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PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION / 4> MAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A. EECTOB OP LYNDON, /kNU LATE FELLOW OF TBINITY COLLEGE, CAJUBUJDOE. CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED BY REV. J. A. SPENCER, A.M. THIRTIETH AMERICAN EDITION NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. JOHN sTprcll Gvil & Mechanical Engineer. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. fcD'JCASIQS himS Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the y«af lr?4«, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. I: dU, Add to Ltb* GIFT PA 20*7 Ak* a me EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, &o, I)., G., H., K.., R., Z., stand respectively for DSdeneui, Grottftrul, llabkU. KrQgv* ftamsfiorn, and Zumpt. N unierals above the line refer to the liable of Differences ; if followed by a .uive. to the Cautions. An accent after a word, thus (parent*) shows it to be somewhat em-photic. Words printed in italics in the Exercises are meant to call attention to some- tiling that has been said respecting them, or to some point which should be carefully attended to in connection with them. Two or more words connected together by hyphens show that ihey arc to I* translated into Latin by one word; as "branchcs-of-learuing," doetrinan "uu- '.lambly- skilled," peritiauiinwt, &c. 131 PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PKOSE COMPOSITION 4* AS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A. BECTOn OP LYNDON, A^1L> LATE FELLOW OF TBINITY COLLEGE, CAMBBJDOE. CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED BY REV. J. A. SPENCER, A.M THIRTIETH AMERICAN EDITION NEW YOEK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. JOHN S. PRELL Civil & Mechanical Engineer. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. )cd:jca$iqk himS Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the y*arf l»4ti, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. IsdLuL Add to Lit, GIFT Afc** a L Jlt^Z^J^ KXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, &e. I)., G., H., K.., R., Z., stand respectively for Dodencin, Grrotefend, Ilabicht. Kr'jgc* Ra7ns!wrn ) and Zumpt. Numerals above the line refer to the Table of Differences ; if followed by a Alive, to the Cautions. An accent after a word, thus (parent') shows it to be somewhat ewphatic. Words printed in italics in the Exercises are meant to call attention to some- thing that has been said respecting them, or to some point which should be iiarefully attended to in connection with them. Two or more words connected together by hyphens show that ihey are to be intubated into Latin by one word; aa "branehcb-of-learning," doctrinai', "uu- :t,i nil »ly- skilled," pcritisidmu^ &c. 131 PREFACE Tue present volume contains the First Part of Mr. Arnold's Practical Introduction to Latin Prose Compositicn ; the introduc- tory portion of the Second Part (as published by the Author) on the Order of Words in Latin ; and nearly all the Longer Latin Exercises, Part I., a work which was published separately, but intended to follow immediately in order the use of the First Part of the Prose Composition. This arrangement was adopted for the purpose of embracing as much valuable matter as possible within the compass of a rea- sonably sized volume. The First Part is complete in itself, and, so far as it goes, admirably fulfils the design of the author ; yet, as the Exercises consist of single, short, and unconnected sen- tences, it was deemed advisable to introduce other and longer Ex- ercises, in which the student should be taught practically how to arrange his ideas in passages of considerable length, and in which are involved most of the minutiae and intricacies of the Latin idiom. For this purpose Part II. of the present volume is most excellently adapted. The work on the Latin Particles, which was published by the author as the Second Part of the Practical Introduction to Latin Prose Composition, is a production of much value and importance, and is devoted to a lengthened and full elu- cidation of the difficulties which stand in the way of one who would become a thorough and accomplished Latinist. It is in- tended — should the classical public demand it — to issue this work at an early date. The principal advantages which the present volume offers ovei works of a similar kind are these. It contains a copious but con- cise illustration of Latin Synonymes drawn mainly from the standard treatise of Doderlein on this subject; there is, through Vill PREFACE. out, a careful and precise notation of the Differences of Idiom between the Latin and English languages ; a frequent calling the attention of the student, by way of Cautions, to nice points which might otherwise escape his notice ; and a constant repeti- tion, under new forms and combined with new matter, of what has gone before — the iterum iterumque of Virgil — till both the words and expressions, with their peculiarities, are fastened in the mem- ory. In addition to this, the Exercises are wholly in English, that is. the English is given to be turned into the corresponding Latin ; and full and very carefully arranged Vocabularies pre- cede or accompany each Exercise. This plan is far superior — in the Editor's judgment — to the common mode of giving all the Latin words in the Latin order, simply requiring that the sentence be made grammatically correct by the use of the right cases, moods, tenses, &c. By such a course the pupil is not obliged to study and exercise his powers of reflection and observation to any great extent ; but only to be tolerably well acquainted with gram- matical forms and usages ; he learns to expect the helps of the Latin words; he pays little regard to the peculiarities of the Latin order ; and is very apt to be sadly puzzled when an English sen- tence or passage is given to him to be turned into Latin. On the contrary, by using Mr. Arnold's method the student is compelled to examine well and constantly the mode which the Romans had of expressing their ideas, and in what respect it differs from our own, as well in regard to the choice as the collocation of words and sentences ; and almost of necessity his memory has to be stored with a large supply of words and phrases for continual use. Great care has been bestowed upon the volume, for the purpose of securing accuracy and clearness of arrangement ; and it is trusted that it will not be found inferior to any issues of tl>e American press. J. A. S. New- York, March 16**, 1846. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1- 11. II. 2. 3. III. 4. IV. 5. 6. 7. TART I. PACK Introductory Remarks on the Arrangement of Words in a Latin Sentence 13 Nominative Case and Verb 18 Accusative with Infinitive 19 Accusative with Infinitive continued 21 Agreement of Adjective with Substantive 22 The Relative 24 Infinitive used substantively 27 Relative continued. (Fundamental Rule for the employment of subjunctive tenses.) 29 8. Relative continued 31 9. Relative continued. Rel. with Superlative: 'The first who* •• 32 V. 10. Ut ne, expressing a purpose • ••• 31 1 1. Ut expressing a consequence. Quo. Ne prohibitive 35 12. English infinitive translated by ut with subj. > 3 - [ Vocabulary of Verbs followed by ut.] > 13. Ut, &c. continued. '77iat nobody, &c. ) [Vocab. of Phrases followed by ut.] ) ' * 14. Quin after negative sentences.. [Vocab. of Verbs, &c. followed by quin.] - 41 15. Quominus. [Vocab. of Verbs followed by quominus.] 43 VI. 16. Interrogative Sentences • 45 17. Interrogative Words 45 18. Dependent Questions 46 19. Double Questions. An in single questions 47 20. May, can, &c. as principal Verbs 49 V1L 21. Apposition 52 22. Nominative after the Verb. Attraction of tne Predicate. [Vocab. of Apposition Verbs.] 54 23. Dative after esse 56 CONTENTS. 6KCT. PAGE VIII. 24. TheGenitive 56 25. The Genitive continued. Partitives. Genitivus QualitatU. Opus est. Summits mons, &c. (64) 60 26. The Genitive after Adjectives 66 27. The Genitive continued 6S 28. The Genitive continued 70 29. The Genitive continued. Impersonals with gen. 74 IX. 30. The Dative. [Vocab. of Adjectives with dat., &c] 76 31. The Dative continued. [Vocab. of Verbs governing the dat] 79 32. The Dative continued. [Vocab. of Compounds of esse. J ••• ) q^ [Vocab. of Verbs that take dat. or ace. 84.] 5 33. The Dative continued. Verbs with two constructions- • [Vocab. of Veibs that take dat. of person with ace. of thing; or ace. of pers with abl. of thing. — Vocab. of J» 86 Verbs with different constructions in different mean- ings] 34. Verbs that take a second Dative. Est mihi nomen 89 [Vocab. of Verbs followed by two Datives.] 89 X. 35. The Accusative. [Vocab. of transitive Compounds of in- ) qn trans. Verbs.] ) The Accusative continued 93 The Ablative 96 The Ablative continued. [Vocal*, of Verbs governing the abl.] 99 The Vocative. Attraction of the Vocative 102 The Passive Voice 104 The Passive Voice continued 107 Time 110 Place. Space« ••,!• •• • •• 115 Gerunds and Partic. in dus. [Epistola scribenda.] \ [Vocab. of words following the constr. of the proper > 117 names of places, 122.] J Participles, Ablative Absolute • 1 24 Participles continued. Participles expressing a purpose 126 Participles continued. The Supines 12E* Pronouns 131 Pronouns continued. It hie, iste, ille 133 Pronouns continued. On the translation of any 137 Pronouns continued. On the prefixes and affixes of the Inter- gatives 140 Comparison 142 Remarks on some of the Tenses • 145 Remarks on the Tenses continued 149 Forms of Conditional Propositions (435) 152 Conditional Propositions continued 156 Conditional Propositions in dependent sentences 160 On Oblique Narration 162 Oblique Narration continued. Mood in subordinate Clauses. Dependence on an infinitive t 165 36. XI. 37. 38. XII. 39. XIII. 40. 41. XIV. 42. ^xv. 43. XVI. 44. XVII. 45. 46. 47. KVIII . 48. 49. 50. 51. XIX 52. XX. 53. 54. XXI. 55. 56. 57. XXII. 58. CONTENTS. XI XXI 1 1 XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. KXVIII. XXIX. XXX. ECT. PAO». . GO. Qui with Subjunctive. [Vocab. of phrases, tic, with which qui takes the subj.] 169 61. Qui with the Subjunctive continued 171 62. Quum with the Indicative ^ [Vocab. of Conjunctions that govern the subj. 494.] — $ 174 , 63. Antequam and Priusquam 179 , 64. Dum, donee, quoad, &c. [Vocab. of Adverbs with gen.] — 181 65. Quod 18? 66. 'The Roman Calendar 186 67. Connection of Propositions by the Relative, &c 189 68. On the Roman way of reckoning money 192 69. On the division of the As, the method of reckoning/roc/tons, interest, &c 194 Tables for Reference. I. Genders 196 II. Formation of the Perfect and Supine 197 Table of Differences of Idiom, condimentum, 1. n. Army, exercrtus, us, m * The verb is often however in the singular, agreeing with one of the nomi- natives, and being understood with the other. This is the common construc- tion with et—et; quum — turn, &c, when both the nominatives are singular, and of the same person. b The Jirst person is said to be more worthy than the second, the second than the third. c For " Balbus and /," the Romans, putting "/" first, said " Ego et Balbus. * When therefore Cardinal Wolsey said " Ego et Rex meus," he was a good frammarian but bad courtier. d Et joins words each of which is considered independently, and as of equal importance : atque ( = adque) or ac, which is an abridged (and less emphatic) form of the same word, adds a notion thai is, if anything, of more importanct than the preceding one (= 'and also,' 'and moreover'): que joins a word closely to another, as an appendage to it, as belonging to it, and often as forming one complex notion with it. When et connects principal clauses, subordinate ones and single words must be connected by que, or (if similar notions) atque. Atque is used before vowels or consonants, but especially before vowels. Ac is used before consonants (though not very often before the k sounds) ; but not before vowels or h. Mr. Allen shows that ac (though very rarely met with Vtforetf, q) is not very uncommon in Cicero before c. So also Zumpt. } 2. 5-9.] ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. ]9 War, bellum, i. n. A Gaul, Gallus, i to. Many, multi, ae, a. Very many, permulti,* ae, a. Caesar, Csesar, Caesaris, to. To lift up, tollgre, sustiil, sublat. To be in good health. ) . ,- ,_ To be well, I vSlere, valu, vahu To wage (properly to carry), gFrCre, gess, gest. To conquer, vincgre, vie, vict. Exercise 1. 5. If you and the army f are-in-good-health, it is well (p. 14, V6). Both you and Balbus lifted up (your) hands. Both you and 7(1 Obs. (3) have waged many' wars. Both you and Balbus have waged very-many' wars. The best' sauce (is hunger.) The Gauls were conquered by Caesar. Hands were lifted up both by you and by Balbus. If you and your sister are-in-good- health, it is well. II. § 2. Accusative with Infinitive. 6. The infinitive takes before it not the nominative, but the iccusative.z 7. Many sentences that in English are joined to a verb by the conjunc- tion ' that,' are expressed in Latin by the accusative and infinitive. 8. In turning such sentences into Latin Hhat' must be omitted; the English nominative turned into the accusative; and the English verh into the infinitive mood of the same tense. 9. The accusative with the infinitive follows verbs (sentiendi et decla- randi) of feeling, knowing, wishing, hearing, believing, thinking, &a and such expressions as, it is certain, manifest, true, &c. • Per in composition with an adjective, adds to it the meaning of ' very.' t Exercitusque. Que must always be appended to the latter of the two words connected by it. * This idiom is not uncommon in English, though far less common tnan it Latin. " I ordered Mm to be dismissed " (for ' I ordered that he should be diemissecTy "I saw him to be a knave" (for '1 saw thai he was a knave'). ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE. [§ 2. 10-13 10. (a) Respondeo, placere et mihi locum, I answer that the place pleases me too. (b) Respondit, placere et sibi locum, He answered that the place pleased him too. (c) Sentlmus calere ignem, nivem esse albam, dulce mel t We know-by-our-senses, that fire is hot ; that snow h white, honey sweet. 11. Vocabulary 2. To answer, respondere, respond, respons. To understand, intelhggre, intellex, intellect. To deny, negare, av, at. To sin, peccare, av, at. I remember, mgmini, Imper. memento ; pi. memetitote. To know-by-the-senses, sentlre, sens, sens. To injure, oflend-against, violare, av, at. Law, lex, legis,/. Cautions. 12. [C. i.] O^r Him, her, them (or he, she, they, whe^i they are to be translated by the accusative) must be trans- lated by the proper case of sui, when tuey and the nominative of the verb stand for the same person. Also, in the same case, his, hers, its, lheirs t must be translated by suus. 13. (He says that it pleases him. ( He said that it pleased him. In English the dependent verb (by a kind of attraction) assumes the past form, when the verb it depends on is in a past tense. Hence 0^7" [C. ii.] In a sentence with ' that ' dependent on a past tense, the perfect is to be translated by the present (and imperfect) infinitive, whenever the notion expressed by it is not to be described as over before the time of the principal verb * (KT [C. in.] ' Should' after < that' is to be translated by the present infinitive, when it does not express either duty or a future event. t Thus " he mid that it pleased him"— when ? at the time of his saying it 1 yi£Uif~€) : before tht 'hue of his saying it? (jilaeuissc). $3. 14-17.] ACCUSATIVE WITH INFINITIVE 2] Exercise 2. 14. He answered that he 11 * had waged many' wars. He denies that he has sinned (or : says that he has not sinned). 2 f He says that he does not 2 understand. He says that Caesar will not* orTend-against the laws. Remember that hunger is the best sauce. He answered that he understood. 21 He answered, that both you and Balbus were-in-good-health. Both you and Balbus have finned. § 3. Accusative with Infinitive continued. 15. (a) After hope, promise, undertake, &c, the future infinitive* is used with the accusative of the pronoun ; and (b) after pretend, the ace. of the pronoun. 16. (a) Sperat plerumque adolescens diu se victurum (esse),* A young man generally expects to live a long time, (h) Simulat se furere, He pretends to be mad. 0^7" [C. iv.] * Would/ ' should,' after a past tense are future forms : He says that he will come. He said that he would come. 17. Vocabulary 3. A business, negotium, i, n. A journey, Iter, TtinPris, n. To hope, eperare, av, at. To come, venire, ven, vent. To promise, polliceri, pollicitus ; prornittPre, oronua prorniss.i To undertake, enga^, recipCre, io, recep, recept. • These Numerals, followed by a curve, refer to the Caulums. t These Numerals refer to the Table of Differences of Idiom. 1 For ' he promises to come' — he promises tliat he will come. He hoDes to lire = he hopes that he shall live. He pretends to be mad = he pretends that he is mad. « With the compound infinitives esse is often omitted. 1 Premittere (to give it forth) is the general word for promising, whether good )r evil. Polliceri is to offer from one's own free-will and inclinations, used only of premising good. Potlu-cor being used for free and gracious promises 22 AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVE WITH SUIiSTANTI VE. [§ 4. 19-21 To finish, accomplish, conf KcSre, io, confec, confect. To pretend, simulare,™ av, at To be mad, furgre, (neut. : no perf. or supine.) To (my, your, &c.) sati3- } faction, satisfactorily, > ex sententia 11 successfully, ) To have a prosperous voyage, ex sententia navigare. Exercise 3. 18. Solon pretended to be mad. I will pretend to bemad, lit promised to come. I engage to finish the business to your satisfac- tion. I hope that you will have a prosperous voyage. The business has been finished by Balbus. I hope to finish the business. He was pretending to be mad. I promised to finish the business. He answered, that Caius had had a prosperous voyage. He answered that he would** finish the business. He says that he will no? come. He has accomplished his journey satisfactorily. III. § 4. Agreement of Adjective with Substantive. 10. (a) When an adjective agrees with several singular nouns, it will be in the plural number, and agree with the most worthy. 20. (b) If the substantives are things that have not life, the adjective is usually in the neuter gender. 21. (c) When the noun is ' man,' ' woman/ ' thing ,' it is seldom repressed in Latin. [C. v.] ' Thing* should be expressed by ' res 1 (fern.) when the adjective alone would leave it doubtful whether men or things were meant. Thus ' of many things' not multorum, but muUarum rerum vromitlo would naturally be often used of promising what has been requested. Hence Ultro polliceor ; promitto (saepe) rogatus : Necmala polliceor, mala sed promittere possum. m Quae non sunt simulo ; quan sunt ea dissimulantur. n The pronoun should be expressed (ex mea sententia\ t u answer respectively to is, talis, tantus, tot. 28. In a relative sentence^ §3r Each clause has its own verb, and its own independent construction. 29. A relative pronoun agrees with some case of a substantive which is expressed in the preceding sentence. The substantive to which it thus refers is called its antecedent (or fore-going substantive). The antecedent, in a sentence fully expressed, would be expressed twice ; and it sometimes is expressed twice in Latin : this, however, is but seldom the case, and the antecedent is generally omitted in th« relative clause. 30. (c) Sometimes however the antecedent is expressed in the P Ex equo, if we are speaking of one person ; ex equis, if of more. * The clause in which the relative stands is called the relatixecUusei thr other, the principal, or antecedent clause. * 6. 3l-3tf.] THE RELATIVE. 25 relative, and omitted in the principal clause ; and (d) when this is the case, the relative clause is often placed first ; the antecedent king expressed in it, and represented in the principal clause 'though r.ot always) by the proper case of ' is* or ' hie.' Hi . The ' is,' however, is often omitted, especially when ( man' or ' thing 1 la meant, or, when the verbs govern the same case. If the antecedent would be in different case* in the two clauses, •iy or l hic i is but seldom omitted.' 3'i. (j) Nullum animal, quod sanguinem habet, sine corde esse potest, No animal that has blood, €an be without a heart. (b) Arbdres seret diligens agricola, quarum adspicict baccam* ipse nunquam, The industrious husbandman will plant trees t a berry of which he will himself never behold. * (c) Accepi quas literas ad me dedisti, J have received the letters which you sent me. (-') Dcstice in quo loco nata3 sunt, ex eo se non commovent, Animals do not move themselves from the neighbour- hood (place) in which they were born. C vi!.] Many English verbs become transitive by the addition of a preposition ; for instance, to smile at, &c. It often happens that the corresponding Latin verb is already tran- sitive, so that the preposition is not to be expressed. To determine whether the preposition belongs (as it were) to the verb, turn the sen- tence into the passive : when, if the preposition still clings to the verb* (adverbially), it is generally not to be expressed in Latin. Of course a verb, compound or single, must be sought for, that if equivalent to the verb and preposition together; as to deride — U. laugh at. 33. Vocabulary 5. Obs. Substantives in us from the root of the supine (which end there- fore in ius or 8us) are of the fourth declension ; except,of course, those ttiai, like legatus, denote persons. 1 Tt is, however, sometimes : Quos cum Matio pueros miseram, epistolam mihi attulerunt. (Cic.) Quaj prime i.Tnocentis mihi defensio est oblata, suspepi. 4 birry ; any little round fruit, not a nut ; e.g. of the olive, cedar, juniper, Ac Yh.is : 1 He laughs at Cassius.' ' v -is^iut ia laughed at! Therefore to laugh-at is virtually one verb 26 THS RELATIVE. [§ ft. 34 No, nullus, a, um. Gen. nulHua. Animal, animal, alis, n. Blood, sanguis, mis, m. Without, sine (governs ablat.). Heart, cor, cordis, n. Tree, arbor, oris,/. Fruits (of the earth, a crop), fruges, G. frugum, /. (of trees,) fructus, us, u m. Field, ager, agri, m. In vain, nequidquam, frustra.* , Harvest, messis, is, f. Praise, . laus, laudis, /, Easily, facile. Not yet, nondum. Right, rectus, a, um. To till, cultivate, colgre, colu, cult. To bear, produce, f Sro, tuli, latum. To deserve, mergri, merltus. To deserve well, &c, of, de (with ahlat.). To praise, laudare, av, at. To believe, credere, credld, credit (dat.). To deceive, dectpere, io, decep, decept. To behold, adspicSre, io, adspex, adspeci. Self, myself, himself, &c, in nom., ipse (which stands for all these, th& }io nouns ego, tu, &c, not bein& ex- pressed.) OCT" ' What ' as a relative = that which ; those (things) which. Exercise 5. 34. No animals, which have blood, can be without a heart, Not every field which is sown, bears a crop. (He) who easily believes is easily deceived. What is right', is praised. (Those things) which are right' are praised. Both you and I 1 have been deceived. Praise what deserves praise. (He) who does not till his field, in vain hopes for™ a harvest. He says that he has not* been deceived. I shall not easily believe Balbus 7 . Balbus has a Fructus arboribus, fruges nascuntnr in agris. But this is only true of fruges; and of fructus, as opposed to fruges. Fructus is the general name for produce, and may be spoken of land as well as of trees ; and in poetry we find frugibus (Columella's poem on Gardening), and fruge (Hor.) of the fruit of trees. T Nequidquam (to no purpose, in vain), so far as nothing has resulted from ? ttwwf done ifrustra (in vain), of a person who has not attained his purpose .0 fc6. 35-38.] INFINITIVE USED SUBSTANTIVELY. 21 deserved well of me. The business which you promised U\ finish,* has not yet been finished. w I have planted a tree, the fruit of which I shall myself never 7 behold. He is pretending to have flushed 3 the bisiness to his satisfaction.* § 6. Infinitive used substantively. 35. (a) Sometimes an infinitive mood, or a sentence, is the nomU native case to a verb ; and sometimes it is used as the substantive to an adjective ; and sometimes as the antecedent to a relative : and in this case the adjective and the relative must be in the neuter gender. When an infinitive or sentence is the nominative to a verb, it gen erally follows it in English, and the pronoun ' it ' stands as its repre sentative before the verb ; — as, " it is sweet to hear." Of course this '#' is not to be translated into Latin. 36. (b) When the relative has a sentence for its antecedent, wo often find id* quod or qua res. (Here id and res are in apposi- tion to the former sentence.) 37. (a) Turpe est mentiri, It is disgraceful to lie. (b) Multse civitates, a Cyro defecerunt ; qua res multo- rum bellorum causa fuit, Many states revolted from Cyrus, a circumstance which was tlie cause of many wars. (c) Timoleon, id* quod difficilius putatur, sapientius tulii secundam quam adversam fortunam, Timoleon, which is thought more difficult, bore a prosperous more wisely than an adverse fortune. 88. VOCABUIARY b*. Pleasant, jucundus, a, urn. Duty, officium, i, n. Vgainst, contra, (gov. accus.) Promise, promissum, i, n. Disgraceful, turpis, is, e. Easy facilis, is, e. Invert these clauses : that is, put the relative clause first. » The use of id quod for quod only, adds emphasis to tne relat clause ? which Itcj. generally precedes the principal clause, or is inserted in it 28 INFINITIVE USED SUBSTANTIVELY [§6. 39 One thing— another, aliud— aliud. Man, hbmo, hommis ; vir, viri.* To keep, servare, av, at. Revile, maledlcere, dix, diet (dat.). To accuse, accusare, av, at. To break one's word, fidem failure; failure, felelli,? falsuni deceive, beguile. To keep one's word, fidem praestare; praestare, praestiti 1 praestitum, et praestatum. To lie, mentlri, mentltus. To utter many falsehoods, multa mentlri. It is a breach of duty, contra officium, (it is against duty.; [C. viii.] ' For' before a substantive or pronoun followed by the infin., is not to be translated. The construction is the ace. with infin. % r t • • \for a boy not to obey his parents. c that a boy should not obey his parents. Exercise 6. 89. It is pleasant to be praised. It is a breach of duty not tc keep promises. It is a breach of duty to praise what (plur.) is disgraceful. I hear that you keep your promises, a thing which (37, c) all' good men do. I hear that vou are going to keep your word. It is disgraceful to break one's word. It is one thing to revile, another to accuse. It is certain that Balbus has deserved well of me. . It is a breach of duty to lie. Both you and Balbus have uttered many falsehoods. It is disgraceful to banish the good and wise. It is easy (for me) to carry all my property with me.' 3 ' It is a breach of duty for a man to revile men. I have praised, not blamed you (note*, p. 17). * Homo is the general term for man, i e. for a human being, distinguisheJ from other living creatures. Vir is man. as distinguished from woman. Homo is often used contemptuously: vir, respccijully ; a man with a manly character. y Distinction between fallo and decipio : Nulla fallentis culpa ssepissime fallor ; At quum decipiar, culpam acceptor habebit. « Cic. has prcestaturus. * But we shall see below that if './or' follows immediately after ' it w,' it must be translated by the genitive. ' It ie far a rich man to do so and so:' aivitis e-n. &c ) 7. 40-44.] THE RELATIVE. 20 § 7. Relative continued. (Fundamental Rule for the employ, ment of subjunctive tenses.) Wherever dependent verbs are used in the subjunctive, the following is the fundamental rule for the use of the tenses. 40. OCT The imperfect and pluperfect of the subjunctive are ihe regular attendants of the past tenses of the indicative. But — the perfect definite* (or perfect with have') \s con- sidered a present tense. Hence the present, future, and perfect with 'have? are followed by the present, or (for a completed action) the perfect of the subjunctive. 6 03" The future perfect is not a subjunctive tense. 41. The only future subjunctive is the part, in rus with sim, essem, &c But where we use a. future in a dependent sentence, the Romans often used tho present or imperfect subjunctive. (On some English Relative forms.) 42. ' That' is often a relative pronoun. (Especially after superlatives; the interrogative ulw; the same; and when both persons and things are meant.) 43. (a) i As' is often, in effect, a relative pronoun. The relative i as > must be translated by qui after idem; by qualis t quantus, quot, after talis, tantus, tot, respectively. 44. (1) l But' is often, in effect, a relative pronoun, when h follows universal negatives, as nemo, nullus, nihil. (2) The relative ' but' is to be translated by quin with tho subjunctive, (c) (3) When l but' might be substituted for a relative with not, the relative and not may be translated by quin ; 4 if the relative is in the nom. (or even ace.) case. *> The perfect definite is used of actions done in some space of time, a part of *h'eh is still present. c Thus then the Present j r Present subj. Future ( are followed by the < Perfect subj. (for a Perfect with ' have' J ( completed action) . r Imperfect subj. d" 1 ^.* ? r ii j v. i J Pluperfect subj. (for an Perfect C are followed by the ^ action ^^^ ^^ Plu * ,erfect > ( the time spoken of ). a With other cases than the nominative and accusative, the use of the relative 80 XELATIVE CONTINUED. [§ 7. 45, 4b [C ex.] 0» 'As? and { but ' are often (in effect) relatives. [C. x.] fjr { Smc/i' in English is often used where size is meant ratnui than quality. ' Such— as 1 should then be translated into Latin by tantui — quantus; not talis — qualis. 45. (a) Talis est, qualis semper fuit, He is such as fo hat ever been. (b) Idem est qui semper fuit, He is the same that (or as) he has ever been. (c) Nemo est, ^wm te dementem putet, There is no one but thinks you mad (or, who does not 27im& you mad). 46. Vocabulary 7. The same, idem, eSdem, idem ; gen. ejusdem, honestas, atis , /. honorable conduf t, ) Nobody, no one, nemo, inis ; nemo = ne homo. To think, deem, putare, av, at. Phis, hie, haec, hoc : g. hujus, &c. , That, ille, ilia, illud ; g. illlus, &c. Nearly, fCre, Another, alius, a, ud ; g. alius, D. alii, &c. Never, nunquam, Before, an tea, To be able, can, posse, pbtui.f Wave, fluctus, us, m. (See. 33.) (a) Sunt qui putent (Obs. subj. after ' sunt qui' ) there are some who think Exercise 7. [C. xi.] ^jt c That, when it stands for a substantive which has been expressed in the preceding clause, is not to be translated. f~& The Imperfect and Pluperfect of the Subjunct. are the regular at- tendants of the past tenses of the Indicative. wiih mm ia commonly preferred. Z When qui non must be used will be ex p^iaed telow. \ Quin is qui ne ( = ut non). Tie demonstr. pronoun (which is the real tiom.) is sometimes expressed : as in 88, (a). * This verb is compounded of an old adj. potis, neut. pote, with sum. ' Pot \s p'refixed to the tensus of sum, ts being changed into ss, and pot-esse, pot- 3ssem shortened into posse, possem (posses, &c). The perfect tenses regular from volui ( — potis fui). No impcrat. : the part, potens is used as an adjective $8.47-51.] RELATIVE CONTINUED. M 47. This is the same as that. - The rule of expediency is the ■ame as that 11 ' of honour. This is nearly the same as another ihing. . You are such as I have always thought you. The: nobody but knows, that the Gauls were conquered by Cttaar. There is no onp 'who a]oes not (45, c) understand, that you are '•r, tending. There is no one but knows that the past (23, Obs. 1,) ..innot be changed. There is no one but knows, that these things ire contrary to each other. Both you and I are such as we have ever been. The waves were such l0] as I had never seen before. There are some who think you mad (46, a). There were some who blamed me. § 8. Relative continued. I, b) When the relative connects (by means of to be or a rb of naming, &c.) two substantives of different genders, &c. generally agrees with the latter, rather than with its ante- i lent. (This is the rule; agreement with the antecedent the exception. Z. K., &c.) 49. But when the second substantive is a foreign word, the lative generally agrees with its antecedent. (Z.)s (Jovis Stella, qua yai&wv dicitur.) 50. (a) Domi cilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus, Contiguous dwellings, which we call cities, (b) Thebai, quod Bceotioe caput est, Thebes, which is the cap i Aal of Bceotia, 51. Vocabulary 8, Glory, gloria, ae,/. Honorable, h&nestus, a, um. Star Stella, ae ; astrum, i, whicn is properly a Greek word ; and sldus, Cris, n, a 4 Kriiger approves of ZurrvpVs rule ; but thinks that we cannot go beyond t\is in dcierniining when agreement with the antecedent should be preferred. Bremi says: "videntur id (pronomen) ad antecedens substantivum reterre si ad rocabulum respiciunt; sin vero ad rem, ad consequens." But Kriiger •jhows that even if thi? should explain Cicero's practice, it is obviously a« ;arian,e with that of other writers. m RELATIVE CONTINUED. [§ 9. 52, 5b Perpetual, iaating, Fire, Island, Sea. Ocean, As it were. The world ; Head, capital city, To reject. To admire, wonder at, To be washed. To inhabit, To call (in sense of naming), constellation, and also,one of the grea heavenly luminaries, e. g. the a tin the moon, Sirius, &c. sempiternus, a, um. ignis, is, m. insula, ae,y. m5re, is, n. ceeanus, i, m. quasi. orbis terrse, or terraruri ; orbis, is, m. caput, itis, n. repudiare, av, at. admirari, admiratus. circumfundi, circumfusus (literally, to be poured around ; and either the island or sea is said circumfundi). incolere, incolu, incult. vocare,h appellare, nommare, av, at. Exercise 8. 