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SECTION I 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE YEAR IIOO 
 
 GENERAL EDITOR 
 
 EDWARD MILES BROWN, Ph.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 
 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI 
 
THE 
 BATTLE OF MALDON 
 
 AND 
 
 SHORT POEMS FROM THE 
 SAXON CHRONICLE 
 
 EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES 
 AND GLOSSARY 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER JOHN SEDGEFIELD, Litt.D. 
 
 LECTURER IN ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN THE 
 IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG 
 
 or * 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON 
 
 D. C. HEATH AND CO., PUBLISHERS 
 
 1904 
 
HO 4- 
 
 prnEBM- 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY 
 D. C. HEATH & CO. 
 
 Printed in United States of America 
 
or THf 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 SlnttoHttrtfon 
 
 The craft of the scop was valued as highly among 
 the Anglo-Saxons of Britain as it was among Conti- 
 nental Teutons, and his work was ever sure of cordial 
 welcome wherever the English tongue was understood. 
 The Song of Beonvulf and the fragmentary Fight at 
 Finnsburh do not, we may be sure, represent more than 
 a small fraction of the cycles of heroic poems that rose 
 and flourished in Northumbria in the centuries following 
 the settlement in Britain of the Angles and Saxons. 
 The Beonjoulf itself is but a single member of such a 
 cycle, though doubtless an important one, and presup- 
 poses in its hearers a familiarity with other songs closely 
 linked to it. Of such songs the Fight at Finnsburh is 
 the sole surviving example. 
 
 Yet few as are the fragments that have come down to 
 us of that glorious body of epic verse, we are rich indeed 
 compared with the other Germanic races. The old Ice- 
 landic sagas contain the materials for many epic poems, 
 but they were at best only vivid narratives in prose. 
 Even when a gentler faith than that of Thunar and 
 Wodan had claimed our rugged forefathers, the old 
 songs of the race-heroes retained their charm ; the joy in 
 the familiar formulae and consecrated mystic words was 
 no less keen during many generations. The fierce tone 
 
 154984 
 
vi 3|ntroDttctfon 
 
 of the jplder heathen poetry was softened by later Chris- 
 tian adapters and reciters to suit the changed spirit of 
 the time, but their pious interpolations sound strangely 
 out of place in the grim songs of war. Next, the na- 
 tional genius for epic narration came to be employed on 
 the events recorded in the Old and New Testaments, and 
 as was to be expected in a land where, during the dark 
 ages of its history, the only refuges of culture and learn- 
 ing were the monasteries, most of the epic poetry of the 
 Anglo-Saxons belongs to this class. Even this form of 
 inspiration, however, had ceased long before Alfred the 
 Great was born, and the living source seemed to have 
 dried up. In the long struggle against the Northmen 
 the monks had ample materials indeed, but scant leisure 
 for the cultivation of epic poetry, in times when monas- 
 teries were often in flames and monks in flight. They 
 continued nevertheless to copy out and lovingly study 
 and cherish the older poetry, and even imitated it, for 
 more than two centuries longer. 
 
 With this gradual dying out of the traditional legend- 
 poetry went the awakening and development of a new 
 form of epic narrative. At the close of the tenth cen- 
 tury, when the final scenes were enacting before England 
 fell entirely under Danish dominion, there was composed 
 a short epic poem like and yet not like its predecessors ; 
 like in its forms, with the old alliterative metre, the old 
 formulae, but unlike in subject, tone and conception. 
 The Battle of Maldon treats not of legendary heroes 
 of the Germanic races but of an actual historical person- 
 age, an English hero and patriot, fallen in battle against 
 the foreign invader a very short time before the poem 
 was made. A single event in contemporary history is 
 here described with hardly suppressed emotion by one 
 who knew his hero and loved him. There is none of 
 
3IntroDttction vii 
 
 the allusiveness and excursiveness of the Beonjoulf-j we 
 have here not a member of an epic cycle but an inde- 
 pendent song. Very striking is the absence of orna- 
 ment from the Battle of Maldon ,• all is plain, blunt, 
 stern. ^ Yet this directness, this simplicity produce on 
 the hearer or reader a deeper effect than mere verbosity 
 would have done. Like Beowulf in the older poem, 
 Byrhtnoth here fills the central position j his noble figure 
 emerges from the general cowardice of England' s rulers 
 with their tribute-paying to greedy Danes. The vener- 
 able leader rides up and down marshalling and encour- 
 aging ^is little force hastily summoned from plough and 
 herd ; then he dismounts among his own immediate re- 
 tainers and the fight begins. When he falls his faithful 
 henchmen vow to avenge his death. One after the other 
 they appear before us, say their word, hurl their spear or 
 deal their sword-stroke, and so perish. The cowardice 
 of a few merely acts as a foil to the devotion of the ma- 
 jority. Loyalty to one's friend and lord ; in this con- 
 sists the predominant <<note" of the poem. We think 
 of the faithful Wiglaf who stands by Beowulf when the 
 other followers have deserted him, terrified by the fiery 
 breath of the dragon. "Germanic poetry can show no 
 fairer nor more powerful picture of true loyalty, and 
 what Tacitus wrote (of the ancient Germans) is fully 
 justified : < Base it is for a chief to be less brave than his^ 
 followers ; base too for these not to equal the valour of 
 their leader. But it is a lifelong infamy, it is utterly 
 shameful, when the followers leave their dead lord on 
 the field of battle.' "» 
 
 When we reach the end of the poem we are out of 
 
 ^ Zernial points out that the epithet heard occurs twelve times in the 
 poem. 
 * Zernial, Dai Lied von ByrhtmiVs Fall. 
 
viii 3|ntroDttction ' 
 
 breath ; there remains with us a vision of flying darts, of 
 brandished swords, sounds as of breastplates hacked, 
 of cries and groans, while over all wheel the raven and 
 the eagle. There remains too a feeling of pride in the 
 old patriot and of admiration for the doomed bands of 
 devoted men. And our pride and admiration are not 
 wasted ; for all we have read really happened. To the 
 question Who was the author of the poem, no answer 
 can be given, but we may venture a guess as to what 
 manner of man he was. There is reason for believing 
 that he was either himself an eyewitness of the fight or 
 else had the details from eyewitnesses. He cannot have 
 actually taken part in the fighting, or else he would not 
 have reprobated the fugitives. ^ His use of the words 
 gehyrde ic seems to favour the supposition that he was not 
 an eyewitness, which is further confirmed by the absence 
 of any words implying his presence. ^ More likely than 
 not he may have been one of the Ely monks to whom 
 Byrhtnoth had been so good a friend and patron. Per- 
 haps too he may have been one of that sad band that 
 went to the field of battle when the slaughter was over 
 and the Northmen gone, and brought back for honourable 
 burial in their monastery the headless body of their bene- 
 factor. 
 
 The poem is undoubtedly meant for oral delivery and 
 presupposes in its hearers a knowledge of the events and 
 persons it mentions, and this explains why only certain 
 isolated moments in the action are brought into promi- 
 nence. In its language the Battle of Maldon has much 
 affinity with the Song of Beonuulf but more perhaps with 
 the Old English sacred epic poetry. There are but 
 few compound words, however, no similes, and only six 
 
 ^ Liebermann, Archiv f. d. St. d. neueren Sfrachen, ci. 
 a Ibid. 
 
^Introduction ix 
 
 Kenningar^^ but epic formulae are numerous. ^ The vers- 
 ification exhibits not a few violations of the rules of 
 alliterative verse, though the purity of the actual allitera- 
 tion is preserved. Rhyme ^ is employed to some extent. 
 
 Nowhere can the decay of the old poetry be better 
 seen than in the songs scattered up and down the Anglo- 
 Saxon Chronicle. Even the longest and best written of 
 their number, the Battle of Brunanburhy is but a simu- 
 lacrum, a ghost of the older epos ; the others are not 
 even ghosts, they are caricatures. We may indeed ad- 
 mire the skill with which the traditional phraseology is 
 used. In metrical technique these poems surpass the 
 Battle of Maldon ,• in substance they are far beneath it. 
 They are evidently mere products of monkish learning 
 inserted in the annals instead of prose entries, and thus 
 from the first were intended to be read. But in one re- 
 spect they are nearer to the Battle of Maldon than to 
 the older epic poetry ; they deal with actual historical 
 events and persons with which their authors were con- 
 temporary. To what slavish extent these topical songs, ( 
 as they may be called, imitate the older poetry wdll be 
 realized when we find that nearly fifty per cent, of the 
 half-verses of the Battle of Brunanhurh are to be found in ! 
 earlier poems. There is only one perfect rhyme. ^ 
 
 Very different from these songs, constructed on the 
 traditional alliterative system of versification, are certain 
 other metrical entries in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 
 Here a new metre and a new style of writing emerge for 
 the first time in the history of English literature. What 
 separates these songs from those written in faultless 
 
 "^ Ll. 69 aschere^ 96 walwulfas, 262 garberend, 278 sincgjfan^ 290 
 beahgifan^ iX)'] feorhhus. 
 
 2 Ll. 83, 168, 236, 272, 308, &c. 
 
 8 In 11. 17, 19a, 20a, 42, 47, 88b, 89a, 167a, i68a, 260, 265, 271, 282, 
 309. 
 
X 3IntroBu«ion 
 
 alliterative verse is not so much the rudeness of their 
 metre, which indeed is of a different type, as their popu- 
 lar tone. The monks who wrote them have clearly lost 
 touch with the metrical tradition. Wishing to write annals 
 in verse they use the metre most familiar to them, that 
 of the people' s song ; the words used are still those of 
 the classical tongue, mixed, however, with popular ele- 
 ments. We are thus at a point in our literature where 
 new forces are beginning to operate, new forms are be- 
 ginning to clothe utterance. These songs of *« irregu- 
 lar ' ' metre mark the transition from the Old English or 
 Anglo-Saxon into the earliest Middle English poetry such 
 as we find it in the Brut of Layamon, and as it might have 
 continued to be, had not the influence of Norman models 
 overpowered these feeble native beginnings. 
 
 As all three classes of the later Anglo-Saxon poetry 
 thus differ among themselves, we may infer that their re- 
 spective authors belonged to different social classes. The 
 poet of the Battle of Maldoriy for instance, shows a Chris- 
 tian spirit, but his poem is entirely secular and heroic. 
 The authors of the imitative annal-poems were evidently 
 monks learned in the older poetical lore, who were con- 
 nected with the royal court, and they made it their busi- 
 ness to sing the praises of the English Kings, ^thelstan, 
 Edmund, Edgar, Edward the Confessor, and Harold ; 
 all these names appear. The poems of the third class 
 were neither courtly nor learned, and at least two of them 
 were written at periods subsequent to the dates under 
 which they were entered. ^ 
 
 * Abegg, Zur Entwicklung der histor. Dicht. b. d. Angeliachsen. 
 
3IntroDurtton xi 
 
 II 
 
 A. Apart from the poem our sources of information 
 regarding the battle of Maldon are very meagre. In the 
 Parker MS. of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle there occurs 
 the following entry under the date 993: — 
 
 ** In this year came Unlaf with ninety-three ships to Stan [Folk- 
 stone], and laid waste the country round about, and from there he 
 went to Sandwich and so on to Ipswich and harried all the coun- 
 try. And then he came to Maldon where the ealdorman Byrht- 
 noth with his force came to meet him and fought against him. 
 And they slew the ealdorman there and were masters of the field of 
 battle, and afterwards peace was made with them and the King re- 
 ceived him at the Bishop's hands." 
 
 The other MSS. of the Chronicle also mention very 
 briefly that Byrhtnoth was slain at Maldon, but the en- 
 tries here are in each case under the date 991. It seems 
 better to adopt the earlier date, which is confirmed by the 
 late Ramsey history; the Parker MS. confuses the events 
 of two distinct invasions. Moreover no documents bear- 
 ing Byrhtnoth' s signature are found of a date later than 
 990. In the Life of Oswald, Archbishop of York, written 
 a few years after the battle of Maldon, Byrhtnoth' s hero- 
 ism and death are alluded to in the following passage: — 
 
 ** Not many months after [a battle against the Danes in Wes- 
 sex], there took place in the east of this femous district another 
 heroic battle, in which the renowned general Byrhtnoth distin- 
 guished himself with his fellow-soldiers. Who has sufficient ele- 
 gance of diction to relate how gloriously, how heroically, how gal- 
 lantly he incited his officers to the combat ? There he stood, his 
 lofty form towering above the rest ; not Aaron nor Hur strength- 
 ened his arm, but the love of the Lord so variously manifested ; for 
 indeed the man was worthy thereof. With his right arm he dealt 
 blow on blow, unmindful of the swan-like whiteness of his head, 
 
xii 3|ntro8uction 
 
 for his alms and holy masses protected him. With his left arm he 
 defended himself, forgetting his bodily weakness, for his prayers and 
 good actions sustained him. And when the noble leader beheld 
 the enemy charging and his own men bravely fighting and slaying 
 great numbers of them, he began to fight gallantly for his country. 
 Of the enemy and on our side was slain a countless multitude 5 
 Byrhtnoth fell 5 the rest fled. The Danes suffered prodigious 
 loss ; scarcely had they men enough left to man their ships.'* 
 
 This flowery passage unfortunately does not add to 
 what we learn from the Chronicle, but such as it is, we 
 have in it a nearly contemporary and therefore valuable 
 confirmation of the latter. Of course it is possible that 
 the writer may have been acquainted with the poem, 
 though he makes no mention of it. 
 
 Much later accounts of Byrhtnoth' s last battle as well 
 as of his inarch to the battle are found in the Histories 
 of Ramsey and Ely, both written probably not earlier 
 than the middle of the twelfth century. A translation 
 of the two passages will be found in the Appendix to the 
 Introduction, p. xvii. Freeman is of opinion that both 
 these monkish chronicles are <* mixed up with a good deal 
 of fable. ' ' 1 Referring to the story of the hospitality shown 
 by the monks of Ely to Byrhtnoth to the detriment of 
 the rival monastery, he says : <«This is hardly history ; 
 we recognize too clearly the stories of Gideon and the 
 elders of Succoth and of David and Abiathar the Priest 
 ... It is hard to see how a march to Maldon from any 
 part of Brihtnoth' s government could lead him by either 
 Ramsey or Ely. The Ely history escapes this difficulty 
 by making him Earl of the Northumbrians instead of the 
 East-Saxons and by making two battles instead of one." ^ 
 Our sense of probability is further offended by the men- 
 tion of fourteen days for the duration of the fight. The 
 
 1 Norman Conquest^ i, 624. * Ibid» 
 
3Introlittction xiii 
 
 story of Byrhtnoth making his will on the field of battle 
 just before expiring, though creditable to monkish in- 
 genuity, is hardly convincing. The historian of Ely 
 tries hard to make a victory of Byrhtnoth' s defeat, in 
 contrast to the uncompromising words of the Life of 
 Osijualdy << Byrhtnoth fell, the rest fled. ' ' Another minor 
 objection is that Wulfsige was not made abbot of Ely 
 until after Byrhtnoth' s death. 
 
 Florence of Worcester under date 991 mentions the 
 battle, Byrhtnoth' s death and the victory of the Danes. 
 The loss on both sides, he says, was very heavy. Ac- 
 cording to him the leaders of the Danes were Justin (the 
 Norse losteinn) and Guthmund son of Steita. Henry 
 of Huntingdon also has a short notice of Byrhtnoth' s 
 death. 
 
 Of Byrhtnoth' s life we know but little. From the 
 poem (1. 92) we learn that he was the son of Byrht- 
 helm, whom Freeman inclines to identify with Byrhtnoth 
 the Thane, to whom a grant of land was made by King 
 Edgar in 967. Byrhtnoth, the hero of the poem, was 
 the uncle of another famous man, -^thelwine, ealdorman 
 of East Anglia, whom he joined in supporting the cause 
 of the monks against the Mercian ealdorman ^Ifhere, 
 who desired to replace them with secular clergy. Byrht- 
 noth married -ffilflaed, daughter of -^lElfgar, his predeces- 
 sor in the ealdormanship of Essex. From his wife's 
 sister, ^thelflaed, widow of King Edmund II, Byrht- 
 noth inherited large bequests of property which, on his 
 death, passed to his widow. The latter left lands and 
 ecclesiastical furniture and vestments to the monastery of 
 Ely, «< where my lord's body rests." She is further said 
 to have left the monastery a tapestry portraying her hus- 
 band's exploits. There are charters extant with Byrht- 
 noth' s signature, and mention of him is made in others. 
 
xiv 3|ntro6ttctton 
 
 Regarding the site of the battle of Maldon we can- 
 not do better than give Freeman's account, taken from 
 his admirable description of the battle, based on the 
 poem 1 : — 
 
 << The battle took place near the town of Maldon, on 
 the banks of the tidal river Panta, now called the Black- 
 water. The town lies on a hill ; immediately at its 
 base flows one branch of the river, while another, still 
 crossed by a mediaeval bridge, flows at a little distance to 
 the north. The Danish ships seem to have lain in the 
 branch nearest to the town and their crews must have 
 occupied the space between the two streams, while 
 Brihtnoth came to the rescue from the north. He seems 
 to have halted on the spot now occupied by the church 
 of Heybridge, having both streams between him and the 
 town." 
 
 That the Northmen were to the south of the men 
 of Essex is confirmed by a line (134) of the poem where 
 <<the seafarer sends a spear from the south." Else- 
 where (1. 97) we are told that <<the host of wikings 
 crossed westward over Panta," a statement which seems 
 to imply that the armies were not at first opposite to each 
 other, or else that the water was shallower to the west.^ 
 
 B. The Battle of Brunanburh is mentioned in two of 
 the MSS. of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the date 
 937. One, Laud 636, merely states that **King^thel- 
 stan led an army to Brunanburh," while the other, 
 Domit. A viii, records that : — 
 
 " King y^thelstan [and Edmund his brother] led an army to 
 Brunanburh and there fought against Anelaf and, Christ helping, 
 had the victory [and there slew five kings and eight eorls] . ' ' 
 
 The battle is further mentioned in over a dozen later 
 annals and histories, four of which are Celtic. 
 
 1 Norman Conquest^ i, 268-273. 2 Zernial, op. cit. 
 
jflntroDuction xv 
 
 The Danes that lived north of the Humber and formed 
 the bulk of the population there had grown impatient of 
 the rule of -^thelstan. King of Wessex, and had formed 
 a league with their kinsmen in Ireland under the two 
 Olafs together with the Scottish King Constantine and the 
 Strathclyde Britons under their King Eugenius. The 
 united army of the confederacy met in the south of 
 Northumbria, the Olafs bringing their men by sea from 
 Dublin, ^thelstan knew beforehand of the conspiracy, 
 and at once marched north and met the unwieldy force 
 opposed to him on the field of Brunanburh, where he 
 utterly defeated them with immense slaughter and pur- 
 sued the remnant to the sea. This battle is one of the most 
 decisive in English history. It put an end to the conspiracy 
 of the Danish population of Northumbria with other races 
 against the overlordship of the Wessex kings. The im- 
 portance of the victory gained by King .ffithelstan was 
 recognized at the time, as may be seen from the triumph- 
 ant tone of the poem and other almost contemporary 
 allusions. Nevertheless, as Green points out, Brunan- 
 burh failed to unite Northumbria to the realm of the 
 kings of Wessex, who were obliged after a time <*to re- 
 store the old under-kingship with the isolated life which 
 that kingship embodied." 
 
 The site of Brunanburh has not been identified, 
 though the claims of a number of places have been urged. 
 Among the later annals the name of the place where the 
 great battle was fought is variously given. The Pictish 
 Chronicle calls it " bellum Duinbrunde. ' ' The Annals of 
 Clonmacnoise speak of <*the plains of Othlyn." In the. 
 Life of u^thelweard the ealdorman it is called "Brunan- 
 dune." The Gesta Regum Anglorum et Dacorum have 
 ** Wendune," which is confirmed by Simeon of Durham's 
 ** Weondune, also called Etbrunnanwerc or Brunnanby- 
 
xvi 3|ntroiiuction 
 
 rig. ' * The Egilssaga has " WinheitSi vi^ Vinnskoga," /. e. 
 <'Winheath by Win wood." It is clear that researches 
 must be restricted to a region where the various elements 
 of the confederate army could have most easily met, and 
 this would have been in the west of Great Britain. Here 
 the Danes from Dublin, the Scots, and the men of 
 Strathclyde could have met together without loss of time. 
 Consequently Florence of Worcester's statement that 
 Olaf appeared in the mouth of the Humber with his ships 
 seems untenable. We learn from the poem that the pur- 
 suit lasted a whole day, so that the battle must have been 
 fought at a considerable distance from that part of the 
 coast where the Danish ships were lying. 
 
 Among the places put forward as the site may be 
 mentioned Bromborough on the Mersey; Bramber, south 
 of the Ribble near Preston ; and Burnswark, a hill in 
 Dumfriesshire. Something may be said for the claims of 
 each of these places, especially of Bramber, for in its 
 neighbourhood there was found in 1 840 a great hoard of 
 silver ingots and coins, none later than the year 930. 
 This might well have been the war-chest of the confed- 
 erate army. <«The Irish Danes," says the supporter of 
 this view, " might well have sailed up the Ribble ; the 
 great Roman Road to the north would have afforded an 
 easy natural route for the Scots, and if the Northumbri- 
 ans came at all, they could have come without difficulty 
 by the Roman road from York to Manchester." ^ 
 
 In the poem (1. 54) we find the words dinges mere or 
 dynges mere. If they are the name of a lake or an estu- 
 ary, as seems probable, its identification would throw 
 light on the much disputed site of the battle. 
 
 1 C. Hardwick, Lancashire Battlefields, 
 
JRntroDuction xvii 
 
 APPENDIX TO INTRODUCTION 
 
 I 
 
 In the History of Ramsey, Chapter Lxxi, entitled De 
 Brithnoto Comite, runs as follows : — 
 
 ** At that time there was a certain Earl named Brithnoth, who, 
 having a strong regard for the Church of Ramsey, is recorded to 
 have bestowed upon it as a free gift under a charter of King Ed- 
 ward two manors, Isham and Wythenton. He was an eminent 
 and distinguished man of noble birth and great wealth, but his chief 
 title to fame is the military ardour he so often displayed against the 
 enemies of his country. On one occasion he was, according to his 
 wont, proceeding to fight against the Danes, who had disturbed 
 that part of the kingdom. Passing Ramsey on his way by boat, 
 accompanied by a large force, he sent to ask the Abbot, the above 
 mentioned Wulfsige, to furnish him and his men with entertain- 
 ment. The Abbot, with thoughtless ridicule for the extravagance 
 of the request, sent back answer that he had not enough bread for 
 so great a host, as his larder was unequal to the demand. How- 
 ever, if Brithnoth liked, he was at liberty to come and dine with 
 six or eight of his retinue, but he must seek elsewhere to satisfy the 
 hunger of the army. On receiving this reply that noble man was 
 exceeding wroth, but he held his peace and retired, deeming it 
 nobler to continue his fast in company with his army than eat his 
 fill while the soldiers went hungry. Now the Abbot and monks 
 of Ely, seeing in this repulse an opportunity of gaining the good- 
 will of so eminent a man, sent to meet him and liberally enter- 
 tained the hungry men, asking no fee for their kindly hospitality. 
 Thus at a trifling cost they gained the favour which they knew we 
 had forfeited by the afore-mentioned wicked carelessness, and they 
 inherited from him many ample gifts of lands, some of which he 
 had promised to the Church of Ramsey after his death. Never- 
 theless, afterwards being wounded in battle and near unto death he 
 made a will leaving us a hide of land at Dodinton, not wishing to 
 seem quite unmindfiil of his early aflfection.*' 
 
xviii 3(lntroDuction 
 
 Chapter vi of the second book of the History of Ely 
 is entitled De <venerahili duce Brithnodo qui dedit Sancta 
 ^delreda (here follow the names of the places given). 
 
 ** Concerning the eminent and famous Brithnoth a remarkable 
 account has come down to us. His righteous life and actions are 
 recorded in the histories of England in terms of highest praise, and 
 from them we will, with the reader's permission, excerpt a few 
 facts, paying no regard to the manner of telling. For the subject 
 is an important one and well worthy of our ancestors' notice, and 
 it is not without a feeling of shame for our arid style of composi- 
 tion that we, weak and inarticulate, venture on its narration. 
 This famous man then, chief of the Northumbrians, was a brave 
 leader, and by virtue of the wonderful prudence and bravery with 
 which he defended himself and his followers, he received from all 
 men the English name of Ealdorman, that is. Elder or Chief. He 
 was eloquent, robust, of great bodily stature, untiring in his cam- 
 paigns against the foes of the kingdom, and remarkably brave and 
 free from the fear of death. Moreover he on all occasions re- 
 spected Holy Church and the servants of God, and devoted the 
 whole of his patrimony to their use, and ever stood forth as a bul- 
 wark on behalf of religious orders against those who endeavoured 
 to disturb the sacred foundations. For when certain nobles were 
 desirous of expelling the monks and restoring to the Church those 
 who had been previously expelled by Edgar and the holy -^thel- 
 wold, this truly religious man strenuously resisted their insane greed 
 in the council, saying that he could not possibly suffer to be ex- 
 pelled from the kingdom those monks who had kept alive religion 
 in the kingdom. He devoted his life while it lasted to the defence 
 of his country's freedom, preferring death to leaving his country's 
 wrongs unavenged. In those days there took place frequent inva- 
 sions of England by the Danes, who, coming by ship, committed 
 grievous devastations in various districts. The leading men of 
 these districts placed themselves under the guidance of Brithnoth as 
 of an invincible patron, by virtue of his honourable character, so 
 that under his protection they might defend themselves the better 
 against the enemy. Accordingly on one occasion, when report 
 reached him that the Danes had landed at Maldon, he met them 
 
3|ntroDttctian xix 
 
 with an armed force and slew them almost all on the bridge over 
 the river. 1 
 
 " A few managed to get away and escaped to their own country to 
 tell the tale. After this victory Brithnoth returned speedily to North- 
 umbria, while the Danes, greatly cast down at the event, fitted 
 out a fleet afresh. Hastening to England four years afterwards they 
 landed at Maldon under Justin and Guthmund, son of Stectan, with 
 a view to avenging the slaughter of their fellow-countrymen. On 
 reaching the pant, and learning what Brithnoth had done to their 
 own people, they sent word to him that they had come to avenge 
 them and should hold him a coward if he refused to join battle. 
 Brithnoth, inflamed to a pitch of daring by this message, summoned 
 his former companions in arms to aid in the enterprise, and with a 
 few men-at-arms marched off to give battle. Inspired by hope of 
 success and by his own adventurous spirit, he strained every means 
 and made all haste to prevent the hostile force from occupying a 
 single foot's length of ground in his absence. On his way he came 
 near the Abbey of Ramsey and asked the Abbot Wulfsige to grant 
 him and his men shelter and entertainment. To this a reply was 
 given that the abbey could not furnish so great a multitude, but 
 that, in order that he might not thus depart unsatisfied, entertain- 
 ment would be provided for himself and seven of his people. * Tell 
 the lord Abbot,' he is said to have answered, * that I care not to 
 dine without my men, inasmuch as I cannot fight without them.* 
 And so departing he came to the church of Ely, and sent word to 
 Abbot i^lfsige that he would pass the island with a small troop on 
 his way to battle, and would dine with the Abbot if it were his plea- 
 sure, bringing with him his army. The Abbot, with the full con- 
 sent of his society, made answer that in a work of charity he was 
 deterred by no immensity of numbers but rejoiced rather at their 
 coming. Thus was Brithnoth received and with his army enter- 
 tained with royal hospitality, and he was moved by the unremitting 
 attention of the monks to a great aflfection for the place. For in- 
 deed he would have accounted none of his actions righteous, had 
 he let this courtesy of the monks go unrewarded. Remembering, 
 therefore, that they had been at no small pains for his sake, on the 
 
 * " Super pontem aquae." Is there here a confusion between Pantam 
 iiid fontem? 
 
XX 3|ntro5ttctton 
 
 following day he entered the chapter-house to receive the brethren, 
 and thanking the Abbot and monastery for their generous enter- 
 tainment he bestowed on them as a reward for their liberality the 
 following important manors . . . And further, disclosing the oc- 
 casion of his journey he made over other manors, to wit . . . 
 with their appurtenances, and over and above these, thirty marks of 
 gold and twenty pounds of silver, on condition that if peradventure 
 he should fall in battle they were to bring his body and bury it 
 there. . . . Then, commending himself to the prayers of the bre- 
 thren he hastened with his men to give battle. On his arrival neither 
 the small numbers of his own force nor the multitude of the enemy 
 dismayed him, but straightway he fell upon them and fought with 
 them desperately for fourteen days. On the last day, when but a 
 few of his men survived, and he knew that he should die, he was 
 still fighting with untiring vigour. There was a vast slaughter of the 
 enemy, whom he well-nigh put to flight ; but taking heart from 
 the paucity of his followers they formed a wedge and hurling them- 
 selves forward like one man succeeded after huge efforts in cutting 
 off his head as he fought. Taking it with them they fled to their 
 own country. And the Abbot, hearing of the issue of the battle, 
 went to the field with some monks and seeking out the hero's 
 body bore it back to the church and buried it honourably, placing a 
 round lump of wax where the head should have been. Long after- 
 wards it was recognised by this sign and reinterred in state among 
 the rest. This pious and strenuous man lived in the days of Edgar, 
 Edward King and Martyr, and ^thelred, all kings of England ; and 
 he died in the fourteenth year of rule of the same -/Ethelred, in the 
 nine hundred and ninety-first year from the incarnation of our Lord." 
 
 II 
 
 Poems of irregular metre in the Anglo-Saxon 
 Chronicle. See Introduction, pp. ix, x. 
 
 These poems occur under the following years : — 
 959. King Edgar's reign. 
 975. a) King Edgar's death, 
 b) Persecution of monks. 
 
3|ntrofiuction xxi 
 
 979. Death of Edward the Martyr. 
 I o 1 1 . Laying waste of Canterbury. 
 1057. Edward JEthGling. 
 1067. Margaret wooed by Malcolm. 
 1086. William the Conqueror. 
 
 They are written in a metre, which, strongly marked 
 and carefully observed in some cases, is in others hardly 
 to be distinguished from prose. The most perfect ex- 
 amples are to be found under dates 959 and 1086, refer- 
 ring to King Edgar and William the Conqueror respect- 
 ively. (See Appendix to Text.) The first consists of 
 double-stress short verses, which do not exactly rhyme 
 but mostly end in the unaccented vowel e; while the 
 second poem consists of rhyming couplets. In the first 
 poem the stresses or beats are the important part of the 
 metre ; in the second the rhyme has the chief place. 
 Professor Trautmann, in Anglia, vol. vii, Anzeiger, 
 pp. 211 if. , considers the metre of these songs to be of 
 the same kind as the four-stress verses used by Abbot 
 i^lfric and in Germany by Otfrid. It was, as Wacker- 
 nagel first suggested, an imitation of the iambic dimeter 
 ^acatalectic or rhythmic Ambrosian hymns of the Latin 
 Church, of the kind that Aldhelm, Boniface and Alcuin 
 made, and was not derived from the classical alliterative 
 metre. Trautmann would thus divide each song into 
 long lines, each line containing two double-stress half- 
 lines, which often rhyme together. The most notice- 
 able thing about the poem on William the Conqueror is 
 the rhyming, that is carried out consistently though 
 crudely. Indeed the rhyme of this poem is more de- 
 veloped even than in the Brut of Layamon. Some of 
 the rhymes are perfect, as haran and faran ,• others are 
 merely approximate, as hinde and hlendan^ ahehhan and 
 tellan (end-rhyme). ^ 
 
 1 See Kluge, Beitrage^ ix, 445-447. Cf. Luick, PauVs Grun^ruj, ii, 994 ff. 
 
xxii \ BlntroDuction 
 
 
 III 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF BATTLE OF MALDON 
 
 Troops dismount and set horses free, 1-4. 
 
