cilia white, 
 slightly dusted with blackish. Hind-wings dark gray, cilia 
 the same. 
 
 Antennas blackish, white at base. Head white. Labial 
 palpi whitish, with a black stripe along the base of the middle 
 joint. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 ELACHISTA ? 
 
 Hind-wings with very long cilia, cimeter-like, extremely 
 narrow. The submedian and internal veins are obsolete. 
 Subcostal vein parallel and contiguous to the costa and fur- 
 
256 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 cate at the extreme tip of the wing. The discal vein is 
 extremely attenuated and short, and gives off a furcate 
 branch very near to the stalk of the subcostal vein. 
 
 Fore-wings narrowly lanceolate. The discoidal ceU is very 
 narrow. The subcostal vein sends off three branches to the 
 costa; the apical vein gives off a branch from its middle and 
 is trifid at its tip. Beneath the apical vein are three branches 
 to the margin beneath the tip, two of which are branches of 
 the median vein, the posterior being only faintly indicated. 
 The submedian is furcate at its base. 
 
 Head smooth. Forehead rounded. Face rather broad. 
 Basal joint of antennae slightly thickened (stalk wanting). 
 Labial palpi slightly curved, depressed, cylindrical, slender, 
 pointed. 
 
 Elachista ? orichalcella. The entire insect is of a beautiful, 
 metallic, cupreous colour. The hind-wings and cilia are rather 
 pale ochreous. 
 
 I have before me a single specimen, badly set but otherwise 
 in good condition. 
 
 Virginia. Coll. Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 
 
DECEMBER, 1864. 257 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. HI. pp. 505520, December, 1864.] 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BBACKENBIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 BEENTHIA, Clemens. 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., May, 1860, p. 172.* 
 
 Brenthia Virginiella, n. s. Fore-wings dark brown, tinged 
 with ochreous between the markings toward the tip, with an 
 oblique, somewhat violet-hued silvery line, from the costa at 
 the apical third, directed toward the anal angle ; a line of the 
 same hue from the tip of the wing, parallel to the hinder 
 margin, and a white costal streak equidistant from the two 
 silvery lines. On the inner margin, a little interior to the 
 anal angle, is a silvery, somewhat violet-hued spot. Cilia 
 whitish beneath the tip of the wing, with a dark intercilial 
 line. Hind-wings dark brownish, with a silvery spot near 
 the hinder margin above the anal angle. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 GEACILAEIA, Zeller. 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1863, p. 9.f 
 
 Gracilaria Blandella, n. s. Fore-wings yellow, dark 
 purple along the dorsal margin from near the base to the tip 
 of the wing. Near the tip is a projection from the dorsal 
 stripe extended to the costa, and a little interior to the middle 
 of the wing the dorsal stripe is excavated and presents a 
 
 * See ante, p. 133. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 215. H. T. S. 
 
258 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 blunt projection toward the costa. Near the base is a broad, 
 dark purple band from the costa, which forms the interior 
 limit of the excavation. The costa, from the band to the 
 base of the wing, and the base of the inner margin, is dark 
 purplish. Extreme base of the wing yellow. Cilia purplish, 
 with an intercilial paler line. Hind-wings and cilia pale 
 fuscous. 
 
 Face yellowish; head above tinted with purplish. An- 
 tennae yellowish, annulated with purplish. Labial palpi yel- 
 lowish, with a brownish spot on the end of the middle joint, 
 and the tip of the terminal joint brownish. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 TINEA. 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., September, 1859, p. 257.* 
 
 Tinea tapetzella, Lin. Fore-wings blackish at the base, 
 extended further along the costa than on the inner margin ; 
 the remainder of the wing is yellowish-white. The whitish 
 portion of the wing is marked with numerous, interrupted 
 transverse blackish stride, and at the base of the nervules, in 
 the middle of the wing, is a blackish spot and two or three 
 small ones at the apex of the wing. Cilia whitish, at ex- 
 treme apex fuscous. Hind-wings dark gray, with paler cilia. 
 
 Head and face white. Palpi white; second joint exter- 
 nally dark fuscous. Antennas fuscous. 
 
 This is an European insect and does not differ from the 
 descriptions and figures of European authors. I have never 
 before, however, met with a specimen of it and do not know 
 the circumstances of its capture. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 COLEOPHORA, Zeller. 
 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1863, p. 6.f 
 Coleophora cratipennella, n. s. Fore-wings white, striped 
 along the veins with dark ochreous. From the base of the 
 
 * See ante, p. 49. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 210. H. T. S. 
 
DECEMBER 1864. 259 
 
 wing are three stripes, one along the submedian, median, 
 and a rather broad one between the costal and subcostal veins. 
 In the middle of the disk is another stripe, and about the 
 middle of the wing begins a stripe along the subcostal vein, 
 which subdivides into two branches, terminating on the costa ; 
 beneath these are two other stripes, one along the inner mar- 
 gin from the tip, the other in the middle of the wing. Cilia 
 ochreous. Hind- wings fuscous; cilia yellowish-fuscous. 
 
 Antennas white, annulated with dark ochreous. Labial 
 palpi white, dark ochreous along the sides. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 GELECHIA. 
 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1863, p. 10.* 
 Gelechia gallcegenitella, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., May [March, 
 H. T. S.], 1864, p. 420. f 
 
 Since the description of this insect was given, Mr. Benj. 
 D. Walsh has forwarded to me another specimen, under the 
 impression that it was a distinct species. The differences in 
 ornamentation between the two, and another in the collection 
 of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, deserve critical 
 notice. 
 
 The original description of gallcegenitella ought to be so 
 modified as to read instead of " Fore-wings white, but so freely 
 dusted with black as almost to obscure the ground colour, 
 especially between the bands:" Fore-wings black, freely 
 dusted with white. 
 
 The following is the description of the specimen last re- 
 ceived from Mr. Benj. D. Walsh, the larva of which mines 
 the same gall as fungworella, the cabbage-like gall, brassi- 
 coides, peculiar to Salix longifolia. 
 
 Fore-wings dark gray, dusted with white. At the base of 
 the wing is an oblique, blackish-brown band, which terminates 
 
 See ante, p. 217. H. T. S. 
 t See ante, p. 242. H. T. S. 
 
260 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 on the fold in a little tuft of broAvn scales. The band is mar- 
 gined exteriorly with whitish., and the wing along the base of 
 the inner margin is pale gray. The middle of the wing has 
 a large dark-brown shade, which is divided by a pale grayish, 
 costal spot placed about the middle of the costa; in this shade 
 is an oblique, blackish-brown band, which is parallel to the 
 basal band, and beneath it, in the middle of the wing, are two 
 small tufts of brown scales. At the base of the fold is a black 
 dot, and one just above its termination, the latter encircled 
 with white. The apical portion of the wing is somewhat 
 dotted and streaked with whitish, and at the base of the costal 
 cilia are a few blackish dots. Cilia grayish-fuscous. Hind- 
 wings grayish; cilia grayish-fuscous. 
 
 A single specimen from Mr. Benj. D. Walsh, Rock 
 Island. 
 
