UC-NRLF LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. OK* Mrs. SARAH P. WALSWORTH. Received October, 1894. Accessions No.&& f ? t7. Class No. *7 J0 '... LATIN LESSONS, EXERCISES IN PARSING; INTRODUCTOKT TO BULLIONS' LATIN GRAMMAR TV*; -A LATIN READER. BY GEORGE SPENCER, A. M. PRINCIPAL OF THE UTICA ACADMT. PRATT, OAKLEY & C O M P A N Y, NO. 4 CORTLANirr STREET. 1858. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by GEORGE SPENCER, In the Clerk's Office of the Northern District of New- York. PREFACE. To most of those who commit to memory the outlines, merely, of the entire Latin Grammar, before any practice is had in parsing, the progress is so slow and unsatisfac- tory, that very many become discouraged and abandon clas- sical studies altogether. Teachers have met with so much difficulty in urging forward beginners in the study of Lat- in, upon the old methods of instruction, that there are but few, who do not use some work similar to the one here offered to the public. This difficulty will continue to increase as our country advances in wealth ; and pupils, consequently, commence the study of this Language at an earlier age. In accordance with these views, and as it is important that the principles of an elementary book should be expressed in the language of the text-book upon which it is based, these " Lessons " have been prepared. Dr. Bullions' Latin Grammar has been selected, among others of excellent character in use, for two reasons. First, because the others have already been introduced with pri- mary books ; and secondly, from the consideration, that the rapidly increasing confidence manifested in his Gram- mar, among scholars and practical instructors, seems to bespeak for it a general and permanent reputation. This work consists of two parts, divided into lessons of suitable length for an ordinary recitation. The general design is maintained, embracing some portion of the Gram- mar, illustrated by exercises adapted to fix in the mind the principle acquired, at each step of the student's pro- gress. The exercises for turning Latin into English, as IV PREFACE. far as the verb Su?n, have been given without regard to the principles of Latin arrangement ; after which, selec- tions have been made from approved classical authors. Following these are Exercises for turning English into Latin, which will serve to impress on the mind the signi- fication of Latin words, and the forms of the different parts of speech. Another exercise will be found in these Lessons which has not been introduced into any other used in this country, that of tracing, so far as is practicable, the derivation of our own language from the Latin. Although this advan- tage is often urged as an argument for the study of the dead languages, it has seemed to the author that but little attention is given to it, for the reason that the practice is not pursued from the outset, and the habit formed at an early stage of the student's course. PART FIRST contains the leading principles of Etymolo- gy, with the observations and exceptions of frequent oc- currence. Attention is respectfully called to the analysis of the verb, which, it is believed, will be found extremely simple and easy of comprehension. PART SECOND consists of the general Rules of Syntax, together with the more common exceptions, abundantly illustrated; and the History of Joseph taken from the "Historia Sacra." It is thought by those who are com- petent to advise on the subject, that, after having read and reviewed, thoroughly, all that precedes, the reading of that history will prepare pupils for commencing the Latin Header, at the Fables, thus saving the expense of addi- tional elementary books. From what has been said it will readily be perceived, that this work cannot take the place of a Latin Grammar, $nd that, while it contains all the leading principles of the PREFACE. V Grammar, it is intended only to prepare the way for its more critical study as students advance. It only remains to say that no labor has been spared to maintain the most perfect order and perspicuity in the ar- rangement, and to make the study of Latin easy and in- viting, even to the youngest pupil. How far this desira- ble object has been secured, a candid public will decide. HINTS FOR THE USE OF THESE " LESSONS." IN throwing out a few suggestions upon the proper method of teaching these lessons, it is not expected that experienced instructors will feel inclined to give up that which they may already have found successful, and adopt any new plan that may be offered. To such, however, as are without experience, they may not he altogether unacceptable. 1. Let it be borne in mind that everything in this work should be thoroughly understood and committed to memory. 2. Teachers should first endeavor to make themselves perfectly familiar with the lessons of the day, a prepara- tion indispensable, if they would impart spirit and inte- rest to their recitation. 3. The directions for reviews given under the head of each lesson should be strictly followed, unless they should be found insufficient, or teachers should feel the necessity of the pupil's retracing his steps more frequently than the directions require. 4. In the " advance " the principles, paradigms, obser- vations, remarks, and exceptions, should be recited, and HINTS, &*. the exercise for translating Latin into English read verba- tim, and parsed throughout, if time will permit. 5. In the " review " the Latin should be pronounced, merely, after which, with books dosed, the pupil should recite the principles, paradigms, &c., Latin for the senten- ces in English, and the questions on the derivation of words. 6. Correct pronunciation, and the rules of quantity and accent, should be insisted on from the first recitation. 7. Whatever plan of parsing the teacher may adopt, should be pursued in the same order. If the pupil is parsing a verb, something like the following plan might be followed : Transitive or intransitive, (if irregular or deponent, mention,) conjugation, conjugate, voice, (if passive, conjugate,) mood, tense, synopsis of the mood as far as the tense, person and number, agreement, Eule. 8. "When the class have passed through Syntax, let them return and review the whole thoroughly. On tak- ing up the selection from the " Historica Sacra," they should begin with the Grammar, in which they should be required to recite daily until prepared for College, or untL they are familiar with its details. LATIN LESSONS, PART I. LESSON I. LATIN GRAMMAR is the art of speaking or writing the Latin language with propriety. The Latin alphabet consists of twenty-five letters, having the same form and name as in English, without the w. TABLE OF VOWEL AND DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. Short a sounds like a in Jehovah as amat. Long a like a in father, as fama. Short e" like e in met, as petere. Long e like ey in they, as docere. Short i like i in unifoim, as unitas. Long I likei in machine, as pinus. Short 6 like o in polite, as indoles. Long 6 like o j n go, as pono. Short u like u in popular, as populus. Long u like u in full, or pure, as tuba, usus. aeorae oe or 03 > like ey in they, ( P^ean. S I Phoebus au like ou in our, as aurum. * A long vowel is marked ~, a short vowel " ; as, carlnS. For the vowel sounds according to the English mode of pronunciation, see Bullions' Grammar pp. IX XII. 10 LATIN LESSONS. REM. The vowels a and e have the same sounds in all situations. The sound of i, o, and u is slightly modified when followed by a consonant in the same syllable, and is the same whether long or short. Thus modified, i sounds like i in sit, as mittit. o like o in not, as poterat, forma. u like u in tub, as fructus. CONSONANTS. The consonants, generally, are pronounced as in Eng- lish. It is important to remember that c and g are hard before a, o, and u, and soft before e, i, and y, and the dipthonga & and as. RULES OF QUANTITY. 1. A vowel before another vowel is short. 2. Dipthongs are long. 3. A vowel before two consonants, or before the double consonants, x, z, and.;', is long, by position. Exc. A vowel before a mute and liquid is common, i. e. either long or short. OBS. 1. In Latin words there are as many syllables as there are separate vowels and dipthongs. OBS. 2. The Penult of a word is the last syllable but one: the antepenult is the last syllable but two. (NOTE. A vowel in the penult, not coming under the above rules, will be marked ~, or w .) RULES OF ACCENT. NOTE. A dissyllable is a word of two syllables ; a polysyllable is a word of three or more syllables. 1. In dissyllables the penult is always accented. 2. In polysyllables, if the penultis long, it is accented ; if short, the antepenult is accented. PARTS OF SPEECH. 11 LESSON II. [Review Lesson I.] PARTS OF SPEECH. THE parts of speech in Latin are eight ; Noun, Ad- jective, Pronoun, Verb, declined; Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction, undeclined. NOUNS. A NOUN is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Charles, Boston, Virtue. To the Latin noun belong Gender, Number, and Case. There are three Genders; Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter; Nouns sometimes Masculine, and sometimes Feminine, are Common gender. There are two Numbers, T the Singular, denoting one ; as, boy; and the Plural, denoting more than one ; as, boys. There are six Cases : the Nominative, Genitive, Da- tive, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. DECLENSION. In Latin there are five declensions ; called the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth, distinguished by the termination of the Genitive Singular. The first declension has the genitive singular in ae. The second " " " in i. The third " " " mis. The fourth " " " in us. The fifth " " " in ei. 12 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON III. [Review Lessons I. and II.] GENERAL RULES FOR THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 1. Nouns of the neuter gender have the Nominative, Accusative) and Vocative alike in both numbers ; and in the plural these cases end always in a. 2. The Vocative, for the most part in the singular, and always in the plural, is like the Nominative. 3. The Dative and Ablative plural end always alike. THE FIRST DECLENSION. The first declension has four terminations in the Nominative; two feminine, a, and e; two masculine, OS) and es* TERMINATIONS. Singular. Plural. Norn. a, Gen. se, Dat. ae, Ace. am, Voc. a, Abl. a. Norn. as, Gen. arum, Dat. is, Ace. as, Voc. ae, Abl. is. * Noun* in e, as, and es, being less common, are omitted here See Gr. p. 14. FIRST DECLENSION. 13 )en; Fern. Plural N. penn-ae, G. perm-arum, D. penn-is, to Ac. perm-as, V. perm-as, Ab. penn-is, in, pens, of pens. or for pens, pens. O pens, with, from, or by pens. Singular. N. penn-a, a pen. G, penn-ae, of a pen. D. penn-ae, to or for a pen. Ac. penn-am, a pen. V. penn-a, O pen. Ab. penn-a, in, with, from, or by a pen. Some nouns have abus, instead of is, in the Dative and Ablative plural, to distinguish them from nouns in the second declension ; namely, Dea, a goddess; Equa, a mare; Filia, a daughter; Mula, a she mule; and Famiila, a female slave. Dea, a goddess ; Fern. Singular. Plural. N. de-a, G. de-ae, D. de-ae, Ac. de-am, V. de-a, Ab. de-a, in, a goddess, of a goddess, to a goddess, a goddess. O goddess. etc., a goddess. N. de-ae, G. de-arum, D. de-abus, Ac. de-as, V. de-ae, Ab. de-abus, goddesses, of goddesses, to goddesses, goddesses. O goddesses, in goddesses. EXERCISE ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 1. Write the termination of the cases in both numbers. 2. Give the Latin for Of pens With pens O pen To or for a pen A pen, in accusative Of a goddess O goddesses To or for goddesses Goddesses, in accu- sative With or by a goddess Of goddesses. 14 LATIN LESSONS. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. (NoTE. Let the pupil look for the words in this and all the sue ceeding lessons, in the Vocabulary at the back part of the book In lessons like this, where the words have no agreement or govern ment, let him tell what part of speech they are of what declen sion, gender, number, and case.) Ripas Insiilse Famam Pugnee Injuriarum Memoriam Prenas Superbiae Terrarum Oris Sylvarum Umbram Pennam Deabus Penna Deae Pennas Filiabus Pennarum. QUESTIONS. What English word is derived from memoria ? from fama ? from injuria ? from pana ? from penna ? LESSON IV. (Review Lessons I, II, and in carefully.) THE SECOND DECLENSION. The second declension has seven terminations in the Nominative : five masculine, er, ir, ur, us, and os ; two neuter, um and on* TERMINATIONS. Masculine. Neuter. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. -er, us, N. -i, N. -um, N.-a, G. -i, G. -orum, G. -i, G. -orum, D. -o, D. -is, D. -o, D. -is, Ac.-um, Ac. -os, Ac.-um, Ac. - a, V. -e, or like ) y _ . V. -um, V. -a, Nom. ) ' lj Ab.-o, Ab.-is. Ab.-o, Ab.-is, * Nouns in o* and on, being less common, are omitted here. - See Gr. p. 18. THE SECOND DECLENSION. J5 Puer, a boy; Masc. Singular. Plural. N. puer, a boy. N. puer-i, boys. G. puer-i, of a boy. G. puer-orum, f boys. D. puer-o, to a boy. D. puer-is, to boys. Ac. puer-um, a boy, Ac. puer-os, boys. V. puer, O boy, V. puer-i, O boys. Ab. puer-o, in, etc., a boy. Ab. puer-is, in, etc., boys. NOTE. Most nouns in er, lose e, in the oblique cases; as ager, a%ri } agro, agrum, etc. Dommus, a lord; Masc. lords, of lords, to lords. lords. O lords. Ab. domin-o, in, etc., a lord. Ab.domm-is, in, etc., lords. * REM. Proper names in ius, lose us in the Vocative. JDeus has deus ; filius ha.sfili ; meus has meus and mi. Regnum, a kingdom; Neut. Singular. Plural. N. domm-us, a lord. N. domm-i, G. domin-i, of a lord. G. domm-orum, D. domm-o, to a lord. D. domin-is, Ac. domm-um, a lord. Ac. domin-os, V. domin-e,* O lord. V. domin-i, Singular. N. regn-um, a kingdom. G. regn-i, of a kingdom. D. regn-o, to a kingdom. Ac. regn-um, a kingdom, V. regn-um, Ab. regn-o, O kingdom, in a kingdom. Plural. N. regn-a, kingdoms. G. regn-orum, of kingdoms. D. regn-is, to kingdoms. Ac. regn-a, kingdoms. V. regn-a, O kingdoms. Ab. regn-is, in kingdoms. EXERCISE ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 1 Write the terminations of the cases in both genders, and for both numbers. 2. Give the Latin for Of boys With the boys boy ! To or for boys Of a boy Boys, in accusa- 16 LATIN LESSONS. tive With a boy O boys ! Of kingdoms In the kingdom To, or for the kingdoms Of the kingdom O kingdoms! To the lord Of the lord From the lords For the lords O lord ! Lords, in accusative Of the lords. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Puerorum Turba Morborum Causas Copia Pabuli Regnum Persarum Numerus Armorum CollumCameli Mulabus Dommos Regna Do- mini Regnis Historia Animus Viris Umbras Deo. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived frompuer ? from donttnus ? from regnum ? from causa ? from copia ? from nume'rus ? from annus ? from morbus ? LESSON V. [Review Lessons III and IV.] EXERCISE ON THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. Rules of Syntax. RULE. I. One substantive governs another in the geni- tive, where the latter substantive limits the signification of the former. RULE II. A verb agrees with its nominative, in number and person. RULE III. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to the same thing. NOTE. The third person singular and plural of the verb sum viz : estj sunt will be used in the exercises which follow. In pars- ing them, it is only necessary, for the present, to say, est is a verb, third person singular, and agrees with its nominative. Sunt is a verb, third person plural, and agrees with its nominative. THE ADJECTIVE. 17 LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Italia est peninsula. Ara dei. Vita est umbra. Dommus terras. Nymphae sunt feminae. Viri sunt. Historia est vita memorise. Deus est animus mundi. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Italy is a peninsula The altar of God Life is a shadow Men are Nymphs are females The Lord of the earth God is the soul of the world History is the life of memory. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from Italia? peninsula? from vita? from terra? from musa? from mundus ? LESSON VI. (Review Lessons IV. and V.) THE ADJECTIVE. An ADJECTIVE is a word added to a noun to express its quality, or to limit its signification ; as ? Vir bonus, a good man; decem naves, ten ships. To the Adjective belong Gender, Number, and Case. The terminations of adjectives of three endings cor- respond to the nouns of ihe first and second declensions. Those having one or two endings correspond to nouns of the third declension. 18 LATIN LESSONS. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined as follows : Bonus, bona, bonum; good. Singular. M. F. N. N. bon-us, a, um. G. bon-i, ae, i. D. bon-o, ae, 0. Ac. bon-um, am, um. V. bon-e, a. um. Ab. bon-o, a, 0. Plural. M. F. N. N. bon-i ae, a. G. bon-orum, aruni, orum D. bon-is is, is. A. bon-os as, a. V. bon-i ae, a. Ab. bon-is, is, is. Tener, tenera, tenerum; tender. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. N. tener, a, um. G. tener-i ae, i. D. tener-o ae, o. Ac. tener-um, am, um. V. tener, a, um. Ab. tener-o, a, o. M. F. N. N. tener-i ae, a. G. tener-orum, arum, orum, D. tener-is, is, is. Ac. tener-os, as, a. V. tener-i 89, a, Ab. lener-is, is, is, REM. But most adjectives in er, lose e from the oblique cases, as ater, atra, atrum; G. atri, atra, atri, &c. The following have the genitive singular m-ius, and the dative m-i; viz : alius, alter, neuter, nullus, solus, totus, ullus, unus, uter, uterque. NOTE. Julius lias the neuter aliud. The genitive allus, con- tracted for aliius, has the penult long : Other genitives in ius have the penult long or short THE ADJECTIVE. 19 EXAMPLE. Totus, tola, totum ; whole. Singular. Plural. M." F. N. M. F. N. N T . totus, a, um. N. tot-i, fe, a. G. tot-ius, 1US, 1US. G. tot-orum, arum, orum- D. tot-i, i, i. D. tot-is, is, is. Ac. tot-um, am, um. Ac. tot-os, as, a. V: tot-e, a, um. V. tot-i, SB, a, Ab. tot-o, a, 0. Ab. tot-is, is, is. EXERCISE. RULE. IV. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case; as, bonus puer, a good boy. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Magnam aulam. Tutum locum. Speluncis atris. Magistri scholae sunt multi. Ardua saxa. Penna est bona. Dominus est bonus. Antrum est vastum. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The boy is good The place is safe The rock is high A great hall, in accusative In the dark caves. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from vastus? from magnus ? from magister ? from schola ? from arduus ? NOTK. Write the terminations of adjectives of the first and second Declensions. LESSON VII. (Review Lesson VI.) THE THIRD DECLENSION. Nouns of the third declension are very numerous they are of all genders, and have their genitive in is 20 LATIN LESSONS. Sermo, a speech, Masc. Singular. N. sermo, G. sermon-is D. sermon-i, Ac. sermon-em V. sermo, Ab. serm5n-e, a speech, of a speech. to a speech. a speech. O speech. in a speech. Plural. N. sermon-es, speeches. G. sermon-um, 'of speeches. D. sermon-ibus, to speeches. Ac. sermon-es, speeches. V. sermon-es, O speeches. Ab. sermon-ibus, in speeches. Color, a color, Masc. Singular. N. color, a color. G. color-is, of a color. D. color-i, to or for a color. Ac. color-em, a color. V. color, O color. Plural. N. color-es, colors, G. color-um, of colors. D. color- ibtis, to or for colors. Ac. color-es, colors. V. color-es, O colors. Ab. color-e in, etc., a color. Ab. color-ibus, in, etc. colors Miles, a soldier, Masc. Singular. Plural. N. miles, a soldier. N. milit-es, soldiers. G. milit-is, of a soldier. G. rnilit-um, of soldiers. D. milit-i, to a soldier. D. milit-ibus, to soldiers. A. milit-em, a soldier. Ac. milit-es, soldiers. V. miles, O soldier. V. milit-es, O soldiers. Ab. milit-e, in etc., a soldier. Ab. milit-ibus, e'ra soldiers. EXERCISE. RULE V. Prepositions govern the accusative and LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Sermo est cibus animi. Arundo est rapidum telum. Nemo est sine culpa. Pomi color. Ex arboribus. Ab rege. THIRD DECLENSION. 21 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Conversation is the food of the soul Arrows are swift darts The color of the apple From the king No one is without fault. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from culpa ? from sermo ? from arbor ? from color ? from rapidus ? LESSON VIII. ( Review Lesson VII.) Rupes, a rock, Fem. Singular. Plural. N. rupes, a rock. N. rup-es, rocks G. rup-is. of a rock. G. rup-ium, of rocks. D. rup-i, to or for a rock. D. rup-ibus, to or for rocks. Ac. rup-em, a rock. Ac. rup-es, rocks. V. rupes, O rock. V. rup-es, O rocks Ab.rupe, i?i, etc., a rock. Ab.rup-ibus, in, etc., rocks. Pars, a part, Fem. Singular. Plural. N. pars, a part. N. part-es, parts. G. part-is, of a part. G. part-ium, of parts. D. part-i, to or for a part. D. part-ibus, to or for parts. Ac. part-em, a part. Ac. part-es, parts. V. pars, O part. V. part-es, O parts. Ab.part-e, in, etc., apart. Ab. part-ibus, in, etc., parts. Veritas, truth, Fem. Singular. Plural. N. veritas, truth. N. veritat-es, truths. G. veritat-is, of truth. G. veritat-um, of truths. D. veritat-i, to truth. D. veritat-ibus, to truths. Ac. veritat-em, truth. Ac. veritat-es, truths. V. veritas, O truth. V. veritat-es, O truths. Ab. veritat-e, in, etc. truth. Ab. veritat-ibus, in truths. LATIN LESSONS. Parens, a parent^ Singular. N parens, a parent. G. parent-is, of a parent. D. parent-i, to a parent. Ac. parent-em, a parent. V. parens, O parent. Ab. parent-e, in a parent. Common Gender. Plural. N. parent-es, parents. G. parent-um, of parents. D. parent-ibus, to parents. Ac. parent-es, parents. V. parent-es, O parents. Ab. parent-ibus, in parents. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Cladeshostium est immensa. Ars est imitatio naturae. Pietas erga parentes. Firmitas materiae. Pars castrorum. Magna rupes. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. A part of the camp There is an immense destruction of the enemy The firmness of the material Piety towards parents A great rock The imitation of nature. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from ars? from imitatio ? from pittas ? from firmitas ? from parens ? LESSON IX. (Review Lesson VIII.) Iter, a journey, Neuter. Singular. N. iter, G. itiner-is, D. itiner-i, Ac. iter, V. iter, Ab. itiner-e, a journey, of a journey. to a journey. a journey. O journey. in a journey. Plural. N. itiner-a, journeys G. itiner-um, of journeys. D. itiner-ibus, to journeys. Ac. itiner-a, journeys V. itiner-a, O journeys Ab. itiner-ibus, in journeys THIRD DECLENSION. 23 Flumen, a river, Neuter. Singular. Plural. N. flumen, a river. N. flumin-a, rivers. G. flumm-is, of a river. G. flumm-um, of rivers. D. flumin-i, to a river. D. flumin-ibus, to rivers. Ac. flumen, a river. Ac. flumin-a, rivers. V. flumen, O river. V. flumin-a, O rivers. Ab. flumm-e, in ,etc. a river. Ab. flumin-ibus, in rivers. Singular. Opus, a work, Neuter. Plural. N. Opus, G. Oper-is, D. Oper-i, Ac. Opus, V. Opus, a work, of a work, to a work, a work. O work. _ __7. N. Oper-a, G. Oper-um, D. Oper-ibus, Ac. Oper-a, V. Oper-a, works, of works, to works, works. O works. Ab. Oper-e, in, etc., a work. Ab. Oper-ibus, in, etc. works, Sedile, a seat, Neuter. Singular. Plural. sedil-ia, N. sedile, G. sedil-is, D. sedil-i, Ac. sedil-e, V. sedil-e, Ab. sedil-i, a seat. of a seat. to a seat. a seat. O seat. in, etc., a seat. N. sedil-ia, seats. G. sedil-ium, of seats. D. sedil-ibus, to seats. Ac. sedil-ia, seats. V. sedil-ia, O seats. Ab. sedil-ibus, in, etc., seats EXEKCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Iter hominum est trans flumen. In mari sunt naves. Opera Dei sunt miranda. Ante tempus. Capitum numerus. In flumine. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The number of heads The ships are on the sea ID the river The route of the men is over the river Before the time The works of God are wonderful. 24 LATIN LESSONS. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from iter ? from navis ? - from opus ? from caput ? LESSON X. (Review nouns in Lessons VIII. and IX.) IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. Vis, force, power, Fern. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. Singular. vis, vis, (wanting.) vim, vis, vi, in, force, of force. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. Plural. vir-es, forces vir-ium, of forces vir-ibus, to forces vir-es, forces. vir-es, O forces. vir-ibus in, etc. forces. force. O force. etc. force. Bos, an ox or cow, Com. Gender. Singular. N. bos, G. bov-is, D. bov-i, Ac. bov-em, V. bos, Plural. a cow. of a cow. to a cow. a cow. O cow. Ab.bov-e, in, etc., a cow. Jupiter. Singular. X. Jupiter, G. Jov-is, D. Jov-i, Ac. Jov-em, V. Jupiter, Ab. Jov-e. N. bov-es, G. bo-um, D. bobus or bubus, Ac. bov-es, V. bov-es, cows, of cows, to cows, cows. O cows. Ab. bobus or bubus, in cows. Materfamilias, a mistress of a family ', Fern. Singular. N. materfamilias, G. matr-isfamilias, D. matr-ifamilias, Ac. matr-emfamilias, V. materfamilias, Ab. matr-efamilias. IRREGULAR NOUNS. DOUBLE NOUN Jusjurandum,* an oath, Neut. Singular. Plural. N. Jusjurandum, G. jurisjurandi, D. jurijurando, Ac. Jusjurandum. V. Jusjurandum, Ab.jurejurando. jurajuranda, N. G. D. Ac. jurajuranda, V. jurajuranda, Ab. LESSON XL (Review Lesson X.) FOURTH DECLENSION. Nouns of the fourth declension have two termina- tions : -us, usually masculine ; and -u, neuter, inde- clinable in the singular. Fructus, fruit, Masc. Singular. Plural. N. fruct-us, fruit. N. fruct-us, fruits. G. fruct-us, of fruit. G. fruct-uum, of fruits. D. fruct-ui, to fruit. D. fruct-Ibus, to fruits. Ac. fruct-um, fruit. Ac. fruct-us, fruits. V. fruct-us, O fruit. V. fruct-us, O fruits. Ab.fruct-u, in, etc. fruit. Ab.fruct-ibus,^, etc. fruits. Cornu, a horn, Neut. Singular. Plural. N. cornu, a horn. N. corn-ua, iiorns. G. cornu, of a horn. G. corn-uum, of horns. D. cornu, to a horn. D. corn-ibus, to horns. Ac. cornu, a horn. Ac. corn-ua, horns. V. cornu, O horn. V. corn-ua, O horns. Ab. cornu, in, etc. horn. Ab. corn-ibus, in, etc. horns. * Declined like jus of the third and jurandum of the second declension. LATIN LESSONS. Domus, a house, Fern. Singular. Plural. N. dom-us, G. dom-us, or -i, D. dom-ui, or -o, Ac. dom-um, V. dom-us, Ab. dom-o, N. dom-us, G. dom-uum, or -orum, D. dom-ibus, Ac. dom-us, or -os, V. dom-us, Ab. dom-ibus. REM. Domus is partly of the fourth, and partly of the second declension. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. In exitu iter vitae est in- certum. Fructus laboris est gratus. Domus est ampla et pulchra. Cum exercitu. Scalarum gradus. Cornua cervi. Adventu navium. Ex conspectu Csesaris. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The horns of a stag The fruit of labor is pleasing By the coming of the ships The house is spacious and beautiful The steps of the ladders The journey of life, in its issue, is uncertain With the army. QUESTIONS. What English words are" derived from fructus? from adventus? from gratus ? from gradus ? LESSON XII. s . (Review Lesson XI') THE FIFTH DECLENSION. Nouns of the fifth declension have but one termina- tion, -es y and are of the feminine gender. FIFTH DECLENSION. 27 Dies, a day> Masc. Singular. Plural. dies, a day. N. di-es, days. di-ei, of a day. G. di-erum, of days. di-ei, to a day. D. di-ebus, to days. di-em, a day. Ac. di-es, days. di-es, O day. V. di-es, O days' di-e, in, etc. day. &b. di-ebus, in, etc. days. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. REM. Diesis masculine and feminine in the singular, and masculine in the plural. Meridies is masculine in the singular, and wants the plural. DOUBLE NOUN. Respublica,* a commonwealth, Fern. Singular. N. respublica. G. rei'publicae. D. rei'publicae. Ac. rempublicam. V. respublica. Ab. republica. Plural. N. respublicae. G. rerumpublicarum. D. rebuspublicis. Ac. respublicas. V. respublicae. Ab. rebuspublicis EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Fides sine operibus est vana. Spes salutis. Spes in rebus est robur animi. Series rerum. Nunc sunt dies magnarum rerum. Speciem amicitiae. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. An appearance of friendship Now are the days of great things The hope of safety Faith without works is va i n A series of affairs Hope in affairs is the strength of the soul. * Declined like res, of the fifth declension, and pubttca, of the first. 28 LATIN LESSONS. QUESTIONS. From what Latin word is day derived ? republic? - series ? faith ? LESSON XIII. Write tables of the terminations for all the declen- sions, and for adjectives of the first and second de- clensions. LESSON XIV. