T P 
 
 F ILL1NOIS BULLETIN 
 
 DECEMBER 22, 1908 No. 18 
 
 ;ond-class matter under Act of Congress July 16. 1894 J 
 
 CIRCULAR NO. 3 
 
 FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 (COMPILED FROM TESTS MADE BY THE TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, AT THE ST. Louis FUEL 
 
 TESTING PLANT, 1904 JUNE 30, 1907). 
 
 BY 
 L. P. BRECKENRIDGE 
 
 AND 
 PAUL DISERENS 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 URJBANA, ILLINOIS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
 
<? 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 CIRCULAR No. 3 DECEMBER 1908 
 
 FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 (COMPILED FROM TESTS MADE BY THE TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, AT THE ST. Louis, Mo., FUEL 
 
 TESTING PLANT, 1904-JuNE 30, 1907.) 
 
 BY 
 
 L. P. BRECKENRIDG,., DIRECTOR OF THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION, 
 ALSO CONSULTING ENGINEER, TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH, U. S. G. S. 
 
 AND 
 PAUL DISERENS, M. E. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 I. Introduction 2 
 
 II. A Summary of Conclusions 2 
 
 III. The Coals Tested 4 
 
 IV. Chemical Properties of the Coals Tested 9 
 
 V. Washing Tests 18 
 
 VT. Coking Tests 23 
 
 VII. Steaming Tests 26 
 
 VIII. Producer-Gas Tests 43 
 
 357045 
 
EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 I INTRODUCTION 
 
 The United States Geological Survey Technologic Branch has 
 conducted at the St. Louis, Missouri, fuel testing plant, a series 
 of investigations on the fuels of the United States. These tests 
 included a large number of Illinois coals. The results of the 
 tests have been published from time to time in a series of govern- 
 ment bulletins which contain very full descriptions of methods 
 and very complete details of the results obtained. A complete 
 list of the government bulletins is given at the end of this publi- 
 cation. 
 
 The tests included: 
 
 (a) Steaming tests under boilers 
 
 (b) Producer-gas tests 
 
 (c) Washing tests 
 
 (d) Coking tests 
 
 (e) Briquetting tests 
 
 (f) Chemical tests for composition and heating values 
 
 (g) Field work tests, sampling tests and a few other minor 
 investigations. 
 
 It is the purpose of this circular to present in compact form 
 the important results of the government tests so far as these tests 
 relate to Illinois coals. The Engineering Experiment Station 
 hopes that by bringing together in one circular the tests made by 
 the government on Illinois coals, it may do a service to the engi- 
 neering, industrial and fuel interests of the State. The compiler 
 has presented a few conclusions which seem justified by a study 
 of the results recorded from tests already made. It is, however, 
 fair to say that in a few cases the number of tests made is 
 scarcely sufficient to warrant any general application of the con- 
 clusions stated. 
 
 II A SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 
 
 The results of the United States Geological Survey tests of 
 Illinois coal, presented in the following pages, seem to justify 
 the conclusions given below. 
 
 1. The chemical properties of the coals tested indicate that 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 8 
 
 VG 
 
 on a basis of the volatile-carbon total-carbon ratio (-77-), all Illi- 
 
 G 
 
 nois coals tested belong in Class B or Class D*. The maxi- 
 mum value of this ratio is 33.4 per cent and the minimum value is 
 20.9 per cent. 
 
 2. The average calorific value of Illinois coal is 14319 B. t. u. 
 per pound of pure coal (ash and moisture free). But few samples 
 tested varied from this value by an amount more than 2 per cent. 
 
 3. The quality of Illinois coal is greatly increased by wash- 
 ing. The reduction in ash and in sulphur is as follows: 
 
 When raw coal contains 8% ash, the reduction in ash is 20%. 
 When raw coal contains 12% ash, the reduction in ash is 30%. 
 When raw.coal contains 16% ash, the reduction in ash is 43%. 
 When raw coal contains 20% ash, the reduction in ash is 53%. 
 When raw coal contains 2% sulphur, the reduction in sulphur is 13%. 
 When raw coal contains 3% sulphur, the reduction in sulphur is 17%. 
 When raw coal contains 4% sulphur, the reduction in sulphur is 22%. 
 When raw coal contains 5% sulphur, the reduction in sulphur is 28%. 
 
 4. The material rejected by the washing jig contains I coal 
 and i noncombustible refuse. 
 
 5. One-fourth of the coal tested may be used for the manu- 
 facture of coke. 
 
 6. The evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal when burned in 
 a hand-fired furnace under a water- tube boiler averages 62.7 per 
 cent. This performance compares favorably with that of any other 
 bituminous coal tested at the United States Geological laboratory. 
 
 7. The evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal is but slightly 
 affected by the moisture contained in it. 
 
 8. The evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal decreases as the 
 ash and sulphur increase. Each additional per cent of ash and 
 sulphur results in 0.4 per cent decrease in efficiency. 
 
 9. The evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal, when burned in 
 a hand-fired furnace, decreases as the per cent of fine coal con- 
 tained in it increases. 
 
 10. Briquetting improves the evaporative efficiency of Illinois 
 coal only when the raw coal is in the form of slack or screenings. 
 
 11. The performance of Illinois coal in a gas producer com- 
 pares favorably with that of any other bituminous coal tested at 
 the United States Geological Survey laboratory. 
 
 12. The value of Illinois coal as fuel for a gas-producer 
 
 *Professor Parr's classification of coal, see page 11 of this circular. 
 
4 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 decreases as the ash contained in it increases and as the calorific 
 value decreases. 
 
 13. In small plants it requires at least two and one-half times 
 as much coal to develop one horse- power when used in steam boiler 
 service as when used in gas producer service. 
 
 14. Gas producers can be continuously operated with Illinois 
 coal developing one electrical horse-power with 1.7 Ib. of dry coal. 
 
 Ill THE COALS TESTED 
 
 1. The mining centers and districts of Illinois, recognized by the 
 trade and defined with reference to geographical position, have 
 been described as follows.* 
 
 (a) Williamson, Franklin, and Perry Counties. Williamson 
 County led the production of the State in 1907 with more than 
 5,500,000 tons. No. 7, the Blue Band seam, which is from 5 to 
 10 feet thick, averaging 9 feet over a large area, is the greatest 
 producer. It maintains an approximate uniformity in physical 
 character and thickness but varies from place to place in fuel value. 
 At Spillertown another seam, 4 feet thick, is mined 60 feet below 
 No. 7. This seam is probably equivalent to No. 5 of Saline 
 County and may have a wide distribution in the Williamson 
 County district. 
 
 (b) Sangamon, Macoupin, Christian, Logan, and Macon 
 Counties. The Springfield district, extending into several adjoin- 
 ing counties, has long been one of the most important. Sangamon 
 produced more than 5,000,000 tons in 1907. The coal of the dis- 
 trict is commonly known as No. 5, though recent work tends to 
 confirm the suggestion that there are probably two distinct beds 
 mined in this district, -No 5, in the area north of Chatham, and in 
 No. 6 south of that town. The average thickness is a little less 
 than 6 feet at Springfield, about 4.5 feet at Decatur and from 6 to 
 8 feet in Macoupin County. 
 
 (c) St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, and Randolph Counties. St. 
 Clair County produced more than 4,500,000 tons in 1907. This 
 district, known as the Bellville district, is not sharply set off from 
 its neighbors since the same coal bed is mined under similar con- 
 ditions in adjoining counties. It is the Blue Band seam and has 
 a thickness of from 5 to 7 feet over much of the area. The seam 
 is reached by shafts from 100 to 300 feet deep. 
 
 * The Coal Resources of Illinois, by Prank W. DeWolf , Amer. Inst. of Mining Engineers, 
 October, 1908. 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 5 
 
 (d) Vermilion County. During 1907 Vermilion County pro- 
 duced nearly 3,000,000 tons. It has long been an important area, 
 shipping principally to the Chicago market. There are three per- 
 sistent seams, two of which are worked. The top or Danville, 
 No. 7, appears west of Vermilion river and is mined along the 
 outcrop and by shafts from 75 to 200 feet deep. The other, known 
 as the Grape Creek coal, No. 6, lies from 20 to 80 feet below the 
 Danville and is the more important of the two. 
 
 (e) Saline County. Saline County is one of the newest and 
 most rapidly growing producers. In 1907 its output was about 
 2,1*25,000 tons, a gain of 125 per cent over 1906. There are two 
 seams, No. 7 and No. 5, underlying the northern two-thirds of 
 this county and much of Gallatin on the east, each approximately 
 5 feet thick and lying 90 to 150 feet apart vertically. 
 
 (/) Fulton and Peoria Counties. Fulton County produced 
 more than 2,000,000 tons in 1907 and Peoria about half as much. 
 Here the principal seam, called No. 5, is from 4 to 4.5 feet thick. 
 Shafts reach the coal at from 75 to 150 feet. In all, seven beds 
 are present. 
 
 (g) La Salle, Bureau and Grundy Counties. The La Salle 
 district includes three principal counties and produces more than 
 5,000,000 tons yearly. The largest production is by long- wall 
 mining from seam No. 2, or the Third Vein. The coal averages 
 3 feet thick and is of good quality. About 140 feet above it, lies 
 seam No. 5. It is about 4 feet thick. About 40 feet above No. 5 
 is seam No. 7. This is extensively mined by room-and- pillar 
 methods. 
 
 2. The samples tested were procured from 5 of the 7 districts 
 described in the preceding paragraph. They were furnished by the 
 several coal mining companies of the state free of cost, and were 
 shipped to the fuel testing laboratory under the supervision of an 
 expert inspector whose chief care was to secure a sample for test- 
 ing which fairly represented the normal product of the mine. The 
 cars were numbered consecutively in the order of shipment, and 
 this number has been retained as the laboratory designation of 
 the sample. When two or more car lots consisting of different 
 grades, such as lump, nut, etc., were shipped from the same mine, 
 each lot was designated by a letter. For example, Illinois 11A 
 is screened coal, 11B run-of-mine and 11C No. 5 washed coal, all 
 from the same mine. 
 
 A complete list of the car-load samples of Illinois coal re- 
 ceived and tested is given in Table 1. In this table the location 
 
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 r N 
 Min 
 
 gger Hollow No 
 
 CCCO-H <y M < 
 
 -2? OOO^ 66066 'S OO 
 
 rr 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 Co 
 
 :6 
 
 o-o a : 
 
 og o :: : s 
 
 2O -3 o :J ' bl 
 
 o o : ZH : : : : d^- gW: - 
 
 Sm 
 
 
 ?l! : 
 iS| 
 
 SSv^to 
 
 SS'S 
 
 "?3 
 ^5- .2 '^ 
 
 |: I 
 
 O 
 
 I. g :s 
 S"S&|f- I 
 
 PU!Z; 
 
 's 
 
 I130O 
 
 S 'O 'S 'H 
 
 ;^^^^2: 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 a d >- 
 
 . . . g|l, . g. d. |g 
 
 or s"3 
 
 Jc/}> S a? occ 
 
 ' 
 
 b : : : -S -S |tf 
 
 a da : S ^^c'B 
 es ^a be ^sCa5 
 fl . ^^ : - c : |-a-g : 
 
 <j X < ffi < S < 23 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 9 
 
 of the mine, the geological bed or seam and the name of the mine 
 or its depth are given. Referring to the table it will be seen that 
 fifty-three car samples from thirty-three different mines were 
 tested, and that the mines are distributed throughout twelve of 
 the principal coal mining counties of the State. The location 
 of each mine is plotted on the map, Fig 1. 
 
 A comparison of the coal output of the several localities de- 
 signated in paragraph 2, with the number of mines submitting 
 samples, shows that the coal tested is fairly representative and 
 while it is true that two comparatively important coal producing 
 localities are not included, the results of tests should be accepted 
 as characteristic of Illinois coal in general. 
 
 3. The plan of the tests as adopted by the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey included a complete chemical analysis of samples 
 submitted, an investigation of the advantages of washing, an in- 
 vestigation of the coking qualities of the coal, and a series of boiler 
 and gas producer trials. In carrying out this plan each sample 
 was tested under conditions as nearly identical as possible, and 
 every effort was made to secure results which would admit of di- 
 rect comparison. 
 
 IV CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS TESTED 
 
 To determine the chemical properties of the coals tested, 
 samples were taken both from the working face of the mine and 
 from each car-load shipped. 
 
