LIBRARY University of California. GIF^T OF^ e«wJUL UrvCv^ Accession .9.9.7.19 Clcus 7^f Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/caseconstructionOOnevirich THE CASE-CONSTRUCTION AFTER THE COMPARATIVE IN LATIN A Thesis presented to the University Faculty of Cornell University, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1901 BY K. P. R. NEVIIvLE ITHACA, N. Y. I90I THE CASE^CONSTRUCTION AFTER THE COMPARATIVE IN LATIN A Thesis presented to the University Faculty of Cornell University, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1901 BY K. P. R. NEVILLE ^ OFTHE UNlVERSiTV ITHACA, N. Y. 1 901 ^^*i> (^ Copyright, 1 901, By CoRNEivi* University AI,I, RIGHTS RESERVED ITHACA, N. Y. PRESS OF ANDRUS & CHURCH 1 901 PA a IS) MA/f\l TABIvK OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction i Comparison instituted with a nominative — Comparative adjective in an oblique case 4 Comparison instituted with a genitive 6 Genitive of the whole 8 Genitive replaced by relative pronoun or adjective 10 Comparison instituted with a dative 11 Comparison instituted with an accusative 14 Comparison instituted with an ablative 24 One member of the comparison modified 26 A clause modifier 26 A genitive modifier 29 An adjective modifier 31 Comparative adjective modified by a dative 31 Comparison between adjectives modifying same noun 32 Adjectives compared by means of magis 33 Comparative modified by ablative of degree of difference 34 Comparative in subjunctive clauses 37 Genitive of price expressed by Comparative 39 Comparative adjective agrees with a nominative as first term of the com- parison 40 Universal Negatives 45 Rhetorical Questions 52 A pronoun sums up a finite construction 58 Proverbial expressions 59 Alius alio 66 Opinione, spe, aequo, iusto, etc 67 Plus, minus, longius, amplius 69 General Adverbs 80 Conclusions 85 Addenda et Corrigenda 87 98719 PREFACE. For the citations in this paper I have used the Teubner series, in the belief that they were the most accessible, complete texts of the authors included in the investigation. The reading and lining of Bernay's edition has been used for I^ucretius ; Kussner has been followed in Sallust ; Peter for fragments of the his- torians ; Baehrens for fragments of the poets ; and Bickf ord-Smith for Publilius Syrus. The abbreviations, for the most part, require no explanation ; but for Cicero's Philosophical Works and Orations the notation employed by Merguet has been adopted. I must thank Professor C. B. Bennett, of Cornell University, under whose direction this volume of the Studies has been pre- pared, for his untiring assistance and indispensable advice. K. P. R. NEVILLE. Cornell University , June ^5, igoi. INTRODUCTORY. Scope and Purpose of the Investigation. Tradition is a factor whose potency in moulding the conceptions and methods of thought of the present is beyond question. It is in matters of reUgious and vSocial institutions, perhaps, that we oftenest see the result of its influence ; no enthusiast as yet, however, has felt himself called upon to point out that a blind confidence in tradition is responsible for many mistakes in our current Latin syntax. For example, we have always believed, without hesitation, the doctrine of the grammarians^ who in their treatment of refert and interest state that * this interests you ' is rendered by * hoc vestra interest ' ; but ' this interests you all ' , by * om?iium vestrum hoc interest '. Yet, on examination, it is found that there is no example of this latter construction in extant Latinity. Only when the material for forming a judgment is statistically complete, can we undertake with confidence to state a principle of syntactical usage. The following investigation is an attempt to present the material and draw conclusions for a single idiom — the comparative construction. My treatment is confined to the examples to be found in the Republican literature. The Latin sentence that we render in English by * he is taller than his brother ' may assume either of two forms : 1. Grandior est quam f rater suus : 2. Grandior est fratre suo ; i. e., the second element of the comparison may be expressed by quam -f the proper case ; or by the ablative without quam. The query naturally suggests itself : When do we have the one, when the other? Is there any rule? None of the existing answers to this question are adequate, — a fault that must be attri- buted primarily to the fact that no collection of all the material *See Engelmann-Schneider, | 207, i, and Landgraf, \ 135. 2 Introductory. bearing on it has ever been made. Fischer^ seems to have been the first to recognize the possibility that the two constructions are, in a measure, mutually exclusive : but his treatment is unsatis- factory. He has allowed a desire for general declarations, wide in application, to supplant lucidity : his exposition is so intricate that we must carefully consider the examples he cites before his meaning is at all clear. Kiihner's^ discussion of the phenomena of comparative sentences is the most thorough that has as yet been presented — clear, concise and accurate so far as his material goes. I^andgraf, Klotz*, Schmalz^ have in short compass each given very valuable results for the speeches of Cicero. Most other grammarians err in making the content of the portion of the sentence that follows the comparative the cause of its assuming the form it has. It is preferable, I believe, to seek in theyi7rw of thQ first part of the sentence the clue to the form of the second. The many demonstrable inaccuracies in current views concern- ing the ablative of comparison, and the absolute lack of adequate data for any view, are sufiicient justification for a new treatment of this entire subject. My examination has resulted in the recog- nition of numerous categories, yet no more, I am convinced, than necessity actually warrants. While these categories will hold in the main, yet to nearly all there will be found exceptions ; some of these are capable of esplanation, some not. But we must reflect that no living language can be made subject to inviolable rules. Any language which is spoken as well as written, will not be, under all circumstances, in the hands of its different writers, what may be termed ' strictly grammatical'. Absolute, invariable canons must not be expected in a question of this nature ; — it ^ Latin Grammar (revised edition published at New York, 1876), §626^ 2, Obs. 15 ff. "^ Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der lat. Sprache, I 225, II, 3 ff. ' Footnote to p. 665 of Reisig's Vorl. iiber lat. Sprachwissenschaft. * Lat. Stilistik, pp. 15-18. ^Syntax, in Miiller's Handbuch der Class. Altertumswissenschaft, II', ?92. Introductory, 3 should be siiflicient, if we can deduce some unmistakable ten- dencies. From the very nature of the subject we can be concerned with comparisons between substantives (and adjectives) only, because these alone can show an ablative case. Such sentences as the fol- lowing are beyond the scope of the investigation : He is braver than he was {quam fuit) ; He is braver now than formerly {quam antehac). There is no question as to what must appear in such cases. Let us see if it is possible to narrow, still further, the range within which the ablative appears. It is generally noted that the ablative of comparison takes the place, always, of a nominative or of an accusative.^ But in the period under consideration it never takes the place of either, if the comparative adjective is not in agreement with a nominative or an accusative that constitutes the first term of the comparison, i.e., if the comparison happens to be between two nouns the first of which is in the nominative, while the comparative is in the genitive, dative, accusative, or ablative, in agreement with some other noun, the comparison will be effected by quam, and another nominative will follow it ; but, if the substantive is in the accusative and the ad- jective in the comparative degree modifies it, then entirely dif- ferent principles determine usage (see Category IV). ' Riemann and Goelzer, Grammaire Compar^e du Grec et Latin, | 158* Rem., II : etc. CATEGORIES OF CONSTRUCTIONS. I. The comparison is instituted with a nominative ; A. The adjective agrees with some noun in the genitive, dative, or ablative ; quam with the nominative always follows. Plautus. Cas. 73 : maioreque opere ibi serviles nuptiae Quam liberales etiam curari solent. Merc. 817 : Ecastor lege dura vivont mu- lieres Multoque iniquiore miserae quam viri. Tri7i. 1029 : Potius in maiore honore hie essent quam mores mali. Here the quam might be due to the presence of the adverb potius (Cate- gory XXI), but it is quite as probable that maiore is the factor that leads to the employment of qiiam. Lucretius. IV, 480 : Quid maiore fide porro quam sensus haberi libet ? IV, 698 : Deinde videri licet maioribus esse creatum principiis quam vox. V, 455 : multoque minoribu' sunt dementis quam tellus, where the presence of multo would necessitate quam (Category X). Cicero. Fam. IV, 3, 2 : mihi videris meliore esse condicione quam nos, qui videmus. Fam, VI, 1,6: aut perdita non afflictiore con- dicione quam ceteri. Fam. VII, 10, 2 : de tuis rebus, quae . . . mihi non minori curae sunt quam meae. Qui7ict. 13, 44 : tu potes discedere molestia minore quam Quinctius. Caec. 7, 18 : is deteriore iure esset quam ceteri cives. C. 68 : senex est eo meliore condicione quam adulescens. De Or. II, 80, 329 : maiore periculo haec pars orationis obscura est quam ceterae. Leg. Agra. Ill, 2, 7 : Etiamne meliore (sc. iurej quam paterna Comparison Instihded zvith a Nomi7iative. 5 et avita ? Leg. Agra. Ill, 2, 9 : Libera meliore iure sunt qiiam serva. Leg. Agra. Ill, 2, 9 : Soluta meliore in causa sunt quatn obligata. Leg. Agra. Ill, 2,8: Ut meliore iure fundus Hirpinus sit sive ager Hirpinus quani mens paternus avitusque fundus Arpinas. Cluent. 37, 103 : Sedatiore tempore est accusatus quani Junius. Phil. XIII, 21, 47: Sanctiore erunt iure legati quam duo consules contra quos . . . . ; quam Caesar, cuius patris .... This is also an example of Category VI. Dom. 24, 64 : dubitarem hoc meliore condicione esse quam Decii. B. There are several examples where the first noun of the com- parison is in the nominative case, while the comparative adjective is in the accusative in agreement with some other noun. Here likewise quam is used to effect the comparison and the nomina- tive will follow it. Cicero. Lig. 4, 10 : Accusas eum, qui causam habet aut, ut ego dico, meliorem quam tu aut, ut tu vis, parem. Favt. VIII, 12, 3 : ut maiorem Appio dolorem fama quam postulatio attulerit. Flacc. 29, 71 : miseriores habeas quam aut Mithridates aut etiam pater tuus habuit umquam. De Invent. I, 31, 52 : si vicinus tuus equum meliorem habeat quam tuus est. There is no more reason for setting this sentence up as a standard for the trans- lation of ' he has a better house than yours ' ^ than the first sentence quoted in this sub-category. They are the sole instances to be cited in support of either position. Sex. Rose. 11, 31 : possit vim maiorem adhibere metus quam fides. Varro. L. L. V, 123 : sinum maiorem cavationem quam pocula habebat. Caesar. B. G. I, 40, 5 : minorem laudem exercitus quam imperator. B. G. I, 53, 6 : quae res non minorem quam ipsa victoria volup- tatem attulit. ' Kiihner, I,at. Gram., ii, ^ 225, 4. Comparison Instihited with a Genitive. II. The comparison is instituted with a genitive : quam with a genitive follows. The first example under this category appears in Cicero, unless we wish to incorporate here Plaut. Riid. 6i8 f. , vindicate, ne impiorum potior sit poUentia Quam innocentum, qui se scelere fieri nolunt nobiles. But this may just as reasonabl}^ be due to the influence of the ^z^/-clause. Cicero. Sull. 31, 89 ; Huic misero notiora sunt itinera iudiciorum et fori quam campi etdisciplinarum. C/«^«/. 52, 144 : Adfirmabat .... non se cupidiorem esse civitatis retinendae quam existima- tionis. Verr. I, 24, 62 : Ecquo in oppido pedem posuit, ubi non plura stuprorum flagitiorumque suorum quam adventus sui vestigia reliquerit? Verr. IV, 63, 140 : Ubi eorum dolorem ex illius iniuriis non modo minorem sed prope maiorem quam Sicu- lorum ceterorum esse cognovi. Mil. 30, 81 : Nisi vero gratius putat esse vobis sui se capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse. Verr. II, 4, 10 : plures partes defensionis quam accusationis suscepisse. Caec. 16, 47 : homines possessionis cupidiores quam vitae. Font. 14, 32 : Gravior hostium voluntas quam civium. Phil. V, 2, 4: honestiora decreta legionum quam senatus. Phil. V, 17, 48 : virtutis esse quam aetatis cursum celeriorem. Phil. X, 8, 16 : virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis. Phil. XI, 4, 9 : maior vis est aninii quam corporis. Phil. XIII, 4, 7 : nullius auctoritas maior est quam M. Lepidi. Catil. IV, ID, 22 : condicio melior externae victoriae quam do- mesticae. Piso, 39, 95 : maior indicium et rei publicae poena quam Rutili. Place. 