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. EXAMPLES OF ONE TERMINATION. Felix, happy. Singulrr. Masc. Fern. Nent. N. fel-ix, ix, ix. G. fel-icis, icis, icis. D. fel-ici, ici, ici. Ac. fel-icem, icem, ix. V. fel-ix, ix, ix. Ab. fel-ice, or Ici, &c. Plural. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. fel-ices, ices, icia. G. fel-icium, icium, icium. D. fel-icibus, icibus, icibus. Ac. fel-ices, ices, icia. V. fel-ices, ices, icia. Ab, fel-icibus, icibus, icibus. Prudens, prudent. Singular. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. prud-ens, ens, ens. G. prudent-is, is, is. D. prudent-i, i, i. Ac. prudent-em, em, ens, V. prud-ens, ens, ens. Ab prudent-e, or-i, etc. Plural. Masc. Fem. Neut. N. prudent-es, es, ia. G. prudent-ium, ium, ium. D. prudent-ibus, ibus,ibus. Ac. prudent-es, es, ia. V. prudent-es, es, ia. Ab. prudent- ibus, ibusjbus. THE ADJECTIVE. 29 EXERCISE. RULE VI. A noun added to another to express a property or quality belonging to it, is put in the geni- tive or ablative. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Sapientes pueri sunt felices. Furentibus Austris. Felix est homo morum rectorum. Praesentem mortem. Prudentes fernmas sunt modestae. Audax homo. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. A bold man Prudent females are modest In the raging South winds Instant death, in accusative The man of upright habits is happy Wise boys are happy. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived ? Sapient ? audacious ? present ? modest ? prudent ? LESSON XV. (Review Lesson XIV.) EXAMPLE OF TWO TERMINATIONS. Mitis, meek. Singular. Plural. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. N. mit-is, is, e. N. mit-es, es, G. mit-is, is, is. G. mit-ium, ium, D. mit-i, i, i. D. mit-ibus, ibus, Ac. mit-em, em, e. Ac. mit-es, es, V. mit-is, is, e. V. mit-es, es, Ab. mit-i, i, i. Ab. mit-ibus, ibus, Neut. ia. ium. ibus. ia. ia. ibus. 30 LATIN LESSONS. EXAMPLE OF THREE TERMINATIONS. Masc. Acer, or acris, sharp. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. acre. N. acr-es, es, ia. is. G. acr-ium, ium, ium. i. D. acr-ibus, ibus, ibus. e. Ac. acr-es, es, ia. e. V. acr-es, es, ia. i. Ab. acr-ibus, ibus, ibus. J^T ( acer, or ' I acris, acris, G. acr-is, is, D. acr-i, i, Ac. acr-em, em, V. acer, etc. is, Ab. acr-i, i, EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Mitis puer est gratus comes. Veritas est immortalis. Nobilis vidua. Rem omnern. Pugnas militum sunt acres. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The whole affair, in accusative The battles of the soldiers are fierce A noble widow Truth is immortal A mild boy is a pleasing companion. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived ? Verity ? noble ? immortal ? widow ? acrid ? LESSON XVI. (Review Lesson XV.) NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. Numeral adjectives are such as signify number. In Latin they are divided into four classes. Cardinal, which express number simply ; as, one, two, three, etc. THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 31 Ordinal, denoting which of the number, as : first, second, third, etc. Distributive and Multiplicative. Of the Cardinal^ the first three) and mille, are de- clinable, the rest are indeclinable. *Duo, two. Plural. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. duo, duae, duo. G. duorum, duarum, duorum. D. duobus, duabus, duobus. Ac. duos, -o, duas, duo. V. duo, duae, duo. Ab. duobus, duabus, duobus. * Unus, one, has been given under bonus . Tres, three. Plural. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. tres, tres, tria. G. trium, trium, trium. D. tribus, tribus, tribus. Ac. tres, tres, tria. V. tres, tres, tria. Ab. tribus, tribus, tribus. ambo, both) declined like duo. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Una domus est in luco Sunt duo magistri in schola. In campo sunt tres equites. Umus viri prudentia. Inter duas acies. Tres cervos. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The wisdom of one man There is one house in the grove Between two armies, in the accusative Three horsemen are in the plain Three stags, in accusative Two masters are in the school. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? one ? two ? three ? prudence ? 32 LATIN LESSONS The Ordinal numbers, formed from the Cardinal, all end in -us, and are declined like bonus , as : primus , secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, etc. LESSON XVII. (Review Lesson XVI ) COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison ; the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative ; as : latus, broad; latior, broader; latissimus, broadest. The Comparative is formed from any case of the Positive ending in -i, by adding -or, for the Masc. and Fern.; and -us, for the Neuter. The Superlative is formed from any case of the Positive ending in -i, by changing -i into -issimus ; EXAMPLES. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. M. F. N. N. dur-us, -a, -um. G. dur-i, -SB, -i, dur-ior, dur-ius, dur-issimus. N. mit-is, -is, -e. G. mit-is, -is, -is. D. mit-i, -i, -i. miti-or, miti-us, mit-isslmus. In like manner compare, latus, broad; carus, dear; brevis, short; dulcis, sweet; grandis, great. But if the Positive end in -er, the Superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the Nom. Sing. Masc. as-: tener, -a^-urn; Superlative, tener-rimus. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 33 Fern. Neut. miti-or, miti-us. miti-oris, miti-oris. miti-ori, miti-ori. miti-orem, miti-us. miti-or, miti-us. All Comparatives are thus declined : Mitior, Mitius, milder. Singular. Masc. N. miti-or, G. miti-oris, D. miti-ori, Ac. miti-orem, V. miti-or, Ab. miti-ore, or -ori, etc. Plural. Masc. N. miti-ores, G. miti-orum, D. miti-oribus, Ac. miti-ores, V. miti-ores, Ab. miti-oribus, All Superlatives are declined like bonus, as : primus prima, primum; durissimus, -a, -um. ADDITIONAL RULES. RULE VII. The comparative degree governs the Ablative, when quam, " than," is omitted. RULE VIII. Partitives, and words placed parti- lively. Comparatives, Superlatives, Interrogatives, and some Numerals, govern the genitive plural. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Agnus est mitior leone. Hommem stultiorem. Eloquentia Ciceronis est dulcior melle. Homerus poetarum est clarissimus. Frigidissimus ventorum est Aquilo Fern, miti-ores, miti-orum, miti-oribus, miti-ores, miti-ores, miti-oribus, Neut. miti-ora. miti-orum. miti-oribus, miti-ora. miti-ora. miti-oribus. 34 LA TIN LESSONS. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. A more foolish man, in accusative Homer is the most renowned of the Poets The eloquence of Cicero is sweeter than honey Aquilo is the coldest of the winds A lamb is more mild than a lion. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? frigid ? eloquence ? poet ? lion ? dulcet ? LESSON XVIII. (Review Lesson XVII.) Irregular and defective Comparison. Positive. Comp. Superl. Bonus, melior, optimus. Good, letter, best. Magnus, major, maximus. Great, greater, greatest. Malus, pejor, pessimus. Bad, ivorse, worst. Multus, plus, n. plurimus. Much, more, most. Parvus, minor, minimus, Little, less, least. The following form the Superlative in -limus : Facilis, easy, facilior, facillimus. Imbecilis, weak, imbecilior, imbecillimus. Humilis, low, humilior, humillimus. Similis, similar, similior, simillimus. The following have the Comparative regular, the Superlative irregular : Exter, outward, exterior, extremus, or extimus. Inferus, low, inferior, inf irnus, or imus. Interus, inward, interior, intimus. Maturus, ripe, maturior, maturimus, or maturissimus Posterus, behind, posterior, postremus, or postumus. Superus, high, superior, supremus, or summus. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 35 The following want the Positive. Prior, former, primus. Propior, nearer , proximus. OcioF, swifter, ocissimus. Ulterior, farther, ultimus. The following want the Comparative. Novus, new, novissimus. Nuperus, late, nupemmus. Inclytus, renoivned, inclitissimus. Sacer, sacred, sacerrimus. The following want the Superlative. Adolescens, Diuturnus, Ingens, Juvenis, Pronus, Senex, Opimus, young, lasting, huge, young, bending, old, rick, adolescentior. diuturnior. ingentior. juvenior, junior, pronior. senior, opimior. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Nihil est melius amico hono. Pejore loco. Ad dignitatem via facillima est. Imo pectore. TJltimus dies vitas proximus est. Ex loco superiore. Oratorum primus Cicero est. Mus est quadrupedum minimus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. In a worse place Cicero is the first of Orators The path to dignity is most easy From the higher place The last day of life is very near The mouse is the smallest of quadrupeds In the hottom of the hreast. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? prone ? juvenile ? imbecile ? humble ? similar ? mature ? interior ? inferior ? quadruped ? superior ? 36 LATIN LESSONS, LESSON XIX. (Review Lesson XVIII.) PRONOUNS. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. There are eighteen simple pronouns, namely : ego, tu, sui; ille, ipse, iste, hie, is, quis, qui; meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester; nostras, vestras, and cujas. Ego, tu, and sui, are personal ; all the rest are adjective pronouns. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Ego, /, First Person, Masc. or Fem. Singular. Plural. N. ego, I. G. mei, of me. D. mini, to me. Ac. me, me. . V. ' Ab. me, in, etc., me. N. nos, We. G. nostrum, or nostri, of us. D. nobis, torn for us. Ac. nos, us. V. Ab. nobis, in, etc., us. Tu, thou, Second Person, Masc. or Fem. Singular. Plural. N. tu, thou, or you. N. vos, ye, or you. G. tui, of thee, or of you. G. vestrum orvestriiofyou. D. tibi, to thee, or to you. D. vobis, to, or for you. Ac. te, thee, or you. Ac. vos, you. V. tu, O thou, or O you. _ L _ J 7_ - - V. vos, O ye, or O you. in, etc., you. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 37 Sui, of himsdf. of herself, of itself, Masc., Fern, and Neut. Plural. Singular. G. sui, of himself, etc. G. sui, of themselves. D. sibi, to, orf or himself, etc. \ D. sibi, to, or for themselves. Ac. se, y Ab. se, himself, etc. Ac. i V. in, with, etc,, ' Ab. se, himself, etc. themselves. in, with, etc., themselves. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Adjective pronouns are of several kinds, and are declined with three genders, to agree with their nouns, like adjectives. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Hie, haec, hoc, this; Plural, these. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. hie, haec, hoc. N. hi, hae, haec. G. hujus hujus, hujus. G. horum, harum, horum. D. huic, huic, huic. D. his, his, his. Ac: hunc, hanc, hoc. Ac. hos, has, haec. V. hie, haec, hoc. V. w, hse, haec. Ab. hoc, hac, hoc. Ab. his, his, his. Ille, ilia, illud, that; Plural, those. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. ille, ilia, illud. N. illi, illse, ilia. G. illius, illius, illius. G. illorum, illarum, illorum D. illi, illi, illi. D. ill is, illis, illis. Ac. ilium, illam, illud. Ac. illos, illas, ilia. V. ille, ilia, illud. V. illi, illae, ilia. Ab. illo, ilia, illo. Ab. illis, illis, illis. 3S LATIN LESSONS. REM. Hie means this, and refers to some person or thing present : Ille means that, and refers to a person or thing more distant. When two persons or things are spoken of in discourse. hie refers to the latter, and ille to the former. Without a sub stantive both are used as pronouns of the third person, and mean he, she, it. Iste ? ista, istudj that, is declined like ille. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, that. Singular. M. F. N. N. is, ea, id. G. ejus, ejus, ejus. D. ei, ei, ei. Ac. eum, earn, id. Ab. eo, ea, eo. Plural. M. F. N. N. ii, eae, ea. G eorum, earum, eorum D. iis, or ei's, etc. Ac. eos, eas, ea. Ab. iis, or ei's, etc. Idem, eadem idem, the same. Singular. M. F. N. idem, G. ejusdem, D. ei'dem, Ac, eundem, V. idem, Ab. eodem, eadem, ejusdem, ei'dem, eandem, eadem, eadem, Plural. M. F. N. idem, ejusdem ei'dem idem idem, eodem. N. N. iidem, esedem, eadem. G. eorundem, earundem, eorundem. D. eisdem, o?*iisdem, ei'sdem, etc., ei'sdem, etc. Ac. eosdem, easdem, eadem. V. iidem, eaedem, eadem. Ab. eisdem, or iisdem, eisdem, etc., ei'sdem. etc. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 39 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. In me omnis culpa est. Illi omnes nocentes sunt. Nullus vestrum est innocens. Ille terras est Dommus. Hasc lux. Hanc noctem. Illo tempore. Ilium juvenem. Discordia est pestis hujus urbis. Idem homo in domo est. NOTE. The teacher should question on the derivation of words, etc. LESSON XX. (Review Lesson XIX.) DEFINITE PRONOUNS. Ipse, ipsa. ipsum, he, himself, etc. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. ipse, ipsa, ipsum. N, ipsi, ipsae, ipsa. G. ipsius, ipsius, ipsius. G. ipsorum, arum, orum. D. ipsi, ipsi, ipsi. D. ipsis, ipsis, ipsis. Ac. ipsum, ipsam, ipsum. Ac. ipsos, ipsas, ipsa. y t v Ab. ipso, ipsa, ipso. V . Ab. ipsis, ipsis, ipsis. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The Relative pronoun relates to a noun or pronoun^ going before it, called the antecedent, as : vir qui, the man who; femma qua3 5 the woman who, etc. 40 LATIN LESSONS. Qui, quae, quod, who, which, that. Singular. M. F. N. N. qni. quae, quod. G. cujus, cujus, cujus. D. cui, cui, cui. Ac. quern. quam, quod. V Ab. quo qua Plural. M. F. N. qui, quae, G. quorum, quarum, D. queis, or quibus, etc. Ac. quos, quas, Ab. queis, or quibus, etc. quo. N. quse. quorum. quse. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. Interrogative pronouns are used in asking a question as : quis, or quisnaml who 1 qui, or quinaml which, or what 1 quis vir, what man ? qua femma ? what woman ? Quis, quse, quod, or quid, who? which? what? Singular. M. F. N. N. quis, G. cujus, D. cui, Ac. quern, V quae, cujus, cui, quam, quod or quid, cujus. cui, quod, or quid. Ab. quo. quo. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 41 Plural. N. qni, quas, quae. G. quorum, quarum, quorum. D. queis, or quibus, etc. Ac. quos, quas, quae. v . ~~~~~~* ~~~ ~ - Ab. queis, or quibus, etc. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Indefinite pronouns are such as denote persons or things indefinitely ', and are compounds ; as : Aliquis, all qua, . aliquod, or aliquid; some one. Quisquam, quaequam quodquam. ; any one. Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque;" whosoever Indefinites are declined like the Interrogative. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Possessive pronouns are derived from Personal pro- nouns ; as follows : Meus, -a, -um, my, or my oivn, from ego. Tuus, -a, -um, thy, or thy own, " tu. Suus, -a, -um his, her, its, " sui. Noster, -tra, -trum, our or our own, " nos. Vester, -tra, -trum, your, or your own, " vos. MeuSj tuus, and suus^ are declined like bonus , -a -um. Noster and vester, like ater, atra, atrum. Lesson VI EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Ille ipse est bonus magister. Ipsi fontes. Quis vir est in domo ? Quis homo ? Vir, qui est in porta. Quae dona ? Tua facta. Tu ipse. Ipse ego. Nomen tuum. 42 LATIN LESSONS. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. What individual? What man? What fountain? He himself is a good master What man is in the house? I myself Thou thyself Thy name Thy deeds The man who is in the gate. LESSON XXL (Review Lesson XX ) VERBS. A VERB is a word which expresses an action or slate. Verbs are of two kinds. Transitive and Intransitive. A Transitive verb expresses an act done by one person or thing to another. An Intransitive verb expresses being, or a state of being, or an action confined to the actor. Conjugation of the irregular intransitive verb, SUM, I am. Pres. Indie. Present Inftn. Perf. Indie. SUM, ESSE, Fui. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, am. Sing. 1. Sum, lam. 2. Es, Thau art, or you are. 3. Est, He, she, or it is. Plur. 1 . Sumus, We are. 2. Estis, Ye, or you are. 3. Sunt, They are. THE VERB SUM. 43 IMPERFECT TENSE, was. Sing. 1. Eram, I was. 2. Eras, Thou wert, or you were. 3. Erat, He, she, or it was. Plur. 1. Eram us, We were. 2. Eratis, Ye, or you were. 3. Erant, They were. PERFECT TENSE, have been, or was. Sing. 1. Fui, I have been. 2. Fuisti, Thou hast been. 3. Fuit, He, she, or it has been. Plur. 1. Fuimus, We have been. 2. Fuistis, Ye, or you have been. 3. Fuemnt, or fuere, They have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE, had been. Sing. 1. Fueram, I had been, 2. Fueras, Tkou hadst been. 3. Fuerat, He, she, or it had been. Plur. 1. Fuerarnus, We had been. 2. Fueratis, Ye, or you had been. 3. Fuerant, They had been. FUTURE TENSE, shall, or will be. Sing. 1. Ero, I shall be. 2. Eris, Thou wilt be. 3. Erit, He, she, or it will be. Plur. 1. Erimus. We shall be. 2. Eritis, Ye, or you will be. 3. Erunt, They will be. FUTURE PERFECT, shall have been. Sing. 1. Fuero, I shall have been. 2. Fueris, Thou wilt have been. 3. Fuerit, He, she, or it ivill have been. Plur. 1. Fuerimus, We shall have been. 2. Fueritis, Ye, or you will have been. 3. Fuerint, They will have been. 44 LATIN LESSONS REM. 1. All the Exercises used, thus far, have been given without any reference to the collocation of the words ; those which follow are taken from good classical writers, REM. 2. The verb Sum is often compounded with prepositions, as: Absum, I am absent $ Adsum, / am present; Desum, / am wanting; Insum, I am in; Intersum, / am between ; Subsum, I am near; all these are conjugated like Sum. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Virgo est cum matre. Ego eram. Tempus erit. Erant loca montana. Id est. Mons suberat. Meus ille caper fuit. Tu fuisti. Id fuerat. Spes omnis in te est. Cautus erat. Quis tu es ? Nunquam majore in periculo civitas fuit. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I was It is The time shall be Who art thou?- He was cautious That was my he-goat The mountain was near Thou hast been All hope is in thee It had been The virgin is with her mother The State was never in greater danger. LESSON XXII. (Review Lesson XXI.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can. Sing. 1. Sim, I may, or can be. 2. Sis, Thou mayst, or canst "be. 3. Sit, He, etc., may or can be. Plur. 1. Simus, We may, or can be. 2. Sitis, Ye may, or can be. 3. Sint, They may, or can be. VERB SUM. 45 IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should Sing. 1. Essem, I might, could, etc. be. 2. Esses, Thou might st, etc. be. 3. Esset, He might, etc. be. Plur. 1. Essemus, We might, etc. be. 2. Essetis, Ye might, etc. be. 3. Essent, They might, etc. be. PERFECT, may have. Sing. 1. Fuerim, I may have been. 2. Fueris, Thou mayst have been. 3. Fuerit, He, etc., may have been. Plur. 1. Fuerimus, We may have been. 2. Fuentis, Ye may have been. 3. Fuerint, They may have been. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have. Sing. 1. Fuissem, I might, etc, have been. 2. Fuisses, Thou mightst, etc. have been. 3. Fuisset, He might, etc. have been. Plur. 1. Fuissemus, We might, etc. have been. 2. Fuissetis, Ye might, etc. have been. 3. Fuissent, They might, etc., have been. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Sit * mens sana in corpore sano. Sylvae sint. Benigni simus adversus inimicos. Sit iter. Multi feliciores essent, si boni semper fuissent. Bonis nunquam deerunt amici. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN The journey may be Let us be kind towards enemies Friends shall never be wanting to the good May there be a sound mind in a sound body Many would be more happy, if they had always been good. *Sit, may, or let there be, etc. 46 LATIN LESSONS. QUESTIONS. What English word is derived from benignusl from sanus ? from sylva ? from adversus ? LESSON XXIII. (Review Lesson XXII.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. Es, or Esto, Be thou. 3. Esto, Let him be. Plur. 2. Este, or Estote, Be ye, or be you. 3. Sunto, Let them be. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Esse, To be. PERF. Fuisse, To have been. FUT. Esse, futurus, -a, -um, To be about to be. F. PERF. Fuisse futurus, -a, -um, To have been about to be. PARTICIPLE. FUTURE. Futurus, -a, -um, About to be. EXERCISE. LATIN TO JBE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Estote igitur prudentes ut serpentes. Es industrius, puer ; nam vita est brevissima. Mens hominis est nescia sortis futurse. In schola, discipuli, diligentes estote. Qii38 futura sint, ignota sunt. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. O pupils! be diligent in school Be ye therefore wise as serpents Those things which are about to be, are unknown The mind of man is ignorant of his future lot Be industrious O boy! for life is very short. VERB SUM, 47 QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? industrious ? mind ? future ? disciple ? diligent ? unknown? SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. Pres. Imp. Perf. Plup. Put. F. Perf. Indicative. Sub junc. Imperat. Infinitive. Participle. sum. eram. fui. fueram. ero. fuero. sim. essem. fueriin. fuissem es. or esto. esse. fuisse. esse futurus. fuisse futurus. fu tarns. Give the signs of all the tenses, and in all the moods, as : Pres., am; Imperf., was, etc. LESSON XXIV. (Review Lesson XXIII.) CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. 1. REGULAR VERBS are those in which the secondary parts are formed from the primary, according to certain rules. 2. IRREGULAR VERBS are those in which some of the secondary parts are not formed from the primary, according to rule. Of regular Verbs in Latin there are four Conjuga- tions, called the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations. 48 LATIN LESSONS. These are distinguished from each oilier by the vowel before -RE, in the Present Infinitive Active. The FIRST has a long* before -re of the Infinitive. The SECOND has e long before -re of the Infinitive. The THIRD has e short before -re of the Infinitive. The FOURTH has I long before -re of the Infinitive. PRIMARY PARTS. The Primary Parts of the verb, from which all the other parts of the verb are formed, are three; viz : The Present Tense Indicative. The Perfect Tense Indicative. The Supine in -um. REM. The infinitive present is given in the Lexicons, because it contains the vowels distinguishing the conjugations. NOTE. Giving these parts in their order is called conjugating the Verb; thus, PRES.IND. PRES. INF. PERF.IND. IST SUPINE. 1st. Conj. Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatum 2d. " Moneo, Monere, Monui, Momtum. 3d. " Rego, Regere, Rexi. Rectum. 4th. " Audio, Audire, Audlvi, Auditum. REM. The manner of conjugating each verb being ascertained from the Dictionary, the other tenses may be found by the following rules. * Except Dare and its compounds, which have S short. F O R ?vf A T I O N O F T E N S E 3 . 49 FORMATION OF TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. 1. The PRESENT is a primary tense in which, by striking off o, eo, and io, we have the First root. From the First Root, are formed the following parts, viz : Imperfect Indicative. Imperative Mood. Future Present Infinitive. Present Subjunctive. Present Participle. Imperfect Gerunds. REM. Verbs in io of the third conjugation prefix i to the endings of the parts formed from the first root, as in the fourth conjuga- tion, except in the imperfect subjunctive. 2. THE PERFECT is a primary tense^ in which, by striking off i^ we have the Second root. From the Second Root are formed the following parts, viz: Pluperfect Indicative. Perfect Subjunctive. Fut. Perfect. Pluperfect " Perfect Infinitive. The Future Infinitive is compounded of the Future Participle active with esse or fuisse of the verb SUM. 3. The FIRST SUPINE is a primary part of the verb; in which, by striking off r/?, we have the Third Root. From the Third Root, are formed the following parts ? viz : Future Active Participle. The Latter Supine is Jike the Third Root. LATIN LESSONS FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 1 . From the First Root are formed the following parts viz: Present Subjunctive. Imperfect " Present Indicative, Imperfect " Future Imperative Mood. Present Infinitive. Future Participle Passive. The Perfect Participle is formed from the Third Root. The other parts are compounds. (See Paradigms.) LESSON XXV. (Review Lesson XXIV.) TERMINATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) SINGULAR. Persons. PLURAL. Persons. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. -0, -as, -at. 1. -amus, -atis, -ant. 2. -*eo, -es, -et. 2. -emus, -etis, -ent. 3. -o, -is, -it. 3. -imus, -Jhs, -unt. 4. -io, -is, -it. 4. -imus, -itis, -iunt. Imperfect Tense. 1. -abam, -abas, -abat. 2. -ebam, -ebas, -ebat. 3. -ebam, -ebas, -ebat. 4. -it't^m, -iebas, -iebut. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -abamus, -abatis, -abant. 2. -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. 3. -ebamus, ebatis, -ebant. 4. -iebamus, -iebatis, -ieban.t. TERMINATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 51 1. 2. 3. 4. -i, -i, Perfect Tense. SINGULAR. -isti, -it. -isti, -it. -isti, -it. -isti, -it. [Add to 2d Root.) PLURAL. 1. -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 2. -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 3. -imus, -istis, -erunt, or-ere. 4. -imus, -istis, -erunt, or-ere. Pluperfect Tense. (Add to 2d Root.) 1. -eram, -eras, -erat. 1. -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 2. -eram, -eras, -erat. 2. -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 3. -eram, -eras, -erat. 3. -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 4. -eram, -eras, -erat. 4. -eramus, -eratis, -erant. Future Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -abo, -abis, -abit. 1. -abimus, -abitis, -abunt. 2. -ebo, -ebis, -ebit. 2. -ebimus, -ebitis, -ebunt. 3. -am, -es, -et. 3. -emus, -etis, -ent. 4. -iam, -ies, -iet. 4. -iemus, -ietis, -ient. Future Perfect Tense. (Add to 2d Root T 1. -ero, -Sris, -erit. 1. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 2. -ero, -eris, -erit. 2. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 3. -ero, -eris, -erit. 3. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 4. -ero, -eris, -erit. 4. -erimus, -eritis, -grunt. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -em, -es, -et. 1. -emus, -etis, -ent. 2. -earn, -eas, -eat. 2. -earn us, -eatis, -eant. 3. -am, -as, -at. 3. -amus, -atis, -ant. 4. -iam, -ias, -iat. 4. -iamus, -iatis, -iant. Imperfect Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. arem, -ares, -aret. 1. -arernus. -aretis, -arent. 2. -erem, -eres, -eret. 2. -eremus, -eretis, -erent. 3. -erem, -eres, -eret, 3. -eremus, -eretis, -erent. 4. -Irem, -ires, -Iret. 4. -iremus, -iretis, -Irent. LATIN LESSONS. Perfect Tense. SINGULAR. 1. -erim, -eris, -erit. 2. -erim, -eris, -erit. 3. -erim, -eris, -erit. 4. -erim, -eris, -erit. (Add to 2d Root.) PLURAL. 1. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 2. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 3. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 4. -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. Pluperfect Tense. (Add to 2d Root.) 1. -issem, -isses, -isset. 2. -issem, -isses, -isset. 3. -issem, -isses, -isset. 4. -issem, -isses, -isset. 1. -issemus, -issetis, -issent 2. -issemus, -issetis, -issent. 3. -issemus, -issetis, -issent. 4. -issemus, -issetis, -issent. Imperative Mood. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. 2. 3 4! -a, or -ato, -ato. -e, or -eto, -eto. -e, or -ito, -ito. -i, or -Ito, -ito. 1. -ate, or-atote, -anto. 2. -ete, or-etote, -ento. 3. -ite, or-itote, -unto. 4. -Ite, or -itote, -iunto. INFINITIVE MOOD.* Present. (Add to 1st Root.) Perfect. (Add to 2d Root.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. are, -ere, -ere, -Ire. -isse, -isse, -isse, -isse. PARTICIPLES. Future. (Add to 3d Root.) 1. 2. 3. 4. -rus, -rus, -rus, -rus. Present. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. 2. 3. 4. -ans, -ens, -ens, -iens. GERUNDS. (Add to 1st. Root.) No?n. Gen. Dot. Ace. 1. -andum, -andi, -ando, -andum, 2. -endum, -endi, -endo, -endum, 3. -endum, -endi, -endo, -endum, 4. -iendum, -iendi, -iendo, -iendum, SUPINES. (Add to 3d Root.) 1. 2. 3. 4. Former, m. m. m. m. Ab. -ando. -endo. -endo. -iendo. Latter. Same as third Root. * The Future Infinitive is made up of the Future Active Part, and the Pres. and Perf Inf. of Sum. TERMINATIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. 53 LESSON XXVI. (Review Lesson XXV) TERMINATIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. 2. 3. 