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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
SHORT DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HUMAN MUSCLES, 
 
 ARRANGED AS THEY APPEAR ON DISSECTION^ 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 4 > ~> v i 
 
 THEIR SEVERAL USES, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SYNONYMA OF THE BEST AUTHORS. 
 BY JOHN INNES. 
 
 From the seventh London Edition, revised and corrected by 
 Alexander Monro, jun. M.D. F.R. S. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVENTEEN PLATES DESCRIP- 
 TIVE OF THE BONES AND MUSCLES. 
 
 i'RINTED AND SOLD BY COLLINS &, CO. NO. 189, PEARL' 
 STRKET. 
 
 isis. 
 
V*' I 
 
 L 
 
 TO 
 
 ALEXANDER MONRO, M.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND MEDICINE IN 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 HAVING been repeatedly solicited, 
 for several years past, by many of your 
 Pupils, to publish a short Description of 
 the Muscles, as they appear upon Dis- 
 section of the Human Body, I have at 
 last ventured to comply with their re- 
 quest. Your anxiety to promote the 
 Science of Anatomy, and to encourage 
 every thing that may be useful to the 
 Gentlemen who attend your Theatre, was 
 the principal motive which induced me to 
 undertake this task. I have no know- 
 ledge of the subject but what I derived 
 from you. If, therefore, this Treatise, 
 
iv DEDICATION. 
 
 which you have never seen till I now pre- 
 sent it to you, should communicate any 
 advantage to the Gentlemen under your 
 care, it is to you alone they are indebted 
 for the obligation. I am, 
 
 SIR, 
 With respect, 
 
 Gratitude, and esteem, 
 
 Your much obliged, 
 And very humble Servant, 
 
 JOHN INNES. 
 
 EDTNDURGH, 
 1776. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 SEVERAL full and accurate descriptions of 
 the Muscles h we already been published. But 
 their size and prolixity have rendered them of 
 less value to the dissector than the small Trea- 
 tise of Dr. Douglas, which was first published 
 about the bediming of this century, and, since 
 that time, h'ts undergone various impressions, 
 , without receiving any improvement, excepting 
 the addition of the synonym* from Albinus. 
 It is therefore presumed, that a simple and 
 concise description of the muscles, which should 
 contain all the improvements of the moderns, 
 is still wanting. 
 
 To class the muscles according to their uses, 
 
 may do very wHI in a large work, or in de 
 
 scribing their compound actions ; but this 
 
 method can never answer the purposes uf dig* 
 
 A 2. 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 section. To remedy this inconvenience, the 
 muscles in the following treatise are described 
 chiefly as they appear in dissecting the human 
 body. 
 
 THE describing of the muscles according to 
 their origins and insertions prevents much cir- 
 cumlocution. This Js the method pursued by 
 Dr. Douglas ; and wherever his descriptions 
 seemed tolerably accurate, they have been fol- 
 lowed with little alteration. But Dr. Douglas's 
 book is peculiarly defective with regard to the 
 muscles of the abdomen, back, and neck: in 
 describing these, therefore, the method of AIM- 
 nus has been preferred. 
 
 THOSE who have not opportunity, or are 
 averse from undergoing the labour of dissect- 
 ing, may derive considerable advantages from 
 comparing the descriptions now given with the 
 beautiful and correct tables of Albinus; and, 
 to facilitate still more the study of these intri- 
 cate organs, I have caused to be published 
 eight of Albinus's tables, with concise explana- 
 tions on a small scale adapted for the pocket, 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 FOR the benefit of those who wish to exa- 
 mine the history of &e muscles more minutely, 
 the synonyma of the best authors are added ; 
 and, for the sake of brevity, the compound 
 action of the muscles, and the origin and inser- 
 tion of several inconsiderable fibres, are omit- 
 ted. 
 
 THE reader will observe, that, in general, 
 the muscles of one side only are described; 
 because all the muscles of the body, with very 
 few exceptions, have correspondent ones on the 
 opposite side. 
 
A 
 
 SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, 
 
 AND OP 
 
 HIS WRITINGS. 
 
 MR. JOHN TNNES, author of the following 
 Treatise, was born at Collart, an obscure vil- 
 lage in the Highlands of Scotland. He came 
 to Edinburgh at an early period of life, where 
 he obtained the patronage and protection of 
 Dr. Alexander Monro, professor of Anatomy ; 
 who instructed him in the knowledge of the 
 human body, and in the art of dissection. 
 When about the age of eighteen years, Dr. 
 Monro appointed him dissector to the Anato- 
 mical Theatre. The functions of this impor- 
 tant and difficult office he continued to perform 
 with much reputation for near twenty years. 
 
 BUT his abilities were not confined to the 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, &C. ix 
 
 dexterity of dissecting the most minute parts of 
 the human frame. He described the various 
 organs with ease and with perspicuity. This 
 happy talent attracted the notice of the stu- 
 dents ; and, at their solicitation, and by the 
 approbation of Dr. Monro, he opened an even- 
 ing course of anatomical demonstrations. 
 
 THE number of pupils who annually attended 
 these demonstrations afforded the best evidence 
 of his abilities, and of the advantages derived 
 from his labours. During hie last course, he 
 was attended by near two hundred students. 
 
 FOR some time before his death, he was 
 troubled with an affection of the lungs, which 
 terminated in a phthisis pulmonalis, and proved 
 fatal to him on the 12th of January, 1777. 
 
 ON the 15th of the same month, the following 
 account of him appeared in the public papers : 
 
 " MR. JOHN INNES, at an early period of 
 life, had been educated in the dissecting art : he 
 made a rapid progress in his profession, and his 
 genius and industry were rewarded with the 
 
X ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, &C. 
 
 privilege of giving private lectures for his own 
 emolument. The utility of his lessons was 
 soon perceived. Numbers of students resorted 
 to him for instruction ; and all of them acknow- 
 ledged the advantages they had received. At 
 that stage of life whf-n men are most capable of 
 benefiting themselves, and of bein$> useful to the 
 public, death hurried him out of the world. 
 He has given two small specimens of what was 
 to be expected from his anatomical skill. The 
 year before his death, he published A Short 
 Description of the Human Muscles as they ap- 
 pear on Dissection, together with their several 
 Uses, and the Syrionytna of the best Authors. 
 The merit of this work was universally ac- 
 knowledged. Some months after, he publish- 
 ed, as a vade mecum for students, eight anato- 
 mical tables, containing the principal parts of 
 the skeleton and muscles represented in the 
 large Tables of Albinus, with accurate explana- 
 tions. These are all the monuments he has 
 left by which the public is to judge of his abili- 
 ty. To his numerous friends and acquaint- 
 ance, it is unnecessary to mention the warmth 
 of his heart, or the integrity of his disposition." 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 DURING the illness of which Mr. In- 
 nes died, he put into my hands the first 
 edition of his Description of the Muscles, 
 with a few, chiefly verbal, corrections 
 of it. 
 
 On perusing that Work lately, at the 
 request of the Bookseller, I have found , 
 it necessary to make a very considerable 
 number of alterations in what relates to 
 the description, as well as to the uses, of 
 
 the Muscles. 
 
 ALEX. MONRO. 
 
 EDINBURGH, 
 Jan. 1813. 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HUMAN MUSCLES, 
 
 CHAP. L 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE TEGUMENTS OF THE 
 CRANIUM. 
 
 THE skin that covers the cranium is moved 
 by a single broad digastric muscle, and one small 
 pair. 
 
 1. OCCIPITO-FRONTALIS, 
 
 Arises fleshy from the transverse protube- 
 rant ridge near the middle of the os occipitis 
 laterally, where it joins with the temporal 
 bone ; and tendinous from the rest of that ridge 
 backwards, opposite to the lateral sinus; it 
 arises after the same manner on the other side ; 
 from thence it comes straight forwards, by a 
 broad thin tendon, which covers the upper part 
 of the cranium at each side, as low down as the 
 attolens aurem, to which it is connected, as al 
 B 
 
2 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 so to the zygoma, and covers a part of the 
 aponeurosis of the temporal muscle ; when it 
 comes as far forwards as near the hair of the front, 
 it becomes fleshy, and descends with straight 
 fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the orbicularis palpebrarum of 
 each side, and into the skin of the eye-brows, 
 sending down a fleshy slip between them, as far 
 as the compressor naris and levator labii superio- 
 ris alaeque nasi. 
 
 Use. Pulls the skin of the head backwards ; 
 raises the eye-brows upwards ; and, at the same 
 time, it draws up and wrinkles the skin of the 
 forehead. 
 