41, 103: acriorem improbum memoriam esse quam bonorum. Quint. I, i, 4, 13: maioraque dignitatis insignia quam potestatis. Qui7it. I, i, 5, 15 : quern tui anianti- orem quam temporis, Att. IX, 5, 2 : funestiorem diem Alli- ensis pugnae quam urbis captae. Att. XVI, 2, 4: exploratior devitatio legionum quam piratarum. Fam. I, 7, 2 : offici Comparison Instituted with a Genitive. 7 maiorem auctoritatem qiiam sententiae. Fam. X, 4, 2 : magis prudentiae plena quam fidelitatis. Fam. X, 8, 2 : expeditius iter communis salutis quam meae laudis. Ep. Brut. I, 15, 13 : maiorem rationem tuae voluntatis quam constantiae meae. Ep. Brut. I, 16, 10 : duriorem condicionem spectatae virtutis quam incognitae. Pet. Con. 12, 46 : gratiorem orationem eius, qui .... quam illius, qui .... hivent. I, 43, 80 : Quis offici cupidior quam pecuniae? Or. 55, 185 : necessitatis inventa antiquiora quam voluptatis. De Or. I, 11, 47: homines con- tentionis cupidiores quam veritatis. De Or. I, 23, 106 : elo- quentiae maiorem laudem quam humanitatis. De Or. II, 67, 271 : maiora forensium actionum quam omnium .sermonum condi- menta. De Or. Ill, 34, 137 : cuius eloquentia instructior quam Pisistrati. Briit 18, 70: Calamidis (signa) molliora quam Canachi. Brut. 21, 82: huius . . exiliores orationes et redo- lentes magis quam aut lyaeli aut Scipionis aut etiam ipsius Catonis. T. I, 49, 117: melior Hnni quam vSolonis oratio. O. I, 75: eius nomen quam Solonis inlustrius. O. I, 145 : maior et melior actionum quam vSonorum concentus. O. II, 46 : maiora opera animi quam corporis. O. Ill, 87 : piratarum melior fides quam senatus. F. I, 55 : maiores et voluptates et dolores animi quam corporis. F. II, 108 : animi dolores maiores quam corporis. F. II, 108 : maiores voluptates et dolores animi quam corporis. F. Ill, 41 : maiorem rerum discrepantiam quam verborum. F. Ill, 75 : animi liniamenta pulchriora quam corporis. F. IV, 62 : eius optabiliorem vitam melioremque et magis expetendam quam illius. F. V, 88 : Metelli vitam certi- orem quam Reguli. A. II, 88 : dormientium et vinulentorum et furiosorum imbecilliora quam vigilantium, siccorum, sanorum. L. Ill, 34 : graviora indicia vocis quam tabellae. ^Y. I, 112 : locupletior hominum natura quam deorum. A^. II, 40 : solis candor illustrior quam ullius ignis. Top. 18, 70 : principura commoda maiora quam reliquorum. Auctor ad Herennium. IV, 34 : salus antiquior militum quam impedimentorum. 8 Comparison Instituted with a Genitive. Cornelius Nepos. Eumenes 3, i : salutis quam fidei cupidior. Julius Caesar. B. G. Ill, 13, i: Carinae planiores quam nostrarnm navium. Here the first genitive must be supplied from the preceding sentence — namque ipsorum naves ad hunc niodum factae arma- taeque erant. B. G. VIII, proem. : cuius rei maior nostra quam reliquorum admiratio. • Publilius Syrus. 163 : dolor animi morbus gravior quam corporis. In this category it makes no difference in what case the com- parative adjective is ; the form of expression is always the same. The adjective may agree with the genitive, for instance, or may be nominative, as in the last example above. Such a large percentage of the genitives that institute a comparison come under the category of the ' genitive of the whole ' that it has been deemed advisable to quote them by themseh^es. The construction occurs after plus and minus and is invariably followed by quam. PLUS. Plautus. Amph. 643 : Plus aegri ex abitu viri quam ex adventu volup- tatis cepi. The phrases * ex abitu ' and ' ex adventu ' would necessitate the use of quam even in the absence of the genitives 'aegri' and ' voluptatis '. True. 69 : Ei plus scortorum esse iam quam ponderum. Terence. And. 547 : Sed si ex ea re plus malist quam commodi. A7id. 720 : . . . . facile hie plus malist quam illic boni. The adverbs ' hie ' and * illic ' would require quam. Comparison Instituted with a Genitive. 9 Cicero. Brut, 70, 245 : plus facultatis quam voluntatis. De Or. II, 24, 102 : plus adiumenti quam incommodi ; plus mali quam boni. De Or. Ill, 46, 180: plus utilitatis quam dignitatis. Or. 62, 210: plus dignitatis quam doloris. hivent. II, 35, 106: plus boni quam mali. R.l, ^ : plus honoris quam laboris. O. I, 83 : plus boni quam mali. F. 1, 62 : plus voluptatum quam dolorum. F. V, 93 : plus boni quam mali. T. II, 44 : laetitiae plus quam molestiae. T. Ill, 38 : plus iucundi quam mali. T. V, 103 : plus molestiae quam voluptatis. Quint. II, 15. 4 : plus spei quam timoris. Att. XIV, 19, 4 : plus timoris quam consilii. Sull. 29, 81 : plus invidiae quam digni- tatis. Verr. IV, 63. 141 : plus mali quam boni. Q. Rose. 6, 17 : plus fidei quam artis ; plus ventatis quam disciplinae. Caec. 8, 22 : plus animi quam consilii. Marc. 8, 26 : admira- tionis plus quam gloriae. Cael. 11, 27: plus disputationis quam atrocitatis. Auctor ad Herennium. IV, 36 : plus calamitatis quam boni. Sallust. Cat. 42, 2 : plus timoris quam periculi. Jug. 31, 2 : plus periculi quam honoris. Jug. 42, 4 : plusque timoris quam potentiae. J^^^- 44. 2 : plus sollicitudinis quam auxili aut spei bonae. Jug. 85, 40 : plus gloriae quam divitiarum. Cornelius Nepos. Timoleon, 2,2: plus clementiae quam crudelitatis. Attiais^ 13, 2 : plus salis quam sumptus. Epam. 5, 2 : plus virium quam ingenii. MINUS. Cicero. Mur. 2,4: minus auctoritatis quam facultatis. Sull. 4, 12 : minus auctoritatis quam facultatis. In a few cases with a change of thought the nominative appears lo Comparison Instituted with a Genitive. after the * genitive of the whole ' with plus. The comparison is here made between the two nominatives : the examples border very closely on Class I, but because they possess the peculiarity of form noticed in this sub-category it has been thought prefer- able to quote them here. The presence of the plus construction is the cause of the appearance of quam. Plautus. M. G. 236 : neque habet plus sapiential quam lapis. Cicero. F. V, 88 : nee plus ei vitae tribuo quam Stoici. Under this same general category there is a considerable num- ber of examples where an adjective takes the place of one of the genitives. In by far the larger part of the instances, it will be noticed, it is the first genitive that is replaced by an adjective. The genitive equivalence of the adjectives is so obvious that no explanation will be necessary. Cicero. Rab. 5, 14: An pietas tua maior quam C. Gracchi? Phil. V, 2, 6 : An potest cognatio propior ulla esse quam patriae. Balb. 19, 44 : tamen hoc ipso inferius esse suum foedus quam ceterorum. Lael. 59 : Negabat (Scipio) uUam vocem inimici- orem amicitiae potuisse reperiri quam eius, qui .... Att. VIII, II, 3: Atque hoc nostra gravior est causa .... quam illorum, qui. Brut. Ill, 13 : An mihi potuit esse aut gratior ulla salutatio aut ad hoc tempus aptior quam illius, qui . . . The last three would have quam even without the genitive (Cate- gory VI). Both genitive and ^?/2-clause produce the same result. F. IV, 69 : ista evaserunt deteriora quam Aristonis. In the following instances the relative pronoun takes the place of the first genitive. Cicero. Phil. Ill, 10, 25 : Quae indicia graviora quam amicorum suorum? Prov. Cons. 9, 22: Quae inimicitiae graviores quam Comparison Instituted with a Dative. 1 1 I^ucuUorum atque Servili? De Or. I, 38, 175: Quae causa maior quam illius militis? O. Ill, 84: quae maior utilitas quam regnandi . . There is but one case where the adjective replaces the second genitive. Cicero. T. II, 35 : quorum (Graecorum) copiosior lingua quam nostra. III. The comparison is instituted with a preceding dative ; quam with the dative follows. The comparative adjective may be in any case whatever. Plautus. Amph. 595 : neque tibi istuc mirum magis videtur quam mihi. Quo modo ? Nilo, inquam mirum magis tibi istuc quam mihi. Asi7i. 573 : Ubi amicae quam amico tuo fueris magis fidelis. Capt.'ji6'. Quia illi fuisti quam mihi fidelior. Capt. 939 : qui mihi melior quam sibi semper fuit. Cas. 608 : Numquam tibi hodie ' quin ' erit plus quam mihi. Men. 675 : sibi inimicus magis quam aetati tuae. M. G. 351 : nee quoiquam quam illi in nostra meliust famulo familia. M. G. Til \ ... . dant inde partem mihi maiorem quam sibi. Terence. Hec. 281 : Nemini ego plura ex amore acerba credo homini umquam oblata quam mi. Varro. L. Z,. X, 4 : sic senior seni similior quam puero. Cicero. O. I, 44 : Talis . . . simulatio vanitati est coniunctior quam aut 12 Comparison Instituted with a Dative. liberalitati aut honestati. R. I, 7 : Cui cum liceret . . . . maiores ex otio fructus capere quam ceteris. R.\, 62 : Uni gubernatori . . . rectius esse . . . navem committere . . . quam multis. R. I, frag. 2: Maior ei (patriae) profecto quam parenti debitur gratia. Lael. 14 : Cui censemus cursum ad deos faciliorem fuisse quam Scipioni? Lael 42 : (poena) minor iis qui . . . , quam iis, qui ... P. 2\ maior est illi quam nobis. Invefit. II, 2, 5 : Kx maiore copia nobis quam illi fuit potestas. Invent. II, 8, 26 : sibi mains quam aliis. Or. 13, 42 : genus pompae quam pugnae aptius. Brut. 44, 165 : genus aptius iudiciis quam contionibus. Brut. 48, 178 : contionibus aptior quam iudiciis. Verr. Ill, 39, 89 : plus frumenti servo Venerio quam Populo Romano. Verr. IV, 50, 112: quae propiora sceleri quam religioni. Verr. V, 19, ^|8 : sibi amiciorem quam populo Romano. Caec. 15, 42 : maior vis ei quam illi cuius. Phil. II, 19, 47 : notiora vobis quam mihi. Phil. II, 23, 57 : notiora omnibus quam mihi, qui. Phil. V, 4, 11 : sibi felicior quam viris. Leg. Agr. Ill, 3, 10 : melius Sullanis praediis quam paternis. Deiot. 2,4: sibi aequiorem quam reo. Sull. I, 3 mihine maiorem dolorem quam Q. Hortensio? Pet. Con. 4, 13 innocenti plus amplitudinis quam ceteris afferat. Mur. 36, 77 notiores servo tuo quam tibi. Clue?it. 1,2: concionibus con- citatis accommodatior quam tranquillis moderatisque iudiciis. Cluent. 32, 88 : ruinae similiora aut tempestati quam indicio et disceptationi. Plane. 33, 82 : voluptati pluribus quam praesidio. Do7n. 26, 68 : amiciorem vobis ceterisque civibus quam mihi. Verr. I, 40, 103 : notiora his quam nobis qui. Piso, 31, 78 : aliis me inimiciorem quam tibi. Piso, 32, 80 : sibi amicior quam mihi. Cael. 2, 5 : Nemini maiores honores quam M. Caelio. Balb. 4, 9 : plus homini quam deae. Balb. 7, 18 : gravior L. Cornelio quam multis viris. Balb. 23, 54 : accusa- tori maiora praemia quam bellatori. Prov. Cons. 8, 18 : inimi- ciorem Gabinio quam Caesari. Att. I, 20, 2 : rei publicae utilior quam mihi. Att. V, 18, 4 : cui difficilius est quam ipsi. Att. VII, 1,6: amicior aerariis quam nostro. Att. IX, 5, 2 : amicior huic quam ipsi Caesari. Att. IX, 15, 5 : mihi inimici- Comparison Instituted with a Dative. 13 orem quam sibi. Att. X, 8a, i : quibus dignitas carior quam tibi ipsi. Att. XII, 37, 3 : tibi maiori curae quam mihi. Att. XII, 52, I : res tibi notior quam mihi. Att. XIII, 23, 3: mihi maiori offensioni quam delectationi. Att. XV, 2,1: tibi maiori curae quam mihi. Att. XVI, 1,1: turpius quam Brute Juliis? Att. XVI, 2, 3: maiorem Accio quam Antonio gratiam. Att. XVI, 6, 3 : tibi maiori curae quam ipsi mihi. Fam. I, 5, 4 : maiori illis fraudi quam tibi. Fam. II, 6, 5 : plus tibi quam ipsi Miloni. Fam. VI, 1,7: cui plus quam tibi. Fam. VII, 18, I : tibi maiori curae quam mihi. Fam. X, 33, 2 : mihi maior quam Planco. Fam. XII, 17, i : tibi propiora quam nobis. Fam. XIII, 18, i : nostro Attico iucundiores quam mihi. Quint. I, 3, 10 : tibi minorem dolorem quam mihi. Quint. Ill, 4, 4 : tibi priores partes quam mihi. Nepos. MiltiadeSy 3, 6 : amicior libertati quam suae dominationi. Sallust. Cat. 52, 21 : maior nobis copia quam illis. To this rule there is but one exception — Plant. Aul. 810. Quis. me Athenis nunc magis quisquamst homo, quoi di sunt propitii ? Here we should expect quam mihi instead of me. It is the second member of a comparison instituted with cui. The explanation probably lies in the two following circumstances, (i) The previous sentence reads Quis mest divitior"^. vSO that me may be a mere reminiscence ; (2) But far stronger than this is the fact that here we have a rhetorical question and such ques- tions, as will be shown later, almost invariably take the ablative rather than the quam construction (Category XVI). 