:3TACK ANNEX * ■•.•^--•' 02S U«8 ^ / / AN EASY GRAMMAR OF WRITING; OR, IN TWO PARTS. Part I. RILES FOR THE FOR!\IATION OF LETTERS, POSITION OF WORDS, Ac. cSc , Part II. FORMS OF LETTERS, -MEMORANDUMS, NOTES, BILLS, RECEIPTS, &c. 4f. WITH OnSERVATlOXS AND PROPER EXAMPLES. Paitictilarly recommended to Schools, Apprentices, and young Persons of both Sex, \n ho wish for any Knowledge of ISusiness. BY T. PERRY, Late Master of the Farnhani Couimcrtial Academy, 4c. THE FIFTH EDITION. Honbon : rRINT}:D 1 OR GEO. B. NV 1111 TAKER. AVE-BTARIA LA^E; AM) SOLD r.Y ALL rOOKbtLLIiBS m ADVERITSEMENT. THE rapid sale of the former editions of this Work, the general approbation and acceptation of it into the viost distinguished, seminaries in the kingdom, have surpassed the most sanguine and flattering expectations of the Author ; and he has every reason to expect, that, at no distant period y it will become the established system throughout England. The present edition is enriched ivith many useful rules and observations, S^^c. Londou: Priuted by NV. Cj-o\v:;s, U, Chaiins-Giosa. PREFACE. That an easy System of AVriting is absolutely necessary, is loo obvious to need any apology for the present publication ; it being ^vell known that children are frequently detained at school i\)r three, four, and sometimes even seven years, ■without being able, after all, to vrrite a good free hand ; and, when taken into any house of business, they are, generally, set to the copying of letters, &c. for two years more, to obtain that command of hand whicli ought to be acquired whilst at school. It is almost superfluous to observe, that every master and teacher must feel a pleasure, that a principal advantage whicli w ill arise from the present work is, that it not only relieves them iVom the drudgery of placing and directing the hand (which the Pen-Directing Machine etfectually does), — and of pointing out faults of Avhich children are insenrJble, there- fore know not how to correct, — but i removes every difficulty that can possibly arise to the pupil's progress ; and, by permitting the work to be read as a class-book in schools, children may be made acquainted with tlieir rules, even before they enter on writing. It ha.s excited no small degree of surprise, that a familiar treatise on the subject should never Iiuvp bceu introduced into public iioticC; VI PREFACE. for the assistance of the pupil in this beautiful and necessary art. To obviate this defect, and to aid young persons in the knowledge of busi- ness in general, the author was induced to sub- mit this humble attempt : he can, however, take upon him to affirm, Irom the extensive practice which he has had in teaching, during more than twenty years, that, by a strict attention to the rules, the pupils may, in a few days, be made fully acquainted wilh the true form of each letter, and by writing the rules, &c. as copies, they will become so imprinted on the mind, as to render an explanation by the master un- necessary, a freedom and command of hand will be easily attainable ; when, without such as- sistance, they will scarcely ever acquire it. From the Second Part the pupil Avill also reap very great advantage, by copying the notes, hills, receipts, letters, S^x. which will render him capable of conducting business, in the common concerns of life, with great ease and pleasure to himself, and satisfaction to his employer. • The author cannot conclude without stating, that, since a principal means of obtaining a command of hand rests in the method of holding the pen, too much attention cannot be paid to this branch, particularly in the first instance. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, CONTAININO Preliminarij Observations on the Aii of Writincj, Weiting, Lord Chesterfield observes in his Letter to his Son, is merely a mechanical art, and, by only using their eyes Avitb a little at- tention, young people may learn to write any hand, without the least labour of tlie head, or perplexity of the mind ; but, however, there is a harmony, beauty, and just proportion, in fine writing, that strikes the eye of the beholder with almost as much effect as the same properties, or qualities, when viewed in the Corinthian column, or the sculptured form of the Venus de Medicis ; and, therefore, it is not enough to write a hand so as to be distinctly and easily read, but it should, as much as possible, possess those graces and synnnetry which it is capable of being im- pressed with. It is as easy for young people lu do a thing well, as to do it badly ; and though Vlll INTRODUCTION. it has sometimes been a maxim, among the rich and the great, that it is vulgar to "write Avell, or to besto^y any further pains upon it than just to be able to write legibly, yet, though this idea may have been fashionable, aiid suit the indolence of the higher ranks, it is far from being a right or a wise idea, with respect even to themselves ; and it m^ist be obvious to every one, that it cannot possibly be so with regard to the commercial and the niiddiinsr classes of society, or the professions. When we see a letter clumsily folded up, the paper wrinkled and blotted, a bit of wafer made use of for a whole one, or a lump of coarse wax half- impressed with the writer's seal, instead of a clean deep im.pression on fine wax, and the direction scrawled as if it were done with a skev,er, v.e may naturally conclude that the writer is careless and slovenly in every thing else ; for those who have once acquired habits of neatness and exactness, can never throw them off, or totally divest themselves of them, on any occasion. The same idea may be pursued still further, and the internal contents of a letter will enable the peruser to form some notion of the writer's INTRODUCTION. IX literary abilities, moral sentiments, disposition of mintl, and accuracy of method in business ; lor, if the style be vulgar and iingrammatical, loose and negligent, the sentiments coarse, selfish, and unfair ; the language hasty and petulant ; tlie several points he writes about irregularly introduced, unconnected, and diffuse, there is very good reason for thinking that he is badly educated, and incorrect in his business. It may not be amiss here testate Mr. Locke's opinion upon tlii.s point. *' The writing of let- ters," says this great genius, " enters so much into all the occasions of life, that no gentleman can avoid shewing himself in compositions of this kind. Occurrences will daily force him to make use of his pen, which lays open his breed- ing, his sense, and his abilities, to a severer examination than any oral discourse." Hence we may infer the necessity of doing every thing correctly, neatly, and methodically, in which writing is concerned ; epistolary com- munications being entirely carried on through that useful medium. That the same precision and correctness, w hich enter into composition, ought also to form prin- cipal ingredients in writing or penmanship itself, X iNTRODUCTfON. can hardly admit of a doubt ; and that those flowers and beauties of expression which form the ornaments of the former, should be analo- gously inter-woven in the- latter, by whose ex- pressive beauties of symmetry, fair proportion, and exactness, of which the art is capable, cannot like-svise admit of much argument. I shall, therefore, endeavour to lay down such rules, and make such general observations, on the practice of the art, as will enable the reader, whether teacher or parent, to form a right judg- ment on the subject, and point out the errors of the young penman, as well as instruct and show how to correct them ; for, in this case, ex- ample is far more effectual than precept ; and it is much better to delineate, with a pencil, how such and such a stroke or letter should be formed, than merely to tell him of it ; this is the practice I have always observed, and I have found it particularly effectual, even in teaching large classes, where the trouble is proportion ably much greater than in teaching a single pupil. The first thing to be considered is the initia- tory practice of writing, and in what that prin- ciple consists. To draw straight but oblique or sloping strokes INTRODUCTIOX. XI is the first attempt the pupil is very properly taught to make. TJie book should be so ruled, that the length of these strokes be not too great for the size of the hand that is to draw them, or so as to strain the exertion of it beyond the limit of that command or power which it naturally possesses ; nor, on the otlier hand, should they be so short as to confine and cramp the pupil's fingers, and bring him into a liabit of restraining tlie measure of his command of hand, in draAving strokes to the full length or extent of that power, without shifting or straining the entire position of the hand itself, which should always remain fixed, resting on the fourth finger, and leave the two fore-fingers and thumb to play with ease and freedom. Before, however, the pupil is suffered to at- tempt to put the pen to paper, he must be tauglit to sit in the proper posture, and to hold the pen correctly* ; and in this early stage of the busi- ness, too much attention cannot be paid to these two circumstances ; for, if he is sulTercd to begin with wrong habits, they will grow upon him, and * This is etft'clually tloru' by means of the antiioi's Clicirograplia^ibt, or i'cn-Diiociiii>j Machine. See nolo at pa-c IS. Xll INTRODUCTION. he ^vill not be able to get the better of them Avithout a great deal of after-care and trouble, Prevention is always better than remedy. The pupil should be reminded of the four prin- cipal rules in writing, viz. 1. Straight strokes. 2. Parallel strokes. 3. Equal distances. 4. Equal proportions. GRAMMAll OF WRITING. CHAPTER I. Directions for holding the Pen^^SfC. SECTION I. EXPLANATION OF THE ENGRAVING. 1. The hand in the plate is supposed to be about four Inches long, from the tip of the second Hnger, to the knuckle of the fore-fing*er. 2. The pen is intended to represent the beginning of a down stroke. 3. The slanting lines marked 1,2, 3, 4, 5, shew the proper position, and distance, of each fhiger, according to the scale given at the bottom of the hand. 4. Figure 1, marks the distance of the middle finger from the point of the pen, which is one inch, or half the scale. This is in- tended for children oT iburtcen or lifleen B 14 GRAMMAR OP years of age ; but for children of six, seven, or eight years old, the pen cannot be conve- niently lield at a greater distance than half an inch from the point of the pen to the end of the middle finger ; this distance may be increased as the pupil becomes more ex- pert. 5. Figure 2 marks the position of the fore- finger, vt'hich, with the middle finger, should be nearly straight. The first two joints of the fore-finger should be on the back of the pen. (See figure 4.) 6. The first joint of the thumb should bend outward, with its end opposite to the first joint of the fore-finger. (See figure 3.) 7. The upper part of the pen should be placed even with the knuckle of the fore- finger, as in figure 5, and it should point to the right shoulder, figure 7, forming an angle of 33 degrees. 8. The line marked 6, points out the slope cj the letters, v/hich should form an angle of 56 degrees. The angle of .56 degrees is a very good slope for large and round hand, but for small set hand the angle of 64 degrees WRITING. 15 is preferable; and in runninj^ hand, a still greater slope is advisable, both for unifor- mity, ease, and expedition: the angle of 53 degrees I v.-ould recommend to be observed. 9. The hand should be lightly supported by tlie end of the little finger, and the third linger kept in, so as not to impede the mo- tion of the pen. 10. In writing shorl'/iand, the pen should beheld nearly perpendicular, and the thumb should be placed opposite to the end of the fore-finger. The pen should be held very Dear the point, by which means it is more ready to be placed with the greater degree of exactness at the point required; and still more so, as no great scope for freedom is cither admitted or required. 11. When writing the commercial hands, the right elbow^ should be four inches from the body; and as the hand proceeds with the writing, the whole of the arm should move in a straight line, so as to form a right angle. 1 :l. The right arm must be extended wlien writing German Text, Old E?iglish, Engross, B2 16 GRAMMAR OF Print, &c., as the letters must be written upright. Questions on Section the First. Take the pen in your hand, and hold it as directed in the plate. Be careful to let the second finder be as much on the back of the pen as you conveniently can- I . How long is the hand in the engraving intended to be ? 