52. He rejects glory, which is the most honorable fruit' ol true' virtue (Gen. hehrefructus). He is admiring those perpetual fires, which we call stars. The island is washed by the sea, which you (pi-) call ocean. We inhabit a great island, as it were,* which we call the world. There is nobody luf> thinks Rome the capital' of the world. k There is no one but thinks that Balbus has deserved well of us. There are some who laugh. There are some who laughed (46, a). § 9. Relative continued. — Relative with superlative first who — " "The 53. (a) When the antecedent has a superlative* with it, the adjective is generally put in the relative clause. h Voca.ro., appellare, nominare are all to call; but vocare has, beside this, tho meaning of to call = summon. ; appellare, that of appealing to, of calling to foi aid ; nom.'mare, that of naming, in the sense of appointing or electing. i Quasi should stand between great and island. k Orbis terrarum, rather than terra;, when there is a decided reference to other lands. * The same rule holds gooa of other adjectives and of appositions b 9. 54-57.] RELATIVE CONTINUED. 33 54. (b) To express " the first person who did a thing" the Homans did not use a relative sentence, but made primus agree ivith the nominative of the principal verb. 55. (a) Volsci civitatem, quam habebant optimam, perdiderunt, TheVolsci lost the best city they had. (J) Primus mala nostra sensit, He was the first person who perceived our evils. Eng. He was the first who did this : (or,) He was the Jirst to do this. Lot. He the Jirst did this. 56. Vocabulary 9. Faithful, fidelis, is, e. " Slave, servus, i, m. God, Deus,i i, m, et,/. Fire ^ = conflagration), incendium, i, n. To help, a person in perplexity, Ac., subvenlre, ven, vent m (dat. of person). To lose, amittere, amis, amiss; perdere," pe; did, perdit. An opportunity, occasio, onis,/. To lose an opportunity, occasionem amitte're. Now == already, jam. Such is your temperance r quae tua est temperantia, With your usual tern- ) qua es temperantia, perance ( pro tua temperantia. Asfzr as I know, quod sciam. Exercise 9. 57. He was the first w'.. promised to help 3 me. They will lose the best thing they hav. . I will send the most faithful slave I have. He was the first tclio denied that there are' gods. The -fire is such 10) as 1 have never seen before. The constellations are the same, that they have ever been. He was the first who undertook to finish 3 the business. I hope that you, such is your temperance, are already well. No one, as far as I know, has i Deus, V. Dais, Plur. (Dei), Dii, Dl. Dat. {Deis), Diis } Dts. M That is, to come under a thing; i. e. to support it. a Amittere is simply to lose. Perdere is to lose actively ; t. e. by some exer- tion of one's own will, &c. Hence perdere is often to destroy. Activl pcrd<\ wissire' amittere possum. Or, cujus es temperantUB. 34 tJT, ne. [§10. 53~<)0 said this. Sestius was not corner as far as 1 know. I have lost no opportunity, as far as I know. There are some whn have lost the opportunity (46, a). J 10. Ut, Ne expressing a purpose. bti. (a) * That' followed by may or might expresses a purpose and must be translated by ut with the subjunctive. (b) • That' followed by ? not,' or any negative word (the verb having may or might for its auxiliary), must be translated by ne with the subjunctive. 59. Vocabulary 10. It is all over with, actum est de (with the ablat.). News of the town, res urbanae. To send or write news, perscribere, scrips, script, = to write fully. Courtesy, humanitas, atis, f. Courageously, farther. Virtuously, honorably, honeste. To cry out, clamare, av, at. To live, vlvgre, vix, vict. To die, mori, ior, mortuus. To obey, parere, paru, parlt (dat.). To make the same promise, idem polliceri. 00. (a) Multi alios laudant, ut ab illis laudentur, Many men praise others, that they may be praised by them. (b) Galllnse avesque reliquae pennis fovent pullos ne frigore Icedantur, Hens and other birds cherish their young with their feathers, that they may not be hurt by the cold. [C. xiii.] (£r • To' is omitted after many verbs, which thus seem* to govern two accusatives. ;C xii.] %jT Intransitive verbs of motion often form their perfect activ* with ' ant,' not ' have? Thus, am come, was come, are the perfect and pluper- fect active (respectively). *» Such v«rbs are : give, vouchsafe, assign, grant, send. fcll. 61-G6.] UT. QUO. NE. 85 When a verb seems to govern two accusatives, try whether you cai>- not put in to T before one of them. Exercise 10. 61. That you may be able to die courageously, obey' the laws A virtue. He was pretending to be mad, 3 that he might not bo banished. He cries out, that it is all over with the army. You { romised that you would send me all the news of the town. That you may die courageously', live virtuously [p. 14, 15, (J)]. He praises' Caius, that he may himself be praised by Caius. He will praise' Caius, that he may be praised by Caius. No one, as fat as I know, 10 had praised 7 Balbus, that he might himself be praised by Balbus. You, such is your courtesy,* promised to finish 3 the business. You, with your usual courtesy, 9 made me the same pro- mise 1 * as before. There were some who laughed. ^ 10. Ut expressing a consequence. Quo. Ne prohibitive. 62. (a) l That * after such, so, &c. must be translated by * ut * with the subjunctive. After these words, HliaV does not express a purpose, but a conse- quence; and the English verb will not have 'may' or ' might' with it. 63. (b) ' TJiat,' when the sentence has a comparative in it, is translated by quo ; which is equivalent to ut eo (' that by this '). 64. ' Not ' in prohibitions is ne. 65. (c) ' Not ' therefore with the imperative, or subjunctive used imperatively, must be translated by we. Obs. "%jT The subjunctive present is more commonly used (Ivan thi imperative. 66. (d) * As ' before the infin., and after so, such, must be translated by ut.* Except in this idiom (where ( as ' expresses a consequence conceived as resulting on a particular supposition), ut, l as, y goes with the Indicative. r " He gave him a penny." What did he give 1 to whom? 1 It will be seen afterwards, that qui ( = ut is) is generally used in sentence! < ('this kind ; also that ' as not to . . . <&c.' after a negative sentence is quin. 85 SO UT. QUO. NE. [§11.07-70 67. OCf" No ut or ne goes with the infinitive. 08. (a) Tanta vis probitatis est, ut earn vel in lioste diligamus. The power of integrity is so great, that we love i\ even in an enemy. (b) Medico puto aliquid dandum esse, quo sit studiosior, I think that some thing should be given to the physician, that he may be the more attentive. (c) Ne multa discas, sed multum, Do not learn matin things, but much. (d) Nemo tarn potens est, ut omnia quae velit efficere possit, Nobody is so powerful as to be able to perform all hi wishes. 69. Vocabulary 11. Daily, quotldie, indies, or in dies.t Even mind, resignation, sequus animus. Voung, jiivenis, junior =juvenior. Age, time of life, setas, atis,/. About, de (governs ablat). Agricultural operations or affairs, res rusticae. Of such a kind, ejusmbdi. Wind, ventus, i. m. Season, tempestas, atis,/. Multitude, multitudo, inis,/. To meditate, meditation, meditari, meditatus. To leave, relinquere, rellqu, relict. To learn, discgre, didic. To appear, seem, videri, vlsus. To govern = moderate, limit, moderari, atus (aceua.). To number, numerare, av, at. Exercise 11. 0. Meditate upon 7) this daily, that you may leave life with en even mind. He iolci many falsehoods* 2 about his age, that he might appear younger (than he is). Do not learn many things, * From quot dies {as many days as there are) ; compare the Greek hariiiepai. In dies (daily) — day after day, day by day ; when, that is, we speak of a thing increasing or diminishing daily. In 'indies,' therefore, or tn dies singulos? each day is considered as a term of a progressive series. Quotidie is ' ererj dcy, daily,' in both senses ; either, that is, when the simple repetition of an action is to be expressed, or its repetition combined with progressive increast ir decrease. $12.71-77.] UT WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 3"i but useful things. He spoke much (23, 1,) that he might be ihought wise. Agricultural affairs are of such a kind that the winds and seasons govern them." I know that my father does not learn many things, but much. I will live virtuously, that I may die the more courageously. * He lived virtuously, that he might leave life with the greater resignation. The multitude of stars h euch l0) that they cannot be numbered. There are some who nromise to help me. § 12. English Infinitive translated by ' ut ' with the subjunctive. 71. OCT The Infin. never expresses a purpose in prose Latin. 72. (a) The English Infinitive expressing a purpose may he 'Tunslated by ut with the subjunctive. 73. Whenever the English infinitive may be turned into in order that, oi that, with may or might, it is to be> translated by ut with the subjunctive. 74 Thus, " / am come to see you" = "lam come in order that I may see you." Here my seeing you is obviously the purpose of my coming. But in many verb3 this relation of the purpose is more obscure. For instance I advise ,,) yoa to do it =z \ I advise or exhort you, in order 1 exhort ) ( that you may do it. 1 ask ] you to do it = \ I °**» or be ° you ' in order that ynu I beg, &c. ) ( may do it. I command you to do it = \ l command you, in order thai yoo ( may do it. \ strive to do it = I strive in order that I may do it. 75. By ( u£' transh'3 infinitive With ask, command, advise, and strive. But never be this rule forgot, Put 'ne' for 'w/' when there's a'not.' 76 But of verbs signifying 'to command? jubeo takes ace. and infin. — [See however note h 219.] 77. (a) Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum pate- fecit, Romulus, to increase the number of his citizens, opened an asylum. ; ls' is ;he proper pronoun for the third person, when there is no iiitinction to be expressed between a nearer and remoter object, and no refer jiice to be strongly marked. * The neuter of the comparative adjective is used for the comparative ad veil S8 UT WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE. [§ 12. 7b (b) Militibus imperavit, ut clypeos h astis percuterent, lit commanded the soldiers to strike their shields with their spears. (c) Enitar, ut vincam, I will strive to conquer. (d) Magno opere te hortor, ut hos de philoscphia libros studiose legas, I earnestly advise you to read atten- tively these books about philosophy. (e) Capram monet, ut in pratum descendat t He advises the she-goat to come down into the meadow. (f) Hoc te rogo, ne* demittas animum, I beg of you nol to be disheartened. (Literally, not to depress your mind.) fC. xiv.] When 'that' introduces a consequence, 'that not' u ut non, not ne. That-*** \ hTa purpose ne - ( consequence. . .ut non. 78. Vocabulary 12. (Verbs followed by ut.) To ask, rbgare, av, at. To strive, nlti, more commonly enlti, nisus, a/ad nixus. To advise, suadere, suas, suas (dat. of person). To warn, monere, monu, monit {ace. of person). To exhort, hortari, adhortari, tatus. To command, imperare, w av, at (dat.). To charge or commission, mandare, av, at (dot.). To direct, tell, when spoken of) - . - an instructor. 5 pra^cipcre, 10, cep, cept. + For ne, ut ne is found with no perceptible difference of meaning. Z. Groto- fend thinks that Cirero uses ut ne in the following cases : (1) when the negative does not so much belong to the whole clause, as to a particular part of it, e, g. the verb, or quis, quid ; (2) when a demonstrative pron. or pronominal adverb is expressed or implied in the preceding clause ; (3) when without u{, ne would Btand by a word to which ne is often appended, as non, an. He says that ut ne la found, though less commonly than in Cicero, in Plautus, Terence, Ovid, &c. ; out four times (and that in doubtful passages) in Livy, and not at all in Caesar and Tacitus. w Jubere, to order, bid (with the notion of the thing being right, or of tho person having a right to order) ; imverare, to command with power ; prceeipere, to direct, from being qualified to do so by superior knowledge ; mandare, to give a charge ^r commission to a person ; edicere, to declare officially as a magistrate '© publish a proclamation. ) 13. 79, 80.] UT WITII THE SUBJUNCTIVE. To order, by a proclamation, or ) ed edix> ^ct edict, to publish an edict, ) To decree, decern?re, crcv, cr£t. Perseverance, perseverantia, Be, J. Fury, furor, oris, m. Senate, senatus, (is, m. Dress, vestltus, us, m. To return, redlre* (re and eo). To hold a levy of troops, to levy ) de]ectum hfLbgre> troops, ) Consul, consul, consiilis, m. To assist, juvare, juvi, jutum. To suffer, pati, ior, passus. rr o take by storm, per vim expugnare. By letter, per llteras. Exercise 12. 79. I ask you to do this. I asked you to do this. Strive U assist me. He is striving to govern the winds and seasons. He warned Csesar not to believe the Gauls. Do not believe the Gauls. Do not lie. Religion warns men not to He. It is certain, that the boy is striving to learn. I will exhort the boy to learn. We know that virtue and vice are contrary to each other. He pub- lished-an-edict, that the Senate should return to its (usual) dress. He had charged Trebonius by letter not to suffer Marseilles* to be taken by storm. His perseverance is as great as 9) his fury. The Senate decrees, that the Consuls should levy troops. — There are some who lie. § 13. Ut, &c. continued. 80. {a) In sentences where ' ut ' should be used (to express a pur-pose), if a negative follows, ne takes its place, and the affirma live pronoun or adverb is used. Thus — * o, ivi (it generally in the compounds), Itum. Pres., to, is, it ; imtu, His una. Imp. ibam. Fut. ibo. Imperat. i. Subj. pres. earn. Imp. irem. Part ien», euntis. Gel eundi, &c. v Maseilia. 10 VT [§13. 81-3» not, DUt, that nobody, ut nemo, ne quis, that nothing, ut nihil. ne quid, that no, ut null us, ne ullus, that never, ut nunquam, ne unquam. 81. (b) But if the sentence is a consequence, then ut nemo, &c. should be used 82. (a) Alexander edixit, ne quis ipsum alius, quam Apelles, pingeret, Alexander published an edict, that no other person than Apelles should paint him {Purpose), (b) Cimon fuit tantd liberalitate, ut nunquam hortis suis custodem imposuerit,* Cimon was (a person) of such liberality, that he never appointed a keeper for his gardens (Consequence). 83. Vocabulary 13. It remains, rellquum est, restat. It follows ; the next thing is, sequitur.t That (offer reliquum est, restat, > m ^ mhjunctiveY and sequitur,) ) To desert, To make this request of you, To leave = go out of, City, Town, First, At first. For the sake of, For my sake, Fear, Unwilling, Glad, joyful, desSrere, seru, sert. illud te rogare. excedSre, cess, cess (ablat )• urbs, urbis, f. oppidum, 1 ij n. primum. primo. a causa. mea causa. timor, oris, m. invltus. a, um. laetus, a, um. (Lat.) He did it unwilling ; glad; joyful. (Eng.) He did it unwillingly ; gladly; joyfully. * The use of the perfect subj. in this example instead of the vrnpsrf. will be jxplained in another place [418. (a)]. It is not to be imitated in doing the gsercises. t Absil ut, l be it far from me' (as given in the earMer editions), belongs to tho later poets and Appuleius. Instead of it we should use velim hoc absit; or quod procul absit, inserted parenthetically. 1 " Oppidum proprie infra urbem est ;" but all cities and towns came to be frequently) denominated oppida except Home. (Valla, quoted by Crombie.) * Frimo is sometimes used for l first' but not primum for l at first* C. $ 14. 34-88.] quin. 41 Exercise 13. 84. Religion warns (us) never to break our word. The boy strives to learn nothing. I first make this request of you, to do nothing against your will for my sake. The Consuls publish-a- proclamation, that no one should leave the city. So great was the fear of all men, that 14 ' no one left the city. The Senate decreed that the Consuls should hold a levy. It remains that 1 should assist Balbus. There was no one but exclaimed, that it mas all over with the army. They had joyfully helped Balbus. There were some who assisted Balbus. There were some who denied that virtue and vice were contrary to each other. It follows that you deny virtue and vice to be contrary to each other. § 14. Quin after verbs of doubting, &c. 85. (a) When ' as not ' with the infinitive follows c so ' or 1 such ' in a negative sentence, it is to be translated by * quin ' with the subjunctive. fjT The sentence before quin is always negative. (An interrogative sentence that expects the answer ' no,' is in effect a negative sentence.) 86. (b) * But,' ' but that, 9 or < that, 1 after verbs of doubting, denying, restraining, &c, in negative sentences, must be trans- ited by quin. 87. (c) Afte: negative sentences the participial substantive governed by a pre- position (especially after the verbs mentioned in 86) should be trans- lated by quin, with subj. Si, (a) Cleanthes ncgat ullum esse cibum tarn gravem, quin is die et nocte concoquatur, Cleanthes says that no food is so heavy, as not to be digested in a day and a night. (b) Negari non potest, quin turpius sit fallere quam falli, It cannot be denied, that it is more disgraceful to deceive than to be deceived. (c) Nunquam adspexit, quin fratricldam compellaret, She never saw him without calling him fratricide. Vix inhiberi potuit, quin saxa jaceret, He could scarcely be prevented from throwing stones. i'J quin. [$14. 89-9'i 89. Vocabulary 14. [Of words, &c, followed by quin.'\ Not to doubt, non dubitare. There in no douM, non est dubium (it is not doubtful) It cannot be but that, fieri non potest quin. I cannot refrain from, temperare mihi non possum. It cannot be denied, negari non potest. To leave nothing undone to, <&c. nihil prsetermittere quin. I am not ignorant, non ignoro. World, mundus, i, ra. Design, consilium, i, n. Sometimes, interdum. Exercise 14. 90. Who doubts that virtue and vice are contrary to each other 1 it cannot be denied that it is disgraceful to lie. Who doubts that the world was made by design ? I don't doubt that both you and Balbus lifted up your hands. He never sees Caesar without crying out that it is all over with the army. I left nothing undone to fin? :h the business. / cannot but help Balbus. It cannot be denied that Caius has had a prosperous voyage. I cannot refrain from leaving the city. No one is so good as not sometimes to sin. There were some who left the city. I am not ignorant, thai Caius has lost the opportunity, 91. Non possumus, quin alii a nobis dissentiant, recusare, We cannot object to others dissentingyrom us. Minimum abfuit (impers.) Octavianus quin periret, Oc- taviamus was very near perishing. (Or, But a little more, and Octavianus would have perished.) 92. Vocabulary 15. (Words and phrases followed by quin.) Not to object, non recusare.b To be very near, to be within a ? minimum abesse (to be used impe» very little, ) sonally). Not to be far from, haud multum aoesse, or haud procui abesse (impersonally). To kill, interficgre, io, fee, feet. Of iron, iron-hearted, ferreus, a, um. Children, libgri (plur.). b From re and causa. $ 15. 93-97.] QUOMINUS. To love, amare, av, at. A letter, literee (plur.). Truly, vere. The soul, animus, i, m. The mind, mens, mentis," 5 ^ Immortal, immortalis, is, e. . Exercise 15. 4S 93. He was within a little of Icing killed. * It cannot be denied lhat it is disgraceful to break one's word. It cannot be denied that duty commands us to keep (75) our promises. I am within a oery little of being most miserable. No one is so iron-hearted as not to love his own children. J cannot hut 18 send you a letter laily. That you may be able to learn much, do not learn many things. The truly wise man will never doubt that the soul is immortal. I will not object to your banishing me. I will not object to your all leaving the city. It cannot be denied that the rational-faculty should (debeo) command the heart. It cannot be that the mind is not immortal. 20 § 15. Quominus. 94. V erbs of hindering are generally followed by quominus. This quo minus (by which the less) z=.jd to minus (that the leas by it). 95. With verbs of fearing, ' that ' must be translated by, ' we ;' that not ' by < ut. 7 a) ' That not may also be translated by ' nt non,' which is stronger than 'ut, 95. [C. xv.] After verbs of fearing, the Eng. future and the participial substantive are translated by the present or imperfect subjunctive with ut or ne. 97. (a) Quid obstat quominus Caius sit beatus ? What pre* vents Caius from being happy ? (Or, quid obstat Caio d quominus sit beatus ?) c Anrma, the breath of life, the vital principle (common to all living things). inimzis, 'the soul,' the mind with its passions, emotions, appetites, Ac, 'the \eart. } Mens, the intellectual faculty ; the rational faculty. Hence animus should tw us«d for mind, when it moans disposition, sjnrit, &c. J Wi h quid obstat (especially when theperson is represented by a pi on. of the fir-it or second person), the dot. is generally omitted. Umess it be a pron.. it 11 quoMiNUS. JJ 15. 98-100 (b) J Vereor ne veniat, I fear that he will come. ( Vereor ut veniat, I fear that he will not come. 98. (Eng.) What prevents Cains from, being happy 1 ? - (Lot.) What prevents, by which Caius should be the less happy? 99 Vocabulary 16. (Verbs that may be followed oy quominus.) To prevent, obstare, obstlt, obstlt {dat). To deter, deterrere, de relatives to < inde, hinc. quo, ) ( eo (hue, illuc). Exercise 17. 106. Have not the good and wise been banished? Are not \i'1ue and vice contrary to each other? Do men govern the t Quare {wherefore) is only used when the cause is decidedly asked : when, that is. an answer is required. Cur is used whether an answer is required or %ot : hence it is the proper word in expostulatory and objurgutory sentence* 46 DEPENDENT QUESTIONS. [§18. 107-1 15 winds ana seasons ? [No.] Shall we not all die ? Was not the world made by design ? Bo we not owe very much to our parents ? Was it not owing to you that we did not leave the city ? Was not Caius within a very little of being killed ? 24 Were not the waves such 101 as you had never seen before ? Whence do you come 1 (or, Where do you come from ?) Did all promise to help 8 you ? [No.] Did he not promise unwillingly to finish the busi- ness ? Do we not all hope to live 8 a long while ? Has he not finished the business satisfactorily P There are some who 109 deny that Caius has finished the business. There were some who reviled me. § 18. Dependent Questions. 1 07. A dependent question is one that is connected with a preceding word or sentence. 103. Dependent questions follow and depend on such words as to ask. doubt, know, or not know, examine, try, &c. 109. (a) (b) (c) The verb in a dependent question must be in the subjunctive mood. 110. In English, dependent questions are asked by whether ; or by inter- rogative pronouns and adverbs. 111. Since what and who are also relatives, but the relative is in Latin a different pronoun, care must be taken to use quis, quid, (not qui, quod) in dependent questions. 112. [C. xvi.] 0^7" Who, tohat, which, are often dependent interrogates, especially after verbs of asking, knowing, doubting, &c. 113. After most of these verbs the dependent sentence stands as the accusative to the transitive verb. 114. The verb in an accusative sentence must be in the sub- junctive mood. 115. (a) Dubito, numz id tibi suadere debeam, I dcubt whether I ought to give you that advice. 8 Obs. In a dependent' sentence, num is ' whether,' and does not necessarily imply that vhe answer i no > is expec ted. If, however, the answer i na > is ex- pected, num should be used, not r,e. & 19. 116-119.] DOUBLE QUESTI0N3. 47 (b) Quaesieras ex me, ncnnc putarem, &c, You had itu quired of me whether I did not think, &c. (c) Quis es ? — Nescio, quis sis. 116. Vocabulary 17. To inquire, quaerffre, quaeslv, quaeslt. Of (after inquire), ex (with ablat.). To say, dlcCre, dix, diet. Well =: rightly, recte. Dog, canisi, is, com. gend. Like, slmilis, is, e (dot.). Wolf, lupus, i, m. To be better, i. e a thing to be ) satiug esge< preferred, ) 1 don't know whether, I almost ) haud scio an, or nescio an (vilh sub- think, I am not sure that— not, ) junct.). Dishonourably. turpiter. Exercise 18. 117. Where do you come from? I will ask him where he uumes from. Ought I to do this ? I doubt whether I ought to dc this. He asked whether a dog was not very like a wolf. 1 don't know whether he has not said well. He said that he did not 2 know. 2) Balbus has not come, as far as I know. 10 Is it not better to die than to live dishonourably 1 I will leave nothing un. done to finish 18 the business to your satisfaction. 5 I will ask (him) how great the waves ware. Who does not know how delightful it is to be praised by the good ? I will inquire of Balbus how many there were. There are some who 109 have inouircd oi Balbus. § 19. Double Questions. Use of * an ' in single questums, 118. (a) (b) In double questions 'whether' is to be translated uy utrum, num, or the appended ne; 'or' by an. Num. in direct questions is only to be used when the answer 'no' is expected. 119. (c) (d) (e) But in dependent questions 'whether 1 is often untranslated, and ' or 9 translated by an, anne, or the ap- pended ne. 43 DOUBLE QUESTIONS. [§ 19. 120-122 1 20. (/) An is often found before single questions, but this was at leas' not a common practice with Cicero, &c. When an is so used, there is. always an ellipse of the other possibility, which may generally be sup- plied without difficulty. (a) The supposition involved in the question is often obviously absurd; so that assent is really demanded to the suppressed alternative. The force of such a question may often be given in English by ' then* (/?) This use of 'an' is often found in replies; between which and the preceding statement an expression of assent or dissent must be supplied. (y) There is the same suppression of the first supposition, in hand scio, or nescio an; dubito an; incertum est an; quazro an; consulo an;forsi- tan (fors sit an), &c. (Hartung, Partikellehre, ii. 190.) jjpT ' Or ' in questions is to be translated by an or ne ; never by aut in a proper double question ; when, that is, one question is to be answered in the affirmative, the other in the negative. 121. (a) Utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est 1 Is that your fault or ours ? (b) Permultum interest, utrum perturbatione aliqua animi an consulto et cogitato fiat injuria, It makes a very great difference whether an injury is done from some perturbation of mind, or deliberately and pur- posely. (c) Stellarum numerus par an impar sit, incertum, Whether the number of the stars is even or odd, is uncertain. (d) Quoeritur unusne eit mundus an plures, It is a ques- tion whether there is one world or more. (e) Servi liberine sint quid refert ? What does it signify whether they are slaves or free ? (f.) An* turn quoque est utilis (iracundia) 1 Is (passion- ateness) useful even then ? [Is it not then preju- dicial ?] 122. Vocabulary 18. It makes a very great difference, permultum interest. What difference is there ? what ) . , . difference does it make? quid interest? * In the following passage tue suppressed alternative is so obvious, that we night introduce the question by l or: Cur misereare potius quam feras opem. Ii id facere possis ? an sine misericordia liberales esse ncn possumus ? \Miy fioidd you pity, rather than assist them if you can? Or, is it impossible for us te & liberal without pitying ? §20.123,124.] may, might; can, could. 49 There is no difference, nihil interest. Beasts (in their wild state), fPrse. To drink, blbSre, bib, bibit. Wine, vlnum, i, n. Water, aqua, se, f. Death, mors, mortis,/. Sleep, somnus, i, m. Beginning, initium, i, n. Another z= a second, one more, alter, altera, alterum, Gen. alterius, Ac Or -not (often without a verb, as J an non> w ^ Q ^ U8Ual , y {n ^^ necneb in indirect questions. the second member of a dou- ble question), Exercise 19. 123. What difference does it make whether you drink wine or water ? Whether the Romans have conquered or are conquered, is uncertain. Was the world made for the sake of men or beasts ? Is death an eternal' sleep or the beginning of another life ? It makes a great difference, whether death be a perpetual sleep or the beginning of another life. Whether the Romans have conquered or not, is uncertain. § 20. How to translate may, might ; can, could, &c, when they are principal verbs. 124. May; perf. Might (permission). Licet, d it is permitted. b By necne the questions are joined copulatively, by an non adversatively. In necne therefore the question is made, as it were, one; and no opinion of the speaker's is implied as to the thing's being so or not. In an non the notions are opposed to each other, either simply, or so that it is implied that the one is more probable than the other {Hand).— The verb is more frequently repeated with necne than with annon: the only instance of necne in a direct question is Cic. Tusc. 3, 18. Sunt hax tua verba, necne? (K.) Necne generally occurs in itpendent questions. e jEtemus, without beginning or end, 'eternal.' SempUernus is 'ever- 'anting,' 'perpetual;' 'eternal' in a looser sense, without reference to an eternity without either beginning or end. SempUernus is therefore the right word here. d Licet, it is permitted, or lawful, by human law (positive, customary, oi additional) : fas est, it is permitted by divine law (including the law of 3 50 MAY ; MIGHT J CAN, COULD. [§ 20. 125, 126 Pres. (mihi) ire licet, I may go. (tibi) ire licet, thou mayest go, &c. Perf. (mihi) ire licuit, I might have gone. (tibi) ire licuit, thou mightest have gone, &c. 125. Can ; perf. Could (power, possibility). Possum,* can w,\ able. Pres. (ego) facere possum, I can do it. (tu) facere potes, thou canst do it. &c. Perf. (ego) facere potui, J could have done it, (tu) facere potuisti, thou couldst have done it. &c. * nQ r\ r t 4 ± \ S oportet, it behooves 126. Ought ; should (duty, propriety). < /, ' v 9tr r n) ^ debe0j J 0U ght u Pres. (me) facere oportef < & > (ego) facere debeo. C (it) ) (te) facere oportet < to > (tu) facere debes. V ; * I to do (it) ) K } conscience) : concessum est, it is permitted, comprehends both as a general expression. e Or, queo : cannot, nequeo (Inf. quire, nequire, like eo). Pcssum relates to the ability of the doer ; queo to the feasibility (to him) of the thing to be done. Possum, I can do it, if no external hinderances occur : queo , I can do it, because there are no external hinderances, sufficient to prevent me; I am in a condition to do it. This is expressed by saying that possum denotes subjective, queo objec- tive possibility : or (in Dbderleirts words) possum quantitative, queo qualitative possibility. Doderlein observes : "The best prose writers, as Cicero and Sal- lust, and even Pliny and other later authors, frequently use queo, but (like quis- qaam and ullus) only in negative propositions : that is, only in such as actually contain a negation, or at least are of a negative character." t Necesse est, expresses necessity ; oportet, duty or propriety ; opus est, advisa* gleness. Debeo is the corresponding personal form to oportet, as indigeo to opus rst. Oportet expresses the moral claim; debeo, the moral obligation of a pir- \icviar person to satisfy that claim. Debire is generally supposed to be de-habere, 'to have/rom' a person, and therefore to owe it to him. Doderlein is inclined to refer it with debilis, to tew, Sevu, to want. 8 Or, I should do (it) ) Thau should** lo (it). 1 &C - $20. 127-132.] may, might; can, could. 61 127. Perf. (me) facere C I ought to have ) ( , f , . . oportuit I done (it) \ V g0 > laccre Jebu1 ' (te) facere oportuit j J^Zte(it) \ W facere debuistK (a) Or, with the subjunctive governed by ' ut' omitted ; (ego) faciam oportet, h / ought to do (it). (tu) facias oportet, thou oughtest to do (it). 128. 03" Mi ay, might; can, could; should, &c, when they stand in principal clauses, are not auxiliary but principal verbs ; and must be translated by the proper tenses of licet, possum, oportet, or debeo, &c. 129. May, might, are often used of events the possibility of which is granted by the speaker. May or might is then equivalent to may (or might) possibly ; may for any thing I know. C may happen, } it is to be trans- (a) When * may ' = < may possibly, > lated by fieri ( may for anything I know, ) potest ut (Fieri potest ut fallar, J may be deceived.) 130. The perf. infin. after a past tense of a verb expressing duty, possibility, permission, &c, is generally to be translated by the pres. infinitive. That is, the time is marked by the tense of the verb expressing duty, &c, and the pres. infin. marks the time relatively to that verb. If it is meant, that the action should have been completed before the time spoken of, the perf. infin. must be used. 131. [C. xvii.] O^T * May, 9 'might,' sometimes mean < can,' * could,' and must be translated by possum. [C. xvin.] O^r The perf. infin. must be translated by the present infin. after might, could, ought, unless the action is to be represented as over before the time to which might, could, &c, refer. When the infin. perfect follows ought,' ' ought ' is the perfect. 132. Vocabulary 19. To be the slave of, servlre, servlvi, servltum (dot.). To-spend, or lead, a life, agSre, eg, act. t> Legem brevem esse oportet, A law ought to be short. Me ipsum ames oportet, non mea, You ouglit to lore me, not merely tiling* fcUmging to me. 52 apposition. [§21. l°3-13ft Virtuous, honorable, honestus, a, ura. Chaste, castus, a, ura. Moral, sanctus, a, um. To shed one's blood, profundgre, fud, fiis. For as in behalf of, pro (governs ablat.). Country = country of one's birth, ) Datr j a ae f or citizenship, ) To snatch away, take away, eripSre, ertpu, erept To take away a man's life, vitam alicui i errpgre Exercise 20 [N. B. A parenthetical 'then* in an interrogative sentence is used to indicate that l an' is to be used.] 133. May a man be-the-slave-of glory ? [No.] Ought we not to have obeyed the laws of our country ? What ought I to have done ? I asked what I ought k to have done ? No man may take away another's life. It cannot be denied, that he has led a very moral' life. Ought he not to have shed his blood for his country ? There is no doubt, that he lived a very disgrace- ful' life. Oughr' we (then) to be the slaves of glory ? Ought 7 he not to have obeyed the laws of virtue ? It was owing to you that 88 my life was not taken away by Caius. VII. § 21. Apposition. 