1. -or, -aris, or -are, -atur. 2. -eor, -eris, or -ere, -etur. 3. -or, -eris, or -ere, -itur. 4. -ior, -iris, or -ire, -itur. 1. 2. 3 1. -amur, -amlni, -antur. 2. -emur, -emmi, -entur. 3- -Imur, -imini, -untur. 4. -irnur, -imini, -iuntur. -abare, -ebare, 3. -abatur, -ebatur, 1. -abamur, 2. -abammi, 3. -abantur, -ebar, -iebar. -ebaris, or -iebaris, or -iebare. -iebatur. Imperfect Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) SINGULAR. 1st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. kth Conj. 1. -abar, -ebar, 2. -abaris, or -ebaris, or -ebare, -ebatur, PLURAL. -ebamur, -ebamur, -iebamur. -ebammi, -ebamini, -iebamini. -ebantur, -ebantur, -iebantur. Perfect Tense. The Perfect is a compound tense, made up of the Perfect Participle and the Present and Perfect tenses Indie. Mood of the verb SUM. The Perfect will be given in the Paradigms which follow. Pluperfect Tense. The Pluperfect is a compound tense, made up of the Perfect Participle^ and the Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses Indie. Mood^ of the verb SUM. The Pluperfect will also be given in the Paradigms which follow. NOTE. The teacher should labor to make the pupil understand the Compound Passive Voice LATIN LESSONS. I Future. (Add to 1st Root.) ' 1st Conj. 2d Conj. 1. -abor, -ebor, *2. -aberis, or -eberis, or -abere, -ebere, -abitur, -ebitur, ^ ( 1. -abimur, -ebimur, ^ < 2. -abimmi, -ebimmi, ^ ( 3. -abuntur, -ebuntur, Future Perfect. The Future Perfect is a compound tense made up of the Perfect Participle and the Future Perfect of the verb SUM. The Future Perfect will be given in the Paradigms which follow. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -er, -eris, or -ere, -etur. |1. -emur, -emini, -entur. 2. -ear 3 -earis,or-eare,-eatur. 2. -eamur. -eamini, -eantur. 3d Conj. 4M Conj. -ar, -iar. -eris, or -ieris, or -ere, -iere. -etur, -ietur. -emur, -iemur. -emini, -iemmi. -entur, -ientur. 3. -ar, -aris, or -are , -atur. 3. -amur, -ammi, -antur. 4. -iar, -iaris,or -iare, -iatur. 4. -iamur, -iamini , -iantur. Imperfect Tense. (Add to 1st Root.) *: (* st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4 -ih Conj. ^ \1. -arer, -erer, -erer, -irer. ttfc -areris, or -ereris, or -ereris, -ireris, or / -arere, -erere, -erere, -irere. v.3. -aretur, -eretur, -eretur, -iretur. *: ( l - -aremur, -eremur, -eremur, -iremur. M <2. -aremmi, -eremini, -eremini, -iremmi. ** (3. -arentur, -erentur, -erentur, -irentur. Perfect Tense. The Perfect is a compound tense, made up of the Per- fect Participle and the Present and Perfect Tenses, Sub- junctive Mood, of the verb SUM. The Perfect will be given in the Paradigms which follow. Pluperfect Tense. The Pluperfect is a compound tense, made up of the Perfect Participle and the Imperfect and. Pluperfect tenses, Subjunctive Mood, of the verb SUM. TERMINATIONS OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. 55 IMPERATIVE MOOD. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. 2. 3. 4. are, or -ator, -ator. -ere, or -etor, -etor. -ere, or -itor, -itor. -Ire, or -itor, -Itor. -amim, -antur. -emmi, -entor. -inuni, -untor. -irnini, -iuntor. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -ari : 2. -eri : 3. -i : 4. -iri. Perfect Infinitive. The Perfect Infinitive is a compound tense, made up of the Perfect Participle, and the Present and Perfect Infinitive of the verb SUM. Future Infinitive. The Future Infinitive is also a compound tense made up of the Former Supine and w ; the Pres. Inf. of Eo. PARTICIPLES. Perfect. (Add to 3d Root.) Future. (Add to 1st Root.) 1. -s. 1. -andus. 2. -s. 2. -endus. 3. -s. 3. -endus. 4. -s. 4. -iendus. REM. Every verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative mood has its subject or nominative expressed or understood. The nominative of the first person singular is always Ego plural nos ; of the second person singular, always tu, plural vos; and of the third person, the nominative, whether singular or plural, is a noun or pronoun, etc., denoting some person or thing spoken of. The nominative of the first or second person being evident from the termination, is usually understood. In the following Paradigms, the nominative to be supplied in the third person singular, is ille, plural illi. 56 LATINLESSONS LESSON XXVII. ( Review Lesson XXVI.) FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. Amo 7 amare, amavi, amatum, To lave INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, love, do love, am loving. S. 1. Am-o, / love, do love, am loving. 2. Am-as, Thou lovest, dost love, art loving. 3. Am-at, He loves, does love, is loving. P. 1. Am-amus, We love, do love, are loving. 2. Am-atis, Ye, or you love, do love, are loving. 3. Am-ant, They love, do love, are loving. IMPERFECT, loved, did love, was loving. S. 1. Am-abam, I loved, did love, was loving. 2. Am-abas, Thou lovedst, didst love, was loving. 3. Am-abat, He loved, did love, was loving. P. 1. Am-abamus, We loved, did love, were loving. 2. Am-abatis, Ye loved, did love, were loving. 3. Am-abant, They loved, did love, were loving. PERFECT DEF., have loved: INDEF., loved, did love. S. 1. Am-avi, I have loved, loved, did love. 2. Am-avisti, Thou hadst loved, lovedst, didst love. 3. Am-avit, He has loved, loved, did love. P. 1. Am-avimus, We have loved, loved, did love. 2. Am-avistis, Ye have loved, loved, did love. 3. Am-averunt or -ere, They have loved, loved, did love. TERMINATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 67 PLUPERFECT, had loved, S. 1. Am-averarn, I had loved. 2. Am-averas, Thov hadst loved, 3. Am-averat, He had loved. P. 1. Am-averamus, We had loved. 2. Am-averatis, Ye had loved. 3. Am-averant, They had loved. FUTURE, shall, or will love. S. 1. Am-abo, I shall, or will love. 2. Am-abis, Thou shalt, or wilt love. 3. Am-abit, He shall, or will love. P. 1. Am-abimus, We shall, or will love. 2. Am-abitis, Ye shall, or will love. 3. Am-abunt, They shall, or will love. FUTURE PERFECT, shall ^ will have loved. S. 1. Am-avero, I shall, or will have loved. 2. Am-averis, Thou shall, or wilt have loved. 3. Am-averit, He shall, or will have loved. P. 1. Am-averimus. We shall, or will have loved. 2. Am-averitis, Ye shall, or will have loved. 3. Am-averint, They shall, or will have loved. EXERCISE. ADDITIONAL RULES OF SYNTAX. RULE IX. A transitive verb in the active voice governs the accusative. RULE X. One verb governs another as its object in the infinitive. RULE XI. The subject of the infinitive is put in the Accusative. RULE XII. Adverbs are joined to verbs, adjectives) and other adverbs, to modify and limit their signification. 58 LATINLESSONS. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Avide expecto tuas literas. Virtutem enira amavi illius vin. Haec ad id tempus Caesar ignorabat. Cato populum inflamaverat contra legem. Hispani flumen transnavere. Quid hie stabas? Csetera ego curabo. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I am expecting thy letters earnestly. Cato had inflamed the people. I will take care of the rest. Why were you standing here. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived? expect? letter virtue? ignorant? inflame* people ? stand ? LESSON XXVIIL (Review Lesson XXVII.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can love. &. 1. Am-em, I may, or can love. 2. Am-es, Thou mayst, or canst love. 3. Am-et, He may, or can love. P. 1. Am-em us, We may, or can love. 2. Am-et is, Ye may, or can love. 3. Am-ent, They may, or can love. TERMINATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE. 59 IMPERFECT, might ^ could, would^ or should. S. 1. Am-arem, I might , etc. love. 2. Am-ares, Thou migktst, etc. love. 3. Am-aret, He might, etc. love. P. 1. Am-aremus, We might, etc. Zm?e. 2. Am-aretis, Ye might, etc. Zore. 3. Am-arent, They might, etc. love. PERFECT, may have loved. S. 1. Am-averim, I may have loved. 2. Am-averis, Thou mayst have loved. 3. Am-averit, He may have loved. P. 1. Am-averimus, We may have loved. 2. Am-averitis, Ye may have loved. 3. Am-averint, They may have loved. PLUPERFECT, might, could^ would, or should have loved. S. 1. Am-avissem, I might, etc. have loved. 2. Am-avisses, Thou mightst, etc. have loved. 3. Am-avisset, He might, etc. have loved. P. 1. Am-avissemus, We might, etc. have loved. 2. Am-avissetis, Ye might, etc. have loved. 3. Am-avissent, They might, etc. have loved EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Peccatum amici, velut tuurn, recte putes. Orabat eos ne trucidarent filium suum. Ille exploraverit rem diligenter. Revocemus hommem. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Let us recall the man. He besought them that they would not slay his son. You may, rightly, consider the fault of a friend as your own. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following words derived? thine ? explore ? revoke ? diligently * LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXIX. (Review Lessen XXVIII.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. Am-a, or am-ato, Love thov,. 3. Am-ato, Let him love. Plur. 2. Am-ate y or am-atote, Love ye. 3. Am-anto. Let them love. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Am-are, To love. PERF. Am-avisse, To have loved. FUT. Esse amaturus, -a, -urn, To be about to lore. F. PERF. Fuisse amatu-rus, -a -urn, To have been about to love. PARTICIPLES. PRES. Am-ans, Loving. FUT. Am-atu-rus, -a, -um, About to love. GERUNDS. Norn. Am-andum, Gen. Am-andi, Am-ando, Am-andum, Am-ando, Dat. Ace. All. Loving. Of loving. To loving. Loving. With, in, etc. loving. SUPINES. Former. Am-atum, To love. Latter. Am-atu, To be loved, to love. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. NOTE- The pupil should always give a Synopsis of the mood in parsing. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F. PERF. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imp. Infinitive. Part. Amo. Amabam. Amavi. Amaveram. Amabo. Amavero. Amem. Amarem. Amaverira. Amavissem. Ama, Araare. Amavisse. Esse amatnru's. Fuisse amaturus. Am- ans Ama- turus. PA SSIVE VOICE. 61 EXERCISE. RULE XIII. Participles^ like adjectives^ agree with nouns, in gender, number, and case. REM. Present Participles are declined like prudens j Future Participles, like bonus, -a, -um. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Propera tu. Tu me servato. Nos adjuva. Tu me juva. Spero me causam probavisse. Cassar sestuans milites castigat. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I hope that I have proved my cause Do thou preserve me Csesar, raging, chastised the soldiers Assist us. LESSON XXX. (Review Lesson XXIX.) PASSIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part. Amor, Amari, Amatus, To be loved INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, am loved. S. 1. Am-or, I am loved. 2. Am-aris, or -are, Thou art loved. 3. Am-atur, He is loved. P. 1. Am-amur, We are loved. 2. Am-amini, Ye are loved. 3. Am-antur, They are loved. 62 LATIN LESSONS. IBIPERFECT, was loved. S. 1. Am-abar, / ivas loved. 2. Am-abaris, or abare, Thou wast loved. 3. Am-abatur, He was loved. P. 1. Am-abamur, We were loved. 2. Am- aba mini, Ye were loved. 3. Am-abantur, They were loved. PERFECT, have been loved, was loved, am loved. S. 1. Amatus sum, or fui, I have been loved, etc 2. Amatus es, or fuisti, Thou hast been loved 3. Amatus est, or fuit, He has been loved. P. 1. Amati sumus, or fuimus, We have been loved. 2. Amati estis, or fuistis, Ye have been loved. 3. Amati sunt, or fuerunt, They have been loved PLUPERFECT, had been loved. S. 1. Amatus eram, or fueram, Ihadbeen loved. 2. Amatus eras, or fueras, Thou hadst been loved. 3. Amatus erat, or fuerat, He had been loved. P. 1. Amati eramus, orfueramus, We had been loved. 2. Amati eratis, or fueratis, Ye had been loved. 3. Amati erant, or fuerant, They had been laced. FuTUREj shall, or will be loved. S. 1. Am-abor, I shall, or will be loved. 2. Am-aberis, or -abere, Thou shall, or wilt be loved. 3. Am-abitur, He shall, or will be loved. P. 1. Am-abimur, We shall, or will be loved. 2. Am-abimini, Ye shall, or will be loved. 3. Am-abuntur, They shall, or will be loved. FUTURE PERFECT, shall, or will have been loved. S. 1. Amatus fuero, I shall have been loved. 2. Amatus fueris, Thou wilt have been loved. 3. Amatus fuerit, He will have been loved P. 1. Amati fuerimus, We shall have been loved. 2. Amati fueritis, Ye ivill have been loved. 3. Amati fuerint, They will have been loved. PASSIVE VOICE 63 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Hoc consilium Csesaris non probatur. Multum ille jactatus est alto. Cuncta Grsecia liberata est. Nemo vulneratus fuerat. Ille condemnabitur. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He was much tossed upon the deep. No one had been wounded. This design of Caesar is not approved. All Greece has been liberated. He will be condemned. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived ? liberate ? condemn ? counsel ? approve ? LESSON XXXI. (Review Lesson XXX.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may^ or can be loved. S. 1. Am-er, I may, or can be loved. 2. Am-eris, or ere, Thou mayst, or canst be loved. 3. Am-etur, He may, or can be loved. P. 1. Am-e"rnur, We may, or can be loved. 2. Am-emini, Ye may, or can be laved. 3. Am-entur, They may, or can be loved. 64 LA TIN LESSONS. IMPERFECT, might) could, would, or should be loved. S. 1. Am-arer, Imight, etc. beloved. 2. Am-areris, or -arere, Thoumightst, etc., be loved. 3. Am-aretur, He might, etc. be loved. P. 1. Am-aremur, We might, etc. be loved. 2. Am-aremTni, Ye might, etc. be loved. 3. Am-arentur, They might, etc. be loved. PERFECT, may have been loved. S. 1. Amatus sim, or fuerim, Imay have been loved. 2. Amatus sis, or fueris, Thou may esthavebeenloved. 3. Amatus sit, or fuerit, He may have been loved. P. 1. Amati simus, or fuerimus, We may have been loved. 2. Amati sitis, or fueritis, Ye may have been loved. 3. Amati sint, or fuerint, They may have been loved. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have been loved. 1. Amatus essem, or fuissem, Imight have been loved. A _ " f . ( Thou might st have been 2. Amatus esses, or misses, < i j ' ( Loved. 3. Amatus esset, or fuisset, Hemight have been loved. P. 1. Amati essemus, or \iissemus,We might have beenloved. 2. Amati essetis, or fuissetis, Ye might have been loved. A - t - f - \ They misht have been 3. Amati essent, or fuissent, j , ^ EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Dictator creatus ut bellum renovaretur. Non dubito, quin honorer ab omnibus. Non dubito, quin ab amicis amatus sim. Pecunia detur. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. 1 do not doubt that I have been loved by my friends. I do not doubt that I am honored by all. Let money be given. A Dictator was created, that the war might be renewed. PASSIVE VOICE. 65 QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? create ? dictator ? doubt ? renovate ? announce ? LESSON XXXII. (Review Lesson XXXI.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. Am-are, or -ator, Be thou loved. 3. Am-ator, Let him be loved. Plur. 2. Am-ammi, Be ye loved. 3. Am-antur, Let them be loved. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Am-ari, To be loved. PERF. Esse, or fuisse amatus, To have been loved. Fur. Am-alum iri, To be about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. The Perfect and Future Participles are declined like bonus, -a. -um. PEKF. Amltus, -a, -um, j laoed > bein S loved > havin S be ( loved. v A ( To be loved, or necessary to be FUT. Amandus, -a, um, j 7 d SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F. P. Indicative* Subj. Imp. Infinitive. Part. Amor. Amabar. Amatus sum. Amatus eram. Amabor. Amatus fuero. Amer. Amarer. Amatus sim. Amatus essem. Amare. Amari. Esse or fuisse amatus. Amatum iri. Amatus. Amandus. 66 LATINLESSONS- EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Parens iratus, in se est crudelissimus. Homo perturbatus excitat Simonidem. Revocandi niilites erant. Cicero erat dignus amari. Literae laudantor. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The man being much disturbed arouses Simonides. Cicero was worthy to be loved. A parent, enraged, is most cruel against himself. The soldiers were to be recalled. Let the letters be praised. LESSON XXXIII. . (Review Lesson XXXII.) 1. Give the sign of each Tense in all the Moods. 2. Name the Roots^ state the manner in which they are formed, and name the Tenses formed from each. 3. Give a Synopsis of loth voices , and write Tables of them on the black-board. ACTIVE VOICE. 67 LESSON XXXIV. (Review the Synopsis of 1st Conjugation.) SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind., Pres. Inf., Per/. Ind., Supine. Moneo, monere, monui, monitum, To advise. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, I advise, do advise, am advising. S. 1. Mon-eo, , / advise, do advise, etc. 2. Mon-es, Thou advisest, dost advise, etc. 3. Mon-et, He advises, does advise, etc. P. 1. Mon-emus, We advise, do advise, etc. 2, Mon-etis, Ye advise, do advise, etc. 3. Mon-ent, They advise, do advise, etc. IMPERFECT, advised, did advise, was advising. S. 1. Mon-ebam, / advised, did advise, etc. 2. Mon-ebas, Thou advisedst, didst advise, etc 3. Mon-ebat, He advised, did advise, etc. P. 1. Mon-ebamus, We advised, did advise, etc. 2. Mon-ebatis, Ye advised, did advise, etc. 3. Mon-ebant, They advised, did advise, etc. PERFECT DBF., have advised; INDEF., advised, did advise. S. 1. Monu-i, I have advised, etc. 2. Monu-isti, Thou hast advised, etc. 3. Monu-it, He has advised, etc. P. 1. Monu-imus, We have advised. 2. Monu-istis, Ye have advised, etc. 3. Monu-erunt, or ere, They have advised, etc. 68 LATIN LESSONS. PLUPERFECT, had advised. S. 1. Monu-eram, I had advised, etc. 2. Mo nu- eras, Thou hadst advised. 3. Monu-erat, He had advised. P. 1. Monu-eramus, We had advised. 2. Monu-eratis, Ye had advised. 3. Monu-erant, They had advised. FUTURE, shall 3 or will advise. S. 1. Mon-ebo, I shall, or will advise. 2. Mon-ebis, Thou shall or wilt advise. 3. Mon-ebit, He shall, or will advise. P. 1. Mon-ebimus, We shall, or will advise. 2. Mon-ebitis, Ye shall, or will advise. 3. Mon-ebunt, They shall, or will advise. FUTURE PERFECT, shall, or will have advised. S. 1. Monu-ero, I shall, or will have advised. 2. Monu-eris, Thou shalt, or ivilt have advised. 3. Monu-erit, He shall, or will have advised. P. \. Monu-erimus, We shall, or ivill have admsed. 2. Monu-eritis, Ye shall, or will have advised. 3. Monu-erint, They shall, or will have advised. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Is in provincia tua negotia habet. Unum manebat illud solatium. Nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. Scipio delevit Carthaginem. Vulpes viderat leonem. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Both thy name and praises shall remain. He has business in thy province. That solace alone remained. Scipio destroyed Carthage. A fox had seen a lion. ACTIVE VOICE. (U) LESSON XXXV. (Review Lesson XXXIV,) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can advise. S. 1. Mon-eam, I may, or can advise. 2. Mon-eas, Thou mayest, or canst advise. 3. Mon-eat, He may, or can advise. P. 1. Mon-eamus, We may, or can advise. 2. Mon-eatis, Ye may, or can advise. 3. Mon-eant, They may or can advise. IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should advise. S. 1. Mon-erem, Imight, could, etc. advise. 2. Mon-eres, Thou mightst, couldst, etc., advise. 3. Mon-eret, He might, could, etc. advise. P. 1. Mon-eremtis, We might, could, etc. advise. 2. Mon-eretis, Ye might, could, etc. advise. 3. Mon-erent, They might, could, etc. advise. PERFECT, may have advised. S. 1. Monu-erim. I may have advised. 2. Monti- eris, Thou mayest have advised. 3. Monu-erit, He may have advised. P. 1. Monu-erim us, We may have advised. 2. Monu-erit is, Ye may have advised. 3. Monu-erint, They may have advised. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have advised. S. 1. Monu-issem, I might, etc., have advised. 2. Monu-isses, Thou mightst, etc., have advised. 3. Monu-isset, He might, etc., have advised. P. 1. Monu-issemus, We might, etc., have advised. 2. Monu-issetis, Ye might, etc., have advised. 3. Monu-issent, They might, etc., have advised. 70 LATIN LESSONS. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Monebat ut videret magnificas portas. Putat ut me monuisset cornix. Putavit ut rex earn rem non negare deberet. Sol magnificentissimum spectaculum praebuisset. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He thought that the king ought not to deny that thing. He advised that he should see the magnificent gates. The sun might have offered a most magnificent spectacle. He thinks that the crow might have admonished me. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived ? spectacle ? magnificent ? negative ? portal ? LESSON XXXVI. (Review Lesson XXXV.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. S. 2. Mon-e, or -eto, Advise thou. 3. Mon-eto, Let him advise. P. 2. Mon-ete, or -etote, Advise ye. 3. Mon-ento, Let them advise. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Mon-ere, To advise. PERF. Monu-isse, To have advised. FUT. Esse moniturus, To be about to advise. F. PERF. Fuisse moniturus, To have been about to advise PASSIVE VOICE. 71 PARTICIPLES. PRES. Mon-ens, Advising. PUT. Moniturus, About to advise. GERUNDS. Nom. Mon-endum, Gen. Mon-endi, Dat. Mon-endo, Ace. Mon-endum, Ab. Mon-endo, Advising. Of advising. To advising. Advising. With, etc., advising former, Mon-itum, Latter, Mon-itu, SUPINES. To advise. To be advised, or to advise. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F.P. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imper. Infinitive. Pa-t. Moneo. Monebam. Monui. Monueram. Monebo. Monuero. Moneam. Monerem. Monuerim. Monuissem, Mone. Monere. Monuisse. Esse moniturus. Fuisse moniturus. Mon- ens. Moni- turus. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. OBS. Participles, gerunds, and supines, being parts of vertos, govern the cases of the verbs from which they are derived. Eum tenentem aras videt. Hue vento cursum tenuisse debebat. Natosque pater nova bella moventes vocabat. Haec fabiila docet, bonos mortem non timere. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. This fable teaches that the good do not fear death. The father called his sons exciting new wars. He ought to have held his course hither, by the wind. He sees him holding the altars. 72 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXXVII. (Review Lesson XXXVI.) PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. Ind. Present Inf. Perf. Participle. Moneor, Moneri, Monitus, To be advised- PRESENT TENSE, am advised. 8. 1. Mon-eor, I am advised. 2. Mon-eris, or -ere, Thou art advised. 3. Mon-etur, He is advised. P. 1. Mon-emur, We are advised. 2. Mon-emini, Ye are advised. 3. Mon-entur, They are advised. IMPERFECT, was advised. 8. 1. Mon-ebar, I was advised. 2. Mon-^baris, or -ebare, Thou wast advised. 3. Mon-lbat\jr, He was advised. P. 1. Mon-ebamur, We were advised. 2. Mon-ebammi, Ye were advised. 3. Mon-ebantur, They ivere advised. PERFECT, have been, was, am.. S. 1. Monitus sum, or fui, I have been advised, etc. 2. Monitus es, or fuisti, Thou hast been advised, etc. 3. MonTtus est, or fuit, He has been advised, etc. P. 1. Monlti sumus, or fuimus, We have been advised, etc. 2. Monlti estis, or fnistis, Ye have been advised, etc. 3, Monlti sunt, or fuerunt, They have been advised, etc. PASSIVE VOICE. 73 8. 1, 2. 3, P. I 2, 3. S.I. 2. 3, P.I. 2. 3, S. 1. 2. 3. PL 2. 3. PLUPERFECT, had been. Monitus eram, or fueram, / A#d oeen advised. Monitus eras, or fueras, TAow hadst been advised. Monitus erat, orfuerat, He had been advised. Moniti eramus,orfueramus, We had been advised. Moniti eratis, or fueratis, Ye had been advised. Moniti erant, or fuerant, They had been advised. FUTURE, shall, or will be. Mon-ebor, J shall, or will be advised. Mon-eberis, or -ebere, Thou shalt, or will be advised. Mon-ebitur, He shall, or will be advised. Mon-ebimur, We shall, or will be advised. Mon-ebirnTni, Ye shall, or ivill be advised. Mon-ebuntur, They shall, orwill be advised FUTURE PERFECT, Monitus fuero, Monitus fueris, Monitus fuerit, Moniti fuerirnus, Moniti fueritis, Moniti fuerint, shall, or will have been. I shall have been advised. Thou ivilt have been advised. He will have been advised. We shall have been advised. Ye will have been advised. They will have been advised. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO EN Jugurtha respondere jussus est. Caesar magnus habebatur. Ipse videbar compellare virum. Possunt quia posse videntur. Per longum tempus detinebor. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. They are able, because .they seem to be able I shall be detained during a long time. I myself seemed to address the man. Caesar was considered great. 74 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXXVIII. (Review Lesson XXXVII.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, mat/, or can be advised. S. 1. Mon-ear, I may, or can be advised. 2. Mon-earis, or -eare. Thou may est,oi canst be advised. 3. Mon-eatur, He may, or can be advised. P. 1. Mon-eamur, We may, or can be advised. 2. Mon-eamini, Ye may, or can be advised. 3. Mon-eantur, They may, or can be advised. IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should be. S. 1. Mon-erer, I might, etc., be advised. 2. Mon-ereris,or-erere, Thou might si, etc., be advised. 3. Mon-eretnr, He might, etc., be advised. P. 1. Mon-erernur. We might, etc., be advised. 2. Mon-eremmi, Ye might, etc., be advised. 3. Mon-erentur, They might, etc., be advised. PERFECT, may have been advised. Monitus sim, or fuerim, I may have been advised. Monitus sis, or fueris, Thou mayest have been advised Monitus sit, or fuerit, He may have been advised. Moniti slmus, or fuerimus,PFe may have been advised. Moniti sitis, or fueritis,, Ye may have been advised. Moniti sint, or fuerint, They may have been advised. PASSIVEVOICE. 75 PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have been. Monltus essem, or fuissem, I might have been advised. Monitus esses, or fulsses, Thou mightst have been advised. Monitus esset, or fuisset, He might have been advised. Moniti essemus, or fuissemus, We might have been advised. Moniti essetis, or fuissetis, Ye might have been advised. Moniti essent, or fuissent, Theymighthavebeen advised EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. . Si ego jussus essem a te, paruissem. Ne respublica ab inimicis teneretur. Hostes prohibeantur. Leves stipulse adolerentur. Vise obsiderentur. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. If I had been commanded by thee, I would have obeyed. The light stubble might be burned. Lest the Republic might be held by enemies. The enemies may be hindered. LESSON XXXIX. (Review Lesson XXXVIII.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. S. 2. Mon-ere, or -etor, Be thou advised. 3. Mon-etor, Let him be advised. P. 2. Mon-emini, Be ye advised. 3. Mon-entor, Let them be advised. /6 LATIN LESSONS. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Mon-eri, To be advised. PERF. Esse,or fuisse monitus, To have been advised. FUT. Mom turn iri, To be about to be advised. PARTICIPLES PERF. Mon-itus, -a, -um, FUT. Mon-endus, -a, -um, Having been advised. To be advised. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PEES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F.P. Indicative. Sub June. Imper. Infinitive. Partic. Moneor. Monebar. Monitus sum. Monitus eram. Monebor. Monitus fuero. Monear. Monerer. Monitus sim. Monitus essem. Monere, Moneri. Esse, or fuisse monitus. Mom turn iri. Monitus. Monen- dus. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Sunt hoec arma tenenda, Ova fovenda dabat. Jupiter misceri probat popiilos. Lupus est retentus. Ille unus erat timendus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Jupiter approves that the nations should be blended to- gether. These arms are to be retained. The wolf is held back. He alone was to be feared. He gave the eggs to be warmed. ACTIVE VOICE 77 LESSON XL. 1. Give the signs of each Tense in all the Moods. 2. Name the Roots, the manner in which they are formed ; and name the Tenses formed from each. 3. Give a Synopsis of both voices, and write tables of them on the black-board. LESSON XLI. (Review the Synopsis of the 2d Conjugation.) THIRD CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. Rego, Reg-ere, Rex-i, Rectu-m, To rule. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, rule, do rule, am ruling. S. 1. Reg-o, I rule, do rule, am ruling. 2. Reg-is, Thou rulest, dost rule, art ruling. 3. Reg-it, He rules, does rule, is ruling. P. 1. Reg-imus, We rule, do rule, are ruling. 2. Reg-itis, Ye rule, do rule, are ruling. 