3. Point out the use of the slanting lines. 4. How far should the end of the middle finger be from the point of the pen. 5. How many joints of the fore-finger should be on the back of the pen ? 6. Mention the situation of the tliumb. 7. To what part of the body should the top oftlie pen point? What angle should the pen form when held properly? 8. What shape should be observed in writing large and round hand? Say what angle small-hand writing should make ? 9. By which finger should the hand be supported? II. How far should the right elbow be kept from the body, in writing the commercial hands ? 12. Shew me the situation of the right arm when writ- ing German text. SECTION II. Directions for sitting at the Table or Desk to write. 1. Whex the pupil sits on a bench or chair, his feet should rest on the floor, or on a bar. WRITING. 17 2. The table or desk should not be quite so high as the elbow, wlien it is bent for writing. 3. A desk is to be preferred for teaching writing instead of a table, and the slope of the desk should form an angle of 12 degrees. 4. The left arm should support tlie body, and rest on the desk at about eight inches from the ei\^e of it*, and the right arm should scarcely press at all on the desk, but Slide lightly over it. 5. The right arm should be perfectly at liberty, and half of it at least on the desk. G. The body should incline a little for- ward, but tlio stomach or chest should by no means press against the table or deski'. ^ This distance must be regulated according to tlie age and size of the pupil: it is certainly more graceful to keep the left elbow from the desk, and little more than liulf of the arm on the desk. t Tpo much attention cannot be paid to the pupil, in the particular of sitting to write, as the general neglect of this is the principal cause of most diseases of the lungs, so prevalent in our country, especially to those who write much. So great is the destruction occasioned by con- sumption, that a respectable medical gentleman has de- clared,, that one Icnlh of the population uf Great Uritain 133 IS GRAMMAR OF 7. The right arm should be placed quite straight ; and the elbow, when beginning a line, should be four inches from the side, but the hand and arm must continue in a direct line as the pen advances. 8. The seat should be near the desk, so that the pupil may not. have to reach over ; and the legs should not be permitted to hang down, unsupported. 9. The light should be attended to, which ought to be before the pupil, and higher die of CONSUMPTION ! !! Here it may be requisite to no- tice, that the CHEiROGRAPHAGiSTjOr Pen-Directing Ma- chine, is invaluable, as by the use of it the pupil cannot by any means admit of any pressure on the chest, but he is compelled to sit gracefully, and write correctly and elegantly; thus preventing what medicine cannot cure, CONSUMPTION, and its consequent attendant, death. The Cheirographagist, or Pen-Directing Machiae, in- vented by Thomas Perry, Master of the- Commercial Academy, Farnham, Surrey, has been honoured by the sanction of the Society of Arls and Commerce, wlio una- nimously voted the medal of that Honourable Society to the inventor. It is to be had of the Publisher, Mr. Whittaker, Ave- Maria-Lane, London. Price Six Shillings. It will be necef-sary to observe, thai the machine should bear the eiamp of T. Plkky- WRITING. ]9 than Ill's head ; this, wlien writing by candle light is cf great importance; the candle sliould be placed towards the left-hand, and if shaded by tissue-paper, the eyes will be much preserved from tlie powerful glare of candle, lamp, or gas, which last is the best to write by. Questions on Section Ihe Second. 2. Toll nic the proper height of tlie desk. 3. How many deg-iecs should the slope of the desk be? 4. Which arm should support the body? Tell me llie most graceful manner of placing the left arm. 5. How much of the right arm should rest on the desk ? 6. Should the stomach press against the table or desk ? Is any inclination of the body allowed in sitting to V rite? AA'hat mortal diseases may be brought on by pressing the chest against the desk ? and by what machine is this disease prevented? 7. How should the right arm be placed? 9. In what direction should the pupil sit to receive the rays of light ? SECTION III. 1. Keep the book or paper even before the right hand. 2. The pen must not be held tight between the fingers, but as lightly as possible. 20 GRAMMAU OF 3 The second finger and the thumb should support and direct the pen ; thefore- frnj^er serves only to keep the pen steady, and not to direct it, as is frequently done by those who hold the pen improperly. 4. Both sides of the nib should have equal stress on the paper, and the pen should be held in a direct line, so that the upper part of it may point to the right shoulder. The pupil ought to pay great attention to this rule, if he wishes to acquire freedom. 5. The little finger, which supports the hand, should glide along the paper as lightly as possible, without being taken from it. 6. The writing should be performed by the motion of the fingers, and not by the motion of the arm, which cannot produce a beautiful freedom. 7. Flourishes are performed by the motion of the arm and fingers. There are three modes of flourishing, according to the turn of the stroke ; the pen should be held nearly upright, turning the nib to that direction which it is intended to pursue in forming the flourish. WRITING. 21 8. The pen should be taken from the paper as seldom as possible, and never at the top or Ijottom of a turned stroke. Ex- pedition is one of the grand advantages ^vhich will arise from keeping pen to paper, as every time the pen is raised, the pupil loses the time of forming two strokes ; this, in short-hand, is much felt, and is one great obstacle to the rapidity necessary for taking down a speech or discourse. 9. The straight stroke of such letters as ', a J ij f_^ V ^ /ij /^j &c. should appear strong and bold, and of the same thickness from top to bottom. In this consists a great beauty of writing. 10. The distance between the down strokes should be equal to two-thirds of their height ; that is, where no intermediate hair-stroke occurs. Respect also must be paid to the size of the writing ; for, the smaller the writing, the greater will be the distance between the strokes. The distance of words from each other should be double the distance of letters. 22 GRAMMAR OF 11. A soft pen should be always pre- ferred, in every hand-writing : the shoulders cut thin and long", wlfich renders the pen much more elastic, as it may be governed "with greater freedom. 12. Little children should keep the se- cond finger at nearly half an inch from the point of the pen ; but pupils of ten years of age should keep the second finger at one inch from the point. 13. That part of the pen which is first cut ofl:Ms called the cradle piece ; this, in a \vell-made pen,. is about an inch from the point. 14. Observe to keep all the knuckles up- right, pointing to the ceiling. If this trifling rule be attended to, it v/ill be a means of keeping the pen properly held. Questions on Section the Third. 1. Shew me the proper situation for your copy-book, and (ell me how it should be placed. 2. Should the pen be held tight between the fingers ? S. V.'hich fingers should support and direct the pen ? 4. Should not both points of the nib bear equal stress upon the paper ? 5 Should the little fin-er be taken from the paper ? NVRITING. 23 "SVliat advantage is gained by keeping the 111 llo linger on the paper? G. ShoukI the motion in writing proceed from the arm or the fingers? 7. ^^'hat is said concerning fiourislics ? 8. Should the pen be taken from tiie paper in making a turned stroke ? A\'liat advantage is gained from not taking the pen from the paper? 9. What observation is made respecting straiglit strokes, particularly as to thickness? 10. What distance should be observed between strokes and letters ? Should not tlie distance of strokes in small hand be greater than that in large hand ? What distance is to be observed in words from eacli other? 11. Is it not a bad plan to w rite with a hard-nibbed pen ? 12. At what distance should il'.e second finger be kept from the point of the pen ? 1 1. In w hat situation should the knuckles be kept ? A\'hat observation is made respecting the knuckles^ and for what purpose? CHAP. II. Direc lions for Beginners. LARGE IIA:VD. 1. The copy-book should bo ruled for larg-e hand with diagonal lines, forming angles of 50 degrees. 24 GRAMMAR OF 2. The diagonal lines should be at the distance of four-tenths of an inch apart. 3. The book should be ruled throughout with horizontal lines, at equal distances, that is, at three-tenths of an inch apart. 4. The pupil should begin with strokes, which must be made bold and thick ; the stro*ke should be made square at the top, and of the same thickness throughout, rest- ing the pen at the top of the stroke, thence drawing it firmly down ''^. 5. The strokes are to be made on each of the diagonal lines. This is of consider- able importance, as the learner must be led in every instance for a short time; and, when he is accustomed to the thickness and slope, he by practice will acquire the habit of forming the strokes and letters properly, which will save an infinity of trouble to the teacher. * The formation of this first stroke is of much more consequence than teachers generally imagine ; the errors should be carefully pointed out by the master, and cor- rected by the pupil under the preceptor's direction : one copy thus written will be of more service than twenty negli>^ently performed. WRITING. 25 G. Letter ^ should be the second copy, which must be joined, and the place of joining is on the middle line, for the pupil should continue to write on three lines un- til he has written through half a dozen of copy-books. 7. The copy of ^'s should appear quite even if turned upside down, forming the first stroke of letter ^Jiy this stroke enters into the composition of almost every letter. 8. It may be advisable to write two or three pages of each copy before beginning another, but not without having each line corrected by the master, or his much writing will be of no advantage. 9. The first stroke of a small 9?lj thus, '?j or I reversed, should be the third copy ; this should also begin on the middle line, and be made firm, of the same thickness throughout. 10. The last stroke of a small ;;/, thus, c 26 GRAMMAR OP 1y should be the fourth copy ; the same uniform thickness is to be observed throug-h- out, and tlie copy, when reversed, must appear the same. 11. The last stroke doubled ought to be the fifth copy; this example contains almost all the varieties of penmanship, independent of some few strokes, as 2^ /l^ 'Ij e/, Xj Z^ and a few turnings in the formation [of capitals and figures. It requires great attention to execute this copy well, there- fore it ought frequently to be referred to. 12. The pupil is now prepared for writing words of many letters joined together, being already sufficiently initiated in the prin- ciples of what is commonly called join- hands ; but then the letters chosen for his examples should have similar joinings to those which he has already been practising ; the examples should consist of the letters l^ n^ 712 J tj U^ which, transposed, will form not only excellent practice, but also WRITING. 27 numerous copies, as 7lf^ nu/j 7iaj naf^ iaf^ muf^ mate) oiuiaf^ &c. 13. All the hair-strokes in these copies must begin on the mickile line. Not a single liair-stroke in these examples should be al- lowed to pass by uncorrected, as the pupil is now entering on a very important branch of his art, and on which much of his future improvement will ultimately depend. 14. Every stroke must be at the same distance apart in the foregoing examples. 13. The pupil may now add an to tho OUj U^ V^ /, the must also begin on the middle line, and the pen carried up and turned back, that is, towards the right hand. 10. These letters may, and ought to be, varied and transposed, in order to shew the manner of joining an assemblage of different letters, observing that every letter should be joined to the former in the middle of the type, except where any letter is jouied to c 2 28 GRAMMAR OF Oy which always takes the joining at one- fourth part down the line. 17. In the joining and transposition of the foregoing letters, care should be taken not to introduce a double turning confluing from a fine stroke, as i't^ as the distance apart of these turned strokes are pointed out in another part of this treatise, and de- mands, strict observation. 