 4. The mine samples were obtained as follows: After a gen- 
 eral inspection of the mine to determine the variations of coal in 
 thickness and in quality, two representative points were selected in 
 opposite parts of the mine. The face of the coal at these places 
 was cleaned in order to remove any weathered coal or powder 
 smoke, and a cut made across the face of the coal from roof to 
 floor, including all the benches mined and such impurities as were 
 not removed in ordinary work. The coal obtained, amounting to 
 25 or 30 pounds, was pulverized and quartered down according to 
 generally accepted rules, and the sample placed in an air-tight 
 iron can. This was mailed to the chemical laboratory where it 
 was received and analyzed within two or three days. 
 
10 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 5. The car samples were obtained during the process of unload- 
 ing at the testing plant. A quantity never less than 200 pounds 
 and often as great as 600 pounds was collected, a shovelful at a 
 time from every part of the car. This was thoroughly crushed and 
 quartered down until 25 or 30 pounds remained , placed in an air- 
 tight can and immediately shipped to the chemical laboratory. 
 Here the sample was pulverized and again quartered until a con- 
 venient amount for analysis was obtained . 
 
 6. The chemical work included calorific determinations, and 
 ultimate and proximate analyses. The calorific value was deter- 
 mined in duplicate for each car sample. A determination was also 
 made for one of the two mine samples corresponding to each car- 
 load. An ultimate analysis was made in duplicate on each car 
 sample. The approximate analysis and the determination of sul- 
 phur were made for practically every sample that came into the 
 laboratory, and were made in duplicate for all car samples. 
 
 7. The results of the chemical analyses are given in Tables 2 
 and 3, (p. 12, et seq.) Column 1 gives the laboratory number, Col- 
 umn 2 the U. S. G. S. number, Column 3, the coal bed or seam and 
 Column 4, the location from which the sample was taken. Column 
 5 gives the designation of the sample. The proximate analysis is 
 given in Columns 6 to 14. These results are given both for air- 
 dry coal (Columns 7 to 10) and for pure coal (Columns 12 to 14). 
 The calorific value is given in terms of dry coal in Column 11 and 
 in terms of pure coal in Column 15. Referring to the latter it will 
 be seen that the maximum value is 14900 and the minimum 13900, 
 a range of about 6.7 per cent. The average, however, is 14319 
 and but few of the recorded values vary from this by an amount 
 greater than two per cent. The ultimate analysis is given in Col- 
 umns 16 to 21. For convenience in comparing the results this is 
 put in terms of dry coal. Columns 22, 23 and 24 have been calcu- 
 lated from the ultimate and proximate analyses. The combustible 
 volatile is equal to the difference between the total volatile (Col- 
 umn 12) and the inert volatile (Column 23). The inert volatile is 
 equal to 100 minus the total carbon, the ash, the water, the sul- 
 phur and the available hydrogen all divided by 100 minus the ash 
 and water. The ratio of the volatile carbon to the total carbon 
 (Column 24) is equal to total carbon as shown by the ultimate anal- 
 ysis minus the fixed carbon as shown by the proximate analysis 
 divided by the total carbon. 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 11 
 
 The values included in Columns 22, 23 and 24 have been cal- 
 culated in order to make possible a classification based on the 
 ratio of volatile carbon to total carbon. This is the classification 
 suggested by Professor S. W. Parr, and, in brief, is as follows.* 
 
 VC 
 Anthracite Proper Ratio -^- below 4% 
 
 VC 
 Anthracite Semi- Anthracite Ratio -~- between 4% and 8% 
 
 VC 
 
 Semi-Bituminous Ratio -^ between 10% and 15% 
 
 VC 
 A \ Ratio -^ from 20% to 32% 
 
 ( Inert Volatile from 5% to 10% 
 
 COAL 
 
 Bituminous Proper 
 
 Black Lignites 
 Brown Lignites 
 
 VC 
 
 B j Ratio -~ from 20% to 27% 
 
 Inert Volatile from 10% to 16% 
 
 VC 
 
 Ratio -^ from 32% to 44% 
 
 Inert Volatile from 5% to 10% 
 
 VC 
 D _j Ratio -^ from 27% to 44% 
 
 Inert Volatile from 10% to 16% 
 
 Ratio from 27% up 
 
 Inert Volatile from 16% to 20% 
 
 VC* 
 
 Ratio -^ from 27% up 
 
 Inert Volatile from 20% to 30% 
 
 It will be seen that in this system of classification all samples 
 of Illinois coal tested fall in one of two divisions, bituminous B 
 and bituminous D. In Table IV (p. 18) they have been arranged in 
 the order of their volatile-carbon total-carbon ratio. Referring to 
 
 VC 
 
 Column 2 of this table the minimum value of the ratio is 20.9 
 
 o 
 
 and the maximum 33.4. The inert volatile calculated on the pure 
 coal basis varies from 12.5 to 16.3. 
 
 The classification of the several coal beds or seams of the 
 state as used in the state coal reports has often been questioned; 
 nevertheless it is of interest to note that in so far as the present 
 tests can be taken as an index, seam No. 7 falls in Class B, and 
 seam No. 6 falls in Class D. Furthermore if, as has been pointed 
 out, (paragraph 2, section b, Chapter II) certain of the Blue Band 
 
 Composition and Character of Illinois Coals, by S. W. Parr, Illinois State Geological Sur- 
 vey, Bulletin No. 3. 
 
12 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 f O CO O Oi O Ci C^ -OCO . CO 1C CO CO * 
 & . -r-< CD Oi -t-Oi . . I- ?o - co ** . cot-coio^ 
 
 I-GOQ sana 
 jo punod jad-n ^ 'g 
 
 Proximate Analysis 
 of Pure Coal (Ash 
 and Moisture Free), 
 Per cent 
 
 jnijd^ns 
 
 UOQJ'BQ PSXT^ 
 
 J831T?J^ 
 
 ["BOQ Ajp-JTV 
 
 jo punod aad -h "j -g 
 
 Proximate Analysis of Air- 
 Dry Coal, Per cent 
 
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 66: 66 - 66: 66 
 
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 66: 
 
 111 Illl 111 II l I 
 
 " CCW " 
 
 a- - * 
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 CQ KQ 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 13 
 
 g :23 = g :$o ;S3 ;S2 :S38 :gp :|8 :? :S :S :g2 :? :j? :g : :SS 
 * ' ' : ' ' 
 
 
 
 o t 
 
 66:66:60:66:06:66: 6:66 
 iz;^; : ^^; . : !z;^ :^;^ : ^^ : ^;J?; 
 
 :66::66::66:66:66:6 
 
 wS'&w 
 
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14 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
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 I 
 
 n !} - g 
 
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 Proximate 
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 Perc 
 
 S? A 
 
 jo punod jad -h ; -g 
 
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 26 
 
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 SccoQS 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 15 
 
 UOQJBO 81T1BIOA JO OtlBH 
 
 ysis of Dry Coa 
 cent) 
 
 loo aanj) 
 
 aiqpsnqtaoo 
 
 qsy 
 
 areas J Psa T^OQ 
 
 oos ** -eo 
 
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 . 30 l^. -OO -OS O 3O OOGO30 Oi OS 00 < 
 
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 .-xi -ta -so -co - -o~ r^ os in 
 
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 ' '-oS ' -o ' -6 : : : D '6 : 
 
 CQ Q3Q 
 
16 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 uoqji3Q iieaOiL oa 
 uoqa'BO 9U11310A jo omn 
 
 
 
 coot- . .iftwt-t- . .t- . .CD -m -os . .00 -oo 
 
 """ '* - ... - - ... 
 
 (sxsT?a 11300 ajnj) 
 
 3 
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 i 1-1 (N ; M CO <N <N -CO -<N -CO ; ;(N _ ;W ; ;CO^n 
 
 (sis^g IBOO QJtidD 
 
 os m 1-1 - - 1- 1- o os - -o .m . .0 <w IN . t- 1-1 
 
 W W (M M IN W (N (M CC -CO <M -CO <N M 
 
 Ultimate Analysis of Dry Coal 
 (Per cent) 
 
 qsy 
 
 CQ 
 
 ^Hffioo -Tti^He^i^i i-i -co *c -o -o -oci 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 -^H O < .OiOO^nCO . -OS . .5> -O in !> . -H N 
 ^t-OO -I^t-J-t- -CD -5> -CO . -Ji -COO 
 
 w.r4 -coc^iriiN TH --^ -Tti i-I -TT ' i-i 
 
 ~ 
 
 2 
 
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 co., . :S8ga ::S : - : - : :S : - ; .gg 
 
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FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 17 
 
 os . r- cc -*" e<i cs 
 
 oo o . ~- oo i 
 
 ec c 
 
 :88 : :2 
 
 -O -O?O 
 
 -I- <&5 
 
 -oco TO * 
 
 .1-1 . o -<M -ow 
 -t 10 -t-- 'ftoo 
 
 6 -66 -66 -66 -66 -do -66 -6c> '.66 -66 ' ' '66 166 '.66 '.66 
 
 ^O! r3 sXX cJ X 'V. -CT. 
 
 O 
 
18 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 coals of Sangamon County in reality belong to Seam 6 instead of 
 5, Class B would also include all coals tested from seam No. 5. 
 The single sample from Seam No. 2, (U. S. G. S. 18) falls in Class 
 D, well up towards the lignites. 
 
 TABLE IV 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ILLINOIS COAL ON THE BASIS OF THE 
 VOLATILE-CARBON AND TOTAL-CARBON RATIO 
 
 U. S. G. S. 
 Number 
 
 Ratio of 
 Volatile 
 Carbon 
 to Total 
 Carbon 
 
 Inert 
 Volatile 
 (Pure Coal 
 Basis) 
 
 Class 
 
 Coal 
 Bed or 
 Seam 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 20.90 
 
 12.50 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 22.20 
 
 13.35 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 22.50 
 
 12.20 
 
 B 
 
 
 16 
 
 22.90 
 
 12.50 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 23.00 
 
 12.30 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 23.63 
 
 12.20 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 23.70 
 
 16.30 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 24.70 
 
 13.00 
 
 B 
 
 
 11 
 
 24.77 
 
 12,00 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 25.40 
 
 12.90 
 
 B 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 26.20 
 
 13.30 
 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 26.90 
 
 12.50 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 26.90 
 
 13.60 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 27.13 
 
 13.50 
 
 D 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 27.60 
 
 13.10 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 28.30 
 
 12.36 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 29.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 29,20 
 
 12-70 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 29.30 
 
 13.30 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 29.20 
 
 13.40 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 29 50 
 
 13.20 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 29 80 
 
 12.50 
 
 D 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 29.80 
 
 13.50 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 30.30 
 
 12.70 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 30.60 
 
 12-40 
 
 D 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 31.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 31.00 
 
 12.80 
 
 D 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 31.80 
 
 12.70 
 
 D 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 32.80 
 
 12.95 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 1 & 2 
 
 33.40 
 
 12.95 
 
 D 
 
 6 
 
 V WASHING TESTS 
 
 8. The equipment for the washing tests of Illinois coal consists 
 of one modified Stewart jig and one jig especially designed for 
 the laboratory, a Cornish tooth-roll crusher, an adjustable-mesh 
 bumping screen, and bins of suitable capacity for storing the coal. 
 The Stewart jig, shown in Fig. 2, provides for the washing of 
 coal not exceeding 1J inches in diameter. The special jig may be 
 used for larger sizes. It is of the center- plunger type, that is, 
 the plunger is directly beneath the screen. Its upward stroke 
 causes the pulsation, and its downward stroke, by an arrange- 
 ment of valves at the side of the jig body, admits the water sup- 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 19 
 
 ply. The screen is 4 feet wide by 5 feet long and is constructed 
 of No. 10 wire set 1-16 inch apart. The length of stroke and the 
 depth of the coal bed are adjustable. 
 
 FIG. 2 STEWART JIG (PROF. PAPER 48, p. 1460) 
 
 9. The tests involved the weighing of the raw and washed 
 coal, and the refuse. Samples of the coal were collected before and 
 after it was fed to the jig. These were sent to the chemical lab- 
 oratory for analysis. Altogether 31 tests were made on 24 kinds 
 of coal. 
 
 10. The results of the tests are given in Table 5. Column 1 of 
 this table is the U. S. G. S. coal number, Column 2 the jig used 
 
20 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 spanod 
 11300 PJUSU 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 re 
 
 spunod 
 
 w 
 
 'S . 
 
