UC-NRLF 
 
 HD 
 
 C3 
 
 £2 
 
 o 
 o 
 
GIFT OF 
 
 1 
 
:>.; 1 
 
 The 
 
 Activities and Organization 
 
 of 
 
 The Citizens' Committee 
 of One Thousand 
 
 In connection with 
 
 THE WINNIPEG STRIKE 
 
 - MAY - JUNE, 1919 
 
 PRICE 25 CENTS 
 
 CITIZENS* COMMITTEE OF ONE THOUSAND 
 WINNIPEG 
 
OF THH 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 The 
 
 Activities and Organization 
 
 of 
 
 The Citizens' Committee 
 of One Thousand 
 
 In connection with 
 
 THE WINNIPEG STRIKE 
 
 MAY - JUNE, 1919 
 
 PRICE 2B .CENiT^i 
 
 CITIZENS' COMMITTEE OF ONE THOUSAND 
 """ ' WINNIPEG 
 

 ^ 
 
 * * > * * 
 
 • •• • « 
 
 • -•• .». 
 
Foreword 
 
 THE CITIZENS' COMMITTEE OF ONE THOUSAND was formed 
 in Winnipeg on the occasion of the declaration of a general Sympathetic 
 Strike, commencing May 15th, 1919. 
 
 Called on the avowed issue of supporting the striking members of the 
 metal trades, who could not agree with two of three principal employers, 
 the strike grew into a deadlock which finally defied the constituted authority 
 of the government of Canada, and provoked rioting on the streets of Winni- 
 peg, in which blood was freely shed and lives were lost. 
 
 In its successive stages, the issues veered from the original ostensible 
 purpose to the right of the police, firemen, postmen and other public 
 employees engaged in maintaining vital pubHc utiHties to affiliate with 
 a controlling labor body whose authority would supersede the oath of the 
 individual to the Crown,' then to the definition and general appHcation of 
 the principle of ^"Collective Bargaining," afterwards to uncover the fact 
 that some of the" leaders, at least, of the strike were more concerned in 
 setting up the Russian Soviet form of government in Canada than in settling 
 any trades disputes, that an organized propaganda to incite Revolution 
 in Canada was stalking under cover of this and other strikes, and fomenting 
 them throughout the Dominion to this end; and finally, as stated, to a 
 straight defiance of constituted authority and Government. 
 
 If any good to the people is to come out -of this whole miserable business, 
 and the course in which lives have been lost, the production and commerce 
 of Canada disrupted, and that of the city almost totally stopped for a 
 long period; in which thirty thousand people — about one-eighth of the 
 total population of Winnipeg — were deprived of their means of livlihood; 
 through which a group of agitators, after calling out the Trades Unions 
 challenged our Government, it seems essential that the lesson of the strike 
 must be speedily transmitted to all sections of the country; and that the 
 sister cities and the rest of the Dominion, threatened with the same or 
 similar danger from so-called Soviet Government, Bolsheviki and I.W.W. 
 movements masquerading under the guise of labor, should know of the 
 means and steps taken by the loyal citizens of Winnipeg to maintain in 
 some degree the operation of the utilities of the city and the preservation 
 of law and order therein. 
 
 Under the stress of circumstances this record is of necessity a hurried 
 and unfinished one. Its record of the departmental activities of the Citizens' 
 Committee was made at the end of the second week of the strike, when the 
 responsibility upon the citizens of manning the public utilities was at its 
 peak. Afterwards, as these utiHties were permanently manned, either by 
 
the return of striking workmen or the engagement of new staffs, the func- 
 tioning of some of these departments lessened, and were gradually cut off. 
 
 Other necessities arose, which had to be provided for. For instance, 
 no detailed report is made of the organization of the Volunteer Special 
 Police Force, almost entirely composed of returned officers and men of the 
 Canadian Expeditionary Force, and which at one time numbered over 
 1500 sworn officers, under military dicipline. Nothing is said of the sacrifice 
 of between two and three thousand citizens, who, having enlisted in the 
 militia regiments for the period of the strike, were confined to barracks 
 under arms, were called out at the risk of their lives in street warfare, 
 and were kept away from their homes and their places of business for days 
 and weeks at a time. 
 
 No section of this brief is devoted, either, to the work of the Executive 
 of the Citizens' Committee of One Thousand, nor its numerous select com- 
 mittees through which the entire effort of the committee was organized 
 and carried forward, the pulse of the City's activity maintained, and the 
 menace of Bolshevistic revolution uncovered and defeated. The Executive 
 sat, in practically continuous session, through the entire period of the strike. 
 In addition to the permanent departments outlined here, there was a stand- 
 ing legal committee, a committee to investigate and compute the cost to 
 the community of the strike, a sub-section of the Publicity Committee 
 having charge of the advertising and propaganda, and a committee on 
 Permanent Organization, besides various special committees. 
 
 When for the second time all workmen were pulled from the milk and 
 ice handling plants, the Citizens' Committee assisted the City in supplying 
 volunteers to maintain a milk and ice service, whereby the largest creamery 
 plant was operated as a common distributing cfentre, and milk and ice 
 distributed daily from the City's public schools. 
 
 Throughout the strike, THE CITIZENS' COMMITTEE OF ONE 
 THOUSAND stood as an unofficial body, receiving its authority and in- 
 spiration from a constant and enthusiastic supporting body of the citizenship. 
 At one tim.e the committee listed over ten thousand men, actually enrolled 
 in one department or another of its work. In no case did it supersede or 
 override the nominal authority of any public department or private cor- 
 poration. The volunteers it supplied did not take over and administer, 
 but in every case went in and assisted, under the orders of the loyal heads 
 of civic or governmental departments, or the ordinary management of any 
 utility. The committee was frequently charged with holding back a settle- 
 ment of the strike, and with forming within itself an obstacle in the way 
 of settlement. The Committee early took its position, and frequently re- 
 affirmed it. It stood at no time in the way of any legitimate effort to 
 reconcile any industrial dispute or phase of industrial welfare which became 
 an issue in the strike. It did everything in its power to the opposite end. 
 It took a stand against the principle and theory of a sympathetic strike 
 extending to public utilities and vital services. It stands for Law and Order? 
 and firmly against bargain or compromise of any kind with Treason! 
 
Activities of Citizens' Committee of 
 One Thousand 
 
 On Thursday, the fifteenth day of May, 1919, at eleven o'clock in the 
 forenoon, an organization called the Central Strike Committee, having its 
 Headquarters at the Trades and Labor Hall, Winnipeg, took upon itself 
 the authority to paralyze the City of Winnipeg industrially and commercially. 
 They called out on a sympathetic strike the workers in the following de- 
 partments of the City: The Fire Department, the High Pressure Water 
 Plant, the Health Department, including street cleaning, scavangers, etc., 
 the Light and Power Department. They did not then call out the workers 
 who manned the domestic water service. 
 
 They allowed the Police Force to remain on duty, but openly boasted 
 that it was so allowed under instructions of the Strike Committee. 
 
 They called out the Telephone Operators in the Manitoba Government 
 Telephone System. 
 
 They called out the Postal Workers and all the Employees in His 
 Majesty's Post Office. 
 
 They called .out all the workers in the bakeries and dairies of the City 
 and their deliveries. 
 
 They called out all the caretakers and passenger elevator operators 
 in all the office buildings and residential blocks of the City. 
 
 They called out workers in retail and wholesale establishments dealing 
 with the necessaries of life throughout the City. 
 
 They called out the carters and delivery men of these establishments 
 and of the railways and express companies. 
 
 They called out the employees of the Winnipeg Electric Railway 
 Company. 
 
 On the third day of the strike they succeeded in calling out sufficient 
 workers in the newspapers to prevent publication of any paper in Winnipeg. 
 
 They called out sufficient telegraph operators to cut off communication 
 from the outside world. 
 
 The pretext for this total paralysis of the City's life was an alleged 
 dispute between the small body of workers in the City known as the metal 
 workers and two or three individual employers, and the subterfuge used by 
 the strikers was the question of the right of collective bargaining. 
 
 Almost a year ago to a day this same group of men conducted a some- 
 what similar, but not so extensive a movement, and the pretext used on 
 that occasion was the right of the City employees to form a Union to be 
 affihated with the Trades and Labor Council. 
 
 Last year a number of public spirited citizens formed themselves into 
 an executive committee called the "Citizens' Committee of One Hundred" 
 and this committee dealt with the situation to the best of their ability. 
 When the strike of this year was called it was immediately perceived that 
 the very existence of the City itself and the lives of the citizens were in 
 
6 
 
 jeopardy. On the evening before the strike took place at a public meeting 
 called by the former Comm.ittee of One Hundred, a Citizens' Committee of 
 One Thousand was formed to take steps to cope with the unprecedented crisis. 
 
 One of the first things that came before the Committee was the for- 
 mation of a Volunteer Fire Brigade, to man all the Fire Stations in the 
 City and afford proper protection to the lives of citizens. This organization 
 was perfected and completed, obtained permission from the proper City 
 officials and took charge of the various fire halls throughout the City con- 
 temporaneously with the withdrawing of the strikers. 
 
 The attention of the "Citizens' Committee" was next called to the 
 appalling situation in the hospitals and to the danger which threatened the 
 lives of young infants through the autocratic cutting off of the City's milk 
 supply by the "Strike Committee." 
 
 Following this came an appeal from all parts of the City for bread. 
 The best that could be secured at the m.oment was an arrangem.ent with 
 the Strike Com.mittee for bread and milk deliveries to be resum_ed in limited 
 quantities. The special conditions imposed by the strikers was that all 
 bread and milk wagons should carry, to show their authority, a printed 
 card with the words "Permitted by authority of the Strike Committee." 
 This was probably the first official act of what the Citizens of Winnipeg 
 now recognize Was not an industrial strike but an attempt at Soviet 
 Government — a challenge to constituted authority. 
 
 It was understood at the same time that the police were remaining on 
 duty only "by authority of the Strike Committee," and that a force had 
 been kept at the pumping stations, also "by authority" but instructed 
 to reduce and hold the water pressure at 30 pounds (insufficient for delivery 
 above the first floor of buildings, and insufficient for fire protection to 
 any but small cottages). 
 