 Epicranius, Albinus. 
 Frontalis et occipitalis, Winslow. 
 
 2. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILIF, 
 
 Arises fleshy from the internal angular pro- 
 cess of the os fronds, above the joining of the 
 os nasi, and nasal process of the superior maxil- 
 lary bone ; from thence it runs outwards, and 
 a little upwards. 
 
 Inserted into the inner and inferior fleshy part 
 of the occipito-frontalis muscle, where it joins 
 with the orbicularis palpebrarum, and extends 
 outwards as far as the middle of the supercilia- 
 ry ridge. 
 
 Use. To draw the eye-brow of that side to 
 
THE MUSCLES. *5 
 
 wards the qther, and make it project over the in- 
 ner canthus of the eye : when both act, they pull 
 down the skin of the forehead, and make it wrin- 
 kle, particularly between the eye-brows. 
 
 Musculus superciKi, Winslow. 
 
 Musculus frontalis verus, seu Corrugator, 
 Douglas. 
 
4 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 OP THE MUSCLES OF THE EAR. 
 
 THE muscles of the ear may be divided into 
 three classes, viz. the common, proper, and inter- 
 nal. The common may move the whole ear: 
 the proper only affect the particular parts to 
 which they are connected ; and the internal, the 
 small bones within the tympanum. 
 
 The common muscles are, 
 
 1. ATTOLENS AUREM, 
 
 Arises thin, broad, and tendinous, from the 
 tendon of the occipito-frontalis, from which it is 
 almost inseparable, where it covqrs the aponeu- 
 rosis of the temporal muscle. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the ear, oppo- 
 site to the antihelix. 
 
 Use. To draw the ear upwards, and make the 
 parts into which it is inserted tense. 
 Superior auris, Winslow. 
 
 2. ANTERIOR AURIS, 
 
 Arises thin and membraneous near the poste- 
 rior part of the zygoma. , 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 Inserted into a small eminence on the back 
 of the helix, opposite to the concha. 
 
 Use. To draw this eminence a little forwards 
 and upwards. 
 
 3 RETRAHENTES AUR1S, 
 
 Arises, sometimes, by three, but always by 
 two distinct small muscles, from the external 
 and posterior part of the root of the mastoid 
 process, immediately above the insertion of the 
 sterno-cleido mastoid muscle. 
 
 Inserted into that part of the back of the ear 
 which is opposite to the septum that divides 
 the scapha and concha. 
 
 Use. To draw the ear back, and stretch the 
 concha. 
 
 Posterior auris, Winslow. 
 
 The proper muscles are, 
 
 1. HELIC1S MAJOR, 
 
 Arises from the upper and acute part of the 
 helix anteriorly. 
 
 Inserted into its cartilage a little above the 
 tragus. 
 
 Use. To depress that part from which it ari- 
 ses a little downwards and forwards. 
 B 2 
 
t> DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. HELIGIS MINOR, 
 
 Arises from the inferior and anterior part of 
 the helix. 
 
 Inserted into the crus of the helix, near the 
 fissure in the cartilage opposite to the concha. 
 
 Use. . To contract the fissure. 
 
 3. TKAG1CUS, 
 
 Arises from the middle and outer part of the 
 concha, at the root of the tragus, along which 
 it runs. 
 
 Inserted into the point of the tragus. 
 
 Use. Pulls the point of the tragus a little 
 forwards. 
 
 4. ANTITRAGICUS, 
 
 Arises from the internal part of the cartilage 
 that supports the antitragus ; and, running up- 
 wards, is 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the antitragus, as far 
 as the inferior part of the antihelix, where there 
 is a fissure in the cartilage. 
 
 Use. Turns the tip of the antitragus a little 
 outwards, and depresses the extremity of the 
 antihelix towards it. 
 
 5. TRANSVERSU9 AURIS, 
 
 Arises from the prominent part of the concha 
 on the dorsum of the ear; the fibres not so 
 fleshy as in the former. 
 
THE MUSCLES* t 
 
 Inserted opposite to the outer side of the an 
 tihelix. 
 
 Use. Draws the parts to which it is connect- 
 ed towards each other, and stretshes the scapha 
 and concha. 
 
 The muscles of the internal ear are three : 
 
 1. LAXATOR TIMPANI, 
 
 Arises by a small beginning from the extre- 
 mity of the spinous process of the sphenoid 
 bone, behind the entry of the artery of the dura 
 mater ; then running backwards, and a little 
 upwards, along with the nerve called chorda 
 tympani, in a fissure of the os temporis near the 
 fossa that lodges the condyle of the lower jaw. 
 
 Inserted into the long process of the malleus, 
 within the tympanum, where it rests upon the 
 edge of the fissure between the pars squamosa 
 and petrosa. 
 
 Use. To draw the malleus obliquely for- 
 wards towards its origin, consequently the 
 membrana tympani, by which that membrane 
 is made Jess concave, or is relaxed. 
 
 Externus mallei. Albinus. 
 
 Anterior mallei, Winslow. 
 
 Obliyuus auris, Douglas. 
 
g DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. TENSOR TYMPANI, 
 
 Arises, by a very small beginning, from the 
 cartilaginous extremity of the Eustachian tube, 
 just where it begins to be covered by the pars 
 petrosa, and spinous process of the sphenoid 
 bone, near the entry of the artery of the dura 
 mater ; from thence running backwards near 
 the osseous part of the Eustachian tube, forms 
 a very distinct fleshy belly, below a thin osseous 
 plate, between the pars squamosa and laby- 
 rinth ; and sends off a slender tendon, which 
 makes a turn into the tympanum along with the 
 nerve called chorda tympani. 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the handle 
 of the malleus, a little lower than the root of its 
 long process. 
 
 Use, To pull the malleus and membrana 
 tympani inwards towards the pars petrosa, by 
 which the membrane is made more concave 
 and tense. 
 
 Internus mallei, Winslow. 
 
 Internus auri, Douglas. 
 
 3. STAPED1US, 
 
 Arises, by a small fleshy belly, from a little 
 cavern in the pars petrosa, near the cells of the 
 mastoid process, before the inferior part of the 
 passage for the portio dura of the auditory 
 nerve ; its tendon passes straight, through a 
 small round hole in the same cavern, enters the 
 rjiterior part of the tympanum, and is 
 
TtfE MUSCLES. 9 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the head of 
 the stapes. 
 
 Use. To draw the stapes obliquely upwards 
 towards the cavern, by which the posterior 
 part of its base is moved inwards, and the an- 
 terior part outwards* 
 
 Musculis stapedis, Winslow. 
 
 Stapidceus, Douglas. 
 
10 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 OF THE MUSCLES OF THE EYE-LIDS. 
 
 THE palpebrae, or eye-lids, have one muscle 
 common to both, and the upper eye-lid one 
 proper to itself. 
 
 1. ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM, 
 
 Arises, by a number of fleshy fibres, from the 
 outer edge of the orbitar process of the superior 
 maxillary bone, and from a tendon near the 
 inner angle of the eye ; these run a little down- 
 wards, then outwards, over the upper part of 
 the cheek, below the orbit, covering the under 
 eye-lid, .and surround the external angle, being 
 loosely connected only to the skin and fat ; run 
 over the superciliary ridge of the os frontis, 
 towards the inner canthus, where they intermix 
 with those of the occipito-frontalis and corruga- 
 tor supercilii ; then covering the upper eye-lid, 
 descend to the inner angle opposite to the infe- 
 rior origin of this muscle, firmly adhering to 
 the internal angular process of the os frontis, 
 and to the short round tendon which serves to 
 fix the palpebrse and muscular fibres arising 
 from it. 
 
 Inserted, by the short round tendon, into the 
 nasal process of the superior maxillary bone, 
 covering the anterior and upper part of the la- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 11 
 
 chrymal sac ; which tendon can be easily felt at 
 the inner canthus of the eye. 
 
 Use. To shut the eye, by drawing both lids 
 close together, the fibres contracting from the 
 outer angle towards the inner, press the eye- 
 ball, squeeze the lachrymal gland, and convey 
 the tears towards the puncta lachrymalia. 
 
 The ciliaris of some authors is only a part of 
 this muscle, covering the cartilages of the eye- 
 lids, called cilia or tarsi. 
 
 There is often a small fleshy slip which runs 
 down from the outer and inferior part of this 
 muscle above the zygomaticus minor, and joins 
 with the levator labii superioris alque nasi. 
 