 ^r9 
 
 ^[91T5J'Bd9S) 
 
 anqd[ns 
 
 ^T3g 
 
 
 g2 
 
 S^ Ju| 
 
 qsy 
 
 X'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 (p9UltU.I919C[ 
 A'[9JKJT?d9S) 
 
 jnqd[ns 
 
 
 
 S-H 
 
 O 
 
 .2 a 
 
 02 a; 
 
 qsy 
 
 >> o 
 o| 
 
 < . 
 
 < ^ 
 
 a P S 
 
 I 3 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 S?A 
 
 CH 
 
 
 
 <W 1-H C* 1 ' 1 I T I <M ^1 (71 ^ li ^- G^ CM <7J T (T-^T-H^-T I (M CO CM T I I 
 
 OQUiirtOOQO 
 
 r i -.-TI- -oi-r 
 
 1 ': 
 : : 
 
 I o Ut lO -- CD CC ?O iO OO 1C ^O ^ J 
 
 -* rf Ci ifs <M t- t- oc x ;e 
 
 C5CiCS>fl=;CC CC rt 1- 
 
 ON 's ' ~s -a 
 
 ^i ^ t^ eo c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <*-,-<* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ; ;-- 
 
 Sl!mi!l: 
 
 IldSv 
 
 11! 
 
 SrJ 
 
 ~^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : :3? 
 
 sssssssssss 
 
 gg^S? 
 
 ?55 
 
 ^i2 
 
 S2g 
 
 -s w 
 
 -o^^j,'^:^;^;"^^^ 
 
 o ;; 
 
 '- 1C * 
 
 7' ~ 
 
 g$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |w : 1^6 
 
 o eo oi oo ao i os od ffi * 
 
 " re :c in 
 
 :2^ 
 
 !^ 
 
 1C ^-' 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slack 
 Run of Mine 
 No. 5 Nut 
 Run of Mine crushed to 2 in. 
 Slack 
 
 Run of Mine crushed to 2 in. 
 
 Slack 
 Run of Mine crushed to 2 in. 
 Egg crushed to 2 in . 
 Lump crushed to 2 in. 
 Lump & Egg ( crus:rud to 2 in. 
 
 Lump crushed to 2 in 
 Screenings crushed to 2 in. 
 Lump crushed to 2 in. 
 
 Nut & Slack crushed to 2 in. 
 Lump crushed to 2 in. 
 Screenings crushed to 2 in. 
 
 Nut crushed to 2 in. 
 Run of Mine crushed to 2 in. 
 
 Lump crushed to 2 in. 
 Screenings crushed to 2 in. 
 
 Nut crushed to 2% in. 
 Nut crushe i to 1 in. 
 Screenings crushed to 1 in. 
 
 vart 
 modified 
 
 
 
 
 
 "sS 
 
 as | 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 ..B 
 
 3< 
 ^ c - ^ 12 ~ !2 Z . & ^ 
 
 i* iri ci w 75 
 
 5Sw 
 
 w <M ?; 
 
 %%%% 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 21 
 
 and Column 3 the size of the coal. The proximate analysis of the 
 raw and washed coal is given in Columns 4 to 11. The weight of 
 raw coal tested is given in Column 12 and the washed coal pro- 
 duced in Column 13. Column 14 gives the refuse expressed in per 
 cent of raw coal fed to the jig. 
 
 11. The improvement in quality of the coal effected by wash- 
 ing is well shown in Columns 4 to 11. For example the percent 
 of ash content is, in every case, decreased by washing. This is 
 shown graphically in Fig. 3. In this figure the per cent of ash 
 in the washed coal is plotted against per cent of ash in the raw 
 coal. The average line shows that by resorting to the process of 
 washing, it is possible to reduce the ash content from 22 per 
 cent to 8.7 per cent and from 10 per cent to 6.9 per cent. Ex- 
 pressed in per cent the amount of reduction is as follows: 
 
 When raw coal contains 8% ash, the reduction is 20%. 
 When raw coal contains 12$ ash, the reduction is 30%. 
 When raw coal contains 16 % ash, the reduction is 43%. 
 When raw coal contains 20 % ash, the reduction is 53%. 
 
 210 
 
 a 
 
 5- 
 
 in c 
 < 6 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 z: 
 O 
 
 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 
 
 Per Cent of Ash in Raw Coal 
 FIG. 3 REDUCTION OF ASH DUE TO WASHING 
 
 22 
 
22 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 In a similar way the reduction in sulphur due to washing is 
 shown in Fig. 4. Referring to this figure it will be seen that: 
 
 When raw coal contains 2% sulphur, the reduction is 13%. 
 When raw coal contains 3% sulphur, the reduction is 17%. 
 When raw coal contains 4% sulphur, the reduction is 22%. 
 When raw coal contains 5% sulphur, the reduction is 28%. 
 
 73 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 12345 
 Per Cent of Sulphur in Raw Coal 
 
 FIG. 4 REDUCTION OF SULPHUR DUE TO WASHING 
 
 In bringing about this improvement in the quality of coal by 
 washing, much good coal which can not be recovered is carried 
 off with the refuse from the jig. For example, the tests show 
 that, based on the average of all tests, the refuse amounts to 16.8 
 per cent of the raw coal. The ash in the raw coal is 12.6 per cent, 
 but in the washed coal this is reduced to 8.34 per cent, therefore 
 12.6- 88.2X8.34 or 5.7 per cent is the ash content in the refuse. 
 It appears, then, that the material thus discharged is made up of 
 about | pure coal and i ash. 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 23 
 
 VI COKING TESTS 
 
 12. The ovens in which tests of the coking qualities of the 
 coal were made are of the regular beehive pattern. Originally 
 they were arranged in a battery of three, two of standard size, 
 12 feet in diameter, by 7 feet high, and the third 12 feet in diam- 
 eter by 6 feet 4 inches high; later, however, one of the standard 
 ovens was removed. Since the two remaining ovens may be con- 
 sidered as end ovens, that is, those placed at the ends of the bat- 
 tery, the results obtained are directly comparable. 
 
 13. The tests. To prepare the coal for test it was finely 
 crushed in a Williams mill. It was then placed on the larry and 
 delivered to the oven. The larry used when the work was begun 
 had a capacity less than one ton. This necessitated the filling and 
 emptying of the larry six or eight times before the charge was 
 complete. Each portion thus had time to emit a large amount of 
 gas and often to burst into flames before the next portion of the 
 charge was added. This resulted in much injurious cross lami- 
 nation of the coke in many of the earlier tests. Afterwards when 
 a larger larry was installed and the time of charging reduced 
 from one hour to less than seven minutes the laminations and 
 cross-breakage disappeared. 
 
 Directly after drawing the charge the ovens were closed for 
 a period of one or two hours during which time they were allowed 
 to gather heat for the next charge. 
 
 A sample of coal was taken at regular intervals as-the charge 
 was emptied into the larry. The total weight collected was 40 or 
 50 pounds. A sample of coke was taken from 5 different parts of 
 the oven, one piece 2 feet from the oven floor, one 2 feet from 
 each side on a line drawn from the center of the oven, one from 
 the center of the oven, and one 2 feet from the back wall: The 
 separate pieces of coke extended the whole height of the charge 
 and were as nearly uniform in size as possible. 
 
 14. The results of the tests are given in Table 6. Column 1 of 
 this table is the test number, Column 2 the U. S. G. S. number, 
 and Column 3 the size as shipped to the laboratory. The proxi- 
 mate analysis of the coal and coke produced from it is given in 
 Columns 4 to 13. Column 14 gives the weight of coal in the 
 charge. The coke produced in per cent of the weight of the coal 
 charged is given in Column 15, and the per cent of breeze in Col- 
 umn 16. The total yield as given in Column 17 is the sum of the 
 coke aod breeze produced. A brief description of the physical 
 
24 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 .in -co in ^f Tf t- r- c<i . ^H co - . I-H in O3 r- T+H r- (M o o oc r- 02 oc 
 
 . t- T-I . . Cft IN ^ t- <M .0 !> -CO 5 00 00 -OS CO OO -3< Ol in - ^ 
 
 
 Ajad'ea'Bdas 
 anqdins 
 
 of Coke 
 
 qsy 
 
 , Analysis 
 
 - 
 
 & 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 Aiai'e.i'Bdas 
 jmiding 
 
 s of Coal 
 
 qsy 
 
 e Analysi 
 
 
 
 Proximal 
 
 SS^A 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 "o 
 
 oj 
 
 'S*o's - n 
 
 
 , N , SS , 
 
 -cow -^ 
 
 -co * m co o co co > 
 
 Tt<O5 . D - 
 
 '-I'-I --^i - 
 
 i- w -e 
 
 .t~CO - - 
 
 -ioo . 
 ' o o : ' 
 
 TJ< cc o ~ n -i * M * m >n . 
 i-^OTjiTt<Ni-Tj<ineoint''ff - 
 
 x>cc^cO' ccoooscc ^ 
 i- <N m -* 1-1 x i^- oo tt> M i 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 25 
 
 .fitctfi 
 
26 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 properties of the coke produced is given in Column 18. 
 
 In reviewing the results of the tests as set forth in Table 6, 
 it should be remembered that the necessary routine work involved 
 in the testing of so many coals made it possible to make but few 
 tests on each coal. The data presented, therefore, show the 
 results obtained under conditions which of necessity had to be 
 controlled by observations made from time to time as the coking 
 proceeded, a procedure which tended to make the conditions of 
 operations by no means ideal. 
 
 Of the 37 tests made with Illinois coal 9 resulted in the pro- 
 duction of comparatively good coke and 14 in the production of 
 a poor grade of coke. The remaining 14 samples apparently proved 
 to be non-coking coals. Referring to the approximate analyses 
 of the coke produced it will be seen that in a number of cases the 
 quality of the coke is by no means inferior, though in all cases the 
 ash and sulphur content is slightly greater than is desirable. 
 Seven samples (11D washed, 13, 13 washed, 16, 22B washed, and 
 29 washed) were successfully used in a foundry cupola. 
 
 VII STEAMING TESTS 
 
 15. The apparatus comprising the plant for steam-ing tests con- 
 sisted of two standard Heine water- tube boilers equipped with 
 hand-fired furnaces and an Allis-Chalmers Corliss engine oper- 
 ating a 200 kilowatt Bullock generator. A plan and elevation of 
 one of the boilers and its setting are shown in Fig. 5 and the 
 general appearance as set up in the laboratory in Fig. 6. 
 
 The equipment used for testing the boilers provided conveni- 
 ent and accurate means for measuring the coal and water and for 
 making all observations of pressure, temperature, etc., specified 
 in the boiler testing code of the American Society of Mechanical 
 Engineers. It consisted principally of water-weighing tanks, 
 scales, charging cars, sampling cans, apparatus for analyzing flue 
 gases, pressure gages, calorimeters, thermometers and draft 
 gages*. 
 
 *This apparatus is described in detail in"Professional Paper No. 48" United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey. 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 27 
 
28 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 i 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 29 
 
 The principal dimensions of the boiler and furnace are as 
 follows: 
 
 Length of drum feet 21.58 
 
 Inside diameter of drum inches 42. 
 
 Number of tubes, 11 tubes high by 11 tubes wide 116 
 
 Outside diameter of tubes inches 3.5 
 
 Width of furnace ' feet 6.16 
 
 Length of furnace feet 6.58 
 
 Mean height of furnace inches 26.00 
 
 Grate area square feet. . . 40.55 
 
 Ratio of grate area to air space 40. 17 
 
 Water-heating surface in tubes square feet . . .1897 
 
 Water-heating surface in water legs square feet ... 91 
 
 Water-heating surface in shell square feet. . . 43 
 
 Total water-heating surface square feet . . .2031 
 
 Ratio of heating surface to grate area 50. 1 
 
 16. The Tests. Since the establishment of the fuel testing 
 division of the United States Geological Survey, more than 500 
 boiler trials have been made, and of these, 112 involved the use 
 of Illinois coal. Tests were made with each of the 34 samples 
 submitted, the coal being used either in its natural state or in the 
 form of briquets, or both. A number of tests were also made 
 with washed coal. 
 
