UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRELIMINARY YIELD TABLES FOR 
 SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
 BY 
 DONALD BRUCE 
 
 BULLETIN No. 361 
 
 May, 1923 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
 
 BERKELEY 
 
 1923 
 
David P. Barrows, President of the University. 
 
 EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF 
 
 HEADS OF DIVISIONS 
 
 Thomas Forsyth Hunt, Dean. 
 
 Edward J. Wickson, Horticulture (Emeritus). 
 
 , Director of Resident Instruction. 
 
 C. M. Haring, Veterinary Science, Director of Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
 B. H. Crocheron, Director of Agricultural Extension. 
 
 C. B. Hutchison, Plant Breeding, Director of the Branch of the College of 
 
 Agriculture, Davis. 
 H. J. Webber, Sub-tropical Horticulture, Director of Citrus Experiment Station. 
 William A. Setchell, Botany. 
 Myer E. Jaffa, Nutrition. 
 Ralph E. Smith, Plant Pathology. 
 John W. Gilmore, Agronomy. 
 Charles F. Shaw, Soil Technology. 
 John W. Gregg, Landscape Gardening and Floriculture. 
 Frederic T. Bioletti, Viticulture and Fruit Products. 
 Warren T. Clarke, Agricultural Extension. 
 Ernest B. Babcock, Genetics. 
 Gordon H. True, Animal Husbandry. 
 James T. Barrett, Plant Pathology. 
 Walter Mulford, Forestry. 
 W. P. Kelley, Agricultural Chemistry. 
 H. J. Quayle, Entomology. 
 Elwood Mead, Rural Institutions. 
 H. S. Reed, Plant Physiology. 
 L. D. Batchelor, Orchard Management. 
 W. L. Howard, Pomology. 
 'Frank Adams, Irrigation Investigations. 
 
 C. L. Roadhouse, Dairy Industry. 
 R. L. Adams, Farm Management. 
 
 W. B. Herms, Entomology and Parasitology. 
 John E. Dougherty, Poultry Husbandry. 
 
 D. R. Hoagland, Plant Nutrition. 
 G. H. Hart, Veterinary Science. 
 
 L. J. Fletcher, Agricultural Engineering. 
 Edwin C. Voorhies, Assistant to the Dean. 
 
 DIVISION OF FORESTRY 
 
 Walter Mulford Arthur W. Sampson 
 
 Donald Bruce Emanuel Fritz 
 
 Woodbridge Metcalf Francis X. Schumacher 
 
 * In cooperation with Division of Agricultural Engineering, Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 
PRELIMINARY YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND- 
 GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
 By DONALD BKUCE 
 
 The owner of timberland who is contemplating or attempting the 
 placing of his holdings under a plan of forest management needs 
 certain basic facts for his guidance. Among the most difficult of 
 these facts to determine is the rate of growth which may be expected 
 in the second growth stands on the cutover lands. Without informa- 
 tion on this point the timber owner will be unable to determine whether 
 his second crop will be of merchantable size and ready for cutting 
 by the time he has exhausted his reserves of virgin timber, or whether 
 it will be sufficient in quantity to supply his existing manufacturing 
 plant. Without this information he will be unable to judge the 
 financial expediency of various forestry measures. Precise answers 
 to questions involving future rates of growth are impossible, but 
 reasonably reliable figures can be predicted with the aid of what are 
 known as yield tables. This bulletin presents preliminary tables of 
 this sort for redwood (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.). 
 
 The tables are termed preliminary, partly because the values given 
 in them will probably require minor modification when a larger mass 
 of data has been secured, but more particularly because they do not 
 deal with stands over 60 years of age and do not, as will be later 
 explained, cover the poorest growing conditions. Furthermore, they 
 give no detailed information concerning the effect of introducing other 
 species into the redwood stands. They are published in this tentative 
 form because they will answer with all essential accuracy many of the 
 immediate questions of redwood forestry. 
 
 Note. — Mr. F. X. Schumacher of this University gathered a large part of 
 the basic data for the tables and performed much of the computational 
 work. Mr. V. B. Davis, Forester of the Union Lumber Company, and Mr. 
 M. E. Krueger, Forest Engineer of the Pacific Lumber Company each con- 
 tributed a considerable number of valuable data. Professor W. Metcalf and 
 Professor E. Fritz of this university, and Mr. R. E. Burton of Santa Cruz 
 assisted with additional material. To these men and to Major D. T. Mason, 
 Forest Engineer, who has helped in many ways, appreciative thanks are 
 extended. 
 
426 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 DEFINITION OF YIELD TABLE 
 
 These yield tables state the amount of timber, together with its 
 size, which can under good management be raised on lands of varying 
 degrees of productivity. Two types of yield tables are recognized, 
 normal yield tables which state the production possible under ideal 
 conditions of stand establishment and care, and empirical yield tables 
 which state the production actually occurring under existing condi- 
 tions. In the case of redwood, empirical tables would predict how 
 much timber will grow if no attempt is made either to secure proper 
 stocking of the cutover lands with young trees, or to protect the land 
 from fire. Normal tables, on the other hand, predict the result of 
 securing full stocking by replanting 1 or other means, and then of 
 properly caring for it until it is mature. Empirical tables are of little 
 value, since existing conditions may be profoundly modified, as for 
 example, through systematic fire protection, within a few years' time. 
 The tables presented in this bulletin are of the other type, but do not 
 contemplate intensive care, as for instance, properly conducted thin- 
 nings, which should materially increase the yield. 
 
 The tables, moreover, do not contain information concerning the 
 quality of lumber which will be produced. An investigation of this 
 phase of the problem is now being conducted. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF YIELD TABLES 
 
 The following explanations are necessary for the proper interpreta- 
 tion of the columns of the yield tables herewith presented and should 
 be referred to in connection with pages 428-430. 
 
 Site. — In accordance with a well established forestry practice, red- 
 wood producing lands may be divided on the basis of their relative 
 productive capacities (resulting from differences in climatic and soil 
 conditions) into five classes known as site classes. Site I includes 
 the most productive and site V the least productive areas. Although 
 five divisions are recognized, tables are presented here for sites I, II, 
 and III only, since adequate data on sites IV and V have not been 
 secured. It is probable that the two lower sites lie chiefly toward the 
 southern limit of the range of redwood and occur but rarely in the 
 region of its optimum growth. They are therefore of little interest 
 to redwood lumbermen. Site I, moreover, probably occurs on but a 
 small percentage of the area of the redwood region, and a large part 
 
 i Sprouts develop with great vigor and profusion about recently cut stumps, 
 but they arc ho poorly distributed that only a few are able to survive. In one 
 instance it has been estimated that sprouts will stock the area to but about 
 25 per cent of its capacity. 
 
Bulletin 361] yield tables for second-growth redwood 427 
 
 of such Site I land as now exists may ultimately be used for agri- 
 culture, so that most of the land on which redwood timber will be 
 raised in the near future falls into site classes II and III. How the 
 site of any given tract may be determined is explained on pages 
 433-436. 
 