 The first difficulty that the Volunteer Fire Brigade had to contend with 
 was false alarms. These were rung in m.aliciously and continuously through- 
 out the day and particularly in the small hours of the night from all parts of 
 the City. There was also the question of protection to the Volunteer workers 
 who had manned the City's supply of High Pressure Water, which must 
 always be available in the event of fire. The Mayor was appealed to for 
 special constables, and it w^as found that he was confronted by the threat 
 of the Strike Committee to immediately call out the City's entire police 
 force if the Chief Magistrate of the City attempted to swear in any special 
 constables. 
 
 At this period of the strike the great business life of the City was 
 practically at a standstill, and in addition to the strikers many thousands 
 of citizens, wishing to avoid violence, ceased business as a result of the 
 intimidations of the strikers. 
 
 One paramount problem facing the Committee was further protection 
 to the lives of the citizens and the maintenance of law and order. There 
 being no militia, volunteers were immediately called for, and over night 
 thousands of citizens made their way to recruiting stations, and within two 
 
days an adequate military force of citizens from all walks of life had been 
 established. 
 
 The weather being unusually warm for the time of the year, complaints 
 poured in to the Committee from all sections of the City for water and ice. 
 The water at 30 pounds pressure threatened the pubHc health with epidemic, 
 and the Medical Association were making demands that this state of affairs 
 be immediately remedied. There was a shortage of fuel also in the homes 
 of the citizens and in the hotels. 
 
 The first difficulty encountered was the threat that if the water pressure 
 was raised the staff in charge (being under the control of the Strike Com- 
 mittee) would walk out. The second difficulty was that the pressure pumps 
 were driven by generators operated by electric power, and in the event of 
 this being interfered with, which was considered quite likely, the auxiUary 
 steam plant would have to be manned and this would require a large staff 
 of firemen, stokers and the necessary skilled engineers. Volunteer staffs 
 were immediately got together and organized under competent engineers 
 into three shifts of eight hours each. Formal demand was then made upon 
 the Civic Authorities that the water pressure be restored to normal. This 
 was officially ordered by the Mayor and Council and thereupon the staffs 
 under the Strike Committee immediately walked out and the volunteers 
 took charge under the direction of the City Engineer. 
 
 In the meantime it was recognized that if the Volunteer Fire Brigade was 
 not going to be physically worn out at the instigation of the strikers who 
 kept ringing in false alarms, the fire alarm boxes must be patrolled. An 
 organization was immediately formed to protect more than 350 fire alarm 
 boxes in the City. 
 
 Owing to the great number of unemployed on the streets, and to meet 
 numerous requests from residents from all parts of the City, adequate night" 
 volunteer patrols were established in each ward for night duty. 
 
 On Saturday morning. May 17th, the Strike Committee making good 
 their threat to suppress all newspaper publications in Winnipeg, ordered the 
 pressmen of the three Winnipeg Dailies and all other publications to walk out, 
 thus leaving the Western Labor News the only paper in the field. They also 
 succeeded in intimidating a sufficient number of telegraph operators to desert 
 their keys. This severed Winnipeg's last connection with the outside world. 
 
 This challenge to one of the bulwarks of our British Constitution, to 
 wit, the freedom of the Press, was at once taken up by the citizens and 
 The Winnipeg Citizen appeared on the streets for free distribution to all of 
 the citizens of Winnipeg. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the crisis in Winnipeg involved something far 
 greater than an industrial dispute. In calling out the fire brigade and the 
 pubHc health departments, and in reducing the normal water pressure to 
 30 pounds, thus creating discrimination in the distribution of water among 
 the citizens, also in eliminating the high water pressure which is the only 
 safe guard in the event of fire, thereby jeopardizing the safety of the fives 
 and property of the citizens, the Strike Committee issued an open challenge 
 
GOVERNMENT BY '^AUTHORITY OF THE STRIKE COMMITTEE." 
 
 On the opposite page are shown facsimile reproductions of the infamous 
 "Permission to Live" orders which emanated from the Labor Temple during 
 the early days of the strike. 
 
 At the top is a reduced reproduction of the printed card " Permitted 
 by Authority of the Strike Committee." During the first days of the strike 
 these cards were posted at the doors of theatres where Union staffs remained 
 on duty, at the doors of restaurants and other business houses. They were 
 placed on carters' delivery wagons, ice, milk and bread wagons, and were 
 even displayed on the service trucks of the City Light and Power Depart- 
 ment. Each card so issued bore the stamp of the Winnipeg Trades and 
 Labor Council. 
 
 The centre left-hand reproduction is one presented to the Manitoba 
 Cold Storage Company. It tells its own story. 
 
 On the right hand side is produced a copy of the "order" as received by 
 the Winnipeg Oil Company Limited and issued to other oil companies. 
 It should be noted that this order "permitted" farmers, the military, and 
 health officers to secure gasoline. 
 
 At the bottom, signed by "H. G. Veitch, Food Com." under the stamp 
 of the Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council, is a note delivered to James 
 M. Carruthers, General Manager of the Crescent Creamery Company, by a 
 striker. This man having first been refused service by the Union employees 
 of the Crescent Creamery Company, stated that he had obtained a permit 
 at the Labor Temple after a considerable effort and a wait of hours. It has 
 been stated that the sick wife for whom this milk was requested afterwards 
 died. This "permit" was issued while certain striking employees of the 
 Crescent Creamery Company Limited were still on restricted duty, also 
 "By Authority of the Strike Committee." 
 
 These are samples of the scores and hundreds of similar "permits" 
 which flooded the City of Winnipeg during the first three days of the strike. 
 
permtudby 
 
 AUTHORITY OR 
 
 STRIKE COMMITTEE 
 
 
 Wfamitird Q^radra an]i Hxbor <(intttrU 
 
 vxf lath 
 
 TO t:i* Oil eai*wil*« Vi- 
 
 Met tbelr raqulremcats '> 
 
 o„d Ihat !llUt«ry , Police, Doetore. H««1U» *«*^;*»»l.??*^_ 
 iSlpltS C j; ~S^bi euppUkl with the D.e...«rr 0«.iln. for 
 Frofasilonol Bcrrlc** 
 
 
 -7& 
 
10 
 
 to the City Council, who are the constituted authority delegated by the 
 Government to control these utilities. 
 
 In calling out the Telephone operators of the Manitoba Government 
 Telephones, the strikers clearly and openly defied the Provincial Govern- 
 ment of Manitoba. 
 
 And finally, if there is any doubt as to their aims, they completely 
 disrupted the Post Office and the Mail Service of the Dominion of Canada 
 by causing His Majesty's mails for Winnipeg to be thrown off the trains 
 at points East and West of that City, thus setting at nought the authority 
 of the Dominion Government who have sole jurisdiction of the mails. 
 
 It is thus patent to every loyal citizen that what the citizens of Winni- 
 peg were then facing is not an ordinary strike, but .an attempt to transfer the 
 reins of Government from the properly constituted authority to the Strike 
 Committee at the Labor Temple. 
 
 If there is any grievance to be removed or any wrong to be righted, 
 it is surely worthy of the protection of the law and the approval of all 
 good citizens; if the strikers have a cause then it should be legislated upon 
 in a properly constituted manner and not through the channels of Sovietism. 
 We have not yet substituted the strike ballot for franchise. 
 
 The Executive of the Citizens Committee of One Thousand, after 
 serious considerations, have unanimously passed the following resolutions: 
 
 "Resolved that in the opinion of .this Committee this strike has got 
 far beyond any dispute between the Metal Trades and other employers 
 and their employees; and 
 
 That the issue now involves the constitutional rights of the citizens 
 at large; and 
 
 That the Metal Trades and other employers be requested to leave 
 their disputes in abeyance until the larger questions now involved 
 in the general strike are disposed of." 
 
 This Committee at this time clearly realized that its first responsibility 
 and duty was to take steps in the direction of restoring law and order; and 
 that any dispute between one section of the trade and its employees must be 
 a secondary consideration. 
 
 It was recognized that it was most important for the Committee to 
 formulate a platform, and after due deliberation the following resolutions 
 were passed, which really constitutes our Magna Charta: 
 
 1. "Resolved that this Committee is opposed to the principle of sym- 
 
 pathetic strikes by employees in Public Utilities, Departments of 
 Public Service, and those which affect the distribution of milk and 
 food. 
 
 2. "That no employees who are members of Unions having affiliations 
 
 with any outside organizations which purport to exercise authority 
 over the employees in relation to their actions towards their employers 
 should be employed or retained in the City Police Department, Fire 
 
11 
 
 Department, Water Works Department, City Light and Power Depart- 
 m„ent, Governm.ent Telephones or Postal Service. 
 
 3. ''That this Committee, however, recognizes the right of any of such 
 em.ployees as so desire to form. Unions or Associations am.ong them.- 
 selves, and to bargain with their em.ployers as to wages and 
 working conditions through their Com.m.ittees without any interference 
 whatever by any outside body which m.ay affect their allegiance to 
 their employers and the position of trust which they occupy towards 
 the public, and also the right in the case of disagreem.ent to appeal 
 to a duly constituted Board of Authority." 
 
 A little explanation of the policy and aims of the Committee as set 
 forth in the above Resolution may be of some assistance. First of all it 
 is to be noted that in Resolution No. 1 the Committee confines itself in 
 regard to sympathetic strike to certain definite Public UtiHties or Quasi- 
 Government Departments and those which affect life, such as milk and food. 
 It was felt that, in order to appeal to the rank and file of labor, which the 
 Committee believes have been betrayed by those temporarily in authority 
 at the Labor Temple, it is necessary to make perfectly clear that there is 
 no desire to deprive labor of its one weapon, "the strike." 
 
 Again the Committee wishes to state, and in no uncertain terms, that 
 it had and has no desire to prevent the employees of Public Utilities and 
 Quasi-Governmental Departments from forming Unions or Associations among 
 themselves, provided that they are not permitted to affiliate with any outside 
 body, whether represented in the Trades and Unions Council or otherwise, 
 which would in any way affect their allegiance to their employers and to the 
 public 
 
 The Committee were also most determined that the every-day citizen 
 who left his work and volunteered upon the fire or police brigade to protect 
 life and property should never be called again to risk life and limb, in 
 protection of the City, as a result of disloyalty on the part of the regular 
 Fire or Police Department. 
 
 Desertion of the firemen was all the more flagrant because they had only 
 recently accepted their schedule of wages with the City, binding until May, 
 1920, and the ink was literally hardly dry upon the agreement, when they 
 treated the said agreem_ent as a "scrap of paper" and deserted their posts. 
 
