i ^4*.«^<^' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/descriptivehistoOOmorrrich THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON HENRY MORSE STEPHENS DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT GODAVERY DISTRICT THE PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS. BT HENRY l^fORRIS, Formerly of the Madras Civil Service, AUTHOR or "a HlffTOBY OF INDIA FOR U8C IH 80H0OLB, AKD OTHER WORKS. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1878. [All rights reserved.] 512717 • • 5.-: 054-5*5" o-c PREFACE. The following monograph is one of a series of descriptive memoirs of all the Districts in the Madras Presidency, which is being prepared under the direction of the Government. It is, however, in one respect unique. It is the history of a District which owes its prosperity to the benefits derived from judicious irrigation ; and it is, therefore, of special interest at the present time. The attention of the people of England has been attracted to this subject by the terrible famine which has recently desolated Southern India. The immediate effects of this sad visitation are happily passing away ; but the recollection of it cannot easily be effaced, and remedies against similar calamities are being diligently sought. The Godavery District is a proof of the incalculable advantages of irrigation, which, when carefully planned and energetically carried out, is an effectual remedy against famine, wherever it can be applied with any hope of success. This volume has not only received the imprimatur of the Board of Revenue at Madras, to whom it was officially sub- mitted, but those portions of it which relate to their own labours were submitted to Sir Arthur Cotton, by whose genius principally the District has been rendered prosperous ; to Sir Henry C. Montgomery, whose wise suggestions tended to remove many of the evils by which it was once impoverished ; b vi PREFACE. to Sir Walter Elliot, formerly Commissioner of the ISTorthern Circars, to whose researches in antiquarian lore Southern India is deeply indebted ; to Mr. George Noble Taylor, whose efforts have done so much to encourage the growth of elementary education; and to Mr. E. E. Master, under whose careful supervision the new Settlement has recently been introduced. They have all kindly expressed their entire approval. My special thanks are due to the Collector, Mr. W. S. Foster, to Mr. J. Hope, who for a time acted as Collector, and to their native subordinates for their assistance, more particularly in preparing the statistics, which must have entailed on them very considerable labour. The authorities in the Eecord, the Statistical, and the Geographical Departments of the India Of&ce have most courteously afforded me every help in their power, for which I cordially thank them. H. MOEEIS. CONTENTS, CHAPTER I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE DISTRICT. PAOK Boundaries and area — Description of the river Godavery — General survey of the Delta — Statistical description of the various divi- sions of the District •.....! CHAPTER II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND OTHER PLACES OF IMPORTANCK Rajahmundry — Description of the town — The church and mission — The courts — The jails and school— Cocanada— Do wlaish- weram — Samulcotta— Ellore — Nureapore — Coringa — K6tii)hali — Hindu pagodas — Bhadrdchalam . . . .23 CHAPTER IIL THE PORTS OF COCANADA AND CORINGA. Description of the ports — Survey by Mr. Topping — Lieut. Warren's survey of Coringa — Captain Biden's report — Projected improve- ments — Mr. Robertson's survey and report — Wrecks of the ''Rajpoot" and the "Sacramento" . . . . 49» viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT. Fertility of the District— The Delta— Principal crops— Glance at the Zoology— Fishes of the Godavery— Manufactures— Geological Survey— Health of the District— Diseases of cattle— Language — Castes— Condition of the people— The Kois or hill tribes . 67 CHAPTER V. EDUCATION. Former condition as to education — Mr. Taylor's scheme for elemen- tary education — Approval of the Government — Doubts as to the voluntary nature of the rates— Department of Public Education — Madras Education Act . . . . .92 CHAPTER VI. HISTORY OF THE GODAVERY ANNICUT. Origin of the scheme — Sir Arthur Cotton's plan — Approval of Go- vernment — Commencement and progress of the works — Opinion of the Public Works' Committee — A civilian's testimony to the value of the works — Description of the structure . .109 CHAPTER VII. ACCOUNT OF THE IRRIGATION DEPENDENT ON THE ANNICUT. Description of the former sources of irrigation — Projects for water- ing the eastern Delta— the central Delta — the western Delta — Account of the present canal system throughout the District . 141 CONTENTS. ix PAOB CHAPTER VIII. ANCIENT HISTORY. The Diavidian race — The Aryan invaders — Buddhism— Travels of Hiouen-Thsang— The Chdlukya dynasty— Kingdom of Vengi Desham- Conquest of the Ch61a dynasty— Kingdom of Teliu- gaua — Appearance of the Mohammedans . . . 1 65 CHAPTER IX. EARLY ENGLISH SETTLEaiENTS. Establishment of a factory at Masulipatam — Early voyages — Settlement at Vlravdsaram — Factory at Madapollam — Mr. Streynsham Master's tour and voyage — Factories at Injaram and Bendamiirlanka — Abolition of the Company's mercantile establishments . . . . . . .177 CHAPTER X. THE DUTCH AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. The Dutch East India Company — Trade of tlie Dutch in the East-^ Factories at Madapollam and Palkole— Dutch life in India — Dis- putes with the English — The French East India Company — Factories at Masulipatam and Yanam— French occupation of the Northern Circars— Descriptive account of Yanam . '195 CHAPTER XL THE MOHAMMEDAN PERIOD. First invasion of the Deckan — The Bahmani Dynasty — Invasion of Orissa — Mohammedaji occupation of Rajahmundry and Kon- dapilli— Division of territory — Siege and capture of Rajah- mundry — Mohammedan rule — Warfare in the South — The French occupation . . . • .210 X CONTENTS. PAOB CHAPTER XII. EXPULSION OF THE FRENCH. Brilliant services rendered by Bussy to the Nizam — His recall by Lally — Expedition from Bengal — Battle of Condore — Advance to Masulipatam — Defeat of the French — Cession of the Northern Circars to the English . . . . . .231 CHAPTER XIII. EARLY ENGLISH ADMINISTRATION. Commencement of the English Administration — General condition of the country at the time of the cession — The Zemindars — The Haveli or Government Lands — Provincial Chiefs and Councils — Committee of Circuit — Disturbances in Polavaram — Arrears of Revenue — Lax administration — Abolition of the Provincial Councils . . ■ . . . . . . 244 CHAPTER XIV. THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. Division of the Northern Circars into CoUectorates — First Division of Masulipatam — The Zemindaris of Peddapore and Pittapore — Second Division — Incursion of Bhupayya — Third Division — Disturbances in Polavaram ..... 260 CHAPTER XV. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. Negotiations regarding the introduction of the Permanent Settlement — Appointment of a Special Commission — Introduction of the system into this District — List of the estates at that time — Working of the system — Decline of the Zemindaris and Pro- prietary Estates — Tour of Sir Thomas Munro — The Great Famine — Deterioration of the District — Sir Henry Montgomery's Commission . . . . . . .276 CONTENTS. xi PAOB CHAPTER XVI. RECENT HISTORY. Appointment of the Commissioner of the Northern Circars — Un- favourable season — The great military mutiny in the North — Subbareddi's rebellion— Sir Charles Trevelyan's visit to the District — Re-arrangement of the boundary between Rvjah- mundry and Masulipatam — Redistribution of the Civil Juris- diction — Judicial arrangements — Municipalities — Local Funds — Introduction of the Mofussil Police .... 297 CHAPTER XVIL THE REVENUE SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT. Proposals for a regular survey — Adoption of the system of joint rents Description of the various revenue systems — The Vlsabadi system — The sharing system — The practice of challenging — Opinion of the Special Commissioner — Description of joint rents — Commencement and prosecution of the regular Survey and assessment — Concluding remarks . . . • 3'! Tables ........ 329 Index ......... 381 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT, CHAPTER I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT, BOUNDARIES AND AREA — DB8CRIPTI0N OP THE RIVER GODAVERY — GENERAL SURVEY OF THE DELTA— STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OP THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS OP THE DISTRICT. The Godavery District is ono of the five Northern Circars, which form the most northern province of the Presidency of Madras. It is of a rather irregular shape, but compact and accessible, its length being not very much greater than its breadth, and Rajahmimdry, the principal town, being situated almost in the centre. It is divided into nearly equal parts by the river Godavery. It lies between 16° 18' and 17" 56' 35" N. lat, and 80° 56' and 82** 40' E. long. It is bounded on the north by the territory of His Highness the Nizam, and the Central Provinces; on the north-east by the District of Vizagapa- tam ; on the east and south by the Bay of Bengal ; and on the west by the Kistna District. Its area is 6224 square miles. The District forms a portion of the rich belt of land which fringes the Bay of Bengal, and extends to the sea from the mountains that gird the peninsula on the eastern coast. The southern part of the District is flat, and exceedingly fertile, especially where it is irri- gated by the innumerable canals and channels which branch from the river. Green fields of paddy extend in every direction, diver- sified by gardens of plantains, betel-nut, and cocoa-nut, and innu- merable palmyras are dotted over the surface of the country. 2 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. particularly near the coast. The north is mountainous. The hills, which commence near the coast in the north-east, and extend along the whole northern frontier of the District proper, are very unhealthy. The highest point is to the west of the magnificent gorge through which the Godavery enters the District. It is called Pdpi-konda by the natives, and the Bison Eange by the English. Its elevation is 4200 feet. The scenery of these mountains, particularly in the neighbourhood of the river, where the charm of water is added to the beauty of mountain and forest, is exceed- ingly picturesque. The sides of the mountains are clothed with luxuriant forests of teak, interspersed with bamboo and a thick undergrowth of forest shrubs. The river Godavery rises at Trimbak, a village about sixteen miles west of Nasik, and about fifty miles from the sea. The place which is traditionally regarded as the source of the river is on a hill behind the village. It is approached by a flight of 690 stone steps, flanked by a low stone wall. At the top of these steps is a stone platform built at the foot of the rock, out of which, drop by drop, issues the water of the stream, and an image under a canopy has been so placed that the water trickles through its mouth into a reservoir.* After leaving Ndsik, the Godavery flows in an easterly direction, slightly declining towards the south, until, after it has completed a course of 650 miles, it receives, at Sironcha, the noble affluents, the Wardhd, the Painganga, and the Wainganga, united in the single stream called the Pranhlta. The remaining course of the Godavery to the sea is 200 miles, and before it enters this District it receives on the left two more considerable affluents, namely, the Indrdvati and the Sabari. The following account of the course of the river from the Falls of the Wardhd to the gorge is taken from a descrip- tion by Sir Eichard Temple, who was formerly Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces : — " Starting from the Falls of the Wardhji near Hinganghdt, the voyager would see on the right hand the wild hilly country of the Nizam's dominions, and on the left, or British side, a broad level valley covered with cultivation. Further down the river, past the junction of the Painganga, as the third or upper barrier is approached, the rich valley on the left becomes narrower and narrower, more * Madras Church Missionary Record for March 1873. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 3 and more trenched upon by hill and forest, till it is restricted to a fringe of cultivation along the river's bank, while, on the right, the country somewhat improves, and, though still hilly, is more open. The junction of the Wainganga is hidden from view by the hills. The baiTier itself lies closed in by rocky hills and dense forests, a narrow strip being left on the right bank. Below the barrier the river is called the Pranhlta. On the left the hills at first arrange them- selves in picturesque groups, one of which has been compared to the group of the Seven Mountains on the Rhine, and after that continue for many miles almost to overhang the river, sometimes displaying the fine foliage and blossoms of the teak-tree down to the water's edge. On the opposite side the next noticeable feature is the mouth of the Bibrid stream, justly noted for its beauty. Further do^vn, on the left side, the only point of note is Sironcha, with its old fort over- looking the water; the country continuing to be hilly or jungly with patches of cultivation. But, on the other side, the junction of the Godavery proper causes great tongues of land and broad basins to bo formed, all which are partially cultivated, and are dotted over by several towns. Then hills of some variety and beauty cluster thick round the second or middle barrier. The junction of the IndrAvati also is concealed by the hills. Below this, on the left side, long ranges of liills, rising one above the other, run almost parallel with the river, till the junction of the TAl is reached. On the opposite side the country is more cultivated and open, and marked by the towns of Nagaram and Mangampet Below the latter place, again, the sacred hill of Uutab Gutta rises into view, immediately opposite to Dumagiidem, where the headquarters of the navigation department are established. Proceeding downwards, at the first or lower bar- rier the country is comparatively level on both sides, and tliis bar- rier is far less formidable than the two preceding ones. Below the barrier, down to the junction of the Sabari, the prominent object on the British side consists of the small hills of BhadrAchalam, crowned with the cupolas, cones, and spires of Hindu temples. On the opposite side is the Tank region, which extending inland some 250 miles to beyond Warangole, the capital of the ancient Telingana, is marked by the remains of countless works of agricultural improve- ment, attesting a wisdom in the past not kno'vvn to the native dynas- ties of the present. Near the junction of the Sabari the river scenery begins to assume an imposing appearance. Hitherto, as it passed each barrier and gained successive steps in its course, the 4 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. river has been increasing in width, generally being a mile broad, and sometimes even two and a half miles. Here also the whole range of the Eastern Ghauts comes fully into view, some 2500 feet high, bounding the whole horizon, and towering over all the lesser and detached hills that flank the river. Passing the Sabari junction, the Godavery becomes more and more contracted and pressed on either side by spurs of the main range, till at length it forces a passage between them, penetrating by an almost precipitous gorge through the heart of the mountains that mark the frontier of the Central Provinces."* The gorge through which the Godavery enters the plains forms one of the most beautiful pieces of scenery in Southern India. The best time to see it in all its grandeur is, unfortunately, the most dangerous to the health. During the rainy, and, consequently, the feverish, season the forest trees put on their most luxuriant foliage, whereas later in the season, the underwood, especially the bamboos, and the grass, are parched by the continual glare of the sun ; and the river itself is not at its full height. I have seen the gorge at both seasons ; I have looked down on the river from the mountains which overhang it ; and I have passed through the winding stream, as the early morn- ing sun gradually lighted up hill after hill, leaving the water in shade, and as the setting sun has gradually left the valley in gloom ; and I can confidently assert that I have never witnessed more exquisite scenery even on the Neilgherries or the Shevaroys. As the steamer glides into the gorge, the low, broken hills which had previously adorned the banks of the river disappear, and the moun- tains close up to the water's edge, in one place the two sides approaching as near each other as 200 yards, and the precipitous banks appearing near enough even to be touched. They then open out, and again approach each other, forming successively beautiful little lakes, resembhng Highland lochs, from which there is appa- rently no outlet. Sir Charles Trevelyan compares the scenery to that of the Ehine between Coblentz and Bingen ; but it lacks the signs of human life which adorn, and the historical antiquities which beautify, the European stream. Here and there a faint line of smoke indicates the existence of a Koi village \ but the hills are very sparsely inhabited, and there are very few villages near the river-banks. * Grant's Gazetteer of the Central Provinces, 2d edition, p. 198, GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 5 WTien it enters the plain, the river widens. It passes the large villages of D^vipatnam and Purushottapatnam on the left bank, and Polavaram and Giitala on the right. Before reaching Giitala, it passes round the picturesque island of P^ta-Patesham, on which there is a Hindu temple situated on a craggy hill, whither hundreds of pilgrims flock at the annual festival in the month of February. Here, and in the whole of its future downward course, the rapid stream continually forms new islands or modifies old ones; and these constant changes are the fruitful source of litigation between the riparian proprietors. The friction of the water, which every year, during the freshes, brings down in its course the most fertilis- ing alluvial soil, renders these islands exceedingly fruitful, the tobacco for which this District is noted being the crop most commonly grown. It has received the name of "Lanka tobacco," from the word lanka^ which signifies "an island." Many of these islands are covered in December and January with the rellu or flowering reed, which, when its wavy wliite flowers bend before the breeze, is as beautiful as a field of ripened wheat As the river draws near Rajahmundry, it presses against the right bank, which is, in many places, cut down I)recipitously by the action of the stream, and Tfilapiidi, and other villages, which used to be a little distance from the river, are now on the very verge of the bank. Passing Rajahmundry on the left bank — where the court-house, the judge's residence, the great pagoda, and the houses in the western part of the town, with the hills in the distance, form a charming scene — it is barred at Dowlaishweram by the celebrated Aimicut, by which the water is kept back during the dry season, and distributed in every direction throughout the delta by innumerable watercourses and canals. At Dowlaishweram the Godavery is divided into two large streams — the eastern, flowing past Yanam and Nilapalli, and falling into the Bay of Bengal near Cape Gordeware or Godavery; and the western, flowing nearly due south, and entering the bay at Point Nursapore. A few miles above this mouth another large branch separates from the river, and falls into the bay near Bendamiirlanka, forming the island of Nagaram. The three early English factories, lujaram, Bendamiirlanka, and Madapollam, were situated near these three principal mouths of the Godavery. The rich delta was formerly kno^vn by the name of K6na Shlma. The Hindus say that there are seven branches by which the river debouches into the sea, the principal of which are the Gautami, the Vriddha 6 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. or the Old Gautami, the Vainat^yam, the Kausika, and the Vasishta. The Godavery is regarded by the Hindus as a peculiarly sacred stream. It is considered to flow from the same source as the Ganges, but underground, and it is frequently called by the same name. The eastern branch, after its division into several streams at Dowlaishweram, is called the Gautami, and, if possible, is looked on as more holy than the rest of the river. Once every twelve years a feast called PusMaram is held on the banks of the Godavery, in turn with the eleven other sacred streams of India, and pilgrims come from all parts of the land to bathe in its waters. At its source, near Trimbak ; in every part of its downward course, especially at the pagoda a little north of Eajahmundry, and at KotiphaK on the left bank of the eastern stream ; it is considered to be peculiarly sacred at these times, and every sin is considered to be washed away by those who bathe in it. Crowds gather on the river-bank morning, noon, and night, and convert the most favoured resorts into huge standing camps for the twelve days during which the festival lasts. The District consists of nine Taluks and of four Divisions, as men- tioned below. The former include Government villages, and small Zemind^ri and Proprietary estates. The latter comprise only Zeminddri and Proprietary villages. Taluks. Divisions. 1. Edmachandrapuram \ 2. Narasdpuram > i. Cocanada. 3. Amaldpuram j 4. Tanuku ) -n-,. , ^, , > 2. Pittdpuram. 5. l>himavaram j 6. Eajahmundry ) /-i • -n J 1^ ^3- Cormga, 7. Pedddpuram j ^ ° 8. Ellore ) rr^ • \r Lj r 4. Turn. 9. lamagiidem j The Taluks of Bhadrdchalam and E^kapalli have recently been transferred to this District from the Central Provinces, and have been placed under the provisions of the Scheduled Districts Act (No. xiv. of 1874). GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 7 I. RiMACHANDRAPURAM TALUK. The Taluk of Rdmachandrapuram is the largest and most important of all. It is of the first class. It contains 131 Government villages, and 28 Zeminddri villages, and 4 Agrahdrams and MokhAsds. It is situated in the centre of the District, being bounded on the south by the Gautami branch of the Godavery, on the north by the Taluk of Pedddpuram and the Division of Cocanada, on the east by the Gautami branch of the Godavery, and on the west by the Taluk of liajahmundry. The area of the Taluk is 507 square miles. Tlie population is 203,583. According to the quinquennial returns of 1866-67 ^^ was 184,110, so that the increase since then has been 19,473. Of the present population 200,345 are Hindus, 3205 Mohammedans, and 5 Christians. There are 44,000 houses in the Taluk, of wliich 42,981 are inhabited. The cultivable area is 89,963 acres, assessed by the Settlement Department at 269,283 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including the assessment of the lands under occupation, water cess, the permanently-settled B6riz, or fixed revenues from Zemindilris, and other miscellaneous items, amounts to 833,968 rupees. The following are the details : — Rupee*. Land assessment .... 325,513 Water cess ..... 4.17,354 Permanently-settled Bciriz and Slir6triyam J6di. 22,968 Other miscellaneous items . . .68,133 833.968 The rates of the land assessment, both for dry and wet cultivation, according to the new Survey and Settlement, which were introduced into this Taluk in Fasli 1276, vary from 6 annas to 20 rupees an acre. The rates are consolidated when the water is received from tanks and mountain streams. When lands assessed at dry rates are irrigated from the Annicut channels, water cess is levied separately, according to the rates prescribed for each crop raised, namely, 4 rupees an acre for wet crops, 2 rupees for dry crops, 4 rupees for garden crops, and 8 rupees when they require water throughout the whole year. This Taluk is amply supplied with the means of irrigation. There are six Annicut main canals running through it in various directions. 8 THE GOD A VERY DISTRICT. namely, the Cocanada canal, the Samulcotta canal, the Coringa canal, the Yanam canal, the Mandap^ta canal, and the Injaram canal. These are used both for irrigation and navigation. There are numerous minor irrigation channels, which are branches of the above main canals. The products of the Taluk are chiefly paddy, Bengal gram, horse gram, green gram, black gram, red gram, gingelly and lamp oil seeds, hemp, coriander, fenugreek, mustard, jonna, cumboo, raggy, tobacco, sugar-cane, chiUies, onions, garlic, turmeric, yams, country yams, and sweet potatoes. The soil is of ten different sorts and classes, as follows : — Allu- vial, permanently improved, regur pure {regadi in Telugu, usually called the black cotton soil), regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy, arenaceous loamy, and arenaceous sandy. Most of the Taluk is flat, only a few villages being on high rocky ground. There are swamps in a few villages. The Gautami branch of the Godavery flows to the south and east of the Taluk, and falls into the sea near a village called Tirtdlamondi in the Taluk of Amald- puram. In the Gautami Godavery there are several islands, usually called in this District lanlcas, which have been formed by the accumulation of sand and alluvium brought down by the freshes. These lankas are continually changing, some years being fertilised anew by the Godavery freshes ; but sometimes they are completely washed away or covered with sand, and thus rendered unfit for cultivation. The Taluk is productive and healthy ; but in the cold season it is feverish, because almost all the ground lying round the villages is under water. The principal towns of the Taluk, together with their population, according to the last census, are entered below. Towns. Population. Mandap^ta , , , , 5440 Drdkshdr^ma . , . 2845 Alamiiru . . . '2395 Kdmachandrapuram . . . 2075 There is no special industry in this Taluk. The trade is chiefly in paddy, grain, oil seeds, (fee, as well as in cloths manufactured in the GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 9 Tahik. Tliese are bought by merchants residing in the Taluk, who transmit them to Cocanada and to other places, where they are freely sold for exportation. The approximate average out-turn of the harv^est in the Taluk in each grain, with its corresponding value, is as follows : — Out-turn iu Garces. Value in Rupees. raddy Kaggy Jonna Other food grains . Oil seeds . Other crops 31,500 1,670 1,000 1,670 1,670 430 1,575,000 67,000 50,000 67,000 200,000 21,000 Tobacco (in puttis) . 37,940 3,000 1,980,000 150,000 2,130,000 Nearly half of the above products is consumed in the Taluk, and the rest is exported. There are no imports. 2. NarasApuram Taluk. Tliis Taluk is of the second class, and therefore ranks in size and in importance next to lUraachandrapuram. It is composed of 139 villages, 120 being Government villages, 13 Zeminddri and Pro- prietary villages, and 6 AgrahArams. It is situated in the south of the District, being bounded on the north by the Taluks of Tanuku and Bhlmavaram, on the east by the Vainat^yam branch of the Godavery and the Taluk of AmalApuram, on the west by the Taluk of Bhlmavaram, and on the south by the sea. The area of the Taluk is 450 square miles. The population, according to the last census, was 177,876. According to the quin- quennial returns of 1866-67 it was 161,537, so that the increase since that time has been 16,339. The number of Hindus is 174,253 ; of the Mohammedans, 3447; and of Christians, 147. There are 38,789 houses in the Taluk, of which 36,131 are inhabited. The assessed area is 105,210 acres, bearing an assessment of 234,837 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including land ,o THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. tax, water cess, quit-rent on Inams, P^shkash, &c., amounts to 578,953 rupees, as particularised below. Rupees. Assessment . . • • 213,891 Water cess .... 301^985 P^shkash . . . . 13,865 Other miscellaneous items • . 49,212 578,953 The new Settlement rates were brought into operation in this Taluk in Fasli 1272. In regard to the Government lands under the Annicut channels, dry rates have been imposed, subject to a separate cess for water according to the rates prescribed for each crop. They are as described in the Edmachandrapuram Taluk. The rates of water cess are the same for the whole district in regard to Government, Zeminddri, and Inam lands. This Taluk is well supplied with the means of irrigation by three main canals, which are also used for navigation, namely, the Narasd- puram canal, the Gannavaram canal, and the Mukkdmala canal. There are also numerous minor irrigation channels branching off from the above. The products of this Taluk are chiefly paddy, Bengal gram, horse gram, cow gram, green gram, black gram, red gram, gingelly and lamp oil seeds, hemp, coriander, fenugreek, mustard, jonna, cumboo, raggy, tobacco, sugar-cane, chillies, onions, garlic, turmeric, yams, country yams, limes, sweet oranges, pumple-noses, ginger, cocoa-nuts, areca-nuts, betel-leaves, and plantains. The soil of the Taluk is of eight difi'erent sorts, namely, per- manently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red loamy, red sandy, arenaceous loamy, arenaceous sandy. The Taluk is flat. Narasdpuram, or, as it is usually spelt, Nursapore, is a con- siderable seaport town. It is the headquarters of the Deputy Collector on General Duties, of the Tahsildar of the Taluk, of the Executive Engineer, and of the Assistant Superintendent of Police. The District Munsiffs Court and ofiice of the Superintendent of Sea Customs are also situated in this town. Some parts of the Taluk are very swampy. The branch of the Godavery called Vasishta flows through the centre of the Taluk, and falls into the sea near Antrav^di. There are some islands in the GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. n Vasishta Godavery, which are fertilised every year by the freshes. The NarasApuram canal is connected with the Godavery by a lock. This affords excellent facilities for the carriage of goods from the interior of the district for exportation. The Taluk is productive and healthy. The principal towns, together with their population according to the census of 187 1, are shown below. Naras.^puram . . . . 6819 Mogaltumi ..... 4860 Pdlakollu . . . . .4711 Atsanta ..... 5846 The special industry pf this Taluk is the manufacture of toys at NarasApuram. Pdlakollu is noted for its orchards. The trade of this Taluk is chiefly in paddy, pulses, jaggery, oil seeds, cloths, and cotton twist. These articles are bought by native merchants residing in the Taluk, and exported in considerable quantities. Cotton twist is also imjiorted from England for sale to the weavers, who form a large proportion of the population. Their handiwork formerly enjoyed a world-wide celebrity. The approximate average out-turn of this Taluk in each grain, with its corresponding value, is mentioned below. Value in Kupeei. 777,300 133,000 64,000 192,000 Nearly half of this quantity is consumed in the Taluk, and the rest is exported. 3. AMALiPURAM Taluk. This Taluk ranks among the third class of Taluks, estimated according to the pay of their respective Tahsildars. It contains 172 villages, namely, 114 Government villages, 11 Mokhds&s and Agra- hdrams, and 47 Zeminddri and Proprietary villages. It is bounded on the north by the Gautami branch of the Godavery, and the Rdmachandrapuram Taluk, on the south by the sea, on the east by the Coiinga Division and the sea, and on the west by the Vasishta branch of the Godavery and by the Narasdpuram and Tanuku Taluks. The area- of the Taluk is 437 square miles. The population is 206,885, being nearly the same as that of Edmachandrapuram, Out-turn in Garcee. Paddy . 15.456 Jonna 2,660 Other food grains . 1,600 Oil seeds . 1,600 1 2 THE GOD A VER Y DISTRICT. according to the census taken in November 187 1. According to the quinquennial returns of 1866-67, it was 189,233, so that the subsequent increase has been 17,652. The number of Hindus is 203,668, and of Mohammedans, 3215. This Taluk is the strong- hold of Brahminism in the District. It contains 44,378 houses, of which 41,565 are inhabited. The area assessed by the Settlement Department is 68,962 acres, bearing an annual assessment of 203,301 rupees. The land revenue of the Taluk, including water cess, P6sh- kash, and all the sundry items, is 559,226 rupees. This Taluk is irrigated by three main canals from the Annicut, namely, the Lolla canal, the Gannavaram canal, and the AmaUpuram canal. These supply water to all the various branch irrigation chan- nels. The main canals are navigable. The principal products of the Taluk are paddy, Bengal gram, horse gram, cow gram, green gram, black gram, red gram, gingelly and lamp oil seeds, coriander, fenugreek, mustard, jonna, cumboo, raggy, tobacco, chillies, onions, garhc, turmeric, cocoa-nuts, areca- nuts, and sweet plantains. The central part of the Taluk is noted for its cocoa-nut, areca-nut, and plantain plantations. The soil is of the following descriptions : — Alluvial, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, arenaceous loamy, arenaceous sandy, arenaceous heavy sandy. This Taluk is fiat. Some of the villages are swampy. The Vasishta, the Gautami, the Old Gautami, the Vainat^yam, and the Kausika branches of the Godavery flow through portions of this Taluk, or along its border, in their course to the sea. In the bed of the Vasishta Godavery there are valuable islands formed by accumulated deposits of silt. This Taluk is very rich and productive ; and it is generally healthy, but in the cold season it is somewhat feverish. The principal towns, with their population, according to the census of 187 1, are — AmaMpuram .... 7083 Palivela . . , . 5315 Ambdjip^ta .... 3657 R^H ..... 3470 There is no special industry in the Taluk. A good deal of cocoa- nut oil is manufactured. The principal trade is in cocoa-nuts, areca- nuts, cocoa-nut oil, paddy, grains, and oil seeds, cloths, and cotton twist. This Taluk is noted for its luscious plantains and its various GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. i 3 vegetable productions. These are exported by sea or by tlie navi- gable canals to Cocanada, Rajalimundry, EUore, and other parts of the District for local consumption. The out-turn of the harvest and the value of the same can bo approximately stated as follows : — Out-turn in Garccs. Value in Rupees. Paddy . . . 9186 459»3oo Dry grains . . . 2660 106,400 Cocoa-nuts . . . 1000 60,000 Betel-nuts . . . 1000 36,000 Nearly half of the paddy and grain, and one-third of the vege tables grown, is consumed within the Taluk, and the rest is exported to the other towns in the District This Taluk imports no articles from other localities, salt excepted. 4. Tanuku Taluk. The Taluk of Tanuku is composed of 180 villages, both Govern- ment and Zeminddri, 88 being Government villages, 65 Zeminddri villages, and 27 Shr6triyam Agrahdrams. It is situated in the south of the District, and is bounded on the north by the Ellore and Yarnagiidem Taluks, on the south by the Narasdpuram and the Bhlmavaram Taluks, on the east by the Vasishta branch of the Godavery and the Amaldpuram Taluk, and on tho west by the Koldru (Colair) lake and the Taluk of Ellore. The estimated area of this Taluk is 866 square miles. Tho population is 167,491 souls, of whom 164,705 are Hindus, 2637 Mohammedans, and 100 Christians. According to the quinquennial returns of 1866-67 the population was 152,052, so that the subse- quent increase has been 15,439. There are 33,719 houses in tho Taluk, of which 33,655 are inhabited. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including assessment, water tax, the permanently- settled Bdriz, and other miscellaneous items, is 614,234 rupees, as particularised below. Rupeea. Land assessment . . . . 155,802 Water cess ..... 292,192 Permanently-settled B^riz and Shr6triyam J6di 127,810 Other miscellaneous items . . . 38,430 614,234 1 4 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. The rates of assessment are the same as those of the E4machan- drapuram Taluk. This Taluk has a perfect supply of Annicut irriga- tion. The following are the chief canals which traverse it in various directions :— The Kdkaraparru canal, the Venkayya canal, part of the Ellore canal, and the Attili canal. These are available both for irrigation and navigation. From these, several branch channels have been cut for the supply of water. The products of the Taluk are chiefly paddy, Bengal gram, horse gram, green gram, black gram, and red gram, gingelly and lamp oil seeds, hemp, coriander, fenugreek, mustard, jonna, cumboo, raggy, tobacco, cliillies, onions, garhc, turmeric, and cotton. The soil is of eight different sorts, namely, alluvial, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy. The Taluk is generally flat, but productive and healthy. The principal towns, with their respective populations, are — Tanuku . . . , . . 2192 E^langi ..... 4554 Penugonda . . . . .3094 Attili ..... 5878 Tanuku is the headquarter station of the Tahsildar. There is no special industry in this Taluk ; the chief trade being in paddy, grain, and cotton. The approximate average out-turn of the harvest in each of the above-named articles and its corresponding value are as under- mentioned. Out-turn in Garces. Value in Rupees. Paddy . . . 14,220 853,200 Grain . . . 1,360 54j4oo Cotton (in puttis) . . 2,334 280,080 Nearly half of the two articles first named are consumed in the Taluk, as is also about one-third of the cotton produced. The remainder is exported. There are no imports. 5. BHfMAVARAM TALUK The Taluk of Bhlmavaram consists of 148 villages, namely, 88 Government villages, 57 ZemindAri and Proprietary villages, and 3 Mokhdsds and Agrahdrams. It is bounded on the north by the Taluk GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 15 of Tanuku, on the south and east by the Taluk of XarasApuram, and on the west by the Kol^ru lake and villages in the Klstna District. The area of the Taluk is 416 square miles. The population, according to the last census, is 92,457, which is 5631 more than in 1866-67. Of these, 91,229 are Hindus, 1134 Mohammedans, and 92 Christians. There are 21,269 houses in the Taluk, of which 19,285 are said to be inhabited- The assessed area of the Taluk is 81,814 acres, being an annual assessment of 171,812 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk, including land tax, water cess, quit-rent on Inams, the P^shkash of the estates, &c., amounts to 376,565 rupees. The new Settlement rates were brought into operation in this Taluk from Fasli 1272^ This Taluk is well supplied with means of irrigation. The prin- cipal canals are the Undi canal, the Cliinna Kdparam canal, the G68ta Nadi, the Akuvidu canal. The principal product is white paddy. Gingelly-oil seed, horse gram, and raggy are cultivated in a very few of the villages. The soil is of five different kinds, namely, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, and alluvial The whole surface of the Taluk is flat Numerous channels inter- sect it on all directions. The principal towns with their population are shown below. Undi ..... 1758 Akuvidu ..... 1916 Gunupiidi ..... 1150 Vlravdsaram . . . .4145 There is no special industry in this Taluk. The trade consists chi(^fly in paddy, which is taken in large quantities to Nursapore, Masulipatam, Rajahmundry, and Cocanatla for sale. The traders are principally the agriculturists themselves. The approximate average out-turn of the harvest of this Taluk, with the value, is mentioned below. Out-turn in Garces. Value in Rupees. Paddy 10,070 5o3»5oo Grains 695 27,800 Nearly half of the produce is consumed in the Taluk itself, and the rest is exported. 1 6 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. 6. Eajahmundry Taluk. This Taluk consists of 469 villages, namely, 94 Government vil- lages, 369 Zeminddri and Proprietary villages, and 6 Agrahdrams. The 369 villages entered as Zemind^ri and Proprietary include some very insignificant hill villages. It is bounded on the north by the villages of the Bastar country, on the south by the Taluk of Rdmachandrapuram, on the east by the Taluk of Pedddpuram, and on the west by the river God- avery. The area of the Taluk is 2058 square miles, and the population, according to the last census, is 128,901. The quinquennial returns of 1866-67 stated the population as 100,924, so that the subsequent increase has been 27,977. 124,899 of the inhabitants are Hindus, 3562 Mohammedans, 15 Buddhists, and 324 Christians. There are 34,534 houses in the Taluk, of which 32,715 are reported to be inhabited. The area assessed by the Settlement Department is 76,962 acres, bearing an annual assessment of 129,676 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including the land tax, the permanently-settled P^shkash of the estates, and other miscellaneous items, amounts to 155,832 rupees, as particularised below. Rupees, Land assessment . . . . 107,275 Permanently-settled P^shkash and Shr6triyam Jodi 1 4,09 2 Other miscellaneous items . . . 28,787 Water cess, including Tirvajdsti , . 5^678 155.832 There are many large tanks in the .Taluk, of which the Kotapalli tank, the Gummalladoddi tank, and the G6kavaram tank are among the principal. There is also a channel called the " Burada Kdlava," which rises in the hills, and falls into the river Godavery. The principal products are paddy, jonna, raggy, cotton, tobacco, and dry grains, such as cow gram, black gram, green gram, red gram, and oil seeds. The soil is of eight different kinds, according to the following classification : — Alluvial, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 17 The Taluk is partly hilly and partly flat. In some places it is very rocky. The principal towns, together with their respective populations, are shown below : — Rajahmundry . . . . 19,738 Dowlaishweram . . . 7,252 Rajahmundry is the headquarter station of the Session and Dis- trict Judge, of the Sub-Collector, of the Superintendent of Pohce, of the Executive Engineer, and of the Subordinate Judge. The Dis- trict MunsifF also has his court here. A central jail has been established in Rajahmundry, to wliich prisoners from dijQferent Dis- tricts are sent up for confinement. There is also a Government Provincial School. The special industry of the Taluk is the manufacture of cotton carpets. A considerable trade is also carried on in tobacco and in dry grains. These products are brought in large quantities to Rajahmundry for sale. The approximate average out-turn of the harvest in each grain, with the corresponding values, are shown below : — Out-turn in Qaroes. V*Iue in Rupees. Paddy • 5,026 31,560 Jonna • 1,226 61,300 Raggy • • 934 32,690 Grains * • 2,134 85,360 Cotton (in puttis) . 1,228 147,360 Nearly half the amount produced is consumed 1 m the Taluk, the remainder bein g exported. There are no imports. 