 Age. — Age should be figured from the time of logging the previous 
 stand. It is true that when young trees are planted they may have 
 had a start of 1, 2, or 3 years in the nursery, but on account of the 
 setback which they receive on being transplanted, this advance growth 
 should be disregarded. 
 
 Number of Trees Per Acre. — Under this heading two figures are 
 given: (1) the number of all trees, and (2) that of the dominants 
 and codominants. By 'all trees' is meant all over 2.6 inches in diame- 
 ter when measured outside the bark at a height of 4.5 feet ('breast 
 high') above the ground. This designation obviously includes practi- 
 cally all living trees except in the case of very young stands. The 
 more significant figure is the number per acre of the larger trees, since 
 these include nearly all the trees of potential economic value and since 
 their volume constitutes some 80 per cent of the stand. The dominants 
 and codominants are those trees the crowns of which form the general 
 level of the forest canopy or extend above it. They are so named 
 in contrast to the intermediate and overtopped trees. Both figures 
 are only approximate, as the data obtained were very variable for 
 reasons which are explained under 'Basal Area.' 
 
 Average Height. 2 — The height is measured from the average ground 
 level to the tip of the tree. 
 
 Average D. B. II. — By d.b.h. is meant diameter breast high, or the 
 diameter measured outside the bark 4.5 feet above the ground, a point 
 which, since it is above the root swelling, and is conveniently reached, 
 has become accepted as standard for studies such as this. As in the 
 case of average height, an average d.b.h. 3 value is given for all trees, 
 and for the dominants and codominants only. 
 
 Basal Area. — By basal area is meant the sum of the cross-section 
 areas in square feet, measured 4.5 feet from the ground, of all the 
 trees on an average acre. Since it is calculated from the d.b.h. measure- 
 ments it includes both wood and bark. Its significance lies in the 
 fact that it is a value which has been found relatively insensitive to 
 variations in stocking. An increase in the number of trees per acre 
 results in a decrease in their average diameter, and vice versa, but 
 unless the overcrowding or understocking is pronounced, the basal 
 area for a given tract of land will not be much affected thereby. 
 
 2 The "average height" is that of a tree of average basal area; see page 
 442. 
 
 3 The ' ' average d.b.h. ' ' is that of a tree of average basal area. 
 
428 
 
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BULLETIN 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
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BULLETIN 361] yield TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 431 
 
 A comparison of the basal area of any given tract (unless it is 
 consider ably over dense, which rarely occurs in the case of redwood) 
 with that given in the yield table for stands of the same age and site 
 quality is therefore one of the best methods of determining its degree 
 of density or stocking. 
 
 Volume in Cubic Feet. — The volume in cubic feet includes the 
 entire stem of the tree from the ground to the extreme tip, but does 
 not include either the limbs or the bark. 
 
 Volume in Board Feet. — This is the most important figure in the 
 tables from the standpoint of the present day forest owner. Since 
 second growth stands can hardly be marketed for some years to come, 
 it has been computed on the basis of closer standards of utilization 
 than are today practicable, but which in all probability are justified 
 in conservative anticipation of the methods of manufacture which will 
 be current by the time second growth stands are being manufactured 
 into lumber on a large scale. An allowance of 1.5 feet has been made 
 for stumps, while the use of logs as small as 5 inches in diameter inside 
 the bark has been contemplated. The logs have been scaled according 
 to the so-called International log rule. This rule 4 is based on the 
 sawing of square edged lumber 17 Ae inch thick in the rough (thus 
 allowing Kg inch for shrinkage) with a saw kerf of % inch, and on the 
 utilization of boards as short as 4 feet. No deductions have been made 
 for defects (which, however, should be almost neglible in properly 
 tended young stands), nor for breakage in logging. Obviously no 
 overrun should be figured above these values, and the conservative 
 owner will doubtless wish to deduct a small per cent to allow for 
 unavoidable losses. (See page 436.) 
 
 Average Annual Growth. — The average annual growth (which is 
 expressed both in cubic feet and in board feet) is obtained for any 
 given age by dividing the yield at that age by the age itself. It is a 
 value which increases rapidly during the youth of a stand, reaches 
 a maximum, and then falls off more slowly. The maximum volume 
 production is obviously obtained by allowing the stand to grow to 
 the age which gives the maximum average annual growth. In the 
 present instance this age is apparently 55 years (for lumber), but 
 the falling off at the age of 60 years is slight and data beyond that 
 age are lacking. It is therefore probable that the data used in prepar- 
 ing the present table are not sufficient to justify placing great re- 
 liance on this 55-year maximum. 
 
 * The International rule may be found printed in full in H. S. Graves, " Forest 
 Mensuration, ' ' pages 36-37. 
 
432 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 Board Foot — Cubic Foot Ratio. — This column shows the average 
 number of board feet of lumber which can be obtained per cubic 
 foot of wood in stands of different ages. The increase in values as 
 the stand grows older indicates the reduction in the percentage of 
 waste as the trees increase in size. It will be noted that this increase 
 becomes less rapid after about 45 years of age. 
 
 Basis, Number of Plots. — This column gives the number of 
 sample plots which were actually measured in each site and age 
 class and which form the basis for the table. It indicates the 
 relative reliability of the various figures given. It will be observed 
 that the table for site II has a much stronger basis than either that 
 for site I or that for site III and that the values for the younger 
 age classes (which are, however, of minor importance), are less 
 well established. 
 
 Effect of Presence of Trees Other Than Redwood. — While the 
 values given in the tables represent approximately what may be 
 expected if pure redwood stands are produced, the data on which 
 they are based are taken from areas which actually contained about 15 
 per cent 5 of associated species, chief among which are Douglas fir 
 (Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Britt.), white fir (Abies grandis, Lindl.), 
 and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Carr.). Such species are in- 
 cluded in the total basal areas and are therefore represented in the 
 average diameters. They are also included in the volumes. The 
 average heights given in the tables are, however, for redwood only. 
 
 One of the reasons for terming these tables 'preliminary' is that 
 the data collected are insufficient to permit of a precise determination 
 of the effect of a variation in the proportion of those species present. 
 In general, it appears that as this proportion increases the basal 
 area of the stand decreases, but that both the average height 7 and 
 the average form factor 8 increase, so that the volume is not materially 
 affected. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF STAND TABLE 
 
 Table 4 gives a more detailed picture of a characteristic stand about 
 50 years of age growing on site II. It has been prepared by averag- 
 ing all the data obtained in stands on that site and between 45 and 55 
 years of age, the actual average age being 48 years. In it will be 
 found the approximate number of trees which may be expected in each 
 diameter class, their average heights, and the per cent of the total 
 board foot volume included in successive 5-inch diameter classes. The 
 
 s Stands are usually considered 'pure' if they contain 20 per cent or less 
 of the associated species. 
 
 (i See pages 450-4") 1. 7 Sec pages 449-450. » See page 440. 
 
BULLETIN 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
 433 
 
 average heights given are for redwood ; for the relation between these 
 heights and those of other species see pages 449-450. 
 
 Some conception of the character of stands of the same age on other 
 sites may be gained by a comparison of this table with the yield tables. 
 It will be observed, for example, that on site III the average dominant 
 and codominant is about 2 inches smaller in diameter, and 15 feet 
 shorter. 
 