18. Observe that the principal part of a^ Cj a^ e^ y> a^ and the last part of Xj are all emanations from, and formed exactly similar to ^ consequently, in our endea- vours to acquire exactness in the formation of these letters, an should always be first formed, and the letter required made from that 0, By attending to this observation the pupil will acquire the true form of every circular letter. 19. Copies should now be given with such letters as 711071^ inaUj taa^ tat^ nacty WRITING.' 29 onaoHy 7i07ia/j taaio. Those copies, like the former, may be transposed in various ways, whicli will furnish excellent examples for the pupil, observing- at the same time not to introduce any double turning', as l^, 20. The upper joining of the straight stroke which forms the Ctj c/j (7^ and C/^ take place at one-fourth part from the top, which joining should continue as far as the middle of the letter, from which place it is to be left open to the bottom, in the same manner as is done at the conlluence of the strokes joining U* This rule is very gene- ral, and is of considerable moment ; there- fore let not the tyro neglect it. 21. The next copies for the pupil will be such as maciail^ acadonj qiouIck/^ aaattov^ nation^ mtliaao^ nontca^ gaacoil. These examples may be varied, c 3 30 GRAMMAR OP being careful to avoid such collisions and turnings as 171^ remembering also that the up-strokes of n^ i^^ i^ /i^ should any of these letters be introduced, must be without loops. 22. The lower turning which occurs in i} must now be rendered familiar, for -^ V^y and m^ have exactly the same form, which is in fact the last turning of 0* The distance apart of these turnings, measuring from the middle of the type, should be equal to the down strokes of 77l» When this turn- ing becomes familiar, we shall be enabled to write the following copies with exactness and freedom : — 23. The copies, nom^ '1>07U^ VO?l^j *■ V07V07l^^ 0W7l>j iOJUp to7V^ should be WRITING. 31 used to render this turning familiar to the pupil, though both this turning and are the last turning of VI, OBSERVATIONS. 24. Before the pupil proceeds to the next chapter, it will be advisable for him to run over again all the examples given in this, and to make himself a proficient before he makes a further attempt. Let him ever bear in mind symmetry^ equal distances, proper slopes, and turnings not too round ; let him not neglect his manner of sitting, particularly as to height, having his right arm free, his pen upright, and held lightly between the fingers, at as great a distance from the point as he conveniently can ; let him draw firm and steady strokes, be at- tentive to the proper place for joining his strokes, keep his body upright, his paper or book straight before the right hand. Let him have good pens, ink, paper, and that proper encouragement, which every liberal and enllGrhtcned teacher will bestow, 32 GRAMMAR OP Qusslions on Chapter the Second 1. §hew me the proper slope for writing. 2, S. Tell me the distance apart of the diagonal and horizontal lines. 4. SliOLild not strokes be made of the same thickness throughout ? 6. Where should the joining-up strokes be made? What observation is made respecting the bottom turn- ing of i? 7. What observation is made respecting the formation 0. Repeat the rule for the formation of a small m. 10. What rule should be observed in the formation of the last stroke of a small m ? 11. Repeat the observation made respecting the dou- bling or joining of the last stroke of a small m, 13. Point out the place v.here the hair-strokes should begin at^ in such copies as mi, iru, mut, &c. 14. At what distance should down-strokes be from each other ? What distance should be observed when two turnings occur ? 15. Tell me the rule for the formation of o. 16. What letters may be formed from an o .' W^hat observation is made in the ]6th rule respecting the 0? 18. At what part should the joinings of a, d, g, q, take place ? 20. At what part of the o should the down-stroke of a, d, q, q, unite ? 21. In what letters do the turning of h occur ? 22. Which letters have similar turnings to b? 23. Say what examples are proper to be copied, after having made h, v, and w. WRITING. 33 24. Tell me the observations made respecting distances, elopes, and turnin^^s. Respecting the mode of holding the pen. Respecting the mode of sitting and writing. CHAP. III. Directions for Begimiers. LARGE HAND. 1. The next set of copies for the pupil should be those in which the last turning of ?)l and the first stroke of U are united: this up-stroke must be exactly in the mid- dle, between the two down-strokes. The pupil is now introduced to a new series of letters, or ralher of formations in strokes ; and it is in the first of these, namely, the joining of two small 7272-'s that so common an error is made ; therefore on the outset, great care should be taken to prevent the malformation of this fine stroke, in which consists a considerable degree of beauty. 2. The distance between the down-strokes ought to be one space ojid a-half; that is, 34 GRAMMAR OF half as wide again as the two down-strokes of the letter n. If a line were drawn through the middle of the type, then would the hair-stroke be exactly in the middle be- tween the two down-strokes. 3. The copies cmnotj commcciiy oiantmccn^ connme^ com^ent^ Sf^c. 4. The letters v/hich require a space and half in joining are C^ e^ tj ^ X^ and the turned stroke above mentioned. The let- ters Cj the back swelling of ^ the turning of ^Ij and both the upper and lower joinings of the 00^ require close inspection, and accu- rate imitation, which will enable the pupil to form these letters, which are in some re- spects anomalous, with precision and ele- gance ; at the same time it may be of ser- vice for the pupil to keep in mind the ob- servations made at rules 6, 8, and 9. 5. Any words which include the above letters may be written as copies. WRITING. 35 G. The upper part of the dot of the c slioukl touch the top line, and it shoukl be so formed as to make an O if continued round. 7. The cross of the should be from the middle line. 8. The opening of the ^C takes place at the middle line, and the up-stroke extends to tke half space beyond the down-stroke at the top of the line. 9. The hair-stroke of the J occupies a space, and the back swelling will fall in with the line of the next half space at one- fourth part from the bottom, so that, were a line drawn from the top point of the J to the back swelling, it would be very nearly perpendicular *. 10. The length of the long stroke of * From what is suid above, on the back-swell in:;- >.ii >^^ it will appear that there is a material cliiference biilween a small i and a cai'ital S, !5ec Chap. IV. 36 GRAMMAR OF 4 4 fy f> ^h /> ^h '^} /h p p should be double the type or the size of U, 1 1. If any of these strokes are made with loops, they must be made something longer. 12. In turning up the loops ^ 9^ J^ Jf^ and Vj the hair-stroke must cross the down- stroke a little heloiD the type, 13. The down-strokes of Hj /, r^ and n^ are alike. 14 When U^ cl^ n^ /l^ and ^are made with loops, the fine stroke must be made to cross the thick stroke a little above the type or size of the U, 15. The down-strokes of ^ a^ ^ whether made with or without loops, are alike ; fi^ and /i^ are also alike, and so is d when made with a loop. When an % %VRITING. 37 is made in large hand, it should have only a loop at top, and the bottom should be made thick and square without a loop, the same as if forming the down-stroke of /^. 10. Letter i should be made half the size of the type above the line, and the cross of the t should be made on the line, but the t must be made of the same thickness through- out. 17. The upper part of the letter /^ should commence one quarter part of the height of the type above the line. 18. The lower part of /^ and a are ex- actly alike : they should be made bold and thick. 19. The dot of c must be placed even with the top part of / 20. Letter 00 is formed by joining (wo •'s back to back. 38 GRAMMAR OF 21. The first stroke of J^ is exactly the same as the last stroke of letter 771, 22. The latter stroke of a long; J is similar to a capital 6 inverted. QuiSlions on Chapiei' the Third. 1. Is any rule to be observed respecting the iip-stroke of »H, a, c,d, e, &c. conjoined with n or r? 2. What distance is proper to be observed between the hair-stroke and the down-strokes ? 3. Tell me what copies are proper for imitation, in tliis stage of progress. 4. What letters require a space and a half? Mention the observations annexed to the fourth rule. 6. What rule is to be observed in the formation oi e? 7. At what part should the crossing of the e take place ? 8. Repeat the rule for the formation of r. 9. Describe letter s. 30. What is the height of h, d, h, I, &c. ? 11. Where should the hair-strokes cross the thick strokes of/, g,j, &c. ? Should letters made with loops be higher than those without loops? 12. At what part of the thick-stroke should the hair- stroke cross in letters with loops ? ] 5. What observations is made respecting b, d, /, &c.? 16. Repeat the rule for the formation of t. Id, Where should the dot of the i be placed. WRITING. 39 20. How 13 letter .r formed ? 21. Is any tliin? noticed respecting y? 22. What remaik is made on letter z? CHAP. IV. On the Formation of Capital Letters. 1. The principal stroke of most of the capital letters is formed from the middle stroke of the long: /. 2. The iip-stroke of fJ/j t^Cj t/^j are formed from the middle stroke of r^ without the loops, by rounding the stroke at the top and bottom with turnings to the right and left. 3. The down-strokes of t^ <^ r^ are exactly the same, and tlicy should be formed from the ^ allowing a gentle swelling at the middle. D2 40 GRAMMAR OF 4. The same stroke forms the substance of the tail of Ll^ and cl, 5 The second stroke of tyH^ the two down-strokes of //^ and the down-stroke of Cy^ are exactly the same, and they are also formed from the long^ 6. In short, the hair-stroke of tJr^ the down-strokes of t>^ i2>;J, c/^ the tail of ^^ the down-strokes of ^^Uj J, /, J^, X the ai JK the hair-stroke of tJy ^ the down-stroke of ^, M, df, d, v; w, and the tail of 6^ "^ ay all be formed from the first copy of straight-strokes, by attend- ing to the gentle diversion to the left, and WRITING. 41 righf, and allowinc^ a gentle swelling in tlie middle. 7. The last strokes of JjT ^ and J FdiXQ exactly the same. 8. O C^ and the last turning of ^O C/ and the last turning of t-JiO are alike. 9. The upper turning of tJQ © ^O c^ tJt and the crossing of o^ should never come within the type or size of the a. ' 10. The capital (j is formed of two C/^s, the smaller of which should be the upper. 11. The sloping direction of \(b should be the same as the diagonal lines for l8 writing. 12. The bowed turnings of CJJ are DS 42 GRAMMAR OF nearly similar to figure Sy and if a line be raised perpendicular to the horizontal line on which the letter is written, it should nearly touch the back part of both the bows. 13. The upper turning of fJo should I be fine, and the lower turning of tyh and ^yo are like the last turning of a sma 111, 14. The upper turning of ^6^ k^^ and c_/^ are similar to each other. 15. The middle-stroke of c^K is similar to the back part of a small J. Hi. The letter c^ is similar to figure 2^ except that c^ should be made with a loop at the bottom, whereas figure 2 is frequently m,ade without any loop. The WRITING. 43 pupil should also observe, tliat the down- stroke should be made very slanting. 17. The capital Lb and U are made alike. 18. The first turning loops of o/, J^^ tJO^ I r^ are made alike. However, we should observe that there are several modes of forming this turning, with an equal de- gree of beauty and elegance. 19. There are some few strokes which cannot easily be described ; as the turn- ings of cJv, which alone embraces the substance of four principal capital letters; and to a well-formed .=>ZJ we may refer the pupil for those anomalous, or appa- rently anomalous letters, the top stroke of kJ^^ the swellings and crossings of t^fy ^Uy and UOi the swellings of c^^ t-JOj (Jy &c. : these may be made equally 44 GRAMMAR OF well by difiTerent turns ; yet we may trace the true form of each of these va- rying strokes to some of the foregoing letters ; as, for instance, the upper turning of ty^ to the down-stroke of cZ^y c^ to ^y S6 to ry % f to ^ and Cuy* 20. By examining good copies, the true form of each letter may be accurately as- certained. 