7. PeddIpuram Taluk. Tliis Taluk consists of 213 villages, namely, 156 Government vil- lages, 54 Zeminddri and Proprietary villages, 3 Agrahdrams and MokhdsA villages. It is bounded on the north by the Vizagapatam District ; on the south by the Rajahmundry and lUmachandrapurani Taluks ; on the east by the Cocanada, Pittdpuram, and Tuni Divi- sions ; and on the west by the Taluk of Rajahmundry. The area of the Taluk is 506 square miles, and the population, according to the last census, is 111,489. Of these 109,586 are Hindus, 1 90 1 Mohammedans, and 2 Christians. The number of in- B 4o 1 8 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. liabited houses is 31,156. In 1866-67 the population was reported to be 101,539, the subsequent increase being 9950. The area assessed by the Settlement Department is 71,083 acres, bearing an annual assessment of 128,082 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including land tax, per- manently-settled P^shkash, and other miscellaneous items, amounted to 229,640 rupees, as particularised below : — Rupees, Land assessment .... 123,953 Permanently-settled P^shkash and Shrotriyam Jodi 8 8, 7 49 Other miscellaneous items , . . 15,963 Tlrwajasti and Fasaljasti , • . 975 229,640 This Taluk is irrigated from the Y^l^ru river and the channels branching from it, and from various tanks. The principal products of the Taluk are paddy, sugar-cane, cotton, and dry grains — such as Bengal-gram, green-gram, red-gram, cow- gram — timber, bees'-wax, chillies, turmeric, and soap-nuts. The soil is of eight kinds, namely, alluvial, permanently im- proved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy. The greater part of the Taluk is hilly and jungly, A small por- tion is flat. The tanks and channels are very numerous. Peddd- puram is the headquarter station of the Tahsildar, and contains, besides, the District Munsifif's Court. The principal towns, together with their respective populations, are shown below : — Pedddpuram • • • • 9,202 Jaggamp^ta . , . . 3,759 Y^l^shwaram , . , 3,050 The Taluk has no special manufacture, but its trade consists chiefly in jaggery, chillies, turmeric, tamarinds, cotton, gingelly-oil seed, and soap-nuts, of which it produces large quantities. These are carried to Cocanada both for consumption and exportation. The approximate average out-turn of the harvest in each grain, together with its corresponding value, is given below : — GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. Out-turn in Garces. Value in Rupees. Paddy . 6,058 363,480 Grains 3>274 130,960 Sugar-cane (in puttis) 750 11,250 Cotton ( do. ) 2,012 241,440 About one-fourth of the above quantity is consumed in the Taluk itself, the rest being exported. There are no imports. 8. Ellore Taluk. This Taluk consists of 250 villages, namely — Government villages . . . ,92 Zeminddri, Proprietary, and AgrahArams, &c. . 100 Shr6triyam villages , . . .58 250 The following are the boundaries of this Taluk : — the Nizam's ter- ritory on the north, the Colair lake and the Tanuku Taluk on the south, the Yarnagiidem Taluk on the east, and the Kistna District on the west The area of the Taluk is 729 square miles, and the population is 136,875. Of these 128,606 are Hindus, 7996 Mohammedans, and 269 Christians. There are double the number of Mussulmans in this Taluk than in any other. In 1866-67 the total population was reported as 118,735, the subsequent increase being 18,140. There are 36,518 inhabited houses in the Taluk. The arable land assessed by the Settlement Department is 91,877 acres, paying revenue amounting to 82,138 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including land tax, water cess, quit-rent on Infims, and the P(5shkash of the estates, amounts to 200,540 rupees. The high-level canal from Vij^shwaram to Ellore passes through the Taluk, and it is joined by the Bezwdda canal at Ellore, where the waters of the Godavery and the Kistna unite. Both canals are navigable, and there is thus through communication by water between Rajahmundry and Ellore, Several branch channels from these canals supply the villages about Ellore. A few villages are irrigated by the two mountain streams called the Tammil^ru and the lidmil^ru. 20 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. The principal products of the Taluk are paddy, jonna, and grains, such as Bengal-gram, horse-gram, green-gram, black-gram, &c. The soil is of seven different kinds, namely, alluvial, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy. The greater part of the Taluk is rough and jungly ; the southern part, especially in the neighbourhood of the Colair lake, being flat. There are numerous tanks, large and small, in the upland villages. The principal town is EUore, with a population of 25,487. It is the headquarters of the Head Assistant Collector. The offices of the Tahsildar and of the Executive Engineer, and the court of the District Munsiff", are also in EUore. The special industry characterising this Taluk is the manufacture of fine woollen carpets and saltpetre, EUore being particularly noted for both. The trade is principally in paddy and other dry grains, as well as in carpets, in saltpetre, and in timber from the Nizam's territories. The approximate average out-turn of the harvest of the Taluk in each grain, with its corresponding value, is mentioned below : — Paddy , , Jonna Qrains Nearly half of the produce is consumed in' the Taluk itself, and the rest is sent for sale to Masulipatam. There are no imports. 9. YarnagiJdem Taluk. This Taluk consists of 203 viUages, namely — Government villages .... 94 Zeminddri and Proprietary villages , , 92 Agrahdrams do. . . 17 203 It is bounded on the north by the Nizam's territory, on the south by the Taluk of Tanuku, on the east by the river Godavery^ and on the west by the Taluk of EUore. The area of the Taluk is 1249 square miles, and the population, according to the last census, is 145,715, being 15,332 more than in Out-turn in Garces. Value in Rupees. 6,500 325,000 3,686 184,300 1,496 59,840 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 21 1866-67. Of these, 142,049 are Hindus, 3656 Mohammedans, and 10 Christians. There are 40,139 inhabited houses in the Taluk. The assessed area of the Taluk is 82,490 acres, bearing an annual assessment of 95,517 rupees. The revenue of the Taluk for Fasli 1282, including land revenue, water cess, the permanently-settled Beriz, and other miscellaneous items, amounts to 193,232 rupees, as particularised below : — Rupees. Land revenue . . • . .89,283 Water cess . . . . . 4,566 Permanently settled Peshkash and Shrutriyam J6di 72,658 Miscellaneous items . . , . 26,725 193.232 The new Settlement rates have been in operation in the Taluk since Fasli 1276. A few villages towards the southern part of the Taluk are watered by the EUore canal, and other parts of the Taluk are irrigated by means of tanks and mountain streams. The principal products of the Taluk are paddy, Bengal-gram, red- gram, horse-gram, and cow-gram, gingelly and lamp-oil seeds, cum- boo, jonna, raggy, cotton, timber, and bamboos. The soil is of eight different kinds, according to the following classification : — Alluvial, permanently improved, regur pure, regur loamy, regur sandy, red clay, red loamy, red sandy. The surface of the Taluk is rocky and jungly in most parts, but level towards the south, and near the Godavcry. The upper portions of the Taluk are very unhealthy and feverish in the rainy and cold seasons. The principal towns, with their respective population, are men- tioned below : — Yarnagiidem . , , . 2,084 P6lavaram . .. . . 2,734 MAdhavaram . . . . 2,240 TAllapiidi .... 1,405 Yamagudem is the headquarter station of the Tahsildar. There is no special industry in this Taluk, if we except the manufacture of coarse blankets made of sheep's wool. The trade is 22 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. cliiefly in dry grains, cotton, oil-seeds, and timber, as well as jungle products, such as honey, bees'-wax, &c. .The approximate average out-turn of the Taluk harvest in the different grains, with their corresponding values, are mentioned below : — Out-turn in Garces. Value in Rupees. Paddy . . . Ij88i 112,860 Jonna . . . 6,340 253,600 Other grains . . 2,606 104,240 Nearly half the produce is consumed in the Taluk, the remainder being exported. There are no imports. BHADRiCHALAM AND EeKAPALLI. The Taluks of Bhadrdchalam and R^kapalli were transferred from the Central Provinces and annexed to this District on April i, 1874. Together with the Rampa country, which had hitherto been in the Taluk of Rajahmundry, they have been constituted by the Scheduled Districts Act an agency under the Collector of this District as Agent. The Upper Godavery District, of which these Taluks lately formed a part, was transferred to the British Government by the Nizam in i860. They are part of a large estate, the greater portion of which is in the Nizam's territories, on the south of the river. The District was at that time settled. The inferior proprietors hold their lands under the superior proprietor, who pays the Govern- ment dues. The amount collected in 1872-73 was as follows : — Bhadrachalam. Kekapalli^ Rupees. Rupees. Collected by the inferior proprietors 7,551 6,421 Out of this had to be paid — Government demand 4,862 4,728 Road fund 115 96 School fund 115 96 Dawk fund 32 25 Superior proprietor's share . 657 435 Village servants . . 1,862 551 7,643 5,931 The population of Bhadrdchalam is estimated at 22,837, and that of Rekapalli at 8896. ( 23 ) CHAPTER II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND OTHER PLACES OF IMPORTANCE. EAJAHMUNDRT — DESCRIPTION OP THE TOWN — THE CHURCH AND MISSION — THE COURTS — THE JAILS AND SCHOOL — COCANADA — DOWLAISH- WEIIAM—SAMULCOTTA— ELLORE — NURSAPORE— CORINGA — KdTlPHALl — HINDU PAGODAS — BHADRACHALAM, The town of Rajahmundry (Rdjamah(5ndravaram) is situated in Latitude 17° N., and in longitude Si'* 45' 49" E.* It is 365 miles from Madras. It is built on elevated ground, on the left bank of the Godavery, 30 miles from the sea. It consists of one principal street, about half a mile in length, which is rather narrow and confined •where it passes through the bazaar, but is wider and more airy as it passes through the southern suburb, and of several narrow lanes which branch from the chief street on either side, those on the west sloping down to the river. The great northern trunk road enters the town at the north-east Another road branches from it, and skirting the town on the east, and passing through the eastern sub- urbs, joins the main street at the entrance of Innespet, whence it i.s continued as the road to Dowlaishweram. Innespet is the southern suburb. It was called after Mr. Innes, formerly Civil and Session Judge of Rajahmundry, and afterwards one of the Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Madras, who planned and laid it out. It is arranged on a systematic and regular plan, the roads intersect- ing each other at right angles. These are broad and airy. The land was given to those who desired to build houses there on most * Ou the ludian Atlaa the longitude is given as 81° 50'. Mr. Trelawny Saunders, of the Geographical Department of the India Ofi&ce, who has kindly given me the correct latitude and longitude of each place, informs me that the longitude of the Indian Atlas is based on the adoption of 80° 18' 30" for the longitude of the Madras Observatory, following the observations of Goldingham and Lambtoji. The longitude now adopted by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, consequent on Colonel Tennant's investigations, is So" 14' 19" east of Greenwich. 24 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. reasonable terms, and many of the wealthiest and most influential inhabitants of the town reside there. Most of the houses in this quarter are situated a little apart from the streets, and have a httle ground in front of them, in which cocoa-nut and other trees are planted. The Sub-Collector's Office, the Tahsildar's Cutcherry, the Telegraph Office, and the Provincial School are situated in this part of the town. The District and Session Judge's Court is on a portion of the old rampart overhanging the river to the north of the town. It is an old building, but situated on a most picturesque site. The Subor- dinate Judge's Court is not very far from it on the left of the road which runs into the great northern highway. The District MunsifF's Court is at the angle of the road at the foot of the hill on which the District Court is built. The houses of the European residents are to the north and north-east of the town. Two are on the river-bank, and the others further inland. The Church is built on a green plain which was formerly used as a parade-ground, and is now employed for a similar purpose by the police. It is a pretty structure, very much the same as other eccle- siastical buildings in up-country stations in India. It is surrounded by a verandah, and there is a tower at the west end. It was finished in 1864, and was consecrated by the Bishop of Madras in 1867. There is a Protestant Mission at Kajahmundry connected with the American Evangelical Lutheran Church. Three houses at the north- east corner of the town are the property of the Mission; two are used as the dwelling-places of the missionaries, and one as the place of worship, which is attended by all the native converts in Kajah- mundry itself, and by all the native converts in Marumonda and the other outlying villages, who come in thither on special occasions. The number of native Christians connected with the Lutheran Mission is about 400, including upwards of 100 communicants. They belong to twelve villages. The majority of them belonged, before their conversion, to the Mdla caste. Not one of them is wealthy ; but, on the other hand, not one is poor enough to need support out of the mission funds. The catechists are supported out of these funds, but the teachers are paid by local subscriptions. The expense of the Society, including building expenses, amount to about £(ioo a year. The principal mode of work is itinerating preaching. There are elementary schools, in which the children of the native Christians receive free instruction ; but those who are being educated I DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 25 with a y\&\f to their becoming mission agents, attend the Govern- ment schools for thsir secular education, and receive religious instruction from the missionaries. The Mission was commenced by the North German Missionary Society, and the Rev. L. M. Valett took up his residence for tliis pur- ])Ose at Rajahmundry in 1840. In 1845 ^^'^ ^^' ^* ^' Gronning and the Rev. F. A. Heise came out to the Telugu country, the former going to Ellore and the latter remaining at Rajahmundry. In consequence of financial embarrassments in Germany, the North German Mission- ary Society were obliged to give up their Indian Mission, and trans- ferred their property to the American Lutheran Mission in 1851. Messrs. Gronning and Ileise joined that Mission ; and Mr. Valett having gone to the London Mission at Chicacole, Mr. Heise carried on the work at Rajahmundry, and Mr. Gronning proceeded to Gun- toor. In 1856 the whole charge of the missions in Guntoor, the Palnaud, and Rajahmundry, devolved on Mr. Gronning, owing to his fellow-labourers having to leave the country on account of their health. In 1858 Rev. A. Long came out from America, and estab- lished a new mission at Saraulcotta, and Mr. Heise returned for a short time to Rajahmundry. On his leaving, Mr. Gronning returned, and remained at liajahmundry, la]x)uring with much zeal and success till 1865, when sickness and bereavement compelled him and his family to return to Europe. Mr. Long then took up his residence at liajalimundry, but died of smallpox in the following year. Ownng to difficulties, both in respect to men and money, occasioned by the American Civil War, it was found impossible to carry on the mission- work at all the Society's stations, and for a time the charge of the Mission at Rajalimundry was undertaken by the agents of the English Church Missionary Society. Meanwliile arrangements had been made in America to transfer the Mission to the General Council of the Lutheran Church, and the late Rev. Dr. Heyer, a venerable missionary, nearly eighty years of age, volunteered to go out and superintend tlie missions at Rajahmundry and Samulcotta until others could be sent. He remained there about eighteen months, having the satisfaction on leaving of handing over the native Chris- tian Church to two Danish missionaries, the Rev. H. C. Schmidt and the Rev. J. K. Poulsen, who are now labouring with earnest zeal and devotion in their great Master's service.* * For the details of t-he above sketch, I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. H. C. Schmidt^ 26 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. Between the Church and the Subordinate Judge's Court there is a bright and pleasant garden, which is open to all classes of the com- munity. It is a People's Park on a miniature scale. It is kept up by the funds of the Museum, which is situated within it. This building is a plain and simple structure, consisting of a large hall, in which are arranged several cases containing various geological and zoological specimens, with two small rooms at the end, one of which was for some years used as a reading-room for the natives and Eurasians, and the other for an office. It is surrounded on three sides by a spacious verandah. The Museum was occupied as the Zillah School from May 1862 to February 1865. There was, of necessity, very little done during that time to forward the legitimate objects of the institution itself. On the removal of the school, however, to the house built expressly for it in Innespet, the Museum was repaired, and several additions were made to the collection of specimens.* A strenuous effort was made in 1866 and 1867 to make it more attractive, and also to make it useful and instructive by con- verting it into an industrial exhibition of the products and manu- factures of this District and of the adjoining Districts. A microscope, a telescope, some models of steam-engines, and other articles, were ordered from England. A coloured picture of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen was procured at the same time, and it proved a great source of attraction to the people. Crowds from the country round, especially on the occasion of a native festival, came to see the picture of the great Queen. The number of visitors for a period of ten years is appended : — 1865-66 7,070 1870-71 15*500 1866-67 11,386 1871-72 18,860 1867-68 11,237 1872-73 30^0^8 1868-69 i3»447 1873-74 25,447 1869-70 8,808 1874-75 20,588 There are two jails at Eajahmundry — the District Jail and the Central Jail. The former is now used only for the accommodation of short-sentenced prisoners, and of those under trial. It was built in 1806, and enlarged in 1838. It was very strongly built, but at one time it was terribly overcrowded, and the mortality in it was very great. It has recently been thoroughly cleansed, and, the over- crowding having also been stopped, it has been rendered quite healthy. * Admiuistratiou Report of the Madras Presidency for 1865-66, p. II9. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 27 The Central Jail was begun in 1864, and was gradually completed. It receives prisoners from all the Telugu Districts from Cuddapah to Ganjam. It is constructed on the radiating principle, a tower con- taining the Superintendent's office and other rooms being in the centre, and the various wards branching from it Hke the spokes of a a wheel. Everything going on in the large yards which divide the several wards can be seen from this tower. The hospital is situated in the south-west angle of the building. The various wards are divided into large and well-ventilated cells containing from four to six prisoners in each. There is also a separate ward for women superintended by a matron. Manufactures of various kinds were early commenced in the Central Jail. The principal are the manu- facture of carpets, mat and basket^making, spinning, carpentering, besides tent-making, paper-making, and pottery.* The scheme for ensuring good conduct among the convicts, by enabhng them to earn a remission of a portion of their sentences by steady and orderly behaviour, was introduced in the year i868.t Convict servants were also employed, such employment being made a reward for good conduct. Several of the convicts were appointed warders, and were found, on the whole, to be zealous and efficient in their new duties, and deprivation of such employment was looked on as a disgrace. The best behaved prisoners were also appointed overseers of the working gangs and parties. The convict-warders, as a body, work well. Their chief failing is in their not sufficiently asserting their authority ; but this is attributable in a great measure, if not entirely, to the fear of interference on behalf of the paid warders. The Central Jail has been a great success from a sanitary point of view. Abundance of room and fresh air, a most healthy situation, regular employment for the convicts, and a good and wholesome system of diet, all contributed to this desirable end. The old diet of rice has been done away with, and the new system of feeding the prisoners on millet, raggy, and the other dry grains of the country has been adopted. At the same time a regulated allowance of animal food, fresh vegetables, oil, condiments, and salt has been substituted for the uncertain and iiregular distribution of such articles which formerly prevailed. It has been proved that the health of the * Administration Report for 1868-69, P* 3^« t A description of this system is given in the Administration Report for 1809-70, p. 42. ^ 8 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. prisoners improved after the introduction of this new system. Patients admitted in a scorbutic condition rapidly recovered, and the frequency of other diseases considerably decreased. " It must be remembered," as it was pertinently remarked at the time, " that by the introduction of the system of feeding prisoners mainly with the staple grains of the country in lieu of rice, and supplementing these by a due proportion of animal and vegetable food, the people are provided mth the kind of food which nine-tenths of them have been accustomed to use as free labourers, for, in Southern India, except on the sea-board and amongst the wealthy, rice has never been the ordinary food of the people." * The headquarters of the police are at the entrance of the town on the north-east. The Superintendent of Police usually resides at Rajahmundry, and the Assistant- Superintendent at Nursapore, various inspectors being stationed at the large towns throughout the District. The houses in the town are chiefly constructed of nmd, many of them now being tiled. The thatched roofs were the frequent cause of fires, and they have very generally been superseded by tiles. Almost all the houses are of only one story, two or three only on the river-bank and near the main street being of two stories. Some of the shops in the bazaar are built entirely of wood. The town is interspersed with trees, principally tamarind and cocoa-nut. It looks most picturesque from the Godavery, and its sloping streets, its leafy surroundings, and the towers of its principal pagoda have a most pleasing effect as they are viewed by those who approach the town by water. The pagoda just mentioned is an ancient building situated on the western slope leading to the river. The principal mosque was built in the reign of the Emperor Mahomed Toghluk. There is a Persian inscription over the entrance door, of which the following is a translation : — " This mosque was erected by Sherif Salar Ulvi, in the reign of the Emperor Mahomed Toghluk and in the time of Humayun Gajjar, on the 20th day of Eamzan, Hijri 724," or A.D. 1324. The population of Rajahmundry, according to the last census, is 19,738. Of these 17,970 are Hindus, 1629 Mohammedans, and 132 Christians. In 1854 it was stated to be 14,700. The country in the neighbourhood of the town is low, and is chiefly composed of * Administration Report for 1S70-71, p. 196 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 29 black cotton soil. Paddy is principally grown to the north and south. To the east there is a rise in the ground, which is covered with stunted jungle, interspersed with palmyras. The prevailing winds in January and February are from the north, but there is occasionally a sea-breeze in the afternoon. During March the wind usually blows from the south or south-east, and in April and May it is generally west or south-west. This land-wind is very hot and fierj'. The south-west monsoon commences from the 8th to the 15 th of June, and the wind blows continuously from the south or south- west, sometimes with great violence, till October, when the north- east monsoon commences. The freshes in the river commence soon after the first rains, but are generally highest in July and August. A high fresh in the Godavery is a magnificent and exhilarating sight. Swollen and turbid with the innumerable streams frorff the mountain torrents in Central India, it rushes down in its full strength, bearing everything before it, and carrying on its tumul- tuous surface drift-wood, the carcases of animals overtaken by the rising waters, and the dthris collected on the banks of the river itself and of its confluent streams. The whole town is astir on these occasions. The inhabitants collect on the bank to draw in the drift-wood, as it passes, to be dried and used as firewood for the ensu- ing year, while scores of boys and men swim out into the stream for the same purpose, supported by a log, which serves them as a kind of catamaran. The river is not much affected by the north-east mon- soon. It subsides in November, and continues to fall till March, when it generally continues about the same height duruig the hot weather. It is kept to a tolerable height by the barrier at Dow- laishweram, and, of course, falls according to the quantity drained off from that structure for agricultural purposes; but, before the Annicut was built, it was reduced in the hot weather to a mere narrow stream, passing through the centre of a wide expanse of sand, and the inhabitants of the town had sometimes to go daily a mile or more for water. The Government School at Rajahmundry was established in 1854. It was originally one of the four Provincial Schools sanctioned by the Government of India for the Presidency of Madras. As it was opened before the appointment of educational inspectors, it was placed under the management of a committee composed of the prin- cipal European and native inhabitants. The first headmaster, Mr. Black, opened the school with eighty boys. In consequence of its 30 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. diminished numbers, and of the low degree of proficiency attained by the pupils, it was subsequently reduced to the grade of a Zillah school; but the standard of instruction was improved, and the numbers again increased, so that when the school was removed to the new buildings specially erected for it in Innesp^ta, the number on the roll was 155. Mr. Black was succeeded by K. Kuppaswdmi Shdstri Gdru, the second master, who, for some time, kept up the tone of the school with great efficiency and vigour. Mr. Barrow, a graduate of the University of Oxford, took charge of the school in 1868, and in the following year it was again con- stituted a Provincial School. It was intended to educate up to the standard of the First Arts Examination ; but a class for this purpose was not properly formed until the arrival of the present head-master in December 1872. Mr. Metcalfe, a graduate of Cambridge, is now head-master. The present number of the pupils on the roll is 220, and the average attendance 169. At the commencement of 1873 a small collegiate class was formed. The most recent report of this school is very favourable. In 1874-75 three out of five candidates passed the First Examination in Arts, and twenty out of twenty-one pupils succeeded in the Matriculation examination. On March 31, 1875, there were twenty- three pupils in the F. A. classes, which number has since increased to thirty, so that in this respect Eajahmundry now stands second among the Provincial Schools. A school for caste girls was established a few years ago, and has since been principally supported by the liberality of the Maharajah of Vizayanagaram. CocANADA (KAkin^da), which is the headquarters of the Collector of the District, is situated on the coast in 16° 57' N. lat., and 82° 13' 49" E. long. At the last census the population was 17,839. Of these 16,750 were Hindus, 595 were Mohammedans, and 455 Christians. It really forms one continuous town with Jagannddhapuram, for- merly a Dutch settlement, from which it is separated by a small tidal river. The handsome bridge which now connects the united towns was completed in 1865. It is an iron-girder bridge. Sixteen out of the eighteen girders were manufactured at Dowlaishweram, but the cast-iron cylinders for the piers were procured from England by contract. The entire cost of the bridge was 16,000 rupees. Cocanada has been gradually growing in importance on account of its increasing trade. A great impetus to its trade was given DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS, 3' during the American Civil War, when large quantities of cotton from Ountoor and the surrounding cotton-growing country were shipped from Cocanada, which was found to be a more commodious and convenient harbour for trans-shipment than Masulipatam. The shipping in the Eoads of Cocanada has much increased of late years, and constant communication is kept up with Calcutta, Madras, and Rangoon. In consequence of the increase of trade, the number of merchants residing at Cocanada has greatly increased, and many mercantile houses have been established by English, French, and Oerman merchants. A branch of the Bank of Madras has been opened there, and has flourished in a most satisfactory manner. There are 2957 houses in the town, and its prosperity may be estimated by the fact of 55 of these being terraced, while there are only two terraced houses in the larger town of Rajahmundry. Only 459 houses are tiled, while 2439 are thatched. The chief exports from Cocanada are cotton, gingelly oil seed, sugar, and rice ; and the principal imports are iron, copper, gunny bags, and various liquors. Statements showing the value of both the exports and imports at this port during the eight years, commencing from 1864-65 and ending with 1871-72, are appended. These statements have been copied from those kept in the oflSce of the Superintendent of Sea Customs. Statement showing the Exports at the Port of Cocanada FOR Eight Years. Articlfs. 1864-65. 1866-86. 1866-67. 1867-48. 186a-«9. 1869-70. 1870-71. 1871-72. Valok. Vai.de. Value. Valcb. Valuk. VALUt Vaujb. Value. Rice . . Paddv . Cotton ) Goods Jaggery ) & Sugar S Bhoot- ) gram j Gingelly ) oil seeds f Castor 1. oil seeds ; Tobacco . Chillies . Cotton . Sundries Total . Rupees. 26,635 26,685 79,521 957,654 46,1.36 17,719 463,160 25,820 145,504 4,590 2,918,515 ■225,134 Rupees. 247,591 178,466 264,419 408,267 145,827 50,937 524,190 21,303 59,895 19,374 5,5^3,139 509,974 Rupees. 1,0.37,730 426,675 332,412 841,920 79,249 66,206 70,787 90,910 74,867 132,366 1,364.933 915,988 Rupees. 358,213 156,774 290,033 46,982 98,708 38,697 1,066,962 133,966 68,749 68,845 1,206,692 698,208 Rupees. 639,354 378,448 195,326 667,609 179,065 42,947 926,800 330,106 9.3,615 64,713 2,826,426 791,977 Rupees. 186,662 268,263 276,775 326,425 in,215 7,519 2,256,132 34,218 240,965 16, .384 3,580,924 810,582 Rupees. 686,707 77,212 253,205 199,852 10,125 3,473 1,469,015 47,483 108,163 10,035 1,645,454 797,210 Rupees. 489,633 58,613 227,714 107,342 109,104 2,975 834,218 878,442 219,160 2,529 4,202,100 1,121,036 4,910,478|8,013,377 5,434,043 4,151,829|6,936,386 8,175,949 5,306,939|8,252,876 32 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. Statement showing the Imports at the Port of Cocanada FOR Eight Years. Articles. 1864-65. 1665-66. 1866-67. 1867-68. 1868-69. 1869-70. 1870-71. 1871-72. Value. Value. Value. Value. Value. Value. Value. Value. Paddy . Rice . . Iron . Copper . Twist . Wood . Rupees. 7,264 203,037 11,122 2,379 4,406 8,160 Rupees. 5,705 27,857 7,755 3,630 65,537 4,551 Rupees. 21,735 8,442 8,609 7,582 912,981 5,721 Rupees. 468 354 13,347 3,978 268,269 27,117 Rupees. 8,398 5,201 27,819 13,400 364,501 10,015 Rupees. 4,693 36,753 7,112 462,813 561 Rupees. 17,434 68,318 49,240 8,075 561,762 2,216 Rupees. 475 66 31,575 11,071 491,552 1,359 Gunny ) Bags ; Paper . Liquors Cotton . Sundries Total . 7,619 16,216 75,679 65,344 159,739 176,233 132,609 141,281 231 25,779 32,634 142,768 1,420 47,067 198,948 321,039 4,174 59,400 26,085 456,422 7,154 57,819 2,741 578,148 2,946 81,546 808,609 6,243 106,717 1,056;830 7,109 108,263 647 729,484 9,570 103,672 695,956 445,404 699,722 l,586,830!l,024,739 1,482,174 1,857,958 1,685,16{ 1,486,580 The Lighthouse at the entrance of the river at Cocanada was completed in 1865. The total outlay on it, including the flag-staff, groynes, &c., was 73,011 rupees. Unfortunatel}^ owing to the extension of the Delta northward, and to the shoals off the north- east end of Hope Island, it has been found that both this lighthouse and that on Hope Island are out of position, and, consequently, of little value to ships bound for Cocanada. The Protestant Church is situated on the open plain at Jagan- nAdhapuram adjoining the houses of some of the European residents. The hospital for seamen is a pleasant, airy building, near the church. It was completed in 1856 at a cost of 3437 rupees, and was sub- sequently improved at a further cost of 1996 rupees. A portion of the amount originally spent on it was raised by public subscription. There are three printing presses in Cocanada, namely, that con- nected with the Printing Press Company, one belonging to Messrs. Abel, Will, & Co., and the Collector's official press. The only news- papers are the " Cocanada Advertiser," which is a purely mercan- tile organ, though the news of the District sometimes appears in it ; the " Suddhiranjani," a Telugu weekly paper, containing various extracts and translations ; and the official " District Gazette," pub- lished in diglott. The line of steamers between the Northern ports and Madras commenced running in 1858-59. This was the nucleus from which the present frequent communication afforded by the British DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 33 India Steam Navigation Company started, but it was only gradu- ally developed. There had been a fitful communication for some time, but it was so intermittent that no dependence could be placed on the movements of the steamers. A Government steamer now and then touched at the ports, but at rare intervals, and with- out any semblance of regularity. The Government of Madras had long advocated a periodical communication with Burmah, princi- pally as a means of enabling the sepoys to return to their own country when sick ; but the first practical proposal emanated from the Supreme Government to establish a bi-monthly line between Madras and Rangoon, including Masulipatam, Cocanada, and Viza- gapatam. The advantage thus obtained was not only that of a regular communication with those ports which gave easy access to the Nizam's dominions and the Northern Circars ; but it enabled the steamers to make the voyage during the stormy seasons with greater facility, as they would cross the Bay at a point where it is 160 miles narrower than at Madras, and on a course which brings the wind in both monsoons to a more favourable quarter. As the number of steamers at the disposal of the Government was not very great, and the number of troops to be transported was large, they entered into negotiations with Messrs. Mackinnon, Mackenzie, & Company, agents of the Bengal Steam Navigation Company, to take the line off their hands; but these negotiations failed. The line was worked by the Government from May to October 1859; but the steamers were run with great irregularity, and the Govern- ment, feeling persuaded that private enterprise was more likely to ensure the successful working of a line of mail steamers than they, invited tenders from private companies or individuals for undertaking this useful and important work. The only persons who made offers in answer to these tenders were the agents of the Bay of Bengal Steam Navigation Company. A contract was entered into with them. The principal points in this contract were, that they should despatch one steamer a month from Madras to Rangoon, touching at Masulipatam, Cocanada, Vizaga- patam, and Bimlipatam both ways ; that they should receive a sub- sidy of 4500 rupees each voyage for carrying the mails j and that they should be guaranteed 7500 rupees for each voyage as Govern- ment freight and passage-money. The steamers commenced run- ning on tliis line on January 11, 1861. This arrangement was continued until March 1862, when it ceased. With the reduced c 34 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT, number of regiments in Burmah, it was found that tlie advantages of the line were not commensurate with the expense incurred ; and, moreover, the arrangements were not of a character to merit confidence. Complaints were constant, and they were generally neglected. On one occasion it was found necessary to fine the con- tractors, because one of the vessels left Cocanada without waiting the specified time, and before the mails could be put on board. Mr. J. Mackinnon, the managing partner of the Company, went out to India with the object of organising a comprehensive system of steam communication along all the Indian shores. The project included a line between Calcutta and Bombay, calling at Madras and the other intermediate ports. This was the origin of the British India Steam Navigation Company, which has since attained gigantic proportions, and now vies, even on other ground than that originally occupied, with the great Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Com- pany.* DOWLAISHWERAM (Dauleshwaram), about five miles to the south of Kajahmundry, was formerly a place of greater importance than it is at present, in consequence of its being the headquarters of the corps of Sappers and Miners, and the very centre of the life and activity occasioned by the construction of the Annicut. It is still the headquarters of the District Engineer. There is a Government workshop, where a good deal of work is done for the Department of Public Works. The value of the work turned out is about 170,000 rupees a year. Most of the houses of the former European resi- dents have fallen down or are in thorough disrepair, the only habit- able houses being near the river. The old houses were on the rocky hills in the neighbourhood. The population of Dowlaishweram is 7252. There are good stone quarries in the neighbourhood, the quantity annually worked out from them being on the increase. The average quantity despatched from them during the last three years was 30,000 cubic yards. SAMULCOTTA(Ts4marlak6ta), situated 28 J miles from Eajahmundry, was formerly a military station ; but the troops have been removed, and the cantonment has been abandoned. There are still the remains of the barracks, which were erected in 1786, and the officers' houses. Before the cession of the Northern Circars it was the resi- dence of the Rajah of Peddapore. It was originally intended to * Administration Reports for 1858-59, p, 303; 1859-60, p. 103; i86o-6r, p. 87 ; 1864-65, p. 63. Lindsay's History of Merchant Shipping, vol. iv. p. 455. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 35 Lave a regiment of sepoys stationed at Peddapore itself, whJch is only two miles distant; but the site of the late cantonment was considered to be more advisable. There was formerly a fort, but it was pulled down, and the moat filled up in 1838, in consequence of the offensive state of the ditch and the rank vegetation, which pro- duced disease. The village is insignificant ; but, in case it should be considered advisable to place a regiment there again, it may be recorded that it is very healthy, and the inhabitants remarkably long-lived. There is a small river to the south-east. Its bed is usually sandy, except during the monsoons. There are but few tanks in the neighbourhood, but there are two wells in the old cantonment, which furnish good and drinkable water. The soil is alluvial, and the surrounding country cultivated. The site of the cantonment is 70 to 80 feet above the level of the sea, which is eight miles distant.* It is connected with Rajahmundry and Cocanada by canal. It is situated in a central spot, and aff'ords an excellent strategical position for the command of this portion of the Northern Circars. The town of Ellore (Yeliiru) is situated in latitude 16° 43' N., and in longitude 81° 5' 49" E. It is 315 miles from Madras, and is 50 miles north of Masulipatam. It is called by the natives Uppu Y^liiru, or Salt Ellore, to distinguish it from Vellore, which gene- rally goes by the name of R4i Y^liiru. It was formerly the capital of the Circar of Ellore, which, together with the Circar of Conda- pilly, occupied the whole of the country between the rivers Goda- very and Kistna. When the Northern Circars were divided into districts, it belonged to the District of Masulipatam, and was con- nected with it till 1859, when it was transferred to the Godavery District on the redistribution of the Districts of Guntoor, Masuli- j)atam, and Rajahmundry. Ellore is the largest town in the District, and contains 25,487 inhabitants. Of these 5046 are Mussulmans, who chiefly reside in the Lines, 20,253 ^^® Hindus, and 188 Christians. There are a great number of Mussulman inhabitants, and the manufacture of carpets is carried on by them. In the northern part of the town there are the remains of an old fort, which was built by the Mohammedans in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, from the materials of the pagodas in the neighbouring city of Vengi, which * Report on the Medical Topography of the Northern Division. 36 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. were then captured and rifled. The little river Tamaleru, which rises in the neighbouring hills, divides the town into two portions. Several suburbs surround the town. The country round is flat, with hills in the distance. The soil is chiefly black cotton, and the cultivation paddy. The climate is very similar to that of Masuli- patam ; but, being further inland, it is hotter, and there is less sea- breeze. The land-wind during April and May is very violent and hot ; and, on the whole, the climate is not so agreeable as that of Masulipatain or Eajahmundry. A regiment, or a detachment from a regiment, was stationed at Ellore for many years, but it has now ceased to be a military station. The cantonment was situated to the south of the town on the Tamaleru.