14 Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. IV. The comparison is instituted with an accusative : A. If the comparative is in an oblique case other than the ac- cusative the rules already given under I, II, III, hold ; i. e., we have quam followed by the accusative. Cicero. Phil. XII, 3, 8 : se graviore odio quam senatum. Fam. VI, 2, I : tuas res minori curae quam meas. Fam. VI, 3, 4 : te maiore in discrimine quam quemvis. R. I, 20 : quem raaioribus de rebus quam me. B. When the comparison is effected by a comparative in the accusative case, (i) If the accusative that institutes the comparison is the sub- ject of an infinitive, («) In an affirmative sentence, it will be followed by quam + another accusative. This holds especially when the comparative is formed with the suffix — ior, ius (for magis see Category IX). Plautus. Men. 970: Tergum quam gulam, crura quam ventrem oportet potiora esse. Rud. 751 : probiorem hanc esse quam te. Cicero. T. II, 28 : mains esse malum mediocrem dolorem quam maxi- mum dedecus. T. II, 28 : mains videri malum dedecus quam dolorem. T. IV, 61 : eventus humanos superiores quam suos animos esse. R. I, 28 : plus egisse Dionysium quam Archi- medem. A. II, 82 : quem maiorem esse quam terram. A. II, 116 : solem maiorem esse quam terram. A. II, 128 : solem maiorem esse quam terram. D. II, 78 : antiquiorem fuisse laudem et gloriam quam regnum. N. II, 47 : cylindrum et Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. 15 pyramidem pulchriorem qiiara sphaeram videri. F. I, 10 : Latinam linguam locupletiorem esse quam Graecam. F, III, 64 : cariorera esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos. F, IV, 65 : Ti. Gracchum patrem beatiorem fuisse quam filium. F. V, 96 : hanc acutiorem quam ceteras. L. I, 52 : melius esse aliquid quam virtutem. Brut. 41, 151 : quem plus studi quam ilium adhibuisse. De Or. I, 10, 43 : plura Aristotelem Theophras- tumque quam omnes magistros. Plane, 12, 30 : iuferiorem quam te. Q. Rose. 6, 17 : quem meliorem virum quam histri- onem esse. Verr. Ill, 3, 6 : maiores ullas inimicitias esse con- trarias sententias. Flaee. 30, 74 : te superiorem esse quam Laelium. Phil. VIII, i, 3 : gravius tumultum esse quam bellum. Phil. XIII, 10, 23 : cariorem filium quam C. Caesarem videri. Vat. Test. 17, 41 : quem unum improbiorem esse quam te. Att. IX, 2a, 2 : me plus vidisse quam se. Fam. IX, i, 2 : teque sapientiorem quam me fuisse. Fam. XIV, 7,2: vos fortiores quam quemquam. Quint. I, i, 11, 33: leniores Graecos quam nostros publicanos. Quint. I, 1,6, 18 : quem esse iuferiorem quam me. Quint. I, 2, 2, 5 : quem nobiliorem esse quam civitatem suam. Quint. II, 8, 4 : meliorem civem esse quam Pliiloctetem. De hivent. II, 36, 108 : leviora bene- ficia quam maleficia. Plane. 34, 84 : severiorem Nicaeam quam Rhodum (esse). Sallust. Cat. 51, 15 : omnes cruciatus minores quam facinora. To this principle there are but four exceptions, viz : Varro. L. L. IX, 13 : potiorem esse consuetudinem ratione. Auctor ad Herennium. Ill, 5 : antiquiorera mortem turpitudine haberi. Cicero. N. Ill, 18 : esse aliquid homine melius. i6 Comparison Instihited with an Accusative. Caesar. B. C. I, 9, 2 : fuisse dignitatem vitaque potiorem. There are some instances in which the comparative idea is found in an adjective to which the accusative with the infinitive is a predicate. Plautus. Asin. 819: me honestiust quam te palam hanc rem facere. Cist. 500 : te aliquanto facilius quam me meamque rem perire. Cicero. Lig. 12, 38 : utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quem- quam loqui tecum. Imp. Pomp, i, 3: diflScilius est exitura quam principium invenire. b) In negative sentences^ under the same conditions the abla- tive regularly, tho not invariably, appears in place of quam -f the accusative. In sentences of nearly the same type we find the two constructions existing side by side. It will be noticed that when we have the ablative, in nearly every case it precedes the com- parative, while quam and its construction follows. Plautus. Aid. 561 f. : Quo quidem agno sat scio magis curionem nus- quam esse ullam beluam. Cas. 244 : Te sene omnium senum neminem esse ignaviorem. Terence. Hec. 566 : nullam pol credo mulierem me miseriorem vivere. Eun. 199 : hoc certe scio neque meo cordi esse quemquara cariorem hoc Phaedria. Cicero. D. I, 59 : nihil somnio fieri posse divinius. D. I, 79 : nihil illo puero clarius, nihil nobilius fore. D. II, 66 : nihil illo ' In using the term ' negative' here, 'universal negative' {e.g. numquant, nusguam) is to be understood. ' Affirmative ' in the preceding subsection is so paradoxical as to include negatives like non, neque. Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. 1 7 clarius, nihil nobilius fore. D. II, 69 : negant ullum ostentum hoc tristius accidisse. N. I, 24 : ea forma negat iillam esse pulchriorem. N. I, 37 : nihil ratione esse divinius. N. I, 76 : nee esse hiimana (forma) iillum pulchriorem. i?. I, 49 : concordi populo nihil esse immutabilins, nihil firmiiis. R. I, 55 : libertate ne feris quidem quicquam esse dulcius. R. I, 56 : nihil esse rege melius. A. II, 17 : orationem nullam illustri- orem ipsa evidentia reperiri posse. P. 21 \ nee bono viro meliorem nee temperante temperantiorera nee forte fortiorem posse fieri potest. T. II, 14 : peius quicquam videri dede- core flagitio turpitudine ? The context shows that the content of the sentence is negative. O. Ill, 117: nihil isto esse iu- cundius. F. I, 40 : quern hoc statu praestabiliorem. F. I, 65 : nihil esse mains amicitia. L. II, 7 : cave . . putes Amal- thio quicquam esse praeclarius. Here we should be justified in expecting a quam because of the presence of the subjunctive putes. (See Category XI.) Brut. 38, 143: Crasso nihil fieri potuisse perfectius. Brut. 40, 148 : his duobus quidquam fuisse praestantius. Brut. 86, 295 : oratione negas fieri quidquam posse dulcius. De Or. II, 8, 33 : nihil esse oratore praeclarius. De Or. II, 48, 199 : nullam ilia causa iustiorem fuisse. Invent. n, 48, 143 : legibus antiquius haberi nihil oportere. Or. 7, 23 : quo ne Athenas quidem ipsas magis credo fuisse Atticas. This sentence is classified here because in content it is really equal to quo nihil magis credo fuisse Attictim. Sest. 10, 23 : nihil esse praestantius otiosa vita. Opt. Gen. Or, 6, 17 : nihil illo oratore cogitari posse divinius. Att. II, 9, i : nihil hoc posse iucun- dius. Att. II, 22, 2 : nihil antiquius amicitia nostra fuisse. Att. V, I, 5 : nihil te nee carius esse nee suavius. Att. V, 14, 3 : quo mihi nihil esse carius. Att. V 21, 12 : nihil impu- dentius Scaptio, qui. Here we should expect to find quam Scaptius, qui. (See Category VI.) Att. IX, 16, 3 : Dolabella tuo nihil scito mihi esse iucundius. Aft. X, 8a, i : neminem esse cariorem te. Att. XII, 9 : cetera amabiliora fieri posse villa, litore, prospectu maria. Att. XIV, 17a, 4 : libero lectulo neget esse quidquam iucundius, despite the subjunctive (Cate- 1 8 Comparison Instituted wtth an Accusative. gory XI). Fam. II, 6, 4 : te maioris animi gravitatis habi- turum esse neminem. Fam. II, 3, 2 : te neque cariorem neque iucundiorem esse quemquam. Fam. V, lob : neminem te tui amantiorem habere. Fam. V, 13, 2 : nihil esse potuisse tuis litteris gratius. Fam. VII, 16, 3 : neminem te iino periti- orem esse. Fam. X, 31, 5 : hac legione noli acrius aut pugna- cius quidquam putare esse. Fam. XVI, 12, 2 : nihil esse bello civili miserius. Sallust. Jug. 22,2: neque mains quicquam nee carius auctoritate senati esse. Here the ablative appears despite the fact that it is modi- fied by a genitive of a noun. (See Category VI.) The accusative with quam occurs in the following : Cicero. Lael. 91 : nullam pestem esse maiorem quam adulationem. F. IV, 3 : nihil esse melius quam se. To these will be added several examples that might be placed under the category of nouns modified by genitives. (See Cate- gory VI.) If they were transferred from this class, we should have a large majority of instances in favor of the ablative, which theoretically is what one would expect in universal negative sen- tences. The current in this type of sentence sets very strongly towards the ablative as we shall presently see. Cicero. O. Ill, 34 : negat ullam pestem maiorem invasisse quam eorum opinionem. C. 39 : nullam capitaliorem pestem quam volupta- tem corporis. Verr. V, 36, 95 : nihil esse pulchrius quam Syracusarum moenia. A couple of instances occur in Cicero where we have the sentence negatived by an ablative of degree {nihilo), after which quam regularly appears, as will be seen (Category X). F. IV, 63 : homines sceleribus inquinatos nihilo miseriores esse quam eos. F. V, 83 : nihilo beatiorem esse Metellum quam Regulum. Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. 19 From these examples it will be seen that the ablative is the regular construction in this sub-category. There are forty-six instances where it occurs — two others have quam for no apparent reason ; five can be otherwise explained. (2) The accusative that institutes the comparison is not the subject of an infinitive but is the simple object of a verb. (a) In an affirmative sentence the comparative is, in all writers except Plautus, followed indifferently by quam -f another accusa- tive, or by an ablative. In this form of expression Plautus is a law unto himself, for in no other author do we find these accusatives followed by quam, + the nominative with some form of the verb esse expressed or understood. This is Plautus' s almost unvarying rule. He employs the ablative but once in sentences of this character. a. Quam with the accusative is found as follows : Plautus. M. G. 1354 : alios fideliores habuisti quam me. Stick. 97 : aequiust nos potiorem habere quam te ? Afranius. Thais, II: maiorem laudem quam laborem invenero. (Rib- beck, vol. II, p. 248, 1. 334.) Cicero. O. II, 25 : fideliorem et barbarum et stigmatiam putaret quam coniugem. O. Ill, 105 : quern locupletiorem quaerimus quam principem. De Opt. Gen. Or. 26 : acutiorem se quam ornati- orem velit.^ Ep. ad Brut. I, 7, i : neque digniorem nominare potes quam Bibulum. Fam. XII, 15, 3 : omnes firmiores putarent quam bonos. Fam. V, 13, 3 : fortiorem me puto quam te ipsum. Fam. VIII, 3, i : dissimulare me certiorem quam se candidatum. Phil. Frag. V, 44 : vidi Posidonium quam Nicomachum fortiorem. ^ One of the very few examples in which we find the double comparative, the many grammars give the rule : ' If the first of two adjectives between which a comparison is drawn is in the comparative degree, the second must also be comparative '. See Fam,. XII, 15, 3, above. 20 Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. p. There are as many examples where the ablative appears. Plautus. Poe?t. 1236 : hanc canem faciam oleo tranquilliorem. Lucretius. IV, 1231 : eius habet plus parte aequa. Cicero. T. IV, 57 : humana omnia inferiora virtute ducat. Here the subjunctive rule, to which reference will be made later (Category XI) is violated. Dom. 18, 47 : hanc legem scripsit spurciorem lingua sua. R. I, 28 : omnia humana et inferiora sapientia du- centem. TV. 21 : virtute antiquiorem genuit animum. Ba/d.ij, 39 : speciem omni sanctiorem ara duxerunt. P/iit. XIII, 6 : haec libertate posteriora ducas, despite the subjunctive (Category XI). Lael. 7 : humanos casus virtute inferioris putes. Fam. VII, 24, I : hominem pestilentiorem patria sua. Fam. X, 34, 4 : plura tuo merito debeo. Pam. XI, 6, i : quam habeo tua cariorem. Att. VIII, 11 D, 7 : ea bello civili leviora duce- bam. Or. 2,8: iis picturiis pulchriora. ^ Caesar. B. C. I, 8, 3 : rei publicae commoda privatis necessitudinibus habuisse potiora. B. G. VII, 19, 5 : vitam sua salute habeat cariorem. Sallust. Jug. 26, 2 : omnia potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur. Here the genitive that modifies fides does not keep it from appearing in the ablative case (Category VI). Jug. 14, 15 : morte graviorem vitam exigunt. It will be noticed that eight out of the fourteen examples placed in this category involve verbs of considering or regardi?tg. y. The examples that appear in Plautus where this accusative occurs are followed by quam + a nominative. Aul. 401 : tu istum gallum, si sapis, glabriorem reddes mihi quam volsus ludiust. Stick. 109 : Facile invenies et priorem et Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. 21 peius moratam quam ilia fuit. The comparative adverb may here be the cause of the appearance of the quam. There is also a further consideration that would tend to produce the form we have. Antipho's wife has been dead for some time and in refer- ring to her a past tense would naturally be used. When a differ- ence in tense has to be indicated, of course, quam is essential. The sentence then approaches very near the type which we postulated as outside the scope of this discussion. But there is no outside influence to determine the form of the following: True. 627 : istam machaeram longiorem habes quam haec est. As will be seen later, Plautus shows the same peculiarity in nega- tive sentences. b) In a negative sentence the comparative is usually followed by the ablative, unless the accusative which the comparative modifies is neminem, when the construction with quam is common. Plautus. Amph. 279 : Neque ego hac nocte longiorem me vidisse. Pseud. 