 A summary of the principal observed and derived results of 
 tests with Illinois coals is given in Tables 7 and 8. In these tables 
 only such values as have a direct relation to boiler performance 
 are included; additional data, however, may be found in the 
 reports published by the United States Geological Survey.* 
 
 17. The description of the coal tested given in Table 7, Column 1 , 
 of this table is the serial number of the test and is useful as a means 
 of identification. Tlie number describing the location from which 
 the sample was taken, is given in Column 2 and the number of 
 the coal bed or seam, in Column 3. The size of the coal is given 
 
 * Bulletin No. 332 and Professional Paper No- 48. 
 
30 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 in Columns 4 to 9. The size as shipped (Column 9) was not always 
 the same as that used in the tests since in some cases it was 
 crushed or screened after it was received. The actual size as 
 determined from samples taken during each test is given in pre- 
 cise terms in Columns 5, 6, 7 and 8, and the average diameter 
 calculated from these data is given in Column 9. The proximate 
 analyses (Columns 10 to 14) were made from samples collected 
 for each test and are given in the tables in terms of coal as fired. 
 Calorific values were not determined for every test. The values 
 given (Column 15) were calculated from the proximate analysis 
 and the calorific value determined from the car sample, on the 
 assumption that the B. t. u. per pound of pure coal (ash and mois- 
 ture free) is the same for each car load shipped to the testing 
 plant. 
 
 18. The performance of the boiler and furnace is given in Table 
 8. Column 17 gives the average boiler pressure in pounds per 
 square inch. The standard pressure was 75 but it will be seen 
 that the values given vary from 68 to 81. The draft above the 
 fire (Column 18) was measured in inches of water. In some tests 
 it was as great as .3 inch; the average however, is a little less 
 than .2 inch. 
 
 The furnace temperature (Column 19) was observed with a 
 Wanner optical pyrometer. The results .given are averages of a 
 number of readings which varied over a considerable range 
 throughout the test. The lowest temperature recorded is 1887 
 and the highest 2829 F. 
 
 The rate of combustion in terms of dry coal fired per hour, 
 per square foot of grate surface (Column 20) is, for most tests, 
 about 25 pounds. This rate, it will be seen, is sufficient to evap- 
 orate, in most cases 5i pounds of water from and at 212 F. per 
 square foot of heating surface per hour (Column 21) or 100 per 
 cent of the rated horse -power (Column 22). 
 
 The evaporative efficiency is given in Columns 23, 24 and 25. 
 In Columns 23 and 24 the equivalent evaporation per pound of 
 coal as fired and per pound of dry coal, respectively, is given. 
 The values given in Column 25 represent the over-all efficiency, 
 that is, the ratio of the heat absorbed by the water in the boiler 
 to the potential heat in the coal fed to the furnace. It is evident, 
 therefore, that this is the best measure of the value of any parti- 
 cular fuel for steam generation since it expresses the exact pro- 
 portion of heat purchased in the form of coal which can be con- 
 verted into useful energy in the form of steam. Referring to the 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 purio<j~jad r n -a 
 
 31 
 
 sgqoni ' 
 
 of C 
 
 cen 
 
 T % o-j 
 
 qoni i 01 
 
 qoai i J9AQ 
 
 ON -s '0 *s 
 
 r* i ^ o 
 
 
 . . .<M . O'-*csot-ffi- / 5 
 
 -< ICCCXl-t-^r O 
 
 >oso " 
 
 ! ITS iO 30 I 
 
 II 
 
 cc-^ 
 
 Xt- 
 
 . ?o acac ceo o ac so 35 
 
 030 <N 
 
 ; : 2: : 2 
 
 ^^^S^si:^?,?? 
 
 'g 
 
 :^x 
 
 c3 bl 
 
 & a 
 
 3 33 " 
 
 <D 4D <D F t> t> l t t> 00 00 Ok <3 Oft Ok Ok Ok O O O O O 
 
32 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 rBooA-jci 4 i 
 
 rh 
 
 
 
 IBOO ui 
 
 gXSSSMSSesSSSS^aSSSeSXSSgeSloCiSSSS 
 
 
 alysis of 
 ired 
 it 
 
 usv 
 
 SSSPSSSSSSSSSSSsSSSSSSSSSSSSeKSSSiS 
 
 
 noOT * M 
 
 CM 
 
 S3SS838?82&SSS!25S23Sgg38Sg;838|2g 
 
 COOOOt-OOOOTOlCCDCOTht-^-OI-COOOO <NW<Ni-ii^OOCi 
 
 Proximate Ar 
 Coal as F 
 per cer 
 
 . 
 
 S?A 
 
 - 
 
 SS8883Si8888S88&88885&$58%88S 
 
 COWCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO(WCOCO*JCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOfWCOCOCOCOWW<NW 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 S>g>g2g23gS288c3Sc38c333S3c 
 
 ODcot^dcodoJoJco^oJcoddcDoioioidi-ie-iiftd oi -hi-cowcowco 
 
 
 sgqoui 'IBOQ jo 
 
 -O-CDO ^sgggg ^psggggggsssggggasB 
 
 
 Size of Coal 
 per cent 
 
 qoat ^ J9pufi 
 
 oo 
 
 O 9* 1-1 CO O CO CO CD Ifii TH CO O . -* CO CO O <M r- Ci 1ft Tt< CD CO * CO CO J^ <M CD ^ 
 
 3381S3SS5 .Balsas .5s*ss8;i3,HS3i*83$5;i8 
 
 qoui %oi % 
 
 to 
 
 CO <N (M CO Tfi CO CO 1-1 CO CD O5 1-1 CO O CO O 1-1 CD t- O I-" OO CO OS CD O5 CO O <N t- CO 
 
 t-COOCDt-COlft !><N <0 S> T(H -100C500it-lO WLOWt-OOW^T^jH 
 
 
 qoui I 01 % 
 
 COOCOCCWift^ .^W^COCOOT .QOl>NI-<05t-t-t-W 
 
 ^Z^Z :%Z^%% :^^^^^^ 
 
 U.OUT I J8AQ 
 
 U3 
 
 OSCD-r-CO-^CO 00-*iCC-'*ilftCO .OCOO<MCO-<*"<MCiO^CO>O t- 
 
 S^S^SS : 8S8^ isliSeJSiciScSSlS^^ffi ' : 
 
 Size of Coal as Shipped 
 
 * 
 
 : : : : : : : : : : : ':':':': ': : i :::::::::::: i : 
 
 1 : : ::::::: : : : : : : 
 
 : : :::::;::::::: 
 
 : 1 : : j i i i i j 
 
 -a : : 
 a) : ! 
 
 : -S i : : ': : i 
 . 58 . aj : : . ; 
 
 i : *: : : : - - : i i'S : : 
 : : S : : g -^ :^ : : 
 .2 d s3 fl . ; i 2 * "* " 
 
 S ' 'ii '^ r.s 'a : j ' ' -g > i^l ' 
 
 "o, . &- - SSp. - - o. 0- ^^ P. - . a&opi&fi. .- - - 
 g: : g - - 00^- - - i- |S= o- S- - - SSSSSSC 
 
 s s ^'C s s 'C^j ^ s ^ s y 3 3 3"" 
 P5 j ^pqas Di P3^ ^ J j^jjjj^ 
 
 ureas JO pgg I'BOO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 ON -s -o -s *n 
 
 CQ CO CO 3D CQ CO O O CO ^<5j<J< 
 
 
 'ON 5S9J, 
 
 *c r- 8 J5SsS)SgS g 5S 5 ; 5 ag 5^ 8SS s5 : $s8S8R 
 
 ^^^^^^^CO-H^- ^ 
 
FUEL, TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 
 SSS2?3?* = 2Si2j = S88 -"2S*S.H.i-228 w S""' < *8 -- : ->2 . : 
 
 
 a 
 
 i. 2 
 
 
 a i 
 
 ...ii. 
 
 - S- - S- c- 
 
 5 5 S 
 
 i! 
 
 gc- - 
 
 C333 
 
 -r- - ~ ~. ~ ~. ~. 
 
34 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 TABLE 8 STEAMING TESTS PERFORMANCE OF BOILER 
 AND FURNACE 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 Equivalent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 .r- Q2 C3 
 
 S 
 
 Pounds of 
 
 t- <U 
 
 cB 
 
 
 <D 
 
 ?- 
 
 a 
 
 
 88 Q g'5 
 
 'O P 
 
 <D O 
 
 Water Evap- 
 
 
 [s 
 
 
 3.g 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 in PH en 
 
 C&n"c/2 g 
 
 || 
 
 orated from 
 and at 212 F. 
 
 pqO ^ 
 
 )>3 
 
 CM > fl 
 
 o 
 
 fe 
 
 It 
 
 Is 
 
 1| 
 
 IP 
 
 f} 3'! - 
 
 2 
 
 Per Pound 
 
 in 0) G 
 
 III 
 
 09 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 2s 
 
 3& 
 
 ^n 
 
 7^ S 
 o^g 
 
 u a v 
 |*KS 
 
 i| 
 
 ^-d 
 
 
 c2 &fi f-i 
 
 fl G 0) 
 .SS^H 
 
 O^_, - 
 
 &! 
 