 2. LEVATOR PALPEBRJE 8UPERIORIS, 
 
 Arises from the upper part of the foramen 
 opticum of the sphenoid bone, through which 
 the optic nerve passes> above the levator oculi, 
 near the trochlearis muscle. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad thin tendon, into the 
 cartilage that supports the upper eye-lid, named 
 tarsus. 
 
 Use. To open the eye, by drawing the eye- 
 lid upwards ; which it does completely, by being 
 fixed to the tarsus, pulling it below the eye- 
 brow, and within the orbit. 
 
 Aperiens palpebram rectus, Douglas. 
 
12 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 MUSCLHS OF THE EYE-BALL. 
 
 THE muscles which move the globe of the 
 eye, are six, viz. 
 
 Four straight and two oblique. 
 
 The four straight muscles very much resemble 
 each other ; all 
 
 Arising, by a narrow beginning, a little ten- 
 dinous and fleshy, from the bottom of the orbit 
 around the foramen opticum of the sphenoid 
 bone, where the optic nerve enters, so that they 
 may be taken out adhering to this nerve j and 
 all having strong fleshy bellies. 
 
 Inserted at the fore part of the globe of the 
 eye, into the anterior part of the tunica sclero- 
 tica, and under the tunica adnata, at opposite 
 sides, which indicates both their names and 
 Use ; so that they scarcely require any further 
 description, but to name them singly. 
 
 1. LEVATOB OCULI, 
 
 Arises from the upper part of the foramen op- 
 ticum of the sphenoid bone, below the levator 
 
 palpebrae superioris ; and runs forwards to be 
 Inserted into the superior and fore-p^rt of the 
 
 tunica sclerotica, by a broad thin tendon. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 13 
 
 Use. To raise up the globe of the eye. 
 Attolens y Albinus. 
 Elevator, Douglas, 
 
 2. DEPRESSOR OCULT. 
 
 Arises from the inferior part of the foramen 
 optieum. 
 
 Inserted opposite to the former. 
 Use. To pull the globe of the eye down. 
 Deprimens, Albinus. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises, as the former, between the obliquus 
 superior and depressor, being, from its situation, 
 the shortest. 
 
 Inserted opposite to the inner angle. 
 
 Use. To turn the eye towards the nose. 
 
 4. ABDUCTOR OCULI, 
 
 Arises from the bony partition between the 
 foramen optieum and lacerum, being the longest 
 from its situation ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the globe opposite to the outer 
 < anthus. 
 
 Use. To move the globe outwards. 
 
 The oblique muscles are two : 
 
 1. OBLIQUUS SUPERIOR, SEU TROCH LEARIS, 
 
 Arises, like the straight muscles, from the 
 edge of the foramen optieum, at the bottom of 
 C 
 
14 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the< orbit, between the levator and adductor 
 oculi ; from hence runs straight along the pars 
 plana of the ethmoid bone to the upper part of 
 the orbit, where a cartilaginous trochlea is fixed 
 to the inside of the internal angular process of 
 the os frontis, through which its tendon passes, 
 and runs a little downwards, and outwards, in- 
 closed i ose membraneous sheath. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad thin tendon, into the tu- 
 nica scierotica, about halfway between the in* 
 sertion of the attolens oculi and optic nerve. 
 
 Use. To roll the globe of the eye, and to turn 
 the pupil downwards and outwards, so that the 
 upper side of the globe is turned inwards, and 
 the inferior part to the outside of the orbit, and 
 the whole globe drawn forwards towards the 
 inner canthus. 
 
 Obliquus major, Winslow. 
 
 2. OBLIQUUS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow beginning, from the outer 
 edge of the orbitar process of the superior max- 
 illary bone, near its juncture with the os unguis ; 
 and, running obliquely outwards, is 
 
 Inserted into the scierotica, in the space be- 
 tween the abductor and optic nerve, by a broad 
 thin tendon. 
 
 Use. To draw the globe of the eye forwards, 
 inwards, and downwards, and, contrary to the 
 superior, to turn the pupil upwards, towards 
 
THE MUSCLES. 15 
 
 the inner extremity of the eyebrow ; at the same 
 time, the external part of the globe is turned to- 
 wards the inferior side, and the internal rolls to- 
 wards the upper part. 
 
 Obliquus minor, Winslow. 
 
T6 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 OF THE MUSCLE OF THE NOSE. 
 
 THERE is only one muscle on each side that 
 can be called proper to the nose, though it is af- 
 fected by several muscles of the face. 
 
 COMPRESSOR NAR1S, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow beginning, from the root 
 of the ala nasi externally, where part of the le- 
 vator labii superioris aiaeque nasi is connected to 
 it; it spreads into a number of thin disgregated 
 fibres, which run up along the cartilage in an 
 oblique manner, towards the dorsum of the nose, 
 where it joins with its fellow, and is 
 
 Inserted slightly into the anterior extremity 
 of the os nasi and nasal process of the superior 
 maxillary bone, where it meets with some of the 
 fibres descending from the occipito-frontalis 
 muscle. 
 
 Use. To compress the ala towards the septum 
 nasi, particularly when we want to smell acute- 
 ly ; but, if the fibres of the frontal muscle which 
 adhere to it act, the upper part of this thin mus- 
 cle assists to pull the ala outwards. It also cor- 
 rugates the skin of the nose, and assists in ex- 
 pressing certain passions. 
 
 vel nasalis, Douglas. 
 
; 
 
 THE MUSCLES. 17 
 
 . 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH AND LIPS. 
 
 THE mouth has nine pair of muscles, which 
 are inserted into the lips, and a common one 
 formed by the termination of these, viz. three 
 above, three below, three outwards, and the com 
 mon muscle surrounds the mouth. 
 
 The three above are, x 
 
 1. LEVATOR ANGUL1 ORIS, 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the hollow of the 
 superior maxillary bone, between the root of the 
 socket of the first dens molaris and the foramen 
 infra-orbitarium. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth and un- 
 der-lip, where it joins with its antagonist. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth up- 
 wards, and make that part of the cheek opposite 
 to the chin prominent, as in smiling. 
 
 Elevator labiorum communis, Douglas. 
 
 Caninus, Winslow. 
 
 2. LEVATOR LAB1I SUPERIORIS ALJCQWE 
 JSASI, 
 
 Arises by two distinct origins ; the first broad 
 and fleshy, from the external part of the orbitar 
 
 C 2 
 
18 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 process of the superior maxillary bone which 
 forms the lower part of the orbit immediately 
 above the foramen infra-orbitarium ; the second 
 portion arises from the nasal process of the supe- 
 rior maxillary bone, where it joins the os frontis 
 at the inner canthus descending along the edge 
 of the groove for the lachrymal sac. The first 
 and shortest portion is 
 
 Inserted into the upper lip and orbicularis la- 
 biorum ; the second and longest, into the upper 
 lip and outer part of the ala nasi. 
 
 Use. To raise the upper lip towards the orbit 
 and a little outwards ; the second portion serves 
 to draw the skin of the nose upwards and out- 
 wards, by which the nostril is dilated. 
 
 Elevator labii svperioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 Incisivus later alls, First portion ; Pyramida- 
 lis, Second portion ; \Vinslow. 
 
 3. DEPRESSOR LABII SUPERIORIS AUEQUE 
 NASI, 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the os maxillare 
 superius, immediately above the joining of the 
 gums with the two denies incisivi, and the dens 
 caninus; from thence it runs up under part of the 
 levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 
 
 Inserted into the upper lip and root of the ala 
 nasi. 
 
 Use. To draw the upper lip and ala nasi down- 
 wards and backwards. 
 
 Depressor alee nasi, Albinus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 19 
 
 Incisivus mcdius, Wins low. 
 
 Depressor labii superioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 The three below are, 
 
 1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS, 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the lower edge 
 of the maxilla inferior, at the side of the chin, 
 being firmly connected to that part of the pla- 
 tysma myoides, which runs over the maxilla to 
 the angle of the mouth, to the depressor labii in- 
 ferioris within, and to the skin and fat without, 
 gradually turning narrower ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth, joining 
 with the zygornaticus major and levator anguli 
 oris. 
 
 Use. To pull down the corner of the mouth. 
 
 Triangularis, Winslow. 
 
 Depressor labiorum communis, Douglas. 
 
 2. DHPRESSOR LABII INpERlORIS, 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, intermixed with fat, 
 from the inferior part of the lower jaw next the 
 chin ; runs obliquely upwards; and is 
 
 Inserted into the edge of the under-lip, ex- 
 tends along one half of the lip, and is lost in its 
 red part. 
 