 Son of Offa lets his hawk go, 5— i o. 
 
 Eadric praised, ii_i6. 
 
 Byrhtnoth rides about marshalling his troops, 17—21. 
 
 Dismounts among his personal followers, 22-24. 
 
 Danish envoy offers terms, 25-41. 
 
 B. refuses and threatens, 42-61. 
 
 English draw up on river bank, but armies cannot get at 
 
 each other, 62—71. 
 Low-tide ; Wulfstan, -/Elfhere and Maccus guard bridge, 
 
 72-83. 
 Danes granted safe passage by B., 84—99. 
 
 Battle begins, 100— 112. 
 
 Wulfmaer wounded, 1 1 3-1 15. 
 
 Eadweard the chamberlain kills a Dane, ii6_i2i. 
 
 B. exhorts his troops j general fighting and slaughter, 
 
 122— 126. 
 B. fights a Dane, is wounded, but kills his opponent and 
 
 another, 127— 148. 
 A Dane pierces B. with a spear, 149— 151. 
 Wulfmaer plucks spear from B.'s wound, 152-158. 
 B. attempts to strike the Dane who advances to spoil 
 
 him, but loses his sword, 1 59-168. 
 B. utters prayers and dies, ) ^ „ 
 
 ^Ifnoth and Wulfm^r fall with him, j '^9-i54. 
 
 Sons of Odda flee, 185—201. 
 
 B.'s followers attack foe, 202—208. 
 
 ^Ifwine exhorts them, 209-229. 
 
3|ntroOuctton xxiii 
 
 OfFa exhorts ; reviles Godric the coward, 230-243. 
 Leofsunu speaks, 244—254. 
 Dunhere, an old warrior, speaks, 255—259. 
 All vow to avenge B., 260-264. 
 ^scferth the hostage fights bravely, 265—272. 
 Eadweard the Tall falls, 273-279. 
 -/Ethelric and others, 280-285. 
 Offa, 286. 
 
 Gadd's kinsman, 287. 
 OfFa killed, 288-294. 
 
 General melee; Wistan, Oswold, Eadwold, Byrhtwold, 
 Godric exhort the others, 295 to end. 
 
THE TEXT 
 
 In this edition the text of the Battle of Maldon has been collated 
 with Hearne's transcript of the lost Cotton MS. Otho A. xii., 3, 
 represented in the variants by H. All deviations from the text of 
 Hearne are indicated in the variants. Additions to the text and let- 
 ters substituted for others are placed in brackets, but the common 
 contractions used by the scribe are expanded without indication."^ 
 The punctuation and the use of capitals are modern. The variant 
 readings from other editions given by Wiilcker (^Bihl. der angels. 
 Poesie I. 358-373) have been collated with the editions themselves, 
 but in general such readings only from these editions have been in- 
 cluded in the variants as involve a change of meaning or of metre. 
 Evident misprints have not been recorded, and normalized spellings 
 have usually not been given. The varied punctuation of these edi- 
 tions is not indicated in the variants, but may be found in Wiilcker. 
 Several editions that have appeared since Wiilcker's edition hafe 
 also been collated, and the variant readings included. 
 
 The editions, besides Hearne' s, cited in the variants are: TA. = 
 Thorpe's ; Mii. = MUUer's ; Ettm. = Ettmiiller's ; Gr. = 
 Grein's ; Rie. = Rieger'sj Siv.^ and S'w.'' = Sweet's first and sev- 
 enth editions, or Siv. when both agree (the text was revised in the 
 fourth edition and remained unchanged in the seventh)} Ko. = 
 Korner's j Z. == Zernial's (trans. ) ; PFul. = Wiilcker'sj Kl. ^ and 
 Kl.^ = Kluge's first and third editions, or Kl. when both agre*j 
 jBr/^^/= Bright' 8. As used in the variants Edd. means these 
 editions only. For tides see the Bibliography. The collation of the 
 editions, except Hearne' s, was made by the General Editor. The 
 text of Thorpe used in collating was the revised edition ( T^.^, first 
 published in 1 846), a copy, dated 1868, fi-om the Library of the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago; the copy of Miiller was from the same Library ; 
 the copies of Korner and Zernial from the Library of Harvard Uni- 
 versity, whence also a second copy of Miiller. 
 
ci^e ^Battle of fihtrk^ 
 
 brocen wurde; 
 
 het J7a hyssa hwaene hors forlsetan, 
 
 feor afysan and for^ gangan, 
 
 hicgan to handum and t[o] hige godum. 
 
 5}) [a] J;aet Offan m^g aerest onfunde, 
 J?aet se eorl nolde yrh^o ge];olian, 
 he let him J?a of handon leof [n] e fleogan 
 hafoc wi^ )7aes holtes, and to j^^re hilde stop ; 
 be J?am man mihte oncnawan ];aet se cniht nolde 
 
 lowacian aet ]7am w [I] ge, J?a he t5 wsepnum feng. 
 Eac him wolde Eadric his ealdre gel^stan, 
 frean t5 gefeohte ; ongan J;a forS beran 
 gar t5 guj^e : he haefde god ge];anc 
 ]?a hwile ]7e he mid handum healdan mihte 
 
 i5bord and brad swurd ; beot he gelseste, 
 ba he aetforan his frean feohtan sceolde. 
 
 pa ]>2Br Byrhtno^ ongan beornas trymian, 
 rad and rsedde, rincum tiehte 
 
 2 Rie. gehwaene. — 4. H. handum and thige goduw? ; T^. and . . . 
 hige; Mii. and to hige ; Gr., Siv.^y Kb. omit and; Stv."^ and hige. 
 — $ H. \> \>ati Th.y Mu. . . . >aet; Etttn. ]>a\>at', Gr.jSw.^, Kd., 
 Z. paet. — 6 Th.y Ettm., Rie. yrmtSo. — 7 H. leofre ; so Mii., 
 Th.j Ettm. ; Gr. leofne ; so later Edd., except WUl. — 10 H. \}am 
 w . . . . ge ; Edd. wige. — 11 Ettm. note eac] ac ? 5 Gr. feng : ac j 
 Rie.y Z. feng, ac. — 14 Th.^ Ettm. omit >e. 
 
2 tE^t Battle of Sj^alOon 
 
 hu hi sceoldon standan and );one stede healdan, 
 aoand baed )7aet hyra randa[s] rihte heoldon 
 "faeste mid folman, and ne forhtedon na. 
 
 pa he haefde )7aet folc faegere getrymmed, 
 
 he lihte J?a mid leodon J?2er him leofost waes, 
 
 ]>2Br he his heorSwerod holdost wiste. 
 ajpa stod on stae^e, sti^lice clypode 
 
 wicinga ar, wordum maelde, 
 
 se on beot ahead brimlij;endra 
 
 seraende to J?am eorle, ]?2er he on ofre stod : 
 
 * Me sendon to J^e saemen snelle ; 
 3oheton "Se secgan }7aet J?u m5st sendan ra^e 
 
 beagas wi^ gebeorge, and eow betere is 
 
 J?aet ge J^isne garries mid gafole forgyldon 
 
 J?on[ne] we swa hearde [h]ilde daelon. 
 
 Ne J?urfe we us spillan ; gif ge spedaj? to )?am, 
 35 we willa^ wi^ )?am golde gri^ faestnian. 
 
 Gyf J7u ]7at geriedest, J7e her ricost eart, 
 
 j;aet j?u }?Ine leoda lysan wille, 
 
 syllan s^mannum on hyra sylfra dom ^ 
 
 feoh wi^ freode and niman fri^ aet us, 
 40 we willa)? mid J^am sceattum us to scype gangan, 
 ^^n flot feran, and eow frij^es healdan/ 
 
 20 Ettm. , Rie. omit and before bzed 5 H. randan ; Ettm, randas 5 
 so later Edd. except Wul. — 29 Rie. me sendon saemen | snelle 
 to J>e. — 32 Rie. |>aet ge mid gafole forgyldon | garrses }>isne. — 
 33 /f. J?on. For hilde H. has . . ulde ivhere u probably stands for i 
 
 preceded by the latter part of an h ^ Mii ulde j other Edd. 
 
 hilde. — 39 Ettm. freo'Se ^without remark. 
 
tETlie llBattle of spatoon 3 
 
 ByrhtnoS maJ;elode, bord hafenode, 
 
 wand wacne aesc, wordum m^elde, 
 
 yrre and anraed, ageaf him andsware : 
 45 ' Gehyrst |?u, s^lida, hwaet ];is folc segcS ? 
 
 hi willa^ eow to gafole garas syllan, 
 
 ^ttrynne ord and ealde swurd, 
 
 J?a heregeatu J;e eow aet hilde ne deah. 
 
 Brimmanna boda, abeod eft ongean, 
 5osege J;Inum leodum miccle la)?re spell, 
 
 J?aet her stynt unforcu^ eorl mid his werode, 
 
 )?e wile gealgean ej?el J;ysne, 
 
 iE}?elredes eard, ealdres mines, 
 
 folc and foldan ; feallan sceolon 
 55hae)7ene aet hilde. T5 heanlic me J;inceS 
 
 J7aet ge mid urum sceattum to scype gangon 
 
 unbefohtne, nu ge J?us feor hider 
 
 on urne eard in becomon. 
 
 Ne sceole ge swa softe sine gegangan ; 
 60 us sceal ord and ecg aer geseman, 
 ^rim gu^plega, aer [w]e g[a]fol syllon/ 
 
 Het ]?a bord beran, beornas gangan, 
 
 J^aet hi on J;am easte^e ealle stodon. 
 
 Ne mihte j^aer for waetere werod to j?am oSrum ; 
 65j?2er com flowende flod aefter ebban, 
 
 45 H. gehyrst \not gehyrt] 5 Will, gehyre ; Rie. hwaet sege"S J?is 
 folc ? — 48 Kl.^ heregeatwe. — 52 Siv., Bright, Kl.^ geealgian. 
 — S7 H. unbefohtene ; so Edd. The syncopated form is required for 
 metrical reasons. See Sie-vers Gr.^ \^44 ^"^ ^P' ^' 3^3 > — 61 H. 
 J>ej so Mii.i other Edd. we j H. gofol ; so Th., Mil., Gr.jRie., fFul. 
 
4 ^^t Battle of ^aluon 
 
 lucon lagustreamas ; to lang hit him J?uhte 
 
 hwaenne hi t5gaedere garas heron. 
 
 Hi )?2er Pantan stream mid prasse bestodon, 
 
 Eastseaxena ord, and se aeschere ; 
 70 ne mihte hyra ^nig o];rum derian, 
 
 buton hwa J;urh flanes flyht fyl gename, 
 
 Se flod ut gewat ; }?a flotan stodon gearowe, 
 
 wicinga fela, wiges georne. 
 
 Het J?a haele^a hleo healdan J?a bricge 
 75 wigan wigheardne, se waes hat en Wulfstan, 
 
 cafne mid his cynne; )?aet waes Ceolan sunu, 
 
 J?e ^one forman man mid his francan ofsceat, 
 
 J7e ]>xr baldlicost on );a bricge stop. 
 
 pser stodon mid Wulfstane wigan unforhte, 
 8oiElf[h]ere and Maccus, modige twegen ; 
 
 )7a noldon aet J^am forda fleam gewyrcan, 
 
 ac hi faestllce wi^ ^a fynd weredon, 
 J?a hwile J?e h! w^pna wealdan moston. 
 
 pa hi )7aet ongeaton and georne gesawon, 
 85|?aet hi ^xr bricgweardas bitere fundon, 
 
 ongunnon lytegian ]7a 1 [a] ^e gystas ; 
 
 bsedon ]?aet hi upgang agan moston, 
 
 ofer ];one ford faran, fe)?an laedan. 
 
 Da se eorl ongan for his ofermode 
 
 68 Ko. plasse (tr. ^faschinen^). See his note. — 75 Ettm.^ 
 Rie. Wulfstan haten. — 80 ^. ^Ifere ; Ettm., 5w.^ ^Ifhere. — 
 85 Th.^ I>a for >sr. — 86 H. lu«e. In 0. E. MSS. a is freq. 
 written like u. — 87 H, upgangan j Rie» upgang 5 so Siv., Ko. note, 
 Bright. 
 
tETlie llBactle of spatoon s 
 
 9oaIyfan landes to fela la];ere -Seode. 
 Ongan ceallian ];a ofer cald waeter 
 Byrht [h] elmes beam ; beornas gehlyston : 
 * Nu eow is gerymed, ga^ ricene to us, 
 guman to gu)?e ; God ana wat 
 95hwa J;aere waelstowe wealdan mote.' 
 Wodon |?a waelwulfas, for waetere ne murnon, 
 wicinga werod, [w]est ofer Pantan, 
 ofer sclr waeter scyldas wegon, 
 lidmen to lande linde bseron. 
 
 loop^r ongean gramum gearowe st5don 
 
 Byrhtno^ mid beornum ; he mid bordum het 
 wyrcan )7one wihagan, and );aet werod healdan 
 faeste wi^ feondum. pa waes f[e]ohte neh, 
 tir aet getohte ; waes seo tid cumen 
 
 io5j7aet J72er f^ge men feallan sceoldon. 
 
 paer wearS hream ahafen, [hjremmas wun- 
 
 don, 
 earn seses georn ; waes on eor];an cyrm. 
 Hi leton |?a of folman feolhearde speru, 
 gegrundene garas fleogan; 
 
 iiobogan w^ron bysige, bord ord onfeng, 
 biter waes se beadur^s ; beornas feoUon 
 
 91 Th., Mil., Ettm., Rie. ongean; Kl.^ callian. — 92. H. . 
 byrhtelmes ; so Mil., KL, SivJ, Bright ^ other Edd. Byrhthelmes. 
 — 97 -fir. pest; Edd. west. — 103 H. fohte ; Ettm.y Gr.^ Ko.y 
 ^ Siv.y Kl.^ Bright, feohte. — 106 Th., Ettm., Gr., Rie., Ko., 
 Siv.^ \>2ifor J>aer ; H. bremmas ; S'w.^ hraefnas ; other Edd., Siv.^ 
 hremmas. — 109 Ettm. inserts ^olde ^^ore gegrundenej T^.^flugon. 
 
6 tEP^e llSattle of ^alDon 
 
 jon gehwae^ere hand, hyssas lagon. 
 Wund wearp] Wulfm^r, waelraeste geceas, 
 Byrhtno^es m^g, he mid billum wearS, 
 
 ii^is swustersunu, swi^e forheawen. 
 
 paer waer [^] wciingum wij?erlean agyfen ; 
 gehyrde ic )?aet Eadweard anne sloge 
 swl^e mid his swurde, swenges ne wyrnde, 
 J?aet him aet fotum feoll faege cempa ; 
 
 laol^aes him his 'Seoden )7anc ges^de, 
 ^am burj;ene, |?a he byre haefde. 
 Swa stemnetton stl^h [ic] gende 
 hys [s] as aet hilde, hogodon georne 
 hwa J^aer mid orde serost mihte 
 
 125011 f^gean men feorh gewinnan, 
 jwigan mid w^pnum ; wael feol on eorSan. 
 St5don staedefaeste, stihte hi Byrhtno'S, 
 baed J?aet hyssa gehwylc hogode to wTge, 
 ]}e on Denon wolde dom gefeohtan. 
 
 jjoWod )?a wiges heard, wsepen up ahof, 
 
 bord to gebeorge, and wi^ )?aes beornes stop ; 
 code swa anrsed eorl t5 )7am ceorle ; 
 ^g)?er hyra o^rum yfeles hogode. 
 Sende ^a se sierinc suj^erne gar, 
 
 i35j;aet gewundod wearS wigena hlaford; 
 
 113 H. weard. — 116 H. waerd j Edd. wear's, except JViil., 
 waer'S. — .121 Th. suggests J>aet he ; Ettm. J>aet he. — 122 H. 
 sti'Shugende ; Siv.y Bright^ stit?hycgende j AT/. sti'Shicgende. — 
 123 H. hysas; Sw., Bright, Kl. hyssas; cf. Sieversy Beitr, X, 
 SO^. — 135 Th.y Ettm. i>sifor J?aEt. 
 
Wl)t llBattle of flpalDon 7 
 
 he sceaf )?a mid ^am scylde, J?aet se sceaft to- 
 
 baerst, 
 and J7aet spere sprengde, J;aet hit sprang on- 
 
 gean. 
 Gegremod wear^S se gu^rinc; he mid gare 
 
 stang 
 wlancne wicing J7e him ];a wunde forgeaf. 
 i4oFrod waes se fyrdrinc, he let his francan wa- 
 dan 
 }?urh ^aes hysses hals ; hand wisode 
 J?aet he on ];am fserscea^an feorh gersehte. 
 Da he 6)7erne ofstllce sceat, 
 }?a5t seo byrne tobaerst ; he waes on breostum 
 wund 
 i4S]7urh 'Sa hringlocan, him aet heortan stod 
 setterne ord. Se eorl waes pe bli)7ra, 
 hloh ]>2L modi man, ssede Metode J^anc 
 ^^Saes daegweorces ]>e him Drihten forgeaf. 
 '^Forlet J7a drenga sum daro^ of handa, 
 i5ofleogan of folman, J?aet se to for^ gewat 
 J?urh ^one aej7elan ^{^elredcs J^egen. 
 Him be healfe stod hyse unweaxen, 
 cniht on gecampe, se full caflice 
 br^d of J^am beorne blodigne gar, 
 iSsWulfstanes beam, Wulfmaer se geonga, 
 forlet forheardne faran eft ongean; 
 ord in gewod, );aet se on eorj^an laeg, 
 
 156 Rie. fyrheardne. 
 
8 Wl^t Battle of ^atoon 
 
 be his J^eoden Sr pearle geraehte. 
 
 Eode J?a gesyrwed secg to J;am eorle ; 
 1 60 he wolde J^aes beornes beagas gefecgan, 
 
 reaf and hringas, and gerenod swurd. 
 
 Da Byrhtno^ brsed bill of sce^e, 
 
 brad and bruneccg, and on J^a byrnan sl5h ; 
 
 t5 rzpe hine gelette lidmanna sum, 
 165 J?a he j^aes eorles earm amyrde ; 
 
 feoll ];a to foldan fealohilte swurd, 
 
 ne mihte he gehealdan heardne mece, 
 _waepnes wealdan. pa gyt ];aet word gecwae'8 
 
 har hilderinc, hyssas bylde, 
 lyobaed gangan forS gode geferan; 
 
 ne mihte J^a on fptum len^^ • faeste gest[a]ndan, 
 
 4 KV''^- ♦• • * • * '^ ^'^•^" • ^ '^ *^^ ^^ heofenum wlat : 
 ^[Ic] gej?anc[i]e )?e, "Seoda Wkldend, 
 ealra )?^ra wynna J;e ic on worulde gebad j 
 i75nu ic ah, milde Metod, maeste J?earfe 
 }?aet J?u minum gaste godes geunne, 
 )?aet min sawul to ^e simian mote, 
 on }>In geweald, peoden engla, 
 mid fn]>G ferian ; ic eom frymdi to J?e 
 
 160 Ettm. omits he. — 163 Rie. note on J?aes byrnan ? . — 164 
 Th , Ettm. omit to ; Ettm.^ Siu.^ hra^e. — 171 H. gestundan ; 
 cf. 86 n. — 172 No gap in H.; but a half -line is clearly missing ; 
 Ettm. inserts heard hea'Surinc before he j so Gr., Z.; Kd. inserts 
 hleotSrode eorl after wlat 5 so TViil. ,• Snv.y Kl.^, Bright, half-line 
 . wanting after wlat j but Rie., Kl.^, before he. — 173 Ettm. inserts 
 Ic j so Rie., Gr., Siv."^, KL, Bright; H. ge}?ancc J^ej AT/., Bright^ 
 ge>ancie J>e} 5w.^ J>e >ancige. — 178 Ettm.^ Rie. J>inne. 
 
tlR^e llBattle of spaloon 9 
 
 i8o)7aet hi helscea'San hynan ne moton.' 
 Da hine heowon hse^ene scealcas, 
 and begen |?a beornas j^e him big st5don, 
 JElfno^ and Wul [f] mser, be [we] gen lagon ; 
 
 ,^a onemn hyra frean feorh gesealdon. 
 
 185 HI bugon )?a fram beaduwe j^e J?aer beon nol- 
 don. 
 p2er wurdon Oddan beam serest on fleame, 
 Godric fram guj7e, and J?one godan forlet 
 )7e him maenigne oft mear gesealde ; 
 he gehleop J?one eoh J^e ahte his hlaford, 
 
 1 90 on ]?am ger^dum }?e hit riht ne waes, 
 and his bro^ru mid him begen aer[n]don, 
 God[w]ine and Godwig, guj^e ne gymdon, 
 ac wendon fram )?am wige and J?one wudu 
 
 sohton, 
 flugon on ];aet faesten, and hyra feore burgon, 
 
 195 and manna ma J;onne hit ^enig mdtS wsere 
 gyf hi J;a geearnunga ealle gemundon 
 J7e he him t5 duguj^e ged5n haefde. 
 Swa him Offa on daeg xr assede 
 
 183 H. wulmaer ; 50 Mii. ,Th., Rie., Siu. 7, KI. , Bright ; Ettm.y 
 Gr., Siv.^ Ko., Will. Wulfmsr ; H. begen; so Th., SivJ, 
 Bright ,• Ettm. J?a on emne lagon, begen ; Mii. wegen ; Gr. be- 
 wegen J so Rie., Siv.'^y fVUL, Kl. — 187 Ettm., Gr. insert beag 
 after guj>e. — 189 Rie. his hlaford ahte. — 191 H. aerdon ; so 
 Th., Mii., Gr., Will. ; Ettm. aerndon ; so Rie., Stv., K'6., KL, 
 Bright. — 192 H. Godrine ; so Mii., Gr.; Ettm. Godryne ; Th., 
 Siv.y Kd., Bright, Godrine; iJ/V. Godwine ; so Z., fViil.y KI. ; 
 Th., Ettm. Godrig. 
 
10 Wl)t Battle of flpalDon 
 
 on )?am me]7elstede, J?a he gemot haefde, 
 
 2oo)?aet )72er m5delice manega sprsecon 
 J;e eft aet J^^re [)?earfe] j7olian noldon. 
 Da wearS afeallen )?aes folces ealdor, 
 iEJ?elredes eorl ; ealle gesawon 
 heorSgeneatas J?aet hyra heorra laeg. 
 
 205 pa ^^^ wendon forS wlance J^egenas, 
 unearge men, efston georne ; 
 hi woldon ]>3. ealle o^er twega, 
 llf forliet [a] n o^^e leofne gewrecan, 
 Swa hi bylde forS beam ^Ifrlces, 
 
 2iowiga wintrum geong, wordum mselde ; 
 iElfwine J^a cwae'S, he on ellen spraec : 
 'Gemun[a^] J?a msela ]>e we oft aet meodo 
 
 sprsecon, 
 j7onne we on hence beot ahofon, 
 haele^ on healle, ymbe heard gewinn ; 
 
 215 nu maeg cunnian hwa cene sy. 
 
 Ic wylle mine ae|?elo eallum gecyj?an, 
 
 200 TA.y Ettm., S'w.^ modlice ; Bright, Siv."^ modiglice ; 
 Ettm. manege. — 201 H. aet )?aere J?olian j Rie., Wul., Kl. as in 
 text; Gr.y Siu., Kd., Bright, set J>earfe }?olian j Th. aet|>aere hilde 
 Jpolian ,* so Mii. note ; Ettm. aet J>aere }>enunge hi |>oljan. — 204 
 Ettm., Gr., Siv., K'6., Bright, hearra. — 208 H. forlaetun ; cf. 
 86, lyi. — 211 Th. ^Ifwine, )?a cwae'S he, on ellen-spraec ; 
 Ettm. omits \>a. before cwae'S, and reads ellenspraece. — 212 H. 
 gemunu J?a ; Th., gemuna J>a j so Mil., Ettm. ; Gr. reads gemu- 
 nat5 >a; 50 fTtiL, Z., Rie., Siv.'^, KL, Bright; Siv."^ reads 
 gemuna'5 'Sara; Ko. gemune [opt. pres.^ "Sa ; 0. Jespersen in 
 Nordisk Tidsskrift for Filologi, series III, vol. J, pp. 126, 12^^ 
 suggests gemuna'S a. 
 
tIPlje llBattle of spalDon n 
 
 }?aet ic waes on Myrcon miccles cynnes ; 
 waes min ealda faeder Eal[d]helm haten, 
 WIS ealdorman, woruldgesielig. 
 
 220 Ne sceolon me on J72ere j^eode ];egenas aetwi- 
 tan, 
 )7aet ic of "Sisse fyrde feran wille, 
 card gesecan, nu mm ealdor lige^ 
 forheawen aet hilde ; me is )?aet hearma msest ; 
 he waes 2eg[^]er min maeg and mIn hlaford.' 
 
 225 J?a he forS code, fseh'Se gemunde, 
 }7aet he mid orde anne geriehte 
 flotan on J^am folce J^aet se on foldan laeg 
 forwegen mid his wsepne. Ongan J7a winas 
 
 manian, 
 frynd and geferan, J^aet hi forS eodon, 
 
 23oOfFa gemielde, aescholt asceoc : 
 
 ' Hwaet );u, iElfwine, hafast ealle gemanode 
 J7egenas to J?earfe ; nu ure J?eoden ll^, 
 eorl on eor^an, us is eallum J?earf 
 J7aet ure ^ghwylc oj^erne bylde 
 
 235wigan t5 wige J^a hwlle )>e he wsepen maege 
 habban and healdan, Jieardne mece, 
 gar and g5d swurd. Us Godric haefS, 
 earh Oddan beam, ealle beswicene; 
 
 218 Ettm., Z. ealdfaeder 5 Kd. note tr^ * Grossvater* and sug- 
 gests ealdz-fxder •, H. ealhelm ; so Edd., except -5w.* Ealhhelm. 
 — 224 H. aegder j Ettm. suggests man-dry htenybr hlaford. — 227 
 Ettm. suggests he for se. — 229 Rie. has a comma after eodon j 
 other Edd. have a period. 
 
12 tETI^e llBattle of ^alDon 
 
 wende ];aes formoni man J?a he on meare rad, 
 240 on wlancan ]?am wicge, J;aet wsere hit ure hla- 
 ford; 
 forj^an wearS her on felda folc totwaemed, 
 scyldburh tobrocen. Abreo^e his angin, 
 ]7aet he her swa manigne man aflymde.' 
 Leofsunu gemselde, and his linde ahof, 
 245 bord to gebeorge ; he ]?am beorne oncwae'S : 
 ^ Ic ];aet gehate, |7aet ic heonon nelle 
 fleon fotes trym, ac wille furSor gan, 
 wrecan on gewinne minne winedrihten. 
 Ne j7urfon me embe Sturmere stedefaeste hae- 
 
 25owordum aetwitan, nu mm wine gecranc, 
 ]>2et ic hlafordleas ham sl^ie, 
 wende fram wige; ac me sceal w^pen niman, 
 ord and Iren.' He ful yrre wod, 
 feaht faestlice, fleam he forhogode. 
 
 255 Dun [h] ere ]7a cwae^, daro^ acwehte^ 
 unorne ceorl, ofer eall clypode, 
 baed J;aet beorna gehwylc Byrhtno^ wrsece : 
 ^ Ne maeg na wandian se J^e wrecan }?ence^ 
 frean on folce, ne for feore murnan.' 
 
 260 pa hi for^ eodon, feores hi ne rohton ; 
 
 239 Rie. \>2iesfor J?a ? ; H. for moni ; so Mii.y Rie., Siv."^, 
 Bright i Siv.^ for monig ; Ettm. mearce. — 242 Ettm. suggests 
 abreote ?. — 249 Gr. on for embe. — 255 H. dunnere ; so 
 Mii., Th., Sw., Kd., Bright, Kl. ,• Ettm.y Gr., Rie., Z., fVul. 
 Dunhere. 
 
tEtl^e llBattle of spaltion 13 
 
 ongunnon ]>2. hiredmen heardllce feohtan, 
 grame garberend, and God bsedon 
 ];aet hi m5ston gewrecan hyra winedrihten, 
 and on hyra feondum fyl gewyrcan. 
 
 265 Him se gysel ongan geornllce fylstan ; 
 he waes on NorShymbron heardes cynnes, 
 Ecglafes beam, him waes iEscferS nama; 
 he ne wandode na aet J;am wigplegan, 
 ac he fysde forS flan genehe ; 
 
 »7ohwilon he on bord sceat, hwllon beorn taesde ; 
 aefre embe stunde he sealde sume wunde 
 ]7a hwile "Se he wsepna^ wealdan moste. 
 pa gyt on orde stod Eadweard se langa, 
 gear[o] and geornful; gylpwordum spraec 
 
 a75)7aet he nolde fleogan fotm^l landes, 
 ofer baec bugan, J?a his betera 1 [ae] g ; 
 he braec |?one bordweall and wi^ ^a beornas 
 
 feaht, 
 o^ ])2£t he his sincgyfan on j;am saemannum 
 wurSlIce wrec ser he on waele l^ge. 
 
 280 Swa dyde iE];e[l]ric, ae)?ele gefera, 
 fus and for^georn, feaht eornoste, 
 Sibyrhtes bro^or and swl^e maenig oJ;er 
 
 269 H. flangene he ; Ettm. flana geneahe ; Gr., Rie.y Ko. flana 
 genehe ; Siu. flan geneahhe. — 271 Gr. note sunde ?. — 274 H. 
 gearc ; so Mii. , Ettm. , Gr.y Rie. , fFuL^ Th. , Siv.^ Ko. , Kl. , Bright, 
 gearo. — 276 H. leg. ; so Th.^ Mil., Wiil , Kl.^ cf. Sie'vers Gr,^ 
 ^ Sgi n. 10. — 280 H. aeKricj so Edd.y except Ettm. E^elric, 
 Wiil. JE\>6nc. — 282 -Sw.^ Sigebyrhtes } Stu.^ Sibyrhtes. 
 