21. In copying the examples, particular attention should be paid to the parts where the strokes become thicker, or finer ; to the heights, distances, and crossings ; to the dots, &c. 22.^, ^ ^, ^S, J^, X oC.^ and «_^^ should be closely copied, they being partly anomalous. Queslions on Chapter the Fourth. 2. Like what strokes are the Lair- strokes of A, M, N, and Z, formed? ^VRITING. 45 3. What capitals liave their down-strokes alike ? 9. Should liic upper turnings of B, E,K, &C. come within the type ? 10. lU-pcat the rules for making^ E? 15. What docs the middle stroke of A' resemble ? CHAP. V. 0}i the Formation of Figures. 1. FIGURE / nearly resembles the middle stroke of tJy except the bottom part which should be thick. 2. Figure 2 resembles the letter o^. 3. Figure 3 is nearly like the two back turnings of a capital t^, 4. Figures 4_f S^ and t^^ require close examination, as they cannot easily be reduced to rules. 5. Tiie down-stroke of ^ should be fnie, the down-stroke of ^ should be fine, 46 GRAMMAR OF and the black swelling of ^5' is similar to figure S* 6. Figure O is formed from a nought and a tail, the should be as large as the type. 7. Figure Q is similar to figure O. 8. The characters e/j /le^j Je^ Sr^ require particular attention, as they can scarcely be reduced to rules. 9. The rules for Large Ha7id, Text Handy Round HmuU are exactly the same ; but some few rules, v/hich vary from the former, may be necessary for the pupil, when writ- ing Small or Running Hand. Qtiesdons on Chaptei- the Fifth. 1 . Like what letter is figure 1 made ? 2. What does figure 2 resemble? 5. To what turnings does figure 3 resemble ? 6. How is figure 6 formed r 9. Are the rules for large and small hani alike? WRITING. 47 CHAP. VI. Rules to ho observed in lontinga Free, Run' m?ig, or Commercial Hand. 1. The pen should have a very fine nib for writing expeditiously, and so soft as to yield to the lightest pressure. 2. The further the second finger is placed from the nib of the pen, the greater free- dom will be obtained. 3. The pupil should avoid taking the pen from the paper, by wliich means he soon will be enabled to write straight with- out lines. 4. The following small letters,-— ^ ^^/^/> ^/ ^> ^> f^^p p should be twice as high as the type, or size of the {{^ and, when made with loops, they may be something higher. 5. The openings of all letters which, in text hand, begin on the middle line, should now take place, either from the very top or the very bottom of the former stroke. 48 GRAMMAR OF G. A much greater liberty is allowed in writing running hand, than in the large hands; but a general uniformity must be observed. 7. The pupil should be kept in large hand for a considerable time, and he should frequently write large copies, and some- times the very first strokes, as the pupils will be constantly erring on some of the fundamental strokes. Questions on Chapter the Sixth. 4. What height should the letters h, d, f, g, &c. he made ? 5. What rules should be observed in the joining of small letters ? CHAP. VII. Rules for making a Pen. Cut from the back and front of the quill about a quarter of an inch, then scrape off the thin rind to clear a passage for the slit, enter the edge of the knife even, in the back of it, and slit it by a sudden twitch, IVRITINC. 49 keeping your thiin)b tight on the back, to prevent its goin^^; too far. Then enter the knife sloping, about half an inch above the upper end of the slit, and cut away the cradle piece, turn the quill and cut away one shoulder, then turn it again and cut away the other shoulder, making each side of the slit equal, bringing both sides down to a point, and give it a little bend inwards, then place the nib on the nail of the left thumb, holding the quill fast be- tween the fore and middle fmgei*, place the edge of the knife across the point, slanting it towards the back of the quill, cut off the point, then hold the knife upright and cut olF the point a secoi.d time, though very little of it indeed. The longer the slit, and softer the pen, with a long point or nib, the better, as you cannot press too lightly on the pen. 50 GRAMMAR OF CHAP. VIII. Questions to be answered by the Pupil, first in writing, and afterwards from Memory, 1. How far should the end of the second finger be from the point of tlie pen ? 2. How shouldthefore-fing-erand secondfingerbe held? 8. How many joints of the fore-finger should be on the back of the'pen ? 4. Opposite to which joint of the fore-finger should the thumb be bent ? 5. By which finger should the hand be supported, and how should the third finger be kept ? 6. By what means is the slope of the letters discovered ? 7. How far s lould the right elbow be kept from the body, in writing ihe commercial hands? 8. To which part of tiie body should the back part of the pen point ? 9. Should the stomach press against the table or desk ? 10. On which arm should you principally rest ? 11. Should the pen be taken from the paper at the bottom of a turned stroke ? 12. What is to be observed in the last turning of v and w ? 13. Flow should your copy-book be placed ? 14. Where should the dot of the i be placed ? 15. What is observable in the formation of AT? 16. Which of ..hedown-strokes of capital let'ers should be formed alike r 17. What is to be observed in the formation of r? 18. [low should the middle sLroke of Z be formed ? 19- What is to be observed in making the letter iV ? WRITING. 51 20. From uhat part of tliG Viv.o should the hair-strokes of n, in, &c. in large writing- be drawn ? 21. Repeal the rule for the formation of E ^ 22. What should be the height of /, b, &c. ? 23- Repeat the rule for the looped letters. 21. How great a distance should be observed between down strokes ? 25. What rule hove you for the upper turning of B, P, &c ? 2G. Shonldletters with loops be higher than those with- out loops ? 27. In writing running-hand, where should the hair- Btroke begin in n,m, &c. ? 28. Repeat the rule for the hair-stroke of u, &c. In nmning-hand ? 29. Vv'iiat is observable of the capitals C, G, and //? 30. riow is the capital A formed ? 31. Repeat the rule for the furmation of M ? ' 32. What rule should be observed in making Q ? tVS. Is any rule to be observed in making the letter e ? 34. What rule is to be observed in the formation of a, 6, '/,&C. ? 35. Is any ruje to be observed in the openings of ^^ w, SG. What should be the height of ^, d, h, &c. in run- ninrj-hnnd ? 37. Is any observation made on c, vitli the trade and customers, which, by his dealings -with me, ap- pear to be very extensive. I heartily thank you for your offered correspondence, have sent your goods agreeably to your order, and shall, on all occasions, treat you in a manner that is due from one tradesman to another. I wish you success in your undertakings, and am, with great respect, Your obliged humble servant, JOHN BYLAND. No. 13. From a Tenant to his Landlord, apologisinfj for Delay of Payment. SIR, I am under great concern that I cannot at present answer your just expectations. I have sustained such heavy losses, and met with such great disappointments of late, that I must beg your indulgence one quarter longer. At the ex- piration of which time you may depend on hear- ing more to your satistiction than at present, from, Sir, Yoiu* obliged and most humble servant, CHARLES HUNT. 70 GBAMMAE OP No. 14. From a Young Shopkeeper in the Country to his CoV" respondent in London. SIR, Being just set up in business, I wish you to supply me with such goods as I at present may be in want of. I have sent you an order as underwritten, and hope each article will be of good quality, which will be an inducement for a further connexion. I have enclosed a bill of exchange, for seventy pounds, on Messrs. Clarke, Peters, and Co., payable to yourself, or order, at twenty days' sight : you will be so kind as to get it accepted ; and if the goods should amount to more than that sum, I will, on receipt of your bill of parcels, send you the remainder. I wish to have the goods well sorted, and as cheap as possible. I am, Your most humble servant, JAMES BARTHOLOMEW. No. 15. From a Shopkeeper in the Country to a Tradesman in London, apologizing for not being able to make good his Paijments. SIR, The note I gave you some time ago is now nearly due^ and i am sorry to ioform you, that, WRITING. 71 although I have considerable sums due to me, I cannot expect the payment of them for these three weeks, which is all the time I require. It is the first favour of the kind I ever asked, and I hope I shall not have occasion to repeat it in future. 1 am extremely anxious for your an- swer; but, as a proof of my sincerity, I have enclosed three notes on persons well known to yourself, and although they exceed my debt, I have no objection to your keeping them as a security. An answer from you, by the next post, will be esteemed an obligation conferred on Your humble servant, JAMES TRUEMAN". No. 10. From one Friend to another, request ing the Loan of a Sum of Money, SIR, Relying on our long and disinterested friendship, and the cense you have hitherto pro- fessed of my principles, I thus presume to re- quest t]ie loan of 50/. for a month, provided you can spare that sum without injuring yourself. Believe me, I would not have asked this favour, were I not certain of being able to return it at the time mentioned. However, if it should be inconveuieut to spare the money, I beg you v/ill 72 GRAMMAR OF freely (ell me so by return of post ; and it will be felt in its proper light, by, Sir, Your most respectful and Sincere well-wisher JOHN WELLIS. Ko. 17. A Shopkeeper's Answer to an Application for PaymerU of his Accounts. SIR, The lenity yon have repeatedly shewn, I acknowledge with gratitude ; and my being obliged to disappoint you so often has given me the most inexpressible uneasiness. Be assured I am not so ungrateful as my conduct may have given you reason to imagine. From the state of my accounts, you will find that the greatest part ot my property is in the hands of country deal- ers, who, though they seldom fail, yet their times of payment are very precarious and un- certain. However, to convince you of my in- tegrity, I have sent, by this day's post, an order for 50/. and the remainder shall be sent in a very short time. To convince you farther of my integrity, the goods which I order, till the old account is settled, shall be for ready money. ■ WRIT INC. 73 1 (1oul»t not })iit you will eoiitiime to treat me as Ibrmorly, ami believe me to be, Sir, Your very obliged humble Sicrvant, THOMAS TRADESMAN. No. IS. From a Mfrchant at Cadis to his Friend in Lo7idon, de^ siring him to dispose of some Goods, and send him others. SIR, According to the agreement between us, before I left England, 1 have sent by the L>e- spatch, Co^ptain Hervey, twelve bales of raw silk, marked B. M. requesting you to dispose of them to the best advantage. They are war- ranted good, as I examined every parcel sepa- rately before they were sent on board. You will receive an enclosed order for several different articles of l^ritish manufactures, to be sent by the first ship that sails for tliis port. I beg you ■will let them be of as good quality as can be procured, and make no delay in sending them, as they are greatly wanted. I am, Sir, Your obliged hum.ble servant, AVILLIS SMITH. Cadiz, Nov. 5, 1812. G 74 GRAMMAR OP No. 19. Answer to the above Letter. SIR, I received yours, and the twelve bales, marked B. il/., which were delivered at the Custom-house. I immediately advertised them for sale, at Garraway's Coffee-house, in twelve diff"erent lots ; but they were all purchased by an eminent manufacturer for 940/., which I have lodged in the Bank, in your name. I have likewise shipped, on board the Charm' ing Sally, Captain Johnson, the different articles you ordered. They are in twenty bales, marked A. Z. I am told that they are tlie best that can be had in London, and doubt not but they will give you satisfaction. 