 Use. To pull the under.lip and the skin of the 
 side of the chin downwards, and a little out- 
 wards. ' 
 
20 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Quadratus, Winslow. 
 
 Depressor labii inferioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 3. LEVATOR LABII INFERIORIS, 
 
 Arises, from the lower jaw, at the roots of the 
 alveoli of two dentes incisivi and of the cam'nus ; 
 is 
 
 Inserted into the under-lip and skin of the 
 chin. 
 
 Use. To pull the parts into which it is inserted 
 upwards. 
 
 Levator menti, Albinus. 
 
 Incisivus inferior, Winslow. . 
 
 Elevator labii inferioris proprius, Douglas. 
 
 The three outward are, 
 
 1. BUCCINATOR, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the lower 
 jaw, as far back as the last dens molaris and 
 forepart of the root of the coronoid process j 
 fleshy from the upper jaw, between the last dens 
 molaris and pterygoid process of the sphe- 
 noid bone ; from the extremity of which it 
 arises tendinous, being continued between both 
 jaws to the constrictor pharyngis superior, with 
 which it joins ; from thence proceeding with 
 straight fibres, and adhering close to the mem- 
 brane that lines the mouth, it is 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth within the 
 orbicularis oris. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 21 
 
 Use. To draw the angle of the mouth back- 
 wards and outwards, and to contract its cavity, 
 by pressing the cheek inwards, by which the 
 food is thrust between the teeth. 
 
 Retractor anguli oris, Albinus. 
 
 2. ZYGOMATICDS MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the os malae, near the zy- 
 gomatic suture. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the mouth, appear- 
 ing to be lost in the depressor anguli oris and 
 orbicularis oris. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth and 
 under-lip towards the origin of the muscle, and 
 make the cheek prominent, as in laughing. 
 
 Zygomaticus, Douglas. 
 
 3. zrGOMATICUS MINOR, 
 
 Arises from the upper prominent part of the 
 os mals, above the origin of the former muscle ; 
 and, descending obliquely downwards and for- 
 wards, is 
 
 Inserted into the upper-lip, near the corner of 
 the mouth, along with the levator anguli oris. 
 
 Use. To draw the corner of the mouth ob- 
 liquely outwards, and upwards, towards the ex- 
 ternal canthus of the eye. 
 
 This muscle is frequently wanting. 
 
 The common muscle is the 
 
22 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 ORB1GULARIS ORIS. 
 
 This muscle is, in a great measure, formed by 
 the muscles that move the lips: the fibres of the 
 superior descending, those of the inferior ascend- 
 ing, and decussating each other about the corner 
 of the mouth, run along the lip to join those of 
 the opposite side, so that the fleshy fibres appear 
 to surround the mouth like a sphincter. 
 
 Use. To shut the mouth, by contracting and 
 drawing both lips together, and to counteract all 
 the muscles that assist in forming it. 
 
 Sphincter labiorum, Douglas. 
 
 Semi orbicularis, Winslow. 
 
 Constrictor oris, Covvper. 
 
 There is another small muscle described by 
 Albinus, which he calls Nasalis labii svperioris ; 
 but it seems to be only some fibres of the former 
 connected to the septum nasi. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 23 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW. 
 
 . THE lower jaw has four pair of muscles for 
 its elevation or lateral motions, viz. two, which 
 are seen on the side of the face, and two con- 
 cealed by the angle of the jaw. 
 
 1. TEMPORALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from a semicircular ridge of the 
 lower and lateral part of the parietal bone, from 
 all the pars squamosa of the temporal bone, from 
 the external angular process of the os frontis, 
 from the temporal process of the sphenoid bone, 
 and from an aponeurosis which covers it : from 
 these different origins the fibres descend like 
 radii towards the jugum, under which they pass; 
 and are 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the upper 
 part of the coronoid process of the lower jaw; 
 in the duplicature of which tendon this process 
 is inclosed as in a sheath, being continued down 
 all its fore part to near the last dens molaris. 
 
 Use. To pull the lower jaw upwards, and press 
 it against the upper, at the same time drawing it 
 a little backwards. 
 
 N. B. This muscle is covered by a tendinous 
 membrane, called its aponeurosis, which arises 
 
24 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 from the bones that give origin to the upper and 
 semicircular part of the muscle ; and, descending 
 over it, is inserted into all the jugum, and the 
 adjoining part of the os frontis. 
 
 The use of this membrane is, to give room for 
 the origin of a greater number of fleshy fibres, 
 to fortify the muscle in its action, and to serve 
 as a defence to it. 
 
 Crotaphite muscle, Winslow. 
 
 2. MASSETEB, 
 
 Arises, by strong, tendinous, and fleshy fibres, 
 which run in different directions, from the su- 
 perior maxillary bone, where it joins the os mal*e, 
 and from the inferior and interior part of the 
 zygoma, its whole length, as far back as the tu- 
 bercle before the socket for the condyle of the 
 lower jaw ; the external fibres slanting back- 
 wards, and the internal forwards. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw, and 
 from that upwards to near the top of its coronoid 
 process. 
 
 Use. To pull the lower to the upper jaw, and, 
 by means of its oblique decussation, a little for- 
 wards and backwards. 
 
 3. PTERYGOIDEUS 1NTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inner 
 and upper part of the internal plate of the ptery- 
 goid process, filling all the space between the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 2 
 
 two plates ; and from the pterygoid process of 
 the os palati between these plates. 
 
 Inserted into the angle of the lower jaw in- 
 ternally. 
 
 Use. To draw the jaw upwards, and obliquely 
 towards the opposite side. 
 
 Pterygoideus major, Winslow. 
 
 4. PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises from the outer side of the external 
 plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid 
 bone, from part of the tuberosity of the os max- 
 illare adjoining to it, and from the root of the 
 temporal process of the sphenoid bone. 
 
 Inserted into a cavity in the neck of the con- 
 dyloid process of the lower jaw ; some of its fi- 
 bres are inserted into the ligament that connects 
 the moveable cartilage and that process to each 
 other. 
 
 Use. To pull the lower jaw forwards, and to 
 the opposite side ; and to pull the ligament from 
 the joint, that it may not be pinched during these 
 motions : when both external pterygoid muscles 
 act, the foreteeth of the under jaw are pushed 
 beyond those of the upper jaw. 
 
 Pterygoideus minor, Winslow. 
 
 D 
 
2 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. VII f. 
 
 THE MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE AN- 
 TERIOR PART OF THE NECK. 
 
 ON the side of the neck are two muscles or 
 layers. 
 
 1. MUSCULUS CUTANEUS, 
 
 VULGO, 
 
 PLATYSMA MYOIUE3, 
 
 Arises, by a number of slender disgregated 
 fleshy fibres, from the cellular substance that 
 covers the upper parts of the deltoid and pecto- 
 ral muscles ; in their ascent they all unite to 
 form a thin muscle, which runs obliquely up- 
 wards along the side of the neck, adhering to 
 the skin. 
 
 Inserted into the lower jaw, between its angle 
 and the origin of the depressor anguli oris, to 
 which it is firmly connected, and but slightly to 
 the skin that covers the inferior part of the mas- 
 seter muscle and parotid glands. 
 
 Use. To assist the depressor anguli oris in 
 drawing the skin of the cheek downwards; and, 
 when the mouth is shut, it draws all that part of 
 the skin, to which it is connected, below the 
 lower jaw, upwards. 
 
 Platysma my aides, Galen. 
 
 Musculus cutaneus, Winslow. 
 
 Quadratus gente, vel Latissimus colli, Douglas. 
 
 jMissimus colli, Albinue. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 27 
 
 2. STERNO-CLEIDO MAST01DEUS, 
 
 Arises by two distinct origins; the anterior, 
 tendinous and a little fleshy, from the top of the 
 sternum near its junction with the clavicle ; the 
 posterior, fleshy, from the upper and anterior 
 part of the clavicle ; both unite a little above 
 the anterior articulation of the clavicle, to form 
 one muscle, which runs obliquely upwards and 
 outwards, to be 
 
 Inserted, by a thick strong tendon, into the 
 mastoid process, which it surrounds; and, gra- 
 dually turning thinner, is inserted as far back as 
 the lambdoid suture. 
 
 Use. To turn the head to one side, and bend 
 it forwards. 
 
 Sterno-mastoideus and Cleido-mastoideus, Al- 
 binus. 
 
 Mastoideus, Douglas. 
 