14 tEti^e Battle of ^alfion 
 
 clufon celled bord, cene hi weredon ; 
 baerst bordes laerig, and seo byrne sang 
 
 285gryreleo'Sa sum. pa aet gu^e sloh 
 
 Offa ];one s^lidan, ];aet he on eorSan feoll 
 and ^aer Gaddes m^g grund ges5hte. 
 Ra^e wear^ aet hilde OfFa forheawen ; 
 he haefde ^eah geforJ?od J?aet he his frean ge- 
 het, 
 
 290 swa he beotode ser wi^ his beahgifan, 
 J?aet hi sceoldon begen on burh ridan, 
 hale t5 hame, oS^e on here crin [c] gan, 
 on waelstowe wundum sweltan ; 
 he laeg ^egenlice 'Seodne gehende. 
 
 295 Da wearS borda gebraec ; brimmen wodon, 
 gu^e gegremode ; gar oft J;urhw6d 
 faeges feorhhus. ForS p]a code Wistan, 
 purstanes sun [u] , wi^ |?as secgas feaht ; 
 he waes on gej?rang[e] hyra J?reora bana, 
 
 300 ^r him Wigelines beam on ]?am waele Isege. 
 p2er waes sti^ gemot ; stodon faeste 
 wigan on gewinne, wigend cruncon, 
 wundum werge ; wael feol on eor)7an. 
 
 287 Z. reverses the order of 11. 28'/ y 288. — 288 Rie. forhea- 
 wen Offa. — 292 H. crintgan 5 so Mii. ; evidently a misreading for 
 crincgan, t and c being much alike in 0. E. MSS. ; Siv.^^ KI.^j 
 Bright cringan. — 297 H. for'Sa ; Mii. for'S '5a ; so Edd., except 
 Gr. for'S aeode, and Kl.^ for"S code. — 298. H. suna ; Edd. sunu ; 
 Gr. note, \>a. ? Rie. reads }>a secgas. — 299 H. ge|>rang ; Ettm. 
 gel>range ; so Gr., Rie., Siv., Bright, Kl.^. — 303 H. werige j 
 so Edd.; cf. I. ^y, and Si ever s Beitr. X, ^^g. 
 
tETl^e llBattle of spatoon 15 
 
 Oswold and Eadwold ealle hwile, 
 
 305begen J^a gebr6J?ru, beornas trymedon, 
 hyra winemagas, wordqrj. biedon ^-V** 
 J^aet hi |;aer aet ^earfe }?olian sceoldon, 
 .unwacllce wsepna neotan. 
 Byrhtwold ma];elode, bord hafenode ; 
 
 310 se waes eald geneat, aesc acwehte, 
 he ful baldlice beornas l^erde : 
 ' Hige sceal J7e heardra, heorte |;e cenre, 
 mod sceal J^e mare, ];e ure maegen lytla^. 
 Her li^ ure ealdor eall forheawen, 
 
 315 god on greote ; a maeg gnornian 
 
 se ^e nu fram J?is wigplegan wendan J?ence^. 
 Ic eom frod feores ; fram ic ne wille, 
 ac ic me be healfe minum hlaforde, 
 be swa leofan men, licgan ];ence.' 
 
 320 Swa hi iEj;elgares beam ealle bylde 
 Godric to guj;e ; oft he gar forlet 
 waelspere windan ^on ];a wicingas, 
 swa he on }?am folce fyrmest code ; 
 heow and hynde, o[^] J^aet he on hilde ge- 
 cranc ; 
 
 32snaes J?aet na se Godric ]>e "Sa gupje forbeah. 
 
 304 TA. Ealdwoldj so Ettm., Rie., Siv.y Bright. — 305 Th., 
 Ettm., S'w.^ omit J^a j Siv."^ J>a. — 314. TA., Ettm., Rie. ealle. 
 — 315 Rie. maeg gnornian a. — 318 Sw.^ omits me. -^324 H, 
 od. — 325 H. gude. 
 
THE TEXT 
 
 The text of the Short Poems from the Saxon Chronicle has been 
 collated with the MSS. on which it is based. Poems i, ii, ma, and 
 III b, follow the Cotton MS. Tib. A. vi j poems iv and v follow 
 Cotton Tib. B. i. The variants given from other MSS. are taken 
 from Wiilcker, and have been collated with the MSS., except in 
 the case of the Parker MS. (Corpus Christi, Cambridge), the read- 
 ings from which, given by Wiilcker, have been collated with Plum- 
 mer*s text in his Tivo of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel. The 
 variants given usually involve a change of meaning and are not 
 complete, except for the MS. on which the text is based. 
 
 In the Songs in Irregular Metre the text given by Plummer has 
 been collated with the MSS. The text follows Laud 636. 
 
iFrom t^e ^apon Cl^ronicle 
 
 THE BATTLE OF BRUNNANBURH 
 
 An. DCCCCXXXVII. 
 
 Her JE]>e [1] stan cing, eorla drihten, 
 beorna beaggifa and his bro)7or eac, 
 Eadmund aej7eling, ealdorlangne tir 
 geslogan aet sake sweorda ecggum 
 
 5 embe Brunnanburh ; bordweall clufan, 
 heowan hea^olin[d]a hamora lafum 
 eaforan Eadweardes ; swa him geaej>ele waes 
 fram cneomagum J;aet hie aet campe oft 
 wi^ la^ra gehwane land ealgodan, 
 
 lohord and hamas. Hettend crungon, 
 Scotta leode and scipflotan 
 fsege feollan ; feld dennade 
 secga swate, sij?];an sunne upp 
 
 ^ == Cott. Tib. A vj. B = Cott. Tib. B i. C= Corpus 
 Chr. Camb. MS. D == Cott. Tib. B i-v. 
 
 I A, ae)>estan ; B, C, D, ae>elstan. — 6 A, hea>olina j B, D, 
 hea'Solinda ; C, heal?olinde. — 1 1 C, sceotta leoda. — 1 2 C, daen- 
 nede ; D, dennode. — 13 C, secgas hwate. 
 
1 8 poem0 from t^e ^aron C^ironlcle 
 
 on morgentid, m«re tungol, 
 1 5 glad ofer grundas, Godes candel beorht, 
 
 eces Drihtnes, [oj?] }?aet seo aej^ele gesceaft 
 
 sah t5 setle. p^r laeg secg manig 
 
 garum forgrunden, guman norSerne 
 
 ofer scyld sceoten, swylce Scyttisc eac, 
 2owerig wigges sied. Westsexe forS 
 
 andlangne daeg eoredcystum 
 
 on last legdon la^um ];eodum, 
 
 heowan hereflyman hindan ]?earle 
 
 mecum mylenscearpum. Myrce ne wyrndon 
 25heardfes handplegan haelej^a nanum, 
 
 ]7ara ^e mid Anlafe ofer eargebland 
 
 on lides bosme land gesohtan 
 
 fsege t5 gefeohte. Fife lagon 
 
 on ^^m campstede ciningas geonge, 
 3osweorduni aswefede, swilce seofone eac 
 
 eorlas Anlafes, unrim Herges, 
 
 flotan and Scotta. paer geflymed wearS 
 
 NorSmanna brego nede gebieded 
 
 t5 lides stefne lytle weorode ; 
 35cread cnear on flot, cing ut gewat 
 
 l6 ^, \>xt seo ; Bf o\> seo ; C, o^S sio ; Z), otS se. — 1 8 J?, 
 garum agetedj C, garum ageted guma nor}?erna. — 20 By saed 
 T wessexe ; /), raed. — 24 D, mycel scearpum. — 26 C omits 
 J>ara j C, aera gebland. — 28 Z), to feohte. — 29 C, cyninges. 
 ■—-31 B, "3 unrim. — 32 Etttn. changes flotan to flotena j so 
 Bright, Kl.^ i C, sceotta, geflemed. — 33 C, bregu. — 35 C, 
 cnea ran. 
 
poems from tlje Sharon Cl^ronicle 19 
 
 on fealone flod, feorh generede. 
 
 Swylce )>2er eac se fr5de mid fleame com 
 
 on his cyJ;J;e nor^ Constantlnus, 
 
 har hilderinc hreman ne )?orfte 
 4omecea gemanan ; [he] waes his maga sceard, 
 
 freonda gefylled on folcstede, 
 
 forslegen aet sace, and his sunu forlet 
 
 on waelst5we wundum forgrunden, 
 
 geongne aet gu)?e. Gylpan ne J^orfte 
 45beorn blandenfex billgeslyhtes, 
 
 eald inwitta, ne Anlaf j^e ma ; 
 
 mid heora herelafum hlihhan ne j7orftan 
 
 )?aet hie beadoweorca beteran wurdan 
 
 on campstede cumbolgehnastes, 
 5ogarmittinge, gumena gemotes, 
 
 waepengewrixles, ]?aes hie on waelfelda 
 
 wij? Eadweardes eaforan plegodan. 
 
 Gewitan him J^a Nor^menn naegiedcnearrum, 
 
 dreorig daro^a laf on Dynges mere 
 55ofer^deop waeter Dyflen secean, 
 
 eft Iraland aewiscmode. 
 
 Swylce J7a gebro^or begen aetsomne, 
 
 cing and aej^eling, cyj?];e sohtan, 
 
 38 C, costontinus. — 39 -D, hslfor har. — 40 J?, meca ; C, mae- 
 can ; Z), mecga j ^, By her waes ; C, D, he waes. — 41 Bj on his 
 folcstede. — 42 B, beslegen ; C, beslagen ; /), beslaegen. — 43 Ettm. 
 forgrundenne. — 46 C, inwidda j D, inwuda. — 49 C, culbod 
 gehnades j ahove^ vel cumbel. — 5 1 -O, haes ]>e hi. — 55 C, difelin. 
 — 56 C, ■;) eft hira land. — 57-5, brotSor. 
 
20 poems from t^e ^aron Ctironicle 
 
 Westseaxna land, wigges hremge. 
 
 6oLetan him behindan hraw bryttigean 
 salowigpadan )7one sweartan hraefn, 
 hyrnednebban, and ];one hasopadan 
 earn aeftan hwit, aeses brucan, 
 gr^digne guJ;hafoc and )?2et grsege deor, 
 
 65 wulf on wealde. Ne wearS wael mare 
 on )?ys eglande iefre gyta, 
 folces afylled beforan ];yssum 
 sweordes ecgum, j^aes J?e us secggea)> bee, 
 ealde uj^witan, sy]?J?an eastan hider 
 
 7oEngle and Sexan upp becoman, 
 ofer brade brimu Brytene sohtan, 
 wlance wigsmi}?as Wealas ofercoman, 
 eorlas arhwate eard begeaton. 
 
 II 
 
 EADMUND RECOVERS THE FIVE BOROUGHS 
 OF THE DANELAW 
 
 An. DCCCCXLIL 
 
 Her Eadmund cing, Engla J;eoden, 
 
 maecgea mundbora, Myrce geeode, 
 
 59 MS. hremige, cf. M.joj. — 62 C, hasewan padan ; Ettm, 
 and )>one hasvean. — 67 5, C, Z), gefylled. — 70 J?, sexe ; C, 
 D, seaxe. 
 
 2 C, maga ; Z), maeg^a. 
 
ponn0 from tfte ^won Cljroniclf 21 
 
 dyre diedfruma, swa Dor sceadej? 
 Hwitanwyllesgeat and Humbran ea, 
 5 brada [n] brimstream. Burga fife : 
 Ligeraceaster and Lindkylne, 
 Snotingaham swylce Stanford eac 
 and Deoraby Denum w^ron 
 ^ror under NorSmannum nede gebseded 
 10 on hae);enum haefteclammum 
 lange J?rage, oj; hie alysde eft 
 for his weor^scipe wiggendra hleo, 
 eafora Eadweardes, Eadmund cining. 
 
 Ill A 
 
 EADGAR'S CORONATION 
 
 An. DCCCCLXXIII. 
 Her Eadgar waes, Engla waldend, 
 cor^re mycclum to kinge gehalgod 
 on |?Sre ealdan byrig Acemannesceastre ; 
 eac hie egbuend o|?re worde 
 Sbeornas Ba'San nemna^. pser waes blis mycel 
 on );am eadgan daege eallum geworden 
 )7one ni^ [^] a beam nemna^ and cegea^ 
 
 4 C, humbra. — 5 MSS. brada. — j C, D, ^ snotingaham. 
 
 — 8 C omits "3 ; Bj dene ; C, D, daene. — 9 C, gebegde. — 10 J?, 
 
 hae}>enra ; w C, D, — 1 1 Ettm. olS >aet. 
 
 Ill A MSS. the same as for I and II, ivith the exception of D, 
 2 C, micelre j cyninge. — 7 C, J?onne j MSS, ni^a j C, cigatS. 
 
22 poentflf from tlje ^apon Chronicle 
 
 Pentecostenes daeg. paer waes preosta heap, 
 mycel muneca );reat mine gefraege 
 
 logleawra gegaderod. And }?a agangen waes 
 tynhund wintra geteled rimes 
 fram gebyrdtlde bremes Cinges, 
 leohta Hyrdes, butan ^ser to lafe ]^a get 
 waes wintergeteles, }7aes gewritu secga'S, 
 
 iSseofan and [twentig ;] swa neah waes sigora 
 Frean 
 }?usend aurnen, 'Sa J7a J^is gelamp. 
 And him Eadmundes eafora haefde 
 nigen and [twentig] , nI};weorca heard, 
 wintra on worlde "Sa J?is geworden waes, 
 
 2oon[d] J?a on ^am }?rittigaej;an waes J?eoden ge- 
 halgod. 
 
 Ill B 
 
 EADGAR'S DEATH, E AD WARD'S ACCES- 
 SION, &c. 
 
 An. DCCCCLXXV. 
 
 Her geendode eor^an dreamas 
 
 Eadgar Engla cing, ceas him oj^er leoht 
 
 wlitig and wynsum and )?is wace forlet 
 
 13 C has^z aganybrj>a get; Ettm. |>a agean. — 14 B, C, J>aE8 
 •Se. — 15 Ay B,\ XX ; C, twentig. — 18 ^, B, C, xx. — 19 C 
 omtts ^a. — 20 jf, onJ)a ; B, C, T ]>a. 
 
 Ill B MSS. the same as for III A. 
 
poem0 from tl^e ^ajron Clironicle 23 
 
 llf )?is Isene. Nemna^ leoda beam, 
 5menn on moldan, )7one mona]? gehwier 
 on J?isse ej^eltyrf, ];a |?e 2er w^eron 
 on rimcraefte rihte getogene, 
 lulius m5n [a] ^, );aer se_geonga gewat 
 on J?one eahto^an daeg Eadgar of life, 
 
 lobeorna beahgifa. Feng his beam syj?|7an 
 to cynerlce, cild unwexen, 
 eorla aldor, 'Sam waes Eadweard nama. 
 And him tirfaest haele]; [tyn] nihtum ser 
 of Brytene gewat, bisceop se goda, 
 
 i5)?urh gecyndne craeft ; J;am waes Cyneweard 
 nama. 
 Da wearS on Myrcum mine gefriege 
 wide and welhw^r Waldendes lof 
 afylled on foldan ; feala wear[^] todraefed 
 gleawra Godes J?eowa ; J;aet waes gnomung my- 
 cel 
 
 2o]^am J;e on breostum waeg bymende lufan 
 Meotodes on mode, pa waes maerSa Fruma 
 t5 swi|?e forsawen, sigora Waldend, 
 rodera Riedend, ]?a man his riht tobraec. 
 Da wearS eac adrsefed deorm5d haele}? 
 
 25 Oslac of earde ofer y];a gewalc, 
 
 8 MS. men's ; C, mono'S ; Ettm., Gr. mona'S ; C, \>at for 
 >aer. — lo C, T feng. — 13 MS. x 5 C, tyn. — 16 C, waes for 
 wear's. — 1 8 yf, weard ; By C, wear's. — 22 C, forsewen. — 24 
 C, 1 ]>a. 
 
24 ponn0 from tl)e ^aj:on C^ironicle 
 
 ofer ganotes bae^, gomolfeax haele]; 
 
 wis and wordsnotor, ofer waetera gej?ring, 
 
 ofer hwaeles e}?el, hama bereafod. 
 
 pa wearS eac aetywed uppe on roderum 
 sosteorra on sta^ole "Sone stij7ferh)?e 
 
 haele)? higegleawe hata^ wide 
 
 cometa be naman, craeftgleawe menn, 
 
 wise wo^boran. Waes geond werj^eode 
 
 Waldendes wracu wide gefrsege 
 sshungor ofer hrusan ; }?aet eft heofona Weard 
 
 gebette, Brego engla, geaf eft blisse gehwzem 
 
 egbuendra )?urh eor^an waestm. 
 
 IV 
 
 IMPRISONMENT AND DEATH OF PRINCE 
 ALFRED 
 
 MXXXVI. 
 
 Her com Alfred, se unsccS^iga aej^eling iEj?el- 
 
 rsedes 
 sunu cinges hider inn, and wolde to his meder 
 
 J?e on 
 Wincestre saet ; ac hit him ne gej^afode Godwine 
 
 eorl ne 
 
 2^9 C, T }?a 5 C omits eac. — 33 C, so^boran. 
 IV This poem is only found in B and D. It begins at I. 6. 
 3 Dy ac })aet ne ge^afodon \>^ \>t micel weoldon on J>isan lande. 
 for)>an. 
 
|Doem0 from t\)t ^kxon Clironicle 25 
 
 ec o];re men J?e mycel mihton wealdan ; forSan 
 
 hit 
 5 hleo^rode }?a swl^e toward [Harolde] , J?eh hit 
 
 unriht waere. 
 Ac Godwine hine J;a gelette and hine on haeft 
 
 sette, 
 and his geferan he todraf and sume misllce of- 
 
 sloh, 
 sume hi man wi^ feo sealde, sume hreowllce 
 
 acwealde, 
 sume hi man bende, sume hi man blende, 
 10 sume hamelode, sume haettode. 
 Ne wear^ dreorlicre dsed gedon on J^ison earde 
 sy)?)?an Dene comon and her fri^ namon. 
 Nu is to gelyfenne t5 ^an leofan Gode 
 }?aet hi blission bli^e mid [CristeJ 
 i^l^e wieron biitan scylde swa earmlice acwealde. 
 Se ae]>eling lyfode j^a gyt ; aelc yfel man him ge- 
 
 het 
 o^ )7aet man gersedde J;aet man hine l^dde 
 to Eligbyrig swa gebundenne. 
 Sona swa he lende, on scype man hine blende 
 20 and hine swa blindne br5hte t5 ^am munecon, 
 and he J^ar wunode 'Sa hwile ]?e he lyfode. 
 
 5 B, haraldes; D, to harolde; D, unriht waere. Ba let he hine 
 on haeft settan. — 7 D, he eac fordraf. — 9 D, bende 1 eac sume 
 blende. — 10 D, blende ^ heanlice haettode. — 14 ^, xpe j D, 
 criste. — 15 -D omits swa. — 16 D, behet. 
 
26 poniiflf from tl^e ^apon Clironicle 
 
 Sy^^an hine man byrigde swa him wel gebyrede 
 ful wur^llce, swa he wyrSe waes, 
 aet J?am westende, J?am styple ful gehende 
 25 on );am su^po [r] tice ; seo saul is mid [Criste.] 
 
 V 
 
 EADWEARD'S DEATH 
 
 (MLXV.) 
 
 Her Eadward kingc, Engla hlaford, 
 
 sende soJ?fae[ste] sawle to Criste, 
 
 on Godes wiera gast haligne. 
 
 He o[n] worulda her wunode j^rage 
 5 on kyne}?rymme craeftig rseda ; 
 
 [feower and twentig] freolic wealdend 
 
 wintra gerlmes weol[an] britnod[e] 
 
 and healfe tid haele'Sa wealdend 
 
 weold wel ge)?ungen Walum and Scottum 
 10 and Bryttum eac, byre iE^elredes, 
 
 Englum and Sexum oretmaegcum 
 
 23 Z), J>aet waes full. — 25 B, postice j D, portice ; B, xfSe ; 
 D, criste. 
 
 V MSS. as for IV. 
 
 1 In B the ste of soJ>faeste is torn aivay ; /), so^feste. — 4 /« 
 B the Ti of on is torn. — 6 B, Dy xxiiii. — 7-6, weolm and 
 brytnodon (n above line)'^ £>, wintra rimes weolan britnode. — 8 D 
 instead of healfe tid has he haelo tid, the lo of haelo being written 
 above the line. 
 
poemsf foom tlje ^apon Cl^rontcle 27 
 
 swa ymbclyppa^ ceald [e] brymmas, 
 J?aet eall Eadwarde ae^elum kinge, 
 hyrdon holdlice hagestealde menn. 
 
 isWaes a bli^emod bealuleas kyng 
 )?eah he lang ser lande bereafod 
 wunode wraeclastum wide geond eorSan 
 sy^^an Cnut ofercom kynn iE^elredes 
 and Den[e] weoldon deore rice 
 
 io Engla landes ; [eahta and twentig] 
 wintra gerimes welan bry[t]nodan. 
 SyS^an forS becom freolice in geatwum 
 kyningc kystum g5d cl^ne and milde, 
 Eadward se ae^ela; e^el bewerode, 
 
 island and leode o^ |?aet lunger becom 
 dea'S se bitera and swa deore genam 
 aej^elne of eorSan ; englas feredon 
 s5];faeste sawle innan swegles leoht. 
 And se froda swa |;eah befaeste J?aet rice 
 
 3oheah)7ungenum menn, Harolde sylfum, 
 aej^elum eorle ; se in ealle tid 
 hyrde holdlice haerran sinum 
 wordum and daedum ; wihte ne agaelde 
 J?aes J?e |;earf waes j^aes J^eodkyninges. 
 
 12 Z), cealda ; B, ceald. — 1 6 D, landes. — 19 B, dena ; 
 D, deona. — 20 By Z), xxviii. — 21 B, brynodan j D, brytno- 
 don. — 22 D, freolic. — 25 D, leodan. — 28 D, inne. 
 
^ppmW 
 
 SONGS FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE IN IRREG- 
 ULAR METRE 
 
 {See Appendix to Introduction, p. xx.) The tivo longest are here 
 given. 
 
 A King Edgar 
 
 In two MSB., Cott. Tib. B iv, and Laud 636 (present 
 text), occurs the following passage on King Edgar. Cott. 
 Domit. A viii Uas a condensed version. 
 
 DCCCCLIX. 
 
 On his dagum hit godode* geome, and God him 
 geii'Se'^ J>aet he wunode on sibbe^ >a hwile J?e he leo- 
 fode/ and he dyde swa him i>earf wes,^ earnode^ J>es 
 geome. He arerde^ Godes lof ^ wide [and side,^] and 
 Godes lage^° lufode, and folces fri'S bette" swi'Sost l>ara 
 cyninga ]?e aer him gewurde be manna gemynde, and 
 God him eac fylste^^ J?aet ciningas and eorlas geome 
 him t5 bugon, and wurden underjjeodde^^ to |>am J?e 
 he wolde, and butan^* gefeohte eal he gewilde^^ >et 
 he sylf wolde. He wear's wide geond >eodland swlSe 
 geweor'Sad, ^^ for}>am \>t he weor'Sode Godes naman ge- 
 ome and Godes lage smeade^^ oft and gelome/^ and 
 Godes lof raerde wide and side, and wisllce rsedde oft- 
 
 I flourished. a geunnan, grant. g peace. 4 libban. $ waes. 
 6 laboured for. 7 araerde, raised. 8 praise. 9 far and wide ; and 
 side em. by Kluge ; not in MS. lo law. II bettered, improved. 
 
 12 helped. 13 subjected. 14 without. 15 wielded, governed. 
 
 16 honoured. 17 pondered. 18 frequently. 
 
30 0ppenDt)c 
 
 ost a simle, for Gode and for worulde, call his J>e- 
 ode. Ane misd^da he dyde Jjeah t5 switJe, >ast he ael- 
 )>eodIge^^ unsida^° lufode, and hae'Sene >eawas^^ innan 
 ]?ysan lande gebrohte to faeste and utlaendisce hider 
 in tihte,^^ and deoriende^^ leoda bespeon^^ to >ysan 
 earde. Ac God him geunne >aet his gode dieda swy- 
 'Sran we [ojr'San^'* >onne misdieda, his sawle to gescyld- 
 nesse^^ on langsuman sy'Se.^^ 
 
 B William the Conqueror 
 
 In Laud 636. 
 MLXXXVI. 
 
 Castelas he let wyrcean and earme men swlSe swencean. ' 
 Se cyng waes swa swi'Se stearc'^ and benam of his under- 
 
 >eoddan m[e]n3 manig marc 
 goldes and ma hundred punda seolfres. 
 Det he nam be wihte and mid mycelan unrihte 
 of his landleode for litte[l]re neode.*^ 
 He waes on gitsunge* befeallen and grsedinaesse he lufodc 
 
 mid ealle. 
 He saette mycel deorfri^^ and he laegde laga J>serwi'S 
 >aet swa hwa swa sloge heort^ o'StSe hinde >aet hine man 
 
 sceolde blendan.^* 
 He forbead )>a heortas swylce eac jpa, baras,' 
 swa swi^e he lufode >a headeor swilce he wsere heora 
 __ faeder. 
 
 Eac he saette be >am haran^ }>aet hi mosten freo faran. 
 His rice men hit msendon' and >a earme men hit beceo- 
 
 rodon,'° 
 
 19 foreign. 20 vices. 21 manners, customs. 22 injurious. 
 
 23 invited. 24 em. Laud 636 has wearSan ; Tib. B iv werSan. 
 
 25 to shield. 26 journey. 
 
 I force to work. 2 harsh. 3 MS. man. 3a need. 4 covetousness. 
 5 protection of game. 6 hart, deer. 6a MS. blendian. 7 boars. 
 8 hares. 9 complained of. 10 bewailed. 
 
atppenDij: 31 
 
 ac he [wass] swa sttS" ]>aet he ne rohte heora eallra 
 
 ac hi m5ston mid ealle \>es cynges wille folgian 
 gif hi woldon libban o'S^e land habban, 
 land olS^e eahta," o'S'Se wel his sehta.^^ 
 Wala wa, >aet aenig man sceolde modigan" 
 swa hine sylf upp ahebban and ofer ealle men tellan. ^* 
 Se aelmihtiga God cy>ae^^ his saule mildheortnisse and 
 d5 him his synna forgifenesse. 
 
 II stern, iz hatred. 13 possessions. 14 friendship. 15 presume. 
 16 reckon, esteem. 17 make known. 
 
I^ote^ 
 
 NOTES TO THE BATTLE OF MALDON 
 
 For an account of the poem see Introduction, pp. vi if. , xi fF. 
 
 1,1. The first part of the poem, most likely only a few lines, 
 is lost, the unique MS. in which it was preserved having been mu- 
 tilated at the beginning and end. 
 
 I, 2. hors forlietan. In England at this period battles 
 were fought on foot. The leaders were mounted and rode up and 
 down the ranks of their armies marshalling and exhorting the troops, 
 as below, 1. 17 ff. ; but they dismounted when the battle was 
 about to begin, cf. 1. 23. The Northmen used horses for the 
 purpose of moving rapidly from place to place in their raids. The 
 subject of het is Byrhtnoth. 
 
 I, 5. Offan mseg, not named. Offa is mentioned 1. 286. 
 
 1,6. Saet introduces a noun clause in apposition to and ex- 
 planatory of the preceding Saet in 1. 5 j se eorl, Byrhtnoth 5 
 yrhSo, * slackness. * 
 
 I, 7. him is reflexive with lleogan ; cf. 11. 40, 300. 
 
 I, 8. The fact that one of the English leaders was amusing 
 himself with a falcon just before the battle denotes an unusual de- 
 gree of contempt for the foe, the commonly dreaded Northmen. 
 The History of Ely (see Introduction, p. xviii ff.) mentions that 
 Byrhtnoth had inflicted a crushing defeat on an army of Northmen a 
 few years previously, and that he now advanced against the enemy 
 with a small force. In 1. 89 we are told of his ofermod. 
 
 I, 9. Cniht, like the German knecht, orig. meant * youth,' 
 then * attendant,' * servant,' but later on it acquired, as * knight,' a 
 nobler sense. The word did, * child,' underwent a somewhat simi- 
 lar change. 
 
 I, II. l^adric, like most of the personages mentioned by 
 name in the poem, was one of Byrhtnoth' s retinue of well-born 
 personal followers, his ivinemagas. 
 
 I, 12. frean merely repeats the sense of ealdre in 1. 11. 
 
34 i^otw 
 
 This repetition of a word or phrase that has occurred in the previ- 
 ous line is a characteristic of Old English verse that became almost 
 an abuse in later poetry. 
 
 1, 15. beot he gelllste. Mention is made several times 
 in this poem and in Beonvulf of boasts made by warriors in their 
 intervals of leisure, either at the * mead-bench, ' or at the * folk- 
 stead.' Cf. 11. 200, 213, 290. 
 
 2, 19. The fighting men of the/yrd, or militia, had but imper- 
 fect ideas of military discipline, and needed the personal instruction 
 of their general even as to the proper holding and use of their arms. 
 
 2,20. rihte, * straight,' * perpendicularly,' or * evenly,' so 
 as to form the bordiveall as a defence against the enemy's missiles, 
 discharged at short range. 
 
 2, 22. folc, \itrc z=i fyrd, cf.'U. 45, 202, 259. 
 
 2, 23. See 1. 2 note. 
 
 2, 24. heorSwerod, his own household troops, all tried and 
 devoted retainers. 
 
 2, 25. The Northman who acted as envoy had to shout so as 
 to be heard over the river. He may have spoken his native Norse, 
 which would not be difficult of comprehension for the English of 
 Essex. 
 
 2, 28. he may refer to Byrhtnoth, who had come down to 
 the water's edge to listen to the herald. 
 
 2, 30. raSefor hra&e. In Old English MSS. of the eleventh 
 and twelfth centuries the letter h is frequently dropped. Cf. the 
 proper names, 11. 80, 92. 
 
 2, 31. beag included large rings and small, whether necklets, 
 armlets or j&nger-rings. 
 
 2, 3^' gafole. It was the custom of the Norsemen to oft'er 
 to retire from a district on receiving payment of a sum of money 
 or treasure fixed by them. See Earle and Plummer, Saxon Chron- 
 ic/esy ii. 174. 
 
 2,39. feoh, originally meaning * cattle ' (German Vieh'), 
 came to mean * possessions,' * money ' ; modern English * fee.' 
 
 2, 40. sceattum has much the same sense as feoh, and has 
 special reference to money paid as a tribute or levy ; uS is reflexive 
 with an intransitive verb, cf. 1. 300. 
 
 2, 41. friSes is used adverbially, * at peace.' 
 
iPotes 35 
 
 3, 47. attrynne ord. That the English of this period used 
 poisoned weapons is hardly likely } attrynne is a poetical epithet j 
 cf. Beoivulf^ 1. 1459, ^^S "^^^ ~^^^^ aterianum fah. In early 
 Scandinavian legend swords were often endowed with magic proper- 
 ties, inflicting incurable wounds. Cf. 1. 146. 
 
 3, 65. The Panta, or Blackwater, as it is now called, opens 
 just at Maldon into a large estuary, where a strong tide runs. 
 