134. When to a substantive or personal pronoun there is added a sub- stantive (without a preposition) explaining or describing it, the latter is said to be placed in apposition to the former. • Alexander the conqueror of Persia.' 135. A noun in apposition may be turned into the predicate (nom. after the verb) of a relative sentence. 136. (a) A substantive in apposition must agree in case with th© substantive of which it is spoken. i Obs. The person from whom is put in the dot. This dat. may be explained thus : it is the person towards or against whom the action of snatching away life is directed. k The pluperf. must here be used, for the imperfect would fix the duty to ihe lt>ne of asking. $21,137-142.] apposition. 53 137. (b) If the substantive of which it is spoken be feminine, the fern, form should be chosen for the substantive in apposition, whenever there is one. 138. (c) If the principal word be the name of a town,* with urbs or oppidum in apposition to it, the verb or participle gene- rally agrees with the apposition instead of the principal noun. (With this exception, agreement with the principal noun is the rule, though a rule that is not always observed.) 139. (d) The English 'as,' ' uhen* 'for,' standiflg with a noun, are often omitted, and the Latin substantive placed in apposition. 140. {Eng.) The city of Rome. The island o/Cyprus. (Lot.) The city Rome. The island Cyprus. 141. (a) Alexander victor tot regum atque populorum, Alex- ander the conqueror of so many kings and nations. (Usus magister egregius, Experience an admirable teacher. Philosophia magistra morum, Philosophy the teacher of morals. (c) Volsinii, oppidum Tuscorum opulentissimum, totum concrematum est fulmine, Volsinii, (lie most wealthy town of the Tuscans, was entirely destroyed (burnt) by lightning. (d) iEdem Salutis, quam consul voverat, dictator dedi- cavit, He dedicated as dictator the temple of Salu» which he had vowed when consul. 142. Vocabulary 20. To take, cSpSre, io, cep, capt. King, rex, regis, m. Philosophy, philosophia, ae, /. Inventor, inventor, oris ; inventrix, Icis. Teacher, magister, tri ; magistra, ae. Manners, morals, character, mores, um, m. Discipline, discipllna, 88, /. Frugality, frugalitas, atis, /. Parent, genitor, Oris; genitrix Icis. Athens, Athenae, arum, /. Branch-of-learning, doctrina, ae, /. Maker, causer, effector, 5ris ; effectrix, Icis. l The name of a people often stands with the substantive civitas, in apposi tlon to it in the singular; 'Carmonenses, qua est longe firmissima totius pro- vinche cizitas.' Caes. Bell. Civ. ii. 19. 54 NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB. [§22. 143-1 4tt Wisdom, sapientia, ae,/. Happy, beatus, a, urn. An old man, s?nex, senis, G. plur. senum To wish, desire, be willing, velle, vblu, To blot out, efface, destroy utterly, delere, aelev, delet. Treaty, foedus, 5ris, n. To renew, rgnovare, av, at. Exercise 21. 143. Apiolae, a town of the Latins (Lalmi), was taken by king Tarquinius. Philosophy was the inventor' of laws, the teacher 7 of morals and discipline. Frugality is the parent 7 of virtues. It eannot be denied, that philosophy was the inventor' of laws. Caius used to call m Athens the inventor 11 of all branches-of- learning. It cannot be" denied, that wisdom is rightly called the maker of a happy life. I do not desire the same things as an old man, that I desired when a boy (p. 14. 15, b). I have left nothing undone to finish 18 the business to your satisfaction. It was owing to you 88 that the city of Rome was not destroyed by fire. The treaty between the cities of Rome and Lavinium has been renewed. Has not the treaty been renewed between the cities of Rome and Lavinium ? Ought not the treaty between the cities of Rome and Lavinium to have been renewed ? § 22. Nominative after the vert. — Attraction of the predicate. 144. (a) If the verb esse, &c. standing after a verb that u immediately followed by the infinitive, has a participle or adjec- tive with it, it will stand in the nominative case. 145. (b) After a verb of wishing, &c.p the accusative of the pronoun is sometimes expressed, and sometimes omitted, if it meana the same person as the nom. of the principal verb. 146. (b) If the ace. is omitted before the infin., the noun or parti. ciple with the infinitive is attracted into the nom. case. m Idr ' Would ' or ( used to ' may be considered as signs of the Impcrfcci (Dicebat, would say ; used to say.) n Plural. Inter Romam Lavini jmque urbes. P Studii et desiderii. J 2*2. 147-150.] NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB. 5ft 147. {c) After verbs of declaring, &c.«> the accusative under the same circumstances, is sometimes, but less commonly omitted. 148. (c) When the ace. pronoun is omitted before the infin. after a verb of declaring, &c, the adjective or participle is gene- rally attracted into the nominative ; but sometimes not, especially when it is the part, of the fut. in rus, esse being omitted. J 49. (a) Soleo (possum) esse otiosus, I am accustomed to he (I can be) at leisure. (b) Vult \ se ' ^Principem, > Jh wUUs (0 u lU >J(> ( esse princeps, ) (c) Ait " ess °P0 ratum > I He says that he is ready. ( esse § paratus,*- ) Facturos" pollicentur, They promise to do it, 150. Vocabulary 21. (Of Apposition-Verbs.") To become, to be made, fieri, factus. To turn out, evadgre, evas, evas. To be named = appointed, nominari, nominatus. Tc be elected or chosen, ellgi, electus. 7o be made (of an appointment ) CTe -. CTeatus , to an office), > To be born, nasci, natus. To be considered, or held, habgri, habitus. To seem, appear, videri, visus. w To be rendered, reddi, reddltus. An orator, orator, oris, m. 1 Sentiendi et drclarandi. r Cicero is fond of inserting se after vellt. • In Cicero the pronoun is seldom omitted except after Jateri, dicere, ojnnari, and similar verbs, (Ochsner.) i Bentley says : c ait esse paratum • " ne Latinum quidem est ;" which, how- ever, Kriiger thinks is too much to say. u But the participle of the fut. ace. standing (with the omission of esse) for the flit, infin. is sometimes attracted, especially in poetry. ' Visura et quamvis tiunquam speraret Ulixen.' Propert. ii. 7. 45. ' Venturaque rauco | Ore mina- tur hiems. Stat. Theb. i. 347. So with other predicates. ' Retulit Ajax | Esse Jovis pronepos.' • Acceptum refero versibus, esse nocens.' ' Sensit medios de- apavjs in hostes,' &c. (K.) * By apposition-verbs are meant the verbs that make no complete predicate; Dut require a noun after them, which is rather in apposition to the subject (tht turm. to verb) than governed by the verb. w To appear must be translated by videri, whei it means to sum ; by apvar tre, when it means to come into sight ; to be seen ; to be tvident. 56 DATIVE AFTER ESSE. [J 23. 151, 152 A poet, poeta, ae, ra. To be wont, or accustomed, sblere, solitus sum. To desire. cupSre, cupiv, cuplt. To have rather, malle, malu, Rich, dives, dlvltis. To begin, coepisse ; incipSre, cep, cept/ Troublesome, molestus, a, um (with dot). To cease, leave oftj desinere, desii, desit. Timid, timid us, a, um. To go on, continue, perge"re s perrex, perrect. By accident, casu. Exercise 22. 151 , I had rather be-in-good-health' than be rich. I begin to be troublesome to you. Cease to be timid. There is no doubt that the boy will turn out an orator. Do not continue to be troublesome to Caius. It cannot be denied that Balbus seems wise to many persons. No one is born rich. No one becomes good by accident 7 . Numa Pompilius was made king. It was owing to you that 22 1 was not made king. He promises to perform 3 the business {omit esse). No one can be happy without virtue. There is no doubt, that no man can be happy without virtue. I had rather be a good man, than seem (one). Many persons can- not turn out orators. A poet is born, not made. Was the world made by accident or by design ? § 23, Dative after esse. 152. (a. h. c. d.) When esse, &c, having the same subject as the principal verb, follows a verb that governs the dative, if the * Carpi has only the tenses derived from the per/. Cceptus est is used for Its perf. before pass, infinitives. So desitus est (ceased), *hough more rarely. {Zwnpt.) When he adds that the per/., pluperf., and Jut. perf. have respectively the meanings of the pres., imperf, and simple future, I believe him to be mis- taten, for: (1) In many passages cospi has certainly the meaning of the perf. (2) In many more, I think in all, the Latin idiom requires one of the perfect, where we should use one of the imperfect tenses. Cospi is regularly joined only vith the infin. : incipio with (in/in. or) a noun (as its subject or object) : and xtpi dwells more on the action begun ; incepi gives more prominence to the beginning that is made, and is altogether more emphatic. (D.) §23. 153-155.] DATIVE AFTER ESSE. 57 accus. pron. is omitted, the noun after esse either remains in the bccus. or is (more commonly) attracted into the dative.' 153. (a) Expedit bonas esse vobis, It is expedient for you to be good women. (b) Licet esse beatis, They may be happy (if they please). (c) Medios esse non licet, We may not be neutral. (d) Mihi negligenti esse non licet, 8 1 may not be negligent. 154. Vocabulary 22. (Verbs in the third person governing the dat., and often used *r*«h a sentence as their subject.) It is permitted, licet. I have leisure, vacat mihi (but dat. of pronoun gener- ally omitted when the person in known). It is given, jatur, datum est. It is expedient, expedit. It is profitable, prodest, profuit, &c. It is injurious, hurtful, nbcet. Negligent, negligens, tis. Neutral, medius, a, um. Luxurious, luxuriosus, a a, um. Exercise 23. 155. Let us be permitted b to be miserable. Let us be per- mitted to be neutral. There is no doubt that no man may be neu- tral. It is injurious to be negligent. There is no doubt that it is expedient for all to be good. Many persons doubt what is ex- pedient for them. It is not given to all to be wise. It is expe- dient for no man to be luxurious. I have no leisure to be luxu- rious. It cannot be denied that few have leisure to be luxurious. There is no doubt that it is profitable to all to spend a virtuous 7 life. There is no doubt that a wise man would rather be-in-good- health 7 than be rich. There is no doubt that no one becomes good by chance. Had you rather be rich, or be-in-good-hcalth ? y The gen. and ablat. are never attracted in this way. We may not say j Interest Ciceronis esse eloquentis:' ( damnor a nolente esse bono.' (K.) a 'Per quam non licet esse ntgligentem' (sc. mihi). (Catull.) * Adjectives in osus, (u)lentus, idus, denote being full of what the root ex- cesses, o Let-it-be-permitted to ub. 3* 58 THE GENITIVE. [§ 24. 156-101 I asked him whether he had rather be-in-good-health or be wise You ought not to have been l8) neutral. VIII. § 24. The Genitive. 156. (a) The Romans often used a dependent genitive where we use prepositions ; in, for, with, &c. 157. Almost every substantive that depends so closely on another as to form almost one notion with it, may in Latin be expressed by the geni- tive, no matter what preposition we should use in English. 158. The genitive is joined attributively to its substantive, and as no two languages exactly agree, it often happens that what one language ex- presses by an adjective, another for want of an adjective would express by the genitive case. Hence — 159. (6) Where we use the genitive or the preposition 'o/' with a substantive, an adjective may often be used in Latin. 160. (c) Where we use a substantive with an adjective agree- ing with it, an adjective in the neuter is often used in Latin, with a genitive governed by it. (a) These adjectives are indefinite numerals and demonstrative pronouns. They are only used as quasi-substantives (governing the gen.) in the nom. and ace. singular. {0) The following are peculiar phrases : id temporis, at that time : id aetatis, of that age : quid setatis 1 of what age ? 161. (a) Gratia benejicii, c Gratitude *for a kindness. Mu- lierum Sabinarum injuriae, The wrongs done to the Sabine women. Luctus Jilii, Grief for his son. Suarum rerum fiducia, Confidence in his own affairs. Pyrrhi regis bellum, The war with king Pyrrhus. (b) Res alienee, The affairs of others (or, Other people's affairs). Causa regia, The royal cause ; or, The e ( Th6 genitive is subjective, when it denotes that which does something or to which something belongs : it is objective, when it denotes that which is the object of the feeding or action spoken of. The objective genitive usually fol- ows the noun on which it depends.' (Z.) 5 24 102.] THE GENITIVE. 5G king's cause. Timor externus, Fear from without ; fear of foreign enemies, (c) Quantum voluptatis, How much pleasure. Aliquid temporis, Some time. Nimium temporis, Too much time. Multum boni, Much good. Plus boni, More good. Quid novi 1 (what of new ? ==) What new thing ? what news ? (Obs. Boni, mail, novi, falsi, are used as substantives aftei these neuters.) 162. Vocabulary 23. Gratitude, Benefit, favour, Weight, burden, " Heavy, Light, Flight, escape from, Labour, Remedy, Anger, gratia, re,/, beneficium, i, n. bnus, eris, n. gravis, is, e. lSvis, is, e. fuga, re,/, labor, oris, m. remedium, i, n. ira, re, /. To overpower, (by a violent emo- j ^^ frgft fract (1Uera „ y ^ ^^ Care, cura, re,/. alienus, a, um. res, rei,/. difficilis, is, e. argentum, i, n. aurum, i, n. Not one's own; of others, Affair, Difficult, Silver, Gold, Nature, Of Abdera, Advantage = profit, gain, To receive or gain advantage, Replies; says he, Compassion, pity, Poor, What, Too much, More, rerum natura. Abderltes. 6 emolumentum, i, n. emolumentum capPre; cep, capt ( inquit (always following a word or two I of the reply). misericordia, re,/. pauper, pauperis. quid. nimium. plus.f • Names from one's native town end in Ensis ; Anus (from towns in a, Partitives are often followed by the prepositions meaning from, out of, imt/ngat (e, inter, de), instead vi by the genitive. }25. 169-175.] THE GENITIVE. 61 and is also (with the gen.) spoken of another substantive, the partitive agrees in gender, not with the gen., but with the other tubsiantive. 169. (d) A substantive having an adjective agreeing with it, and df.tcribing a former substantive, stands in the genitive or ablative*. (It maybe used attributively or predicatively ; as an adjective, that fg, to the substantive, or after the verb to be.) If the description be merely numerical, the genitive only can be used. 170. (e) Opus est' {there is need) is followed by an ablative of what is needed. The person who needs must be put in the dative. 171. (f) After opus est, an English substantive is often translated by a pas sive participle. 172. (g) But the thing needed is often the ncm. to the verb sum , or the ace. before esse. f^* In this construction the verb sum will agree, of course, with its nom. In the former, it is always in the third person sing. ; opus being its real nam. 173. (Eng.) f I have need of food. {Lai.) J (1) There is a business to me with food (abl. without prep.) I or (2) \ Food is a business to me. ( These things are a business to me. The second construction is preferred with neuter pronouns and ad jectives. (Z.) 174. How many are there of you ? = how many are you 1 There are very many of you, = you are very many. Few of whom there are, as who are few. When t qf i with a demonstrative or relative pronoun follows a plu- ral numera* or superlative, the numeral often expresses all who are meant by the pronoun ; and then the pronoun and the numeral must be in the same case in spiteof 'o/'.k 175. [C. xix.] O* ' Of you,' 'of us,' are not to be translated after how many, or other numerals, when the whole party are spoken of. i Opus est (it is a task or business). Grotefend, comparing the Greek lpyu» tori nvoi, thinks that the ablative originally expressed the means by which tho 1 usiness is to be accomplished. Probably opus esse had, in various construc- tions, come to have nearly the meaning of to be necessary or required: and then other constructions were commonly, or occasionally, used before the ablativ* prevailed. Plautus uses even the accusative, a3 if it were the object required i the gen. is still sometimes found : probably the preference was at last given to the abl., from that being the usual case after verbs of needing, or requiring. k Consider, therefore, after such woro^s, whether the pronoun expresses more, or no more, than the numeral. 68 THE GENITIVE. [§25.176,177 When of tie, of you, are omitted, the verb will be of the frst and sec end pers. respectively. 176. (a) Uter vestrum 1 Which of you ? Alter consilium, One of the consuls. Grsecorum oratorum prastan tissimus, The best of the Grecian orators. (b) Plato totlus Grcecia doctissimus, Plato the most learned man of all Greece. (c) Hordeum est frugum mollissimum, Barley is the softest species of corn. , ,v ( Vir summo ingenio,'- A man of the greatest ability. ( Vir excellentis ingenii, A man of distinguished ability. Ingentis magnitudinis serpens, A serpent of immense size. Classis septuaginta navium, A fleet of seventy ships. (e) Acuto homine nobis opus est, We have need of an acute man. Quid opus est verbis ? What need is there of words 1 (f) Properat'j™ opus est, It is necessary to make haste. (g) Quarundam rerum nobis exempla permulta opus sunt, Of some things we have need of a great many examples. 177. Vocabulary 24. Which (of two) uter, utra, utrum ; g. utrlus Each (do.), uterque ; g. utrlusque. Anotner; one (of two things), a > ^ ^ alterum; a]terius second : one more, ) 1 According to the German grammarians, the gen. denotes a permanent, the sbl. a temporary state. Grotefend says, the gen. is used of a thoroughly inhe- rent and permanent quality, penetrating the whole being, and making the thing what it is : whereas the abl. is used of any part or appendage of the thing spo- ken of, and only so far as it manifests itself; which part or appendage, more- over, may be accidental and temporary. To establish this he quotes : " Murena mediocri ingenio, sed magno studio rerum veterum, multa industrice et ma-gni laboris fuit." 'Murena showed but moderate talents, though a great zeal foi antiquarian pursuits ; industry and laborious perseverance constituted his char- aster.' Why not as well or better, ' He showed great industry and persever- ance; but his mind was (essentially, and, permanently) one of little power, though with a great fondness for antiquity?' Was his ingenium (the in-horn power of his mind) a less permanent quality than his indmtria? Zumpt says With ftsje, Cicero seems to prefer the abl.' m Prvpcrarc is used of a praiseworthy haste for the attainment of a purpose > J 25. 178.] THE GENITIVE. 6H Of Miletus, Milesius (162, e). Greek, Graecus, i, m. Roman, Romanus, i, to. To predict, foreiell, prsedlce're, dix, diet. Eolipse, defectio, onis,/. Sun, sol, solis, m. Body, corpus, corporis, n. Food, meat, elbus, i, m. Drinking, drink. potio, onis, /. Serpent, serpens, entis, com.gend. Immense, ingens, ingentis. Size, magnitudo, inis,/. Lemnos, Lemnos, i,/. To find, discover, invenire, ven, vent; reperire. re^r repert.o Custom, consuetudo, inis,/. Nature (i. e. a man's nature), natura, se,/. Money, (often argentum, i, n. silver). To draw away, avtfcare, av, at. Connection, conjunctio, onis,/". Honour (i.e. probity, trustworthi- J^j^g e - * ness), ) ' C making haste, } properato. There is need of} deliberation, > consulto. ( prompt execution, ) mature facto. Exercise 25. 178. One of them was a Greek, the other a Roman. Thales** of Miletus was the first of the Greeks who 8 predicted an eclipse of the sun. I did the same when (139) consul. He says (ait*) festinare == to be in a hurry. An adj. properus was formed from pro forth forwards), as inferus, exterus, from their prepositions. (D.) n Greek nouns in os of the second decl. are declined like Latin nouns of the 2d, but have ace. on or um. ° ' lnvenio, properly to come upon any thing, expresses the general notion ol to find: reperio, like to find out and to discover, implies that the thing found was before hid, and was sought for with pains.' (D.). Crombie observes that inve- nire is the proper word for the faculty itself; when we talk, that is, of the power of discovering generally, without adding uhat ; i. e. without an accusative after It. He quotes from Cicero, * vigere, sapere, invenire, meminisse,' a passage Hhioh plainly proves that invenire does not exclude the notion of searching t though it does not (like reperire) necessarily imply it. p Thales, etis. i Fari is to talk t use articulate speech : loqui, to speak or talk (opposed to uj.cSrc, to be silent) ; dicere is to say, the transitive form of loqui. As dlstin- 64 THE GENITIVE. [§ 25. 17b that there is no occasion for making-haste. The body has neec of much food. Are not serpents of immense size found in the island of 27 Len«ios ? It cannot be doubted that he is a man ol no honour. What need have we of your authority ? It cannot be denied that the body has need of meat and drink. (We; have need of deliberation. It cannot be denied that we hava need of deliberation. Is not custom a second nature?* Verree used to say 52 that he had need of many things. How much money have you need of? I left nothing undone to 18 draw-away Pom- pey from his connection with Caesar (156). How many are there of you ? l I will ask how many there sue of them. 179. The top. of the mountain. N. summus mons, G. summi montis, &c. The middle of the The rest of the way. work. media via, reliquum opus, mediae viae, reliqui operis, &c. &c. So, ima quercus, the bottom (or foot) of the oak ; uni versa Grcecia, the whole of Greece : sapientia* prima, the beginning of wisdom : extremus liber, r the end of the book, &c. Some English substantives relative to position, are often translated into Latin, by adjectives agreeing with their substantives. Such are, end, middle, whole, top, &c. These adjectives generally stand before their substantives. 8 guished from loqui, dicere expresses a more artificial or studied speech, loqui being to speak in the style of ordinary conversation. As distinguished from 070, dicere is to speak for the information of the hearers, ajo expressing the as eeriion of the speaker, as the opposite of nego. Hence ajo is I say = I assert, vffirm, maintain (but somewhat weaker than these words). Inquit (which Do- Jerlcin derives from injJcit, throws-in) is used to introduce the words of an other, and also the objections which we suppose another to make. (Bentley ) I( is also used in a vehement re-assertion ('one, one I say'). 1 The adjectice so used does not distinguish its substantive from other things of the same kind, but a part of itself from another part. Thus summit* mons is the mountain where it is highest : not, the highest of a number of mountains. •Not however, always, e. g. 'sapientia primal {Hor.\ and, 'In hac insula zxtremd est fons aquse dulcis,' &c (Cic. Verr. 4. 118.) 55. 180, 181.] THE G ENITIVE. 05 180. Vocabulary 25. The Alps, Alpes, ium, /. Cold, frigtis, tiris, n. Snow, nix, nivis, /. To melt, liquescFre, lieu, To count, reckon, numerare, 5v, at. Out of, ex (ablat.). A thousand, mille Winded, in sing. In plur. ulliU ium, ious,t Ac.) To survive, superesse, superfui {dot.). Three hundred, trCcenti, ae, a. To swear, jurare, av, at. Moon, luna, ae, /. Lowest, inf imus, a, um. Planet, planeta, or es, a?, m. Muster = 'master of a house,' •\ dominus, i, m. ; herns, t, m. is a mattvr 1 owner of any property ,' slavos > only in relation to his servant* oi as well as any other. ; slaves. "^ Wool, lana, ae, f. Black, niger, gra, grum. White, alb us, a, um. Some — others, alii — alii. Only, solus, a, um, G. sollus. Chameleon, chameleon, ontis, or onis, m. To nourish, support, Sl5re, alu, alit or alt. River, flumen, Inis, n. Neither— nor, nee or neque, followed by iiec or neque. u Exercise 26. 181. On the top of the Alps the cold is so great, that the snow never melts there. Count how many there are of you. 31 Out of (ear) so many thousands of Greeks (but) few of us survive. Three hundred of us have sworn. The top of the mountain was held by T. (Titus) Labienus. The moon was considered the lowest of the planets. It cannot be denied that custom is a second nature. Slaves are of the same morals as 9) their master. * MilU the adj. is indeclinable. ° ' Nee and neque stand before either vowels or consonants.' (Z.) Mr. R3<1- ale says: 'in good writers nee is found usually only before consonant*; ncftu oefore vowels.' But merely taking the sxamples as they are given in Brcder 1 * Grammar, we have from Cicero, l nec sibi ncc alteri;' ' neque naufragio neque Incendio ;' ' ncc hominum ;' ' •neque perfringi.' 06 THE GENITIVE. [§20. 162-184. Who is there but 9) understands that custom is a second nature ! Caius promises that he will finish the rest of the work. Three hundred of us have finished the rest of the journey. Of wools some are black, others white. The chameleon is the only animal that 8 is nourished neither by meat nor drink. T The Indus is th? largest of all rivers. § 26. The Genitive continued. (Gen. after adjectives.) 182. Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, recollection, fear, participation, and their opposites ; together with verbals in ax, and many of those that express fulness or emptiness, govern the genitive. (a) These adjectives have an incomplete meaning, and maybe compared with transitive verbs. The governed substantive expresses generally the object of some feeling of the mind. 183. (b) To this class belong many participles used adjec- U'vely. (c) In Poetry 1 ' the gen. may almost always stand after an adjective, where its relation to the adjective might be expressed by { with respect to.' 184. (a) Avidus novitatis, Greedy of novelty. Insidiarum plenus, Full of plots. Beneficii immemor, Apt-to- forget a favour. Rei maritimse peritissimi, Very skilful in naval affairs. Magnee urbis capax, Able to contain a large city. (b) Veritatis amans, Attached to truth ; a lover of truth. Amans patriae, A lover of his country. Officii negligens, Negligent of duty. (c) Audax ingenii, Bold of temper ; of a bold temper. Insolitus servitii, Unaccustomed to slavery. Insue- tus laboris (Cats.). Fidissima tui (Virg.). Seri studiorum (Hor.). Utilis medendi (Ov.). * Potus, us. " Potio is the act of drinking, and that on which this action is porformed ; a draught ; a liquid swallowed : potus is drinking, and drink in itself without reference to the action." (R.) * And in TacUue, who has : vetus regnandi, summus severitatis, &c. I 2G. 185.] THE GENITIVE. m 195. Vocabulary 26 To hate, Odisse* (with tenses ienveu cioin :h. perfect). virtue, utis, f. contentio, onis, f. Veritas, atis, /. philosophus, i, m. gloriosus, a, um. jttcus, i, m. dubitare,y av, at. suscipcre, cep, cept. Ita. r ne — quidem, (with the word the even be* < longs to between them ; ne jOco qui- t dem, not even in jest.) r nihil aliud nisi , (the following adj. is } not to agree with nihil but with the C substantive after nisi.) To take in good part, to receive ) boni consQlCre,* sulu, suit; in bonam favourably. > partem accipere. (Adjectives governing the Genitive.) Mindful, memor, Bris. immemor, ttris. Courage, Contention, Truth, Philosopher, Glorious, Jest, To hesitate, To undertaRe, In-such-a-manncr, Not even, Nothing but, Unmindful, apt-to-forget, Negligent, careless of, inatten tive to, Greedy, Eagerly-desirous, Fond, desirous, Skilled in, Unacquainted with, ignorant of, ; negligens, tis. avidus, a, um. studiosus, a, um. cupidus, a, um. perltus, a, um. rudis, is, e. * Of this verb the per/., pluperf., andfut. perf. are respectively used for (that s where we should use) the pres. f imperf., and simple Jut. This is the case vith most verbs that express simple emotions and operations of the mind, which ire completed the moment they exist. The moment I do hate, I hav$ hated ; the noment I do know, I have known. y Dubitare, to hesitate, Is generally followed by inf. * So, sequi boni (or sequi bonique) facere, to take in good part, to be satisfied. Lucri facere, to turn to account; to get the credit of. In boni consulere, boni in probably a gen. of the price or value, consulere being used in its first sense [according to Riddle) of ' to think upon, whether by oneself, or with others.' He lerives it from an obsolete conso, from which censeo is derived. DoderUin thinks con-sulcre meant originally 4 to sit down* (from the same root as «oMum, FeZ-la, and perhaps so/-um), and that boni is an old adv. (of the same form as \tri) ; so that boni consulas = bene considas or acquiescas. It occurs In Quint., Sen., Ac. not, 1 believe, in Cicero. 68 HIE GENITIVE. [§26. 1«6 A partner \ consors, 1 tis (properly adj., one who ha? I the same lot). A lover of, attached to, amans, tis ; diligens,* tis. Productive of, efficiens, tis. Such a lover of, adeo amans, or diligens. Exercise 27. 186. All men hate (him who is) apt-to- forget a kindness Courage is greedy 7 of danger. Many are fonder of contention than of truth. Pythagoras calls (those who are) eagerly-desirous of wisdom philosophers. All men ought to be mindful of benefita (received). Cicero has lost Hortensius, the partner b of his glori- ous labour. That (Iste) basest of all men is the same that he always was. Epaminondas was such a lover 6 of truth that he did not utter-a-falsehood even d in jest. We ought all to be such lovers of our country as not to e hesitate to shed our blood for it. I will warn the boy not to become inattentive to duty. He said that he was not 8 negligent of duty. It cannot be denied, that we ought all to be lovers of our country. He begs me to take these things in good part. They say that virtue is not productive of pleasure. Let war be undertaken in-such-a-manner that nothing but peace may seem (to be) sought for. * Socius, ' a companion ;' ' associate ;' ' member of the same society ;' ' sharei of the same fortune ;' in which last meaning it is synonymous with consora. Comes, 'companion,' 'fellow-traveller.' Sodolis, ' companion in amusement or pleasure.' (C.) Consorte8 fortuna eadem, socios labor idem ; Sed caros faciunt schola, ludus, mensa sodaUs Vir comis multos comites sibi jungit eundo. Com-it-es, con and 'if,' as in supine of eo. a Amare expresses the affection of love; diligere (properly, to choose apart) the preference of one object to another. If therefore any thing of deliberate ckoUx or preference is to be expressed, diligere should be used. b Consors. Socius would imply that they shared the same toil, not that Hortensius had a separate share of the same occupation. « Diligens with gen., his attachment to truth being a principle with him. In the next sentence, amans, because, though patriotism should be a principle affection for one's country is the thing required. d Say : ' that he uttered a falsehood not even in jest.' • A consequence ; not a purpose. &27. 187,188.] THE GENITIVE. 69 § 27. The Genitive continued. 187. (a) (Eng.) To prefer a capital charge against a man. (To make a man an accused-person of a capi- tal matter. Aliquem rei capitalis reum facere. (b) (Eng.) To bring an action against a man for bribery. (Lat.) Aliquem de ambitu reum facere. (c) (Eng.) To prefer a charge of immorality against a (Lat.) Aliquem de moribus reum facere. (d) (Eng.) He has informed me of his plan. (Lat.) Certiorem me sui consilii fecit.* 188. Vocabulary 27. (Adjectives governing the gen.) Tenacious, Capable of containing, Without, Accused of, In his absence, Briber) Extortion, Assault, Impiety, tenax, acis. capax, acis. expers, tis (ex, pars). reus f (from res). absens, tis (adj. agreeing with the subs.). ' ambitus, us, m. from amblre, to go round, to canvass. Properly, there- fore, to accuse a man de ambitu is, ' to bring an accusation about hi* can- vassing :' and then, as ' reum facere de moribus ' is ' to accuse of immoral- ity^ so to accuse him de ambitu is ' to accuse him of improper, illegal can- vassing,' i. e., of bribery. roe or pecuniae repetundae ; or repetun- dae alone ; properly things or moneys to be claimed back. vis s (violence). impietas, atis. f. * Certiorem facere may also be followed by abl. with de: • Eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt.' ' " Reos appello non eos modo qui arguuntur, sed omnes quorum de re dis- ceptatur; sic enim olim loquebantur." (Cic. De Orat. 2, 43.) From ttoe olim it is plain that reus had come to be used of the defendant almost exclusively. * Vis, vis, — , vim, vi I vires, virium, &c. Gen. vis in Tac. t but very rare. 70 THE GENITIVE. [§28. 189, 1M Tc prefer a charge against, reum facere. To inform, certiorem facSre ; fee, fact. To learn, discere, didic, Design, plan, consilium, i, n. Full, plenus, a, um. Danger, periculum, i, n. Exercise 28. 189. We are very tenacious of those things which we learned as a2) boys. The island of Pharos is not h capable-of-containing a great city. They are going to prefer a charge of immorality against Caius. They have brought an action against Caius for an assault. They have preferred a charge of impiety against Caius in his absence. I left nothing undone to 18 inform Caesar oi my design. I fear that he will not 53 inform me of his design. It is disgraceful to be without any learning. I fear that he will not keep his word. He promised that he would 4) leave nothing undone to draw away Pompey from his connection with 64 Caesar. There is no one but 9) believes that you will be without any* dangers. He warns* us that all things are full of danger. There are some who 109 deny that virtue is productive ot pleasure. § 28. The Genitive continued. 190. (a) Such a substantive as property, duty, part, mark, <3z;c., is often omitted in Latin after ' to M ;' so that to be is followed by a genitive governed by this substantive, or an adjective in the neuter gender agreeing with it. (Such a noun as qfficium, munus, indicium, &c, must be under- stood. This genitive is construed in various ways in English : and therefore »» Non is l not:' haud is 'certainly not? ' surely not? used especially with adjectives, adverbs, and impersonal verbs. i ' Any? after expert, must be translated by omnis, ' all.' k When moneo does not mean to warn or advise us to do (or not to do) some- thing, it takes ace. with infin. (not ut ne). 