*28 DESCBIPTION OF* 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW 
 AND OS HYOIDES. 
 
 THERE are four layers before, and two mus- 
 cles at the side ; 
 
 The four layers are, 
 
 1. D16ASTRICUS, 
 
 Arises, by a fleshy belly, intermixed with ten- 
 dinous fibres, from the fossa at the root of the 
 mastoid process of the temporal bone, and soon 
 becomes tendinous; runs downwards and for- 
 wards: the tendon passes generally through the 
 stylo hyoideus muscle; then it is fixed by a liga- 
 ment to the os hyoides ; and, having received 
 from that bone an addition of tendinous and mus- 
 cular fibres, runs obliquely forwards, turns fleshy 
 again, and is 
 
 Inserted, by this anterior belly, into a rough 
 sinuosity at the inferior and interior edge of that 
 part of the lower jaw called the chin. 
 
 Use. To open the mouth, by pulling the lower 
 jaw downwards and backwards ; and when the 
 jaws are shut, to raise the larynx, and consequent- 
 ly the pharjyix, upwards, as in deglutition. 
 
 Biventer maxitlcc infcrioris, Albinus. 
 
i'HE MUSCLES. 29 
 
 2. MYLO-HYOIDES, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the inside of the lower 
 jaw between the last dens molaris and the mid- 
 dle of the chin, where it joins with its fellow. 
 
 Inserted into the lower edge of the basis of 
 the os hyoides, and joins with its fellow. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides forwards, up- 
 wards, and to a side. 
 
 3. GENIO-HYOIDEUS. 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from a rough protuberance 
 in the middle of the lower jaw internally, or in- 
 side of the chin. 
 
 Inserted into the basis of the os hyoides. 
 
 Use. To draw this bone forwards to the chin. 
 
 4. GENIO-HYO-GLOSSVS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from a rough protuberance 
 in the inside of the middle of the lower jaw; its 
 fibres run, like a fan, forwards, upwards, and 
 backwards ; and are 
 
 Inserted into the tip, middle, and root of the 
 tongue, and base of the os hyoides, near its 
 cornu. 
 
 Use. According to the direction of its fibres, 
 to draw the tip of the tongue backwards into 
 the mouth, the middle downwards, and to render 
 its dorsum concave ; to draw its root and os hy- 
 pides forwards, and to thrust the tongue out of 
 the mouth. 
 
 The two muscles at the sides are, 
 D2 
 
30 DESCRIPTION 
 
 1. HYO-GLOSSU?, 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the base, cor- 
 nu, and appendix of the os hyoides ; the fibres 
 run upwards and outwards, to be 
 
 Inserted into the side of the tongue near the 
 stylo-glossus. 
 
 Use. To pull the tongue inwards and down- 
 wards. 
 
 Basio cerato-chondro-glossus, Albinus. 
 
 Cerato-glossus, Douglas. 
 
 2. LINGUALI8, 
 
 Arises from the root of the tongue laterally ; 
 runs forwards between the hyo-glossus and ge- 
 nio-glossus, to be 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the tongue, along with 
 part of the stylo-glossus. 
 
 Use. To contract the substance of the tongue, 
 and bring it backwards. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 31 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS HY- 
 OIDE3 AND TRUNK. 
 
 THESE may be divided into two layers. 
 The first layer Consists of two muscles. 
 
 1. STERNO-HYOJDEUS, 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the cartilaginous 
 extremity of the first rib, the upper and inner 
 part of the sternum, and from the clavicle where 
 it joins with the sternum. 
 
 Inserted into the base of the os hyoides. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides downwards. 
 
 2. OMO-HtfOlDEUS, 
 
 Arises, broad, thin and fleshy, from the supe- 
 rior costa of the scapula, near the semilunar 
 nitch, and from the ligament that runs across it ; 
 thence ascending obliquely, it becomes tendi- 
 nous below the sterno-dteido-mastoid muscle; 
 and, growing fleshy again, is 
 
 Inserted into the base of the os hyoides be- 
 tween its cornu and the insertion of the sterno- 
 hyoideus. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides obliquely down- 
 wards. 
 
 Coraco hyoideus, Albinus and Douglas. 
 
32 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 The second layer consists of three muscles. 
 
 1. STERN O-THYROIDETTS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the whole edge of the up* 
 permost bone of the sternum internally, opposite 
 to the cartilage of the first rib, from which it re- 
 ceives a small part of its origin. 
 
 Inserted into the surface of the rough line at 
 the external part of the inferior edge of the thy- 
 roid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To draw the larynx downwards. 
 
 2. THYREO-HYOIDEUS, 
 
 Inserted into part of the basis, and almost all 
 the cornu of the os hyoides. 
 Arises from the rough line, opposite to the 
 former. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides downwards, or 
 the thyroid cartilage upwards. 
 
 Thyro-hyoideus, vel Hyo>thyroideus, Win- 
 slow. 
 
 3. CR1CO-THYROIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the side and fore part of the eri- 
 coid cartilage, running obliquely upwards, 
 
 Inserted by two portions ; the first, into the 
 lower part of the thyroid cartilage ; the second, 
 into its inferior cornu. 
 
 Use. To pull forwards and depress the thy- 
 roid, or to elevate and draw backwards the cri- 
 coid cartilage. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 33 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 .MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER 
 JAW AND OS HYOIDES LATERALLY. 
 
 THEY are five in number. Three proceed 
 from the styloid process of the temporal bone, 
 from which they have half their names ; and 
 two from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid 
 bone. 
 
 The three from the styloid process are, 
 
 1. STYLO-GLOS9US, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the stylo 
 process, and from a ligament that connects that 
 process to the angle of the lower jaw. 
 
 Inserted into the root of the tongue, runs a- 
 long its side, and is insensiby lost near its tip. 
 
 Use. To draw the tongue laterally and back- 
 wards. 
 
 2. STYLO-HYO1DEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a round tendon, from the middle 
 and inferior part of the styloid process. 
 
 Inserted into the os hyoides at the junction of 
 the base and cornu. 
 
 Use. To pull the os hyoides to one side, and 
 a little upwards, 
 
34 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 N. B. Its fleshy belly is generally perfora- 
 ted by the tendon of the digastric muscle, on 
 one or both sides. There is often another ac- 
 companying it, called stylo-hyoid< m alter ; and 
 has the same origin, insertion and use. 
 
 3. STYLO PHARYNGEUS. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the root of the styloid 
 process. 
 
 Inserted into the side of the pharynx and 
 back part of the thyroid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To dilate and raise the pharynx and 
 thyroid cartilage upwards. 
 
 The two frim the pterygoid process are, 
 
 1. CIRCUMFLUOUS, OR TERROR PALATI, 
 
 Arises from the spinous process of the sphe- 
 noid bone, behind the foramen ovale, which 
 transmits the third branch of the fifth pair of 
 nerves ; from the Eustachian tube, not far from 
 its osseous part : it then runs down along the 
 pterygoides internus, passes over the hook of 
 the internal plate of the pterygoid procpss by a 
 round tendon, which soon spreads into a broad 
 membrane. 
 
 Inserted into the the velum pendulum palati, 
 and the semi lunar edge of the os palati, and 
 extends as far as the suture which joins the two 
 bones. Generally some of its posterior fibres 
 join with the constrictor pharyngis superior, 
 and the palato-pharyngeus. 
 
 Use. To stretch the velum, to draw it down 
 
tHE MUSCLES. 35 
 
 wards, and to a side towards the hook. It has 
 little effect upon the tube, being chiefly connect- 
 ed to its osseous part. 
 
 Circumflexus palati, Albinus. 
 Spheno-salpinfo-staphilinus, seu Staphilinus ex*- 
 
 ternus, Win slow. 
 
 Musculus tuba novus, Valsalva ; vel Palato-sal- 
 pingeus, Douglas. 
 
 2. LEVATOR PALATI, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the extre- 
 mity of the pars petrosa of the temporal bone, 
 where it is perforated by the Eustachian tube, 
 and also from the membranous part of the same 
 tube. 
 
 Inserted into the whole length of the velum 
 pendulum palati, as far as the root of the uvula, 
 and unites with its fellow. 
 
 Use. To draw the velum upwards and back- 
 wards, so as to shut the passage from the fauces 
 into the mouth and nose. 
 
 Levator palati mollis, Albinus. 
 
 Petro salpingo-staphilinus, vel Salpingo staphi- 
 linus internus, Winslow. 
 