 4, 68. prasse in the four other passages where it is found (in 
 Wulfstan 148, 32, and in ^Ifric's Li'ves of Saints, ed. Skeat i. 
 p. 488, 11. 25 ff. } ii. p, 86, 1. 302 ; p. 182, 11. 208 fF., cf. 
 Klaeber, Angliay Beiblatt ^y 38) appears to mean *pomp,' * ar- 
 ray,' * parade.* 
 
 4, 69. aeschere, * the ship-army.' The host of Scandina- 
 vian pirates is called here in the Chronicle j the English force that 
 opposes them is termed ^r^. 
 
 4, 70. It would seem that the bridge spanned only the deep 
 permanent channel in the middle of the river, leaving at either end 
 a space exposed at low-tide but submerged at high-tide, and here 
 calledyor^,* 11. 81, 88. The Northmen, too impatient to wait 
 for low-tide, enter the water with the intention of forcing a passage 
 over the bridge, but find the current still too strong for safe crossing 
 under the missiles of the resolute band of bricgiveardas. Knowing 
 too that even should they succeed in crossing the bridge they would 
 have further to wade across the shallow part of the river at the other 
 side, exposed to the javelins and arrows of the whole of Byrhtnoth's 
 force, the wily pirates ask for a truce. 
 
 4, 84. hi, the Northmen. 
 
 4, 87. upgang agan, *be allowed to mount* upon the 
 bridge. 
 
 4, 88. ford, the shallow water on the north side. 
 
 5, 92. Byrhthelmes beam, Byrhtnoth. 
 
 5, 95. Ssere wselstowe wealdan, a poetical phrase used 
 however in prose. Cf. Beoivulf 1. 2051, iveoldon ivahtoive, 
 znd^.'S. Chron. 999, Sa ahton tSa Denhcan ivalstoive geiveald. 
 
 5, 102. wihagan for ivlghagan, * battle-hedge,' formed by 
 shields held perpendicularly and edge to edge. This formation was 
 also called bordiveall and scyldburh, cf. 11. 20, 242, 277. Cf. 
 Cook's note, Judith (Belles-Letters Se.) 1. 305. 
 
36 iRoteg 
 
 5, 105. fsege, the Scottish y^^, is frequently used in Beonvulf 
 of those destined to fall in combat. 
 
 5, 106. hremmas. The raven played an important part in 
 the superstitions of the early Scandinavians and Teutons. It is fre- 
 quently mentioned in the Icelandic poetry, 
 
 5, 107. earn. In I. 61 ff. (see p. 20) the eagle and the raven 
 are mentioned together as carrion-feeders on the field of battle. 
 
 6, 113. waelreste geceas. Another example of stereo- 
 typed poetic diction, cf. Beoiuulf 1. 2902. Every scop or versifier 
 would have hundreds of such figurative expressions stored in his 
 memory ready for use. 
 
 6,115. his, Byrhtnoth's. Wulfmaer rashly left the ranks and 
 advanced against the foe. 
 
 6, 117. gehyrde ic. The first person is here, as in III A. 9 
 niine gefrage, and in Beoiuulf^ used in a passage where the narra- 
 tor bases a statement on hearsay. It need not, however, be con- 
 cluded from this that the author of the poem was not present at 
 the battle ; obviously he could not have seen all that took place, 
 and would have to depend on other eye-witnesses to supplement his 
 own experience. 
 
 6, 121. burSene, * bower-thane. * Bur meant a private 
 dwelling or apartment, particularly a bedroom, so that burSegn would 
 correspond to * chamberlain.' 
 
 6, 122. stemnetton. * Stefn' or *stemn' has among other 
 meanings that of * turn ' or * spell,' or *a body of persons who 
 take their turn at any work ' (Bosworth-ToUer sub voce). It seems, 
 therefore, better to translate stemnetton by * fought in their turn * 
 than by * stood firm,' as Sweet suggests. 
 
 6, 130. TViges, a gen. of respect. 
 
 6, 131. Saes beornes. The use of the definite article here 
 may be explained by supposing the narrator to be unaware that he 
 has not previously mentioned the ceorl whom Byrhtnoth attacks. 
 In 1. 286 Offa slays * the ' seafarer. Most probably the narrator 
 assumes that his hearers or readers are already familiar with the de- 
 tails of the fight. 
 
 7, 136. he sceaf. This cannot mean that Byrhtnoth success- 
 fully parried the javelin, as he received a wound from it. The point 
 of the weapon may have broken off and remained in the wound 
 
i^otes! 37 
 
 when he shivered the shaft with his buckler, or he may have been 
 grazed by it. 
 
 7, 140. fyrdrinc, Byrhtnoth. 
 
 7,143. oSerne, * another dart.* 
 
 7, 151. .^Selredes Segen, Byrhtnoth, * King ^thelred*s 
 thane. ' 
 
 7, 155. Wulfmair, apparently not the same as the Wulfmaer 
 ofl. 113. 
 
 7, 156. forheardne, sc gar. 
 
 8> 159- gesyrwed Secg, another Northman, who does 
 not wait for Byrhtnoth to fall, so eager is he to spoil the wounded 
 hero. 
 
 8, 163. bruneccg, one of the epithets for a sword, cf. Beo- 
 wulf I. 1546. As Freeman remarks, the adjective * brown * is 
 commonly applied to a sword in later English ballads. Perhaps it 
 refers to the rust and blood-stains left in order to bear witness to 
 the weapon*s service and age, cf. 1. 47. 
 
 8, 165. 3a he . . . amyrde, * by checking.* 
 8, 169. har hilderinc. In a passage from the Life of 
 Archbishop Oswald, quoted in the Introduction, we are told that 
 Byrhtnoth was * unmindful of the swan-like whiteness of his head.* 
 
 8, 179. ferian is properly speaking the causative of faratiy * to 
 go,* but is here, as in some other instances, apparently used for 
 faran. 
 
 9, 180. The Christian English of this period no doubt regarded 
 the heathen Northmen as in direct league with the devil. Scandi- 
 navia was not wholly converted to Christianity till near the end of 
 the eleventh century, hi refers to sawul, 1. 177. 
 
 9, 186. wurdon is probably a mistake for luurdt^ and beam 
 should be taken as singular and referred to GodriC. 
 
 9, 187. Sone godan, Byrhtnoth. 
 
 9, 190. It was disgraceful enough to flee from the field of 
 battle, but to have used his lord's horse and accoutrements for that 
 purpose would suffice to brand Godric with an ineffaceable stigma. 
 
 9> '93' "Wudu, the holt mentioned in 1. 8. 
 
 9, 194. faesten, perhaps the fortified town of Maldon. 
 
 9, 195-197. These lines show that not merely the common 
 soldiers fled but also many of the leaders. 
 
38 ^OttS 
 
 II, 220. aetT;7itan, survives in *twit.' 
 II, 227. folce, *host,* 'army,' as in 1. 22. 
 
 11, 228. winas, a name applied particularly to the * com- 
 rades, ' ivinemagas, who formed the retinue of a chief, who in turn 
 was also called by them ivincy freaivine, or luinedryhten, Cf. 11. 
 248, 250, 263, 306, and see Beoivulf, Glossary. 
 
 12, 242. scyldburh. See 1. 102 note, and 1. 277. 
 
 12, 249. Sturmere, apparently Leofsunu's home, perhaps the 
 estuary of the river Stour in Essex j cf. SturemuSa, where the 
 Northmen were defeated in 885. 
 
 12, 256. Dunhere, though a ceorlj a freeman of the lowest 
 grade, is here mentioned among his superiors for his conspicuous 
 gallantry. 
 
 13, 265. Note the emphatic se ; cf. 11. 131, 286 notes. 
 
 I3» ^67* ^SCferS was doubtless a hostage who had escaped 
 from the enemy. 
 
 13, 277. braec Sone bordweall, * broke through ' the 
 enemy's ivlghaga, and fought with them hand to hand. 
 
 14, 286. Sone sselidan. See 1. 131 note. 
 
 14, 287. Korner thinks that by Gaddes mSg one of the 
 Northmen is meant, in which case Gaddes mag and iSotie 
 Sielidatl refer to one and the same person. But it is much more 
 likely that Gaddes m»g is another of the English leaders. 
 
 14, 294. This line would have been pregnant with meaning to 
 a contemporary Englishman, personal devotion to his lord, even to 
 death, being the highest ideal of earthly service. 
 
 14,295. borda gebraec. These words mark the beginning 
 of the final stage in the fight, the fierce onslaught of the pirates, 
 confident now of victory. 
 
 14, 300. Wigelines beam, apparently another name for 
 Wist an, JVlgellnes may well be a mistake for WlgelmeSj i. e. 
 JVlghelmes, the letter h being firequently dropped in writing. 
 
 15, 310. Liebermann suggests that eald geneat may mean 
 * true follower.' 
 
 15, 312. The particle Se or ^, used with comparatives, is the 
 instrumental case of the neut. demonstr. pron. Sat j sceal is used 
 absolutely = * shall be. ' 
 
^om 39 
 
 NOTES TO SHORT POEMS FROM THE SAXON 
 CHRONICLE 
 
 The Battle of Brunnanburh 
 
 For an account of this poem see Introduction, p. xiv ff. 
 
 17, 3. Edmund succeeded his half brother on the latter's death 
 in 940. 
 
 17, 5. Brunnanburh {D, hrunanhurh). For the site of the 
 battle see Introduction, p. xv } bordweall, cf. M. 277. 
 
 17, 6. hamera lafum, cf. Beoivulf^ 1. 2829. 
 
 17, 7. Eadweardes, the previous king, son and successor 
 of Alfred the Great 5 swa him . . . cneomagum, * as was 
 natural to them from their lineage.' 
 
 17, 12. dennade. This word occurs nowhere else. The 
 Parker MS. has dcennede, Cott. Tib. B. iv, dennode ; Cott. Tib. 
 B. i has dennade. Evidently we should read Sanode, * became wet,' 
 from San, * wet,' * moist.' The letter S in the original MS. might 
 have easily been miswritten d. From $San is also derived the causa- 
 tive tSanan. 
 
 18, 15. Godes candel, a common poetical name for the sun, 
 cf. Beonvulff 1. 1572, rodores candel. 
 
 18, 22. on last legdon. The more usual expression is 
 l3st or lastas lecgan, * to make tracks,' * journey.* Here the mean- 
 ing is * followed in the tracks of, ' * pursued. ' 
 
 18, 24, mylenscearpum, Aground sharp on a grindstone' 
 (^mylenstan) . Myrce. The Mercians formed part of ^thelstan's 
 army. At this period Mercia included the counties of Cheshire, 
 Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Staffordshire, Here' 
 fordshire, and Oxfordshire. 
 
 18, 26. Anlafe. Anlaf is the English form of the Scandi- 
 navian Olaf. There seem to have been two Olafs present at this 
 battle : Anlaf Cuaran, son of Sitric, ^thelstan's brother-in-law, 
 and Anlaf, son of Godfrey, Sitric' s brother. 
 
 18, 29. ciningas, chiefs of the various armies making com- 
 mon cause against iEthelstan. 
 
40 i^ocesi 
 
 1 8, 31. eorlas. Eorl is the English form of the Norse J^r/. 
 
 18, 33. NorSmanna brego, Anlaf. 
 
 I9> 3^* feaioue may refer to the yellowish brown colour of 
 the shallow coastal waters or of estuaries. 
 
 19, 38. his cySSe, the Highlands of Scotland, where the 
 Scottish settlers from Ireland dwelt. 
 
 19, 42. forslegen, though grammatically agreeing with he 
 (Constantinus) must logically be referred to freonda. 
 
 19) 45- beorn blandenfex, Constantinus. 
 19, 48. beadoweorca and the following genitives are geni- 
 tives of respect with beteran, 
 
 19, 54. Dynges mere has no clear meaning unless we take 
 it to be a proper name, and even then it has yet to be identified. 
 If, however, it means the sea round Dungeness, we have a strong 
 argument in favour of locating Brimanburh in the Humber. See 
 Introduction, pp. xv-xvi. 
 
 20, 63. seftan hwit. A white tail is characteristic of a 
 species of eagle, Aquila albictlla, found in northern latitudes. 
 
 20, 65. Wolves were common in England till much later than 
 this period. In 1281 they are recorded to have been troublesome 
 in several English counties. 
 
 20, 72. Wealas, * the Welsh,' the English name for the 
 Britons. In V. 9, 10, (see p. 26) a distinction seems to be made 
 between Welsh and British. 
 
 II 
 
 Edmund recovers the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw 
 
 20. From the moment of his accession in 940 Edmund met 
 with resistance to his rule in the Danelaw. The Danes there had 
 recovered from their defeat at Brunanburh and ** again called for 
 aid from their kinsmen in Ireland j and on the reappearance of 
 Olaf in the Humber in 941 the Danelaw took fire. The rising 
 was not merely a rising of the Danes north of the Humber, for 
 after twenty years of quiet submission to the English rule even the 
 men of the Five Boroughs now threw off their allegiance and joined 
 their kinsmen in Northumbria in taking Olaf for king " (Green). 
 Edmund and afterwards Edred finally subdued the Northumbrian 
 
and Mercian Danes, who were thenceforward ruled by an Ealdorman 
 appointed by the English king. 
 
 21, 3. Dor. Dore, near Sheffield, one of the boundaries of 
 Mercia. The name meant a * hill ' or * water-parting. * 
 
 21, 4. Hwitanwyllesgeat, the 'Gate (or gap) of the 
 Whitewell,' Whitewell in Derbyshire, another of the boundaries 
 of Mercia. 
 
 21, 5. Burga fife. The Five Boroughs are here mentioned 
 for the first time. They formed the eastern or Danish part of the 
 old kingdom of Mercia, and were not a kingdom but a confederacy, 
 each under its jar/. 
 
 21, 8, 9. Denum. It is better to read Denum than DenCy the 
 reading of the other MSS., which gives no sense, unless we sup- 
 pose NorSmannum to mean * Norwegians.' In this case there 
 may be an allusion to the appointment by King ^thelstan of Eric 
 the Norwegian as King of Northumbria ; but such an interpreta- 
 tion seems far-fetched. Denum, then, is to be regarded as paral- 
 lel to under NorSmannum. 
 
 Ill A 
 Edgar's Coronation 
 
 21. Edgar succeeded his brother Ed wig in 959, when he was six- 
 teen years old. Why then was he not crowned till 973, fourteen 
 years afterwards ? Freeman says this is * one of the most puzzling 
 things in our history.' E. W. Robertson {Essays, pp. 203-215) 
 puts forward the theory that * Edgar's coronation at Bath was a 
 solemn typical enunciation of the consummation of English unity, 
 and inauguration of the King of all the nations of England, cele- 
 brated by the two archbishops. ' 
 
 21, 3. Acemannesceastre. Nothing certain is known as 
 to the origin or meaning of this name. Plummer thinks it possible 
 that the first part may contain the Latin aquee, as the correspond- 
 ing Latin form is Aquamania. 
 
 21, 5. A late MS. (Laud. Misc. 636) resids at HatabaSum^ 
 another form of the name. 
 
 22, 9. There was a monastery at Bath. 
 
42 iIiote« 
 
 III B 
 Edgar's Death, Edward's Accession, &c. 
 
 23, 12. Edward the Martyr was murdered at Corfe in Dorset- 
 shire in 979. The_MS. Laud. Misc. 636 has the following 
 entry : * Her nvas Eadivard cyng ofslagen on afenttde at Corf a 
 geate. ' Corfes geat was a gap in the hills where Corfe castle was 
 built at a later period. 
 
 23, 1 4-1 5. Cyneweard was Abbot of Milton and afterwards 
 Bishop of Wells, of Brytene gewat is thought by Stubbs to 
 signify Cyneweard's death. This view seems to be supported by 
 the expression Surh gecyndne craeft, but if the Bishop's death 
 had been meant we should have expected the writer of the * poem * to 
 use some of the stock phrases he had ready for such occasions, as 
 in the first four lines. Plummer thinks the words of Brytene 
 gewat need mean no more than that Cyneweard * departed from 
 Britain,' possibly to Rome. Professor Earle considers that Cyne- 
 weard may have been the author of the three poems II, III A, and 
 IIIB. 
 
 23, 18. todraefed. In the Life of Oswald, Archbishop of 
 York, there is an account of this * antimonastic reaction in Mercia 
 under Alderman ^If here, ' where it is stated that * the abbots were 
 expelled with their monks, and priests with their wives were brought 
 in.' The movement, which was a popular one, was resisted by 
 ^thelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, and his uncle Byrhtnoth, 
 ealdorman of Essex, who fought and died at Maldon. See Green, 
 Conquest of Engl and ^ p. 352. 
 
 24, 25. Oslac had been appointed ealdorman of Bernicia and 
 Deira in 966. 
 
 24, 26. ganotes baeS. Cf. Beoivulfl. 1861. The gan- 
 net or Solan goose is a large aquatic bird of the pelican family. 
 
 24, 28. For hwaeles eSel Beoivuf has (1. 10) hron-rade. 
 
 24> 32t, 35. The * hunger ' arising from a failure of the har- 
 vest would be closely connected in the popular mind with the ap- 
 pearance of the comet. 
 
jl^otefl? 43 
 
 IV 
 
 Imprisonment and Death of Prince Alfred 
 
 24. King Cnut had designated as King of England after him 
 his younger son by Emma of Normandy, Hardacnut. Harold, his 
 son by an earlier marriage, was to be King of Denmark. When 
 she married Cnut, Emma was the widow of the English King 
 ^thelred, by whom she had two sons, Alfred and Edward, the 
 * .^Ethelings.* Thus there were four claimants to the English suc- 
 cession on Cnut's death. The great earl Godwine, Cnut's all- 
 powerful minister, supported the claims of Hardacnut, for whom 
 Emma, residing at Winchester, the Wessex capital, and protected 
 by Cnut's bodyguard of * huscarls,'' was keeping Wessex. Prince 
 Alfred, for some reason not clearly known, came over to England 
 and started for Winchester on a visit to his mother. The poem 
 relates what befel him and his followers. Popular opinion, led by 
 Leofric, earl of Mercia, was already favourable to Harold, and now 
 grew so exasperated against Godwine by the brutal outrage on the 
 young prince that Harold was elected King in the year following. 
 See Abegg, pp. 1 14-126. 
 
 24, 3 . As Plummer observes, it is unlikely that the question 
 of the succession prompted Alfred's visit to England, seeing that 
 his mother was holding Wessex for his half-brother Hardacnut. 
 
 Earl Godwine was the most powerful of all the English nobles in 
 the reign of Cnut. He had been left as governor of the realm 
 in that King's absence, and was called in documents of the period 
 Secundarius Regis, ' King's Deputy ' or * Viceroy.' 
 
 25, 5. hleoSrode . . . Harolde. This gives the reason 
 why Godwine and the other supporters of Hardacnut' s claims ob- 
 jected to Alfred's visit, which they feared might still further com- 
 plicate the question of succession, the * popular voice pointing to 
 Harold.' 
 
 25, 8. sume hi, * some of them.' 
 
 25, 10. hccttode. Punishment by scalping for repeated 
 theft is mentioned in the laws of Cnut. 
 
 25, 19. lende. The island of Ely, surrounded by fen waters, 
 could only be reached by boat. It was here that Hereward the Wake 
 made his last stand. 
 
44 i^ote« 
 
 V 
 Edward's Death 
 
 26, I. Edward the Confessor was the son of iEthelred and 
 Emma, and brother of the prince Alfred of the last poem. 
 
 26, 9, 10. Walum . . . Bryttum. Bryttum may here 
 mean the people of Strathclyde or of Cornwall. 
 
 26, 17. Edward was educated and lived in Normandy, whose 
 Duke Richard was his mother's brother. 
 
25iIiIiogta}»f>p 
 
 I THE BATTLE OF MALDON 
 
 I MANUSCRIPT 
 
 The unique MS. containing the text of this poem, Cott. Otho A. 
 xii, was destroyed by fire in 173 1. It is described in Wanley's 
 Catalogue as wanting the beginning and end. 
 
 II EDITIONS 
 
 1726. Fortunately this MS. had been printed at Oxford in 1726 
 by Thomas Hearne in his History of Glastonbury, yohannis Cofi' 
 fratris et Monachi Glastoniensis Chronica sive Historia de Rebus 
 Glastoniensibus, pp. 570—577. Hearne's transcript, now our 
 only source for the text of the poem, seems to have been a fair 
 copy of the MS. The missing portions at the beginning and end 
 of the poem can only have amounted to a few lines. 
 
 1834* More than a century elapsed before the poem was again 
 printed by B. Thorpe in his Analecta Anglo- Sax onicaj London, 
 pp. 1 31-141 (revised edition, 1846), since when it has been a 
 favourite with editors of Anglo-Saxon Analecta and Readers. 
 
 R. Wiilker, in his Grundriss %ur Geschichte der angel sac hsisc hen 
 Litter atury 1885, gives a list of such editions of the Battle of 
 Maldon : ■ — 
 
 1835* Collectanea Anglo-Saxonica maximam partem nunc primum 
 edita et vocabulario illustrata a Ludv. Chr. Miiller. Havniae, 
 1835. Pp. 52-62. 
 
 1847* F. W. Ebeling^s Angehdchsisches Lesebuch. Leipzig. Pp. 
 85-93. 
 
 1849. L. Klipstein's -<^«dt/^c/tf -^/7g"/o-&*'o«/V^. New York. Vol. 
 II, pp. 261-279. 
 
 1850. L. Ettmuller*s Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras, 
 ^uedlinburg and Leipzig. Pp. 133-14Q. 
 
46 llBibltograp]^? 
 
 1857. ^^^* Grein's Bibliothek der angehdchsischen Poesie. Gottin- 
 
 gen. Vol. I, pp. 343-35*- 
 1861. M. KlegcT^s y^It- und angelsachsisches Lesebuch. Giessen. 
 
 Pp. 84-94. 
 1876. H.^vftet^s Anglo-Saxon Reader. Oxford. Pp. 133-144. 
 
 (7th ed., 1894. Text revised in 4th ed. , 1884. Pp. 138-148.) 
 z880. K. Korner's Einleitung in das Studium des Angehachsischen. 
 
 2. Teil : Texte. Heilbronn, 1880. Pp. 72-88. 
 1883. R. ^\i\c\i.tr^% Bibliothek der angehdchsischen Poesie, Kassel. 
 
 Vol. I, pp. 358-373- 
 To this list must now be added : — 
 
 1885. W. C. Robinson's Our Early English Literature. Lon- 
 don. 
 
 z888. F. Khige^s Angelsdchsisches Lesebuch. Halle. Pp. 120- 
 127. (2d ed., 1897; 3d ed., 1902. Pp. 132-139.) 
 
 1 89 1. J. W. Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader. New York. Pp. 
 149-159. (3ded., revised, 1894.) 
 
 1897. ^* ■^- Crow's Maldon and Brunnanburh, Boston. Pp. 
 1-12. 
 
 Part of the text is printed in Zupitza's Alt- und mittelenglisches 
 Ubungsbuch (5th ed., 1897; 6th ed., 1902). 
 
 Ill TRANSLATIONS 
 
 English 
 
 1826. Con.yhezre*s Illustrations oj" Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London. 
 
 (Prose, beginning with 1. 17 of the poem.) Pp. xc-xcvi. 
 1885. W. C. Robinson's Early English Literature. London. 
 1887. H. W. Lumsden's article in M<2c»7;7/<z« '5 JW<ag-d;z/«e. 55, 
 
 371 ff. (Reprinted in Cook and Tinker's Select Translations 
 
 from Old English Poetry. Boston, 1902.) 
 1889. J. M. Garnett's Elene, Judith^ Athelstan, etc. Boston. 
 
 (Enlarged edition, 1900.) 
 
 1892. There is an excellent, spirited verse rendering in rhyming 
 couplets of seven feet, by W. R. §ims, in Modern Language 
 Notes, vol. VII, pp. 275-286. 
 
Z902. J. L. Hairs Judith, Phoenix and other Anglo-Saxon Poems 
 Translated, etc. New York, Boston, Chicago. [1902.] 
 
 German 
 
 German versions are to be found in K6rner*s Einleitung, Heil- 
 bronn, 1880, and in U. Zernial's Das Lied -von Byrhtnoth's 
 Fall. Berlin, 1887. 
 
 IV CRITICISM, LANGUAGE, METRE, HISTORY, ETC. 
 
 U. Zernial in the treatise above mentioned gives an analysis of the 
 language of the poem and of the light it throws on contemporary 
 English life, as well as notes on the metre, and an appreciation of 
 its poetical qualities. 
 
 D. Abegg, Zur Enfwicklung der historischen Dichtung bei den 
 Angelsachsen, Strassburg, 1894, discusses in detail the versifica- 
 tion and phraseology of the poem and furnishes tables of words 
 and phrases found also in the older epic poetry. This is an able 
 and suggestive treatise. 
 
 See further Haack, Zeugnisse %ur altenglischen Heldensage, Kiel, 
 1892; J. G. Foster's Judith, etc., Strassburg, 1892; and for 
 metre, Rieger, Die alt- und angelsachsische Verskunst ; Heinzel, 
 Uber den Stil der altgermanischen Poesie (^^ellen und Forschun- 
 gen, Heft X); and Sievers, P. B. Beitrage, X, 209-314,451- 
 520; Altgermanische Metrik, Halle, 1893. 
 
 No thorough examination of the dialect and * grammar * of the 
 poem has yet appeared. 
 
 E. A. Freeman in his Norman Conquest gives a spirited account of 
 the battle of Maldon and a paraphrase of the poem. For Byrht- 
 noth's life and his connection with Ramsay and Ely, all that is 
 known is brought together with much erudition and critical 
 acumen by F. Liebermann in his article Zur Geschichte Byrht- 
 noths {^Archi'v filr das Studium der neueren Sprachen, vol. 1 01, 
 p. 15) where various points connected with the poem are inci- 
 dentally discussed. Compare also Freeman, N. C., vol. I, and 
 C. Plummer, Tivo of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, vol. II, 
 
 P- 175- 
 The Histories of Ramsay and Ely, containing accounts of Byrht- 
 
 >' or THf ^ ^ 
 
 UHIVERSITY I 
 
48 ilBibliograpl)^ 
 
 noth*s visits to the monasteries and his death, are printed in vol. 
 III. of Thomas Gale's Historia Britannka Scriptores. 
 The Life of Ostuald is printed in The Historians of the Church of 
 Torkj by J. Raine. 
 
 II SHORT POEMS FROM THE SAXON 
 CHRONICLE 
 
 I MANUSCRIPTS 
 
 These poems occur in the various MSS. of the Chronicle, now six 
 in number. A seventh formerly existed, Cott. Otho B xi, but 
 it was burnt in 1 731. Its text is preserved in Wheloc's edition. 
 
 The extant MSS. are : — 
 
 1. The Parker MS., in the library of Corpus Christi College, 
 Cambridge, belonging originally to Christ Church, Canterbury. 
 Written in various hands. From 892 to 1 001 the entries are 
 almost contemporary. Ends 1070. 
 
 2. Cott. Tib. A vi, in the British Museum, like all the other 
 extant Cotton MSS. This is also a Canterbury MS., but had its 
 origin in the Abbey of Abingdon, in Berkshire. Written about 
 1000 in one hand. Ends 977. 
 
 3. Cott. Tib. B i, also came originally from Abingdon. Writ- 
 ten in several hands. The last part perhaps contemporary, or 
 written soon after the events. Ends 1066. 
 
 4. Cott. Tib. B iv. In various hands ; written towards the 
 end of the eleventh century, probably at Evesham in Worcester- 
 shire. Ends 1080. 
 
 5. Laud 636, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Originally from 
 Peterborough. Written in the first half of the twelfth century, 
 in several hands. Ends 1 154. 
 
 6. Cott. Domit. A viii., from Canterbury. Written, in one 
 hand, towards end of eleventh century. Ends 1058, where the 
 MS. is mutilated. 
 
 Poems I [Batt/e of Brunnanburh^ and II are found in MSS. I, 
 ^*» 3> 4 5 Ilia and Illb in I, 2*, 3 j IV and V in 3*, 4. 
 
115ibUograpl)B 49 
 
 The tejft of the present edition is based on the MS. marked in 
 each case with an asterisk. For further details of the MSS. of 
 the Chronicle and a discussion of their relations to each other 
 and their archetypes, consult Plummer, vol. II, Introduction. 
 
 II EDITIONS 
 
 These songs have been printed in the various editions of the Chron- 
 icle. Three may be mentioned : — 
 
 1643. A. Wheloc, Historic Ecclesiastic a gentis Anglorum lihri 
 V. Cantabrigise, MDCXLIII. 
 
 1 86 1. B. Thorpe, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London (containing 
 the text of all the MSS.). 
 
 1 892- 1 899. C. Plummer, Tivo of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, 
 ivith Supplementary Extracts from the Others. Two vols. Ox- 
 ford, 1892 (Text), and 1899 (Introduction and Notes). 
 
 The Battle of Brunnanburh, the best known of these poems, has 
 also been frequently reprinted in histories of English literature 
 and in Anglo-Saxon Readers. 
 
 For a list of such editions see Wiilker's Grundriss, to which add, 
 as noted above, p. 46, F. Kluge, Lesebuch, ist ed., pp. 118- 
 1 20 ; 3d ed., pp. 1 30-1 32. J. W. Bright, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 
 pp. 146-148. W. C. Robinson, Introduction. C. L. Crow, 
 Maldon and Brunnanburh, pp. 1 3-1 7. 
 
 The other poems have been less often printed; they are to be 
 found in Robinson's edition. The various readings of the MSS. 
 and editors' emendations will be found in Grein-Wiilcker's Bib^ 
 liothek, vol. I, pp. 374-388. 
 
 Ill TRANSLATIONS 
 
 Translations into English of the B. of B. are numerous j a few 
 
 may be here noted : — 
 B. Thorpe, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, vol. II. 
 Sharon Turner, History of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. III. 
 H. Morley, English Writers, vol. I. 
 J. Garnett, Elene, Athelstan and Byrhtnoth Translated, 
 
50 31BibUograp|i5 
 
 Tennyson's Works, vol. VII, p. 187 ff. 
 
 W. C. Robinson, Our Early English Literature. 
 
 J. L. Hall, Judith, Phoenix, etc. 
 
 There are German versions in Ettmiiller's Scopes Vidsidh, 1839 ; 
 Korner's Einleitung, 1880 j also in B. ten Brink's Geschichte 
 der englischen Literatur, vol. I. There is a Danish trans, by J, 
 Steenstrup, Normannerne, III. 
 
 The smaller poems are also translated in Robinson's edition. 
 
 IV CRITICISM, HISTORY, ETC. 
 
 L. Abegg, Zur Entivick/ung der historischen Dichtung bet den An- 
 gelsachsen, deals in detail with the versification and language of 
 these poems as well as of the Battle of Maldon, and examines 
 their connection with the earlier epic poetry. 
 
 T. G. Foster, Judith, Studies, etc., pp. 100-103. 
 
 Plummer's edition of the Chronicle contains in vol. II a mass 
 of varied and interesting information on the persons and places 
 mentioned in the song-s. 
 