 The loyal citizens are most seriously in accord with the Committee 
 that this shall never occur again, and it was unanimously resolved as 
 follows : 
 
 "Resolved that this Executive Committee of One Thousand Citizens, who, 
 when the City firem.en abandoned their positions of trust were able 
 to provide for the second tim.e in twelve m.onths a volunteer fire 
 brigade, to protect the lives and property of our citizens, which volun- 
 teer brigade is com.posed of busy m.en who have done their duty at 
 great personal sacrifice and have now been on duty for sufficient time 
 to justify the City Council in imm.ediately taking steps for the estab- 
 lishment of a permanent, loyal and efficient brigade, who may be 
 
12 
 
 counted on to stay at their posts no matter what outside influence 
 may try to persuade them to abandon their position of trust; do 
 now request the City Council to at once organize such a brigade. 
 "This Committee is assured that the Volunteer men at work will remain 
 on duty until they are relieved by a permanent force, but that this 
 should not be unnecessarily delayed." 
 "Resolved that we as citizens of Winnipeg resent the action of the 
 firemen and other employees of the City of Winnipeg (who are engaged 
 in Public Utility Departments) in going out on a sympathetic strike, 
 whereby the lives, health and property of our citizens have been 
 greatly jeopardized. The action of our City firemen is especially 
 to be condemned in view of the arrangements made last year by the 
 City Council with the representatives of the firemen. We, therefore, 
 while not presuming to dictate to our Civic authorities, urge upon the 
 Mayor and Council of the City of Winnipeg that only such striking 
 employees of the City should be taken back into the service of the 
 City as are thoroughly efficient and are prepared to endorse the prin- 
 ciples in the resolution, a copy of which is hereto attached." 
 
 The following are the resolutions passed respecting the loyalty of the 
 leaders of the strike. 
 
 "Whereas it has becom.e apparent to the citizens of Winnipeg, because 
 of the prominence in the recent street demonstration of large numbers 
 of aliens, that the alien problem must be dealt with imm.ediately. 
 
 "And whereas citizens wearing the Union Jack have been publicly insulted 
 by alien enemies who have dared to tear the flag from their breast. 
 
 "And whereas this strike, involving 30,000 workers as shown by published 
 reports of the Strike Com.mittee, to have been called on the authority 
 of only 8000 affirmative votes. 
 
 "And whereas according to the records of Alien Enem.y Registration 
 Board there are about 27,000 registered alien enemies in the Winnipeg 
 district. 
 
 "Therefore be it resolved that the Trades and Labor Council be called 
 upon to im.m.ediately exhibit its records to a Board of Enquiry com- 
 posed of representatives appointed by the Great War Veterans, the 
 Im.perial Veterans and the Army and Navy Veterans with authority 
 to report its findings and recommendations so that the public m.ay be 
 inf orm.ed : 
 
 1. "How many aliens and how m.any registered alien enemies are on the 
 
 m.em.bership rolls of the Unions on strike. 
 
 2. "The exact num.ber of alien enemies and aliens in each Union that voted 
 
 for the general strike. 
 
 3. "The exact num.ber of votes for and against the general strike cast by 
 
 each Union. 
 
 4. "Why these total votes were pooled and a clear m.ajority decided as 
 
 sufficient to call a general strike." 
 
 "Whereas thousands of our returned boys are now in our midst and 
 within a few weeks all of those remaining overseas will be home again. 
 
13 
 
 'And whereas during the war thousands of undesirable aliens have been 
 able to take advantage of the shortage of labor and have been occupy- 
 ing positions which should be immediately filled by our returned soldiers. 
 "Now therefore be it unanimously resolved that such aliens ought to 
 be replaced as quickly as possible by our returned soldiers and all em- 
 ployers are hereby urged to take the necessary steps with that end in 
 view. 
 
 "That the Trades and Labor Council and the Strike Committee should 
 imm.ediately place themselves on record before the public as to what 
 action they propose to take in respect to the thousands of aliens now 
 enrolled in their Unions who are walking our streets to-day as strikers." 
 
 These resolutions represent in concrete form what the Committee of 
 One Thousand stands for, and they have received the endorsation and 
 approval of the City Council as well as the Dominion and Provincial 
 Governments. 
 
 By this time ultimatums had been issued by the Dominion and Pro- 
 vincial Governments to their employees to return to work. 
 
 The City Council at its regular meeting on the evening of the 26th, 
 passed^ the following resolutions in regard to its employees, including the 
 firemen : 
 
 Moved by Aid. A. H. Pulford, seconded by Aid. H. Gray: 
 
 1. "That the head of each Department of the Civic Service furnish forth- 
 
 with to the City Clerk of the City Council a com.plete list of all 
 employees in each of their respective departments who went on strike 
 May 15th or subsequently. 
 
 2. "That all the em.ployees whose nam.es are furnished as aforesaid be 
 
 notified forthwith that, as they had vacated their positions and 
 hereby cancelled their contracts of hiring with the City, their services 
 in the Civic Service is at an end and positions vacated will be forth- 
 with filled. 
 
 3. "That the city clerk forthwith notify the heads of each of the Depart- 
 
 ments that on and after Thursday next they are to receive applications 
 to fill the positions vacated as aforesaid, subject to the following 
 conditions, and such others as may be imposed upon Council. 
 
 4. "Each applicant shall sign an undertaking that he will be loyal to the 
 
 City and will, under no circumstances, participate in any manner in a 
 sym.pathetic strike." 
 
 Moved by Aid. J. K. Sparling, seconded by Aid. F. O. Fowler: 
 
 "Whereas, an agreement dated the first of May, 1919, was entered into 
 between the City and the Winnipeg Firemen's Federal Union, Local 
 No. 14, whereby all differences existing between the Firemen and the 
 City have been satisfactorily adjusted; 
 
 "And whereas, on the 15th of May, 1919, a strike was declared and the 
 Firem.en of the City went on strike in sympathy with the said strike, 
 although they had no grievance of their own warranting them to 
 strike ; 
 
^^>^" 
 
 14 
 
 "And whereas, the said Firemen broke their contracts of hiring and said 
 contracts of May 1st, 1919, knowing that the probable consequence 
 of so doing would be to endanger human life, or to cause serious 
 bodily injury or to expose valuable property, real or personal, to 
 destruction or injury; 
 
 "Now, therefore, be it resolved: 
 
 1. "That no Union or Association shall exist am.ong Firem.en of the City 
 
 of Winnipeg which is directly or indirectly in affiliation with any 
 organization whose orders or commands it m.ay be subject to obey, 
 or to whose orders, recommendations or request the said Union m.ay 
 yield or conform. 
 
 2. "The suprem.e governing body of the Fire Brigade shall be vested in 
 
 the Council, and in the Council alone, whose orders the mem.bers of the 
 said Brigade shall at all tim.es obey. 
 
 3. "Every person applying for a position on the Fire Brigade of the City 
 
 of Winnipeg shall sign an application agreeing that in no case shall 
 he go on strike until the differences existing between him or any 
 Firemen's Union or Association to which he m.ay belong has been 
 arbitrated and a bona-fide attem.pt made at adjustm.ent, and that 
 no strike shall be declared at any time until after thirty days' notice 
 to the City; and, further, in no event shall he go on, or favor, or 
 support what is known as a sympathetic strike." 
 
 During the ensuing two weeks, while the strike continued in Winnipeg, 
 the following changes in the situation took place: 
 
 1. Postal Service Resumed — Upon the expiration of the date of the 
 ultimatum issued by the Dominion Government to the post office employees 
 the postmaster proceeded to employ a new postal staff; some of the former 
 employees returned, but the staff for the most part is new, most of the new 
 employees being returned soldiers lately arrived in Winnipeg. The Post 
 Office and mail wagons were guarded by the R.N.W.M.P., and a resumption 
 of the mail service was effected. It has taken the post office some time to 
 distribute the accumulated mass of mail and delivery to all parts of the City 
 has been slow, and has been somewhat delayed in getting organized, but 
 at this date the postal service is again approaching normal. 
 
 2. Firemen Return to Work — A number of the firemen signed the City's 
 individual application agreement and returned to their posts. As soon as 
 sufficient men returned the principal fire hall was manned by them, and 
 as more men returned and new firemen were employed, the other halls were 
 gradually vacated by the volunteer fire brigade and manned by permanent 
 employees. At this date only two of the fifteen fire halls in the City are 
 required to be manned by volunteers. 
 
 3. Civic Office Employees Return — Practically all of the clerks and 
 office employees in the various City Departments who went on strike on 
 May 14th returned to their posts, signed the required application and were 
 
15 
 
 reinstated by June 10th. Outdoor laborers employed by the City in the 
 street cleaning, scavenging and other departments, water works, etc., being 
 still on strike. 
 
 A certain number of employees also gradually returned to numerous 
 private employers throughout the City. The larger groups of unionized 
 labor, however, remain on strike. 
 
 4. The Police Situation — The Police Commission was served on May 
 14th with notice signed by the Secretary of the Trades and Labor Council, 
 who is also an Alderman of the City, and attested by the Secretary of the 
 Policemen's Union, formally declaring the Policemen's Union on strike 
 from 11 a.m., May 15th. The Policemen, however, did not quit work, 
 and it was openly boasted by the Central Strike Committee that they had 
 ordered the Policemen to stay on duty, and that the Policemen's Union was 
 remaining on duty "By Permission of the Strike Committee." Considerable 
 dissatisfaction was expressed by the Citizens at what was considered laxity 
 of the PoHce in maintaining order in the various demonstrations incident 
 to the Strike. 
 
 On the 29th day of May the Police Commission served an ultimatum 
 on the policemen demanding that they sign a form of agreement substantially 
 the same as that presented to the other civic employees, and that on failure 
 to sign by a specified date and hour they would be dismissed. The Policemen's 
 Union objected to the form of this agreement and negotiated with the Police 
 Commission through a Committee. At the request of the police the date 
 of expiry of the ultimatum was twice extended. 
 
 5. Volunteer Police Force Organized — During the interval of negotiation 
 between the Police Commission and the Committee from the Policemen's 
 Union, while the police were still nominally on duty, volunteers in great 
 numbers, chiefly returned soldiers, tendered their services to the City as 
 special constables, and on Saturday, June 7th, and Monday, June 9th, over 
 1,500 men, 98 per cent, of whom were returned soldiers, were sworn in as 
 special policemen. 
 