1 am, Sir, Your humble servant, WILLIAM KI^IGHT. London, Dec. 15, 1817. No. 20. Re CO ill me) id my a Man-Servant, SIR, Having experienced the integrity and ability of the bearer, in a series of five years' WHITING, 15 servitude, I can take upon me to recommend Iiiiu to your family, as qualiiicd for the business he undertakes ; and doubt not but your employing him will tend to your mutual advantage. I am, Sir, Yours, &c. THOMAS DAY. No. 21. The Answer. SIR, I received your obliging letter in recom- mendation of the young man, and, in conse- quence, have taken him into the family. I have no doubt, from what you state, of his giving satisfaction ; and you may be assured of his being rewarded according to his merit. I am. Sir, Your humble servant, JOHN GILES. Leeds, Sept. 4, 1817. No. 22. SIR, I have tJikon the liberty of enclosing your account, and shall feel myself particularly obliged by a remittance in the course of the >veek, hav- G 2 76 GRAMMAR OF ins; a large sum to make up. Your attention ■will much oblige, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, ROBERT BECKLAISD. Oct. 0, 1817. No. 23. Mr. Hutt, ^Yith respects, is sorry to inform Mr. Beckland, tliat it Mill not be in his poAver to afford any assistance prior to the 20th instant, owing to several disappointments. Wicxham, Oct. 10, 1812. No. 24. AUo7f, Oct. 9, 1817. SIR, It is Mith pleasure I enclose twenty-five pounds, the balance of my account, which I will thank you to acknowledge ; and am, Sir, Yours, &c. JOHN GILLETT. Mr. Jones, Chichester. No. 25. SIR, Being under the necessity of answering a very unexpected demand, 1 have taken the WRITING. 77 liberty to request the balance of your account, or that part of it which you can conveniently spare ; nothin<^ less than the most pressing in- stance would induce nie to trouble you. I am, Your obliged servant, GEORGE DEAR. London, March 24, 18] 7. No. 2G. SIR, I am Iiappy to liave it In my power to remit you tlie whole balance, and liavc therefore en- closed an order payable at sight. Will thank you to acknowledge the receipt of this by return of post ; and am, Sir, Yours sincerely, HENRY HILL. SouUiamplon, Dec. 9, 1817. No. sr. IVinbourn, Juh/ 0, 1817 SIR, The many favours which I have received from you, and your kind oiTers, embolden me to trespass once more on your goodness, to solicit the loan of forty pounds for six months : I would say that the interest should be added to thci G 3 78 GRAMMAR OF principal, but dare not insult you by such a pro- position, ^vell knowing lluit it is your pride to relieve and assist gratuitously. I am, with the overflowings of a gratelul heart for your mani- fold favours, Sir, Your most humble, And obedient servant, CHARLES CHARITY. No. 2S. You know, my dear Charles, that I have always 100/. at your service. Your industry and attention convince me of the rectitude of your principles. I have, therefore, enclosed the bum you recpiest, being well assured that you ■will return it as soon as possible. I am. Yours sincerely, PETER PENIvY. Guildford, July 1?, 1817. No. 29. SIR, I am very sorry to inform 3-0U that, through your neglect in not sending the articles I ordered, 1 have not only disobliged several of my custo- mers, but have actually lost some ; navj and WRITING, 79 have lost, in some measure, my own character, oning to the inferior articles which I have lately received from you. I must, therefore, request you to let me have my orders forwarded im- mediately, and that they may be of the best quality, otherwise our correspondence must close. 1 am. Sir, yours URBAX WRIGHT. Marclio, 1817. No. 30. SIR, I am very sorry that the neglect or mistake of my servants should give you cause of com- plaint. Every attention shall be paid to examine minutely into the particulars, and I uill afford you all the redress in my power. I have this day forwarded your last order, selected under my immediate inspection ; and you Avill be con- vinced, it is presumed, from the bill of parcels, that my intention is to make amends for any neglect that may have happened. Your future favours shall be most punctually attended to, and by so doing, I hope to convince you how nuich I am. Sir, Your obliged servant, TII031AS riKK Iluddorsfield, Sepl. 15, 1817. 80 GRAMMAR OP No. 3!. SIR, It is out of my power to allow you any further indulgence ; i am at present in great w^nt of the money, and must therefore request you to forward the balance of our last account immediately. I am, Sir, Yours &c. SAMUEL STRONG. No. 32. Londony Jan. 26, IS IT. SIR, Having been unexpectedly railed upon for a considerable sum of money, you will infinitely oblige me by remitting the amount of your last account, being fifty pounds. Your attention will be a particular favour con- ferred on, Sir, Your very humble servant, WILLIAM COLE, Mr. Readv-j Portsmouth. No. 33. SIR, Your favour, dated the 7th inst,, I duly received, together with a twenty pound note, writing; .81 M Iiich I have placed to your credit ; and am, ■waiting your liitiire coinmaiids, Sir, Yours, much obliged, JOHN BROOKES. Jklarch 3, 1817. No. 34. SIR, I am exceedingly sorry that it is not in my j)ov»er to send tho -vvliole amount of my account. You will find enclosed a ten pound note, which I hope will be sufficient for your present exi- gencies. In the space of a month I will remit the remainder ; and am, for your many favours, Sir, Your much obliged humble servant, GEOUGE SWELLING. Bagshot, Oct. 7, 1S17. No. 35. SIR, Your favour, bearing date the 7th inst. ^\ith a ten pound note enclosed, I duly received, and hope it did not inconvenience you. I am hapj)y to inform you that I have had an un- expected remittance, and on that account do not 82 GRAMMAR OF wish to trouble you any further till perfectly convenient. I am. Sir, yours sincerely, WILLIAM SCARLETT. Oct. 17, 1817. No. 86. Farnham, Dec, 21, 1817. SIR, I will thank you to forward, per first wag- gon, the following articles : — cv:t. ar lb. 2 of brown sugar . at 64s. 2 of loaf ditto at 9Gs. 1 2 of lump ditto at 100s. 1 4 of souchong tea . at 7s. 6d 12 green ditto at 10s. Gd 20 rice at 7id Your attention will much oblige, Sir, Your humble servant. JOHIV JONES. No. 37. SIR, I have forwarded, per Lamport's waggon, the whole of your order, with the exception of the rice. — not having any of the latter article WRITING. 83 ^v]lIch I can at present recommend. "Waiting }our future favours, I am, Sir, Your much obliged humble servant, ISAAC ILUTTER, London, Dec. 23, 1817. ]\o. 3S. isir. Mr. Joi les, Dec. 23. Bough t of Isaac Flutter, cut. qr. lb £. s. d. 2 brown sugai at 64s. G S 3 loaf ditto at 9SS. 14 S 1 2 lump ditto at 100s. 7 10 14. souchong tea at 7s. cd. 5 5 12 green ditto at 10s. Cd. G G ^39 17 No. 39. Mr. Smith requests the pleasure of Mr. Thorn's company this evening, to join him and other friends at the Opera-House. Saturday morning-, Jan. 10, 1S17; 84 GRArvIMAR OF No. 40. Mr. Thorn, with most respectful compli- ments to Mr. Smith, is very sorry that he is already eiigaged with another party. Saturday noon, Jan. 10, 1817. No. 41. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson present their compli- ments to Mr. and Mrs. Stevens, and will be glad of their company on Friday next, to drink tea and spend the evening. Tuesday morning, 1 1 o'clock. Dec. 7, 1817. No. 42. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens return their compli- fnents to iMr. and Mrs. Johnson, and will do themselves the pleasure to wait on them at the time appointed. Tuesday afternoon, 3 o'clock. Dec. 8, 1817. No. 43. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor, with kind respects fo Mr. and Mrs. Johnson, are sorry that a prior engagement deprives them of the pleasure of WRITING. 85 meeting them at the time appointed, but will embrace the first opportunity for that purpose. Saturday Morning-, 10 o'clock. Dec 9, 1817. No. 44 Mr. Young presents his best respects to Miss Wilkins, and requests the honour of being her partner to-morrow evening at the assembly, Monday movnlng, Jan. 8, 1817. No. 45. Miss Wilkins returns her thanks to Mr. Young for his polite offer ; but is \ery sorry that she is deprived of that pleasure, on account of indisposition. Monday evening, Jan. 8, 1817. No. 46. Mr. Collins ^vith compliments to Mr. and Mrs. Downes, it' they are disengaged this after- noon, uill do himself the honour of taking tea with them. Tuesday morning-, Jan. 11^ 1817. No. 47. Mr. and Mrs. Scarlett present their best respects to Miss Gooding, and hope that she 86 GRAMMAR OF •will honour them with her company on a party of pleasure, this afternoon, at four o'clock. Tuesday moinins;, Jan. 17. j 817. 'o> No. 48. I beg, my dear friend, that you will come and pass the evening -with me. My cousin, who has a great regard for you, joins with me ; there- fore do not fail to be with us as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, GEORGE WELLS. Monday morning-, 10 o'clock^ Jan. 13, 1817. No. 49. I thank you a thousand times my dear George, for your obliging invitation, but am ex- tremely sorry that I shall not be able to enjoy your company, unless you will do us the favour to be of a party, which I expect this evening. I am, in haste, Yours affectionately, SA31UEL PEARE. Monday afternoon, Jan. 7, 1817 WRITING. 87 No. 50. Should Mr. Harris be disengaged this evening, Mr. Osborn will do himself the pleasure of passing a few hours with him, as he has something of great importance to communicate. Tuesday Morning, Aug. 2, 1817. No. 51. SIR, I will thank you to send, by return of Tho- mas Byass, the carrier, 25 yards of book muslin, at 7s. 6d. per yard ; thirty yards of sash ribbon, at 2s. 9d, per yard ; three dozen pair of kid gloves, at 2s. 7d. per pair ; fifty yards of Brussels lace, at 17s. 9d. per yard. Enclose the bill, and the money will be sent on the 20th Instant. I am, Sir. Your humble servant, FRANCIS WILLIS. Andover, Jan. 14, 1817. H2 88 GRAMMAR OF CHAP, IV. BILLS, S, cc cc CC 00 p CC CD ^ . . . . -^ c3 — 72 ■::; m' m' £" m' ^' r= < Z 'TOOOCOtOt^OJiO c:c5cco^'^c»oc^ ^ ^ ,- . 3. ^ o o tri CM ^— in 3 5 o o CM 3 t— 1 73 O O H r^ H H E-^ £-1 o o CC Ci t- X O t^ 00 U <=; i-s < c/D O Q 92 GRAMMAR OF CHAP. V. 1. I received on Jan. 7, 1817, 14/. lOs. 6d. from Mr. W. Heighes, being the amount of his accomit. Write out a proper receipt for it. 2. I paid Mr. SherifTe 19/. 6s. for goods prior to that time. Write a discharge. 3. I received from Mr. Giles 61. 6s. being the balance of a bill of 27/. I2s. Write a receipt for each, and date the 4th of February, 1813. 4. I received yesterda^^, the 10th of Jan. 1817, 16/. from Mr. Tomkins, in part. What is the form of the receipt ? 5. I paid, this day, Jan. 6, 1817, for Mr. Joyce, 16/. 14^. to Mr. W. Roberts. What is the form of the receipt ? 6. Mr. Joyce will give me a promissory note, payable in twenty days, for the above sum, if you will write it out for me. 7. 1 have received 49/. lOs. interest for half a year, on 2,000/. Give me the form of a dis- charge, it being received for my father. S. Write to Mr. Robert Thumper, and request payment of 63/. -which sum has been advanced for him. 9. Mr. Robert Thumper has sent a draft pay- able at ten days after date. What is the form of it? WRrTlNG. 93 10 Write to Mr. Russell, at Worcester, and order — 3 yards of Holland at 4,y. Gd. 5 yards oi" book muslin, at 9^. id. 4 yards of cambric, at 19^. 6d. 17 yards of striped linen, Sit 3s. 4d. 19 yards of flowered linen, at 4.^. 2d. Toll him you expect six months' credit, and desire him to direct the parcel to your house. 11. Make out a bill for the above articles, and answer the letter. 12. Write to your brother, and request him to le'nd you 50/. for two months. 13. Send a note to your cousin, and request his company, this evening, to take tea. 14. Answer a note sent to you, informing your cousin that you cannot attend this evening, on account of particular business. 15. Write a note to Mr. AVilliams, and in- quire after the state of his health. IG. Inform Mrs. Toddy, by note, that her brother is arrived at your house, and hopes to see her this evening. 17. I have just received 16/. lis. 2d. of Mr. Robert Bvjwyer ; write out a receipt for it, date it a month from this time, and iidonn me the price of the stamp for the same. 18. What is the price of a receipt stamp for 20/. and under 50/. ? 94 GRAMMAR OP 19. I have finally settled my acccimts with Timothy Travers, Esq., and paid him in all 75/. 15^. after deducting 3Gl. for sundries. On what stamp and how should the receipt be drawn out ? CHAP. VI. FORMS OF NOTICES TO QUIT, No. 1. Koike from a Landlord to a Tenant to quit House and Premises . SIR, I hereby give you notice to quit, on or be- fore Midsummer-day next, the house and gar- den you hold of me, at the rent of twenty-five pounds per annum. Dated the 10th day of March, IS 17. Yours &c. HENRY GOOD. Landlord of the said House and Premises. To Mr. William Newlyn Richmond. N. B, The notice or warning to quit must be in writing, and directed to the tenant who is in possession of the premises. VTRITING. 