 J. R. Green's Conquest of England should be read for an account 
 of the events that led up to the Battle of Brunanburh. 
 
 The site of the battle is discussed by Plummer ; in the Athenaum, 
 Nos. 3016, 3017, 3020, 3023 ; the Antiquary, vol. XII, 168, 
 a86 ; in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, Vol. V 
 (1889); and in the Deutsche Zeitschrift fUr Geschichtsivisseri' 
 schaft, vol. VI, 161. 
 
 Ill SONGS IN IRREGULAR METRE 
 
 These songs are printed in the editions of the Anglo-Saxon Chron- 
 icle, and are discussed by Abegg, op. cit. ,• by H. Trautmann in 
 Anglia, vol. II, pp. 166-173, ^"^ vol. VII, Anzeiger 211 ff. ; 
 and by F. Kluge in P. B. Beitrdge, vol. IX, 422, Zur Geschichte 
 des Reimes im Altgermanischen, 
 
dEflojijJart 
 
 [The order of words is strictly alphabetical, ae coming between 
 ad and af, but initial "S following t. Both "5 and J> are represented 
 by "S in all cases. Roman numerals indicate the class of ablaut 
 verbs ; wk. i, etc., that of the weak verbs ; rd., the reduplicating ; 
 prp., the preteritive present verbs; anv., the anomalous verbs. 
 When the designations of mood and tense are omitted, 'ind. pres.' 
 is to be understood, unless some other designation has just pre- 
 ceded; when of mood only, supply * ind. * if no other has pre- 
 ceded, otherwise the latter.] 
 
 aivay, pp. adrsefed, iiib. 
 
 24. 
 sSfre, adv., e'uer^ at any 
 
 time, M. 271, i. 66, 
 aeftan, adv., from behind^ 
 
 i. 63. 
 sefter, prep. w. d,, after ^ 
 
 M. 65. 
 Igghwilc, pron. , each^ 
 
 every, nsm. M. 234. 
 §5gSer, i) pron. each (of 
 
 tviro), either, M. 133. 2) 
 
 conj., geg['5]er . . . and, 
 
 both . . . and, M. 224. 
 ielc, pron., each, every, 
 
 asn. iv, 16. 
 d§nig, pron., any, nsm. M. 
 
 70; nsf. M. 195. 
 ser, i) adv., before, M. 60, 
 
 9, adv., airways, ever, M. 
 3i5» V. 15. 
 
 abeodan, 11. w, d., an- 
 nounce, pret. 3 s. ahead, 
 M. 27 ; imper. 2s. abeod, 
 M. 49. 
 
 abrSoSan, 11., fail, opt. 
 3 s. abreo'Se, M. 242. 
 
 ac, conj., but, M. 82, 252, 
 etc. 
 
 acwellan, wk. i, slay, 
 pret. 3 s. acwealde, iv. 
 8 ; pp. npm. iv. 15. 
 
 acweccan, wk. i, shake, 
 pret. 3s. acwehte, M. 
 
 ^£5> 310. 
 adrsefan, wk. i, drive 
 
52 
 
 «lo00ari? 
 
 158, etc. ; comp. seror, 
 ii. 9; sup. «rost, M. 1245 
 «rest, M. 186 ; ^a . . . 
 «rest, as soon as, M. 5. 
 2) conj., before-, w. opt. 
 M. 61, 279, 300. 
 
 iSrende, n., errand, mes- 
 sage, as. seraende, M. 28. 
 
 aernan, wk. 1, make to run, 
 gallop, pret. 3 p. aer[n]- 
 don, M. 191. [Causative 
 from ternan.'\ 
 
 »s, n., carrion, gs. seses, 
 M. 107, i. 63. 
 
 sesc, m., spear of ash mjood, 
 as. M. 43, 310. 
 
 a&schere, m., spear army, 
 (Danish) army, M. 69. 
 
 aescholt, n., ash spear- 
 shaft, as. M. 230. 
 
 aet, prep. w. d., i) at, in, 
 M. 81, 119, 145, 212, 
 iv. 24 ; aet ^sere [ISearfe] , 
 M. 201 ; cf. M. 307 ; aet 
 hilde, M. 48, 55, 123, 
 223, 288 ; aet gu^e, M. 
 285, i. 44 ; aet sace, i. 
 42 ; cf. i. 4 ; aet campe, 
 i. 8 ; aet ^am wigplegan, 
 M. 268 5 aet "Sam wige, 
 M. 10 ; aet getohte, M. 
 104. i^from, M. 39. 
 
 stforan, prep. w. d., in 
 front ^ M. 1 6. 
 
 aeSele, adj., noble, nsm. M. 
 
 280 ; wk. ae'Sela, v. 24 ; 
 
 nsf. aeWe, i. 16 ; dsm. 
 
 ae'Selum, v. 13, 315 asm. 
 
 aetJelne, v. 27 ; wk. 
 
 aetSelan, M. 151. 
 seSeling) m., nobleman, 
 
 prince, i. 3, 585 iv. i, 16. 
 seSelo, f., noble birth, de- 
 scent, as, M. 216. 
 aetsomne, adv., together, i. 
 
 _ 57. 
 
 aetterne, adj., .poisoned, 
 
 nsm. M. 146 ; asm. «t- 
 
 trynne, M. 47. 
 aetwitan, i., reproach, M. 
 
 220, 250. 
 aetywan, wk. i, sho^w, pp. 
 
 aetywed, iiib. 29. 
 iiwiscm5d, adj., humili- 
 ated, defeated, npm. 
 
 sewiscmode, i. 56. 
 afeallan, rd., fall, pp. 
 
 afeallen, M. 202. 
 aflyman, wk. i, put to 
 
 flight, pret. 3 s. aflymde, 
 
 M. 243. 
 afyllan, wk. 1, fell, bring 
 
 loiv, pp. afylled, i. 67, 
 
 iiib. 18. 
 afysan, wk. i, cause to 
 
 hasten, dri^e aiJuay, M. 
 
 3. [fus.] 
 agSlan, wk. I w. g., neg- 
 
tfilofifiiar^ 
 
 53 
 
 led, pret. 3 s. agaelde, 
 
 V. 33- 
 
 agan, prp., oijun, hwve, 
 upgang agan, be allo^wed 
 to approach, M. 87 ; is. 
 ah, M. 175 J pret. 3s. 
 ahte, M. 189. 
 
 agangan, rd., go by, elapse, 
 pp. agangen, iiia. 10. 
 
 agyfan, v., gi've, pret. 3s. 
 ageaf, M. 44 ; pp. agy- 
 fen, M. 116. 
 
 ahebban, vi., raise, lift, 
 pret. 3 s. ahof, M. 130, 
 244 ; 3 p. ahofon, M. 
 213; pp. ahafen, M. 106. 
 
 Shte, see agan. 
 
 aiernan, iii. , run by, elapse, 
 pp. aumen, iiia. 16. 
 
 aldor, m., lord, iiib. 12. 
 
 alyfan, wk. 1, allo^w, M. 
 j>o. 
 
 alysan, wk. i, release, 
 pret. 3 s. alysde, ii. 11. 
 
 amyrran, wk. i, check, re- 
 strain, pret. 3 s. amyrde, 
 M. 165. 
 
 an, adj., one, asm. anne, 
 M. 117, 226 ; wk. nsm. 
 ana, alone, only, M. 94. 
 
 and, (ond,) conj., and-, 
 passim ; always abbrevi- 
 ated in the form t, except 
 once, on[d], iiia. ao. 
 
 andlang, adj., asm. and- 
 
 langne daeg, the 'whole 
 
 day long, i. 21. 
 andswaru, f., ans^wer, as. 
 
 andsware, M. 44. 
 angin, n., beginning, enter^ 
 
 prise, M. 242. 
 anrsed, adj., resolute, nsm. 
 
 M. 44, 132. 
 ar, m., messenger, M. 26. 
 arhwset, adj., eager for 
 
 glory, gallant, npm. ar- 
 
 hwate, i. 73. 
 asceacan, vi., shake, pret. 
 
 3s. asceoc, M. 230. 
 asecgan, wk. 3, say, pret, 
 
 3s. assede, M. 198. 
 aswebban, wk. i, put to 
 
 sleep, kill, pp. npm. 
 
 aswefede, i. 30. 
 aurnen, see Siernan. 
 
 B. 
 
 baec, n., back; as. ofer 
 
 baec, back, M. 276. 
 baeS, n., bath, as. iiib. 26. 
 baldlice, adv., boldly, M. 
 
 3 1 1 5 sup. baldlicost, M. 
 
 78. 
 bana, wk. m., slayer, M. 
 
 299. 
 be, prep. w. d., i)by, near, 
 
 M. 152, 318, 319; big, 
 
54 
 
 &\066m 
 
 M. 182. %) by, according 
 
 to; be naman, by name, 
 
 iiib. 32 ; be ^am, there- 
 by, M. 9. 
 beadu, f., battle, ds. bea- 
 
 duwe, M. 185. 
 beaduraes, m., onslaught, 
 
 M. III. 
 beaduweorC) n., nxjarlike 
 
 deed, gp. beadoweorca, 
 
 i. 48. 
 biagy m., ring, collar, 
 
 bracelet, ap. beagas, M. 
 
 31, 160. 
 beahgifa, wk. m., ring- 
 
 giver, patron, iiib. 10 ; 
 
 beaggifa, i. 2 5 as. beah- 
 
 gifan, M. 290. 
 bealuleaS) adj., harmless, 
 
 innocent, nsm. v. 15. 
 beam, n., cHild, M. 92, 
 
 209, etc.; np. M. 186, 
 
 iiia. 7, iiib. 4. 
 becuman, iv., come, pret. 
 
 3s. becom, v. 22, 25 ; 
 
 3p. becomon, M. 58. 
 befaestan, wk. i, entrust, 
 
 pret. 3s. befaeste, v. 29. 
 beforaii) prep. w. d., be- 
 fore, i. 67. 
 bSgen, pron., both, M. 1 82, 
 
 191, 291, 305; i. 57. 
 begietan, v., occupy, pret. 
 
 3 p. begeaton, i. 73. 
 
 behindan, prep. w. d., be- 
 hind, i. 60. 
 
 bene, f., bench, ds. bence, 
 M. 213. 
 
 bendan, wk. i, bind, put 
 in bonds, pret. 3s. bende, 
 iv. 9. 
 
 b5on, anv., be, M. 185 5 
 IS. eom, M. 179, 3175 
 2S. eart, M, 36 ; 3s. is, 
 M. 31, etc.; pret. is. 
 waes, M. 217, 3s. M. 
 23, etc.; neg. naes, M. 
 325; pi. wseron, M. no, 
 etc.; opt. pres. 3s. sy, 
 M. 215 ; pret. 3s, waere, 
 M. 19s, 240, iv. 5. 
 
 beorgan, in. w. d., pro-' 
 tect, 5a<ve, pret. 3 p. 
 burgon, M. 194. 
 
 beorht, adj., bright, nsf. i, 
 
 15- 
 beorn, m., man, i. 45 5 
 gs. beornes, M. 131, 
 160; ds. beorne, M. 154, 
 245; as. beorn, M. 270 5 
 np. beornas, M. 92, 
 III, 182, iii a. 5 ;^ gp. 
 beorna, M. 257, i. 2, 
 iii b. 10 ; dp. beomum, 
 M. loi ; ap. beornas, 
 M. 17, 62, 277, 305, 
 
 bSot, n., boast, as. M. 15, 
 
55 
 
 213; o^ beot, boastfully y 
 
 M. 27. 
 bSotian, wk. 2, boast, pret. 
 
 3s. beotode, M. 290. 
 beran, iv., bear, carry, M. 
 
 12, 62 5 pret. 3 p. bseron, 
 
 M. 99 ; opt. pret. 3 p. 
 
 beron, M. Sy, 
 berSafian, wk. 2, depri<ve, 
 
 pp. bereafod, Hi b. 28 ,• 
 
 w. d., V. 16. 
 berstan, iii., burst, be 
 
 broken, pret. 3 s. basrst, 
 
 M. 284. 
 bestandan, vi., stand by, 
 
 pret. 3 p. bestodon, M. 
 
 68. 
 beswicaii) i., deceive, pp. 
 
 apm. beswicene, M. 238. 
 betera, adj., comp. of god, 
 
 better, nsn. betere, M. 
 
 31 ; npm. beteran, i. 
 
 48 (w. g. of respect). 
 bewegan, v., kill, pp. be- 
 
 [ we] gen, M. 183. 
 bewerian, wk. 2, guard, 
 
 protect, pret. 3 s. bewe- 
 
 rode, V. 24. 
 biddan, v., ask, pray ; 
 
 order, bid, pret. 3s. baed, 
 
 M. 20, 128, 170, 257 ; 
 
 3p. baedon, M. 87, 262, 
 
 306. 
 big, see be. 
 
 bill, n., tnvo-edged snvord, 
 as. M. 162 ; dp. billum, 
 M. 114. 
 
 billgeslyht, n., striking 
 nvith sivords, battle, gs. 
 billgeslyhtes, i. 45. 
 
 bindan, iii., bind, pp. asm. 
 gebundenne, iv. 18. 
 
 bisceop, m., bishop-, iiib. 
 14. 
 
 biter, adj., fierce, dire, 
 nsm. M. Ill ; wk. se 
 bitera, v. 26 ; apm. 
 bitere, M. 85. 
 
 blandenfex, adj., grey- 
 haired, old, nsm. i. 45. 
 
 blendan, wk. i, blind, de- 
 stroy the sight of, pret. 3 s. 
 blende, iv. 9, 19. 
 
 blind, adj., blind, asm. 
 blindne, iv. 20. 
 
 blis, f., joy, ns. iiia. 5 5 as. 
 blisse, iiib. 36. 
 
 blissian, wk. 2, rejoice, opt. 
 prs. 3 p. blission, iv. 14. 
 
 bliSe, i) adj. joyful, glad, 
 comp. bli^ra, M. 146. 
 2) 2Av,, joyfully, iv. 14. 
 
 bliSemod, adj., merry, 
 gladsome, nsm. v. 15. 
 
 blodig, adj., bloody, blood- 
 stained, asm. bl5digne, 
 M. 154. 
 
 b5c, f., book, np. bee, i. 68. 
 
56 
 
 €>lo0«ar^ 
 
 boda, wk. m., messenger, 
 en^oy, ns. M. 49. 
 
 boga, wk. m., bo^w, np. 
 bogan, M. no. 
 
 bord, n., shield^ ns. M. 
 no 5 gs. bordes, M. 1845 
 as. bord, M. 15, 42, 131, 
 
 *45> 270, 309 5 gP- 
 
 borda, M. 295 5 dp. 
 
 bordum, M. loi ; ap. 
 
 bord, M. 62, 283. 
 bordweall, m., ^wall of 
 
 shields, as. M. 277, i. 
 
 5 [cf. Beonvulf 31 18, 
 
 ^scildweall']. 
 bosm, m., bosom, ds. 
 
 bosme, i. 27. 
 brad) adj., broad, asm. wk. 
 
 brada[n], ii. 5 ; asn. 
 
 brad, M. 15, 163 ; apn. 
 
 brade, i. 71. 
 brecan, iv., break, break 
 
 through, pret. 3s.braec, M. 
 
 277 ; pp. brocen, M. i. 
 bregdan, 111,, pluck, draiv, 
 
 pret. 3s. br«d, M. 154, 
 
 162. 
 brego, m., leader, chief, ns. 
 
 i. 33, iiib. 36. 
 brSme, adj., illustrious, gs. 
 
 bremes, iiia. 12. 
 breost, n., breast, dp. 
 
 breostum, M. 144, iiib. 
 
 20. 
 
 bricg, f., bridge, gangivay, 
 as. bricge, M. 74, 78. 
 
 bricgweard, m., bridge- 
 guard, ap. bricgweardas, 
 M. 85. 
 
 brim, m. n., sea, ivaier, 
 np. brymmas, v. 12 ; ap. 
 brimu, i. 71. 
 
 brimliSend, m., sea-farer, 
 gp. brimli^endra, M. 27. 
 
 brimmann, m., sea-man, 
 sea-farer, np. brimmen, 
 M. 295; gp. brimmanna, 
 M. 49. 
 
 brimstream, m., sea- 
 stream, estuary, as. ii. 5. 
 
 bringan, wk. i irreg., 
 bring, pret. 3 s. brohte, 
 iv. 20 (cf. Siev. Gr.3 
 407 n. 15). 
 
 broSor, m., brother, ns. 
 M. 282, i. 2; np. bro- 
 ^ru, M. 191. 
 
 brucan, 11. w. g., enjoy, i. 
 63. 
 
 bruneccg, adj., broivn- 
 edged, asn. M. 163 [cf. 
 Beo<uuulf i^^S']. 
 
 brytnian, wk. 2, distribute, 
 pret. 3s. britnod [e] , v. 7 j 
 3 p. bry[t]nodan, v. 21. 
 
 bryttigean, wk. 2, dispose 
 of, enjoy, i. 60. 
 
 bugan, II., turn, retire, M. 
 
^lOifiBTS 
 
 57 
 
 276 ; pret. 3 p. bugon, 
 M. 185. 
 
 burg, f., ^walled tonjuriy ds. 
 byrig, iii a. 3; as. burh, 
 M. 291; gp. burga, ii. 5. 
 
 burSen, m., chamberlain^ 
 ds. bur^ene, M. 121. 
 
 butan, i) prep. w. d., <with- 
 outy iv. 15. 2) conj., ex- 
 cept, butan hwa . . . ge- 
 name, M. 71 ; but, iiia. 
 
 byldan, wk. i, embolden, 
 encourage, opt. 3 s. bylde, 
 M. 234. 
 
 byre, m., son, ns. v. 10. 
 
 byre, m., occasion, oppor- 
 tunity, as. M. 121. 
 
 byrigan, wk. i, bury, pret. 
 3s. byrigde, iv. 22. 
 
 byrnan, iii., burn, pres. p. 
 byrnende, iiib. 20. 
 
 byrne, wk. f., corslet, ns. 
 M. 144, 284 ; as. byr- 
 nan, M. 163. 
 
 bysig, adj.,. busy, npm. by- 
 sige, M. 1 10. 
 
 caf, adj., active, bold, asm. 
 cafne, M. j6. 
 
 Caflice, adv. , acti'uely, bold- 
 ly M. 153. 
 
 camp, m., fight, ds. campe, 
 
 i. 8. 
 campstede,m., battle-field, 
 
 ds. i. 29, 49. 
 candel, f., candle, lamp, 
 
 ns. Godes candel, the sun, 
 
 i. 15. 
 ceald, adj., cold, asn. cald 
 
 M. 91, npm. ceald [e], 
 
 V. 12. 
 ceallian, wk. 2, shout, 
 
 M. 91. [O. W. Scand. 
 
 kalla.-] 
 cegean, wk. i, call, name, 
 
 pres. 3 p. cegea'S, iiia. 7. 
 cellod, adj., boat-shaped, 
 
 hollo^w, asn. M. 283. 
 cempa, wk. m., ^warrior, 
 
 ns. M. 119. 
 cene, adj., bold, nsm. M. 
 
 215 ; npm. M. 283 ; 
 
 comp. nsf. cenre, M. 
 
 312. 
 ceorl, xn.,free man of loiv- 
 
 est rank, churl, ns. M. 
 
 256 } ds. ceorle, M. 132. 
 ceosan, 11., choose, pret. 
 
 3s. ceas, iiib. 2. 
 cild, n., child, ns. iiib. 11. 
 cing, m., king, ns. i. i, 
 
 35, 58 5 ii. I, iii b. 2 5 
 
 cining, ii. 13; kyningc, 
 
 V. 23 ; kyng, v. 15 ; 
 
 kingc, V. I 5 gs. cinges, 
 
58 
 
 €>lo0«arB 
 
 in a. 12, iv. 2 ; ds. 
 
 kinge, iii a. 2, v. 13 ; 
 
 np. ciningas, i. 29. 
 clsenC) adj., cleany pure, 
 
 nsm. V. 23. 
 cleofan, 11., splity pret. 
 
 3p. clufon, M. 283, -an, 
 
 i. 5. 
 clypian, wk. 2, r^// out, 
 
 pret. 3 s. clypode, M. 
 
 cnear, m. j/^z^// j^z/>, gal- 
 ley, ns. i. 35. [O. Dan. 
 knarr. ] 
 
 cneowmseg, m., kinsman, 
 dp. cneomagum, i. 8. 
 
 cniht, m., youth, servant, 
 ns. M. 9, 153. 
 
 cometa, m., comet, as. iiib. 
 
 corSer, n., multitude, com- 
 pany of men, ds. cortSre, 
 iiia. 2. 
 
 crseft, m., skill, as. iiib. 15. 
 
 crseftgleaw, adj., skilled, 
 learned, npm. craeft- 
 gleawe, iiib. 32. 
 
 craeftig, adj., skilled, nsm. 
 craeftig rseda, skilled in 
 counsel, v. 5. 
 
 cringan, iii., fall, perish, 
 inf. crin[c]gan, M. 292 5 
 pret. 3p. crungon, i. 10 ; 
 cruncon, M. 302. 
 
 crfidan, 11., press, hasten, 
 
 pret. 3s. cread, i. 35. 
 cuman, iv., come, pret. 3s. 
 
 com, M. 65, i. 37, iv. 
 
 I } 3p. comon, iv. 12 ; 
 
 pp. cumen, M. 104. 
 cumbolgehnast, n., clash 
 
 of standards, battle, gs. 
 
 cumbolgehnastes, i. 49. 
 cunnian, wk. 2, pro^e, test, 
 
 M. 215. 
 cweiSan, v., say, pret. 3s. 
 
 cwae'S, M. 211, 255. 
 cynerice, n., kingdom, ds. 
 
 iiib. II. 
 cyn, n., kin, clan ,• ns. 
 
 kynn, v. 1 8 j gs. cynnes, 
 
 M. 217, 266 ; ds. cynne, 
 
 M. 76. 
 cyrm, m., noise, shouting, 
 
 ns. M. 107. 
 
 dsd, f., deed, ns. iv. 11 ; 
 dp. dsedum, v. 33. 
 
 dsedfruma, wk. m., doer of 
 deeds, hero, ns. ii. 3. 
 
 dseg, m., day, ds. daege, 
 iiia. 6 5 as. daeg, i. 21, 
 iiia. 8, iiib. 9 j on daeg, 
 one day, once, M. 198. 
 
 daegweorc, n., daf s ivork, 
 gs. daegweorces, M. 148. 
 
&lossatis 
 
 59 
 
 daelan, wk. i, deal out, opt, 
 
 pres. I p. hilde dselon, 
 
 fight, M. 33. 
 daro6) m., spear, ja^velin, 
 
 as. M. 149, 255 J gp. 
 
 daro'Sa, i. 54. 
 deaS) m., death, ns. v. 26. 
 dennade, see Sanian. 
 deop, adj., deep, asn. i. 
 
 55. 
 deor, n., animal, as. i. 64. 
 deore, adv., cruelly, v. 26. 
 deore, adj., dear, beloved, 
 
 instr. ns. v. 19. 
 deorm5d, 2^^),, fierce-heart- 
 
 ed, nsm. iiib. 24. 
 derian, wk. 1 w. d., 
 
 harm, M. 70. 
 dom, T[\., judgment, discre- 
 tion, as. M. 385 ^/<?ry, 
 
 M. 129. 
 d5n, anv., do, pret. 3 s. 
 
 dyde, M. 280 ; pp. 
 
 ged5n, iv. 11. 
 dream, m.<, bliss, joy, ap. 
 
 dreamas, iiib. i. 
 dreng, m., •warrior, gp. 
 
 drenga, M. 149. [O. W. 
 
 Scand. drengr.'\ 
 dreorig, adj., bloody, nsf. 
 
 i- 54. 
 dreorlic,adj.,^/oo^, comp. 
 
 nsf. dreorlicre, iv. 11. 
 drihten, m.. Lord, ns. M. 
 
 148, i. I ; gs. drihtnes, 
 
 i. 16. 
 dugan, prp., a'vail, suffice, 
 
 pres. 3s. deah, M. 48. 
 duguS, f., benefit, ds. du- 
 
 gu^e, M. 197. 
 dyre, adj., dear, belo<ved, 
 
 nsm. ii. 3. 
 
 ea, f., river, as. ii. 4. 
 eac, conj., also, M. 11, i. 
 
 19, iii a. 4 ; and . . . 
 
 eac, i. 2 ; swilce . . . 
 
 eac, i. 30, ii. 7 j ec, iv. 
 
 4; 
 eadig, adj., blessed, dsm. 
 
 wk. eadgan, iiia. 6. 
 eafora, wk. m., child, ns. 
 
 ii. 13, iiia. 17 ; ds. eafo- 
 
 ran, i. 52 ; np. i. 7. 
 [eahta], num., eight, v. 
 
 20. 
 eahtoSa, num., eighth, as. 
 
 eahto'San, iiib. 9. 
 eald, adj., old, nsm. M. 
 
 310, i. 46 ; wk. mm 
 
 ealda faeder, M. 218 ; 
 
 dsf. wk. ealdan, iiia. 3 ; 
 
 npm. ealde, i. 69 ; apn. 
 
 M. 47. 
 ealdor, m., chief, lord, ns. 
 
 M. 202, 222, 314 5 gs. 
 
6o 
 
 i3lO&6W^ 
 
 ealdres, M. 53 ; ds. 
 ealdre, M. 11. 
 ealdorlang, adj., e'verlast- 
 ing, asm. ealdorlangne, i. 
 
 3- 
 
 ealdorman, m., chief y mag- 
 istrate, ns. M. 219. 
 
 ealgian, wk. 2, defend, 
 pret. 3 pi. ealgodan, i. 9. 
 
 eall, adj., all, nsm. M. 
 314; nsn. V. 13,- asf. 
 ealle, M. 304, v. 31 5 
 npm. M. 63, 203, 207 ; 
 gp. ealra, M. 174 ; dp. 
 eallum, M. 216, 233, iii 
 a. 6} apm. ealle, M. 231, 
 238, 320 ; apf. M. 196. 
 
 eard, m., native place, 
 home, ds. earde, iiib. 25, 
 iv. II ; as. eard, M. 53, 
 58, 222, i. 73. 
 
 eargebland) m., turmoil of 
 nva'ves, surge, as. i. 26. 
 
 earh, adj., conjuardly, nsm. 
 M. 238. 
 
 earm, m., arm, as. M. 165. 
 
 earmlice, adv., pitiably, iv. 
 
 15- 
 earn, m., eagle, ns. M. 
 
 107 ; as. i. 63. 
 eart, see beon. 
 eastan, 2i&v.,from the east, 
 
 i. 69. 
 easte3, n., ri^er-bank, ds. 
 
 easte'Se, M. 63. [ea- 
 stag's. ] 
 
 ebba, wk. m., ebb-tide, ds. 
 ebban, M. 65. 
 
 ec, see eac. 
 
 ece, adj., eternal, gsm. eces, 
 i. 16. 
 
 ecg, f., edge, blade, ns., M. 
 60 5 dp. ecgum, i. 68 ; 
 ecggum, i. 4. 
 
 efstan, wk. i, hasten, pret. 
 3p. efston, M. 206. 
 
 eft, adv., again, after- 
 awards, M. 201, etc. 5 
 eft ongean, once again, 
 M. 49, 156. 
 
 egbuend, m., island-dnvell- 
 er, np. iii a. 4; gp. 
 egbuendra, iiib. 37. 
 
 egland, n., island, ds. 
 eglande, i. 66, 
 
 ellen, n., courage, as. M. 
 211. 
 
 embe, prep. w. a., i) near, 
 M. 249, i. 5 ; aefre embe 
 stunde, e'ver and anon, 
 M. 271. 2) concerning, 
 ymbe, M. 214. 
 
 engel, m., angel, np. 
 englas, v. 27; gp. engla, 
 M. 178, iiib. 36. 
 
 eode, see gan. 
 
 eoh, m., ^war-horse, char- 
 ger, as. M. 189. 
 
Moa^avs 
 
 6i 
 
 com, see bSon. 
 eoredcyst, f., troop, dp. 
 
 eoredcystum, i. 21. 
 eorl, m., ckief, earl, ns. 
 
 M. 6, 51, 89, 132, 146, 
 
 5^03, 233, iv. 3 ; gs. 
 
 eorles, M. 165; ds. eorle, 
 
 M. 28, 159, V. 31 ; np. 
 
 eorlas, i. 31, 73 ; gp. 
 
 eoria, i. 1, iiib. 12. [Cf. 
 
 Scand. jar 1. 2 
 eornoste, adv., earnestly, 
 
 desperately, M. 281. 
 eorSe, wk. f., earth; gs. 
 
 eor'San, iii b. i, 37; ds. 
 
 M. 107, 126, 157, 233, 
 
 286, 303; as. V. 17. 
 eSel, m., onjon country, 
 
 home, as. M. 52, iii b. 
 
 28, V. 24. 
 eSelturf, f., nati've coun- 
 try, territory, ds. e^el- 
 
 tyrf, iiib. 6. 
 
 faeder, m., father, ns. M. 
 
 218. 
 faege, adj., fated, doomed, 
 
 nsm. M. 119 ; gsm. 
 
 fseges, M. 297 ; dsm. 
 
 wk. fsigean, M. 125 ; 
 
 npm. fjege, M. 105, i. 
 
 faegere, adv., nobly, ivelly 
 
 M. 22. 
 faehS, i., feud, hostility, as. 
 
 faeh^e, M. 225. 
 fsersceaSa, wk. m., sudden 
 
 (dangerous^ foe, ds. fjer- 
 
 scea'San, M. 142. 
 faeste, 2i<iY., firmly, steadily, 
 
 M. 21, 103, 171, 301. 
 faesten, n., fastness, for- 
 
 tress, as. M. 194. 
 faestlice, 2.&v., firmly, reso- 
 lutely, M. 82, 254. 
 faestnian, wk. 2, confirm, 
 
 M. 35. 
 faran, vi., go, M. 88, 156. 
 feallan, rd., fall, perish, 
 
 M. 54, 105 ; pret. 3s. 
 
 feoll, M. 119, 166, 286 5 
 
 feoi, M. 126, 303 ; 3p. 
 
 f eoUon, M. 1 1 1 ; f eoUan, 
 
 i. 12. 
 fealo, adj., yellonv, pale 
 
 bro^wn, asm. fealone, i. 
 
 36. 
 fealohilte, adj., njuith yel- 
 
 loiv or golden hilt, nsn. 
 
 M. 166. 
 fela, adj. w. g., indecl., 
 
 much, many, M. 73, 90; 
 
 feala, iiib. 18. 
 feld, m., field, ns. i. 12; 
 
 ds. felda, M. 241. 
 feoh, n., cattle, money, ds. 
 
62 
 
 eioism 
 
 feo, iv. 8 5 as. feoh, M. 
 
 39- 
 
 feohtan, iii., fight, M. i6, 
 261; pret. 3s. feaht, M. 
 254, 277, 281, 298. 
 
 feoht, n., fighty f[e]ohte, 
 ns. M. 103. 
 
 fSolheard, adj., hard as a 
 file, apn. feolhearde, M. 
 108. 
 
 feond) m., enemy, dp. feon- 
 dum, M. 103, 264; ap. 
 fynd, M. 82. 
 
 feor, 2Ldv.,far, M. 3. 
 
 feorh, m., life, gs. f cores, 
 M. 260, 317 ; ds. feore, 
 M. 194, 259 5 as. feorh, 
 M. 125,142, 184,1. 36. 
 
 feorhhus, n., life-house, 
 body, as. M. 297. 
 