 Salpingo-staphilinus, Valsalva. Pterygo sta- 
 philinus extcrnus, vulgo, Douglas. 
 
 Spheno staphilinus, Cowper. 
 
 Previous to the deicription of the muscles si-, 
 tuatcd about the passage into the throat, it will 
 be necessary to mention the principal parts to 
 which they are connected. 
 
36 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Upon looking into any person's mouth, when 
 wide opened, we see a soft curtain hanging 
 from the palate-bones, named velum pendulum 
 palati. In the middle of which, we likewise 
 observe a papilla projecting from the velum, 
 named uvula, or pap of the throat. From each 
 side of the uvula, at its root, two arches, or co- 
 lumns, are sent down ; the anterior to the root of 
 the tongue, the posterior to the pharynx. Be- 
 tween these arches, on each side, the cellular 
 glands called amygdalae, or almonds of the cars,* 
 are situated. 
 
 The common opening between the anterior 
 arch may be named fauces, or top of the throat, 
 from which there are six passages, viz. two up- 
 wards, being one to each nostril ; two at the 
 sides, or one to each ear, called the Eustachian 
 tubes ; two downwards ; the anterior is the pas- 
 sage through the glottis and larynx, into the 
 trachea, which terminates in the lungs ; the pos- 
 terior is the largest, named pharynx, or top of 
 the asophagus, which leads to the stomach. 
 
 * Toniib. 
 
THE MI7SCLES. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY TO 
 THE FAUCES. 
 
 THERE are two on each side, and a single one 
 in the middle. 
 
 The two on each side are, 
 
 1. CONSTRICTOR I3THMI FAUCIUM, 
 
 Arises, by a slender beginning, from the side 
 of the tongue, near its root ; from thence run- 
 ning upwards, within the anterior arch, before 
 the amygdala, it is 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the velum pendu- 
 lum palati, at the root of the uvula anteriorly, 
 being connected with its fellow, and with the 
 beginning of the palato-pharyngeus. 
 
 U*e. Draws the velum towards the root of the 
 tongue, which it raises at the same time, and, 
 with its fellow, contracts the passage between 
 the two arches, by which it shuts the opening 
 into the fauces. 
 
 Glosso-staphilinus, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 2. PALATO-PH4RTNGEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a broad beginning, from the middle 
 of the velum pendulum palati, at the root of the 
 
38 BE8CBIPTION OF 
 
 uvula posteriorly, from the tendinous expansion 
 of the circumflexus palati, and from the cartila- 
 ginous extremity of the Eustachian tube. The 
 fibres are collected within the posterior arch, be- 
 hind the amygdala, and run backwards to the top 
 and lateral part of the pharynx, where the fibres 
 are scattered, and mix with those of the stylo 
 pharyngeus. 
 
 Inserted into the edge of the upper and back 
 part of the thyroid cartilage ; some of its fibres 
 being lost between the membrane of the pha- 
 rynx and the two inferior constrictors. 
 
 Use. Draws the uvula and velum downwards 
 and backwards ; and at the same time pulls the 
 thyroid cartilage and pharynx upwards, and 
 shortens it; with the constrictor superior and 
 tongue, it assists in shutting the passage into the 
 nostrils ; in swallowing, it thrusts the food from 
 the fauces into the pharynx, and dilates the mouth 
 of the Eustachian tube. 
 
 Thyro-staphilinus, Douglas. 
 
 Thyro-pharyngo-staphilinus, Winslo w . 
 
 The one in the middle is the 
 
 AZYGOS UVULJE, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the extremity of the suture 
 which joins the palate-bones, runs down the 
 whole length of the velum and uvula, resembling 
 a small earth worm, and adhering to the tendons 
 of the circumflexi. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 39 
 
 Inserted into the tip of the uvula. 
 Use. Raises the uvula upwards and forward^ 
 and shortens it. 
 
 Palato~staphilinus t Douglas. 
 Staphilinus, or pistaphilinus t Winslow, 
 
 
40 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART 
 OF THE PHARYNX. 
 
 OF these there are three pair. 
 
 1. CONSTRICTOR PHARTNGIS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises from the side of the thyroid cartilage, 
 near the attachment of the sterno-hyoideus and 
 thyreo-hyoideus muscles ; and from the cricoid 
 cartilagf , near the crico-thyroideus. This mus- 
 cle is the largest of the three, and is 
 
 Inserted into the white line, where it joins 
 with its fellow ; the superior fibres running ob- 
 liquely upwards, covering nearly one half of the 
 middle constrictor, and terminating in a point ; 
 the inferior fibres run more transversely, and 
 cover the beginning of the oesophagus. 
 
 Use. To compress that part of the pharynx 
 which it covers, and to raise it with the larynx a 
 little upwards. 
 
 Thyro-pharyngeus, Crico-pharyngeus, Douglas. 
 
 2. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS MED1US, 
 
 Arises from the appendix of the os hyoides, 
 from the cornu of that bone, and from the liga- 
 ment which connects it to the thyroid cartilage ; 
 the fibres of the superior part running obliquely 
 
THE MUSCLES. 41 
 
 upwards, and covering a considerable part of the 
 superior constrictor, terminate in a point 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the cuneiform pro- 
 cess of the os occipitis, before the foramen mag* 
 num, and joined to its fellow at a white line in 
 the middle back part of the pharynx. The fibres 
 at the middle part run more transversely than 
 those above or below. 
 
 Use. To compress that part of the pharynx 
 which it covers, and to draw it and the os 
 hyoides upwards, 
 
 Hyo-pharyngeus, Sh/ndesmo-pharyngeus, Doug- 
 las. 
 
 3. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS SUPERIOR, 
 
 Arises, above, from the cuneiform process of 
 the os occipitis, before the foramen magnum, near 
 the holes where the ninth pair of nerves passes 
 out ; lower down, from the pterygoid process of 
 the sphenoid bone ; from the upper and under 
 jaw, near the roots of the last dentes molares ; 
 and between the jaws, it is continued with the 
 buccinator muscle, and with some fibres from the 
 root of the tongue and from the palate. 
 
 Inserted into a white line in the middle of the 
 pharynx, where it joins with its fellow, and is 
 covered by the constrictor medius. 
 
 Use. To compress the upper part of the pha- 
 rynx, and draw it forwards and upwards. 
 
 Gephalo-pharyngeus, Pterygo-pharyngeus, 
 
 Mylo-pharyngeus, Glosso-pharyngeus, Douglas, 
 E 2 
 
42 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS, 
 
 THEY consist generally of four pair of small 
 muscles, and a single one. 
 
 1. CRICO-ARYTJENOIDEUS POSTICU8, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the back-part of the cricoid 
 Cartilage, and is 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the base of 
 the arytenoid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To open the rima glottidis a little ; and 
 by pulling back the arytenoid cartilage, to 
 etretch the ligament so as to make it tense. 
 
 2. CRICO-ARTJENOIDEU8 LATKRALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the cricoid cartilage, late- 
 rally, where it is covered by part of the thyroid, 
 and is 
 
 Inserted into the side of the base of the ary- 
 ienoid cartilage near the former. 
 
 U*<-. To open the rima glottidis, by pulling 
 the ligaments from each other. 
 
 3. THTREO-AHTiENOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the under and back part of the 
 middle of the thyroid cartilage; and, running 
 
THE MUSCLES. 43 
 
 backwards and a little upwards, along the side of 
 the glottis, is 
 
 Inserted into the arytenoid cartilage, higher up 
 and farther forwards than the crico arytaenoideus 
 lateralis. . 
 
 Use. To pull the arytenoid cartilage forwards 
 nearer to the middle of the thyroid, and conse- 
 quently to shorten and relax the ligament of the 
 larynx or glottis vera. 
 
 4. ARVT^NOIDEUS OBLIQ.UOS. 
 
 Arises from the base of one arytenoid cartilage ; 
 and, crossing its fellow, is 
 
 Inserted near the tip of the other arytenoid 
 cartilage. 
 
 Use. When both act, they pull the arytenoid 
 cartilages towards each other. 
 
 N. B. Very often one of these is wanting. 
 
 Arytaznoideus minor, Douglas. 
 
 The single muscle is the 
 
 ARYT^ENOIDEUS TRANSVERSUS, 
 
 Arises from the side of the one arytenoid car- 
 tilage, from near its articulation with the eri- 
 coid to near its tip. The fibres run straight 
 across ; and are 
 
 Inserted, in the same manner, into the other 
 arytenoid cartilage. 
 