 
 I 5 
 
 03 O 
 
 6-9 
 
 f- 1 i 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 r 
 
 !2|*S 
 3|* 
 
 * 
 
 
 kg 
 
 85 
 
 fe 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 **s 
 
 w 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 25 
 
 18 
 
 
 .18 
 
 1887 
 
 24.90 
 
 3.59 
 
 100.7 
 
 6.51 
 
 7.21 
 
 58.73 
 
 4.85 
 
 19 
 
 
 .15 
 
 
 22.36 
 
 3.57 
 
 100.1 
 
 7.16 
 
 8.00 
 
 61.47 
 
 4.38 
 
 38 
 
 .21 
 
 
 21.23 
 
 3.41 
 
 95.5 
 
 7.35 ! 8.04 
 
 60.39 
 
 4.34 
 
 48 
 
 .16 
 
 
 19.84 
 
 2.92 
 
 81.9 
 
 6.38 7.34 
 
 57.27 
 
 4.73 
 
 50 
 
 .21 
 
 
 23.13 
 
 3.36 
 
 94.2 
 
 6.36 7.27 
 
 56.36 
 
 4.80 
 
 73 
 
 .... .23 
 
 
 22.34 
 
 3.30 
 
 92.5 
 
 6.43 7.40 
 
 61.64 
 
 4.72 
 
 106 
 
 75 
 
 .25 
 
 22i3 
 
 25.94 
 
 3.39 
 
 95.3 
 
 5.56 6.56 
 
 49.64 
 
 5^32 
 
 313 
 
 72 
 
 .17 
 
 
 17.24 
 
 2.81 
 
 78.7 
 
 7.03 8.16 
 
 65.51 
 
 
 314 
 
 68 
 
 .07 
 
 2359 
 
 21.81 3.42 
 
 95.9 
 
 5.99 6.91 
 
 55.14 
 
 
 122 
 
 72 .30 
 
 
 20-08 2.19 
 
 61.4 
 
 5.44 6.08 
 
 58.71 
 
 5.74 
 
 129 
 
 73 
 
 .24 
 
 
 19.92 
 
 3.19 
 
 89.6 
 
 6.70 8-02 
 
 60.84 
 
 4.36 
 
 142 
 
 81 
 
 .16 
 
 
 20.07 
 
 2.97 
 
 83.3 
 
 6.65 
 
 7.44 
 
 61.39 
 
 4.70 
 
 143 
 
 79 .18 
 
 
 18.74 
 
 2.69 
 
 75.5 
 
 6.46 
 
 7.20 
 
 62.01 
 
 4.85 
 
 146 
 
 67 .22 
 
 
 20.21 
 
 2.68 
 
 75.2 
 
 6.64 
 
 7.40 
 
 64.45 
 
 4.72 
 
 516 
 
 79 
 
 .13 
 
 
 31.99 
 
 3.70 
 
 103.7 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.79 
 
 54.38 
 
 6.03 
 
 101 
 
 83.5 
 
 .32 
 
 
 28.82 
 
 3.21 
 
 90-1 
 
 5.39 
 
 6.22 
 
 49.86 
 
 5.61 
 
 102 
 
 78 
 
 .25 
 
 
 38.36 
 
 3.62 
 
 101.5 
 
 5.58 
 
 6.39 
 
 51.41 
 
 5.46 
 
 103 
 
 81 .27 
 
 22J8 
 
 26.53 
 
 3.61 
 
 101.1 
 
 5.94 
 
 6.81 
 
 52.59 
 
 5.13 
 
 104 
 
 80 . 19 
 
 2155 
 
 23.22 
 
 3.01 
 
 84.4 
 
 5.70 
 
 6.50 
 
 50. 2S 
 
 5.37 
 
 105 
 
 78 .25 
 
 2220 
 
 30.26 
 
 4.08 
 
 114.3 
 
 5.93 
 
 6.75 
 
 51.92 
 
 5.17 
 
 113 
 
 75 .20 
 
 
 25.60 
 
 3.05 
 
 85.6 
 
 5.68 
 
 6.66 
 
 49.67 
 
 5.24 
 
 121 
 
 75 .19 
 
 
 26.60 
 
 3.57 
 
 100.0 
 
 6.69 
 
 7.49 
 
 58.15 
 
 4.66 
 
 492 
 
 76.5 .16 
 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 98.2 
 
 6^65 
 
 7.79 
 
 62.50 
 
 4.48 
 
 107 
 
 76 .32 
 
 2229 
 
 2li()0 
 
 3.20 
 
 89.9 
 
 6.76 
 
 7.65 
 
 59.44 
 
 4.56 
 
 108 
 
 76 .21 
 
 
 22.24 
 
 3.13 
 
 87.6 
 
 6.39 
 
 7.04 
 
 53.60 
 
 4.96 
 
 109 
 
 78 .29 
 
 
 21.46 2.96 
 
 83.0 
 
 6.90 
 
 7.70 
 
 60.10 
 
 4.53 
 
 110 
 
 75 .26 
 
 
 20.66 ! 2.48 
 
 69.6 
 
 6.08 
 
 6.71 
 
 50.12 
 
 5.20 
 
 114 
 
 75 .21 
 
 
 24.23 
 
 3.52 
 
 98.7 
 
 7.16 
 
 8.11 
 
 57.82 
 
 4.30 
 
 137 
 
 74 .16 
 
 
 20.98 
 
 3.17 
 
 88.8 
 
 7.76 
 
 8.42 
 
 64.51 
 
 4.14 
 
 138 
 
 74 .18 
 
 2376 
 
 19.94 
 
 2.97 
 
 83.4 
 
 7.68 
 
 8.32 
 
 66.08 
 
 4.20 
 
 139 
 
 77 .18 
 
 2435 
 
 19.70 
 
 3.06 
 
 85.9 
 
 8.02 
 
 8.67 
 
 68.33 
 
 4.03 
 
 141 
 
 79 .15 
 
 
 18.81 
 
 3.11 
 
 87.3 
 
 7.66 
 
 8 29 
 
 64.02 
 
 4 21 
 
 111 
 
 73.5 ! .28 
 
 
 24.35 
 
 2.93 
 
 82.0 
 
 6.15 
 
 6.70 
 
 51.18 
 
 5.21 
 
 112 
 
 80 .27 
 
 
 22.36 
 
 2.90 
 
 81.2 
 
 6.59 
 
 7.23 
 
 54.65 
 
 4.83 
 
 115 
 
 76 .26 
 
 
 22.89 
 
 3.42 
 
 95.9 
 
 6.83 
 
 7.49 
 
 58.71 
 
 4.66 
 
 116 
 
 76 
 
 .22 
 
 
 24.19 
 
 3.61 
 
 101-3 
 
 6.94 
 
 7.48 
 
 55.85 
 
 4.67 
 
 117 
 
 75.5 
 
 .20 
 
 
 23.80 
 
 3.42 
 
 95.8 
 
 6.71 
 
 7.19 
 
 55.38 
 
 4.85 
 
 118 
 
 77 .16 
 
 
 23.16 
 
 3.32 
 
 93.1 
 
 6.74 
 
 7.19 
 
 54.26 
 
 4 85 
 
 119 
 
 75 . 25 
 
 
 25.70 
 
 3.75 
 
 105.0 
 
 .84 
 
 7.31 
 
 53.97 
 
 4.78 
 
 120 
 
 72 
 
 .23 
 
 
 25-41 
 
 3.55 
 
 99.5 
 
 .08 
 
 7.79 
 
 56.27 
 
 4.48 
 
 312 
 
 71 
 
 .11 
 
 2400 
 
 19-38 
 
 3.40 
 
 95.4 
 
 .96 
 
 8.80 
 
 63.60 
 
 
 127 
 
 73 .19 
 
 
 21.49 
 
 3 35 
 
 94.0 
 
 .15 
 
 7.81 
 
 63.04 
 
 4.50 
 
 128 
 
 75 -19 
 
 
 21.45 
 
 3.51 
 
 98.3 
 
 .54 
 
 8.19 
 
 65.07 
 
 4.26 
 
 131 
 
 74 .19 
 
 
 20-87 
 
 2.91 
 
 81.50 
 
 .04 
 
 7.74 
 
 64.08 
 
 4.49 
 
 133 
 
 81 .22 
 
 
 22-91 
 
 3.15 
 
 88-2 
 
 ,00 
 
 7.67 
 
 62.51 
 
 4.55 
 
 135 
 
 74 
 
 ,18 
 
 
 23.09 3.62 
 
 101.3 
 
 .86 
 
 8.75 
 
 64.48 
 
 3.99 
 
 136 
 
 75 
 
 .21 
 
 
 20.77 
 
 2.91 
 
 81.5 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.81 
 
 63.56 
 
 4.47 
 
 463 
 
 81 
 
 .11 
 
 2490 
 
 18-67 
 
 3.20 
 
 89.7 
 
 7.98 
 
 8.58 
 
 64.44 
 
 4.07 
 
 132 
 
 76 
 
 .13 
 
 
 22.06 
 
 3.37 
 
 94.5 
 
 7.67 
 
 8.52 
 
 65.67 
 
 4.10 
 
 134 
 
 78 
 
 .18 
 
 
 22.55 
 
 3.39 
 
 95.0 
 
 7.58 
 
 8.39 
 
 63.96 
 
 4.16 
 
 144 
 
 79 
 
 .10 
 
 
 20.42 
 
 3.70 
 
 103.8 
 
 8.20 
 
 9 . 08 
 
 66.12 
 
 3.84 
 
 145 
 
 75 
 
 .13 
 
 
 20.14 
 
 3.38 
 
 94.7 
 
 8.37 
 
 9.36 
 
 67.93 
 
 3.73 
 
 123 
 
 73 
 
 .28 
 
 
 23.60 
 
 3.10 
 
 87.0 
 
 6.49 
 
 7.34 
 
 59.03 
 
 4.76 
 
 125 
 
 74 
 
 .20 
 
 
 20.30 
 
 3.08 
 
 86.2 
 
 6.62 
 
 7.58 
 
 60.37 
 
 4.61 
 
 130 
 
 77 
 
 .14 
 
 
 21.63 
 
 3.33 
 
 93.3 
 
 6.49 
 
 7.71 
 
 58.48 
 
 4.53 
 
 126 
 
 69 
 
 .18 
 
 
 20.44 
 
 3.11 
 
 87.2 
 
 6.86 
 
 7.62 
 
 62.62 
 
 4,58 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 35 
 
 TABLE 8 STEALING TESTS PERFORMANCE OF BOILER 
 AND FURNACE (Continued) 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 s ^ 
 
 
 Equivalent 
 
 
 
 Test No. 
 
 Boiler Pressure 
 Ib. per sq. in. 
 
 Draft above Fire 
 inches of Water 
 
 mperature of Furna< 
 Degrees F. 
 
 )ry Coal per sq. ft. ol 
 Grate Surf ace per 
 hour, pounds 
 
 niviilrnt. Kv;i]iui'nt.i( 
 Dm and at 2!2F. pei 
 ft. of Heating Surfa 
 Per Hour, pounds 
 
 Per Cent of Rated 
 orsepower Develope 
 
 Pounds of 
 Water Evap- 
 orated from 
 and at 21 2 F 
 Per Pound 
 
 Efficiency of Boiler 
 ncluding the Grate 
 Per Cent 
 
 s|J 
 1 
 
 3? 
 
 5f-> 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 i i 
 
 &i 
 
 w o 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 17 
 
 18 19 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 152 
 
 75 
 
 .13 
 
 2439 
 
 19.63 
 
 3.36 
 
 94.3 
 
 7.57 
 
 8.59 
 
 63-30 
 
 4.06 
 
 150 
 
 74 
 
 .11 
 
 .... 
 
 19.63 
 
 3.56 
 
 99.8 
 
 8.24 
 
 9.08 
 
 68.11 
 
 3.85 
 
 140 
 
 75 
 
 .18 
 
 
 18.51 
 
 2.86 
 
 80.1 
 
 -.60 
 
 8.61 
 
 64.20 
 
 4.06 
 
 147 
 
 72 
 
 .17 
 
 
 19.53 
 
 3.12 
 
 87.4 
 
 -.57 
 
 8.91 
 
 63.48 
 
 3.92 
 
 148 
 
 73 
 
 .19 
 
 
 18.86 
 
 2.99 
 
 83.9 
 
 -.06 
 
 7.94 
 
 59.02 
 
 4.40 
 
 149 
 
 74 
 
 .14 
 
 2060 
 
 17.83 
 
 3.29 
 
 92.2 
 
 -.70 
 
 9.23 
 
 66.36 
 
 
 160 
 
 77 
 
 .14 
 
 2428 
 
 18.47 
 
 3.07 
 
 86.1 
 
 -.27 
 
 8.33 
 
 61.71 
 
 4.'i9 
 
 161 
 
 77 
 
 .20 
 
 2080 
 
 17.77 
 
 3.12 
 
 87.6 
 
 -.62 
 
 8.80 
 
 65.82 3.97 
 
 163 
 
 78 
 
 .17 
 
 2227 
 
 20.79 
 
 3.57 
 
 100.2 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.61 
 
 63.63 4.06 
 
 170 
 
 79 
 
 .16 
 
 2039 
 
 20.22 
 
 3.10 
 
 87.0 
 
 -.42 
 
 8.56 
 
 64.29 4.08 
 
 171 
 
 77 
 
 .17 
 
 
 20.08 
 
 3.23 
 
 90.6 
 
 -.79 
 
 8.97 
 
 67.06 I 3.89 
 
 175 
 
 74 
 
 .09 
 
 2470 
 
 20.54 
 
 3.73 
 
 104.7 
 
 8.13 
 
 9.10 
 
 67.50 : 3.84 
 
 204 
 
 72.5 
 
 .11 
 
 2447 
 
 20.69 
 
 3.50 
 
 98.2 
 
 8.54 
 
 9.45 
 
 69.93 3.70 
 
 205 
 
 
 .12 
 
 2448 
 
 20.38 
 
 3.38 
 
 94.9 
 
 8.32 
 
 9.27 
 
 68.86 3.77 
 
 420 
 
 79.5 
 
 .12 
 
 .... 
 
 19.95 
 
 3.35 
 
 93.9 
 
 7.67 
 
 8.40 
 
 65.26 ! 4.16 
 
 423 
 
 78.5 
 
 .14 
 
 .... 
 