 [feower],num.,yo«r, v. 6. 
 
 feran, wk. 1, go, depart, 
 M. 41, 221. 
 
 ferian, wk. i, go, depart, 
 M. 179 J pret. 3 p. fere- 
 don, bore, carried, v. 27. 
 
 fS5a, wk. m., troop, com- 
 pany, as. fe^an, M. 88. 
 
 fife, HMVci., fi<ve, i. 28, ii. 5. 
 
 findan, iii., find, pret. 3 p. 
 fundon, M. 85. 
 
 flan, m., arronjo, dart, gs. 
 flanes, M. 71 j as. flan, 
 M. 269. 
 
 fleam, va,, flight, ds. fleame, 
 M. 186, i. 375 as. fleam, 
 M. 81, 254. 
 
 flSogan, i\,,fly, M. 7, 109, 
 
 150, 275- 
 fleon, II., flee, M. 247 ; 
 
 pret. 3p. flugon, M. 194. 
 fl5d, m., flood, high tide, 
 
 ns. M. 65, 72 ; as. sea, 
 
 i. 36. 
 flot, n., deepnuater, sea, as. 
 
 M. 41, i. 35. 
 flota, wk.m., sailor, pirate, 
 
 as. flotan, M. 227; np. 
 
 M. 72 J gp. i. 32. 
 fld'waii) rd., flonu, pres. p. 
 
 flowende, M. 65. 
 flyht, m., flight, as. M. 71. 
 folc, n., people, ns. M. 241 ; 
 
 gs. folces, M. 202, i. 6j', 
 
 ds. folce, M. 227, 259, 
 
 323; as. folc, M. 22, 
 
 54. 
 
 folcstede, m., fighting- 
 place of the people, battle- 
 field, ds. i. 41. 
 
 folde, yvk.L, earth, grou7td, 
 ds. foldan, M. 166, iiib. 
 185 as. M. 54. 
 
 folme, Yf\i.i.,hand, ds. fol- 
 man, M. 108, 150; dp. 
 M. 21. 
 
 ftn, rd., sei%e, pret. 3s. to 
 waepnum feng, M. 10 j 
 
&lossart 
 
 63 
 
 f eng to cynence,succeeded 
 tOf iiib. 10. 
 
 for, prep. w. d., i) for, 
 M. 96,259. z) in conse- 
 quence of. Giving to, M. 
 64, 89, ii. 12. 
 
 forbugan, 11. w. d., fee 
 from, pret. 3 s. gu'Se for- 
 beah, M. 325. 
 
 iox^,m.,ford, ds. forda, M. 
 81 ; as. ford, M. 88. 
 
 forgifan, v., gi've, pret. 3s. 
 forgeaf, M. 139, 148. 
 
 forgrindan, III., crush, de- 
 stroy, pp. forgrunden, i. 
 18, 43- 
 
 forgyldan, iii., pay for, 
 a^ert by paying, opt. 3 p. 
 forgyldon, M. 32. 
 
 forheard, adj., exceedingly 
 hard, asm. forheardne, 
 M. 156. 
 
 forheawan, rd. , he'wdo'wn, 
 slaughter, pp. forheawen, 
 M. 115, 223, 288, 314. 
 
 forhogian, wk. 2, despise, 
 pret. 3 s. forhogode, M. 
 
 ^54- 
 forhtian, wk. 2, fear, opt. 
 
 pret. 3 p. forhtedon, M. 
 
 21. 
 forlatan, rd., i) lea^e, 
 
 abandon. 2) let, M. 2 
 
 (i), forlaet[a]n, 208 (i) j 
 
 pret. 3s. forlet, M. 187, 
 
 i. 42, iiib. 3 (all i), M. 
 
 i49> 156, 321 (all 2). 
 forma, adj . , for em ost, first, 
 
 asm. forman, M. 77. 
 formonig, adj., 'very many, 
 
 nsm. formoni, M. 239. 
 forseon, v., despise, scorn, 
 
 pp. forsawen, iiib. 22. 
 forslean, \\,,slay, pp. for- 
 
 slegen, i. 42. 
 forS, ?^dY.,forth,forivards, 
 
 M. 3 etc. 
 forSan, adv., therefore, M. 
 
 241, iv. 4. 
 forSgeorn,adj., eager to ad- 
 vance, impetuous, nsm. 
 
 M. 281. 
 forwegan, v. , j/«^, pp. for- 
 
 wegen, M. 228. 
 fot, T[i,,foot, gs. fotes, M. 
 
 2475 dp. fotum, M. 119, 
 
 171. 
 fdtmael, n., foofs length, 
 
 as. M. 275. 
 fram, i) prep. w. A., from, 
 
 anjuay from (motion), M. 
 
 185,187, 193, 252, 316; 
 
 (origin), i. 8 5 since, iiia. 
 
 12. 2) adv., anjoay, M. 
 
 317- 
 franca, wk. m . , lance,ja<ve- 
 lin, ds. francan, M. 775 
 as. M. 140. 
 
64 
 
 (3lof$mvv 
 
 frea, wk. m., lord, ds. 
 
 frean, M. 12, 16, 184, 
 
 289, iila. 15; as. M. 259. 
 freod, f., goodivill, peace, 
 
 ds. freode, M. 39. 
 freolic, adj., free, noble, 
 
 nsm. V. 6, 22. 
 freond, m,, friend, gp. fre- 
 
 onda, i. 41 ; ap. frynd, 
 
 M. 229. 
 friS, m., peace, truce, gs. 
 
 fri'Ses, M. 41 } ds. fri^e, 
 
 M. 179; as. fri'S, M. 39, 
 
 iv. 12. 
 fr5d, adj., ^ise, old, nsm. 
 
 M. 140; frod f cores, ad- 
 
 <vanced in years, M. 3 175 
 
 wk. fr5da, i. 37, v. 29. 
 fruma, wk. m., origin, ns. 
 
 iiib. 21. 
 frymdig, adj., desirous ; 
 
 nsm. ic eom frymdi to'Se, 
 
 I beseech thee, M. 179. 
 ful, adv., fully, quite, M. 
 
 253, 311, iv. 23, 24; 
 
 full, M. 153. 
 furSor, comp. tl^n., further, 
 
 M. 247. 
 fus, adj. , eager, ready, nsm. 
 
 M. 281. 
 fyl, m., destruction, death, 
 
 as. M. 71, 264. 
 fyl Stan, wk. i w. d., help, 
 
 M. 265. , 
 
 fyrd, f., army, militia, ds. 
 
 fyrde, M. 221. 
 fyrdrinc, m., ijuarrior, ns. 
 
 M. 140. 
 fyrmest, sup. a.d}., foremost, 
 
 first, nsm. M. 323. 
 fysan, wk. i, send forth 
 
 rapidly, dart, pret. 3 s. 
 
 fysde, M. 269. 
 
 gafol, n., tribute, ds. gafole, 
 
 M. 32, 46} as. g[a]fol, 
 
 M. 61. 
 gan, anv. , go, come, M. 247 5 
 
 pret. 3 s. code, M. 132, 
 
 159, 225, 297 ; 3p. 
 
 eodon, 260 ; imper. 2p. 
 
 ga^, M. 93; opt. pret. 
 
 3p. eodon, M. 229. 
 gangan, rd. (cf. Siev. Gr.3 
 
 396 n2), go, march, M. 
 
 62, 170 5 reflex, we 
 
 willa^ ... us to scype 
 
 gangan, M. 40 ; opt. 
 
 2p. gangon, M. 56. 
 ganot, m., gannet, seabird, 
 
 gs. ganotes bae^S, i.e. sea, 
 
 iiib. 26. 
 gar, m., dart, ja^velin, ns. 
 
 M. 296 ; ds. gare, M. 
 
 138 jas. gar, M. 13, 134, 
 
 i54> 237> S^M. dp. 
 
€(losi0ai:? 
 
 6S 
 
 ganim, i. 1 8 ; ap. garas, 
 
 M. 46, 67, 109. 
 garberend, m., javelin- 
 bearer, woarrior, np. M. 
 
 262. 
 garmitting, f., meeting of 
 
 ja'velins, battle, gs. gar- 
 
 mittinge, i. 50. 
 garrses, m., rush of ja^ve- 
 
 lins, conflict, as. M. 32. 
 gast, m., spirit, soul, ds. 
 
 gaste, M. 176 ; as. gast, 
 
 V. 3- 
 
 ge, pron., you, M. 32 ; d. 
 eow, M. 315 a. M. 41. 
 
 geaeSele, adj., innate, nat- 
 ural, nsn. i. 7. 
 
 gearo, adj. ready, nsm. 
 gear[o], M. 274; npm. 
 gearowe, M. 72, 100. 
 
 geatwe, fp., trappings, ar- 
 mour, d. geatwum, v. 22. 
 
 gebiedan, wk. i, compel, 
 pp. gebaeded, i. 33, ii. 
 
 9- 
 
 gebeorg, n., defence, ds. 
 gebeorge, M. 31, 131, 
 245. 
 
 gebetan, wk. i . , make bet- 
 ter, amend, pret. 3s. ge- 
 bette, iiib. 36. 
 
 gebidan, i., meet njoith, ex- 
 
 - perience, pret. is. gebad, 
 M. 174. 
 
 gebraec, n. , breaking, crash, 
 
 ns. M. 295. 
 gebroSru, mp., brothers, 
 
 M. 3055 gebro^or, i. 57. 
 gebyrdtid, f., birth-time, 
 
 birth, ds. gebyrdtide, iii 
 
 a. 12. 
 gebyrian, wk. i, suit, be- 
 fit, pret. 3s. gebyrede, 
 
 iv. 22. 
 gecamp, m., fight, ds. ge- 
 
 campe, M. 153. 
 geceosan, 11., choose, pret. 
 
 3s. geceas, M. 113. 
 gecringan, iii., perish, 
 
 pret. 3 s. gecranc, M. 
 
 250, 324. See cringan. 
 gecweSan, v. speak, utter, 
 
 pret. 3 s. gecwae'S, M. 
 
 168. 
 gecynde, adj., natural, in- 
 born, asm. gecyndne, iii 
 
 b^iS. 
 gecySan, wk. i, make 
 
 knovon, M. 216. 
 gedon, anv., do, pp. M. 
 
 197. 
 geealgian, wk. 2, defend, 
 
 gealgean, M. 52. 
 geearnung, i., favour, re- 
 
 HAjard, ap. geeamunga, 
 
 M. 196. 
 geendian, wk. 2, end, pret. 
 
 3s. geendode, iiib. i. 
 
66 
 
 &loi$fs^m 
 
 ^eode, see gegan. 
 
 gefecgan, wk. 3, seize, 
 M. 160. (Cf. Siev. Gr.3 
 41611. 15b.) 
 
 gefeoht, n., fg^t, ds. ge- 
 feohte, M. 12, i. 28. See 
 feoht. 
 
 gefeohtan, iii., 'win by 
 fighting, M. 129. 
 
 gefera, wk. m., comrade, 
 attendant, ns. M. 280 5 
 ap. geferan, M. 170, 229, 
 iv. 7. 
 
 geflyman, wk, i, put to 
 flighty pp. geflymed, i. 
 32. 
 
 geforSian, wk. 2, carry 
 out, accomplish, pp. ge- 
 for^od, M. 289. 
 
 gefrage, n., inquiry, kno^w- 
 ledge, ds. mine gefrSge, 
 in my kno^wledge, as I 
 ha've heard, iiia. 9, iiib. 
 16 5 wide g.) as is ^widely 
 kno'wn, iiib. 34. 
 
 gefyllan, wk. i w. g., de- 
 stroy, depri've of, pp. ge- 
 fylled, i. 41. 
 
 gegaderian, wk. 2, assem- 
 ble, pp. gegaderod, iiia. 
 10. 
 
 gegan, anv., overrun, in- 
 vade, pret. 3s. geeode, 
 ii. 2. 
 
 gegangan, rd., overcome, 
 
 subdue, M. 59. See 
 
 gangan. 
 gegremian, wk. 2, enrage, 
 
 pp. gegremod, M. 138 ; 
 
 npm. gegremode, M. 296. 
 gegrindan, iii., grind 
 
 sharp, pp. apm. gegrun- 
 
 dene, M. 109. 
 gehalgian, wk. 2, halloiVy 
 
 consecrate, pp. to kinge 
 
 gehalgod, consecrated 
 
 king, iiia. 2. 
 gehatan, rd., vo^w, pro- 
 mise, pres. IS. gehate, M. 
 
 246 ; pret. 3 s. gehet, M. 
 
 289, iv. 16. 
 gehealdan, rd., holdy M. 
 
 167. 
 gehende, prep. w. d., near^ 
 
 M. 294, iv. 24. 
 gehleapan, rd., leap upon^ 
 
 pret. 3s. gehleop, M. 1 89. 
 gehlystan, wk. i, listen, 
 
 pret. 3p. gehlyston, M. 
 
 92. 
 gehwa, pron., each one, ds. 
 
 gehwaem, iiib. 36 5 as. 
 
 gehwane, i. 9. 
 gehwar, adv. , e'verywherey 
 
 iiib. 5. 
 gehwaeSer, pron. , either y 
 
 both, asf. gehwaetSere, M. 
 
^lofifsar? 
 
 67 
 
 gehwylc, pron., each^ n. 
 
 M. 128, 257. 
 gehy ran, wk. i , hear^ pres. 
 
 2S. gehyrst, M. 45 ; pret. 
 
 IS. gehyrde, M. 117. 
 gel»stan, wk. i, i) ac- 
 
 complish, carry out. 2) 
 
 attendy ser^ve^ w. d., M. 
 
 II (2) ; pret. 3 s. gelseste, 
 
 M. 15 (i). 
 gelettaii) wk. i, hinder, 
 
 arresty pret. 3s. gelette, 
 
 M. 164, iv. 6. 
 gelimpan, m., happen^ 
 
 pret. 3s. gelamp, iiia. 16. 
 gelyfan, wk. i, believe , 
 
 gerund to gelyfenne, to 
 
 be belie^vedy iv. 13. 
 gemselan, wk. i, speaky 
 
 pret. 3 s. gem«lde, M. 
 
 230, 244. 
 gemana, wk. m., society y 
 
 meetingy as. gemanan, i. 
 
 40. 
 gemanian, wk. 2, exhorty 
 
 pp. apm. gemanode, M. 
 
 231. 
 gem5t, n., meetingy conflict y 
 
 ns. M. 301; gs. gemotes, 
 
 i. 50 ; as. gemot, M. 
 
 199. 
 gemunan, prp., remember , 
 
 pret. 3 s. gemunde, M. 
 
 *^5 5 3P' gemundon, M. 
 
 196 ; imper. 2p. w. g. 
 
 gemun[a^], M. 212. 
 geneat, m., retainer y 'vas- 
 
 saly ns. M. 310. 
 genehe, adv., rapidly y fre- 
 quently y M. 269. [Cf. 
 
 ge-neahhe. ] 
 generian, wk. i, rescue y 
 
 sa<vey pret. 3 s. generede, 
 
 i. 36. 
 geniman, iv., takey receive, 
 
 pret. 3s. genam, v. 26 ; 
 
 opt. pret. 3 s. gename, 
 
 M. 71. 
 geond, prep. w. a., o^er, 
 
 throughout y iiib. 3 3, v. 17. 
 geong, adj., young, nsm. 
 
 M. 2105 wk. geonga, 
 
 M. 155, Hi b. 8 ; asm. 
 
 geongne, i. 44; npm. 
 
 geonge', i. 29. 
 georn, adj. w. g., eager, 
 
 nsm. seses georn, greedy 
 
 for carrion y M. 107 ; 
 
 npm. wiges georne, eager 
 
 for battle y M. 73. 
 georne, adv., eagerly y ear- 
 nestly, M. 123, 206 ; 
 
 georne gesawan, clearly 
 
 sa^w, M. 84. 
 geornful, adj., eager, nsm. 
 
 M. 274. 
 geornlice, adv., eagerly, 
 
 Willingly, M. 265. 
 
68 
 
 ^lofiftfarp 
 
 geracan, wk. i irreg., 
 reach, hit, pret. 3s. ge- 
 riehte, M. 142, 158, 
 226. 
 
 ger»dan, wk. i, plan, ad- 
 ^uise, 2S. gersedest, M. 
 36 ; pret. 3 s. gersidde, 
 iv. 17. 
 
 gersede, n., trappings, ar- 
 mour, dp. gersedum, M. 
 190. 
 
 gerenian, wk. 2, adorn, or- 
 nament, pp. gerenod, M. 
 161. 
 
 gerim, n., number, total, gs. 
 gerimes, v. 7, 21. 
 
 geryman, wk. i, make 
 room, pp. nu eow is ge- 
 rymed, room has been 
 made for you, M. 93. 
 
 gesceaft, f. , created thing, 
 thing, ns. i. 16. 
 
 gesecan, wk. i irreg. , seek, 
 make for, M. 222 ; pret. 
 3s. gesohte, M. 2875 3 p. 
 gesohtan, i. 27. 
 
 gesecgan, wk. 3, say, pret. 
 3s. gesiede, M. 120. 
 
 gesellan, wk. i, irreg., 
 gi've, gi<ve up, pret. 3s. 
 gesealde, M. 188 ; 3 p. 
 gesealdon, M. 184. 
 
 geseman, wk. i, reconcile, 
 satisfy, M. 60. 
 
 geseon, v., see, pret. 3p. 
 gesawon, M. 203. 
 
 geslean, vi., ^in by fight- 
 ing, pret. 3p. geslogan, 
 i. 4. 
 
 gestandan, vi., stand, 
 gest[a]ndan, M. 171. 
 
 gesyrwan, wk. i, equip, 
 arm, pp. gesyrwed, M. 
 159. 
 
 getellan, wk. i irreg., 
 count, pp. geteled, iiia. 1 1. 
 
 geteon, 11., instruct, pp. 
 npm. getogene, iiib. 7. 
 
 getoht, n., battle, ds. ge- 
 tohte, M. 104. 
 
 getrymman, wk. i, com- 
 fort, encourage, pp. ge- 
 trymmed, M. 22. 
 
 geSafian, wk. 2, permit, 
 pret. 3s. ge^afode, iv. 3. 
 
 geSanc, n., mind, heart, 
 as. M. 13. 
 
 geSancian, wk. 2 w. d. 
 and g., thank, is. ge- 
 ^anc[i]e, M. 173. 
 
 geSeon, i., thri've, pp. 
 wel ge^ungen, 'virtuous, 
 V. 9.(Cf. Siev. Gr.3, 383, 
 n. 3, and 386, n. 2.) 
 
 geSolian, wk. 2, endure, 
 M. 6. 
 
 geSrang, n., throng, press, 
 ds. ge>rang[e], M. 299. 
 
&lOSi!lB.Vg 
 
 69 
 
 geSring, n., throng, tur- 
 moil, as. iiib. 27. 
 geSungen, see geSeon. 
 geunnan, prp. w. g., grant, 
 
 opt. 2S. geunne. M. 176. 
 gewadan, vi., go, pass, 
 
 pret. 3s. gewod, M. 157. 
 gewalc, n., tossing, rolling, 
 
 as. iiib. 25. 
 geweald) m., ponjuer, as. 
 
 M. 178. 
 geweorSan, iii. , take place, 
 
 pp. geworden, iiia. 6, 19. 
 gewinn, n., fight, ds. ge- 
 
 winne, M. 248, 302; as. 
 
 gewinn, M. 214. 
 gewinnan, iii., w/« by 
 
 fighting, M. 125. 
 gewitan, i., go, depart, 
 
 pret. 3 s. gewat, M. 72, 
 
 i. 35, iiib. 8; reflex, iiib. 
 
 14; 3 p. reflex, gewitan 
 
 him, i. 53. 
 gewrecan, v., avenge, M. 
 
 208, 263. 
 gewrit, n., ^writing, np. 
 
 gewritu, annals, iiia. 14. 
 gewundian, wk. 2, <vjound, 
 
 pp. gewundod, M. 135. 
 gewyrcan, wk. i, irreg., 
 
 cause, M. 264 ; fleam g., 
 
 take to flight, M. 81. 
 gif, conj., //, M. 34} gyf, 
 
 M. 36, 196. 
 
 gifan, v., gin}e, pret. 3s. 
 
 geaf, iiib. 36. 
 gleaw, adj., <ijjise, learned, 
 
 gp. gleawra, iii a. 10, 
 
 iiib. 19. 
 glidan, i., glide, pret. 3s. 
 
 glad, i. 15. 
 gnornian, wk. 2, lament, 
 
 M. 315. 
 gnornung, f., lamentation, 
 
 grief, ns. iiib. 19. 
 God, m., God, M. 94. 
 god, adj., good, nsm. M. 
 
 315 5 V. 23 ; wk. goda, 
 
 iii b. 14 ; dsm. godum, 
 
 M. 4 ; asm. wk. g5dan, 
 
 M. 187 ; asn. god, M. 
 
 13, 237; apm. gode, M. 
 
 170. 
 g5d, n., good, bliss, gs. 
 
 godes, M. 176. 
 gold, n., gold, ds. golde, 
 
 M. 35. 
 gomolfeax, adj., mjhite- 
 
 haired, nsm. iiib. 26. 
 gr^dig, adj., greedy, asm. 
 
 griedigne, i. 64. 
 graeg, adj., grey, asn. wk. 
 
 gr^ge, i. 64. 
 gram, adj., fierce, hostile, 
 
 npm. grame, M. 262 ; 
 
 dp. gramum, M. 100. 
 greot, n., sand, dust, ds. 
 
 greote, M. 315. 
 
70 
 
 «lo0s;ari? 
 
 grim, a.d)., Jierce, nsm. M. 
 6i. 
 
 griS, n., truce, as. M. 35. 
 [O. W. Scand.] 
 
 grund, m., ground, land, 
 as. M. 287 5 ap. grundas, 
 i. 15. 
 
 gryreleoS, n. , song of hor- 
 ror, gp. gryreleo'Sa, M. 
 285. 
 
 guma, wk. m., man, ^war- 
 rior, np. guman, M. 94, 
 i. 18 ; gp. gumena, i. 50. 
 
 gu3, f., battle, gs. gu^e, 
 M. 192 ; ds. M. 13, 94, 
 187, 285, 296, 321, i. 44j 
 gu[t$]e, M. 325. 
 
 guShafoc, m., <voar-ha<injk 
 (i.e. eagle), as. i. 64. 
 
 guSplega, wk. m., battle- 
 sport, ns. M. 61. 
 
 guSrinc, m., ^warrior, ns. 
 M. 138. 
 
 gyf, see gif. 
 
 gylpan, iii. w. g., ^oa//, 
 i. 44. 
 
 gylpword, n., boastful 
 ijoord, dp. gylpwordum, 
 M. 274. 
 
 gyman, wk. i w. g., heed, 
 care for, pret. 3 p. gym- 
 don, M. 192. 
 
 gysel, m., hostage, ns. M. 
 265. 
 
 gyst, m., stranger, np. 
 
 gystas, M. 86. 
 gyt, adv.,j;^/, still, M. 168, 
 273, iv. 16} get, iiia. 13; 
 gyta, i. 66. 
 
 H 
 
 habbati, wk. 3, hanje, M. 
 
 236 ; 2s. hafast, M. 231; 
 
 pret. 3s. haefde, M. 1 3, etc. 
 hseft, m., bond, captivity, 
 
 as. iv. 6. 
 haefteclamm, m., fetter y 
 
 bond, dp. haefteclammum, 
 
 ii. 10. 
 haeleS, m., man, mjarriory 
 
 ns. iiib. 13, 24, 26 ; np. 
 
 M. 214, iiib. 31; iiaelae^, 
 
 M. 249 ; gp. haele^a, M. 
 
 74, i. 25, V. 8. 
 haerran, see hearra. 
 haettian, wk. 2, scalp, pret. 
 
 3s. haettode, iv. 10. 
 hieSen, m. heathen, np. 
 
 hse^ene, M. 55, 181; dp. 
 
 hse^enum, ii. 10. 
 hafenian, wk. 2, grasps 
 
 pret. 3s. hafenode, M. 
 
 42, 309. 
 hafoc, m., hanuk, as. M. 8. 
 hagosteald, adj., unmar- 
 ried, young, npm. hage- 
 
 stealde, v. 14. 
 
€>lo««Br^ 
 
 71 
 
 hal, adj., nvhole, safe and 
 
 sound, npm. hale, M. 
 
 292. 
 halig, adj., holy, asm. ha- 
 
 ligne, V. 3. 
 hals, m., neck, as. M. 141. 
 ham, m., home, ds. hame, 
 
 M. 292 j as. ham, home- 
 
 nvards, M. 251 j gp. 
 
 hama, iii b. 28 ; ap. 
 
 hamas, i. 10. 
 hamelian, wk. 2, mutilate, 
 
 pret. 3s. hamelode, iv. 10. 
 hamor, m., hammer, gp. 
 
 hamora, i. 6. 
 hand, f., hand, ns. M. 141; 
 
 ds. handa, M. 149 ; as. 
 
 hand, M. 112 ; dp. han- 
 
 dum, M. 14 ; handon, 
 
 M. 7. 
 handplega, wk. m., hand- 
 
 pl^y^ fighting, gs. hand- 
 
 plegan, i. 25. 
 har, adj., hoary, venerable, 
 
 nsm. M. 169 5 i. 39. 
 hasopada, wk. m., grey- 
 coated one, as. hasopadan, 
 
 i. 62. 
 hatan, rd., i) hid, order. 
 
 2) name, 3 p. hata'S (2), 
 
 iiib. 31; pret. 3s. het(i), 
 
 M. 2, 62, 74, etc. 5 3p. 
 
 heton (i), M. 30 ; pp. 
 
 haten (2), M. 75, 218. 
 
 he, pron. , he, M. 7, etc. ; gs. 
 his, M. 1 1, etc. ; ds. him, 
 M. II, etc.; used as d. 
 of ref. = his, M. 7, 119, 
 145; for himself, iiib. 2j 
 as. hine, M. 164, etc. 
 
 heahiSungen, adj., distin- 
 guished, noble, dsm. heah- 
 "Sungenum, v. 30. 
 
 healdan, rd., hold, main- 
 tain, M. 14, 19, 41, 74, 
 102 ; opt. pret. 3 p. heol- 
 don, M. 20. 
 
 healf, f., i) side. 2) half, 
 ds. healfe (i), M. 152, 
 318 ; as. (2), V. 8. 
 
 heall, f., hall, ds. healle, 
 M. 214. 
 
 heanlic, adj., disgraceful, 
 nsn. M. 55. 
 
 heap, m., band, company, 
 ns. iiia. 8. 
 
 heard, adj., hard, fierce, 
 nsm. M. 130, iiia. 18 5 
 gsn. heardes, M. 266, i. 
 25 5 asm. heardne, M. 
 167, 236 5 asf. hearde, 
 M. 33 ; asn. heard, M. 
 2i4;comp. nsm. heardra, 
 M. 312. 
 
 heardlice, adv. , fiercely, 
 M. 261. 
 
 hearm, m., grief, affliction, 
 gp. hearma, M. 223. 
 
72 
 
 ^lo00ar^ 
 
 hearra, wk. m., lord-, 
 
 heorra, M. 204 ; ds. 
 
 haerran, v. 32. 
 heaSolind, f., linden ^war- 
 shield, ap. hea^olm[d]a, 
 
 i. 6. 
 heawan, rd., he^w, slay, 
 
 pret. 3s. heowj M. 324 ; 
 
 3p. heowon, M. 181 5 
 
 heowan, i. 6, 23. 
 helsceaSa, wk. m., hellish 
 
 destroyer, fiend, np. hel- 
 
 scea'San, M. 180. 
 heo, pron., she, it, a. hie, 
 
 iiia. 4 j hi, M. 180. 
 heofon, m., heaven, gp. 
 
 heofona, iiib. 35 ; dp. 
 
 heofonum, M. 172. 
 heonon, adv., hence, M. 
 
 246. 
 heorte, wk. f., heart, M. 
 
 312 ; ds. heortan, M. 
 
 145. 
 heorSgeneat, m., hearth- 
 comrade, follo^wer, np. 
 
 heor^geneatas, M. 204. 
 heorSwerod, n. household 
 
 retainers, as. M. 24. 
 her, adv., here, M. 36, etc.; 
 
 referring to a date, in this 
 
 year, i. i etc. 
 here, m., army, gs. herges, 
 
 i. 31 ; ds. here, M. 292. 
 hereflyma, wk. m., fugi- 
 
 ti've, ap. hereflyman, i. 
 
 heregeatu, f., accoutre- 
 ments, as. M. 48. 
 herelaf, f., remnant of an 
 
 army,d^. herelafum,i.47. 
 hettend, m., hater, enemy, 
 
 np. i. 10. 
 hi, pron., they, M. 19, etc. ; 
 
 hie, i. 8, 48, 51 ; g. their, 
 
 ofthem,hyTa,,M., 20, etc., 
 
 M. 70, etc. i heora, i. 47; 
 
 d. him, M. 197, etc.; a. 
 
 hi, M. 127, etc.; reflex. 
 
 M. 82, 283; hie, ii. 11. 
 hicgan, wk. 3, hope, trust, 
 
 M. 4. 
 hider, adv., hither, M. S7, 
 
 i. 69, iv. 2. 
 hie, see heo, hi. 
 hige, m., thought, purpose, 
 
 courage, M. 312; ds. 
 
 M. 4. 
 higegleaw, adj., nvise, 
 
 npm. higegleawe, iiib. 3 1 . 
 hildff., battle, ds. hilde, M. 
 
 8,48,55, 123, 223, 288, 
 
 324; as. [h]ilde, M. 33. 
 hilderinc, m., ivarrior, M. 
 
 169, i. 39. 
 hindan, a,dv.,from behind, 
 
 i. 23. 
 hiredmann, m., member of 
 
 a chief s household, clans- 
 
€A06S(UVS 
 
 73 
 
 man, np. hlredmen, M. 
 
 261. 
 hit, pron., //, M. 66, etc., 
 
 used superfluously with 
 
 ^e, M. 190. 
 hlaford, m., lord, M. 135, 
 
 189, 224, 240, V. i; ds. 
 
 hlaforde, M. 318. 
 hlafordleas, adj., depri'ved 
 
 of one' 5 lord, master less, 
 
 nsm. M. 251. 
 hleo, n., shelter, protector, 
 
 M. 74, ii. 12. 
 hleoSrian, wk. 2, sound, 
 
 pret. 3s. hleolSrode, iv. 5. 
 hlihhan, vi., laugh, i. 475 
 
 pret. 3s. hl5h, M. 147. 
 hogian,wk. i,gi<ve thought, 
 
 intend, pret. 3 s. w. g. M. 
 
 ^33 5 3P* hogodon, M. 
 