938 : Neque ego hoc homine quidquam vidi magis malum. Stick, 368 : quo ego me maiorem non vidisse censeo. Terence. Hec. 462 : tu nil attulisti plus una hac sententia ? Varro. R. R.l, 2, 2>'' ecquam cultiorem Italia? Cicero. Lael. 47: qua nihil melius, nihil iucundius. Lael. 104: nihil amicitia praestabilius putetis. C. 40 : nihil mente praestabilius dedisset. F. Ill, 16 : quod hoc divinius? O. II, 28: si hoc uno quicquam sol vidisset indignius. O. Ill, 44 : qua nihil dedit divinius. R.l, 16 : Quern auctorem locupletiorem Platone laudari . . . ? The rhetorical question is in content equal to a negative statement. (Category XV.) O. Ill, no: hoc ex- emplo aut laudabilius aut praestantius (quicquam). T. II, 25 : quo dedecus mains nullum expecto. T. Ill, 3 : nihil praestan- 22 Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. tius honoribus, imperius populari gloria iudicaverunt. T. V, 64 : qua taetrius miserius detestabilius excogitare nihil. R. I, 60 : nihil isto animo, nihil animato homine miserius ducerem. N. II, 160: qua pecude nihil genuit natura fecundius. Z?. I, 122: quo quern auctorem meliorem quaerimus? D. II, 116: Herodotum cur veraciorem ducam Ennio ? These two sentences are in content like the other instances included in this category. In the last one, for example, the answer would be nulla causa est cur. Verr. IV, 43, 94 : quo non facile dixerim quicquam me vidisse pulchrius. Or. 2,8: quibus nihil perfectius videmus. Sex. Rose. 12, 33 : quo nihil vidit indignius. Phil. Ill, 12, 31 : quo neminera sui similiorem. Phil. XIV, 10, 27 : qua nullius pulchriorem speciem imperatoris accepimus. Fam. V, 5, 3 : hoc mihi nihil gratius facere potes. This same sentence occurs also in Fam. VI, 9, 2 ; XII, 23, 4 ; XII, 29, 4 ; XIII, 44 ; XIII, 66, 2; XIII, 74; XIII, 79; XVI, 22, 2; Att. II, I, 12. Fam, X, 35, I : nihil antiquius communi salute ac libertate iudicarim. Fam. XI, 27, 4 : Quern te amiciorem iudicaverunt. Att. I, 12, 1 : nihil ilia impudentius astutius lentius vidi. Att. XII, 29, 2 : nihil reperio isto loco aptius. Att. XV, 21,1: Ecquem tu illo certiorem nebulonem ? Ad Quint. I, i, 15, 43: nihil amplius desiderarem hoc statu, qui. Ad Brut. I, 15, 9 : nihil hoc bello sensisse prudentius. Nepos. Atticus, 15, 2 : qua nihil habebat carius. Tho not expressly universal negatives, the thought that per- vades at least two examples is such as to bring them under this category, viz : Plautus. M. G. 21 : Periuriorem hoc hominem si quis viderit. Cicero. O. Ill, 26 : errat in eo, quod ullum aut corporis aut fortunae vitium, vitiis animi gravius existimarunt. There are three instances where the Plautine peculiarity of fol- lowing the comparatives with guam + a nominative is manifested. Comparison Instituted with an Accusative. 23 M. G. 803 : noti potuit reperire lepidiores duas ad banc rem qiiam ego. Pseud. 1017 : Peiorem ego hominem magisque vorsute malum numquam edepol qiiemquam vidi quam hie est Simla. Stick. 343 : Verum ex multis uequiorem nullam quam hie est. The negative sentences that show the accusative by exception are : Plautus. Bacch. 256 : Scelestiorem nullum inluxere alterum. Quamve Archidemidem ? Quam, inquam, Archidemidem. Most. 607 : neque ego taetriorem beluam vidisse me umquam quemquam quam te censeo. Terence. Hec. 750 : si aliud scirem sanctius quam iusiurandum. Cicero. T. II, 46 : nihil habet praestantius quam honestatem quam laudem quam dignitatem quam decus. Quinct. 3, 11: natura nihil melius quam vocem dedisset, due perhaps to the presence of the subjunctive (Category XI). Ad Brut. II, 5, 6: dis- ciplinam meliorem reperiet nullam quam contemplationem atque imitationem tui. Here the quam is no doubt due to the genitive of the pronoun modifying the second element of the comparison (Category VI, B). Sallust. Cat. 47, I : nihil amplius scire quam legatos. The examples containing neminem are so consistent that it has been thought advisable to class them by themselves. Plautus. Cas. 520 : miseriorem quam te vidi neminem. Merc. 141 : Hominem ego iracundiorem quam te novi neminem. Ut ego maledictiorem quam te novi neminem. Pers. 209 : puerum peiorem quam te novi neminem. Terence. Phorm. 591 : Ego hominem callidiorem vidi neminem quam Phormionem . 24 Comparison Instituted with an Ablative. This is the first instance where quam + the accusative does not immediately precede the verb. The order in all the Plautus quotations is identical. The two examples that follow exhibit a still different order : Cicero. Fam. IX, 14, 6 : neminem habeo clariorem quam te ipsum. This sentence is repeated in Att. XIV, 17a, 6. Against these eight instances where quam + the accusative is found with neminem, there are two where the ablative occurs. Cicero. Fam. Ill, 5, I : quo hominem neminem potuisti nee mihi amiciorem nee aptiorem prudentioremve mittere. Phil. XI, 5, 12 : quo neminem veterani peius oderunt. Here the ablative occurs even after an adverb (Category XXI). v. The comparison is instituted with an ablative ; quam and the ablative follows. Plautus. True. 948 : Meliust te minis certare mecum quam minaciis. Terence. AdeL 57 : Pudore et libertate liberos retinere satius esse credo quam metu. Varro. R. R. 1, ly, 2 : utilius mercenariis colere quam servis. Cicero. Fam. VI, 6, 13 : Minore desiderio perdita republica carere quam bona. Fam. IX, 18, 4: satius crudelitate quam fame. Att. XIV, 17, 6 : minore periculo, vivo tyranno quam mortuo. Scaur. 3, 3: verbis ornatiora quam rebus. Phil. VIII, 1,1: oratione quam sententia lenior. Mil. 13, 34 : suffragatore meliore quam Clodio. Sull. 32, 90 : vivendo fructum maiorem Comparison histituted with an Ablative. 25 quam audiendo. R. Ill, frag. 4 : vitiis quam nomine ipso de- formior, O. I, 13: maiora studia gerentibus quam quietis. O. II, 16 : plures impetu quam omni reliqua calamitate. N. I, 120: patria Democriti quam Democrito digniora. D. II, 87 : nusquam se fortunatiorem quam Praeneste. Here a locative forms the second part of the comparison that is instituted with an adverb of place, nusquam. De Or. II, 42, 178 : Plura odio quam veritate. Pari. Or. 27, 97 : sententiis ornatior quam verbis. F. I, 2 : iustioribus utamur illis quam his. F. II, 88 : infinito tempore voluptatem maiorem quam finito. F. II, 108 : animo maiores quam corpore. Phil. Frag. VI, 14 : maiora re quam fama. Auctor ad Herennium. II, 36 : verius temeritate quam fortuna. Sallust. Jug. 16, 5 : specie quam usu potiorem. Jug. 44, i : lingua quam manu promptior. Jug. 99, 3 : pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus. Or. Pomp, ad Sen., 4: maiore studio quam consilio. Nepos. Hamilcar 2,4: plures fame quam ferro. The reason for the use of qua^n in all the foregoing instances with the oblique cases (pp. 6-25) is the desire to avoid ambig- uity. Especially is this true with the ablatives. If we had such a sentence as utor vestibus pretiosioribus cibis we should be at a loss to know what construction to put upon it. Would it be quam cibi su7it or quam Gaius utitur, with cibis as a second ablative parallel to vestibus} Perspicuity is one of the most patent of all the characteristics of Latin style. ^ See Haase, Vorlesungen iiber lateinische Sprachwissenschaft, II, p. 182 f. 26 Terms of Comparison Modified. VI. One or other of the nouns that form the terms of the comparison is modified : we then find quam with the same case as precedes. A. The modifier is a clause. Here will be classed several examples that might have been introduced under previous categories ; they are more appropriately placed here I believe. Plautus. Rud. 6i8 : impiorum potior sit poUentia quam innocentium, qui. Men. 192 : superior quam quisquam, qui . . . Merc. 446 : senex insanior quam ille adulescens, qui . . . Poen. 586 : doctiores qui . . . quam hi sunt, qui . . . Poen. 1290: atrior quam Aegyptini, qui .... Pseud. 281 : facilius quam illud, quod . . Pseud. 792 : peiorem coquom quam hunc, quem . . Trin. 346 : pluris quam id, quod . . Trin. 199 : Nil stultius neque stolidius neque mendaciloquius neque argutum magis neque confidentiloquius neque peiiurius quam urbani adsidui cives, quos . . . Terence. Adel. 29 : ea satius est . . . quam ilia, quae . . Varro. R. R. I, 6, 6 : locus is melior quam is, qui ... R. R. 1, 17, 4 : aetate maiore quam operarios, quos. R. R. I, 38, 2 : minoris quam ii, quibus. R. R.ll, 2, 2: melior aetas quam ea, quam. L. L. V, 158 : id antiquius quam aedis quae. Cicero. Att. VIII, 2, 4 : locupletior auctorquam Socrates, qui. Att. XI, 15, 2 : faciliora quam peccati dolor, qui. Att. XII, 18, i : nee quidquam tolerabilius quam solitudinem, quam. Att. X^LI, 28, 2 : nonnuUa meliora quam ea quae. Att. XIII, 29, 2 : nihil aptius quam lucus, quem. Fam. Ill, 9, 2 : plures quam Terms of Compariso7i Modified. 27 ceteri, quos. Fa7n. Ill, 10, 9 : quid utilius, quid aptius quam hominis coniunctio, cuius. Fam. Ill, 13, i : haec ampliora quam ilia ipsa, propter quae. Fam. V, 21, i : solitudinem iu- cundiorem quam serraones eorum, qui. Fam. VIII, 15, i : hominem ineptiorem quam Pompeium, qui. Fam. XIV, 3, i : miserior quam tu, quae. Fam. XV, 6, i : nihil laudabilius quam oratio quae. Qui7it. Ill, 6, 2 : inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui. Ep. ad Brut. I, 3, 3 : digniores quam eos cives, qui. Invent. II, 25, 75 : honestius, utilius, magis necessarium illud quam illud quod. Or. 26, 91 : uberius aliud quam hoc humile, de quo ; summissius quam illud de quo. Or. 31, 112 : quam nos, qui . . . , notiora. Or. 43, 146 : plus quam ea, de quibus . . Or. 71, 237: quidquam firmius quam id quodcum- que. R. I, 28 : divitiorem quemquam quam eum, qui. R. I, 28 : potentiorem quam ilium, qui. R. I, 51 : deformior species quam ilia in qua. R. I, Frag. 2 : beneficia plura quam is, qui. R. I, Frag. 2 : antiquior parens quam is qui. De Or. I, 37, 169 : Quid turpius quam eum, qui . . De Or. II, 53, 212 : temperatior oratio quam ilia in qua. P. 3 : audacius quam ille ipse, de quo. N. I, 78 : pulchriorem me quam ille, qui. N. II, 21 : omnia meliora quam ea, quae. N. II, 46 : id melius quam id, quod. N. II, 87 : meliora ea quam ilia quae. N. Ill, 13 : certiora quam ilia, quae. D. II, 51 : insipientior quam illi ipsi, qui. O. I, 41 : nulla capitalior quam eorum qui. O. I, 57 : nulla gravior, nulla carior quam ea, quae. O. II, 46 : res gratiores quam illae, quas. O. II, 79 : plures ii quam illi, quibus. Phil. V, 2, 3 : Neminem aequiorem quam me, cui. Phil. XI, 4, 8 : Miserior quam ille, quern. T. I, 32 : Melior natura quam eorum, qui. Ti. 40 : maius vinculum quam ilia quibus. T. I, 42 : ardentior animus quam est hie aer, quem. T. Ill, 73 : viliores quam plerique, qui. T. V, 56 : beatior ille quam is, qui. L. I, 14 : humiliora quam ilia, quae. L. I, 28 : haec maiora quam ipsa ilia quorum! Lael. 4 : aptior persona quam eius, qui. ^. II, 3 : maiorem ducem quam quemquam eorum, qui. A. II, 95 : quod odiosius quam ilia, quam. F. I, 45 : quae aptior 28 Terms of Comparison Modified. quam ilia, qua ... F, II, 55 : verisimilius hutic mentiri quam ilium qui. F. II, 108 : gratulator laetior sit quam is, cui. Mil, 37, loi : dignior locus quam hie, qui. Verr. I, 15, 39 : occultiores insidiae quam eae, quae. Verr. I, 21, 57: maior iucunditas quam ista voluptas, quae. Verr. I, 46, 118 : digni- ores homines quam nos, qui. Marc. 2, 4: laudem ampliorem quam eam quam. Dom. 5, 10 : Quae causa maior quam fames esse potuit, quam seditio quam consilia tua tuorumque qui ? This is a rhetorical question (see Category XVI), so that we should expect the ablative ; but the speaker is carried along so rapidly in his denunciation of consilia tua that he allows the clause modifying that to influence his whole construction. Brut. 18, 72 : minor is, qui . . . , quam ii, qui. Brut. 35, 132 : liber notior quam illi tres de quibus. Brut. 73, 255 : plus dignitatis quam illi, qui. Prov. Cons. 6, 14 : amicos prudentiores quam Gabinius cuius. Harus. 18, 39 : graviores iras quam illos, qui. Harus. 26, 55 v quae occultiora quam eius, qui. Lig. 11, 31 : beatiores illi quam tu ipse, qui. Invent. I, 44, 82 : difficilius et mains quam id, quod. Leg. Agr. I, i, 3: inertiorem consulem quam viros, qui. Leg. Agr. Ill, 2,9: commodiore condicione quam ilia, quae. Sex. Rose. 5, 14: indigniora quam haec quae. Font. 18, 40 : meliore fortuna Fonteius quam ille de quibus. Caec. 18, 58 : graviorem iudicem quam te ipsum, cui. Auctor ad Herennium. IV, 59 : celerior est quam ille, qui : melior imperator quam ille^ qui. Caesar. B. G. I, 52, 7 : expeditior quam ii, qui Nepos. Epam. 2, I : minore gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus, quorum. Exceptions to this rule occur as follows : Cicero. Att. XVI, 1 6 A, 7 : nemo amicior nee iucundior nee carior Attico cuius. De Or. II, 37, 154: elariores, graviores, politi- ores P. Africano, C. Laelio, L. Furio, qui. Fam. X, 26, 3 : Terms of Comparison Modified. 