 The following specimen differs somewhat in distinctness of 
 ornamentation of the fore-wings from the typical one in my 
 possession, but I attribute this to the fact, that it is not in so 
 good a state of preservation. 
 
 The fore-wings are blackish-brown, without distinct mark- 
 ings, and dusted with yellowish-white. The inner margin 
 along the base is whitish; cilia pale ochreous-gray. Hind- 
 wings pale grayish; cilia pale ochreous-gray. 
 
 Antennae annulated with blackish and white. Head whitish, 
 dusted with dark fuscous. Palpi, middle joint dark brown, 
 white at the extreme tip ; apical joint white, with two blackish- 
 brown rings, one near the base, the other at the tip, leaving 
 the extreme apex white. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 Gelechia nigratomella, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 
 1863, p. 11.* 
 
 Differs from the previously described specimen in the 
 general hue of the fore-wings. The specimen under descrip- 
 tion has the fore-wings ochreous, and whitish along the costa 
 
 * See ante, p. 217. H. T. S. 
 
DECEMBER, 1864. 261 
 
 at the base. There are five blackish-brown costal spots 
 beginning on the middle of the costa, with intermediate white 
 costal spots, the second being an oblique white line. In the 
 middle of the wing, at the apex, is a white spot, with a 
 blackish-brown dot beneath it. At the base of the fold is a 
 brownish dot and another about its middle. 
 
 A single specimen. Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. 
 
 Gelechia fungivorella, n. s.* Fore-wings roseate-white, 
 freely dusted with testaceous-brown along the inner margin 
 from the base to the tip of the wing, the costal half of the 
 wing being banded with alternate roseate-white dusted with 
 brownish, and testaceous-brown bands. Near the base of the 
 wing is an oblique testaceous band extended a little beyond 
 the middle of the wing, margined externally by a roseate- 
 white band, having a central line of brownish atoms. Another 
 testaceous band, placed about the basal third of the costa, is 
 oblique, and extends a little beyond the middle of the wing; 
 its dorsal edge is convex and the costal edge concave ; it is 
 broadest in the middle of the wing and terminates in a point, 
 just beneath which is a black or dark-brown dot encircled with 
 white or roseate-white. Towards the apex of the wing is a 
 semicircular, testaceous, costal patch margined with white or 
 roseate-white. The apical portion of the wing is dusted freely 
 with testaceous, and at the base of the cilia, near the anal 
 angle, are one or two black dots. Cilia testaceous, with a 
 white patch beneath the tip having a central dark-brownish 
 cilial line, and a white or roseate-white patch at the anal 
 angle. 
 
 Antennae dark brown, slightly annulated with shining 
 white. Head whitish, tinted with fuscous. Labial palpi 
 white; second joint with three blackish rings, one at the 
 base, one in the middle and one near the tip ; terminal joint 
 
 * Of this I received two specimens from Mr. B. D. Walsh. The exp. al. is 
 5i 6 lines. H. T. S. 
 
262 PAPERS BY DK. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 with four blackish rings, one at the base, two in the middle, 
 and one at the extreme tip. 
 
 My friend Mr. Benj. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, Illinois, 
 writes to me that " the larva mines a cabbage-like gall, 
 brassicoides, peculiar to Salix longifolia, and a pine-cone- 
 like gall on Salix cordata named strobiloides by Osten 
 Sacken." The ornamentation of the imago is similar to that 
 of G. roseosujffusella* the larva of which inhabits the fruit 
 panicles of sumach. Imago occurs August 1st 15th. 
 
 Bred by Mr. B. D. Walsh, Rock Island, IU. 
 
 Gelechia Salicifungiella, n. s. Fore-wings red, irregularly 
 marked with whitish. Near the base is a whitish band, pow- 
 dered with dark fuscous, which curves across the fold, includ- 
 ing the inner margin, and reaches the middle of the wing ; 
 the part beneath the fold is tinged with reddish and some- 
 times with pale brownish. Adjoining this band exteriorly is a 
 dark brownish-red, curved band, which does not cross the fold. 
 On the costa are three small white spots, one near the tip, one 
 about the middle and one exterior to the brownish-red band. 
 The margin of the wing is powdered with dark fuscous. Cilia 
 red. Hind-wings dark gray ; cilia grayish-fuscous. 
 
 Head reddish. Antennae black, annulated with white. 
 Labial palpi pale red ; second joint with two blackish rings ; 
 terminal joint with three black rings and a black dot at the 
 base, extreme tip black. 
 
 The larva mines the same gall, brassicoides, as G. fungi- 
 vorella. Mr. Walsh bred six specimens, of which he was 
 kind enough to send me three. Although fungivorella is 
 tinged with roseate in the white markings, I can perceive no 
 tendency in the eight specimens of this imago, that Mr. Walsh 
 has so liberally sent me, to merge into the ornamentation of 
 Salicifungiella. Certainly the character of the markings is 
 the same in each, and it is possible that we have here but a 
 single species. The imago occurs August 3rd 13th. 
 
 Bred by Mr. B. D. Walsh. 
 
 * See ante, p. 113. H. T. S. 
 
DECEMBER, 1864. 263 
 
 [Then follow twelve pages devoted to the Tortricida, includ- 
 ing a notice of the genus Anchylopera, with descriptions of 
 
 A. ocellana, H. saliciana, 
 
 A. mediofasciana, Ditula ? blandana, 
 
 A. fasciolana, Cnephasia ? maculidor- 
 A. pulchellana, sana, 
 
 A. fusociliana, PeroneajZavivittana, 
 
 A. dubiana, P. gallicolana, 
 
 A. Virginiana, Crcesia? unifasciana, 
 
 A. Lamiana. C. ? fulvoroseana, 
 
 Also of C. ? Virginiana, 
 
 Hedya deludana, C. ? gallivorana, 
 
 H. spoliana, Ptycholoma ? semifuscana, 
 
 H. Cressoniana, Steganoptychat ochreana, 
 
 H. signatana, S. varianaJ\ 
 H. salicicolana, 
 
264 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
 Philadelphia, Vol. V. pp. 133147, September, 1865.] 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 BY BBACKENBIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 [THE first portion of this paper (nearly ten pages) is devoted 
 to the Tortricida, and the following species are described 
 
 Stigmonota tristrigana, S.Jlavocellana, 
 
 Sericoris gratiosana, Tortrix lutosana, 
 
 S. concinnana, T. incertana, 
 
 S. mutabilana, T. ? fumiferana, 
 
 S. instrutana, Halonota tautana, 
 
 S.fcedana, Leptoris breviornatana, 
 
 S. versicolorana, Smicrotes virescana, 
 
 Lozot&nia vesperana, Mixodia? intermistana, 
 
 L. purpurana, Siderea ? nubilana, 
 
 L. fractivittana, Euryptychia saligneana, 
 
 L. fuscolineana, and 
 
 Xanthosetia albicomana, Callimosema scintillana.'] 
 
 Steganoptycha crispana, 
 
 TlNEINA. 
 
 BATRACHEDRA, Stainton. 
 