 Table 4. — Typical Stand Table for Site II, 50 Year Age Class 
 
 Diameter Breast 
 High: 
 Inches 
 
 Number 
 of Trees 
 per Acre 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 Average Height 
 
 of Redwood: 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per cent of Total 
 
 Volume, 
 
 Feet B.M. 
 
 31 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 611 
 
 2.9^ 
 
 
 67 
 73 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 > 
 
 16.6 
 
 U7.8 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 96 < 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 > 
 
 28.3 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 no' 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 - 
 
 29.01 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 118 < 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 > 
 
 18.2 
 
 ^52.2 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 
 124' 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 > 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 THE APPLICATION OF THE TABLES 
 
 Site Determination. — To apply these tables to a concrete problem 
 requires, first of all, a more or less intensive field examination of the 
 cut-over land in question in order to permit its classification into site 
 classes, and a determination of the number of acres available in 
 each. This can best be done by a sampling process in which the 
 
434 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 site is determined at a number of points scattered throughout the 
 tract. If the site numbers are then entered on a map (preferably 
 one showing the topography by means of contours), zone lines indi- 
 cating the approximate limits of the classes present can be drawn, 
 and the area of each site computed in any convenient manner. Too 
 great refinement is probably not justifiable in this work, and the 
 method of locating the samples will depend on the degree of accur- 
 acy sought and on other practical considerations involved in each 
 particular case. The method of determining the site for a specific 
 sample must, however, be understood. 
 
 There are two alternative plans possible. The first involves laying 
 out sample plots similar to those which form the basis for the yield 
 tables. If this method (described fully on page 442) is followed 
 the age of the existing stand and the average height of its dominant 
 and codominant trees are first determined. The values obtained 
 should then be plotted on figure 1, page 435, by entering a small 
 cross vertically above the determined age and horizontally opposite 
 the calculated average height. It will be observed that the figure is 
 divided by curves into 5 zones, each allotted to a given site class. The 
 zone in which the cross falls is the site class of the sample investigated. 
 
 While the method just described is the more accurate, it is 
 laborious and will often prove too expensive. Moreover, most of the 
 cut-over land existing today is not fully stocked, and in such stands 
 it is sometimes difficult to decide what trees should be classified as 
 dominants and codominants. In many cases, therefore, another 
 method is preferable. The second process consists of determining 
 the age of each stand and then measuring the height of the tallest 
 tree in each of several well defined clumps of sprouts and computing 
 the average. (Stunted or otherwise abnormal clumps should not 
 be included.) The resulting average should be reduced by 6 per 
 cent, 9 and the result entered on figure 1 as before. 
 
 This rule applies, however, only to stands which are fairly well 
 stocked. In very open stands it has been found that the clumps of 
 sprouts do not reach their normal height. 10 In such cases a correc- 
 tion for density should be made by adding 13 per cent to the average 
 height obtained. Where the two corrections are both required 
 they may be combined and 6 per cent added; (.94X1.13 = 1.06). 
 If a factor of conservatism is desired in classifying the site this 
 correction may be ignored. 
 
 9 The statistical basis for this figure is given on page 447. 
 
 io This statement is in conflict with the theories of some writers, but the 
 evidence for it seems conclusive. See pages 447-449. 
 
BULLETIN 361] yiELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
 435 
 
 © 
 © 
 
 - 
 
 = 
 
 B 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
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 s 
 
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 o 
 
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 © 
 
 © 
 be 
 c3 
 H 
 © 
 > 
 
 ^ Site I 
 
 [ Site II 
 
 •Site III 
 
 }■ Site IV 
 
 !►«,- 
 
 Site V 
 
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 
 
 Age in Years. 
 Fig. 1 — Height Curves Used in Determining Site. 
 
436 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 In some instances stands will be encountered in which such 
 species as Douglas fir, white fir, or Sitka spruce, are predominant, 
 and redwood is not present in sufficient amounts to make the pro- 
 cedure just described practicable. In such a case the former alter- 
 native must be adopted and the average height of the dominant 
 and codominant tree of the principal species should be determined. 
 Since all three of the species mentioned above are taller than red- 
 wood at the ages dealt with in the yield table, it is then necessary 
 to apply a reduction factor to this value. This factor is 16 per cent 
 for Douglas fir and white fir and 20 per cent for spruce. 11 The 
 modified value thus obtained is the approximate average height which 
 would have been attained by dominant and codominant redwoods on 
 the same soil, and may therefore be plotted in figure 1 as previously 
 described. 
 
 The use of associated species in this manner to determine site 
 class cannot be considered rigorously accurate and the method should 
 never be used except in the case of land which is obviously suited 
 to the growth of redwood. 
 
 Where redwood, fir, and spruce are all present in considerable 
 numbers it is well to strengthen the accuracy of the site classification 
 by using each species in turn and averaging the results. 
 
 Determination of Stocking Factors. — By some one of the fore- 
 going methods the number of acres of land of each site class on a 
 given tract may be determined. These values multiplied by the 
 appropriate values selected from the yield tables will give the produc- 
 tive capacity of the tract. It is improbable, however, that the full 
 amount of timber thus estimated can actually be obtained. Sprouts 
 alone will probably never result in full stocking, and even under 
 the best possible conditions and with the best care that is economi- 
 cally justifiable, there will be some failures in the replanting of the 
 cut-over lands, some damage from fire during the life of the stand, 
 some defect found in the final product, and some unavoidable break- 
 age in felling, etc. Just how much will be lost from all these causes 
 can only be conjectured, since experience to guide us in our estimates 
 is of course as yet entirely lacking. It seems probable, however, 
 that conservative timber owners will wish to discount the final yield 
 by at least 10 to 20 per cent. 
 
 In the case of second growth stands already established, and 
 where planting is impracticable, a far heavier reduction figure will 
 usually be necessary. Such stands are rarely fully stocked and may 
 be very scantily stocked. In such instances it will be necessary to 
 
 11 See pages 449-450 for the statistical basis for these figures. 
 
BULLETIN 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 437 
 
 determine the per cent of stocking now on the ground. This may be 
 effected by a sampling process, representative strips or plots being 
 laid out and the trees therein carefully measured and recorded. The 
 basal area per acre should then be computed and compared with that 
 given in the yield table for stands of the same age and site, the 
 ratio between the two figures being the stocking factor. The final 
 yield for the given site should then be reduced by multiplying it 
 by this factor. It should be noted that this procedure gives some- 
 what conservative results, since the fact is well established that 
 where existing trees are well distributed the stocking factor improves 
 with age. This increase will tend to compensate for the reduced 
 height growth in open stands. 
 
 AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE TABLES 
 
 The various steps described above may be better understood in 
 connection with the following hypothetical computation. 
 