95 No. 2. Notice from a Landlord to a Tenant to quit Apartments, SIR, I hereby give joii notice to quit and deliver up, on or before the 25th day of December next, the apartments which you now hold of me in this house. Witness my hand this 20th day of September 1817. THOMAS AVILLIAMS. No. 3. Notice from a Landlord to a Tenant either to quit the Farm and Premises, or patj double Rent. Sec. 4, Geo. II. c. 228. SIR, 1 hereby give you notice to quit and deliver up, on or before the 5th day of January next, the house, farm, lands, and teuements, which you now hold of me, situate in Uxbridge, in the county of Middlesex ; in default whereof, I shall require for the same the net yearly rent of one hundred pounds (being double the present yearly rent thereof) for all the time which you shall hereafter continue possession. Dated this 4th day of October, IS 17. WILLI A 31 FORD. Landlord of the said Piemises. To Mr Francis Job, 96 GRAMMAR OF No. 4. Anothei' Form .. from the LandlonVs Agent to the Tenant. MR. THOMAS TODDY, I hereby demand of you, and give you notice, that you are to deliver up the possession of the house, with the appurtenances, in the parish of Saint Giles, in the county of Middlesex, now in your own occupation, to Mr. Andrew Baxter, your landlord, at Lady-day next ,en- suing the date hereof ; and in default of your compliance therewith, the said Andrew Baxter doth and will insist upon your paying him from thenceforward, for the same, the yearly rent of one hundred ^pounds, being double the former rent, or value thereof, for so long time as you shall detain the key, and keep possession of the said premises, over the said notice. Given under my hand this twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord, IS 17. PETER BROWN Agent to tlie said Andrew Baxter, Legally authorized. To Mr. Tliomns Toddy, the Tenant: WRITING. 97 No. 5. Notice from a Tenant fo a Landlord to quit House and Premises. SIR, I hereby give vou notice that I shall quit the house and premises I now hold of you, situ- ated No. 25, Cheapside, on Michaelnias-day next. Dated this first day of July, 1S17. Yours, &c. TIMOTHY ROBARTS. To Mr. Robert Stubbington, Furnival's Inn. No. G. Notice frora a Tenant to a Landlord to quit Apartments' SIR, I hereby give you notice, that, on the 25th day of December next, I shall quit and deliver up the apartments I now hold of 3'ou, in this house. Witness my hand this nineteenth day of September, 1817. JOHN LAWRENCE 98 GRAMMAR OP No. 7. The Form of an Authority given by a Landlord, to em- power another to distrain for him. MR. SAMUEL THODD, I do hereby authorize you to distrain the goods and chattels of Thomas Peters on the premises now in his possession, situate at Isling- ton, in the county of Middlesex, for twenty pounds, being half a year's rent due to me for the same, at Lady-day last; and for your so doing this shall be a sufficient warrant of autho- rity. Dated this ninth day of May, one thou- sand eight hundred and seventeen. THOMAS WICK. The proper and regular way of making a dis- tress for rent in arrear is, to go upon the pre- mises for which the r3nt is due, and take hold of some piece of furniture, or other articles there, and say, (if the distress be made by the landlord himself), " I seize this chair (or other thing, as the case may be) in the name of all the goods and effects on these premises, for the sum of 20/., being half a year's rent due to me at Lady- day last." (Or if the distress be made by some person empowered by the landlord) say, " for the sum of 20L due to James Jones, Esq., the WRITING. 99 landlord of these premises, at Lady-day last, by virtue of an authority from the said James Jones, to me given for that purpose." Houses taken by the year, at will, require half a year's notice to quit, which should expire at the time, the year, or half-year, expires. Lodgings taken by the week require a week's notice to quit ; if taken by the month, a month's notice ; if by the quarter, then a quarter's notice ; and if by the year, then half a year's notice w ill be requisite. CHAP. VIL 1. Write out the form of a notice to quit house and premises from a landlord to a tenant. 2. What is the form of a notice from a land- lord to a tenant to quit apartments ? 3. How should the notice be written from a tenant to his landlord to quit house and premises ? 4. What notice is necessary to be given by a tenant to his landlord to quit apartments ? 5. What notice is it necessary that a landlord should give to his tenant either to quit or raise the rent ? 6. What notice is required by a tenant who takes his honso by the year? 7. What notice is required for a weekly tenant ? I 2 100 GRAMMAR OF 8. How long a notice does a tenant require avIio takes apartments by the month or by the quarter ? 9. Observe, that houses, or premises, &.C., taken for any specified time, require no notice. CHAP. VHI. Price of Receipt Stamps. £ £ If 2 and under 5 Two- pence. 5 10 Three-pence. 10 . -, 20 Six-pence. 20 50 One Shilling:. 50 100 Eighteen-pence. 100 gyg (-Two Shillings & (^ Six-pence. 200 300 Four Shillings. 300 500 Five Shillings., 500 1000 Seven Shillings. 1000 and upwards Ten Shillings. Receipts in full of all de-") „. ^ , y Ditto, mands } Any person giving a discharge for sums under 100/, on paper, not stamped according to the above duties, is liable to a penalty of 10/. ; and, if lOD/. and upwards, a penalty of 20/. The expense of the stamps (by the Act) is chargeable to the })erson who receives the money. WRITING. 101 Promissory No^es, payable at any Time not exceed- infj Two Months after Date^ or Sixty Days after Sifjld, £ s. £ s, $• d. If 2 and not exceeding 5 5 10 Above 5 5 20 16 20 30 2 SO 50 26 50 100 3 6 TlOO 200 4 6 200 300 5 300 500 GO 500 1000 8 G 1000 2000 12 G 2000 3000 15 Promissory Notes, payahlc at any Time exceeding Two MontJiS after Date, or Sixty Days after Sight. £ s. £ s. s. d. If 2 and not exceeding 5 5 16 Above 55 20 20 20 30 2 6 30 50 3 6 50 100 4 6 100 200 5 200 300 60 300 500 8 6 500 1000 12 6 1000 2000 15 2000 oOOO 25 I 3 102 GRAMMAR OF CHAP. IX. 1. What is the price of a receipt stamp for 10/.? 2. How much v;\\\ a receipt stamp for 24/. cost ? 3. What penalty does a person incur who gives a receipt, not duly stamped, for any sum under 100/. / 4. Ought the receiver of money to pay for the stamps ? 5. Write out the form of a receipt for the payment of 25/. rent ; and -Nvhat should be the price of the stamp ? 6." Write out the form of a promissory note, payable ten days after date, fur the sum of 37/. 16^. Qd. 7. What is the price of a stamp for the fore- going receipt ? 8. Write out the form of a promissory note for 70/. payable at sight, and mention the price of the stamp. 9. I took my house at Christmas last, at the rate of 95/. per annum, payable half-yearly ; inform me the day \\\\q\\ I ought to pay, and the sum to be paid ; also the proper stamp and re^ ceipt for it. WRITING. 103 CHAP. X. FORM OF A LETTER OF CREDIT. London, Dec. 12, 1817. SIR, You >vill please to furnish, and pay to the bearer hereof, Mr. Thomas Thompson, to the value of twelve hundred livres, at one and more times, and in such portions as he shall have occasion, and as he shall require the same of you ; i'or which take his receipt, or bill of ex- change on me : and this, my letter of credit, with mine of advice by post, will be your suf- ficient warrant. I am, Sir, Your humble servant, GEORGE DORRlNGTOiV. To Ml. Williams, Mcichant, London. N. B. At foot of this letter may be given a description of the bearer's person, or other par- ticulars confirmatoiy of his identity. 104 GRAMMAR OF MERCANTILE LETTERS. Letters of business, or mercantile letters, ought invariably to be written in plain intelligible lan- guage, and their contents should even be as con- cise as possible. Aleppo, Jan. 1, 1817. Mr. Alexander Arne, of Algiers. SIR, Having hitherto served as factor to Mr. JSauter, -where I first had the honour of your ac- quaintance, and being inclined (by God's help) to carry on business upon my own account, I offer you my most humble service and corre- spondence, as well in exchanges, as in com- missions for buying and selling at two per cent., and three and a half in case of profit, assuring you of my fidelity and utmost endeavours for your interest. My dealings henceforwardSvill turn upon a capital of 20,000 florins, imperial money, and also on the credit of my friends ; hope you will honour me with your commissions, as also my letters, in which J beg y^ou'll pay no regard to any but to the underwritten firm, with which I have the honour to conclude this, assuring you that no one is, more than myself, Sir, Your most humble servant, AATIiONY WILLIA.^IS. To Mr. Alexander Arne. Merchaut at AU'iers. WRITING. 105 The above letter translated into French. Aleppo, 1 de Janvier, 1817. Mors. Alexandria Arne, d'' Algiers. MONSIEUR, Ayant jusqii'a present servi en qiialite de facteur chez Monsieur Sauter, aupres du quel j'ai commence a avoir I'honneur de votre cou- noissance, et voulent, avec I'aide de Dieu, etablir un negoce pour mon propre compte, je vous oifre mes tres-huuible services, et ma correspondance, tant pour les changes, que pour les commissions d'achat ou de ventre, k 2 pour 100, et 3| en cas de bonification ; en vous assurant de ma fidelite, et de tous mes soins iraaginables, a Tegard de vos interets. Mon ucgocc roulera desormais sur le fond de 20,000 florins argent d'erapire, et aussi sur le credit de mes amis. Jespere que vous m'honnerez de vos commissions, et que vous ferez aussi honneur a mes lettres, aux quelle.s je vous prie de n'aj outer foi qu'a la signature sui- vante ; avec la quelle je finis la prcsente, en vous assurant que personne n'est plus que moi, Votrcs tres-humble serviteur, ANTOIx\E GUILLIAME. A Mons. Alexandre Arne, Negociant en Algiers. 106 GRAMMAR OF The same letter in Italian. Aleppo, addi 1 Gennago, 1817. Signor Alessandro Ame, d'Algieii. SIGNOR, Avendo fin adesso servito in qualita di fat- tore Sig. Sauter, presso '1 quale ho cominciato ad aver Tonore di conoscervi, e volendo coll ajuto di Dio stabilir un negozio per mio proprio conto v'esibisco la mia imiilissima servitu ed il mio carteggio tan to per cambj, quanto commission! di compra o vendita a 2 per cento e S§ in caso di bonificazione ; assicurandovi della mia fedelta^ € d' ogni cnra, imaginabile riguard' ai vostri in- teressi. II mio negozio girera da qui mansi sul londo di fior 20,000 imperiali, ed anche sul cre- dito de miei amici. Spero che m' onorerete de' Tostri, impeighi, e che farete anch' onore alle mie lettere, in cui vi prego di non prestar fede, ch' all' infrascritta firma; con cui termino la pre- sente assicurandovi che sono piu ch' ogni altro. Vostro umilissimo servo, ANTO?fIO GUILLIELMO. Al Signor Alessandro Arne, Negoziante, in Algieri. Ispahan, Aug. S, 1817. Mr. Ireneus Innis, of Inverness. SIR, I am much obliged to vou for the offers you make me of your goods, and should make no WRITING. 107 (llfficiilty at all of furnishing you ^vith a ejood commission, If 1 had any knowledge of their quality ; but, as that is not the case, you will be so obliging as to refer me to somebody in this city, to whom you have sent these articles, that I may go there and examine them ; and, should they suit me, shall accept your offer. This is what I have to say in answer to yours of the 5th instant. I am, with sincere regard, Sir, Your most humble servant, INNOCEJVT IIIETO:^. To Mr, Ircncua Innis, ivlerchant, at Inverness. The above letter in French. Ispahan, Sth cVAoCit, 1817. Mom. Irene Imiis, tV Inverness. MONSIEUR, Je vous suis bien oblige des offres que vousf me faites de vos marchandises ; je n'aurois point de difhcuite de vous en commettre une bonne partie, si j'avois queique connoissance de leur qualite. Mais comme je n'en suis pas au fait, il faut que vous ayez hi bontc de m'indiquer queique ami en celte ville a qui vous ayez deja envoye de tels articles ; alors je passerai chez lui, pour Ics examiner, et en cas qu'ils me con- 108 GRAMMAR OF viennent, je me prGvavulrai de vos oirros. Voila tout ceque je puis vous dire en rcponse a la chere votre du o courant. Je suis trcs parfaitemeiit, Monsieur, Votre tres humble servileur, INNOCENT IRETON. A Mons. Irene Innis, Negt. d' Inverness. Tlie above letter letter in Italian. hpaan, 8 Af/n.Ho, 1817. Sir/. Ireneo Jnnis, iT Inverness, StGNORE MIO, Vi resto o])ligalo delle esibizione che mi fate delle vostre mercanzie, n^ avrei veruna ditficolta di commeter vene una bona partita se avessi qualche cognizione della qualifa loro. Ma siccome ne son' afHitto all' oscuro, bisogna ch' abbiate la compiacevolezza d' accenarmi qualche- duno in questa citta, a cui abbiate gia mandato di si fatti articoli, ch' allora passero da lui per esaminarli, e caso che mi coiivengono, mi pre- valero delle vostre ofTerte. Quest' e quanto posso dirvi in risposta alia cara vostra 5 corrente. Sono con vera stima, A commandi vostri prontissimo blm. INNOCENT IRETON* Al Sig. Ireneo Innio, d' Inverness J WRITING. 