 123; opt. pret. 3s. hogode 
 
 to wige, M. 128. 
 hold, adj., demoted, loyal, 
 
 sup. asn. holdost, M. 24. 
 holdlice, adv., faithfully, 
 
 loyally, v. 14, 32- 
 holt, n., nvood, copse, gs. 
 
 holtes, M. 8. 
 hord, n., treasure, as. i. 10. 
 hors, n., horse, as. M. 2. 
 hraefn, m., ra'ven, as. i. 61 ; 
 
 np. [h]remmas, M. 106. 
 hraw, n., corpse, carrion, 
 
 as. i. 60. 
 
 hream, m., noise, din, M. 
 
 106. 
 hreman, wk. i, proclaim 
 
 aloud, boast, i. 39. 
 hremig, adj. w. g., re- 
 joicing, exulting, npm. 
 
 hremge, i. 59 (MS. hre- 
 
 mige). 
 hremmas, see hraefn. 
 hreowlice, adv. miserably, 
 
 iv. 8. 
 hring,m.,r/«^, ap. hringas, 
 
 M. 161. 
 hringloca, wk. m., coat of 
 
 ring-mail, ap. hringlocan, 
 
 M. 145. 
 hruse, wk.f., earth, as. hrii- 
 
 san, iiib. 35. 
 hu, conj. adv., ho^w, M. 
 
 hungor, m., hunger, iii b. 
 
 35- 
 h'wa, i) interr. pron.,at;^o, 
 
 M. 124, 215. 2)indef. 
 
 pron., anyone, a man, ^. 
 
 7 1 5 asm. hwasne, a certain 
 
 one, M. 2. 
 hwael, m., ivhale, gs. 
 
 hwaeles, iiib. 28. 
 hTvsenne, conj. adv. w. opt., 
 
 'when, until, M. 67. 
 hwaet, interr. pron., mjhat, 
 
 M. 45; used as exclam., 
 
 lo! yi. 231. 
 
74 
 
 ^lostfarp 
 
 hwily f., time, ivhile, as. 
 used in adv. phrases as, 
 ealle hwile, all the 'while, 
 M. 3045 "Sa hwile "Se, 
 as Jong as, M. 14/ 83, 
 235, 272, iv. 21; dp. 
 hwilon . . . hwilon, at one 
 time . . . at another, M. 
 270. 
 
 hwit, adj., oi;^//^, asm. hwit 
 (for hwitne), i. 63. 
 
 hynan, wk. i, abase, defeat, 
 M. 1805 pret. 3s. hynde, 
 M. 324. 
 
 hyran, wk. i, hear-yVfA., 
 obey, pret. 3s. hyrde, v. 3 2 5 
 3 p. hyrdon, v. 14. 
 
 hyrde, m., shepherd, guard- 
 ian, gs. hyrdes, iiia. 13. 
 
 hyrnednebba, wk. m., 
 horny-beaked, as. hyrned- 
 nebban, i. 62. 
 
 hyse, m., young man, nvar- 
 rior, M. 152,- gs. hysses, 
 M. 141; np. hys[s]as, 
 M. i2 3;hyssas, M. 1125 
 gp. hyssa, M. 2, 128 5 
 ap. hyssas, M. 169. 
 
 ic, pron., /, M. 117, etc.; 
 d. me, M. 55, etc. ; a. M. 
 29, etc. 
 
 in, i) prep. w. a., in, at, 
 
 V. 31. 2) adv., in, in^ 
 
 side, M. 58, 157; inn, 
 
 iv. 2. 
 innan, prep. w. a., into, v. 
 
 28. 
 inwitta, wk. m., crafty one, 
 
 i. 46. 
 iren, n., iron, ironnveapon, 
 
 M. 253. 
 is, see beon. 
 Iulius,m., July,2&, iiib. 8. 
 
 K 
 
 kingc, kyng, see cing. 
 kyneSrymm, m., kingly 
 
 glory, ds. kyne'Srymme, 
 
 V. 5. 
 kynn, see cyn. 
 kyst, f., virtue, dp. kys- 
 
 tum, V. 513. 
 
 ladan, wk. i, lead, M. 88; 
 pret. 3s. Isedde, iv. 17. 
 
 Isene, adj. , perishable, trans- 
 itory, asn. iiib. 4. 
 
 Isran, wk. i, instruct, ex- 
 hort, pret. 3s. Iserde, M. 
 
 laerg, m. ?, rim (of shield), as. 
 M. 284. (MS. laerig.) 
 
€ilo£(«ar? 
 
 75 
 
 Igetan, rd., let, cause^ pret. 
 3S. let, M. 7, 140; 3p. 
 leton, M. 108. 
 
 laf, f., ^Ajkat is lefty rem- 
 nant, i, 54 5 ds. t5 lafe, 
 lefty remaining o'uer, iiia. 
 13 5 dp. hamora lafum, 
 results of hammer-^work, 
 sijuords, i. 6. 
 
 lagustream, m.y tidal flonv, 
 tide, np. lagustreamas, 
 M. 66. 
 
 land, n., land, gs. landes, 
 V. 20 ; ground, M. 90, 
 275 ; ds. lande, M. 99, 
 V. 16 (for landes ?) ; as. 
 land, i. 9, 17, 59, v. 
 25. 
 
 lang, adj., long, nsm. wk. 
 langa, tall, M. 273 ; nsn. 
 lang, M. 66 ? used as 
 adv. V. 16; asf. lange, 
 ii. II. 
 
 last, vci,, footstep, track, as. 
 on last, in the track of, be- 
 hind, i. 22. 
 
 laS, adj., hateful, hostile, 
 dsf. la'Sere, M. 90 ; npm. 
 l[a]'Se, M. 865 gp. 
 la'Sra, i. 9 ; dp. la'Sum, 
 i. 22 ; comp. asn. la'Sre, 
 M. 50. 
 
 lecgan, wk. i, lay ; pret. 
 3 p. on last legdon, fol- 
 
 loived the track, pursued, 
 
 I. 22. 
 lendan, wk. i, land, pret. 
 
 3s. lende, iv. 19. 
 leng, comp. adv. longer^ 
 
 M. 171. 
 leod, mi., people, as. leode, 
 
 V. ^5; /ip- i. II 5 gp- 
 leoda, iii b. 4 ; dp. leo- 
 dum, M. 50 ; leodon, M. 
 23 5 ap. leoda, M. 37. 
 leof, adj., dear, dsm. wk. 
 leofan, M. 319, iv. 13; 
 asm. leof[n]e, M. 7 j 
 leofne, M. 208; sup. nsn. 
 "Sier him leofost wass, 
 nvhere he liked best, M. 
 
 leoht, n., light, as. iiib. 2, 
 V. 28; gp. leohta, iiia. 
 
 13- 
 licgan, v., lie, reflex. M. 
 
 319 5 3s. lige^, M. 222; 
 
 1T5, M. 232; pret. 3s. 
 
 laeg, M. 157, 204, 227, 
 
 294, i. 17 ; l[«]g (MS. 
 
 leg), M. 276; 3p. lagon, 
 
 M. 112, 183, i. 28; opt. 
 
 pret. 3s. Isege, M. 279; 
 
 reflex. M. 300. 
 lid, n., ship, gs. lides, i. 27, 
 
 34. 
 lidmann, m., ship-man, 
 sailor, np. lidmen, M. 
 
76 
 
 ^lo00ar^ 
 
 99; gp. lldmanna, M. 
 
 164. 
 lif, n., life, ds. life, iiib. 9; 
 
 as. lif, M. 208, iiib. 4. 
 lihtan, wk. i, alight, pret. 
 
 3s. lihte, M. 23. 
 lind, f., linden shield, as. 
 
 linde, M. 244 ; ap.M. 99. 
 liiS, see licgan. 
 lof, n. , praise, glory, iiib. 1 7. 
 lucan, II., close up, unite, 
 
 pret. 3p. lucon, M. 66. 
 lufu, wk. f., lo^e, as. lufan, 
 
 iiib. 20. (Cf. Siev. Gr.3 
 
 278 n. I.) 
 lunger, adv., quickly, soon, 
 
 V. 25. 
 lyfian, wk. 3, li've, pret. 
 
 3s. lyfode, iv. 16, 21. 
 
 (Cf. Siev. Gr.3 416 n. 
 
 2 c.) 
 lysan, wk. i, loose, free, 
 
 M. 37. 
 lytegian, wk. 2, practise 
 
 deceit, M. 86. 
 lytel, adj., little, inst. sm. 
 __lytle, i. 34. 
 lytlian, wk. 2, diminish, 
 
 3s. lytla'S, M. 313. 
 
 M 
 
 ma, comp. n, of micel used 
 as indecl. sb. and as 
 
 adv., more, M. 195; i. 
 46. 
 
 maecg, m., man, gp. masc- 
 gea, ii. 2. 
 
 mseg, m., kinsman, M. 5, 
 114, 224, 287 j gp. 
 maga, i. 40. 
 
 maegen, n., strength, force, 
 M. 313. 
 
 m«l, n., speech, gp. maela, 
 M. 212. 
 
 malan, wk. i, speak, pret. 
 3s. mselde, M. 43, 210. 
 
 mare, adj., glorious, fa- 
 mous, nsm. i. 14. 
 
 marSu, f., glory, gp. 
 masr^a, iiib. 21. 
 
 msest, sup. adj., greatest, 
 nsm. M. 223 ; asf. 
 mseste, M. 175. 
 
 ma3, f., measure, fitness, 
 M. 195. 
 
 magan, prp., he able, may, 
 3s. raaeg, M. 215, 258, 
 315 ; pret. 3 s. mihte, 
 could, might, M. 14, 
 etc., without inf. nxjas 
 able {to go), M. 64 ; 3 p. 
 mihton, iv. 4 ; opt. pret. 
 3s. mihte, M. 124. 
 
 manian, wk. 2, exhort, in- 
 stigate, M. 228. 
 
 manig, adj., many, many a, 
 nsm. i. 17; maenig, M. 
 
&io6fim 
 
 77 
 
 282 ; asm. manigne, M. 
 243; maenlgne, M. 1885 
 npm. ? monega, (for 
 manege ?) many things j 
 M. 200. 
 
 man, m., man, M. 147 ; 
 ds. menn, v. 30 ; men, 
 M. 125, 319; as. man, 
 M. 77, 243; np. menn, 
 iiib. 5, 32, V. 14; men, 
 M. 105, 2065 gp. man- 
 na, M. 195. The ns. 
 < man ' is also used as an 
 indef. pron. : one, people, 
 a man, M. 9, 239, iiib. 
 23, iv. 8, etc. 
 
 mare, comp. nsn. of micel, 
 greater, more, M. 313, 
 i. 65. 
 
 maSelian, wk. 2, speak, 
 harangue, ^XQt, 3 s. ma'Se- 
 lode, M. 42, etc. 
 
 me, see ic. 
 
 mearh, m., horse, steed, 
 ds. meare, M. 239 j as. 
 mear, M. 188. 
 
 mece, m., s^word, as. M. 
 167, 236} gp. mecea, i. 
 405 dp. mecum, i. 24. 
 
 meodo, m., drink made 
 from honey, mead, ds. M. 
 212. 
 
 mere, m., sea, lake, ds. i. 
 54- 
 
 metod, m.. Lord, gs. meo- 
 todes, iiib. 21 ; ds. me- 
 tode, M. 147. 
 
 meSelstede, m., place of 
 assembly, ds. M. 199. 
 
 miccle, adv., exceedingly, 
 'very, M. 50. 
 
 micel, adj., great, large, 
 much, nsm. mycel, iiia. 
 9; nsf. iiia. 5, iiib. 195 
 gsn. miccles, M. 217 ; 
 dsn. mycclum, iiia. 2 ; 
 asn. mycel, iv. 4. 
 
 mid, prep. w. d., ivith, in 
 company 'with, M. 51, 
 56, 68, 79, loi, i. 26, 
 47, iv. 14 ; among, M. 
 23, 76 ; 'with (means, 
 instrument), M. 14, 21, 
 etc., (manner) mid fleame, 
 in flight, i. 37 ; mid 
 fn^t, peacefully, M. 179. 
 
 mild, adj., mtld, gentle, 
 nsm. V. 23. 
 
 min, pron., my, nsm. M. 
 218, 222, 224, 250 5 nsf. 
 M. 177 ; gsm. mines, M. 
 53 j dsm. minum, M. 
 176, 318 ; instr. mine, 
 iiia. 9, iiib. 16 5 asm. 
 minne, M. 248 5 asf. 
 mine, M. 216. 
 
 mislice, adv., in different 
 'ways, 'variously, iv. 7. 
 
78 
 
 iS>U)^^nt^ 
 
 mod, n., mind, courage, 
 
 M. 3135 ds. m5de, iiib. 
 
 21. 
 modelice, adv., boldly, 
 
 proudly, M. 200. 
 modig, adj., bra^ve spirited, 
 
 nsm. modi, M. 147 j 
 
 npm. m5dige, M. 80. 
 m5dor, f., mother, ds. me- 
 
 ^er, iv. 2. 
 molde, wk. f., earth, ds. 
 
 moldan, iiib. 5. 
 monaS, m., month, as. iiib. 
 
 5 5 mon[a]'S, iiib. 8. 
 morgentid, f., morning, as. 
 
 i. 14. 
 "^motan, prp., may, be al- 
 
 lo^wed, 2s. most, M. 305 
 
 pret. 3s. moste, might, 
 
 M. 272 ; 3p. moston, M. 
 
 83 ; opt. 3s. mote, M. 
 
 95> ^77 5 3P' moton, M. 
 
 1805 pret. 3p. moston, 
 
 might be allo^wed, M. 87, 
 
 263. 
 mundbora, wk. m., pro- 
 tector, guardian, ii. 2. 
 munuc, m., monk, gp. mu- 
 
 neca, iiia. 9 -, dp. mune- 
 
 con, iv. 20. 
 murnan, iii., trouble, care, 
 
 M. 259 ; pret. 3p. mur- 
 
 non, M. 96. 
 mylenscearp, adj., ground 
 
 sharp, dp. mylenscear- 
 pum, i. 24. 
 
 N 
 
 na, adv., not, intensifies ne, 
 
 M. 2ij 258, 268, 325. 
 naegledcnearr, m., vessel 
 
 njoith sides fastened nvith 
 
 nails, nailed ship, dp. 
 
 naegledcnearrum, i. 53. 
 
 See cnear. 
 naes, see beon. 
 nama, wk. m., name, M. 
 
 267, iiib. 12, 15 ; ds. 
 
 naman, iiib. 32. 
 nan, pron., not any, dsm. 
 
 nanum, none, i. 25. 
 ne, adv., not, M. 21, etc.; 
 
 nor, M. 259. 
 neah, adv., near, neh, M. 
 
 103 ; swa neah, nearly, 
 
 approximately, iiia. 15. 
 ned, n., necessity, ds. nede, 
 
 i. 33, ii- 9- 
 nellan, anv., be univilling, 
 
 refuse, is. nelle, M. 246; 
 
 pret. 3s. nolde, M. 6, 9, 
 
 275 5 3p. noldon, M. 81, 
 
 185, 201. (Cf. Siev. Gr.3 
 
 428 n. 2.) 
 nemnan, wk. i, name, call, 
 
 3p. nemna^, iiia. 5, 7, 
 
 iiib. 4. 
 
&106SWPS 
 
 79 
 
 neotail, ii. w. g., make use 
 
 of, 'voield, M. 308. 
 nigen, num., niney iiia. 
 
 18. 
 niht, f., night, dp. nihtum, 
 
 iiib. 13. 
 niman, iv., take, seize, M. 
 
 39, 252 5 pret. 3p. na- 
 
 mon, iv. 12. 
 ni53as, mp., men, g. 
 
 ni^['S]a, iiia. 7. 
 niSweorc, n. , ^warlike deed^ 
 
 gp. nTSweorca, iiia. 18. 
 norS, adv., north, i. 38. 
 norSerne, adj., northern, 
 
 npm. i. 18. 
 nu, i) adv., no^w, M. 93, 
 
 i75> ^i5> 316, iv. 13. 
 
 2) conj., «0T^ //>«/, j/«f^, 
 
 M. 57, 222, 232, 250. 
 
 of, prep. w. d. , from, out of, 
 
 a^way from, M. 7, etc. 
 ofer, prep. w. a., extent or 
 
 motion, o^er, across, M. 
 
 88, etc. ; oferbaec, back, 
 
 M. 276. 
 ofer, m., bank, shore, ds. 
 
 ofre, M. 28. 
 ofercuman, iv., overcome, 
 
 pret. 3s. oferc5m, V. 18; 
 
 3p. oferc5man, i. 72. 
 
 ofermSd, n., pride, o'uer- 
 confidence, ds. ofermode, 
 M. 89. 
 
 ofsceotan, 11., nvound or 
 kill ivith arroiv or ja've- 
 lin, shoot, pret. 3s. of- 
 sceat, M. 77. 
 
 ofslean, vi., slay, pret. 3s. 
 ofsloh, iv. 7. 
 
 5fstlice, adv., speedily, M. 
 
 143- 
 oft, adv., often, M. 188, 
 
 212, 296, 321, i. 8. 
 on, prep., i) w. d. Position: 
 
 on, M. 25, 28, 63, 107, 
 
 2^2^7, 293>/- 49> 515 «^ 
 M. 199, i. 41 ; in, M. 
 142, 190, 214, iiia. 3, 
 iiib. 215 in, during, M. 
 
 i53> ^48, 30^> 324; 
 among, M. 129, 220, 
 227, 259, 266, 279, 292, 
 300, 323. Time: on, iiia. 
 6 ; serest on fleame,^rj/ to 
 flee, M. 186 ; on rim- 
 craefte, in, iiib. 75 o«, M. 
 278. 2)w.a., to, into, M. 
 58, 178, 291, i. 385 on 
 haeft, in bonds, iv. 65 on 
 flot, to or o« /^^ sea, M. 
 41, i. 355 aim against 
 <^/, M. 270, 322,- place f«, 
 M. 299 ; on gehwae^ere 
 hand, on both sides, M. 
 
8o 
 
 i&io^em 
 
 112. Time: on dseg, on 
 a day, M. 198; on 'Sone 
 . . . daeg, iii b. 95 on 
 morgentid, in the morn- 
 ing, i. 14. adv. phrases: 
 on beot, boastfully , M. 
 27 5 on ellen, bravely, 
 M. 211; on hyra sylfra 
 dom, at their oivn discre- 
 tion, M. 38 ; on last, 
 in pursuit of, i. 22. 
 
 oncnawan, rd., recognise, 
 understand, M. 9. 
 
 oncweSan, v., speak, say, 
 pret. 3 s. oncwae'S, M. 
 245. 
 
 onemn, adv., close by, M. 
 184. 
 
 onfindan, iii., perceive, 
 pret. 3s. onfunde, M. 5. 
 
 onfon, receive, catch, pret. 
 3s. onfeng, M. no. 
 
 ongean, i) adv., back 
 again, M. 49, 137. 2) 
 prep. w. d. , over against, 
 opposite, M. 100. 
 
 onginnan, iii., begin, pret. 
 3s. ongan, M. 12, 17, 89, 
 91, 228, 2655 3p. ongun- 
 non, M. 86, 261. 
 
 ongitan, v., perceive, pret. 
 3 p. ongeaton, M. 84. 
 
 ord, m., 1) point of nveapon. 
 2) line of battle, van, ns. 
 
 (i)M. 60,146, 157,2535 
 (2) M. 695 ds. orde (i) 
 M. 124, 2265(2)M. 273; 
 as. ord (i) M. 47, no. 
 
 oretmaecg, m., voarrior, 
 champion, dp. oretmaeg- 
 cum, V. II. 
 
 63er,pron., other, the other, 
 nsm. M. 282; dsm. 6^- 
 nim, M. 64, etc.; instr. 
 ©"Sre, iiia. 4; asm. o'Serne, 
 another, M. 143, 234 ; 
 asn. StSer, iiib. 2 ; 5^er 
 twega, one oftnvo things, 
 M. 207; npm. ©"Sre, iv. 4. 
 
 oSSaet, con]., until, M. 278; 
 [o>] )?aet, i. 16, o^ >get, 
 iv. 17, V. 25; ©["S] >aBt, 
 M. 324 ; o\>, ii. II. 
 
 oSSe, conj., or, M. 208; or 
 else, M. 292. 
 
 pentecosten,m., Pentecost, 
 
 Whitsuntide, gs. pentecos- 
 
 tenes, iiia. 8. 
 plegian, wk. 2, play, sport, 
 
 pret. 3p. plegodan, i. 52. 
 prass, m. ?, battle-array, 
 
 parade}, ds. prasse, M. 
 
 68. 
 preost, m., priest, gp. pre- 
 
 osta, iiia. 8. 
 
(Slofl(fl;ar? 
 
 8i 
 
 raed, m., counsel, gp. raeda, 
 
 J' ^* 
 
 rsedan, wk. i, ad'vise, in- 
 struct, pret. 3 s. rjedde, 
 
 M. 18. 
 rsidend) m.,guider, ruler, 
 
 iiib. 23. 
 rand,m., border, shield, ap. 
 
 randa[s], M. 20. 
 raSe, adv., soon, at once, M. 
 
 30, 288; to ra^e, just 
 
 in time, M. 164. [Cf. 
 
 hratSe.] 
 reaf, n. , spoil, booty, as. M. 
 
 161. 
 reccean, wk. i, irreg. w. g., 
 
 reck, care, pret. 3 p. r5h- 
 
 ton, M. 260. 
 rice, n., kingdom, ds. v. 195 
 
 as. V. 29. 
 ricene, adv. , quickly, M. 9 3 . 
 ricost, sup. adj., most ponv- 
 
 erful, nsm. M. 36. 
 ridan, i., ride, M. 291 ; 
 
 pret. 3s. rad, M. 18, 
 
 239- 
 
 riht, i) n., la^w, right, as. 
 iiib. 23. 2) adj., right, 
 fitting, nsn. M. 190. 
 
 rihte, adv., straight, up- 
 right, M. 205 duly, 'well, 
 iiib. 7. 
 
 rim, n., number, reckoning, 
 gs. rimes, iiia. 11. 
 
 rimcraeft, m., art of reckon- 
 ing, ds. rimcraefte, iiib. 7. 
 
 rinc, m., man, ivarrior, 
 dp. rincum, M. 18. I 
 
 roder, m., heavens, gp. 
 rodera, iiib. 235 dp. ro' 
 denim, iiib. 29. 
 
 sacu, f., strife, battle, ds. 
 
 sace, i. 42; sake, i. 4. 
 ssed, n., seed, i. 20. 
 saelida, w^k. m., seafarer, 
 
 M. 45 5 as, sselidan, M. 
 
 286. 
 ssemann, m., seaman, np. 
 
 ssemen, M. 29; dp. sse- 
 
 mannum, M. 38, 278. 
 sserinc, m., seaman, sea- 
 farer, M. 134. 
 sake, see sacu. 
 salowigpada, wk. m., 
 
 dark-coated, as. salowig- 
 
 padan, i. 61. 
 sawul, f., soul, M. 177; 
 
 saul, iv. 25 ,• as. sawle, 
 
 V. 2, 28. 
 sceadan, rd., separate, 3s. 
 
 sceade'5, ii. 3. 
 sceaft, m., shaft {of spear), 
 
 M. 136. 
 
82 
 
 ^lo0s?arp 
 
 scealc, m., ser'vant, man, 
 np. scealcas, M. i8i. 
 
 sceard) adj. w. g., muti- 
 late d, deprived, nsm. i. 
 40. 
 
 sceatt, m., property, trea- 
 sure, dp. sceattum, M. 
 40, s^' 
 
 sceolan, prp., shall, 3s. 
 sceal, M. 60, 252, 312, 
 313; 2p. sceole, M. 595 
 3p. sceolon, M. 54, 2205 
 pret. 3 s. sceolde, ixjas 
 bound to, had to, M. 1 6 5 
 3 p. sceoldon, should, M. 
 19 5 had to, M. 1055 opt. 
 pret. 3 p. should, M. 291, 
 
 307. 
 sceotan, 11., shoot, dart, 
 
 pret. 3s. sceat, M. 143, 
 
 270 ; pp. sceoten, i. 
 
 19. 
 SCeS, f., sheath, ds. sce'Se, 
 
 M. 162. [Cf. scea-S.] 
 scipflot, wk. m., seafarer, 
 
 np. scipflotan, i. 11. 
 scir, adj., bright, clear, 
 
 asn. M. 98. 
 scufan, II., sho^e, push, 
 
 pret. 3s. sceaf, M. 136. 
 scyld, m., shield, ds. 
 
 scylde, M. 136; as. 
 
 scyld, i. 195 ap. scyldas, 
 
 M. 98. 
 
 scyld, f., blame, guilt, ds. 
 scylde, iv. 15. 
 
 scyldburh, f., battle array 
 <iAjith shields touching 
 each other, shield-array, 
 M. 242. 
 
 scyp, n., ship, ds. scype, 
 M. 40, 56, iv. 19. [Cf. 
 scip.] 
 
 Scyttisc, adj., Scottish, 
 nsm. i. 19. 
 
 se, dem. adj., /^^, that, nsm. 
 M. 6, etc. fq. used in its 
 emphatic form se as pers. 
 pron. =zhe, M. 27, etc.; 
 nsf. seo, M. 104, etc.; 
 nsn. "Saet, M. 76, etc. fq. 
 used as pers. pron.; gs. 
 •Sass, M. 8, etc. /or this, 
 M. 120; ^aes "Se, so far as, 
 i. 68, iiia. 14; gsf. 'Saere, 
 M. 95 ; dsmn. tSam, M. 
 I o, etc. ; be "Sam, thereby, 
 M. 9 ; ^an, iv. 13; dsf, 
 ^sere, M. 8, etc.; asm. 
 ^one, M. 77, etc.; used 
 as rel. pron. iiia. 7, iiib. 
 30; asf. "Sa, M. 74, etc.; 
 asn. ^aet, fq. used as dem. 
 pron. M. 5, etc. ; 'Sat, M. 
 36; also as conj. =/^«/, 
 M. 6, etc. ; np. ^a, they, 
 M. 81, 184; gp. "Sara, 
 i. 26; "S^ra, M. 174; dp. 
 
€ilo66;ar? 
 
 83 
 
 •Sam, M. 40, etc.; ap. 
 
 •Sa, M. 82, etc. 
 secean, wk. i, irreg. seek, 
 
 go to^wardsy i. 55 ; pret. 
 
 3p. sohton, M. 193, soh- 
 
 tan, i. 58, 71. 
 secg, m., matiy M. 159, i. 
 
 17 ; gp. secga, i. 13 ; 
 
 ap. secgas, M. 298. 
 secgan, wk. 3, say, M. 30; 
 
 3p. secggea'S, i. 68; pret. 
 
 3s. sjede, M. 147 ; im- 
 
 per. sege, M. 50. 
 sendan, wk. i, send, M. 
 
 30 ; pret. 3s. sende, M. 
 
 134, V. 2; 3 p. sendon, 
 
 M. 29. 
 seo, see se. 
 seofan, num., se^ven, iiia. 
 
 15 ; seofone, i. 30. 
 setl, n., setting (of sun), 
 
 ds. setle, i. 17. 
 settan, wk. i, set, put, 
 
 pret. 3 s. sette, iv. 6. 
 sigan, I., sink, pret. 3s. 
 
 sah, i. 17. 
 sigor, m., 'victory, triumph, 
 
 gp. sigora, iiia. 15, iiib. 
 
 22. 
 sin, poss. pron., his, dsm. 
 
 sinum, V. 32. 
 sine, n., treasure, as., M. 
 
 59- 
 sincgyfa, wk. m,, treasure- 
 
 gi'ver, lord; as. sinc- 
 
 gyfan, M. 278. 
 singan, iii., sing, ring, 
 
 pret. 3s. sang, M. 284. 
 sittan, v., sit, d^ell, pret. 
 
 3s. saet, iv. 3. 
 siSian, wk. 2, journey, go, 
 
 M. 177 ; opt. IS. si'Sie, 
 
 M. 251. 
 slean, vi., 'wound, slay, 
 
 pret. 3s. sloh, M. 163, 
 
 285 ; opt. pret. 3s. sloge, 
 
 M. 117. 
 snell, adj., active, snuift, 
 
 npm. snelle, M. 29. 
 softe, adv., easily, M. 59. 
 s5na, adv. , soon, sona swa, 
 
 as soon as, iv. 19. 
 soSfaest, adj., righteous, 
 
 asf. so'Sfse [ste] , v. 2, 
 
 s5'5faeste, v. 28. 
 spedan, wk. \, succeed, 3p. 
 
 speda'S to ^am, can man- 
 age this, M. 34. 
 spell, n., tidings, message, 
 
 as., M. 50. 
 spere, n., spear, M. 137 ; 
 
 ap. speru, M. 108. 
 spillan, wk. i, destroy, M. 
 
 34- 
 sprecan, v., speak, pret. 
 3s. sprasc, M. 21 1, 274 ; 
 3p. spriecon, M. 200, 
 212. 
 
84 
 
 &\o&^m 
 
 sprengan, wk. i, burst, 
 break, pret. 3s. sprengde, 
 M. 137. 
 
 springaii) iii., spring, pret. 
 3s. sprang, M. 137. 
 
 staeppan, vi., step, ad- 
 vance, pret. 3s. stop, M. 
 8, 78, 131. 
 
 staeS, n., bank, shore, ds. 
 stae'Se, M. 25. 
 
 standan, vi., stand, M. 
 19 ; 3s. stynt, M. 51 ; 
 pret. 3s. stod, M. 25, 28, 
 152, 273 ; stuck fast, M. 
 145 ; 3p. stodon, M. 63, 
 72, 79, 100, 182, 301. 
 
 staSol, m., hea'venly sta- 
 tion, ds. sta'Sole, iiib. 
 30. 
 
 stede, m., appointed place, 
 station, as. M. 19. 
 
 stedefaest, adj., steadfast, 
 steady, npm. stedefaeste, 
 M. 249 J staedefaeste, M. 
 127. 
 
 stefn^ m., stem, pro<w, ds. 
 stefne, i. 34. 
 
 stemnettan, wk. 1, pret. 
 3 p. stemnetton, took their 
 turn, M. 122. (Cf. note, 
 p. 36.) 
 
 Steorra, wk. m., star, iiib. 
 
 30- 
 Stihtan, wk. i, direct, in- 
 
 cite, pret. 3s. stihte, M. 
 
 127. 
 stingan, iii., stab, pierce, 
 
 pret. 3s. stang, M. 138. 
 stiS, adj., stern, stubborn, 
 
 nsn. M. 301. 
 stiSferhS, adj., of stubborn 
 
 temper, npm. stTSferhlSe, 
 
 iiib. 30. 
 stiShicgende, adj., stern 
 
 of purpose, npm. sti^- 
 
 h[ic]gende, M. 122. 
 stiSlice, adv., sternly, M. 
 
 stop, see staeppan. 
 
 strSam, m., stream, as. M. 
 68. 
 
 stund, f., njuhile, time, as. 
 «fre embe stunde, e'very 
 nonv and again, M. 271. 
 
 stynt, see standan. 
 
 sty pel, m., tonjoer, steeple, 
 ds. styple, iv. 24. [steap.] 
 
 sum, pron. w. part, g., 
 some, one, a certain one, 
 nsm. M. 149, 1645 2.sf. 
 sume, M. 271; asn. sum, 
 M. 285; apm. sume, iv. 
 7, 8, 9, 10. 
 
 sunne, wk. f., sun, i. 
 