 On Monday, June 9th, the time of the ultimatum having expired, the 
 entire police force was dismissed by the PoUce Commission and the Chief 
 Constable ordered to recruit a new police force. Volunteer poHcemen 
 immediately took up the duries of protecting the City. On Tuesday after- 
 noon, June 10th, a serious riot occurred at the corner of Portage Avenue 
 and Main Street, in which missiles were freely thrown and the City's prin- 
 cipal corner blocked for over three hours, a score of people injured, six of 
 whom at least were taken to the hospitals for treatment, slight damage 
 to property done, and at least one man, Sgt. Fred Coppins, V.C, dragged 
 from his horse while momentarily isolated and clubbed, kicked and beaten 
 by a gang. Sgt. Coppins was at first thought to be mortally wounded 
 but is now recovering. Several bones were broken. He and other eye- 
 witnesses declared his assailants were foreigners, evidently of aUen enemy 
 
16 
 
 extraction, and practically all of the damage done in the riot was correctly 
 ascribed to this class of people. 
 
 The riot was finally quelled by the arrival of a large mounted force 
 of the special policemen. 
 
 Prior to, during the time of this riot and subsequently a large force 
 of the R.N.W.M.P. were standing by ready for instant service. The Militia 
 Regiments in the City, having been recruited to full strength, were standing 
 at arms in barracks awaiting orders of their superior officers. It was and 
 is the opinion of the Citizens' Committee and citizenship generally that 
 prompt and vigorous action should have been taken upon the occasion of 
 the riot, the Riot Act read and the services of the Military called in to assist 
 the civil authorities in maintaining order. 
 
 The following day, Wednesday, June 11th, the Chief Constable, Donald 
 McPherson, was dismissed by the Police Commission, and the Deputy 
 Chief, Chris. Newton, made Acting Chief of Police. On the same afternoon, 
 June 11th, a smaller riot took place on the corner of Main Street and Higgins 
 Avenue, two police being attacked by a large group of enemy aliens, and 
 one of these men, S. T. Morrison, was badly beaten and thrown to the 
 ground. Other special constables came to the rescue of these men in a 
 motor car, and one of the constables observing a rioter in the act of beating 
 one of the attacked men drew a revolver and fired, the bullet lodging in 
 the leg of Constable Morrison, causing a painful but not dangerous wound. 
 Subsequently the special police were taken off the streets so far as active 
 patrolling of the downtown streets was concerned, although numbers of 
 them in plain clothes circulated in the crowds. 
 
17 
 
 Federal Government Arrests 
 "Red" Leaders 
 
 On Tuesday, June 17th, ten men, including five conspicuous leaders in 
 the strike, were arrested in Winnipeg by the Dominion Government. At 
 the same time a quantity of Bolshevistic literature and other documents 
 were seized. 
 
 On Saturday, June 21st, Senator Gideon Robertson, Dominion Minister 
 of Labor, authorized the publication of some of the incriminating documents 
 seized. 
 
 The statement is as follows: 
 
 ''That the thousands of well-intentioned but misinformed and misled 
 working people now on strike in Winnipeg, together with all others con- 
 cerned, may be fully informed, it is proper that authentic information con- 
 cerning the cause of the sympathetic strike should be given. 
 
 Among the incriminating documents procured at the Labor Temple 
 in Winnipeg on Monday night last was a letter addressed to Mr. R. B. 
 Russell, dated March 24th, which reads in part as follows: 
 
 I have heard from Calgary that you have the convention written 
 up in the paper which you are issuing for the railroad workers. 
 I am wanting to get some of these papers for distribution among 
 the railroad men in this city, and if you have any on hand, send them 
 to me at once, and enclose the bill. I do not know how many will 
 be needed in the city; you will have more of an idea as to how 
 many railroad men there are here than I have. . . . 
 
 I have been asked by some of the railroad men here if it is 
 possible to bring you West to address a meeting of the railroad 
 organizations here. If you can do this let me know; the provincial 
 committee will stand all the expenses. I just got in a shipment of 
 Bolsheviki funds for this purpose. We are getting out a One Big v . 
 Union Bulletin. It will be off the press in a few days, and I will \P 
 send you a few. . . . Let me know when you will have any- 
 thing more out on the O. B. U. and the conference, so that I will 
 be able to get in an order for the Provincial Committee. If you 
 can write an article for our Bulletin to the railway men it will be a 
 eat help to us, because there is really a lot of work needed to 
 be done among them. 
 
 "To this communication, Mr. Russell sent the following reply on March 
 31st: 
 
 Your letter of interest, dated March 24th, to hand, and in reply 
 let me congratulate you on your activities and success up-to-date. 
 I note your remarks re paper containing report of convention 
 —the paper you refer to is the Western Labor News— they have 
 made arrangements to publish verbatim report of convention. I 
 have also arranged with the Central Committee to have an extra 
 
^' 
 
 18 
 
 20,000 copies published and distributed to the three western pro- 
 vinces, and will mail your bundle next Friday at the very latest. 
 
 The paper I issue goes to every railroad man, and contains all 
 kinds of matter re One Big Union, so will not cost you boys any- 
 thing as we issue 16,000 per month, and each man gets a copy 
 free. 
 
 I note the substantial financial aid you are receiving, and no 
 doubt it will be needed to carry on our propaganda. The eastern 
 end of the country is where we should put in a lot of work. 
 
 I will be pleased to write an article for your Bulletin, and will 
 particularly address my remarks to the railroad men. Will send 
 same on at an early date. 
 
 Yours for the change, 
 
 (Signed) R. B. RUSSELL. 
 
 **At a conference yesterday morning attended by Commissioner Perry, 
 of the R.N.W.M.P., A. J. Andrews, K.C.; Mayor Gray and the Minister 
 of Labor, the above information was given to a delegation of five members 
 from the Strike Committee, who had previously denied any knowledge of 
 the One Big Union movement's connection with the sympathetic strike. 
 
 "Inasmuch as 'Bolsheviki funds' were being used to distribute literature 
 referring to the One Big Union and the Calgary convention, and that this 
 literature was being printed by the Western Labor News at Winnipeg, which 
 paper is published by the Strike Committee at the Winnipeg Labor Temple, 
 as indicated upon the paper itself, it should not be difficult to understand 
 the connection between the motive behind the Winnipeg sympathetic strike 
 and Bolshevism. It is undoubtedly true that most of the members of the 
 Strike Committee, and a very large majority of the working men now on 
 strike, have been misled, and have been used as pawns by those directly 
 behind the One Big Union movement, which is being promoted with revolu- 
 tionary intent. 
 
 Russell Voices Views 
 
 "For the purpose of removing any doubt as to the element in control of 
 the Trades and Labor Council, the following extract from a letter written by 
 Mr. Russell to a "comrade" on January 30th, 1919, may be quoted. 
 
 The letter in part reads: 
 
 Following my night letter regarding the Winnipeg situation, 
 I will give you an outline of the happenings. At the last Trades and 
 Labor Council meeting we had a great victory and killed the Labor 
 party for sure. We had another mass meeting called for last Sun- 
 day, to discuss the causes of the German revolution, under auspices 
 of the party 
 
 Your letter with due stamps and charter applications received, 
 also due books received under separate cover with copies of Soviets 
 at Work and bill for M.P.E. indebtedness, which I will take up 
 and remit cheque to cover same in a day or two 
 
 They realize that we have pretty nearly got control of the 
 Trades and Labor Council, and believe me, when we get it, we will 
 use it to our advantage 
 
19 
 
 I see the Duke of Devonshire is reported in last night's paper 
 as saying that * 'Bolshevism requires dark and hidden places in 
 which to flourish, and if taken in time and dealt with in the proper 
 manner, it can be outrooted." If his statement is correct, the 
 actions of the authorities in attempting to drive us to dark and 
 hidden corners is in our best interests 
 
 If you send us down 500 copies of the Soviets at Work, we will 
 get them out amongst the soldiers and see if it helps 
 
 With best wishes to yourself and the Comrades of the D.S.C. 
 
 Yours for Socialism, 
 
 P.S. — Good reports from Toronto and Montreal — will send 
 them later. 
 
 From the foregoing it is impossible for any loyal citizen to avoid the 
 conclusion that the "One Big Issue" is not now or never has been a dispute 
 between employer and employee, but is the "One Big Union," or in other 
 words a carefully planned attempt to overthrow our constitution and to 
 replace it by a form of Soviet Government planned and fashioned by I.W.W.'s 
 after the Government of Lenine and Trotsky. This, in short, is the ideal 
 of the "One Big Union" as announced at a Western Labor Convention held 
 in Calgary early this year. These principles are absolutely opposed to 
 Trade Unionism, and if allowed to succeed will set Trade Unionism back for 
 twenty-five years and deprive Labor of many valuable principles for which 
 it has struggled for many years. 
 
 Feeling as we do that this is nothing less than Bolshevism that has 
 raised its ugly head, it is the duty of loyal citizens to band themselves 
 together and see to it that the principles for which our Government stands 
 are not trampled under foot, and wherever this vile serpent appears hit it 
 and hit it hard. 
 
Organization or Winnipeg C 
 
 EXECU 
 
 DE/=yK/^T/yr£:/v vs 
 
 o^ 
 
 /QO 
 
 p^yDT^cr/OA/ 
 
 ^QCf 
 
 /y/OTTDje 
 
 csoo 
 
 
 Ma 
 
 
 J^2^ 
 
 ^mm/rjo/^ 
 
 -2^ 
 
 
 -.^ 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 j2^ 
 
 
 j222 
 
 
 .^22, 
 
 
 2^i2. 
 
 
 3a^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 nt 
 
 L^ 
 
 AJ^!t^//C 
 
 
 ^T7^/VO//\/6, 
 
 /ooo 
 
 
 //oo 
 
 
 
 ^^BC/^. 
 
 i^aoo 
 
 ^foc 
 
IZENS" COMM/TTEE OF /OOO 
 
 fMITTCC 
 
 f^UBLfC ^^/^y/C^ (/OLU/VT£:^f^) 
 
 ^^ 
 
 /^S20 
 
 
 2200 
 
 ^oo 
 
 
 soo 
 
 ^i/Bi/c/ry 
 
 ^oo_ 
 
 /^/J^/{A/CB 
 
 2tXL 
 
 C/r/JZJEA/S 
 
 ^^ 
 
 7/^ 
 
 7£tJ 
 
 
 
 
 _^7 
 
 <y\////t::7/y 
 
 A€?72F- 
 
 croA^M/ 7"rj^^^. 
 