 Use. To shut the rima glottidis, by bringing 
 
44 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 these two cartilages, with the ligaments, nearer 
 one another. 
 
 Arytcenoideus major, Douglas. 
 
 Besides these, there are a few disgregated 
 muscular fibres on each side ; which, from their 
 general direction, are named, 
 
 1. THYREO-EPIGLOTTIDEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a few pale disgregated fibres, from 
 the thyroid cartilage ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the epiglottis laterally. 
 
 Use. To draw the epiglottis obliquely down- 
 wards, or, when both act, directly downwards; 
 and, at the same time, it expands that soft carti- 
 lage. 
 
 2. ARYT.NO-EPIGLOTTIDEU8, 
 
 Arises, by a number of small fibres, from the 
 lateral and upper part of the arytsenoid cartilage ; 
 and, running along the outer side of the external 
 rima, is 
 
 Inserted into the epiglottis along with the 
 former. 
 
 Use. To pull that side of the epiglottis towards 
 the external rima ; or, when both act, to pull it 
 close upon the glottis. It is counteracted by the 
 elasticity of the epiglottis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 45 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART 
 OF THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 THEY consist of three broad layers on each 
 side of the nelly ; always a lon# one, and gene- 
 rally also a short one, on each side of the linea 
 alba. 
 
 The three layers are, 
 
 1. OBLK1UUS DESCENDEN8 EXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises^ by eight heads, f rom the lower ed^es 
 of an equal number of inferior ribs, at a little 
 distance from their cartilages: it always inter- 
 mixes, in a serrated manner, with portions of the 
 serratus major anticus ; and generally coheres to 
 the pectoralis major, intercostals, and latissinms 
 dorsi ; which last covers the edge of a portion of 
 it extended from the last rib to the spine of the 
 os ilium. From these origins,the fibres run down 
 obliquely forwards, and terminate in a thin broad 
 tendon, whose fibres are continued in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Inserted into the whole length of the linea albaj* 
 
 * The linea alha is formed by the tendinous fibres of the two 
 oblique and transverse muscles, interlaced with those of the oppo- 
 site side, the whole way from the cartilage ensiformis to the os 
 pubis ; so that some think they should be called three digastric 
 muscles, with a broad middle tendon and two fleshy bellies. 
 
46 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 becomes thicker towards the lower part of the 
 abdomen, and is perforated in the middle by the 
 umbilicus.* On the outside of the rectus muscle, 
 the tendon of the external oblique appears 
 whiter than elsewhere, by its being there con- 
 nected with the tendons of the internal oblique 
 and transverse muscles ; so that this part has 
 been called Linea semilunnris, from its curved 
 shape. The under part of the tendon divides 
 into two columns, which leaves an oval space 
 between them, named the ring of the external 
 oblique muscle, for the passage of the spermatic 
 cord in the male, or round ligament of the 
 womb : the anterior superior column passes 
 over the cartilage between the ossa pubis, and 
 is fixed to the opposite os pubis ; the other is 
 fixed to the os pubis of the same side. It is 
 also inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the 
 middle of the spine of the ilium. 
 
 From that part, which is named its anterior 
 superior spinous process, it is stretched tendinous 
 to the os pubis, and is named Poupart's or Fal- 
 lopius's ligament.-\ From this ligament, it sends 
 
 * The umbilicus was originally the passage for the vessels that 
 connected the foetus to the secundines ; and is really a hole through 
 the teguments and tendons filled only by a cellular substance, and 
 covered within by the peritoneum. 
 
 f Poupart j s, or Falloplus's ligament^ is the inferior part of the ten- 
 don of the external oblique, extending from the anterior superior 
 spinous process of the ilium to the os pubis, where it is thickest, in 
 
THE MUSCLES. 47 
 
 a tendinous layer, which is lost in the mem- 
 branous fascia of the thigh. 
 
 Use. Supports and compresses the perito- 
 neum and abdomen ; assists the evacuations 
 of faeces and urine, and likewise in the exclu- 
 sion of the foetus ; thrusts the diaphragm up- 
 wards, and draws down the ribs in expiration ; 
 bends the body obliquely when the ribs are 
 fixed, and raises the pelvis obliquely. 
 
 Obliguus externus ab.lominis, Albinus. 
 
 Obliquus descendens, Douglas. 
 
 2. OBLIQUUS ASCEflDENS INTERFUS, 
 
 Arises from the spine of the ilium, the whole 
 length between the posterior and superior an- 
 
 order to strengthen the inferior part of the abdomen : here it 
 passes over the blood vessels of the inferior extremity: and in 
 women, from the greater size of the pelvis, is longer and looser, 
 by which they are more subject to crural herniae; but, by the 
 size of the spermatic cord, men are more liable to the inguinal. 
 
 This ligament splits into three fasciae, two superior and one in- 
 ferior. The first passes behind the transversalis muscle, and has 
 been called oy Mr. Astley Cooper, the fascia transversalis ; the 
 second, which has/ been described by Gembernot, passes upon the 
 iliacus internus muscle ; and the third, forming, is the anterior 
 part of the fascia lata of the thigh. Through the fascia transversalis 
 passes the spermatic cord from the abdomen, the cord being united 
 to the edge of the aperture, by a thinner fascia than that of the 
 transversalis. Thus, then, the cord passes through the fascia trans- 
 versalis and through the ring of the external oblique muscle. 
 
48 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 terior spinous process ; from the os sacrum and 
 the three undermost lumbar vertebrae, by a 
 tendon common to it and to the serratus posticus 
 inferior muscle ; from Poupart's ligament, at the 
 middle of which it sends off the beginning of 
 the cremaster muscle ; and the spermatic cord 
 in the male, or round ligament of the womb 
 passes under its thin edge, except a few de- 
 tached fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilage ensiformis, into 
 the cartilages of the seventh and those of all 
 the false ribs ; but, at the upper part, it is ex- 
 tremely thin, resembling a cellular membrane, 
 and only becomes fleshy at the cartilage of the 
 tenth rib. Here its tendon divides into two 
 layers ;* the anterior layer, with a great portion 
 of the inferior part of the posterior layer, joins 
 the tendon of the external oblique, and runs 
 over the rectus to be inserted into the whole 
 length of the linea alba. The posterior layer 
 joins the tendon of the transversalis muscle as 
 
 * To obtain a proper view of the two layers of the tendon of 
 the internal oblique muscle, both the oblique muscles should be 
 raised as far forwards as their joining near the linea semilunaris ; 
 then the tendon before the rectus must be cut parallel to the linea 
 alba, and turned outwards as far as the outer edge of the rectus ; 
 by which the whole of the rectus is brought into view, and the 
 tendons arc preserved. But Douglas directs to cut the posterior 
 layer of the internal oblique, where it joins with the transversalis : 
 by this method the rectus is laid bare; but the structure of the 
 tendinous sheath, which encloses it, is destroyed. 
 
THE JVIlTSCtES. 49 
 
 low as half-way between the umbilicus and os 
 pubis ; but, below this place, only a few fibres 
 of the posterior layer are seen, and the rest of 
 it passes before the rectus muscle, and is inserted 
 into the linea alba ; so that the whole tendon of 
 the external oblique muscle, with the anterior 
 layer of the internal oblique, passes before the 
 rectus muscle ; and the whole posterior layer of' 
 the internal oblique, together with the whole 
 tendon of the transversalis muscle, excepting 
 at the inferior part, pass behind the rectus, and 
 are inserted into the linea alba. At its under- 
 most part it is inserted into the linea part of 
 the os pubis. 
 
 Use. To assist the former ; but it bends the 
 trunk in the reverse direction. 
 
 Obliquus interims abdominis^ Albinus and Wins- 
 low. 
 
 Obliquus ascendens, Douglas. 
 
 3. TRANSVERSALIS, 
 
 Arises tendinous, but soon becoming fleshy 
 irorn the inner or back part of the cartilages of 
 the seven lower ribs, where some of its fibres 
 are continued with those of the diaphragm and 
 the intercostal muscles, by a broad thin tendon, 
 connected to the transverse processes of the last 
 vertebra of the back and the four superior ver* 
 tebrx of the loins; fleshy, from the whole 
 spine of the os ilium internally, and from the 
 tendon of the external oblique muscle, where 
 F 
 
50 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 it intermixes with some fibres of the internal 
 oblique. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilago ensiformis, into 
 the linea alba, and into the pubis. 
 
 Use. To support and compress the abdo- 
 minal bowels ; and it is so particularly well 
 adapted for the latter purpose, that it might be 
 called the proper constrictor of the abdomen. 
 