 13- 
 sunu, m., son, M. 76, iv. 
 2 5 as. i. 42} ns. sun[u], 
 M. 298. 
 
&\oeeavs 
 
 85 
 
 suSerne, adj., from the 
 souths asm. M. 134. 
 
 suSportic, m., south porch, 
 ds. su'5po[r]tice, iv. 25. 
 
 swa, i) adv., thus, in this 
 'way, M. 122, 132, 198, 
 280, iv. 18, 20 ; w. adj., 
 so, M. 33, 243, 319, iv. 
 15, w. adv. M. 59 ; swa 
 "Seah, honjoe'ver, v. 29. 2) 
 conj., as, M. 290, i. 7, 
 iv. 22, 23 ; ivhere, ii. 3, 
 v. 12. 
 
 swat, n., blood, ds. swate, 
 i. 13. 
 
 sweart, adj., black, dark, 
 asm. wk. sweartan, i. 61. 
 
 swegel, n. hea'uen, gs. 
 swegles, v. 28. 
 
 sweltan, iii., die, perish, 
 M. 293. 
 
 sweng, m. blo<w, gs. swen- 
 ges, M. 118. 
 
 sweord, swurd, n., s^word, 
 ns. swurd, M. 166 ; gs. 
 sweordes, i. 6 8 j as. swurd, 
 M. 15, 161, 2375 gp. 
 sweorda, i. 4 ; dp. sweor- 
 dum, i. 30 } ap. swurd, 
 M. 47. 
 
 swylce, adv. , also, likeivise, 
 i. 57 ; swilce . . . eac, 
 i. 30, swylce . . . eac, i. 
 i9> 37> ii- 7- 
 
 swiSe, adv. strongly, stoutly, 
 
 'very, much, M. 115, 118, 
 
 282, iiib. 22, iv. 5. 
 swustersunu, m., sister'' s 
 
 son, M. 115. 
 sy, see beon. 
 sylf, pron., self, dsm. syl- 
 
 fum, V. 30 5 gp. sylfra, 
 
 M. 38. 
 syllan, wk. i irreg. gi'ue, 
 
 sell, M. 38, 46 ; pret. 3s. 
 
 sealde, M. 271, sell, iv. 
 
 8 ; opt. 3 p. syllon, M. 61. 
 sySSan, i)adv., //«r^, after- 
 
 awards, iiib. 10, iv. 22. 
 
 2) conj. since, L 69, iv. 
 
 12, V. 18. 
 
 taecan, wk. i irreg., shoiv, 
 
 direct, pret. 3 s. tsehte, 
 
 M. 18. 
 tsesan, wk. i, lacerate, 
 
 ivound, pret. 3 s. tiesde, 
 
 M. 270. 
 tid, f., time, M. 104; as. 
 
 V. 8, 31. 
 tir, m., glory, M. 104; as. 
 
 i- 3- 
 tirfaest, 2id.]., glorious, n&m., 
 
 iiib. 13. 
 to, prep. w. d., to, toivards^ 
 
 motion, M. 8, 13, .56, 
 
86 
 
 &\o^siRrs 
 
 292; motion of mind, 
 hogode to wige, ga^e at- 
 tention to y M. 1285 hicgan 
 to, trust in, M. 45 bylde to 
 gu^e, wige, encourage to 
 fight, M. 235, 321 5 ge- 
 manode to 'Searfe, to meet 
 the need, M. 232 5 cf. M. 
 
 12 ; fsege to gefeohte, 
 for battle, i. 2 8 j purpose, 
 aim, for, as, M. 46, 131, 
 197, 245 ; t5 lafe, left, iiia. 
 
 1 3 5 t5 kinge gehalgod, 
 consecrated king, iiia. 2. 
 After verbs : t5 waepnum 
 feng, M. 10 j gelyfenne 
 to, in, iv. 13 J ind. obj. 
 M. 28. 
 
 to, adv., too, M. 55, dd, 
 
 90, 164, iiib. 22 5 to- 
 
 nvards, M. 150. 
 toberstan, iii., intr. burst 
 
 asunder, break, pret. 3s. 
 
 tobaerst, M. 136, 144. 
 tobrecan, iv., break, break 
 
 through, pret. 3 s. tobraec, 
 
 iiib. 23; pp. tobrocen, 
 
 M. 242. 
 todraefan, wk. i, dri^e 
 
 asunder, disperse, pp. 
 
 todrsefed, iiib, 18. 
 todrifan, i., dri've a^way, 
 
 disperse, pret. 3 s. todraf, 
 
 iv. 7. 
 
 togaedere, adv., together, 
 
 M. 67. 
 totwseman, wk. i, divide, 
 
 break up, pp. tdtwiemed, 
 
 M. 241. 
 t5ward, prep. w. d., to- 
 
 nvards, iv. 5. 
 trym, n., step}, as. M. 247. 
 
 (Cf. Beo'vjulf, 1. 2525.) 
 trymian, wk. i, encourage, 
 
 exhort, M. 17; pret. 3p. 
 
 trym ed on, M. 305. (Cf. 
 
 Siev. Gr.3 400, n. 2.) 
 tungol, n., heavenly body, 
 
 luminary, i. 14. 
 twggen, num. m., tnjoo, 
 
 tmjain, M. 80 ; gn. 
 
 twega, M. 207. 
 [twentig], num., tnjuenty, 
 
 iiia. 15, 18, V. 6, 20. 
 
 (MS. XX.) 
 [tyn], num., ten, iiib. 13. 
 
 (MS. X.) 
 tynhund, num., ten hun- 
 dred, iiia. 1 1 . 
 
 D 
 
 Sa, see se. 
 
 6a, i) adv., then, M. 2, 
 etc. 2) conj., njuhen, 
 M. 10, etc.; since, "Sa, 
 M. 276. 
 
 Sser, i) adv., there, M. 64, 
 
^fissavg 
 
 87 
 
 etc.; ^Si ^£er, thereupon, 
 M. 17, 205; "Sar, vi. 21. 
 2) conj., ivbere, ^£er, 
 M. 23, etc. 
 
 Saet, conj., t/iat, so that, 
 M. 6, etc. (represented 
 by a contraction in MSS. , 
 so as dem. adj. and pron. 
 except M. 36, J?at.) 
 
 Sane, m. w. g., thanks, as., 
 M. 120, 147. 
 
 Sanian, wk. 2, he nvet, 
 pret. 3s. ['Sa]n[o]de, i. 
 12 (see note, p. 39). 
 
 Se, i) connect, particle used 
 as rel. pron. and to form 
 conjs., M. 14, etc.; in 
 proportion as, M. 313 
 (second t$e). 2) adv. used 
 w. comp. = the, M. 
 146, 312, 313, i. 46. 
 (Inst, of dem. pro., cf. 
 «y.) 
 
 Seah, i) conj., though, v. 
 16; "Seh, iv. 5. 2) adv., 
 ho^we'ver, M. 289. 
 
 Searf, f., need, M. 233, 
 V. 34 ; ds. ^earfe, M. 
 [201], 232, 307; as. 
 M. 175. 
 
 Searle, adv., 'vigorously, 
 effectually, M. 158, i. 
 
 Segen, m., servanty thaney 
 
 as. M. 151; np. 'Segenas, 
 
 M. 205, 220 ; ap. M. 
 
 232. 
 Segenlice, adv., as befits a 
 
 thane, M. 294. 
 Seh, see 6eah. 
 Sencan, wk. i irreg., 
 
 think, intend, w. inf., is. 
 
 "Sence, M. 319 ; 3s. 
 
 fence's, M. 258, 316. 
 Seod, f., people, ds. ^eode, 
 
 M. 220; gp. 'Seoda, M. 
 
 173; dp. 'Seodum, i. 22. 
 Seoden, m., prince, lord, 
 
 M. I20, 178, 232, ii. I, 
 
 iiia. 20; ds. "Seodne, M. 
 
 294 ; as. ^eoden, M. 
 
 158. 
 Seodkyning, m., king, gs. 
 
 ^eodkyninges, v. 34. 
 3eow, m., servant, gp. 
 
 "Seowa, iiib. 19. 
 Sin, poss. pron., thy, asn. 
 
 M. 178 ; dp. "Sinum, M. 
 
 50 ; apf. 'Sine, M. 37. 
 Sincan, wk. i irreg., seem, 
 
 3s. Wince's, M. 55; pret. 
 
 3s. 'Suhte, M. 66. 
 Sis, dem. pron., this, nsn. 
 
 iiia. 1 6 ; dsm. "Sison, iv. 
 
 1 1 ; "Sis, M. 316; dsf. 
 
 ^isse, M. 221, iiib. 6; 
 
 dsn. "Syssum, i. 67 ; "Sys, 
 
 i. 66 J asm. "Sisne, M. 
 
88 
 
 filosftfarp 
 
 32 ; "Sysne, M. 52; asn. 
 
 "Sis, iiib. 3 ; apm. "Sas, 
 
 M. 298. 
 Solian, wk. 2, endure, hold 
 
 out, M. 201, 307. 
 Sonne, conj., ^when, M. 
 
 213 J w. opt. than, than 
 
 that, 'Son[ne], M. 335 
 
 ^onne, M. 195. 
 5rag, f., space of time, as. 
 
 "Srage, ii. 11, v. 4. 
 3reat, m.> hand, company, 
 
 iiia. 9. 
 Sreo, num., three, g. "Sreo- 
 
 ra, M. 299. 
 SrittigaeSa, mms.,, thirtieth, 
 
 ds. 'Srittigag'San, iiia. 20. 
 Su, pron., /^o«, M. 30, etc. ; 
 
 ds. "Se, M. 29, etc. 
 Surfan, prp., need, ip. 
 
 ^iirfewe, M. 34; 3p. 'Sur- 
 
 fon, M. 249 ; pret. 3s. 
 
 *Sorfte,i. 39, 44; 3p. ^orf- 
 
 tan, i. 47. 
 Surh, prep. w. a., through, 
 
 penetration, M. 141, 145, 
 
 151; means, M. 71, iiib. 
 
 15/37. 
 Surhwadan, vi., pierce, 
 
 pret. 3 s. "Surhwod, M. 
 
 296. 
 Sus, adv., thus, M. 57. 
 6usend, num., thousand, 
 
 iiia. 16. 
 
 U 
 
 unbefohten, adj., unf ought, 
 
 nxjith impunity, npm. un- 
 
 befohtne, M. 57. (MS. 
 
 unbefohtene. ) 
 under, prep. w. d., under, 
 
 ii. 9. 
 unearg, adj., notcoivardly, 
 
 hra<ve, npm. unearge, M. 
 
 206. 
 unforcuS, adj., not repro- 
 
 bate, honourable, nsm. M. 
 
 51- 
 unforht, adj., not afraid, 
 
 bra'ue, npm. unforhte, 
 
 M. 79. 
 unorne, adj., old, nsm. M. 
 
 256. 
 unriht, adj., not right, 
 
 ivrong, nsn. iv. 5. 
 unrim, n,, countless number, 
 
 i. 31. 
 unsceSSig, adj., harmless, 
 
 blameless, nsm. wk. un- 
 
 sce'S'Siga, iv. i. 
 unwaclice, adv., not feebly, 
 
 resolutely, M. 308. 
 unweaxen, adj., not full- 
 
 groivn, nsm. M. 152 j 
 
 nsn. unwexen, iiib. 11. 
 up, adv. , on high, upivards, 
 
 M. 130 J upp, i. 13, 
 
 70. 
 
(Sloaeavs 
 
 89 
 
 upgang, m., going up, ap- 
 proach, as. M. 87. (MS. 
 upgangan.) 
 
 uppe, adv., on high, iiib. 29. 
 
 ure, poss. pron., our, nsm. 
 M. 232, 240, 314J nsn. 
 M. 313; asm. urne, M. 
 585 dp. urum, M. 56. 
 
 ut, adv., out, M. 72, i. 35. 
 
 uSwita, wk. m. learned 
 man, np. u^witan, i. 69. 
 
 W 
 
 wac, adj., slight, slender, 
 frail, asm. wacne, M. 43 5 
 asn. w^k. wace, iiib. 3. 
 
 wacian, wk. 2, slacken, flag, 
 M. 10. 
 
 wadan, y\.,pass, ad<vance, 
 M. 140 ; pret. 3s. wod, 
 M. 130, 2535 wodon, M. 
 96, 295. 
 
 wael, n., the slain, carnage, 
 M. 126, 303, i. 65; ds. 
 waele, M. 279, 300. 
 
 waelfeld, m. afield of battle, 
 ds. waelfelda, i. 51. 
 
 waelrest, f., bed of slaugh- 
 ter, as. waelreste, M. 113. 
 
 waelspere, n., slaughter- 
 spear, as. M. 322. 
 
 waelst5w, f. , field of slaugh- 
 ter or of battle, gs. wael- 
 
 stowe, M. 95 ; ds. M. 
 
 293, i- 43- 
 waelwulf, m., slaughter- 
 ous olf, ^warrior, np. wael- 
 
 wulfas, M. 96. 
 waepen, n., ^weapon, M. 
 
 252jgs. w^pnes, M. 168; 
 
 ds. wjepne, M. 228; as. 
 
 wsepen, M. 130,235; gp. 
 
 wsepna, M. 83, 272, 308; 
 
 dp. wsepnum, M. i o, 1 26. 
 wapengewrixl, m., play 
 
 of ^weapons, fight, gs. wae- 
 
 pengewrixles, i. 51. 
 Tvaer, f., safe keeping, ap. 
 
 wsera, v. 3. 
 wsere, waron, see beon. 
 wses, see beon. 
 waestm, va., fruits, as. iiib. 
 
 37. 
 waeter, n., njjater, ds. wae- 
 
 tere, M. 64, 96 ; as. 
 
 waeter, M. 91, 98, i. 55 ; 
 
 gp. waetera, iiib. 27. 
 waldend, m., ruler, M. 
 
 173, iiia. I, iiib. 22 ; 
 
 wealdend, v. 6, 8 ; gs. 
 
 waldendes, iiib. 17, 34. 
 wandian, wk. 2, hesitate, 
 
 M. 258 ; pret. wandode, 
 
 M. 268. 
 we, pers. pron.,at;^, M. 33, 
 
 etc. ; g. ure, M. 234 ; d. 
 
 us, M. 39, 233 5 a. M. 
 
90 
 
 «lo0tfar^ 
 
 34, 60, 237; used reflex., 
 M. 40. 
 
 weald, m., foresty ds. 
 wealde, i. 65. 
 
 Tvealdan, rd. w. g., exer- 
 cise poiAjer^ iv. 4 5 ^wield, 
 M. 83, 168, 272; get pos- 
 session ofy M. 95. w. d., 
 rule, pret. 3s. weold, v. 
 95 3p. weoldon, v. 19. 
 
 weard, m., guardian, iiib. 
 
 35- 
 
 wegan, v., carry, pret. 3s. 
 waeg, iiib. 20 ; 3'p. we- 
 gon, M. 98. 
 
 wel, adv., ^well, fully, iv. 
 22, V. 9. 
 
 wela, wk. m., nvealth, as. 
 welan, v. 21; weol[an], 
 V. 7.^ 
 
 welhw^ser, adv. , nearly 
 e'uery^where, iiib. 17. 
 
 wenan, wk. i, think, be- 
 lieve, pret. 3 s. w. g. and 
 opt. cl. wende, M. 239. 
 
 wendan, wk. i, turn, go, 
 M. 3165 pret. 3 p. wen- 
 don, turned hack, M. 1935 
 <went, M. 205 J opt. is. 
 wende, M. 252. 
 
 weorSan, happen, pret. 3s. 
 wear^, M. 295 ; used as 
 aux. njoas, became, M. 
 106, [113,] 114, i35> 
 
 202, 241, 288, i. 32 ; 
 
 iiib. 16 ; wear['S], iiib. 
 
 1 8 ; waer ['S] , M. 1 1 6 ; 3p. 
 
 wurdon on fleame, took to 
 
 flight, M. 186} opt. pret. 
 
 3s. wurde (aux.), M. i ; 
 
 3 p. wurdan, njoere, i. 48; 
 
 pp. geworden, iiia. 19. 
 weorSscipe, m., honour, 
 
 ds. ii. 12. 
 werian,wk. i, defend, used 
 
 reflex., pret. 3 p. hi were- 
 
 don, M. 82, 283. 
 werig, adj., nveary, nsn. 1. 
 
 20 ; npm. werge, M. 
 
 303. (MS. werige.) 
 werod, n., host, army, M. 
 
 64, 97 ; ds. werode, M. 
 
 51 ; weorode, i. 34 ; as. 
 
 werod, M. 102. 
 werSeod, i., people, nation, 
 
 ap. wer'Seode, iiib. 33. 
 west,' adv., ^voest, [w]est, 
 
 M. 97. 
 westende, m., ^west end, 
 
 ds. iv. 24. 
 wicg, n., horse, ds. wicge, 
 
 M. 240. 
 wicing, m., creek-dnxjeller, 
 
 pirate, as. M. 139 j gp. 
 
 wicinga, M. 26, 73, 97; 
 
 dp. wicingum, M. 116. 
 wid, adj., ivide, extensi've, 
 
 instr. sn. wide, iiib. 34. 
 
€Hos;gar^ 
 
 91 
 
 Wide, adv., jar and njoidey 
 ilib. 17, 31, V. 17. 
 
 wig, n., fight, gs. wiges, M. 
 73, 130; wigges, i. 20, 
 59 ; ds. w[i]ge, M. 10; 
 wige, M. 128, 193, 235, 
 252. 
 
 wiga, wk. m., ^warrior, 
 M. 210 ; as. wigan, M. 
 75* ^35; np. M. 79, 
 126, 302,- gp. wigena, 
 M. 135. 
 
 wigend, m., nvarrior, np. 
 M. 302 ; gp. wiggendra, 
 ii. 12. 
 
 wigheard, adj., stern in 
 fight y asm. wigheardne, 
 M. 75- 
 
 wTgpIega, wk. m., ijuar- 
 play, battle, ds. wig- 
 plega, M. 268, 316. 
 
 wigsmiS, m., ^warrior, np. 
 wigsmi'Sas, i. 72. 
 
 wihaga, wk. m., nvar- 
 hedge, phalanx, as. wiha- 
 gan, M. 102. 
 
 wiht, f., thing, d. used as 
 adv. wihte, at all, v. 33. 
 
 willan, anv., ^vuill, he re- 
 solved, ^wish, IS. wille, 
 M. 221,247, 317 j wylle, 
 M. 216; 3s. wile, M. 525 
 I p. wlllatS, M. 35, 40 5 
 3p. M. 46 5 pret. 3s. 
 
 wolde, M. II, 129, 160; 
 
 without inf. ijuished (to 
 
 go), iv. 2 ; 3 p. woldon, 
 
 M. 207 ; opt. 2S. wille, 
 
 M. 37. 
 windan, iii., dart, fly, M. 
 
 322 ; pret. 3s. wand, 
 
 brandished, M. 43 ; 3 p. 
 
 wundon, circled round, 
 
 M. 106. 
 wine, m., patron, friend, 
 
 M. 250 ; ap. winas, M. 
 
 228. 
 winedrihten, m., lord, pa- 
 tron, as. M. 248, 263. 
 winemieg, m., kinsman, 
 
 ap. winemagas, M. 306. 
 ■winter, m., Winter, gp. 
 
 wintra, iiia. 11, 195 v. 7, 
 
 2 1 ; dp. wintrum, M. 210. 
 wintergetel, n., period of 
 
 a year, gs. wintergeteles, 
 
 iiia. 14. 
 wis, adj., 'wise, nsm. M. 
 
 219, iiib. 27 ; np. wise, 
 
 iiib. 33. 
 w^isian, wk. 2, guide, pret. 
 
 3s. wisode, M. 141. 
 ■wit an, prp., kno'uu, 3 s. wat, 
 
 M. 94 ; pret. 3s. wiste, 
 
 M. 24. 
 wis, prep., i) w. g., to- 
 
 ivards, M. 8, 131, 290. 
 
 2) w. d., against, M. 
 
92 
 
 I03; in exchange for y M. 
 3ii 35> 39, iv. 8. 3) 
 w. a., against, M. 82, 
 277, 298, i. 9, 52. 
 
 wiSerlean, n., requital, M. 
 116. 
 
 wlanc, adj., proud, dsn. 
 wk. wlancan, M. 240 5 
 asm. wlancne, M. 139 5 
 npm. wlance, M. 205, i. 
 '72. 
 
 wlitan, I., look, pret. 3s. 
 wlat, M. 172. 
 
 wlitig, adj., beautiful, asn. 
 iiib. 3. 
 
 word, n. , nxjord, speech, ds. 
 worde, iiia. 4 ; as. word, 
 M. 168 ; dp. wordum, 
 M. 26, 43, 210, 250, V. 
 33; wordon, M. 306. 
 
 wordsnotor, adj., nuise of 
 speech, nsm. iiib. 27. 
 
 woruld, f., lifetime, ijuorld, 
 ds. worulde, M. 1 74 j 
 worlde, iiia. 1 9 j worulda, 
 V. 4. 
 
 woruldgesaelig, adj., 
 
 Ivor Idly prosperous, M. 
 219. 
 
 ■woSbora, wk. m., prophet 
 (astrologer), np. w5^- 
 boran, iiib. 33. 
 
 wracu, f., revenge, 'ven- 
 geance, iiib. 34. 
 
 wraeclast, m., track of 
 exile, exile, dp. wraeclas- 
 tum, V. 17. 
 
 wrecan, v., avenge, M. 
 248, 2585 pret. 3s. wrec, 
 M. 279 5 opt. pret. 3s. 
 wrsece, M. 257. 
 
 wudu, m., nxjood, forest, as. 
 M. 193. 
 
 wulf, m., voolf as. i. 65. 
 
 "wund, f. , nxjound, as. wunde, 
 M. 139, 271 5 dp. wun- 
 dum, M. 293, 303, i. 
 
 43- 
 wund, adj., njuounded, nsm. 
 
 M. 113, 144. 
 wunian,wk. i,dvuell, pret. 
 
 3 s. wunode, iv. 21, v. 4, 
 
 17- 
 wurSlice, adv. , honourably, 
 <Tvith honour, M. 279, iv. 
 
 ^3- 
 wynn, f., joy, gp. wynna, 
 
 M. 174. 
 wynsum, adj., pleasant, 
 
 asn. iiib. 3. 
 wyrcan,wk. 1 ivTtg.,make, 
 
 form, M. 102. 
 w^yrnan, wk. i w. g. and 
 
 dr-, njoithhold, refuse, pret. 
 
 3s. wyrnde, M. 118} 3p. 
 
 wyrndon, i. 24. 
 wyrSe, adj., vuorthy, nsm. 
 
 iv. 23. 
 
&\066aVS 
 
 93 
 
 yfel, n., e^uil, harm, gs. 
 yfeles, M. 1335 as. yfel, 
 iv. 16. 
 
 ymbclyppan, wk. i, em- 
 brace , 3 p. ymbclyppa'S, 
 
 ymbe, see embe. 
 yrhSo, f. , coivardice, slack- 
 ness, as. M. 6. [earg. ] 
 yrre, adj., ivrathful, nsm. 
 __ M. 44, 253. 
 yS, f. wua'ue, gp. y^a, iiib. 
 
 PROPER NAMES 
 
 Acemannesceastef) Ake- 
 mafC s Chester, Bath, d. 
 iiia. 3. 
 
 iElf[h]ere, M. 80. 
 
 iElfnoS, M. 183. 
 
 Alfred, son of King jEthel- 
 red, iv. 1. 
 
 JElirlc, father ofjElfiwine, 
 g. M. 209. 
 
 ^Ifwine, son of JElfric, 
 and kinsman of Byrht- 
 noth, M. 211, 231. 
 
 -^scferS, a Northumbrian, 
 son of Ecglaf and a host- 
 age, M. 267. 
 
 /ESelgar, g. M. 320. 
 
 .^Selred, King ^thelred, 
 g. M. 53, 151, 203, V. 
 10, 185 .ffi'Selraedes, iv. i . 
 
 ^3e[l]ric, brother of Si- 
 
 byrht, M. 280. 
 ^Se[l]stan, King jEthel- 
 
 stan, i. I. 
 Anlaf, i. 46; g. i. 31; d. 
 
 i. 26. (See note, p. 39.) 
 
 B 
 
 BaSan, Bath, a. iiia. 5. 
 
 Brunnanburh, a to^wn or 
 fort, close to Durham, 
 probably, nvhere a battle 
 nvas fought in 937 be- 
 tixjeen the English un- 
 der Mthelstan on the one 
 side and the Northmen, 
 Scots, Irish and Welsh 
 on the other, i. 5. (See 
 Introduction, p. xv ff.) 
 ['Almost certainly Bru- 
 
94 
 
 i&lo^&nve 
 
 nanburh"* J Cook, Jour. 
 
 Germ. Phil. I. 506.] 
 Bryten, f., Britain, d. iiib. 
 
 14 J a. i. 71. 
 Bryttas, Britons, d. v. 
 
 10. 
 Byrht[h]elm, father of 
 
 Byrhtnoth, g. M. 92. 
 ByrhtnoS, M. 42, etc. 5 g. 
 
 M. 114. 
 Byrhtwold, M. 309. 
 
 Q^o\B.y father of Wulfstan, 
 
 wk. g. M. 76. 
 Cnut, the Danish king of 
 
 England, v. 18. 
 Constantinus, i. 38. 
 Crist, Christ, d. [Crista], 
 
 iv. 14, 25 ; Criste, v. 2. 
 Cyneweard, an English 
 
 bishop, iiib. 15. 
 
 Dene, the Danes, n. iv. 12, 
 Den[e], v. 19; d. De- 
 num, ii. 8, Denon, M. 
 129. 
 
 Deoraby, Derby, ii. 8. 
 
 Dor, Dore, to<wn in Derby- 
 shire, ii. 3. 
 
 Dun [h] ere, M. 255. 
 
 Dyflen, Dublin, a. i. 55. 
 
 Dyngesmere, probably 
 some estuary, i. 54. Cf. 
 Dingestow, in Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 Eadgar, King Edgar, iiia. 
 I, iiib. 2, 9. 
 
 Eadmund, Edmund, brother 
 of King Mthelstan, and 
 after^wards king, i. 3, ii. 
 I, 13 ; g. iiia. 17. 
 
 Eadric, Edric, M. 11. 
 
 Eadweard, Ednvard, i) 
 a <u;arrior, M. 117, 273. 
 2) King Ed<uuard, son of 
 Alfred the Great, g. i. 7, 
 52, ii. 13. 3) King Ed- 
 ivard the Martyr, iiib. 
 12, V. I, 24 ; d. V. 13, 
 
 Eadwold, EdiJuold, M. 
 
 304- 
 
 Eal[d]helm, Aldhelm, fa- 
 ther of Mlfnjjtne, M. 
 218. 
 
 Eastseaxe, the East- 
 Saxons, people of Essex, 
 g. Eeastseaxena, M. 69. 
 (Cf. Siev. Gr.3 g 264, 
 n.) 
 
 'B.z^Vkl, father ofMscferth, 
 g. M. 267. 
 
&l06iWPi 
 
 95 
 
 Eligburg, Ely, in Cam- 
 bridgeshire , d. iv. 1 8. 
 
 Engle, the Angles, i. 70 ; 
 g. ii. I, iiia. i, iiib. 2, 
 V. 1, 20 5 d. V. II. 
 
 Gadde, g. Gaddes, M. 
 
 287. 
 Godric, 1) son of Odda, M. 
 
 187, 2^37, 325. 2) son 
 
 of JEthelgar, M. 321. 
 Godwig, brother of Godric 
 
 and God<ivin, M. 192. 
 Godwine, i) Godwin, a 
 
 chief God[w]ine, M. 
 
 192. 2) Earl Godivin, 
 
 iv. 3, 6. 
 
 H 
 
 Harold, King Harold, sec- 
 ond son of Cnut, d. iv. 5, 
 V. 30. 
 
 Humbre, the Humber, wk. 
 g. ii. 4. 
 
 Hwitanwyllesgeat, tonvn 
 of JVhite^well, in Derby- 
 shire, ii. 4. 
 
 Iraland, Ireland, i. 56. 
 
 Leofsunu, M. 244. 
 Ligeraceaster, Leicester, 
 
 ii. 6. 
 Lindkylne, Lincoln, ii. 6. 
 
 M 
 
 Maccus, M. 80. 
 
 Myrce, mp., the Mercians, 
 
 Mercia, i. 24, d. iiib. 1 6 ; 
 
 Myrcon, M. 217; a. ii. 2. 
 
 N 
 
 NorShymbre, mp. the peo- 
 ple d<ivelling north of the 
 Humber, the Northum- 
 brians, Northumbria, d. 
 Nor^hymbron, M. 266. 
 
 NorSmenn, North-men, 
 Norsemen, invaders from 
 Scandinavia, i. 53 ; g. 
 i. 33 5 d. ii. 9. 
 
 Odda, father of Godric, 
 Godijuin and God<uuig, 
 g. M. 186, 238. 
 
 Offa, a leader of the Eng- 
 lish, M. 198, 230, 286, 
 288J g, M. 5. 
 
96 
 
 €>lo00ar? 
 
 Oslac, Earl of Bernicia and 
 Deira, banished from 
 England, iiib. 25. 
 
 Oswold) an English leader, 
 M. 304. 
 
 Pante, wk. f., the ri'ver 
 Black<water in Essex, a. 
 Pantan, M. 68, 97. 
 
 Scottas, the Scots of Scot- 
 land, g. i. 1 1, 32; d. V. 9. 
 
 Sexan, mp. , the Saxons, i. 
 70, d. V. II. 
 
 Sibyrht, brother of ^theU 
 ric, g. M. 282. 
 
 Snotingaham, Notting- 
 ham, ii. 7. 
 
 Stanford, Stanford, ii. 7. 
 
 Sturmere, mouth of the 
 StourF a. M. 249. 
 
 D 
 
 Durstan, father of Wistan, 
 g. M. 298. 
 
 W 
 
 Wealas, the JVelsh, d. 
 
 Walum, V. 9; a. i. 72. 
 Westsexe, the people of 
 
 We s sex. Wests axons, i. 2oj 
 
 g. Westseaxna, i. 59. 
 Wighelm, g. Wig[h]el' 
 
 [m]es, M. 300. (MS. 
 
 Wigelines. ) 
 Wincester, Winchester, d. 
 
 iv. 3. 
 Wis tan, son of Thurstan, 
 
 M. 298. 
 Wulfm»r, son of Wulfstan, 
 
 nephenxj of Byrhtnoth, M. 
 
 113, 155, Wul[f]mier, 
 
 M. 183. 
 Wulfstan, M. 755 g. M. 
 
 1555 d. M. 79. 
 
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