* Ellore is now the head- quarters of the Head- Assistant Collector. The town of Ellore has of late years greatly increased in popula- tion and improved in cleanliness. The first is due to the opening of the canals from Bezwada and Rajahmundry, which has brought a great deal of traffic to it, and drawn to it a considerable amount of the surplus produce from the surrounding country. It was always regarded as a cheap place to live in, and, though the canal has had a great effect in equalising prices, the necessaries of life can still be procured at a cheaper rate in the bazaars of Ellore than in any of the neighbouring towns. The improvement in its sanitary condi- tion is due to, the municipality established a few years ago. The supply-channels from the great tank near the town used formerly ta send the water over the mainroad, and, during the cultivating sea- son, the mud and water used to be ankle-deep in some of the prin- cipal thoroughfares. The different channels of the river Tama- leru were very filthy. This state of things has now been changed. Good metalled roads have been made through the town. Public- latrines have been built at convenient places. A band of sweepers, superintended by East Indian overseers, clean the town daily, and the appointment of the town poHce, both for the preservation of the peace and for the supervision of all necessary improvements, has^ had the most beneficial influence on the well-being of the people. A European inspector generally has charge of the police, but it is sometimes left in charge of a Mussulman inspector. There are about fifty policemen employed in preserving order in the town. Besides the Head Assistant Collector, the Tahsildar, and the Inspec- * Medical Topography of the Northern Division, p, 36. Pharoah's Gazetteer, p. 55- i DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 37 tor of Police, who are ex officio members of the municipality, one of the European residents and five or six members of the native com- munity are on the board. The revenup and magisterial charge of the town and Taluk was entrusted at first to a Deputy-Collector for general ollam, and others, had then no existence, the country about them being at that time a continued forest. That tliis kind of inundation is called in the Gentoo language Uppena, That GoUapoondi Nagy Chitty then lived where he still does, at a village called Dungaroo (Dangeru), about four coss to the westward of Coringa. "What degree of credit is due to the above report I cannot pretend to determine, much less can I venture to suggest what influence it ought to have upon the judgment and determinations of the Honourable Court. I <'0uld not, however, reconcile to myself the idea of concealing from them what information I could gain upon the subject, of how little importance soever the communication of it may be to their future -deliberations and decisions." * Writing subsequently on the causes of the inundation of May 20, 1787, which, though not so terribly fatal in its efi'ects, was very similar to the inundations at Masulipatam in 1683 and 1864, Mr. Topping says : — " I have considered with some attention the aff"air of this inunda- tion, which, though a very extraordinary phenomenon, I do not think could be caused by an earthquake (as is generally supposed at Madras), but am of opinion might have arisen from a combination of other causes, which I take to be as follows: Firstly, From a violent and long-continued gale from the north-east, at a time when the south-west monsoon should prevail, and had actually set in anany weeks previous to it, checking the northerly current, and forcing the waters back upon the coast Secondly, From the con- figuration of the coast itself, peculiarly favourable to such an accident at such a crisis, as may be seen by inspecting a chart of it from Ganjam to Point Gardewar, particularly noticing the sudden pro- jection of Point Gardewar, and the situation of Coringa in the recess or cul de sac of a bay. Thirdly, From the peculiar circumstances of the tides, in which it is to be observed that the inundation not only happened at the spring- tides, but at those of the new moon. That the moon had just passed her perigee. That her declina- tion was about 22° north, and that, consequently, she had passed the meridian for several days together very near the zenith of Coringa. In short, there happened at that fatal juncture a union of almost * Selections' from the Records of the Madras Goverament, No. xix. On the Harbours and Ports of the Northern Circars, p. 22. 54 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. every cause that could have a tendency to elevate the waters of the sea ; besides (the most powerful one of all) the furious gale before mentioned, which, I understand, blew during six days without inter- mission. It appears from observations that the moon not only transited the meridian very near the zenith of Coringa for several days together, but that she had been at her nearest distance from the earth at a previous time very nearly calculated to cause the highest tides that can possibly happen."* After careful observations and diligent sounding, Mr. Topping came to the conclusion that Coringa possessed very great advantages as a port. " It had a safe anchorage, smooth water, a central situ- ation between Madras and Bengal, on the sea-coagt of the Company's- own territories, a free and safe communication at all times with the shore ; besides the inferior (though not unimportant) considerations of provisions being much cheaper and better than at Madras, equally good water, and, in particular, great plenty of firewood. It is trua docks for large ships cannot be made there, because the flat, project- ing mud-banks render the river and shores inaccessible to vessels. drawing more than ten feet ; but ships may be hove down keel out, if necessary, nine months in the year in the bay. ... It is not possible (in my opinion) for a vessel, either light or loaded, to re- ceive injury by getting on shore in any part of the Bay of Coringa. Vessels, after losing all their anchors and cables, may, and do, run in here, where they find a secure retreat from the heaviest gales that blow, even from the sea-quarter. It is, however, to be supposed that I except such extraordinary and tremendous convulsions of nature as- that which happened in May 1787. . . . Captain Anderson has in- formed me that, in December 1784, when he commanded the ' Grey- hound ' Packet, that vessel lay in the Bay of Coringa (the ^ Pigot,*^ Indiaman, being in company) during one of the heaviest gales from the eastward he ever knew ; that, to his astonishment, he found no sea running, and that his vessel grounded in the soft mud on the lee shore, where she lay perfectly quiet and secure. I, therefore, beg to refer you to the journals of those ships for collateral evidence of what I have positively asserted in my Report of the Bay of Coringa, viz., that it is a place of great security for shipping at every season of the year."t After taking careful and accurate soundings in that part of the * Selections from the Records of the Madras Government, No. xix. p. 29. + Ibid., p. 30. THE PORTS OF COCANADA AND CORING A. 55 coast, Mr. Topping came to the conclusion that there was no prac- ticable passage from the sea into the Godavery between the Coringa river and Hope Island. " These soundings," he wrote, " were taken by way of ascertaining, past all possibility of future doubt, the existence or non-existence of a passage for ships into the Godavery this way ; and I can now take upon me to affirm that there is not at low water time five feet water in any part of this track." * Mr. Topping also constructed a tide-table, after careful and elaborated observations. It appears from this that the rise of water was 12 to 45 feet, and that, during the springs, the night tides frequently exceeded by several inches those which happened in the daytime, t In the year 1802, Mr. Ebenezer Roebuck, a private individual resident at Coringa, constructed a dock there capacious enough to receive any ship of the Royal Navy not drawing more than 14 feet of water. He spent a large sum of money on this work, which he hoped would prove of national importance and utility. This dock was 155 feet long, and capable of receiving a ship of any length. The breadth at the bottom was 51 feet, and 76 at the top. The masonry at the bottom was 5 feet thick, and consisted of large stones and brick, with beams laid transverse and lengthways for the blocks to rest upon. These were nearly 2 feet high, consisting of two pieces for the convenience of shifting when any work was required for the keel. In common spring- tides there were from 13 feet 6 inches to 1 4 feet of water at the dock gate, and during a great part of the year from 14 feet 2 inches to 15 feet. The gate, which was a floating one, was 48 feet wide. The dock was drained by two steam-engines, so that the rise and fall of the tide was of no consequence so far as related to the dock, and the engines were of sufficient power to drain the dock in a few hours. % H. M. S. " Albatross " and other vessels were repaired in this dock ; and as it was considered important that they should be inspected by a scientific officer, the Governor in Council directed that Lieutenant Warren, the Acting-Astronomer and Marine Surveyor, should pro- ceed to Coringa, and make an accurate survey of the river and port at that place. This survey was to be made in communication with the commander of the frigate " Wilhelmina," the Honourable Archi- bald Cochrane, who was directed by the Commander-in-Chief of the * Selections from the Records of the Madras Government, No. xix p. 28. t Ibid., p. 2. X Ibid., pp. 74, 98. 56 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. East India Squadron to make every exertion to get his ship over the flat at the bar of the river and into Mr. Roebuck's dock. After being lightened of her guns and upper masts, she drew 13 feet 6 inches of water, which was rather more than Mr. Roebuck had stated to be conveniently practicable. The attempt was, however, perfectly suc- cessful, and the ship entered the river without sustaining any damage whatever. Lieutenant Warren reported most favourably of Mr. Roe- buck's dock, and submitted to the Government a most interesting Report on the practicabiHty of large vessels entering the river ; but as Coringa has ceased to be used now as a port by the ships of the Royal Navy, and other large craft, it will be sufficient if I repro- duce only the conclusions at which he arrived. " I am of opinion," he wrote to the Chief Secretary in December 1805, "that, in the present state of the flat at the entrance of the river, any ship not drawing more than 12 feet 6 inches water may easily enter it in two springs, at any time of the year ; and certainly in one, if assisted by anchors previously placed on the passage. I further think that the time of any vessel entering the river will be considerably shortened if undertaken during the north-east monsoon, as there is (particu- larly in the month of November) a very perceptible increase of water in the bay, when the wind blows south from that quarter. And, lastly, I am of opinion, that if two canals were cut across the windings of the Coringa river, the navigation of the river, which is now in great danger of being destroyed, may be preserved and improved." * In 1855, the late Captain Christopher Biden, then the zealous and indefatigable Master- Attendant of Madras, paid a visit to the Northern Districts, and prepared a most excellent report on the ports of Coringa, Cocanada, and Nursapore. He had visited the same coast in 1846, and the observations which he then made enabled him to draw up a Memorandum for the guidance of com- manders of vessels bound for Cocanada or Coringa, which was pub- lished for general information in the " Fort Saint George Gazette " in October of that year. The chief practical result of this report was a clearer marking of the shoal off" the harbour of Coringa for buoys. The lighthouse on Hope Island was raised 20 feet, and the illuminating power of the light was increased. * Selections from the Records of the Madras Government, No. xix. pp. 104, 65. THE PORTS OF COCANADA AND CORINGA. 57 A survey of the coast in the neighbourhood of Cocanada and Coringa had previously been determined on, and in 1857-58 it was carried out by Lieutenant Taylor of the Indian navy. An admi- rable chart was prepared by him and Lieutenant May of the same service. "When Sir Charles Trevelyan visited Cocanada in 1859, he put on record that the harbour had been much improved by the simple expedient of straightening the mouth of the river, and extending it into the sea between groynes of rough stone. He thought, too, that the old bed of the river, which is rendered useless by this .straight cut, would furnish ample space for enlarging the harbour lace on the portion of the coast included in this District. The fine iron ship ''Eajpoot," i333tons burden, was wrecked off Nur- sapore in 1866. This was, perhaps, the most remarkable wreck that * Administration Reports for 1859-60, p. 109. t Ibid, for 1871-72, p. 114 ; for 1872-73, p. 130 ; for 1873-74, P- 94' THE PORTS OF COCA NAD A AND CORING A. 65 ever occurred on this part of the coast, both on account of the mode of her loss and the magnitude of the interests involved. The loss was entirely attributable to great inaccuracy in the compasses, which seem to have been deranged by the influence of the iron of whicli the ship was constructed, and to gross carelessness in the reckoning. She was bound from London to Calcutta with passengers, and with a cargo valued at ;^ 130,000. The passengers and crew met with no mishap, but were safely landed, by means of jack-stays, run from the mast to the shore. Tliis result was owing, in a great measure, to the exertions of a missionary residing at Nursapore, who had formerly been an ofl&cer in a merchant vessel. The cargo was rescued, with the exception of a few tons which were thrown over- board. The vessel was subsequently floated. A formal inquiry was made into the causes of the wreck, and the commander was reprimanded, and it was recommended that the certificate of the chief ofiicer should be suspended for six months ; neither of which sentences were confirmed, owing to some irregularity in the finding. The greater part of the cargo was conveyed to Calcutta by the barque " Calliope," Captain Simmons, which was at the time lying in the roads at Masulipatam, and came to the rescue. Two suits were subsequently instituted in the Civil Court for salvage, and for the value of the charter-party for conveying the cargo to Calcutta, both of which were given in favour of the master of the " Calliope." The most important wreck, however, in regard to the greatness of the loss, was that of the " Sacramento." The " Sacramento " was a fine steam frigate belonging to the navy of the United States, and she was on a voyage round the world, with the object, as one of the officers stated, " of showing the American flag " in the most con- siderable ports on the globe, at the conclusion of the civil war. She had already been to many places in South America and Africa, and was proceeding from Madras to Calcutta via Cocanada when the disaster occurred. She was commanded by Captain Collins, a most distinguished officer, who was supported by a chosen company of officers, naturalists, and savants. At 7.30 on the evening of the 19th of June 1867, she ran on a bank about sixteen miles south of Hope Island light, and two and a half miles off" shore. Every assistance was rendered by the marine and other authorities at Cocanada, for which the Government of the United States expressed their hearty thanks. No lives were lost, for the weather was fine, and the sea smooth. A raft containing twenty-nine officers E 66 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. and men drifted out to sea, and they were eventually picked up by Captain Ballantine of the British India Steam Navigation Company's vessel " Arabia," who put back to Cocanada with them — a service which was acknowledged by the Government of the United States by the presentation of a gold chronometer. ( 67 ) CHAPTER IV. PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT. FERTILITY OP THE DISTRICT — THE DELTA — PRINCIPAL CROPS — GLANCE AT THE ZOOLOGY — FISHES OP THE GODAVERY — MANUFACTURES — GEO- LOGICAL SURVEY — HEALTH OF THE DISTRICT — DISEASES OP CATTLE — LANGUAGE — CASTES — CONDITION OP THE PEOPLE — THE KOIS OR HILL TRIBES. The Godavery District is exceedingly fertile. With reference to its productive powers it may be broadly divided into two parts — the upland and the plains. In the former there is comparatively little cultivation. What there is consists principally of dry grains, as there is very little irrigation, except from tanks and from the mountain streams. The upland part of the District is, however, A ery wealthy in forest productions. Abundance of teak is grown on the banks of the river, and a great quantity of timber is floated down the stream from the interior. The most fertile part of the District is in the plains, and especially in the Deltas, which are under the influence of the irrigation from the Annicut. In fact, tliis tract is as fertile as any part of Southern India, not excluding Tanjore, which has justly been called "the garden of the south." The principal crops are rice, millet, Indian com, sugar-cane, cotton, hemp, and gingelly-oil seed. The staple crop grown in the District is paddy, the chief varieties being white and black paddy. The cultivation of the wet crop is now commenced much earlier than could be the case formerly, when the ryots were obliged to wait for the first fall of rain or the first rising of the river. This rarely occurred before the middle of June. Now the seed-beds, being watered from the channels, are often pre- pared in May, and the young shoots are ready for transplanting by the time the freshes fill the channels, a month or so later. The harvest is, consequently, hastened, and the first crop of white paddy is reaped by the middle of January, the black being sometimes 68 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. earlier. The other cereals are raggy, which is generally sown ia July, and reaped in November ; jonna or millet, sown in October, and reaped in January; korra {Pannicum Italicum), and gante or sazza {Holcus spicatus), which are usually sown in July, and reaped in September or later ; and varagu, which is sown in December, and gathered in February. These crops are grown in dry land, in which also black paddy is sometimes cultivated. The latter is seldom sown alone, but is generally mixed with dhall or with cotton. The chief green crops are dhall, gram of various varieties, such as Bengal gram, horse gram, green gram, &c. ; fenugreek, gingelly- oil seeds, and mustard. They are sown from July to October, and reaped in January and February. The extent of ground taken up by the cultivation of paddy has- most considerably increased of late years. It may roughly be stated as five times larger than it formerly was. The quality of this cereal cannot be said to have improved in itself, but very much more of it is grown. A great proportion of dry land has been converted into wet, and paddy is now produced on it instead of the former dry crops. Kice, which is the staff of life of the great majority of the people, is called by different names in the various stages of its growth. The seed is called mttulu ; the growing paddy is vari ; the paddy^ dhdnyam ; rice, Uyyam; and boiled rice, annam. The following is a brief statement, showing the extent of the exceptional crops, such as cotton, sugar-cane, and indigo, grown in the District, and the assessment levied on them for nine years^ namely, from Fasli 1273 (1863-64) to Fasli 1281 (1871-72). Fasli. Cotton. SCGAR-CANB. Indigo. Extent. Assessment. Extent. Assessment. Extent. Assessment. 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 I281 Acres. 21,372 39,375 21,115 33,123 17,445 24,563 29,270 23,572 22,053 Rupees. 58,296 101,884 49,149 58,187 34,134 46,695 51,009 39,773 42,386 Acres. 5,387 5,535 5,810 5,453 6,983 6,694 4,259 5,294 6,386 Rupees. 69,993 74,998 72,266 59,425 78,559 70,972 46,463 55,388 59,205 Acres. 423 179 460 850 357 1,080 2,210 1,747 921 Rupees. 1,004 449 1,199 1,231 544 1,849 7,085 6,037 2,123 PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 69 From this statement it will be observed that very little indigo is grown in the District. The much higher rate of assessment on sugar-cane than on cotton is due to the former being grown prin- cipally on wet land, and the latter on dry. Various species of fibrous plants are grown in the District. In the year 1854, during the Crimean War, when the trade with Kussia fell off, the attention of the Madras Government was attracted to the subject of the fibres of India, and they made an effort to point out to the population of this Presidency the advantages likely to result from the more extensive cultivation of fibrous plants. A deficiency was at that time felt in the supply of flax and hemp for the English market. Expectations were raised that India would be able, in a great measure, to meet this demand. Abundance of hemp and other fibrous plants are grown there ; but, as their value was not sufficiently appreciated by the ryot and the merchant, too little gu is a fibrous plant, the leaves of which are used as a vegetable in curry, and from the fibre of which a coarse gunny is made. It is not extensively cultivated, because it diminishes tlie^ productive power of the land on which it is grown. The fibre is- prepared in the same way as that of hemp. Each putti is calculated to yield 2200 bundles, each giving about 2 J viss, or 68 7 J maunds,, valued at 68 7 J rupees, at one rupee a maund. It is planted in July, and comes to maturity in September. A great number of cocoa-nut trees are grown near the coast, where the sandy soil is most favourable for them. Large plantations are to be seen in every direction, especially in the Taluk of Amalapuram, and the returns from them are exceedingly lucrative. The following is a brief account of the mode of cultivation. Young plants of a year's growth are planted out, and watered for six years, after which they do not require much water. The trees generally bear fruit about the ninth year after transplantation. The expenses of cultivation are stated to be 668 rupees for a putti of land^ namely, 140 rupees, being the price of 600 young plants; 48 rupees being^ the value of the labour required for planting them ; and 480 rupees being the wages of labourers employed to water and tend the trees until they come into bearing. When the trees begin to bear fruit, the value of the produce of a tree, exclusive of the fibre, is estimated at about 1 2 annas a year, making the total value of the produce in a putti of land 300 rupees. The cocoa-nut tree yields an excellent fibre. The quantity of fibre in the above extent of land is esti- mated at 150 maunds, yielding Es. 93-12-0, at 10 annas a maund. The fibre is prepared by the outer covering of the cocoa-nut being^ moistened, and beaten with wooden mallets, when the fibre has- thus been loosened. The coir thus obtained is twisted into ropes. The fruit is exported, but very little of the fibre.* Palmyras and date-palms are also very abundant, particularly^ near the coast. Toddy is, consequently, very common. Fruit \^ abundant. There are large plantations of plantains, pumple-noses, * Selections from the Records of the Madras Government, No. xxiii. pp. 13, 131^ PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 71 and oranges, in the Taluks of AmaUpuram and Nursapore. Some (»f the plantains are of a most excellent flavour, particularly the Tsakara keli, which receives this name on account of its peculiar sweetness. The Dutch brought a capital kind of orange from Batavia, and planted it at Palcole. The oranges there still retain the name of Batdi ndrinja pandu, or the Batavian orange. Palcole is also famous for its excellent pumple-noses and pine-apples. A very luscious orange with a loose skin is. grown among the hills ; but it is so difi'erent from the thick-skinned species that it has received an entirely different name in Telugu — Kamald pandu. Natural History. Bison are found in the hills, and the range of mountains which runs at right angles to the Gorge, where the Godavery enters the District, is generally called in English the Bison Range, because of the numerous bison to be found there. There are also tigers, cheetas, bears, hyaenas, and wild pig in these hills. Wolves are sometimes seen. In the plains there is an abundance of antelope, spotted deer, and other large game, while the various tanks swarm with wild duck, teal, and other aquatic birds. There are a great many alligators in the Godavery. The Godavery abounds with good fish, some of which come up from the sea, and others are purely fresh water fish. Since the construction of the Annicut, however, the number of fish in the river above it has very much decreased. In 1 868, Dr. Day, who had been commissioned to make inquiry into the whole subject of fisheries throughout India, visited the District, and his interesting account is here quoted. " The fisheries at Rajahmundry are neither farmed out nor let ; and from the year 1855 to 1862 only 24 rupees a year were received by Government for them. It appears to be a common scramble who can take the fish, irrespective of their age or condition. At present there is a tax of one rupee on every house inhabited by fishermen. This they appear to consider gives them a right to the fisheries. I ap- plied to the Tahsildar for further information respecting this, and he explained that, since 1862, * the tax on them was inflicted, and is being collected by the Municipal Department.' About thirty persons fish with cast-nets, and it appears to be a tacit agreement that the fisher- men from Rajahmundry do not go to Dowlaishweram, and vice versa. "Before the construction of the Annicut, sea fish were by no means uncommon opposite the town ; but now they have become 72 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, comparatively rare, and it is quite futile to expect to obtain large fish above the Annicut. The anglers appear to have but little sport, they sit hours and hours on the stone wall or elsewhere, bait- ing their hooks from time to time with coagulated blood, but they as frequently return home without as with anything worth catch- ing. This great diminution in the number and size of fish taken by angling is said to be only of very recent years. I obtained a few sable fish {Clupea palasa), C. and V., which had evidently depo- sited their roe, and about loo fry of the same species, apparently about a month old, and also the Scicena coitor, H. B., thus distinctly proving that sea fish may either ascend the river over the Annicut, or come up the irrigation channels. There appears to be a large demand for fish, and the sable and other species ascend during the south-west monsoon when the freshes come down. " Rising 1 5 feet from the bed of the river, the wall of the Annicut is 14 feet 6 inches broad at its summit. From its rear, or sea face, it forms a smooth curve technically called an " ogee curve." This is 29 feet in length, having a descent of 8'6 feet; whilst beyond this portion are large racked stones, terminating in a retaining wall, the whole of this latter being 35 feet in length, having a descent of 3 feet ; whilst still further from the Annicut is a rough stone apron 114 feet in length, with a perpendicular descent of 6*9 feet. It will, consequently, be seen that for the last 29 feet, prior to reaching the Annicut wall, the ascent is a curved and perfectly smooth wall. It is asserted that up this the sable ascend, when the freshes are so high that there is no perceptible ripple over the top of the Annicut, and this, although theoretical, is probable. As to their ascending up the under-sluices it is simply impossible. Since the construction of the Annicut, the fishing for the sable at Dowlaishweram has greatly increased, for they are now detained and captured in large quan- tities below that structure, whilst waiting for a fresh to enable them to ascend. " The Dowlaishweram fishermen work in gangs of from nine to twenty in each under one head man. The fish are disposed of by sale, and the proceeds divided into shares. The usual plan appears to be for each gang to possess two boats, with one long net, which is fastened at either end of the stern of each boat. These boats are then paddled round a large circuit of water, and thus taken down stream; and, gradually bringing the outer end of the net round, they tow it on shore. About four hauls are made daily by each PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 73 gang. I saw forty-five sable fish captured at the first liaiil by three gangs of eight men each ; this was considered only a moderate take. Ten of the fish were out of season from having deposited their ova. They looked dull about the eyes and head, and had a flabby, un- wholesome feel. These had, no doubt, dropped their ova below the Annicut, for it is very improbable that, having once passed over it to spawn, they could return the same season, unless down the irrigation channels. Not a single one of the fry was taken below the Annicut on this or on any subsequent occasion. Each adult fish is worth about six pie. The sable is said to be taken in the greatest number in the freshes of July, August, and September, wliilst about the middle of October it commences to disappear from the river, which is getting clear. Owing to the comparative slug- gishness of the Godavery it can be netted through much of the freshes. Some of the fry leave as late as March, and go down the irrigation canals to the sea. Besides being captured by long seine- nets, the sable are taken by means of cast-nets, and, when the sluices are open, even by baskets which are hung over the river close to the Annicut wall, so that, as they jump, they fall into them. " The fishermen state that there is no waste of fish taken from this locality ; that all captured are sold without any trouble, and they maintain that they could sell three times the amount now taken without the least difficulty. They universally agree that the num- ber captured is much less than it used to be, and that the fisheries liave been decreasing since the erection of the Annicut, whilst above that structure large fish have almost entirely disappeared for the last few years. ** I will now detail the various species of fish which I obtained in the Godavery : — List of Sea Fishes personally obtained in the Godavery, Bcientlfic and Telugu Names. Above Annicut. Balow Annicut. In Irri- gatioa CanalB. Size attained. Remarks. Sciaena coitor, C. V. Goraku, Tel . . . aupea palasa, C. V, Pulasa, Tel, . . . Pristis semisagittatus, Shas Yes. Yea. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. ? Yes. No. 7 in. 18 „ Large. Breeding. Do. " There are other species of sea fish which also ascend ; but these 74 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. I have omitted, as they come up more for the purpose of preying- upon the smaller kinds than anything else ; and the Annicut does^ not interfere with their breeding, but only assists them in procur- ing food. The fresh-water fishes I obtained were as follows : — A'CANTHOPTERYGiE. 1. Ambassis, Ahhurati and Balimkaku, Tel. 2. Goby, Gobius giurus (H. B.), Tsikidundu^ Tel. 3. Nandus marmoratus (C. and V.), Septi and Isoppitai, Tel. 4. Common walking fish, Ophiocephalus striatus (Bloch), Sowarah and Muttageddasa, Tel. 5. Fresh-water sand eel, Ehynchobdella aculeata (Bloch), Bom- middi, Tel. 6. Spined eel, Mastacemblus armatus (Lacep), 3Iudi hommiddi, Tel. 7. Small spined eel, Mastacemblus pancalus (H. B.), Pdparelu, Tel. SiLURIDiE. 8. Scorpion fish, Saccobranchus singio (H. B.), Mdrpu, TeL 9. Wallago attu (Bloch), Vdluga, Tel. 10. Eutropius taakree (Sykes), Salavajella, Tel. IT. Pseudeutropius atherinoides (Bloch), Akujella, Tel. 12. Pangasius buchanani (C. and Y.), Bankajella, Tel. 13. Silondia gangetica (C. and V.), Vanzu^ Tel. 14. Macrones cavasius (H. B.), Ndrajella, TeL 15. Macrones aor (H. B.), Mudijella, Tel. 16. Macrones tengara (H. B.), Sakujella, Tel. 17. Eita crucigera (Owen), Gudlajella, Teh 1 8. Bagarius Yarrellii (Sykes), Edtijella, Tel. Cyrindi^. 19. Catla buchanani (C. and V.), Bochche, Tel. 20. Cirrhina Leschenaultii (C. and V.), Amzu, Tel. 21. Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch), Rucliu and gandumenu, Tel. 22. Labeo gonius (H. B.), Mosul, Tel. 23. Labeo calbasu (H. B.), Nalla gandumenu, Tel. 24. Barbus? Fagamma, Tel. 25. Barbus guentheri (Day), Nilusu, Tel. 26. Barbus sophore (H. B.), Cheduperigi, Tel. or "Bitter carp.*^ 27. Barbus ambassis (Day), Kalai, Tel. 28. Crossochilus reba (H. B.), Pullarazu, Tel. PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 75 29. Thynnichthys 1 Kala iala and Aku chepa, TeL 30. Nuria danrica (H. B.), Kanissi, Tel. 31. Amblypharyngodon mola (H. B.), TaUamaya, TeL I 32. Aspidoparia morar (H. B.), Ulatsa, TeL I ^T,. Rohtee vigorsii (Sykes), Kunninga, TeL Ifc 34. Rohtee microlepsis (Blyth), Kilai, TeL Mr 35. Rohtee ogilbii (Sykes), Kunninga, TeL [■ 36. Chela bacaila (H. B.), Badishaya, TeL 37. Perilampus atpar (H. B.), Aku konissi, TeL* " From Do wlaishweram I proceeded to Cocanada down the canal, and took the opportunity of examining whether the sable fish make uso of that communication with the sea as a means of ascent and descent. At its mouth I was able to obtain several specimens of the mature lish, which is exceedingly common at that spot, but above the locks they were absent. Still it is my belief that these may have been the mature of young fry which had come down this means of exit from the Godavery to the sea. Above the first lock from the sea there were a considerable number of the young of the same size as those taken in the Godavery at Rajahmundry, thus conclusively showing that the fry are able to make use of this communication with the sea to descend from the river ; for, as already observed, the young fish cannot pass over the Annicut after the freshes are over, the water being too low. The only exit they find at Dow- laishweram is by the canal. The locks are opened several times a day for the purpose of admitting boats passing to and fro ; young fry have a natural tendency to go down stream, and thus wait clos»i to the obstruction until it is opened, when they will have little difficulty in descending, provided their capture at these spots is pro- hibited. I do not think, therefore, that at present it is necessary to incur any expense in building a fish pass at Do wlaishweram, as I found sea fish above that structure, and also traced the young down the canal towards the sea. The destruction of the fry in these canals is, however, on all hands admitted to be most disastrous. They are captured close to the locks, and wherever any impediment exists ; whilst when the water is cut off in the canals, and they are closed for repairs, the lower end becomes dry, and the fish must either die there, or pass into the paddy-fields and be destroyed. As these fish pass down from October to January or February, this destruction * Not having the Telugu words before me, I can be responsible for the trans- literation of those words only which I can find in Brown's Dictionary. — H. M. 7 6 THE GOD A VER Y DISTRICT. should be entirely prevented, and this alone would probably be one means of restoring the sable to the river. "At Cocanada there are about forty fishermen who formerly resided within the limits of the municipality ; but as their absence was con- sidered desirable, they were presented with a suitable piece of land on which to erect their village. They consider the best season for sea fishing commences about December, and although they salt fish, it is not of a good quality. They collect the saline effervescence from the marshes, and into this they put small fish, which are allowed to remain in it for twenty-four hours, and subsequently one day's drying in the sun is deemed quite sufficient. The smell of this preserved fish is abominable. It is their impression that good salt is too expensive for it to be profitable to them to use it in curing fish. They have a yearly ceremony about December, when they boil milk and rice together on the banks of the Godavery, which they then worship, and subsequently have a feast off some goats which are killed for the occasion. In the fresh-waters, and tanks fed by the irrigation canals, it is asserted there has of late years been a considerable falling off" in the quantity of fish taken, and con- sequently the price has risen. This falling off" of fish, however, can hardly be due to anything but the destruction of the fry, as I was fortunate enough to be able to ascertain. The Collector, Mr. Fraser, kindly allowed me to have one haul of a seine-net in a tank at Cocanada fed by the irrigation channel. For the last two years the water has been used for drinking purposes, and all netting conse- quently prohibited. In this haul twenty-seven large Bochchelu were taken, weighing from 5 lbs. to 9 lbs. each, besides an enormous number of small fish, consisting of the young of this species, and other inhabitants of fresh water. This was most interesting, show- ing the eff'ects of preservation ; such fine fish of this kind it would be simply impossible to obtain from any irrigation channels or tanks which are constantly netted." * Manufactures. The chief manufactures of the District are cloths, carpets, and cheroots. Most excellent cloths are made at Uppdda about ten miles north of Cocanada, and in several villages near Nflapalli and Nursapore. The weavers are, however, in a very impoverished con- dition, and this branch of industry has languished since the abolition * Proceedings of the Madras Government, Eevenue Department, 4th February 1869. PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. Jj of the close trade in the days of the East India Company's mono- poly. The fine turbans made at Uppada are still in great requisi- tion in the District. Tent cloth of superior quaUty is manufactured in the villages near Rajahmundry and in the Central Jail. Very good carpets are made in the town of Ellore by the Mohammedan inhabitants of the town, who are descendants of Persian settlers, and they are always kept in full employment, for the carpets are in great demand even in the English market. Excellent cheroots are made from the rich tobacco grown in the District, and are named "lunkas," from the islands on which the tobacco is principally grown. Curious toys, figures, and artificial fruits are made by a family of the Muchi caste at Nursapore. They are rather larger, but quite as lifelike, as the similar figures manufactured at Conda- pilly in the Kistna District. Excellent saltpetre is manufactured at Ellore, and cocoa-nut oil at Amaldpuram. Geology. In the year 1835 Dr. De Benza accompanied Sir Frederick Adam, the Governor of Madras, on a tour through the Northern Circars, and gave an account of the geological observations which he had made during the journey in the number of the " Madras Journal of Litera- ture and Science "for January 1837. His researches did not extend far beyond the high road, as his party traversed the District from Ellore to Tuni. The hills to the north are described as of granite forma- tion, intermixed with gneiss and amygdaloidal trap and calcareous tufa, with a scanty admixture of fine porcelain clay. To the east the hills are of sandstone, containing deposits of iron ore. In the Delta the soil is alluvial.* The geological survey of the District has recently been made, and it is expected that the results will soon be published. As the com- plete account, however, has not yet been given, the general character of the geological formation can be gathered only from the fragmen- tary notices which have already appeared. Sandstone extends from the Godavery near Bhadrdchalam until it is lost, about sixty miles farther south, beneath the coast alluvium in the neighbourhood of Ellore. To the south-east it stretches nearly as far as Rajahmundry, extending to the banks of the Goda- very at Polavaram, below the great gorge, in the metamorphic rocks through which the river runs. At Pangadi, about ten miles due west of Rajahmundry, on the opposite side of the river, the sand- * Thornton's Gazetteer. 