 Hind-wings very narrow, pointed; costa rather concave 
 from the tip to near the base, where there is a projecting tuft, 
 inner margin concave. The subcostal vein is simple, runs 
 very near the costa and reaches it beyond the middle of the 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1865. 265 
 
 wing. The median vein is simple and runs nearly parallel 
 to the inner margin, and enters it nearly 
 opposite the costal termination of the sub- 
 costal vein ; between these, in the middle 
 of the wing, originates an independent 
 discal branch, which is obscurely furcate, 
 its longest branch being lost before it 
 reaches the apex of wing. There are two 
 folds on the wing, which resemble veins ; 
 one above and parallel to the median vein, the other above 
 and parallel to the discal branch. 
 
 Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate. The discoidal cell is ob- 
 liquely placed in the wing, its lower angle approaching very 
 near the dorsal margin of the wing. The subcostal vein is 
 arched, and gives off a long, oblique, marginal branch from 
 behind the middle of the wing, one at the superior angle of 
 the cell and one intermediate. 'A very short and indistinct 
 vein closes the cell posteriorly, and two indistinct apical veins 
 succeed the third subcosto-marginal branch, one of which is 
 delivered to the tip and the other to the costa behind the 
 tip.* The median vein is 3-branched, the two superior 
 branches sometimes from a common base and the posterior 
 branch extremely short and indistinct; thence the median runs 
 obliquely and direct to the base. The submedian is indis- 
 tinctly forked at its base. 
 
 Head smooth, without ocelli. Antennas rather more than 
 one-half as long as fore-wings, setaceous, joints thickly set, 
 without hairs; the basal joint short. Labial palpi moderately 
 long, recurved, acute; second joint compressed, subclavate. 
 Tongue moderate, clothed with scales. 
 
 Batrachedra salicipomonella.^ Fore-wings fuscous, with a 
 rather broad whitish stripe, freely dusted with fuscous, run- 
 
 * The expression here used and illustrated by the figure shows clearly that 
 by the words " behind the tip," Dr. Clemens meant what I should have 
 called " before the tip." H. T. S. 
 
 f Of this I received two specimens from Mr. B. D. Walsh. The exp. al. is 
 5 lines. H. T. S. 
 
266 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 ning through the middle of the wing, from the base and along 
 the apical margin to the tip. Near the basal third of the 
 wing on the dorsal edge of the whitish stripe is an elongate, 
 blackish-brown spot, and from the middle of the wing, towards 
 the tip, it is edged on its costal side by a blackish-brown line, 
 which contains sometimes a spot of the same hue. The apical 
 portion of the stripe is more freely dusted with fuscous than 
 the other portions. Cilia fuscous. Hind-wings fuscous, cilia 
 paler. 
 
 Antennae dark fuscous, without white annulations, except 
 near the tip. Head fuscous above, face white. Labial palpi 
 dark fuscous ; second joint with a white ring at the extreme 
 tip, sometimes white at the base, with a broad fuscous ring 
 near the tip ; terminal joint fuscous, with a more or less dis- 
 tinct whitish central ring and the extreme tip whitish. 
 
 This is a very interesting " Micro," not only in conse- 
 quence of the specific resemblance it bears to the European 
 Batrachedra praangusta, but of the discovery of its larva by 
 one of our most gifted and promising Entomologists, Mr. Benj. 
 D. Walsh, of Eock Island, 111. 
 
 In the note which accompanied the perfect insects, Mr. Walsh 
 writes : " I enclose herewith several specimens of a moth, bred 
 from the Tenthredinidous gaU, Salicis pomum, Walsh, MS., 
 and a single one from the Cecidomyidous gall, S. rhodoides, 
 Walsh. This is the insect that I think I mentioned to you 
 as being very prettily marked in the larva state, each segment 
 having a broad, black band and the ground colour being 
 whitish. I had a single one come out last summer, but the 
 great bulk of them hybernated either in larva or pupa state 
 and came out May 8th 20th. They vary but little. I have 
 beaten larva? of very similar appearance off oak trees." 
 
 So far as I am informed, the larva is unknown to European 
 Lepidopterists, although it is recorded that the perfect insect, 
 pr&angusta, is very common among willows and poplars in 
 July, and may frequently be observed sitting on the trunks 
 of those trees with the anterior feet put back like Bedellia, 
 and the head raised a little. 
 
 Mr. Walsh has the honour of having made an interesting 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1865. 267 
 
 discovery, that puts an end to all uncertainty respecting the 
 larva and its food plant. 
 
 In a subsequent letter Mr. Walsh kindly supplied me with 
 the following description of the larva : 
 
 " Length *20 inch. Body tapering at each end, opaque, 
 milky-whitish, with a few short, whitish hairs. The first 
 segment behind the head, with an obsemicircular, shining, 
 glabrous, brown, dorsal shield ; second segment with an inter- 
 rupted, opaque brown, dorsal band on its anterior edge, the 
 interruption occupying about one-third of the band ; segments 
 3 12 with an uninterrupted, opaque brown, dorsal band on 
 the anterior edge, and segment eleventh with a similar band 
 at its tip also. Head yellowish. Legs and venter immacu- 
 late, whitish. Legs six, prolegs ten, normally arranged. 
 Spins a thread, wriggles much when disturbed and runs back- 
 wards with great agility. 
 
 " This larva occurred in abundance August 23rd, and sub- 
 sequentlyin the Tenthredinidous gall, S. pomum, Walsh, MS., 
 which grows on the leaves of Salix cordata. Each gall 
 contained but a single larva, unaccompanied by the larva 
 of the Nematus which makes the gall, which it must con- 
 sequently have destroyed or starved out, either in the egg or 
 in the larva state. 
 
 " A single imago came out in the autumn of the same year, 
 but the great bulk of them came out next spring, May 8th 
 20th, from galls kept through the winter. There can \>e no 
 doubt of the correlation of larva and imago, because no other 
 Lepidopterous larva or imago occurred in the gall S.pomum, 
 though I had three or four hundred of them in my breeding- 
 vase. The insect must hybernate normally in the larva state, 
 for I noticed numbers of them in the spring crawling about 
 among the galls. In a state of confinement it generally retires 
 to the inside of the gall to assume the pupa state, though I 
 noticed one or two cocoons spun among the galls. Probably 
 in a state of nature it hybernates in the gall, comes out of 
 it in the spring, and spins its cocoon amongst dry leaves and 
 rubbish. 
 
268 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 "I also bred a single imago of this same species, May llth, 
 from the Cecidomyidous gall, S. rhodoides, Walsh, from 
 galls kept through the winter, and I found in the spring a 
 denuded imago of what was apparently the same species, dead 
 and dry amongst a lot of Tenthredinidous galls, S. desmo diodes, 
 Walsh, MS., which is closely allied to S. pomum, but occurs 
 on the leaves of a very distinct species of willow. Thus we 
 have three different willow-galls inhabited by the same moth, 
 two of them made by saw-flies and one by a gall-gnat. 
 
 " I have several times beaten off black-oak trees larvse 
 apparently very similar to this Batrachedra, and with the 
 same harlequin-like markings, but whether the two are speci- 
 fically identical, I cannot say." 
 
 GRACILARIA, Zell. 
 