528.191-200.] THE GENITIVE. 71 there are various English phrases that may be reduced to this con struction. 191. (a) Such phrases are ; it is characteristic of; it is incumbent on ; it is for (the rich, &c.,) ; it is not every one who ; any man may ; it demands or requires; it betrays, shows, &c. ; it belongs to. When the adjective is of one termination (and therefore would leave it doubtful whether man or thing is meant), it is better to use this con- struction. ('It is wise;' not 'sapiens est,' but l saptentis est.') 192. So when the predicate is an abstract noun in the nom., it is more commonly in the gen. in Lat. — 'It is madness,' 'dementice est.' 193. (b) These genitives are used in the same way v/ithfacere, fieri, haberi, duct. 194. (c) Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, &c, take a genitive of the charge. 195. (./") But if the charge be expressed by a neuter pronoun, it stands in the accusative. 196. This construction may be explained by the omission of crimiru, or nomine, which are sometimes expressed. 197. (c) Instead of the gen,, the ablat. with de is very common. 198. (d) The punishment to which a person is condemned, stands generally in the ablat. ; sometimes in the gen., and often in the ace. with ad. 199. (e) Satago* misereor, and miseresco, govern the gen. . verbs of reminding, remembering, 1 and forgetting, the gen. or accusative. But verbs of reminding rarely take an accus. unless it be a neut pronoun. Sallust has the three forms : admonere aliqucm, rei ; de re and rem 200. (a) Imbecilli animi est superstitio, Superstition is o mark of (or betrays) a weak mind. Judicis est It is the part (or duty) of a judge. Est boni oratoris, It is the business of a good orator. In- genii magni est, It requires great abilities. Cujus- vis hominis est errare, Any man may err. Meum est, It is my business. Extremse est dementia), It is the height of madness. Suae ditionis facere, To reduce to subjection ; to bring under his domin- ion. k Satagere (to be doing enough) : ' tf have one's hands full.' J When memini and recorder signify ( to make mention of,' memini takes the gtn., or ablat. with de; rccordor, the ace. — Memini seldom takes the ace of a person, except in the sense of remembering him as a contemporary. (Z.) %% THE GENITIVE. [§ 28. 201. (b) Tempon cedere semper sapientis est habitum, It has always been held a wise thing to yield to the times (c) Proditionis accusare, To accuse of treachery. De pecuniis repetundis damnari, To be condemned for extortion. (d) Capitis (or capite) damnari, To be capitally condemned, (or, condemned to death). Ad bestias condemnare, To condemn to the wild beasts. («) Misereri omnium, To pity all. Meminisse praterito- rum, To remember past events : meminisse benejlcia, To remember kindnesses. Officii sui commonere, To remind a man of his duty. Dissenszonum obli- visci, To forget disagreements. ( f ) Si id me accusas, If you accuse me of that. (So, ia me admonuit.) 201. Vocabulary 28. To Accuse, accusare,™ av, at. To charge falsely, .o get up a ) insimu] - ^ charge against, ) * To prosecute, . postulare, av, at. To acquit, absolvere, solv, solut. To remember \ meminisse,P recordari^ also to male I mention of. To forget, oblivisci, oblltus. To remind, put in mind of, adm&nere, commonere, ui, Itum. Tonitv $ misereri, 1 miseritus, misertus; miseres P 7 ' ( c5re. To condemn, damnare, 8 condemnare, av, at. "* Incusare is ( to accuse,' but not in a court of justice. n Properly, ' to pretend a thing against a man.' ° Literally, ' to demand' i. e. for punishment. p With tenses derived from the perf. (See odi, 185, x.) Imperat. memento; p/. mementote). i Meminisse is, ' to retain in my recollection,' ' to remember : ' reminisci is, ' to recall a thing to mind,' • to recollect : ' recordari is, ' to recall a thing to mind, and dwell upon the recollection of it.' (D.) r Miserari governs the ace. Miserari is ' to show compassion,' misereri, ( to feel compassion,' as an act of free will, implying a generous mind, and thereby distinguished from miseret me tui (I am miserable on your account), which car- ries with it the portion of an irresistible feeling. (D.) ^ • Damnare aliquem voti (or votorum), is, to condemn a man to pay his row (cr tows) by granting his prayers. Also, damnare votis. fc 38. 202.] THE GENITIVE. 73 An Athenian, Atheniensis (162, c). Socrates, Socrates, is, to. Barbarian, barbarus, i, m. To live for the day, forgetful, that > [n diem v - vEre is, of the morrow, ) [t is agreed upon, it is an allowed > constat t fact, 5 Superstition, superstitio, onis,/ Feeble, imbecillus, a, urn, To disturb, agitate, perturbare, av, at. Constancy, iirnmess of rnind, constantia, ae, /. To persist, perseverare, av, at. Error, error, oris, m. Treachery, proditio, onis,/. Sedition, seditio, onis,/. A Christian, christianus, i, m. Injury, injuria, se, /. Adversity, resadversse. To condemn to death, capitis damnare. To acquit of a capital charge, capitis absolvCre. Religion, religio, onis, /. Exercise 29. 202. The Athenians (falsely) charged Socrates with impiety, and condemned him to death. It is for barbarians to live for the day (only). It is an allowed fact, that superstition is the mark of a feeble mind. It requires great constancy not to be disturbed in adversity. It U characteristic of a fool to persist in error. It is your business to obey the laws of your country. It is not every man who can leave life with an even mind. It was owing to you that he did not accuse Balbus of treachery. He promises'' to prosecute Dolabella for extortion. He was condemned to death by Augustus. Caius was acquitted of sedition by Augustus. Do not forget benefits. It is the duty of a Christian to pity the poor. It cannot be denied that (36) it is the duty of a Christian to pity the poor. I fear that he will not 53 easily forget the inju- ry. I fear that he will remember the injury. Did you not admonish me of that (200,/) ? Adversity puts us in mind of reli- gion. It cannot be denied that he has been acquitted of the capital charge. « Literally, it stands together as a consistent truth. 4 74 THE GENITIVE. [§ 29. 203-206 § 29. The Genitive continued. {Impersonal verbs.) 203. (a.) With interest and refert (it concerns or is important) ; 1) Ths thing that is of importance may be either (a) an infin- itive {with or without ace.) or (/J) a neuter pronoun [hoc, id, illud* quod : so that they are not quite impersonal), or a clause intro chiced either (/) by an interrogative , or (d) by ut or we. 2) The person to whom it is of importance is put in the gen. with interest or refert; but, instead of the personal pronouns, a possessive pronoun is used in the ablative feminine : med, tud, sua, nostra, vestrd : so cwja sometimes for cujus. a 3) The degree of importance is expressed either by the gen. (magni, parvi, quanti, &c.) ; or by an adverb (multum, plurimum, magnopere, nihil, &c). 4) The thing with reference to which it is of importance is governed by ad ; as magni interest ad laudem civitatis, it is of great importance to the credit of the state. 204. (b) These impersonals, pudet, piget, poznitet, tadel, miseret, take an accusative of the person feeling, a genitive of what causes the feeling. 205. V/hat caii3c3 the feeling may also be a verb (in the infinitive, or in an indicative clause with quod, or a subjunctive one with an interrogative word). 206. (a) Intelligo quanti reipublicce inter sit omnes copias con- venire, 1 am aware of what importance it is to the republic, that all our forces should assemble. Interest omnium recte facere, It is the interest of all to do right. Quid nostra refert 1 Of what importance is it to us ? (or, What does it signify to us ?) Magni interest ad laudem civitatis, It is of great im- portance to the credit of the state. Magni interest, quos quisque audiat quotidie, It is oj great consequence whom a man hears every day. » To be explained perhaps by reference to causa, gratia. It seems to be vruved that these are (as Priscian teaches) ablatives, since the a is long : e. g. Tcr. Phorm. iv. 5 5 11 : — Datum esse dotis. De. Quid tua, malum! id refert'i C7t. Magni, Demipho. Refert = rei fert, for ' ad rem fert ' or confert. &29 207,208.] THE GENITIVE. 75 Mud mea magni interest, teut videam, his of great consequence to me that I should see you. Vestrd interest, commililones, ne imperatorem, pes. simi faciant, It is of importance to you, my com- rades, that the worst sort should not elect an em- peror, (b) Ignavum pcenitebit aliquando ignavia, The slothful man will one day repent of his sloth. Me non solum piget stultitice meae, sed etiam pudet. lam not only sorry for my folly, hut also ashamed of it. Taedet me vitse, lam weary of my life. Tsedet eadem audire milites, The soldiers are tired of hearing the same thing. Tui me miseret, mei piget, I pity you ; I am vexed at myself. 207. Vocabulary 28.* interest, rifert; the latter very rarely when a person is expressed, unless by It concerns, it is of importance or consequence, it is the interest of/ 1 am sorry for, vexed at, 1 repent, am discontented or dis- satisfied with, I am ashamed of, I pity, I am disgusted at ; am weary or tired of, Like ; equal to ; as good as, On account of, To present, Crown, Golden, i a pronoun ; principally in quid rifert 7 what does it signify 1 what difference does it make? and nihil refert, h is of no consequence, or makes no de- ference. pYget me. poenitet me. pudet me. miseret me (see 201 r ). taedet me ; for per/, pertsesum est. r instar ; an old subst. signifying a mod'l or image: and as such followed by the genitive. It should only be used of equality in magnitude, real or figu- rative. ergo, governing and following the#e?r\ tive. It is the Greek Zpyu. donare, av, at. corona, te,f. aureus, a, um. Exercise 30. 208 1 What are the various ways of translating whether — or ?] What difference does it make to Caius, whether he 76 THE DATIVE. [§ 30. 209-212 drinks wine or water ? It makes a great difference to me why he did this. It makes a great difference to us, whether death is a perpetual sleep or the beginning of another life. I will strive that no one 14 may be dissatisfied with the peace. It is of greal importance to me, that Caius should 3) be informed of my design. I will strive that it may be your interest to finish the business. It is your business to strive that no one may be dissatisfied with the peace. We pity those men who have been accused of treason in their absence. I will strive that no one may recollect my error. I am ashamed of, and vexed at my levity 7 (p. 14. 15, a). I will strive that no one may be ashamed of me. It is your interest that they should not condemn me to death. It is the interest of all, that the good and wise should not be banished. Plato is to me equal to {them) all. That (tile) one' day was tc Cicero equal to an immortality. He was presented (perf.) with a golden crown on account of his virtue 7 . (For the Genitive of price see under the Ablative.) IX. $ 30. The Dative. (Dative with Adjectives.) 209. Adjectives which signify advantage, likeness, agreeable, ness, usefulness, fitness, facility, &c. (with their opposites), govern the dative. 210. But of such adjectives, several talo a genitive without any essentia, difference of meaning. 211. Natus, commodus, incommodus, utilis, inutilis, vehemens, aptus, accommodatus, idoneus, may also be followed by ad with the ace, of the object, or purpose, for which. Propior (nearer), proximus (nearest), take dot., but sometimes the aecu* 212. Vocabulary 29. (Adjectives governing the dative.) Grateful (both actively and pas- > ^ T sively) acceptable; agreeable, ) ' Suavia ard didci* are ^rvsttt:^ the former especially sweet to me sense oi midline, the latter to that of taste ; both being used generally and figuratively ) HO. 212-1 THE DATIVE. 71 Liable, subject, exposed to, obnoxius, a, um. Common, communis, is, e. (Adjectives that take Gen. or Dat.). Like, similis, w is, e; auperl. siinillirr.ua. Unlike, dissimilis, is, e. Equal, par,* pdris. p. ruliar to, proprius, a, um. [gn to ; averse to ; inconsis- > alienugy ^ um> tent with, ) Friendly, a friend, amicus, a, um ; amicus, i, m. Unfriendly, an enemy, inimicus.* Allied to (of a fault), chargeable ) amnis/ 1b> e> with, > Sur ivinf \ 3nDerstcs > b itia » used substantively, c oi ( survivor. (The following are often followed by ' ad ' to express apurpose or object, fur which, &c.) Born, natus, parlic. of nascor. Convenient ; of character, obliging, commodus, c a, um. like our 'sweet.' Jucundus, that which directly causes joy and delight. 6rm/ti*, th;it which la grateful or acceptable from any cause. Amamus, agreeable or de- lightful to the sight, though extended to othej things by later writers. Dulcia delectant gustantem ; suavia odore ; Jucunda exhilarant animum, sed grata probantur A gratis : quae visa placent loca, amaena vocamus. Dbderlein thinks that amaenum is not ' quod amorem prasstat,' but is a syncope for animamum, as Camcsncc for Canimaencs, and is equivalent to ' animo laxando idoneus.' w Similis takes gen. of internal, dat. of external resemblance. This docs not hold without exception; but to express, like me, him, &c. (i. e. equal to), the gen. nhould be used : . Ille tui similis, mores qui servat eosdem ; Ille tibi similis, faciem qui servat eandem. * Similis expresses mere resemblance : eequalis denotes mutual and absolute equality ; par, mutual congruity, proportionate equality. (C.) y Alienus also governs the abl., and especially with ab. 'In the sense of di*- intdined, Iwstile, the prep, is rarely wanting.' (Z.) * Jlostis, properly a stranger; hence a public enemy (an enemy to my country, not necessarily to me personally). Jnimicus, one who is an enemy to me per- sonally. Amicus, inimicus, as adjectives, may be compared ; and as such generally take the dat. » Also to be implicated cr concerned in (a conspiracy, &c.) ; an object (oi hus- Mcion). b jEqualis and supersles have usually a dat. ; but the former more commonly %gen., when it signifies a 'contemporary? (Z.) o Commodus (from con, modus), commensurate with. 78 THE DATIVE. [§30.212 Inconvenient, unsuitable, incommodus, a, um. Fit, aptus, a, um. Suitable, serviceable, idoneus,* a, um. Fitted, adapted, accommodatus, a, um. Useful, expedient, good, utilis, is, e. Useless, , inutilis, is, e. Prone, proclivis, is, e. Innocent, innocens, tis Word, verbum, i, n. Fault, culpa, ae,/. Lust, .ibldo, Inis,/. .Age = time of life, Betas, tatis,/. (Eng.) Common to kings and peasants (or, to kings with peasants* (Lat.) Common to kings with peasants Exercise 31. ^Should invenire or reperire be used for finding what has been sought 1 (177, o.) 213. It cannot be doubted that (we) men are born for virtue. It cannot be denied that it is very inconsistent with your charac- ter to lie. It is easy to an innocent man to find words. I fear that you will not find words. It cannot be denied that death is common to every age. His father warned him not to think him- self born for glory. I fear that these things are not 53 useful for that purpose {res). Don't you understand to how many dangers we are exposed ? I fear that these things will not be agreeable to the rich. We all love (those who are) like ourselves. d Our own dangers are nearer to us (p. 14. 15, a) than those 1 1) of- others. He says that he is not 2 chargeable with this fault. It cannot be denied that he was of a character very averse from * Idoneus expresses a natural fitness actually existing, but that requires to be observed, made available, or (if spoken of a person) called forth. Aptus ( s= con- venienter junctus) expresses actual fitness, now existing. In use, the two words may be thus distinguished : I. ) Idoneus necessarily requires a purpose to be mentioned or implied. Aptut does not necessarily require the mention of a purpose, but may express what isfil generally. (2) Idoneus may express a person's fitness to suffer, to be acted upon. Aptus expresses a fitness or readiness to act. (3) Idoneus, spoken of a person describes a fitness that may never be observed or called forth: aptus, a fitnesa actually existing ; that has been called forth, and is ready to act. [Idonezs from '4co, as ultroneus from vitro. (D.)j * Nostri, gen. pL § 31. 214, 215.] THE DATIVE. 79 impiety (p. 14. 14). There is no one but 9) thinks it inconsistent with your character to keep your word. I wished to be liko Balbus (149, b). You, such is your temperance,' are the enemy of (all) lusts / (gen.). I will strive to discover what is 161 expe- dient for the whole of Greece. I fear that these arguments are not fit for the times. Are you exposed to these or greater dangers ? Exercise 32. [What is the Lat. for deliglUful to the eyes.] 214. Are not your own dangers nearer to you than those ol others ? It cannot be denied that he is (a person) of a very oblig- ing character. Many persons say that their own dangers arc nearer to them than those ll) of-others. They say that they are not prone to superstition. Might he l7) not have spent 18 ' a more honourable life ? It was owing to you that our life was not taken away. Is philosophy' the best teacher of morals and discipline ? [No.] He used to say that Athens was the inventor of all branches-of-learning. It was owing to you that I did not turn out an orator. I had rather be like Cato than Pompey. Even Bal- bus is not f averse to ambition. It cannot be denied that (we) have need of a mind averse from superstition. Have we done more good or evil ? This is common to me and you. There is no one but understands that these things are common to the rich man and the poor man. I cannot but lS take these things in good part. 3 * I will strive that nobody 14 may pity me.e Is wisdom peculiar 7 to you ? [No.] I fear the boy will not be the survivor of his father. There is no doubt that we are come 18) into a very de- lightful place. § 31. The Dative continued. 215. All verbs may be followed by a dative of the thing oi person to, for, or against which any thing is done. Hence — • Begin with ' Catonif and go on with 'than Pompey.' I «No' even Balbus is.' * Miserct, notmisereH. See 201, r. 80 THE DATIVE . [§31.210-222 216. The dative follows verbs that signify advantage or dis- advantage ; verbs of comparing ; of giving and restoring ; oi promising and paying ; of commanding and telling ; of trusting and entrusting ; of complying with and opposing ; of threatening and fomg angry, &c. 217. 00 s * Of these verbs many are transitive, and govern the ace. (a) With these verbs the ace, expresses the immediate, the dat. the remoter object of the verb. 218. (a) Verbs of comparing are also followed by the prepos it ions, cum, inter, and sometimes ad. (b) Of verbs that signify advantage and disadvantage, juvo, lado, deledo, and qfendo govern the ace. 219. (c) Of verbs that signify command^ rego and guberm govern the ace, tempero and moderor the ace. or da£. 220. Tempero and moderor with the <2aZ. are 'to moderate,' ' re- strain within proper limits:' in the ace. 'to direct' or 'govern.' Temperare ab aliqua re = ' to abstain from.' 221. (a) Confer nostram longissimam cetatem cum seternitate, Compare our longest life with eternity. Hominem cum homine comparat, He compares man with man. Vitam utriusque inter se conferte, Compare the lives of both of them together. (b) Libris me delecto, I amuse myself with books. OfFendit neminem, He offends nobody. Hcec lsedunt oculum, These things hurt the eye. Fortuna fortes ad-juvat, Fortune helps the bold. (c) Moderari animo, To restrain your feeling. Tempe. rare sibi, To restrain oneself. Temperare ah injuria, To abstain from (committing) injury. 222. Vocabulary 30. (Verbs governing the dat. but fcllowed by no preposition in English.) Advise, suadere.i suas, suas. fc Jubeo takes ace. with infin. It may be followed by ut ' with subj. if used absolutely, without the mention of a person. (Z.) » Monere (properly, to make a man think of something. D.) calls his attention ?ra. 2*22.] THE DATIVE. 81 i credCre, credid, credit; (also to cniiunl. ( with accus. of what is entrusted). Believe, Command, imp?rare, av, at. Please, placere, placu, placit. Displease, displicere. 5 invidere, vld, vis (it may also have accu* ( of the thing grudged). Envy, grudge, C auxiliari ; subvPnlre, ven, vent ; succur* Help, aid, assist, \ rere, curr, curs; opitulari, tmblgvare ' and juvare take the accuse Heal, cure, mederi.i Hurt, nBcere, nocu, noclt. Indulge, indulgere, induls, indult. Favour, five re, fav, faut. Marry (of a female), nube"re, ra nups, nupt (properly to vel!). Obey, « parere (of the habit) obedire (ui particu I lar acts). Oppose, rcpugnare, av, at. Pardon, ignoscgre, ignov, ignot. Persuade, persuadere, suas, suas. Resist, resistere, restlt, restit. Spare, parcere, pPperc et pars, pars et pare it. Threaten, ( minari (with accus. of the thmg threat' I ened). To compare, comparare ; conferre, 11 till, collat. to something from which he is to draw an inference for himself by his own reason and good sense. Hortari appeals to his will; suadere, to his understate ing. Suadere is to aitempt to persuade ; persuadere is to advise effectually; tc persuade. k Auxiliari (to make oneself a man's auxilium), to increase a person's strength ; to help. Juvare (allied to juvenis ; properly to make youthful, powerful, aciivt ; hence) to help (one who is striving. D.) ; to facilitate the accomplishment of a purpose ; support. Opitulari (from opes), to aid with one's means, credit, re- sources, a person who is in great need or peril, from which he has no power to deliver himself. Subvenire (to come-under, i. e., to support) ; to come to the as- sistance of a person in difficulty or danger. Succurrere, to run to the assist- ance of; which implies a more pressing danger; to succour. Sublevare, to raise a man up ; to hold him up ; to support :— figuratively, to alleviate, mitigate, lighten. (It.) AdjUvo and auxilior do not necessarily imply, that the person as- sisted needed assistance ; the other verbs do. Adjuvare (to help forward) often means to increase; enhance. (C.) l Mederi (to administer a remedy with good effect) relates rather to the sick pcrton, or to the operation of the physician ; sanare, to the disease, or to the operation of the medicine. (D.) m To be married is nuptam esse, and we find, nuptam esse cum aliquo. » Conferre (to bring together), contendere (to stretch together), componere (to 4* S2 THE DATIVE. [§ 32. 223, 224 cp ««*».» S irasci, iratus ; succensere (of deep last To oe angr> with, < . ' ' _ * . C tng' resentment), both govern dative. To injure, hurt, laedgre, lass, laes (acaw.). To delight, amuse, delectare, av, at (accus.). To oiiend, offend5re, fend, fens (accus.). 1 He threatens me with death ' should be In Latin, ' threatens death to me.' Exercise 33. [Which interrog. particle is to be used when the answer would be ' no ' ?] 223. Do not hurt another. It is not every man who can 39 com mand his mind. Is it easy to restrain (one's) mind ? It is the duty of a Christian to leave nothing undone, that 18 he may learn to govern his mind'. Ought (you) not to obey the laws 1 We ought to be angry with vices', not with men. " He promised to abstain from 3 injury. Venus married Vulcan (Vulcanus). It is the duty of a Christian to succour the miserable. They promised to abstain from (committing any) injury. I will ask him whether he can cure my head. I have left nothing undone 18 that I might cure my head. It is strange that you should favour me. Do you envy (pi.) me or Balbus? I almost think 25 that I have opposed nature in vain. It shows* 9 a great mind to spare the conquered. I warned my son to envy nobody. 14 Compare this peace with that war. I have unwillingly offended Caius. He threatens me with death every day. Do not grudge me my glory. There are some who 109 grudge me my glory. § 32. The Dative continued. 224. Sum with its compounds, except possum, governs the. dative. place together), all express the bringing of things into juxtaposition for the sake of instituting a comparison between them. From their meaning, one should say that conferre is to compare things, the difference of which will be obvious, ts soon as they are brought together : contendere, to institute a close comparison. Ramshorn says, comparare is to compare things that are exactly similar, and form, as it were, a pair (par). But Cicero has : ' conferre pugnantia, comparare wntrariaJ Succensere, because the anger is lasting. § 32. 225-227.] the dative. 83 225. Verbs compounded with prepositions, or with the adverbs bei^e, satis, male, generally govern the dative, but with many ex- ceptiDns. (a) Most of the verbs compounded with ad, in, inter, ob, pr(B, sub, con, govern the dat. (/5) Many of those compounded with ab, ante, de, e, post, pro, re, super, govern the dat. 226. Some are transitive, and govern the accusative only ; some govern the dative or the accusative with no difference of meaning ; and very many of them may be followed by the pre- positions? they are compounded with. 227. Vocabulary 31. To be absent, abesse, abfui. To be present, adesse,** adfui (hence, to stand by). To be engaged in, interesse. To be in the way, to be prejudi- > obesgc cial to, ) To be wanting, fail, deesse. r To be before, or at the head of, to ) praeesse# . command, ) To profit, to do good to, to be ad- > prodesge To survive, superesse. To oppose, obstare, stit, stit. To satisfy, satisfacPre, fee, fact. To confer benefits on, beneface're, fee, fact. To prefer, antepon5re, pbsu, posit. To reckon one thing after, i. e., ) poslh5b6re> habUj habit> as inferior to another, ) p This is especially the case when the object is no personal circumstance, or cannot well be conceived as such, for then the preposition merely expresses a local relation. (G.) i Prccsens is used as the participle of adesse. Prccsentem esse expresses an immediate audible or visible presence; adesse, presence generally, within some sphere belonging to us. An expected guest adest, when he is within our walls ; but to be praxens, he must be in the same room with ourselves. Adesse relates incessCre)7 cessIV) et ce88j ce8gIt< &c, assailing the mind), > Wait for, pracstuiari, atus." Rival, emulate, aemulari, atus. a Accompany, comitari, atus. f praebere or prsestare se fcrtem (the lattet To show oneself brave, Ac J implying adUm ; the former not nw ^ sarily so ; praebere se, to show one [ self; praestare se, to prove oneself). Grief, dolor, oris, m. Tuscan, Tuscus, a, um. Territory, ager, agri, m. Exercise 35. •230. I will advise the boy to emulate the virtues of his father Attend to what b (pi.) will be said. Let us not flatter the power ful. The Tuscan territory borders on the Roman (territory) Did not words fail you ? Are the Veientes going to revolt from the Romans ? [No.] I almost think that the Lydians (Lydii) are going to revolt from king Cyrus. Does it show 89 a brave mind to despair of one's (suus) fortunes ? Grief seized upon the whole (omnis) army. It was owing to you 2 * that the treaty between the cities of Rome and Lavinium was not renewed. I cannot but 18 mock you. She never beheld Caius without 16 making merry with his folly. I will ask Balbus whom he is waiting for. There were some who mocked the boy. ' So also invader e. » Expectare expresses merely a looking for the future in general ; oppertrt, to x keeping oneself in readiness for an occurrence; prcestolari, to be in readiness n pzrfurm a service. (Rid. after Doderlein.) * ^Emulor is sometimes said to govern the dot. in the sense of to ency ; it does aot however express simple envy, but the endeavour to equal or surpass a person, which may, or may not, he caused by envy. »» ' What ' is here rel. (= those things, which). 86 THE DATIVE. [§33. 231-2ay §33. The Dative continued. (Verbs with two constructions.) 231. (a) Dono,' circumdo, and several other verbs, take eithei a dative of the person and an accusative of the thing; or an accu sative of the person and an ablative of the thing. Verbs of fearing take a dat. of the person ybr whom one feara 232. (a) Cirdumdat urbem muro ; or, circumdat murum urbi, He surrounds the city with a wall. Ciceroni immortalitdtem donavit ; or, Ciceronem im- mortalitate donavit, (The Roman people) conferred immortality on Cicero. 233 Vocabulary 33. (Verbs that take dat. of person with ace. of thing; or. cxc. of person with abl. of thing.) Besprinkle, bespatter, adspergere,d spers, spera. Surround, circumdare, ded, dat. Clothe oneself with, put on, indugre, indu, iridiit. C exuere, exu, exut (accus. of person, ab- Strip off, < lat. of thing. With accus. only ' to ( throw off,' ' put off,' ' divest oneself of/ To cut off, prevent, obstruct, intercludere, interclus, interclus. (Verbs with a different construction in different meanings.) ' cavere, cav, caut (cavere aliquem ;* to guard against ; be on one's guard To beware, <, against ; cavere alicui, to guard ; I watch over; cavere or sibi cavere, to I be on one's guard). f consulere, sulu, suit (consulSre aliquemi j to consult ; consulere alicui, to consult To consult, s for a person ; to consult his interest : consulere in aliquem, to proceed or [ take measures against a man). To wish well to, cupgre e alicui ; cupere, cuplv, cuplt. To provide for the interests of ( prospicSre patrice. one's country, < providere patriae. C impone're (aliquid alicui) ; with dat. only To lay upon, \ 'to impose upon.' r incumbere rei ; incumbere in rem, toap- To lean upon, < ply oneself vigorously ; to devote one* ( self to. t So, impertire vr impertlri. «* So, insperggre. * Alao cavere ab aliquo, or ab aiHqua re. e So, bene, male, &c. velle atfeui 5 38. 234, 285.] THB dative. 97 Cruelly, crudeliter. Almost, nearly, prope ; pene or prene. Altar, ara, ae,/. Baggage, impedimenta (;>/ur.)proptrly himn utu«» A camp, castra (piur.). A mound, agger, e*ris, m. A ditch, fossa, &,f. To prepare, parare, av, at. The state, respublica, reipublicae, reipublicae, rem- publicam, Ac To take a camp, &c. exuCre ; i. e. ' to strip the enemy (ace.) of their camp ' (ablal.). Humanity, human feeling humanitas, atis,/. Flight, fuga, a?,/. ' mums, i, m. (the general term ; mosnia. from munlre, is the wall of a city for protection against enemies ; paries, A wall, 4 Stis, the wall of a building, allied to pars, portio, &c. ; maceria, allied to margo, the wall of an enclosure, e. g. of a garden or vineyard. D.) A atone wall, murus lapideus. 234. [C. xx.] fjf In English, substantives standing before and spoken of other substantives, are used adjectivehj, and must be translated into Latin by adjectives. Exercise 36. 235. I warned Caius whom to guard (suhj.) against. Tar- quinius Priscus was preparing to surround the city with a stone wall. There is no one who is not aware that Cicero is watching over the state. He promised to consult 3 my interests. He im- posed on his own (men) that 65 he might the more easily impose on the Gauls. They have proceeded cruelly against Caius. h remains that (id) we should consult our own interests. That basest (person) has bespattered me with his praises. I have per- suaded Caius to devote himself to the state. The Romans have taken the camp of the Gauls. He hopes to take the baggage of the Gauls. Do not divest yourself of your human-feeling 7 . Coesar surrounded his camp with a mound and ditch. I pity the old man (who is) now almost given-over. I will warn Balbus not lo throw off his human-feeling. Consult for yourselves : provide for the interests of your country. 8B the dative. ]_§ 34. 236-243 § 34. Verbs that take a second Dative. 236. Sum, with several other verbs, may govern two datives. (a. 6.) The second dative expresses the purpose or some similar notion It is the common construction to express the purpose for which a mau comes, or sends another. 237. (c) A second dative often stands after sum, where we should use the nominative. Such verbs as proves, serves, &c. may often be translated by sum with the dative ; and an adjective after 'to be' may often be translated into Latin by the dat. of substantive. 238. (d) The English verb ' have ' may often be translated by ?um with a dative. f (Eng.) I hate a hat. I have two hats. (Lat.) There is a hat to me. There are two hats to me. It is obvious that the ace. after ' have ' will be the nom. before ' to be f the nom. before 'have,' the dat. after 'to be? 239. (e) In ' est mihi nomen,' the name is either in the nom., the dat., or (less commonly) the gen. The construction with the dat. is even more common (in the case of Roman names) than the regular construction with the nom. It is an instance of attraction, the name being attracted into the case oi mihi. (K.) 240. (/) The dative of a personal pronoun is often used to point out, in an animated way, the interest of the speaker, or the person addressed, in what is said. 241. (a) Pausanias, rex Lacedsemoniorum, venit Atlicis aux- ilio, Pausanias, king of the Lacedamonians, came to the assistance of the Athenians. (b) Pericles agros suos dono, reipublicas dedit, Pericle? gave his estates as a present to the state. (c) Magno mdlo est hominibus avaritia, Avarice is a great evil (or, very hurtful) to men. Ipse sibi odio erit, He will be odious (or, an object of dislike) to himself. (rf) Fuere Lydiis multi ante Crcesum reges, The Lydiant had many kings before Cr&sus. (e) C. Marcius, cui cognomen postea Coriolano fuit, Caius i So 'can have* may be translated by 'potest esae.' 1 84. 242.] THE LATIVE. * 99 Marcius, whose surname was afterwards Coriola- nus. — Fonti nomen Arethusa est, The name of the fountain is Arethusa. (Nomen Mercurii est milii, My name is Mercury.) (f) At tibi repente paucis post diebus venit ad me Caninius, But, behold, a few days afterward* Caninius comes to me. 242. Vocabulary 34. (Verbs that are often followed by two datives.) ^1) With auxilio (assistance). Come, venire, ven, vent. Send, mittere, mis, miss. Set out, proficisci, profectus. (2) With culpa, vilio, crimini. To impute as a fault, culpae dare, de"d, dat (with ace. of thing). To reckon as a fault, turn into a ) vitio s vertCre, vert, vers (with ace. of fault, ) thing). 