29 ulla est praetura vel officio, quod vel gloria, quam dulcior? Dom. 30, 80 : Quid te audacius, qui ? Dom. 48, 125 : quid te impu- rius, qui? Sest. 68, 142: Quis Carthaginiensium pluris fuit Hannibale, qui . . . ? The first two are drawn into the ablative by the strength of the universal negative (see Category XV). The other four are influenced by the virtual universal negative force inherent in the rhetorical question. One exception apparently admits of no explanation, viz : Caesar. B. G. VI, 26, I : cornu exsistit excelsius niagisque directum his, quae. The presence of magis with directum, would also lead us to expect quam with the nominative here, (see Category IX). B. One or other of the elements of the comparison is modified by the genitive of a noun — more rarely of a pronoun ; quam fol- lows. The instances where the genitive modifies the second ele- ment will be given first. Plautus. Bacch. 651 : Nequius nil est quam egens consili servos. Lucretius. IV, 180 : est cycni melior canor, ille gruum quam clamor in aetheriis dispersus nubibus austri. Cicero. Dom. 41, 109 : Quid est sanctius, quid omni religione munitius quam domus unius cuiusque civium ? Rab. 3,8: cariorem sororis maritum quam sororis filium fuisse. In this and the Lucretius passage above there is a genitive modifying each mem- ber of the comparison : such an occurrence is frequent. Verr. I, 27, 69 : gravius nomen legationis quam iniuria legati. Verr. II, 38, 95 : omnia aequiora et placabiliora quam animum prae- toris. Phil. IX, 5, 12 : monumentum clarius quam effigiem morum suorum. N. II, 103 : luna maior quam dimidia pars terrae. D. I, 36 : aequius esse se oppetere mortem quam P. Africani filiam. Att. XIII, 6, 2 : quod honestius quam soli- 30 Terms of Comparison Modified. tudinem Catonis. Fam. II, 8, 2 : tu plus posses quam qui vis nostrum. Fam. IX, 15, 2 : sed saliores quam illi Atticorum. De Or. I, 45, 199 : honestius perfugium quam iuris interpretatio. Part. Or. 32, 112 : poena levior quam facti praemium. Part. Or. 32, 112 : facinoris voluptas maior quam damnationis dolor. Plane. 2,5: amicitiae certius vinculum quam consensus et societas consiliorum voluntatum. Auctor ad Herennium. IV, 41 : atrocior suspicio quam explanatio facti. Nepos. Phocion, I, I : multo eius notior integritas vitae quam rei militaris labor. There are two exceptions to the principles stated in this sub- section, viz : Cicero. Fam, XII, 13, I : tua toga omnium armis felicior. Cael. 27, 64 : res multorum oculis esset testatior, this one, too, despite the subjunctive (see Category XI). I now give the instances where the first element of the com- parison is modified by a genitive : Plautus. Poen. 131 3 : plenior albi ulpicique quam Romani remiges. Cicero. D. II, 23 : ignoratio malorum utilior quam scientia. Att. VIII, 1,3: quorum nemo stultior quam L. Domitius nee incon- stantiorquam Ap. Claudius. Div. Caec. 19, 61 : Nullam neque iustiorem neque graviorem causam necessitudinis quam coniunc- tionem sortis, quam provinciae, quam ofi&cii, quam publici muneris societatem. Phil. VIII, 4, 12 : causa iustior belli gerendi quam servitutis depulsio. Balb. 5, 11 : patriae salus dulcior quam conspectus. Comparative Adjective Modified. 31 One or other of the terms of comparison is modified by an adjective or adjective phrase. This principle is far more likely to show exceptions than any of those thus far set up. Nearly all these exceptions, however, will be placed under other categories, to w^hich we must look for an explanation of them. Plautus. Pseud. 153 : vostrum durius tergum quam terginum hoc meum. Cicero. Att. XII, 2,1: Gratior celeritas tua quam ipsa res. Att. XV, 9, I : hoc melius quam ilia Trepa-LKrj porticus. The presence of the Greek adjective here precludes the possibility of an ablative. JV. II, 32 : mundus melior quam ulla natura. Or. 26, 91 : plenius quam hoc enucleatum, quam illud ornatum copiosumque summissius. One exception occurs that is due to no apparent cause. The first element is modified by a prepositional phrase that is equiva- lent to an attributive adjective ; an ablative follows. Cicero. Phil. II, 15, 37 : pax cum civibus bello civili utilior. VII. The comparative adjective is modified by a noun in the dative case ; quam follows with the same case as precedes. Cicero. Att. VIII, II D, 8 : amicior C. Caesari quam illi ; amiciores rei publicae quam ego. Pkit. X, 8, 16 : amicior causae quam filius. Sallust. /ug. 50, 6 : opportunior fugae collis quam campi. 32 Adjective in Secmid Member. VIII. The comparison is instituted : A. With a noun modified by an adjective, or pronoun and is fol- lowed in the second member by an adjective agreeing with the noun understood. The quam-Q.ons\x\XQ.\XQW is used. Plautus. Most. 657 : Nullum genus est hominum taetrius nee minus bono cum iure quara danisticum. Rud. 239 : minor pars meast quam tua. Trin. 388 : Gravius tuum unum verbum quam centum mea. Cato. Agr. 105 : hoc vinum deterius quam Coum. Terence. Heaut. 354 : mea res minor quam tua. Varro. i?. 7?. I, 2, 4 : haec temperatior pars quam interior. R. R. I, 2, 4 : salubrior pars septentrionalis quam meridiana. R. R. II, 3, I : novella quam vetus utilior. R. R. 11, 11,4: melius leporinum et haedinum quam agninum. R. R. 11, 11, 6 : me- lior fossilis quam marinus. R, R. Ill, 2, 3 : frugalior ac me- lior quam tua ilia perpolita. Cicero. Fam. IV, 4, 2 : melior tua quam nostra condicio. Flacc. 30, 74 : honestior civitas Pergamena quam Smyrnaea. Sull. 29, 81 : inveterata quam recens gravior. Phil. V, 17, 48 : quae aetas minor quam consularis. Or. 71, 237 : hoc meum verius quam tuum. De Or. Ill, 25, 98 : moUiores et delicatiores flec- tiones et falsae voculae quam certae et severae. N. I, 66 : vera an falsa (oracula) nescio, sed veri tamen similiora quam vestra. C. 60 : extrema aetas beatior quam media. O. I, 74 : res urba- nae maiores clarioresque quam bellicae. O. I, 74 : res bellicas maiores quam urbanas. O. II, 24 : acriores morsus intermissae Adjectives Compared by Magis. 33 libertatis quara retentae. F. Ill, 47 : bonum raeliorem longum quam brevem. Top. 10, 45 ; ea oratoria magis quam vestra. Top. 18, 70 : efficiens causa gravior quam non efl&ciens. B. The comparison is instituted with an adjective ; quam with another adjective follows : Plautus. Capt. 45 : plus insciens quam prudens boni. Most. 289 : mu- lier nuda quam purpurata pulcrior. Most. 1115 : elixus quani assus suavior. Trin. 904 : apsens quam praesens longior. Terence. Hec. 879 : plus boni feci imprudens quam sciens. Cicero. Fam. VI, 6, 10 : Pompeius animatus melius quam paratus. Or. 68, 228 : maiorem apta vim quam soluta. Z". I, 86 : plures fortunati quam infelices. Nepos. Alcib. 3,4: et potentior et maior quam privatus. IX. Adjectives compared with magis are followed not by an ablative but by quam, even though they are correlated with an adjective regularly compared in -ior -ius. The same case follows the quam as precedes it, as in each of the categories already cited. When this case is the nominative, the verb esse is sometimes present, sometimes not. Plautus. Aid. 422 : sum mollior magis quam ullus cinaedus. Most. 1162 : orator magis impetrabilis quam tu. True. 216 ; magis consularis hie amicust, quam auxiliarius. 34 Comparative Modified by Ablative of Difference. Cicero. Harus. 12, 25 : magis inquinatum, deforniatum, perversum quam omne servitium. The quam construction here occurs despite the effect of a rhe- torical question. (See Category XVI.) Absolute negatives cause the only exceptions, e. g. Cicero. O. I, 47 : nullum officium referenda gratia magis necessarium. Other apparent exceptions will be found in their proper places with negatives (See Category XV). There are three instances where some form of esse appears with the second term of the comparison — all from Plautus : Cist. 653 : NuUam magis auun excruciabilem quam illaec est. Poen. 276 : mage immortalis quam ego siem. Rud. 227 : magis solae terrae solae sunt quem haec sunt loca atque hae regiones. X, When the comparative adjective is modified by an ablative of degree of difference, e.g.^ multo, nihilo, or words of a simi- ilar character, the ablative of comparison is never used. Plautus. Cas. 10 : multo nequiores quam nummi novi. Pseud. 328 : hie multo potior Juppit^r quam Juppiter. Rud. 521 : multo tanto miserior quam tu. Rud. 1305 : una littera plus quam medicus. Terence. Adel. 705 : melior multo quam ego. Varro. R. R. Ill, 6, I : aliquanto pauciores mares quam feminae. Lucretius. Ill, 426 : multo minoribus esse principiis factam quam liqui- dus umor aquai aut nebula aut fumus. IV, 849 : multo anti- Comparative Modified by Ablative of Difference. 35 quius quara lecti mollia strata. V, iii : multo certa ratione raagis quam Pythia. V, 628 : inferior multo quam fervida signa. V, 632 : flaccidiore quanto turbine inferior quam sol . Cicero. Att. I, 16, 4 : res multo honorificentior quam ilia. Att. I, 19, I : multo crebrior quam tu. Att. II, 12, 4: civis pauUo melior quam isti nostri aBiKaLapxaL. The impossibility of putting the Greek noun in the ablative would necessitate a guam here, even \i paullo were not present. Att. V, 20, 3 : pauUo melior quam aut tu aut ego. Ad Brut. I, 15, 8 : paullo plures male- volos quam gratos. Fam. IV, 14, 3 : nihilo meliores res do- mesticas quam rem publicam. Fam. V, 7, 3 : me multo mino- rem quam lyaelium. Fa^n. IX, 20, 3 : paullo sum quam ipsi doctior. Fam. XII, 2, i : multoque nequior quam ille ipse. Z". V, 115 : nihilo ipse Cyclops quam aries ille prudentior. F. II, 88 : nihilo beatior Juppiter quam Epicurus. F. IV, 23 : nihilo plus quam tu. O. Ill, 35 : omni pondere gravior quam reliqua omnia. N. II, 30 : multo aptiorquam hie noster calor. N. II, 92 : sol multis partibus maior atque amplior quam terra universa. i^. II, 18 : Paullo antiquiora quam hie sermo est. C. 67 : aetas ilia multo plures quam nostra casus mortis. A. II, 43 : nihilo magis vera ilia quam falsa. Piso, 17, 40 : paulo quam ille demissior. Sex. Rose. 2 : tanto officiosior quam ceteri. Verr. {Act. Pr.) 13, 37 : hoc paulo amplius quam privatus. Verr. I, 27, 70 : multo scelestior et nequior quam ille Hadrianus. Verr. Ill, 93, 214 : Remissior aliquanto aestimatio quam annona. Verr. IV, 31, 70 : multo acrior quam ego sum. Verr. IV, 55, 123 : quanto taetrior hie tyrannus quam quisquam. Mur. 9, 22 : multo plus adferat dignitatis quam gloria. Mur. 28, 58 : multo magis auctoritatem quam criminationem. De Or. I, 3, II : multo pauciores oratores quam poetae boni. Brut. 21, 83 : multo vetustior et horridior ille quam Scipio. Brut. 43, 161 : Triennio minor quam Antonius. Brut. 49, 182 : inferiores paullo quam lulius. Brut. 68, 240 : biennio quam nos maior. 36 Comparative Modified by Ablative of Difference. Caesar. B. 6^. V, 13, 2 : dimidio minor quam Britannia. Sallust. J'^S' 58* 3 • locum paulo quam alii editiorem. There is, at least, one instance where we find not multo but multum to express a relation almost identical with that expressed by the ablative of degree of difference. It is found in Cicero. De Or. Ill, 24, 92 : multum mains quam illud vulgare et forense. There are but three exceptions to this category. Cicero. Att. IX, 2a, I : quanto et honos hie illo amplior et ipse robustior. Quint. II, 3, 4: multo superiores ipsius copiis, where beside the influence of multo we have the genitive ipsius modifying copiis, the second element in the comparison (category F/, B.) R. IV, I : quanto praestabilior animus corpore. There are a few instances where quam is used because of the presence in the sentence of an ablative of a kind other than the ablative of * degree of difference ' . If the ablative of comparison were employed, it would lead to unnecessary confusion : the quam avoids ' the concurrence of two ablatives in different meanings '.^ Lucretius. Ill, 1026 : melior multis quam tu. Varro. R. R. II, 8, 6 : hinnus minor quam mulus corpore. Cicero. Att. X, 14, 2 : nescio quomodo imbecillior medicina quam morbus. Brut. 70, 246 : minor natu quam nos. T. I, 3 : maior natu quam Plautus et Naevius. * Fischer, 1. c, obs. 15. A. Verb in the Subju7ictive . 