78 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. stones are covered by the bedded dolerites of the Deccan trap, just as 300 miles in a direct line to the north-west, the same sandstones in the districts of Chanda and south-east Berar disappear beneath the same traps on the eastern verge of the great basaltic area of the Deccan. The beds of sandstone extending south of the Godavery towards EUore and Eajahmundry appear to differ in no important respect from the rocks in Ohanda. In the neighbourhood of these towns the sandstones are variegated in a peculiar manner. They are associated with numerous hard bands of ferruginous grit, and com- pact red and yellow shale. In one instance, they were found to have a semi-vitreous texture, which is very characteristic of some beds in Chanda and Berar. All these indications led to the con- clusion that these rocks were representations of the MmtU beds of Nagpore and Chanda. " Let it not be supposed," says Mr. W. T. Blanford, who discovered the existence of these rocks, " that this con- clusion is a mere abstract scientific matter, interesting to geologists, but of no importance to the world in general. In reality it involves the most serious question, whether coal can be discovered in the Madras Presidency." Hitherto no rocks with which coal has been associated in India had been found south of the Godavery. It was, therefore, very probable that, if sandstones belonging to the great series of the coal-bearing beds of Berar were found, coal would also be discovered, which eventually proved to be the case. The following are the limits of the MmtU sandstone area near Eajahmundry and Ellore. The northern boundary runs nearly east and west from Edigiidem on the Godavery to Paluncha. Thence turning sharply to the south, it passes first south, and then south- east to Chintalapiidi, twenty miles from Ellore, in the north-western angle of our District. From Chintalapiidi* the boundary must be continued to the south, passing just east of Nuzvld, whence it turns to the south-west, and finally reaches the alluvial plains of Ellore near Krishnavaram, a village sixteen miles west by south of Ellore. Kdmthi beds stretch along the edge of the alluvium from this point to the Godavery, trap intervening. The beds are, in general, flat or dip at low angles. Eocks of the DemMa group have not been discovered among them. The north-eastern limit of the sandstone area extends from the Godavery to Pondigul, twelve miles below Bhadrdchalam, through the western portion of the mass of hills which culminate at the trigonometrical station of Eajgota. PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 79 Passing a few miles east of Asliwarowp^ta, it trends nearly due east, in the direction of a point only a little south of Polavaram. The part of the Godavery District occupied by it may, consequently, be described as a figure of irregular shape contained between Chintala- piidij Ashwarowp6ta, P6lavaram, Pangadi, and Ellore. The hills west of Pangadi consist principally of trap, overlaid in part by sandstone or conglomerate ; underlying sandstone appears only on their northern edge, close to Dtidukiir. The fossiliferous limestone band is distinctly intertrappean, but at a small height above the base of the volcanic rocks. The trap is fine-grained and compact, decomposing into the usual soft earthy greenish rock. All around, the country is covered with black cotton soil, and agate fragments are scattered about. To the eastward the hills are thickly capped with ferruginous grit and conglomerate, precisely resembling that in the Kdmthis, and probably derived from their waste. This rock is well seen near Daicharla and south of the bungalow at Pangadi In the latter place it consists of coarse white speckled felspathic sandstone, yellowish-brown in colour, with ferru- ginous bands. The trap can be of but little thickness, probably not more than 200 to 250 feet It is seen on the road from Pangadi to Itajahmundry, and reappears north of the latter town, whilst the overlying sandstone appears to form the hills at Dowlaishweram. After Mr. Blandford had discovered and cursorily examined the area of brown and red KdmtU sandstones, which is to be found to the west of the Godavery opposite Rajahmundry, Mr. King had an opportunity of going more closely over the same ground, but with- out being able to discover any other locality in which rocks of a ilistinctly Bardkar character, that is, of the coal-bearing nature, oc- curred than the small portion seen by Mr. Blandford. As this was the only part of the Madras Presidency in which sandstones belong- ing to the Indian coal-bearing rocks had yet been found, Mr. King undertook a more minute investigation of them. The extent of the field was, however, very small, and it at first appeared to be desti- tute of any absolute indications of coal. The field of these beds is about five and a half square miles in extent, being situated on the head waters of a large feeder of the river Yerra kdlava, with the village of Beddadanole in its midst. It is thirty-eight miles west-north-west of Rajahmundry, and about four railed from the boundary of the Nizam's dominions near Ashwarowpdta. The nearest large village, Ganapavaram, lies a 8o THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. mile and a half to tlie south. The area of the sandstones itself i» covered by thick tree jungle, and is very thinly populated. The strata extend for some width on either side of the river ; on the left there is a width of little more than a mile with a length of something more than four miles, while the patch is narrower on the right, being about a mile wide in the middle and thinning off to the north and south. The rocks are thick and thin-bedded, coarse felspathic sandstones, rather friable, of white or pale grey and buff colours. They occasionally exhibit ferruginous concretions on the weathered surface. The dip is, as a rule, south-west or westwards at low angles of 2°, 5°, and 10°, and there are occasional undulations. In the small stream south of Beddadanole there is a tolerably con- tinuous outcrop of sandstones, having a general dip of 2° to 5° to the south-west, with frequent easy rolls all down the bed, until it debouches on the main stream. Very much the same kind of section is seen of the nullah north of the village, and again in a side stream further north. In the main river there are frequent outcrops of these sandstones below the junction of the first feeder mentioned above, and away in the jungle on either bank ; but the best outcrops are seen higher up at the watering-place north-west of Beddadanole, and thence upwards along the river course. Here there is a good deal of sandstone displayed on either side of the stream in thick beds, having an easy dip to the west. These are overlaid by a more compact and hard brown bed, which seems to mark the change upwards into KdmtU beds, as it is succeeded by thinner yellow strata, and then by the red purple and brown beds characteristic of that series in this part of the country. It is very difficult to estimate the thickness of the Bardlcars as developed in the area under notice, owing to the frequent rolling of the strata ; but as far as could be made out in the three stream traverses of the Beddadanole side of the field, there must be at least 300 feet without reckoning the strata on either side of the river which are not at all so clearly seen. To the west of the field the land rising to the flat-topped hills of Pirampiidi is all made up of Kdmthis, under which the Beddadanole Bardlcars may extend for any distance, though they will, if such be the case, be at too great a depth to justify mere trial boring, unless some better evidence of coal can be obtained from the sandstones now exposed. On the whole, it is very much to be feared that there is here only a small patch of Bardkars, which does not extend far under the Kdmthis, so ♦ PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 8i that, if coal were eventually struck, the quantity would be so small as to be merely sufficient for local use. The Kdmihis, considered to be, in part at least, representative of a higher series (Panchet), had thickened out greatly in this direction, and constituted the great area of sandstones to the north of Ellore and the west of the Godavery, which had in no case been found to contain coal. Mr. King ad- vised, however, that borings should be made, though he did not anticipate the finding of coal in any great quantity, in order that the question might be finally settled. The most important point, and indeed the only tangible point, was that the rocks of the Beddadanole area were Bardkars — that is, they belonged to the lower member of the Damiida series, or the coal-bearing rocks of India.* Coal-boring operations have recently been undertaken. No great amount of money was expended on them during the last year of which accounts have been received ; but the exploration is to be renewed with superior tools for the purpose to be obtained from England. A seam of coal of inferior quality, more than four feet thick, was discovered. Health. The Godaveiy District is considered one of the most healthy in the Presidency of Madras. The climate is comparatively equable, and, although it is very hot indeed during two months of the year, it is never very oppressive during the remainder. It may safely be asserted that there is no cooler or more healthy place in the plains than Nursapore. The mortuary returns, all imperfect as they are, are the only means of ascertaining the general health of the District, and they show that it can be compared favourably with that of other parts of India. The following is the death ratio per thousand for the six years commencing with 1866 : — 1866 i«67 1868 1869 1870 1871 zn 17-8 144 223 271 14-9 Tlie exceptionally high rate in this District in 1866 and 1870 can * Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. iv. p. 49; vol. v. pp. 28, 113. F 82 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. 1)6 accounted for by the destructive visitations of cholera which occurre4 in those years. Fever also was very prevalent during the cold season of 1869-70. The health of the District is, to a certain extent, affected by the seasons. On the setting in of the rainy weather and during the rains, rheumatism and chest affections are more common than during the hot weather ; and in the cold weather the inhabitants of the District suffer from fever and diseases of the kidneys. Fever is the most prevalent disease in the District, and occa- sions the greatest mortality. It is endemic, but is always worse during the cold weather, and more especially during the months of December and January, when chilly winds blow from the north- east over the jungly hills. It is induced by the habit of the natives sleeping outside their houses and exposing themselves to the influ- ence of the wind, and it is aggravated by their practice of treating it by starvation. When attacked, they starve for several days at a time, each period of starvation being called in Telugu lanklmnam, and the disease has all the more power over them when they are thus weakened and reduced. The fever is generally of the intermittent type. It is accompanied by ague. The hills in the north are peculiarly feverish. The disease is chronic among the inhabitants of these hills, and few persons from the low country can visit them without being attacked by this insidious enemy. It does not- show itself generally while the visitor is moving about from place to place among the hills, but it comes out in all its force when he returns to the plains and approaches the sea. The most healthy season is during the hot weather, which is the very reverse of the case in the Wynaad and on the western coast ; and the setting in of the rains brings out the malaria from the decayed vegetation, and renders the whole tract of jungle unhealthy. The prevalence of fever in the plains is not so regular and constant. Some seasons are worse than others. At the end of 1869 and the beginning of 1870 it was very bad, and in the following year the late Assistant- Surgeon Wright, in whose early death the Government have lost the services of a most energetic and promising officer, was ordered to proceed to the District, and to make a thorough investigation into the reasons of the outbreak. It was clearly ascertained by this inquiry that this outbreak of fever was not attributable, as some had erroneously imagined, to ••the increase of irrigation in the District. It was entirely caused by PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURES, AND ETHNOLOGY. 83 the malarious winds which prevail during the north-east monsoon. The following are the conclusions to which the Sanitary Commis- sioner arrived after the perusal of Mr. Wright's Eeport on the subject : — " It has seemed to me to be a point of the very greatest im- ])ortance to determine whether the periodical outbreaks of fever in t his District have increased in severity since the Godavery Irrigation Works have been completed. Practically there are no data to show Avhat the health condition of the present irrigated districts was ]>efore the Annicut was built. Mr. Wright implies that the tracts now unhealthy formerly bore the repute of being salubrious ; but mere native opinion on such a subject as the progressive insalubrity of a locality, without facts or figures in support of it, is of little value, and I am not inclined to attach any importance to it in the lace of the actual facts of the last five years, viz., that the fever although all that was then done was but in preparation for the actual building of the Annicut and its works, yet these preparations were of necessity so vast that at no subsequent period were so many labourers and arti- ficers employed as between April and July of that year. The quarry had to be opened, and two lines of double railway were formed from it to different points on the river bank ; the embankments on the islands were thrown up, the head of the Dowlaishweram main chan- nel formed by an extensive embankment to the head of the Vema- giri island; many boats were built, and railway waggons com- pleted. During the progress of these preparatory works, there were at one time present as many as 10,200 labourers, 500 carpenters, and the same number of smiths. The preceding season. had not been a good one, and the pressure of want sent a large number of labourers to the work : many of them, however, were women and children, who, although able to perform the common earth- work then required, could not be employed when building operations commenced. Since the first season, therefore, men alone have generally been employed, and the average number at work during the seasons of 1848, 1849, and 1850, has been 6500. " In the season of 1848, the Dowlaishweram and Maddiiru Anni- cuts were built, the former 1400 yards in length, and the latter HISTORY OF THE GOD AVERY ANNICUT. 127 520 yards, both being raised to the height of 9 feet. A good deal of work was also done to the Dowlaishweram and Vijeshwaram sluices; and from July to November a party of labourers was constantly employed in the quarry in repairing and relaying the railroads, and preparing stone for the operations of the ensuing year. " In 1849 the Vijeshwaram Annicut was built to a height of 9 feet, being 900 yards in length. Circumstances prevented the commence- ment of this work until the loth of February, and a breach occurred . 29. 1 66 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. of the Godavery and the adjacent country, for that river is considered hy the natives to have the same source as the sacred stream of the- Ganges, and is frequently called by that name. The correct reading of the word Modogalingam is probably " modo Galingam," the latter being equivalent to Kalingam ; and on the supposition of " modo '* being a corruption of " miidu," three, the name, would mean " the three Kalingas." Tri-Kalinga, or " the three Kalingas," is a term applied to the Telugu country on inscriptions.* The country thus mentioned by Pliny was called by Ptolemy "Triglyphum" or "Trilingum," which is synonymous with Trilingam, or the more modern Telingana. The river Godavery was also known to Ptolemy, although he was ignorant of the direction in which it flowed. He had received information regarding the Goaris, as he called it, but imagined that it flowed into the Gulf of Cambay.t Kalinga was mentioned by Pliny the Younger in his work on Natural History. He mentions the Calingse as occupying the sea- coast of India below the Mandei and Malli, and the famous moun- tain Mallus, which was probably Mah^ndragiri in the District of Ganjam. The passage runs thus : — "Multarumque gentium cogno- men Brachmanse, quorum Maccocalingse. Flumina Prinas et Cainas, quod in Gangem influit, ambo navigabilia. Gentes Callingae mari proximi, et supra Mandei, Malli, quorum mons Mallus, finisque trac- tus ejus Ganges;" % or, in the quaint translation of Philemon Hol- land made in 1635, "Also the Brachmanse, a name common to many nations, among whom are the Maccocalingae. Of rivers there are- Pinnas and Cainas, the latter of which twain runneth into Ganges, and both are navigable. The people called Calingse coast hard upon the sea. But the Mandei and Malli, among whom is the Mountain Malus, are above them higher in the country." § Perhaps the rivers intended are the Kistna and the Godavery. Towards the south, the country of the Calingse is said to have extended to the promontory of Calingon and to the town of Dandaguda, or Dandagula, which was 625 Eoman miles from the Ganges. The following is the quotation from Pliny : — " Ab ostio Gangis ad pro- * Mr. C. P. Brown's Carnatic Chronology, p. 85. Dr. Caldwell's Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, 2d edition, p. 32. f See Smith's Atlas of Ancient Geography. Col. H. Yule's "Description o£ India." % C, Plinii Secundi Naturalis Historia, lib. vi. 21, Bibliotheca Teubneriana. § Translation of Pliny's Natural Historie, p. 126. ANCIENT HISTOR Y. 167 montorium Calingon et oppidum Dandaguda DCXXV mil. passuum." " From the mouth of Ganges, where he entereth into the sea, unto the Cape Calingon and the town Dandagula, are counted 625 miles."* The distance and the similarity of the name of the promontory indi- cate Coringa. General Cunningham is of opinion that the town of Dandaguda may fairly be identified as D4ntapura of the Buddhist chronicles, which may, as the capital of Kalinga, be, with much probability, regarded as Rajahmundry. Mr. Fergusson is inclined to adopt the suggestion that the Calingon of Pliny is Coringa; but he considers that Rajahmundry cannot be identified as Ddntapura, as placing the scene of the enshrining of the relic of Buddha so far south would violate every probability of the narrative, t The Dravidian people entered India long before the Aryan immigration. It has not been determined by what route they entered; but they probably came from the north-west, because there are traces of a Dravidian element in the language of some of tlie people who dwelt beyond the Indus. They sprang originally from some distant part of Upper Asia. As they settled down in the Peninsula of India they fell into separate nationalities, each having its own language and institutions. In very ancient times they established empires, celebrated for their high civilization ; but these kingdoms are too remote to come within the cognizance of historical research. That the people dwelling in the Telugu country, of which Rajahmundry is now the centre, were a civilized, though a simple and pastoral, race, is proved by almost every require- ment of men gathered together into a well organized society, being capable of expression in pure Telugu, without the assistance of the more refined language of the Aryan invader. Before Sanscrit was spoken in the Peninsula, village communities, with the usual function- aries of these miniature republics, existed in the maritime plains on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Women drew water for the daily use of their households ; men ploughed their fields, or drove their flocks to pasture; and every avocation of daily life has its appropriate representation in the speech which has been handed down to us. Remnants of the ancient, simple, yet idolatrous, religion still linger among the people. Village and household deities are to this day worshipped in every hamlet ; every one has his own patron god ; * Nat. Hist. vi. 23. + Journal of the lloyal Asiatic Society, New Series, vol. vi. p. 251. 1 68 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, and the serpent is feared and worshipped. * This pre-historic race, however long and quietly it may have inhabited the land, so com- pletely gave way before the Aryan invaders, that it has lost all remembrance of its former ethnical existence, t The date of the Aryan invasion is as little known as that of the Dravidian immigration. The Aryans evidently entered India from the north-west, and established themselves firmly as far as the valley of the Ganges before they attempted to penetrate towards the south. They represented the former inhabitants of the country as monkeys, genii, and wild men of the woods, evidently referring to a people less advanced in civilization than themselves. The coUision between the nature-worship of this Aryan people and the worship of the simpler Dravidian race, resulted in Brahminism, or the service of a supremo spirit named Brahma, by the sacred caste of Brahmins. The inhabitants of this District gradually conformed to the faith and to the manners of the conquerors. The first that we hear in native chronicles of the eastern portion of the Godavery District is in the account of the kingdom of Orissa. It is stated that Gautama D6va, the Rajah of Orissa, at an early lieriod, added to his dominions all the country from the Mahdndra Hills to the Godavery. His son, Mah6ndra D6va, is said to have founded the town of Rajahmundry, which was called after him, R^ja- mahdndra-varam, or "the gift of the Rajah Mah6ndra."| Rajah- mundry was the great king's southern capital. This is, however, merely native tradition. Local tradition ascribes the foundation of Rajahmundry to Vijaydditya Mah^ndrudu, one of the sovereigns of the Chdlukya dynasty. Local traditions in South India are, however, peculiarly uncertain. The only reliable evidence regarding the ancient history of the country is derived from inscriptions. The earliest extant docu- ments of this nature in the Telugu country refer to a dynasty of sovereigns, to whom no title can be assigned, but who ruled in the kingdom of Vengi, which extended from the Kistna to the Godavery, and probably included the deltas of both rivers. The names and dates of these monarchs cannot be ascertained ; but they appear to have reigned from about the second century of the Christian era, until this country was conquered by the eastern Chdlukya kings, * Wheeler's History of India, vol. iii. p. 12, 13. 1" Dr. W. W. Hunter's Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Languages, Preface. X Stirling's Account of Orissa, " Asiatic llesearches," vol. xv. p. 258. Dr. "\V. AY. Hunter's Orissa, vol. ii. p. 183. ANCIENT HISTOR Y. 1 69 probably at the commencement of the seventh century. Two grants of these sovereigns have been given by Dr. BumelL * The next great change that came over the people of this province was the rise and rapid spread of Buddhism. Deriving its origin irom Gotama Buddha or Sdkya Muni, a sage of Northern India, the l>rofes8ion of this religion was disseminated rapidly over the country. It took such firm hold of the Telugu people, that it seems quite to have superseded the old Vedic and early Brahminical beliefs. The depth to which Buddhism had descended into the mind of the people is proved by the very extensive Buddhist remains which have been discovered in the Telugu country, especially on the banks of the Kistna. The most magnificent ruins of the kind were found at Amrdvati on that river. Beautiful sculptured marbles and caskets of crystal were discovered. Similar remains on a smaller scale were found in the Zemindari of Pittapore, when excavations were being made among the foundations of an ancient temple in 1842 and i843.t Buddhism was so firmly established in Kalinga, as this part of the country was then called, that King A86ka thought it unnecessary to issue in that province the stringent edicts which he had published in other parts of his dominions in his zeal for the propagation of this religion, | It flourished till the seventh century of the present era, when it began to fade, and continued gradually to decline till the middle of the following century, when, under the pressure of persecution, it disappeared even with more marvellous rapidity than it had arisen. A most interesting account of Southern India as it was in the seventh century is given by a Chinese traveller named Hiouen- Thsang. He was a Buddhist priest, and visited India for the pur- pose of studying Buddhist literature, and of making a pilgrimage to the holy places of Buddhism. He was fifteen years in the country, namely, from A,D. 629 to 644, and travelled from Cabul to Conje- veram, or even as far as Negapatam, visiting most of the places in which he was interested on the way. On leaving Northern India he ])assed through Ganjam and, perhaps, Vizagapatam, then forming ]iart of the kingdom of Kalinga; and, after visiting Central India, he * Element* of South Indian Palaeography, pp. 12, 14, 86. t See Sir Walter Elliot's paper in the "Madras Journal of Literature and Science," vol. xi. p. 304. A plate repre^nting the figures found in these races appears in vol. xv, of the above journal, but there is no description of them. X Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. vii. p. 269. I70 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. traversed the kingdoms of 'Andra and Dhanakach^ka, proceedings by the sea-coast to the south.* From Hiouen-Thsang's account, we learn that Southern India wa& divided in the year 640 into nine large kingdoms. The only king- doms which there is any necessity to mention here are the three northern — Kalinga, 'Andra, and Dhanakach6ka, as the Godavery District was situated within the limits of the first and last, and it adjoined the kingdom of 'Andra. The kingdom of Kalinga, as described by the Chinese traveller, probably extended from beyond Ganjam to the Godavery.f 'Andra was to the west, and Dhanakach^ka to the south and west. This kingdom was 833 miles in circuit. The capital was stated to be from 233 to 250 miles south-west of Ganjam. Merely reckoning by dis- tance, this would indicate Rajahmundry or Coringa. General Cunning- ham is of opinion that the former is meant, because it was once tlia capital of that part of the country. | Mr. Fergusson, however, con- siders that the correct site of the capital of Kalinga is in the neighbourhood of Kalingapatam, as the traveller would scarcely have gone so far south as Coringa or Rajahmundry, and then re- traced his steps to visit Kosala. As the next place he visited was in the Central Provinces, I think it much more likely that he turned inland before he reached this District rather than that he attempted to traverse the impenetrable forests on the north of Rajahmundry. Passing through part of the kingdom of K6sala, Hiouen-Thsang entered the kingdom of 'Andra. This territory partly corresponded with the modern Telingana, and the capital of it was probably Warangole.§ It was 500 miles in circuit, but no boundaries are given. The inhabitants are mentioned by Pliny under the name of Andarse,!! and he states that they possessed thirty fortified cities^ 100,000 infantry, 2000 cavalry, and 1000 elephants. The Chinese pilgrim mentions that, although the language was different from * M. Julien's Life and Pilgrimage of Hiouen-Thsang. Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India, vol. 1. pp. ix., 515. Wheeler's History of India, vol. iii. p. 259. f From the map which accompanies Mr. Fergusson's article in the *' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society," l^ew Series, vol. vi., he appears to consider that this- District was situated altogether without the kingdom of Kalinga. % Ancient Geography of India, vol. i. p. 515. § Dr. Burnell is of opinion that P'ing-k'i-la or Vinkhila stated by the pilgrim to be the capital, represents Vengi 16, 16 being the Telugu locative suffix, which was mistaken for part of the name. U " Validior deinde gens Andarse," etc., Plin. Nat. Hist. vi. 19, ANCIENT HISTORY. 171 that of Central India, the written characters were the same, so that I)robably the Devanagari alphabet was then generally in use, instead of the more easy and rounded characters of Telugu.* The next kingdom which Hiouen-Thsang traversed was Dhana- kacheka. He describes it as 1000 miles in circuit; and it seems to have extended from Gulbarga and Pennakonda on the west to the sea on the east. The southern boundary was in the district of Nellore, and the northern boundary was the Godavery, the king- doms of 'Andra and Kalinga being on the north. It is very pro- bable that, at that time, there were two capitals in this kingdom — the political capital, which was probably at Vengipuram, or Vigi, near EUore, and also the religious capital, near the conventual establishment at Amrdvati, on the Kistna. Mr. Fergusson has come to the conclusion that the political capital of Dhanacheka was situ- ated on the site now occupied by Bezw^da. It must, however, be borne in mind that the eastern branch of the Chdlukya family was, probably, ruling at V6gi at the time of Hiouen-Thsang's visit. Not many years before the visit of the Chinese pilgrim, the country between the Godavery and the Kistna was invaded and conquered by the Rajput family of the Chdlukyas. This tribe founded the oldest and the strongest line of kings that ever reigned in Southern India. The elder branch settled in the country of Kuntala, having their capital at Kalydn, 100 miles west of Hyderabad; and the younger branch, in the person of Kubja Vishnu Vardhana, the hunchback, or the dwarf, made new conquests towards the east, in the country of Vengi. The united families were thus rendered masters of the whole table-land between the Nerbudda and the Kistna, and of the line of coast from the Godavery to Nellore. Their power lasted about five centuries, t The conquest of Vengi may be dated at the commencement of the seventh century of the present era. The branch of the Chdlukya family, which had settled in Vengi, extended their conquests eastwards and northwards to the frontiers of Orissa, and ultimately established their seat of government at Rajahmundry, which, in the preface to the Telugu translation of the Mahdbharatam, is called the " central gem of Vengi d^sham." In a Telugu paper among the Mackenzie Manuscripts, it is stated * Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India, vol. i. p. 527. f Sir Walter Elliot in the " Madras Journal of Literature and Science " for April 1840, p. 313. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series, vol. i. p. 250. 172 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. that the earlier Chdlukya kings resided at BirudAnkardyapuram, on the site of the present village of Bikkav6lu, where there are exten- sive ruins, and that subsequently Vijaydditya Mah6ndrudu, the thirteenth in the list of these kings, constructed a strong fort, called Y6magiri Droog, in the neighbourhood of Dowlaishweram, and built the town of Rajahmundry. There would be little use in giving here the bare list of these sovereigns. It will be sufficient to say that more than one revolution appears to have occurred ; but the ancient family regained power, and retained it until it passed by con- quest and by matrimonial alliance into the hands of Rdj^ndra Chola, the dominant sovereign of Southern India, under whom the Ch6la dynasty attained the zenith of its power. The Chdlukyas were of the Lunar race, and were apparently Vaishnavites. They assumed much outward show of dignity and state. The symbol of the boar appears on all their coins, and distinguishes them from those of all other dynasties.* The ancient capital of Vengi was situated about 8 miles north of Ellore, and I give the following account of a visit to it and of the local traditions regarding it which are current at Ellore :— " About 8 or lo miles north of Ellore is ^situated the village of Pedda Vegi, half-an-hour's walk to the north of which is Chinna V^gi, and 5 miles south of these is another village, named Dendaliiru, with several hamlets attached to it, named Ganganagiidem, Senagiidem, &c. According to the local tradition, all these formerly constituted one large city, in which were numerous temples dedicated to Siva. The ruins of about fifty fanes sacred to this deity still exist in Den- daluru, and likewise four statues or idols of Vign^shwara, one of which, very large, is on the southern side of the village, near a tank surrounded by date trees. A high mound of earth, called 'Bhima- lingam Dibba,' is found on the east side of the village, and a tank, named ' Makalamma Cheruvu,' to the north, has a mound in the centre, on which are two stone bulls. There is another tank to the west of the village, called ' Narikalavdri Cheruvu,' on the banks of which are two sila sdsanams standing upright, and two more which are prostrate. Between Pedda Vegi and Chinna Vegi is another remarkable mound." t It is evident from the ruins here described that Vengi in its palmiest days must have been a very extensive * Taylor's Catalogue Raisonnd of Oriental MSS., vol. iii. p. 510. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, vol. iv. p. 82. t Madras Journal of Literature and Science for April 1840, vol. xi. p. 304. ANCIENT HISTORY. " T73 and magnificent city. The fort at Ellore was constructed with the stones from the ruined pagodas at Denduluru and Vegi, which the Mussulmans destroyed and utihzed in this manner. Rdj^ndra Ch6la was succeeded by his son, Vikrdma D^va. On the death of his uncle, who had acted as his viceroy in the north, Vikrdma D^va sent his son, Rdja R^ja, to assume the office of vice- roy ; but, after one year of power, the latter resigned in favour of his younger brother, Vlra D6va Ch6la, who assumed the title of Itul6ttunga Ch6la.* His grants have been found in great numbers, extending from the year a.d. 1079 to 1135. There was a partial restoration of the Ch4lukya dynasty about the end of Kul6ttunga Ch61a's authority ; and they maintained their power up to the latter part of the twelfth century, when their territories fell under the dominion of the Kdkatlya or Ganapati dynasty of Warangole. + This dynasty, which produced several most powerful and illus- trious princes, ruled in the extensive country best known as Telin- gana, or, from its principal capital, Warangole. The family is said 10 have traced its genealogy from the ancient line of Hastinapuram. Two brothers, then in power in the north, quarrelled, and one of them, quitting his paternal dominions, migrated into the Deckan, and settled south of the Godavery. At first merely pastoral chief- tains, he and his successors gradually acquired wider territory and power, and at length established a kingdom, the capital of which was Anumakonda. The seventh in descent from the one who assumed the regal dignity was named Kdkati Pralaya, and from him the line received its original name. The kings of this dynasty were frequently engaged in warfare with the Rajahs of Cuttack. At first this warfare consisted of forays on the flocks and herds of the southern people ; but it appears to have soon attained wider and more destructive proportions. In the MSS. Records there are constant entries of attacks from the Rajahs of Cuttack resisted, or retaliative forays made into Orissa. At length, in the year 1 132, Chor-ganga, apparently one of the KAkatlya dynasty, whose name is still preserved in one of the quarters of the sacred city of Puri, made a successful expedition into Orissa, and founded the Gangetic dynasty in that province. He carried his ♦ Professor Wilson's Descriptive Catalogue of the Mackenzie MSS. , vol. i. p. 118. t Sir Walter Elliot in ** Madras Journal of Literature and Science," 1858. Taylor's Oriental MSS., voL liL p. 79. 174 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. victorious arms into the western districts of Bengal ; and under liis sway, and during that of his successors, the kingdom of Orissa extended from the Delta of the Ganges to the Delta of the Goda- very. During this period, which lasted till the extinction of the Gangavamsa line, the eastern and northern portion of the Godavery District formed a part of the kingdom of Orissa, Rajahmundry being the southern capital. The southern strip of territory extending from the Chilka Lake appears to have cost the Rajahs of Cuttack an infinity of trouble. As early as 1 164 a rebelKon is reported under Alia Reddi, and frequent expeditions were despatched to reduce this turbulent province to subjection. The Reddiwars, in the neigh- bourhood of Rajahmundry, were continually in arms, and the Reddi- ing the accounts on palm leaves, in drawing up the simple docu- ments and bonds executed by the ryots, and in assisting the village magistrate in his rude administration of justice under the spreading branches of the village tree, where all trials were held and all busi- ness was transacted. The rent was paid by the heads of the village in money or in kind, and the villagers were seldom troubled in the smooth course of their existence, except when the Zemindar's peons might make their appearance to demand more money on the occa- sion of some petty warfare or some extraordinarily magnificent •ceremonial in their master's household. The whole of the land was not under the Zemindars. Some of it was under the direct management of the Government. This was usually called the Hav^i land. It consisted of the household lands of the Government, and was composed of districts in the vicinity of each capital town, which were originally resumed by the Mohammedans, and had been annexed to those towns for the supply of the garrisons and of the numerous civil and military establish- ments.* During the Mohammedan rule in the Northern Circars, four courts of justice were established — one being stationed at Ellore and another at Rajahmundry, in which Kazis or Mussulman judges officiated, chiefly in criminal cases. The superior officers, such as * Fifth Report, p. 220. 248 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. the Foujdars and Amildars, reserved to themselves the infliction of capital punishment and the disposal of serious cases. "^ Such was the condition of the great Northern Province, when it came under the English rule. The system of administration which was first adopted — namely, that under provincial Chiefs and Councils,, did not prove satisfactory. They were ill adapted for carrying on efficiently the work which lay before them in their twofold charac- ter of superintending and executive officers. They had to superin- tend the commercial affairs of the East India Company, as well as to carry out the revenue and judicial administration of the country. They were utterly unequal to the task. Few of them were ac- quainted with the native character. Not one knew the native language. All entrusted the management of their affairs to their confidential advisers or " dubashes," as they were called, which was a fruitful source of peculation and misrule. The Court of Directors, when they became aware of the evils of this system, were anxiously desirous to apply a satisfactory remedy. They were of opinion that a searching inquiry should immediately be made, and directed that a Commission, or, as they called it, a Committee of Circuit, should be appointed to make the necessary investigation. They gave instructions, therefore, that "a Commit- tee of Circuit, to be composed of five members of the Council at Fort St. George, should be appointed to inquire into the state of the Northern Circars, by ascertaining, with all possible exactness, the produce of the country, the number of inhabitants, the state of the manufactures, the fortified places, the military strength of each Eajah, Zemindar, or landholder, the expense of his household and troops, and the means he had of defraying those expenses ; the gross amount of the revenues, the articles from which they arose, the mode by which they were collected, and the charges of collec- tion." The Court at the same time intimated that they did not de- sire to deprive the Zemindars of their revenue, but to ensure the collection of it without recourse to violence; and they expressed their hearty determination to protect the ryots from undue oppres- sion and exaction. A Committee was accordingly assembled on the receipt of these instructions from the Court of Directors. Soon after it had com- menced its labours, however, it was abolished by the order of Sir Thomas Rumbold, the Governor of Madras. He directed the several « Fifth Report, p. 230, EARL Y ENGLISH ADMINISTRA TION. 249 Zemindars, with whom the Committee was about to complete a settlement, to proceed to Madras, and to make the settlement directly with himself. Sir Thomas Rumbold has been most severely censured for his conduct in this and other respects ; but by a collec- tion of documents which has recently been published by his daughter in vindication of his memory, it has been proved that he was inno- cent of all the accusations which have been made against his charac- ter. He informed the Court of Directors that he considered the course he was adopting necessary, because the land-holders were endeavouring to mislead the Commissioners and to baffle their inquiries; and the Court declared themselves perfectly satisfied with the measures he had adopted. Sir Thomas Rumbold afterwards resigned his appointment. Directly he had turned his back on the shores of India, the Committee of Circuit was reconstituted, and the members of it commenced their labours afresh. They forwarded to the Govern- ment of Madras their Report on the farms and Haveli lands depen- dent on Masulipatam from Rajahmundry on December 18, 1786, and that on the Zemindaris on February 15, 1787. The state- ments of this Commission must be accepted with some degree of re- serve, because the estimate made by them of the value of the land and its probable revenue was, in a great measure, hypothetical, owing to the opposition received from the Provincial Councils, to the with- holding of information by the Zemindars, the village authorities, and other interested persons, and to the ignorance of Telugu on the part of the Commissioners themselves. Both Reports, however, contain a full and valuable description of the District, and give a much better view of its condition than had previously been obtained,, though in some respects the statistics are not entirely reliable. No im- mediate action, however, was taken on these Reports of the Com- mittee of Circuit. Between 1785 and 1790 there were several disturbances in the Zemindaris of P6lavaram and GiitAla and in the adjacent hills, which required the interference of the military authorities before they could be efiectually repressed. These Zemindaris were the most ancient in the Northern Circars. Together with the Taluk of Kottapilli, which is situated on the opposite side of the Godavery, they formerly belonged to a family of Reddis. The possessions of this family were once far more extensive, and consisted of several other estates besides P6lavaram and Giitdla; but they lost their 250 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. Zemindari in a dispute with the Mohammedan Government, and these two estates only were restored to them. A Zemindar of this family named Venkatapatir^yalu D^vu married two wives, the daughter of Bhiipati Devu, Zemindar of Kottapilli, and a daughter of Shlrabhiipati, Mansabdar of Eampa. He left two sons, the name of the elder being Jagarndda D6vu, and that of the younger Mangdpati Devu. Jagarndda Devu had a son named Ven- katardmala D^vu, who divided the Zemindary with his uncle Mangd- pati D6vu, keeping P6lavaram for himself and giving Giitdla to his uncle. Mangdpati D^vu had two sons, the elder of whom died early, and Lakshmindr^yana Devu, who succeeded him as Zemindar of Giitc4la. Venkataramala Devu died in 1772 ; and, as his only son, Jagarndda D^vu, had died before him, he was succeeded by Mangd- pati Devu, the eldest son of his cousin Lakshmindr4yana D6vu, whom he had adopted. Lakshmindrdyana Devu died in 1 780, leaving three sons, the above-mentioned MangApati Devu, Narasamma, and Vizayag6p4la D6vu. He was succeeded by his eldest son, whose title does not appear to have been in any respect disputed, and who thus became the possessor of both the estates of P6lavaram and Giitdla. In 1 78 1, the Taluk of Kottapilli, w!iich had for some time been severed from Polavaram, and managed by the Dewan of the family, was re-annexed to it, and thus Mangdpati D6vu came to be con- sidered Zemindar of the whole ; but being under age, his Dewan, Sitdrdmayya, was the person understood to be intrusted with the management and collection of the revenue. Lakshmindr^yana D6vu had two wives, one of whom was sister of Slt4rdmayya, and mother of his youngest son, Vizayag6pdla D6vu. Using his influence as Dewan, Slt4rAma3^ya succeeded in inducing the Chief and Council at Masulipatam to recommend a division of the estates ; and Mr. Daniell, the Chief, wrote a letter to Government in 1782, showing that he had in some measure acquiesced in the sepa- ration of Gutdla from P61avaram, and stating that he had taken an obligation for the revenue of the former from Sltdrdmayya, and an obligation for that of the latter only from Mangdpati Devu. Kot- tapilli was at the same time separated again in order to make a pro- vision for Narasamma, Lakshmindrdyana D6vu's second son. In 1785 it became necessary to send troops into the Zemindaris of P6lavaram and Gutdla to quell a disturbance which had arisen. Sltdrdmayya had apparently died before that year ; and Giiragamilli EARL V ENGLISH ADMINISTRA TION. 2 5 1 Ddsureddi, a hill Poligar, whose headquarters were at a fort named Ndgavaram, about fifteen miles west of Giitdla, attacked Giitdla under the pretext of dissatisfaction at the behaviour of the manag- ing Dewan, captured the fort, and took the young Rajah and his mother prisoners. At the request of the Chief and Council at Masulipatam, seven companies of sepoys, under the command of Captain Hugh Montgomery, entered the territory of Gi\t4la, and Ddsureddi, immediately he heard of their approach, conveyed the Rajah and his mother to Ndgavaram. On the little force marching, JioAvever, as far' as Anantapalli, on the way to Ndgavaram, he returned to Giitdla, still detaining his hostages in custody, and refusing to deliver up the management of their territory. Captain Montgomery's detachment had retired to Kovviiru, opposite Rajah- mundry, on receiving DAsureddi's assurance that he would release his prisoners ; but, as he still continued his contumacious conduct, an attack was made on the fort at Giitdla, and Ddsureddi was sur- rendered by one of his own adherents, and sent as a prisoner to Masulipatam. Two sepoys were wounded, and about eighty peons killed and wounded on both sides during the siege of Giitdla. During this brief campaign, the town of Kottapilli was taken by a detachment sent by Captain Montgomery from Rajahmundry, and the country rescued from the usurpation of two persons named K6n6ti Tammadu and Vlramallu Kannayya, who had wrested it from the youthful Rajah.