 16.94 
 
 2.89 
 
 81.0 
 
 7.73 
 
 8.53 
 
 65.92 I 4.09 
 
 424 
 
 83.5 
 
 .12 
 
 
 18.67 
 
 3.18 
 
 89.1 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.53 
 
 66.35 
 
 4.09 
 
 425 
 
 81 
 
 .14 
 
 
 19.33 
 
 3.32 
 
 93.0 
 
 7.87 
 
 8.61 
 
 66.73 
 
 4.05 
 
 421 
 
 82 
 
 .11 
 
 
 19.46 
 
 3.30 
 
 92.5 
 
 7.70 
 
 8.48 
 
 65.76 
 
 4.12 
 
 422 
 
 78.5 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 19,46 
 
 3.39 
 
 95.0 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.73 
 
 67.03 
 
 4.00 
 
 292 
 
 70.5 
 
 .10 
 
 2020 
 
 15-49 
 
 2.37 
 
 66.3 
 
 6.55 
 
 7.66 
 
 64.75 
 
 4.56 
 
 301 
 
 69 
 
 .30 
 
 
 24.61 
 
 3.54 
 
 99.3 
 
 6.71 
 
 8.04 
 
 62 08 
 
 4.34 
 
 302 
 
 76 
 
 .17 
 
 2708 
 
 25.69 
 
 3.81 
 
 106.7 
 
 6.91 8.27 
 
 63.65 
 
 4.22 
 
 315 
 
 74.5 
 
 .16 
 
 2499 
 
 20.05 
 
 3.27 
 
 91.6 
 
 6.94 8.16 
 
 65.97 
 
 4.28 
 
 316 
 
 69 
 
 .15 
 
 2401 
 
 20.05 
 
 3.19 
 
 89.3 
 
 6.76 
 
 7.96 
 
 62.80 
 
 4.39 
 
 318 
 
 69.5 
 
 .04 
 
 2508 
 
 25.30 
 
 4.11 
 
 115.3 
 
 6.73 
 
 8.14 
 
 63.04 
 
 4.29 
 
 324 
 
 71.5 
 
 .20 
 
 2850 
 
 23.08 
 
 3.60 
 
 100.9 
 
 6.91 7.81 
 
 65.67 
 
 4.47 
 
 325 
 
 72 
 
 .18 
 
 2828 
 
 22.61 
 
 3.60 
 
 101.0 
 
 7.14 7.97 
 
 64.81 
 
 4.38 
 
 328 
 
 71 
 
 .14 
 
 2829 
 
 26.73 
 
 4.34 
 
 121.8 
 
 6.97 
 
 8.14 
 
 60.82 
 
 4.29 
 
 306 
 
 67 
 
 .13 
 
 2402 
 
 18.50 
 
 3.01 
 
 84.3 
 
 6.97 
 
 8.15 
 
 66.93 
 
 4.29 
 
 317 
 
 70.5 
 
 .13 
 
 2397 
 
 19.63 
 
 3.23 
 
 90.4 
 
 7.02 8.23 
 
 62.12 
 
 4.24 
 
 321 
 
 70.0 
 
 .27 
 
 
 23.75 
 
 3.78 
 
 106.0 
 
 6.89 | 7.97 
 
 59.22 
 
 4.38 
 
 322 
 
 74.5 
 
 .16 
 
 
 24.54 
 
 3.80 
 
 106.6 
 
 6.71 7.76 
 
 57.66 
 
 4.50 
 
 335 
 
 74.5 
 
 .22 
 
 2708 
 
 20.49 
 
 3.30 
 
 92.6 
 
 7.09 8.07 
 
 63.68 
 
 4.33 
 
 336 
 
 73.5 
 
 .26 
 
 
 21.48 
 
 3.29 
 
 92.3 
 
 6.71 7.67 
 
 58-68 
 
 4.55 
 
 337 
 
 72 
 
 .20 
 
 
 23.63 
 
 3.82 
 
 107.0 
 
 7.00 8.10 
 
 62.71 
 
 4.31 
 
 338 
 
 71.5 
 
 .21 
 
 
 21.36 
 
 3.10 
 
 87.0 
 
 6.38 | 7.28 
 
 56.16 
 
 4.80 
 
 339 
 
 73 
 
 .21 
 
 
 23.63 
 
 3.54 
 
 99.1 
 
 6.63 j 7.50 
 
 60.25 
 
 4.66 
 
 341 
 
 76 
 
 .34 
 
 
 20.91 
 
 2.84 
 
 79.7 
 
 6.56 7.58 
 
 60.85 
 
 4 61 
 
 342 
 
 77 
 
 .30 
 
 2264 
 
 23.02 
 
 3.16 
 
 88.6 
 
 6.47 
 
 7.67 
 
 60.42 
 
 4.55 
 
 353 
 
 78 
 
 .18 
 
 2360 
 
 19.83 
 
 3.14 
 
 88.0 
 
 6.66 
 
 7.93 
 
 64.73 
 
 4.40 
 
 354 
 
 76 
 
 .17 
 
 2162 
 
 19-26 
 
 3.08 
 
 86.4 
 
 6.75 
 
 8.02 
 
 66.12 
 
 4.36 
 
 459 
 
 80 
 
 .15 
 
 2601 
 
 18.72 
 
 3.13 
 
 87.7 
 
 7.75 
 
 8.36 
 
 64.29 
 
 4.18 
 
 457 
 
 81 
 
 .16 
 
 2606 
 
 19.85 
 
 3-42 
 
 95.9 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.64 
 
 64.99 
 
 4.04 
 
 448 
 
 79 
 
 .17 
 
 2862 
 
 22.52 
 
 3.88 
 
 108.8 
 
 8.21 
 
 8.63 
 
 64.50 
 
 4.05 
 
 452 
 
 82.5 
 
 .14 
 
 2833 
 
 21.97 
 
 3.94 
 
 110-5 
 
 8.35 
 
 8-98 
 
 66.35 
 
 3.89 
 
 465 
 
 75.5 
 
 -15 
 
 2665 
 
 20.35 
 
 3.62 
 
 101.5 
 
 7.65 
 
 8.91 
 
 65.58 
 
 3.92 
 
 460 
 
 81.5 
 
 .18 
 
 2759 
 
 21.38 
 
 3.44 
 
 96.3 
 
 7.16 
 
 8.05 
 
 65.08 
 
 4.34 
 
 461 
 
 80.5 
 
 .18 
 
 2816 
 
 22.32 
 
 3.72 
 
 104.2 
 
 7.31 
 
 8.34 
 
 63.28 
 
 4.19 
 
 466 
 
 79.5 
 
 .16 
 
 2784 
 
 22.32 
 
 3.90 
 
 109.2 
 
 7.87 
 
 8.74 
 
 66.14 
 
 3.99 
 
 511 
 
 79.5 
 
 .19 
 
 .... 
 
 20.94 
 
 3.59 
 
 100.7 
 
 7.76 8.60 
 
 62.58 
 
 4.06 
 
 489 
 
 74 
 
 .14 
 
 
 21.16 
 
 3.49 
 
 97.7 
 
 7.06 ! 8.25 
 
 64.76 
 
 4.23 
 
 491 
 
 82 
 
 .20 
 
 
 
 21.65 
 
 3.56 
 
 100.0 
 
 7.35 i 8-24 
 
 64.51 
 
 4.24 
 
 513 
 
 82 
 
 .10 
 
 2465 
 
 26.41 
 
 3.23 
 
 90.7 
 
 5.43 6.13 
 
 53.34 
 
 5.69 
 
 509 
 
 82 .22 
 
 
 21.50 
 
 3.79 
 
 106.2 
 
 8.24 8.82 
 
 62.53 
 
 
36 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 values given, it will be seen that but few fall below 55 per cent or 
 above 65 per cent, the maximum and minimum efficiency recorded 
 being 68.11 and 49.64 respectively. 
 
 In reviewing the results set forth in Tables 7 and 8 it should 
 be remembered that they apply only to the performance of a 
 hand-fired water-tube boiler of the Heine type and that any con- 
 clusions which may be drawn are thus limited. Had it been pos- 
 sible to provide a furnace especially adapted to the burning of 
 each particular coal, the relative efficiency as established by the 
 tests might have been slightly different. The results obtained, 
 however, may be accepted as fairly indicative of the value of the 
 coals tested. With this in view, then, it will be of more than ordi- 
 nary interest to study the effect of the physical and chemical prop- 
 erties of the fuel upon the performance of the boiler and furnace 
 as set forth in the tables. 
 
 19. Furnace temperature. It will be seen that while the 
 results do not show any exact relation between efficiency, furnace 
 temperature and rate of combustion, nevertheless they clearly 
 indicate that as the rate of combustion increases, the temperature 
 increases, but that efficiency is only slightly affected by change 
 in combustion-chamber temperature. A comparison with values 
 representing capacity (Column 22) shows that as the combustion 
 chamber temperature increases the capacity is increased. 
 
 20. The evaporative efficiency as affected by moisture in the coal 
 is not well defined by the results of the tests. While they seem 
 to indicate that coals high in moisture generally give low effi- 
 ciency it must be remembered that high moisture is often accom- 
 panied by high ash content or by poor mechanical structure, 
 either of which properties has a more deleterious effect on effi- 
 ciency than moisture. That this is true is emphasized by the fact 
 that the heat required to evaporate the water in Illinois coal con- 
 taining 15 per cent moisture is but little more than 1.5 per cent of 
 its total calorific value. 
 
 21. The effect of sulphur and ash upon evaporative efficiency. 
 Sulphur is an undesirable element in coal. It generally occurs 
 in combination with iron, as pyrites, and in combination with cal- 
 cium as gypsum. Of the two sulphur compounds, the former is 
 generally contained in larger quantity in coal and is harmful be- 
 cause it increases the tendency of the coal to clinker. The clinker- 
 ing is especially bad if the percentage of ash is small in proportion 
 to the sulphur. In such coals the pyrites and the ash fuse and 
 form- a thin layer of solid clinker, which effectively stops the 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 37 
 
 passage of air through the grate, thus permitting the grate bars 
 to become heated from the hot fuel bed just above. The heat 
 warps the grate bars and the clinker has such corrosive action on 
 the hot iron that destruction results in a short time. When such 
 clinkering occurs, any attempt to slice the fire fails and only slow 
 and very difficult cleaning of the fires will remove it. Most Illi- 
 nois coals having a large sulphur content are also high in ash so 
 that the injurious effect of sulphur is not so pronounced as in 
 some other coals. In making the tests it was found that the use 
 of steam served to prevent the clinker from melting into the grate 
 when the ash and sulphur content is large . 
 
 Referring to Columns 13, 14, and 25 of Tables 7 and 8 the 
 decrease in efficiency with increasing ash and sulphur will be read- 
 ily seen. In Fig. 7, which shows this relation graphically, efficiency 
 is plotted against per cent of ash plus sulphur based on dry coal, 
 for all tests run with lump, egg and nut coal. Although many of 
 the plotted points lie at a considerable distance from the average 
 line, its position and direction are rather well defined. It shows 
 that the efficiency drops from 66.5 per cent when the ash plus 
 sulphur is 10 percent to 55 per cent when ash plus sulphur is 30 
 per cent. For increases in ash and sulphur beyond 18 percent 
 the drop in efficiency is relatively rapid. 
 
 22. The effect of size on evaporative efficiency. The discussion 
 in the preceding paragraph does not take into account the fact 
 that size has much to do with the efficiency with which coal can 
 be burned, and this is one of the chief reasons for the poor alignment 
 of many of the points. The efficiency shown by the same tests 
 together with those made with slack have therefore been plotted 
 against size, expressed in percent of coal under i inch in diameter. 
 The resulting relation is shown in Fig 8. Here, too, the points are 
 widely scattered but the slope of the average line is fairly well 
 fixed. Thus a coal giving an efficiency of 66 percent when 10 
 percent of it is under i-inch in diameter, will give an efficiency 
 of only 62 per cent when 60 per cent of it is under i-inch in diam- 
 eter. 
 
38 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 
 
 Ash -f Sulphur, Per Cent of Dry Coal 
 
 FIG. 7 EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCY AS AFFECTED BY 
 
 ASH AND SULPHUR 
 
 10 
 
 FIG. 8 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 20 30 40 
 
 Size of Coal, Per Cent Under i Inch * 
 EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCY AS AFFECTED BY 
 SIZE OF COAL 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 39 
 
 90 
 
 80 
 B 
 H 70 
 
 o 
 
 1 60 
 
 g 50 
 
 I" 
 
 iS 30 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 10 20 30 40 50 60 
 
 Size of Coal, Per Cent Under J Inch 
 
 FIG. 9 COMBINED EFFECT OF SULPHUR PLUS ASH AND 
 SIZE ON EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCY 
 
 Fig. 9 has been drawn to show the combined effect of sul- 
 phur plus ash and size, on the evaporative efficiency of Illinois 
 coal. In it lines have been drawn showing the decrease in effi- 
 ciency with decrease in size for coals having 10, 20 and 30 per 
 cent ash plus sulphur based on dry coal. There are, of course, 
 other factors which affect efficiency but the results of the present 
 tests seem to point to these as the most important. The lines 
 given therefore, may be accepted as defining with considerable 
 accuracy, the performance of Illinois coal when burned in a hand- 
 fired furnace under a water-tube boiler. 
 