 Assume a tract of 1500 acres which on examination is found to be 
 sub-divided as follows: 
 
 Virgin timber on river flats 200 acres 
 
 35-year-old second growth on river flats 300 acres 
 
 Virgin timber on uniform easterly slopes 600 acres 
 
 25-year-old second growth on similar slopes 400 acres 
 
 Total 1,500 acres 
 
 The average height of the tallest tree in each of a considerable 
 number of clumps of redwood sprouts on the river flats is found to 
 be 81 feet. Since the stand is very open this is increased by 6 per 
 cent (see page 434), thus becoming 86 feet. This value plotted on 
 figure 1 over an age of 35 years indicates the site class of the river 
 flat to be II. The 200 acres of virgin timber is assumed to stand on 
 a similar site. 
 
 The slopes are largely covered with Douglas fir and the average 
 height of dominant and codominant fir is found to be 60 feet. The 
 corresponding value for redwood should be 16 per cent less, or 50 
 feet, and this value plotted on figure 1 over 25 years indicates that 
 the slopes are on site III. Again the corresponding virgin timber 
 is assumed to be of the same site. 
 
 When the virgin timber is cut the land is to be replanted and 
 protected from fire, and the second growth is to be allowed to grow 
 for 50 years. Its theoretical yield for the flat should then be 200 
 
438 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 acres times 95 m.b.m. per acre (the yield table value for 50 years 
 on site II), which equals 19,000 m.b.m. Applying a reduction 
 factor of 10 per cent to allow for unavoidable damage, etc., a yield 
 of 19,000 m.b.m. minus 1900 m.b.m., or 17,100 m.b.m. is anticipated. 
 In a similar way the slopes in virgin timber are calculated to yield 
 41,000 m.b.m. 50 years after cutting: 
 
 (600X76 m.b.m. = 45,600 m.b.m. 
 45,600 m.b.m. X 90% =41,040 m.b.m.) 
 
 The existing second growth on the flat is found to have an average 
 basal area of 240 square feet per acre. The corresponding value 
 from the table for site II at 35 years is 399 square feet per acre. 
 The stocking factor is therefore 240 divided by 399, or 60 per cent. 
 This is again reduced by 5 per cent to allow for breakage in logging, 
 or to 57 per cent (.95 X .60 = .57), and the expected yield 15 years 
 hence, or at 50 years of age, is: 
 
 300 X 95 m.b.m. X .57 = 16,245 m.b.m. 
 
 The existing second growth on the slope has, on the other hand, 
 an average basal area of but 70 square feet per acre as compared 
 with the 316 given by the table for site III at 25 years of age. Its 
 stocking factor is therefore: 
 
 70-^-316 = 22%. 
 
 If this is also reduced by 5 per cent it becomes 21 per cent, and the 
 expected yield 25 years hence is 
 
 400 X 76 m.b.m. X .21 = 6,384 m.b.m. 
 
 To summarize, the yield to be anticipated is as follows: 
 
 River flats now covered with second growth, 16,245 m.b.m., 15 
 years hence. 
 
 Slopes now covered with second growth, 6,384 m.b.m., 25 years 
 hence. 
 
 River flats now covered with virgin timber, 17,100 m.b.m., 50 years 
 after cutting. 
 
 Slopes now covered with virgin timber, 41,040 m.b.m., 50 years 
 after cutting. 
 
 THE BASIS FOE THE YIELD TABLES 
 
 The data on which these yield tables are based were collected 
 cooperatively by two of the principal operating lumber companies 
 in Mendocino and Humboldt counties (the Union Lumber Company 
 and the Pacific Lumber Company), and the Division of Forestry 
 of the University of California. 12 They consist of detailed measure- 
 
 12 More detailed information concerning these data will be found on pages 
 451 ff. of the appendix. 
 
Bulletin 361] yield TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 439 
 
 ments on a series of over 100 sample plots well distributed through- 
 out the range of the species. The method of selecting the plots, and 
 the figures recorded for each, were as follows : 
 
 Plot Selection. — Since the general principle underlying a yield 
 study is to base predictions of what will occur in the future on what 
 has happened in the past, and since no managed forests yet exist, it 
 was necessary to locate the plots in stands which, through a fortun- 
 ate combination of circumstances, had fortuitously become fully 
 stocked. This condition is encountered but rarely and then only in 
 small areas in anv one locality. A thorough search was therefore 
 necessary in order to locate desirable material for studj 7 . When the 
 material was found a plot was laid out, its boundaries carefully 
 marked and surveyed and its area determined. Very small plots 
 were avoided wherever possible, except in the case of the younger 
 age classes ; other considerations, however, often made small plots 
 inevitable. For example, it was aimed to locate the plot boundaries 
 inside the area of fully stocked timber, as their proper location was 
 thereby much simplified ; yet this practice of course decreased the 
 possible size of the plot. Where the loss in plot area seemed too 
 serious and it was necessary to include the whole area of fully 
 stocked growth within the plot, care was taken to so locate the 
 boundaries as to include at least the whole crown area of the trees 
 standing within the plot. A rectangular shape was not adhered to, 
 since to do that would have reduced either the plot areas or their 
 completeness of stocking more than was desired. However, triangu- 
 lar shapes in particular and acute angles in general were avoided. 
 Surveys were made with staif compass, and tape. 
 
 The difficulty experienced in finding fully stocked stands and 
 the small size of such areas as were found indicate that only by 
 planting and adequate protection can the maximum productivity 
 of the land be obtained. 
 
 Age Determination. — Ages were determined by ring counts made 
 with the aid of increment borers. In some instances freshly cut 
 stumps in the neighborhood were used to supplement or replace these 
 borings, while historical confirmation was sought whenever possible 
 from local residents who remembered the date at which logging 
 took place. Since the borings were made at breast height, allowance 
 had to be made for the time required by the young tree to reach this 
 height. In the case of sprout redwood the allowance was one year, 
 while for Douglas fir, white fir, and spruce seven years were added, 
 the values being determined by an examination of a considerable 
 number of young saplings of these species. 
 
440 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 Plots which were not essentially even aged were not used. Where 
 there was a small range of ages the highest number of years found 
 was the age assigned to the plot. 
 
 Diameter Measurements. — The diameter of every tree over 2.6 
 inches on the plot was measured with a diameter tape and recorded 
 to the nearest inch according to its crown class (i.e., dominant, 
 codominant, etc.). Wherever possible the measurement was taken 
 4.5 feet from the ground, but in fairly numerous instances trees 
 grew so close together in clumps as to make this impracticable. The 
 measurements which, as a result, were taken higher up the trunk 
 introduce a slight factor of conservatism at this point. 
 
 Height Measurement. — The heights of a dozen or more trees of 
 each important species were measured by either the Forest Service 
 hypsometer or the Faustmann hypsometer, the distance of the 
 observer from the tree being obtained by means of a light cord of 
 known length. The trees selected for measurement were representa- 
 tive and covered the range of diameters present. Their heights when 
 plotted on cross section paper established a curve from which could 
 be read the average height of trees of any required diameter on 
 the plot. 
 
 Computations. — The computations required are self-evident with 
 the exception of those for volume. The volume in board feet was 
 obtained by means of the diameter tally, the height diameter curve, 
 and a volume table. 13 The volume in cubic feet was obtained by 
 the formula V = BAXHX P : 
 
 Where V = volume of any crown class, BA = basal area in 
 square feet, H = height in feet of average tree, and F = form factor 
 of average tree. The following form factors, deduced from 941 tree 
 measurements taken by the U. S. Forest Service (see Bulletin 334 
 mentioned above) were used. 
 