* Similar disturbances occurred in the years 1786 and 1787, when the hill-people, who were generally understood to be the adherents of Ddsureddi, were driven out of the Company's territories by a detachment of sepoys. But the jealousy between Mangdpati D6vu and the mother of his youngest brother, Vizayag6pdla D6vu, still continued. The revenue of P6lavaram, however, was paid with as much punctuality as that of any other Zemindari, while that of Giit^la fell into arrears — a circumstance which rendered it necessary to put the collections of the latter on some other footing. No measure appeared more advisable than placing the two estates under ii single authority. Bdvdji, Mangdpati Devu's Dewan, who by his skill in government had rendered himself worthy of such a trust, was nominated Dewan to the three brothers in December 1788. During the short period of his administration, Bdvdji fulfilled the expecta- tions which he had raised; but he died in August 1790. Nara- * MS. Records. 2 52 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. samma and his brother, Vizayag6pdla D^vu, were at Masulipatam at the time of his death, together with the mother of the latter. Man- gdpati JDevu was also summoned thither, and, on his arrival, the three brothers, on the representation of the Chief and Council, agreed to nominate one Chatrdti Pdnakdlu to be their joint Dewan,. under the immediate authority of Mang^pati D6vu. An apparent reconciliation had taken place between Mangdpatudu and his step-mother, and all the parties were permitted to return to their estates. The latter had, however, been dissimulating ; and, on her return to Giit^la, usurped all authority, and collected the revenue in her son's name. The commanding oflQcer at Rajahmun- dry was directed to proceed to Giitala at once with all the troops at his disposal, to take the fort, and to compel Vizayag6pdla D6vu'& mother to reside with the others at P6lavaram. Hearing of these preparations, she escaped to the hills, and by this step converted what had seemed to be merely a family dispute into a petty rebellion against the Government. As the detachment was con- sidered to be insufficient for the service assigned it, a company of sepoys was sent from Ellore to reinforce it. Previous to its approach, the lady had returned to Giitdla, and agreed to surrender one gate of the fort. The commanding officer still considered his force insufficient to justify him in proceeding to extremities; but the peons who guarded the fort deserted their mistress ; and one evening, receiving intelligence that she had concealed sixty men in one of her apartments, he entered the fort, but assured her that na one should molest her, if she kept in seclusion. She opened the doors, however, of her own accord, dragged her son into the room where her followers were concealed, in which were two large open pots of gunpowder, and threatened to destroy herself and all wha were near. On the officer prudently retiring, she was pacified, and afterwards surrendered quietly. She was taken to Masulipatam,. and Mangdpati Devu was acknowledged Zemindar of the united estates of Gutdla and P6lavaram, according to the recommendation of the Chief and Council.* On the 2oth of June 1785 instructions were received from the Governor in Council constituting Messrs. Davidson, Oakeley, Hali- burton, and Mowbray, the first members of the Board of Revenue at Madras, and they were directed to report their proceedings to- Government from time to time. In accordance with these instruc- * MS. Records. EARL V ENGLISH ADMINISTRA TION. 253 tions general reports of the Board's proceedings and of the state of the revenue under their charge were periodically forwarded to Government, which were transmitted to the Honourable Court of Directors. These reports contain a great deal of valuable informa- tion regarding the condition of the Northern Circars as well as the other provinces of the Madras Presidency. On taking charge of the revenues of this Presidency, they found that those of the Northern Circars had been realized for some time past by settlements made with the Zemindars and Renters from year to year, and much irregularity had prevailed, since the Zemin- dars had been summoned to Madras in 1778, both in the accounts and in the payment of the revenue. No distinction had been made between the arrears and the current revenue. The payments had fallen back in such a manner that the amount due each year was not discharged till the succeeding year. Thus, exclusive of the old balances which appeared to the debit of each Zemindar, a year's revenue was always in arrear. The Board at once endeavoured to set this straight, and to clear the accounts from all perplexity and confusion. They directed that the debt of each Zemindar should be made up to the previous September, and the account carried to his account as " balance \ " and that henceforward he should be regularly debited in a new account for his current revenue, as the Usts^ or instalments of revenue, became due.* They also altered the system of settlement with the Zemindars. Being persuaded that the mode which had hitherto prevailed of making, or rather extending the settlement with the Zemindars from year to year was erroneous, they directed that henceforward a new adjustment for a term of three years should be adopted, com- mencing with Masulipatam. The Zemindars were directed to appear in person at that town, and Mr. Floyer, Chief of Masulipatam, aided by his Council, exerted himself heartily in carrying out the proposed settlement. A considerable portion of the old balance was included in this settlement, and 12 J per cent., which had been added to the total demand in 1778, but never collected, was fully established in propor- tion to the abilities of the respective Zemindars to bear this assess- ment. Many of the Zemindars fell considerably into arrears in paying their Usts, and it was found necessary to arm the Chief and his Council with sufficient coercive authority to enable them to col- * General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Honourable the Governor in Council sent Home to the Court of Directors. Madras, 1871, vol. i. p. 10. 254 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. lect the arrears, stopping short, however, of sequestering the estates- of the defaulters, which extremity was reserved by Government in their own hands.* The violent storm and inundation of the sea which occurred at Coringa in May 1786, occasioned considerable damage to the country for several miles round. Mr. Westcott, one of the members of Council at Masulipatam, was deputed to make inquiry on the spot regarding the losses which were said to have been experienced by the Zemindars, whose estates were most exposed to the ravages of the cyclone. That gentleman submitted a report showing that con- siderable losses had been sustained in the Zemindaris of Peddapore, Edmachandrapuram, and K6ta. The Board of Eevenue were of opinion, however, that, from the conditions of their tenure, the Zemindars of these estates were not entitled to any remission of revenue in consequence of such accidental losses ; but, as they had suffered materially in their collections, an indulgence with regard to the time of paying their Usts was extended to them.t About this time the estate of Mogalturru, near Nursapore, was taken under management. Tirapati Rdzu Gdru, the Zemindar of Mogalturru, had fallen very much into arrears, and the Board had recommended that his estate should be sequestrated in satisfaction of these arrears. The Government approved of this plan ; but the Chief and Council at Masulipatam persuaded him to assign his Zemindari as security for the payment of the balance due from him as well as for his current engagements, and an instrument of thi& nature was executed with his freewill and consent. Mr Eevell was appointed to take charge of the estate while it was under manage- ment, and Bhiipayya, the Zemindar's Dewan, was employed to assist him in perfecting the revenue arrangements within a reasonable period ; and, on his being permitted to return to his estate, faith- fully and punctually discharged all his obligations. t Great diflSculty having been experienced in effecting a settlement with the various Zemindars, owing to the distance which they resided from Masulipatam, it was determined that it would be advisable to summon them all to that town in order that a satisfac- tory settlement might be made with them. The Chief and Council at Masulipatam had been consulted as to the advisability of a per- * General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Honourable the Governor ia Council sent Home to the Court of Directors. Madras, 1871, vol. i. pp. 10, i6, 22. t Ibid. p. 2"2. X Ibid. pp. 30, 33, 51. I EARLY ENGLISH ADMINISTRATION. 255 manent settlement being made with the Zemindars, about which the Court of Directors desired to have the fullest information ta enable them to decide on its practicability. The Chief and Council were of opinion that the scheme was not yet ripe. They considered that great advantages might hereafter arise from such a permanent settlement ; but that the time had not yet arrived for carrying it into effect. A more regular system must be introduced by degrees before a permanent one could be established, the authority of the Government not having yet penetrated to the interior business of the various Zemindaris. They suggested that, before it would be advisable to determine on a permanent settlement, it was necessary for, the ryots of the Zemindaris to acquire a habit of considering themselves more immediately dependent on Government or its representatives than they had hitherto been ; and that the authority of the Zemindar himself should be better limited and defined. Having thus expressed their sentiments with regard to the establish- ment of a permanent settlement at this time, the Chief and Council entered very fully into the subject of temporary settlements. An annual settlement, they observed, was liable to draw the Zemindars too often from their estates, and to dissolve that bond of union between the Company and themselves which they ought to respect. They considered that, while the engagements between the Company and the Zemindars lasted for a term of three or five years, the inconveniences of a permanent, or of too short a settlement, would both be avoided ; and that the Government would then have the means of introducing such reforms from time to time as the conduct of the Zemindars or their own experience and observation might render necessary, which they were persuaded could only be done by degrees as the armed forces of the Zemindaris came to be reduced, the landed rights of the people composing them abohshed, and the possessors brought to accustom themselves to a different mode of life. The Zemindars and their under-renters would be restrained by a settlement for a term of three or five years from oppression of the ryots and from other irregularities. The Chief and Council, after carefully entering into the question of the capabilities of each Zemindari, came to the decision that each Zemindar, without exception, if otherwise clear and unencumbered with debt, could afford two-thirds of the gross revenue of his estate to Government ; and that the remaining third of the gross revenue would be sufficient to enable him to defray all expenses incidental 2 5 6 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. to the cultivation of bis estate, the collection of the revenue, and the support of himself, his family, and his relations. The Chief and Council were accordingly authorized to conclude the settlement with the several Zemindars on the above-mentioned system for three or five years, as they should find it expedient.* The only exceptions made in the Godavery District were the Zemindari of Mogalturru, which was under assignment and had been rented, and that of Pittapore, the lease of which had not expired. The Zemindari of Mogalturru was about this time annexed to the Company's dominions, the Rajah having died without issue. Since its assignment in 1787, Mr. Revell had been administering its affairs as Collector, and exercised his ofiice under the control of the Chief and Council at Masulipatam. He was at this time com- pelled to proceed on leave to England owing to ill health, and Mr. Chamier was appointed Collector in his stead, but independent of the Chief and Council, and under the immediate superintendence of the Board of Revenue. Mr. Chamier did not retain the appointment long, being promoted to the Chiefship of Vizagapatam in December 1791. In the month of January in that year an insurrection was raised in the Zemindari by one Jagga Rdzu. A detachment of sepoys was sent against him, and a trivial engagement took place, in. which a few lives were lost on the part of the insurgents. Jagga Rdzu himself was severely wounded and taken prisoner, and subsequently died of his wounds. Peace was restored to the district, but it was considered advisable to station a company of sepoys at Mogalturru. The cause of this disturbance was attributed to the undue influence obtained by the principal renter, Bhiipayya, who not only withheld his own rents, to the great embarrassment of the Collector, but had gained such an ascendancy over all the other renters as to occasion a similar conduct on their part. The Rajah, Kaldandi Tirapati Rdzu Gdru, died on the 28th of August 1791. Previous to his decease he had adopted a very distant relative as his successor ; but, con- trary to the policy which now prevails, the child was not permitted to succeed, and the estate of Mogalturru was annexed to the Com- pany's dominions, and became a portion of the Government lands * General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Honourable the Govern- ment in Council sent Home to the Court of Directors. Madras, 1871, vol. i. PP- 19, 30, 56. EARL Y ENGLISH ADMINISTRA TION. 257 of Masulipatam.* This and the other Government lands were again placed directly under the Chief and Council. A severe famine desolated the Northern Circars in 1791. Every alleviation was afforded by Government by the suspension of duties on grain and on every necessary of life. Those were not the days of political economy and free trade. The Collectors were exhorted to make every exertion to discover and distribute for general con- sumption the grain which had been hoarded by individuals for their private advantage. Many of the poorer classes perished from starvation. Great numbers emigrated to avoid the same fate, and the decrease in the population was enormous. Agricultural opera- tions suffered in proportion. The Government directed that their share of the grain in the Government lands under Masulipatam should be reserved for the consumption of the sepoys ; but the Collector of the Northern and Centre Divisions reported the impossibility of < omplying with their orders owing to the extreme distress. f The ( rovemment directed that the balance which was found after all the arrears of pensions due in the Zemindaris of Masulipatam had been paid, should be applied for the relief of the poor, who were suffering from the calamities of famine. The children of the poorer families were collected together, and fed at the public expense. As might naturally have been expected, the Zemindars fell into arrears in paying their instalments of rent. Large remissions were made by the Board and Government to assist them in this time of need ; their leases were extended from three to five years, wherever the lower term had been fixed; but the Government were much displeased with the Chief and Council for their inability to ascertain the exact state of the balances, and the extent to which the famine had affected the Zemindars, and this proved incapacity materially tended to smooth the way for the change of system which was then im- pending. The effect of the famine on the people was terrific, it was computed that one-fourth either emigrated or fell victims to want. \ The balances due by the various Zemindars continued to be very heavy, and sufiBcient exertions were not made by the Chief and Council to collect them. Indeed, they openly confessed their in- ability to comply with the orders of the Board of Eevenue and of Government to ascertain the amount of loss sustained by each Zemindar from the recent failure of the crops. Acknowledging the * Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 81, 95, 106, 114, 127, 143. t Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 130, 145. X Ibid., vol. ii. p. 143 ; vol. iii. pp. 2, 22, 37, 53, 73. R 258 THE GOD A VER V DISTRIC T. letter from the Board requiring them to transmit a list of the^ balances, with the reductions which they proposed to allow, tlie^ Chief and Council replied that this could not well be done before they found what terms the Zemindars were likely to be brought to. They vaguely thought that some Zemindaris must have suffered more than others, yet, as they had no authentic account of the losses actually sustained by each, they considered it impossible to discrimi- nate between them in such a manner as would be thought just and impartial. The granting a greater remission to one Zemindar than to others would be the cause of very great umbrage and discontent ; and, therefore, they were of opinion that an equal proportion of tho^ outstanding balances should be granted to all the Zemindars north of the Kistna, which would be likely to occasion less discontent than any other mode of deciding the question. They proposed that a remis-. sion of one-fifth of the balances should be granted, which would prove satisfactory to all the Zemindars, and enable them to come to terms sooner than could otherwise be expected. Though not quite satisfied with this arrangement, and with the manifest supineness of the Chief and Council, the Board and Government gave their per- mission for one-fifth of the balances being remitted, on the under- standing that the payments were to be secured before the Zemin- dars quitted Masulipatam, where they had been assembled for thi& purpose. The Zemindars of Kota, Edmachandrapuram, P6lavaram, Giitdla, and Kottapilli, made satisfactory arrangements for the liquidation of the arrears due from them ; but the Zemindars of Peddapore and Pittapore were much more difl&cult to deal with. The former would not consent to pay his arrears, until a threat of sequestrating his estate had been uttered by the Government, and preparations had been made to carry it into effect. The Chief and Council of Masuli- patam evaded the orders from Madras, and made no secret of their endeavours to screen the delinquents from the consequences of their default. The Board animadverted with very strong, but just, severity on the backwardness and inertness of the Chi^f and Council. They entertained a deep conviction, they wrote, that " the protraction of the payments on the part of the Zemindars had been greatly owing to the want of proper energy and exertion in the subordinate executive authority, and that without the most decided conduct on their part, at the proper season of collection, the Company could have no adequate security for the due realization of EARLY ENGLISH ADMINISTRATION. 259 their revenue. It is universally allowed that, to permit a Zemindar to retain in his hands collections which it is known must be made from the country, is only throwing in his way a temptation to dis- sipation and extravagance ; and, while vague excuses are admitted in lieu of payment, it is not to be supposed he will feel the due observance of his public engagements an act requiring his serious attention. It was to eradicate the baneful effects of this ruinous system that we earnestly called on the Chief and Council to use their utmost endeavours to impress on the minds of the Zemindars the indispensable necessity of punctuality in the payment of their lasts ; but so far from insisting upon the regular discharge of the current revenue, we did not find, upon a reference to their Proceed- ings, that a single requisition had been made in writing to any Zemindar, nor any minute or remark contained in their consulta- tions, no report of difficulties in their correspondence with us, nor any measures proposed even to obtain security for the current revenue within any reasonable period." The Board added that, if the conduct of the Chief and Council should not appear to them completely satisfactory by a fixed resolution in future to enforce the orders of Government, they would feel it incumbent on them to recommend to Government their removal from their appointments.* The above statement is given to show the inefficiency of the system of revenue administration then prevailing. The days of the Chiefs and Provincial Councils were numbered. After the careful inquiry instituted into the condition of the country by the Committee of Circuit, the Government came to the decision of abolishing them, and of dividing the country into Collectorates, the Collectors being directly responsible to the Board of Revenue at Madras. In carry- ing out this measure, the Government were exceedingly anxious to impress upon the Zemindars and on the people that their sole desire was their welfare, and to soothe any irritation or alarm which might be felt at the introduction of the new regime. • General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Hon. the Governor in Council, scut Home to the Court of Directors, Madras, 1871, vol. iii. p. 135. ( 26o ) CHAPTER XIV. THE FIRST COLLECTORATES, DIVISION OF THE NORTHERN CIRCARS INTO COLLECTORATES — FIRST DIVI- SION OP MASULIPATAM — THE ZEMINDARIS OP PEDDAPORE AND PITTA- PORE— SECOND DIVISION— INCURSION OP BHUPAYYA— THIRD DIVISION — DISTURBANCES IN POLAVARAM. The new system came into operation at the close of 1794. The Provincial Councils, which had continually been brought into colli- sion with the Board of Revenue, were abolished, and Collectors were appointed throughout the Northern Circars. The present Godavery District includes what were then called the First, Second, and Third Divisions of the Masulipatam District. A small portion of the Second and Third Divisions are, perhaps, included now in the Kistna District. The First Division comprised the large Zemin- daris of Peddapore and Pittapore, and extended as far as the Goda- very on the south. The Collector's headquarters were at Cocanada. Mr. Matthew Tuder was appointed ; but, as he died soon after his appointment, Mr. Snodgrass was really the first Collector. The Second Division comprised Undi, Tanuku, Nursapore, and all the territory formerly belonging to the Zemindari of Mogalturru. The Collector's headquarters were at the town of Mogalturru. Mr. Gambler was the first Collector. The Third Division comprised the Central Delta, Rdmachandrapuram, the former Government villages near Rajahmundry, and K6rukonda, Kottapilli, P6lavaram, Giit^la, and all the territory on either side of the upper part of the Godavery, extending on the west as far as Nuzvldu. The Col- lector's headquarters were at Rajahmundry. Mr. BranfiU was the first Collector. It is proposed to give an abstract of the chief events, principally from a revenue point of view, in each of these divisions, until the introduction of the Permanent Settlement. THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 261 After the arrangements made for the liquidation of his arrears of revenue, little was heard of Jaggapati Rdzu Gdru, Zemindar of Ped- dapore. He died in October 1797, and was succeeded by his son, Kaya Jaggapati Rdzu Gdru, whom the Board of Eevenue reported as in every way qualified for his high position. The Court of Direc- tors had determined that the Zemindars under Masulipatam should be assessed at two-thirds of their gross revenue. The Board of Kevenue determined, therefore, to demand that rate from the new Zemindar, calculated on the valuation of the Zemindari made by the Committee of Circuit, which they had every reason to believe had been made on a very moderate estimate. This raised the reve- nue to be demanded from the Zemindar from 160,000 M. pagodas to 176,935 pagodas. The document of investiture was at the same time transmitted to the Collector to be delivered to the Eajah. The Zemindar resisted this increase, and he was supported by Mr. Ince, who had succeeded Mr. Snodgrass as Collector in 1797. The reasons given by the Collector for doubting the propriety of demanding this increase were, the floods which had been occasioned by a peculiarly high fresh and overflow of the Godavery this year, and " the uncommon languor which had prevailed during the past three years in every branch of commerce." The Board of Revenue did not consider that either of these reasons was adequate. The loss occasioned by the inundation from the river was temporary, whereas there was every probability that the settlement would be prolonged for an indefinite period. While, with reference to the stagnation of trade, large advances had been made from the Collec- tor's treasury at Cocanada to the Commercial Department during the past three years, and a very great part of the trade occasioned thereby must have been centred in the Peddapore country, where less loss must have been suff'ered by diminution in foreign trade than in any other part of the coast. The Government, being con- vinced of the justice and moderation of the proposed assessment, approved of the opinion on the matter pronounced by the Board ; and directed that the Cowle should again be offered to the Zemin dar, who, it was ascertained, was under sinister influence, and that, if it were again rejected, his estate should be sequestrated without further reference to them. The youthful Zemindar had, however, acquiesced in the proposed arrangements, and agreed to accept the Cowle, before this decision was announced. With reference to this matter, the Board of Revenue thought it right to express their 262 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. opinion that RAya Jaggapati E4zu's consent would have been imme- diate, if the Collector had exerted himself as he ought to remove the improper influence by which the Zemindar had been actuated. As the realization of the revenue greatly depended on the firm and vigilant attention of the Collector, they reminded him of the im- portant charge with which he was entrusted, and earnestly recom mended him to bestow the most scrupulous attention in order to guard the public interests from suffering by the arts and procras- tinating disposition too generally evinced by the Zemindars. These could not be more effectually checked, they observed, than by making himself completely master of their resources, by imme- diately resisting every attempt to delay the regular payment of their instalments of rent, and by decidedly rejecting every demand for remission, except in cases of the most obvious necessity, which never could arise but from extraordinary calamity. The other large Zemindari in the First Division was Pittapore. But little of consequence took place in this estate during the period under review. It has already been stated that, on the accession ot the youthful Rajah, a manager was appointed, who was held respon- sible for the payment of the revenue. Some little trouble regarding this was experienced, and the growing crops were at one time attached ; but eventually all the kists were paid, the unusual indul- gence being granted of grain being received in lieu of cash payments, any deficiency in the price of the grain being deducted. In Sep- tember 1799, Row Venkayya, the manager, died, and it was con- sidered advisable that no one should be appointed in his room. Row Venkata Row, the manager's son, refused to be answerable for his father's rent, and the unexpired portion of the lease was adver- tised for sale, and he was informed that any difference which might arise in the offer made for it and the original rent would be con- sidered as payable by him to the Zemindar. The renters, who had entered into separate agreements for paying their rents into the Collector's treasury, were individually considered responsible for the amounts due by them ; and, therefore, the settlement then existing between the Zemindar and the Government was considered quite sufficient for the realization of the revenue without the appointment of a new manager and security taken from him. At the same time the Collector was desired to impress on NlUdri Row Gdru, the youthful Zemindar, and on his relations who were in attendance on him, how much his own interest and future welfare would be con- THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 263 cemed in seeing the rents regularly discharged, and in acquiring a complete knowledge of the affairs of his extensive estate.* The greater part of the Second Division had been leased to two wealthy individuals named Bhiipayya and Venkatardma Rdzu, who had failed to pay their rent, although it was proved, on careful inquiry, that they had collected more than sufiicient to meet it. They were deprived of their farms, and all their authority in the the country suspended. As they still continued refractory, they were summoned to Madras, in order that they might make their representations in person to the Board of Revenue and to Govern- jnent, and that the former might deal directly with them. After a long inquiry, the ultimate decision was, that they were to be placed i n confinement at Conjeveram until they should pay the rent which was due from them. The conduct of these men and their total dis- regard of their public engagements by withholding all payments, not- withstanding the ample collections which they had made, deprived them of all sympathy and indulgence. The removal of Bhiipayya and Venkatardraa Rdzu to Conjeveram, where they were to remain under charge of the Collector of the Jag- liire, was delayed for a short time, pending advices from the Collector of the Second Division, showing the exact amount due from them. Meanwhile, a careful plan had been prepared for their flight froin Madras. The Naik of the military guard set over them had pro- bably been bribed, and at first no trace of their places of conceal- ment could be found. The care and deliberation with which their flight had been arranged are shown by the fact that their families left Mogalturru on the very same night that they escaped from ^Madras. At length intelligence was received from the Collector that their families had arrived at Bhadrdchalam, and that they had j)assed the boundary of the Company's possessions, and taken refuge in the territory of the Nizam. The Collector was apprehensive that the object of these men was to invade the Mogalturru District, and commit depredations there. He consequently applied to the comanding oflficer for a force suffi- cient for its protection ; but the exigencies of the service prevented any adequate arrangements being made. Mr. Gambler continued to keep a watchful eye on the conduct of the parties, under the full * General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Honourable the Governor in Council, sent Home to the Court of Directors. Madras, 1872, vol. v. pp. i, i27, 49, no. 264 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, impression that they would ere long make an incursion into his- District; and from the reports made to him of their collecting armed men, countenanced and assisted, it would appear, by the Zemindar of Bhadrdchalam and the Nizam's Amildar at Kammamet, no doubt remained that they intended to enter Mogalturru with a> body of armed peons for the purpose of exacting satisfaction. On July 15, 1795, Bhiipayya carried his threatened incursion into exe- cution. With 2000 armed peons he crossed the hills from the Nizam's territory, and penetrated as far as Mogalturru, having encamped at Yarnagudem and Attili on the way. He experienced no opposition at first, and marched with such rapidity that he very nearly surprised the Collector in his house. The short intimation of his advance received by Mr. Gambler only allowed of his collect- ing the few sepoys and peons immediately about him, to guard against the attempt to seize his person, and to afford protection to the public servants and records of the station. On the near approach of Bhupayya with a large party armed with matchlocks and with pikes, a distant firing took place between them and the sepoys,. by which three of the latter were wounded. This petty skirmish- ing continued for two or three hours, when Bhiipayya sent a mess- enger to express his desire of making a representation ; and, as Mr. Gambier had not sufiicient force to repel the attack, there was no alternative but to comply with his request. His representation was consequently received, and, on a promise that it should be forwarded to the Board of Kevenue, Bhiipayya and his followers withdrew,, and soon afterwards returned to Bhadrdchalam. To show that their object was simply to obtain what they considered just, and not for rapine and revenge, the Collector reported that not one of the vil- lages through which they passed, either in coming or in returning, was plundered. On receipt of the intelligence that Bhupayya was proceeding with so much expedition to Mogalturru, the Collector repeated his appli- cation to the commanding ofiicer, in the most urgent terms, for military aid, which was in some degree afforded, though it did not arrive in time for the purpose required. It was felt that the means of defence at the disposal of the Collector were totally inadequate,, and that it was in the highest degree unadvisable that the country should be left unprotected and exposed to the sudden incursion of men who were able to raise a sufficient body of men to insist on demanding what they considered their rights by force of arms. A THE FIRST COLLECTOKATES. 265 sufl&cient guard of sepoys was now afforded the Collector ; troops were stationed at Duwa ; and confidence was restored to the inhabi- tants, who were deserting their villages from fear of another incursion by Bhiipayya. A Sibbandi, or Revenue, Corps, 800 strong, was ordered to be raised at once, and Lieutenant Bowness was appointed to the command. It was divided into several companies, of which three were employed in this Division. It was reduced in number, however, after the apprehension which had called it into existence had passed away. The Government, on receiving Bhiipayya's representations and proposals, at once rejected them as totally inad- missible, especially as they had been made when he was in arms against the Company's authority. The Resident at Hyderabad was directed to point out in the most forcible manner to his Highness the Nizam, the unwarrantable conduct of the Zemindar of Bhadrd- chalam, and of his Amildar at Kammamet, and the great inconveni- ence occasioned by the harbour which they had afforded to refrac- tory persons fleeing to them for protection from the Company's territories. These representations, as might have been expected, were of no avail Bhiipayya and Venkatardma Rdzu still received shelter at Bhadrdchalam — orders which were issued from the Nizam's court having proved of no effect ; but they attempted no further incursions into the Mogalturru Division. Two years afterwards, Mr. Gambler received authentic information that they had both died ; and the detachment of regular sepoys stationed at Duwa returned to its headquarters at Ellore, and the Revenue Corps was considerably reduced.* The Collector of the Third Division at Rajahmundry had also been obliged to demand more military assistance during the abovo period, Bhiipayya and his followers having passed through his Division. There were, of course, continual rumours of coming invasion. In the September after Bhiipayya's raid into Mogalturru, some of his peons attacked and plundered Chdgallu, not far from Rajahmundry, but on the opposite side of the river, and they were dispersed by the detachment of sepoys stationed at Kowiiru. Troops were also stationed at Anantapalli, further on in the Ellore road, so that the access to Mogalturru was completely covered. The Collector of the Third Division demanded during this period a * General Reports of the Board of Revenue to the Honourable the Governor in Council, sent Home to the Court of Directors. Madras, 1 872, vol. iv. pp. 6. 38, 52, 84 ; vol. V. p. I. Also MS. Records. 266 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. consequent on their distracted condition owing to family disputes, have already been related. It had been considered advisable to place all the three estates of P6lavaram, Giitdla, and Kottapilli under the eldest brother, Mangdpati Ddvu; and the youngest brother, Vizayag6pAla Devu, had been detained at Masulipatam since the settlement of the dispute. Mr. Branfill found that the conduct of the ruling Zemindar was so very reprehensible in withholding the accounts of his estate, and in persistently failing to liquidate the * General Reports of the Board of Revenue, vol. vi. p. 76. THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 269 "balances due from him, that the Board of Revenue directed him, if no other means should appear adequate to obtain the accounts and to secure the payment of the revenue, to apprehend the person of the Zefllindar in such a manner as might appear advisable. In noticing the refractory conduct of this Zemindar, the Collector submitted a proposal for dividing the Zemindari again, and re-esta- blishing the authority of the younger brother in Giitdla. As, how- ever, the estates had been united under Mangdpati D6vu after mature consideration, and the Court of Directors had approved of this measure, Mr. Branfill's proposal was not entertained. Atten- tion was drawn to the case of the younger brother Vizayag6pdla D6vu; and, as the Collector of the Fifth Division reported most favourably on his conduct during the time he had been under sur- veillance at Masulipatam, and as he appeared to have been too young to have taken an active part in the transactions which occa- sioned his being sent there, the Board directed that measures should be taken for his release. They sent instructions to Mr. Branfill to select a proper place for his residence and that of his family imme- diately attached to him, but as far removed from P6lavaram as he might consider necessary. He was accordingly escorted to Eajah- mundry, where he was permitted to reside. The allowance of 100 pagodas a month, which had hitherto been given him, was continued, and every precaution was taken to prevent the hazard of intrigues in the Gutdla Zemindari by a renewal of dissensions between the parties who might be disposed to create rivalry between the brothers. Mangdpati Devu's conduct continued to be most unsatisfactory. He refused to fulfil his engagements, and a large balance having again become due, the Collector was desired to lose no time in securing his person, which was effected without the slightest disturb- ance. He was also directed to take the most efiectual measures for the security of the crops, and for realizing the current revenue from the country, unless the Zemindar could be induced to make a satis- factory arrangement for the immediate payment of the balance due. The Collector again urged the necessity for dividing the estates, and even submitted proposals made to him by Vizayag6p^la Devu in the event of his being placed in possession ; but the Government would not listen to his suggestions, and directed that the estates should be continued under sequestration, until all demands on them should be cleared off. On receipt of these orders, Mangdpati Ddvu made ar pro- posal to pay the sum of 16,000 pagodas on being released from con- 270 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. finement, to give ample security for the payment of the current revenue as it fell due, and to discharge the old balance in two years. This proposal was accepted ; but the Government ordered that, in consideration of MangApati D^vu's character, and the little depend- ence to be placed on his promises, he was to be told that, if regard- less of this further proof of the lenity and indulgence of the Company's Government, he should swerve from his present en- gagements, they would be under the indispensable necessity of finally sequestering his Zemindari. At this time the younger brother, Vizayag6pdla Devu, fled from Eajahmundry. He was himself a pleasing and amiable youth, and the Collector had every confidence in him, and, even after his flight,, continued to feel a kindly interest in him and to rely on his good intentions. He had evidently been persuaded into this overt act of disaff'ection by the evil counsel of his advisers. He fled in the first instance to Eampa, where, however, he would not yield to the soK- citations of the people to create disturbances and to attack the Company's territory. He subsequently took refuge with Lingdreddi, one of the hill chiefs, who, with their Koi followers, have frequently occasioned trouble. Lingdreddi's territory was on the eastern bank of the Godavery, above P6lavaram and nearer the Gorge. It was nominally dependent on the Zemindar of P6lavaram ; but this de- pendence was merely nominal, as he paid no revenue for it, and acted as he pleased in regard to its internal management. It was said to be worth 1500 or 2000 pagodas a-year, and formerly Lingd- reddi used to pay to the Zemindar a tribute of 100 pagodas, but of late years he had refused to pay even that small sum, and it was not without difticulty he was kept quiet. The Collector continued to entertain a high opinion of Vizayag6pdla Devu, even after his flight, and after making overtures to him, wrote in his favour to the authorities at Madras. The Board of Revenue, acting in com- munication with Government, agreed to extend the period for leniency which they had limited, and instructed Mr. BranfiU to send further conciliatory messages to him, promising him pardon and protection in consideration of his youth and inexperience, and warn- ing him of the fatal consequences which were likely to ensue in case of continued contumacy. A little later on, Vizayag6pdla Devu was drawn into rebellion by the persuasion of his host and Kaldindi Timmardzu, who had joined them, and the whole combined party plundered two villages in the P6lavaram Zemindari, A fresh fitH/rii THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 271 as it is called in the District, or petty insurrection, had begun, and the military had to be called out. The Zemindar of P6lavaram took advantage of the opportunity occasioned by his brother's escape to claim indulgence with regard to the payment of his balances. These had again accumulated to a considerable extent, owing to his own negligence. Another serious warning was made to him on the subject, and his request for indul- gence was peremptorily refused. This refusal and the accompany- ing expostulation elicited from him a promise of payment. His- submission was merely pretence. His conduct soon became so refractory and turbulent that the aid of the military had to be called for against him, as well as against his brother and Lingd- reddi. They had evidently made common cause with each other. The ostensible reason for MangApati D^vu's rebellious conduct was to enforce an acquiescence in the exorbitant claim for remission ex- tending to 52,580 pagodas. He declined obeying a summons which the Collector had issued requiring his attendance at Kajahmundry , and his object was evidently to intimidate the Government into granting him this unjustifiable remission by threats of rebellion. The Collector felt that it was necessary to make adequate arrange- ments against insurrection, as he was certain that, the instant Mangipati D6vu should be informed that his proposals had been rejected, he would at once commence depredations in the neigh- bouring territory of the Company, or would return an evasive answer for the purpose of gaining time until he could collect a sufficient body of peons for that object. He, therefore, made every exertion that lay in his power to collect sufficient troops, not only to protect the country, but to act efficiently, if necessary, before the final orders of Government were made known to the Zemindar. He requested the permission of the officer commanding the Northern Division of the Army to detain a detachment which was passing through Kajahmundry on its way to Masulipatam, so that he might be ready to act in case the Zemindar should have discovered that his terms had not been accepted, and should commence depreda- tions, and might be in readiness to join the troops, if coercive mea- sures should be determined upon. All the necessary preparations having been made, the Board of Revenue proposed and the Govern- ment agreed that the Zemindar should be informed that his propo- sition was inadmissible, and that to admit it would be to sanction not only the waste of public revenue at the pleasure of a Zemindar. 