 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 6 ;* Proc. Ent. Socy. 
 Philad., March, 1863 ;f Id., Dec. 1864, p. 5054 
 
 I wish to redescribe and change the name of a species, 
 whose history I have ascertained, and which I have recently 
 bred. The first description was drawn from a rather worn 
 specimen, but in the main is correct. In order that the 
 species heretofore described may be more readily distinguished 
 I have tabulated them as follows : 
 
 Legs with white tibias. 
 
 F. w. costal-half yellow ; dorsal, Desmodifoliella. 
 purple, with central black dot. [p. 269.] 
 
 Legs without white tibiae. 
 
 F. w. with a yellow, trigonal, costal 
 mark. 
 
 Mark large, extended to tip of 
 wing. 
 
 * See ante, p. 91. H. T. S. 
 t See ante, p. 215. H. T. S. 
 t See ante, p. 257. H. T. S. 
 
 Unfortunately Dr. Clemens has omitted to say from what he bred this. 
 Dcsmodium (Tick-Trefoil) is a genus of the Leguminosce. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1865. 
 
 269 
 
 F. w. reddish-violet ; mark 
 distinct, single ; base of 
 inner margin yellow. 
 F. w. dark purple ; mark 
 indistinctly double ; base 
 of inner margin dark 
 purple. 
 Mark small ; f. w. purplish, 
 
 with costal spots. 
 
 F. w. with fasciaform, white mark- 
 ings. 
 
 Markings broad ; with exterior 
 
 costal spots. 
 
 Markings narrow, without cos- 
 tal spots. 
 
 With four equidistant 
 
 streaks. 
 
 With one long costal and 
 dorsal streak near the 
 tip of the wing. 
 
 superlifrontella. 
 [p. 91.] 
 
 Blandella. 
 
 [p. 257.] 
 
 coroniella. 
 
 [p. 243.] 
 
 fulgidella. 
 
 [p. 92.] 
 
 venustella. 
 
 [pp. 92 & 216.] 
 strigifinitella. 
 
 [p. 92.] 
 
 Gracilaria Desmodifoliella. G. violacella, Proc. Ac. 
 Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 7.* The costal half of the fore- 
 wings, limited by the fold, is yellow ; the dorsal half purple, 
 and the edge of the latter curves to the costa a little interior 
 to the tip of the wing. In the middle of the wing, on the 
 edge of the purplish portion, is a black dot, and the costa 
 along the middle has a few dots of the same hue, but not so 
 conspicuous. Cilia purplish. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; 
 cilia the same. 
 
 Head and antennas purplish. Face white. Labial palpi 
 white, with the ends of the middle and terminal joints touched 
 
 * See ante, p. 93. H. T. S. 
 
270 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 with brown. Hinder pair of legs yellowish ; middle and 
 anterior purplish-brown, with white tarsi.* 
 
 NEPTICULA, Zell. 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., June, 1860, p. 214 ;f Proc. 
 Ent. Soc. Philad., March, 1862, p. 149 ;J Id., Nov. 
 1861, p. 82 ; Id., Jan. 1862, p. 133.|| 
 Since the foregoing pages were written, I have been suc- 
 cessful in rearing N. saginella from leaves of oaks, collected 
 during the latter part of July ; and I am therefore able to 
 say definitely, that while the Nepticuliform mines in the 
 leaves of the chestnut may be produced by the larva of Buc- 
 culatrix trifasciella, those in the leaves of oaks are certainly 
 the work of a Nepticula miner. 
 
 The mines in chestnut leaves are shorter than those in oak 
 leaves, although very similar in appearance. 
 
 The following is a table of the species described to the 
 present time. 
 Fore-wings without spots or fasciae. 
 
 Pale ochreous, dusted with blackish- saginella. 
 
 brown. [p. 175.] 
 
 F. w. with a white spot and a costal streak. 
 
 Dark brown. Platanella. 
 
 [pp. 173 & 183.] 
 F. w. with pale or silvery fasciaa. 
 
 Blackish-brown ; fascia median, curved. Rubifoliella. 
 
 [p. 152.] 
 
 Purplish-fuscous ; fascia oblique, rather fuscotibiella. 
 broad. [p. 182.] 
 
 Bronzy-green ; with two fascias. bifasciella. 
 
 [p. 183.] 
 
 * Here stress is laid upon the " white tarsi" but in the table of the genus 
 we read " legs with white tibice" Either tarsi or tibia is probably a mis- 
 print, but without knowing the insect described it is impossible to say which 
 is the erroneous expression. H. T. S. 
 
 f See ante, p. 152. H. T. S. 
 
 j See ante, p. 192. H. T. S. 
 
 See ante, p. 171. H. T. S. 
 
 || See ante, p. 182. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1865. 271 
 
 Nepticula saginella, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., Nov. 1861, 
 p. 85.* Fore-wings pale ochreous, sprinkled or dusted freely 
 with blackish-brown over the entire surface. Cilia ochreous, 
 slightly clothed with blackish-brown. 
 
 Head and face blackish-brown. Eye-caps ochreous. 
 
 The larvae were taken nearly half-fed in leaves of black 
 oak, on the 29th of July, and at this date most of the mines 
 are abandoned. The larva is bright green, with a central 
 dark-green line of ingesta. Head slightly touched with 
 brownish. 
 
 The mine is a serpentine, rather short tract, which, when 
 occupied or recent, is white and nearly transparent, with a 
 narrow, very black central frass line. It is frequently bent 
 or curved as the larva approaches maturity. The cocoonet 
 is yellowish-white. Both the imago and larva are very 
 small. 
 
 Upon the authority of Mr. H. T. Stainton, for which I 
 feel the highest respect, " the six anterior legs so universally 
 present in Lepidopterous larvae are wanting in Nepticula 
 larvae, and are replaced by membranous processes or prolegs ; 
 each of the remaining segments is furnished with a pair of 
 prolegs, making eighteen in all." I find, after a careful 
 examination, that counting the head as the first segment in 
 N. saginella, the third and fourth have a pair of legs, the 
 fifth segment is without any, and the six foUowing segments 
 are each supplied with a pair of prolegs. So that the formula 
 for the legs of N. saginella would stand thus, making sixteen 
 in all: 
 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 
 I have not yet examined the neuration of N. saginella, and 
 it may be that it is a Trifurcula. An examination necessitates 
 the destruction of the minute specimen, and I wish to defer it 
 till I have secured others. It appears to me, however, that 
 
 * See ante, p. 175. H. T. S. 
 
272 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 the eye-caps are too large to permit sagindla to remain 
 amongst the Nepticulce. The larvae of Trifurcula are en- 
 tirely unknown, so that one can receive no assistance in 
 classification from a knowledge of their habits. 
 
 BUCCULATRIX, Zeller. 
 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 13;* June, 1860, 
 p. 211.f 
 
 Bucculatrix trifasciella. Fore-wings ochreous, with three 
 silvery, equidistant costal streaks, the first near the base, the 
 last at the beginning of the apical cilia, with the spaces 
 between them somewhat darker than the general hue. On 
 the middle of the dorsal margin is a spot of blackish-brown, 
 with a patch of dispersed scales of the same hue exterior to 
 it, limited externally by a silvery dorsal streak. At the ex- 
 treme tip is a small blackish-brown spot, with an intercilial 
 line of the same hue exterior to it. Cilia ochreous. Hind- 
 wings fuscous ; cilia the same. 
 