 23. Comparative efficiency resulting from the use of washed and 
 unwashed coal. It has been shown that the process of washing 
 Illinois coal is effective in reducing the ash and sulphur content. 
 That the evaporative efficiency of the coal thus treated is increased 
 follows directly from the facts just developed. The extent of the 
 
40 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 improvement is set forth by Table 9. In this table tests are 
 grouped in the order of the size of coal used. A comparison of 
 the average values given shows that where slack is used washing 
 effects an increase of 4.2 per cent in evaporative efficiency, 2.3 
 per cent where nut is used, .7 per cent when run-of-mine is used 
 and .6 per cent when lump is used. The extremely small gain for 
 
 TABLE 9 
 COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF WASHED AND UNWASHED COAL 
 
 U. S. G. S. 
 Coal 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 Unwashed 
 
 Washed 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 7C 
 10 
 
 Slack 
 Slack 
 Slack 
 
 58.73 
 
 58 71 
 50,12 
 
 61.47 
 60.84 
 57.82 
 
 60.04 
 
 Average 
 
 55.85 
 
 9A 
 12 
 
 R. o. m. 
 R o. m. 
 
 50.28 
 62.51 
 
 49.67 
 
 61.48 
 
 57.08 
 
 Average 
 
 56.40 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 Nut 
 Nut 
 
 65.67 
 63.96 
 
 67.93 
 66.12 
 
 Average 
 
 64.68 
 
 67.02 
 
 23 A 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 Lump 
 Lump 
 Lump 
 
 66.93 
 
 64.20 
 J.9.02 
 
 63.38 
 
 62.12 
 63 48 
 66.39 
 
 64.00 
 
 Average 
 
 the last two sizes named is explained by the fact that, in the pro- 
 cess of washing, the coal was crushed to a size under 2 inches, a 
 size which has been shown not to be so well adapted to the kind 
 of grate and furnace used as the larger size. 
 
 24. Comparison of efficiency resulting from the use of raw and 
 briquetted coal. Of the 112 boiler tests made, 15 tests were run 
 with briquetted coal. Comparing the results shown in Table 8 
 with the results of similar tests with raw coal, it will be seen that 
 in most cases where the raw coal is in the form of screenings or 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 41 
 
 slack, briquetting improves the evaporative efficiency, but where 
 it is in the form of egg, nut or lump, but little difference in perform- 
 ance results. As in the case of coal in its natural state, effi- 
 ciency decreases as the ash and sulphur content increases. This 
 is shown graphically in Fig. 10. The rather close alignment of 
 the plotted points in this figure is due principally to the uniform- 
 ity in size of the fuel. 
 
 H 7 
 2 
 
 O 60 
 
 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 
 Ash + Sulphur, Per Cent of Dry Coal 
 
 Fi(*. 10 EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCY As AFFECTED BY 
 ASH AND SULPHUR IN BRIQUET 
 
42 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 25. The evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal compared with 
 that of coal from other states, as shown by the United States Geolog- 
 ical Survey tests, is presented in Table 10. Only tests with bitumin- 
 ous and semi- bituminous coal are here included and the average 
 values given are based only on tests which were made under simi- 
 
 TABLE 10 COMPARATIVE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM COAL 
 FROM VARIOUS STATES 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 a ,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 ll 
 
 ! 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 S " ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 T^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ,3 
 
 *o > 
 
 Ofe Q 
 
 Is 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 c3 
 
 43 <D 
 
 ~o o 
 
 O 3 
 
 ^ 'cd 
 
 
 
 o> 
 
 O 
 
 p Q 
 
 > ^ ^ 
 
 
 Q, O 
 
 State 
 
 Kind of Coal 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 0> 
 
 H^Q 
 
 "o^ 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 c _, ^3 
 
 >>i 
 
 P. ^ 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Pt O 
 
 ~ c 
 
 s P-* 
 
 ,JQ 
 
 
 
 fa 
 
 fc 
 
 o>T 
 
 "3 c3 O 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ w 
 
 > r) P. 
 
 'S'5 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 p 
 
 H M 
 
 pq 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 91.9 
 
 8.43 
 
 64.31 
 
 12656 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 EJituminous 
 
 8- 
 
 
 89.3 
 
 9.03 
 
 63.54 
 
 13707 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 71.9 
 
 7.21 
 
 55.36 
 
 12577 
 
 Illinois . 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 89.6 
 
 7.95 
 
 62.66 
 
 12249 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 90.7 
 
 7.13 
 
 59.55 
 
 11650 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 89.5 
 
 8.23 
 
 63.76 
 
 12549 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 83.4 
 
 8.10 
 
 61.26 
 
 12780 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Semi-Bituminous 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 91.0 
 
 9.77 
 
 65.41 
 
 14417 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 88.9 
 
 8.37 
 
 62-82 
 
 12883 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 9 
 
 
 92.2 
 
 7.73 
 
 60.18 
 
 12246 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 104.3 
 
 8.28 
 
 64.68 
 
 12507 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 92.2 
 
 8.82 
 
 64.88 
 
 13130 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 89.9 
 
 9.75 
 
 66.22 
 
 14248 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 102.3 
 
 8.81 
 
 64.18 
 
 13261 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Semi-Bituminous 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 94.2 
 
 9.73 
 
 65.07 
 
 14436 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Bituminousand Semi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 95.5 
 
 9.86 
 
 65.89 
 
 14451 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 43 
 
 lar conditions of operation. Column 1 gives the name of the state, 
 Column 2 the kind of coal, Column 3 the number of tests included 
 in the average, Column 4 the number of samples of coal, Column 
 5 the average rate of power developed, Column 6 the efficiency in 
 terms of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal, Column 7 
 the efficiency in per cent and Column 8 the heating value of the 
 coal in B. t. u., per pound of dry coal. The values given in the 
 table show that the average evaporative efficiency of Illinois coal 
 is 62.66 per cent. This compares favorably with the results from 
 any other coal tested and in fact is nearly identical with the gen- 
 eral average, 63.1. 
 
 VIII PRODUCER-GAS TESTS 
 
 26. The prod ucer-gas plant used for the United States Geolog 
 ical Survey tests of Illinois coal consists of two Taylor pressure 
 producers arranged to discharge into a single scrubber, a 
 Westinghouse three-cylinder vertical gas engine rated at 235 
 horse-power, and a six-pole, 175 kilowatt Westinghouse direct 
 current generator. Auxiliary apparatus was provided for meas- 
 uring accurately the coal and gas, the steam used by the producer, 
 and all temperatures and pressures necessary for a complete 
 determination of plant efficiency. The general arrangement of 
 the plant is well shown in Pig. 11, and a section through the pro- 
 ducer in Fig. 12, (pp. 45, 46). 
 
 The principal dimensions of the producer plant are as 
 follows: 
 
 Producer 
 
 Capacity, horse-power 250 
 
 Outside diameter feet 7.0 
 
 Inside diameter feet 6.5 
 
 Height feet 15 
 
 Area of fuel-bed square feet 38.5 
 
 Diameter of gas delivery pipe inches 22 
 
 Type of feed, Bildt automatic continuous feed. 
 
 Economizer 
 
 Diameter feet 3 
 
 Height feet .... 16 . 5 
 
 Number of 7 -inch tubtt... 6 
 
44 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 Scrubber 
 
 Diameter .feet ... 8 
 
 Height feet. . . . 20 
 
 Material used in scrubber, gas-house coke. 
 
 Tar extractor 
 
 Speed, revolutions per minute , 1500 
 
 Purifier 
 
 Length of sides feet 8 
 
 Height feet.... 3.25 
 
 Material used in purifier, oxidized iron filings and wood shavings. 
 
 Gas holder 
 
 Diameter feet 20 
 
 Height feet. ... 13 
 
 Capacity cubic feet. . . 4000 
 
 27. The tests were conducted alternately on the two pro- 
 ducers, one being charged while the other was in operation. The 
 schedule adopted involved two sixty-hour runs per week. The 
 first eight or twelve hours of each test were used for bringing the 
 fuel bed to a uniform condition. During this preliminary run- 
 ning, observations were made as in the regular tests, but the 
 record data include only the last 48 or 50 hours, when the run- 
 ning conditions were maintained as uniform as possible. Special 
 attention was directed to the accurate measurements of the coal 
 actually used and charts and checking devices were introduced 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Owing to the lack of reliability in the operation of the gas 
 engine, many of the tests made at the beginning of the series 
 were only of a few hours' duration; later, however, no difficulty 
 was experienced in starting the engine and continuing it in opera- 
 tion for a period of 120 hours. During this time two different 
 coals were tested. Altogether 30 tests were made involving the 
 use of 23 different samples of Illinois coal. 
 
 28. Results of the tests. The more important observed and 
 calculated results of the tests are given in Table 11. Column 1 of 
 this table is the laboratory number of the test, Column 2 the 
 U. S. G. S. number of the sample tested and Column 3 the size of the 
 coal tested. The proximate analyses of the coal as fired are given 
 in Columns 4 to 8 and the heating value in B. t. u. per pound of 
 dry coal is given in Column 4. The brake horse-power given in 
 Column 10 is the power delivered by the gas engine. Column 11 
 is the cubic feet of gas delivered by the producer per hour, in 
 terms of standard gas, that is, gas at atmospheric pressure and 
 60 F. temperature. Column 12 is the calorific value of the gas 
 expressed in B. t. u. per cubic foot of standard gas. Column 13 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 QQ 
 
46 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 FIG. 12 ELEVATION SHOWING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF 
 PRODUCER-GAS PLANT (Prof. Paper 48, p. 983) 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 47 
 
 -9S.IOH a^Jg *sd patnns 
 
 -UOQ IOO -JQ 
 
 IOQ ^JQ jo panod iad 
 st?o at pgaiBiaoo -n * -g 
 
 IBOQ AJQ jo panod igd 
 s^o pj^puBig jo 399J ojqno 
 
 jo :jooj oiqno aad -n ^ g 
 
 anon J9d SBQ 
 pa^pa^^s JO 589J oiqno 
 
 jo panod J9d - n 
 
 5090 jgj ' 
 
 Proximate Analysi 
 of Coal as Fired, 
 per cent 
 
 qsy 
 
 ox -S.--D - s -a 
 
 
 
 os T* TJ. to oo tt cs < i- o ec -<N^- . ec r- * ^ oo m <o o o - eo ~* * -o 
 
 oo mow to e> o t^ t--* oo^* 01 ao o -osor-^ooi-imosooo*Jme*-* 
 
 ill i 
 
 o o o o M oo aooo IN oo 
 
 -?? ?i -M ?! 
 
 OS 05 CD r- t^ 00 i-iOO" t-t-0(M eCOOO>0^0'-05C<5COiOICffC5 
 
 
 <ncn . Q M fl ^ 3 G 
 
 T3; :::: gc3 . 3 T 1 & ? 
 
48 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 is the cubic feet of standard gas per pound of dry coal. Column 
 14 is the B. t. u. contained in the gas per pound of dry coal fired. 
 This value divided by the heating value of the coal (Column 9) 
 equals the thermal efficiency of the producer. Column 15 is the 
 pounds of dry coal consumed by the producer per brake-horse- 
 power available for outside purposes. 
 
 In comparing the results of the producer tests as set forth in 
 Table 11, too much emphasis can not be given the fact that they 
 were subjected to absolutely no refinements. With the exception 
 of three coals one test only has been made on each kind and grade, 
 and the result of each test has, to a great extent, depended upon 
 the ability of the operator to discover the best methods of handling 
 a given coal within the 8 or 10 hours allowed preliminary to the offi- 
 cial test. Moreover, all tests were made on one type and in one 
 size of producer, a type designed primarily for anthracite coal, 
 and in carrying out the plan of the tests more effort was made to 
 develop the required power than to observe the proper relation 
 between the gas producing qualities of the coal and the area of 
 the fuel bed. 
 
 In spite of all these restrictions it is the opinion of those who 
 were in charge of the tests that certain general relationships have 
 
 100 
 90 
 80 
 70 
 60 
 50 
 
 3 40 
 
 30 
 
 fe 20 
 
 o 10 
 
 10 
 
 1(1 
 
 18 
 
 12 14 
 
 Ash Per Cent 
 
 FIG. 13 CUBIC FEET OF GAS PER POUND OF COAL AS AFFECTED 
 BY PER CENT OF ASH IN DRY COAL 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 49 
 
 been fairly well established. They may be subject to modification 
 in the light of future investigations, but the conclusions to be 
 drawn from them are sufficiently significant for presentation. 
 