3. Reg-unt, They rule, do rule, are ruling. IMPERFECT, I ruled, did rule, was ruling. S. 1. Reg-ebam, I ruled, did rule, was ruling. 2. Reg-ehas, Thou ruledst, didst rule, toast ruling. 3. Reg-ebat, He ruled, did rule, was ruling. P. 1. Reg-ebamus, We ruled, did rule, were ruling. 2. Reg-ebatis, Ye ruled, did rule, were ruling. 3. Reg-ebant, They ruled, did rule, were ruling 78 LATIN LESSONS. PERF. DEF., have ruled, IJSD., ruled, did rule. S. 1. Rex-i, / hare ruled, ruled, did rule. 2. Rex-isti, Thou hastrultd, ruledst, didst rule. 3. Rex-it, He has ruled, ruled, did rule. P. 1. Rex-imus, . We have ruled, ruled, did rule. 2. Rex-istis, Ye have ruled, ruled, did rule. 3. Rex-erunt, or -ere, They have ruled, ruled, did rule. PLUPERFECT, had ruled. 8. 1. Rex-eram, I had ruled. 2. Rex- eras, Thou hadst ruled. 3. Rex-erat, , He had ruled. P. 1. Rex-erarnus, We had ruled. 2. Rex-eratis, Ye had ruled. 3. Rex-erant, They had ruled. FUTURE, shall, or will rule. S. 1. Reg-am, I shall, or will rule, 2. Reg-es, Thou shali, or wilt rule. 3. Reg-et, He shall, or will rule. P. 1. Reg- em us, We shall, or will rule. 2. Reg-et is, Ye shall, or will rule. 3. Reg-ent, They shall, or will rule. FUTURE PERFECT, shall, or will have ruled. S. 1. Rex-ero, I shall, or ivill have ruled. 2. Rex-eris, Thou shalt, or wilt have ruled. 3. Rex-erit, He shall, or will have ruled. P. 1. Rex-erimus, We shall, or will have ruled. 2. Rex- er it is, Ye shall, or will have ruled. 3. Rex-erunt, They shall, or will have ruled. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. JEolus tempestates sonoras premit. Quatuor centuriones ociilos amiserunt. AquTla in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat Studiosi pueri praemium accipient. Scribebam ipse. ACTIVE VOICE. 79 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. An eagle had made a nest upon a lofty oak. JEolus restrains the roaring- tempests. Four centurions hav lost their eyes. Studious boys shall receive a reward. I myself wrote. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from arguo ? subllmis ? studiosus ? sonorus ? tempestas ? LESSON XLII. (Review Lesson XLI.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can rule. S. 1. Reg-am, I may, or can rule. 2. Reg-as, Thou mayest, or canst rule. 3. Reg-at, He may, or can rule. P. 1. Reg-amus, We may, or can rule. 2. Reg-atis, Ye may, or can rule. 3. Reg-ant, They may, or can rule. IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should rule. S 1. Reg-erem, I might, etc., rule. 2. Reg-eres, Thou mightst, etc., rule. 3. Reg-eret, He might, etc., rule. P. 1. Reg-eremus, We might, etc., rule. 2. Reg-eretis, Ye might, etc., rule. 3. Reg-erent, They might, etc., rule. 80 LATIN LESSONS. PERFECT, may have ruled. S. 1. Rex-erim. I may have ruled. 2. Rex-eris, Thou mayest have ruled. 3. Rex-erit, He may have ruled. P. 1. Rex-erimus, We may have ruled. 2. Rex-eritis, Ye may have ruled. 3. Rex-erint, They may have ruled. PLUPERFECT, might ; could, would, or should have ruled. S. 1. Rex-issem, I might, etc., have ruled. 2. Rex-isses, Thou mightest, etc. have ruled. 3. Rex-isset, He might, etc., have ruled. P. 1. Rex-issemus, We might, etc., have ruled. 2. Rex-issetis, Ye might, etc., have ruled. 3. Rex-issent t They might, etc., have ruled. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades. TJt ipsum Ascanium ad moenia ducat. Si unquam acceperit Albam. Pergama cum peteret. Postquam regis mortem cognovissent, decesserunt. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. When Alcibiades had perceived her disposition. That he might lead Ascanius himself to the ram- parts. After that they had heard of the death of the king, they departed. When she was going to the Trojan citadel. ACTIVE VOICE. 81 LESSON XLIIT. (Review Lesson XLII.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. 5. 2. Reg-e, or -ito, 3. Reg-ito, P. 2. Reg-ite, or itote, 3. Reg-unto, Rule tkou. Let him rule. Rule ye. Let them rule. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Reg- ere, PERF. Rex-isse, FUT. Esse recturus, F. PERF. Fuisse recturus, To rule. To have ruled. To be about to rule. To have been about to rule. PRES. FUT. PARTICIPLES. Reg- ens, Ruling. Rectu-rus, -a, -um, About to rule. GERUNDS. Nom. Reg- end urn, Gen. Reg-endi, Dot. Reg-endo, Ace. Reg-endum, All. Reg-endo, SUPINES. Former, Rectu-m, Latter, Rectu, Ruling. Of ruling. To ruling. Ruling. With, etc., ruling. To rule. To rule, or to be ruled. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F.PERF. Indicat. Subj. Imp. Infinitive. Part. Rego Regebam. Rexi. Rexeram. Regam. Rexero. Regam. Regerem. Rexerim. Rexissem. Rege. Regere. Rexisse. Esse recturus. Fuisse recturus. Regens. Recturus . 82 LATIN LESSONS. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Projice tela manu, sanguis meus ! Solvite corde metum, Teucri. Teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro. Dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factis? A solio regis traxitque *trementem. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Do we hesitate still to extend our power by deeds ? Free the fear from your heart, O Trojans ! And do not withdraw thyself from our embrace. He dragged him trembling from the throne of the king. Cast the weapons from your hand my blood ! QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived ? subtract ? project ? extend ?fact ? manual ? solve ? LESSON XLIV. (Review Lesson XLIII.) PASSIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind., Pres. Inf., Perf. Part. Reg-or, Reg-i, Rectus, To be ruled. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, am ruled. S. 1. Reg-or, I am ruled. 2. Reg-eris, or -ere, Thou art ruled. 3. Reg-it ur, He is ruled. P. 1. Reg-imur, We are ruled. 2. Reg-imini, Ye are ruled. 3. Reg-untur, They are ruled. * Supply eufla. PASSIVE VOICE. 83 IMPERFECT, was ndcd. S. 1. Reg-ebar, I was ruled. 2. Reg-ebaris, or -bare, Thou wast ruled. 3. Reg-ebatur, He was ruled. P. 1. Reg-ebarnur, We were ruled. 2. Reg-ebamini, Ye were ruled. 3. Reg-ebantur, They ivere ruled. PERFECT, have been ruled*, was ruled, am ruled. S. 1. Rectus sum, or fui, I have been ruled. 2. Rectus es, or fuisti, Thou hast been ruled. 3. Rectus est, or fuit, He has been ruled. P. 1. Recti siirnus, orfuimus, We have been ruled. 2. Recti estis, or fuistis, Ye have been ruled. 3. Recti sunt, or fuerunt, or fuere, They have been ruled PLUPERFECT, had been ruled. S. 1. Rectus eram, or fueram, I had been ruled. 2. Rectus eras, or fueras, Thou hadst been ruled. 3. Rectus erat, or fuerat, He had hcen ruled. P. 1. Recti eramus, or fueramus, We had been ruled. 2. Recti eratis, or fueratis, Ye had been ruled. 3. Recti erant, or fuerant, They had been ruled. FUTURE, shall, or will be ruled. S. 1. Reg-ar, I shall, or will be ruled. 2. Reg-eris, or -ere. Thou shalt, or wilt be ruled. 3. Reg-etur, He shall, or will be ruled. P. 1. Reg-em ur, We shall, or will be ruled. 2. Reg- e mini, Ye shall, or will be ruled. 3. Reg-entur, They shall, or will be ruled. FUTURE PERFECT, shall, or will have been ruled. S. 1. Rectus fuero, I shall, or will have been ruled. 2. Rectus fueris, Thou shalt, or wilt have been ruled* 3. Rectus fuerit, He shall or will have been ruled. P. 1. Recti fuerimus, We shall, or will have been ruled. 2. Recti fueritis, Ye shall, or will have been ruled. 3. Recti fuerint, They shall, or will have been ruled. S4 LATIN LESSONS. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Lysander occisus est a Thebanis. Nihil actum est a Pompeio nostro sapienter. Vel vincam te, vel vincar abs te. Sternuntur inertia corpora. Judex damnatur, cum nocens absolvitur. Praeda ingens parta est. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The judge is condemned, while the guilty is freed. Lysander was slain by the Thebans. A great booty was obtained. Either I will conquer thee, or be conquered by thee. Nothing has been done wisely by our Pornpey. The sluggish bodies are prostrated. LESSON XLV. (Review Lesson XLIV.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can be ruled. S. 1. Reg-ar, I may, or can be ruled. 2. Reg-aris, or -are, Thou may est, or canst be ruled* 3. Reg-atur, He may, or can be ?-uled. P. 1. Reg-amur, We'may, or can be ruled. 2. Reg-amini, Ye ntay, or can be ruled. 3. Reg-antur, They may, or can be ruled. PASSIVE VOI CE. 85 IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should be. S. 1. Reg-erer, I might, etc., be ruled. 2. Reg-ereris, or -ere*re, Thoumightst, etc., be ruled. 3. Reg-eretur, He might, etc., be ruled. P* 1. Reg-erernur, We 'might, etc., be ruled, 2. Reg-eremini, Ye might, etc., be ruled. 3. Reg-erentur, They might, etc., be ruled. PERFECT, may have been. S. 1. Rectus sim, or fuerim, I may have been ruled. 2. Rectus sis, or fueris, Thou may esthavebeen ruled. 3. Rectus sit, or fuerit, He ?nay have been ruled. P. 1. Recti simus, or fuerimus, We may have, been ruled. 2. Recti sitis, or fueritis, Ye may have been ruled. 3. Recti sint, or fuerint, They may have been ruled. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have been. Rectus essem, or fuissem, , I might, etc., have been ruled. Rectus esses, or fuisses, Thou might st have ruled. Rectus esset, or fuisset, He might have been ruled. Recti essemus, or fuissemus, Wemight, etc. havebeenruled. Recti essetis,, or fuissetis, Ye might have been ruled. Recti essent, or fuissent, They might have been ruled. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Duo Scipiones interfecti essent. Omnes suadent, ut exercitus instruatur. Ut haec gererentur. Opes protegerentur. Instrueretur opus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. All advise that the army may be drawn up. Wealth should be protected. That these things might be carried on. The two Scipios might have been slain. The work should be built. S6 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XLVI. ( Review Lesson XLV.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. S. 2. Reg-ere, or -jtor, 3. Reg-itor, P. 2. Reg-imini, 3. Reg-untor, Be tkou ruled. Let him be ruled. Be ye ruled. Let them be ruled. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Reg-i, To be ruled. PERF. Esse, or fuisse rectus, To nave been ruled. FUT. Rectum iri, To be about to be ruled. PARTICIPLES. PERF. Rectus, -a, -um, FUT. Regendus, -a, -um, Having been ruled. To be ruled. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F.P. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imper. Infinitive. Part. Regor. Regebar. Rectus sum. Rectus eram. Regar. Rectus fuero. Regar. Regerer. Rectus sim. Rectus essem. Regere. Regi. Esse, or fuis- se rectus. Rectum iri. Rectus. Regen- dus. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Et incipiunt in corpora reverti. Omnia tula vides sociosque receptos. Pater exstructos disjecit montes. Juba magnam partem eorum interfici jussit. ACTIVEVOICE. 87 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Juba ordered a great part of them to be slain. You behold all things safe, and your companions brought back. And they begin to be returned into their bodies. The father cast down the mountains built up. LESSON XLVII. 1. Give the sign of each Tense in all the Moods. 2. Name the Roots, and the Tenses formed *rom each. 3. Give a Synopsis of loth voices, and write tables of them on the black-board. LESSON XLVIII. (Review Synopsis of the 3d Conj.) ACTIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Lid. Supine. Audio, audire, audivi, auditum, To hear. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, hear, do hear. S. 1. Aud-io, I hear, do hear, am hearing. 2. Aud-is, Thou hearest, dost hear, art hearing. 3. Aud-it, He hears, does hear, is hearing. P. 1. Aud-imus, We hear, do hear, are hearing. 2. Aud-itis, Ye hear, do hear, are hearing. 3. Aud-iunt, They hear, do hear, are hearing. 88 LATIN LESSONS. IMPERFECT, heard, did hear, was hearing. S. 1. Aud-iebam, I heard , did hear, was hearing. 2. Aud-iebas, Thou heardst, didst hear, wast hearing 3. And-iebat, He heard, did hear, was hearing. P. 1. Aud-iebamus, We heard, did hear, were hearing. 2. Aud-iebatis, Ye heard, did hear, were hearing. 3. Aud-iebant, They heard, did hear, were hearing. PERF. DEF., have heard; IND., heard, did hear. S. 1. Audiv-i, I have heard, heard, did hear. 2. Audlv-isti, Thou hast heard, hear dst, didst hear 3. Audiv-it, He has heard, heard, did hear. P. 1. Audiv-imus, We have heard, heard, did hear. 2. Audlv-istis, Ye have heard, heard, did hear. 3. Audiv-erunt, or-ere. They have heard, heard, did hear PLUPERFECT, had heard. S. 1. Audiv-eram, I had heard. 2. Audiv-eras, Thou hadst heard. 3. Audiv-erat, He had heard. P. 1. Audiv-eramus, We had heard. 2. Audiv-eratis, Ye had heard. 3. Audiv-erant, They had heard. FUTURE, shall, or will hear. S. 1. Aud-iam, I shall, or will hear. 2. Aud-ies, Thou shalt, or wilt hear. 3. Aud-iet, He shall, or will hear. P. 1. Aud-iemus, We shall, or will hear. 2. Aud-ietis, Ye shall, or will hear. 3. Aud-ient, They shall, or ivill hear. FUTURE PERFECT, shall, or will have heard. S. 1. Audiv-ero, I shall, or will have heard. 2. Audiv-eris, Thou shall, or wilt have heard. 3 Audiv-erit, He shall, or will have heard. P. 1. AudTv-enmus, We shall, or will have heard. 2. Audiv-eritis, Ye shall, or will have heard. 3 Audlv-erint, They shall, or will have heard. ACTIVE VOICE, 8C EXERCISE, LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Rivus progressus nostrorum impediebat. Pompeius in meam potestatem venit. De Pompeio scio nihil. De illius adventu nihil audiebamus. Saevit ignobile vulgus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Pompey came into my power. The ignoble rabble rages. The river hindered the progress of our soldiers. We heard nothing concerning his coming I know nothing concerning Pompey. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived -advent ? progress ? river ? impede ? vulgar ? LESSON XLIX. (Review Lesson XLVIIU SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can hear. S. I. Aud-iam, I may, or can hear. 2. Aud-ias, Thou m,ayest, or canst hear. 3. Aud-iat, He may, or can hear. P. 1. Aud-iamus, We may, or can hear. 2. Aud-iatis, Ye may, or can hear. 3. Aud-iant, They may, or can hear. 90 LATIN LESSONS- IMPERFECT, might, could, would, or should. S. 1. Aud-Trem, I might, etc., hear. 2. Aud-ires, Thoumighist, etc., hear. 3. Aud-iret, He might, etc., hear. P. 1. Aud-iremus, We might, etc., hear. 2. Aud-Iretis, Ye might, etc., hear. 3. Aud-irent, TAe?/ might, etc., ^er. PERFECT, may have heard. S. 1. Audlv-erim, I may have heard. 2. Audiv-eris, Thou mayest have heard. 3. Audiv-erit, He may have heard. P. 1. Audiv-erimus, We may have heard. 2. Audlv-eritis, Ye may have heard. 3. Audiv-erint, They may have heard. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should hear. S. 1. Audiv-issem, I might, etc., have heard. 2. Audiv-isses, Thou mightst, etc., have heard. 3. Audiv-isset, He might, etc., have heard. P. 1. Audiv-issemus, We might, etc., have heard. 2. Audiv-issetis, Ye might, etc., have heard. 3. Audlv-issent, They might, etc., have heard. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Minus sjrpe pecces, si scias, quid nescias. Malta nescirem, nisi permulta ab aliis audivissem. Qui est, ut meae literae non veniant ? Quis est, qui nesciat quid voluptas sit ? Giconiae quonam e loco veniant, incompertum est. ACTIVE VOICE. 91 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Who is there who does not know what pleasure is ? Thou mayest do wrong less frequently, if thou knowest of what thou art ignorant. It is not known from what place the storks came. I should be ignorant of many things, unless I had heard very many things from others. Why is it, that my letters may not come. LESSON L. (Review Lesson XLIX.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. S. 2. Aud-i, or -ito, Hear thmi. 3. Aud-ito, Let him hear. P. 2. Aud-ite, or -itote, Hear ye, or you. 3. Aud-iunto, Let them hear. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Aud-lre, To hear. PERF. Audiv-isse, To have heard. FUT. Esse auditurus, To be about to hear. F. PERF. Fuisse auditurus, To have been about to hear. PARTICIPLES. PRES. Aud-iens, Hearing. FUT. Aud-iturus, -a, -um, About to hear. 92 LATIN LESSON S GERUNDS. Nom. Aud-iendum, Gen. Aud-iendi, Dat. Aud-iendo, Ace. Aud-iendum, SUPINES. Former. Audit-um, Latter. Audit-u. Hearing. Of hearing. To hearing. Hearing. To hear. To be heard, or to hear. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PRES. IMP. PERI\ PLUP. FUT. F.P. Indicative. Sub junc. Imp. Infinitive. Partic. Audio. Audiebam. Audivi. Audiveram. Audiam. Audlvero. Audiam. Audirem. Audlverim. Audlvissem. Audi. Audlre. Audivisse. Esse auditurus. Fuisse auditurus. Audi- ens. Auditu- rus. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Datur notas audlre et reddere voces. Audite, O proceres, et spes discite vestras. Ego ver6 cupio ad te venire. Adspexit uxorem dormientem. Nihil eram auditurus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I truly desire to come to thee. . It is given to hear and return known voices. I was about to hear nothing. Hear, O nobles, and learn your hopes. He beheld his wife sleeping. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following words derived? audit ? dormant ? voice ? known ? PASSIVEVOICE. 93 LESSON LI. (Review Lesson L.) PASSIVE VOICE. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part. Audior. audlri. audit us, To be heard. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, am heard. S. 1. Aud-ior, I am heard. 2. Aud-iris, or ire, Thou art heard. 3. Aud-itur, He is heard. P. 1. Aud-imur, We are heard. 2. Aud-immi, Ye are heard. 3. Aud-iuntur, They are heard. IMPERFECT, was heard. S. 1. Aud-iebar, / was heard, 2. Aud-iebaris, or iebare, Thou wast heard. 3. Aud-iebatur, He ivas heard. P. 1. Aud-iebamur, We were heard. 2. Aud-iebammi, Ye were heard. 3. Aud-iebantur, They were heard. PERFECT, have been heard, was heard, am heard. S. 1. Auditus sum, or fui, J have been heard. 2. Auditus es, or fwisti, Thou hadst been heard. 3. Auditus est, or fuit, He has been heard. P. 1. Audit! sum us, or fuTmus, We have been heard. 2. Audlti estis, or fuistis, Ye have been heard. 3. Audit! sunt, fuerunt,or fuere, They have been heard. 94 LATIN LESSONS. PLUPERFECT, had "been heard. S. 1. Auditus eram, or fueram, I had been heard. 2. Auditus eras, or fueras, Thou hadst been heard. 3. Auditus erat, or fuerat, He had been heard. P. 1. Auditi eramus, or fueramus, We had been heard. 2. Auditi eratis, or fueratis, Ye had been heard. 3. Auditi erant, or fuerarit, They had been heard. FUTURE, shall^ or will have been heard. S. 1. Aud-iar, I shall, or will be heard. 2. Aud-ieris, or -ere, Thou shalt, or wilt be heard. 3. Aud-ietur, He shall, or ivill be heard. P. 1. Aud-iemur, We shall, or will be heard. 2. Aud-iemini, Ye shall, or will be heard. 3. Aud-ientur, They shall, or will be heard. FUTURE PERFECT, shall^ or will have been heard. S. 1. Auditus fuero, I shall, or will have been heard. 2. Auditus fueris, Thou shalt, orivilt have been heard. 3. AudTtus fuerit, He shall, or will have been heard. f. 1. Auditi fuerimus, We shall, or will have been heard. 2. Auditi fueritis, Ye shall, or will have beon heard. 3. Auditi fuerint, They shall, or will have been heard. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Gemitus lachrymabilis ab irno auditur tumiilo. Id oppidum rnuniebatur. Hie ille sepultus est. Voces auditae sunt. Preces hominum piorum a Deo audientur. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He has been buried here. A sad groan is heard from the lowest part of the mound The prayers of pious men shall be heard by God. This walled-town was fortified. Voices have been heard. PASSIVE VOICE. .5 LESSON LI1. (Review Lesson LI.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, may, or can be hearu. 3. 1. Aud-iar, I may, or can be heard. 2. Aud-iaris, or -are, Thou rnayest , or canst be heard. 3. Aud-iatur, He may, or can be heard. P. 1. Aud-iamur, We may, or can be heard. 2. Aud-iamini, Ye may, or can be heard. 3. Aud-iantur, They may, or can be heard. IMPERFECT, might ^ could, would, or should be heard. S. 1. Aud-irer, I might, etc., be heard. 2. Aud-ireris, or -Irere, Thou mightst, etc., be heard. 3. Aud-iretur, He might, etc., be heard. P. 1. Aud-Irernur, We might, etc., be heard. 2. Aud-iremini, Ye might, etc., be heard. 3. Aud-irentur, They might, etc., be heard. PERFECT, may have been heard. S. Audltus sim, or fuerim, I may have been heard. Auditus sis, or fueris, Thou mayest have been heard. Auditus sit, or fuerit, He may hare been heard. P. Audlti simus, or fuerim us, TFe may have been heard. Audit! sitis, or fuentis, Ye may have been heard. Auditi sint, or fuerint, They may have been heard. PLUPERFECT, might, could, would, or should have been heard. Auditus essem, or fuissem, I might, etc., have been heard. Auditus esses, or fuisses, Thou mi ghtst hare bee?i heard. Auditus esset, or fuisset, He might have beeji heard. Auditi essernus, or fuissem us, We might have been heard. Auditi essetis, or fuissetis, Ye might have bee7i heard. Auditi essent, or fuissent, They might have been heard. 96 LATIN LESSONS. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Ille timuit ne opus impediretur. Illi timuerunt ne aditus impediretur. Justum est, ut sontes puniantur. Quum sepultus esset, cessabat omnis dolor. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. It is just that the guilty he punished. He feared that the work might he hindered. When he was buried, all grief ceased. They feared that the approach might be hindered. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived impede ? just ? punish ? cease ? LESSON LIII. (Review Lesson LIL) IMPERATIVE MOOD. S. 2. Aud-ire, or itor, Be thou heard. 3. Aud-itor, Let him be heard. P. 2. Aud-imini, Be ye heard. 3. Aud-iuntor, Let them be heard. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Aud-iri, To be heard. PERF. Aud-itus esse, or fuisse, To have been heard. FTJT. Aud-itum iri, To be about to be heard. PASSIVE VOICE. PARTICIPLES 97 PERF. Auditus, -a, -urn, Heard, having been heard FUT. Aud-iendus, -a, -um, To be heard. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. PRES. IMP. PERF. PLUP. FUT. F.P. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imper. Infinitive. part. Audior. Audiebar. Auditus sum. Auditus kram. Audiar. Auditus fuero. Audiar. Audirer. Auditus sim. Auditus es- sem Audire. Audlri. Esse orfuisse auditus. Auditum iri. Audi- tus. Audi- endus. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Permisit notas audlri et reddi voces. Fabius circumventus interficitur. Homo ante diem tertium ne sepelitor. Generum arcessiri jussit. Sopitos suscitat ignes. Incipit audlri fragor. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Fabius having been surrounded is slain. The crashing begins to be heard. He permitted real voices to be heard and returned. Let not a man be buried before the third day. He kindles the smothered fires. He ordered his son-in-law to be called. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise? 98 LAIN LESSONS. LESSON Liy. 1. Give the Sign for each Tense in all the Moods. 2. Name the roots in both voices, and the Tenses formed from each. 3. Give a Synopsis of both voices, and write tables of them on the black-board. LESSON LV. (Review the Synopsis of 4th .Conjugation.) DEPONENT AND COMMON VERBS. Deponent verbs are those which, under a passive form^ have an active signification; as : loquor, I speak. Common verbs are those which, under a passive form^ have an active or passive signification ; as : criminor^ I accuse, or am accused. They are conjugated and inflected like the passive voice of the conjugations to which they belong; except that they have also the participles , gerunds , supines^ and future infinitive of the active voice. NOTE. In the following exercise the pupil should refer to the vassive voice of the conjugation he ^neets ivith, in order to parse deponent verbs understandingly. IRREGULAR VERBS. 99 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Testatur haec fabiila propositum meum. Ubi coepit pauper divitem imitari peccat. Agrum hunc mercatus sum. Ille jam fatetur se esse hostem. Laudem meritus esse videbatur. Rods sumrnas levibus perlabitur undas. Consequar jam te, mea mater. Dionysius classem opperiebatur. Tempestas cooritur. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I have purchased this field. This fable proves my proposition. He glides along the tops of the waves with his light wheels. When a poor man begins to imitate the rich, he errs. Now I will follow thee, O my mother. He now confesses himself to be an enemy. Dionysius awaited the fleet. He seemed to have merited praise. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following words derived? pauper ? merit ? imitate ? proposition ? testator ? tempest ? LESSON LVI. (Review Lesson LV.) IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregular verbs are those in which some of the se- condary parts are not formed from the primary, ac- cording to the rules for regular verbs. 100 LATIN LESSONS. The irregular verbs are six ; viz : sum, eo, queo, volojfero, andfio. Their compounds are also irregular. HEM. Sum has already been inflected. Prosum, to do good inserts d where the simple verb begins with e. Prosum, prodesse, profui, To do good. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Prosum, Plur. Prosumus prodes, prodestis, prodest ; prosunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Prod-eram, Plur. Prod-eramus, prod- eras, prod-eratis, prod-erat ; prod-erant. PERFECT. Sing. Profu-i, Plur. Profu-imus, profu-isti, profu-istis, profu-it ; profu-erunt, or ere PLUPERFECT. Sing. Profu-eram, Plur. Profu-eramus, prof u- eras, profu-eratis, profu-erat ; profu-erant. FUTURE. Sing. Prod-ero, Plur. Prod-erimus, prod-eris, prod-eritis, prod-erit ; prod-erunt. F. PERFECT. Sing. Profu-ero, Plur. Profu-erimus, profu-eris, profu-eritis, profu-erit ; profu-erunt. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD- PRESENT. Sing. Pro-sim, Plur. Pro-slmus, pro-sis, pro-sitis, pro-sit , pro-sint. IRREGULAR VERBS. 101 IMPERFECT. Sing. Prod-essein, prod-esses, prod-esset; Plur. Prod-essemus, prod-essetis, prod-essent. PERFECT. Sing. Profu-erim, profu-eris, profu-erit ; Plur. Profu-erimus, profu-eritis, profu-erint. PLUPERFECT, Sing. Profu-issem, profu-isses, profu-isset; Plur. Prof u-iss emus, profu-issetis, profu-issent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. f> 2. Prod-es, or prod-esto, ^ Prod-este, or prod-estote. i 3. Prod-esto, S^ Pro-sunto. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Prod-esse. FUT. Esse pro-futurus, -a, -um. PERF. Pro-fuisse. F. P. Fuisse pro-futurus, -a, -um. PARTICIPLE. FUT. Pro-futurus, -a, -um. 2. POSSUM, posse, potui. / can, I am able. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Possum, potes, potest ; Plur. Possumus, potestis, possunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Pot-eram, pot-eras, pot-erat; Plur. Pot-eramus, pot-eratis, pot-erant. 102 LATIN LESSONS. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Potu-i, Potu-imus, Potu-eram, Potu-eramus, PERFECT. potu-isti, potu-istis, potu-it ; potu-erunt, or -5re, PLUPERFECT. potu-eras, potu-erat ; Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. PRES. Pot-ero, Pot-erimus, Potu-ero, Potu-erimus, potu-eratis, FUTURE. pot-eris, pot-eritis, F. PERFECT. potu-eris, potu-eritis, potu-erant. pot-erit ; pot-erunt. potu-erit ; potu-erint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Pos-sim, pos-sis, pos-sit ; Pos-slmus, pos-sltis, pos-sint. IMPERFECT. Pos-sem, pos-ses, pos-set ; Pos-semus, pos-setis, pos-sent. PERFECT. Potu-erim, potu-eris, potu-erit ; Potu-erimus, potu-eritis, potu-erint. PLUPERFECT. Potu-issem, potu-isses, potu-isset; Potu-issemus, potu-issetis, potu-issent. INFINITIVE MOOD. Posse. PERF, Potuisse. The rest not used. IRREGULAR VERBS. 103 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Jam me assequi non potes. Bibulus vim morbi sustinere non potuit. Possunt, quia posse videntur. Cognitio juris multum proderit. Auxilium dari nulla ratione poterat. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Tht-v are able, because they seem to be able. Now you are not able to reach me. Aid could be given in no manner. Bibulus was not able to sustain the force of disease. The knowledge of right shall profit much. LESSON LVII. (Review Lesson LVI.) 3. Eo, ire, ivi, itum. Togo. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Eo, is, it; Plur. Imus, itis, eunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Ibam, ibas, ibat ; Plur. Ibamus, ibatis, ibant 104 LATIN LESSONS PERFECT. Sing. Ivi, Plur. Ivimus, ivisti, ivit ; ivistis, iv6runt, or ivSre PLUPERFECT. Sing. Iveram, Plur. Iveramus, iveras, iverat ; iveratis, iverant. FUTURE. Sing. Ibo, Plur. Ibimus, ibis, ibit ; ibitis, ibunt. F. PERFECT. Sing. Ivero, Plur. Iverimus, iveris, iverit ; iveritis iverint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Earn, Plur. Eamus, eas, eat ; eatis, eant. IMPERFECT. Sing. Irem, Plur. Iremus, ires, iret ; iretis, irent. PERFECT. Sing. Iverim, Plur. Iverimus, iveris, iverit ; iveritis, iverint. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Ivissem, Plur. Ivissemus ivisses, ivisset ; , ivissetis, ivissent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. Plur. 2. I, or Ito. 2. Ite, or itOte. 3. Ito; 3. Eunto. IRREGULAR VERBS. 105 INFINITIVE MOOD. PUBS. Ire. FUT. Esse iturus, -a, -urn. PERF. Ivisse. F P Fuisse iturus, -a, -urn. PARTICIPLES. Pres. lens, Gen. euntis. Fut. Mrus, -a, -urn. GERUNDS. SUPINES. Eundiim. 1. Itum. Eundi, etc. 2. Itu. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Et jam Argiva phalanx ad naves ibant. Sed invitatus ad tuos ivisse videaris. Equites ab eo missi flumen transeunt. Caesar in provinciam suam iverat. Cum pedes iret in hostem. Sed non est iturus. Abi deambulatum. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. When the foot soldiery went against the enemy. But thou mayest seem to have gone, invited to thine own. Caesar had gone into his own province. And now the Grecian phalanx went to the ships. The horsemen being sent by him cross the river. But he is not about to go. Go out to walk. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this exercise? 106 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LVIII. (Review Lesson LVTI.) 4. Volo, velle, volui, To will, to be willing. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Volo, Plur. Volumus, vis, vultis, vult; volunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Vol-ebam, Plur. Vol-ebamus, vol-ebas, vol-ebatis, vol-ebat ; vol-ebant. PERFECT. Sing. Volu-i, Plur. Volu-imus, volu-isti, volu-istis, volu-it ; volu-erunt, or ere. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Volu-eram, Plur. Volu-eramus, volu-eras, volu-eratis, volu-erat ; volu-erant. FUTURE. king. Vol-am, Plur. Vol-emus, vol-es, vol-etis, vol-et ; vol-ent. F. PERFECT. Sing. Volu-ero, Plur. Volu-erimus, volu-eris, volu-eritis, volu-erit ; volu-erint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Velim, Plur. Velimus, veils, velitis, velit ; velint. IRREGULAR VERBS. IMPERFECT. Sing. Vellem, velies, Plur. Veil emus, velletis, vellet ; vellent. PERFECT. Sing. Volu-erim, volu-eris, Plur. Volu-erimus, volu-eritis, volu-erit ; volu-erint. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Volu-issem, volu-isses, Plur. Volu-issemus, volu-issetis, volu-isset ; volu-issent. INFINITIVE MOOD. PARTICIPLE. Pres. Velle. Perf. Voluisse. Pres. Volens. 107 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet. Quod vult habet, qui velle, quod satis est, potest. Satis est beatus, qui potest, cum vult, mori. Volebam ad te Marionem remittere. Haec ad te scribere volui. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I wished to send Mario to thee. He has what he wishes, who is able to wish what is sufficient. I desired to write these things to thee. ' If he wished to say anything concerning these things. He is sufficiently happy, who is able to die when he wishes. QUESTION. What English words are formed from the Latin words in this Exercise ? 108 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LIX. (Review Lesson LVIIL) 5. Nolo, nolle, nolui. To be umvilling. (From non volo INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Nolo, Plur. Nolumus, non- vis, non-vultis, non-vult ; nolunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Nol-ebam, Plur. Nol-ebamus, nol-ebas, nol-ebatis, nol-ebat ; nol-ebant. PERFECT. Sing. Nolu-i, Plur. Nolu-imus, nolu-isti, nolu-istis, nolu-it ; nolu-erunt, or -Sre PLUPERFECT. Sing. Nolu-eram, Plur. Nolu-eramus, nolu-eras, nolu-eratis, nolu-erat ; nolu-erant. FUTURE. Sing. Nol-am, Plur. Nol-emus, nol-es, nol-etis, nol-et ; nol-ent. F. PERFECT. Sing. Nolu-ero, Plur. Nolu-erimus, nolu-eris, nolu-eritis, nolu-erit ; nolu-erint. Sing. Plur. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Nolim, nolis, nolit ; Nolimus, nolitis, nolint. IRREGULAR VERBS, 109 Sing. Nollem, Plur. Nollemus, Sing. Nolu-erim, Plur. Nolu-erimus, Sing. Nolu-issem, Plur. Nolu-issemus, IMPERATIVE. S. Noli, or nolito. P. Nolite, or nolitote IMPERFECT. nolles, nolletis, PERFECT. nolu-eris, nolu-eritis, PLUPERFECT. nolu-isses, nolu-issetis, INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. Nolle. Pres. Nolens. Perf. Noluisse. The rest wanting. nollet ; nollent. nolu-erit ; nolu-erint. nolu-isset ; nolu-issent. 6. Malo, malle, malui. To be more willing. (Magis et volo.) INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Malo, Plur. Malumus, mavis, mavultis, mavult ; malunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Mai- e" bam, Plur. Mal-ebamus, mal-ebas, mal-ebatis, mal-ebat ; mal-ebant. PERFECT. Sing. Malu-i, Plur. Malu-imus, malu-isti, malu-istis, malu-it ; malu-erunt, or -Sre. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Malu-eram, Plur. Malu-eramus, malu-eras, malu-eratis, malu-erat ; malu-erant. 110 LATIN LESSONS. FUTURE. Sing. Mal-am, Plur. Mai- emus, mal-es, mal-etis, mal-et ; mal-ent. F. PERFECT. Sing. Malu-ero, malu-eris, malu-erit ; Plur. Malu-erimus, malu-eritis, malu-erint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Malim, Plur. Malimus, mails, malitis, malit ; malint. IMPERFECT. Sing. Mallem, Plur. Mallemus, malles, malletis, mallet : mallent. PERFECT. Sing. Malu-erim, Plur. Malu-erimus, malu-eris, malu-eritis, malu-erit ; malu-erint. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Malu-issem, Plur. Malu-issemus, malu-isses, malu-issetis, malu-isset ; malu-issent. PRES. Malle. INFINITIVE MOOD. PERF. Maluisse. The rest not used. EXEKCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Rex esse nolim, ut esse crudelis velim. Id cseteri facere nolebant. Si ego illam nolo vendere, coges me ? Noli putare, me istud maluisse. Malim mori, quam vivere male. IRREGULAR VERBS. Ill ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Be unwilling to think me to have preferred that. The others were unwilling 1 to do it. I would rather wish to die, than to live wickedly. If I am unwilling to sell her, will you compel me? I would he unwilling to he king, as I might wish to be cruel. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this exercise ? LESSON LX. (Review Lesson LIX.) 7. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum. To carry, to bring, or suffer ACTIVE VOICE. Sing. Fero, Plur. Ferimus, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. fers, fertis, fert; ferunt. IMPERFECT- Sing. Fer-eham, fer-ebas, fer-ehat; Plur. Fer-ebamus, fer-ehatis, fer-ehant. PERFECT. Sing. Tul-i, Plur. Tul-imus, tul-isti, tulit ; tul-istis, tul-erunt, or -Cre. 112 LATIN LESSONS. PLUPERFECT. Sing. Tul-eram, Plur. Tul-eramus, tul-eras, tul-eratis, tul-erat 5 tul-erant. FUTURE. Sing. Fer-am, Plur. Fer-emus, fer-es, fer-etis, fer-et ; fer-ent. F. PERFECT. Sing. Tul-ero, Plur. Tul-erimus, tul-eris, tul-eritis, tul-erit ; tul-erint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. fer-as, fer-atis, IMPERFECT. fer-res, fer-retis, PERFECT. tul-eris, tul-eritis, PLUPERFECT. tul-isses, tul-issetis, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. Fer, or ferto, ferto ; Plur. Ferte, or fertote, ferunto INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Ferre. FUT. Esse laturus, -a, -um. PERF. Tulisse. F. P. Fuisse laturus, -a, -urn. Sing. Fer-am, Plur. Fer-Smus, Sing. Ferrem, Plur. Fer-remus, Sing. Tul-erim, Plur. Tul-erimus, Sing. Tul-issem, Plur. Tul-issemus, fer-at ; fer-ant. fer-ret ; fer-rent. tul-erit ; tul-erint. tul-isset ; tul-issent. IRREGULAR VERBS. 113 PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. SUPINES. PRES. Ferens. N. Ferendum. 1. Latum. FUT. Laturus, -a, -um. G. Ferendi, &c. 2. Latu. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Contumeliam nee mgenuus fert, nee fortis facit. Ultro obtulerat se ignotum. Incerti quo fata ferant, ingrediuntur. Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. They proceed, uncertain whither the fates may bear them. Of his own accord, he offered himself unknown (to them.) I fear the Greeks even bearing gifts. An ingenuous man does not bear contumely, nor does a brave man create it. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise? LESSON LXI. (Review Lesson LX.) PASSIVE VOICE. 7. Feror, ferri, latus, To be brought INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Feror, ferris, or ferre, fertur; Plur. Ferimur, ferimini, feruntur. 114 LATIN LESSONS. Szng. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. IMPERFECT. Ferebar, fere.baris, o?*ferebare, ferebatur ; Ferebamur, ferebammi, ferebantur. PERFECT. Latus sum, or fui, latus es, or fuisti, etc. Lati sumus or fuirnus, lati estis, or fuistis, etc. PLUPERFECT. Latus eram, or fueram, latus eras, or fueras, etc. Lati eramus, or fueramus, lati eratis, or fueratis, etc. FUTURE. Ferar, fereris, or ferere, feretur ; Feremur, feremini, ferentur. F. PERFECT. latus fueris, Latus fuero, Lati fuerimus, lati fueritis, latus fuerit ; lati fuerint. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Ferar, fer-aris, or fer-are, feratur ; Fer-amur, fer-ammi, fer-antur. IMPERFECT. Ferrer, ferreris, or ferrere, ferretur ; Ferremur, ferremini, ferrentur. PERFECT. Latus sim, or fuerim, latus sis, or fueris, etc. Lati simus, or fuerimus, lati sitis, or fueritis, etc. PLUPERFECT. Latus essem, or fuissem, latus esses, or fuisses, Lati essemus, or fuissemus, lati essetis, or fuissetis. IRREGULAR VERBS. 115 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. Ferre, or fertor, fertor ; Plur. Ferimini, feruntor. INFINITIVE MOOD. PARTICIPLES. PRES. Ferri. PERF. Latus, -a, -um. PERF. Esse, or fuisse latus, -a, -um. FUT. Ferendus, -a, -um. FUT. Latum iri. REM. In like manner are conjugated the compounds of fero; as : affero, afFerre, attiili, allatum ; offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatumj perfSro, perferre, pertiili, perlatum. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Fascem virgularum afFerri jubet. Simonides primus artem memoriae protulisse fertur. Quondam defuncti noctu efferebantur. Partem aliquam, venti, referatis ad meas aures. Si me restitisse dicam, non sim ferendus. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Simonides is said first to have brought out the ar* of memory. O winds ! bear back some part to my ears. He ordered a bundle of twigs to be brought. If I should say that I resisted, I ought not to be tolerated Formerly the dead were carried out in the night. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived I art ? part ? ear ? resist ? refer ? memory ? 116 L A T I N L E S S O N S LESSON L X 1 1 . (Review Lesson LXI.) 8. Fio, fieri, factus. To be made^ or done, to become INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Flo, fis, fit; Plur. Fimus, fitis, fiunt. IMPERFECT. Sing. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat; Plur. Fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant. PERFECT. Sing. Factus sum, or fui, factus es, or fuisti, etc. Plur. Facti sumus, or fuimus, facti estis,or fuistis, etc PLUPERFECT. Sing. Factus eram, or fueram, factus eras, or fueras ; Plur. Facti eramus, or fueramus, facti eratis, or fueratis FUTURE. Sing. Fiam, fies, fiet; Plur. Fiemus, fietis, fient. F. PERFECT. Sing. Factus fuero, factus fueris, etc. Plur. Facti fuerimus, facti fueritis. &a SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Fiam, fias, fiat ; Plur. Fiamus, fiatis, fiant. IMPERFECT. Sing. Fierem, fieres, fieret; Plur. FierSmus, fier6tis, fierent. IRREGULAR VERBS. 117 PERFECT. Sing. Factus sim,or fuerirn, factus sis, or fueris, etc. Plur. Facti simus, orfuerimus, facti sltis, or fueritis, etc. PLUPERFECT, Factus essem, or fuissem, factus esses, or fuisses, etc. Facti essernus, or fuissemus, facti essetis, or fuissetis, etc. IMPERATIVE MOOD. S> 2. Fi, or fito ; 2. Fite, or fitote. g 3. Fito. 3. Fiunto. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRES. Fieri. PERF. Esse, or fuisse factus, -a, -um. FUT. Factum iri. PARTICIPLES. SUPINE. PERF. Factus, -a, -urn. 2. Factu. FUT. Faciendus, -a, -um. DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs are those which are not used in some of their parts. These three, odi, c&pi, and memini, are used only in the perfect, and tenses derived from it. Besides these three, the following occur most fre- quently : AiO) " I say." Inquam, " I say." Forem^ " I should be." rfve, and salve, " hail." Some verbs derive the preterit tenses and future perfect from the passive form, viz : soleo, solere, so- lltus sum ; audeo, audere, ausus sum ; gaudeo, gau- dere, gavlsus sum ; fio, fieri, factus sum. Jlusim is used instead of auserim, from audeo; and faxim for fecerim, from facio. 118 LATIN LESSONS. Impersonal Verbs are those which are used only in the third person singular, and do not admit of a per- sonal subject or nominative. These verbs, when translated literally into English, have before them the neuter pronoun it; as : delectat, "it delights;" decet, "it becomes;" contingit, "it happens." The ten following are in most common use : decet^ libetj licet, miseret, oportet^ piget, pcenitet, pudet^ ttedet, and liquet. REM. Most Latin verbs in the passive voice may be used imper- sonally j as : pugnatur, "it is fought," etc. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Cum literas ad senatum deferri placeret. Mulier solebat ancillas suas excitare. Deteriore conditione esse coeperunt. De grege non ausirn quicquam deponere Et haec olirn memmisse juvabit. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. A woman was accustomed to arouse her maids. I would not dare to take anything from the flock. And hereafter it will delight (us) to remember these things. They began to be in a worse condition. When it might please that the letters should be carried to the senate. QUESTIONS. From what Latin words are the following derived? senate .? defer ? please ? excite ? conditior ? PART II, SYNTAX, LESSON LXIII. (Review Lesson LXIL) SYNTAX is that part of Grammar which treats of the proper arrangement and connection of words in a sentence. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. ( 1. In every sentence there must be a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, im- perative, or infinitive mood, and a subject expressed or understood.) ( 2. Every adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle must have a substantive expressed or understood, with which it agrees . ) ( 3. Every relative must have an antecedent or word to which it refers, and with which it agrees.) ( 4. Every nominative has its own verb expressed or understood, of which it is the subject, or is placed after the verb, or in apposition.) ( 5. Every verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative mood, has its own nominative expressed or understood.) ( 6. Every oblique case is governed by some word expressed or understood, in the sentence of which it forms a pan, or is placed under tho " construction of cir- cumstances") PARTS OF SYNTAX. The parts of Syntax are commonly reckoned two, Concord or agreement, and Government. Concord is the agreement of one word with another, in gender, number, case or person. Government is that power which one word has over another in determining its mood, tense, or case. 120 LATIN LESSONS. RULES OF SYNTAX. RULE I. Substantives denoting the same person or thing agree in case; as : Cicero orator, Cicero the orator. ( REM. 1. Substantives thus used are said to be in appo- sition.} ( REM. 2. Nouns in apposition are often connected in English by such particles as as, being , for ^ etc.; as: Pater misit me comitem.) RULE II. An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case; as : Bonus vir, a good man. Bona puella, a good girl. (REM. This rule applies to all adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles. " Substantive, " in this rule, includes personal and relative pronouns.) OBS 1. The substantive is often omitted, and the adjective, assuming its gender, number, and case, is used as a substantive. OBS. 2. These adjectives, primus, medius, imus, summus, etc. usually signify the first part, middle part, lowest pare, etc., oi any thing ; as : media nox, the middh of the night. OBS. 3. Adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs ; as : prior venit, " he came first" of the two. RULE III. The relative qui, qua, quod, agrees with its antecedent, in gender 3 number and person; as : Ego qui, or qua scribo, I who write. OBS. 1. The relative is sometimes attracted into the case of the antecedent : quibus quisque poterat elatis, for (iis) QUJE quisque, etc. OBS. 2. The antecedent is sometimes attracted into the case of the relative; as: Urbem quam statuo vestra est, for URBS quam statuo, etc. RULE IV. A verb agrees with its nominative^ in number and person ; as : Ego lego, I read. Vos scribitis, Ye write. ( REM. 1. The nominative to a verb may be either a noun, a pronoun, an adjective used as a noun, the infinitive, a geiund, or a part of a sentence. Ego, tu, nos, and vos, are generally omitted.) SYNTAX. 121 REM. 2. The nominative often is found with the infinitive, in which case the verb is called the historical infinitive.) OBS. 1. Two or more substantives singular taken together, have a verb in the plural ; taken separately, the verb is singular. OBS. 2. A collective noun expressing many as one whole, has a verb in the singular; expressing many as individuals, it has a verb in the plural ; as : 1. Senatus venit, the Senate came. 2. Turba ruiiM, the crowd rush. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Consul ex media morte, reservatus est. Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimes urbes, ever- sae sunt. Omnes boni semper beati sunt. Multitudo sunt sine ducibus. Literas expecto, quas scripsisti. Urbem quam statuo vestra est. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Carthage and Corinth, very opulent cities, were destroyed. I expect the letters which you wrote. The Consul was preserved from the midst of death. The multitude are without leaders. The city which I build is yours. All good (men) are always happy. QUESTIONS. From what Latin are the following English words derived ? multitude ? reserve ? opulent ? expect ? letter ? 122 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LXIV. (Review Lesson LXIII.) RULE V. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, \vhen both words refer to the same thing ; as : Ego sum discipulus, I am a scholar. OBS. The accusative or dative before the infinitive under this rule, requires the same case after it in the predicate ; as : Novimus te esse virum, We know that you are a man. Mihi negligenti non esse licet. I am not allowed to be negligent. RULE VI. One substantive governs another in the genitive, where the latter substantive limits the signi- fication of the former ; as : Lux naturce, The light of nature. (REM. This rule applies to substantives, personal pronouns, and adjective pronouns. OBS. The dative is often used instead of genitives, as ; Fratri cedes, The house of my brother, RULE VII. A substantive added to another to ex- press a property or quality belonging to it, is put in the genitive or ablative ; as : Vir prudentid, or prudentice, A man of prudence RULE VIII. An adjective in the neuter gender without a substantive governs the genitive ; as : Multum pecuniae, much money. SYNTAX. 123 RULE IX. Verbal adjectives, or such as imply an operation of the mind, govern the genitive ; as , Avidus glorias, desirous of glory. OBS. 1 Participles in NS. and TUS come under this construction ; as : amans, cupien*, txpcrtus, inexpertus, etc. OBS. 2. Some adjectives take the infinitive ; as : Certus ire. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Erit inter horum laudes aliquid loci. Castor et Pollux erant fratres. Semper fragilitatis humane sis memor. Leonum anlmi index cauda est. Catilma erat monstrum nulla virtute. Caesar erat vir consilii magni. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Castor and Pollux were brothers. The tail is the index of the spirit of lions. There will be some place among the praises of these. Caesar was a man of great wisdom. Catiline was a monster of no virtue. May you always be mindful of human frailty. QUESTIONS From what Latin words are the following derived? index ? counsel ? virtue ? human ? monster ? LESSON LXV. (Review Lesson LXIV.) RULE X. Partitives and words placed partitively^ comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives, and some numerals govern the genitive plural ; as : Quis nostrtim ? which of us ? Una musarum, one of the muses. 124 LATIN LESSONS. REM. 1. A partitive is a word which signifies a part of any number of persons or things. REM. 2. A word placed partitively does not signify a part, but distinguishes a part from the whole ; as : expediti militum. OBS. Partitives are such words as : ullus, nullus, alter ^ tot; words used partiti- vely as in the following sentences : Superi deorum, nemo nostrum, sancte deorum. RULE XI. Adjectives of plenty or want govern the genitive or ablative ; as : Plenus irce, or ird y Full of anger. RULE XII. Sum governs the genitive of a person or thing to which its subject belongs as a possession, property, or duty ; as : Est regisy It belongs to the king. Hominis est err are, It is the characteristic of man to err. RULE XIII. Misereor, miseresco, and satago, govern the genitive. Miserere civium tudrum, Pity your countrymen. RULE XIV. Recorder^ memim, reminiscor, and obliviscor, govern the genitive or accusative ; as : Recorder lectidnis, or lectionem, I remember the lesson. Obliviscor injurice, or injuriam, I forget an injury. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Erat Italia tune plena Graecarum artium. Ilia prsedicam quae sunt consulis. Me liceat casum misereri amici. Gallorum fortissimi sunt Belgae. Bonorum est injuriarum oblivisci. SYNTAX. 125 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The Belgians are the bravest of the Gauls. Italy was then full of Grecian arts. May it be lawful for me to pity the calamity of a friend. I will declare those things which belong to the consul. It is the characteristic of the good to forget injuries. LESSON LXVI. (Review Lesson LXV.) RULE XV. Substantives frequently govern the dative of their object ; as : Hostis virtutzbus, An enemy to virtue. OBS. The dative of the possessor is governed by substantives denoting tho thing possessed ; as : Ei venit in mentem, It came into his mind. Cui corpus porrigitur, Whose body is extended. RULE XVI. Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, govern the dative ; as : JJ tills bello, Useful for war. Similis patri, Like his father. RULE XVII. All verbs govern the dative of the object or end, to which the action expressed by them is directed ; as, Finis venit imperio. An end has come to the empire. REM. Under this general rule may be included the following Special Rules. 126 LATIN LESSONS. RULE I. Sum and its compounds govern the dativf (except possum ;) as : Prcefuit exercitui, He commanded the army. RULE II. The verb Est, signifying to be, or to belong to, governs the dative of the possessor ; as : r, . ., . (LA father is to me, i. e. Est rmhz pater, { 2 j haye a father> RULE III. Verbs compounded of satis, bene, and male, govern the dative ; as : Legibus satisfacit. He satisfied the laws. RULE IV. Many verbs compounded with these ten prepositions, ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, pr&, sub, and super, govern the dative. RULE V. Verbs govern the dative, which signify to profit or hurt ; to favor or assist, and the contrary; to command and obey ; to serve and resist to threaten and to be angry ; to trust. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Vir bonus semper patrise decus est. Ira insaniae est simillima. Caesar prsefuit toti provincige. Sunt nobis mitia poma. Maledixit amico suo sine causa. Maximum periciilum consuli impendet. Mors nulli aetati pare it. SYNTAX. 127 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He reproached his friend without cause. A good man is always an honor to his country. Anger is very similar to insanity. We have ripe apples. (There are to us, etc.) The greatest danger overhangs the consul. Caesar commanded the whole province. Death spares no age. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise ? LESSON LXVI1. (Review Lesson LXVI.) RULE XVIII. An impersonal verb governs the dative ; as : Expedit reipubliccs. It is profitable for the State. Exc. I. Refert and interest govern the genitive; as : Interest omnium, It is the interest of all. But mca, tua^ sua^ nostra, vestra, are put in the accu- sative plural neuter ; as : Non mea refert> It does not concern me. Exc. II. These five, miseret, pcenitet, pudet, tadet, and piget, govern the accusative of the immediate, with the genitive of the remote object ; as Miseret me tui, I pity you. 128 LATI.N LESSONS. Exc. III. Decet,delectat)juvatj and oportet, govern the accusative with the infinitive ; as : Delect at me studere, It delights me to study. RULE XIX. The verbs sum^ do, habeo, and some others, with the dative of the object^ govern also the dative of the end, or design; as : ,-, . ., . 7 ... ( It is to me for a pleasure, i. e., Est mzkz voluptatz, j ft ^ Qr brings a p f easure to me . OBS. To this rule is sometimes referred the forms of naming, so common in Latin ; as : Cui cognomen lulo additur. RULE XX. A transitive verb in the active voice governs the accusative ; as : Ama Deum, Love God. SPECIAL RULES. RULE I. A transitive deponent verb governs the accusative ; as : ReverSre parentes, Revere your parents. RULE II. An intransitive verb may govern a noun of kindred signification in the accusative ; as : Pugnare pugnam, To fight a battle. OBS. 1. Verbs commonly intransitive are sometimes used in a transitive sense, and govern the accusative ; as : Abhorere famam To dread fame. OBS. 2. Many accusatives are governed by quod attinet ad, or secundum, under- stood, meaning, as to, in respect of. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Neque satis tribunis constabat, quid agerent. Bonus puer est honori ejus parentibus. Ilia videtur ire longarn viam. Non decet te rixari. Tsedet me vitas* SYNTAX. 129 ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. A good boy is an honor to his parents. It does not become you to quarrel. It was not sufficiently evident to the tribunes, what they should do. She seemed to go a long journey. Camels endure thirst a long time. (It wearies me) I am weary of life. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise? LESSON LXVIII. (Review Lesson LXVII.) RULE XXI. The interjections 0, heu^ and proh^ are construed with the nominative, accusative, and voca tive ; as : O formose puer ! O fair boy. RULE XXII. Opus and usus signifying need, require the ablative ; as : Est opus pecunid, There is need of money. RULE XXIII. The adjectives dignus : indignus^ contentuS) pr&ditus^ captus^ zndfretus ; also the participles natus^ satus^ ortus, editus^ and the like, denoting origin, govern the ablative ; as : Dignus hondre, Worthy of honor. Fretus viribus, Trusting in his strength. 130 LATIN LESSONS. RULE XXIV. The comparative degree without a conjunction governs the ablative ; as : Dulcior melle, Sweeter than honey* OBS. Magis and minus, joined to the positive degree are equivalent to the com- parative ; as : O luce magis delecta. RULE XXV. Verbs of plenty and scarceness, for the most part, govern the ablative ; as : Abundat divitiis, He abounds in riches, Caret omni culpd, He has no fault. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. O fallacem hommum spem ! O vir fortis atque amicus ! Viris fortibus nunc opus est. Germania rivis fhiminibusque abundat. Quid magis est durum auro, quid mollius aqua? Nihil video in Sulla odio dignum. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. brave man and friend ! What is harder than gold, what softer than water? Now there is need of brave men. 1 see nothing in Sylla worthy of hatred. O deceitful hope of men ! Germanv abounds in brooks and rivers. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this exercise? , SYNTAX. 131 LESSON LXIX. (Review Lesson LXVIII.) RULE XXVI. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, govern the ablative ; as : Utitur fraude, He uses deceit. OBS. 1. To these we may add gaudeo, nascor, pascor, epulor. Potior governs iie genitive ; as : potiri rerum To get the chief command. OBS. 2. Potior, fungor, epulor. and pascor, sometimes govern the accusative. Depasco, and depascor always have the accusative. RULE XXVII. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and admonishing, govern the accusative of a person with the genitive of a thing ; as : Arguit me furti, He accuses me of theft. RULE XXVIII. Verbs of valuing, with the accusa- tive, govern such genitive as, magni, parvi, nihili^ etc. as : JEstimo te magni, I value you much. REM. These genitives are adjectives, and properly agree with pretii, momenti, or some such noun understood. RULE XXIX. Verbs of comparing, giving, de- claring, and taking away, govern the accusative and dative ; as : Co?nparo Virgilium Homero, I compare Virgil to Homer. Eripuit me morti, He rescued me from death. OBS. Any verb may govern the accusative and dative when together with the thing done, we express also the remote object to which it is done. RULE XXX. Verbs of asking and teaching govern two accusatives, the one of a person, and the other of a thing ; as : Posdmus te pacem, We beg peace of thee. 133 LATIN LESSONS. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Condemno me ipsum inertias. Nunquam divitias deos rogavi. Brutus Tarquinio ademit imperium. TuaB literse erunt magni. De his rebus utere tuo judicio. Hoc munere functus est. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. I have never asked riches of the Gods. Thy letters will be of great value. I condemn myself for inactivity. He performed this office. Brutus took the command from Tarquinius. Concerning these things use your judgment. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise ? LESSON LXX. (Review Lesson LXIX.) RULE XXXI. Verbs of loading, binding, clothing, depriving, and their contraries, govern the accusative and ablative ; as : Onerat naves auro, He loads the ships with gold. OBS. several verbs denoting to fill' likewise govern the genitive; as: Adoles- tentem suce temeritatis implet. SYNTAX. 133 RULE XXXII. Verbs that govern two cases in the active voice, govern the latter of these in the pas- sive ; as : Acc&sor furti, I am accused of theft. Doceor grammatzcam, I am taught grammar. RULE XXXIII. Passive verbs frequently govern the dative of the doer ; as : Vix audior ulli, I am scarcely heard by any one. Nulla audlta mihi so- None of your sisters has been rdrum, heard of by me. OBS. The passive participle in -dus has the agent or doer almost always in the dative ; and generally conveys the idea of obligation or necessity ; as : Adhibenda est nnbis diligentia. Diligence must be used by us. CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES. REM. Words and phrases are by common usage put in a particular case in certain circumstances, without government 01 dependence on any words either expressed or understood. This is called the " Construction of circumstances." RULE XXXIV. Respect wherein, and the part affected, are expressed in the ablative ; as : Jure perztus, Skilled in law. Pcedibus ceger, Lame in his feet. RULE XXXV* The cause, manner, means, and instrument, are put in the ablative ; as : Palleo metu, I am pale with fear. Fecit suo more, He did it in his own way. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. In Africa elephanti capiuntur foveis. Crocodilus pelle durissima munitur. Ille omnes belli artes edoctus erat. Pax petenda est mihi. 134 LATIN LESSONS. Aras multis donis onerant. Pueri docentur graminaticam. Neque cermtur ulli. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He was taught all the arts of war. In Africa, elephants are taken in pits. They load the altars with many gifts. Neither is he perceived by any one. The crocodile is protected by a very hard skin. Peace must be sought by me. The boys are taught grammar. QUESTIONS. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this exercise ? LESSON LXXI. (Review Lesson LXX.) RULE XXXVI. The name of the town denoting the place where, or in which, is put in the genitive ; as : Vixit Romce, He lived at Rome. REM. But if the name of the town be of the third declension, or plural number, it is expressed in the ablative j as : Habitat Carthagine, He dwells at Carthage. Studuit Athenis, He studied at Athens. RULE XXXVII. The name of a town denoting the place whither, or to which, is put in the accusa- tive : as : Venit Romam, He came to Rome. OBS. At, or near a place is expressed by ad, oiapud with the accusative; as. Ad, or Apud Trojam, At or near Troy. SYNTAX, 135 XXXVIII. The name of a town whence^ or from which; or 6y 3 or through which, is put in the abla- tive ; as : Discessit Corintho, He departed from Corinth. RULE XXXIX. Domus and rus are construed like names of towns ; as : Manet domi, He remains at home. Abiit rus, He has gone to the country. OBS. Humi, militia, and belli, are likewise construed in the genitive like names of towns. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Ego domi ero. Si enim es Romae, me assequi non potes. Is negat filium esse rure (or ruri.) Non commovi me adhuc Thessalomca. Infesto exercitu Romam venit. Spartam redire nolebat. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He denies that his son is in the country. He came to Rome with a hostile army. I shall be at home. I have not as yet moved myself from Thessalonica. He was unwilling to return to Sparta. For if you remain at Rome, you will not be able to overtake me. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin* words in this Exercise ? 136 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LXXII. (Review Lesson LXXI.) RULE XL. Time when, is put in the ablative ; as : Venit hord tertid, He came at three o'clock. RULE XLI. Time how long, is put in the accusa- tive or ablative ; as : Mansit paucos dies, He staid a few days. Sex mensibus abfuit, He was absent six months, RULE XLII. Measure or distance, is put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative ; as : Murus est decem pedes altus, The wall is ten feet high. Iter, or itinere unius diei, One day's journey. RULE XLIII. The measure of excess or deficiency is put in the ablative ; as : Sesquipede longior, Taller by a foot and a half. Novem pedibus minor, Less by nine feet. RULE XLIV. The price of a thing is put in the ablative ; as : Constttit talento, It cost a talent. Vendidit hie auro patriam, This man sold his country for gold. Exc. But tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are used in the geni- tive j as : Quanti constttit, How much cost it ? SYNTAX. 137 RULE XLV. Adverbs are joined to verbs, adjec- tives, participles, and other adverbs, to modify and limit their signification ; as : Bcne scribit, He writes well. Fortiter pugnans, Fighting bravely. Egregie fidelis Remarkably faithful. Satis bene, Well enough. OBS. Two negatives, in Latin, are equivalent to an affirmative ; as : nee non senserunt, " nor did they not perceive ; " i. e. they did perceive. So, nonnulli, " not none j " i. e. " some." Nonnunquam, " not never, " i. e., sometimes, &c. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Isocrates orationem viginti talentis vendidit. ^Estate dies sunt longiores hieme. Vixit annis novem, imperavit triennio. In eo bello tres annos quaestor fuit. Locus est ab Roma decem millia passuum. Literas tuas vehementer expecto. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. He lived nine years, he commanded three years. Isocrates sold an oration for twenty talents. I expect thy letters earnestly. The days are longer in summer than in winter. The place is ten miles from Rome. In that war he was quaestor three years. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise? 138 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LXXIII. (Review Lesson LXXII.) RULE XLVI. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive ; as : Pridie ejus diei, The day "before that day. Ubique gentium. Every where. Satis est verborum, There is enough of words. RULE XLVII. Some derivative adverbs govern the case of their primitives ; as : Omnium opttmc loquitur, He speaks the best of all. Venit obviam ei, He came to meet him. RULE XLVIII. Twenty-eight prepositions, ad, apud, ante, &c. govern the accusative ; as : Ad patrem. To the father. RULE XLIX. Fifteen prepositions, a, ab, abs, etc. govern the ablative ; as : A patre, From the father. RULE L. The prepositions in, sub, super, and subter, denoting motion to, or tendency towards, govern the accusative ; as : Venit in urbem. He came into the city. RULE LI. The prepositions in and sub denoting situation, govern the ablative ; super and subter, either the accusative or ablative ; as : Jacet in terra He lies upon the ground. SYNTAX. 139 OBS. 1. The preposition is frequently understood before its case ; as : Devenere locos. OBS. 2. Sometimes the case is omitted after the preposition : as : Circum Con- cordicR, (understand cedem.) RULE LII. A preposition in composition often governs its own case ; as : Adedmus urbem, Let us go to the city. Exeamus urbe, Let us go out of the city. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Apud Romanes mortui plerumque cremabantur. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Summus mons a Tito Labieno tenebatur. Camel us odium adversus equos gerit. Dulce est pro patria mori. Literae a Phcenicibus inventas sunt. Obviam hosti eunt consules. Instar montis equurn aedificant. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Letters were invented by the Phoenicians. Among the Romans, the dead were generally burnt. It is sweet to die for one's country. They build a horse the size of a mountain. The camel bears hatred against horses. The consuls go to meet the enemy. All Gaul is divided into three parts. The top of the mountain was held by Titus Labienus. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this Exercise ? 140 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LXXIV. RULE LIII. Any tense of the subjunctive mood may follow a tense of the same class in the indicative ; as : Lego ut discam, I read that I may learn. RULE LIV. The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, and dummodo, etc., and words used indefinitely in dependent clauses, for the most part, require the subjunctive mood ; as : Nescit quis sim, He knows not who I am. RULE LV. The relative qui, qua, quod, requires the subjunctive, when it refers to an indefinite, nega- tive, or interrogative word, to words implying comparison, or assigns the reason, cause, or end of that which precedes, and also in all cases of oblique narration. OBS. When the relative with its clause assigns the cause or reason of the action or event announced in the antecedent clause, it requires the subjunctive; as Peccavisse mihi videor qui a te discesserim. REM. In all constructions of this kind, the relative is equivalent to quum, quod, quia, or quonam, with ego, tu, is, nos, &c., signi- fying " because," or "seeing that I,"" thou," " he ; " " we," &c. RULE LVI. One verb being the subject of another, is put in the infinitive ; as : Facile est queri. To complain is easy. Mentiri turpe est, To lie is base. REM. The infinitive mood without a subject may be regarded as a verbal noun in the singular number, neuter gender, and in form indeclinable, and may be used as a noun in all the cases. SYNTAX. 141 RULE LVII. One verb governs another, as its object, in the infinitive ; as : Cupio discere, I desire to learn. OBS. 1. The infinitive "without a subject is also used after adjectives, participles^ aad nouns. OBS. 2. The verb governing the infinitive is sometimes omitted, when c&pit or cceperunt is understood. When so used it is called the historical infinitive. RULE LVIIT. The subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative ; as : Gaudeo te valere, I am glad that you are well. (REM. The English particle '* that" may be called the sign of the accusative before the infinitive. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Percurro ad forum ut hsec tibi dicam. Nemo felix est, qui ea lege vivat. Peccavisse mihi videor, qui a te discesserim. Virgilius jusserat carmma sua cremari. Ego cupio ad te venire. Philippus volebat amari. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. 1 seem to myself to have (I think that I have) erred because I have left you. Philip wished to be loved. Virgil ordered his own poems to be burned. I run to the forum that I may say these things to thee. No one is happy who lives by this law. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin Words in this Exercise ? 142 LATIN LESSONS LESSON LXXV. (Review Lesson LXXIV.) RULE LIX. Participles, like adjectives, agree with their substantives in gender, number, and case ; as : Homo carens fraude, A man wanting in guile. Pax tantum amata, Peace so greatly loved. OBS. 1. Participles, gerunds, and supines, being parts of verbs, govern the cases of the verbs to which they belong. OBS. 2. The perfect participle is used to supply the place of a verbal noun, when such a noun is wanting, or but seldom used ; as : Hce literce recitatez mag- num luctum fecerunt, " The reading of these letters (not these letters being read,) caused great mourning." Receptus Hannibal, " The reception of Han- nibal." Ab urbe condita, " From the building of the city." OBS. 3. The participle in -dus, generally implies the idea of propriety, necessity, or obligation. RULE LX. A substantive with a participle, whose case depends on no other word, is put in the ablative absolute ; as : Sole oriente, fugiunt The sun rising, darkness tenlbrcB, flees away. REM. This rule belongs to the substantive only, with which the participle then agrees by the preceding rule. RULE LXI. The gerund, as the subject of the verb Est, implies necessity, and governs the dative ; as : Legcndum est mihi, Reading is to me, i. e., I must read. Moriendum est om- Dying is to all, i. e., all must nibus, die. OBS. 1, The gerund is a verbal noun in the singular number (wanting the voca- tive,) and is construed, in all the cases, like a substantive noun ; as : Tempus legendi^ Time of reading. OBS 2. The gerund, as a verbal noun, resembles the infinitive, and is often put for it ; as : Est tempus legendi, It is the time to read. SYNTAX. 143 EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Omnibus aliquando moriendum est. Homo natura est cupldus nova videndi. Libri sunt inutiles ignaro legendi. Amicus amlcum semper juvabit consolando. Exempla fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Sabmis debellatis, Tarquinius rediit. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. Examples of changing fortune are innumerable. All must, at length, die Books are useless to one ignorant of reading. The Sabines having been subdued, Tarquin returned. Man is, by nature, desirous of seeing new things. A friend will always assist a friend by consoling him. LESSON LXXVI. (Review Lesson LXXV.) RULE LXII. Gerunds governing the accusative, are elegantly turned into gerundives in -dus^ which, with the sense of the gerund, instead of governing , agree with their substantives, in gender, number, and case ; as ; GeruutU: KgSSSSfK { * *"* P*- RULE LXII1. The supine in -um is put after a verb of motion : as : Abiit dea?nluldtum, He hath gone to walk. RULE LXIV. The Supine in -u is put after an ad- jective noun ; as : Facile dictu^ Easy to tell, or to be told. 144 LATIN LESSONS. REM. The supines bein^ nothing but verbal nouns of the fourth declension, and only in the accusative and ablative singular, are governed in these cases by prepositions understood ; they may be translated as infinitives j as : difficile cognltu, or cognosci. RULE LXV. The conjunctions et, ac, clique, nee, neque, ant, vel, and some others, couple similar cases and moods ; as : Honora patrem et matrem, Honor father and mother. Nee legit nee scribit, He neither reads nor writes. EXERCISE. LATIN TO BE TURNED INTO ENGLISH. Initum est consilium urbis delendae. Rogatum auxilium Rom am legates mittunt. Res est visu foeda, et auditu. Ea videre ac perspicere potestis. Pater et films sunt scelesti. ENGLISH TO BE TURNED INTO LATIN. The father and son are wicked. They entered upon the design of destroying the city. The thing is loathsome to be seen, and to be heard. You are able to see and to discern these things. They send ambassadors to Rome, to ask aid. QUESTION. What English words are derived from the Latin words in this exercise? N. B. When the pupil has proceeded thus far, let him return and review thoroughly, but rapidly, from the beginning. When he commences the history of Joseph, after the general review, he should begin with Bullions' Latin Grammar, or with whatever text-book the teacher adopts. THE HISTORY OF JOSEPH, FROM L'HOMOND'S HISTORIA SACRA, (!N arranging the words of each sentence in the proper order for translation into English, let the pupil carefully follow the 'DIRECTIONS FOR BEGINNERS/' in Bullions' Latin Grammar, $ 52, p. 270. He will be greatly assisted in preparing his les- sons, by examining the references to the same Grammar at the foot of each page. Where the reference is to a Rule of Syntax only, it will also be found, by its number, in the preceding Lessons. The pupil should carefully analyse each sentence, and parse the words it contains. See 152, 153.). 1. JOSEPH'S INFANCY. Jacdbus habuit duodecim filios, inter quos erat Jose- phus : hunc pater amabat a prae cseteris b quia senex c genuerat d eum. Dederat illi e togam textam e filis f varii coldris. ff Quam ob causam Josephus erat invisus suis fratri- bus 5 h prgesertim post quarn narravisset eis e duplex somnium, quo i futura ejus magnitude portendebatur. Oderant-' ilium tantopere ut non possent k cum eo amice loqui. *44, 11,1. b 136, R. XLIX. c 98, Obs. 10. a gigno. 123 R. XXIX. '128 Obs. 2. s 106 R. VII. h 126 R. XXXIII. 129 R. XXXV. J 84 Obs. 2. k 140 1, 1st. 146 HISTORY OF JOSEPH 2. JOSEPH'S DREAM. Haec proro erant Josepla a somnia." b Ligabamus, " ' inquitj "simul manipulos in agro : ecce manipulus " meus surgebat et stabat rectus; d vestri autem mani- " puli circumstantes venerabantur meum." " Postea vidi e in somnis solem, lunam et untied m " Stellas adorantes me." Cui f fratres responderunt : " Quorsum spectant ista s somnia? "num tu eris rex b noster ? num subjiciemur " ditioni h tuse? 53 Fratres igitur invidebant ei \ l et pater rem tacitus d considerabat. 3. JOSEPH'S BRETHREN RESOLVE TO KILL HIM. Quadam die-' quum fratres Joseph! pascerent k greges proculj ipse remanserat domi. l Jacobus misit eum ad fratreSj ut sdret m quomodo se haberent. n Qui videntes Josephum venientem, consilium cepe- runt illius occidendi : " Ecce, " inquiebant ? u somnia- " tor venit : occidamus p ilium, et projiciamus p in " puteum : dicemus patri : f fera devoravit Josephum. " Tune apparebit q quid sua illi r prosint somnia." 4. REUBEN, THE ELDEST, TRIES TO SAVE HIM. Reuben, qui erat natu 8 maximus, deterrebat* fratros a tanto scelere. a 106,R.VI. h 126, R. III. 147,R.LXII. b 103,R.V. i 112, R. V. P 45,1,1. c 44,11. j 131, R.XL. q 85,2. d 98,Obs.lO. k 140, Obs.4. r 112, R. 1. 44, Ul,Indef. * 123,R.XXIX,02. m 130, R. XXXIX. 140, R LIV. 128,R. EXP. 26,6, Note. 28,Obs. 3, 3d. 140,4. t 44, II, 2. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 147 " Nolite, " inquiebat, " interficere puerum : est " enim frater a noster : dimittite eum potius ia hanc " foveam." Habebat in animo liberare b Josephum ex eorum c manibus, et d ilium extrahere e fovea, atque d ad pa- trem reducere. Reipsa his verbis e deducti f sunt ad mitius consi- lium. 5. JOSEPH SOLD BY HIS BRETHREN TO MERCHANTS- Ubi Josephus pervenit ad fratres suos, detraxerunt ei ff togam ? qua h indutus erat, et d detruserunt eum in foveam. Deinde quum consedissent l ad sumendumJ cibum conspexerunt mercatores quipetebant k ^Egyptum 1 cum camelis portantibus varia aromata. m Venit n illis in mentem Josephum vendere iis mer- catonbus. s Qui emerunt Josephum viginti nummis p argenteis, eumque duxerunt in ^Egyptum. 6. THEY SEND TO THEIR FATHER, JOSEPH'S ROBE STAINED WITH BLOOD. Tune fratres Josephi tinxerunt togam ejus in san- guine hsedi quern occiderant, et d miserunt earn c ad * 103, R. V. f 44, III, 5 Note. 1 130, Obs. 10 ^ 144, R. LVII. 8 123, R. XXIX. 146 Rem. 28, Obs. 3, 3d and h126,R.V. n 85,2. 106, R. VI. i 140, Obs, 4. o no, Obs. 1. * 149, R. LXV. J 147, R. LXII. P 133, R. XLIV. 129, R. XXXV. * 44,11. , 148 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. patrem cum his verbis : u Invemmus a hanc togam ; t vide an toga filii tui sit." b Quam quum agnovisset c pater, exclamavit : " Toga " filii mei est : fera pessima devoravit a Josephum." Deinde scidit d vestem, et e induit cilicium. Omnes filii ejus convenerunt ut lenirent f dolorem patris ; sed Jacobus noluit accipere % consolationem, dixitque ; " Ego descendam mcerens cum filio meo in sepulcrum. " 7. POTIPHAR PURCHASES JOSEPH. Putiphar ^Egyptius emit Josephum a mercatoribus. Deus autem favit Putiphari h causa 1 Josephi : om- nia-J ei k prospere succedebant. Quam ob rein Josephus benigne habitus est ab hero, ] qui praa fecit eum domui m suae. Josephus ergo administrabat rem familiarem Puti- pharis, omnia j fiebant n ad nulum ejus, nee Putiphar ullius negotii curam gerebat. 8. JOSEPH, ACCUSED BY POTIPHAR'S WIFE, is CAST INTO PRISON. Josephus erat insigni et pulchra facie uxor Puti- pharis eum pelliciebat p ad flagitium. Josephus autem nolebat assentiri improbse 44, III Def. i 140,4. ' 140,Obs.4. 144, III Indef. 149, R. LXV. ' 140, R. LIV. g 144, R. LVII. * 112, R.V. i 129, R. XXXV. j 98, Obs. 5. ' * 112, R. IV. 1 126, Obs. 2. 123 R. XXIX. 83, Obs. 3. 106, R. VII. P 44, II, L HISTORY OF JOSEPH. / 149 Quadam die a mulier apprehendit oram pallii ejus, at Josephus reliquit pallium in manibus ejus 3 et b fugit. Mulier irata inclamavit servos, c et Josephum accu- savit apud virum, qui nimiuni crediilus conjecit Jose- phum in carcerem. 9. THE DREAMS OF PHARAOH'S OFFICERS. Erant in eodem carcere duo miriistri Regis Phara- onis; alter d prseerat pincernisyf alter d pistoribus. Utrlque f obvenit divinitus somnium eadem nocte. a Ad quos quurn venisset ff Josephus mane, et b ani- madvertisset eos tristiores solito interrogavit qusenam esset h moestitia3 causa ? i Qui J responderunt : " Obvenit nobis f somnium, nee " quisquam est qui illud nobis k interpretetur." } " Nonne,"- inquit Josephus: " Dei m solius n est praBnoscere res futuras ? narrate mihi k somnia vestra. 10. JOSEPH EXPLAINS THE CHIEF CUPBEARER'S DREAM. Turn prior sic exposuit Josepho k somnium suum : " Vidi p in quiete vitem in qua erant tres palmites " ea paulatim prolulit gemmas deinde flores eruperunt, " ac denique uvae maturescebant." q " Ego exprimebarn r uvas in scyphum Pharaonis, a eique k porrigebam." 131, R. XL. 6 140, Obs. 4. m 108, R. XII. b 149, R. LXV. h 140, 5. n 20, 4. 116, Obs. 4. 2d. ! 103, R. V. 144, R. LVI. d 98, Obs. 12. J 99, R. III. P 44, III. Indef, 112. R. I. k 123, R. XXIX. q 88, 2. t 112, R. IV. i 141,R.I.&Obs.l. r 44,11.1. 160 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. " Esto bono ammo," a in quit Josephus ; "post tres " dies Pharao te restituet in gradum prisunum : te b 44 rogo ut memineris c mei." ' 11. HE EXPLAINS THE CHIEF BUTLER 5 S DREAM. Alter quoque narravit sornnium suum Josepho : * " Gestabam f in capite tria canistra in quibus erant ci- " bi quos pistores solent conficere." " Ecce autem aves circuravolitabant, f et cibos illos " comedebant." Cui e Josephus : " Ha3C est interpre- " tatio s istius h somnii : tria canistra sunt i tres dies, 5 " quibus J elapsis, Pharao te feriet securi, k et afFiget " ad palum, ubi aves pascentur carne l tua." 12. THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE TWO DREAMS. Die tertio, qui dies natalis Pharaonis erat 3 splendi- dum convivium paratum n fuit. Tune rex meminit ministiorilm c suorunij qui erant in carcere. Restituit preefecto e pincernarum munus suum, alterum vero securi k percussum suspendit ad palum. Ita res sornnium comprobavit. Tamen praefectus pincernarum oblitus est Josephi, c nee illius p in se meiiti c recordatus est. q 106, R. VII. ' 44,11.1. i 14,5, & 121, 0.2 * 124, R. XXX and s 103, R. V. 131, R. XL. 116, EXP. b 31, Obs. 2. n4 4) tt ote> Indef. c 140, 1, 3d. i represent. ' 44, III. Indef. d 108, R. XIV. J 146, R. LX. P 106, R, VI ' e 123, R. XXIX. * 15,5. q72, 1. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 151 13. TlIE DREAMS OF KING PHARAOH. Post biennium rex ipse a habuit somnium. Vide- batur si.bi b adslare Nilo c flumini : et ecce emergebant cle fiumine septem vacca3 pingues 3 quse pascebantur in palude. Delude septem aliae vaccse macilenta3 exie- runt ex e5dem flumine, quse devorarunt priores. d Pharao experrectus rursum dormivit, et alterum c habuit somniurn. Septem spicee plena? enascebantur in uno culmo, aliseque toticlem exiles succrescebant, et spicas plenas consumebant. 14. THE CHIEF CUPBEARER MENTIONS JOSEPH TO THE KING. Ubi illuxit ? f Pharao perturbatus convocavit omnes conjectores ^Egypti, et narravit illis^ somnium; at nemo poterat illud interpretari. Tune praefectus pincernarum dixit Regi : h " Con- " fiteor peccatum meum ; quum ego et praefectus pisto- rum esserous 1 in carcere, uterque j somniavimus eadem nocte. k Erat ibi puer Hebreeus, qui nobis ff sapienter iriter- pretatus est somnia ; res enim interpretationem com- probavit. 15. JOSEPH EXPLAINS THE KING'S DREAM. Rex arcessivit Josephum, eique s narravit utrumque somnium. Turn Josephus Pharaoni : h " duplex," inquit, " somnium unam atque eandem rem signif icat." a 32. e 24, 7. i 140. Obs. 4. and b he seemed to himself. ' 85, 5. 102,' Obs. 3. 112, R. IV. 123, R. XXIX. J 98, Exc. 4. <* 98, Obs. 5. h 123, Obs. 2. k 131, R. XL. 152 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. "Septem vaccse pingues et septern spicae plenae sunt " septem anni a ubertatis b mox venturse ; septem vero " vaccse macilentse, et septem spicee exiles sunt totidem "anni famis quse ubertatem c secutura est." d "Itaque, Rex, prsefice toti e JEgypio f virum sapien- " tern et industrium, qui partem fruguin b recondat 8 " in horreis publicis, servetque h diligenter in subsidi- " um famis b secuturse.*'' 16. JOSEPH is MADE GOVERNOR OF ALL EGYPT. Regi l placuit consilium : quare dixit Josepho :* cc Num quisquam est in ^Egypto te k sapientior 1 nemo u certe fungetur melius illo munere." l " En tibi f trado curam regni mei." Turn detraxit e manu sua annulum, et Joseph! digi- to f inseruit : induit ilium veste m byssina : collo f tor- quern aureum circumdedit, eumque in curru suo secun- dum collocavit. Josephus erat triginta annos n natus, quum sum- mam potestatem a Rege accepit. 17. JOSEPH RESERVES PART OF THE GRAIN, WHICH HE AFTERWARDS SELLS. Josephus perlustravit omnes ^Egypti regiones et per septem annos p ubertatis b congessit q maximam fru- menti copiam. Secuta est inopia septem anndruin, r et in orbe uni- verso fames ingravescebat. 8 a 103, R. V. b 106, R. VI. 116, R.I. ^ 79,8. 20, 4. < 123, R. XXIX. 141, R. II, 4th. h 149, R. LXV. i 112, R. V. J 123, Obs. 2. k 120, R. XXIV. 1 121, R. XXVI. 125, R. XXXI. D 131, R. XLI. 140, Obs. 3. P131, Obs. 1. a 44, III, Indtf ' 106, R. VII 88, 2. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 153 Tune -3gyptii, quos a premebat egestas, adierunt Regem b postulantes cibum. Quos Pharao remitlebat ad Josephum. Hie autem aperuit horrea, et ^]gyptiis c frumenta vendidit. d 18. JACOB SENDS HIS SONS INTO EGYPT, RETAINING ONLY BENJAMIN WITH HIM. Ex aliis quoque regionibus conveniebatur e in ^Egyp- tum ad emendam f annonain. Eadem necessitate s compulsus Jacobus, misit illuc filios suos. Itaque profecti sunt fratres Josephi ; sed pater retinuit domi h natu minimum, 1 qui vocabatur Benja- minus. j Timebat enim ne k quid mali l ei m accideret in iti- nere. Benjamlnus ex eadem matre n natus erat qua Jo- sephus, ideoque ei p longe carior erat quam casteri fratres. q 19. JOSEPH PRETENDS TO TAKE HIS BROTHERS FOR SPIES. Decem fratres, ubi in conspectum Josephi venerunt, eum proni r venerati sunt. Agnovit eos Josephus, nee ipse est cognitus ab eis. " Noluit indicare statim quis esset ; * sed eos u inter- rogavit tanquam alienos ; u Unde venistis et quo * 99, R. III. h 130, R. XXXIX. 119, R. XXIII > 136, R. LII. j 26, 6, Note. P 111, R. XVI. c 123, R. XXIX. J 103, R.V. q 120, Obs. 1. d 44, III, Indef. k 140, Obs. 6. r 98, Obs. 10. 85,6,abhomimbus. 106, R. VIII. 126, Obs. 2. f 147,'R.LXII. m H2, R. IV. 140,5. g 129, R. XXXV. 119, EXP. 124, R. XXX. 154. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. Qui responderunt : " Profecti a sumus e regione " Chanaan, ut emamus b frumentum." " Non est c ita," inquit Josephus ; " sed venistis hue u animo d hostlli ; vultis explorare nostras urbes et loca " -^Egypti parum munita." At illi : " Minim e ," inquiunt : " nihil mail e medi- ." tamur : duodecim fratres f sumus ; minimus g reten- " tus est domi h a patre : alius vero non superest." 