3) To give as a present, dono or muneri,'» dare (with ace. of thing) To be a hindrance, impedlmento esse. To be a reproach, to be disgraceful, opprobrio i esse. To be hateful, odio esse. To be detrimental, detrimento esse. To be an honour, to be honourable, honori esse. To be very advantageous, magnae utilitati esse. -, . { sibi velle ; mihi tibi, &c, to be used ac- To mean,* < ... I cording to the person meant. To throw himself at any body's ( se i ad alicujus pedes, or alicui ad pedes feet, c projlcCre, jec, ject. * VUium is nnyjlaw, blemish, or fault ; whatever makes a thing imperfect. It may therefore be found in things as well as in actions and persons. Culpa fa fault; whatever is blamable; hence vitium may be used for culpa, but culpa not always for vitium. Scclus always implies a wicked intention; culpa not al- ways, but often only a want of prudence, caution, &c. J> A prarmium is given to reicard, with reference to the merit of the receiver : A donum, to produce joy, with reference to the gratuitousness of the gift: a munus, to express affection or favour, with reference to the sentiment of th<» giver. (D.) i PrObrum is ( what a person may be reproached with :' opprobrium is ' what He is (or has been) reproached with;' ' a reproach 1 actually made. (D.; k That is, not what one's meaning is, but what one means by such conduct. i Projicere se alicui ad pedes, which Krebs formerly objected to, ia qulta correct: (See Cic. Sest. 11 ; Caes. B. G. 1, 31.) 90 the accusative. [§ 35. 243~24b ,C. xxi.] Jjr" W/iat is sometimes used for'Aou?' (quam): sometimes fo 1 i ho\c great' (quantus). Exercise 37. 243. He promises to come 3 to the assistance of the Helvetii. Timotheus set out to the assistance of Ariobarzanes. m It was owing to you, that I did not throw myself at Caesar's feet. It is the part of a wise man always to fear for himself. There is no doubt that (86) he is going to consult the interests' 1 of Caius. I fear that these things will not 53 prove an honour to you. I don't understand what he means (by it). It is very honourable to you, to have been engaged in such 10) a battle. There is no doubt that superstition ought to be a reproach to a man. They turn my greatest (see Index I) praise into a fault. I hope that men will understand how? odious cruelty is to all men. I will warn Caius howP advantageous it is to keep one's word. He says that he has not many slaves. I will ask them what they mean. I will not object (87. 91.) to their imputing this to me as a fault. He pro- mised 3 to give them the island of Lemnos as a present. Might you not have brought l8) a charge of immorality against Caius ? 37 X. § 35. The Accusative. 244. (a) Many intransitive verbs become transitive when com pounded with a preposition that governs the accusative ; and a few when compounded with a preposition that governs the abla- tive. Of these, those that are not deponent have generally a passive voice. 245. (b) Neuter verbs may take a substantive of kindred meaning or origin in the accusative ; and verbs of tasting or smelling of take the thing in the accusative. m G. is. n Part, in rus with the proper tense of sum. Say : ' It is for a great honour. p • How ' must be translated by quantus. "» With many of them the preposition is often repeated ; and with others the 5 35. 246-249.] the accusative- 91 246. (c) Other neuters are used transitively to express a tran- sitive notion combined with their own proper notion. Thus, sitire (to thirst) ss ' to desire as a thirsty man desires ;' horrcrt = ' to fear, and express my fear by shuddering ;' properare mortem, 'to cause death, and to cause it in Iiaste.' — This figurative use of neuter verbs is common to all languages. 247. It has been already mentioned that the accusative of neuter pro- nouns is found with verbs, with which the accusative of a substantive would be wholly inadmissible. 248. (a) Pythagdras Persarum Magos adiit, Pythagoras vis. tied the Persian magi. Pythagoras multas regiones barbarorum pedibus obiit, r Pythagoras travelled over many countries oj the barbarians on foot. Postumia tua me convenit, Your Postumia has been with me. (b) Somniare somnium, To dream a dream. Scrvire servitutem, To suffer a slavery ; to be a slave. Ceram olere, To smell of wax. (c) Sitire honores, To thirst for honours. Idem gloriatur, He makes the same boast. Idem pec cat, He commits the same sin. Multa peccat, He commits many sins. 2*0. Vocabulary 35. (Transitive compounds of Intransitive Verbs.) Attack, aggrgdi, ior, aggressus. Visit, adlre,» adii, adttum. To enter into a partnership, colre societatem; coeo.i _ , e lU .„ { urbem (but better) urbe excedeVe, cess. To stir out of the city I I C063. ein thinko that, as such, it is possibly the Greek tpt. J 36. 251-254.] the accusative. 93 smack of Athens ? It is the duty of a good citizen to encounter death itself for the state. Ought he not to nave encountered 18 ' death for the state ? Marcellus sailed past the coast of Sicily (Sicilia). Three hundred of us' 9 ) have come to this determi- nation. There is hardly any body who has not (44, (3) ) come to this determination. I fear he will not 53 choose to enter into a partnership with me'. I fear he will enter into a partnership with Caius. May a Christian thirst' for honours ? He makes the same boast as 9 ) Cicero. I cannot but 18 grieve for the death of Hortensius. It is a difficult (matter) to put ofF all (one's) human-feeling'. Both you and Balbus have exceeded the bounds of moderation. There are some who exceed the bounds of moderation. § 36. The Accusative continued. 251. (a) Verbs of asking, teaching, and concealing, may have two accusatives, one of the person and another of the thing. 252. But very frequently (and with some verbs always) either the person or the thing is governed by a preposition. Obs. Thus doceo, to give information, prefers the ablative with de. After peto, and sometimes after the other verbs of begging, the person is put in the abl. with a: and after rogo, interrdgo, &c, the thing often stands in the abl. with de. 253. (c) Transitive verbs that take two nominatives in the pas- sive, take two accusatives in the active, one being in a sort of apposition to the other. The apposition accusative completes the meaning of the verb, which cannot form a complete predicate by itself. Such verbs are verbs of calling, appointing to an office, considering, &c, together with/aeto, efficio, reddo, &c. The second accusative is often an adjective. 25 4. (d) With f ado and efficio a sentence with ut is often found instead of the second accusative ; and when the accusative of the first verb represents the same person or thing as the nom. of the tecond, it is generally omitted. (Eng.) The sun makes all things {to) flourish (Lot.) The sun makes that all things should flourish 94 the accusative. [§ 36. 255-257 (Eng.) He had Lysis for (or, as) his master. (Lat.) He had Lysis his master ( = as his master). 255. [C. xxii.] (&r'For' and 'as' are to be. untranslated when the noun that follows can be placed in apposition to anothei noun in the sentence. 256. (a) Racilius me primum sententiam rogavit, Racilius asked me my opinion first. (Verres) parentes pretium pro sepultura llberum pos- cebat, Verres used to demand of parents a payment for the burial of their children. Quis musicam docuit Epaminondam? Who taught Epaminondas music ? Nihil nos celat, He conceals nothing from us. (b) Socrates totlus mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur, Socrates used to consider himself an inhabitant and citizen of the whole world. (c) Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates, The Eu- phrates makes Mesopotamia fertile. Homines ccbcos reddit cupiditas et avaritia, Desire and avarice render men blind. (d) Fac ut sciam, w or (with ut omitted) fac sciam, Let me know. Temperantia sedat appetitiones, et ejjicit, ut hce rectse rationi pareant, Temperance quiets the appetites, and causes them to obey right reason. 257. Vocabulary 36 Ask, rbgare,* av, at. j, i petSre, petlv, petii, petit ( person to be I governed by ab.). w In comic writers the ace. is often expressed : ' Eum ita faciemus, ut quod viderit, non viderit.' • Ego tefaciam, ut miser sis.' j Neque potui Venc-em faccre, ut propitia esset mihi.' * Petgre and rogare are the most general expressions of a wish to obtain, whether in the way of a request or a demand ; thus standing between poscere and irare, but somewhat nearer to orare. Of the two, rogare relates immediately to the person applied to, petere to the favour asked. Postulare and exlgSre denote a simple demand (without any accessory notion to strengthen it) as a quiet declaration of the will : but in postulare the stress lies on the wish and wili of the person making the demand ; in exigere on the legal obligation of the per- $ 36. 258.] THE ACCUSATIVE. 35 Claim, require, demand, j P 09tul f ' *!' 5t j P °° C?rC ' >Op0S3 ' ^ ' ^ ' ' ( cit; flagitare, av, at. Beseech, obsecrare, av, at. p ray> orare, av, at. Adjure, obtestari, tatus. Teach, dbcere, docu, doct. Unteach, dedocere. Conceal, celare, av, at. To teach Socrates to play on the \ Socratem fidibus doccre (i. e. 'to l yrej C teach him with the strings'). To think = to imagine, putare, av, at. To think, or to be of opinion = ( censere* (the word for delivering an to deliver it as my opinion, ( opinion in the senate-Iwuse). existimare = exaestimare/to pronounce To think = to reckon, judge,con- judgment after a valuation;' arbitrari, sider. ) '.77ZIZ ItTZT"' ' ( ' to decide as an arbiter. To think, as opposed to know, oplnari, atus. _ T . , , , , ( non solum — sed etiam ; or non solum Not only, but also, X . ' ( — verum etiam. To give much information about, multa docere de (the person in accus.). Again and again = most earnestly, etiam atque etiam. Experience, usus, us, to. Just := fair, right, equitable, aequus, a, um. Discourse, sermo, onis, to. Exercise 39. 258. Experience, the best master, has taught me many / things. Who taught you to play upon the lyre ? I ask you' {thee) again and again not to desert me. I will not conceal from you the dis- course of Titus Ampius. I fear that he is preparing 53 to conceal those things from his parents. He had warned Caius not to con- ceal any thing 1 * from his parents'. These things I not only ask of you, but also demand. Who taught you those* (bad) manners (of yours) ? I will unteach you those manners (of yours). The Gauls have given me much information about their own affairs. son against whom it is made. Poscire and flagitare denote an emphatic de- mand : but the poscens only demands in a decided manner, from a feeling of right or power, the flagitans with passion and impetuosity under the influence of a vehement desire. (D.) Hence flagitare may be ' to demand importunately ,•* to importune.' * Censcrc is followed by the ace. with infin. ; or, if the opinion is given to bo foUowea, by ut with the subj. ; but the ut is often omitted. 1 Iste is the demonstrative of the second person ' that of yours.' »6 THE ABLATIVE. [§ 37. 259-261. I fear that you will not consider yourselves citizens of the wholt- world. Religion will make us obey the laws of virtue. He thought* it just, that citizens (ace.) should 3 ' spare citizens (p. 14, 15, a). There is hardly any body but thinks it iust that you should spare me. 259. Vocabulary 37. (Impersonate with ace.) It escapes me, me fugit, fallit ; praeterit. a Unless I am mistaken, nisi me fallit. It is becoming, decet. It is unbecoming, dedecet. (Eng.) It is becoming (or unbecoming) to (or in) an orator to be angry. (Lat.) It becomes (or misbeseems) an orator to be angry. Exercise 40. [Of sanare and mederi, which relates principally to the skill of the physician? (222,1.)] 260. Three hundred of us, 31 unless I am mistaken, survive. I do not forget (it does not escape me) to how many dangers we are exposed. You, such is your temperance,* have learned to rule your mind. It is not every one who can 3 * cure the mind. I will ask Caius, whether he can cure the mind. All of us not only ask you for peace', but even demand it (of you). It is your duty to succour the citizens now almost despaired of. It becomes a wise man not to be disturbed in adversity. It is becoming to a boy to hear much, to speak little. It is not unbecoming in an orator to pretend 7 to be angry. 3 It does not escape me, how odi- ous 50 impiety is to the good. XI. § 37. The Ablative. 261. (a) The ablative expresses the means or instrument, and often the cause or manner. * Censebat. Censers should be used when the opinion is the expression of a settled conviction. * L&tet me and IMet mihi, though they occur in Justin, Pliny, &c, should bt tvoided. /Zocci, nauci, ni/iili, pili, &c, also stand in the gen. after verbs of valuing. & Multi I are not used, but \ ma ^ li > Majorisb ) C pluria. 265. (a) Terra vestlta est Jloribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus, The earth is clothed with flowers, herbs, trees, fruits. Cornibus tauri se tutantur, Bulls defend themselves with their horns. (b) Viginti talentis unara orationem Isocrates vendidit, Isocrates sold one oration for twenty talents. (c) VenditOri expedit rem venire quam plurimo, It is for the interest of the seller that the thing should be sold for as high a price as possible. (d) Te quotidie pluris facto, I value you more every day. (e) T5tam rempublicam Jlocci non facere, Not to care a lock of w»ol (or, as we should say, a straw, or rush) for the whole state. 206. Vocabulary 38. To value, sesttmare, av, at. To hold cheap, parvi pendSre ; p?pend, pens. _ ( stare, stCt : or constare (with dot. of ToCOSt > \ per.cn). To sell (intrans.) ; to be sold, venire, 6 eo, venlv, and venu, b The passage in Phaedrus, ' Multo majoris alape mecum veneunt,' to per i ups the only instance. (B.) : \ enire = venum ire, to go to sale, from an old substantive venus. So-, re- ft 98 THE ABLATIVE. [§ 3?. 2f>7 To sell, vendSre, vendid, vendlt. To buy, emCre, era, empt. More highly, for more, dearer, pluris. For less, minoris. For as much — as, tanti— quanti. For just as much as ; for no more > tantldem-quanti than, ) For how much, quanti ? Too dear, nimio. To reckon or think nothing of, nihili facSre. Not to care a straw for, J flocci 7 fa( ! er f ^ ra ^i t0 *?* »' e " c reckon it ' at a lock of wool.) Not to care that for it, . non hujus faccre. Peck, mbdius, i, m. Wheat, tritlcum, i, n. Sesterce,* sestertius, i, m. Merchant, mercator, oris, ra. (Eng.) To cost a person much (or dear). (Lot.) To stand to a person at much. 1'C. xxiii.] f^f When one, two, &c, mean one, two, &c, apiece or for each, ihcy must be translated by the distributive numerals, sing«di, bini, &c. Exercise 41. 267. That victory cost the Carthaginians (Pani) much b!ood. It'cannot be denied that that victory cost us much blood. Mer- chants do not sell for no more than they bought (at). He says that he does not care a straw for my glory. I will ask him for how much he bought these things. I sell my (goods) for as much as Caius. The peck of wheat was at two sesterces. For how much does wheat sell ? Epicurus thinks nothing of pain. There is hardly any body 69 who does not (44, (3) ) hold his own things cheap. I do not care (hat for you. My life is valued at ten' asses a day. e It is foolish to hold one's own (blessings) cheap. He says that I have bought these things too dear. Merchants never sell for less than they bought (at). I will ask what 21) corn is selling for. nun-dffre, ven-dPre =r venum dare. Tacitus has posita vino, exposed for *a!e Veneo is conjugated like eo, having venii rather than venivi for perf., and imperf. veniebam as well as venibam. No imperat. ; no supines, gerunds or participles <* A Roman coin, worth about three and a half cents Federal money A I'hou. Hand sestertii made one sestertium, which was a sum, not a coin* 9 Denis In diem assibus. $38. 268-273.] the ablative. 99 $ 38. The Ablative continued. 268. (a) Verbs of abounding, filling, loading, &c, and their opposites, such as verbs of wanting, depriving of, emptying of, govern the ablative. 269. (b) But of these ggeu and indXgeo (especially the latter) govern the genir tite also. 270. (c) Some verbs of freeing from, removing from, differing from, being at a distance from, &c, are sometimes followed by the ablative, but generally (in prose) by ^preposition. f 271. (d) Fungor, fruor, utor (with their compounds), 'potior, cescor, dignor, glorior, take the ablative : as does also supersedeo. But potior takes the genitive, when it means ( to obtain sovereign power over J 9,12. (a) Pericles Jlorebat omni genere virtutis, Pericles was eminent in every kind of virtue (i. e. admirable quality). (b) Res maxime necessarian non tarn artis indigent, quam laboris, The most necessary things do not require skill so much as labour. (c) Athenienses bello liber antur, The Athenians were res- cued from the (threatened) war. Leva me hoc onere, Relieve me from this burden. (d) DivitiiSj nobilitate, viribus, multi male utuntur, Many men make a bad use of riches, noble birth, (and) strength. Augustus Alexandria brcvi potlius est, Augustus soon gained possession of Alexandria. 273. Vocabulary 39. (Verbs governing the ablative.) To deprive of, privare, av, at. To bereave of, deprive of, orbare, av, at. To rob of (by open violence as an ) u - r ^ enemy), ) To be without, jcarere,h carui d cassus sum, carlt tl i "With defenderc, exsolvSre, exonerare, levSre, the ablative alone is to be pro- 'erred. (Z.) * Expilare, compU&re are • to plunder, ' as robbers. *» Carere is simply ' to be without :' eglre is ' to need, to vani :' indigirt is ' to 100 THE ABLATIVE. [§39. 273 To stand In need of, need, re- { egere (ablat. or gen.) or indigere {which ( is stronger) egere, egui, . quire, To free from, set free from, re- ),., . . _ _„ lieve from, > liberare,i av, at. To use, uti, usus. To discharge, perform, fungi, functus ; perfungi (stronger). To enjoy, frui, fruitus, and fructus. To feed on, live on, eat, vescik (no pcrf). To boast of, ( gloriari ; also followed by de ' and by \ 'in' when it signifies ' to glory in.' To make the same boast, idem gloriari. { niti, nlsus and nixus ; in aliquo nlti, is To rest or lean upon, \ 'to lean on a person for support, that is, ( to rest with' in the sense of (_ depending upon his exertions, &c To rejoice, gaudere, gavlsus. Medicine, medicina,i ae, f. Milk, lac, lactis, n. Flesh, ca.ro, carnis,/. Cheese, caseus, i, m. Fever, febris, is,/, (abl. i.). Quite, plane. Debt, ( aes alienum, another man's money ; I aes aeris, n. copper. A heavy debt, magnum aes alienum. Severity (of a disease), gravitas, at is,,/". Disease, morbus, i, m. Perversely, perverse. (Eng.) Make a bad (perverse, &z.) use of it. (Lai ) Use ill (perversely, &c.) feel that I want ;' the in expressing intra animum. With reference to an advan- tage desired, carere is simply, • to be without a desirable good,' egere, ' to be without an indispensable good.' (D.) This seems to be the proper limitation oi Cicero's definition ; that carere is ' egere eo quod habere velis.' i Also with a, ab. k Veaci is the most general expression for supporting life by food, including tdere and bibere as the actions of men, pasci and potare as the actions of beasts. When vesci relates, as it generally does, to eating, it denotes any manner of eat- ing, che&ing, swallowing, &c. : whereas edlre, comedSre supposes the manner in which a man eats, by biting and chewing. In vesci the principal notion is the purpoie of eating, the support of life ; in edlre, the means by which life is sup- ported, the action of eating. (D.) i Medicamentum or medicamen is a medicine with reference to its material substance, a3 it is prepared by an apothecary : medicina, with reference to its heal- ing power, as it is prescribed by a physician; remedium is a preventive, a remedy igainst an intending evil. (D.I $38. 274-276.] the ablative. 10) Exercise. 42. [Should 'every day' be translated by indies, or by quotidie, when there is no progressive increase from one day to another 1] * 274. Do not deprive another of his praise 7 . I rejoice that you are quite without fever. The body, to be (ut) in good health, requires many things. 5) Nature herself admonishes us every day how few things we require. He promised to set me free from my debt. Have I not set you free from a heavy debt ? Many nun make a perverse use of reason. They live on milk, cheese, flesh. It was owing to you 92 that I was not bereaved of my children. But a little more 2 * and Caius would have been bereaved of his children, It is not every man zoho can think nothing oi p;iin. It is a disgraceful thing (for a man) to boast of his vices. May I not make the same boast as Cyrus ? I will exhort Caius to discharge (75) all the duties of life. The safety of the state depends upon you alone (in te unci). Do men alone feed on flesh ? [No.] The severity of disease makes us require" medicine (gen.). 275. The manner or cause, and any word that restricts the meaning of another to a particular part of a thing spoken of, is put in the ablative. 276. Vocabulary 40. Lame of one foot, claudus altPro pPde. (Adjectives* followed by the abl.) Worthy, deserving of, dignus, a, um. Unworthy, indignus,™ a, um. Banished, extorris, is, com. gend. (from ex terrS) Relying on, fretus, a, um. Contented, . contentus, a, um. Endued with, praeditus, a, um. To deserve, dignus, um, &c, esse. Censure, reprehensio, onis,/. * Adjectives signifying want ox freedom from (vacuus, liber, Tune Ule (tdrysuB Phineus rex inclytus orce ? Tu Phoebi comes, et noetro dilecte parentis (Val. Flac* So in Greek SX0ls kuw yivoio ! (Theocr.) (K.) § 39. 270-281. J the vocative. 103 Another vocative has generally preceded, and this second vocative is atti acted into agreement with it; but sometimes it merely refers to a nominative of the second person. (a) The phrase 'made virtute esto !' (a blessing on your valour ! or, good luck to your valour!) is probably an example of this construction, made being the vocative of mactus from mag-ere* (to increase, enrich, &c). The only objection to this explanation is Livy's adverbial use of made with the infinitive. (See example: juberem made virtute esse.) (K.) 279. (b) On the other hand, a nominative sometimes stands in apposition to a vocative, or where a vocative would be the regular construction. This is especially the case with solus, units, primus. 280. (a) Made virtute esto ! A blessing on your valour ! or, • Go on in your valour V Macti virtute, milites Romani, este ! Good luck, O Roman soldiers, to your valour / Juberem made virtute esse, &c. 1 would say, a bless- ing on your valour ! &c. [b) Audi tu, populus Albanus ! Listen, ye people of Alba ! Salve primus omnium parens patriae appellate ! Hail thou, the very first who was ever called the father of his country ! 281. Vocabulary 41. Dutiful affection, piety » pietas, atis, /. Towards, in (with accus.). r ave, salve 8 (imperatives of the 2d conju- Hail, farewell ! 1 gation— vale, valeto is only fare- ( well !). The toga,t \ toga> ac ' f* ( as °PP 08ed t0 the mUi ' C tary cloak, it means the civil gown). i The root mag (the Greek ftey) of this obsolete verb is still found in magnus and mcrtdre (to present with ; to honour). (D.) r Pietas is dutiful affection (towards the gods, one's parents, relations, country, and even bendadors), arising from a natural feding: caritas (properly their dear- ness to us) is founded on reason and a. just appreciation of their value. That ave was a morning, salve an evening salutation, does not appear to be eatablisned. Suetonius makes salve the morning, and vale the evening saluta- tion. (See Habicht.) 1 A woollen upper garment, covering the whole body, and forming the ordi- nary dress of a Roman citizen. It was a flowing robe, covering the left arm, •ut leaving the right at fiber ty. 104 THE PASSIVE. [§ 40 282-2W&. r Triumphus, i, m. (a public procesaiot A triumph, < granted by a decree of the senate to a ' victorious general). To gain a triumph for a victory > de Qr ex Gallis triumph5re . over the Gaul 3, ) To lead the captives in triumph, captivos per triumphum ducSre. "People," pbpulus, i, ra. (the vocat. not in use). Exercise 44. 282. A blessing on thy valour, Titus Manlius, and v on thy piety towards thy father and thy country ! Hail thou, the first who has deserved a triumph in a civil gown ! Hear, O people of Rome ! A blessing, O citizens, on your dutiful-affection towards your country ! A blessing, O boy, on your diligence ! You, such is your diligence, 9) will soon finish the business. His diligence is as great as 9) his abilities. It cannot be denied- that (86) his diligence is as great as his ability. There is no doubt that he told many falsehoods about his age, that (63) he might appear younger (than he is). It cannot be denied that he told many falsehoods, that he might not be banished. I ask you again and again to succour (75) me. There were some who 109 denied that I had deserved a triumph. XIII. § 40. The Passive Voice. 283. (a) The agent after a passive verb (which is regularly under the gov- ernment of a or ab) is sometimes put in the dative, especially in poetry, and after the participle in dus. 284. The accusative after the active verb (the object) becomes the nomi* native before the passive verb. 285. (b) But verbs that govern the dative in the active are used impersonally in the passive ; so that the nominative before the English verb becomes the dative after the Latin verb. 286. (c) VapUlo, veneo, Jio, having a passive meaning, have also a paastvt construction. Not in the sense of folk or folks, as in English, but of a people. v Ac. (See 4, d.) $ 40. 287-290.] the passive. 105 287. [C. xxiv.] OCT (d) To express the future subjunctive passive we must not use the participle in dus with sim, essem, &c, but futurum sit, esset, &c, followed by ut. 288. (s) The future infinitive passive is made up of the supine >n urn with iri ; but when verbs have no supine, we must use fore or futurum esse, &c. This substitute for a future infinitive passive must be used even when the verb has a supine, unless the event is to be described as being about to happen. In other words the supine with iri is a paulo-post futurum. 289. (/) So also fore ut with the subjunctive should be used for the future infinitive active, when the event is not to be described as being now about to happen. 290. (a) Mihi consilium captum jam diu est, My resolution has long been taken. (I) Gloria tuce, invidetur, Your glory is envied. Philosophise vituperatoribus satis responsum est, The revilers of philosophy have been sufficiently answered, (c) Rogatus est, an ab reo vapulasset, He was asked whether he had been beaten by the prisoner. Ah hoste venire, To be sold by an enemy. A me fieri, To be doing by me. (d) Nescio, quando futurum sit, ut epistola scribatur, w / don't know when the letter will be written. (e) Dixitybre ut oppidum expugnaretur,* He said that the town would be taken. Dixit oppidum expugnatum iri, He said that the city was about to be taken. (G.) (f) Nunquam putavi fore ut supplex ad te venirem, I never thought that I should come to you as a sup- pliant. {Eng.) You are envied, favoured, spared, answered, i ed ; but not found in the genit.). ' facCre (with ablat. ; abl. with de ; or with dat. De should be expressed before To do any thing with a person, ^ the personal pronouns, the ablatives of which are of the same form as the [ accusatives). Exercise 45. 292. I will ask whether he has been beaten by his slave. What will become of my Tulliola / ? I hope he will recover. I hoped he would recover. I doubt not but that (86) you will be praised by all. The wounds, which had been healed, bleed afresh. I fear his wounds will 53 bleed afresh. These priest- esses of Vesta are not permitted to marry a husband. Your virtue is envied. Liars are not believed. The unwilling are not easily persuaded of any thing.* There is no doubt that your glory will be envied. All my property has been sold by an enemy. I will ask which b of them is favoured by Csesar. That (ille) age is not only not envied, but even favoured. I fear that these wounds will not od heal. What will become of me ? There are some y The disease from which a person recovers, must be governed by ex with tha abl. 1 Per8uasissimum \abeo should never be used ; persuasissimum est mihi does not occur in Cicero, but in a letter of Brutus' s to Cicero. (Klotz.) I am per* waded of (persuasum est niihi de, &c. with abl.). * Say : * to the unwilling nothing is es «ily persuaded.' b Of two persona * 41. 293-297.] the passive. 101 who' 09 believe that he has been beaten by his slave. There are some who envy your glory. § 41. The Passive continued. 293. (a) The verbs that govern two accusatives in the active, sometimes govern one accusative (that of the object) in the passive. Since even in the active it is only some verbs of asldng, &c. that gov- ern the two accusatives, care must be taken not to extend the rule just given beyond the actual practice of good writers. — Rogari may take this ace. It is found with indutus and edoctus; with doctus or dedoctus it is not common in prose : with celuri and moniri very rare, except with the neuter of pronouns, or such adjectives as multa, ptuca. (Z.) 294. (b) Passive verbs and participles are sometimes followod by an accusative of thenar/ particular!]/ referred to (accusativus partis aiTcctas). Thus we may say, not only caputferltur alicui, or caput alicujusfe- rttur, but also aliquis ferltur caput. (c) In some particular constructions the part referred to is put in the gen, or ablative. 295. An accusative also follows many other passive participles, especially in the poets. The peculiarity is this : the dative of the act. is allowed to stand as the nominative (subject) before the passive, or, which comes to the same thing, with a passive participle in agreement with it ; and then the ac- cusative of the object is allowed to remain. This construction (which is called the Greek accusative), and that in 294, must not be imitated by those who wish to write in Cicero's style. (G.) 29G. In many general expressions the passive voice is used impersonally where the active might be used in Latin, and is used in English. (Thus ambulatum est, It has been walked (by us) = we have walked). 297. (d) With verbs of seeming, and passive verbs of declaring, thinking, &c, the personal construction is far more common than the impersonal. c • In the past tenses, traditum est, proditum est are very commonly used. The passives of audirt and nuntiare are frequently, though not so exclusively, used personally. (Z.) 103 THE PASSIVE. [§41.21)8,299 (Eng.) It seems, is said, &c, that Caius has retired (or, as Lat.). (Lat.) Caius seems, is said, &c, to have retired. 238, (a) Rogatus sententiam, Being asked his opinion. Longam indutus vestem, Clothed in a long garment. (b) Oblitus d faciem (smeared as to his face ==), having his face smeared or covered. Incensus animurn (kindled as to his mind =), Having his mind agi- tated. Adversum femur ictus (struck as to his opposite thigh =), Wounded in the front part of his thigh. (c) Pendere animi or animo, e To he in anxious suspense. Discrucior animi, My mind is on the rack ; I am tortured in mind. (d) Lycurgi temporibus Homerus fuisse dicitur, Homer is said to have lived (or, it is said that Homer lived) in the time of Lycurgus. Miltiades videbatur non posse esse privatus, it seemed that Miltiades could not he a private man. 299. Vocabulary 43. Blood f (when shed), cruor, oris, m. «.. < tacitus, a, um (if actual, taciturnus, a ( um if habitual silence is meant.) To be silent, hold one's tongue, silere, silu, To be silent, hold one's tongue, cease speaking, Silence, silentium, i, n. Habit of silence, taciturnitas, atis, /. About (aflsr to be silent), \ de < with Mai ' Bul neuter P rommn ( may stand in accus. without prepos.^ To set on fire, incendere, cend, cens. To light, kindle, accendere, succendere, cend, cens.h d From ohtinlre. e Often animis, if more than one person is spoken of. Cicero uses •pendirt mimi and pendere animis : not, 1 believe, pendere animo. t Sa7]giiis inest venis, cruor est de corpore fusus. At the moment of shedding sanguis should be used. K Silere is, to emit no sound, to make no noise, to be still ; — tacere is, to utter no word, to be silent ; especially, to pass over in silence. The opposites o( filers lire strepZre,fremgre; of tacere, dicere and Wqui. (D.) h Incendere is to set the whole of a thing on fire ; accendere and succendere, to Bet a pari of it on fire, that it may be consumed gradually. Accendere is tc tacere,? tacu, tacit. )*4. 300.] THE PASSIVE. Torch, taeda, ae, /. Lamp, lucerna, ae, /. Funeral pile, pyre, rbgus, i, m. To strike, hit, wound, ferire; icCre,i ic, let ; cacd^re, cPcid, cspb Rod, . virga, ae, /. Spear, hasta, ac, /. Arrow, sagitta, ae, f. Lightning, fulmen, inis, n. To be flogged, whipped with rods, virgis caedi. Thigh, femur, bris, n. To walk, ambulare, av, at. Right (opposite otlefl), dexter, tra, trum. Exercise 46. 300. Cato was first asked his opinion. You with your usual habit of silence* said nothing. Marcus, having his face covered w ith his own blood, left the city. The laws ought not to be silent. I am afraid that 53 the laws are silent about these matters. Han- nibal, having his mind agitated by silent care, was silent. 1 warned the boy not to light the torch. By whom has the funeral pile been lighted ? I will inquire by whom the funeral pile was lighted. Caius, being struck by lightning, died. k I foretell that you will be flogged (288). Caius was wounded by an arrow' on his right thigh. A league was made between the cities of 27 Rome and Lavinium. It cannot be denied that the lamp was lighted by the boy. We have walked (pass.) enough. We have corne (pass.) to (ad) the town. It cannot be that 20 he is not tor- tured in mind. It is said that Caius has been struck by a stone. Was the funeral pilo lighted by you or by Balbus ? light it from above, succendere from below. Hence a torch, lamp, &c, accenditnr . a funeral pile succenditur. (D.) Animus accensus is merely an excited mind, xnimus incensus an agitated mind. (D.) i Ferire, to strike generally ; cccdere is to strike with what cuts (including rods, &c.) : iclre, to strike with what pierces (including lightning, stones, &c). Ferhi and icire supply each other's deficiencies: thus ferire is used for pres., iviperf., fut., which icere wants ; and icere supplies ferire with a perf. and past participle for ferii,feritus, which are not in use. (D.) Icere faedus is to ratify i>r make a treaty, league, &c. k Dccesd.. tlO EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. [§42.301-307, XIV. § 42. Expressions of Time. 301. (a) In answer to the question when ? the noun which expresses time is put in the ablative : in answer to the question how long ? in the accusative. 