109 Naplea, Nov. 11, IS IT. nil'. Nir/iolas Norman, of Narhonne. SIR, I give you joy of your establishment in your new business : may God prosper all your undertakings ! Now, therefore, as 1 take a sin- gular pleasure to do you service as a new be- gimier, I have sent you by a messenger a small parcel of the books you required, for which you will please to give me credit. As to th,e pay- riieiit, you need be in no manner of pain about it, as I shall find an opportuiuty of exchanging with you for something in your collection of ])ooks that may be sent me, and in return yon are always welcome to command anything you may have occasion for from mine. I remain, with sincere regard, Your most humble servant, NATHAN NANDO. To Mr. Nicholas iNornian, Meichantj at Naibonnc. Tlio above letter in French. Naples, le 11 lie Novemhro, 1817. Mons. Ntc?iolaV IlITTl N G H A "Si To Mr. Charles Sabio, MnLliatil. ill liOinloii. K.S 114 c;rammak of London y \Qth Oclober, 1817. lADlES, This may serve to inform you that tho Looks v>ill be opened ?tt the Bank of England, ou Friday se'nnight, to pay the dividends du'} lip to this time to the parties concerned, when I shall be ready to receive ^vhatever belongs to you both, with the respective interests thereon, hy virtue of your pov^ers given to me for that purpose ; and on receipt thereof shall remit the same to you, w horn God preserve many years. Your most humble servant, Til03IAS HAir^ES. To ^Iis. Ann and Mavy Lester, in Lyons. GENTLE?.iEK, We have noted v,hat you were pleased to inform us in your favour of the Gtli, to accept ilm drafts of Messrs. Simmonds, in I^ourdeaux. lip to the amount of 20,090 livres, for yo:ir acccuiit. Your orders concerning the goods bhall, without delay, be punctually executed directly on your arrival. We expect your further commissions, and are ardently recoui- xiiending ourselves to your favour. Yours, 5cc. DU'IARESQUE A.MJ SMITH. WRITING. 115 Paris. MY UEAR rRlKXD, Knowijig that you Iiave connexions uilh Messrs. Sale and Matthews, in llamhiu'pj, with >\hom I have also maintained, for several years past, no inconsiderable correspoiidence ; and this business increasing at present more than usual, I take the liberty to inquire of you if one mi^lit credit them for 40,000 livres without risk. The friendsliip existing betv»een you and me makes me hope you will ansv.er my question uith the same impartiality I am ready to do 2^ jurs in like cases. I have the honour, with the warmest esteem, to be Yours most truly, J. LETEVIIE. 116 GRAMMAR OF CHAP. XL MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 1. How long is the hand in the engraving in- tended to represent ? 2. How far from the point of the pen should the end of the middle finger be ? 3. By Avhich finger should the pen be sup- ported ? 4. Tell me the position for the right elbow ? 5. Which arm should support the weight of the body ? 6i Should not the stomach be kept from the desk ? 7. Should the motion of the pen, in writing, be produced from the fingers or the arm ? 8. Tell me the position in which the knuckles should be placed. 9. What rule should be observed in making straight strokes ? 10. Which letters may be formed from o? 11. What distance should be observed be- tween down-strokes ? 12. In what letters does the turning of occur ? 13. At what part of the o should the joining take place for a, c/, g, kc. ? %\R1TING. 117 Ik Tell mo IhG distance to be observed when two turned strokes meet ? 15. Take the pen in your band, and place it according- to the directions i.:;iven. IG. Describe the particulars for holding the pen. 17. Tell me the rule to be observed in the formation of ?n in small hand ? IS. Point out the difTerence between m in small hand and ??i in large hand. 19. AVhat observations are made respecting the slope of small letters ? 20. From -which stroke are the principal capi- tal letters formed ? 21. Make the down-strokes of M, W, L, and point out the conforinity between these strokes. 22. When turned strokes are made ^vith a hair-stroke between them, as in ^>, ?'/i, un^ &c., Vvhat rule is to be observed as to the distance apart of these strokes ? 23. Describe the different modes of holding the pen for flourishing. 2K Tell me the rules to be observed in mak- ing a small r, and a capital R. 25. What similitude is there between P and 2G. V/hat resemblance does /) bear to Q/ 27. Tell me the letters v. Inch may be formed from the down- stroke of.// 118 GRAMMAR OF 28. Has the tail of Q any resemblance to the lower turning of L/ 29. What rules should be observed in making a in large hand ? 30. Rule your slate according to the? direc- tions cjiven for lariie hand, and ^vrite a line of a and d, and point out the particulars to be ob- served . 31. x\fter having ruled your slate as directed in the rules, write the word tovi^ and point out the particular rules to be observed in the for- mation of each stroke. 32. The copy-book being properly ruled, write tliree lines of the word mutton, and point out the rules for each stroke. 33. Write the word caiie in your copy-book, on the proper lines for large hand : explain first the rules for the formation of c. 34. In your explanation and delineation of c be very exact. 35. Take notice of the place and distance for jniniijg c and a ; and do not omit the particulars belonging to a. 3G. Take notice of the junction of a and n. 37. Do not omit the particulars respecting e as to the back and eye. 3S. Write in your copy-book, in large hand, the word voice; and in your description of the letters do not neglect the conformity between v and certain other letters which resemble it. WRITING. 119 39. Rule your book as before directed for large liaiid, and write four lines of the M^ord renounce. 40. Take notice of every stroke and turning in tlie above word, and mark the peculiarities of teach letter. 41. Which letters may be considered as ano- malous, or irregular, not falling within any of the general rules ? 42. In writing the word dicat, what rules are worthy of remark ? 43. Point out the necessary observations to be made in writing the word circumstances. 44. Be very exact in your description of the letter s. 45. What rule is to be observed in making x? 4G. Write the word context.^ and mark with a j)encil the proper place for joining each letter ■with the next. 47. Write the words texture and Xerxes, ac- cording to the rules given. 48. What parts of C, //, G, and X, are alike ? 49. What rules should be observed in making a capital E] 50. Write the word application, and notice the particular strokes and turns. 31. Tell me the proper height of / above the line, and point out the place where t should be crossed. 62, From >Yhat rule do you I'orai X? 120 grammah of .53. Write all tliose capital letters iii \\Iiich the composition of / enters. 51'. Tell me v»hat parts o'l D remiire particular attention. 55. Write in small hand, the word appli- cation, and point out the difference between the same v.ord written in large hand. 56. IIow far should the pen be held from the point in writing runnii-g hand ? 57. What rules are to be observed to enable you to wTitc straiglit, without the assistance of lines ? 5S. In writing the word penmansliip^ in largo hand, tell me every rule that should be ob- served. 59. In writing the figures 1, 4, 5, 7, what rules must be observed ? 60. In writing a letter what rules should be observed ? — Sec Preface. 61. Is it not proper to begin your letter at some distance from the top ? 62. With what words should a letter gene- rally be finished ? 63. Where should the date and place bo put ? 6 1'. Is it not more respectful to seal a letter than to put a wafer ] 65. Is it not a mark of disrespect to abbre- viate your words wheii writing to superiors ? 66. Repeat Lord Chesterfield's rule for writ- ing a letter. WRITING. 121 67. By what memis nir.j any person acquire the habit of writing agreeable letters ? GS. What loiters are looked upon as the best models for imitation ? 69. In what terms should letters of business be WTitten ? 70. Wherein consists the chief art of writing letters in f^eneral ? 71. What modes of address should be at- tended to when writing to superiors ? 72. What shovdd be attended to when we address our equals ? 73. What should be observed w'hen writing to our inferiors ? 74. By what lines do persons mark words which are intended to have a peculiar stress. 75. Should words be intended to be written in capitals, hov/ should they be underlined ? 76. After what manner should be inserted words or sentences which have been omitted ? 77. When quotations are to be used, in what manner are they to be placed ? 7S. When should a jx)st script be affixed, or subscribed to a letter i 79. When may a nota bency (N.B.) be in- serted ? 80. When may an asterisk (*) be used, and a note placed either at the bottom or on the mar- gin of a letter ? SI. Write the form of a receipt. 122 GRAMMAR OF S-2. Shew me the place for writing the date, the name, the sum. S3. Who should pay tor the stamp, the re- ceiver, or the payer of money ? 84. What price should be the stamp for a re- ceipt of ten pounds ? 85. Write out the form of a lilt of cxchaiigp, payable in three months after date, for sixty-five pounds. 56. In what manner should mercantile letters be ^yritten ? 57. Shew me tlie pioper form of commencing a letter to your superior. 88. Write a receipt for 25/. lOs. 6d. t"or goods delivered : date it to-morrow. 89. Write a letter to your brother, and point out to him the proper rules for holding the pen. 90. Direct your brother, in a friendly letter, the proper manner of sitting to write. 9 1 . Shew your little sister the first five lessons in writing : point out all the particular obser- vations in a letter. 9 2. Write down all the rules necessary for the formation of the first four letters in the alphabet in text hand. 93. Write the word nohvilhstanding, Rm\ mark every letter which requires any particular ob- servation. 94. If a person were to reque.st you to lend WRITING. 123 Iiiin 50/. for six months, sliew me a proper ine- moraiidum for it, 05. J have tliis day purchased goods to the value of So/, for which 1 am to be allowed 5/. ])er cent, and a bill at two moiith.s : draw out the bill, and deduct the discount. 9fj. Mr. Tomlinson has purchased a hogs- head of strong ale, and a puncheon of rum ; for the ale he is to pay Is. ^2d. per gallon, and the rum will be charged eight times the price of the ale. Write out a bill, date it at your own place this day, and make yourself the seller. 97. Write Mr. Tomlinson a letter, expressing your hopes that your liquor will meet his a{)pro- bation : request his future favours, and beg a re- mittance as soon as convenient. 9S. Return answer from Mr. Tomlinson, ex- pressive of his satisfaction, and a further order for any articles you j)lease, and enclose a draft for three months for the amount. 99. Write to your correspondent, requesting him to give yon an account of the markets ; mention to him the particular articles you may be in want of, and beg him to procure them for you at the most reasonable rate, and longest credit. 100. Enter in your ledger Mr. Tomlinson's account, and shew me the proper form. 101. On which side of your ledger should all sums owing to )ou be written ? L 2 124 GRAMMAR OF 102. On ^vhich side of your casli'book should all the monies you receive be entered ? 103. On which side of your stock-book should all the goods ^Yhich you buy be entered ? 104. In your projit and loss account, on \Yhich side should ail your losses be entered ? 105. Which is the debtor side of an account ? lOG. When you sell articles on credit, how should they be entered in your ledger? 107. Ho\y should the goods disposed of be entered in your stock-hook? 108. How should the cash received for the goods be entered in your ledner and stock-book ? 109. Suppose you purchase of Mr. Perry five tons 700 weight of the best Farnham hops, at 17/. \0s. 6d. per hundred, and give a draft at lour months for the amount, shew me the mode in which you will enter the account in your day- Oooky ledger J and stock-book. 110. Draw the bill, and enter it in your cash- book and ledger. 