37 XI. Cicero exhibits an individual peculiarity in using quam in clauses where the verb, for any reason whatever, appears in the subjunctive mood. One general exception is to be noted : if the subjunctive occurs in a universal negative sentence (whether of the nominative or accusative type), the ablative is commonly used, though there seems to be enough power inherent in the subjunctive to draw even some of these to a ^2^«;;2-construction. There are but three of the negative class in which we find quam, against twenty-five showing an ablative. It will be seen, then, that this category especially appears in affirmative sentences. O. I, 89 : ne maior poena quam culpa sit. O. I, 42 : ne maior benignitas sit quam facultates. 6>. I, 44 : ne benignitas maior esset quam facultates. L. II, 45 : ne operosius quam mulieris opus menstruum. Here the ^w^w-construction may be due to the genitive mulieris modifying opus in the second term of the comparison, (Category VI, B). i?. I, 38 : ut sit illustrior ilia ipsa res quam oratio mea. C. 72 : ut animosior senectus sit quam adulescentia. Brut. \2, \^^\ ne inferior esset quam Scae- vola. Fam. VII, 25, 2 : Cave putes quidquam melius quam epistolae tuae partem. Here also the ^««w- construction may be attributed partly to the genitive (see Category VI, B). The two influences together seem strong enough to balance the universal negative ne quidquam, which would usually demand an ablative (Category XV), and an ablative under similar circumstances is actually found in one case, viz : De Or, III, 9, 32 : ut nihil eo possit esse praestantius. This constitutes the sole exception to the principle of the category in ut and «. II, 79: quid hoc tristius? D. II, 127: quid inconstantius deo? C. 28 : quid iucundius senectute stipata studiis iuventutis ? Despite the fact that the second element of the comparison is modified (Category VI, C) we find the ablative. C 29 : quo 54 Comparative in Rhetorical Questions. opere quid praeclarius? C. 53: qua quid laetius, pulcrius? R. I, 52: virtute guberriante rem publicain quid praeclarius? The ablative here is modified ; we should ordinarily expect quam (see Category VI, C). R. I, 71 : Quis te florentior? R. Ill, 47 : quid optumo melius? Att. II, i, 8 : quid impudentius publicanis renuntiantibus ? Att. IV, 6, i : quid foedius nostra vita, praecipue mea? Att. IV, 8, b, 2: quid illo miserius? Att. VIII, 2, 3: hoc miserius, hoc turpius quidquam? Att. VIII, 3, 3 : quid foedius, quid perturbatius hoc ab urbe discessu? Att. IX, 5, 2: quibus maioraquae? Att. IX, 10, 3: quid eorum victoria crudelius, quid f unestius ? Despite the genitive eorum the ^«<^w-construction does not appear. Att. X, 12a, i: quis me infelicior, turpior ? Att. XI, 2, 3: quis me miserior uno? Att. XIII, 38, i: hoc quidquam impurius? Att. XV, 29, I : quid mihi meis iucundius? Tho iucundius is modified by a dative, the ablative appears in the second part of the comparison (Category VII). Ad Brut. I, 16, i: quae morte qua perniciosior? Fam. IV, 8, 2: quae domestica sede iucundior? Fam. IX, 21, 3: quid iis improbius? De Or, II, 3, 10: Quid tua oratione subtilius, ornatius? De Or. II, 8, 34 : quod carmen artificiosa verborum conclusione aptius? De Or. II, 61, 249 : Quid hoc Naevio ignavius? De Or. Ill, 8, 29 : Quid iucundius auribus nostris huius oratione Catuli ? For two reasons we should not expect the ablative here — there is a dative modifying the comparative adjective, (Category VII) and a genitive modifying the second term of the comparison (Category VI, B). De Or. Ill, 49, 187 : quid disputatione ista elegantius aut subtilius. De Or. Ill, 60, 225 : Quid vicissitudine et varietate et commutatione aptius? Or. 10, 34: Quis te aut sanctior aut dulcior? Or. 48, 159 : Quid hoc elegantius, quod. Even tho we have a ^z^^^-clause, the ablative appears (Category VI, A). Or. 51, 172 : Quis doctior, quis acutior, quis acrior Aristotele? Or. 56, 190 : quo quid turpius? Invent. I, 38, 69 : Quid tanta Thebanorum gloria, tam claro atque exornato tropaeo carius aut antiquius? Brut. 17, 65 : quis illo gravior ? Brut. 31, 121 : Quis Aristotele nervosior, Theophrasto dulcior? Comparative in Rhetorical Questions. 55 Brut. 31, 121 : Quis uberior Platone? Harus. 18, 39 : Quae maior poena furore atque dementia. Dom. 29, 76 : Quid te dementius? Cat. IV, 6, 11 : Quis me mitior? Piso, 21, 49 : Quid hoc turpius? Piso, 40, 97: Quis te miserior, quis te damnatior, qui ? The adjective ^2^2-clause does not affect the con- struction that would usually occur in rhetorical questions. Piso, Frag.^ 6: Quid illo inertius? Prov. Co7is. 8, 19 : Quis plenior inimicorum C. Mario? Genitives modifying either term of the comparison generally cause the appearance of a quam- construction (Category VI, B). Inimicorum has failed to do so here. Prov. Cons. 12, 29 : Quid illis terris asperius, quid in- cultius oppidis, quid nationibus immanius, quid tot victoriis praestabilius, quid Oceano longius? Place. 23, 56: Quid hoc impudentius? Flacc. 39, 97: Quid hoc miserius? Phil. I, 4, 10: quo quid gravius? Phil. I, 11, 27: Quid hac postula- tione aequius. Phil. II, 13, 33: Quid beatius illis, quos tu? Here again a ^2^/-clause modifies the ablative contrary to rule (Category VI, A). Phil. II, 34, 86: Quid hoc turpius? Phil. Ill, 6, 15: Quis hoc adulescente castior, quis modestior? Phil. Ill, 6, 15 : Quis illo, qui male dicit, impurior? Again the ablative is modified by a ^«2*-clause (Category VI, A). Phil. VII, 3, 9 : Quid inconstantia, levitate, mobilitate, turpius? Phil. VIII, 1,4: Quo quid absurdius? Phil. X, 10, 22 : Quid ilia taetrius belua ? Phil. XIII, 8, 17: Quis fortunatior lyepido, quis eodem sanior? Verr. I, 44, 112: Quid natura nobis iucundius, quid carius? The dative nobis modifying iucundius would usually lead to quam natura. Verr. Ill, 62, 144 : quid est quod possit quisquam manifestius hoc desi- derare? Verr. Ill, 77, 178: illo quicquam certius? Verr. Ill, 86, 200: Quid hoc indignius? Verr. IV, 32, 71 : Quid hoc indignius ? Verr. V, 7, 16 : Kcquid hoc tota Sicilia clarius, ecquid indignius, ecquid manifestius? Suit. 26, 72: Quis P. Sulla mitior, quis misericordior ? Leg. Agra. I, 6, 19: Quid illis clementius, qui ? The ablative illis is modified by a qui- clause : we should expect quam illi. Cluent. 38, 107 : Quis P. Octavio Balbo ingenio prudentior iure peritior ? The presence 56 Comparative in Rhetorical Questions. of one ablative ingenio, iure, in the sentence does not prevent the use of the comparative ablative here as we should expect (Cate- gory X). Marc, i, 4: Quis illo praestantior ? Mur. 31, 66 : Quis C. Laelio comior ? quis illo gravior, sapientior ? Deiot. 6, 16 : Quis consideratior illo? Mil. 2, 5 : Quid nobis duobus laboriosius? Mil. 22, 60 : quid hac quaestione certius ? Mil. 22, 60: quid hac quaestione integrius, quid incorruptius ? ^i^' 33. 90- Quo quid raiserius? Imp. Pomp. 10, 28 : Quis hoc homine scientior ? Lael. 42 : Quis clarior Themistocle, quis potentior? Philos. Frag. V, 25 : Quid aut Herodoto dulciusaut Thucydide gravius, aut Philisto brevius aut Theopompo acrius aut Kphoro mitius? Philos. Frag. V, 56: Quis te pressior ? The exceptions to this principle are quite numerous, viz : Plautus. Mil. Gl. 314 : Quis magis dels inimicis natus quam tu atque iratis ? Here the comparative is in an oblique case, the compari- son is between two persons, one of which is in the nominative ; hence the other must be in the nominative and joined to the first by quam. Note also that the comparative is formed by magis (Category IX). Mil. Gl. 615 : Quis homo sit magis mens quam tu's? This may be due to the fact that the comparative is expressed by m,agis. It seems quite within the region of possi- bility to consider this a comparative of meus which has here a peculiar significance of * after my own heart '.^ Varro. L. L. VIII, 67 : Quid similius quam Gens, Mens, Dens ? L.L. X, 7 : Quid similius indiligenti quam duo verba haec Suis et Suis ? Cicero. De Or. II, 8, 34 : Quid subtilius quam crebrae acutaeque sen- tentiae ? Quid admirabilius quam res splendore illustrata verbo- rum ? Quid plenius quam omni genere cumulata oratio ? The complicated character of the second term of the comparison seems to be sufficient reason for using quam in each case. If we ^ See Lorenz and Tyrell, ad loc. Comparative in Rhetorical Questions, 57 had the comparative followed by rebus, as we should be justified in expecting, we should then have two ablatives, rebus and splendore, in the same sentence, bearing widely different relations to the verbal idea of that sentence. This is avoided in Latin. The same remarks will apply to genere, oratione. The use of quam in the first clause may be by anticipation of the quam in the following clauses. Phil. Ill, 3, 6 : Quis unus fortior, quis amicior reipublicae quam legio Martia universa ? Here the comparative adjective is modified by a dative, reipublicae (Category VII). Mur. 2, 3 : Quis mihi coniunctior quam is, cui ? Here the comparative adjec- tive is modified by a dative mihi, and the second element of the comparison is modified by a ^?^2-clause. Auctor ad Herennium. Ill, 22 : Quid insuavius quam clamor in exordio causae? The foregoing illustrations of the usage in rhetorical questions show that in very nearly 95 % of all the instances, the comparative is followed by the ablative. Only eight exceptions are found, and for five of these an explanation has been offered. It is to be noted how frequently the previous categories are broken down by the influence of the absolute negative and its equivalent, the rhetorical question. Another point worthy of attention is the number of times a neuter is used when the comparison was really between masculines, e. g. ' Quid Petronio fuit stultius ? ' would be the regular way of stating Petronius' inferiority in sense. The position of the ablative of comparison before its compara- tive is so common, that one is almost tempted to use this as the one important differentiation ; but this seems to be too shifting a standard. We should be settling one question in terms of another which is no more fixed than the one with which we start. This arrangement cannot be looked upon as more than a coincidence, — not due to any well-defined principle of cause and effect. * In using the ablative put it before its comparative : if the second element of the comparison is put before its comparative, use the ablative ' approaches much too closely the vicious circle to b*^ fTBRARp ^ OF THE UNIVERSITY 58 Phrase Summed up by a Pronoun. of any value to us. Sorae^ actually endeavor to make this the distinction between the two idioms, and it has been so generally noticed in discussions of the construction that Kellerhoff ^ has seen fit to make a complete collection for Plautus and Terence. His conclusion is "In ablativi comparativi, quae dicitur, constructione, ablativus ante comparativum plerumque ponitur." — based on the proportion 60 : 15. On examination it is found that the propor- tion will be very nearly the same for the whole period covered by this investigation, XVII. It is often desirable to sum up a following infinitive or other modal construction, that takes quam, by a neuter pronoun ; this pronoun is put in the ablative after a comparative.^ Such a con- struction occurs nearly always in rhetorical questions, and only in Cicero : Cicero. Att. VIII, 9, 3 : quid hoc miserius quam quaerere ? D. I, 87 : quid hoc turpius quam quod censet? De Or. I, 37, 169 : quid hoc turpius quam eum qui . . ? Quinct. 2,8: quid hoc iniquius aut indignius quam me dicere? Phil. XII, 4, 9 : quid hoc iniustius quam nos cernere? Verr. IV, 35, 77: quid hoc clarius quam matronas convenisse. The two following examples are negative statements, not rhetorical questions : De Or. II, 9, 38 : hoc certius nihil quam quod artes praestare possunt. ^. I, 45 : neque hoc quidquam esse turpius quam praecurrere. To this principle there is one exception : Cicero. Or. Post. Red. {in Sen.) 10, 25: quid gloriosius quam hoc senatum iudicasse. 1 Fischer 1. c, p. 764: obs. 15A. 2 " De Collocatione Verborum " Studemund's Studien, vol. II, p. 80, | 8. ' Fischer, p. 767, G. 4. Proverbial Expressions. 59 XVIII. Phrases that have the flavor of the speech of the people, that seem to have become crystallized into proverbial forms and values, generally have the ablative/ These have probably arisen, by extension, from what was originally a very limited and definite c\2iss— Jig 2ir a etymologica — ^ the very kind of expression that would find favor with a primitive people, when they desired em- phasis. Many instances that might properly be classified here, have already appeared under *' universal negatives", e. g., 7iullus me est hodie Poenus Poenior. Those already quoted under an- other head will be omitted from this category. The examples appear in almost every author down to the Church Fathers, but decidedly more occur in Plautus, Catullus, and Cicero's Letters than in any other portion of the literature of the same extent. In a few cases we find the adjective compared with itself or the substantive from which it is derived. Plautus. Cist. 644 : O Salute mea salus salubrior. Here some editors^ would include Captivi, 392, Qui me honore honestiorem semper fecit. This view would make honore a com- parative ablative. If we compare this with ibid. 247, Ne me secus honore honestes quam quom servibas mihi, we are led to the conclusion that honore bears the same relation to honestiorem fecit as it does to honestes. The first is simply a periphrasis for the second. This conclusion is strengthened by the appearance of the same phrase ho?iore honestes in 1. 