302. (b) In answer to the question in what time ? within what time ? either a preposition (inter,* intra) is used : or the noun is put in the ablative with a cardinal or ordinal numeral. If a cardinal number is used, the noun will be in the plural ; if an ordinal, in the singular. (In ten years : in the tenth year.) 303. (c) In answer to the questions how long before ? hoio long after ? the noun that expresses time is put in the ablative. — Ante and post are here used as adverbs, unless there be another noun or pronoun to be governed by them. 304. (d) A point or space of future time for which any arrangement or provision is now made, is put in the accusative with in : the exact time at which a thing is to be done, in the ace. with ad. 305. (e) Abhinc (ago) of past time is joined to the accusative or the ablative : m it must precede the numeral and its substantive, one of which must be the next word to it. 306. (/) Natus (born) with the accusative of time = at such an age ; so many years old. Major and minor with the genitive or ablative of time = (respectively) above or under such an age. At such an ag: may also be expressed by the genitive only (without natus). 307. (a) Vere, In the spring. Auctumno, In the autumn. Hibernis mensibus, In the winter months. Solis occasu (at the setting of the sun =), At sunset. l Inter, if the whole duration is spoken of: intra, if some point within that Stpace. m Zumpt says the accusative for duration, the ablative for a point of time. Thi3 seems to be incorrect; thus in 'litem decidit abhinc annos tpvatuor' duration is not meant. The ablative is more definite than the accusative, and should (I think) be used when a definite point of past time is to be expressed ; the accw eative when exact accuracy is not intended. Hence the accusative is the more common. f 42. 307.] EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. Ill Inediam biduum aut triduum ferre (to endure absti nence from food =), To go without food for two, or even three days. Ager multos annos quievit, The field has lain fallow for many years. (b) Germani inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subie rant, The Germans had not entered a house for fourteen years together. Multi intra vicesimum diem dictatura se abdicaverunt, Many persons have laid down their dictatorship within twenty days. Agamemnon cum universa Grcecia vix decern annis unam cepit urbem, Agamemnon with the whole of Greece had great difficulty in taking a single city in ten years. Pompejus undequinquagesimo die ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adjunxit, Pompeius in forty-nine days added Cilicia to the empire of the Roman people. (c) Paucis post mensibus, A few months afterwards, Paucis ante diebus, A few days before. Homerus annis multis fuit ante Romulum, Homer lived many years before Romulus. (d) Ad ccsnam Canium invitavit in posterum diem, He invited Canius to supper for the next day. Solvere ad Gracas Kalendas, m To pay on the Greek Kalends. (e) Abhinc annos (or annis) quatuor, Four years ago. (f) Cato annos quinque et octoginta natus excessit e vita, Cato departed this life when he was eighty-five years old (or, at the age of eighty-five). ' Minores annis triginta (Persons) under thirty years old (or, of age). Minores duorum et viginti annorum, TJndei the aga of two-and-twenty. 11 That is, never ; there being no Kalends in the Greek Calendar. 112 EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. [5 42. 30* Civ is major annis viginti, A citizen above twenty years old. Cato primum stipendium meruit annorum decern sep- temque, Cato served Ms first campaign at the age of seventeen (or, when he was seventeen years old) 308. Vocabulary 44. To receive, To succeed to = follow, Swallow, Winter (as adj.), Month, Go away, To kill, To kill (as a violent, unjust, cruel act; by poison, starvation,stran- gling, &c.), To kill, slay (especially in hon- ourable, open fight), To slaughter, butcher, To reign (neut.), To lay down a magistracyj Exactly (of a number), Ephesian, Temple, To be burnt, To serve a campaign, To hold a magistracy, accipere, reclpgre, excipe"re, n cep, cept, excIpCre, cep, cept (accus.). hirundo, Inis,./. hibernus, a, um. mensis, is, m. abire, abeo, iv, it (78, x.). interf ic6re, fee, feet (the most general term for killing, whether by starva- tion, poison, hanging, or the sword). 1 necare ; or enecare (if by a process that ] takes up some time). occldere, eld, els (it is used however of all kinds of killing). trucldare (according to Doderlein = taurkldo, I cut down an ox). regnare, av, at. abdlcare magistratum, or abdlcare se magistratu. ipse (in agreement with the noun). Ephesius, i, m. templum, i, n. deflagrare, av, at (intrans.). stipendium merere or mereri (i. e. 10 earn pay), magistratum gerPre, gess, gest. n Accipimus oblata ; excipimus vagantia ; recipimus fugientia. (D.) To receive is accipere, when the thing is offered or given : to receive a person flying or wan- dering is excipere or recipere ; excipere being the act of a servicable friend, an equal ; recipere that of a benefactor, a superior. Excipere is to stop a living being in motion, and either receive him in a friendly, or intercept him in a hostile manner. (D.) Accipere vulnera is to receive wounds intended for me; excipere xmlnera is to expose myself to wounds ' that may every moment come in my way.' (Hill.) Recipere is also distinguished from accipere by denoting to receiva not merely for detention, but for actual possession. Accepta pecunia may be a nitre deposit: recepta pecunia is a formal taking into possession. (D.) $ 42. 309, 310.] expressions of time. 119 [C. xxv.] 3^* After an expression of time, ' ifiat* is often used for on which (Eng.) To have reigned more than (or above) two years. (Lot.) To be reigning his third year. (Eng.) Before the consulship, censorship, &c, of Caius. (Lai.) Before Caius (being consul, censor, &c. (ante Caium consulem> Exercise 47. 309. I come to your epistles, six hundred of which 31 1 received at one time. The swallows go away in the winter months. Do not the swallows go away in the winter months 1 Mithridates slaughtered many Roman 7 citizens in one' day. Mitliridates, who in one day butchered so many Roman citizens, has already reigned above two-and-twenty years from that (ab illo) time. We dream whole nights. Caius laid down his dictatorship within ten days. Scipio died a year 7 before my consulship. Cato died exactly eighty p-three years before the consulship of Cicero. The eclipses of the sun are foretold for many years. He published an edict, that no one 14 under (306, /) nine-and-twenty years old should command an army. On the same night that * Alexander was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burnt-down. It is certain that Caius served his first campaign at the age of eighteen. He died at the age of thirty-three. King Archelaus had been in possession of Cappadocia for about forty-nine years. At the age of thirty he had already waged many wars. May (then) a man under twenty-two years old hold a magistracy ? He died three years ago. It is the part of a good citizen to receive wounds for his country. 310. (a) (He did it) three years after he (had) returned. (1) post tres annos (or tertium annum) ) quam redie- (2) tertio anno r ) rat. « Scipio the last word. p Annis octoginta et tribus ipsis. * Begin with the relative clause. 30 (c). 32 (d). T I inigh' be supposed that 'tertio anno quam (or quo) redierat,' would mean Ill i xhii::.mon:: hi' -iiimk. [J 42. 311 (:t) ImI.ii . .mm (../• f- Ml- mill..) I'n.lh/inuil I- rlii rut. ( I ) i. i •ii.i mini, ifuo i'imIi'i nil * (A) I'l/il/c i/iiiiin rxre il < \ ilft, 'ilu da,/ before lit' thrd . I'oslrhlie. i/iiiini u voIh'.-i K .-. Priori mum i|iimn, (Vc, The i/fv/r frr/hrr, cVe. (/.) r.ll. VoCAIUII.AfiV l.'i. I'v .i.v, Inti rdtUi or dfo. |ty iu-l>l, ii>" In, ill ii'" I' S din lie nun. , ili<- i....l..,pie ; ,„„■(«, r:l I b- "'/■.»»•. { Interdiu. Ill (hr ev.'liiti", \. |" I l, , To (bund, condPre, did, dlt. To invest, lil.i, -1 ..I, i, In,-, »fld, 0O8f. To UMttlt, sloim, ()|.|MI!'ll:.l' Spain, in .'.p:nii:i, m,/. Supp. t (or rather, dim coenn,* m, f. Pol v. M.num, 1, n. Siaivali.m, lain.-., is, /! II Ml'MIl". (/ 111.' lope'), SUH|i.n.liiiiii, i, n. 'after tiro tempi (ton bli return, and before the completion of thfl third :' this however noes not npponr to bo so. ' Octavo mense, quam efloptOffl i»ppii".n:ui,e:ipiuui SiuruntuntydkO, (Lb.) h 6 k to) p*rl (Pofyb.)l 'Tyrus scptimo mouse enpta est' (Curt.): iruhopKdv inrb /iffya; (/'/;//.) 'niter a siege of seven months' {Clinton). • Nearly flO with ante: Ante trirnnium quam Carthago n. Three days, triduum, i, n. To be distant from; to be at a ) b dist5 y distit distance of, ) To be nearer ; not so far off, propius abesse. To post himself; encamp, considSre, sed, sess. * Zumpt says, ' If not the distance is to be expressed, but only a place to be designated by the circumstance of its distance, the abl. is used :' in the eighth edit, of the original, he says, 'in tne occ.,«but the abl. is also correct.' (Cses I. 48.) y Distare generally takes a. ) 44- 320-322.] gerunds and the participle in dus. 117 To depart a finger's breadth, transversum digitum discedCre. As they say, as the saying is, ut aiunt. Carthage, Carthago, Inis,/. Thebes, Thebae, arum. Exercise 49. (How must 'lam answered' be translated? 285.) 320. lie lived many years at Veii. The boy died at Carthage. My father and mother died at Thebes. Why did he set out for Rome in the evening ? I have lived several years at Carthage. Might he not have lived at Rome ? I almost think it would have been letter for (dat.) the Roman people to have been contented with Sicily and Africa. They are building a wall two hundred feet high. The town is five (Roman) miles from Carthage. He has posted himself (at a distance of) four miles from Caesar. Caius is nearer to Caesar than Labienus. Are (then) you nearer to me than Labienus (is) ? I have been informed that Ca3sar is at a distance of two days' march from us. There is no doubt that the revilers of philosophy have been sufficiently answered. Does he not deserve* l to be relieved from his debt ? From this rule I may not depart a finger's breadth, as the saying is.« XVI. § 44 On the Gerunds and the Participle in dus (Gerundive). 321. The Gerund is a verbal substantive, but with the power of governing what beiongs to the other parts of the verb. Another peculiarity is, that it cannot take an adjective in agreement with it. The Gerund corresponds, as far as it goes, with the English 'verbal substantive,' or 'participial substantive in ing,' but its use is far less extensive.* 322. The Gerundive or participle in dus is nearly allied to the Gerund t » Transversum, ut ajunt, digitum. • The pupil cannot be taught too early or too carefully to distinguish the participial substantive' from a participle. It may be compound as well as siw pie : every participle, except the simple past participle, having a substantive ose. ' An affectation of being distinguished :' ' the pretext of their having seized Mine traders :' 'after his having been tumbling about in his mind one poor sen- tence :' * an atonement for his having been betrayed into,' Ac. 118 QERUNDS AND THE PARTICIPLE IN VVS, [$ 44. 323-327 its meaning is passive denoting necessity ^fitness, or something intended what must, should, or is to be done. 323. (a) When the participle in dus is m the neuter gender with the third per son sing, of esse, a whole conjugation may be iormed to express what one must, or should do. The person is put in the dative. 324. DO" In the oblique cases the part, in dus in agreement with a substantive, is nearly equivalent to a gerund governing that substantive in the case of its verb. Of writing a letter, \ scribendi epistolam. C senbendae epistolae. 325. A whole conjugation may be formed with the part, in dus and sum. p . ( Amandus sum, lam to be loved. I Amandus es, thou art to be loved, &c. Im f $ Amandus eram, I was to be loved. . ' ( Amandus eras, thou wast to be loved, &c. Obs. Amandus eram oxfui is generally to be rendered sJiould (or, ought to) have been loved. The reason is this : a thing which was (then) a thing to be loved, is (now) a thing which ought to have been loved. 326. (a) Pres. Scribendum est, \ one ™*»* write. C i, you, we, &c, must write. Sting, mihi scribendum est, a I must write. tibi scribendum est, thou must write illi scribendum est, he must write. Plur. nobis scribendum est, we must write. vobis scribendum est, you must write. illis scribendum est, they must write. imperf. Scribendum erat \ one should have written. t 1, thou, we should have written. mihi scribendum erat, / ought to have written. tibi scribendum erat, thou oughtest to have written, &c.. And so on for the other tenses. 327. (Part, in dus in agreement with a substantive.) N. Epistola scribenda, a letter to be written. G. epistolae scribendae, of writing a letter, D. epistolae scribendae, to or for writing a letter. Ace. (ad) epistolam scribendam, to write a letter (or, to or for writing a letter). Abl. epistola scribenda, t by writing a letter. a That is, l U is to be written by me,'' according to the idiom by which the pas slve used impersonally is equivalent to the corresponding tenses of the active. b It is not always that the gerund governing a case can be turned into the gerundive (partic. in dus) ; but only when the substantive in the case corres- ponding to the gerund would itself give a correct thouffb imperfect, meaning H4. 328-331.] GERUNDS AND THE PARTICIPLE IN DUS. 119 N. Auctores legendi, authors to be read. G. auctorum legendorum, of reading authors. D. auctoribus legendis, to ox for reading authors. Ace. (ad) auctores legendos, to read authors (or, to or for read- ing authors). Abl. auctoribus legendis, by reading authors. 328. The part, in dus often appears to change its meaning, but it only appears to do so. Scribendum est mihi (it is to-be-written by me = ) 1 must write. Consilium scribendae epistolae (an intention with respect to a letter to- be-written — ) an intention of writing a letter. 329. (Eng.) We should all praise virtue. (Lot.) Virtue is to-be-praised by all (dat.). (Eng.) A time to play. Fit to carry burdens. (Lot.) A time of playing. Fit for (dat.) burdens to-be-carried. (Eng.) He is born or inclined to act. (Lot.) He is born or inclined for (ad) acting. S30. [C. xxvi.] ICjT What is inform the present participle active is often ' tfu. participial substantive 1 or gerund. It is always sO, when it governs oi is governed, instead of merely agreeing. IjT What is in form the infin. pass, is often used as the partic. oi the fut. pass, implying possibility, duty, or necessity . Exercise 50. 331. Man is born to understand and act. Caius is skilled in waging war. We learn by teaching. We should praise virtue even in an enemy. He has snatched away from me the hope of finishing the business. We are all of us desirous of seeing and hearing many things. Water is good 6 for drinking. Demos- thenes was eagerly-desirous of hearing Plato. Pericles was admirably-skilled (peritissi?nus) in ruling the state. They adopt the resolution of setting the town on fire. Ough* not glory to be Thus in, ' J bring tlie dead to my recollection by reading the tombstones,' here 1 may use ( sepulcris legendis,' because I bring them to my recollection by meant qf the tombstones, though reading is the particular way by which I effect this But in, ' Themistocles rendered the sea safe by chasing the pirates,' I must say. : pra^dones consectando,' not 'pr&donibus consectandip^ J)ecause he did not make It safe by means of the pirates, but only by chasing them away. (G.) In the construction with the gemnd, the gerund is more emphatic than the gerundive in the other construction. Whenever therefore the participial substantive in ing is emphatic, the gerund should be used. « Utilis. Utilis, inutilis, are followed by the dative of the gerund, or by the arc, with ad. Cicero generally uses ad. 120 GERUNDS AND THE PARTICIPLE IN DUS. [§ 44. 332-335 preferred to riches ? We must do this. Those persons are not to be heard, who teach (prcecipiunt) that we should be angry with our enemies. We must all die. An orator must see what is be- coming. We must take care to hurt (subj.) nobody. 14 We must not take cruel measures even against Caius. d 332. If a verb does not govern the ace, the pari, in dus cannot be used in agreement with its substantive. In other words, such verbs have only an impersonal construction in the passive : as we must say, • mendaci non creditor,' so we must say, 1 mendaci non credendum est.' (a) Hence to express 'we must' do, &c, with a verb that governs the dat. we must use the part, in dus in the neuter gender, retaining the object in the dative. 333. (b) Butfruendus,fungendus, potiundus, utendus e are sometimes found in agreement with their substantives, because these words formerly governed the ace. When so used, they are generally in immediate agreement with their substantives. As, re3 fruenda; ad qfficium fungendum, &c., but also 'fruenda etiam sapientia est.' 334. The gen. sing, masculine of the partic. in dus is used with sui } t even when it is plural ox feminine singular : ( purgandi sui causa, . for the sake of clearing themselves. ) I placandi tui, of appeasing you (of a woman). > 335. (a) Parcendums est inimicis, We must spare our enemies (our enemies are to be spared). (b) ,Ea quae utenda accepisti, Those things which you re- ceived to be used. Utendum est cuique suo judicio (abl.), Every man must use his own judgment. (c) (Peculiar constructions.) Inter bibendum, Whilst they are drinking. Solven- do esse (par, equal to, understood), To be able to d Ne in Uaium quidem, &c. * So also vescendus, gloriandus, medendus, poenitendus, pudendus. ( Other genitives plur. are found in the same way, 'diripieudi pomorum,' &c, In some other instances the gerund in di appears to have a passive meaning ; 'spes Ttstituendi^ the hope of being restored. (Z.) « In a few passages the ace. of the object stands after this impersonal con- struction : ' Canes potius paucos et acres habendum, quam multos.' (Varr.) ) 44. 336-338.] gerunds and the participle in dus. 121 pay. Oneri fercndo h esse, To be equal to bearing the burden. Conservandae libertatis esse, To tend to the preservation of liberty. 336. [C. xxvn.] 13* 1 1 have to do it' must be translated by the part, in dus. (Eng.) With whom we have to live. (Lot.) With whom it is to-be-lived (quibuscum vivendum est). [C. xxNrm.] 13* ' It is,' followed by the infin.pass., generally expresses necessity, fitness, or something intended; but sometimes mere possibility, to be translated by possum. [ ' The passage is to be found in the fifth book ' r= the passage may or can be found in the fifth book.] 337. Vocabulary 47. To overthrow, evertCre, vert, vers. To occupy myself in ; to be en- ) operam dare . gaged in, 3 To preserve, conservare, av, at. To study, devote oneself to, sttidere, studu, (dat.). Literature, • literae (pi. ; also, a letter = an epistle). To spend his time in, tempus impendgre, pend, pens (dat.). To make it my first object or > id agere ('to be doing that' and nothing business, ) else ;k agcre, eg, act). To plead a cause, age* re causam. To feel thankful ; to retain a grate- ) iam m iaa hab - re# ful sense, ) To thank, return thanks, gratias agCre. To repay a kindness, to prove ) gratiam referre : f^ro, tiil, lat (the per- one's gratitude, J son te whom must be in the dot.). To clear = excuse, purgare, av, at Obs. ' Should,' which the pupil has been taught to translate by debeo or oportt^ must now be translated by the part, indus, whenever it is not emphatic; when- ever it might be turned into 'it is to &«,' &c. Exercise 51. 338. He is of opinion that these things tend (c) to the over- h The dat. of the purpose is sometimes found instead of the ace. with ad i dis- trahendo hosti, or ad distrahendum hostem. When the verb governs an object la the dat., the agent is sometimes expressed with ab, to avoid ambiguity :— Ci /es l quibus a vobia consulendum est.' — Obs. Caius consulendus est (must be consulted) : Caio consulendum est (tfu htferesta of Caius must be consulted). i Vacare (to have leisure for) is never used in this sense by the best v* (iters Hotting. Cic. Div. i. 6.) k Followed by ui with subj. 6 122 GERUNDS AND THE PARTICIPLES IN DUS. [§ 44. 339 throw of the state. Do these things tend to the preservation 01 the overthrow of the state ? There is no doubt that (86) the state is not able to pay (c). It is the part of a Christian to spend his time in assisting! the wretched. Let us consult the interests of those with whom we have to live. I will inquire of Caius whether Balbus should be consulted. We must consult the inte- rests of Balbus. It was owing to you 28 that the interests of Caius were not consulted. I made it my first object to (ut) preserve the Roman territory. I cannot repay your kindness. There is no doubt that he is going to thank you. I will inquire of Caius whose cause he is going to plead. Every animal makes it its first object to preserve itself. We must strive to conquer. Must we not repay the kindness of those from (prep, a) whom we have received benefits ? I persuaded Caius to devote himself to litera- ture. They had come into the camp for the purpose of clearing themselves (334). They had called upon Caius for the purpose of clearing themselves. There were some who consulted Ik* interests of Caius. 339. Vocabulary 48. (Words following the construction of proper names of places.) At home, dbmi.™ From home, dbmo. Home, dbmum. n At my, your, another man's &c. > domi meffij ^ &c> house, 3 On the ground \ humi ( which ma y follow a verb of eitheI ( rest or motion). In the field, militiae. Out of doors ; out, l fbras ( after a verb of motUm ) foris ^ tel i other verbs). To dine out, foris coenare. l Sublevandis : as subvenlre, auccurrere govern a dot., they cannot be put in agreement with their object. m Domus is partly of the second, partly of the fourth, and has both forms in pome cases. The following line gives the forms not in use : Tolle me, mu, mi, mis, si declinare domus vis : but It has domi for at home, &c. ; though not for ' of the housed Also Ho Pomponius's house? Pomponii domum, without a preposition: ( tc my house,' doirum meam. Belli and mHitiae are used only in connection with dbmi : bub however is used for in tear. (Z.) J 44. 340.] GERLNDS AND THE PARTICIPLE IN DUS. 123 Into the country, ros. From the country, rure. In the country, ruri (less commonly, rure). To return, redire, eo, Iv, it. To return, turn back, revertere.vert, vers ; or reverti.P To be reconciled to, in gratiam redire cum aliquo. To confer an obligation on (i. e. ) gratiam inire ab aliquo (Cic.), apud uli on a superior), j quern (Ldv.) ineo. y ou(n < juventus utis, /. ; juventa, «, /. Juven- ( tus, also ' the youth.'* To cast forth, projic5re, jec, ject. To resolve, constitute, stitu, stitut. Approved (of valor), tried, spectatus (lit. seen). Exercise 52. 340. Titus Manlius spent his youth in the country. When Tullius returns (shall have returned) from the country, I will send him to you. Quintus resolved to spend his life in the country. On the day after he returned from the country, he was accused of treason. He is the same in the field that (45 (b) ) he has always been at home. He answered that Pomponia was sup- ping out. Might he not nave spent his life in the country ? They (Hit) kept their word both at home and in the field. He set out into the country. There is no doubt that he set out for the country in the evening. There is no doubt that he will cast these things out of doors. DiodOrus lived many' years at my house. Balbus came to my house. Had you not rather be in your own house without 7 danger', than in another-man's with' danger 7 ? There is no doubt that he was a person of most-ap- proved 7 merit (virtus) both at home and in the field (p. 14, 14). It cannot be denied that he has resolved to turn back home. There Is no doubt that you will confer an obligation upon Caesar. Bal- P Redire properly expresses the continued action which intervenes between the momentaneous actions of the turning back (reverti), and the return or arrival hmre (revenlre). (D.) Redire is said of one who returns after having arrived at his journey's end and finished his business ; reverti of one who turns back Oefore he has completed his journey or business. (Ernesti.) i Juventa, youth = the time of youth; juventus (utis), youth = the time of youth ; or, • the youth ' = the young men : Juventas, the goddess of youth. Cicero does not use juventa; but Livy and later writers use juventa for the timi }£ youth, juventus for the youth. (D.) 124 THE CONSTLUcriON OF PARTICIPLES. [§ 45. 341-345 bus is already reconciled to Caius (per/.). We must succoul the miserable. There is no doubt that a Christian should succour the miserable.* There is no doubt that he threw these things (forth) on the ground against his will.- The Roman youth were of approved valour in war XVII. § 45. On the construction of Participles. (Ablative absolute.) 341. Every attributive word involves an assertion. Thus ' a fine house' = a house which is a fine one. ' Charles's hat ~ the hat which belongs to Charles, &c. 342. Thus then every participle makes an assertion in an indirect man- ner j it assumes it attributively, instead of stating it predicatively ; tha is, as a formal proposition. 343. Whenever therefore it is convenient to express by a complete sentence the assertion assumed by a participle, we may do so, connecting it with the principal sentence by a relative pronoun, or a conjunction (or con- junctional adverb) of time, cause, limitation, &c. 344. On the other hand, subordinate sentences connected with a principal one by relative pronouns or conjunctions (such as when, after, if, since, because, although, &c)> may often be expressed by participles. 345. Since the use of the participle is far more extensive in Latin than in English, such sentences must very frequently be translated into Latin by participles. By this construction the Latin gains more compact- ness and power of compression than the English possesses, but with an occasional vagueness from which our language is free. r * See page 121, note h. r Since in the attributive combination no particle of connection is expressed, Its relation to the principal parts of the sentence must be gathered from the general meaning of the author. An instructive example of the possibility of misconnecting occurs in a late review of Tate's Horace (Quart. Rev. No. cxxiv.) Speaking of the passage, Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Plavi ludum me mittere, &c. (Sat. I. 6, 71.) the reviewer, understanding the meaning to be, because the father's means were slender, he would not send his son to a provincial school, but carried him to Borne-' proceeds to consider, how education could be cheaper in the capital than in the country. If the critic had but construed the passage correctly, he would havr found no grounds in it for speculating about foundation schools, Ac. at Rome, but have remained satisfied with the obvious meaning, that, • though thefather* } 45. 34G-34S.] the coNsraucTiON of participles. 125 340. When a participle does not refer to a noun or pronoun already governed or governing in the sentence, it is put in the ablative in agreement with its own noun. (a) An ablative thus unconnected with the general structure of the clause in which it stands, is called an ablative absolute. (/?) In turning a subordinate sentence into the participial construe* tion, if the nominative of the subordinate sentence be not a noun occur- ring in the ■principal sentence, or a pronoun representing such a noun. the construction must be the ablative absolute. 347. Examples. ., v { Nobody who considers this, will hesitate. I. Nobody considering this, will hesitate. (2) ( Nobody, if Cains considers tnis, will escape. (oM. abs.) I Nobody, Caius considering this, will escape. J ,js ( Alexander, after he had taken Tyre, marched on, &c. *} ( Alexander, liaving taken Tyre, marched on, &c. / (2) { The King, when Alexander had taken Tyre, retired, &c. { II# (abl. abs.) I The King, Tyre being taken by Alexander, retired, &c. J /jv (I desire joys which will last for ever. ~\ ( I desire joys about-to-last for ever. ^ (2) ( I desire heaven, because its joys will last for ever. I (ohl. abs.) I I desire heaven, its joys being about-to-last for ever. J (jv < We miss many things, though they stare us in the face. } C We miss many things staring us in the face. f , (2) ( We miss many things, though some truths stare us in the face. \ (aW. abs.) ( w e m i ss ma ny things, some truths staring us in the face. J 348. Vocabulary 49. (Preposition a, ab, abs.) A before consonants: ab before vowels and sometimes before the consonants in hihirls and j ; abs is much less commonly used, except before te,* and never except before t and qu. The meanings of a are (1) from; (2) by, governing the agent after pass, verbs; (3) after; (4) on or at, of relative position ; (5) on the side or part of; (6) in point of; (7) the office held. From a boy, a puero. Immediately after the battle, confestim a proelio.t In front, afronte(frons, tis,/. et m. 'forehead'). means were slender* he neverthdess would not send his son to a school that toot thought good enough for the children of great centurions, cf*c, but resolved to give Mm the best education the capital could afford. • Butler says that it is found before all the consonants except b. » Pugna is any battle, from a single combat to the general engagement of large armies : prcelium is an engagement of troops. Doderlein seems to confine the meaning of prcelium too much, when he makes it only the 'occasional engage- ment of particular divisions of an army :' for Nepos says, ' illustrissimum est vrcelium apud Platseas.' Acies when used of a battle is ^.general engagement. 126 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES. [§ 46. 349, 350 In flank, a latere u (latus, Sris, n. ' side*). In the rear, a tergo. At two miles distance ; two miles > fl mfllibu8 um duobua off, > So near home, tarn prope a dtfmo. To make for us, a nobis fac5re. To be on our side; to stand on ) nobig fitare> our side, J To be of a man's party, ab aliquo sentire ; sens, sens. An amanuensis, a mSnu servus. T Again from the beginning ; all > ab integro (integer, gra, grum, wAsle). over again, 5 Exercise 53. [Obs. A (p) prefixed to a clause, indicates that it is to be translated participially.] 349. Let us oppose the evils Pthat are coming'. Must we spare even p those who resist (us) ? [No.] We must spare them even p though they should resist (us). I must not despair p if (but a) few 7 stand on my side. Timotheus increased by (his) many virtues the glory p which he had received from his father'. Caius, p after he was banished, lived many years at Athens. The father, p after his son was banished, lived many years at Carthage. We do not believe* a liar, even p when he speaks the truth. The father turned back, p because he fearedybr his son (231). Caius, p who was accused of treason, has been acquitted of the capital charge. 41 Why did you turn back so near home ? The Gauls attack the Romans in the rear. Ariovistus posted himself at about two miles off. He took Massilia p after it had been block- aded two years. A treaty was ratified p after the city had been besieged for two years. Do not these (arguments) make for us ? Scipio immediately after the battle returned to the sea. Almost from a boy he has devoted himself to literature. § 46. The Participle continued. 350. (a) The participle of the future in rus often expresses lhe purpose with which a person acts. On the flanks (a lateribus). * So, ab epiatolia, a secretary : a rationibus, a steward or accountant. * We believe a liar, not even t &c. (ne — quidem). §46.351-356.] the construction of participles. 127 351. (b) The participle in dus often expresses the end or pur- pose for which a thing is done. (a) This is especially the case after curare (to cause a thing to oe done) and verbs of giving, receiving, sending, undertaking. In English the in/in. active is often used where the in/in. passive would be allowable, Dut less common. (0) He gave them the country to dwell in. (Or) He gave them the country to be dwelt in (by them). 852. Of two connected sentences, one may often be got rid cf by turning its verb into a participle. Of course the more emphatic should be retained : for instance that which is the effect rather than that which is the cause; that which is the consequence rather than that which is the condition ; that which is posterior in point of timer oXhex than that which precedes it. 353. It is a peculiarity of the English language, that we use a present par- ticiple when, though two events are closely connected, yet that repre- sented by the participle must be over before the other begins. [C. xxx.] OCT A present participle must be translated by a perfect participle (or its substitute, quum with perf. or pluperf. tubj.) when the action expressed by it must be over, before that expressed by the verb begins. Examples. 354. (a) I write to aid the student. > j (part.) I write going-to-aid the student (adjuturus). J (b) He gave them the country to dwell in. ) >* (part.) He gave them the country to-be-dwelt-in (habitandum). ) 355. He apprehended them and took them to Rome. ) » , r (jjart.) He took them apprehended to Rome. > He took up the bundle and ran ofF. > jy (abl. abs.) The bundle being taken up, he ran off*. ) (Eng.) Leaping from his horse, he embraced him. (Lot.) Having leapt from his horse, he embraced him. 356. Vocabulary 50. To cause to be done; to hive a ) ,. ../• . . *« uiuw c , i.jYc u (ahquid faciendum curaie. thing done, > To contract to build, aliquid faciendum conJucfte To let a thing out to be built by ) ^ u facicndum , oc5re> contract, ) A sentence, sententia, ae, f. To corrupt, corrumpCre, rup, rupt. To learn by heart, ediscCre, edidici (no xup.)