20. JOSEPH DETAINS SIMEON UNTIL THEY BRING BEN- JAMIN TO HIM. Illud Josephum angebat, quod Benjaminus cum caeteris non aderat. * Quare dixit eis : J " Experiar an verum dixeritis : k " maneat ] unus ex vobis obses n apud me, dum addu- " catur hue frater vester minimus ; cseteri, p abite " cum frumento." Tune coeperunt inter se q dicere : "Merito hsec pa- " tirnur : crudeles r fuimus in fratrem nostrum ; nunc " pcenam hujus sceleris luimus." Pulabant hsec verba s non intelligi a Josepho ; t qui per interpretem cum eis loquebatur. Ipse autem aver tit se parumper, et flevit. 21. THE BROTHERS OF JOSEPH RETURN. Josephus jussit fratrum saccos 8 impleri tritico, 11 et 44, III, Note. b 140, R. LIV, 1. 85, 2. * 129, R. XXXV. e 106, R. VI. f 103, R. V. t 26, 6, Note. * 130, R. XXXIX. 1 ddsum. J 123, R. XXIX. *.140, 5. 1 45, I, 1. m 107, Obs. 8. 97, R. I. EXP. o 140, 4. P 107, R. X. Stt^. vestrum,' i 28, Obs. 5. ' 103, Obs. 2. 145, R. LVIH t 126, Obs. 2. 126, R. V. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 1&5 peeuniam a quam attuierant rep5ni in ore sacc5rum . addidit insuper cibaria in viam. Deinde dimlsit eos, prseter Simeonem, quern retinuit obsidem. b Itaque profecli sunt fratres Josephi, et quum ve- P4ssent c ad patrem, narraverunt ei d omnia e quse sibi f acciderant. Quum aperuissent c saccos, ut effunderent s frumenta, mirantes repererunt peeuniam. 22. JACOB WILL NOT LET BENJAMIN DEPART. Jacobus, ut audivit Benjamlnum a arcessi a Prsefe(.- to ^Egypti, cum gemitu questus est. " Orbum me liberis h fecistis ; Josephus mortuus est; " Simeon retentus est in .ZEgypto ; Benjamlnum vul- " tis abducere." ' l " Ha3c omnia rnala 6 in me recidunt; non dimittam " Benjaminum : nam si quid ei f adversi j accident k in " via, non potero ei l superstes vivere, et dolore m op- " pressus moriar." 23. HlS SONS PRESS HIM TO CONSENT. Postquam consuinpti sunt cibi quos attuierant, Jaco- bus dixit filiis d suis : a Proficiscimlni iterum in^Egyp- " turn," ut ematis s cibos." Qui responderunt : u Non possumus adire Praefec- "tum ^Egypti sine Benjamino : ipse enim jussit il- " lurn a ad se adduci." ~ 145, R. LVIII. f 112, R. IV. M 140, 2. fc 97. R. I EXP. e 140, R. LIV, 1. ' 111, R. XVI. c 140, Obs. 4. h 107, R. IX. 129, R. XXXV d 123 R XXIX. 144, R. LVII, n 136, R. L. & 93, Obs. 5.- J 106, R. VIII. 136, R. LII. 156 HISTORY OF JOSEPH "Cur," inquit pater, "mentidnem fecistis de fratre " vestro minim o 1" "Ipse," inquiunt, nosinterrogavit an pater viveret, a " an alium fratrem haberemus. a Respondimus ad ea " quse sciscitabatur : non potuimus prsescire b eum' B 44 dicturum esse : adducite hue fratrem vestrum." 24. JACOB AT LAST CONSENTS. Tune Judas unus e filiis d Jacobi, dixit patri : e " Com- " mitte mihi f puerum : ego ilium recipio in fidem " meam : ego servabo, ego reducam ilium ad te ; nisi " fecero, hujus rei eulpa in me residebit ; si voluisses 8 u eum statim dimittere, jam secundo hue rediissemus." Tandem victus pater annuit : a Quoniam necesse est," inquit, u proficiscatur h Benjammus vobiscum ; l deferte a viro munera et duplum pretium, ne forte errore j u factum sit, k ut vobis l redderetur m prior pecunia." 25. JOSEPH PREPARES A FEAST FOR HIS BRETHREN. Nunciatum est Josepho } eosdem viros c advenisse, et cum eis parvulurn fratrem. c Jussit Josephus eos c introduci domum, 11 et lautum parari convivium. c Illi porro metuebant ne arguerentur de pecunia ? p quam in saccis repererant : quare purgaverunt se apud dispensatorem Josephi. a HO, 5. E 140, 2. 126, R. III. b 144, R. LVII. ii 45, 1, 1. ' 140, 1, 4th. = 145, R. LV1II. i 28, Obs. 4. n ]36, R. LII. 107, Obs. 8. j 129, R. XXXV. o ]40, Obs. 6. 123, Obs. 2. k 140, R. LIV, 1. P 122, Obs. 1, 123, R. XXIX. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 157 "Jam semel," inquiunt, " hue venimus ; reversi do- " mum in venimus p ret him frumenti in saccis : nesci- " mus quonam casu id factum fuerit ; a sed eandem u pecuniam reportavimus." Quibus b dispensator ait: "Bono animo c estote." Deinde adduxit ad illos Simeonem, qui retentus fuerat. 26. THEY ARE ADMITTED INTO JOSEPH'S PRESENCE. Deinde Josephus ingressus est in conclave, d ubi sui eum fratres expectabant, qui eum venerati sunt offe- rentes ei munera. Josephus eos clementer salutavit, interrogavitque ; "Salvusne 6 est senex ille quern vos patrem habetis? " Vivitne adhuc ?" "Qui responderunt : "Salvus e est pater noster, ad- " hue vivit." Josephus autem, conjectis in Benjaminum occulis, f dixit : " iste s est fra'ter 11 vester minimus, qui domi 1 " remanserat apud patrem?" et rursus : " Deus sit j * " tibi k propitius, fili mi :" l et abiit festinans, m quia commotus erat ammo, " et lacrymse erumpebant. 27. JOSEPH CAUSES HIS SILVER CUP TO BE PUT INTO BENJAMIN'S SACK. Josephus lota facie f regressus, continuit se, eti* jussit apponi cibos. q Turn distribuit escam unicuique b 140, 5. s31,Obs. 2. "146, Obs. 6. " 123, R. XXIX. h 103, R. V. 128, R. XXXIV. c 107, R. VII. i 130, 4. o 44, II. d 136, R. L. J 45, I, 1. P 149, R. LXV. e 103, R. V,0bs.2.* 111, R. XVI. q 145, R. LVIII. f 146; R. LX. l 30, Obs, 2. 158 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. fratrum a suorum ; sed pars Benjamini erat quintuple major quain cseter6rum. b Peracto convivio, c Jose- phus dat negotium dispensatori, d ut saccos eorum impleat 6 frumento 3 f pecuniam simul reponat, 6 et in- super scyphurn suum argenteum in sacco Benjamini recondat. e Ille fecit diligenter quod s jussus fuerat. 28. JOSEPH SENDS IN PURSUIT OF THEM. Fratres Josephi sese in viam dederant, necdum pro- cul ab urbe h aberant. Tune Josephus vocavit dispensatorem domus suse, eique dixit : a Persequere viros ? et quum eos assecutus " fueris, 1 illis d dicito : Quare injuriam pro beneficio " rependistis ?" " Subripuistis scyphum argenteum, quo j dominus u meus utitur : improbe fecistis." Dispensator mandata Josephi perfecit ; ad eos con- festim advolavit ; furtum exprob,avitj rei indignitatem expo suit. 29. THE CUP is FOUND IN BENJAMIN'S SACK. Fratres Josephi responderunt dispensatori ; a " Istud a sceleris k longe a nobis alienum est : nos, ut tute a scis, retulimus boria fide ] pecuniam repertam in sac 140, Obs. 3. 140, 5. * 140, 1, 3d. J 121, R. XXVI. 45, i, 1. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. - 159 Continue deponunt saccos et aperiunt, quos ille scrutatus, invenit scyphum in sacco Benjamin!. 30. THEY RETURN TO THE CITY OVERPOWERED WITH SORROW. Tune fratres Joseph! mcerore* oppress! revertuntur in urbem. Adducti ad Josephum, sese abjecerunt ad pedes illius. Quibus b ille : " Quomodo," inquit, "potuistis "hoc scelus admittere." Judas respondit : " Fateor ; res est manifesta ; nul- " lam possumus excusationem afferre, nee audemus u petere veniam aut sperare nos omnes erimus servi d " tui." " Nequaquam," ait Josephus ; " sed ille, apud quern " inventus est scyphus, erit mihi e servus : autem abite " liberi ad palrem vestrum." 31. JuDAH OFFERS HIMSELF INTO SLAVERY INSTEAD OF BENJAMIN. Judas accedens propius ad Josephum : " Te f " oro 5 " inquit, " Domine mi, % ut bona cum venia me 4c audias: h pater unice diligit puerum : nolebat primo a eum dimittere ; npn potuiid 1 ab eo impetrare, nisi " postquam spopondieumJ tutum ab omni periculo fo- u re; si redierimus k ad patrem sine puero, ille mcerore " confectus morietur." u Te f oro atque obsecro, ut sinas h puerum abire 129, R. XXXV. 110,0bs. 1. l 98, Obs. 7. b 123, Obs, 2. f 124, R. XXX. J 145. R. LVIII. 78, 1. s30,Obs. 2. k 140, 2. ^ 103, R. V. fa 140, 1,3d. 160 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. a meque pro eo addicas in servitutem : ego poenam, " qua a dignus est, mihi sumo et exsolvam." 32. JOSEPH MAKES HIMSELF KNOWN TO HIS BRETHREN. Interea Josephus continere se b vix poterat : quare jussit Jgyptios c adstantes recedere. Turn flens dixit magna voce : d " Ego sum Josephus ; e " vivitne adhuc pater meus 1" Non poterant respondere fratres ejus nimio timore d peiturbati. Quibus f ille amice : " Accedite," inquit, a ad me ; "ego sum Josephus frater* vester, quern vendidistis a mercatoribus h euntibus in JEgypttufa ; nolite timere ; " Dei providentia d id factum est, ut ego saluti i vestraa " consulerem." j 33. JOSEPH CHARGES THEM TO BRING HIS FATHER INTO EGYPT. Josephus haec locutus, fratrem suum Benjaminum complexus est 5 eumque lacrymis 135, R. XLVII. h 145, R. LVIII. n 123, R. XXIX. c 129, R. XXXV. i 47, 11, 5. 140 5. d 121, R. XXVI. J 106, R. VIII. P 106, R. VII 113, R. XVIII. k 103, R. V. q 123, Obs. 2. f 111, R. XVI. i 140 i,3d. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 163 "annos, a nee adeptus sura senectutem beatam avorum meorum." Turn bene precatus Regi, b discessit ab eo. Josephas autem patrem et fratres suos collocavit in optima parte ^Egypti, eisque omnium rerum abundan- tiam suppeditavit. 39. JACOB DESIRES TO BE BURIED IN THE SEPULCHRE OF HIS FATHERS. Jacobus vixit decem et septem annos, d postquam commigrasset c in .ZEgypturn. Ubi sensit mortem d sibi e imminere, arcessito f Jose- pho dixit : u Si me amas, jura te d id facturum esse " quod a te petam, scilicet, ut ne me sepelias s in ^Egyp-. " to, sed corpus meum transferas s ex hac regione, et " con das s in sepulcro majorum meoruir." Josephus autem : " faciam," inquit, " quod h jubes, " pater." " Jura ergo mihi," 1 ait Jacobus, " te d certo id factu- " rum esse." Josephus juravit in verba patris. 40. JOSEPH PRESENTS HIS TWO SONS TO HIS ^FATHER THAT HE MAY BLESS THEM. Josephus adduxit ad patrem duos filios suos, Manas sera et Ephraimum : posuit Manassem, qui natu j ma- jor erat, ad dextram senis, Ephraimum vero minorem ad sinistram ejus. 131, R. XLI. * 112, R. V. c 140, 4. d 145, R. LVIII. 112, R. IV. t 146, R. LX. s 140, 1,3d. h 99, Obs. 1, 4th. 5 123, Obs. 2. j 128, R. XXXIV. 164 HISTORY OF JOSEPH. A.t Jacobus, decussans a manus dextram imposuit Ephraimo, sinistram autem Manassi, et utrique b simul bene precatus est. . Quod Josephus animad vertens segre tulit, et conatus est manus patris commutare. At pater restitit, dixitque Josepho : c " Scio, fill d mi, u scio hunc e esse majorem riatu, f et ilium minorem ; " id prudens g feci." Ita Jacobus Ephraimum Manassi anteposuit. 41. JOSEPH PERFORMS THE LAST DUTIES TO HIS FATHER. Ut h vidit Josephus extinctum patrem, ruit super eum flens, et osculatus est eum, luxitque ilium diu. Deinde prsecepit medicis c ut condirent 1 corpus, et ipse cum fratribus multisque .ZEgyptiis patrem deporta- vit in region em Chanaan. Ibi funus fecerunt cum magno planctu, J et sepelie- runt corpus in spelunca, ubi jacebant Abrahamus et Isaacus, reversique sunt in ^Egyptum. 42. JOSEPH COMFORTS HIS BRETHREN. Post mortem patris timebant fratres Josephi ne k ulcisceretur 1 injuriam quam acceperat ; miserunt igitur ad ilium rogantes m nomine patris, ut earn obliviscere- tur, J sibique 11 condonaret. 149, R. LIX. f 128, R. XXXIV. * 140, Obs. 6. b 112, R. V. s 98, Obs. 10. 1 140, 1. c 123, Obs. 2. h 140, Obs. 1. 146, Obs. 3 d 30, Obs. 2. i 140, 1, 3d. * 149, R. LXV. 145, R. LVIII. J 129, Obs. 2. HISTORY OF JOSEPH. 165 Quibus a Josephus respondit : "Non est quod b tiine- beseech. Obvenio, ire, eni, entum, intr. to meet. B V I A M P A S C . 187 Obviam, adv. in the way. Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, tr. (ob & csedo,) to kill ; to slay. Oculus, i, m. an eye. Odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate. Odium, i, n. hatred ; odium. OfTero, ferre, obtuli, obla- tum, tr. to offer ; to pre- sent. Olim, adv. formerly ; here- after. Omnis, e, adj. all; every: omnia, all things. Onero, are, avi, atum, tr. to load. Opperior, periri, pertus sum, tr. to wait for. Oppidum, i, n, a walled town. Opprimo, ere, pressi, pres- sum, tr. to oppress ; to press dow7i. Ops, (nom. not in use,) opis, gen. f. aid ; help : opes, pi* resources ; riches. Optimus, a, urn, adj. sup. (bonus,) the best; most worthy. Opulens, tis, adj. wealthy ; opulent. Opus, eris, n. a ivork ; a task. Ora, a3, f. a coast ; shore. Oratio, onis, f. an oration; a discourse. Orator, oris, m. an orator. Or bis, is, m." an orb ; a cir- cle. Orbus, a, urn, adj. destitute. Origo, inis, f. origin; source. Oro, are, avi, atum, tr. to beg; to entreat. Os, oris, n. the mouth ; the face. Os, ossis, n. a bone. Osculor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to kiss. Ovum, i, n. an egg. p. Pabulum, i, n. fodder. Pallium, i, n. a cloak. Palmes, itis, m. a bough ; a twig. Palus, udis, fern, a marsh. Palus, i, m. a whipping post. Parco, ere, peperci or parsi, parsum or parcitum, intr. to spare. Parens, tis, c. a parent. Pareo, ere, ui, iturn, intr. to obey. Pario, ere, peperi, partum,tr. to bear ; to bring forth ; to produce. Paro, are, avi, atum, tr. to prepare ; to provide. Pars, tis, f. a part. Parum, adv. (minus, mini- me,) little ; too little. Parumper, adv. a little while. Parvulus, a, um, adj. dim. a very small child. Parvus, a, um, adj. small. Pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, tr. & intr. to give food to ; to graze. 188 P A S C R P E S T I 8 . Pascor, i, pastus sum, tr. & intr. dep. to feed. Passus, us, m. a pace, (5 feet.) Pastor, oris, m. a shepherd. Pater, tris, m. a father. Patior, pati, passus sum, tr. dep. to suffer. Patria, aB, f. one's native coun- try. Paulatim, adv. gradually. Pauper, eris, adj. poor. Pax, pacis, f. peace. Peccatum, i, n. sin ; wicked- ness. Pecco, are, avi, atum, intr. to do wrong ; to sin. Pectus, oris, n. the breast. Pecunia, ae, f. money. Pecus, oris, a herd ; cattle. Pedes, itis, c. a foot- soldier. Pejor, comp. of malus, worse. Pellicio, licere, lexi, lectum, to allure ; to entice. Pellis, is, f. the skin. Peninsula, ae, f. a peninsula. Penna, ae, f. a feather; a pen. Per, prep, by ; through ; along. Perago, agere, egi, actum, tr. to finish; to perfect. Percontor & cunctor, an, atus sum, tr. dep. to ask ; to inquire. Percussus, part, (percutio.) Percutio, cutere, cussi, cus- sum, tr. to strike ; to wound. Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. to endure. Perficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. to finish ; to accomplish. Pergama, drum, n. pi. the cit- adel of Troy : from Perga- mum. Pergo, pergere, perrexi, per- rectum, intr. to advance ; to continue. Periciilum, i, n. danger ; ha- zard. Perlabor, labi, lapsus sum,tr. dep. to glide through, or along. Perlustro, are, avi, atum, tr. to survey. Permitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, tr. to permit ; to in" trust. Permultus, a, um, adj.^ery many. Persae, arum, f. pi. the Per- sians. Persequor, sequi, secutus sum, tr. dep. to follow closely ; to pursue. Perspicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, tr. to see through; to discern. Persuadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, tr. to persuade. Perturbo, are, avi, atum, tr. to trouble ; to disturb. Pervenio, venire, veni, ven- tum, intr. to arrive at ; to reach. Pes, pedis, m. afoot. Pessimus, sup. of malus, (which see,) worst. Pestis, is, f. a pest ; destruo tion. PET P R J M I U M. 189 Peto, petere, petivi, petitum, tr. to seek ; to ask ; to at- tack. Phalanx, angis, f. a phalanx. Pharao, onis, m. Pharaoh, Philippus, i, m. King of Ma- cedon. Phoenix, Icis, a Phoenician. Pietas, alls, f. piety. Pincerna, ae, m. a butler. Pinguis, e, adj. fat ; rich. Pistor, oris, m. a baker. Pius, a, um, adj. pious; good. Placeo, ere, ui, itum intr. to please. Placet, placuit imp. it plea- ses. Placide, adv. placidly ; qui- etly. Planctus, us, m. a shrieking ; a mourning. Plaustrum, i, n. a cart ; a wagon. Plenus, a, um, adj. full; large. Plerumque, adv. commonly ; generally, Plunmus, sup. of multus, (which see,) very many. Pcena, ae, f. punishment. Poeta, ae, rn. a poet. Pollux, ucis, m. a son of Le- da. Pompeius, i, m. Pompey. Pomum, i, n. an apple. Pono, ponere, posui,positum. tr. to place ; to put. Populus, i, m. the people ; pi. nations Porrigo, rigere, rexi, rectum, tr. to extend ; to offer. Porro, adv. moreover. Porta, ae. f. a gate. Portendo, tendere, tendi, ten- turn, tr. to port end; to pre- sage. Porto, are, avi, atum, tr. to carry. Positus, part, (pono.) Possum, posse, potui, intr. irr. to be able ; I can. Post, prep, after : adv. after ; after that. Postea, adv. afterwards. Postquam, adv. after ; after that. Postulo, are, avi, atum, tr. to ask for ; to demand. Potestas, atis, f. power (civil t imperium, military.) Potius, adv. rather. Pras, prep, before ; for ; in comparison with. Praebeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. to offer ; to supply. Prascipio, cipere, cepi, cep- tum, tr. to take before ; to command. Prseda, 33, f. prey ; booty. Prasdico, dicere, dixi, dictum, tr. to declare ; 1o publish. Proafectus, i, m. a chief offi- cer ; a prcefect. Prasficio, ficere, feci, fectum, tr. to set over. Praemitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, tr. to send before. Premium, i, n a reward ; a price. 190 P R JR N S C P R U D E N S . Preenosco, noscere, novi, no- turn, tr. to foreknow. Praescio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. to know beforehand. Praesens, tis, adj. present; im> minent. Praesertim, adv. especially. Praesidium, i, n. a defence ; a garrison. Praesum, esse, fui, intr. irr. to be over ; to rule over. Praetereo, Ire, Ivi and ii, Itum, tr. irr. to go beyond ; to omit. Praeter, prep, besides ; ex- cept. Preces, precum, pi. f. pray- er s. Precor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to pray ; to entreat. Premo, premere, pressi pressum, urge. tr. to press ; to Pretium, i, n. a price ; a re- ward. Primo, adv. at first. Primus, a, um, adj. sup. (pri- or,) first. ^ Princeps, cipis, adj. the chief: sub. a prince. Prior, us, adj. (sup. primus,' the former ; first. Pristmus, a, um, adj. ancient. wonted. Procer, ens, adj. proceres, pi. chiefs. Procul, adv. far. Profero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. to bring forward ; to produce. Profiscor, ficisci, fectus sum, intr. dep. to depart. Progressus, us, m. progress. Prohibeo, hibere, hibui, hi- bitum, tr. to hinder ; to prohibit. j ere, jeci, jectum,tr. to throw. Promitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, tr. to let go ; to send forward. Pronus, a, um, adj. inclined; bending forward. Propero, are, avi, atum, intr. to hasten* Propior, us, adj. comp. (sup. proximus.) nearer. Propitius, a, um, ad j . favora- ble; kind. Propius, adv. nearer. Propositum, i, n. proposition. Prosper & prosperus, a, um, adj . prosperous ; lucky. Prospere, adv. prosperously. Prosum, prodesse, fui, intr. irr. to profit ; to do good. Protego^ tegere, texi, tectum, tr. to protect. Pro, prep, for ; instead of. jProvidentia, ae, f. providence. Probo, are, avi, atum, tr. to Provincia, as, f. a province. Proximus, a, um, adj. (pro- prove. Procedo, cedere, cessi, ces- sum, intr. to proceed ; to advance. pior,) nearest ; next. Prudens, tis, adj. prudent; \ wise. PRUDENTI A R E C I P I . 19.1 Prudentia, se, f. prudence. Publtcus, a, um, adj. public. Puer, eri, in. a boy. Pugna, 33, f. a battle; close fight. Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj. fair ; beautiful ; glorious. Punic, ire, Ivi, itum, tr. to punish. Purgo, are, avi, atum, tr. to purify ; to excuse, Puteus, i, m. a well ; a pit. Putiphar, aris, m. Potiphar. Puto, are, avi, atum, tr. to think. Quadriipes, pedis, adj. four- foot td ; a quadj'uped. Quatuor, num. adj. pi. ind. four Quaestor, oris, m. a qucestor. Quare, adv. wherefore. Quasi, adv. as if; as. Quam,-conj. & adv. as ; how. Quamobrem, adv. wherefore. Quercus, us, f. an oak tree. Que, conj. and ; also. Queror, queri, questus sum, tr. dep. to complain. Qui, quae, quod, rel. pro. who ; which ; what : inter. who ? Quia, conj. because. Quid, how ; why. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, adj. pro. a certain^ (vir.) Quies, etis, f. quiet. Quin, conj. but ; if. Quinque, num. adj. pi. ind. Jive. Quintuple, adv. five- /old. Quis, quae, quod, or quid, inter, pro. who ; what ? quid, why ? Quisnam, quasnam,quodnam, orquidnam,pro.z0/io; what. Qubquam, quaequam, quod- quam, quidquam, or quic- quam, pro. any one. Quisque, quasque, quodque, or quidque, pro. each; every. Quo, adv. whither; that. Quondam, adv. formerly ; once. Quorsurn, adv. whitherward. Quomodo, adv. how. Quod, conj. that ; because. Quoniam, conj. since; be- cause. Quoque, conj. also. Quurn, or cum adv. when. conj. since. R. Rapldus, a, um, adj. rapid ; swift. Ratio, on is, f. a reason ; man- ner. Recedo, cedere, cessi, ces- suin, intr. to recede; to yield. Recido, cedere, cidi, intr. to fall back. Recipio, cepere, cepi,ceptum, tr. to take back ; to receive ; to recover. 192 R E C O N D O R O B U R . Recondo, ere, i, itum, to lay up ; to co?iceal. Recto, adv. rightly. Rectus, a um, adj. upright. Recorder, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to remember ; to recol- lect. Reddo, dere, didi, ditum, tr. to give back ; to render ; to restore. Redeo, Ire, ii, itum, intr. irr. to go back ; to return. Reduce, ducere, duxi, due- turn, tr. to reconcile; to lead back. Refero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. to bring back. Regio, onis, f. a region. Rego, regere, rexi, rectum, tr. to rule ; to direct. Regnum, i, n. a kingdom; rule; government. Regredior, gredi, gressus sum, intr. dep. to turn back ; ^ to retur?i. Reipsa, adv. in very deed. Relinquo, linquere, liqui, lie- turn, tr. to leave behind ; to abandon. Rernaneo, manere, mansi, man sum, intr. to remain behind. Remitto, mitt ere, mlsi, mis- sum, tr. to send back. Renovo, are, avi, atum, tr. to make anew ; to reno- vate. Rependo, pendgre, pendi, pensum, tr. 1o recompense; to pay back. Reperio, ire, i, turn, tr. to dis- cover ; to find. Repono, ponere, posui, posi- tum, tr. to replace; to re- store. Reporto, are, avi, atum, tr. to bring back ; to gain. Res, ei, f. a thing ; an affair ; a kingdom. Reserve, are, avi, atum, to keep back ; to reserve ; to preserve. Resideo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr. to settle ; to remain. Resisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, intr. to resist. Respondeo, spondSre, spondi, sponsum, tr. to respond ; to answer. Respublica, reipublieas, f. the stale ; the republic. Restituo, stituere, stitui, sti- tutum, tr. to set up again; to restore. Retineo, tinere, tinui, ten- turn, tr. to hold back; to retain. Reuben, m. Reuben. Reverto, ere, i, sum, intr. to return. Revoco, are, avi, atum, tr. to call back. Rex, regis, m. a king. Ripa, e, f. a bank. Rivus, i, m. a river ; a creek. Rixor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to quarrel. Robur, oris, n. hard oak hence, strength. R G O S E R V I T IT S . 193 Rogo, are, avi, atum, tr. to ask ; to request. Roma, as, f. Rome. Rom an us, i, m. a Roman. Rota, as, f. a wheel. Ruo, ere, ui, uitum, intr. & tr. 1o rush ; to fall ; to throw down. Rapes, is, f. a rock ; a cliff. Rursus, adv. again. Rus, ruris, n. the country ; a farm. s. Sabini, orum,m. the Sabines. Saccus, i, m. a sack. Saepe, adv. often; frequently. Sasvio, ire, ii, itum, intr. to rage ; to be cruel. Salus, titis, f. safety. Saluto, are, avi, atum, tr. to salute. Salvus, a, um, adj. safe. Sanus, a, um, adj. sarie ; sound. Seng u is, mis, m. blood. Sapiens, tis, adj. wise. Sapienter, adv. wisely. Satis, adv. enough; sufficient- ly ; also used as adj. Saxum, i, n. a rock ; a stone. Scala, 93, f. a ladder ; a stair. Scelestus, a, um, zdj.ivicked; unlucky. Sceius, ens, n . wickedness ; Schola, 33, f. a school. Scilicet, adv. for sooth; truly. Scio, ire, ivi, Itum, intr. to know. 17 Scindo, ere, scidi,scissum,tr. to rend ; to cut. Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. Sciscltor, ari, at us sum, tr. dep. to inquire ; to auk. Scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, tr. to write. Scrutor, tari, tatus sum, tr. dep. to search into, Scyphus, i, m. a cup. Secundo, adv. a second time. Secundus, a, urn, adj. the second; prosperous ; favor- able. Securis, is, f. an axe. Securus, a, um, adj. secure; safe. Sed, conj. but, Sedile, is, n. a seat. Semel, adv. once. Semper, adv. always. Senatus, us, m. a senate, (from senex.) Senectus, utis, f. old age. Senex, senicis, and senis, c. an old man, or woman. Sepelio, pelire, pellvi, pul- tum, tr. to bury ; to inter. Septem, num. adj. ind. pi. seven. Sepulcrum, i, n. a sepulchre. Sequor, sequi, secQtus sum, tr. dep. to follow ; to pur- sue. Series, ei, f. a series. Sermo, onis, m. a speech ; a discourse. Serpens, tis, c. a serpent. Servitus, utis, f. slavery; bondage. 194 S E H V S U B J I C I O . Servo, are, avi, atum, tr. to preserve ; to guard. Servus, i, m. a slave. Si, conj. if. Sic, adv. so ; thus. Sidus, eris., n. a star. Significo, are, avi, atum, tr. to signify ; to mark. Signurn, i, n. a sign. Simeon, orris, in. Simeon. Similis. e, adj. similar ; like. Simonides, is, m. a Greek poet. Simul, adv. at the same time: simul simul, as soon as. Sine, prep, without. Sinister, tra, trum, adj. left ; unlucky. Sino, sinere, sivi, situm, tr. to permit. Sitis, is, f. thirst. Socius, i, m. a companion; an ally. Sol, solis, m. the sun. Solatium, i, n. a solace. Soleo, ere, solitus sum, n. pass, to be accustomed. Solium, i, n. a throne. Solus, a. um, adj. alone; on- ly ; solitary. Solvo, solvere, solvi, solu- tum, tr. loose ; to free. Somniator, oris, m. a dream. Somnio, are, avi, atum, intr. to dream. Somnium, i, n. a dream. Somnus, i, m. sleep. Sonorus, a, um, roaring ; loud- sounding. Sopio, ire, Ivi, itum, tr. to quiel ; to bury. Sors, tis, f. a lot. Sparta, a3, f. Sparta, capital of Laconia. Species, ei, f. appearance , aspect. Specto, are, avi, atum, tr. to look at ; to behold. Spectaculum, i, n. a specta- cle ; a sight. Spelunca, SB, f. a cave. Spero, are, avi, atum, intr. to hope ; to expect. Spes, ei, f. hope ; expecta- tion. Spica, as, f. an ear of corn. Splendidus, a, u m , ad j . splen- did ; illustrious. Spondeo, spondere, spopon- di, sponsum, tr. to promise. Statirn, adv. immediately. Statuo, uere, ui, utum, tr. to set up ; to resolve. Stella, 89. f. a star. Sterno, stern ere, stravi, stra- tum, tr. to prostrate; to throw down. Stipiila, ae, f. stubble ; straiv. Sto, stare, steti, statum, intr. to stand. Studiosus, a, um, adj. eager ; studious. Stultus, a, um, adj . foolish. Suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- sum, tr. & intr. to advise ; to persuade. Sub, prep, under ; near to. Subjicio, jicere, jeci, jectum, tr. to cast under ; to submit S U B L I M I S T E R R A . 195 Sublimis, e, adj. sublime; on high : in sublime, aloft. Subripio, ere, ui, repturn, tr. to take away. Subsidium, i, n. aid. Subtraho, trahere, traxi, trac- tum, to draw out; to di- minish. Succedo, cedere, cessi, ces- sum, intr. to succeed. Sucoresco, ere,crevi,cretum, intr. to grow. Sui, pro. gen. of himself > her- self] itself. Sulla, as, m. Sylla. Sum, esse, fui, intr. irr. to be; to exist. Sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr. to take. Super, prep, above ; upon. Superbia, se, L pride; haugh- tiness. Supellex, lectilis, f. furni- ture ; household goods. Superior, ius, comp. of supe- rus. Superstes, stitis, adj. surviv- ing. Supersum, esse, fui, int. irr. to be over ? to remain ; to survive. Superus, a, urn, adj. (superi- or, supremus, or summus,) above ; high. Suppedito, are, avi, atum, tr. to supply ; to furnish. Surgo, surgere, surrexi, sur- rectum, intr. to rise. Suscito, are, avi, atum, tr. to kindle. Suspendo, pendere, pendi, pensum, tr. to suspend , to hang. Sustineo, ere, ui, tentum, tr. to sustain. Sims, a, um, pro. his ; hers; its. Sylva, se, f. a forest. T. Taedet, tseduit, imp. to be weary of. Tacitus, a, um, adj. silent ; quiet. Talentum, i, n. a talent. Tamen, conj. yet ; neverthe- less. Tandem, adv. at length. Tanquam, adv. as if; as well as. Tantopere, adv. so much. Tantus, a, um, adj. so great ; such : tanti, of so much va- lue. Tarquinius, i, m. Tarquin. Tego, ere, texi, tectum, tr. to cover. Telum, i, n. a dart ; a wea- pon. Tempestas, atis, f. a storm; a tempest. Tempus, oris, n. time ; a sea- son. Teneo, ere, ui, turn, tr. to hold ; to have ; to possess. Tener, era, erum, adj. ten- der ; young. Terra, 33, f. the earth ; a country. 196 T E R T I U S U N D . Tertius, a, um, adj. ord. the third. Tester, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to bear ivitness ; to call to witness. Teucri, orum, m. pi. Tro- jans. Thebanus, i, m. a T/ieban : sometimes an adj. Thessalonica, ae, f. the metro- polis of Macedon. Timeo, ere, ui, intr. & tr. to fear ; to dread. Timor, oris, m.fear. Tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinc- tum, tr. to dye ; to stain. Toga, ae, I. a gown. Tolero, are, avi, atum, tr. to bear ; to endure. Totidem, ind. adj. the same number ; as many. Torquis, is, d. a collar; a chain. Totus, a, um, adj. whole ; en- tire ; all. Trado, ere, idi, itum, Ir. to give up. Traho, trahere, traxi, trac turn, tr. to draw ; to drag. Trano, or transno, are, avi, atum, tr. to swim over. Trans, prep, over ; beyond. Transeo, ire, ii, itum, intr. irr. to pass over. Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. to transfer ; to car- ry over. Tremo, tremere, tremui,intr. to tremble ; to shake. Tres, tria, num. adj. pi. three, Tribunus, i, m. a tribune. Friennium, i, n. ti.e space, of three years. Triginta, num. adj. pi. ind. thirty. Tristis, e, adj. sad ; sorrow- ful. Triticum, i, n. wheat. Trucido, are, avi, atum, tr. to Mil ; to butcher. Tu, tui, pro. thou. Turn, adv. then ; and : turn turn, both and. Tumulus, i, n. a mound ; a tomb. Tune, adv. then. Turba, as. f. a crowd ; a mul- titude ; a band. Tutus, a, um, adj. safe. Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thy ; thine. u. Ubertas, atis, f. fertility ; fruitfulness. (Jbi, adv. when; where. Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, tr. dep. to take revenge ; to avenge. Ullus, a, um, adj. any ; any one. Ultimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ulterior,) the last. Ultro,adv. willingly ; of one's own accord. Umbra, ae, f. a shade; a shadow. Unda, ae, f. a wave. Unde, adv. tvhe?ice. U N D E C I M V I X . 197 Undecim, num. adj. pi. ind. eleven. Unice, adv. singularly ; en- tirely. Universus, a, um, adj. whole; universal. Unquam, adv. ever. Unus, a, um, adj. one ; only ; alone. Unusquisque, unaquaeque, &c. adj. each one; each. Urbs, urbis, f. a city. Ut, conj. that; so that: adv. as soon as. Uterque, utraque, utrumque, compound pro. which ? Utor, uti, usus sum, intr. dep. to use. Uva, as, f. a grape ; a bunch of grapes. Uxor, oris, f. a wife. v. Vacca, SB, f. a cow. Vanus, a, um, adj. vain; foolish. Vario, are, avi, atum, tr. to change ; to vary. Varius, a, um, adj. various ; diverse. Vastus, a, um, adj. waste; vast ; wide. Vehementer, adv. vehement- ly ; earnestly. Veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, tr. to carry ; to convey. Vel, conj. or; also: vel vel, either or. Velut, adv. as ; as if. 17* Vendo, ere, didi, ditum, tr. to sell. Veneror, ari, atus, tr. dep. to worship ; to venerate. Venia, 33, L par don; permis- sion. Venio, ire, veni, ventum, intr to come. Ventus i, m. the wind. Verbum, i, n. a word. Veritas, atis, f. truth. Vero, conj. but : adv. tru- ly. Versicolor, oris, adj. chang- ing color. Verum, i, n. the truth: adv. truly. Vester, ra, rum, pro. your. Vestis, is, f. a garment. Via, ae, f. a way ; a course ; a journey. Video, ere, vidi, visum, tr. to see ; to behold. Vidua, 33, f. a widow. Viginti, num. adj. pi. ind. twenty. Vinco, cere, vici, victum, tr. to conquer. Vir, viri, m. a man. Virgilius, i, m. Virgil. Virgo, mis, f. a virgin. Virgula, SB, f. a small rod. Virtus, utis, f. virtue ; valor ; power. Vis, vis, f. strength; power. Vita, SB, i.life. Vitis, is, f. a vine. Vivo, ere,vixi, victum, intr. to live. Vix, adv. scarcely. 198 V O B I S C U M V U L T U S . Vobiscum, (cum, vobis,) with'Vox, vocis, f. a voice; a word, you. IVulgus, i, n. or m. the com- Voco, are, avi, aturn, tr. to call ; to invite. Volo, velle volui, tr. v. intr. irr. to wh ; to desire ; to Vulpes, is, f. a fox. be willing Voluptas, tatis, f. pleasure. mon people ; the populace. Vulnero, are, avi, atuin, tr. to ivound. Vultus, us, m. the counte- nance ; the expression. RECOMMENDATIONS. The fallowing letters are from gentlemen who have seen this work, in whole or in part, before publication. Hamilton College, July 15, 1845. Mr. GEO. SPENCER. Dear Sir I have looked over a few pa- ges of your "Latin Lessons," now in press, and I am satisfied so far as one can be from a partial examination of the work that it will form a valuable contribution to our stock of elementary books. It seems to be designed to be used as an introduction to Bullions' Latin Grammar, which is reported to be preferred at about forty chartered academies in this State. The want of an ele- mentary work adapted to Bullions' System, must, therefore, be somewhat widely felt ; and I doubt not that your manual of Latin Lessons, by its clearness and simplicity of arrangement and detail, will commend itself to all classical teachers, and especially to those who are in the habit of using Bullions' Latin Grammar. I remain yours very truly. EDWARD NORTH, Professor of Languages in Hamilton College. Union College, June, 10th, 1845. I have examined Mr. Spencer's " Latin Lessons," and think them calculated to give more efficient aid in teaching the elements of the Latin language, than any other work of the kind I am ac- quainted with. To all teachers, and especially to those who use Dr. Bullions' Latin Grammar, I can cordially recommend this work. WILLIAM KELLY, Principal of the Union College Grammar School^ and Tutor in Union College. Union College, June 8th, 1845. I have not examined the " Latin Lessons" of Mr. Spencer; but my knowledge of their author, and of the principles on which he has constructed them, and my strong conviction that such a work is needed and will prove useful, embolden me to recommend them to the favorable consideration of the public. ALONZO POTTER. I have examined Mr. Spencer's Latin Lessons, introductory to my Latin Grammar. The arrangement is neat and attractive, the exercises interspersed simple, and the whole well adapted to the capacity of such as begin the study of the Latin Language at an early age. Those teachers who are in the habit of using such an introductory work, I think will find this better adapted to their purpose than any other work of the kind with which I am ac- quainted. P. BULLIONS. Utica, April 10, 1845. GEORGE SPENCER, Esq. Dear Sir I have, with some care, read the manuscript of your " Latin Lessons" as far as the verb. I am much pleased with the plan of your work, and I do not see that you have omitted any principle that would be very important to the beginner, or that you have introduced any that should not be studied most thoroughly The exercises after the paradigms are sufficient for illustration, and not so numerous as to embarrass the learner. I am espe- cially pleased with the exercise of tracing English words to their Latin primitives, thus early in the course : it must have a valua- ble influence upon the scholarship of the student. I am clearly of the opinion, that should you publish your little work, it will tend to diminish the difficulties of commencing the Latin, with young pupils, more than any work I have used j and that in studying it, the pupil will so well know what he is about as to be both pleased and profited. I think it must prove acceptable to teachers who are well aware how difficult it is to make satisfactory progress in Latin after a careless beginning. Whenever in my school I may have occasion to form a class of beginners in Latin, I shall certainly start them with your lessons, if published, and with great confidence in being able to bring out satisfactory results. Yours truly, O. ROOT, Prof, of Mathematics, and Principal of Seneca Falls Academy. ADYEBTISEMEIT. SUPERIOR TEXT BOOKS. THE attention of Teachers, School Committees, and all inter- ested in good education, is solicited to the following School Books, which are for sale by booksellers generally, viz : BULLIONS' SERIES OF GRAMMARS: PRACTICAL LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. THE PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, FOR SCHOOLS. LATIN LESSONS, WITH EXERCISES, BY G. SPENCER, A. M. THE PRINCIPLES OF LATIN GRAMMAR. LATIN READER, WITH THE IDIOMS AND VOCABULARY. CESAR'S COMMENTARIES, WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY. THE PRINCIPLES OF GREEK GRAMMAR. A GREEK READER, WITH IDIOMS, NOTES AND VOCABULARY. These Books have obtained a sterling reputation throughout the country. They are found to be remarkably clear and simple, and to contain every thing necessary to good scholarship, without redundancy. The definitions of the various languages being ex- pressed, as far as possible, in the same terms, the pupil progresses with rapidity, and saves months of the time spent in using the usual class books. In fact, Dr. Bullions' books are precisely adapted for teaching, and save both time and expense, being sold at low prices, though made in the best style. They are in use in some of the best schools and colleges it is believed in every State in the Union. They are recommended by- Hon. J. A. Dix, U. S. Senator. Professor HOYT, of Lima Insti- Bishop POTTER, formerly of tute. Union College. Rev. J. LUDLOW, Provost of Rev. J. W. ALEXANDER, D. D., Pennsylvania University. of Princeton College. THOMAS EUSTAW, Esq., of St. Rev. B. HALE, D. D., President Louis. of Geneva College. Professor J. GREENE, of Madi- Rev. C. MASON, D. D., of New son University, Indiana. York University. President E. H. NEVW, of Professor WH EATON, of Middle- Franklin College, Ohio. town College. President T. H. BIGGS, of Cinr Rev. H. BANNISTER, D. D., of cinnati College. Oneida Institute. Professor W. H. McGuFFEY. And a great number of eminent scholars and teachers in Ken- tucky, Tennessee ar 1 o*ber States. ADVERTISEMENT. COOPER'S VIRGIL, WITH ENGLISH NOTES, MYTHOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, &c. THE ILLUSTRATIVE DEFINER, a Dictionary of words in common use ; is intended to teach children, by examples and by exercises in composition, the true, definite meaning of words, and exhibits all Mr. Gallaudet's well-known capacity as an instructor of youth, THE PicTORAL SPELLING BOOK, by R. Bentley, is a most beau- tiful and attractive work for children. OLNEY'S SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS. This work, well- known in almost every village in the United States, has recently been revised. The Atlas is entirely new, and contains numerous maps, exhibiting every quarter of the globe on a large scale, and showing the relative situation of countries more clearly than any other atlas. It contains also an ancient map, exhibiting almost the entire portion of the world embraced in Ancient History. The publishers believe that a thorough examination will convince the practical teacher that this work is superior for use to any other, and it possesses a permanent value for daily reference. It is easy of comprehension, and conducts the pupil in a most natural manner to a competent knowledge of Geography. It is deemed superfluous to publish recommendations of a work so generally known. It is intended that it shall continue to deserve the great popularity which it has always maintained, and that the prices shall be as reasonable as can be asked. BOOKS ON THE SCIENCES, by J. L COMSTOCK, M. D. COMSTOCK'S SYSTEM OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. COMSTOCK'S ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY. COMSTOCK'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. COMSTOCK'S OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY. COMSTOCK'S ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY. This series of books is in so general use that the publishers would only take occasion to state that it is found superior to any in use in Europe. The Philosophy has already been republished in Scotland ; translated for the use of schools in Prussia ; and portions of the series are now in course of publication in London. Such testimony, in addition to the general good testimony of teachers in this country, is sufficient. The Elements of Chemis- try has been entirely revised by the author, the present year, and eontains all the late discoveries. TEXT BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, THE PRIMARY, ENGLISH, AND CLASSICAL DEPARTMENT, NATUBAL SCIENCE, GEOGRAPHY, MATHEMATICS, BOOK-KEEPING, ETC. PUBLISHED BY PRATT, OAKLEY & CO. No. 4 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK ** It will be noticed that most of these works were written by Teachers of tae Igiiest eminence. ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY ; with explanatory Notes and ele- gant Illustrations. By John Brocklesby, A. M., Professor in Trinity College $1 25. From the Connecticut Common School Journal. We take pleasure in calling the attention of teachers and students to this truly ex zellent book. It is not a milk-and-water compilation, without principles and with jut demonstration. It contains the elements of the science in their proper integrity ind proportions. Its author is a learned man and a practical instructor, as the tuthor of every school-book should be. The style is a model for a text-book, com jining in a high degree perspicuity, precision, and vivacity. In a word, it is the very jest elementary work on Astronomy with which we are acquainted. This notice is echoed by a large number of academies, who are promptly intro lucing the book. ELEMENTS OF METEOROLOGY; designed for Schools and Ac- ademies. By John Brocklesby, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Trinity College, Hartford 84 cents. The subject of Meteorology is of the deepest interest to all. Its phenomena every ivnere surround us, and ought to be as familiarly known to the scholar as his arith- metic or philosophy. This work treats of Winds in general, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, VWer-spouts, Rain, Fogs, Clouds, Dew, Snow, Hail, Thunder-storms, Rainbows, Haloes, Meteorites, Northern Lights, &c. it has proved highly satisfactory in the school-room, and is now the established text-book in a very large number of our best high schools and academies, where the natural sciences are taught. It is highly commended by Prof. Olmsted, Prof. Silliman, Dr. J. L Constock, Prof Lee, of Pa., Prof. Love, of Mo., and a host of eminent instructors. 2 Pratt, Oakley 4* Co's Publication*. VIEWS OF THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD ; designed for General Reading, and as a Hand-book for Classes in Natural Sciences. By Prof Brockles by $1 12. By the aid of a powerful microscope, the author has given us highly irstructive accounts of Infusorial Animalcules, Fossil Infusoria, Minute Aquatic Animals, Structure of Wood and Herbs, Crystallization, Parts of Insects, &c., &c. To those who are necessarily deprived of the aid of a microscope, and even to those who have it, this is a most valuable work. It is clearly and pleasantly written. Ihe sections on the Animalcules, Infusoria, and Crystallization, are very beautifully ilustrated with large and expensive plates. The descriptions of the different kinds of these wonderful little animals, many of which multiply by billions in a few hours, are really very instructive. There is no better school library book in the world. ft should be read by every man, woman and child. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ; designed for Colleges and the Higher Classes in Schools, and for General Reading. By Worthington Hooker, M. I) Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in Yale College. Illustrated wltt nearly 200 engravings. $125. This is an original work, and not a compilation. It presents the subject in a new light, and at the same time embraces all that is valuable for its purpose that could be drawn from the most eminent sources. The highest encomiums are received from all quarters ; a few are subjoined. From CALEB J. HALLOWELL, Alexandria High School, Va. Hooker's Physiology was duly received. We propose to adopt it as a tex book, and shall order in the course of a fortnight. From the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. We can truly say that we believe this volume is of great value, and we hope that the rare merits of the diligent author will be both appreciated and patronized. From B. F. TEWKSBURY, Lenoxville, Pa. I am ready to pronounce it unqualifiedly the most admirable book or work on the human system that has fallen under my notice, and they have not been few. If any one desires a complete and thorough elucidation of the great science discussed, they can nowhere be better satisfied than in the perusal of Dr. Hooker's most excellent work. AN INTRODUCTORY WORK ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, by Prof. Hooker, has just been published, designed for all persons commencing the study Dr. Hooker's works seem to have taken their place decidedly at the head of alJ treatises on the subject of Physiology. They are rapidly going into seminaries and normal schools in all parts of the country, and the best institutions express theii " delight at the result." 60 cents. V COMPARATIVE ENGLISH-GERMAN GRAMMAR ; based tm the affinity of the two languages. By Prof. Elias Peissner, late of the University o' Munich, now of Union^College, Schenectady. $1.00 From the New York Churchman. Of all the German Grammars we have ever examined, this is the most modest and unpretending, and yet it contains a system and a principle which is the life of it, as -,!car, as practical, as effective for learning grammar as any thing we have ever seen >mt forth, with so much more pretense of originality and show of philosophy. II vill be found, too, we think, that the author has not only presented a new idea of much interest in itself, but has admirably carried it out in the practical lessons and exercises af'ids work. From PRO K J. FOSTER, of Sshtnerfad!/. I have examined Prof. Peissner's German Grammar with some attention, have marked with interest the rapid advancement of students here using it as a text-book, and have myself carefully tested it in the instruction of a daughter eleven years c, age. The result is a conviction that it is most admirably adapted to secure easv. pleasant, and real progress, and that from no other work which has come under m? notice can so satisfactory a knowledge of the language be obtained in a $i ren time Pratt. Oakley fy Co's Publications. 3 WHITLOCK'S GEOMETRY AXD SURVEYING, is a work for ad- vanced students, possessing the highest claims upon the attention of Mathematical Teachers. $1 50. n comparison wuh other works of the kind, it presents the following advantages : 1. A better connected and more progressive method of geometrizing, calculated to enable the student to go alone. 2. A fuller, more varied, and available practice, by the introduction of more than four hundred exercises, arithmetical, demonstrative, and algebraical, so chosen as to be serviceable rather than amusing, and so arranged as greatly to aid in the acquisi- tion of the theory 3. The bringing together of such a body of geometrical knowledge, theoretical and practical, as every individual on entering into active life demands. 4. A system of surveying which saves two-thirds of the labor required by the ordi nnry process. This work is well spoken of universally, and is already in use in some of the best institutions of this country. It is recommended by Prof. Pierce, of Cambridge, Prof. Smith, of Middletown, Prof. Dodd, of Lexington, and many other eminent mathe- maticians. From E. M. MORSE, ESQ. I consider that I have obtained more mathematical knowledge from Whitlock's Geometry than from all other text-books combined. Unlike too many treatises of 9 similar nature, it is eminently calculated to make mathematicians. PKOF. J. B. DODD'S MATHEMATICAL SERIES COMPRISES AN ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC $0 45 HIGH SCHOOL ARITHMETIC 84 ELEMENTS or ALGEBRA 84 HIGHER ALGEBRA 1 50 KEY TO ALGEBRA 84 ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY 1 00 These books are believed to be unrivaled in the following particulars: 1. The philosophical accurateness with which their topics are arranged, so as to show the mutual dependence and relationship of their subjects. 2. The scientific correctness and practical convenience of their greatly improved nomenclature. 3. The clear and concise manner in which principles are stated and explanations are given. 4. Brevity and completeness of rules. 6. The distinctness with which the true connection between Arithmetic and its connate branches is developed. 6. The excellent and thorough intellectual discipline superinduced. RECOMMENDATIONS. From R. T. P. ALLEN, Svperintendent of Kentucky Military Institute. Upon a careful examination of a manuscript Treatise on Arithmetic, by Prot Dodd, I find it greatly superior to all others which have come under rny notice, in system, completeness, and nomenclature. The arrangement is natural, the system complete, and the nomenclature greatly improved. These improvements are not s'iffht; they are fundamental eminently worthy the attention of the mathematical teacher, and give a character of unity to the work which at once distinguishes it from all others on this subject. From C. M. WRIGHT, Associate Principal of Mount Palatine Academy. I have examined Dodd's Arithmetic, and am fully persuaded that it is superior to an> other with which I am acquainted. I could speak in detail were it necessary , bjit all that is required to establish its reputation and introduction, in to nave tt noivn by teachers. 4 Pratt, Oakley & Co** Publication*. From M. S LITTLEFIELD, Grand Rapids, Mich. I have Dodd's Higher Arithmetic, and unhesitatingly pronounce it tte best won for advanced classes I have ever seen. From E. HINDS, ESQ., of Newtown Academy. 1 have recently adopted Dodd's High School Arithmetic, and like it much. Having Been that Prof. Dodd is also author of an Algebra, I should like to see that work be ore forming a new class. From H. ELI AS, ESQ., Palmyra, Mo. I have fairly tested Dodd's Algebra, and am much pleased with it. If I like his Geometry as well as the Algebra, I shall forthwith introduce it into my school. From PROF. W. H. DE PUY. We have introduced Dodd's Algebra into the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary as a permanent text-book. From R. H. MOORE, III. Dodd's Algebra possesses excellencies pertaining to no other work From REV J. A. MCCANLEY, Va. I am much pleased with Dodd's Algebra, and will introduce it. From OSCAR HARRIS, ft. J I use Professor Dodd's Algebra, and shall continue it as our regular text-boo* From PROF. A. L. HAMILTON, President of Andrew College. I have examined with some care Prof. Dodd's Elements of Geometry, and, so fa <*s I am capable of judging, I conceive it to be in many respects decidedly the best work of the kind extant. For simplicity, exactness, and completeness, it can have no superior. Like his Arithmetic and Algebra, in many important particulars, his Geometry stands pre-eminent and alone. A NEW COMMON-SCHOOL ARITHMETIC, by Prof. Dodd, is in press. The Department of Public Instruction in Canada has repeatedly ordered Prof Dodd's books, as well as many of F. B. & Co.'s other publications, for use in schools SCHELL'S INTRODUCTORY LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC ; designed as an Introduction to the study of any Mental or Written Arithmetic. It contains a large amount of mental questions together with a large number of questions to be performed on the slate, thus combining mental and written exercises for young beginners. This is a very attractive little book, superior to any of its class. It leads the pupil on by the easiest steps possible, and yet insures constant pro- gress. 20 cents. ' From GEO. PAYNE QUACKENBOS, Rector of Henry street Grammar School, N. V It is unnecessary to do more than to ask the attention of teachers to this work , they cannot examine it impartially without being convinced of its superior merits It will, no doubt, become one of the most popular of school-books. From J. MARKHAM, Ohio. I wish to introduce Schell's little Arithmetic. It is just the thing for beginners cnd six dozen From G. C. MERRIFIELD, hid. I am highly pleased with Schell's little book, and shall use it- From D. F. DEWOLF, Ohio. Schell's little book-for children is a beau-ideal of my own, and of course it suits From D. G. HEFFRON, Sup't. Schools, Utica. The School Committee have adopted ScheJl's Arithmetic for our public schoolt Send us three hundred. Pratt, Oakley fy Cos Publications. 5 AN INTELLECTUAL AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC ; or, First Lessons in Arithmetical Analysis. By T. L. Enos, Graduate of the New York State Normal Schools. 25 cents. The same clearness and conciseness characterize this admirable book that belong to the works of Prof. Dodd. The natural arrangements of the text, and the logical nude of solving the questions, is a peculiar and important feature belonging to this book alone. From PROF. C. M. WRIGHT. I have examined with care and interest Enos' Mental Arithmetic, and shall intro duce it at once into the Academy. From PROFS. D. I. PINCKNEY, S. M. FELLOWS, S. SEARLE, Rock River Seminar]/ We have examined an intellectual Arithmetic, by J. L. Enos, and like it much We shall immediately use it in our school. PROF. PALMER'S BOOK-KEEPING ; Key and Blanks. 67 cents. This excellent book is superior to the books generally used, because : 1. It contains a large number of business blanks to be filled by the learner, such as deeds, mortgages, agreements, assignments, &c., &c. 2. Explanations from page to page, from article to article, and to settle principles of law in relation to deeds, mortgages, INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL GRAMMAR . 30 NEW, OR ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR fi3 LATIN LESSONS, WITH EXERCISES IN PARSING. By Geo. Spencer, A. M. Half cloth, enlarged 63 BULLIONS' PRINCIPLES OF LATIN GRAMMAR 1 00 BULI IONS' LATIN READER. With an Introduction on the Idioms of the Latin Language. An improved Vocabulary 1 00 BULLIONS' CAESAR'S COMMENTARIES 1 00 BULLIONS' CICERO'S ORATIONS. With reference both to Bullions', and An- drew's, and Stoddard's Latin Grammar 1 13 BULLIONS' SALLUST 1 00 BULLIONS' GREEK LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS 75 BULLIONS' PRINCIPLES OF GREEK GRAMMAR 113 BULLIONS' GREEK READER. With Introduction on tho Idioms of the Greek Language, and Improved Lexicon 1 75 BULLIONS' LATIN EXERCISES 1 25 COOPER'S VIRGIL 200 In this series of books, the three Grammars, English, Latin, and Greek, are all on the same plan. The general arrangement, definitions, rules, &c., are the same, and expressed in the same language, as nearly as the nature of the case would admit To those who study Latin and Greek, much time and labor, it is believed, will be saved ly this method, both to teacher and pupil. The analogy and peculiarities of the different languages being kept in view, will show what is common to ail, or pacu 6 Pratt, Oakley 4- Cos Publication*. Uar to each ; the cdtfusion and difficulty unnecessarily occasioned by the use of el- numt-iry works differing widely from each other in language and structure, will be avoided, and the progress of the student rendered much more rapid, easy, and satis factory. No series of Grammars, having this object in view, has heretofore been prepared, and the advantages which they offer cannot be obtained in an equal degree by the study of any other Grammars now in use. They form a complete course of element- ary books, in which the substance of the latent and best Grammars in each language has been compressed into a volume of convenient size, beautifully printed on supe- rior paper, m:atly and strongly bound, and are put at the lowest prices at which they can be afforded. The elementary works intended to follow the Grammars namely, the Latin Reader and the Greek Reader are also on the SAME PLAN ; are prepared with special references to these works, and contain a course of elementary instruction so uniqu: and simple as to furnish great facilities to the student in these languages. NOTICES. From PROF. C. S. FENNEL, Antivch College, Ohio. Bullions' books, by their superior arrangement and accuracy, their completeness as a series, arid the references from one to the other, supply a want more perfectly than any other books have done. They bear the marks of the instructor as well as the scholar. It requires more than learning to make a good school-book. From J. B. THOMPSON, A. M., late Rjector of the Somerville Classical Institute, N. J. I use Bullions' works all of them and consider them the best of the kind that have been issued in this or any other language. If they were universally used we would not have so many superficial scholars, and the study of the classics would be more likely to serve the end for which it was designed the strengthening and adorning of the mind. From A. C. RICHARDS, ESQ., Clay Co., Ga. We think Bullions' Latin Grammar, in the arrangement of its syntax and the cr n- ciseness of its rules, the manner of treating prosody, and the conjugations of .he verbs, superior to any other. If his Greek Reader is as good as the Latin Reader, we shall introduce it. It is almost superfluous to publish notices of books so extensively used. Within the last few months Dr. Bullions' English Grammar has been introduced into the Public, and many of the Private Schools, the Latin School, the English High School, the City Normal School, of the city of Boston ; Normal Schools o* Bridgewater and Westfield, MarlUorough Academy; cities of Salem, Newburyport,