 No volume tables or form factors were available for the three 
 principal associated species, Douglas fir, white fir, and spruce, and 
 it was therefore necessary to compute their volumes by means of 
 the redwood tables. The bark of all these species is much thinner 
 than that of redwood so that the results obtained by this method 
 were undoubtedly too low. Correction factors of 5 per cent for 
 Douglas fir and white fir, and 10 per cent for spruce, based on a 
 comparatively small number of tree measurements and a somewhat 
 limited study of bark thickness were therefore added. These values 
 are considerably lower than those indicated by the data available and 
 are probably ultra-conservative. 
 
 is Bruce, Donald. Preliminary Volume Tables for Second Growth Redwood, 
 Bull. No. 334, of this series, October, 1921. 
 
BULLETIN 361] yiELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 441 
 
 Table 5. — Form Factors for Redwood 
 
 D.B.H. Form Factor 
 
 3 inches .45 
 
 4 inches .43 
 
 5 inches .41 
 
 6 inches .39 
 
 7 inches .37 
 
 8 inches .36 
 
 9 inches .35 
 
 10-11 inches 34 
 
 12-14 inches 33 
 
 15-18 inches 32 
 
 19-40 inches 31 
 
 (These form factors are the ratios between the volume of 
 the stem of the tree without bark and the volume of a cylinder 
 of the same (height andjof a diameter equal to its d. b. h., 
 outside thejoark.) 
 
 Treatment of Veterans on Plots. — Sometimes, though not 
 frequently, it was found necessary to include within the plot boundar- 
 ies one or more trees which were obviously left uncut at the time 
 of logging and which were therefore considerably older than the 
 main second growth stand. It is evident that the full volume of 
 trees such as these cannot be credited to a plot. On the other hand, 
 to leave it out altogether is ultra-conservative, since they have been 
 occupying a considerable portion of the plot area, which in their 
 absence could have been filled by one or more additional second 
 growth trees. For each of the original trees, therefore, was substi- 
 tuted one tree of a size equal to that of the average dominant on 
 the plot. This procedure probably errs considerably on the side of 
 conservatism. 
 
 The identification of these veteran trees, which were sometimes 
 only slightly larger than the true second growth, was less difficult 
 than might have been supposed, for three characteristics were avail- 
 able : (1) the bark texture of young trees is quite different from 
 that of veterans; (2) the branching habit of young trees which have 
 many long laterals close to the ground (these persist as dead branches 
 many years after the foliage has died from lack of sufficient sunlight) 
 is distinctive; (3) veterans left in a young stand almost inevitably 
 project well above it in height. 
 
442 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 SAMPLE PLOTS FOE DETERMINING THE STOCKING FACTOR 
 
 The owner of timberland who wishes to determine the stocking 
 factor for his land must follow very much the same procedure as 
 that outlined above. In this case, however, the plots should repre- 
 sent average density rather than full stocking and should be located 
 with this end in view. Attainment of this object is easier if relatively 
 large plots are selected and the proper location of boundaries, if 
 this is done, involves little difficulty. If, as suggested on page 431, 
 the basal area be used as a stocking index, the volume computations 
 described above are obviously superfluous. 
 
 SAMPLE PLOTS FOR SITE DETERMINATION 
 
 Such plots may also be used for site determination, but in some 
 cases special plots selected for this purpose only may be desirable. 
 In such instances the procedure may be somewhat modified and 
 materially abridged. Quite small plots are entirely satisfactory and 
 their area need not be determined. The age should be carefully 
 ascertained, but only the dominants and codominants need be meas- 
 ured for height and diameter. The computation of the average 
 height of dominants and codominants is as follows: (1) compute the 
 total basal area 14 of dominants and codominants; (2) divide this 
 value by the number of dominant and codominant trees to obtain 
 the average basal area; (3) calculate the diameter of a tree having 
 this average basal area; (4) look up the corresponding height in the 
 height diameter curve: (5) modify this value by the proper correc- 
 tion factor if the stand is understocked (see pages 447-449) or if a 
 species other than redwood is being used (see pages 449-451). 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 Only one familiar with the yield tables for other species will 
 appreciate the full significance of the remarkable figures for redwood 
 presented here. It is therefore desirable to cite a few instances 
 for purposes of comparison. One of the standard European yield 
 tables is that of Schwappach for Norway spruce, one of the fastest 
 growing species used by German foresters. At 60 years of age on 
 the best site this species is assigned a basal area of 231 square feet 
 
 is Gallaher, W. H., ' ' Secondgrowth Yellow Pine." Forest Quarterly, vol. XI, 
 circles, such as is given in H. S. Graves, "Forest Mensuration/' pages 
 376-385, and H. H. Chapman, "Forest Mensuration, " pages 480-491. Slightly 
 less convenient tables may be found in any engineering handbook. 
 
Bulletin 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 443 
 
 per acre and a volume of 8,798 cubic feet. Redwood at the same 
 age and on the best site has a basal area of 486 square feet and a 
 volume of 20,200 cubic feet per acre. Western yellow pine on the 
 best site in the Sierra Nevada produces, according to Gallaher, 15 
 a volume of 52 m.b.m. (International rule) per acre at 60 years of 
 age while the comparable figure from the redwood table is 139 m.b.m. 
 One of the most rapid growing conifers in the eastern United States 
 is the white pine, which at 50 years of age, and again on site I, yields 
 55 m.b.m. 16 Redwood, it will be seen, exceeds this by 111 per cent. 
 
 On poorer sites the growth of redwood is equally remarkable. 
 Basal area in particular, while less on the poor sites than on the 
 good, is, as compared with that of other species, exceptionally insensi- 
 tive to site conditions. As to volume, it should be noted that the 
 yields of redwood on site III far exceed those of the above mentioned 
 three species on site I. 
 
 The low age at which redwood reaches a size which would be con- 
 sidered merchantable in most forest regions is also of interest. Nor- 
 way spruce, according to the Schwappach tables, has its maximum 
 average annual volume growth at about 80 years of age on site III, 
 and at this age the average tree is only 8.5 inches in diameter and 69 
 feet tall. In the case of redwood, equal diameters can be obtained 
 at 25 years, and equal heights at 40. On site I, at the exceedingly 
 low age of 20 years, the average redwood is 8 inches d.b.h. and 50 
 feet high; the comparable figures for Norway spruce are 2.6 inches 
 and 20 feet. 
 
 It is unnecessary to multiply instances. Suffice it to say that 
 the redwood has apparently the most rapid growth of all the conifers, 
 and that it can be raised on the shortest rotation. This fact coupled 
 with the comparative ease of reproduction and the relatively low 
 fire risk make it perhaps our most attractive species for forest 
 management. 
 
 isGallaher, W. H., " Secondgrowth Yellow Pine. " Forest Quarterly, vol. XI, 
 no. 4, pages 531 ff., December, 1913. 
 