 /^POO 
 
 
 A400 
 
 
 /^oo 
 
 ^iffMM/rre^s, 
 
 Z500 
 
 ^^^o 
 
 ^5oo 
 
22 
 
 Departmental Service Organization 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 100 
 
 CITIZENS' VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT 
 
 Captains and Crews Seleicted — A Chairman was appointed and the 
 names of those present were taken and Captains were appointed for each of 
 the eleven fire halls which it was decided to man with volunteers. The 
 Captains immediately selected crews, whose numbers were further increased 
 later on and left the meeting in time to man the eleven fire halls before the 
 striking firemen had left the premises. 
 
 Commissary Dept. Organized — Having installed the volunteers, the 
 restaurants in Winnipeg being closed, the Fire Committee arranged to place 
 the catering for the volunteer fire force in capable hands and opened up 
 a Commissary Dept., which served meals to the volunteers in all the halls 
 and midnight lunches nightly to all those on duty. In addition to feeding 
 the fire hall forces, the Commissary Dept. also provided food for the volunteers 
 on duty at the high-pressure plant on James St., and for the volunteer 
 employees in the water works pumping stations on McPhillips Street. 
 
 Supervision of Halls — Each fire hall is in charge of a volunteer Chief. 
 Each hall is visited each day by a supervisor; three of whom make the 
 round of the eleven halls to keep in touch with the needs of the m_en and 
 the condition of the hall and apparatus. In addition to the personal touch 
 of the Supervisor, there has been continuous telephone comm_unication 
 through private telephone switchboard of the Fire Department from No. 1 
 fire hall to each of the other ten halls that have been in operation. 
 
 Committee Headquarters — The Fire Committee maintains its office 
 at the Board of Trade Building and two of the three permanent members 
 are on continuous duty from 8 a.m. until midnight. Volunteers register at 
 this office and are assigned to service at some particular hall. At this office, 
 also, any changes in the personnel of the volunteer members of each hall 
 are reported so that new recruits may be supplied. 
 
 Service Car Supplied — In addition to the volunteer firemen manning 
 the apparatus of each hall, there is on duty a service car, which is a private 
 automobile manned by volunteers and which is sent out from No. 1 fire 
 hall in response to alarms from any part of the City for the purpose of 
 rendering assistance, investigating false alarms and for the purpose of 
 saving the wear and tear on the fire apparatus (especially horses on horse- 
 drawn apparatus) in the case of false alarms. Many false alarms were sent 
 in the first few days after the strike began. 
 
 Fire Boxes Patrolled — A large number of the fire boxes are patrolled 
 by citizen volunteers under the committee looking after the service, which is 
 not under the immediate supervision of the fire committee. 
 
23 
 
 Competent Volunteers — The committee secured competent volunte^s 
 to drive and operate the apparatus and they have already been put to the 
 test in the extremely dangerous fire in buildings adjacent to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company stores onl^riday, May 23rd, when one of the most hazardous 
 risks in Winnipeg, a large frame Skating Rink with shingle roof, caught fire 
 from fiying sparks from a nearby stable and was put out by the volunteers 
 before extensive damage was done. 
 
 Transportation of Volunteers Arranged — The volunteer captains in 
 the various halls have worked out the details of their shifts and the time 
 when they change. It is the duty of the Fire Committee however to provide 
 transportation for the purpose of getting all the volunteer men back and 
 forth from their homes to the fire hall and from the fire halls to the central 
 dining room where the Commissary Committee is carrying on. This is 
 necessary because the street cars have been tied up ever since the strike 
 began. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
 DEPARTMENT NO. 200 
 
 MOTOR TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION 
 
 Chairman, who is also member of the Executive Committee. 
 
 A Vice-Chairman. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Assistant-Secretary. 
 
 Executive Committee of Ten. 
 
 (a) A fleet of sixty cars, affording transportation for Fire Department, High 
 Pressure and Pumping Station. This is divided into three shifts in 
 charge of three captains, who report direct to the chairman. 
 
 {b) Citizens' Auxiliary Transport Division of seven hundred cars, divided 
 into one hundred units of a Captain and six men to a unit. Captains 
 jneet every morning at 11 o'clock for instruction and information, 
 which they in turn impart to their men at various meeting points 
 before 12.30. Assembly points throughout the entire City have been 
 designated, to which the Captains would hurry their teams in the event 
 of a general alarm, where they would place themselves under military 
 orders, conveyed to them through their Supervisors. 
 We also have an Army Transport Unit of twelve cars. 
 This organization of 712 cars is sub-divided and scheduled for daily 
 
 service in connection with: 
 
 (1) Transporting volunteer operators to and from the Telephone Exchanges. 
 
 (2) Taking care of Hospital requirements. 
 
 (3) Distributing of the Daily Citizen and propaganda. 
 
24 
 
 (4) Delivery of mail. 
 
 (5) Transporting of military headquarter staff and employees, between 
 homes, headquarters and barracks. 
 
 (6) Transporting of Citizen Soldiers to and from barracks daily, also trans- 
 portation of soldiers between barracks and designated points, and of 
 returned men from the incoming trains to the barracks and their re- 
 spective homes. 
 
 Reports from the above are made direct to the Chairman through their 
 sub-chairman. 
 
 Our organization was acquired by the Chairman hurriedly caUing 
 together a small number of automobile owners on whom he could depend, 
 when after explaining the situation to them, they obtained the services 
 of other car owners, who in turn were put to work in the same manner. 
 
 All our men are attested. 
 
 All military orders must be in writing. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 300 
 
 CITY LIGHT AND POWER 
 
 Domestic Water Service — The domestic supply of water for the City 
 of Winnipeg is pumped electrically under normal conditions. The power 
 supply is dependent on the operation of the City Light and Power Depart- 
 ment. As it would be quite easy to interfere with the latter department's 
 operation, the emergency steam plant had to be kept in readiness to operate. 
 Steam pressure has been maintained on the boiler, ready to operate the 
 steam plant in case of emergency. The superintendent of the plant and the 
 City Engineer have been loyal to the City, and remained on duty. Three 
 shifts of men, however, have been provided to keep the plant operating. 
 Three emergency crews, of eight men each, are on duty, on eight hour shifts, 
 beginning 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 4 p.m. to midnight, and from midnight 
 to 8 a.m. In order to facilitate co-operation between the men on each shift 
 and to facilitate the picking up of men (sufficient for each shift) crews were 
 obtained from individual companies* employees. In putting the emergency 
 crews into operation, it was necessary to notify the man in charge of each 
 gang to report at the time his shift began. He was held responsible for the 
 delivery of his men to the plant. The employers in each case were faithful 
 to their duties, and no trouble has occurred in obtaining the necessary men, 
 and in having them report promptly for duty. 
 
 High Pressure Plant — The High Pressure Plant required three shifts 
 of twelve men each, which were obtained from volunteers. Highly technical 
 men were put in charge of each shift, each directing the work of the volun- 
 teers under him. 
 
25 
 
 Winnipeg Electric Railway — As the car service of the Winnipeg Electric 
 Railway has been abandoned, only such sub-stations were required to be 
 operated as were necessary to supply commercial power, street lighting and 
 domestic lighting, except on the Winnipeg, Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg line 
 which has continued operation. On account of there being few rotating 
 machines necessary for the service, few men were required. Sufficient were 
 obtained from the staff of the Railway Company who were not unionized, 
 such as superintendents, inspectors and permanent engineers. Arrangements 
 were made by the Company to board the operators at the various sub- 
 stations. 
 
 City Light and Power — The Power Superintendent, together with the 
 help of a couple of volunteer engineers are all that is required to keep this 
 system in operation. At the Point Du Bois Plant, the Superintendent and 
 his assistant are operating the Plant satisfactorily, where sixteen are regularly 
 employed. 
 
 Street Lighting — The Street Lighting Superintendent, with the assistance 
 of the operating engineers, are taking care of the trimming of street lights 
 and their operation. 
 
 Fire and Police Telegraph System — There are but two operators on 
 the Signal System. The City Electrician is operating the plant on the all- 
 night shift, while the Chief Operator is continuing the operation during the 
 day shift. 
 
 Emergency Crews — Emergency crews are organized for the operation 
 of the Steam Plant of the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company, in case the 
 Generating Station or Transmission line are interfered with. These gangs 
 are registered on the files of the organization, so that in case of emergency 
 they can be notified and taken immediately to the works. This arrangement 
 is accompHshed through the co-operation of the Transportation Department. 
 
 An Emergency Line Gang is also organized for the repair of distribution 
 lines in case they are interfered with by rioters. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 400 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY 
 
 Organization— The first duty of the Department of Public Safety was 
 to appoint in each ward of the City a Captain or Chairman, then to immedi- 
 ately surround him with ten representative citizens, who in turn each chose 
 ten others, giving a total of say One Hundred men in each Ward. The Ward 
 was then sub-divided into Blocks of about four Streets square and in each 
 square a sub-captain was appointed. 
 
26 
 
 Duties — 
 
 To patrol all streets. 
 To patrol fire alarm boxes. 
 To patrol hydrants. 
 
 To guard private and public properties. 
 
 To generally assist the constituted authorities in maintaining law and 
 order. 
 
 Object- 
 To mould public opinion. 
 To correct wild rumors. 
 
 To be prepared in case of emergency to give general alarm. 
 To act as the medium for calling emergency meetings on short notice. 
 To report all matters affecting his District. 
 
 Results — 
 
 A very material reduction in the number of false alarms from fire 
 
 signal boxes was affected. 
 Military Authorities were enabled to use our meetings for recruiting 
 
 purposes. 
 A general feeling of safety and security was engendered on the part 
 
 of the Citizens, especially women. 
 A general awakening to a fuller responsibility of Citizenship has taken 
 
 place. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 500 
 
 PUBLICITY 
 
 When the Strike Committee sent out its decree that the public news- 
 papers should be suppressed (and they were obliged to cease publication), 
 the Citizens realized the necessity of having some means of informing the 
 public of the issues involved in the strike and keeping the Citizens in touch 
 with what was being done. 
 