2T2 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. but the propriety of resistance to the orders of Government. They were of opinion that a remission of 1800 pagodas was as much as ought to be granted for the past, and that an adjustment of the remaining balance should be required. During the negotiations consequent on these instructions, the Zemindar had been collecting men and arms to enable him to make a successful resistance to them. All the efforts of Mr. Branfill to induce him to accede to them and to return to his allegiance to the Company, were unsuccessful. The military force which had now been collected was ready for action. It was under the command of Colonel Gardiner. Hopes were entertained that a rapid dash at the commencement would bring hostilities to a speedy conclusion ; and, therefore, a plan was concerted, by which it was believed the fort of Polavaram would be captured, and the Zemindar's person secured. The fort was taken after a brief resistance by the Zemin- dar's peons, during which several sepoys were killed or wounded. The Zemindar had, however, fled, and the principal object of the siege was left unfulfilled. The fort was destroyed. On receiving intelligence of the capture of P6lavaram, the Go- vernment forwarded a proclamation to the Collector for publication throughout the District. In this document the rebellious conduct of Mangdpati Devu, the lenity of Government in the measures adopted towards him, and the audacity of his opposing the Company's troops were pointed out. A reward of 10,000 rupees was offered for his apprehension and delivery to the authorities ; and, at the same time, the Zemindar had an opportunity afforded him, by unconditional surrender, of throwing himself on the mercy of Government. In the event of his not availing himself of this indul- gence, the inhabitants of the neighbouring districts were warned to hold no communication with him, and not to aid him in any respect, either by taking up arms or attaching themselves to his person or cause, as such conduct would subject them to trial before a military tribunal. The Zemindari of P6lavaram and the neighbouring dis- tricts were thus placed under martial law. A free pardon was offered in this proclamation to Vizayag6p4la D6vu, on condition of liis surrender within a given period. As soon as he heard of the preparations made against him, Man- gdpati D6vu fled to the Nizam's territories, whence he returned when he thought the coast was clear. Directly information was re- ceived of his return, the Collector again concerted a plan with the THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 273 officer commanding the Northern Division of the Madras army, with the object of securing the Zemindar's person, and thus ending the anticipated campaign by one stroke. The difficult nature of the liilly country to be traversed, and the celerity with which infor- mation of the movement of troops is conveyed in that region, render such an operation nearly impossible. A reinforcement of three companies of sepoys, under Captain "Wahab, was ordered to proceed for this purpose to Ganapavaram, a village thirty-four miles nearly due west from Polavaram. The sepoys arrived there on August II, 1800. The Collector, accompanied by Colonel Smith, repaired thither on the following day, and a council of war was held. It was then agreed that Captain Wahab's detachment should ])roceed on the morning of the i8th, by the route of Ndgavaram, to Chiruvdka, the village where the Zemindar had taken up his resi- lience, and that Colonel Smith, with the troops from P6lavaram, should take the route of Kondrak6ta on the same day, so that both parties might reach the place appointed nearly at the same time. .Vs might have been expected, this manoeuvre was unsuccessful. The two detachments met at the appointed place and at the ap- pointed time ; but, though the strictest search was made for the Zemindar, he could nowhere be found. Though every exertion was made to ascertain his retreat, no tidings could be obtained of him, and it was supposed that he had fled across the river into the Rampa territory upon hearing that the troops were in search of him. The detachments on their way to Chiruvdka did not meet Avith any opposition ; but the one from P6lavaram was attacked on its return by a large body of peons belonging to Lingdreddi and the other hill chiefs. They were speedily dispersed. An officer and a sepoy were wounded — the former slightly, with an arrow; the latter dangerously. Previous to their departure from P6lavaram, the Collector had re- quested Colonel Smith to destroy Lingdreddi's villages. This was done, but all efforts to secure some of his followers were ineffectual. During his brief stay at Ganapavaram, the Collector prevailed on Munireddi, the principal hill chieftain in that quarter, not only to accept a lease from the Company, but also to take an active part against the Zemindar. He showed his friendliness and zeal by con- ducting Captain Wahab's detachment across the hills, by a mountain track known to few besides himself, to Chiruvdka, and by giving what assistance he was able with the peons under his command. s 2 74 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. Overtures were also made to Lingdreddi, and two letters were ad- dressed to him on the subject of his disaffection ; but he took no notice of them, and treated them with the most contemptuous in- difference. H'' apparently never assigned any reason for having so sudd'^nly broken his engagements with the Company. In order to keep the inhabitants of Rampa in check, a company of sepoys was stationed at Kottapilli, and another at Indigup6ta. A party of hill people attacked the latter, which was under the com- mand of Lieutenant Macdonald, on the night of the 28th of August. They were soon dispersed, but not before one of the sepoys was mortally wounded. On the 31st, Pandu Dora, the chief of the in- surgents in Eampa, called by the Collector "the Rumpah Head Peon," accompanied by three or four hundred men armed with vari- ous weapons, advanced to Purushottapatnam, which was directly opposite P61avaram and within sight of the troops stationed there, and seized the boats and the people belonging to them who were on that side the river, so as to cut off all communication. It was decided by the Eight Honourable the Governor in Council, that the ist Battalion of the 9th Regiment, which had been detained on its way and sent to P6lavaram, should continue its march to Ganjam, and that Captain O'Reilly, with four companies of the 2d Battalion of the 8th Regiment was to relieve it. The Collector, hearing of this, wrote a strong remonstrance to the officer command- ing the Division, pointing out that the country Was in a much worse state of c^isquietude than it had been since the commencement of the disturbance. Besides the active hostility in the territory of Rampa on the east side of the river, he had discovered a conspiracy in P6la- varam itself, notwithstanding the presence of the troops. The Col- lector took on himself, therefore, to request Colonel Smith to post- pone his departure for Ganjam until he could be relieved by the arrival of Captain O'Reilly's detachment, as it was necessary for the defence of the country and for the protection of the peaceably in- clined inhabitants not to leave the place unguarded. Vizayag6pdla D^vu had surrendered himself to the officer com- manding at Ganapavaram. He stated that MangApati D6vu had entered into correspondence with him and his other brother, Nara- shima D^vu, who had consented to join him, and had proposed that all three brothers should combine and create disturbances in the P6lavaram estate, by which course Mangdpati D^vu hoped to have it restored to him. Vizayagdpdla D6vu was at the time in the Rekapalli THE FIRST COLLECTORATES. 275 country, and a few days afterwards he entered the Company's ter- ritories and surrendered himself. The Collector reported that he ap- peared to be sincerely penitent for the part which he had been play- ing in the disturbances, which he ascribed entirely to evil advisers. The third brother, Eeddi Narashima D6vu, had been captured by a detachment sent from P6lavaranL While Mr. Branfill was at P6lavaram, he entered fully into the subject of the uncollected revenue of Fasli 1209, and formed a settlement for Fasli 1210. The latter amounted to 42,698 pagodas. On the state of the villages comprising this estate, he made the following observations, which clearly show that it was a very fertile and naturally prosperous Zemindari, and might have proved a great source of profit to the Zemindar, if he had been well advised and prudently inclined. " Their produce of late years," the Col- lector wrote, " has very much decreased, for which many reasons can be assigned— the Zemindar's total neglect of his concerns, his injudicious choice of people to manage for him, insufficient attention paid to the state of tanks and water-courses, not a single pagoda advanced, but principally the oppressive mode of forestalling his revenues, which obliged the inhabitants to borrow money at a high interest to pay their kists ; but notwithstanding the present un- favourable appearance of these countries, I am convinced they would in a short time, with attention and good management, yield the full amount of the Committee's valuation, the soil being remarkably fertile." The Board of Revenue regarded the settlement made by Mr. Branfill as that of a distracted country whose actual resources could not be properly ascertained, and whose affairs could not be regulated until the Zemindar himself was secured and his influence eradicated.* The estate was given to a cousin named Eeddi Lakshmindrdyana D6vu, with whom the permanent settlement was made. * General Reports of the Board of Revenue, vol. iv. pp- 85, 150 ; vol. v. pp. 2, 54, III; vol. vi. pp. 10, 78. Also MS. Records. Three battalions of volun- teers from Bengal, under Colonel Gardiner, who was a Bengal officer, were employed in this campaign. They had volunteered for service in the war against Tippoo Sultan, and had been engaged in Mysore after the fall of Seringapatam ; and' they received the warmest thanks both of the Government of Madras and of the Governor-General for their services in Mysore and at Pdlavaram. Govern- ment Order, May 12, 1800. Government Order of Governor-General in Council, August 6, 1800. Madras Gazette, August 23, 1800. East India Military Calendar, vol. ii. p. 303 J vol. iii. p. 295. ( 276 ) CHA.PTEE XV. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. i^EGOTIATIONS REGARDINa THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLE- ■ MENT — APPOINTMENT OF A SPECIAL COMMISSION — INTRODUCTION OF THE SYSTEM INTO THIS DISTRICT — LIST OF THE ESTATES AT THAT TIME — WORKING OF THE SYSTEM — DECLINE OP THE ZEMINDARIS AND PROPRIE- TARY ESTATES — TOUR OF SIR THOMAS MUNRO — THE GREAT FAMINE — DETERIORATION OF THE DISTRICT — SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY'S COM- MISSION. The Permanent Settlement was introduced into the Eajahmundry District in 1802-3. This system had been adopted in Bengal in 1 793, under Lord Cornwallis, and the Court of Directors were so fully satisfied of its excellence that they had for some time been anxious to see it introduced into all the possessions belonging to the East India Company. The Committee of Circuit was instituted with a view to the ultimate adoption of a similar system ; and the delay in the introduction of it into the Northern Circars was occasioned by the imperfect manner in which the authority of the Company had been established there, the failure of the local authorities in acquir- ing the requisite revenue knowledge, and the want of legislative power sufficient to authorize the introduction of courts of justice. When the Court of Directors authorized the abolition of the Pro- vincial Councils, they clearly stated their desire to see this system ultimately established throughout the whole of the territories of Fort St. George. Being thoroughly sensible of the propriety and expediency of the late revenue and judicial regulations in Bengal, they directed the Madras Government to consider the expediency of adopting similar plans for the Northern Circars. Should that Government be of opinion, after mature deliberation, that the Bengal arrangements might be extended with equal promise of general advantage to the districts under their superintendence, the Court confided in their wisdom and discretion to carry the same into effect, by such decrees and in such manner, and at such times, as local circumstances appeared to warrant.* * Letter from the Court to the Madras Government, dated April 21, 1795. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT, 2 7 7 The Government of Madras, while admitting the advisability of introducing the Bengal system, were of opinion that the fitting time for it had not yet arrived. But the matter was not suffered to drop. Jn 1798 Lord Wellesley, when Governor-General, directed the Government of Madras to make a full and complete inquiry into the victual condition of the public service in every branch, in consequence of the pecuniary distress of that Presidency which had been reported to him, in order that whatever reforms might be found needful should immediately be applied. At the same time it was stated to be the wish of the Supreme Government, that, with this reform of the civil establishment, the introduction of the Bengal system of revenue and judicature should be made. In accordance with these instructions a Committee was immediately appointed to consider the revision and reform of the Civil Service, and the Board of Revenue were requested to make preparations for the introduction of the new system as soon as practicable.* In September 1799, they sent in to the Government an elaborate Report on the subject. They were of opinion that the new system might be applied at once to the Northern Circars ; but there was one particular, in which the terri- tories under the two Governments materially differed, and they pro- ceeded to make suggestions by which that difference might be met. In Bengal nearly the whole country was in the hands of Zemindars at the time of the Permanent Settlement, and there was con- sequently no great diflBculty in applying it to them; but in the Northern Circars, a very large portion of the land was not in pos- session of Zemindars, but was under the immediate management of the Company. It was necessary, therefore, to determine how these lands could be brought under the settlement. The Board of Revenue recommended that they should be formed into estates, or " mootahs," as they were called, yielding a revenue from 1000 to 5000 jiagodas a year each, and that these estates should be sold or granted to individuals who should be called Proprietors. The Government of Madras at once gave permission to the Board to prepare the way for carrying into effect a permanent settlement of the lands on the principles they had enunciated. The Board of Revenue, on the receipt of this authority, issued a long letter of instructions to the several Collectors, explaining the principle of the intended settle- ment, and requesting them to obtain the best information they could, in order most effectually to carry out the wishes of Government. * General Reports of the Board of Revenue, vol. v. 104 ; vi. pp. 70, 145. 278 ■ THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. The Collectors were informed that the Madras Government were fully convinced that the public prosperity and welfare of the coun- try absolutely required the introduction of the new system, and they were requested to use every exertion to have it introduced in the best possible manner.* In expressing his approval of these arrangements, the Governor- General distinctly informed the Government of Madras that the acknowledgment of a proprietary right in the Zemindars who were then in possession, or in the Proprietors who were about to be cre- ated, was not to be allowed in any respect to affect the rights of the ryots or others who had hitherto been, in any way, subject to the authority of the Zemindars or other landholders ; nor was it to be understood as preventing the Government from passing any laws which might be considered expedient for the protection of the ryots. The Court of Directors also gave their full approval to the scheme. In bestowing on the Madras Government power to pro- ceed in carrying into execution the plans which had received their approval, they added that "there was one material circumstance to be attended to in the conduct of this important measure, namely, that any attempt to introduce a regular system of order would be idle and nugatory, till the minds of the people were prepared ta feel the importance of the benefits they were about to receive. The first object, therefore, was to establish the authority of the Govern- ment itself in the different Zemindaris before they were invited to participate in the advantages to be conferred on them, and this could never be done till the spirit of rebellion and insubordination which was so conspicuous in the Northern Circars was suppressed. It was of the first importance to the attainment of that object, that all subordinate military establishments should be annihilated within the limits then subject to the dominion of the Company ; and that the countries to which this observation applied must be brought to such a state of subjection as to acknowledge and submit to the principle that, as they must be indebted to the beneficence and wisdom of the British Government for every advantage they were to receive, so, in like manner, they must feel indebted solely to its^ protection for the continuance and enjoyment of them." t In the following year a special Commission was appointed by the Madras Government to consider as to the most appropriate manner in which the principles of the new system were to be carried into * Circular Instructions to Collectors, dated October 15, 1799. t Fifth Report, p. 309. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 279 effect, and to apply them to those districts which were considered to be ready for its introduction. This Commission merely remained in existence long enough to perform the special duties for which it was created. The Zemindaris in the Rajahmundry District, to. which the Permanent Settlement was first extended, were the two large estates of Peddapore and Pittapore. The estates of the Zemindars who were already in possession were confirmed to them in perpetuity. The Government lands were divided into estates of convenient size, yielding from 1000 to 5000 star pagodas annual revenue, and these were sold at public auction to the highest bidders, subject to the terms of the permanent Zemindari tenure. The assessment on each Zemindari was fixed exclusively of the revenue derived from all extra sources, such as the abkari, salt, and sayer ; and the general standard by which the land-rent to be paid by the Zemindars was regulated was mostly two-thirds of the average gross collections of preceding years, varying from eight years to thirteen, as the accounts could be found — one-third of these assets being remitted as compensation to the Zemindars for the charges of the management of their estates and for their own maintenance. In this average only the culturable land belonging to Government was included.* At the time of the Permanent Settlement, the Rajahmundry Dis- trict consisted of thirteen ancient Zemindaris, together with the possessions of the Kaldindi (the Zemindari of Mogalturru) and of the Mandap4ti families, which had been held under the direct manage- ment of the Government since their voluntary cession. There were forty-nine Government villages. The Zemindari of Mogalturru, the possessions of the Mandapdti family, and the Government villages were divided into twenty-six estates, and the permanent revenue fixed on them were in most cases but little short of the assets, and in many cases equal to them or exceeding thenL These estates were sold in 1 803, and the purchasers were called Proprietors. They were allowed for the first ten years of their occupancy a temporary abate- ment of the fixed demand. The amount realized by the sale of these estates was 331,947 rupees. The village of Uppdda was at this time transferred to Rajahmundry from the Vizagapatam Dis- trict. The following Statement shows the names of the Zeminda- ris and Proprietary Estates at this time, the names of the owners or purchasers, the estimated assets, and the permanent assessment then imposed on each. • Sir Heury Montgomery's Report, § 6. Fifth Report, p. 313, 28o THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. Names of the Estates. Names of the Owners or Purchasers. Assets. Assess- ment. Ancient Zemindaris — Rs. Rs. I. Peddapore. . , VatsT^ya E^ya Jaggapati Rdzu 994,623 667,817 2. Pittapore . . , Kow Venkatanilddri Row . . 392,182 258,979 3. P(51avarain. . . Reddi Lakshmindr^yana Ddvu 199,853 105,700 4. Kdta Kdmaolien- drap-uram . . C. Jaggann^dha Rdzu . . . 178,902 124,596 5. Vdgayyammapdta V. Sdmappa 13,121 8,750 6. Yelampjilem , , A. Krishnabrahmdji . . . 16,170 16,408 7. Yenkatiyapdlem Mirza Usaf Sahib .... 2,201 1,946 8. Vella .... Mir Mohammed Ibrahim Kdzi 2,156 1,445 9, Telakacherla . . U, Jdgi Jaggannddha Rdzu . 3-426 1,925 10. Jffim-ddi . . . J. Bhandji Rdma Row . . . 399 287 II. Panangipalli . , S. Venkayya 1,179 854 12. Unddshwarapuram G. Venkatanarasu .... 924 637 13. Mii'kV.'f.mala . . D. Venkatapati Sdmaydji . . 588 133 14- Vilasa and Jjinu- palli .... J, Rdmdji Bhdnu .... 3,013 2,439 15, Bantumilli . . Proprietary Estates — G. Venkatardmanna , , . 306 240 1,809,043 1,192,156 I. Rajalimuadry "^ r 14,875 12,456 2. Penumadam . 33,824 30,019 3. Kovvtiru . . 33,936 33,568 4. Perlini . . . 21,000 20,520 5. Cheyy^ru . . 6. Viravdsarain . 7. Kdza . . . 8. Mogalturru . ■ Mirza Rdja Piisapdti Ndrayana Gajapati Rdzu Bahadur, Ze- mindar of Yizianagaram 24,577 45,237 ■ 38,552 47,229 25,249 39,795 34,937 51,082 9. Gtmupiidi . . 29.351 35,455 10. Undi . . . 36,848 41,720 II. Sakhindtipalli '1 16,268 21,668 12. Bendamtirlanka, . I 8,134 8,134 13. E'dgampalli . ■^ r 16,033 15,372 14. Kdpavaram . 15. Mnrjlri . . 16. EAghaddvapu- ram . , . ■ Rdja Vatsavdya Rdya Jagga- pati Rdzu Bahadur, Zemin- dar of Peddapore .... 16,499 18,634 22,925 16,191 18,277 20,961 17, Doddipatla . , 1 39.354 37,642 18. Pentigonda . 47,183 44,128 19. AmaUpuraTn . Anapindi Ammanna . . . ■ 25,798 21,987 20. Tanuku . . 35,399 33,481 21. Atsanta . . 22. Bonddda . . K6charlak(5ta Venkata Rdzu . 48,562 18,410 46,816 27,181 23. SiddMntam . . K, Karasa Rdzu 27,986 26,274 24, Attm .... S. Venkatdchalam .... 49,906 48,111 25, Duvva .... VenkatanarashimS, Appa Row 24,650 22,466 26. Nilapalli . . . 27. Upp^a. . . . T. Kdma Rdzu Mirza Rdja Pdsapdti Gajapati 8,743 8,743 749,913 742,173 Rdzu Bahadur, Zemindar of Vizayanagaram .... 1,998 1,800 THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 281 It should be observed that many of the above-mentioned estates "wfere merely single villages which were bestowed on the families who were then in possession, and granted to them on favourable tenures. The Zemindaris of Peddapore, Pittapore, and P6lavaram con- tained respectively 372, 128, and 128 villages each. The united estate of K6ta R^machendrapuram contained 66 villages. Besides these there were the hilly and thinly-populated estates of Rampa, Totapalli, and Jaddangi, comprising 338, 103, and 88 villages. The owners of these estates were called Mansabdars. Their influence was small, their revenues trifling, and the value of their possessions inconsiderable. The estates of Totapalli and Jaddangi were formerly held on a kind of feudal tenure from the Zemindar of Peddapore, to whose possessions they formed a kind of appanage, and on whose behalf they were bound to provide an armed force to repel incur- sions from the hills, and to assist the Zemindar, whenever the ser- vices of their wild military establishment of peons were required. These three estates do not appear to have been brought under the system of the Permanent Settlement like the other parts of the Dis- trict. The materials for such a settlement could have been obtained with only the greatest difficulty, and, perhaps, could not have been obtained at alL The Rampa estate is particularly wild and jungly, and though containing so many villages, yet, if half a dozen in the plains are excepted, the revenue derived from them did not average more than two or three rupees a year from each.* The two small estates named last on the list of the ancient Zemindaris were sub- sequently added to the number, and made the total fifteen. They consisted of three villages which were afterwards ascertained to have been surreptitiously enjoyed as iimm, or rent-free land, by members of the Jillella and Gdm6ji Mazumdar families. A fixed assessment was imposed on them in Faslis 1233, 1237, and 1240, and they were from that time classed among the ancient Zemindaris-f The Permanent Assessment did not prove a success in the Rajah- mundry District. The causes of the failure were difi'erent in the two different kinds of estates which were at this time created. The ancient Zemindari estates deteriorated principally from the inherent defects of the system itself, and from the incapacity of those by whom they were managed. It was at first imagined that the assess- ment which was originally imposed on them was too high, and that, * Mr, R. E. Master's Report on the Settlement of the Central and Eastern Deltas, § 10. t Sir H. Montgomery's Report, § 5. 282 THE GOD A VER V DISTRIC T. as sufficient had not been left for the maintenance of the owners and their families and dependents, they were reduced to ruin. Such was not, however, the case. The assessment was comparatively moderate. The most lightly assessed Zemindari was the first to fail. It would be of little practical use to trace the manner in which these Zemindaris gradually became divided and subdivided, until but small portions of them remained in the possession of the original owners. It will be sufficient to quote the graphic and forcible description of the downward tendency of the system of selling estates for arrears of revenue given by Mr. Eobertson, a former Collector of the District. " The measure of resorting to a sale of defaulters' lands as regards this District," wrote that gentleman in 1819, only seventeen years after the introduction of the Permanent Settlement,, " failed in a great degree to secure the object intended. A reference to the list of sales will show that estates once exposed to public auction seldom remain any length of time in the possession of the \ first purchaser. After repeated changes many of them lapse to Government with large outstanding balances for want of bidders,, and such, I apprehend, will ultimately be the fate of the remainder. The reasons appear to me obvious. The original possessor of an estate of this description has usually exhausted its resources before he gives it up. The new proprietor, not aware of its actual condi- tion, pays a considerable premium for his purchase, in expectation of immediate profits. On taking possession he learns his disappoint- ment. The measures to be adopted in such a state of affairs requir- ing both trouble and heavy expenses for repairs, &c., he is unwilling and unable to undertake them. Nevertheless, attempts leading ta much oppression are made to extract a revenue which, under such circumstances, cannot be realized. As matters thenceforward be- come worse, some individuals are fortunate enough to shift the responsibility to others by a timely transfer. The next process i» j^ubdividing the estate, and transferring the better portions of it to- 1 aise loans. Meantime the arrears are progressively accumulating,, and, to relieve himself of his embarrassments, the Proprietor at length resorts to a collusive transfer in the name of some ignorant or needy dependent. Persons are readily found to lend themselves, for this purpose, who, when the day of reckoning arrives, either fly the District, or, if apprehended, suffer some years' imprisonment in the Zillah Jail, and the balances due to the Government become desperate." * * Sir H. Montgomery's Report, § 25. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 283 The downfal of the Proprietary Estates was equally rapid and equally sad. The above description applies to them also. The twenty-six estates of this kind remained in their entirety only for a very short time. They were very much over-assessed, and they were not able to bear the burden thus imposed on them ; and, in addition to this evil, the Proprietors too frequently followed the example of the Zemindars, and imitated their habits of living, and their affectation of princely pomp. In 1843 the Special Commissioner AVTote : " "When it is remembered that the assessment on the Pro- prietary Estates equalled, and sometimes exceeded, the ascertained assets, it is not surprising that nearly the whole of them, after divi- sions and subdivisions, sale and resale, both publicly and privately, have long since reverted to Government, and have changed their denomination to Government Estates; and that of the few still classed under the head of Proprietary Estates, the small proportion of one-fourth only are now actually so held, the rest being either attached for balances which must bring them to speedy sale, or, after several years of minority management, proposed, as a rehef to their possessors, for surrender to Government." * For ten years after the introduction of the Permanent Settlement, there were no lands under the immediate management of the Col- lector, for the whole District having been divided into private estates, there were no rents due direct to Government. The first lapse occurred in 18 13-14. One of the estates was sold for arrears of revenue, and, being purchased on behalf of Government, became what was called a Government Estate. The Collector was instructed to rent the villages to the head inhabitants. The brief statement given below will show the rapid manner in which the various estates, both Proprietary and Zemindari, fell into the direct pos- session of Government. The former were the first to fail : the latter continued much longer in the possession of their original OWners.t No. of villages ®^' under Government. 1813 ... ... ... ... 10 1817 59 1820 ... ... ... ... 133 1832 ... ... ... ... 150 1840 ... ... ... ... 361 1844 ... ... ... ... 580 1851 ... ... ... ... 876 * Sir H. Montgomery's Report, § 17. t Mr. Master's Report on the Western Delta, paragraphs 8, 13. 284 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. During the latter half of the year 1822, Sir Thomas Munro, then Governor of Madras, made a tour through the Northern Circars and Nellore. His principal object in this journey was, not so much to learn anything new regarding these the oldest possessions of the Company, as, from personal communication with the local authorities and the Zemindars and chief inhabitants, to ascertain the general condition of the people, the political state of the country, the main causes which had led to the frequent disturbances of its tranquillity, and the means most likely to remedy the disorder. " Although the Circars," he wrote in an excellent Minute, " are our earliest possessions, there are none, perhaps, of which we have so little accurate knowledge in everything that regards the condition of the people. Little or nothing has been added to the information given forty years ago by the Committee of Circuit. By being so much nearer to the time of the conquest of these districts, they had the advantage of communicating with many of the local officers and inhabitants who had lived under the native Government, and they had thereby a better opportunity than we now have of ascertaining what had then been the rights of the different classes of the people, and the rules and customs by which the public revenue was secured. " The plans of the Committee of Circuit might in general have been adopted with great advantage, but nothing was done upon them. The Chiefs and Councils were abolished, and Collectors appointed in their room in 1794; but the same system of revenue continued with little alteration until the introduction of the Permanent Settle- ment. The want of sufficient information caused this settlement to be unequal. This would have been of less consequence, had it not in many places been too high, which will make most of the new estates, and probably some of the old Zemindaris, revert hereafter to Government. We have left ourselves in the Circars with so few means of acquiring information, that it is not easy to say, after a trial of twenty years, whether the effect of the Permanent Settle- ment has been beneficial or otherwise to the country. It has been favourable to the cultivation of estates whose assessment is moderate, and whose proprietors are active ; but it has not improved the con- dition of the ryots generally, and has certainly rendered it worse than before in all those villages which have come back to Govern- ment with diminished resources. It has not been favourable to the Karnams and village servants, because the landholders have dis- placed many and deprived others of their just dues. It has not THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 285 been favourable to Inamdars, a great number of whom have been ejected from their inams without any authority whatever, and their lands converted to the use of the Zemindar or Proprietor without jmying any revenue to Government ; and it has been unfavourable to all the old Zemindars by making their lands liable to sale for private debts, by exposing them to frequent lawsuits, and by stripping them of the greatest part of their possessions, as in the case of the Rajah of Pittapore ; and it has also been unfavourable to the authority of Government, and to the efficiency of the Collectors and Magistrates. " The weakness of the authority of Government in the Circars is owing to our restoring the estates of the petty Zemindars, who liad been subdued, contrary to the opinion of the Committee of Circuit ; to our erecting by the Permanent Settlement a new set of Proprietary Zemindars ; to our not reserving a single village in which we could have direct control over the ryots; and to our transferring to these Proprietors the Kamams, who are the source of all our information. In an open country long under the imme- diate authority of Government, the Permanent Settlement, though it tends to conceal the real state of the country, does not seriously affect the public authority by encouraging resistance or rebellion ; but in mountainous and unhealthy districts, like the Northern Circars, the greater part of which have long been in the hands of a number of petty rajahs, some claiming independence, and all constantly ready to withhold their tribute, and to raise disturbance whenever they see a favourable opportunity, the Permanent Settlement has the effect of weakening the authority of Government over the whole jirovince, and of rendering the establishment of security and good order more difficult than before. When we received the Circars from the Nizam, a considerable portion of them was Circar land hi the hands of the officers of Government, and was generally com- posed of the most fertile and populous tracts along the sea-coast. 13y having direct authority over a great population and over the most unhealthy part of the community, the influence of Government increased daily, both over its own districts, and those of the petty rajahs, and would in time have become sufficient, without the aid of military force, to have ensured obedience and tranquillity ; but by creating new Zemindars and Proprietors, and divesting ourselves of the Circar lands, from the immediate possession of which our influ- ence almost entirely arose, we have placed the prospect of the 286 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. establishment of subordination and good order among the petty- raj ahships at a greater distance than ever. We are much more powerful now than in 1784 ; but we are not now so able to establish the authority of Government over them as then, because at that time a considerable part of the country was Circar land ; but now we have made over the Circar lands to new Zemindars, and restored all the reduced rajahs. . . . Our system in the Circars is one of forbearance, and we are obliged to connive at irregularities which would not be tolerated in other provinces, lest we should be compelled to use force, and involve ourselves in a petty warfare against banditti, in a pestilential climate among hills and jungles. " The affairs of the Circars can never be well administered, nor the great body of the people protected against oppression, nor the country be secured from disturbance and the incursions of plunderers, until our Government becomes more respected in those provinces than it is at present. The system which has already been adopted there renders the speedy introduction of any great or general im- provement quite impracticable ; but much may be done, in time, by pursuing steadily measures calculated to give the Government more weight in the country, and more direct intercourse with and control over the people. No Zemindari once forfeited for rebellion should ever be restored, whatever temporary evil the retention of it might occasion. All estates falling in should invariably be kept and annexed to the Circar lands. The gradual extension of the Circar lands should be our main object, because it is by having the direct possession and management of landed property that we can best protect the ryots, grant them remission of rent, assist them in agricultural improve- ments, and attach them to our Government. The extension of the Circar lands gives us also a great influence over all the military classes residing upon them, as we have thereby the power of grant- ing them indulgences in rent, and other matters, in their several villages. Were the open country all Circar land, we should have little difficulty in raising peons whenever it was necessary, sufficient to quell any disturbance among the Zemindaris, with little or no aid from regular troops ; but, while the open country is in the hands of either old or new Zemindars, the peons raised in the villages will never act cordially in our service, nor be deserving of any con- dence, because we have no patronage in their villages, and do nothing for them or their families, while the Proprietor or Zemindar of the village, if he be secretly adverse to the cause in which they are em- THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT, 287 ployed, can do them much serious injury in various ways. When the open country becomes Circar land, a strong and just Govern- ment acts silently on the people, and through them upon those of the neighbouring hill Zemindaris. The better class of traders and cultivators in both districts find that their interest is promoted by the tranquillity of the country. Their influence gradually extends to the leading men of the Zemindari, and to the rajah and his mili- tary followers, and discourages them from raising disturbances ; and these men, when they see t(iat the body of the people is against them, and that the Government is strong, remain quiet, and in time lose their turbulent and predatory habits. " One point which requires some arrangement in order to promote the continuance of tranquillity in the Circars, is the securing to the ancient rajahs the possession of their old hereditary domains. This subject has been long before the Board, and all that is wanted might be accomplished by passing a Regulation placing these domains on the same footing as they were previous to the introduction of the judicial system, by which they will be exempted from sequestration" on account of any private debt which may hereafter be contracted The object of this measure is not only to save the families of the old Zemindars from ruin, but to save ourselves from being forced into hostilities in order to support the claims of money-lenders. The Zemindars, but more especially those of the hill districts, will often submit peaceably to the resumption of the Zemindari by Govern- ment, when they will oppose by arms its transfer to a merchant or soucar. They are not dishonoured, they think, by their possessions falling into the hands of Government ; but they consider themselves as disgraced by seeing the abodes of their ancestors become the pro perty of a low trader. As the Regulations now stand, we must, whenever a soucar obtains a decree against a Zemindar for a part or the whole of the Zemindari, on account of a debt, support him by force both in getting and maintaining possession of it ; and hence we are every day liable to be dragged into a petty warfare among un- healthy hills, where an enemy is hardly ever seen, when numbers of valuable lives are lost from the climate, and when we often lose, but never gain, reputation. We have hostilities enough on account of public objects, and it is undoubtedly our duty to adopt such measures as may remove the necessity for our being obliged to have recourse to them in support of private speculations. " On the whole it appears to me that, in order to render the local 288 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. administration of the Circars gradually more efficient, it will be advisable to restore no lands which have once reverted to Govern- ment ; to improve the establishment of the Collectors ; to pass a Regulation for securing to the ancient Zemindars their hereditary- domains ; and to pass a Regulation for enabling the Collectors either to restore or to assess such inams as have been resumed without authority since the Permanent Settlement, according as they may have been held under valid titles or otherwise." * But little occurred during the next few years to disturb the un- eventful history of this District. The condition of the people was unhappily deteriorating, owing to a combination of causes which will hereafter be considered. Several seasons unfavourable to agri- culture succeeded each other; but the most calamitous season, perhaps, that has ever been experienced in the Northern Circars was that of 1 833. It is generally known by the name of the Great Famine ; and so deeply did the remembrance of it enter into the hearts of the people that it became a marked era from which they were accustomed to reckon dates. I have frequently asked a man his age, and he has been unable to state it ; but he was quite ready to answer the question, " How old were you at the time of the Great Famine 1 " There had been too much rain in the previous year, and in May 1832 there was a most destructive hurricane, which did an immense deal of damage to the crops and destroyed a good number of cattle. The famine was so very severe that pri- vate benevolence and the contributions freely and cheerfully ren- dered by the wealthier European and native inhabitants of the District were quite inadequate to stem the tide of misery and want. Mr. Crawley, the Collector, was consequently obliged to make an ap- plication for a grant from Government to enable him to relieve the pressing wants of the poor, particularly of the women and children. From March to the end of July he was able to procure food for about 5000 starving, destitute people a-day through the liberality of private individuals ; but he was obliged to apply to Government for assistance from the State to mitigate in some degree the existing misery. He stated that he had deferred making this requisition till he was absolutely obliged, because he would infinitely prefer relying * Selection of Papers from the Records at the India House relating to the- Revenue, Police, and Civil and Criminal Justice under the Company's Govern- ment in India. Vol. iii. p. 566. 