 16 From "Forest Mensuration of the White Pine in Massachusetts," by 
 H. O. Cook. 
 
444 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 BASIC DATA 
 
 The basic data for this study, summarized in table 9, pages 
 
 452 to 467, consist of 136 plots of which 34 were measured by the 
 
 forest^ departments of the Union Lumber Company and the Pacific 
 
 Lumber Company and the remainder by the staff and assistants of 
 
 the Division of Forestry of the University. Their location by counties 
 
 is as follows : 
 
 Mendocino 55 
 
 Humboldt 52 
 
 Sonoma 13 
 
 Santa Cruz 10 
 
 Del Norte 3 
 
 Alameda 1 
 
 Butte 17 : 1 
 
 135 
 Of these plots 96 were used in the tables, 15 (plots nos. 3, 10, 16, 
 51, 53, 65, 74, 89, 90, 91, 97, 118, 120, 121, 122) were unavailable 
 for this purpose because redwood was not present in appreciable 
 quantities and 24 were discarded for the following reasons: 
 
 Understocked 12 (plots nos. 25, 30, 35, 66, 67, 69, 
 
 82, 103, 107, 132, 133, 134) 
 Plot boundaries possibly located too close to 
 
 trees within plot 5 (plots nos. 83, 84, 101, 102, 119) 
 
 Uneven aged 2 (plots nos. 85, 113) 
 
 Over-dense 2 (plots nos. 34, 80) 
 
 Plantation outside natural range of redwood 1 (plot no. 124) 
 
 Sites IV and V 2 (plots nos. 125, 135) 
 
 In discarding plots, all those which had a basal area 25 per cent 
 above or below the average for their site and age were critically 
 examined, the relative number of trees on them and their average 
 d.b.h., as well as the description of the plot itself being taken into 
 consideration in deciding whether or not they could be used. It 
 should be noted that in the group thus indicated as apparently over- 
 stocked were a number of the surest plots measured, i.e., those of 
 good size, with ideal distribution and density, and with boundaries 
 which were located without difficulty or danger of error. This fact 
 would appear to indicate that throughout the study the words 'fully 
 slocked' had been so liberally interpreted that the resulting tables 
 should be conservative. 
 
 i' An interesting and successful plantation at Chico. See table 9, plot 
 No. 124. 
 
BULLETIN 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 
 
 445 
 
 The distribution according to site and age class of the 96 plots 
 (with 2 additional plots from sites IV and V) is as follows: 
 
 Table 6. — Distribution of Plots According to Site and Age Class 
 
 Site 
 
 A 
 
 ge Class 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of Plots 
 
 
 
 20-24. 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 5 
 7 
 10 
 10 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 25-29. 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 30-34 
 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 35-39. 
 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 40-44. 
 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 45-49 
 50-54. 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 55 + 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 The relationship between the physiographic location of the plots 
 and their site classification is given in table 7. 
 
 Table 7. — Relation Between Site and Physiographic Location 
 
 Physiographic Location 
 
 
 Site 
 Class 
 
 ' I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 . v 
 
 Alluvial Flat 
 
 Slope Bench 
 
 Ridge 
 
 Total 
 
 County 
 
 
 Number of Plots 
 
 
 
 Del Norte and 
 Humboldt 
 
 
 13 1 
 
 21 9 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 14 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 Total 
 
 
 39 11 
 
 1.8 2.0 
 
 5 
 2.4 
 
 55 
 
 Average site 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 Mendocino, 
 Sonoma, 
 Alameda, 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 " I 
 
 II 
 III 
 
 IV 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 6 
 1 
 
 4 
 13 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Total 
 
 35 
 1.9 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 76 
 
 Average site 
 
 2.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 All counties 
 
 combined ■* 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 III 
 IV 
 
 v 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 6 
 1 
 
 17 1 
 34 9 
 15 1 
 3 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 68 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Total 
 
 35 
 
 67 11 
 
 16 
 
 131 18 
 
 i« The remaining 4 plots for various reasons could not be assigned with 
 certainty to a site class. 
 
446 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 The table indicates: (a) that while the physic-graphically favor- 
 able locations average higher in site, yet there is a wide range of 
 sites within each (see, however, page 449) ; (b) that similar locations 
 average better in site in the two northern counties than they do in 
 Mendocino county or farther south. This difference is consistent 
 with the character of the stands of virgin timber in the two regions. 
 
 Table 8 gives information concerning the areas of the plots. 
 Most of the smaller plots occurred in the younger age classes. 
 
 Table 8 — Areas of Plots 
 
 Size Class Number of Plots 
 
 .06- .15 acres 28 
 
 .16- .25 acres 33 
 
 .26- .35 acres 18 
 
 .36— .45 acres 9 
 
 .46— .55 acres 2 
 
 .56— .65 acres 1 
 
 .66-f- acres 5 
 
 Average area per plot 0.265 acres. 96 
 
 THE EFFECT OF PLOT AREA 
 
 Since, as indicated in the preceding table, and for reasons already 
 explained (page 439), a considerable number of the plots taken 
 were small in area, an investigation was made to see if there was 
 any evidence of the introduction of an error into the tables from 
 this cause. On comparing the basal area of each plot with the 
 tabular basal area for its site class and age, it was found that the 
 39 plots having an area less than .2 acre averaged 5 per cent above 
 the figures given in table. This discrepancy might be taken to 
 mean that the boundaries of the small plots had been located a little, 
 though not seriously, too close to the trees included in them. A 
 more probable explanation is that, in the effort to secure plots as large 
 as possible, areas which were not fully stocked were often accepted 
 and that this tendency was more marked in the case of plots of larger 
 size. In either case the discrepancy is too small to be important. 
 
 THE RELATION BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT OF DOMINANTS 
 
 AND CODOMINANTS AND AVERAGE HEIGHT OF 
 
 CLUMPS OF SPROUTS 
 
 This relationship, knowledge of which is needed for the reasons 
 stated on page 434, was determined from the measurements of the 
 height of 60 plots taken by both methods. The results obtained are 
 shown graphically in figure 2. A straight line through the origin 
 expresses the results quite satisfactorily. Its slope indicates that 
 the inenn extreme height of the clumps as determined by the method 
 
Bulletin 361] yield tables for second-growth redwood 
 
 447 
 
 outlined on page 434 exceeds the mean height of dominants and 
 codominants on the average by 6.7 per cent. 
 
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 Fig. 
 
 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 
 Average Height in Feet of Dominants and Codominants. 
 
 2. — Eelation Between Average Maximum Height of Clumps and 
 Average Height of Dominants and Codominants. 
 
 THE EFFECT OF DENSITY ON HEIGHT GEOWTH 
 
 The method of site determination by height, growth described on 
 pages 433-436 is one which has been quite generally adopted by Amer- 
 ican foresters. It is based on the theory that height growth is either 
 unaffected by variations in density or is at least relatively insensi- 
 tive to them. It seemed necessary to check this assumption in the 
 case of redwood, a species which has been very little investigated. 
 Data were collected in the following manner. Wherever possible 
 several clumps of sprouts were found in close proximity to each 
 plot which were (a) of the same age, (b) on apparently the same 
 site, and (c) in a much more open stand. The tallest tree in each 
 was selected and its height and d.b.h. measured. A count of the 
 
448 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 trees around it (usually on a one-quarter acre circle) was made. 
 These three values, height, d.b.h., and number of trees per acre, 
 were then averaged and compared with similar figures taken within 
 the plot. 
 