356, where it is put in the ^ For a general discussion of proverbial expressions see Otto, ' Sprich- worter der Romer'. He cites many of the ablatives that appear in this category, 2 Wolfflin, Archiv fiir Lat. Lex. VI, p. 448 ; Landgraf, Acta Krlang. II, 65. ' Hallidie ; Tyrrell, ad M. G., 620 ; Klmer. '6o Proverbial Expressions, mouth of the same character that spoke 392. We find, moreover, instances in plenty to support the use of an ablative of means, where the ablative is from a noun which is to be referred to the same root and fundamental idea as the verb. From the immedi- ate context of the passages quoted we find (422) laudetur laudibus. B. The comparative adjective is followed by some form of itself in the ablative as the second member of the comparison. Plautus. Amph. 907 : stultior stultissimo. Capt. 150 : unico magis unicust. Varro. L. L. 9, 72 : lusco magis luscus. C. The comparative adjective is repeated with a noun or pronoun » Plautus. Amph. 446 : nil hoc simili similius. Asin. 614 : O melle dulci dulcior. Aul. 600 : citis quadrigis citius. Here we find an ablative, tho adverbs generally take quam (Category XXII). Capt. 644 : nil magis hoc certo certius. True. 37 1 : hoc melle dulci dulcius. Catullus. 22, 14: infaceto infacetior rure. 27, 4 : Ebrioso acino ebri- osioris. 39, 16 : risu inepto res ineptior nulla 99, 2 : dulci dulcius ambrosia. 99, 14 : tristi tristius elleboro. Next to this exact form of repitition, comes a class of ex- pressions in which a synonym is used for one word or the other (by the figure that the Germans call ' Permutation ' ^). * Landgraf, 1. c, pp. 27, 51, 53, 59 and especially 61, \ 23. Proverbial Expressions. 6i Plautus. Bacch. 122: stultior es barbaro poticio " obschon man nicht gezwungen vverdeti kana ' barbarus' als Synonymum von 'stultus ' zu fassen ".^ Cicero. Fam. VI, 18, 5 : otium orani desertissima regione mains, where disertissima can readily mean otiosissima. E. In the other cases the comparison is made with what must have been conceived as possessing the very highest degree of the special quality expressed by the adjective. The Roman idiom here was different from ours, but we should not hesitate, for an instant, to draw a parallel between ' clear as crystal *, * black as a coal ' , and comparative ablative phrases like luce clarior. The adjectives are, in nearly every instance, those that express com- mon qualities ; * braver ' * sadder ' * sweeter ' , while the nouns with which the comparison is drawn are natural phenomena, (^sun, wind, etc. ) or human attributes {life, eyes, etc.). The type extends through every period of the literature. The character of the ex- pressions, their terseness, the alliteration that appears so often, — all point to an early origin and a continuance in the spoken lan- guage. The instances, where the ablative was used, must have been much more frequent than we should have any reason to be- lieve, were we to be guided solely by extant Latinity. Had the idiom not been conspicuous in the spoken language, Priscian would scarcely have called the ablative the * comparative case '.^ Such a view as this, however, does not warrant our concluding that the ablative appeared in the spoken language in those categories from which investigation proves it to have been excluded in literature. Ennius. Fab. 146 : melius virtute ius. ^ Wolfflin, 1. c, 454. 2 Keil, II, 187. 62 Proverbial Expressions. Plautus. Most. 291 : Fulcrum ornatum turpes mores peius caeno con- linunt. The same sentence is found in Poen. 306. This fact has led some editors to athetize the line in one context or the other. Poen. 157 : lenone istoc Lyco non lutumst lutulentius. Poen, 291 : lapide silice stultior. Poen, 812 : levior plumast gratia. Trin. 1154: tunica propior palliost. Catullus. We find in this author more examples, in proportion to the amount of literature he has left, than in any other. In expres.- sions denoting approximate or * estimated ' value, even the com- parative adverbs take the ablative, as the first two examples show. 3, 5 : plus oculis suis amabat. 14, i : te plus oculis meis amarem. 23, 12 : corpora sicciora cornu. 23, 19 : cuius purior salillo. 23, 21 : durius faba et lapillis. 35, 16 : sapphica puella Musa doctior. 48, 5 : densior aridis aristis. 64, 215: iucundior vita. 67, 21: languidior tenera sicula beta. 68 B, 105 : vita dulcius atque anima. 68 B, 159 : me carior ipso. 80, 2 : rosea ista labella hiberna candidiora nive. 81, 4 : inaurata pallidior statua. 104, 2 : quae carior est oculis. 107, 3 : carius auro. Cicero. Quint. I, 4, 5 : sunt facta verbis difficiliora. Compare our * Actions speak louder than words ' and ' Easier said than done ' . Att. Ill, 22, 3 : qui mihi me cariores semper. Att. X, 11, i : me quidem se ipso cariorem. Fam. X, 12, 5 : mihi vita est mea carior. Also in Fam. XI, 5, 3. Fam. XIV, 7, i : nostra vita dulcior est. C 31 : lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio. D. I, 6: solis luce clarius. F. I, 71 : sole ipso illustriora et clariora, T. I, 90 : luce clarius. N. I, 79 : deo pulcrior, (twice). Invent. II, 6, 22 : pecuniam vita aut officio antiqui- orem. Sest. 20, 45: mihi mea carior vita. Sull. 31, 88: ei vita sua multo carior. Mil. 2,6: insidiae clariores hac luce. Phil. VIII, 10, 29 : fuga omni morte prior. Phil. XIII, 4, 7 : Proverbial Expressions. ■ 63 mihi vita mea carior. Cat. I, 3, 6 : luce clariora. Cat. I, II, 27 : mihi vita mea multo carior. Or. Post Red. ad Quir. 1,2: vita mea cariores. Q. Cicero. Epig. de Am. Feminarum, 2 : feminea tutior unda fide. Auctor ad Herennium. IV, 44 : sermo melle dulcius. Sallust. Jug. 85, 41 : ilia epulis iucundiora. Publilius Syrus. 72 : bona opinio tutior pecunia. F. There are other examples, whose right to a position in this category some would question ; — they may be literary exten- sions of the idiom just considered. Some of these have the very adjectives most commonly employed in the universally recognized proverbial formulae. Plautus. Aul. 494 : viliores Gallicis canthariis. A glance at the ex- amples on the preceding pages will be sufficient to show the fre- quency with which adjectives of price and value are used. Bacch. 888 : confossiorem soricina nenia. The editors of this passage agree in admitting that there is little sense in it as it stands. The text is held to be corrupt ; hence conjectures of all sorts have been suggested. However, the absolute nonsense of the passage may be its sole excuse for existence. It would have its effect on the comic stage. Catullus. 25, I : Cinaede Thalle mollior cuniculi capillo, vel anseris meduUula vel imula oricula. 25, 5 : Idemque Thalle turbida rapacior procella. 38, 8 : maestius lacrimis Simonideis. 64 Proverbial Expressions. Cicero. Att. VII, 13, b, I : numero Platonis obscurius. Piso, 26, 63 : Themista sapientior. It will be noticed that out of the fifty-two examples of proverbial expressions, eleven show oculis or vita as the second term of the comparison. The adjectives occurring most frequently are those of general value (^carior 2i\\^ vilior — 11 times) and of pleasantness and desirability {iucundior and dulcior — 5 times). The phrase luce darior, or some exact equivalent, e.^., sole clarior, appears four times. What is more natural, then, than that we should expect to find the ablative employed after these adjectives in sen- tences that are not essentially proverbial in character ? Such ex- tensions are very common phenomena in the development of language. I should put the following expressions here : 1. Extensions with vila. Cicero. T. V, 50 : melius vita beata. (twice.) ii. With carior. Publilius Syrus. 151 : Discordia fit carior concordia. To the principle of this category there are several exceptions some of which present the same idea in exactly the same words as the proverbial ablative form of sentence. Compare for example Plautus, Men. 487, Quid ais, homo levior quam pluma? with Poen. 812, levior plumast gratia. Further exceptions are : Plautus. Epid. 371 : Vorsutior es quam rota figularis. There is no doubt about this being a proverb : the wheel is used in several instances in just such a proverbial association. Besides the in- Proverbial Expressions, 65 stances of rota fortunae (See Cic. Piso, 10, 22 and Ovid Trist. V, 8, 7, etc.), there are cases where it must be considered proverbial in use, tho unmodified by a genitive, e. g., Plant. Pers. 443 : citius quam rotula circumvortitur. The addition of the adjective to modify rota \w figularis rota need cause no difl&culty, it is simply an extension of the idea, the kernel of which is truly pro- verbial in character. Pers. 244: levius pondust quam fides lenonia. Fides, like rota, is often used in proverbial expressions in Plautus. Graeca fide Asin. 199 ; Muliebri fide, Mil. Gl. 456 ; also Tibullus, iii, 4, 61. fidum femina nomen. Punica fides, per- haps the commonest collocation of all, occurs, Sail. Jug. 108 ; lyivy XXI, 4, 9. It is only natural with the scenes and plots of Plautus that the le7io should be a familiar figure to every person in the cast ; leyionia fides would in that stratum of society be a conception very readily grasped. We have evidence enough of that in the extant plays\ 5 • amplius opinione. Jug. 85, 3 : opinione asperius. B. An extension of this simple construction is found in sen- tences where the opinione is modified by either an adjective or a genitive of a noun or pronoun. Plautus. Amph. 545 : plus tua opinione. Mil. Gl. 1238 : opinione illius pulcrior. Cicero. Brut. 1,1: opinione omnium maiorem. De Or. II, 24, loi : ilia maior opinione. Fam. X, 31, 6 : opinione tua gratius. Caesar. ^. 6^. II, 3, I : celerius omni opinione. B. G. VIII, 8 : celerius opinione eorum. B. C. Ill, 21, i : minus opinione sua. C. Later in the history of these constructions the synonyms of opinione begin to appear, e. g. , expectatione. Caesar. j5. C II, 32, II : mea voluntate et vestra expectatione leviora. D. Parallel with this use of exspectatione, appears spe, which Drager {Hist. Syn. i. § 246) says occurs for the first time in Livy : Plus^ Minus, Longms, Amplius. 69 for this he is justly censured by Wolfflin (1. c, p. 461) in view of the instances that are to be found in SaUust. Jug. 75, 8 : commeatus spe amplior. Hist. 3, 7 : celerius spe Mithridatis. £. Here belong aequo, iusto, and substantive adjectives. Plautus. Bacch. 349 : plus iusto vehit. No other examples of this word occur before Horace and Virgil.^ Lucretius. There are at least four instances of aequo in in this author, ni, 313 : clementius aequo. Ill, 952 : amplius aequo. IV, 557: longius aequo. IV, 1244: concretius aequo. Sallust. Cat. 51, II : gravius aequo. There is one example of necessario^ to be found in this period in apparently the same construction. Caesar. B. G. VII, 16, 3 : longius necessario. XXI. The construction with plus, minus, longius, amplius. It is well recognized i) that plus, amplius, minus, longius, when combined with numerals or words whose notion is inseparable from the numeral idea {e.g., biduum, quinquennium) , 2iX^ ix^- quently used without quam and without any effect on the con- struction of the second element of the comparison ; 2) that the quam-Q.ov^^XxwoXxow also occurs ; as does also 3) the ablative of com- ^ Drager (1. c. ) says none occur before Horace. ^ Drager {\ 246, i) " unklar ist longius necessario.'''' 70 PluSy Minus, Longius, Amplius. parison. Against the recognition of this latter construction, the objection is sometimes raised that the ablatives we find are original' not due to the comparative idea at all — that just as vi^e find dura- tion of time expressed by the ablative in Apuleius, so we have cases of it in early Latin : it is a feature of the sermo plebeius, which accounts for so many words appearing in ' early and post- classical ' periods but disappearing during the Golden Age. Such an objection must certainly lose its weight in the face of testimony such as we can gather from Cicero : A. II, 147 : cum plus uno verum esse non possit. Top. 14, 56 : quod in disiunctione plus uno verum esse non potest. The content of these sentences effectually refutes any attempt to explain them on any other than a comparative-ablative basis. What holds for plus should undoubtedly be allowed to stand for the other words of the same class. If we find one instance of the ablative after these words, when the proper construction would be the accusative, we are freed from the necessity of assuming an ablative of duration of time to explain these various instances. For purposes of clearness and convenience these four words will here be separated and given individual treatment. PLUS. Followed by the ablative. Inscriptions. C. I. L. I, 196, 21 : neve inter ibei virei pious duobus, mulieri- bus plus tribus arfuisse velint. Plautus. Bacch. 