 A Publicity Committee was appointed, which engaged the services of a 
 competent editor, and arranged for the issue of a paper called The Winnipeg 
 Citizen, which is a neat four-page publication. As the pressmen were all 
 out on strike it was necessary to devise other means of printing the paper, 
 which was done. A great deal of speculation has been indulged in by the 
 Strike Committee as to where the paper is printed, but so far they have 
 not discovered that, or if they have they have not been allowed to interfere 
 with it. 
 
 The Strike started on Thursday, May 15th, 1919, the first issue of the 
 Citizen came out on the 16th, and it has been issued daily ever since, 
 with the exception of Sundays. It has provided a valuable means of keeping 
 
27 
 
 the people of Winnipeg in touch with what the Citizens Committee are 
 doing, and of the issues involved in the strike. The Transportation Com- 
 mittee of the Citizens Committee provided the principal means of distribu- 
 tion of the paper; all articles appearing in the paper are submitted to the 
 publicity committee for approval. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 600 
 
 FINANCE 
 
 A Committee of three was appointed as a Finance Committee, for the 
 purpose of collecting from all good citizens and all business concerns a 
 sufficient sum of money to defray the necessary expenses in connection with 
 conducting and carrying on all public utilities, which has to be done by 
 volunteer service, and also for the purpose of defraying necessary expenses 
 in maintaining law and order. 
 
 Owing to the fact that there were a large number of volunteer employees 
 of the Fire Brigade and of other Departments, the need for accident in- 
 surance and compensation was felt to be a real one. It was found impossible 
 owing to the disruption of the telegraph service to get any rate for insurance. 
 The Finance Committee, therefore, m.et, and after considering the matter 
 arranged to obtain a guarantee from the various business firms and 
 organizations in the City undertaking to be liable for the amount set opposite 
 their respective names. 
 
 Arrangement was then made with the Banks; two gentlemen were 
 appointed a Compensation Board, with full authority to compensate and 
 pay all claims and adjust all losses, etc. 
 
 The form of the guarantee was in the words and figures following: — 
 
 **To Bank. 
 
 For the purpose of establishing the Citizens' Committee Compensa- 
 tion Fund each person, firm, or corporation signing hereunder does, for 
 himself, them.selves or itself individually, irrevocably agree to pay to 
 the said Bank on dem.and such sum.s or sums as m.ay be drawn from the 
 
 said Bank by - - or the successors 
 
 of them, on the Compensation Board of said Committee at any time 
 hereafter, liability being lim.ited to the amount set opposite our respec- 
 tive nam.es. 
 
 The liabiHty of each signer hereof is unconditional. Where this 
 is signed in any representative capacity due authority is warranted by 
 the persons signing. Any other person similarly signing constitutes 
 consideration irrespective of the actual making of any advances. 
 
 Dated at Winnipeg the day of 
 
 Mav. A.D. 1919. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
28 
 
 DEPARTMENT No. 700 
 
 THE CITIZENS' EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION BUREAU 
 
 This Bureau was not formed until a week of strike conditions had 
 elapsed. With the opening up of the Post Office it was thought that a 
 number of volunteer workers in various departments would be required 
 to return to their regular employment, to attend to correspondence, fill 
 orders, etc., and the first duties of this Bureau were to solicit all sorts of 
 volunteer help but especially from those not regularly employed. Further, 
 any wanting permanent work are being registered. 
 
 The Bureau is in charge of a Secretary and cards are written for each 
 applicant for work. These cards are filled so that if a sudden demand 
 arises for workers, a list will be immediately available. It is expected that 
 the Bureau will record data regarding workers who went on duty prior 
 to the formation of the Bureau, and keeping touch with the demand for 
 workers will urge upon business houses whatever degree of necessity may 
 exist from time to time that they should continue to spare their, employees 
 for the public service. 
 
 In order to secure volunteers, we have got in touch with the officers 
 of a number of women's organizations, who are getting cards completed. 
 Steps have also been taken to mobilize students on vacation and the 
 Winnipeg Citizen will urge people to register. 
 
 The Committee in charge of this Bureau is of the opinion that more 
 effective work could have been done if it had been organized at an earlier 
 date. 
 
 May 29, 1919. 
 
29 
 
 A Memorandum of Reference When a 
 Breach of the Peace is Occur- 
 ring or Apprehended 
 
 The Duty of— 
 
 The Citizen. 
 
 The Soldier. 
 
 The Justice of the Peace. 
 
 The Magistrate. 
 
 The Mayor. 
 
 The Deputy Sheriff. 
 
 The Sheriff. 
 
 The Judge. 
 
 The Provincial Government. 
 
 N.B. — This was primarily prepared for use in the Province of Manitoba 
 and should be checked over if used in any other Province. 
 
 In Case of Tumultuous Assemblies, What is the Duty of— 
 
 The Citizen, 
 
 The Soldier, 
 
 The Justice of the Peace, 
 
 The Magistrate, 
 
 The Mayor, 
 
 The Deputy Sheriff, 
 
 The Sheriff, 
 
 The Judge, 
 
 The Provincial Government? 
 
 Tumultuous Assemblies — 
 
 A breach of the peace has always been an offence against British Law, 
 for which a citizen, as well as a constable, may always apprehend the 
 offending parties. 
 
 It is the duty of every citizen, not only to aid a constable when called 
 upon, but also himself, in so far as possible, to prevent a breach of the 
 peace, and to so conduct himself as not to cause a breach of the peace. 
 
 There may be apprehension of injuries to be caused by a breach of 
 the peace, but yet which do not proceed directly and intentionally from the 
 individuals: they proceed rather from a multitude of persons who profess 
 to be engaged in some common purpose pointing, perhaps, to another direc- 
 tion. Such are unlawful and tumultuous assemblies, riots and affrays which 
 are not directly aimed at any one of the by-standers and yet that tend 
 more or less inevitably to bring the same kind of intimidation and terror 
 to bear upon him as if he were. 
 
 The injury and interference to one or more individuals is the same; 
 
30 
 
 but ^ those engaged in the proceeding, being intent upon another object, 
 bring about their evil effects in a somewhat more circuitous way. 
 
 The peaceably disposed citizen is, however, equally wounded and made 
 uneasy in the enjoyment of hig security. 
 
 Though wide toleration is now allowed by law to the meetings of 
 citizens to discuss and deliberate on affairs in which they take an interest, 
 yet there may be large meetings held with a view to INTIMIDATE par- 
 ticular persons or classes, and to COERCE the latter into doing something 
 which otherwise is not likely to be done. 
 
 A meeting for the purpose of discussing and entertaining propositions 
 relating to the public government of the country will be unlawful if it 
 tends directly to supersede the form of government already constituted. 
 
 When a meeting entertains designs of coercing the Executive Govern- 
 ment, and these have the effect of terrifying individuals and disturbing 
 seriously their occupations, such meeting becomes unlawful. 
 
 An Unlawful Assembly is — 
 
 An assembly of three or more persons, who, with intent to carry 
 out any common purpose, assemble in such a manner, or so conduct them- 
 selves when assembled. 
 
 As to cause persons in the neighbourhood of such assemblies to fear 
 on reasonable grounds that the persons so assembled will disturb the peace 
 tumultuously or will by such assembly needlessly and without reasonable 
 occasion provoke other persons to disturb the peace tumultuously. 
 
 Persons lawfully assembled may become an unlawful assembly if they 
 conduct themselves with a common purpose in such a manner as would have 
 made their assembling unlawful if they had assembled in that manner for 
 that purpose. 
 
 A Riot- 
 Is an unlawful assembly which has begun to disturb the peace tumult- 
 uously. 
 
 What distinguishes an unlawful assembly from a riot is the extent to 
 which the common purpose has been carried out. 
 
 If the common purpose has not gone further than the mere tumultuous 
 assembling together, and rests only in intention, it is an unlawful assembly; 
 if some further intermediate step, though not yet amounting to an overt 
 act, has been taken — as for example, the movement of the crowd towards 
 the intended scene of operation, has begun — but still no further overt 
 act has yet actually been done, it used to be called a "rout," but, as is 
 said by Crankshaw, that would now be a "Riot." 
 
 If some overt act has begun towards the carrying out of the purpose 
 of the design, and is in course of execution, it is then called a riot. 
 
 The mutual confederation and agreement in one design is that which 
 distinguishes a riot from an affray. For when a large crowd is collected, 
 
31 
 
 and one or two suddenly quarrel and fight, this amounts only to an affray 
 between those immediately engaged, and does not necessarily implicate 
 the rest of the by-standers. 
 
 An affray thus differs from a riot in the want of premeditated and com- 
 mon design; and while several persons must concur in order to constitute 
 a riot, yet the mere incitement to a riot is (under the English Law) of 
 itself an indistable offence. 
 
 It is the duty of the loyal citizens to avoid crowds and public meetings 
 where the tendency may be to create an unlawful assembly or a riot. 
 
 These are species of offence in which persons may be involved almost 
 without knowledge or premeditation: hence, whenever a person joins a 
 crowd which is acting riotously or which, while he is there, may commence 
 to act riotously, it is his duty to depart with the least possible delay, 
 as his presence is presumably an encouragement, and at least goes to swell 
 the number and inspire terror to third parties: and so the burden of proof 
 is thrown on him, if he be found in the crowd, to prove that he was an in- 
 voluntary associate: and then there is the danger which may happen to 
 him in case of a clash with constituted authority. 
 
 It is a rule of law that all who are members of a riotous crowd are 
 principals. Prima facie what each does, although perhaps on the spur of 
 the moment, is deemed to be impliedly authorized by all the rest. It be- 
 comes an ambulatory partnership for the time being that binds all together 
 in one common liability and makes each answerable for the wrongful acts 
 and mischief done by the others. 
 
 If riotous speeches are made, the speakers are guilty of what follows, 
 although they may have retired before the actual disturbance begins, for 
 the reason that they have helped to consolidate the common intent, 
 and he who joins at the latest stage cannot escape liability by saying that 
 he was no sharer in the original design. 
 
 The unlawfulness of a riot may be manifested in many ways: 
 
 The avowed object may be unlawful in the first instance, such as to 
 damage property, or to commit a breach of the peace, if necessary to carry 
 out the common design; or the object may be unlawful, such as to peacefully 
 picket by persuasive means; or it may become unlawful by the use of either 
 intimidation by which one may apprehend force, or by the actual use of 
 force. 
 