 Such measurements were taken on 28 plots. (In a large number 
 of cases, of course, suitable material could not be found.) When 
 averaged the results obtained are as follows: 
 
 Within the plots 
 
 In open stands outside the plots. 
 
 r erage Number of 
 Trees per Acre 
 
 Average 
 D.B.H. 
 
 Average 
 Height 
 
 487 
 
 19.0 inches 
 
 95 feet 
 
 201 
 
 21.1 inches 
 
 84 feet 
 
 72 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
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 02 
 
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 a 
 
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 A 
 
 bo 
 
 • IH 
 
 w 
 
 be 
 
 G8 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 
 
 Average Height in Feet of Clumps in Poor Density Stands. 
 
 Fig. 3.— Eelation Between Average Height of Clumps in Normal Density 
 
 and in Poor Density Stands. 
 
 The average height within the plots (i.e., in fully stocked stands) 
 exceeds that of the open stands by 13 per cent. It should be noted 
 moreover, that in only two out of twenty-eight instances did the 
 
BULLETIN 361] YIELD TABLES FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD 449 
 
 heights within individual plots show a relationship in the reverse 
 direction. There were in addition, however, two plots in which 
 height growth was distinctly and obviously stunted by overcrowding. 
 Figure 3 indicates that the value obtained (13 per cent) is approxi- 
 mately the same for short or tall stands. 
 
 The data available did not permit of a more detailed analysis 
 of the effect of density on height growth and no answer could be 
 obtained to the question of how much it may vary before the height 
 growth will be affected. It seems possible, however, that variations 
 in the degree of stocking may be in part responsible for the appar- 
 ently wide range of sites encountered under similar physiographic 
 conditions (see page 445). This possibility is, however, more interest- 
 ing than important, for if in using the tables the same methods of 
 site determination as were used in constructing them are employed 
 no serious error will result. 
 
 RELATION BETWEEN HEIGHT OF THE ASSOCIATED SPECIES AND 
 
 OF REDWOOD 
 
 The data available for investigating this relationship were found 
 in the plots on which Douglas fir, white fir, and spruce were present 
 in material proportions, the numbers being respectively 39 for Douglas 
 fir, 31 for white fir, and 8 for spruce. It was first necessary to 
 determine whether or not any strong correlation existed between 
 the heights of the various species under similar conditions. Using 
 the Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation the following values were 
 obtained : 
 
 Douglas fir and redwood 85 ± .03 
 
 White fir and redwood 85 ± .12 
 
 Spruce and redwood 87 ± .06 
 
 These figures mark the correlation as exceedingly strong. 19 
 It was noted that where Douglas fir and white fir occurred simul- 
 taneously their values were essentially the same. For the 14 plots 
 where this was the case the average height of Douglas fir was 110.1 
 feet and that of white fir 109.3 feet, a difference of less than 1 per 
 cent. Since the data were somewhat scanty it seemed both desirable 
 and permissible to treat the two species as one. Spruce, however, 
 was materially different from either of the others. 
 
 Figure 4 is a graphic summary of this relationship. It seems 
 to justify the statement made on page 436 that the height of redwood 
 can be deduced with reasonable assurance from that of its associated 
 species if values for fir are reduced by 16 per cent and those for 
 
 !9 In interpreting these coefficients of correlation it is customary to consider 
 that values over .50 indicate strong correlation, provided the coefficient is at 
 least six times the probable error. Perfect correlation is indicated by 1.00. 
 
450 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 spruce by 20 per cent. It should be noted that these percentages 
 would not be accurate for very young stands (where sprout redwood 
 exceeds all its associates in height growth), nor for very old stands. 
 In virgin timber, redwood is of course by far the tallest species 
 present. 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 <x> 
 
 ft 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 O 
 
 .2° 
 °3 
 
 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 
 
 Height of Associated Species in Feet. 
 
 Fig. 4 — Eelation Between Average Height of Dominants and Codominants 
 
 of Eedwcod and of Associated Species. 
 
 EFFECT OF VAEIATIONS IN COMPOSITION ON YIELD 
 
 The preceding paragraphs indicate that all three of the principal 
 associated species attain greater heights than redwood at the greater 
 ages under investigation. Their effect on basal area was investi- 
 gated by classifying all the plots in groups within which the per- 
 centage of redwood present (computed by basal area) ranged from 
 100 to 80, from 79 to 60, from 59 to 40, etc. The ratio between 
 the basal area of each plot and that given in the yield table for its 
 site class and age was then determined, and an average value for 
 each of the above described composition classes was computed. The 
 results are given graphically in figure 5. 
 
 It is evident that a decrease in the percentage of redwood present 
 is accompanied by a decrease in the basal area. If redwood is 
 completely absent, the basal area falls to 76 per cent of that given in 
 
Bulletin 361] yield tables for second-growth redwood 
 
 451 
 
 the table, while if it is the only species present the basal area rises 
 to 5 per cent above that of the table. (It must be remembered that 
 the table itself is based on stands only about 84 per cent pure). 
 Intermediate proportions give an average of these extremes weighted 
 by the percentages of redwood and of associated species present. 
 
 
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 page 440 the form factors of the associated species are higher than 
 those of redwood by at least 5 per cent for fir and 10 per cent for 
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 and basal area, the effect of the presence of an associated species on 
 volume appears to be from: 
 
 1.05 X .76 X 1.16 = .93 for fir, to 
 
 1.10 X .76 X 1.20 = 1.00 for spruce. 
 
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 effect of basal area. 
 
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 affect the volume. 
 
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 by variations in composition, although the evidence was found to be 
 inadequate for a precise determination of this point. 
 
 PLOT DATA 
 Table 9 gives the detailed plot data on which the tables are based. 
 
452 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
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STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION 
 
 BULLETINS 
 
 No. No. 
 
 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the 331. 
 
 Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 332. 
 
 261. Melaxuma of the Walnut, ''Juglans 334. 
 
 regia." 
 
 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba 335. 
 
 Compared with these of California. 
 
 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 336. 
 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. 
 
 270. A Comparison of Annual Cropping, Bi- 337. 
 
 ennial Cropping, and Green Manures 339. 
 
 on the Yield of Wheat. 
 
 273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vine- 341. 
 
 yard Experimental Drain. 342. 
 
 275. The Cultivation of Belladonna in Cali- 343. 
 
 fornia. 344. 
 
 276. The Pomegranate. 
 
 278. Grain Sorghums. 345. 
 
 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. 
 
 280. Irrigation of Alfalfa in the Sacramento 346. 
 
 Valley. 347. 
 283. The Olive Insects of California. 
 
 285. The Milk Goat in California. 348. 
 
 286. Commercial Fertilizers. 349. 
 
 287. Vinegar from Waste Fruits. 
 
 294. Bean Culture in California. 350. 
 
 297. The Almond in California. 351. 
 
 298. Seedless Raisin Grapes. 352. 
 
 299. The Use of Lumber on California Farms. 
 
 304. A study on the Effects of Freezes on 353. 
 
 Citrus in California. 354. 
 