1826. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 280 on private subscriptions to requesting a grant of public money. He asked only for the modest sum of 600 to 800 rupees.* The famine was not quite so grievous in the Eajahmundry Dis- trict as it was in the neighbouring District of Guntoor, but it was very bad. The hurricane in the previous year had destroyed much of the crops, which had thus no chance of recovery. The rain having also failed in the western parts of India, the usual freshes in the Godavery were deficient, and cut off the supply which was expected by the cultivators who dwelt near its banks. A partial rise early in the season induced them to commence agricultural opera- tions, but this merely tended to delude them, and to frustrate the hopes which had been excited, t The crushing misery which gradu- ally came upon the people and slowly destroyed them was appal- ling. As it increased from day to day, thousands emigrated to Madras and to other more fortunate Districts. A stream of pilgrims flowed night and day towards the south. Madras being the seat of Government, thousands repaired thither with the remnants of their household possessions, and with the children and dependants who had not died upon the road. In many cases the famishing parents sold their little perishing daughters to men who carried them off to Hyderabad. The great northern road soon became one long grave- yard. It was often most difiicult to distinguish between the dying and the dead. It was directed that no one should be relieved at the public expense, without undergoing the ordeal of working for this relief. Many of the better castes considered this worse than death, and refused to undergo the indignity of digging tanks, the work which was usually selected. Others accepted with shame the relief which was accompanied by such terms ; and tenderly -nurtured women and high -bom men were seen working at this manual labour under the direction of native overseers, while some decided to starve rather than submit to such degradation. The pressure of hunger made men lose all regard for others and thought for the rights of property. It became impossible to trans- port grain without the protection of armed escorts. When they heard of the approach of grain merchants with a convoy of food, the villagers would turn out en masse, and strive to obtain possession of the grain by force. The usual routine of village life was most melancholy. During the day men could be seen proAvling about the * Letter to the Chief Secretary to Government, dated August 13, 1833. + Also MS. Records. T 290 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. streets picking up anything edible, even from the most defiled sources, and at night women would go to the village well, and watch the water drop slowly into their brazen vessels, every drop being carefully prized and cherished. " Deeds of violence," writes one who was evidently an eyewitness of these sad scenes, " could not be altogether suppressed ; yet, on the whole, it was marvellous with what patience and submission this long period of calamity was ■ endured — such pining want; such personal anguish; cattle dying from thirst in the fields ; the little heirlooms of jewels and silver and golden ornaments parted with ; the wail of famishing children ; and yet no jacquerie, no fanatical outbursts against their rulers, in whose truth they still trusted." * Happily this time of famine did not extend beyond a year, as is frequently the case in India. The two following seasons were favourable ; but there was a general failure of the rains in the years 1836, 1837, and 1838, culminating in the latter year in distress which fell very little short of famine, t In 1839 ^^® District was visited by another severe cyclone, which was more destructive than any that had occurred since that of May 1788. The seasons which followed were poor and unfavourable for cultivation, and this succession of unfavourable weather and scanty rains tended consider- ably to impoverish the District. The cyclone of 1839 raged all along the coast from Vizagapata; to Nursapore, and its ravages extended so far inland as Eajahmun- dry. It was, however, most destructive near the coast. It was accompanied by a tidal wave, which burst upon the shore, and caused an inundation at Cocanada and Coringa. The shipping were driven on shore, some of the wrecked vessels being carried, it is said, four miles inland. The loss of life was very great. Very many of the native houses at Samulcotta were blown down; all the European houses except two were unroofed; and, even in Rajahmundry, some of the houses were nearly dismantled by the violence of the storm. The destruction of property was very great. The mer- chants' storehouses at Coringa and Injaram were ruined ; cattle and crops were destroyed ; large tracts of land were rendered unfit for cultivation by the overflow of salt water ; the tanks were filled and spoiled by the same cause ; and the wells were filled with brackis and undrinkable water for some miles inland. It was, in fact, * From a letter to the ** Times," by E. L. K., in January 1874. + Sir Henry Montgomery's Report, § 30. THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT, 291 «imilar, thongh not so destructive, a visitation as that which deso- lated Masolipatam jost a qnarter of a century afterwards.* Before proceeding farther it is necessary to mention a tragic event which took place on April 26, 1843, while the Collector was engaged in conducting the annual Settlement at Amalipiiram. Hnssain Beg, a peon belonging to the Zillah Court, had served a summons on the village Munsiff or Magistrate of Amalipuram, and the Collector had informed him that the Munsiff should attend the Court, when he could be spared from the duties on which he was then engaged. Vexed and annoyed at this delay, the peon vented his irritation by stabbing Gizavilli Naraslnga Bow, the Collector's Head Sherishtadar, as he was leaving the Collector's presence and returning to his lodg- ings for the night The Sherishtadar was wounded in the right side, and died after lingering two days in great pain. This act was a|^>arently the result of momentary vexation on the part of the peon, for there appears to have been no previous maHce. The deceased Sherishtadar was hi^y re8pected.t The recent unfavourable seasons, besides the imperfect adminis- tration under the Permanent Settlement, had so impoverished the people, and had consequently so deteriorated the revenue of the District, that the attention of Government was sroosed. Thej determined, after a eaieliil eonsideration of the facts of the case, to send a special Conmusskmer to make minute inquiries on the q>oi into the causes of the decline of the revenue, and into the general condition of the people. Sir Henry Montgomery, Bart, afterwards Member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India, and now of Her Majesty's Privy Coondl, was i^ppointed to perform this deU- eate and difficult duty. The Collector, instead of cordially co-oper- ating with the Commissioner, did all that lay in his power to place obstacles in the way iA. his obtaining inibniuUipD and prosecuting his inquiries, so that the Govemmoit eonsidered it advisable to remove the Collector from the District, and to authorize Sir Henry Montgomery for a time to perform his duties in addition to diose of Conwnissioner.l After some months of careful and patient inqmiy, he submitted to the Government a full and ezhanstive Beport, in which he discussed the causes of the deterioration of tbe revenue and of the general condition of the people, and stated the remedial measures which he recommended. The principal causes which he asdgned * Lettcn from Hj^tm, by a L*^. London, ItsaxtKj, p. 144. f MS. Bceorda. X Extnet from ICiantca of CoanKatioo, 9o S52, dated Aogosi xi, 1843. 292 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. were the succession of adverse seasons, the decrease in the popula-' tion, the exceptionally low price of grain, the neglect of works of irrigation, the inefficiency and corruption of the village revenue authorities, the extravagance of the Zemindars, and their mis- management of their estates. A few remarks on each of these points, taken from the Commissioner's Report will clearly show the lament- able state to which the District had then been reduced. During the twelve years preceding the inquiry, five had been marked by peculiar distress, and three seasons had been most unfavourable. The country had partly recovered from the effects of the disastrous years 1831-32 and 1832-33, when the three unfavourable yeai's, 1835-36, 1836-37, and 1837-38, were followed by the calamities of 1838-39 and 1839-40, and by the almost equally calamitous season of 1840-41. It could not be doubted that a series of such adverse seasons had considerably affected the resources of the District, and that the rapid decline of revenue waa mainly attributable to this cause. The decrease in the population had been very considerable. The only statistics which could then be obtained on this point are given below for the sake of comparison with the more reliable statistics of the present time. Years. Population, 1821-22 .. 735,308 1826-27 654,260 1830-31 .. 695,016 1838-39 .. 570,481 1839-40 .. 543,446 1840-41 .. 533,836 1841-42 .. 546,809 1842-43 .. 561,041 It may be stated, in passing, that the highest figure here given is much less than half of the population of the District according to the census of 187 1. The abolition of the Government factories^ causing the emigration of the weavers who had hitherto been dependent on them, and the successive unfavourable seasons, appear to have been the cause of this decrease. The prices of agricultural produce commenced to decline in 1827. Except in years of extreme scarcity, they continued very low, until^ THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. 293 in the year preceding the inquiry, they had attained a very low ebb indeed. This depreciation in the value of their produce affected the means of the cultivators, and materially aided in the depression of the revenue. It has already been stated in the account of the construction of the Annicut, that Sir Henry Montgomery pointedly drew the atten- tion of Government to the want of proper irrigation works in the District. This was one of the remediable causes which led to the impoverishment of the people. "My own impression," he wrote, ^* leads to the opinion that much may be done with the Godavery, both in improving the means of cultivation in adverse seasons when local rains fail, and in counteracting the ill effects which follow an over-abundance ; but whatever works of a general nature are under- taken, they must be accompanied by a more extensive and eflBcient supervision of the repairs of those subsidiary works on which the eflficiency of the greater so much depends. It is impossible to tra- verse this District without observing the neglected state of minor works of irrigation, extending to the village channels of supply and drainage and the embankments of fields, and not to deplore the apathy of the people, who, while they are loud in their complaints of the little that has been done by Government towards the main- tenance in efficiency of the existing works, have disregarded their own interest in not preserving those under their immediate con- trol." The present condition of the District in this respect contrasts most favourably with that of the time to which reference is now made. Not bringing to the credit of Government the full collections made from the ryots was another fertile source of the decrease of revenue in the villages belonging to Government. The village expenses amounted to 9 J percent, of the collections, and out of them large sums were paid to the Government officials. But the prin- cipal cause was stated to be the inefficiency of the management of their estates by the Zemindars and Proprietors. No fixed principle was adopted. In some parts the practice of renting villages annually or for a term of years existed, preference being given to such pro- posals as ensured the highest amount of rent, and afforded security for its punctual payment, with little regard to the class of persons pro- posing, and with no reference to the influence rack-rents would have on the future resources of the village and on the condition of the ryots. The villages were held under various tenures, and little en- - ^ •saSBinA . JO -o^ t- CO i-< ! W . -6 .5 2 ^1 JO -ON *** :::N:ooM::---- . w t^ . . : : : : §N JO Oil ^ ^: :<^^;:^2 •'^ • • • 00 1 1 JO -ON '» lovovot^ooMCxc^io: >-^T^o^voco^Jo^^vo'-" . : • '. ON •sgSBHTA . JO-OM «* JJ^-^Sc^o^g^ :^ : : ON Area iu Square Miles. 2. T-4M H-< ON OOcou^voc^Tt•vnl-.vo fo w lOiOTj-OfOt^Mri-rj- CO t*- 00 ^•^-'— \ 2 .H Peddapore R^machandrap Amalapuram Rajahmnndry Tanuku . EUore Yarnagtidem Nursapore Bhimavaram Coringa . Cocanada Pittapore Tuni 3 o EH STATEMENT OF POPULATION. 331 No. 2. — Statement of Population, arranged with reference to Caste, according to the Census of 1871. 1 Population. | NATIOiriXITY. Caste. Malea 1 Females. Total , Brahmins (Priests) 45.030 ' 45.792 90,822 Kshatriyas (Warriors) . 21,069 20,360 19,840 41,429 Chetties (Traders) . 20,408 40,248 Velldlars (Agriculturists) 250,128 248,245 f^ Idaiyars (Shepherds) 29,858 28,951 Kammdlan (Artisans) 15,692 15,043 30,735 4,083 Kanakkan (Writers) 2,080 2,003 Kaikalar (Weavers) 33.363 32,542 65,905 Vannian (Labourers and Cultiyatora) . Hindus . 19.443 20,814 40,257 Kusavan (Potters) . Sdt^ini (Mixed Castes) . 5,682 5,416 11,098 7,060 7,337 14,397 Sembadavan (Fishermen and Hunters) 3.505 3,093 6,598 Shdndn (Toddj Drawers) 84,114 81,719 165,833 Ambattan (Barbers) 8,353 8,150 16,503 38,824 Yanndu (Washermen) . 19,539 19.285 Others 30,413 189,557 29,575 59,988 Pariahs. . . . . Total . . Labbays .... 183,131 372,688 785,294 771,296 1,556,590 19 18 37 Mapilart . Arabs . 2 2 Mohammedans Sheiks . Syuds . 9,535 1,360 9,596 1,318 19.131 2,678 1 PathanH 832 797 1,629 Moghuls 479 5H 993 \ Europeans . Other Mohammedans . ToUl 5,436 5,267 10,703 17.663 17,510 35.173 252 199 451 Eurasians . 202 183 385 Others Total 192 148 340 646 530^ 1,176 Grand Total . 803,603 789,336 1.592,939 1 N. B. — It may be observed that, for the sake of uniformity with the other Manuals, the headings in some of the Tables are in Tamil, instead of in Telugu, the language of the District. The number of native Cliris'ians is 585. 332 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. No. 2 (A). — Statement showing the Male Population, arranged with Reference to Occupation, according to the Census of 1871. Major Headings. Professional Domestic . Commercial Agricultural Industrial Minor Headings. Indefinite and Non- productive . . Government Service Military .... Learned Professions Minor do. Personal Service Traders .... Conveyors . . . Cultivators . . . Dress Food Metal Construction . . . Books Household Goods . Combustibles . . . Labourers .... Property .... Unproductive . . Others Total No. of Malea Employed. 4,089 1,067 1,237 4,939 32,796 3i>995 2,218 267,789 20,657 6,601 3»i39 81 3>779 728 96,867 23,401 5,207 4,667 542,575 STATEMENT OF POPULATION. 333 H o el 03 o I o 00 o w (^4 bo P o E-t » H 02 8 1 .J IS 8 1 •OiiOUJl 102>J M •UMOUH lO^ 4 1 o" 5^ 00 ^ ' • 00~ NO" lO tC oo ! o 2 3 § >-• NO t^ NO N ■; ON ro ON ro N to i-T n" : s ^ to VO ■^ On to . to »>. to O : r^ « o « >-i vo I 1 1 vo r^ S ^ § g NO 'I On to >0 cf ^ = ? ^ »4 M M M 1 1 O ■8 x: NO CO NO Tf CO n5 NO ^ ?52 5| to to NO « N 1-1 00 vo O t^ 1 s 1 1 00 1^ »o w 2 1;;^?? w ro vo N cT « 00 vo O t>» to 1 s 5 S 1 ft =§; s •£" ft s s vo NO - 00 •-. to ^ vo NO O vo O vo vo 4 -■ S R ^ ^- to II 1 « N 1^ to to f* On « ! 1 ft N 5- lA t/i nT « -Sri; ^^ oJ 5 vo 1 II 1 Is & vO I^ NO *>. 00 1 ^1 ^ u-> m ^5. "^ 7^% W JA ^ O •<*• a « ^ 1 S < 1 a Ij {Z5 S Cocanada . Ellore . Rajahmuudry . Pittapore . Coringa . Tanuku . Peddapore Kimachandrapuram Yarnagiidein . 'S I 334 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, I 00 CO O a ID EH o 1 N vo t>. vo t^ N ON CJ vo vo N O VO i < N CO vo o VO^ CO 00 vo 1 CO CO VO vo" vo N 0^ ^ vo <1 Eh O CI (^ (g r>» N N vo H lO ^ O ^ t^ Ti- CO i:^ 6 vo N to t^ vo ►H -<*• ;z5 c; oo" t^ rf oo" vo 1 Tt o CO O CO CO •^ 00 S f^ 00 N N CO t VO t^ % oo 1^" w .00 VO vo t^ IH CO i ff en oo" i-( cT oo" vo" vo" t^ vo 00 q^ ^f M :» . to H^ vo la ^ vo vo"^ vo" CO ^ a • ~ ~ • • 3 tf ^ a 8 §> 8 2 ^ M ( i l4 a 1 1 = = :: = = 1 o o ^ a 8 a 8 ^ o ^ N vo *3 o ^ t - :: - - a, 1 cq ^ 13 STATEMENT OF IRRIGATION. 335 s c bo a '5b % a 5 ^ a> bo a o CO Eh < H I t 2 SB < Assessment, including all Charges for Water, &c. P5 Average Extent of Cultivation within the last Five Years. S : o ^ N to ION r^ 00 ro"^ Ill III : foco VO U^Tj- 00 N « ^vo o Pi! 1 o^ : : 1 $■ ■ : : Average Extent of Cultivation within the last Five Tears. IS- : \l i8^ : : M 53- i i : : »^ : N ov •• '■• '%■ 1 % o\ : t^ : : Average Extent of Cultivation within the laat Five Yeara. i 1:: in :00 - '2" roNOO : : I'i ■Rii 00 : ^ «^t = H Collector's Division— Peddapore Cocanada Coringa . 1 § ;s Q CO 2 J "o O Kdmachandrapuram . AmaWpuram . Rajahmundry . 91 § 1, l|2 Old 2 § n 33<5 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. c2 be o t si o 00 c^ lO ■* ON O VO i s N ON m t->i ^^ Jt^ t^ I CO o M u^ u^ o On r^ ^ VO N C CO to CO C^ CO Tt- M VO rf d S M t^ N VO 00 On CO 00 CO VO a 1 00 OS VO t^ VO ^ CO CO t^ 00 i-s o N ON VO VO CO VO " Tt- c< ^ i ro o lo ■* VO »y^ lO Q O ON Tf c^ t^ r^ CO ^ CO ^ f^ m hH o O o CO 1^ 1^ CO M _; ?; M M „ OS lO 00 n o 00 VO j? Tf VO N '^ VO VO CO Ti- ^ < N o o o O O o M O o i S' N M VO 5 On ja 1^ VO 0< vi) 1 S a o o o o O O b S- m ON o O 00 H ^ •-I 00 ; CO ON t^ 1 a o o O o o O o >. m lAl CO !>. O r^ ^ ON to to ; M CO 1 a " o *"* o o *"* 1 i lO vr> t>. ON VO O s ■* CO M N f- o o O O o N o Q ^ 1 s 00 o N N Th r>. VO C^ o o a c^ 00 t^ ■^ M « OO ^ VO ^ fl o o o o M M CO o M 52; >^ K VO as fo VO VO ON CO o o ^ § r^ 00 00 lO r^ y^ 9 yo *o t^ O C>1 •^ ^; ?; OS f^ rh o t^ 00 VO c^ t^ ON ^ vo CO t^ VO C^ n- 00 9" & a t^ CO li-) "*' VO 11 ii-> .On t^ 00 OQ 4i 03 . oi An A w N ^ 4 •3 6 vn VO VO r^ t~N. t^ t^ t^ 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 ■^ *^ *^ ■^ " " "^ *^ ^ O on u-> VO t^ 00 On o N CO ■>*• t>. r^ t>. t^ t^ 00 00 00 00 00 g N N C4 N C^ CJ N N ^ STATEMENT OF PRICES. 337 *.■ 1^ a i 5 5§ ON 00 to ^ & OJ N N c< N N ^ 9 ro ft o o 0^ OS o\ lO VO 00 to OO rf t>. o ja VO CO -«»• i?> Th fO -* Tl- ro ^ s u 1 S^ i 3; vg N »o to ^ « u i °£ 5 00 OO ro O t^ ro C7V fO s. <^ u^ O to »o to CO no b: d 1 « OO vr> o iO t>. CI ^ 8^ o » 1 S VO Ov N N O O > . i i 8 t^ PO 8^ \o 00 to fO O N $ '^ o\ ro "* fO to ''f N 1 <§ " M _^ rf t-. r I? ? S§ 2" t>. s; t>» ro ? 2 t^S a n ll ^ Jt S^ o VO "I N ** •* ** ** ** •^ "^ •^ o^S a ■^ gs i 8 ;^ 55 to 3- iO o fO to ^ 5 j:? 2-0 5. ro n N N N N N N S OS "t^ • "1 1? % 1 f ^ N 'R M 1 f 1 ii « BJ H 5? ^ ? O i ? .— VO VO VO VO t^ t^ 1^ r>i f* .;j oo OO 00 OO 00 00 00 00 OO m "^ ■^ "^ " "^ "^ ^ ■^ "^ ■^ o i m VO t^ 00 Ov i N ro •* t^ r^ r^ 00 00 00 OO 2 N N N N N N N N N 338 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. § m ■<:f o s rA °0 t^ o> m VO fO N 00 ^■ VO si S "^ N 00^ 00^ o> m t>. VO ■H 1? cT 00-^ 1^ oo" oo" d; S" N t^ hH 00^ !>. m VO w rt- « tf VO^ o ff rn ^ rn ^ ^ 1 N N N N M w N CI N N »:< VT) 00 Th 8 m Th S m 00 ON O . ,_• s ^ ON % 8 'S, ro vO_^ ON s ft o cT cT ^ t^ d^ g t^ in 1^ 3 t^ ^ 00 in to ■* tJ- VO « to 00-^ t^ oo" oo cf; On CJN cfi oi Q +- +- 1 Add Second Crop, and Additional Assessment. to lO O VO Th m M 00 On 1 s CD Tj- rj- t^ C\ c^ 00 t^ 0> p. : ^ X>. o^ M M 00^ Td^ 3 1^ cT cT 0\ fn (^ 4-+ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ coo iP -t:: N a\ M m O t^ • in r^ Tt- m c « <» t^ u-> o. t^ 00 M t^ oo a 2 00 M 00 ON M •^ O N VO 3 t~>. c; t^ oo" o" oo" vo" vo" n" vg -<( r^ 00 VO t^ m VO N m rt vo t^ N ro CO •^ 2^ -^ Tf 2^ On r^ „ VO N „ tJ- „ VO N Q 4i • lO o> ro m VO o 00 00 ON m g c S "^ VO VO ro w VO N fn -S bi & fO 0\ VO-^ in ^ t^ en rf 5 ^ . 00 O t^ VO o N O P< N »^ to VO VO VO t^ t^ t^ t>. t^ 1 1 t^ l-l u^ in t^ N 00 tJ- r^ m i- ^ to 00 % ^ v^ ON in ON rh t^ VO m ; cT a vo M '^l- "t o\ N w '^ 00^ PU «i 1 * VO*^ 'S vo'^ VO" rC t^ t^ tc o ^ ■< i_i o VO VO r^ m o in t^ On ei 4J hi VO lO x^ m rn Th t-» CO ^ £ w VO VO 00 m -* On . ro r^ 00 fO On Tj- m 00 M o» i 1 ^ 00 m m oo m m 41* P. rC 6- vo' # VO (N rf ^ oo" w^ ^ M '5- ^ O^ O^ t^ P3 o- 00 VO t^ t^ rC tC tC rC VO >> •<1 Q 00 t^ lO O in ^ 00 VO On en i! s^ 00 a O cJo- Ov 4: ti d" N oo" oo" vo" 1 oo" I ^" 00 m m ^ 5 ••^ m VO t^ 00 ON s N m 1 i^ t>» ^>» t^ t^ t^ 00 00 00 ei N N N N M N M w M i lO VO t^ 00 Ov o _ N fn ■* ,-H- I ^ VO "9 VO t^ r^ t^ r>i ^ vi 1 00 ON 1 c!) m i iH S ? - ^ « ^ (g- t ^ €" STATEMENT OF CULTIVATION, 339 ■* "^ o\ oo to 0\ O ON ►-^ O 00 fO od" tC ro 'j^ vO ro ON NO go •'I- 1^ S esqo »o 00 ^ Jt t 00" to Tf fO tr» to ri. I sf i ft I 3 0> vO 8 S ^ O r^ to ^. o ^ cT »o oo" ON ^ ro to T? vo" 'il- 4 Tl- 3; S^ 5: ^ ? to O <-• VO CO O >© 00 ^ ^ ^ 4 i^ m ^ to -^i- d to ro if On 00 f^ On N t«. «0 it g, rC rC tC if 3 On vO fJ 00 OS VO VO dJ oo VO fO 5 sf fO »o VO « to Ov 00 00 — r<^ ro to t^ C* fO t*o ^o ^^ ^o « oo ►- 2 *:: ° 3 ro fO t^ i^ vO VO vO vO to to VO vS O O^ tC «^ tC tC fO CO «*> to to t^ o t>. « 8 ^ d fo VO VO i, to cf dv VO CO « cR ^ o" N o* N ro fO ro CO ■8 g^ '8" 1 I O" fO to VO ^ xi to fO f) ON 1^1 3 , OS N N On VO N ro M N bJ On VO o r^ VO 3 N w PS w fo fo ^^ fo ^^ f^ ro <*^ fo On ro « On On On 00 to VO O fO to VO rf it fO t^ On to On fO v5 00 VO fO cR O" ON to ocT U)49 bo 00 a c H <* (D a -*3 o S.S ^ fl^s © >H <* o 2 -I ill «« a * * 2 o S 4, a, a-g « ^ « -si-si 8 "'O 3 « .2^.2 0, 2.2'* «kH "3 o (u a tioS-i3— a ■%^^^% to © '^ s> '^ © 05 a u^ H C 3 fl j- 22 "^-S ^ © © u a 340 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, Acreage of Crops, &c., in Gove ment and Inam lands, for Fasli 1284, or Official Year 1874-75. No. Taluks. Population. Whether Government or Inam. Area in Acres. Total Acres 1 in Holding 1. 2. 8. 4. B. I. Peddapore . . . 111,489 Government 100,679 85,737 Do. ... Inam 24,070 24,070 2. Bhadr^chalam ... Government . 1,555 1,555 3. Cocanada 66,944 Government 524 524 Do. ... Inam 86 86 4. Coringa 24,916 Government . 235 2 5. Pittapore 79,606 Government 21 20 6. Edmachandrapuran 203,583 Government 117,263 112,145 Do. Inam 65,388 65,388 7. AmaUpuram . 206,885 Government 95,396 68,252 Do. ... Inam 65,932 65,932 8. Rajahmundry 128,901 Government 138,493 107,091 Do. ... Inam 33,952 33,952 9. Tanuku 167,491 Government . 81,241 74,611 Do. ... Inam 40,798 40,798 10. EUore . 136,875 Government 184,021 97,532 Do. ... Inam 11,426 11,426 II. Yarnaglidem . 145,715 Government 166,964 115,389 Do. ... Inam 33,329 33,329 12. Nursapore 177,876 Government 124,036 93,754 Do. ... Inam 57,123 57,123 13- Bhlmavaram . 92,457 Government . 81,488 67,643 Do. ... Inam 25,897 25,897 14. Tuni . 50,201 Government ... Do. ... Inam Government . 25,897 25,897 1,092,276 824,261 Inam Total 358,001 358,001 1,450.277 1,182,262 ^^•-B.— The Telugu and the botanical names of the various products me ntioned in '> tables will be given on a s ubsequ ent page. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 341 No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. [ No. OF ACBSS VSVKB. Cbop ahd Faluxw. FOOD GRAINS. Whereof under Rice. CHOLCIf. Food Grains. Other Prodocts. Fallow and Waste. One Crop Irrigated. Second Crop do. TTnirrigated. «. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 30,466 4 15,247 17 40,024 67 15,201 95 71 2 1.244 55 1,346 30 10,322 93 4.491 10 9,245 97 6,545 80 845 335 15 8944 1,431 • 124 ... ... ... ... 241 ... 980... 107 99 416 I 107 99 ... 52 37 ... 33 63 52 37 ... ... ... 43 ... 198 ... 43 ... ... ... 20 92 ... ... 20 92 ... ... ... 78,876 61 14.293 15 18,976 8 58,350 77 2665 18,470 60 1,089 65 52.393 2 5,680 5 7,314 93 36,061 45 2 61 14,970 90 871 36 43,812 78 13,234 65 11,204 85 24,88822 5 74 9.319 9 3.66067 39,682 5 16,209 36 10,040 59 19,595 65 6 40 10,856 77 4.093 92 27,805 71 18,205 37 61,08066 9,113 65 5,218 3 3,567 6 12,642 33 6,964 13 14.345 54 5,928 10 ... 2,518 23 1.579 23 51,357 25 11,160 96 12,093 67 38,60648 ... 34 8,647 51 3.617 61 28,42949 5.528 74 6,830 77 21,176 72 ... 4.954 82 2,047 88 52,946 31 10,464 40 34,121 70 32,100 30 ... 1,58069 16,966 39 4,150 II 1,422 82 5.853 7 2,146 32 ... 31 53 ',839 73 30,267 48 30,873 33 54,248 36 3,563 6 197 10 2,304 32 19.843 67 12,695 17 7,815 34 12,818 49 1,664 I ... 1,712 94 9.312 91 58,937 66 14.186 63 20,629 88 41,159 76 12 3 8,385 5 92464 33,246 2 6,490 76 17,386 22 27,11049 I 9 3.577 21 206 61 53.618 21 2,274 58 11,750 73 49,227 89 21 82 3.418 23 52 51 20,366 22 374 32 S.056 46 19.030 32 ... 1,091 87 4 7 20,366 22 374 32 5.056 46 19,030 32 ... 1,091 87 4 7 j 429,648 39 130,064 24 264,548 52 272,291 42 !334 70, 58,829 7 52,048 50 213,989 71 54.976 62 59.034 67 139.31 1 23 18 55 40,049 42 20,045 15 643,638 lo 185,040 86 353,583 26 411,602 65 353 25 98,878 49 72,093 65 1 1 -1 342 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. s. t FOOD GRAINS— C7on««Med. No. Wheat. Raggy. Varagu. Cumboo. Dhall. Ch^ma. Kon 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 I. 3,782 88 ... 663 17 3,414 97 1,200 13 1 6c 1,013 27 ... 87 69 968 4 215 88 12 2. ... ... 90 ... 60 .. 4C 3. ... ... ... 4. 5- ... ... ... ... 6. 18 ... 938 36 685 45 145 26 12,049 15 198 39 89i 6 ... 649 46 75 2 14 ... 8,486 90 720 12 533 7- 821 58 1,258 36 27289 1,196 5 751 77 1,70: 338 422 61 270 99 8 84 1,508 96 988 34 202{ 8. 3,122 71 47 13 280 43 1,845 54 1,105 91 2I<* 962 60 79 34 1,025 23 217 92 13! 9- 265 42 130 6 65 4 10,037 47 250 58 72: 295 20 60 8 2 61 3,803 57 lOI I 57. lO. 243 ••• 624 98 8,009 22 250 32 5' 30 5 151 98 698 27 33 36 i: II. 518 37 2,470 81 4,476 46 1,954 37 55' 60 79 332 92 3,212 32 225 54 34. 12. ... 2,244 55 240 71 1,577 19 3,179 65 258 46 59^ 496 72 64 37 363 36 83495 279 79 3&* i 13- I 336 38 80 76 ... 5" 38 159 20 ' 14. ::: ... ' 18 ... 12,272 25 2,361 ... 7,099 ... 44,809 79 6,029 93 4,93 > 9 38 4,011 46 470 ... 1,040 ... 22,797 44 2,781 96 4,017 27 38 16,283 71 2,832 17 8,140 ... 67,607 23 8,811 89 8,95 5 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 343 No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. FOOD GRAINS — Continued. OTHER PRODUCTS. No. Araga. Maize. Other Food Grains, Total. Sagar-cane. CottOQ. Indigo. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26. I. 6,332 12 3880 33,456 78 951 67 4,024 6 1,129 42 1,763 65 851 ... 11,048 78 423 90 1,60846 254 5 2. 20 ... ... ... 1,431 ... 60 ... ... 3- ... ... 107 99 52 37 ... ... 4- ... ... ... ••• 43 ... ... ... 5- ... ... ... 20 92 ... ... ... 6. 207 65 93,072 27 138 25 7,091 9 290 24 _ 734 24 ... 63.123 39 17 69 4,674 94 139 16 7. 3998 19 20 ... 43,935 15 151 42 5 8 18 87 2 60 9 20 ... 39,796 69 5096 46 73 49 33 8. 4,130 78 68 II ... 28,718 14 1857 949 98 1,017 57 1,267 16 5 71 ... 13,719 35 ... 6 35484 196 47 9- 181 49 242 62,499 53 4966 5,549 63 40 ... 41 80 388 35,162 78 22 15 2,728 14 ... lO. 341 75 78646 584 8 62,541 34 ... 229 66 ... 54 42 117 85 ... 5,121 68 12 61 3 •• II. 1,438 53 6989 37,386 79 ... 2,573 3 4 ... 222 97 I 6 17,090 84 ... 1,146 49 12. 693 24 879 3 60,147 9 467 89 7429 31 84 126 29 40 54 21688 33,687 45 265 II 22 18 18 18 13. ... 53,618 21 20,366 22 ... ... ... 14. ::: ... ... ... 13,385 54 98488 1,463 II 476,865 64 1,777 46 20,556 82 2,531 94 4,213 13 18675 216 88 239,169 55 779 87 10,594 39 660 19 17,598 67 1,171 63 1,679 99 716,035 19 2,557 33 31,151 21 3,192 13 344 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, N"o. 7 (A). — Agricultukal Statistics, &c. — Continued, OTHER PRODUCTS— ConWnwed. Cheyroot No. Oil Seeds, of various sorts. Horse Gram. Cocoa-nuts. Areca- nuts. Betel- nuts. and other Dyeing Roots. Chillies. Turmeric. 1 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, I. 8,347 86 2,876 62 5 63 208 95 20 15 1,791 92> 677 18 2 ... ... ... ... 65 86 9 50 2. 3. 30 ... 20 ... ... ... : 14 ... : 4. 5- ... ... 6. 8,196 18 1,959 " 122 20 ... 25 21 721 84 71 73 4,021 99 1,058 96 40 64 10 91 ... 472 72 32 13 7- 4,294 44 1,215 29 2,254 66 78 60 I 24 312 66 44 75 3,936 41 1,160 3 8,092 10 324 74 ... SO 128 SS 33 10 8. 14,6s I 49 5,863 54 2,017 4 931 16 13 36 ... ... ... 23 76 65 64 ... 9- 8,525 8 2,130 81 49 16 387 18 86 61 4,441 97 827 75 26 14 ... ... 228 I 17 15 lO. 8,985 85 1,110 6s 3 14 23 20 19 40 966 95 297 91 9 I ... 16 44 ... 12 80 6 66 II. 27,286 99 6,0s I 39 2,612 99 1,490 88 2 ... ... 131 - 52 69 12. 4,411 98 1,573 6 3,172 33 ... 16 76 418 74 1,218 5 47 94 1,766 3 599 10 2,612 90 9 8 580 113 67 216 96 18 65 13. 1,514 13 213 19 693 76 138 88 10 46 3 42 .;: :;. ... 7 72 5 14 138 14. ... ... ... ... ... ... 86,244 ••• 16,209 33 5,630 94 78 60 43 21 418 74 3,048 36 291 96 __^ 29,053 40 7,143 85 10,788 31 334 54 33 65 113 67 1,248 70 117 19 115,297 40 23,353 18 16,419 25 413 14 76 86 532 41 4,297 6 409 15 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 345 No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. No. OTHER PRODUCTS-Con^inucd. Tobacco. Plantaios. Flax. Hemp. Durada- kanda. The Chdrna- root Colo- casia. Yams. Tiyya- kanda. Brinjals. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. I. 31 72 7 13 9646 47 30 ... ... 23 I 6 8 7 87 31 2. 3- 4. 5. 299 9 75 51 70 II 12 • ... 52 ... II ... 23 2389 ... ... ... ... •• ... ... ... ... 6. 2,074 97 115 80 7,261 61 70 64 208 59 ... 118 56 31 2 163 88 12978 51 94 5,040 65 44 63 119 39 ...40 62 30 10 50 47 32 7. 2,888 10 990 17 66746 I 24 24 32 284 ... 16 15 41 29 21 49 45 818 I 1,134 34 1049 57 97 432 ... 25 938 70 18 8. 24842 ... 10 54 I 5 12 ... ... 2 90 5030 I 14 II 43 27 S3 ... II ... ... 2 12 37 55 9. 489 53 297 86 3.188 ... 30 64 6491 ... ... 93 5 71 59 46 137 38 250 59 1,793 25 12 19 54 5 ... ... 61 9 90 28 92 lO. 286 22 4 14 II 95 ... 10 ... ... 21 19 10 13 10 3 ... 22 50 ... ... 15 7 18 44 II. 391 63 13 82 144 28 ... ... 47 ... 2 22 217 91 72 18 22 116 10 ••• 5 ... 50 ... ... 3 6 2 ... 12. 773 " 867 68 267 19 ... 67 74 21 73 20 ... 6 8 118 29 4 ••• 340 24 239 79 ... 25 12 45 817 10 ... I 62 91 69 13. ... 18 22 99 ... ... 7 4 ... 38 ... 68 I ... 4 99 I 17 ... ... ... 70 ... 40 14. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . 7,183 88 2,319 69 11,679 I 166 39 373 17 24 80 141 9 9328 521 75 431 48 1,501 35 8,403 36 loi 34 245 4 13 41 73 27 51 88 320 39 7.615 36 3,821 4 20,082 37 268 23 618 21 38 21 214 36 145 16 842 14 346 THE GO DA VERY DISTRICT, No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. OTHER PRODUCTS-ConWmted. No. Jack Benda- Trees k^ya. Fenu- greek. Coriander Seed. Pumpkins. Mangoes. Mustard. Bishop's Seed. Onions. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. I. ... 52 2 33 4 ••• ... 26 ... 2. ... ... 3. •• ... 4- ... 5. ... 6. 287 50 157 50 66 24 2,200 14 68 81 40 ... 295 35 172 95 no 36 518 1,326 37 36 27 32 9 97 52 7- 35 4 46 "4 54 37 91 9 77 2 ... 64 16 2 3 II 93 10 86 75 58 10 64 76 66 37 16 8. 1378 ... 25 II 54 813 9- ... 10 20 II 56 4 55 27 54 ... 14 18 199 89 85 90 ... 8 ... 5 74 ... 10 I ... ... 10 68 42 356 lO. ... I so 12 50 ... 40 ... 9 133 42 27 19 II. 35 ... 4 13 12 ... 5 94 I 23 12. 127 lO 20 ... 24 79 51 66 21 68 7 ••• 13 55 36677 I 6585 10 ... 34 41 4 13 4 ••• 120 76 13. I 36 ... ... 13 50 2 19 14. : .:: : ... 12 5 430 62 296 63 185 66 2,263 90 21 68 95 99 253 44 976 58 3 3 20 28 267 90 195 94 3067 1,437 44 4 13 36 37 104 SI 297 74 3 3 32 33 698 52 492 57 216 33 3,701 34 2581 132 36 357 95 1,274 32 H AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. No. 7 (A). — Agricultural Statistics, &c. — Continued. OTHER PRODUCTS-Con^tnuoi No. Garlic. Limes. Pampel- moses. Casha- nuts. Ginger. Bfra- luiya. Tama- rind Trees. Sweet Pota- toes. II t 5 Total. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. ,. 6 20 17,856 6 2 14 ... 4,935 5 2. 124 .. 3. ... 4- ... 5- ... 6. 279 38 "5 78 ... • 32,055 8 17,872 5 7. 3 •• I 70 ... 2 ... 70 12 13.234 6 3 9 4 24 16,209 3 8. ... ... 29 3 II 74 19,106 9 7,5" 7 9. 625 22 48 13 43 6 7 326 ... 97 2347 II 22 ... 76 I 14 21,356 I 10,716 10. 99 56 ... 25 44 97 22 75 I 80 : , 2 ... \ 50 10,987 4 1,442 5< II. 33,181 7< ... ... 8,976 6J 12. 195 6 8097 23 50 12 86 47 91 105 61 142 46 54 I ... 20 ... 60 •• ... 14,616 3S 6,830 7( 13. :.: ... ... 2,274 5^ 374 3- 14. 58945 3863 47 91 142 46 348 69 14 ~76 29 15 2 ... 164,794 4 221 7 1893 105 61 54 I 1 82 37 6 4 24 2 94 II 74 \ 50 74,869 5 810 82 57 56 153 52 19647 5 30 106 20 4 24 3 70 4089 550 239,663 9 348 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. "O vO N VO ON VO HH VO ^ a . a> "* VO ON N ro 00 ^ ii -■ VO N m ^ 00 fO •1 c^ 00 r^ 2 ro VO Th VO t->. VO CO VO CO r M ON m VO vo'^ cf CO 00 CO Q Sz; 5 V, Pi !z; fa 1 ii- m ^ ^ CO O ^ : VO CO On ^ '-' ro 00 m ^ S a VO ^^ 00 VO 00 O rf VO "* 00 ON CJ 00 ■^ t^ VO N s C3 to m u-> ir^ ON VO O r< 00 ■^ 0^ t^ ON N ro ro N ' d ,^ t~>. M VO cn ON o lO 00 M t^ !z; P>H cT t^ ON CO vo" a .-< CO Tf m O r^ N m VO Tl- 2^ 00 lO 'St- i/^ VO -* VO « r< •<2 o vn N Th Tf r^ o VO lO rh u-> 00 VO VO N 00 ca o 3a o C> M t-. (^ N N 00 VO ■^ fO Tt oo" rf CO d ^ N t^ S . 00 rh li-i o VO N fO fO U CO 00 lO ■* VO ON Ti- VO M VO *• o li^ ^ N o rh Th to o CO '^< rt- to 00 VO VO 00 oo OO "id o^ On N^ t^ o^ N N OS VO o -"S"" i-T "^ CO HH ^ oo" ci" CO o" N " t^ m <* m a"m « VO vn VO N O VO •H ON o ^ o a t^ o o N o r>. ON ON »>. •^ ■■ScS- CO t^ cr\ O^ !>. VO VO^ VO 4 IS50 cT t^ cf cT '-' VO tC N VO o P« fM • • • •1 e«* a 2 bt . • 3 a, ai 1 1 a o a £ i a 5 3 M 3 4) 2 1 a M -< 125 pa ^ s ;>- « ^ « ri - c^ en 4 VO VO tA 00 6^ O AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 349 I o o g I 1 S' i i . . ° . . . . * ' ►-« r I : : 8 1 ro fO O O 0\ to u^ lo >^ S 1 ^ : CO VO N VO ??> 1 a % '■ "» s ? ?J i;^*^ ^ « CO i-« j S a KS 8, : N ' ^^1|!- ^ ^ O « to 1 1 o to vO J^ ^g§ i (2 CO M t-i I « Ox 00 M vg^ ^ ^ *S. ?? • '• « ►■ N w 2 P '-' l« e f-i : ^ On "E 8 ^^ OO 1^ t^ to lO r>. ov 00 VO «-< CO M £2 o a> 1 SO tr> 00 Tf ir^ S^ P5 vS" : N^ O^ N 00 Tl- ■^ tC m" 1 2" o "^ M to t}. lO vo" tC 00* Cf^ O 3SO THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. a •^ N O i/-> O ** 1 N VO t-^ t^ 1 ^ ij^ N : Th PM 8 5; §^ % ON c3 ?;» : U-i t->, Ov : N O VO CD EH N ^ w ei vg 5 : '-t ^a eo lO m Ov s t>» o Tl- w O o c< N : vn w t-^ VO CO N 00 „ l-l N X^ cn o 01 o O ■^ to t->i % i H Pi !>* o -* |,H %^ % VO c>< . OS O t>i : VO cn pj EM ON ON P3 a i vO fo i/^ (S o VO 5 % O li-> Tf Ov VO vn o : VO 00 N 00 VO rn o on en ^ b « 00 00 s ll 0.2 m \r> li-> \f\ o ^ 00 VO • CO N 9 t^ rr> VO m w 00 t^ 00 N o g w h4 00 ON fO oo w. M $5 •s 1 -«J .a ?5' : : : : 1 P3 ft fe: g S „ : : : ■* ■rj- 1 «• ci ro ■^ VO vo' t^ 00 d\ d AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 351 M o J N to « U^ M 1^ 00 lO »o g Tt- ro t^ N VO »o s *^S, 1 lO T+ O ^ s ^ 1- ** r*^ N 00 a 5 : : : 5 O m 03 o3 OQ *-* ^ Qj c3 > cu ^ "^ O) o •J .e o ^ QJ O o O n o EH OQ O) ^ vo CO Ti- u-> Tj- u-> CO 00 t^ OO m "^ LO 00 00 ON ON CO -3 O Tj- XO co ON vo CO rh l_l VO VO P, vo ON oo M H p r^ vo ON N Tj- o VO CO CO tf pT t^ ^ N o" CO O N vo vo Tt- --t m m to vo vo VO vo CO t^ a, ■* rt- 00 VO VO On E 03 ON ■<4- CO VO CO CO ■■^ C^ 5 s ^ ON On ON CO ^ 00 vo i ^ cR t-^ lO vo" 00" vo ^ N On vo « ^-^^ vo 00 O ON Cl ^ t>i ON *^ ** M M d' N- N M (N CO 00 ON 8 O vo CO On 00 ON 0! t^ On ON »o CO N M . VO 00 vo vo ■^ r^ CO c3 1 O ■* oo N lO oo" VO o W. N t^ o CO t^ r^ Th N O P3 ^ -J^ tF irl vo lO lO vo vo" VO A »5 VO o c^ CO 00 N ^ VO M II S o 00 00 00 ON ON Q P3 ON On vo lO M CO N N ^- <^ CO ON r^ VO ^ CO 00 ll S o^ CO 00 ON oo CO CO CO 00~ orT s o oo" 00 S- VO 1 ;3 • « -^ t^ ON N ON lO t>. a 11 ir^ I^ vr> LO ir» On CO On 00 ON (0 '^ N CO c< 00 CO On ■<^ "^ M lo vo N c- o 00 ■^ d? CO o ^ 3 "^ ■^ vo CO • ^1 P5 -i- Hh -F >): * '* « in Tj- 00 2^ Th VO 1^ to O On •* tJ- c< vo vo ON OO »4 i t^ t^ t>. r>. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 sa "^ "^ "^ ** •^ •^ •^ •^ *"* •"< o A vo r^ 00 ON eg M N CO rj- 1 ^ t^ 00 OO 00 00 00 <^ C4 N ;>< M " i STA TEMENT OF TRADE. 353 OS e5 ^ > 3 •i I ON ll 3 rn M VO N ro Ov N 00 ^2 oo" ^ < 1 I ll ^ I ^ § VO ? 1 ? s !>. VO «2 vS- 00 s B5.C o- ve- PO I^ a ro 4 to o» »^ to 00 o Ov r* 00 Ov s 1 P 1 1 1 1 to 8 1 1 8 VO § 1 s -c K Cv ?? T<- s- 8^ to to esoo s ^0 OO w t^ M t^ o r^ t^ ^ 1 ^ !■ « ^ 00 to to VO »o ^ % to 1 cf ^ »o •s; «■ a Ov » «s- i •j 5" ^ S s- i v^ a 1 ^ 1 NO ^ ^ ^ VO §> 51. .«■ 8- i ;f P? s {>? H «« »o oo" VO »o VD N d; cf; ^ \n ro N VO »o «l fO N t > . 1 If ?o 00 f;; «^ to to N ^ ^ 1 N ro ro VO to 00^ VO S CI VO o\ N r^ -"t ^ H tC 2" ?^ ;* t^ VO- M to ro ^ 1 to II 1^ 00 ?, § 00 to 00 % j >o oo" i o 4: to ro 8 vo" % 8 i !> t>. ! f R ^ 1 to 1 i 1 s "^ - 1 - ^ 00 OO eg- § 00 354 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT, §3 'S a> ■^ OQ ^ 03 a) >u >H tH o id &I a? M H W Cm <^ o o o f3 bo I sl ro t^ 00 o N N _ 00 ft „ ►1 CO ^ (Si iS VO LO lO t^ u-> VO u-> r>» M O 00 VO^ rj- ON 01 O CO m N VO VO 01 CO VO 4 r ' K-l 4 ro u-) c?; : 00 vo*^ Tj- M On fO 00 rh • rh VO vo M M t^ 00 «" i-T t4" i-T CO t^ cf '"' 00 o N VO t>. c< CO VO 00 tJ- VO VO ON VO ^ ^•^ N ON 01 00 00 00 VO 1LO VO rf ON O S f^ ro Ox 00^ in VO M rt- 00 N to i-< VO J« 3 rf cT rT vo" CO : rf r^ CO VO 1^ 1:^ VO VO^ 00 VO !>. CO VO M 00 Ph lO kT 11 vo" h* CO HH m N M On „ o „ „ M On ON On CO r^ ro m <^ ro On Tj- rl- CO 00 lO 00 CO VO rl- 00 t^ O OS t^ 00 lO lO CO VO t~, VO ^ uS lo CO u-> lo : N ON VO >* Tt- CO r^ Tj- W On O^ ON CO 00 p^ rf n" I-T CO N Q N ro 00 lO m ON lO N VO On CO N ti N •\o ro N VO VO N o VO O ON VO CO CO CO S "^ d wi ON U-) 01 t>. CO ON q^ « P5 VO Ti- t^ oo" t^ 00 CO I-T tC >H N ro VO Th rl- N ro oo^ «^ r^ 00 N iiH^ t^ vo" 1^ cT 1-4 ^ ^ •rh VO 9 2 §^^ c» ^ a^ !>, S q^ vn ON t>. N VO CO VO c» VO i-> r.; i 1" ' OO ro ^ : r^ VO 00^ ^ S ^ 00 vo" n" N t^ i>r hH ON ON ON 1J-) t^ On 00 00 VO N „ Y CO On 5 R • ON lO rh CO ^ VO M CO VO ON S, § N : t~^ W o f^ : ^ VO ON T*- M N oo o 1 1 ■ rt- vn N M T? ""f M i-t ocT On 1^ N vg^ 00^ O N r^ CO t^ ON 00 in fO vo" cT CO t^ •* ro t^ N T t^ 00 VO rl- 00 Tt- N S « ON • Tt- VO ■«^ lO 00 t>. CO VO ■^ VO o §00 N ^ O lO On 00 : : Tj: I^ CO CO 00 N 1 »3 ^ VO 'f '^ ro VO cR • CO oo 1 hH ON 5 00 t-C rf CTN tc CO hT 1-4 N t^ m VO ON „ 00 VO . ^ ^ 00 VO CO CO N nn • c^ to u") r^ fO •^ u"> On o Tt- Tj- VO vS S^ : t>. vO^ O^ m N t^ : t^ N 00 CO VO CO r O VO •^ -* • CO 8; M, S ^ oo W cT cT VO T? M~ '"' rt- o oo CO VO VO N On On N 00 t^ § . °^ o c< rl- CI N t^ 00 VO 00 VO VO 00 oo^ vo^ CO : : ON r-» 00 VO^ CO VO g, • 4 to vo" • CO rC VO d^ VO S M VO ro On VO 00 Ph l-( ^ VO T? oo'' " '-' i-i ^ io vg^ lO o ^ c^ 8 8 8 ? ^ On ^ r^ ^ t^ ro CO . CO CO w CO lO d^ N lO ON rj- CO CO t^ ? N M VO 00 w N cf ci T? rf • • • • 09 • • • • • • . . . . . • 2 . s • . . 2 «1 • • 'o ^ • ^1 1 1 S .2 3 -a a • 1 • o 2? « fl 1 1 1 3 ^3 i 1 .2 S rt -TZJ o o o "o S-i C iH rt ^ *-• m pq o O O s ft Q P^ ^ ^ ^ fS s o W STATEMENT OF EXPORTS. 355 N NO OO ON fO 0\ O h* ro Tf -^ >0 vo r> •>!»■ CO <^ « t^ ro vo >r ■«? -^ « « 3 « vO OO Oi 00 vO t^O ONOO i-iw^iy^ tOw O N lorhosi^ ^ *^ •-r hT VO VO %. 00 O CO to O *^ r^ «o m f On VO ro O vO N tr^ Q VO OO Ov VO On 00 00 00 ON •- ro OO ►"■ lO t^ « M ^ « NO •- Ov '^ On vO 0\ t^ t^ ro ^ ■- N Tf C^ Tj- »0 «- ON ►^ lO ^ On dN ^ O N t^ O VO 0\ 00 »o S? 5? "* O VO t>. S ^ ^ ^ o oo" 00 VO iO fO cT tC to di t^ OtO«OOONvOOv »i rO>-iO«OOOOvON M tovOVOvO^fOtO ?§ i vo" OO ^ ^ § t^ to t^ t^ « O" Oo" -^ no" !< VO to On N VO to ^ VO O fO « VO SO po t«» rs. ^ t '• t O 00 M in 00 t>. to CO N w O On CO to VO 't* N vO On CO l^ O VO « N dv tC to mT pf N 00 O to ># ^ ON « ^ VO ON ON O to Ov CO CO "J « N VO O 8 1^ CO VO O On Tj- ^ 1 8 ' VO ^ 00 to s to t 1 i CO 1 s ft 5= 5 to to 5' to c« N oo" % ! 'f CO v8 2 1 to to N CO 3- g § ^ 1 s CO cS^ CO 3; ?, VO ON M 1 f i ^ ?, (9 ? §■ cT CO VO to 2^ VO ; ^ VO rf 00 t^ CO M 5 § S' o to On VO VO ^ 1 s, ^ 8 5- 1 t 00 to 00 00 S 00 CO 3 CO CO CO O to t^ 00 •^ o N to N rj- CO o^ CO VO vo" VO CO N to pj . ^ 3 . . . d) so r a 3 ^ oT X- ^ r::: Oi Oi p COi/}C/JCCCQ«2CQC/3 356 THE GODAVERY DISTRICT. i < O in oo vo r^ 00 00 N ^ ^. t ^ ^ 00 *^ ^^ o vn i-T m On m ^ vS ?3 C^ rn w in en M en : in vd" en M IH GO o . >-( c\ vo vo a\ t-^ (g*^ ^^ g ^"^ ^ 2 ^ 8 c^ 't "^ ^^ ^„ 10 •^ I-T I-T en in vo On c? 00 VO c»^ : in d" 00" t^ QQ 1 CD 5^ ?^ vg- 2^ ^ ^" ^^ ^"^ $ ^ M On n 00 S 2" ^"^ cT 0" en 0" o N r t IT) li-) lO vO •^ 00 00 VO 00 VO 00 vo t^ t^ 00 r^ in cT rf vo" cT m 11 ON J>. On Ti- M ^ g^ 2- vo" CTN en : 00 00 t^ 1 VO N m N r^ M VO 00 : cf tC 0^ cT e Value of Import Trade, with part of Ten Years. i-i O OO r Q N 00 en O N rO N ►1^ !>. VO 00^ rn hT in cR : 00 Jt^ in lit vg 00- -4^ : VO c< 00 m ^ S^ vS ^ : ^ i ^ :: 00 S to 1" M^ 00 ^ «^ ^^ oo" T? On ON cf ON O m w in i-T in m N vo 00 On t^ t^ VO t^ VO : rF rF 0^ ^ I-I »5 ^ ON ".rj- w m O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^"^ ^ ^ ^ rn 00 m VO N 00 On t " '^'^ M On ON N^ : rf vcT vd" On 00 4 in m I-I •^ Q m T*- 00 t>» w d" i-T r^ C5> hT t>. W CO ll HN rn n N ^ m ON N 11 en m m d^ N n" in w m 00 On m en t^ m en On : en -^ m" VO too a 1 1 O fn 00 On O m in m "^ N On VO M r^ cT tC -f in VO 00 N N en 00 ■^ cf hT cT en 00 w VO M in M m t^ On Tt- 00 1 1 to It VO VO VO 00 t^ m t}- CO t>. M tC T? en O m q^ 11 m On m VO 0; m" « en en M m m t-N. CO M^ 'sj 0^ On : en n" 11^ I-' ■^ On en ll a a, fe § 1 .3 ^ g M fH Df 1 i ■ 1 . .1 'o bo 00 'S ^ ' ■ ■ 2 ^, 1 Ph « STATEMENT OF IMPORTS. 357 «0 1-1 O rO N 1-1 VO fO ro Tt VO VO u-> 00 P; «" pT o ^ o; cf i^ c2 00 to ^^ N o : CO ^"^ ?r ^ ^ ;f ^ 'S M •? 3l On On w fO O 00 N '^ pf to VO o" cf CO rC cf ■1 CO VO ^ eg O t^ t^ N to 2^ ^ ^ ,^ 2 ?f ^" vg^ S ^^ ^ s^ 8^ - NO rh toil coivo von CO i^vo ■»i-cooo O too c*to«ototAaN^ ^ :? ^ $ $ ^ VO CO I-T to CO 00 CO to 00" N VO 8- R<^;3;j?§ 2-2^D^ vO00tocO000Nvr> - 2- S S S -f to rC to O O M « to N N <^}- to fO to O^ N to to ■^f NO vo" oo" to « oo" CO «>it^CO^00 « « "I n2:^s§^;;p>??? CO to vo" »^ CO pf o" : CO yo "t ** • 1- 00 O 2^ p. ON 1^ « O t^ ON CO a CO ON ON CO N c^ I z t^^ Z^ ^% ^c« rovotoovO t^toto N 00*" »£ -" oj o" "(f : f £ i to rf On to CO CO to VO t^ « CO : CO OtocoNvOMO^ ^MCSMVOOOCOLO - co-^i-ON- oi^oo o - ^ ^ ^ - <^ ^ ^" '■■ to «8 o" tA cT to ^ w CO : 5 CO O^NVON'-Qvo - '^ ^" ^S vS S ^" i p* 00 <£- to & S, VO 00 SS ^ )fi *? i i vs er - CO ►r ^ : 1 toS co^- cow «oooo O OnOncOW vovO OS CO CO VO N M 00* S 8 to CO O" to 00 OJ nn" ic g^ :r NO « CO : to o; Q t^cOvo^fONVO — to M VO vO_^ 1 & ■ a 3 O • ell c ■ ■ • • U S w ■^ ^S t t I s a js 5zi o j2 00 1,1 sll a- g « > ^ «... .J...|.^, . 1 1 • • ■ s • s • 1 S" ^ -i. -5. S III 1 GO 358 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. n3 n3 a> 03 ^ ^ H n o •r-l ^ ^ o r£l 00 Ph ^ E^ ^ w H <1 H 02 o J25 C< O w t^OO 00 moo 00 On t^ u-»00 O O ro t^ ijN On O 00 ci ►"Tod' rCvo hT o" rCi~^ rh m Tj- u-ivo t^ -"t "^\o -^ roC\rot^>-i t^tHOO •^oo vOvoOO"OvO>-ii-iOON u-)Th"^i-i Noooo iot^O\ OS I^vo 00 On "^ -^ i-i On O vo N row iimONmONi-i N OOO^ N Tft^ro OnOO \0 lO u-> unvo "^ ro -^ ■^ ■<;1- lovo N c^oo "-I r^r^moN 00 roi-i tno M ^0_"^^ l~C cR "-J" cf\ »^0-tt^ON"^NiO ■Th w 00 W ON ON u^vo VO fO <0 m ro ON fO^ N t^ N CO lO rovo m fO I M N N On N L O N rl- ON N fOOO ' VO w ro On N ro M Onvo N OO-^NNOOOnOOnON t^OO t^ On O ONVO t^VO O •H fO M r^vo 11 VO N N O C^ t>.0O ON Tj- CO U-) ts» to T^ tC cT cf ocT vovo" ONvd' VO tOT^ lOVO t^ t^ t^ ON VO a M w ro O VO VO O 'I t^OO 00 1-1 ' OnO NOO OvONrJ-ro rfvo rJ-f>ifOr>^wVO vot^^w 00 00 !