 Antennae fuscous. Head ochreous; eye-caps somewhat 
 silvery-white. 
 
 The cocoonet of this species was found on the leaf of a 
 chestnut tree early in July. The cocoon is elongated, ribbed 
 externally, and dark gray. The imago appeared in the latter 
 part of July. 
 
 The leaves of chestnut are mined early in the season by a 
 larva that I have regarded as a Nepticula from the characters 
 of the mine, but I am now disposed to think that the mine is 
 made by the larva of trifasciella during its early life. This 
 mine is noticed in the Proceedings for November, 1861, p. 85, 
 under Nepticula saginella.\ 
 
 * See ante, p. 108. H. T. S. 
 f See ante, p. 146. H. T. S. 
 J See ante. p. 175. H. T. S. 
 
SEPTEMBER, 1865. 273 
 
 INCUR VARIA, Haw. 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan. 1860, p. 5.* 
 
 Fore and hind wings lanceolate, pointed. Fore-wings, 
 subcostal vein with three branches near the end of the disk ; 
 apical branch furcate near its base ; discal nervules two. 
 Hind-wings, subcostal vein furcate ; discal nervule one. 
 
 Incurvaria mediostriatella. Fore-wings iridescent bluish- 
 purple, with a broad golden stripe from the base to the 
 middle of the dorsal margin, leaving a stripe of the general 
 hue on the base of the dorsal margin, and with a rather broad 
 obliquely placed costal streak, of the same hue, at the begin- 
 ning of the apical cilia. The cilia are intermixed with golden 
 scales. Hind-wings reddish-purple, cilia fuscous. Antennas 
 and head pale yellowish. 
 
 Taken on wing in damp woods, the latter part of July. 
 
 This species differs, in some respects, from both russatella 
 and Acerifoliella and from the European typical species. 
 The antennae are nearly if not quite as long as the fore-wings, 
 and perhaps in the future it may be necessary to create a new 
 group for its reception. I have not deemed this advisable at 
 present, as its oral parts are quite identical with those of the 
 genus. 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 See ante, p. 89. H. T. S. 
 
274 PAPERS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
 Philadelphia, Vol. VI. pp. 221, 222, November, 1866.] 
 
 NOTES ON THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMER^EFORMIS. 
 
 BY BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS, M.D. 
 
 [This is an inquiry into the synonymy of Haworth's Sphinx 
 Ephemerceformis, and concludes thus :] 
 
 The synonymy of this species would therefore stand as 
 follows : 
 
 THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMER^EFORMIS. 
 
 Sphinx Ephemeraformis, Haw., Lep. Brit. 72. 
 
 ^Egeria Ephemerceformis , Stephens,* 111. Brit. Ent., 
 Haust., I. 145. 
 
 Thyridopteryx Ephemerceformis, Stephens, Trans. Ent. 
 Soc. Lond., Vol. I. p. 76, pi. 10, f. 1 ; 111. Brit. Ent., 
 Haust., Vol. IV. ; Doubleday, on some N. American Lep. 
 Entomologist, p. 97 ; Gosse, ZooL, II. 537 ; Walker, Cat. 
 Brit. Mus., IV. 959, 60. 
 
 CEceticus conifer arum, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 
 Nov. 1864, p. 351. 
 
 Hymenopsyche coniferarum and thoracicum ? Grote, 
 Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Dec. 1865, p. 248. 
 
 This was the last Entomological paper which was published 
 by Dr. Brackenridge Clemens. H. T. S. 
 
 Dr. Clemens has here erroneously written Haw. H. T. S. 
 
( 275 ) 
 
 DEATH OF DK. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 [Extracted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of Philadelphia, Vol. VI., Proceedings of Meetings, p. xvi, 
 February llth, 1867.] 
 
 THE Corresponding Secretary announced the death of 
 Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, of Easton, Pa., a Corresponding 
 Member of the Society. 
 
 The following Preamble and Resolutions were then 
 adopted: 
 
 " WHEREAS, It has pleased God in His omniscient Provi- 
 dence to remove from earth and friends, BRACKENRIDGE 
 CLEMENS, M.D., of Easton, Pa., a Corresponding Member 
 of this Society, and as this Society is desirous of testifying its 
 high appreciation of one, who, during his life, had been a 
 devoted student of Entomology, and whose works are the 
 evidence of the high literary and scientific attainments of the 
 Author, therefore be it 
 
 " Resolved, that the decease of BRACKENRIDGE CLE- 
 MENS, M.D., has taken from the Entomological 
 Society of Philadelphia a good and faithful Mem- 
 ber, whose heart was ever open to the calls of Ento- 
 mological Science. 
 
 " Resolved, that the Society has lost one, whose ability 
 was great, and the acuteness of whose rnind was 
 large, capable of searching to the greatest depths, 
 and bringing therefrom the long sought know- 
 ledge. 
 
 " Resolved, that this Society would respectfully express 
 its deep sympathy with the family of the deceased, 
 in this period of deep affliction by which it has been 
 visited. 
 
 " Resolved, that a copy of the above Preamble and 
 Resolutions be forwarded to Mrs. Brackenridge 
 Clemens, by the Secretary." 
 T2 
 
276 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN H. T. STAINTON AND B. D. 
 WALSH OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS, ON THE DEATH OF 
 DR. BRACKENRIDGE CLEMENS. 
 
 MOUNTSFIELD, LEWISHAM, NEAR LONDON, 
 
 July 23rd, 1867. 
 
 To B. D. WALSH, Esq. 
 
 Six years ago Dr. Hagen, who was then spending a 
 fortnight with me, mentioned your name to me, and suggested 
 that I should find you a valuable correspondent. 
 
 Since then I have frequently perused with pleasure your 
 papers in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
 Philadelphia, but I had already one American Correspondent 
 in Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, and as I find it some trouble 
 to keep up with all my European correspondence, I did not 
 desire to increase my trans- Atlantic correspondence. 
 
 Now, alas ! poor Clemens is dead. His portrait hangs 
 before me as I write. I ask myself, shall I ever. know such 
 another Micro-Lepidopterist out of Europe? To have done 
 what he did, with all the disadvantages of a new country, 
 with no collections for reference, appears to me marvellous ! 
 
 I should be very glad if you could give me some informa- 
 tion of the latter days of Dr. Clemens. I have heard nothing 
 but what I see in the Proceedings of the Entomological 
 Society of Philadelphia, Vol. VI. No. 2. 
 
 I had not heard from Dr. Clemens since October, 1860. 
 I had written twice to him in 1863, but no reply. No doubt, 
 like myself, he was very fully occupied with correspondents 
 nearer home. 
 
 It occurs to me that unless some other Micro-Lepidopterist 
 rises up in your country, you may occasionally wish to make 
 use of me to determine species that you may breed. I shall 
 
H. T. STAINTON AND B. D. WALSH. 277 
 
 at all times be most happy to do so to the best of my ability. 
 