 308. I. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic 355. 
 
 Acid. II. Physical and Chemical Prop- 356, 
 
 erties of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 312. Mariout Barley. 357. 
 813. Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit Trees. 
 316. The Kaki or Oriental Persimmon. 
 
 817. Selections of Stocks in Citrus Propa- 358. 
 
 gation. 
 
 319. Caprifigs and Caprification. 359, 
 
 321. Commercial Production of Grape Syrup. 360, 
 
 324. Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freezing 
 
 Temperatures. 361 
 
 325. Rice Irrigation Measurements and Ex- 
 
 periments in Sacramento Valley, 362, 
 
 1914-1919. 363 
 328. Prune Growing in California. 
 
 Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks. 
 
 Walnut Culture in California. 
 
 Preliminary Volume Tables for Second- 
 Growth Redwoods. 
 
 Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy 
 Cows and Other Livestock. 
 
 The Preparation of Nicotine Dust as 
 an Insecticide. 
 
 Some Factors of Dehydrater Efficiency. 
 
 The Relative Cost of Making Logs from 
 Small and Large Timber. 
 
 Studies on Irrigation of Citrus Groves. 
 
 Hog Feeding Experiments. 
 
 Cheese Pests and Their Control. 
 
 Cold Storage as an Aid to the Market* 
 ing of Plums. 
 
 Fertilizer Experiments with Citrus 
 Trees. 
 
 Almond Pollination. 
 
 The Control of Red Spiders in Decidu- 
 ous Orchards. 
 
 Pruning Young Olive Trees. 
 
 A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor 
 Hitches. 
 
 Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood Lands. 
 
 California State Dairy Cow Competition. 
 
 Further Experiments in Plum Pollina 
 tion. 
 
 Bovine Infectious Abortion. 
 
 Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. 
 
 The Peach Twig Borer. 
 
 Observations on Some Rice Weeds in 
 California. 
 
 A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for 
 Applying Dry Insecticides and 
 Fungicides. 
 
 Black Measles, Water Berries, and 
 Related Vine Troubles. 
 
 Fruit Beverage Investigations. 
 
 Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Preliminary Volume Tables for Second 
 Growth Redwood. 
 
 Dust and the Tractor Engine. 
 
 The Pruning of Citrus Trees in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 CIRCULARS 
 
 No. No. 
 
 70. Observations on the Status of Corn 166. 
 
 Growing in California. 167. 
 
 82. The Common Ground Squirrel of Cali- 170. 
 
 fornia. 
 
 87. Alfalfa. 172. 
 
 110. Green Manuring in California. 173. 
 
 111. The Use of Lime and Gypsum on Cali- 
 
 fornia Soils. 174. 
 
 113. Correspondence Courses in Agriculture. 175. 
 117. The Selection and Cost of a Small 
 
 Pumping Plant. 178. 
 
 127. House Fumigation. 179. 
 136. Melilotus indica as a Green-Manure 
 
 Crop for California. 182. 
 144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine. 
 
 148. "Lungworms." 183. 
 
 151. Feeding and Management of Hogs. 184. 
 
 152. Some Observations on the Bulk Hand- 188. 
 
 ling of Grain in California. 190. 
 
 155. Bovine Tuberculosis. 193. 
 
 157. Control of the Pear Scab. 198. 
 
 159. Agriculture in the Imperial Valley. 199. 
 
 160. Lettuce Growing in California. 201. 
 
 161. Potatoes in California. 202. 
 165. Fundamentals of Sugar Beet Culture 
 
 under California Conditions. 203. 
 
 The Country Farm Bureau. 
 Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance. 
 Fertilizing California Soils for the 1918 
 
 Crop. 
 Wheat Culture. 
 The Construction of the Wood-Hoop 
 
 Silo. 
 Farm Drainage Methods. 
 Progress Report on the Marketing and 
 
 Distribution of Milk. 
 The Packing of Apples in California. 
 Factors of Importance in Producing 
 
 Milk of Low Bacterial Count. 
 Extending the Area of Irrigated Wheat 
 
 in California for 1918. 
 Infectious Abortion in Cows. 
 A Flock of Sheep on the Farm. 
 Lambing Sheds. 
 
 Agriculture Clubs in California. 
 A Study of Farm Labor in California. 
 Syrup from Sweet Sorghum. 
 Onion Growing in California. 
 Helpful Hints to Hog Raisers. 
 County Organizations for Rural Fire 
 
 Control. 
 Peat as a Manure Substitute. 
 
CIRCULARS — Continued 
 
 No. No. 
 
 205. Blackleg. 238. 
 
 206. Jack Cheese. 239. 
 
 208. Summary of the Annual Reports of the 
 
 Farm Advisors of California. 240. 
 
 209. The Function of the Farm Bureau. 
 
 210. Suggestions to the Settler in California. 241. 
 212. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. 
 
 214. Seed Treatment for the Prevention of 242. 
 
 Cereal Smuts. 244. 
 
 215. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. 245. 
 
 217. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in 246. 
 
 California. 
 
 218. Advanced Registry Testing of Dairy 247. 
 
 Cows. 248. 
 
 219. The Present Status of Alkali. 
 
 224. Control of the Brown Apricot Scale 249. 
 
 and the Italian Pear Scale on Decid- 250. 
 
 uous Fruit Trees. 
 228. Vineyard Irrigation in Arid Climates. 251. 
 
 230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk 
 
 for Butterfat. 
 
 232. Harvesting and Handling California 252. 
 
 Cherries for Eastern Shipment. 253. 
 
 233. Artificial Incubation. 254. 
 
 234. Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees 
 
 during 1921-22. 255. 
 
 235. Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Inter- 
 
 relations. 256. 
 
 236. The Common Hawks and Owls of Cali- 257. 
 
 fornia from the Standpoint of the 258. 
 
 Rancher. 259. 
 
 237. Directions for the Tanning and Dress- 
 
 ing of Furs. 
 
 The Apricot in California. 
 
 Harvesting and Handling Apricots and 
 Plums for Eastern Shipment. 
 
 Harvesting and Handling Pears for 
 Eastern Shipment. 
 
 Harvesting and Handling Peaches for 
 Eastern Shipment. 
 
 Poultry Feeding. 
 
 Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. 
 
 Vine Pruning Systems. 
 
 Desirable Qualities of California Bar- 
 ley for Export. 
 
 Colonization and Rural Development. 
 
 Some Common Errors in Vine Pruning 
 and Their Remedies. 
 
 Replacing Missing Vines. 
 
 Measurement of Irrigation Water on 
 the Farm. 
 
 Recommendations Concerning the Com- 
 mon Diseases and Parasites of 
 Poultry in California. 
 
 Supports for Vines. 
 
 Vineyard Plans. 
 
 The Use of Artificial Light to Increase 
 Winter Egg Production. 
 
 Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertil- 
 izer in California Agriculture. 
 
 The Control of Wild Morning Glory. 
 
 The Small-Seeded Horse Bean. 
 
 Thinning Deciduous Fruits. 
 
 Pear By-products.