> To repair, ref icPre, io, fee, feet. To pull down, diruPre, ru, nit. Bridge, pons, pontls, m. 128 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES. [§47.357-360 Exercise 54. 357. Conon causes the walls p which had been pulled down b^ Lysander, x p to be repaired. He undertook p to corrupt Epami. nondas with money. For how much will you undertake p to cor< rupt Balbus ? He had contracted p to build a bridge. He gave Cyrus to Harpagus p to be killed. Carvilius, when 27 consul, had let out the temple (cedes?) of Fortune (Fortuna) p to be built bg contract. We give boys sentences p to learn by heart (354, b). He has set out for Rome p to free his son from debt. I cannot but think 18 you corrupted by gold. Forgetting 311 the benefits which he received from Caius, he took cruel measures against him. (Be- gin with relat. clause ; 30, 31.) He says that it is not 2 necessary to make haste. There are some who 109 have turned-back home. § 47. The Participle continued. The Supines. 358. (a) No Latin verb (except the deponents and neuter- passives) has a participle of the perfect active. Hence this participle must be translated by the (passive) past participle put absolutely, or by quum with the perfect or pluperfect sub- junctive. 359. (b) An English substantive may often be translated by a participle. It is very frequently necessary to translate abstract nouns expressing a mode of action in this way ; as such nouns are comparatively seldom used in Latin. 360. (c) So also the 'participial substantive 1 may often be translated not only * G. Lysandri. y Mdes and templum are both a temple : but in the former it is considered as the one principal building which is the dwelling-place of the God ; in the latter as the whole temple, with all its buildings, courts, &c. JEdes in the sing, has generally the adj. sacra with it, or the name of the Deity: Jovis, Minervce, &c. Fanum is a spot consecrated for the erection of a temple by the augurs ; and hence the temple itself, considered as a consecrated place, ' a sanctuary.' Delw brum was either the temple itself, as a place of expiation and purification ; or, according to others, the part of the temple where the image of the Deity stood j the shrine. Templum is from rlpo, «//iro> (cut), a portion 'cut off' by the augurs ; delubrum probably from de-luo, to wash away : Dbderlein thinks thai fanum is the German Bann y Engl. ban. (Lot.) \ t § 47. 361-364. the p^btjciple. 120 by the participle in dus, but by other participles. This is a conunor way of translating it when it is under the government of 'without. 1 261. After ' to hear ' and ' to see ' the present infin. active must be translated into Latin by the present participle active. 302. When the participle of an abl. absol. is ' being,' it is Knitted in Latin, and two substantives, or a substantive and ad irctirr, are put together in the ablative. 362 * The supine in um (act.) follows verbs of motion : the supine in u (vir- tually, though not really pass.) follows a few adjectives (such as belt, difficult, &c), and the substantives/as, nefas, &c. a) The supine in um with ire means ' to go about to,' &c, implying effort and exertion. 363. (a) (Eng.) Caesar, having crossed the Rubicon, marched to Rome. Caesar, Vie Rubicon being crossed, marched to Rome. or, Caesar, when he had crossed the Rubicon, marched to Rome (6) 1. Tarquinius, after his banishment from Rome, &c. Tarquinius, being banished from Rome. 2. After the banishment of Tarquinius, consuls were elected. OM. abs.) Tarquinius being banished, > consulg w£re elected (or) After I arquimus banished, ) (Tarquinio expulso ; or, post Tarquiniuin expulsum.) (Eng) From the foundation of Rome, ) a Roma CQndita > u (Lat. ) From Rome founded, ) 5 (So, ante Romam conditam, &c.) (Eng.) By the practice of virtue, ? yirtute ^ (Lat.) By virtue practised, ) (Virtute colenda, by practising virtue.) (Eng.) A reward for having despised the deity ; or, for contempt of tho deity (Lat. A reward of ( =s for) the deify despised (spreti numinis merces). v *) (Eng.) He assists others without robbing himself. (Lat.) He assists others, not robbing himself (se ipsum non spolians). (Eng.) He goes away without your perceiving it. (Lat.) He goes away, younot perceiving it {te nonsentiente). (Eng.) He goes away without scouting anybody. (Lat.) He goes away, nobody being saluted (ncminei salutato). (Eng.) He condemns him without hearing him. (Lat.) He condemns him unheard (inauditum). 364. Vocabulary 51. At the suggestion of the Magi, Magis auctoribus (auctor; an adviser) Under your guidance, \ te duce <*<>* bein S our leader : dux ' du C cis, m. etf.) In the reign of Herod, Herode rege.* i On ncminis, nemine, see the index under ' Nobody.' « Or, Herode regnante. If the reign were that of a Roman Emperor, xntt must be used, 6* 130 THE PARTICIPLE. [§47. 305,360 Against the will of Caius, Caio invito. In the life-time of Augustus, Augusto vivo. I have completed the work, opus absolutum habeo.* I plainly see through his design, consilium ejus perspectum habeo. It cannot be said without impiety, nSfas est dictu. It may be said without impiety, fas est dictu. Hard to find, difncilis inventu. 365. [C. xxxi.] 0^7" The English present part. act. is gene rally translated by the Latin past partic. when the verb b deponent. This arises from the principle given in 353, and from this : that th>» Romans spoke of a feeling as over, the moment it had been Jell ; and oi a mental operation as over, the moment it was performed ; whereas w should describe both as present ; as now going on. Exercise 55. [Which word for to light should be used of a funeral pile ? 299, h.] 366. p If nature opposes, you will strive to no purpose. P\tha goras came into Italy p in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. p After Dion (G. Dionis) was killed at Syracuse, Dionysius gained possession of the city. ^Eneas, p after the taking of Troy oy the Greeks, came into Italy. The slave, having lighted the funeral pile, cast himself at his master's feet. 5 1 They returned to Veii p without waiting for the army of the Romans. They could scarcely be restrained from 17 condemning you to death without hearing you. At the suggestion of Caius, Balbus pre- tended to be mad. 3 I am afraid that 1 do not 53 see through Balbus's design. The son died p after the banishment of his father. He pretends that he has finished the work. I have now finished the work which I promised to perform 3 (Invert), p After the taking of Massilia by storm, a league was made (Express post). Was (then) man born p to drink wine ? You have recovered from a severe disease p by drinking water. I heard Caius cry out, that it was all over with the army. Is virtue hard to find ? [No.] You ivill do what shall seem best to be done. Why do you go about to destroy yourself? They sent to Delphi, to consult (sup.) what should be done. * Prow this idiom, which dwells more on the possession of the completed ac- tion than on its mere completion, arose the perfect with liave in our own and othef modem languages. } 48. 367-373.] pronouns. 131 XVIII. §48. Pronouns. 307. (a) * Own? when it is to be more strongly expressed than by meus, tuus, suus, &c, must be translated by ipsius or ipsorum (as one or more are meant) after those pronouns. 368. (b) Self, — selves, &c, in an oblique case are often trans lated by ipse and a personal pronoun together ; the ipse being in the nom. if the meaning is that that agent did it ;, in the case ot the personal pronoun, if his doing it to himself is the stronger notion. 369. Properly sui relates to the nominative case of its own verb; but it may be used, in a dependent clause, for the nominative of the principal verb, when either the grammar or the sense would prevent its being re- ferred to the verb of its own clause. 370. (c) Hence in a dependent sentence, that expresses some thought or purpose of the subject of the principal sentence — His, him, her, their, denoting the nominative of the principal sentence, should be translated by sui or suus, whenever (from the grammar or the obvious sense) there would be no danger of under- standing it to mean the nominative of its own verb. His, him, her, their, denoting the nominative of the principal sentence, must be translated by ipse, when there would be danger of understanding sui or suus to mean the nominative of its own verb. 371. (c 7 ) Suus often refers to an oblique case, especially when quisque or unusquisque is used. 372. Ob8. Nostrum and vestrum are to be used (not nostri, vestri) when 1 of us,' ' of you ' = ' out of us,' ( out of you ;' that is to say, after pai ti- tives (including numerals, comparatives, and superlatives).* 373. (a) Mea ipsius culpa, My own fault. Nostra ipsorum culpa, Our own fault, (b) Me e ipse consolor, / console myself. Se ipsos omnes natura diligunt, All men naturally love themselves. b Nostrum and vestrum are also used when they have omnium in agreement, jmnium nostrum, <&c. c The cases of the personal pronouns (except tu and the genitives plural) art 132 pronouns. [§48. 374 (c) Cicero effecerat, ut Q. Curius consilia Catilinse sibi proderet, Cicero had induced Q. Curius to betray to nim (Cicero) the designs of Catiline. (It being obviously absurd to suppose that Curius was to betray them to Curius.) PerssB, mortuo Alexandra, non alium, qui imperaret ipsis, digniorem fuisse confitebantur, The Persians, after the death of Alexander, confessed that nobody had ever better deserved to rule over them. {Qui imperaret sibi, might have meant ' a Jitter person to govern himself.') (d) Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt, HannibaJ was banished by his fellow -citizens. 374. Vocabulary 52. To befall, happen, accidere,d cid, (dat). To happen, turn out, evenlre, ven, vent. To happen (of fortunate events), continggre, tig, tact, {dot.). It was this man's good fortune, huic contigit ut, &c. To restore liberty to his country, patriam in libertatem vindicare. To defend (a thing or person if? defend6 fend w actually attacked), 5 To defend (a thing or person, if } and whenever it is attacked ;) > tueri, e tuitus et tutus. to take under one's protection, j His own friends, or adherents, sui (plur.). For its own sake, propter sese. sometimes strengthened by • met ' to signify self with or without ipse : mihimel ipsi, sibimet ipsis, nobismet ipsis, de memet ipso, &c. Se is also doubled into sese : for tumet, tute is said. Matthias says, that Cic. never puts ipse in the nom. aftei this appended met. d Accldere and cvenire are said of any occurrences whatever ; contingere, ob- ventre, and obtingere, only of fortunate ones. But accidentia are occurrences that take us by surprise ; evenientia those that are expected. Accidentia are repre- sented as the effects of chance ; evenientia as the results of preceding actions or events ; contingentia as favours conferred upon us by good fortune ; obtingenlia and obvenientia as advantages^/a/Zin^ to our lot. (D.) From the use of contingem to describe the happening of fortunate occurrences, accidere would come to bo generally used of unfortunate ones. • Neither is in itself stronger than the other ; for as the defendens show? more spirit and strength in resisting an actual danger, so the tuens shows moi eare and affection in endeavouring to prevent an anticipated one. (D.) ) 49. 375-377.] pronouns. 133 Exercise 56. [How is through to be translated, when it expresses the cause ? (261 )1 375. The mind is a part of me. The better part of you is immortal. Let none of us doubt that it is expedient to obey the laws of virtue. Which of you is believed 1 Many evils have befallen me through (abl.) my own fault. Do not many evils happen to us by our own fault ? All men favour themselves. These evils may have happened to us (129 (a) ) through our own fault. It cannot be denied that the mind is a part of ourselves (of us). I will pray Cuius to take my cause under Ids protection. Ought he not to have commanded himself ? It is not every man who can command himself. He is an enemy to himself. We should practise justice for its own sake. They prayed Artabazus to take their f cause under his protection. He was called king by his own adherents. It was this man's good fortune to restore libeitv to his country. I fear that he will not be able to restore liberty to his country. They ask to be allowed to take all their property with them. There are some 109 who favour themselves. § 49. Pronouns continued. (Is, hie, iste, ille.) 376. (a) He, she, it; they, are translated by if, ea, id, when ihey merely stand for a person or thing either before mentioned or about to be described by a relative clause. 1 Is,* is wholly without emphasis, or the power of distinguishing one object from another. One of its main duties is to act as a mere ante- cedent to the relatives 377. When used to distinguish objects, hie denotes the nearest, ille the most remote, iste that which is the nearest to the party addressed. c) Iste may be considered as the demonstrative of the second person = 1 that of yours,' ' that which is known to (or concerns) you.' ( Ipsorum: for suam might mean, they prayed him to support his men pose. * ' Is qui pugnat ' means ' the combatant * or ' a combatant * (accordingly ai he has been mentioned, or not mentioned before) : while ' hie qui pugnat, ill* qui pugnat,' signify respectively l this combatant,' ' yonder combatant.' 134 pronouns. [§ 49. 378-384. 373. From this power of denoting comparative nearness and remotenes$ (whether in space or time), hie and tile are used to discriminate between the different words that form the subject of discourse. Thus then, Of two things already mentioned, hie relates to the nearer, the latter ; ille to the more remote, the former. h Hie, referring to what immediately precedes, must occupy a very early, if not the first place in its sentence. 379. While hie refers to what has just come from the pen (or mouth), ille may be opposed to it in another direction, and introduce some new matter. 380. So also hie may refer to what follows, but it must then descend from its prominent place at the beginning of the sentence, to occupy one equally emphatic either at, or very near, the end. 381. ' Ille,' from relating to the past, may denote that which has long been kronen, whether favourably or unfavourably. (6) Here ille i r= the well known; the famous. 382. In letters, iste relates to the place where the person addressed is residing, and to the things that concern him : in trials, iste denotes the opposite party, as long as he is directly addressed; but when the speaker turns to the judges, he may use hie to denote the opposite party. (G.) As ille may mean ( whom all know,' so iste may mean 'whom you know,' whether for good or not.k So also hie may mean ' whom you of / see before us.' 383. (d) 'Ille' is used before ' quidem,' where we use l it is true,' * indeed, 9 to make some partial concession, to be followed by a * but. 3 384. (a) Dionysius servus meus aufugit : is est in provincia tua, Dionysius, a slave of mine., has run away : he is in your province, (h) Medea ilia, The famous Medea. Magnus ille Alex- ander, The celebrated Alexander the Great. h Of the passages where hie relates to the more remote word of a sentence, all probably may be explained by one or other of these considerations: — (1) The well-known order of the actual occurrence or existence of the things may be re- versed in the sentence. (G.) (2) Hie may denote what is before our eyes. (3) Or hie may denote ' id de quo pctissimum agimus.' (Raschig ad Liv. xxiv. 29.) i Hie can never perform the part of & mere antecedent to the relative ( = is) ; and the employment of hie for this purpose must be confined to those cases where the relative oause precedes (see 30, (c) ), so that here too it euppoi ts its ardinary character of referring to what has just been mentioned. tin this way iste is often used to express contempt, but by no means always }19. 385, 386.] pronouns. 135 (c) Ista, civitas, That state of yours. (d) Non sine ratione ille quidem, sed tamen, &c, N(* without reason it is true, but yet, &c. 385. Vocabulary 53. And that too, et is ;i isque ; et idem, idemque. Nor that ; and that too not, nee is. r is m demum (that at length, as if the oth- That only, 1 ers had been travelled Uirough before f this was arrived at). To know, scire, sclv, scit. To know = to be acquainted < novisse, nosse (per/, of noscPre, to learn with, C to know, to make acquaintance with). To know thoroughly by expe- ) callCre > ui (P r0 P erI y> to *« W > " 3 rience; to be conversant with, [ hand becomes by much manual la- j bour; ace.). r adimere (of good things) exlme're (of To take away, bad things) em, empt. They govern C the dat. of that/ram which. To make a beginning with, facPre initium a. Of a common kind, vulgaris, is, e. Exercise 57. 38G. He has killed both his father and his mother ; the former by poison, the latter by starvation. What prevents him from making a beginning with himself? This™ only is true wisdom, to command oneself. What™ true wisdom is, the wise only know. Do you know Caius ? I will ask what true wisdom is. At how much is that state of yours to be valued, from which the good and wise have been banished ? I doubt whether this is true happiness or not. I have had an interview with Caius : he says that he has 1 Some scholars doubt the existence of the forms ii and ii*. Grotefend gives dat. eis (also iis) : Zumpt (in his eighth edit.) ii (ei), iis (eis) ; adding that the foniu rare the more common, and generally written in MSS. with a single i. m When is, hie, or qui, Ac. stands as the subject of an ajrposition-verb (150), it generally agrees with the following noun, where we might suppose it to agree with ' thing.' [" Ea demum est vera./*e/ici7as."] n IScire relates to a proposition ; if followed by an accusative only, it is a ncut. pronoun, or nihil. It expresses actually acquired knoicledge. Nosse is to have become acquainted with the signs and marks by which a thing may be known i t 4 describes therefore knowledge as the result of external or internal perception. K.) Hence nosse is often followed by the accusative of a noun. • Demitur quidlibet ; adimuntur bona ; eximuniur mala. (D.) 186 pronouns. $ 49. 387, 388 not seen the man. Do not take away from me my liberty. Tha4 (famous) Plato has taken away from me all fear of death. Apollc admonishes us to become acquainted with ourselves. It is not every one who can 39 know himself. Those good things which can be taken away, are not really good things. p Having set my son 7 at liberty, he has taken away all myi care. I have been praised by a good man it is true (d), but (one who is) unskilled in these matters. Christians after death will enjoy a happy life, and that too an eternal one. He has always devoted himself to literature, and that too of no 82 common kind. 387. Vocabulary 54. » Also, (may often be translated by) idem.' This or that, as well as some other, et ipse. Where you are ; in your neigh- ) . . bourhood, ) Even or very {vnlh that), ipse ; illud ipsum 8 (' even that '). To join battle with, to give bat- > ,, .„„ t premium committere cum. tie to, ) > isto, or istuc.i 1 o your neighbourhood ; to where } you are, From your neighbourhood ; from where you are, Proud, superbus, a, um. Exercise 58. [How must l I ambelwced^ be translated? 285. J 368. Those whom we love, we also wish to be happy. Let him who commands others, learn also to command himself. Are (then) liars believed in your neighbourhood ? Those who come from your neighbourhood, say that you are proud. It is not becoming for 57 a Christian to be proud. I had already set out to v Say : { are not true good (things).' i Say : 'all care from me.' T Nihil est liberale, quod non idem justum (which is not also just). s To justify the use of Me (to denote any thing, provided it did n^t immediately precede) there must always be an intermediate object to which hie is applicable : yet, not if the remote event be one of general notoriety. " &uid T. Albutius! aonne sequissimo animo Athenis exsul philosophabatur 7 cui tamen illud ipsv** numquam accidisset si, &c." (De Fin. v. 108.) t Adverbs of motion to a islace end in o or uc ; of motion/rom, iu iric, nde. $50. 389-391.] pronouns. 137 your neighbourhood. Even that would never have befallen m(\ in your lifetime. A Christian may not be proud. Do not join battle. I fear the Romans will not be willing to join battle with the Gauls, It cannot be denied that justice should be practised for its own sake. It remains, that I should give battle to the Gauls. It follows, that it is a difficult thing to know oneself. I know that in your neighbourhood you both are wise and seem (so.) Such l0) a war was undertaken, as Rome had never before seen. §50. Pronouns continued. (On the translation of ' any .') 889. ' Any ' when all are excluded is quisquam or ullus. 390. ' Any ' when all are included is quivis* or quilibet. (a) All are excluded in sentences that are really or virtually' negative j and after vix (scarcely), sine (without). (/?) All are included when ' any ' means ' any you please,' ' every. 1 (y) ' Quisquam ' is used witlwut, ' ullus ' generally with a substantive. Quisquam may however be used with designations of men (lwmo t ciris), &c. 391. (b) ' Any* after si, nisi, num, ne, quo, quanto, is the in- definite quis ; w of which the feminine singular and neut. plur. are qua or qua, after si, num, ne (and ec).* u In quivis (and utervis) a deliberate and thoughtful choice is supposed, in qui' libet (and uterlibet) a blind and inconsiderate one. — Quilibet generally carries with it some expression of contempt. (D. after Lachmann.) r Sentences that, are virtually negative (that is, as good as negative) are (1) such questions as expect the answer 'no,' and are asked not for information but assent; thus, 'can any man believe this V = l no man surely can believe this ;' (2) comparative sentences; 'he was taller than any of his friends' ^ i none of his friends was so tall as he.' — With respect to sine, aliquis should follow it in a negative sentence (in which it is to be considered positive), and ullus in a positive sentence (in which it is to be considered negative). (G.) w Quisquam sometimes follows si, but it then generally implies that the exist- ence of the exception is very doubtful. And even without si it is used to ex- oress any single person or thing. " Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui te audeaf Oefendere, vives." Such expressions as ' sine omni cura ' for ' sine ulla cura" are only found in Plautus and Terence. In Cicero 'sine omni cura' wouW bean ' without all (imaginable) care.' * Whether quae or qua should be preferred, is a disputed point. The poeta Bse qua with few exceptions. (Z.) The form qui is also used in the sing. nom. masc. : si qui, ecqui. Even aliqui ( = aliquis) is found in a few passages oj Cicero. 138 pronouns. [§ 50. 392-398 (But aliquis follows these particles when the any or some Ib emphatic.) 392. ' Any ' is translated by aliquis* or quispiam, when it meana y some one or other,' 'some.' 393. (d) The indefinite article ' a ' may sometimes -be trans* lated by quidam, aliquis, or quispiam,? when ' a certain ' or * some ' might be substituted for ' a. 7 391. (e) Nescio quis (the ^uis agreeing with the subst.) is sometimes used foi quidam, but it generally carries with it some notion of contempt or oj indifference at least. (Eng.) Henry, Charles and John. (Lot.) Henry, Charles, John. Or, Henry and Charles and John. 895. (a) Solis candor illustrior est quam ullius • ignis, The brightness of the sun is more intense than that of any Jin. An quisquam potest sine perturbatione mentis irasci \ Can (then) any man be angry without some mental agitation ? (b) Num quis irascitur infantibus ? Is any body angry with infants ? (c) Quodlibet pro patria, parentibus, amicis, adlre peri. culum .... oportet, We ought to encounter any danger for our country, our parents, and our friends. Mihi quidvis sat est, Any thing is enough for me. (d) Agricola quispiam, Some husbandman (any, or a, hus- bandman). Pictor aliquis, Any, or a, painter, (e) Prope me hie nescio quis loquitur, Some body or other is talking here near me. 396. Vocabulary 55. Everybody I quisque,« quaeque, quodque ; G. cu- ' $ jusque. * If ' some ' is emphatic = some at least, though but little, or of a bad quality, oliquis should be used. 7 When quidam expresses c a ' it implies ' a certain ' one, though it is unne- cessary, perhaps impossible, to name it : quispiam and aliquis do not imply an allusion to a particular individual. * Quisque is a sort of enclitic, and therefore never stands at the beginning oi d sentence in prose, and seldom even in poetry. The corresponding emphatk iorm is ' unusquisque,' • each particular one.' $ 50. 397.] pronouns. 139 Etery body who ; whoever, quisquis, quidquid (quidquid, every thing that ; whatever). Whatever j every-that } quicunque,* quaecunque, quodcunque - C G. cujuscunque, &e Why 1 quid? How 1 qui 1 Somebody =r a person of conse- > aU isjj aliquaf ^^ . G< ^^^ quence, ) At once— and, idem— idem. b Any one man, quivis unus. Take care ; see that, vide ne. Rashly; inconsiderate" y ; without ) tem g re sufficient reason, > What 7 * quid? Some how or other, nescio quombdo. Exercise 59. 397. Can (then) 6 any man govern the seasons ? Take care not to be angry with any body without sufficient reason. Take care to do nothing inconsiderately. Can (then) any of you govern the seasons ? Hardly any one can govern himself! Everyman ought to defend his own' friends. d Will any man hesitate to shed his blood for his country 1 This might have happened to any body. Shall (then) any thing deter me from encountering* 1 any danger (whatever) for my country' and my parents' ? Is not any thing enough for Balbus ? He is braver than any (390, v) of the Gauls. If anyone breaks his word for the sake of his friend, he sins'. Do you (then) believe that any Roman (you please) is payer than any Greek ? You may say any thing (you please) here. Whatever things are in the whole (omnis) world, belong to men. Some are the slaves of glory, others of money. How does it happen that you (pi.) do not know this 1 What ! do not a!l understand this ? There are some who believe any body. * Quicunqveia the adjective form of quisquis. »> Fuere quidam qui iidem ornate, iidem versute dicerent. (Z.) e Though num expects the answer no, it does not imply that the answer c yes ' cannot possibly be given, as 'an' does. ' An quisquam ' is therefore more com- mon than 'num. quisquam,' and stronger than 'num. qui*.' d Quisque should immediately follow cases of sui or suus, and numeral* decimua quisque l every tenth man). 140 pronouns. [§ 51. S98-405A. § 51. Pronouns continued. (On the prefixes and affixes of the interrogatives . ) 398. (a) The syllable ec often appears as a prefix, and the syl lable nam as an affix, to interrogative pronouns and adverbs. The ' ec ' is from en .' cm / hem ! a particle calling for attention tc what is going to be said. ' Nam ' is properly namely, by name ; so tlmt quisnam is, wlw by name; name or tell me, who. (Hartung.) The en stands alone in, f En unquam cuiquam contumeliosius audistis factam injuriam, &c.1 ' ( Ter. Phorm. ii. 3.) Nam is appended to quite, quid, ubi y num, &c. 599. (b) ' Always * after one superlative and before another, may be translated by quisque, agreeing with the same substantive that the superlatives agree with. The singular is generally to be used, when a substantive is not to be expressed in Latin. 400. (a) Ecquid 6 sentitis in quanto contemtu vivatis ?' Do you perceive at all (or, perchance) in what contempt you are living ? Num quidnam novi accidit ? Has any thing fresh occurred ? (b) Optimum quidque rarissimum est, The best things are always the rarest. Altissima qucBque flumina minimo sono labuntur, The deepest rivers always flow with the least sound. (c) Doctissimus quisque, All the most learned men. (d) Aliud alii natura iter ostendit, Nature points out one path to one man, another to another, Aliud alio fertur, One thing is borne in one direction, another in another. 401. (Eng.) One Balbus. {Lot.) A certain Balbus, (Quidam.) (Eng.) One does one thing, another another. f {Lot.) Another does another thing. 402. Vocaeulary 56. Little = but or too little, parum (with genit.). Ec ( = en) prefixed to quis, quid, quando, &c, puts a question doubtingly, but intimates that the answer 'no' is rather expected. It often gives a tone of Impatience to the inquiry. t In a sentence of this kind, one— me must be translated by alius— alius aliquantum (with genit). considerable. ) v ° ' In the mean time, interim. Meanwhile; all that time, interea.* Sometimes = now and then (ap- ] proacfdng, as compared with I rumnunquam, to the notion of ( interJum - but seldom). J Sometimes (approaching to the $ n ^unquam ; aliquandoh (the last be notion of pretty often). ) ln S P r0 P erl y aom& tim * or other, and * often therefore equivalent to at last).\ funquam (with negatives); aliquando I (when it means, at some one time, be Ever, • it when it may) ; quando (after si y nisi, ne, &c, when the ever is not em- I phatic).k In a different direction ; to some ? ,. ^q-j t\ other place, ) , ' From a different direction, aliunde. c usquam,i aliquo, quo (to be used accord- Any where = any whither, < ing to the Rules for ' any .' See Any, ( Index I). Nowhere or whither, nusquam. Strength, (vires, virium, &c. (in sing, 'force', C 'violence'; vis, vim, vi). fjj* Rarius interdum quam nonnunquam esse memento. * Interea refers to an event continuing during the whole interval: interim to Dne that occurs at some time or times within that interval. Hence, as Doderlein observes, in negative sentences interea is the regular word, as the possibility and expectation of a thing's happening is always of some duration. k The syllable ali, whether as prefix 6r termination, always denotes quality. Thus ' si aliquis adest,' is, c if there be any one present, be he who or what he may ? whereas ' si quisquam adest ' would mean ' if there be but one present, no matter whether more or not.' (G.) Aliquando is properly ' at one time, whether near or far of,' but as a thing's once happening may prove the possibility of its often happening, aliquando is often equivalent to aliquotics. But in the golden age it is used by preference of things that had better happen never. (D ) ' It gets this meaning from its being implied by the nature of the sentence hat no early time remains. In this meaning it is often joined with tandem = tarn demum. D.). k Hence 'ever' = at any time, is translated by unquam, aliquando, or fuando, according as ' any ' would be translated under the same circumstances, by ullus, aliquis, or quis. Si quis, si quando are nearly equivalent to whoever^ whenever. » Utxjwm is more regularly the ' any where ' of rest ; but is used after verb* : ; jn, as we use where. 142 . comparisons. § 52. 403, 404. Exercise 60. ['Ever ' after whether, when marked as emphatic, is to be translated by ecquando. 1 Perchance? after whether, is to be translated by the addition of quid to en or num. : ecquid, numquid. When • ever ' and ' any ' are marked as emphatic (in other cases) they are not to be translated by quando, quis. 1 A ' emphatic is to be translated by a pronoun.] 403. What prevents us from banishing every tenth man ? We have lost some considerable time by playing. They say that they shall never 2 die. We shall all die some time or other. The best men always (&) die with the most resignation. In the mean time one Octavius called upon me at. my own house. None of you called upon me all that time'. There is no one but (44, (2) ) is sometimes mistaken. Most' of us are pretty often, all of us are sometimes deceived (p. 14, 15, b). Which is the wiser, Caius or Balbus 1 Does any man believe liars ? In the mean time a' (393) greater fear seized upon the soldiers. I hear that there is a' greater fear in the city. If you ever return (shall have returned) home, you will understand these things. Have you ever' heard this from any body ? [No.] If you are setting out any where, return in the evening. Are you going to set out to some other place-? Nowhere. Some considerable time has been lost (in) asking my friends. Some persons devote themselves to one thing, others to another. Virtue is not of such 1 0) strength as to defend herself. 15 Have you perchance two countries ? Let me know whether I shall ever 7 see you. There were some who had two countries. XIX § 52. Comparison. 404. (a) The regular particle of comparison is quam (than). The things com- pared will of course be in the same case. (a) When the same noun belongs to each member of the comparison, il is omitted in one. In English we express it in theirs* clause, and us< the pronoun HhaV for it in the second. This 'that' is not to be trans lated into Latin. $ V2. 405-409.] comparisons. 143 405. (b) Sometimes quam is omitted, and the following noun put in the ablative. m (a) As a rule, the ablative should not be used in this way, except where the same noun would follow quam in the nominative. Sometimes how- ever the ablative, especially of pronouns, is used for the accusative after quam. In the construction of the ace. with infin. this would be regular. (0) Moreover, the construction with the ablative should not be used, un- less the object with which another is compared, actually possesses th* property™ in question. 406. (c) Comparatives and superlatives are often accompanied by ablatives, expressing by how much one thing exceeds or falls short of another. 407. (d) The English the— the ( = by how much— by so much) are expressed Ln Latin by quanto—tanto ; quo — co or hoc. A sentence of this kind may also be expresoed by ut quisque with a superlative, followed by ita with another. 408. ' Somewhat* and 'too' with the positive are expressed by the compa- rative, when those adverbs are not emphatic. And sometimes an em- phatic positive is expressed by the comparative. 