 29. Efficiency as affected ~by ash in the coal. The cubic feet of 
 gas delivered by the producer per pound of coal fired is, perhaps, 
 the most convenient measure of efficiency. Referring to Column 
 13, Table 11, it will be seen that in general as the ash in the coals 
 increases this quantity decreases. The exact relation for all 
 tests made at full load is shown graphically in Fig. 13. In this 
 figure, cubic feet of standard gas per pound of dry coal is plot- 
 ted against ash expressed in per cent of dry coal. The average 
 line is drawn so as to include as many of fche plotted points as 
 possible. It shows that when the coal contains 8 per cent ash 
 the output of the producer is 67 cubic feet per pound of dry coal 
 fired and that when ash is 20 per cent the output is decreased to 
 50 cubic feet. 
 
 30. Efficiency as affected by calorific value of the coal. The 
 cubic feet of gas per pound of dry coal plotted against B. t. u. 
 per pound of dry coal for all tests made at full load is shown in 
 Fig. 14. Since the heating value of Illinois coal is very nearly 
 inversely proportional to the ash content the relation shown is 
 merely a restatement of the facts brought out in Fig. 13. The 
 points, however, fall in better alignment. It appears from 
 the curve that the output of gas in cubic feet per pound of coal 
 increases from 49 when the calorific value is 1 1000 B. t. u. per 
 pound of dry coal, to 65 when the calorific value is 13000. Fig. 15 
 shows the efficiency expressed in per cent plotted against the 
 heating value of the coal. Here the same rise in efficiency is 
 again shown. The average value at 11000 is 58 per cent and at 
 13000 it is 76 per cent. 
 
50 
 
 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 100 
 
 o 90 
 
 O 
 
 80 
 
 7 
 
 - 
 
 B 10 
 
 o 
 
 11000 
 
 12000 13000 
 
 B. t, u. per pound of Coal 
 
 14000 
 
 FIG. 14 CUBIC FEET OF GAS PER POUND OF COAL, AS AFFECTED 
 BY CALORIFIC VALUE OF THE COAL 
 
 100 
 
 W 10 
 
 11000 
 
 12000 13000 
 
 B. t. u. per pound of Coal 
 
 14000 
 
 FIG. 15 EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCER AS AFFECTED BY CALORIFIC 
 VALUE OF THE COAL 
 
FUEL, TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COAL 
 
 51 
 
 31. A comparison of Illinois coal with other bituminous coals. 
 A condensed summary of the more important items relating to 
 Illinois coals compared with those relating to all other bituminous 
 coals tested, is presented in Table 12. The average values given 
 
 TABLE 12 
 
 A COMPARISON OF ILLINOIS COAL WITH BITUMINOUS COALS 
 FROM OTHER STATES FOR GAS PRODUCER SERVICE 
 
 
 Average of 
 Tests with 
 111. Coal 
 
 Average of 
 All Tests 
 with Bitum- 
 inous Coal 
 
 Composition of fuel, per cent: 
 Moisture 
 
 10 84 
 
 6 82 
 
 Volatile matter . . 
 
 33 06 
 
 33 06 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 44 06 
 
 49 80 
 
 Ash 
 
 12 04 
 
 10 32 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 3 15 
 
 2 41 
 
 B. t. u, per pound of dry coal ... 
 
 12000 
 
 13150 
 
 Composition of gas, volume per cent: 
 Carbon dioxide . . . 
 
 9 60 
 
 9 84 
 
 Oxygen . . . 
 
 03 
 
 04 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 56 81 
 
 55 60 
 
 Hydrocarbons 
 
 3 21 
 
 3 30 
 
 Carbon monoxide . ... 
 
 18 31 
 
 18 28 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 12 01 
 
 12 90 
 
 B. t. u, per foot of standard gas 
 
 146 5 
 
 152 1 
 
 Cubic feet of standard gas per pound of dry coal 
 
 59 1 
 
 64 7 
 
 Pounds of dry coal per brake horse power, hour 
 
 1.36 
 
 1 26 
 
 
 
 
 are computed only from tests in which the producer was operated 
 at its rated capacity. It will be noted that while the analysis 
 shows that the Illinois coal contains 4 per cent more moisture and 
 2i per cent more ash the quality of the gas produced is but 
 slightly inferior. Thus the heating value is 146.5 B. t. u. per 
 foot of standard gas when Illinois coal is used and 152.1 when 
 other bituminous coal is used. The output of gas, measured in 
 cubic feet per pound of dry coal, is 59.1 in the one case and 64.7 
 in the other. Comparing the efficiency at the engine it will be 
 seen that it requires 1.36 pounds of Illinois coal to develop a 
 horse- power and 1.26 pounds when other bituminous coals are 
 used. This comparison is by no means unfavorable and consid- 
 ering the lower selling prices which prevail for Illinois coals the 
 very slight difference in efficiency is almost insignificant. 
 
 32. Relative results of steam and producer-gas tests. From 
 theoretical considerations it may easily be shown that it is pos- 
 sible for the gas engine to utilize a much larger amount of the 
 
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 RELATIVE AMOUNT OF ILLINOIS COAL USED BY STEAM AND 
 PRODUCER PLANT 
 
 POUNDS PER BRAKE HORSE-POWER HOUR 
 
 OQ 
 
 Steam Plant 
 
 Producer Plant 
 
 Ratio 
 
 *7A 
 11C 
 
 7C 
 27 
 *7B 
 190 
 21 
 
 *23B 
 *6B 
 
 4 
 
 9B 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 23A 
 29B 
 22A 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 18 
 30 
 25 
 10 
 24B 
 19B 
 11A 
 *11D 
 *11D 
 
 | i 
 
 
 
 
 01234 
 
 * No producer test. 
 FIG. 16 RELATIVE COAL CONSUMPTION IN GAS AND STEAM PLANTS. 
 
FUEL TESTS WITH nJ#K#ISr-@OAI/- J ' J 53 
 
 heat supplied than the steam engine. The results of the present 
 tests show how much of this saving is realized in practice. 
 
 The ratios of the total coal per brake horse- power hour re- 
 quired by the steam plant and producer gas plant under full 
 load conditions are presented in Fig. 16. The values representing 
 producer plant performance are those of Column 15, Table 11, 
 and those representing steam plant performance are calculated 
 from those of Column 25, Table 8, allowing 85 per cent as the 
 efficiency of the dynamo. It will be seen that the maximum ratio 
 is 3.13 and the minimum 1.50 while the average is 2.61. 
 
54 l iLilNbW ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS ON FUEL TESTING 
 
 The following publications, except those to which a price is affixed, can b^ obtained free 
 by applying to the Director. Geological Survey, Washington. D. C. The priced publications 
 can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash- 
 ington. D. C. 
 
 Jhdletin No. 261. Preliminary report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 
 Unit' d States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, Mo., 1904; 
 E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1905. 172 pp. 10 cents. 
 
 Professional Paper No. 48. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St, Louis, Mo., 1904; 
 E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1906- In three parts. 1492 
 pp. 13 pis $1.50. 
 
 Bulletin No, 290. Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the 
 United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905, by J- A. Holmes. 1906. 210 pp. 20 cents. 
 
 Bulletin No. 323. Experimental work conducted in the chemical laboratory of the United 
 States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1905, to July 31, 1906. by N. W. Lord. 1907. 
 49pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 3S5. A study of four hundred steaming tests, made at the fuel-testing plant, 
 St. Louis, Mo., 1904, 1905, and 1906. by L. P. Breckenridge. 1907. 196 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 332. Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., 
 January 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907; J. A. Holmes, in charge. 1908. 299 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 334. The burning of coal without smoke in boiler plants: a preliminary re- 
 port, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 26 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 336. Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola tests of coke, by Richard 
 Moldenke, A. W. Belden. and G. R. Delamater. 1908. 76 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 339- The purchase of coal under Government and commercial specifications 
 on the basis of its heating value, with analyses of coal delivered under Government contracts, 
 by D. T. Randall. 1908. 27 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No- 343. Binders for coal briquets, by J. E. Mills. 1908. 56pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 362. Mine sampling and chemical analyses of coals tested at the United 
 States fuel-testing plant, Norfolk, Va.. in 1907, by J. S. Burrows. 1908. 23 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No, 363. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomotives, 
 by W. V. M. Goss. 1908. 57 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 366. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel in house-heating boilers, by D. T. 
 Randall. 1908. 44 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 368. Washing and coking tests of coal, by A. W. Belden, G. R. Delamater 
 and J. W. Groves. 1908. 53 pp. 
 
PUBLICATIONS or THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 Bulletin No. 1. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams, by Arthur N. Talbot. 1904. (Out 
 of print.) 
 
 Circular No. 1. High-Speed Tool Steels, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1905. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 2. Tests of High-Speed Tool Steels on Cast Iron, by L. P. Breckenridge 
 and Henry B . Dirks. 1905. ( Out of print. ) 
 
 Circular No. 2. Drainage of Earth Roads, by Ira O. Baker. 1906. (Out of print.) 
 
 Circular No. 3. Fuel Tests with Illinois Coal. (Compiled from tests made by the Tech- 
 nologic Branch of the U- S- G. S.. at the St. Louis, Mo., Fuel Testing Plant, 1904-1907, by L. P. 
 Breckenridge and Paul Diserens. 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No. 3. The Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, by 
 L. P. Breckenridge. 1906. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 4. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams. Series of 1905, by Arthur N. 
 Talbot. 1906. 
 
 Bulletin No. 5. Resistance of Tubes to Collapse, by Albert P. Carman. 1906. ( Out of 
 vrint.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 6. Holding Power of Railroad Spikes, by Roy I. Webber. 1906. (Out of 
 print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 7. Fuel Tests with Illinois Coals, by L. P. Breckenridge, S. W. Parr and 
 Henry B. Dirks. 1906. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 8. Tests of Concrete: I. Shear; II. Bond, by Arthur N. Talbot. 1906. (Out 
 of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 9. An Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied 
 to the Engineering Industries, by L. P. Breckenridge and G. A. Goodenough. 1906. 
 
 Bulletin No. 10. Tests of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Columns. Series of 1906, by 
 Arthur N. Talbot. 1907. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 11. The Effect of Scale on the Transmission of Heat through Locomotive 
 Boiler Tubes, by Edward C. Schmidt and John M. Snodgrass. 1907. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 12. Tests of Reinforced Concrete T-beams. Series of 1906. by Arthur N. 
 Talbot. 1907. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 13. An Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied 
 to Architecture and Building, by N. Clifford Ricker. 1907. 
 
 Bulletin No. 14. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams, Series of 1906, by Arthur N. 
 Talbot. 1907. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 15. How to Burn Illinois Coal without Smoke, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 16. A Study of Roof Trusses, by N. Clifford Ricker' 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 17. The Weathering of Coal, by S. W. Parr, N. D. Hamilton, and W. F. 
 Wheeler. 1908. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 18. The Strength of Chain Links, by G. A. Goodenough and L. E. Moore. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 19. Comparative Tests of Carbon, Metallized Carbon and Tantalum Fila- 
 ment Lamps, by T. H. Amrine. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 20. Tests of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Columns, Series of 1907, by 
 Arthur N. Talbot. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 21. Tests of a Liquid Air Plant, by C. S. Hudson and C. M. Garland. 1908 
 
 Bulletin No. 22. Tests of Cast-Iron and Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe, by Arthur N. 
 Talbot. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 23. Voids, Settlement and Weight of Crushed Stone, by Ira O. Baker. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 24. The Modification of Illinois Coal by Low Temperature Distillation, by 
 S. W. Parr andC. K. Francis. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 25. Lighting Country Homes by Private Electric Plants, by T. H. 
 Amrine. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 26. High Steam-Pressures in Locomotive Service. A Review of a Report to 
 the Carnegie Institution of Washington. By W. F. M. Goss. 1908. 
 
 Bulletin No. 27. Tests of Brick Columns and Terra Cotta Block Columns, by Arthur N. 
 Talbot and Duff A. Abrams. 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No. 28, A Test of Three Large Reinforced Concrete Beams, by Arthur N. 
 Talbot. 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No. 29. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams: Resistance to Web Stresses, 
 by Arthur N. Talbot. 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No. 30. On the Rate of Formation of Carbon Monoxide in Gas Producers, by J. 
 K. Clement. L. H. Adams, and C. N. Haskins 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No, 31. Fuel Tests with House-heating Boilers, by J. M. Snodgrass. 1909. 
 
 Bulletin No. 32. The Occluded Gases in Coal, by S. W. Parr and Perry Barker. 1909. 
 
3 *"? c 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
Illinois 
 State 
 
 Reformatory 
 Print