 ***** 
 I was extremely interested in your notice of the habits of 
 the larva of Batrachedra salicipomonella. As far as I can 
 yet learn our B. pr&angusta is not a gall-feeder, but I cannot 
 say that I yet know the whole of its history. 
 
 H. T. STAINTON. 
 
 KOCK ISLAND, ILLINOIS, 
 August 12th, 1867. 
 
 H. T. STAINTON, Esq. 
 
 %. 
 
 YOUR very agreeable letter of July 23rd came to hand 
 a few days ago. 
 
 I have nothing to tell you of the latter days of poor 
 Dr. Clemens, except what I learnt from his letters. 
 
 In 1861 he dropped me as a correspondent just as he did 
 you; and from August 12th, 1860, to July 5th, 1863, 
 I never heard a word from him. At the latter date he men- 
 tions having received a letter from you ; so it could not have 
 miscarried. Then follows another long gap in our corre- 
 spondence of 14 months, and on Septr. 4th, 1864, he " hopes 
 that, when the present political conditions are replaced by 
 purer and more humane principles when we are once again 
 under a government of law and not fanaticism to turn again 
 to the quiet and absorbing pursuits of science." 
 
 Then another gap of 10 months, to July 21st, 1865, when 
 he remarks that " other duties have so absorbingly demanded 
 attention, that for the past few years he [Dr. C.] has for- 
 gotten to collect, observe, or write." After that date the 
 Civil War being then over, and the late rebels in high spirits 
 again I heard from him pretty frequently. 
 
 The truth of the matter, I suppose, is that Clemens had 
 connections in Virginia, and for aught I know may have 
 been a Virginian by birth ; and throughout the war his sym- 
 pathies were with the South. For myself I am an ultra- 
 radical, and if I recollect rightly, I answered his sneers at 
 
278 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. 
 
 Northern "fanaticism" by showing that the Pro-slavery men 
 were the real fanatics, if fanaticism meant flying in the face 
 of the moral sense of the whole civilized world. We neither 
 of us afterwards recurred to the subject ; but I have little 
 doubt that it was anxiety for the fate of the South, and not as 
 you suppose his " being very fully occupied with correspon- 
 dents nearer home," that prevented him from answering you 
 in 1863. 
 
 On looking further through our correspondence, I see that 
 he says himself that he was a native of Virginia. " Hinc 
 ilia, lachrymce." Who can wonder that, under the circum- 
 stances, the terrible calamities of the war pressed with double 
 weight upon his mind ? 
 
 ****** * 
 
 B. D. WALSH. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Those species marked I, were only known in the perfect state ; 
 
 those 
 
 marked L. were only known in the larva state. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ADELA 249 
 
 BEDELLIA 
 
 .. 95 
 
 I. Ridingsella .. ..250 
 
 somnulentella . . 
 
 .. 189 
 
 AMYDBIA .. .. 55,59,60 
 
 Staintoniella (somnulen- 
 
 I. effrenatella .. ..55 
 
 tella) .. 
 
 96, 189 
 
 Anacampsis cerealella, Har- 
 
 BRACHILOMA 
 
 .. 232 
 
 ris 112 
 
 I, unipunctella 
 
 .. 232 
 
 A. RoUniella, Fitch . . 208 
 
 BRENTHIA 
 
 .. 133 
 
 ANAPHORA . . . . 56, 59, 60 
 
 I. inflatella 
 
 .. 209 
 
 I. arcanella . . 57, 58 
 
 I. pavonacella 
 
 .. 134 
 
 I. plumifrontella . . . . 57 
 
 I. Virginiella 
 
 .. 257 
 
 I. Popeanella .. ..57 
 
 BUCCULATRIX 
 
 .. 108 
 
 ANARSIA 127 
 
 I. agnella .. 
 
 .. 147 
 
 pruniella .. ..128 
 
 I. coronatella 
 
 .. 109 
 
 ANESYCHIA 254 
 
 pomifoliella . . 
 
 .. 146 
 
 sparsiciliella . . . . 255 
 
 trifasciella 
 
 .. 271 
 
 ANORTHOSIA .. ..110 
 
 BUTALIS 
 
 .. 126 
 
 I. punctipennella .. .. Ill 
 
 I. flavifrontella 
 
 .. 126 
 
 ANTISPILA .. .. ..103 
 
 I. f uscicomella 
 
 .. 126 
 
 cornifoliella .. ..103 
 
 I. matutella 
 
 .. 127 
 
 Isabella 142 
 
 CALLIMA . . . . 
 
 .. 122 
 
 nysssefoliella . . . . 102 
 
 I, argenticinctella 
 
 .. 123 
 
 L. viticordifoliella . . .. 142 
 
 L. CATASTEGA.. 
 
 .. 177 
 
 ARGYRESTHIA .. ..93 
 
 L. aceriella . . 
 
 .. 178 
 
 I. oreasella 93 
 
 L. Hamameliella . . 
 
 .. 178 
 
 Argyromiges Psetidacaci- 
 
 L, timidella 
 
 .. 177 
 
 ella, Fitch 208 
 
 CHAULIODUS 
 
 .. 235 
 
 A: quercifoliella, Fitch . . 139 
 
 I. canicinctella 
 
 .. 236 
 
 ASPIDISCA . . 104, 143, 147 
 
 CHRYSOCORYS 
 
 .. 132 
 
 lucifluella .. ..143 
 
 Erythriella . 
 
 .. 132 
 
 L. ostrysefoliella .. .. 171 
 
 CHRYSOPORA 
 
 .. 123 
 
 I,, pruniella .. .. 171 
 
 I. lingulacella 
 
 .. 124 
 
 L. saliciella .. ..171 
 
 COLEOPHORA 
 
 165, 211 
 
 splendoriferella . . . . 105 
 
 I. caenosipennella . . 
 
 .. 88 
 
 BATRACHEDRA . . .. 264 
 
 L. caryaefoliella 
 
 .. 166 
 
 salicipomonella . . . . 265 
 
 I. concolorella 
 
 .. 211 
 
280 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 COLEOPHORA continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 EUDARCIA 
 
 PAGE 
 .. 101 
 
 I, coruscipennella.. 
 
 . 88 
 
 I, 
 
 simulatricella . . 
 
 .. 102 
 
 L, corylifoliella 
 
 . 166 
 
 
 EVAGORA 
 
 .. 119 
 
 I. cratipennella .. 
 
 . 259 
 
 I. 
 
 apicitripunctella 
 
 .. 120 
 
 I. cretaticostella . . 
 
 . 89 
 
 
 GELECHIA 
 
 .. 217 
 
 I. infuscatella 
 
 . 89 
 
 
 agrimoniella 
 
 112, 224 
 
 I. laticornella 
 
 . 88 
 
 I. 
 
 angustipennella 
 
 222, 224 
 
 I. Icucochrysella . . 
 
 . 211 
 
 I. 
 
 apicilinella 
 
 223, 224 
 
 L. Ostryas 
 
 . 167 
 
 I. 
 
 brumella 
 
 .. 239 
 
 L. Pruniella 
 
 . 167 
 
 
 cerealella 
 
 1 12, 224 
 
 I,. Querciella 
 
 . '168 
 
 I. 
 
 detersella 
 
 116, 225 
 
 Kosacella 
 
 . 251 
 
 I. 
 