 Numbers of people often meet under a common sense of injustice for 
 the discussion of what they think to be an outrage, and in the heat of ^ the 
 moment are carried much further than they intended. Hence the origin, 
 nature and development of the motives and actions require to be scrutinized 
 when we wish to consider the question of riot as to its origin and common 
 purpose. 
 
 While an essential ingredient in the offence of unlawful assembly is 
 the apprehension or terror to third parties, it is not necessary that persons 
 engaged in it should actually commit a breach of the peace. It is enough 
 if they cause, not the nervous and weak-minded, but two or more persons 
 
32 
 
 possessed of reasonable firmness to apprehend that a breach of the peace is 
 likely to be committed, and is imminent, and even if two or more 
 persons are reasonably alarmed, this is all that is needed to complete the 
 ingredient of the offence. 
 
 Where the persons assembled with a view of not doing an unlawful 
 act, but merely to display their numbers and power, the offence, if any 
 thing, is rather that of an unlawful assembly than a riot; as, for example, 
 where numbers of people go about with weapons in an unusual manner. 
 
 Where persons meet for a lawful purpose, and their purpose changes 
 into an unlawful one, those who take part in the latter purpose are in the 
 same position of guilt as if they had originally entertained such purpose. 
 
 But that kind of common purpose which distinguishes a riot is not to 
 be confounded with the mere quarrel or fight between the parties themselves, 
 in which case there may be an affray, but no riot. 
 
 The more frequent origin of a riot is the general sentiment that a 
 public right has been invaded and requires to be vindicated by force of 
 numbers and a species of physical intimidation. 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE CITIZEN 
 
 For the reasons already mentioned, the loyal citizen should avoid all 
 crowds and assemblies except such as are constituted to preserve the law 
 and order. 
 
 If, however, he sees any breach of the peace being committed, it is 
 his right and his duty to either apprehend or to assist in apprehending the 
 offender and to take him before the Magistrate instanter. 
 
 As Lord Mansfield said: 
 
 ''Every individual in his private capacity may lawfully interfere 
 
 to suppress a riot. 
 "Not only is he authorized to interfere for that purpose, but it is his 
 
 duty to do so, and if called upon by a magistrate he is punishable 
 
 in case of refusal." 
 
 (This is now so in case he is called upon by a constable, as will be later 
 explained.) 
 
 "What any single individual may lawfully do for the prevention of 
 crime and the preservation of the public peace may be done by any 
 num.ber assem.bled to perform their duty as citizens." 
 
 By the common law, every private person might lawfully, of his own 
 authority and without any warrant or sanction of the magistrate, to suppress 
 a riot by every means in his power. 
 
 He might disperse or assist in dispersing those who are assefnbled. 
 
 He might stay those who are engaged in it from executing their purpose. 
 
 He might stop and prevent others whom he saw coming up from joining 
 the rest, and not only had he the authority, but he was bound under pain 
 
33 
 
 of fine and imprisonment, when called upon by the Magistrate, to do his 
 utmost in assisting him to suppress any tumultuous assembly. 
 
 If the riot was general and dangerous, he might arm himself against 
 evil-doers to keep the peace-. 
 
 These general rules of the common law have been little, if any, altered 
 by the statutory provisions. 
 
 It is undoubtedly more prudent, however, for a private person not to 
 act independently, but to act in combination with and in assistance of the 
 constituted authorities, for in that way his services are more likely to be 
 effective, and he will have the benefit of the judgment and observations of 
 others also. Yet, whatever is honestly done by him in suppressing the 
 assembly, will be supported and justified by the common law, and whether 
 he is a private individual or a soldier, his duty is the same in this respect, 
 for a soldier does not cease to be a citizen, though he is more likely to 
 associate himself closely, as he ought to do, with those in authority and act 
 under their specific instructions. An honest zeal in both, according to 
 their separate ability, is a duty, and will be a sufficient protection in case of 
 any accidental mistakes they may commit. 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE CONSTABLE 
 
 In addition to all the duties devolving upon a private citizen to prevent 
 or arrest another caught in the act of committing a breach of the peace, 
 it is the duty of the constable: 
 
 1. To apprehend rioters. 
 
 2. To endeavor to disperse all unlawful assemblies. 
 
 3. And in case of resistance to attack, to wound, or kill, if necessary, 
 those who continue to resist; taking care not to commit unnecessary violence 
 or to abuse the power legally vested in him. 
 
 An official who refuses to do his duty when it becomes apparent to 
 his intelligence is not only unworthy to hold office, but is guilty of an offence 
 against the common law. 
 
 See later as to the indictment of Mayors, etc. 
 
 THE RIOT ACT 
 
 It is the Duty of — 
 
 The Justice of the Peace, 
 
 The Magistrate, 
 
 The Mayor, 
 
 The Deputy Sheriff, 
 
 The Sheriff, and 
 
 The Judge 
 
 Who has notice that there are, within his jurisdiction, persons to the number 
 of twelve or more unlawfully, riotously and tumultuously assembled together 
 
34 
 
 to the disturbance of the pubUc peace, to resort to the place where such 
 unlawful, riotous and tumultuous assembly is, and among the rioters, or as 
 near to them as he can safely come with a loud voice to command or cause 
 to be commanded silence, and after that openly and with loud voice to make 
 or cause to be made a proclamation in these words or to the like effect: 
 
 "Our Sovereign Lord the King charges and commands all persons 
 being assembled immediately to disperse and peaceably to depart 
 to their habitations or to their lawful business, upon the pain of 
 being guilty of an offence on conviction of which they may be 
 sentenced to imprisonment for life. 
 
 GOD SAVE THE KING !" 
 
 Neglect to Read 
 
 Every of the officers above mentioned, who has notice that there is a 
 riot within his jurisdiction, who, without reasonable excuse, omits to do his 
 duty in suppressing such riot, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable 
 to two years imprisonment. 
 
 If, on a riot taking place, a Magistrate neither reads the proclamation 
 from the Act; 
 
 Nor restrains nor apprehends the rioters; 
 
 Nor performs generally the duties imposed upon him, this is prima facie 
 evidence of a criminal neglect of duty in him, and it is no answer to the 
 charge for him to say that he was afraid, unless his fear arose from such 
 danger as would affect a firm man, and if, rather than apprehend the rioters, 
 his sole care be for himself, this will also be criminal neglect. 
 
 The breach of duty imposed by the common law and by the statutes 
 upon the officers already mentioned in connection with the Riot Act, con- 
 stitutes an indictable offence, notable instances of which are found in the 
 cases of the indicment of the Lord Mayor of London in 1780, and the Mayor 
 of Bristol in 1832. 
 
 The common law being gathered into our present Code enacts positively 
 as follows: 
 
 Sec. 93 — ^'Duty and Powers of Officers: 
 
 1. "If the persons so unlawfully, riotously and tum.ultuously assembled 
 
 together, or twelve or more of them, continue together, and do not 
 • disperse them.selves, for the space of thirty minutes after the proclama- 
 tion is m.ade or after such hindrance as aforesaid, it is the duty of 
 every such Sheriff, Justice and other Officer, and of all persons required 
 by them to assist, to cause such persons to be apprehended and carried 
 before a Justice. 
 
 2. "If any of the persons so assem.bled are killed or hurt in the apprehen- 
 
 sion of such persons or in the endeavor to apprehend or disperse them, 
 by reason of their resistance, every person ordering them to be appre- 
 hended or dispersed, and every person executing such orders, are indem- 
 nified against all proceedings of every kind in respect thereof. 
 
35 
 
 3. ''Nothing in this section contained shall, in any way, limit or affect 
 any duties or powers im.posed or given by this Act as to the suppression 
 of riots before or after the making of the said proclamation." 
 
 It is concise and express declaration of the duty of the officers specifically 
 mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, a breach of which, under the 
 common law, constitutes an indictable offence. 
 
 Penalty for Not Obeying the Proclamation 
 
 The Code expressly enacts that all persons are guilty of an indictable 
 offence and liable to imprisonmnent for life who, 
 
 1. Oppose or hinder the m.aking of the Proclamation, or 
 
 2. Exceeding twelve, continue together for thirty minutes after the 
 proclamation, and that if they do so continue and do not disperse them- 
 selves after thirty minutes, they may be apprehended and carried before 
 the Magistrate, or m.ay be killed or hurt if they resist, for which any person 
 so killing or hurting them is fully indemnified by the law. 
 
 The Duty of the Magistrate, Including the Mayor and the Judge 
 
 Under the Erglish Law, when a tumult or riot was APPREHENDED, 
 it was the duty of the Justice to select constables; and by the law they 
 were compelled to serve. These were called Special Constables. It became 
 the settled law that where two or more Justices, on the oath of a credible 
 witness, v\ere satisfied that a tumult had taken place, or MIGHT BE REA- 
 SONABLY APPREHENDED, such Justices might nominate and appoint 
 as many as they thought fit of those not legally exempt from serving, to 
 the office of Constable. Such persons acted as Special Constables so long 
 as the Justice thought fit for the preservation of the public peace. 
 
 This is also the law in Canada, and every Justice, being a representative 
 of His Majesty, must without question perform his duty. 
 
 Under our Code the term "Justice" includes everyone having the 
 authority of two Justices of the Peace, and includes a Police Magistrate 
 and every Judge. 
 
 Under the Manitoba Laws the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may 
 also appoint such number of Special Constables "as to him shall seem 
 expedient." 
 
 This has evidently been adopted from the English Law, which provides 
 that the Secretary of the State may do likewise. 
 
36. 
 
 Magistrates 
 
 In Manitoba, while the law specially provides for the appointment 
 and removal of Magistrates, there is no legislation in any way limiting or 
 altering the English rule as to the extent of their duty and power. 
 
 Damage to Property by Riot 
 
 The common law and the old statute law have been grouped together 
 in sections 96 and 97 of the Code, whereby with regard to destruction of 
 buildings it is provided that when such' destruction is occasioned by those 
 gathered in unlawful assembly, that all such persons are guilty of an indict- 
 able offence and liable to imprisonment for life; and where the building is 
 merely damaged, such persons are liable to seven years imprisonment. 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 By the B.N. A. Act, section 92, there is thrown upon the Provincial 
 Government the duty of administration of justice within the Province, 
 and for the imposition of punishment by fine, penalty or imprisonment, for 
 enforcing any law of the Province made by it. 
 