111. V\''rite out an invoice for the hops. 112. Write out a receipt for the part of a bill, suppose 15/. out of a bill of 40/. 113. Suppose you receive 20/. for your mas- ter, how would you Mrite the receipt ? 1 1 4. Tell me the proper form of a receipt in a partnership account. 1 1 5. AVrite out a receipt for half a year's rent, due at Midsummer last past. WRITING. 125 llo. Suppose you have an aniiuity of 200/., payable halt' yearly, tell me the form of a receipt ^\hich would be required of you. 117. Legal interest being at ol. per cent, per annum, or Id. per pound per monih, tell me what interest I shall receive for 3i4/. for four months. 118. Discount a draft of %7L which has five months to run. 119. Discount the three following drafts, and tell me the change : 9g7. for two months, 87/. for seven months, and 100/. for six weeks. 120. What is meant by a power of attorney ? 121. How many days' grace are allowed on bills draw^n in England ? 122. What is meant by striking a docket ? 123. What do you understand by the word bankrupt? 124. Who are the assignees ? and what is their office i 125. Tell me the office of a land-w^aiter. 126. What do you understand by Custom- House duties ? 127. Tell me the meaning of the words (jross^ tare, trett, suitlo, d<>ff, nett. 128* What is the general allowance for IrcU and clo(f\ and on what account are they allowed ? 129. Bought of Mr. Watkins, 171 yards of -J muslin, at 5s. 7ld. per yard ; 15G!; yards of ell wide dimity, at o.y. aid. per yard; three L 8 126 GRAMMAR OP pieces of French cambric, each piece 331 yards, at 175. Gld, per yard: write out the bill. 130. Draw a draft, and deduct 7|Z. per cent, for payment 'tvithin four mouths, for Avhich tim2 let the draft be drawn. 131. Write out the for-ni of a draft, payabla at sight for 751. 1 32. Give me ihs proper form of a bill of ex- change, payable after death for SQL 133. Tell me the form of a bill, payable at two months after date. 13 I'. Write a letter to Mr. Southgate, enclose his account, make out an account for various goods delivered, to the amount of 117. 7s. 10c/. beg he will favour you wiili a remittance. 133. Return a polite answer, stating your inability to send him cash at the time he^men- tions, but give him a promise of part in the course of the week. 13d. Enclose, in a letter (expressing your ])leasure at having it in your power to send Mr. Southgate the amount of his bill) a draft at six weeks for the amount of the above bill. 137. Y/rite to several persons, requesting the honour of their countenance and j)rotection, as you have just begun business. 138. Write out the formofa notice from a land- lord to a tenant, to quit a house and premises. 139. What is the form of a notice from a landlord to a tenant to quit his apartments .? WRITING. 127 liO. What notice is necessary to be given by a tenant to his landlord, previous to quitting apartments ? 141. When a notice is given by a landlord to his teiiant, either to quit house and premises, or raise the rent, how should it be worded ? 142. What notice is required for a tenant who takes Iiis house by the year ? 143. What notice does a weekly tenant re- quire ? 144. Explain the principal characters and marks used in commerce ? 145. Which are the quarterly days ? 146. Repeat the rules for journalizing. 147. What rule have you for entering articles in your stock-hook? 148. What rule have you for entering cash in your cash'book? 149. If you sell any article, for instance, five cwt. of hops to Mr. Thomas Smitlison, at l(j/. 'U. Cd. per cwt. how should you enter the article under his name in the ledger? 1 50. How should the above article be entered in the stock-hook? 151. Should cash be paid for the above ho^js, Ijow should cash be entered in the ledger and cash-hook ? 152. What do you understand from book- keeping? 153. Give me a description of ilm journal. 128 GRAMMAR OF ,. 15 i. What accounts are entered in the ledger ? 155. For what purposes is the waste-hook used ? 156. What is ih^ invoice-hook? 157. Explain an account current book? 158. For what purpose is a warehouse-book used ? 159. Tell me the intention of a hill-book. 160. Does not a letter -^hook contain copies of all letters sent on business ? 161. What is meant by an affidavit? 162. Write out the form of an agreement, and explain the intention of ao-reements. 163. What do you understand hy arbitration? 164. What is an arrest? Who is an assignee? 165. Explain an attachment. Tell me the meaning of a hail. 166. What is the meaning of the word bamo ? 167. How is the acceptance of a bill effected ? 168. What is a bond? Shew me the form of a bond for payment of money. 169. What is the meaning of a post-obit bond? 170. What are exchange brokers? 171. What is a caveat? 172. What is meant by charter -par tij ? 17.3. Explain a consignment. 174. What Ts meant by exchequer bills'^ 175. What is meant by execution ? 176. What is a bill of lading f ^Y KITING. 129 CHAP. XII. AN EXPLANATION OF TER3IS, &C., USED IN BUSINESS IN GENERAL, &C. 1. Affidavit signifies an oath in writing, sworn before a person >vho is authorized to administer the same. 2. /ujreements are the consent of two persons or parties, the one in parlijig with, and the other in receiving, some property, benefit, &c., or to perform something. .3. Arbitration is the referring a cause, or dis- pute, to one or more persons, by whose decision both parties are bound to acrpaiesce. 4. Arrears is the term for money unpaid at the due time. 5. Arrest is the apprehending of a person, in execution of the command of some court or officer of justice. G. Assi(jnec, a person appointed by another to do any act, transact some business, or enjoy the benefit of a particular commodity. 7. Attach signifies to take, or apprehend, by command of a writ, or precept. S. BaiU ill law, the releasing a person who is arrested or imprisoned, upon an action, upon securities being received for his ajjpearance at a lime and place assigned. 130 GRAMMAR OF 9. Banco, a Avord commonly used to describe the bank of Venice. 10. Bill of Exchange, a written order for the payment of a certain sum of money. The per- son making or drawing ths bill is called the Drawer, the person to whom it is addressed the Drawee, the person who undertakes to pay the bill the Acceptor. A verbal acceptance is equally binding. 11. Bill of Parcels, an account rendered by the seller to the buyer, containing an account of the goods bought. \2. Bill of Sale, a contract under seal, where- by a buyer conveys his right to the goods to the seller. 13. Bond, a deed, or obligation, hy which a person, his heirs, &c. are bound to perform cer- tain conditions, as the payment of money, he. 1 L Book-keeping, the art of keeping accounts with proper order, under the heads of Debtor and Creditor. The Day-hook contains an account of every transaction in business, as buying, selling, &c. The Journal contains an account of every transaction in trade, disposed under the proper heads of Debtor or Creditor, arranged from the Day-book, preparatory to their insertion in the Ledger The Bill-book contains an account of all WRITING. 131 hills^ drafts, promissory iiolcs, c^-c, with the names of the persons who drew them, date, place, time when due, sum, kc. Account- Current-hook contains copies of liills, or accounts sent to correspondents, where a running account, &c. exists. Cash-hook contains an account of all mojiics received, entered on the Debtors' side, and all monies paz^/, entered on the Creditors' side. Invoice-book contains an account of all the invoices given or received. Letter-Book contains copies of all letters relative to business, which may have been sent or received. The Warehouse-hook contains an account of all goods deposited in the warehouse. Stock-hook contains an account of all the mercliandise bought or sold. Every article which is bought is entered on the Debtor side, and all articles sold are entered on the Creditor side. 15. Bullion, gold or silver before it is coined. IG. Bye law, a private law, made by cer- tain societies, independent of their general laws. 17. Caveat, a caution entered at the spi- ritual court, to ])revent dispensations, &c., being granted without the knowledge of the person who enters it. IS. Charter-party, a conlracl made by the 132 GRAMMAR OF owner of a ship, containing the conditions under ■which the ship is freighted. 19. Check, a draft on a banker, ordering pay- ment of money. 20. Cockcf, a custom-house warrant, given on the entry of goods, to shew that they have paid duty. 21. Consignment, the sending or delivering goods, &c., to another person. 22. Credit side of an account, the RigJit side, 23. Conveyance, a deed -which passes land from one person to another. 24. Days of grace, a number of days allowed for the payment of bills after their term is ex- pired. This varies in different places ; in Eng- land three days are allowed. 25. Debenture, a certificate given at the Cus- tom-House, to entitle the trader to a bounty or drawback on the exportation of merchandise. 26. Debit szVZeof an account, the left side. 27. Discount, an allowance made for prompt payment. 2S Dividend, a share in any concern or profit. 29. Distress, is a remedy given to a landlord to seize goods on the premises, and to sell them within a certain period, to reimburse himself for rent in arrear. 30. Docket, a short memorandum or summary affixed to larger papers. 31. Striking the Docket is when a creditor WRITING. 133 gives bond to Ihe Lord Chajicellor, proving his debtor to be a bankrupt. 32. Drafts a bill, or check, by which one person draws for moiiey on another : also, an allowance deducted from the original weight of goods. 3S^ Drmvhachy an allowance of premium for the exportation of goods. 3-i. Endorsement, writing a person's name on the back of a bill, in order to transfer it to another, or to serve as an acquittance. So. Errors excepted, are words written at the bottom of an a(count, to claim allowance for omissions or overcharges. 36. Exchequer, the Court of, a court intended chiefly to regulate the revenues of the crow n, and to receive the king's debts and duties. 37. Exchequer Bills, bills issued by parlia- ment, payable with interest out of taxes or sup- plies. 3S. Execution, a writ issued, by which actual possession of the thing required is obtained by judgment of law. 39. Executor, a person appointed to carry into execution the will of the testator, (by whom he is cliosen,) after his decease. 40. Freight, the cargo of a ship ; also money paid for its carriage. 41. Gross weight, the whole weight of any article, without any deduction for box, ^c. M 134 GRAMMAR OF 42. Tniportation, i\\^ act of bringing goods into the country from foreign parts. 43. Instalments, payments of certain siuns of money in certain proportions, and at stipulated times. 44. Lading, Bill of, an instrument, signed by the master of a ship, acknowledging the receipt of a merchant's goods, and obliging himself to deliver them up in good condition. 45. Land-waiter, or Searcher, an officer ap- pointed to examine goods, upon their being landed at the Custom-House. 46. Lease, a conveyance of lands, ^;c. in consideration of rent or other reeompence. 47. Letter of Advice, a letter giving notice of any transaction. 4S. Letter of Attorney, or Power of Attorney, a writing which empowers one person to act for another. 49. Letter of Credit, a letter by which one person may receive money, kc, on the credit of another. 50. Liquidation, the concluding or winding up of a business as the paying or receiving all debts, &c. 51. Liverymen of London, a munber of men, selected from the freemen of eacli company, from among whom the common-councilj sherilf, and other officers are chosen. 52. Manifest, a list of a ship's cargo, together WRITING. 135 >vi(li the various particulars, as the marks, owners, &c. 53. Maximum, the highest price of any ar- ticle. 54. Minimum, the lowest price of" any ar- ticle. 55. Neat or Net lueight, the weiglit of any commodity, without box, bag, package, kc. 50. Notlncj the act of a notary, when a bill is not duly honoured or paid, by declaring in writ- ing of its dishonour. 57. Permit, a license, or warrant, for passing or selling goods whicli have paid duty. oS. Protest, a paper made out by a notary public, declaring a bill to have been refused 59. Proximo, the next month. GO. Receipt, a written acknowledgment of Iiaving received a sum of money. Gl. 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