 (?) flavocostella .. 
 
 113, 180 
 
 rosaefoliella 
 
 . 250 
 
 I. 
 
 flexurella 
 
 115, 225 
 
 L. tiliasfoliella 
 
 . 168 
 
 
 f ungivorella 
 
 .. 261 
 
 L. Viburniella 
 
 . 167 
 
 I. 
 
 fuscopunctella . . 
 
 218, 225 
 
 COSMIOTES (ELACHISTA) . 
 
 . 97, 
 
 
 gallaegenitella . . 
 
 242, 259 
 
 
 133 
 
 I, 
 
 gilvolinella 
 
 223, 224 
 
 illectella.. 
 
 . 98 
 
 , 
 
 gilvomaculella . . 
 
 219, 225 
 
 maculoscella 
 
 . 98 
 
 Labradoriella 220, 224, 239 
 
 madarella 
 
 . 98 
 
 , 
 
 longifasciella . . 
 
 219, 225 
 
 COSMOPTERYX 
 
 . 99 
 
 . 
 
 mediof uscella . . 
 
 218, 224 
 
 , gemmiferella . . . 
 
 . 100 
 
 . 
 
 mimella 
 
 116,225 
 
 , C. Clemensella, Stainton . 
 
 . 100 
 
 . 
 
 nigratomella 217, 
 
 224, 260 
 
 CYCLOPLASIS . . 
 
 . 246 
 
 , 
 
 ornatifimbriella 
 
 .. 242 
 
 Panicifoliella . . 
 
 . 248 
 
 . . 
 
 pullifimbriella . . 
 
 223, 225 
 
 DASYCERA 
 
 . 252 
 
 
 
 punctiferella 
 
 222, 224 
 
 I. Newmanella . . . 
 
 . 252 
 
 
 Khoifructella . . 
 
 114, 225 
 
 DEPRESSARIA 
 
 . 229 
 
 ; 
 
 roseosuffusella . . 
 rubidella . . . 
 
 113, 225 
 115, 225 
 
 I. atrodorsella 
 I. Lecontella 
 
 . 230 
 . 137 
 
 
 Salicifungiella . . 
 GLYPHIPTERYX 
 
 .. 262 
 .. 213 
 
 I. pulvipennella . . 
 DlACHORISIA 
 
 . 244 
 . 106 
 
 I. 
 
 impigritella 
 GRACILARIA 
 
 .. 214 
 .. 215 
 
 I, velatella.. 
 
 . 107 
 
 I, 
 
 Blandella 
 
 .. 257 
 
 ELACHISTA 
 
 . 133 
 
 I, 
 
 coroniella 
 
 .. 243 
 
 ELACHISTA ? 
 
 . 255 
 
 
 Desmodifoliella.. 
 
 .. 268 
 
 Brachyely trif oliell a 
 
 . 248 
 
 I. 
 
 f ulgidella 
 
 .. 92 
 
 I. illectella 
 
 . 98 
 
 I. 
 
 strigifinitella . . 
 
 .-. 92 
 
 I. maculoscella 
 
 . 98 
 
 
 superbifrontella 
 
 .. 91 
 
 I, madarella 
 
 . 98 
 
 I. 
 
 violacella 
 
 .. 93 
 
 I. (?) orichalcella 
 
 . 256 
 
 I. 
 
 venu stella 
 
 92, 216 
 
 I, prasmaturella .. 
 
 . 133 
 
 
 HAMADRYAS . . 
 
 .. 245 
 
 ENDROSIS? 
 
 . 119 
 
 
 Bassettella 
 
 .. 246 
 
 I. Kennicottella .. 
 
 . 119 
 
 
 HOLCOCERA 
 
 .. 225 
 
 ENICOSTOMA 
 
 . 230 
 
 I. 
 
 chalcofrontella . . 
 
 .. 226 
 
 I, Packardella 
 
 . 231 
 
 I. 
 
 gilbociliella . . 
 
 .. 227 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE" 
 
 HOLCOCERA continued. 
 
 
 MARMARA 
 
 .. 211 
 
 I. modestella 
 
 .. 227 
 
 salictella.. 
 
 .. 212 
 
 I. purpurocomella 
 
 .. 227 
 
 MENESTA 
 
 .. 151 
 
 HOMOSETIA 
 
 .. 234 
 
 I. tortriciformella . . 
 
 .. 151 
 
 I. (Tinea) costisignella 
 
 .. 235 
 
 NEPTICULA .. 
 
 .. 171 
 
 I. (Tinea) tricingulatella . 234 
 
 L, Amelanchierella 
 
 .. 174 
 
 HYBROMA . . 
 
 .. 187 
 
 L. anguinella 
 
 .. 175 
 
 I.' servulella 
 
 .. 187 
 
 I. bifasciella 
 
 .. 183 
 
 HYPONOMEUTA 
 
 .. 95 
 
 L. carysefoliella 
 
 .. 174 
 
 I. multipunctella . . 
 
 .. 95 
 
 L. corylifoliella 
 
 .. 172 
 
 INCURVARIA 
 
 .. 272 
 
 L. cratsegifoliella .. 
 
 .. 173 
 
 acerif oliella 
 
 .. 90 
 
 I. f uscotibiella 
 
 .. 182 
 
 Labradorella 
 
 .. 238 
 
 Ii. juglandifolieHa 
 
 .. 173 
 
 mediostriatella . . 
 
 .. 272 
 
 L. ostryaefoliella . . 
 
 .. 172 
 
 russatella 
 
 .. 89 
 
 Platanella (L.) 173, 
 
 183, (I.) 
 
 
 . 130 
 
 
 192 
 
 Eloisella 
 
 .. 131 
 
 L. platea 
 
 .. 175 
 
 luciferella 
 
 .. 130 
 
 L. (?) prunif oliella .. 
 
 .. 174 
 
 LEUCANTHIZA 
 
 62,84 
 
 L. rosaefoliella 
 
 .. 176 
 
 amphicarpeaefoliella 
 
 .. 85 
 
 rubif oliella 
 
 .. 152 
 
 LITHOCOLLETID^E 
 
 .. 61 
 
 saginella (L.) 175 
 
 ,(I.)270 
 
 LlTHOCOLLETIS . . 61, 
 
 62, 169 
 
 L. villosella 
 
 .. 174 
 
 aceriella . . 
 
 65,75 
 
 L. Virginiella 
 
 .. 172 
 
 seriferella 
 
 64,68 
 
 NOMIA (CHRYSOPORA) 
 
 .. 123 
 
 argentifirabriella 
 
 64,70 
 
 I. lingnlacella . . 
 
 .. 124 
 
 I. argentinotella . . 
 
 66,78 
 
 OPOSTEGA 
 
 .. 179 
 
 basistrigella . . 65 
 
 , 66, 69 
 
 I. albogaleriella . . 
 
 .. 180 
 
 carysefoliella 
 
 65,74 
 
 ORNIX 
 
 .. 176 
 
 crataegella .. 66, 
 
 76, 141 
 
 0. acerifoliella, Fitch 
 
 .. 90 
 
 Desmodiella 
 
 65,68 
 
 I. Boreasella 
 
 .. 237 
 
 Fitchella 
 
 .. 139 
 
 cratasgifoliella .. 
 