 For the purpose, therefore, of administering the civil and criminal law, 
 and of protecting its own dignity, as representing His Majesty, it is well 
 settled that the Province has been equipped with full power of police within 
 its own jurisdiction. 
 
 The machinery for supplying this police is ample, both with regard to 
 the English Law, which in this respect is applicable here, and under those 
 powers which rest in the Executive by reason of the Manitoba Statute, 
 cap. 37, R. S. M. 1913, whereby His Majesty, by His Lieutenant-Governor- 
 in-Council, may appoint a Chief of Police and such other Special Constables 
 "as to him shall seem expedient," and make regulations concerning the 
 same. 
 
 Whenever peace and order is threatened, it is plainly the duty of the 
 Provincial Government, acting in this respect on behalf of His Majesty the 
 King, to apprehend all offenders and see that justice is administered. It is 
 neither necessary nor desirable to await until destruction commences; such 
 action may lead to an unfortunate belief in the impotence of the authorities, 
 and may encourage that portion of the public which is discontinued to a 
 breach of the peace that may have serious and fatal consequences. 
 
 The Magistrate, the Mayor or the Judge who does not do his duty is 
 indicted. The duty of the Government is no less than that of its agents to 
 administer the law. 
 
 So long as the present constitution continues; so long as the laws are 
 made in pursuance of that constitution; just that long may an offence against 
 the laws be punished. While the present constitution and present laws are 
 
37 
 
 in force, it is the duty of the Government, as well as the Magistrate, to see 
 that they are enforced; the neglect of which may constitute, as it does in 
 the case of a Mayor who does not read the Riot Act, criminal negligence, 
 and while it would be futile to say that the Government would be thus 
 punished as the Mayor, criminal neglect to duty in a high executive power 
 must bring in some way or other its own punishment. 
 
 Since 1215 an EngHshman has, in theory, been free; but by the voice of 
 autocratic dictatorship, which only bore the semblance of properly con- 
 stituted authority, the freedom of the Englishman was more or less of a 
 farce until 200 years ago; since when such freedom has been established 
 upon a solid foundation. That foundation was a constitution which was 
 laid seven centuries ago, and which was not completed until William, Prince 
 of Orange, came to England. 
 
 An action from which it may be apprehended that this Constitution 
 and this form of Government is to be attacked must be an occasion for the 
 performance by this Government of its full and unquestioned duty to pro- 
 tect its laws and its own dignity, and thus to protect the subject, by retaining 
 for him that Constitution which for 200 years has been the wonder of the 
 world and the proudest boast of the Englishman. 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE SOLDIER 
 
 Ever since the RIOT ACT was passed in England great jealousy has 
 been shown by the people as to the interference of the military, and as the 
 reign of severity often begins with this last extremity in the proceedings, 
 it has been too often the habit, even of legislators, to denounce without 
 thought this step as if it were an invasion of popular right and an affront 
 upon all the peaceably inclined. But several great authorities have from 
 time to time corrected this delusion, and shown that military assistance 
 is a natural step in the development of all riotous assemblies, and instead 
 of aggravating the evil, seldom fails to cure it when judiciously handled. 
 When society has been resolved into first principals, a resort to the strongest 
 and sharpest weapon of self-defence is dictated by the voice of nature itself. 
 Soldiers are merely citizens, who by their profession are trained to act in 
 unison, and to bring the maximum of physical force to bear at any critical 
 moment, when force is everything. And as all citizens are amendable to 
 the call of the magistrate, it is natural and inevitable that they, as the strong- 
 est citizens for the moment, should be required in their turn to act, or be 
 wclcom.ed when they come without being required. Yet they must always 
 act on the sam.e principle as all other citizens must act, namely, when they 
 repel force they must repel it by just sufficient force and no more to over- 
 come the resistance offered. When that is the rule observed, it can be of 
 no consequence what is the weapon used, or how many kinds of weapons 
 of varied strength one after the other, so long as each in succession is not 
 used a moment too soon. 
 
38 
 
 Lord Hardwicke said, (Sec. 9, Pari. Hist. 1294) :— 
 
 "Our soldiers are our fellow-citizens. They do not cease to be so by 
 putting on a red coat and carrying a musket. It is well known that 
 magistrates have a power to call any subject of the King to their 
 assistance to prepare the peace and to execute the process of the law. The 
 subject who neglects such a call is liable to be indicted, and being 
 convicted, to be fined and im.prisoned for his offence. Why, then,' 
 m.ay not the civil magistrate call soldiers to his assistance as well as 
 other m.en? While the King's troops act under the direction of the 
 magistrate we are as m.uch under civil governm.ent as if there were 
 not a soldier in the island of Great Britain. The calling in of these 
 arm.ed citizens often saves the effusion of innocent blood and preserves 
 the dominion of the law." 
 
 Lord Loughborough said, (Sec. 21, St. Tr. 493): 
 
 "It has been imagined that because the law allows an hour for the 
 dispersion of a mob to whom the Riot Act has been read by the 
 Magistrate, the better to support the "civil authority, that during this 
 period of tim.e the m.agistracy are disarm.ed, and the King's subjects, 
 whose duty it is at all tim.es to suppress riots, are to rem.ain quiet 
 and passive. No such meaning was within the view of the legislature; 
 nor does the construction of the Act warrant any such notion. Magis- 
 trates are left in possession of those powers, which the law had given 
 them, before; if the mob collectively, or a part of it, or any individual 
 within and before the expiration of that hour attem.pts or begins to 
 perpetrate an outrage amounting to felony, it is the duty of all present, 
 of whatever description they may be, to endeavor, by the most effectual 
 means, to stop the m.ischief and to apprehend the offender." 
 
 Lord Mansfield said, (Sec. 21, Pari. Hist. 688): 
 
 "Much m.ischief has arisen from a m.isconception of the Riot Act, 
 which enacts that, after proclam.ation m.ade that x^ersons present at a 
 riotous assembly shall depart to their homes, those who rem.ain there 
 above an hour afterwards shall be guilty of felony and shall be liable 
 to suffer death. From, this it has been im.agined that the military 
 cannot act, whatever crim.es m.ay be committed in their sight, till an 
 hour after such a proclam.ation has been m.ade, or, as it is term.ed, 
 the Riot Act is read. But the Riot Act only introduces a new offence, 
 remaining an hour after the proclamation, without qualifying any pre- 
 existing law, or abridging the m.eans which before existed for preventing 
 or punishing crimes." 
 
 Tindal, C. J., said, (See. R. V. Pinney, 5 c. and P. 263):— 
 
 "The law acknowledges no distinction between the soldier and the 
 private individual. The soldier is still a citizen, lying under the same 
 obligation, and invested with the sam.e authority to preserve the 
 peace of the King as any other subject. If the one is bound to attend 
 the call of the civil m.agistrate, so is the other. If the one m.ay inter- 
 fere for that purpose when the occasion dem.ands it without the requisi- 
 tion of the m.agistrate, so m.ay the other too. If the one m.ay employ 
 arm.s for that purpose when arm.s are necessary, the soldier m.ay do 
 the same. Undoubtedly the same exercise of discretion, which requires 
 
39 
 
 the private subject to act in subordination to, and in aid of, the magis- 
 trate, rather than upon his own authority, before recourse is had to 
 arms, ought to operate in a still stronger degree with a military force." 
 
 The general principles above enunciated have not been materially 
 modified by the Militia Act, cap. 41, R.S.C. 1906. 
 
 Under section 68 of the Act the Militia may be called for military 
 purposes other than drill or training. 
 
 Section 125 establishes the duty of every man and officer to obey. 
 
 AID TO CIVIL POWER 
 
 vScctions 80 to 90 deal with this matter: 
 
 80. Militia may he called to suppress riot or disturbance of the peace 
 when in the opinion of the civil authority such occurs or is anticipated 
 as likely to occur, if beyond the power of the civil authorities to suppress 
 or to prevent or deal with. 
 
 81. The D.O.C. shall call out such portion of the Active Militia as 
 he considers necessary for the purpose of preventing or suppressing any 
 such actual or anticipated riot or disturbance, when required in writing 
 by the civil authority; but in so far as the Permanent Force is available, 
 such force shall be used before recourse is had to Militia Corps. 
 
 82. In the first instance the Mayor, or acting head of the municipality, 
 together with two Justices of the Peace should, by requisition in writing, 
 require the active militia or such necessary portion thereof to be so called 
 out. In the event of the Mayor or acting head refusing to act, he may be 
 indicated, and the County Court or District Court Judge having jurisdiction 
 in such place, acting alone, may so call out the active militia. But if there 
 is no such County Court Judge, then any Judge of a. Superior Court having 
 jurisdiction in such place may perform like duty. 
 
 85. Where the requisition is made by a Judge any statements of fact 
 therein shall be final and binding upon all parties in any way concerned. 
 Any statement of fact therein contained shall not be open to dispute by 
 the officer upon whom the requisition is made. 
 
 86. Provides the form of the requisition. 
 
 87. Provides that in every such requisition in writing it shall be stated 
 that a riot or disturbance has occurred or is anticipated, and that the ser- 
 vices of the active militia is required in aid of the civil power. 
 
 88. Provides that all officers and men shall, without further formal 
 proceedings, be special constables, liable only to obey, however, the orders 
 of their militia superior officer; and that every officer and man so called out 
 shall at all times obey the orders of his superior officer. 
 
40 
 SUPPRESSION OF RIOTS 
 
 Generally — See following sections of Criminal Code: 
 
 48. Sheriff, Mayor, etc., justified. 
 
 49. Every one acting under orders not manifestly unlawful is protected. 
 
 50. A citizen, acting bona fide with insufficient time to summon authori- 
 ties, is justified in using the necessary force to suppress a riot, 
 where he believes on reasonable grounds that danger may be 
 apprehended. 
 
 51. Soldier is justified in obeying superior officer unless such order is 
 manifestly unlawful. 
 
 See also useful notes in Crankshaw following these sections. 
 
 CONSTABLE, ETC. 
 
 NEGLIGENCES OF OFFICERS 
 
 4. Blackstone, 140. 
 9. Halsbury, p. 474. 
 1. Paterson, 231. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 JUN 1 8 195^^ 
 
Makers 
 Syracuse, N Y, 
 
 PAT. JAN. 21. 1908 
 
 rO 06130