818 : plus annis decem. Cure. 14 : Plus anno scio. Men. 446 : Plus triginta annis natus sum. Here the text is cor- rupt : Goetz and Schoell were quite within the limits of the possible when they conjectured the ablative. Catullus. I, 10: plus uno maneat perenne saeculo. Plus, Minus, Longius, Amplius. 71 Cicero. Fani. XIII, 29, 4 : plus duobus aut tribus mensibus. A. II, 79 : plus uno. A. 11, 117 : plus uno. Sex. Pose. 74 : plus triduo. Verr. Ill, 14, 36 : plus decuma. De Or. II, 7, 30 : plus uno verum non possit. B. Followed by quam. Cicero. Verr. Ill, 47, 113 : plus quam X medimna. Verr. Ill, 64, 150 : plus quam decumas. Phil. I, 8, 19 : plus quam annum, biennium. Phil. II, 13, 31 : plus quam decem dies. Phil. II, 38, 98 : plus quam tres aut quattuor. Brut. 18, 70 : plus quam quattuor coloribus. Auctor ad Herennium. 1,17: plus quam trium partium. If we admit the correctness of the theory advanced in A we are forced to search for some other explanation than the usually accepted doctrine of parataxis^ for the sentence where plus has no influence on the construction. May we not look for a solution in the following consideration ? It is indisputable that the ablative was the earliest comparative construction ; as such it would be the construction used almost entirely with numerals earlier in the lan- guage. Now, in ordinary intercourse the early Romans would have occasions, more numerous than the literature shows, to follow plus and amplius with some indeclinable numeral without any noun. In our ordinary speech we are more likely to say (when the conversation is running on books, for example), " X has more than a hundred " than " X has more than a hundred books." For the same sentence the Romans would say centum, tho feeling the necessity of an ablative. Repeated usage of such ' The explanation usually given is that originally the sentence had some such form as ' We saw four hundred men — yes, more ' : and the order of one or two Latin sentences seems to support this view. (See among others Bennett, Appendix, p. 181). 72 Plus^ Minus, Lo?igius, Amplius. expressions removed any feeling of an ablative there, and they began to think it was simply a construction unaffected by the omission of quant. This was further extended until it invaded the cases where the noun was expressed with the numeral. A few instances of the original simple numeral are preserved : Plautus. Mil. Gl. 1064 : plus millest modiorum, where we should originally have had an ablative if mille were declined. True. 913 : plus decern pondo. Varro. R. R.l, I, T : plus quinquaginta. Nepos. Thrasybulus, 2, i : plus triginta. C. The subsequent developments of the tendency exhibited by these three follow. The construction is not affected : Inscriptions. C. I. ly. I, 196, 19 : Homines pious V oinvorsei. C. I. L. I, 200, 14 : pequdes maiores non plus X pascet. C. I. L. I, loii : plus septem naatam annorum. Ennius. Ann. 423 : Septingenti, paullo plus aut minus, anni. Plautus. Bacch. 462 : plus triginta annis. Epid, 498 : plus quinquen- nium. Pers. 21 \ plusculum annum. Stick. 160 : plus annos decem. Cato. Agr. 17, 2 : plus menses VIII. Agr. 45, 3 : plus III digitos. Agr. 89, i: plus horam unam. Agr. 113, 2: plus quad- riennium. Terence. Heaut. 451 : ancillas plus decem. Eun. 184: plus biduum. Adel. 199 : plus quingentos colaphos. Plus^ Minus, Longius, Amplius. y^ Varro. R. R. II, I, 19: plus triennium. R. R. I, 2, 9 : plus D iugera. R. R. I, 57, i : plus aunos C. R. R. II, 3, 3 : pedes plus sexagenos. R. R. Ill, 2, 14 : plus quinquagena milia. R. R. Ill, 10, 4 : plus vicenos pullos, R. R. Ill, 16, 34 : plus tertia pars. L. L. VII, 13 : plus unum introitum. Cicero. Ati. VI, 6, 3 : plus annum. A^L XII, 22, 3 : plus annum. Fam. VIII, 5, 2 : plus biennium. L. II, 68 : plus quattuor versibus. Quind. 12, 41 : plus annum. Sest. 39, 85 : plus viginti vulneribus acceptis. R. II, 40 : plus mille quingentos. Auctor ad Herennium. Ill, 32 : plus aut minus pedum trinum. Caesar. B. G. Ill, 6, 2 : plus tertia parte interfecta. It will be noticed that of the fifty-five examples with plus twelve have the ablative, nine have quam and in thirty-four plus has no effect on the construction. Only one example comes from Caesar, who, as the next section will show prefers amplius to plus. AMPLIUS. I follow the same order with amplius as with plus. A. Ablative is used. Cicero. Q. Rose. 9 : triennio amplius. Caesar. B. G. I, 15, : amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum. B. G. II, 7 : ampHus miUbus passuum VIII patebant. B. G. Ill, 5, I : amplius horis sex pugnaretur. B. G. IV, 37 : amplius horis quattuor pugnaverunt. B. G. VIII, 18, i : amplius 74 Plus, Minus, Longius, Amplius. paten tern passibus mille. B. G. VIII, 29 : amplius milibus XII armatorum. Sallust. Cat. 56, 2 : amplius duobus milibus habuisset. Jug. 76, i : amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus. B. Quam is used. Cicero. Verr. II, 31, 77 : amplius quam trium iudicum. Verr. Ill, 48, 114: amplius quam terna medimna. Verr. Ill, 48, 115: amplius quam singulas, plus quam ternas decumas darent. De Or. I, 50, 215 : amplius quam singulas artes. Nepos. Thras. 4, 2 : amplius quam centum iugera. Etcmenes, 12, 4: amplius quam triduum. Atticus, 13, 6: amplius quam terna milia. C. No influence upon the construction. Here I give, first, four examples where it would be absolutely impossible for the form to receive a definite ablative imprint be- cause the numerals are indeclinable. Cicero, Fam. VIII, 12, 4: amplius quadriginta. Att. VI, 2, 8: amplius quinquaginta. Nepos. Pelop. 2,3: amplius centum. Sallust. Jug. 68, 3 : amplius mille passuum abesse. Inscriptions. C. I. L., I, 198, 23 : ne amplius de una familia unum. C. I. I/., I, 200, 14: iugra non amplius XXX possidebit. Plus^ Minus, Longius, Amplius. 75 C. I. L., I, 200, 60 : amplius iugera CC. C. I. L., I, 200, 86 : amplius ea dare debeto. C. I. L., I, 206, 151 : amplius dies LX reliqui erant. The extensions of this construction appear first in Cato. Agr. 150, 2 : agnos XXX amplius. Catullus. 99, 3 : amplius horam. Cicero. Verr. I, 5, 14 : cum Syracusis amplius centum cives Romani. Verr. IV, 43, 95 : horam amplius. Verr. V, 59, 155 : amplius centum cives Romanos. Q. Rose. 3, 8 : amplius sex menses. Q. Rose. 3, 8 : amplius triennium, (twice). Font. 3, 4 : hominum sescentorum amplius. Flaee. 26, 63 : septingentos annos amplius. Brut. 17, 65 : orationes amplius centum quinqua- ginta. Or. 67, 224: ternis amplius utendum. A. II, 82: amplius duodeviginti partibus maiorem. Ad Quint. Ill, 3,1: dierum amplius quinquaginta intervallo. Fam. V, loa, 3 : oppida amplius sexaginta. Fam. X, 34, i : amplius milia quinque. Fa7n. XII, 14, i : amplius centum naves. Att. II, 16. I : amplius quinque milia. Att. VIII, 12a, 2 : amplius XIII cohortes ; also Att. VIII, 12c. 2. Att. XII, 17 : amplius annis XXV. Caesar. B. G. I, 41, 4: milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu. B. G. II, 16, I : amplius milia passuum X. B. G. II, 29, 3 : aditus amplius ducentorum pedum. B. G. Ill, 6, 2 : ex milibus am- plius XXX. B. G. IV, 12, i: amplius octingentos equites. B. G. V, 8, 6 : amplius octingentae visae erant. B. G. VI, 29, 4: milibus amplius quingentis. B. 6^. VII, 15, i: amplius XX urbes. B. G. VIII, 4 : amplius XVIil dies moratus. B. G. VIII, 10, 5 : amplius quingenti. B. G. VIII, 36, i : a mili- bus non amplius XII. B. C. I, 46, 5 : milites amplius CC. B. C. II, 24, 4 : amplius passus mille. B. C. Ill, 99, i : 76 Plus, Minus, Longius, Amplius. amplius C C milites. B. C. Ill, 99, 4 : ampliiis milia XXIV. Caesar presents some instances in which an ablative is used, but where there is some doubt whether the ablative is original or due to the comparative construction. The verb in each case is abesse or an equivalent idea. Take, for example, B. G. I, 23 : amplius milibus passuum XVIII aberat. If the construction is originally an accusative as B. G. II, 17,2 {legiones magnum spatium aberant) would lead us to conclude, the ablative must be due to the influ- ence of the comparative. If the original construction is the abla- tive, then amplius does not effect it. Caesar furnishes a parallel for this too. B. G. I, 43 : hie locus aequo fere spatio aberat. Two other examples from Caesar present precisely the same difii- culty. B, G. IV, II, I : amplius passuum XII milibus abesset. B. C I, 82, 4 : amplius pedum milibus duobus castra distabant. Sallust. J^^g' 9i» 3- amplius duum milium intervallo. Jug. 105, 3: cum mille amplius equitibus. Cat. 59, 6 : amplius annos tri- ginta. Nepos. Hamilcar, 2, 4 : amplius centum milia armatorum. Hanni- bal, 2, 3 : amplius novem annos nato. Atticus, 18, 6 : amplius quaternis quinisve versibus. MINUS. A. Ablative is used. Cicero. Verr. Ill, 48, 114: minus tribus medimnis. B. Quant is used. By some peculiar coincidence there are no examples of this con- struction in the period covered by this investigation. Plus, Minus, Lo7igius, Amplius. 77 C. Without influence on the construction. Plautus. Trin. 402 : minus quindecim dies sunt. Cato. Agr. 161, 4 : minus pedes singulos. Varro. R. R. I, 18, 3 : minus CCXLiugera. R. R. II, 4, 2 : minus Septimus sum. R. R. Ill, 2, 17 : minus decem milia. R. R. Ill, 8, I : minus tres pedes. R. R., Ill, 9, 13: minus triginta pullos. Cicero. Verr. I, 47, 123: minus dimidium. Verr. II, 57, 140: minus XXX diebus. Afl. XIV, 1,1: minus diebus XX. Caesar. B. G. II, 7, 3 : ab miUbus minus duobus. B. G. V, 42 : minus horis tribus. Nepos. EumeneSy 9, 2 : minus totidem dierum spatio. Themistocles , 5,2: minus diebus triginta reversus est. There is one case where it is not possible to determine the nature of the construction. Caesar, i5. C II, 37, 3 : minus V et XX mihbus ab Utica eius copias abesse. This is another of those abesse constructions where the ablative may be due to the com- parative or be ablative of * degree of difference'. D. Maior and Minor. No change in construction is produced by minor in the follow- cases : Inscriptions. C. I. I/. I, 198, 13 : minor annos XXX maiorve annos lyX gnatus siet. 78 Plus, Minus, Longius, Amplius. Varro. R. R. II, 7, I : minores trimae, maiores decern annorum. R. R. II, 2, i8 : agniim minorem quinque mensum. Cicero. Fam. XII, 15, 2 : minor nulla erat duum milium amphorum, Sex. Rose. 14, 39 : annos natus maior quadraginta. But these can be taken as no criterion for expressions of age. for there are at least three examples where these same adjectives do influence the construction, viz : Cicero. Sex. Rose. 35, 100 : quem minorem annis I/2^5, amplius, minus, or longius with numeral expressions, or the idiom mentioned in V below. III. Quam or the ablative is used indifferently ^ 86 Conclusions. a) When the comparative agrees with an accusative, the object of a verb in a positive sentence. b) Where the adjective agrees with the first term in the nominative. IV. The ablative is regularly used in, a) Universal negative sentences, whether of the nomina- tive or accusative type. })) Rhetorical questions. c) Proverbial expressions. V. The ablative is always used in the expressions a) alius alio. b) opinionCy spe, expedatione ^ aequo, iusto. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Page 17 — Before R. I, 49 add N. Ill, 21 : nihil mundo sapienti- us ; and N. Ill, 24 : Quid Chalcidico Euripo putas fieri posse constantius ? Page 17 — Before P. 21, insert A. II, 56: nihil errore, levitate, temeritate diiunctius. Page 17 — Before Sest. 10, 23, include Phil. XII, 7, 15 : nihil foe- dius servitute. Page 20 — After the Plautus example should appear one from Terence, Andr. 31 : quid est quod tibi mea ars efficere hoc possit amplius ? Page 20 — Before Ti. 21, insert Ti. 10: nihil intelligente prae- stantius. Page 47 — Before N. II, 66, insert N. II, 39 : nihil mundo per- fectius; N. II, 45 : quo nihil excellentius ; N. II, 21 : nee mundo quicquam melius. Page 53— Before N. Ill, 24, insert N. II, 31 : Quid potest mundo valentius ? THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $I.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. 'JAN 21 1933 LD 21-50m-8,'32 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD^S^D3fll3 99719