 .. 94 
 
 guttifinitella 
 
 65,76 
 
 I, festinella 
 
 ' .. 94 
 
 Hamadryadella 
 
 65,77 
 
 L. quadripunctella 
 
 .. 177 
 
 L. J nglandiella 
 
 .. 170 
 
 I. trepidella 
 
 . 94 
 
 lucetiella 
 
 65, 73 
 
 PARASIA 
 
 .. 136 
 
 lucidicostella 
 
 64,66 
 
 I. subsimella 
 
 .. 137 
 
 obscuricostella . . 
 
 64,71 
 
 PARECTOPA . . 
 
 ,. 144 
 
 obstrictella 
 
 64,73 
 
 Lespedezaefoliella . 
 
 .. 144 
 
 ostryaefoliella . . 
 
 64,71 
 
 Robiniella 
 
 .. 207 
 
 Kobiniella 
 
 64,66 
 
 PHYLLOCNISTIS 
 
 62,82 
 
 Ii, salicif oliella . . 
 
 .. 169 
 
 Liriodendronella 
 
 .. 220 
 
 tubif erella 
 
 .. 140 
 
 vitigenella 
 
 .. 83 
 
 LYONETIA . . 
 
 .. 183 
 
 PlGRITIA 
 
 .. 135 
 
 I, speculella 
 
 .. 184 
 
 I. laticapitella 
 
 .. 136 
 
 MACHIMIA 
 
 .. 147 
 
 I. ochreella 
 
 .. 233 
 
 tentoriferella 
 
 .. 148 
 
 I. ochrocomella . . 
 
 .. 232 
 
282 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PLUTELLA 
 
 PAGE 
 .. 90 
 
 
 TINEA continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. limbipennella . . 
 
 .. 90 
 
 I. 
 
 tricingulatella . . 
 
 .. 234 
 
 I. mollipedella 
 
 .. 91 
 
 I. 
 
 variatella . .' 
 
 50, 53 
 
 I. vigilaciella 
 
 .. 90 
 
 
 TlSCHEEIA .. 
 
 62,79 
 
 PSILOCORSIS 
 
 .. 149 
 
 
 citrinipennella . . 
 
 80,82 
 
 quercicella 
 
 .. 149 
 
 
 malifoliella 
 
 .. 141 
 
 I. reflexella 
 
 .. 150 
 
 
 solidagonifoliella 
 
 80,81 
 
 SOLENOBIA .. 
 
 .. 181 
 
 
 quercitella 
 
 .. 221 
 
 Walshella 
 
 .. 181 
 
 
 Zelleriella 
 
 80,81 
 
 STILBOSIS 
 
 .. 129 
 
 Tliyridopteryx Ephemeras- 
 
 I. tesquella 
 
 .. 129 
 
 
 for mis, Haworth . . 
 
 .. 274 
 
 STEOBISIA . . 
 
 .. 117 
 
 
 TRICHOTAPHE 
 
 .. 121 
 
 I. emblemella 
 
 .. 118 
 
 
 alacella 
 
 .. 180 
 
 I. iridipennella 
 
 .. 118 
 
 I. 
 
 flavocostella 
 
 113, 180 
 
 I. levipedclla 
 
 .. 207 
 
 I. 
 
 juncidella 
 
 .. 122 
 
 TENAGA 
 
 .. 185 
 
 I. 
 
 setosella 
 
 .. 121 
 
 I. pomiliella 
 
 .. 186 
 
 
 TRYPANISMA 
 
 .. 125 
 
 TINEID^E .. 
 
 .. 48 
 
 
 prudens 
 
 ., 125 
 
 TINEINA 
 
 .. 47 
 
 
 WALSHIA 
 
 .. 240 
 
 TINEA 
 
 49, 59, 60 
 
 
 Amorphella 
 
 .. 241 
 
 I. acapnopennella . . 
 
 .. 233 
 
 
 WlLSONIA 
 
 .. 253 
 
 I. biflavimaculella 
 
 49, 50, 237 
 
 I, 
 
 brevivittella 
 
 .. 254 
 
 carnariella 
 
 49,51 
 
 
 XYLESTHIA 
 
 53, 59, 60 
 
 I. costisignella 
 
 .. 235 
 
 
 pruniramiella . . 
 
 .. 54 
 
 I. crocicapitella . . 
 
 49,51 
 
 
 YPSOLOPHUS 
 
 .. 227 
 
 I. dorsistrigella . . 
 
 49,50 
 
 I, 
 
 flavivittellus 
 
 .. 254 
 
 lanariella 
 
 50,52 
 
 I. 
 
 pauciguttellus . . 
 
 .. 228 
 
 I. nubilipennella . . 
 
 50,52 
 
 I. 
 
 punctidiscellus . . 
 
 .. 228 
 
 I. tapetzella 
 
 .. 258 
 
 I. 
 
 unicipunctellus . . 
 
 .. 229 
 
 London : Printed by C. Roworth & Sons, Newton Street, Higli Holborn. 
 
THE 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TINEINA, 
 
 BY 
 
 H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S., 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 PROFESSOR ZELLER, J. W. DOUGLAS 
 
 AND 
 
 PROFESSOR FREY. 
 
 Twelve Volumes are now published, price 12s. 6d. each. 
 
 loured Plati 
 24 Species. 
 
 Each Volume contains eight coloured Plates, and the Natural Histories of 
 
 Vol. I. NEPTICULA (21) and CEMIOSTOMA (3) (1855). 
 
 Vol. II. LlTHOCOLLETIS (1857). 
 
 Vol. III. ELACHISTA (21) and TISCHERIA (3) (1858). 
 
 Vols. IV. and V. COLEOPHORA (1859 and 1860). 
 
 Vol. VI. DEPRESSARIA (1861). 
 
 Vol. VII. BUCCULATRIX (12) and NEPTICULA (12) (1862). 
 
 Vol. VIII. GRACILARIA (15) and ORNIX (9) (1861). 
 
 Vols. IX. and X. GELECHIA (1865 and 1867). 
 
 Vol. XI. PRAYS (2), SWAMMERDAMIA (3), ZELLERIA (3), LAVERNA (7), 
 GLYPHIPTERYX (3), HELIOZELA (1) and ANTISPILA (2) 
 (1870). 
 
 Vol. XII. COSMOPTERYX (3), STATHMOPODA (2), CHAULIODUS (3), 
 
 ASYCHNA (2), OCHROMOLOPIS (1) and DEPRESSARIA (12) 
 (1870). 
 
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 Latin which are printed in parallel columns." 
 
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 PARIS: DEYROLLE, Rue de la Monnaie 19; 
 BERLIN : E. S. MITTLER UND SOHN, Kochstrasse 69. 
 
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