>. t^OO 00 00 00 O Tj- r < VO t^oo VD VO vp ' VOVO t^OO ON O i-i N ro r+- vovovovovo l^t^t^t-*r-^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO VO t^OO ON O M N ro Th VO vovovovo t^t^t^t^l^t^ vovo t^OO ON O ►" N ro ■rj- vovovovovo t^t^t-^r^t^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO JUDICIAL STATEMENT. 359 a> > P 03 o o .22 « 0) o 03 2 •^ a> ^ O 1^ bo a o CO o 1 1 JO oaqran^ i«»ox S II II ■aiaao^B puu TOJSpnf HAjo nsmg JO saapnf d ri ; 1 ;;;:;: ^ S" 'jano^nrpnmoQ ^inr;«TWV pan 'sjnmmH pwiria ^ n 11. 5 ? O 00 Q 00 N «-! t^ m ir> O to t<» fO O VO ON N fn 00 ON ON fO O Tj- ^ ^ s (^ 8^ rf lO CO w VO •i* M^ Tt; N Oj KM* ik 'I r «>. fO ^ 0\ VO M O N \0 00 OO ro t^ 00 00 VO ^ r^ ON ro 1- t^ O^ •-<_ ro t>^ t>. fO ^ <^ t*^ O wS fO fO N O '^ f^? ^ 00 OO ^ N o" cR JO jsquin^ Fjox '•loaofs •«|iuui(0 I^PIP^f feC pro BBapnf nA|0 apBg iwlpavi J TO R^jnoQ 08n«9 n«mg JO BdSpnf apsgiwlpupj R»0W«KI «* •«Hnoo 8nu9A3a ^ ■sjjpuiiK oSbhia ei S2 5- V VT ^ O VO ^ I'? ^ "" - to ^ ■^ in «^r«vo N o ov"-" r«.ONfO fOvovovo m»ovO ■«l-f*^fO »r> •- 00 00 f*^ t^ ^ \r\ \r\ VO S> '-' :f Q "* "* vO Ov I^ O Tl- u-> M Tf vr> VO N 00 Ov O ro ro ro Tj- Tf ro Tj- 1^ r^ O \ r^oo ONt^oo N •^»^»o O « N CO Th oooooooooocooooooo THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. ^ ^H Oh S "a MoPtf W^OO N ro ">t tO<0 t^OO On O CRIMINAL STATISTICS. 36: 1 1:: • • -^r^^'S.cg . ^ % : • • • «H t^«oo • 10 00 On P •" i-i CO vO - . . . : : lovo rj- N VO : rn 2: t t g 1 '^ = ror^xoTt m N f* fo N N r^oo N VO t J * • • • foosON --I « : : : : i-i vovo^« 0^ • 1. t^ : : : : : vo ro Tf n c» ; ... . <-* o\o\vo N . ? Ov « « « "" fo 00" fo cT % — s SPls '^ Is . s "§ h « '. r •i i-^ 00 «§. 1 c^) 1 rH •6 fH 1 3 fO ■T-^-^Ml M M N N 1- N cnvo t^tO>-i ii->\0 o\ t^ r^ Tf =§ 1 *■ ? <§; S M rO«N.wO\OvN00 t^ ION Tf On 10 r^ fo u^ N m »o 1 •^ g ~ ^ h 9 • 0\r^«>.*0 ■- f^Ovoo ^ t Ov w 00 « M roONt^^vO »^ r^ VO • M N u^vo i^r^ r^ t^ 5 10 a 3 8 3 « 8* ^ < 2 : t^ M fom t^ ON N fOTf ^ -s £ -o •MOO CO HP"- VO ^ t^OO N VO VO fO « ON N Ov ^ ONNVOOO ONNVO »OfOO 1 • CI COM 1- N t^5h ft 1 « -ccrocooo^^ 5 5o 00 ^^•t3 *^-i (D ■ & i|- • •■|i ^ fllllilll 1 ,£ tosS 1 «1 S^5 02 S U Ph K Q P5 a El M C4 rn ^ »^vd t^od ^ 2" ^ N « ci ro 4 lovo* t^od 6^6 >i N *^ W M •^ 36i THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. tS" «; V -N ON N 10 r>« "O N 00 CO M s • • . ; M IH ii->oo i-« : 0^ 00 r^ : : : : noo ^4 • ^ 00 CO > t^ P< : : : : wvo T*-vo : t^ 00 : : : : « low t^ : >o VO o ' 1 s rftC 0" (S hh" t^ cf\ d; I p pd i . G S O O li-iroro : ON ON 00 VO On tJ- rJ-00 8 CO CO CJ N ON N '=^ : : : : moo >?» n co • 3 • • • • "^^ '*■ '^ "IJ 9i • fO ■^ t>. . . . . w !>. 0^ !>; : VO VO « rC r^ t^ Vi^ CO t^ I-C i-c N ro CO CO CO II 1 .s^ . • c3 ^ lO • • •1 §■ 00 ^ 00 -d -2 vO O^M^ •-• O^^J->^^00 fO u^OO S t^ OS I>,00 VO N N voO VO ON ; ON w : 11 t^ ^ VO VO o\ "* o rj- w w t^ c^ « 00 W M CO 00 « c5 •g ,»<• 00 VO ro m XO t-« N • VO • t>. M 00 Tf CO cW M ro VO N •N fO »H S" VON vi^ On ON OnO t^vrico =g Ov OS M i-i : cooo CO o ON N ON • VO cooo VO OS 0^ N N lO % tT to 00 . COM Tt ON ^ CO M tT ■< s CD B .w-So. mber o ions trii ring thi Year. 2. t^O t>.»-< i-iir)0 NOO •^O VO 00 CO N inVOM w M I^hH N VO 00 CO VO fO N >-< O "^ On CO COM ON N • C< CO CO VO M w t^ w OMOO m N t^ VO M ■^ VO 00 OS t^ o hi M Tj- tJ- 00 •■^ Tj- ON fS 3 S3 (4-1 o g <» )^ TS o C_| • • o • • • • rj • • • |- 1 • • he person >roperty he Penal Total Total he person roperty be Penal < Total ' 3 s • -^ • • • . ^-p M • • ^ • . . . c^-^ m o -*3 .+3 +a ^ ■*^ -43 -ts ^ ~> rl-t^sO 0^ Ch ® M t (S d 1^ . . . .25 5>?;^ . ^ vS- % fO N ON 1 * : «^,j-ro« : NO t^ t^ On « 0000 10 C4 (4 •-. N vO N N -* •^ W fO« t^ t^ '>^* li • 1 pi II " d ^ 00 1 ^ iH d (>■«»• cJ5 •- mcoo 1 1 r*"'*- iS-'-s^Hf 1 a 1 o« « N ro 0 t^NOO ON'^ ^ „ 5 ^- ^:;.^5? 1 N 5 v^ s; g •M 5 m J" ror««.OvO fOi^t^O\ 1 t^ ^ s:: vD ^ 1^ mi'' ,;?— -^S5^ Ji R ^ 2 o^ t^ CO 2 QJ ssfe-d PlH *t=! g © • • 1 © S • • • 1 s • • ■■l----!l|-i .»> .»3 ^ ^ 4> 4» ^ ^ -s § °° ^ a fl c ^ -.•1 *^'| * ' ' '1'^ •| ■|| ■ • • -'ll 1 ^ •ii • -l-ii TS (D •S5§ ^2 5§5S ^ © tDfc,.1:i*>©.t>u,»- «* 11111111111 -a 1 II la, w ei ro tJ- lAivo r^od c^ O* « N M C4 tn ^ \r)\o t^od a\ d "-■ n 364 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. L M N T^^^O^ w N N '+ VO M M r^co 00 c : 00 \o t^ •' ;t vO ^ : : : : : t>. t~>. '+00 t>. • . . . . : VO Ti-00 VO : ^ 10 ^ (§ Tj- W H< (»■ 00 coco 00 00-" v M 1 P3 « Soo . .^^2^S-^=§ . vO N 00 VO ■<^vo 00 On CO VO 10 hH S >o : 10 f-h 5 : : : VO :ior^t^covo • vn 1^ ■rt : : M vnt^oo M . CO . . . . ON M 10 1^ Cl . t^ 00 (^ hT 10 uSvo" a\ CfN m"cotFtF ■^ rf CO N vo VO Xi->M t^ t^ . !3h ■ ': : 1 CO tH Rema under 6 ^ cj 1 -6 r^vO ".§'-"" HH OS d l_l 2« ^o^ :^iC^^<^ Tf VO Ov M 00 CO VO 00 1 ^ ^ N "^ . t^ . M VO coii^ CO ^ 1-5 .tJ 1 1 I w criThO r^N roOMriw u^ ^ ON N CO "I N 00 w^ CO Tl-vO tJ- On N ON Tt M M -^ CO VOOO I^ Tf ■gS| eo « H* 1>. u^ fO to OnvO M )-l m CO 00 w t^ Tj- ■^ CO On m VO CO CO t^ T^ rl N CO N CO 0) S ^-go, CO umber rsons tri uring th Year. 2, ror^x^roNOO O Tft^>-i tj- n- VO Thu-jM N c^ ioOnOn^^OnO ^ On n ri co M CO 0^ CO HH tN.vo fO N t^ ^ '^ M N C^ ONM M M t^ONtC vn «N VO 1-1 !>. w M M N t^ e^ i>.ONON 00 ON H< MM I'J 00 'it CO t^ CV ;z; «'c! Ph t4-t .... 1 H p^ 1 -§ ca E-i 'O • • rj i^ fl ^ fl _ & 1 he perse roperty he Pena Total * 3 tie perso roperty tie Pena Total S . . ^ . . . . p^^j CO ... .53 ... . 0,^ ■^ -*^ -S ^ ^ <4-l pH 2 3 . ults again again again 1 1. Murder 2. Culpable homicide 3. Rape . 4. Hurts and assaults 5. Other offences again 6. Dacoity 7. Robbery 8. Housebreaking 9. Theft . 0, Other offences again 1 . Other offences again J II 1 and assa offences ry . breaking offences offences 1 — 1 3 •i c4 I M c< CO t1- u^vO t^OO ON t-" M M "^ M M " PUBLIC WORKS' STATEMENT. 365 •^ 10 5 a 2 • fe to .2 I ^ cm" 2 I na 00 ^ 00 a 00 •I ^ a> H I !l S f vr> rt «?f 00 N ON ^ t . vr> i^ •* : VO fo ■* "" 9 t^ ^ ^ tx VO ON fO On ■ jS Pi 1 S ■■.l\l% :^ ^ t>r •^ ■. •8" ;* ^ 10 Tt VO -^ ro r-\ ro to w-> ro Q vO •- vO to M N 1 \r\ w^ « 1 N tx ■^ ro ro m --I VO N 00" ro N tx ■-T 00" tC vo rC .3 rx 00 tx <*■ 00 10 tx 00 tx tf •^ •* « cf ro -i t^ to 00 ►- Q vO «-" 00 I 1 ^ -% vr> "«f fO S; t tx ^ ;f tF 00" tC vo" vo" 10 »o tx 00 tx \ « cf cT ^ ! % 5 10 00 N 10 Ov 00 "^i 1 3 00 IX ^ c^ 00 : : : VO si ^ fO tx vO" cf r^ • • • 1 tf i 1 ON 1^ 00 : "^ : : : . 9 "H 3 »c • • • 5 A 5 ^ III 1 tx ro VO f 1 ; ; i 1^1 •tf to s N m Tt 10 . •-« N fO rf to t^ tx tx r«. tx to tx tx tx tx ix 1 ^ A J, f!, ro rf S « N ro Th r^ tx rx tx tx a, tx tx tx tx tx 1$ 00 00 00 00 00 (u 00 00 00 00 00 s 366 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT, No. 1 6. — Statement showing the Eeceipts and Expenditure of Receipts. 1870-7] [871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1. Balance .... 2. Provincial Grants for Roads . 3. Provincial Grants for Schools 4. Provincial Grants for General Pur 9. 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- 26. of 1866 of 1871 Surplus Pound Fund Avenues Grass Rents . Miscellaneous Road- cess under Act III Land-cess under Act IV Tolls . House Tax . Cesses under Act VI. of 1863 Fees in Schools and Training In stitutions .... Contributions Educational Receipts Sale of Elementary Books Choultry Receipts . Fees from Travellers' Bungalows Balance of Bungalow Fund . Fines and Penalties Sale of other Property , Public Works Receipts . Do. Refunds of Expenditure Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Debt Accounts Carried forward 9. rt 11 si Rupees. [,71,618 31,060 480 12,653, 521 14,595 827 1,40, 191 1,12,854 2,403 940 1,12,387 6,20,529 Rupees. 1,08,720 42,020 480 12,059 821 18,381 410 12,888 2,52,149 260 8,918 2,936 3" 667 23,937 3,731 7,270 Rupees. 1,74,836 42,020 480 5,954 578 10,006 204 1,437 3,60,992 5,951 4,576 125 1,778 29,122 17 25 5,06,058 6,38,201 STATEMENT OF LOCAL FUNDS. ocal Funds under Act IV. of 1871 for Five Years. 367 Expenditure. 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 Rupees. Rupees. Rupees. Rupees. New World. I. Communica- \ By P. W. Dept. . 3.15,867 1,24,569 2,57,360 2,05,673 tiona j By Other Agency io,i6i 1,515 .EduoaUooal. %IZ^^$.^ ... 3. Sanitary and By P. W. Dept. . Miscellaneous j By Other Agency "574 5,377 5,710 12,351 734 Bepairs. 4. Communica- j By P. W. Dept. . 00 37,880 54,903 63,022 60,015 tions By Other Agency ■5 10 184 S. Eaueatiooa. . %IZ;^^^ 19 ... 6. Sanitary and By P. W. Dept. . % 9»349 9,486 12,337 15.359 Miscellaneous j By Other Agency z 98 225 7. Public Works Department Super- s vision 8 79,046 46,276 81,484 59,737 8. Petty Establishment . r3 4,140 5,898 11,758 1,200 9. Tolls and Ferries .... s 707 330 400 562 10. Tools and Plant .... cT • 2,685 2,469 6,237 1,510 11. Kefutids of Fines . »>. 13 12. Contributions to other Circles Total Grant I. . 13. Payment for Inspection 20,000 10,000 4,71,080 2,69,498 4,40,007 3.56,645 2,933 4,536 5,037 1,688 14. Training Schools .... ■ a-^ 280 1,040 2,380 185 15. Local Fund Schools « 11,602 22,658 21,160 24,743 16. Purchase of Books, &c. l-^ 175 439 17. Salary Grants .... 312 307 '55 60 18. Kesult Grants .... Total Grant 11. . 19. Hospitals and Dispensaries . g-a II 3,378 4,295 4,708 3.255 18,505 32,836 33,615 30,370 ... ... 225 20. Vaccine Establishment 1, 2,469 2,766 2,651 2,732 21. Sanitary Establishment, Cleansing 1 of Tanks and Wells, &c. . 16,150 10,071 3,543 8,783 22. Choultry Establishment 3 2,782 5,461 3,862 23. Travellers'Bungalow Establishment ^ ... 1,824 431 422 24. Miscellaneous .... Total Grant III. 25. Establishment at the Presidency 1,070 1,690 4,350 19,689 17,952 13,776 20,374 and in the Collector's and Local >-* Fund Board's Offices, and Con- tingencies V 2,215 3.640 3,990 4,652 26. Refunds •^ 6 16 321 326 27. Incorrect Credits of District Koad Fund and Balances written back Total Grant IV. . 28. Miscellaneous Debt Accounts Total Expenditure . 29. Balance Grand Total ... 28 2,221 3,656 4,339 4,978 314 7,280 32 20 5,11,809 3,31,222 4,91,769 4,12,387 1,08,720 1,74,836 1,46,432 1,63,081 6,20,529 5,06,058 6,38,201 5,75,468 368 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. I ID ■♦ 00 lO 8 'i- „ •jBaA aq^ jo Xi "^ CO ; pu9 oq:^ ^« souBreg; fo vH * XO D5 N t?i 8 5: •xs^X oq^ s; VO ^ Snunp aan:^ipaadxa (S ro " ■ VO 'S P3 ro •aouBX'Bg Smpnxooi ,^ ^ ^ a O a^aA ^q:^ o- VO" - ; - Snunp s^dpoaa £§ - (N VO VO VO • (^ lO •JTJ9A gq; JO ^ ^ ^. J8 pu9 aq; ^TJ oou'BXBo: v'?^ ^ M 4 (^ ro 0! >o ■* ^ !_, •r •jBax aq:^ S "I : -2 '^ ^ 8 ti. 8v [;» Snunp oan:}ipu9axa VO % N 00 H Ow N •eouBiBg Sarpnxom 0! t^ ^ ^ f^ t^ I jTjai ^q:^ 1 '^ '■• VO o" VO •- ; Suunp s:jdiao9a « " VO ■* aj ^ «o ^ P) to UB9A 9q:j JO 1^. : VO . ^ S . f;? pti9 9q:j ^B gouBx^a " ' VO ^ -8 . C3 „" „ N tf^ •aB9A oq^ 3 ?; ^ 5- ti. Snunp ^anc^Ipu9dxa M H H a H f? 00 CC •oouBX'b'g Snipnxout aT39A 9qc^ i a ■ M N ^ '^ VO vd f^ 00 STATEMENT OF PROGRESS OF EDUCATION, 369 -i ^l tiog. ■■{goqssjo-o^ M c« M . m t^ ' 8 n n . moo H = = I I s^a-: :? « t^ M i in ■^ :i:P m ■>•■■♦. vo :^^ : : : I ^ = ih| 'I 1 >o « : 10 rx : : inooqoBioOK hi ^n~Ti I -U = M !q ei . . ro o» s I •♦..fo... >o| ...I, II 'nCog "oifo : ; oxa" : = :::: I \ i : :| : M « : : «ni2 •« ::»^:::o :: ^1 O>oo : : o>S 9t!% : : : hiiihl tlooqagjooN 1^ vS^ 4^ txoa iHII ^iO=-| "* •viooqosio •<>« 2 ^ -sjs; %4 ■•»''» •nooqagjowK 5: :::: = : 3; II ••iJno ••xoa •ysi ia| h "> a|3 ' III IS mn I" " i| 3 I -".2 • § 1-3 n o •-5 II 5I G^ ■"■■S o 2 A 370 THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. s % •aoireit5a O 00 00 rod" ro VO 3; VO 8 -d- rot^ hT rocf VO Tt CON t^vo t^ rfrt ro i-Trovo 6 oioNO VO 1-1 ro corot^ Si vovo t)- C^ N 00 11 r^oo cf viSro t-; 5 •TOOJQ N 00 ^ 1 ? VO HH VO 10 »-l VO ON N CO coco On On N ON t^vo ON voviSciN N 11 VO 00 OnOn ro roONOO vot--. tJ- 1 00" rooo ON 00 ^^ rouSvo C^ M H Vf tf-l o '% i •snoatrBiposiK lo i-i CO ro 11 10 -"d- 5-vO 00 rot-T 00__ VO ONt^vo r^co rd- OnOn VOrf M ro VOOO^^VO^ rC 10 i-T VO VO N 1^ N 00 ro w t^VO d^rf d^ vr •i^ueraqsjiqu^sa: 1 ^ VO N ON ■^ ON w roi-T t-T VO^ VO vO 00 M VOON c •90II0J OOO VO -f rf rf ON CO rot^ VO r-~ ro VO n- CO 1 '•■ '•■ '■■ . •i£oui3A-iasuoo f-» l>.vO N CO 'f eg 0" vovo ro 00 M rorf^ 1 t^vo'^rf N 00" « t^vo N VO ri" ONCO w^^ rov^r CO 1 CO >0 VO 00 Tl- -^vo" cf N rr 00 C o O •saredaa ^nr oni'B •g3IJ0Ai. Ai.9^ Tt N o ON(N ON CO ON ON cRfooT VO On VO •-T vot-^ 0^ VO M rovO t^ CO CO vo" 0^ CO CO t-^ CO ■* voo"c> CJ 11 'd •p9jaA009a ssouBApv ptre B:^dl909a J9tl!^0 00 00 M VO COCO 00 N N : : M p; 00 cf CO 00 : : S COVO C^ t-~ • vo-^ • I © o ■SnO9UBn90STJ\[ VO O o VO : roo^ : VO VO ro Onw I^ N VO ro roco t 1 cf CO VO CON^W hh" cT 00 VO ro vp rovo N covo rovo 3 •90U'B|'Bg; Suipnxoui SJ139JJV t^ M O l^roro voOn ro t^w" ro On cf 00000 ioO VO rocT ro CTN VO ■ >i 22,84,322 ,, ,, 1822-23 1232 >} »> 22,44,885 Sir T. Munro visited district. Exports and extra sources high. 1823-24 1233 )> >5 21,84,747 Famine. 1824-25 1234 Mr. Kindersley. 25,74,936 Good year. Crops abundant. 1825-26 1235 Mr. Hanbury. 23,41,727 Ordinary year. Prices still very high. 1826-27 1236 Messrs. Gardiner, Bay- ard, and Anstey. 25,04,382 Produce abundant. 1827-28 1237 Mr. Anstey. 23,64,114 Ordinary year. Large balance of Peshkush. 1828-29 1238 >> >> 24,88,739 Factories abolished, on which the annual expenditure was eight lacs. 1829-30 1239 Messrs. Anstey and Crawley. Mr. Crawley. 23,42,254 Insufficient rain. 1830-31 1240 23,60,094 Favourable year. Produce large. Abundant rain. Hurricane. 1831-32 124I 20,78,769 1832-33 1242 „ 19,11,466 Famine. High floods and storm. 1833-34 1243 >> >> 26,91,719 Continued dearth. Prices enormous. Revenue real- ised by the Asara system. Largest annual revenue ever collected before the construction of the an- nicut. 1834-35 1244 j> j> 26,43,534 Ordinary year. 1835-36 1245 Messrs. Lewin and Grant. 19,61,855 Insufficient rain. 1836-37 1246 Mr. Grant. 21,56,484 Unseasonable rain. 1837-38 1247 Mr. G. A. Smith. 21,42,002 1838-39 1248 j> j> 17,28,112 Hurricane and inundation of the sea. Extreme distress. 1839-40 1249 >> >> 17,44,087 Extreme distress. 1840-41 1250 >» >> 17,36,105 Scanty rain. 1841-42 1251 >» >» 20,99,136 Seasonable weather. Abun- dant crops, but large im- ports of rice from Arracan. 1842-43 1252 19,63,190 Ordinary year. 1843-44 1253 Mr."Smith,"sir H. C. Montgomery, and Mr. Prendergast. 17,25,841 Sayer abolished. Great de- struction from floods. STATEMENT OF REVENUE. 377 Statement of Revenue — continued. Year. FasU. CoUector. Revenue. Remarks. Rupees. 1844-45 1254 Mr. C. J. Bird (Acting). 23,30,507 Favourable year. 1845-46 1255 Mr. Prendergaat. 19,95,639 Scanty rain. Several estates bought in. 1846-47 1256 *« f> 24,27,498 Abundant produce. Joint rent. Export of rice. An- nicut commenced. 1847-48 1257 >> >, 24,96,649 Bikkavole and Kifpavaram receive water. 1848-49 1258 »» ,» 23,33,071 Indiflferent. 1849-50 1259 )• >> 22,45,468 Heavy floods and inundation. Considerable loss. 1850-51 1260 >> ,> 24,19,756 High floods. Rice crop abun- dant. 1851-52 1261 ,, ,, 24,50,406 Ordinary year. Rain abun- dant. Very high floods. Incon- 1852-53 1262 >» ,, 25,01,963 siderable damage. 1853-54 1263 >> ,• 24.45,199 Drought and consequent high prices. 1854-55 1264 Mr. Purvis. 25,49.163 Tolerably favourable season. 1855-56 1265 >» >, 25,65,371 1856-57 1266 » i> 26,82,468 1857-58 1267 >, „ 26,46,380 Unfavourable season. 1858-59 .268 GODAVBBT DI8TBIOT. 30,23,701 Favourable season. 1859-60 1269 Mr. Purvis. 32,17,044 Rearrangement of the district. 1860-61 1270 » »» 41,41,739 Commencement of the In- come Tax, 1861-62 I27I ,, »> 39,22,148 Unfavourable season. 1862-63 1272 »» ,1 40,98,076 New Settlement introduced into the Western Delta. 1863-64 1273 Mr. H. Morris (Acting), Mr. Newill. Mr. Fraaer. 41,65,308 1864-65 1274 43,47,997 1865-66 1275 »> » 49,16,951 New Settlement introduced into the Eastern and Cen- tral Deltas. 1866-67 1276 ,, »> 42,76,456 Income Tax abolished. 1867-68 1277 Mr. Fraser, Mr. J. H. Master (Acting). 47,69,553 Licence Tax imposed. 1868-69 1278 »» >f 44,95,314 52,28,985 1869-70 1279 »> M 1870-71 1280 Mr.H.E.Sullivan (Acting) 50,42,684 Income Tax reimposed. 1871-72 I28I >, ,, 53,84.395 1872-73 1282 Mr. W. S. Foster. 50,07,493 52,62,118 1873-74 1283 », i> Income Tax abolished. 1874-75 1284 »> >> 55,32,517 Favourable season. 1875-76 1285 Mr. J. Hope (Acting). 56,35,638 »» ,» 378 THE GOD A VER V DISTRICT. No. 2 2. — Statement showing the Length of the Canals m the Godavery District, and the Number of Miles they are Navigable Length Canals. No. of Miles Navigable. Remarks. Miles. Miles. EASTERN DELTA. 294 294 Main channel, or Cocanada canal, navigable from Annicut to Covoor Lock. 37i 234 Bank canal, not navigable from 234 to 38th mile. 22i 22i Coringa canal, navigable from head to Manjair lock. lO lO Injeram canal, navigable from 22d mile on Coringa canal to 32d mile. 32f 32f Samulcotta canal, navigable from 4th mile on Main canal to Samulcotta and Cocanada. ' 134 134 Mundapetta canal, navigable from 6^ miles on Main canal to 20th mile (into Coringa canal). + 144 miles, the unnavigable portion of the Bank canal = 146 miles. CENTRAL DELTA. 1454 1314 8 8 Main duct, navigable from head to 8th mile. 32 27 Ralli main canal or Amalapur canal. Proposed to extend navigation to Sallapilly, 5 miles. H 2 Bendamurlunka canal, navigable to Indupilly weir. Proposed to extend it to Bendamurlunka, 12 miles. 44 28 Gannaram or West Bank canal, navigable to Razole, or 36th mile. Proposed to extend it to Goundee, or 5 2d mile. ... 24 Manepilly branch canal, navigable 2^ miles. 41 35 East Bank canal to Mogaltippa, navigable between June and December. 4 4 Billakurru canal, navigable. Junction canal to East Bank canal and Amalapoor canal. 7 7 Vilsa canal, navigable. This is seldom used owing to a rough stone regulating dam at its head. 7 24 24 Kaddalli channel ) ^^^^ irrigation branches Manepilly channel ) ^° ^^S^r^rn Island. 1594 "44 ii STA TEMENT OF CANALS. 379 Statement of Canals— ^-con^mi^. Length Canals. MUes. No. of Miles Navigable. Remarks. HUes. WESTERN DELTA. 6.5 6.5 Main canal, navigable from Annicut to Chettipett Calingulah. 40-27 40.27 EUore canal, navigable from Chettipett Calingulah to Ellore. 2229 22.29 Weyeru canal, navigable from Perimella lock to Yelurpad tidal lock. 20.80 14-73 Undi canal, navigable from Venkiah canal to Undi. There are 5 miles 7 chains of unnavigable canal below Undi. 15-75 15-75 Attili ranal, navigable from Ellore canal to Attili. 400 400 KakarapuiTU canal, navigable from Chettipett to Peravelli and Nursapur canal from Peravelli to Mogultur (tidal lock) via Nursapur. 28.35 2835 Gostanaddi and Velpur canal, navigable from i mile 30 chains from head of KakarapaiTU canal to Basavaroo Kodu drain. 25.40 25.40 Bank canal, navigable from 8 miles 65 chains from head of Kakarapurru canal to Godavery river near Latch meswaram. 1029 10. 29 Kakarapurru canal, navigable from Chettipett Calingula to Peravilli 232 232 Mukkamala canal, navigable from Bank canal to Muk- kamala lock. 3-43 3-43 Junction canal, navigable from Ellore canal to near Duvva. 7-45 7-45 Venkiah canal, navigable from end of Junction canal to Perimella lock. Grand Total. 223.40 217-33 528.40 463-33 J. BEATTY, R.E. District Engineer. 38o THE GOD AVERY DISTRICT. No. 23. — List of the Products mentioned in the Agricultural Statistics commencing p. 340. English. Telugu. Botanical Name. Kice Vari Oryza sativa. Cholum Jonna Sorghum vulgare. (MiUet) Kaggy Rc^gi Eleusine corocana. Varagu Varigelu Panicum pilosum. Cumboo (Spiked miUet) Sazza 1 Gante \ Penicillaria spicata. Dhall Anumulu Dolichos lablab. Chdma Tsdraulu Panicum frumentaceum. (Small millet, Semolina) Korra Korra Setaria Italica. (ItaUan millet) Aruga Aruga Paspalum frumentaceum. (Common millet) Indian corn Mokka jonna Zea mays. Sugar cane Cheruku Saccharum officinarum. Cotton Patti Gossypium herbaceum. Indigo Nili Indigofera tinctoria. Horse gram Ulavulu Dolichos uniflorus. Cocoa-nut Tenk^ya Cocos nucifera. Areca-nut Vakkalu Betel-nut Tamalap^ku Chavica betel. Chey root Chiru-v^ru Oldenlandia umbellata. Chillies Mirapa-kdyalu Capsicum frutescens. Turmeric Pasupu Curcuma longa. Tobacco Pdgdku Nicotiana tabacum. Plantains Ariti-kdyalu Musa paradisiaca. Flax Gdgu-ndra Hibiscus cannabinus. Hemp Zanumu Crotalaria juncea. Indian root Durada-kanda Arum campanulatum. Chdma Chdma-gadda Colocasia antiquorum. Yams Pendalam Dioscorea alata. Edible root Tiyya kanda Arum campanulatum. Brinjals Van-kdyalu Solanum melongena. (Egg plant) Jack fruit Panasa-kdyalu Artocarpus integrifolia. Benda Benda-kdyalu Abelmoschus esculentus. Fenugreek Menti Trigonella fsenum Grsecum. Coriander seed Dhaniyam Coriandrum sativum. Pumpkins Gummadi-kdyalu Cucurbita maxima. Mangoes Mdmidi-kdyalu Mangifera Indica. Mustard 'Avdlu Sinapis ramosa. Bishop's weed 'Omamu Ptychotis ajowan. Onions Vulli-gaddalu Allium cepa. Garlic Telia gaddalu Allium sativum. Limes Nimma-kdyalu Citrus bergamia. Pamplemoses Pamparam^sa-kdyalu Citrus decumana. Cashu nuts Jidimfimidi-kjlyalu Anacardium occidentale. Ginger Allam Zingiber ojBficinale. Bdra Bira-kdyalu Lofta acutangula. Tamarinds Chinta-kdyalu Tamarindus Indica. Sweet potatoes Genusu-gaddalu Batatas edulis. Bottle gourds 'Anapa-kdyalu Cucurbita lagenaris. Cucumbers Ddsa-kdyalu Cucumis utilissimus. ( 38i ) INDEX. Adah's, Sir Frederick, tour in Northern Ci rears, 77. Adavipjllem, 209. Adnet, Captain, killed at the battle of Condore, 236. "Advertiser," the Cocanada, 32. Akuvldu, 15. Akuvidu Canal, 15. Alamdru, 8, 154, 158. "Albatross," H. M. S., repaired in Coringa dock, 55. Alexander, Rev. F. W. N., 38, 39. Amalilpuram, 12, 70, 71, 77, 150, 163, 280, 291, 307. Amaldpuram Taluk, 6, ii, 84, 145, lOo, 304. AmMjipdta, 12. Ambar Rai, 212. Amboor, battle of, 224. Amnlvati, 169, 171. Ananda RjIzu, 233, 234, 240, 246. Anantapilli, 251, 265. Ancient history of the District, 165. Andhra, kingdom of, 165, 170, 171. Andrews, Mr., chief of Vizagapatam, 234, 238, 240. Annicut, the Godavery, 34, 67, 71, 103, 109. Anstey, Mr., Collector of the District, 315- Antheuniss, Lucas, 177. Antravddi, 1 1, 41, 42. Apparow Channel, 141-143, 147. Arbuthnot, Sir Alexander, 103. Arden, Rev. A. H., 38. Armegam, factory at, 179, 180. Aryan, the race, 168. Asarji System, 312-315. Asdca, King, 169. Assuf Jah, Nizam of Hyderabad, 223, 224. Aswapati dynasty, 176. Atsanta, 11, 14, 92, 142, 146, 204, 280. Attili, the canal, 14, 164. Aurungabad, march of Bussy to, 225- 227, 233. Aurangzib, the Emperor, 223. Ayeen Akbari, the, 222. Bahmani, the dynasty, 211. Bank, the canal, 163. Bank, the Cocanada, 31. Bantumilli, 280. Bardkar, the formation, 79. Barrow, Mr., headmaster of the Rajah- mundry school, 30. Basalat Jung, 242. Batalapdlem, 144. Biivfyil Dewan of Pdlavaram, 251. Bayard, Mr., Col lector of the Diatrict,92. Beddadanole, 79, 80. • Beer, Mr., missionary at Nursapore, 40. Bell's, Captain, opinion on the Anni- cut, 122. Bendamurlanka, 5, 150, 163, 193, 228, 232, 280. Beriberi, the disease called, 84. Bezwdda, 164, 171, 232. Bezwdda Canal, 19, 164. Bhadrdchalam, 3, 42, 77, 263, 265, 268. Bhadrdchalam Taluk, 6, 22, 42. Bhima Rdzu, 213. Bhimavaram Taluk, 6, 14, 160, 304. 382 INDEX. Bhupayya, Dewan of Mogalturru, 254, 256. Bhupayya's raid into the District, 263- 265. Bhupayya Channel, 142, 146-148, 160. Bibrid, the, 3. Biden's, Captain Christopher, report on the harbours, 56- Bikkav61u Taluk, 142, 172, Bimlipatam, 196. Bison range, the, 2, 71. Black, Mr., master of school at Rajah- mundry, 29. Blanford, Mr., geological report of, 78. Bloomfield, Captain, A.F.F., com- manding Sibbandi Corps, 301, 309. Board of Revenue, formation of, 252. Bobba Island, 139. Bobbili, siege of, 232, 233. BondiCda, 280. Bowden, Mr., missionary at Nursapore, 40. Bowers, Mr., Inspector of Schools, 107. Bowness, Lieut., commanding Sibbandi Corps, 265. Bristol, Mr., at battle of Condore, 233, 239- British Indian Steam N'avigation Co., 33- Brown, Mr. C. P., 166 note.. Buckle, Captain, reports on the Anni- cut, 122. Buddamc^ru, 156. Buddhism, 169. Burada Channel, 16. Burnell, Dr., 169, 170. Bussy, M., 225, 231, 232. Buttayagtidem, 301. Cain, Rev. J., missionary at Dumagti- dem, 91. Cainas, the river, 166. Caldwell, Dr., 165, 166. Calingse, the, 166. Calingon promontory, 166, 167. Calliaud, General, 242. Calliope, the, taken to the relief of the Rajpoot, 65. Carpets, manufacture of, 77. Cattle disease, 85. Census, the, of 1871, 86. Central Delta, main canal of, 163. Central provinces, i, 46. Chdgallu, 265. Chdlukya dynasty, 168, 171-173. Chamier, Mr., Collector of Mogalturru, 256. Charmaul, defence of, 231. Chdbdlu, 234. Clieluru, 154. Cheroots, manufacture of, 77. Cheyydru, the, 280. Chinna Kdpavaram canal, 15, 164. Chintapalli lock, 142. Chittapdta weir, 163, 164. Chola dynasty, the, 172, 173. Cholera, 84. Chorganga, Rajah of Cuttack, 173. Chunda Sahib, 224. Clive, Lord, 233, 242. Cloth, manufacture of, 77. Coal, discovery of, 81. Cocanada, 9, 30, 47-49, 75, 92, 151, 154, 155, 158, 197, 240, 260, 290, 302, 304, 307. Cocanada canal, 8, 163. Cocanada Division, 6. Cocoa-nut oil, manufacture of, 77. Colair lake, the, 13, 15, 149, 150, 156- 158, 160, 164. CoUectorates, formation of, 260. Collins, Captain, commander of the Sacramento, 65. Commissioner of the Northern Circars appointed, 297. Commissioner, Special, appointed to the District, 291. Committee of Circuit, 248, 249, 284, 312. Condore, the battle of, 234, 246. Conflans, M., French commander at the battle of Condore, 233-240. Coringa, 40, 49, 52, 121, 144, 149, 154, I55» 167, 170, 228, 254, 290. Coringa Canal, 8, 160, 163. Coringa Division, 6. Cosby, Lieut., gallant conduct of, 241. Cotton, cultivation of, 68. Cotton, Major F. C, 158. Cotton, Sir Arthur, 43, 57, 109. INDEX. 383 Courts, judicial, 306, Court, District and Session, 306. Crawley, Mr., Collector of the District, 288, 315. Cunningham, General, 167, 170, 171, Cuttack, 165, 173, 233. Cyclone at Coringa, 52. Cyclones, 254, 290. Dandagula, 166, 167. Dandaluru, site of the capital of Vcngiddsham, 172, 173. Daniell, Mr., chief of Masulipatam, 250. Diintapuram, 167. Dtlsureddi's, Gdrugamilli, disturbance, 251. Davidson's, Mr., report on the schools in the Sub-Division, 104. Davis, Mr. John, chief of Madapollam, 192. Day's, Dr., report on the fisheries of the Godavcry, 71. Do Benza's, Dr., account of the geo- logy of the District, 77. Dcccan, Mohammedan invasion of the, 210. D«5vipatnam, 5. Dhanakachdka, the kingdom of, 170, 171. Dilawur Khan, Governor of Eilore, 217. "District Gazette," 32. District Munsiffs, 306. Doddipatla, 145, 280. Dowlaishweram, 5, 6, 17, 30, 34, 71, 75, 79, "9. 126, 127, 129, 144, 155, 172, 190, 219, 304. Dowlaishweram Annicut, 126, 130, 135. Dravidian, the race, 165, 167. Dugaddru, 143. Dumagtidem, 3, 43. Dupleix, M., 224, 225, 228. Dutch life in India, 198. Dutch settlements, 30, 195. Duvva, 255, 280. Dwiiraka Tirumala, 41. Eastern Delta main canal, 162. Eastern Ghauts, 4. Education Act, 105, 106. Elliot, Rev. Richard, chaplain to Mr. Master, 189. Elliot, Sir Walter, Commissioner of the Northern Circars, 92, 169, 171, 297. Eilore, 20, 35, 77, 108, 121, 150, 158, 160, 164, 171-173, 177, 188, 215, 216, 221, 232, 238, 247, 304, 307. Eilore Canal, 14, 163, 164. Eilore Taluk, 6, 19, 304. English, Rev. G,, missionary at EUorc, 37, 39- Famine in the Northern Circars, 212, 257, 288. Fergusson, Mr., 167, 170, 171. Fever, one of the diseases of the Dis- trict, 82. Field, Mr. John, chief at Madapollam, 190, 192. Fischer, Captain, succeeds Colonel Forde, 240. Fish in the Godavcry, 73. Floris, Peter Williamson, early voyage of, 177, 178. Floyer, Mr., chief of Masulipatam, 253. Forbes, Mr. Henry, first Sub-Collector, 120, 122, 126, 138, 303. Forde's, Colonel, successes in the Nor- thern Circars, 233-240, 246. Eraser, Mr., Collector of the District, 76, 377- French Settlements, 205, 224, French, the, in the Northern Circars, 224. Futteh Ali Khan, 216. Gajapati dynasty, 176. Gajapati Vizayardma Rdzu, Rajah of Vizayanagaram, 227, 229, 232, 233. Ganapati dynasty, 173, 174, 176. Gambler, Mr., Collector, 263, 266. Ganapavarum, 273. Ganganagiidem, 172. Gangavamsa dynasty in Cuttack, 174. Ganges, the, 165, 166. Gannavaram Aqueducf, 157. Gannavaram Canal, 12, 150, 152, 157, 163. Gardiner, Colonel, commanding de- tachment, 272, 275. 384 INDEX. Gautami, the, Godavery, 6, 7, 8, 12, 41. Gautama Ddva, Rdni of Pdlavaram, 168, Gdzavilli Narasinga Row, murder of, 291. Geology of the District, 77. Georgepet, 41. "Globe," voyage of the, 177. Goaris, the river, 166. Godavery, the river, i, 2, 29, 100, 166, 168, 170, 171, 293, 302. Godheu, M., 228. Gdkavaram tank, 16. Golconda, province of, 176, 193, 198, 201, 206, 217, 223, 225. Goldingham, Mr,, Commissioner of the Northern Circars, 99, 298. Gollap^lem, 149, 154, 203. Gollaprdlu, 234. Gontdru, 146. Gordeware Cape, 5, 50, 51, 53. Gorge, the, 2, 4, 71. Gorinkala Channel, 150-152. Gdsta Nadi, the, 15, 142, 145-148, 163. G6tama Buddha, 169. Grant, Mr. James, Resident at Hyder- abad, 223, 229. "Greyhound," the, at Coringa, in a gale, 54. Gronning, Rev, C. W,, missionary at Rajahmundry, 25, 39. Gummalladoddi tank, 16. Gundavaram, 203, Gunupiidi, 15, 280. Gtit^la, 5, 41, 249-251, 258, 260, 268, 275- Glitdla, siege of, 252. Haig, Captain, 44, 91, 157. Hamilton's, Captain Alexander, voy- age, 193. Harbours of the District, report on, 49. Hatton, Mr. Christopher, chief of Ma- sulipatam, 189. Hav^li lands, 247, 249. Heathfield, Mr. John, doctor at Mada- pollam, 187. Health of the District, 81. Heelis, Rev. T., missionary at Nursa- pore, 40, Heise, Rev. P, A., missionary at Rajahmundry, 25. Heyer, Rev, Dr,, 25. Hingangh^t, 2. Hiouen-Thsang, the Chinese traveller, 169-171. Nippon, Captain, voyage of, 177. History, ancient, 165. Hope Island, 32, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 65, 69. Howley, Mr., 38. Hussain Ali Khan's administration, 241, 244. Hussan Gangu, 211. Hutchinson's, Captain, work on the Annicut, 129, 130, Ibrahim Khan, Governor of Rajah- mundry under the French, 232, Ibrahim Shah, of the Kutb Shahi dynasty, 217, Ince, Mr., Collector of the First Divi- sion, 261. Indigo, cultivation of, 68, Indigupdta, 274. Indriivati, the river, 2. Injaram, 5, 41, 154, 163. 193, 228, 232, 290, Injaram Canal, 8. lunespet, 23, 30. Ipparru, 149, Jaddangi, the estate of, 281, Jaffir Ali Khan, Governor of the Nor- thern Circars, 227, 231. Jagannddhapuram, 196, 197, 203, 205. Jaggad^va Row, prime - minister of Ibrahim Shah, 217, Jaggampeta, 18, Jaggapati Rdzu, 240, 261, Jagga Rdzu, insurrection of, 256. Jail, central, 26, 27. Jail, District, 26. Jdlimudi, 280. Jiinupalli, estate of, 280. Jilagamilli, 300. Johnstone, Mr. , chief of Vizagapatam, 233- INDEX. 38s Joint lientg, system of, 311, 313, 317. Jury, trial by, 306. Kadayam, 142. Kiikaraparru Canal, 14, 142, 148, 160, 163, 164. Kilkaiiya dynasty, 173. Kjikati Pralaya, 173, 174. Kslkatiya Pratiipa Ganapati Kudra Ddva, 174. Kaldindi, 157, 266. Kaldindi family, the, 279. Kalinga, the kingdom of, 166, 169- 171. Kalingapatam, 170. Kalyan, 171, Kitmthi, the, formation, 78, 79. Kanakalapdta, 209. Kandavilli, 142, 146. ICipavaram Taluk, 142, 280. K.irukonda Subbiireddi, insurrection of, 299. Kiidimkuta, Rajah of, 218, 220, 221, 234- Kauldshwaram, 143, 144. Kauldshwarapuram, 154. Kauuika, the, 6, 150, 151. Kil7Ji, 280. Kazis, or Mussulman judges, 247. Khwaja Mahmud Gawan, 213. Kindersley, Mr., collector of the Dis- trict, 314, 376. King's, Mr., report on the Geology, 79. Kistna, the District, i, 149, 150, 152, 168. Kistna, the river, 162, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 233, 239,302. Knox, Captain, 236, 238. Kois, the, 4, 85, 88, 221, 270, 300. Komanapalli, 145. K(5na Shima, 5. Kondti Tammudu, 251. Kondapilli, 77, 212, 213, 215, 216. Korutiiru, 299. K6rla Sitiinimayya, 301, Kdrla Venkata Subbdreddi, insurrec- tion of, 301. K6rukonda, 41, 260. Kosaia, kingdom of, 170. K<5tapalli tank, 16. K6ta Zemindari, 254, 258, 280, 295. Kotiphali, 6, 41. Kottim estate, 295. Kottapdlem, 52. Kottapdta, 145, Kottapilli, 249, 251, 258, 260, 268, 274. Kovviiru, 251, 265, 280. Kovvuru lock, 142, 158. Krishna lldya, 214. Kubja Vishnu Vardhana, 171. Kuli Kutb-ul-Mulk, 215, 216. Kuppuswdmi Shtistri, master of Rajah- mundry school, 30. Kursammapdta, 209. Lakshm^shwaram, 164. Lakshmindniyana Ddvu, Zemindar of Polavaram, 275. Lally, M., 233. Lanka tobacco, 5, 77. Lewin, Mr., Collector of the District, 3»6, 376. Lighthouse at Cocanada, 32, 64. Lighthouse at Hope Island, 64. Lingareddi, 270. Local Funds, 308. Local Funds' Act, 108. LoUa Canal, 12. Long, Rev. A,, missionary at Rajah - mundry, 25. Luddur Deo, 175. Macdonald, Ijieutenant, 274. Macdonald, Captain, Inspector of Schools, 104. Madapollam, 5, 39, 184, 185, 187, 189 190, 193, 197, 203, 232, 304. Madduru Annicut, 126-128, 133, 136, 137, 139, 298. Miidhavaram, 21. Mahti Ddva, Kajali of Warangole, 174. Mahdndra Ddva, Rajah of Orissa, 168. Mahdndragiri, 166. Mainwaring, Mr., chief of Masulipatam, 183. Malli, the, 166. Mallik Hussan Bheiru, 212. Mallus mountain, 166. 2b 386 INDEX. Mandapdta, 8. Mandapdta Canal, 8, 163. Mandapdta family, 279. Mandei, the, 166. Mangdpati Ddvu, Zemindar of Pola- varam, 250, 252, 268-275. Mangal Rdi, Rajah of Orissa, 211, 212. Manjdru, 163. Manufactures, 76. Marcara, M., 206. Marco Polo's travels, 175. Marumonda, 24, 154. Master, Mr, R. E., Director of Revenue Settlement, 311, 321. Master's, Mr. Streynsham, tours in the North, 186, 189, 197. Masulipatam, 53, 149, 151, 155, 160, 161, 177-179, 181, 189, 193, 198, 199, 201, 206, 224, 226, 227, 252- 254, 257, 268, 302. Masulipatam, siege of, 238. May's, Lieutenant, survey of the coast, 57. Metcalfe, Mr,, headmaster of Rajah- mundry school, 30. Mirzapha Jung, 224, 225. Mission, American Evangelican Luth- eran, 24. Mission, Church, 25, 37. Mission, North German, 25. Mission at Nursapore, 40. Modogalingam, 165, 166. Mogalturru, 11, 164, 204, 238, 254, 256, 260, 263, 266, 279, 280. Mohammed Ali, Nabob of the Carnatic, 223, 224. Mohammed Shah of the Bahmani dynasty, 212-214. Mohammed Toghlak, 211. Mohune, Mr., 183, 185, 189. Montgomery, Captain, commanding a detachment, 251. Montgomery, Sir Henry, appointed Special Commissioner in the District, 109, 291, 296, 303, 311, 316, 376. Moracin, M., French chief of Masuli- patam, 226, 227, 240. Mudukrishna Mudeliar, head Sherish- tadar, murder of, 267. Mukanda Rtizu, Rajah of Kjlsimkota, 221. Mukkdmala Canal, 10, 163. Mukkdmala Zemiudari, 280. Municipal Act, 307. Munro's, Sir Thomas, tour in the Nor- thern Circars, 284, 295, Murdri estate, 280. Museum, the Rajahmundry, 26. Muskapalli Channel, 141, 143. Mutiny in Bengal, 299. Nadamoony Moodeliab, Deputy - In- spector of Schools, 100. Nagaram, 5. Nagaram Taluk,?i44, 152, 153, 22^. Ndgavaram, 251, 273, 300. Nakkala Channel, 148, 160. Narapati dynasty, 176. Narasamma, son of the Zemindar of P61avaram, 250, 251. Narasbima Ddvu, 274. Narasinga Row, 219. Ndsik, 2. Navarette'g, Fernandez, travels, 181. Nazir Jung, Subahdar of the Deccan, 207, 224. Nidadavdlu, 146, 148, 217, 220, 222. Nilfldri Row GtCru, Zemindar of Pitta- pore, 262. Nilapalli, 5, 41, 76, 207, 228, 280. Nizam Ali, Subahdar of the Deccan, 232, 241, 243. Nizampatam, 177, 186, 207. Nizam of Hyderabad, 223. Northern Circars, cession of, 242. Nursapore (Narasdpuram), 5, 10, 11, 28, 39, 41, 64, 76, 77, 81, 92, 102, 121, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, 160, 178, 179, 181, 193, 197, 207, 228, 238, 260, 290, 302-304, 307, 321. Nursapore Point, obelisk at, 40. Nursapore Canal, 10. Nursapore Taluk, 6, 9, 84, 266, 304. Nuzvidu, Estate of, 260. Orissa, 165, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176, 187, 201, 211, 212, 213, 216, 218, 221, 222. Orr, Captain, 121, 122, 129, 134, 138 INDEX. 387 O'Eeilly, Captain, in command of a detachment, 274. Padfield, Rev. J. E., missionary at Ellore, 38. Painganga, the, 2, Piilakollu, II, 71, 92, 148, 160, 187, 196, 197, 203, 204, 205. Pdnangapalli Zemindari, 280. Pandu Dora, insurgent in P61avaram, 274. Pangadi, 77, 79. Piipi-Konda, 2. Parimella lock, 145, 146, 160. Patcsham, 5, 41. Peddapore (Pedddpuram), 18, 35, 219, 238, 261, 307. Peddapore Taluk, 6, 17, 304. Peddapore Zemindari, 218, 246, 254, 258, 261, 277, 280, 281, 295. Penugonda, 14, 92. Penugonda estate, 280. Penumadam estate, 280. Pdniru, 145. Pdrtiru estate, 280. Pdmulu Channel, 145, 146, 160. *' People's Magazine," 102. Peraveli, 163. Permanent Settlement, 276, 294, 313. Pichika island, 127, 128, 131, 133, 137, 139. Pipparru, 160. Pittapore (Pitt-lpuram), 234. Pittapore Division, 6, 169, 205. Pittapore Zemindari, 46, 246, 258, 261, 279, 280, 281. Pliny, 165, 166. Poete, the Chevalier, 240, Polavaram, 5, 21, 77, 79, 246,249, 258, 260, 280, 281. P61avaram, siege of, 272. Polavaram, disturbances in, 250, 268, 275- Police, establishment of, 309. Population of the District, 86. Poulsen, Eev. J. K., missionary at Riijahmundrj', 25. Pranhita, the, 2, 3. Pratdpa VIra Rudra Ddva, Rajah of Warangole, 175. Prendergast, Mr., Collector of the District, 314, :576, 377. Priestley, Captain, Director of Revenue Survey, 321. Principal Sudr Amin, 306. Proclamation Royal, 301. Proprietors, creation of, 279, 283, 293. Provincial Chiefs and Councils, 244, 248. Provincial Court of Masulipatam, 306. Provincial School, 29. Ptolemy, 165, 166, Puckle, Major, 183, 184. Purushottapatnam, 5. Purvis, Mr., Collector of the District, 47, 377- Pushkaram, the feast, 6. Pybus, Mr., Chief of Masulipatam, 242. QuEKN, proclamation of Her Majesfy the, 301. Ragqy, cultivation of, 68. Raghaddvapuram, 280. Rajahmundry, 5, 6, 17, 23, 92, 108, 167, 168, 170-172, 174, 213-217, 220, 221, 223, 232, 237, 241, 247, 260, 280, 290, 302, 304, 306, 307. Rajahmundry Taluk, 6, 16. Rajahmundry, siege of, 217, 220. Rajanagaram, 219, 220. Rj^dndra Ch61a, conquests of, 172. •' Rajpoot," wreck of the, 64. Rdli, 12, 144, 150, 151. Rdli Annicut, 127, 131, 133, 136, 139. Rdli Canal, 124, 158, 159, Rilmachandrapuram, 8, 143, 154. lUmachandrapuram, Taluk, 6, 7, 84, 142, 143, 260, 307. Rjimachandrapuram Zemindari, 246, 254, 258, 280, 295. Rdma Rdzu, Rajah of Vizayanagar, 217. Rdmilerti, the, 19. Rampa Zemindari, 22, 246, 274, 280, 305, 309- Riza Jaggapati Razu, Zemindar of Peddapore, 261, 262. Razu, native pastor, 91. 388 INDEX. Reddis, the, 174, 218, 221, 223. R^kapalli, 6, 22. R^kapalli Taluk, 22. Rdlangi, 14. Eevell, Mr., 204, 254. Revenue Settlement, 311, 321. Robertson, Lieutenant of Sibbandi Corps, 309. Robertson's, Mr., report on harbour, 57. Robertson, Mr., Collector of the Dis- trict, 282, 376. Roebuck, Mr. Ebenezer, 55. Rose, Captain, commanding detach- ment, 300. Row Venkata Row, Dewan of Pedda- pore Zemindar, 262. Rudramma Ddva, Rani of Warangole, 174. Rumbold, Sir Thomas, 248, Rundall, Colonel, 57. Rundall, Mr. J. W., 164. Rustoom Khan, 216, 223. Ryotwarj System, 311, Sabari, the, 2, 3, 4. "Sacramento," wreck of the, 65. Sakinddapalli, 163, 280. Sdkya Muni, the founder of Buddhism, 169. Salabut Jung, 225, 231, 233, 238, 239- Sallapalli, 163. Saltpetre, manufacture of, 77. Sambaldivi, 149. Samulcotta, 25, 34, 120, 142, 160, 240, 290. Samulcotta Canal, 142, 144, 154, 158, 163. Sapasdganayjltra, 42. Saunders, Mr., Governor of Madras, ^228. Saunders, Mr. Trelawny, 23. Schmidt, Rev. H. C, missionary at Rajahmundry, 25. School, Cocanada Anglo-\'ernacular, 47. School, EUore Anglo- Vernacular, 37. Schools, French, 209. School, Girls', 30. School, Nursapore Anglo-Vernacular, 92. School, Provincial, 29. Schools, village, 92. Sea customs, 31. S^nagudem, 172. Settlement, Revenue, 311, 321. Sibbandi Corps, 265, 301, 309. Siddhdntam, 142, 146, 280. Sidrdzu Trimmappa, Rajah of Kondbir, 217. Sironcha, 2, 3. Sitapati, Rajah of Kammamet, 216, 217, 220. Skinner, Mr., Collector of the Third Division, 266, Smaller, Mr., Collector of the District, 316. Smith, Mr. G. A., 316, 376. Smith, Colonel, commanding at Pola- varam, 273. Snodgrass, Mr., Collector of the First Division, 260. Stanley's, Lord, educational despatch, 104. Subbjlreddi's,Kjlrukonda, rebellion, 299, 301. Sub- Collector appointed, 119, 303. Subordinate Court, 306. Sugar-cane, cultivation of, 68. " Suddhiranjani " newspaper, 32. Sunkarapdlem, 228. Sunkaraswdmi, murder of, 299, 301. Survey, Revenue, 311, 321. Tadimalla, former Taluk of, 299, 303. T^l, the, 3. Tc^Iapudi, 5, 21. Tjllikdta, battle of, 219. TilUardvu, 41. Tammileru, the, 19, 36, 156, 302. Tanner, Rev. C, missionary, 38. Tanuku, 14, 146, 208, 303. Tanuku Taluk, 6, 13, 146, 148, 260. Tdtipiika, 219. Taylor, Captain C, 39. Taylor's, Lieutenant, survey of the coast, 57. Taylor, Mr. G. N., Sub-Collector of the District, 92, 317. INDEX. 389 Taylorpet, 40, Tdki Channel, 141, 143, 144, 145. Telakacherla, 280. Telingana, 165, 170, 173, 176, 210, 211, 215, 216. Telugu language, the, 85, 165, 167. Temple, Sir Richard, 2, 45. Thornton, Mr., 38. Timmanlzu's raid, 267. Tipparru Channel, 148. Tirapatinlzu, Zemindar of Mogalturru, 254, 256. Tirtalamondi, 8. Tivill, Mr,, chief of Masulipatam, 192 Topping's, Mr., reports, 50, 109, 266. T6tapalli, estate of, 281. Toys, manufacture of, 77. Trevelyan's, Sir Charles, tour in the Northern Circars, 45, 57, 162, 302. Tri-Kalinga, 166. Trimbak, source of the Godavery near, 2, 6. Tsoppella Channel, 141, 144. Tuder, Mr., Collector of the First Dirision, 260. Tiilayya Bhiga, 141, 142, 144, 154, 158. Tuni Division, 6. Tdtigunta, 301. Tweeddale, Marquis of, no, 113. Udumudi lock, 152. Unddshwarapuram, estate of, 280. Undi, 15, 164, 280. Undi Canal, 15, 164. Undi Taluk, 146, 180, 260, 266, 304- Uppdda, 76, 77, 279, 280. Upper Godavery works, 44. Upputdru, the, 149, 157, 164, 302. Usulumarru Channel, 142, 145. Vainat6yam branch of the Godavery, 6, 9, 12, 163. Vaiyydru Channel, 141-143, 145, 147- 149, 151, 156-158. 160, 163, 164. Valett, Kev. L. M., missionary at Rajahmundry, 25. Yasantavilda, 144. Vasishta branch of the Godavery, 6, 10, II, 12, 13, 39. Vatsavay Mussalee, ancestor of Zemin- dars of Peddapore, 218. Vdgi, Kingdom of, 171, 172. Vdgayyammapdta, estate of, 280, Velampdlem, 280. Vdlangi, 143, 144. Vella, 280. Vemagiri island, 126. Vengi, kingdom of, 168, 171, 172. Vengipuram, 171. Venkatariima Rizu, 263. Venkatayapillem, 280. Venkayya Canal, 14, 149, 158, 160. Vidiildri, 217, 218, 220. Vijdshwaram, 125, 127-129, 133, 135, 136, 139, 196. Vijayiidiiya Mahendrudu, 168, 172. Viknlma Deva, 173. Vilasa, 280. Village Schools, 92. Vira Ddva Chdia, 173. Ylravdaaram, 15, 180, 181, 184, 188, 280. Visabadi System, 313. 3i4» 3iS- Vizagapatam, i, 160, 169, 193, 215, 233, 234, 241, 256, 290. Vizayanagaram, Maharajah of, 30, 41, 227, 233. Vizayagdpilla Ddvu, of P<51avaram, 250, 268, 275. Vodurupdka, 154. Waddevani island, 136. Wahab, Captain, 273. Wainganga, the, 2. Warangole, 3, 170, 173, 174, 176, 210, 211. Wardha, the, 2. Warren's, Lieutenant, survey of the coast, 55. Water Rate, rules for, 322. Westcott, Mr., 254. Western Delta Main Canal, 162, 163. " Wilhelmina," H.M.S,, employed in Survey, 55. Williams, Peter, 177. Winter, Mr. Edward, Chief of Masuli- patam, 181. 390 INDEX. Wright's, Mr., report on fever, 82, 84 Yale, Mr. Elihu, Governor of Madras, 192. Yanam, 5, 58, 59, 60, 154, 163, 206, 207, 224. Yarnagudem, 21, 264, 300, 303. Yarnagtidem Taluk, 6, 20, 299. Yelamanchili, 145, 146, 148. Ydleru, 18, 154, 158. Yeleshwaram, 18. Ydlurupild, 164. Yenamaduru, 157. Yule, Colonel H., 166. Zemindars, description of the, 245, 253, 254, 277, 281, 293. Zulfikar Khan, 192. THE END. PRINTED BY BALI.ANTYNE HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON 11 9 14 DAY USE RETUKN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWEt LOAN DEPT. RENEWALS ONLY— TEL. NO. 642^405 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. MflR 2 9 1969 8 7 RECTD LD OE iO'69-4P|l Sep 2\m7Q REC'D LB JUL 2 .[ r i -Sm m^ hm 1 6 W^ R 6 REC' DLD P^^"'^ 71-4PMO 1 SAN UIEGO INTERLIBRARY LC lAbl DEC 10 1971 LD 21A-40m-2,'69 (J6057sl0)476 — A-32 General Library University of California Berkeley