409. (a) Europa minor est, quam Asia, Europe is less than Asia. (b) Non ego hac node longiorem vidi, I have not seen a longer night than this. (c) Multo diffieilius, Much more difficult. (d) Eo minor est arcus, quo altior est sol, The higher the sun is, the less is the arc. Tanto brevius omne tempus, quanto felicius est, The • happier any time is, the shorter it is (i. e. appears) Ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios imprdbos suspicatur, The better a man is, the more difficulty he has in suspecting that others are wicked. (e) Romani bella qusedam fortius quam felicius gesse- runt, The Romans carried on some wars with more courage than success. Pestilentia minacior quam perniciosior, A pestilenco « If I say a person Is l sapientior Caio, 1 I ascribe wisdom to Caius, though »fcss of it than to any other person. If I say he is ' sapientior quam Caiue? 1 do not necessarily ascribe to Caius any wisdom at all. Ui COMPARISONS. [552. 410. more alarming than (really) fatal (or, alarming rather than destructive). (/) Prcelium majus quam pro numero hostium editur, A severer battle is fought than could have been ex- pected from the (small) number of the enemy. (Or, a battle unusually severe for the number of the enemy.) Alexander consedit regia, sella multo excelsiore quam pro habitu corporis, Alexander sat down on the royal chair, which was far too high for his stature. (g) Res graviores (important). Morbi graviores (se- vere). 110. Vocabulary 57. Passionate, iracundus, a, um. Angry, iratus, a, um. Considerably more, aliquanto plus (see 402). Many times as great, multis partibus major. Are hard to be avoided, or dim- ) diffidle vitantur< cult to avoid, ) Hidden, occultus, a, um (partic. of occttlgre). Snares, insidias, arum,/. Frequent, creber, bra, brum ; frSquens, 11 tis. Loquacious, loquax, acis. Old age, senectus, iitis, f. Difference, distantia, a?, /. Worse, pejor, or, us {less good than, deterior). (Words by which superlatives are strengthened). As shortly as possible, quam brevissime. Extremely flourishing (in re- > longe opulentissimus . sources), ) Far ; by far, multo. The very least, vel minimus. The most unjust possible, or in > yd iniquissimus< the world, ) (Eng.) He is too proud to be a slave. (Lat.) He is -prouder than that he should be a slave. n Creber denotes close and crowded succession, and often imclies censure : fre- quens denotes a plentiful supply, and rather as an epithet of praise. Frequena is also used of a place ' much resorted to,' and a l fidl ' senate-house : in which sense creber is not used, but celeber, which is related to it as kuXvtttu to Kpvnroi. CD.) Potest, possunt, &c, may be inserted after quam. l Aves nidos quam poo- xutit mollissime substernunt = iam molliter, quam possunt mollissime. (0J.) J 68. 411, 412.] REMARKS ON SOME OF THE TENSES. 14& (Quam ut mancipium sit, or possit esse.) (Eng.) I took the greatest pains / could. (Lot.) I to^k pains (as great) asP the greatest I could (quam). ( Eng.) As great a difference as there can possibly be. (Lat.) A difference as gr eat-as the greatest can be. (Quanta maxima potest esse distantia.) Exercise 61. 411. That report was frequent rather than certain (e). The better a man is, with the more resignation will he die. The most hidden dangers are always the most difficult to avoid. The more hidden a danger is, the more difficulty is there in avoiding it. 9S The more passionate a man is, the more difficulty has he 9S in commanding himself. He is too angry to be able to command himself. I prefer the most unjust peace in the world to the justest war. Saguntum was an extremely flourishing state. I will say as shortly as possible, what it seems to me should be done.* 7 They perceive the very least things. They worship Libera, whom they also 86 call Proserpina. I have accomplished the longest journey 1 possibly could. I have finished the business with the greatest care I possibly could. In important matters, there is need of delib- eration. 30 Old age is by nature somewhat (408) loquacious. We have lost considerably more gold than you. It is an allowed fact, that the sun is many times as great as the earth. There is the greatest possible difference of character between them. XX. § 53. Remarks on some of the Tenses. 412. The perfect definite (perf. with have) is virtually a present tense, being used of an action begun at some past time, and carried on up to, or nearly up to the present moment. Hence, as we have seen (40, d), it may be followed by the present or perfect subjunctive.^ r Quam maximas potui copias = tantas, quam maximas. (G.) * Nevertheless the Roman ear was so accustomed to the imperf subj. after the perf, that they used it (even where the perf is plainly equivalent to our perfect with 'have'), provided 'the action could be conceived as one advancing Kradually to its completion.' (Z.) ' Diu dubitavi (have long doubted) num meliui n*,' &c, would sound strange to Roman ears: they preferred 'num melius esset, wen when they did not narrate, but were on> staling the result. (K.) 7 146 REMARKS ON SOME OF THE TENSES. [§ 53. 413-416 413. (a) To express, ' 1 have been doing a thing for a long time,' the Roman* said • I am doing it for a long time already.' (Jam pridem cupio, I have long been desiring.) 414. In animated narrative, the past is eften described by the present. (6) The present when thus used (pr&sens historicum) may be followed either by the present subj. (according to the general rule for the sequence of tenses;, or by the imperfect subj. (as being itself virtually a past tense). The imperfect is, on the whole, the more common. (Z.) 415. (c) A present tense after relatives, or, l when? iif,' * as long as,' ' lefore? &c, is generally to be translated by a future, when the action expressed by it is still future. The action is generally still future, when the verb in the prin- cipal clause is in & future tense or the imperative mood. r If one action must be completed before the other begins, the future perfect should be used. In this case the perfect definite is sometimes (by no means always) used in English.* 416. (1) (Eng.) Whensoever I take* my journey into Spain I will come to you. (Lai.) Whensoever I shall take my journey, &c. (2) (Eng.) When I have performed this, I will come, &c. (Rom. xv. 28 ) (Lot.) When I shall have performed this, I will come, &c. (3) (Eng.) When he is come (perf. def.), he will tell us, &c. (John iv. 5.> (Lot.) When he shall have co?ne, he will tell us, &c. l4l (Eng.) (Saying) they would neither eat nor drink, till they had killed Paul (Acts xxiii. 12). (Lot.) (Saying) they would neither eat nor drink, till they should have killed Paul. * The subjunctive present used imperatively, is virtually an imperative. • The Roman, viewing the future action or event from his present, marked ite futurity, and, if necessary, its completion : the Englishman removes himself to the ' when ' spoken of, and contemplates it as a state then existing. The Roman considered it relatively : the Englishman considers it absolutely. There arc some constructions, in which the completion of the action is not marked, even in Latin ; for instance, in the use of the imperfect subjunctive in marking the relative time of a wish, request, or question : e. g. ' He answered when he was asked f ' quum interrogaretur,' not interrogatus esset, though the question must be completed before the answer is- given. t Even in Latin, the present (after si) is sometimes used, as in English, in connection with a future; but only when it is to intimate that the future event depends upon some present circumstance or resolution. Examples are : ' Per- pcictur bellum, si non urgemus obsessos,' &c. Liv. v. 4. ' Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta, &c. . . . patebunt.' Sail. 58, 9. (G.) (On the sul>j. prts. after si nee 435 (b) ). J 53. 417-419.] XEMARKS ON some of the tenses. 141 (5) (Eng.) As soon as they hear of me, they shall obey me (2 xxii. 45). (Lat.) As soon as they shall hear of me, they shall obey me : (or) As soon as they shall fuxve heardy &c 417. (d) ' Should,' l would' ' could,' &c, when used to softer an assertion by throwing into it an expression of doubtfulness, are generally to be translated by putting the verb in the present of per/, of the subjunctive. a. In this idiom the perfect does not appear to bear any reference to the completion of the action. (See 428, note *.) b. (e) Vglim, nolim, malim, are often used in this manner, and often in connection with the verb in the subjunctive governed by ( ut' omitted. 418. (/) After ut a consequence (but not a purpose) is often put in the per/, subj., instead of the imperf., after a past tense. a. This occurs very frequently in Cornelius Nepos. The use of the perf. gives more prominence and independence to the consequence. (K.) b. The imp. subj. marks (1) something past, (2) something contem- porary with another in past time, (3) something contemporary and continuing. c. The perf. subj. is either the subj. of the aorist ('wrote') or of the praeteriium in pr&senti (or perf. definite, ' have written '). (K.) 419. (a) Jam pridem cupio, 7 have long desired. Vocat me alio jam dudum tacita vestra exspectatio, Your silent expectation has for some time been calling me to another point. Copise, quas diu comparabant, Forces which they had long been collecting. (b) Subito edicunt Consules, ut ad suum vestitum Sena- tores redirent, The Consuls suddenly published an edict, that the Senators should return to their usual dress. (o) Quum Tullius rure redierit, mittam eum ad te, When Tullius returns from the country, I will send him to you. Facito hoc ubi voles, Bo this when you please. Si te rogavero aliquid, nonne respondebis ? If I put any question to you, will you not answer ? {d) Hoc sine ulla dubitatione, confirmaverim,* I would assert this without any hesitation. * The perf. subjunctive used in this manner to withhold a positive assertion, i:c»irs in negative sentences oftener than in positive ones. (G.) 1 4ft REMARKS ON SOME OF THE TENSES. § 53. 420. (e) De me sic velim judices, I would wish you to judge thus of me. Nolim factum, I could wish it not to be done. (Not- lem v factum, I could wish it had not been done.) (f) Quo factum est, ut plus, quam collegae, Miltiades valuerit, The consequence of which was, that Mil Hades had more influence than his colleagues. 420. Vocabulary 58. r dudum, or jamdudum (applied to short For some time, < preceding periods ; an hour or few ( hours ; less, generally, than a day). r diu, or jamdiu w (of an action continued Long ; for a long time, 5 suspended, or not occurring, through C the whole period). r pridem or jampridem (referring to a past liOng ago < point of time; not, like diu, to a past ( period of time). r cupe"re, x io (150), Iv, It (this is of the tn- To desire, < ward feeling : optare is to desire = to ( express a wish for). r avere (defect, verb) this denotes a rest' To long, < less impatient longing ; gestire, a dc- (. lighted, joyous longing. Not above two or three times, bis terve. Two or three times ; several times, bis terque. (The Preposition Ad.) (1) To, (2) at; (3) up to, until; to the amount of; (4) for, Ac. To a man, ad unum. * When a conceived case is to be expressed with the intimation that the fad corresponds to it, or -may so correspond, the pres. an J perf of the subj. are used : but when it is to be intimated that the fact does net, or cannot correspond to it, the imperf. or pluperf. subj. must be used. (Z.) w But pridem and diu are often interchanged, though only in constructions where the notions of duratum or of a distant point of beginning (respectively) may easily be implied, though the exact word would require duration rather than a point, or a point rather than duration. In 'jampridem cupio,' &c, the notion of continuance is plainly implied : in the corresponding English construc- tion we have it expressed. Dudum = diu-dum (where dum restricts the mean ing as in vixe?um, nondum) : pridem = vplv 6n (Hartung) or vplv cfjv. (D.) * Velle, cupere, denote the imcard feeling; optare, expetere, expression o\ that feeling. Velle and optare denote, respectively, the calm feeling and itfl expression , cupere and expetere the eager, excited feeling and its expression. Avere expresses a restless, impatient longing; gestire a delighted an/icipn tion. CD.) f 54. 421, 422.] remarks on some of the tenses. 149 To extreme old age, ad summam senectutem. He is nothing to, = compared to, ) ftd eum ^ ^ him, ) For a time, ad terapus (also, 'at the proper i.uc'\ As many as two hundred, ad ducentos. Word for word, ad verbum. At most, ad summum, or summiim only. At least, ad minimum ; minimum. At last, ad extremum. (a) (Eng.) They do nothing but laugh. (Lai.) They nothing else than laugh (nihil aliud 911am identi faciunt omitted). Exercise 62. [By what verb should to takt away a bad thing be translated 7] 421. I have for some time been desiring to take away from yon that care of yours. I have long desired to call upon Caius. p After his soldiers had been slain to a man, he himself returned to Rome, p Having taken Marseilles by storm, 77 he returned home. I am longing p to take Marseilles, and obtain a triumph for a victory over the Gau7s. He was whipped with rods several times. He was whipped with rods two' or three' times' at most. There is no doubt that Caius is nothing (compared) to Balbus. Time is wanting p for finishing that business (of yours). I would wish you to pardon me. Caius to extreme old age learned some- thing additional * every day. At last all held their tongues. I am longing to return thanks to Caius. It cannot be denied that death is a rest from labours. 54 Do we not give boys sentences to learn by heart ? 7 * He gives boys the longest sentences he can 93 to be learned by heart, word for word. They do nothing but cry out, that it is all over with Caesar's army. His industry was such,* * that (418) he learned something additional every day. § 54. Remarks on some of the Tenses continued. 422. (a) The perfect subjunctive (as well as the present) is used as an imperative. y Addiscebat allquid. 150 REMARKS ON SOME OF THE TENSES. [§ 54. 423-49". 423. (b) The future is sometimes used, as in English, for the imperative ; in other words, we sometimes express a wish that a person should act in a particular way, in the form of an assertion that he will so act. 424. (c) Questions that do not ask for information, but for assent, are to be translated into Latin by the present or imperfect Df the subjunctive, according as a present or past time is refer- red to. The object of such questions is, to exd te the same emotion or produce the same conviction in the minds of the persons addressed, that the speaker himself feels or pretends to feel. If they are negative in form, the answer or expression of assent will be affirmative ; and conversely if not. 425. These 'questions of appeal ' (which usually express perplexity oi some emotion) may be asked by auxiliary verbs in English in various ways : the thing to be considered is, ' does the question require an an- swer for information, or mere assent (or sympathy) V a [Forms of 'questions of appeal' in English.] (1) With Phes. Subj. What shall I do? (when asked in perplexity, implying that nothing satisfactory can well be done.) What am I to do? What can I do? Why should I relate this? (Ans. You need not.) (2) With Imperp. Subj. What was I to do? What should I have done ? What ought 1 to have done ? 426. (1) (Eng.) He taught the children of the principal men. (Lat.) Principum liberos erudiebat. (Imperf. expresses a state con- tinued or an action often repeated in a past space of time.) (2) (Eng.) You would have thought. You would have believed. (Lat.) Putares. Crederes. (3) (Eng.) I remember reading that (or, to have read that). (Lat.) I remember to read that (legere 1 memini). (4) (Eng.) It would be tedious, endless, &c. (Lat.) It is tedious, endless, &c. (longum, infinitum esf). (5) (Eng.) It would have been betier. (Lat.) It was better (utilius/u# a ). So satius, par, idoneum, &c.Jutt. 427. (a) Quod dubitas, ne feceris, What you have doubti about, don't do. (&) Si quid accident novi, fades ut sciam, If any thing nexo happens, you will let me know (= let mc know). » But the inf. perf. follows memini, &c, when the speaker does not carry him- «blf back, as it were, having himself seen, heard, &c what he describes. * Erat or fuerat must be used, if the time requires those tenses : and the infin pnn. follows these expressions. (See 130.) § 54. 428, 429.] remarks on some of the tenses. 151 (c) Quid faciam ? What am I to do ? What can I (or sliall I) do? Quis neget, &c. ? Who can deny . . .? Quid facerem 1 What was I to do ? What ought 1 to have done ? What should I have done ? 428. Vocabulary 59. A banquet; an entertainment, convIvium,b i, n. If I may say so without offence, pace tua dixerim. Under favour, bona taa venia. A favour ; pardon, venia, ffi, /. t, , . fc * .x { veniam d5re c (also 'to grant a permb- To pardon (spoken of a superior), { . * v b r C sion'). To ask pardon for a fault, delicti* veniam pftfre ; petlv, petit. Look to that yourself, id ipse vidFris ; or tu videris. Let Fortune look to, or see to, it, fortuna viderit. I can scarcely believe, vix crediderim.* (The Preposition Advehsum or Adversus.) Adversus, or adversum, corresponds almost exactly with our against in all its uses; but has besides the meanings over-agalnst ( = opposite) and towards. Exercise 63. [Translate, '7 am ■pardoned.^ 429. Who can deny that a banquet is preparing ? e There ia no one but wishes that a banquet should 8) be prepared. You would liave thought that a banquet was prepared. What was I b Epukc, arum is the most general notion, a meal, whether frugal or sump- tuous, with only the members of the family or with guests, public or private ; amrivium is a meal with guests, a dinner-parcy : dlipes a religious banquet, a banquet after a sacrifice ; epulUm a banquet in honour of some person, or on uome festive occasion ; comissatio a riotous party, a drinking bout. (D.) c The ignoscens pardons from his heart, forgives and forgets ; the veniam dans passes over as a favour what he might justly resent or punish. The friend or equal ignoscit; the superior or more powerful person veniam dat. (D.) d Dbderlein thinks that delictum is not a sin of omission as is generally thought, but that it has the same extent of meaning as peccatum : both expressing sins against prudence as well as those against morality; errors as well as sins. * Vix crediderim = vix credam ss vix credo. But this perf. subj. does not always stand for the present indie, but sometimes for the perf. ' Turn vero ego necquidquam Capitolium servaverim' ^zservavi. (K.) • In English we have no present or imperf. passive, except in a few verbs that form these tenses with what is inform the present participle of the active voice, Vat is probably the participial substantive, which used to be governed by th« 152 CONLxHONAL PROPOSITIONS. [§ 55. 430, 43l to do ? — the banquet had been long preparing. The latter says that a banquet is preparing : the former denies (it). He taught the boys to play on the lyre. Do not prepare a banquet. It would be tedi- ous (426) to relate all the evils that have happened to us by our own fault. Under favour I would say, my brother, that opinion of yours is f very often' (p. 13, 6.) prejudicial. Are they too to be pardoned ? It cannot be denied that they have several times asked pardon for their fault. Let fortune see to this, since we may not use reason and counsel. I remember their charging Caius with immorality. They published an edict that no one u should be capitally condemned without being heard. Justice is piety towards the gods. Would it not have been better, not to have concealed those things from your father ? They do nothing but mock the poor (420, a). There are some who perceive the very least things. XXI. § 55. On the principal kinds of Conditional Propositions. 430. In conditional (or hypothetical) propositions, the clause with ' if is the condition or conditioned clause: ihe other, the consequence or consequent clause. 431. Sometimes the consequence is expressed in the indicative mood, no doubt being intimated as to the existence or non-existence of the condi- tion. (If this is A, that is B.) Here we have ' possibility, or simple supposition, without any expres- sion of uncertainty.* preposition ' on ' or ' an ' shortened into ' a.' Thus ' the ark was a preparing {i Pet. iii. 20). ' Forty and six years was this temple in building ' (John ii. 20). There is no trusting the mere look of a form, as the following table will show :— (1) He . . . is coming . . . (pres act.) (2) The house . is building . . . (pres, pass.) (3) This . . . is asking (too much) ('is,' with the participial substantive. ] (1) He . .is come .... ;perf. act.) (2) The house . is built .... (perf. pass ) (3) He . . . is loved (by all) . (pres. pass.) f Indie. : pace tua dixerim, &c, being only parenthetical insertions. b 55. 432-435. J conditional propositions. 153 432. Sometimes, however, though the consequence is expressed in the in- dicative, uncertainty is expressed as to the existence or not of the condition : it being implied however that this uncertainty will probably be removed. ('If I have any thing, / will give it you ;' and I will see whether 1 have or not.) Here we have uncertainty with the prospect of decision. 433. Sometimes the consequence is itself expressed in a conditional form : and then the condition is merely contemplated as a conceivable case, bvt no hint is given as to its being likely actually to occur or not. (If you were to do this, you would greatly oblige me.) Here we have (according to Hermann and Bullmari) ' uncertainty without any such accessary notion as the prospect of decision.' 434. Lastly, the consequence may express what wouldbe doing, or would have been done, if a condition that is actually unrealized, had been rea'- ized just now, or at some past time. If I had it, I would now give it to you (but I have not) IS I had had it, I would have given it you. (Forms of Conditional Propositions.) 155. (a) Si quid habet, dat,z If he has any thing, he gives it. (b) Si quid habeam, dabo, If I have any thing, I will give it. (c) Si quid haberet, daret, h If he should have any thing, he would give it. , . _. .... - T (Ifhe had any thing, (1) Si quid haberet, daret, I , , , . v ' n ' { he would give it. f If he had had any (2) Si quid habuisset, dedisset, J thing, he would w have given it. 8 The consequence may also be in the imperative or in the future. (Seo 437, i.) h On this, see 445. It is, to say the least, very uncommon to find a proposi- tion of this form, from which the notion of the possible realization of the con- iitian is not excluded. (See ZumpVs opinion, 419, v.) Kiihner says, 'si hoc Ocas' 1 ZZ cap rovro \iyrn and d rovro Xiyots : sometimes, however, the last rela- tion is expressed as in Greek, 'si hoc diceretur, vere diceretur. 1 (Vol. ii. p. 546.) The same form of proposition is used in a different way, when the imp. subj. ( = the Greek opiat.) is used to express something frequently occurring in past time. ' Ca;sar— Si peteret per amicitiam patris atque suam, non Q,uidquam prqficeret.'—Uor. Sat. i. 3. 4. (See Hcindorfvi loc.) 7* If>4 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS. [§55.430-441, 436. Here we see that the forms (c) and (d) (1) coincide. The form (c) means, ' if at any time he were to have any thing, he would give it :' but such a sentence, though not necessarily intimating the impossibility of this case occurring, of course, does imply that it has not occurred. It thus runs very near to the meaning of (d) (1), wnich, besides imply- ing that it has not, implies that it will not occur. These two cases are not distinguished in Latin : the context, or our previous knowledge, must determine whether the case is contemplate* &s possible, or not. 437. (a) Possibility, or simple supposition, without any expres- sion of uncertainty : the indicative in both clauses. (b) Uncertainty with the prospect of decision : ( si' with the subjunctive present (or perfect) ; the indicative, commonly the future,' in the consequence. (c) Uncertainty without any such accessary notion as the prospect of decision : the imperfect subjunctive clauses. (d) Impossibility, or belief that the thing is not so : the subjunctive in both clauses, the imperfect for present time, and a continuing consequence ; the pluperfect for past time. 438. But the consequence may refer to present, the condition to \>ast time ; or vice versa. 1 If I had received a letter (accepissem), I would now read it (recitarem). 'If I at this time wanted any thing (opus csset), I would fiave come (venissem) myself.' 439. Since, ' / would give it you (now), if I had it (now)' comes to the same thing as ' I would have given it to you, if I had had any,' the im- perfect subjunctive in Latin may often be translated by the forms ' would have ' {could or should Iiave), when it is implied that the condition will not be realized. 440. (d) When the form * would have ' is in the consequence, the pluperfect in the condition must be in the subjunctive in Latin. 441. With the imperfect and pluperfect, 'si' always governs the subjunctive. i The imperative may stand in the consequence. Of course the perf. or fu- ture, both the simple and the periphrastic future, may stand in either clause, oi both : si illud mihi beneficium tribuetur (or tributum erit or fuerit), magnopere yaudebo. In the second class, tributum sit, or fuerit, iromfuerim. $ fi5. 442-444.] conditional propositions. 155 442. fj* Since we use the indicative conditionally, care must be taken to translate this by the subjunctive (435, 6.) when 'should* might be U6edj when, that is, there is ' uncertainty with the prospect of decision. 1 443. Vocabulary 60. Happy, beatus, a, ura.k Much less, $ nedumi (generally after a negative; if a C verb follows it must be in the subjunc). Not to say \ ne dIcam ( of wnat might probably 6c ( said with truth). I do not say, non dlco. 1 will not say, non dlcafn. All, omnes {all together, cuncti, universi)." Cautious, cautus, a, um. All taken one by one; each of J 8 , ,- them singly, ) For instance, verbi causa. To rise, orior, oriri, ortus. The Dog-star, Canlcula, ae, /. (Eng.) No painter. (Lat.) Nemo pictor. (Eng.) This does not at all terrify me. (Lat.) This terrifies me nothing. Exercise 64. [Obs. ' If he were to ' &c. as ( if he should ' &c.J 444. If a happy life can be lost', it cannot be happy'. He who does not defend a friend, if he can, sins 7 . If all things are brought about" by fate, nothing can admonish us to he more cautious. Peleus, if he were to hear it, would lift up his hands. Pe- k Faustus and prosper are said of things only, not of persons. ' That which is prosjicrum merely satisfies the hopes and wishes of men, like 'wished for,' • desired :' the faustum refers more to the graciousness of the gods : the fortuna- tus is a lucky person : the beatus feels himself happy (as he is) and is contented.' (D.) Felix expresses both that which is, and that which makes happy {beatus, only what is 'happy') : and relates principally 'to the obtaining, possessing, or enjoying external goods, and supposes a man's own co-operation.' Th.'s latter circumstance distinguishes it from fortunatus, which also relates more to par- ticular events. i Nedum is sometimes followed by ut: 'nedum ut ulla vis fieret.* (Liv. iii. 14.) m Cuncti (opposed to dispersi) 'all actually united;' universi (opposed to sin- guli or unusquisque) 'all taken together.' As meaning 'all,' ' the whole,' in the sing., totus represents the thing as originally ' a whole :' omnis, cunctus, uni- versus, all represent it as originally made up of certain parts, of which theag£rt> gate is taken. (D.) » Fiunt- 156 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS. ^§56. 445 leus, if he heard it {but he has not), would lift up his hands. If any one were to do this he would lay the king under a grea\ obligation. Even Caesar could not have done this ; much less can you (443, note 1). The boy should be admonished, that he may show himself the more cautious (63, b). All the wisest men* 2 are aware that the interest of each and of all is the same'. I can scarcely think him equal to alt, of them taken one by one, much less to all of them together. If you are equal to them all. together, you will easily conquer them all-taken -one-by-one. II Fabius, for instance, was born p at the rising of the dog-star, he will not die in the sea. He is not equal to them all taken one by one, not to say to them all together. He is equal to them all taken one by one, I do not say to them all together. No painter would say this {perf. subj.). Know that I do not fear these things at all. There were some 109 who did not fear these things at all. § 56. Conditional Propositions continued. 445. (a) Such conditional sentences as would in English have were to — , should, or would, in both clauses, often take the verbs of loth clauses in the subjunctive present. a. The conditional clause is here a contemplated possibility (resem- bling, in this, the third class ; si Jiaberet, daret) ; but the thing contem- plated is contemplated as occurring now, and therefore often agrees with the second class (si habeam dabo), in implying a prospect of decision. Hence if a contemplated case is contemplated as occurring now, the present subjunctive should be preferred to the imperfect: and when the possibility of its occurring now is to be strongly intimated, the presenl is the only proper form. (1) Tu si hie sis, aliter sentias. If you were here, you would think differently. (2) Tu si hie esses, aliter sentires. If you were here (which you neither are nor will be), you would think differently: (or) If you had been here, you would have thought differently. /?. From the ambiguity of the form 'si quid haberet, daret,' the subj. pres. should probably be preferred, when it is not intended to intimate that the condition is improbable or impossible. The pres. subj. may be Impar est. S 5G. 44G-450.1 conditional propositions. 157 used of suppositions really impossible, if it is not the speaker's object to intimate this : ' Si exsistat hodie ab inferis Lycurgus gaudeat,' &c. (Liv. 39, 37.) 446. The three conditional tenses of the subjunctive, are sen- herein, scripsissem, and scripturus essem. 447. ' Scripsissem \ and l scripturus essem are both used to express our * would have written.' But * scripsissem ' intimates tliat the thing would certainly have happened : scripturus essem, that it would probably have happened, because it was so intended or arranged (b) Thus, * he would have slept ( = he intended 10 have slept, and therefore we may suppose would have slept) there, if he had gone on,' should be translated by the part, in rus with csset.v But the indicative (erat, fuit) is more common, when the inten- tion is to be positively expressed. 448. (c) The imperfect and pluperfect of the indicative are often used instead of the same tenses of the subjunctive, in the conse- quent clause. (It is then better to let the consequent precede the conditional clause.) 449. (d) The particle si is occasionally omitted ; the verb of the conditional clause should then begin the sentence. 450 (a) In quo si tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus quam debeam pradlcem, In which if I were only to call him prudent, I should commend him less highly than I ought, (u) Conclave, ubi erat mansurus, si ire perrexissct, The chamber in which he would have lodged, if he had continued his journey. (c) Perieram, nisi tu accurrisses,* I had perished ( = should have perished) if you had not run to my assistance. {d) Dedisses huic animo par corpus, fecisset quod opta- — » Sd also in the third class ' si quid haberet daturas esset' is correct, whert daturas esset = 'he would be prepared to give? (Kriiger: who quotes Tac. H. il. 77, 'cujus filium adoptaturus essem, si ipse imperareTn?} « A conditional clause often refers to a consequence implied : 'Pons Subliciue iter pant hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuissct' = (et dediaoet) ni unue vii fuioseL 158 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS. [§50. 45l. bat; Had you given this mind a lody like itself, he would have done what he desired. 451. Vocabulary 61. sin, sin autem. sin minus. r nisi. 8 ' etsi : etiamsit— followed &y tamen, yet, (sometimes tamen precedes etsi, when the unexpected nature of the event to be described is to be made more prom- inent ; for tamen etsi, tametsi is found, and the tamen is sometimes repeated in the nrincipal clause. — Although may also be translated by quamquam* 1 1 quamvis and licet.) r quamquam (suggested by a former < statement : it Has no influence on the (■ mood), nisi forte ; nisi vero. C potestas, atis, f. (of might with right, J and therefore the proper word for ; conceded power) ; potentia, tc,f. (of [ actual inherent power), res ita se habet. potestatem sui facSre. in nostra esse potestate. But if; if however, But if not, Unless ; if not, Although; though Although indeed, Unless indeed, Power, The thing is so, To put himself in their power, To be in our own power, * Or, sin secus, sin aliter. 8 ' Your memory will be weakened nisi earn exerceas ' implies that if you ex- vcise it, it will not be lessened. But from si non you might not infer this, but -»nly draw the strict conclusion that if you do not exercise it, it will be lessened. The si, in si non, is the conj unction, ths non belongs to the verb or other word in the proposition. t The compounds of 'si' follow the same rule as si: With the pres., per/., and jut. they take the indicative unless the thing is to be asserted contingently and doubtfully ; with the imperf. and pluperf. they generally take the subj. , though here too the indicative comes in, when they introduce, not a supposition, but a fact. 'Tametsi a duce deserebantur,' (Caes.) '&£,' like our ' iff is sometimes used for 'whether;' 'Tentata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset.' * Quamquam (quam 'how' strengthened by doubling) is ' however much,' but expresses ' however much a thing really exists,' or can, or must exist. It there- fore takes the indie, when the thing is not to be represented as doubtful. Quam- vis (or quantumvis) is 'however much a thing maybe conceived possible, and therefore takes the subj. Licet is no particle, but an impersonal verb, and may occur in any tense. ' Licet recte agas, tamen, &c.' 'Act as rigid as you please^ yet,