 Transvenus abdominis, Albinus. 
 
 The long muscle in the middle is named, 
 
 RECTOS ABDOM1NIS, 
 
 i. 
 
 Arises, by two heads, from the ligament of 
 the cartilage which joins the two ossa pubis to 
 each other ; runs upwards the whole length of, 
 and parallel to, the linea alba, growing broader 
 and thinner as it ascends. 
 
 Inserted into the cartilages of the three infe- 
 rior true ribs, and often intermixes with some 
 fibres of the pectoral muscle. 
 
 It is generally divided by three tendinous in- 
 tersections ; the first is at the umbilicus, the 
 second where it runs over the cartilage of the 
 seventh rib, the third in the niiJdle between 
 these ; and there is commonly a half intersection 
 below the umbilicus : these seldom penetrate 
 through the whole thickness of the muscle ; they 
 adhere firmly to the anterior part of the. sheath, 
 but very slightly to the posterior layer. 
 
 Use. To compress the fore-part, but more 
 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 particularly the lower part of the belly ; to 
 bend the trunk forwards, or to raise the pelvis. 
 By its tendinous intersections, it is enabled to 
 contract at any of the intermediate spaces ; and, 
 by its connection with the tendons of the other 
 muscles, it is prevented from changing place, 
 and from rising into a prominent form when in 
 action. 
 
 A principal use of the tendinous intersections 
 of this muscle is to prevent its fibres being sepa- 
 rated by the pressure of the viscera. 
 
 L The short muscle in the middle is named 
 
 PTRAMIDALIS, 
 
 Arises along with the rectus; and running 
 upwards within the same sheath, is 
 
 Inserted, by an acute termination, near half- 
 way between the os pubis and umbilicus, into 
 the linea alba and inner edge of the rectus mus- 
 cle. 
 
 As it is frequently wanting in both sides, 
 without any inconvenience, its 
 
 Use seems to be, to assist the inferior part of 
 the rectus. 
 
DESCRIPTION Ol 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF 
 GENERATION. 
 
 THE testicles are said to have a thin muscle 
 common to both, and have one proper to each. 
 
 The supposed common muscle is called the 
 
 3URTOS. 
 
 This appears commonly to be no more than 
 a condensation of the cellular membrane lining 
 the scrotum ; yet the skin here is capable of 
 being corrugated and relaxed in a greater de- 
 gree than in other places, and in some subjects, 
 muscular fibres can be seen. 
 
 The muscle proper to each testicle is the 
 
 CREMASTER, 
 
 Arises from the internal oblique, where a 
 few fibres of that muscle intermix with the 
 transversalis, near the junction of the os ilium 
 and pubis, over which part it passes, after 
 having pierced the ring of the external oblique ; 
 and then it descends upon the spermatic cord. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 53 
 
 Inserted into the tunica vaginalis of the testicle, 
 upon which it spreads, and is insensibly lost. 
 
 Use. To suspend and draw up the testicle, 
 and to compress it in the act of coition. 
 
 The penis has three pair of muscles. 
 
 1. ERECTOR PENIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the tube- 
 rosity of. the os iscfcium, and runs upwards, em- 
 bracing the whole crus of the penis. 
 
 Inserted into the strong tendinous membrane 
 that covers the corpora cavernosa penis, near as 
 far up as the union of these bodies. 
 
 Use. To compress the crus penis, by which 
 the blood is pushed "from it into the fore-part of 
 the corpora cavernosa ; and the penis is by that 
 means more completely distended. The erec- 
 tores seem likewise to keep the penis in its pro- 
 per direction. 
 
 Ischio cavernosus, Winslow. 
 
 2. ACCELERATOR URINJE SEU EJACULATOR SEMINIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the sphincter ani and mem- 
 branous part of the urethra ; and tendinous from 
 the crus, near as far forwards as the beginning of 
 the corpus cavernosum penis ; the inferior fibres 
 run more transversely, and the superior descend 
 in an oblique direction. 
 
 ? Inserted into a line in the middle of the bulb, 
 where it joins with its fellow, by which the bulb 
 is completely enclosed. 
 
 F 2 
 
 
54 DESCRIPTION Of 
 
 Use. To drive the urine or semen forwards ; 
 and, by grasping the bulb of the urethra, to push 
 the blood towards its corpus cavernosum and the 
 glans, by which they are distended. 
 
 Bulbo-cavernosuSj Winslow. 
 
 TRANSVEJtBUS PERINEI, 
 
 Arises from the tough fatty membrane that 
 covers the tuberosity of the os ischium ; from 
 thence it runs transversely inwards, and is 
 
 Inserted into the accelerator urinse, and into 
 that part of the sphincter ani which covers the 
 bulb. 
 
 Use. To dilate the bulb, and draw the peri- 
 neum and verge of the anus a little outwards 
 and backwards. 
 
 Transversatis urethra, Winslow. 
 
 Transversus pcrinei, Albinus. 
 
 Levator parvus, seu cxtcrnus, Douglas. 
 
 There is often a fourth muscle, named 
 
 TRAN3VRRSUS PERINEI ALTER, 
 
 Arises behind the former, runs more obliquely 
 forwards, and is 
 
 Inserted into that part of the accelerator urinrc 
 which covers the anterior part of the bulb of 
 the urethra. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. 
 
 Inferior prostate, Winslow. 
 
 Transversus perinei alter > Albinus- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE ANUS. 
 
 THE anus has a single muscle, and one pair. 
 The single muscte is 
 
 SPHINCTER ANT, 
 
 Arises from the skin and fat that surround the 
 verge of the anus on both sides, near as far out 
 as the tuber of the os ichium ; the fibres are 
 gradually collected into an oval form, and sur- 
 round the extremity of the rectum. 
 
 Inserted, before, by a narrow point, into the 
 perineum, acceleratores unrinas, and transversi 
 perinei ; behind, by an acute termination, into 
 the extremity of the os coccygis. 
 
 Use. Shuts the passage through the anus into 
 the rectum ; pulls down the bulb of the urethra, 
 by which it assists in ejecting the urine and 
 semen. 
 
 Sphincter extcrnus, Albinus and Douglas. 
 
 Sphincter cutaneus, Winslow. 
 
 N. B. The sphincter internus of Albinus and 
 Douglas, is only that part of the circular fibres 
 of the muscular coat of the rectum which sur- 
 rounds its extremity. 
 
56 DESCRIPTION OJP 
 
 LEVATOR ANI, 
 
 Arises from the os pubis within the pelvis, a& 
 far up as the upper edge of the foramen thyroi- 
 deum and joining of the os pubis with the os 
 ischium; from the thin tendinous membrane 
 that covers the obturator internus and coccygeus 
 muscles ; from the spinous process of the os 
 ischium ; and its fibres run down like rays from a 
 circumference to a centre. 
 
 Inserted into the sphincter ani, acceleratores 
 urinae, and anterior part of the two last . bones 
 of the coccygis ; surrounds the extremity of the 
 rectum, neck of the bladder, prostate gland, and 
 part of the vesiculse seminales ; so that its fibres 
 behind and below the os coccygis joining it with 
 its fellow, they, together, very much resemble 
 the shape of a funnel. 
 
 Use. To draw the rectum upwards after the 
 evacuation of the fasces, and to assist in shutting 
 it, to sustain the contents of the pelvis, and to 
 help in ejecting the semen, urine, and contents 
 of the rectum ; and, perhaps, by pressing upon 
 the veins, to contribute greatly to the erection 
 of the penis. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 57 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF 
 GENERATION. 
 
 THE clitoris has one pair. 
 
 ERECTOR CL1TORID1S, 
 
 Arises from the crus of the os ischium inter- 
 nally, and in its ascent covers the crus of the 
 clitoris as far up as the os pubis. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the crus and 
 body of the clitoris. 
 
 Use. Draws the clitoris downwards and 
 backwards ; and may serve to make the body of 
 the clitoris more tense, by squeezing the blood 
 into it from its crus. 
 
 First muscle of the clitoris, Douglas. 
 
 The vagina has one pair. 
 
 
 
 SPHINCTER VAGINJE, 
 
 Arises from the sphincter ani, and from the 
 posterior side of the vagina, near the perineum ; 
 from thence it runs up the side of the vagina, 
 near its external orifice, opposite to the nymphse, 
 and covers the corpus cavernosum vagina. 
 
 Inserted into the crus and body, or union of 
 the crura clitoridis. 
 
58 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. Contracts the mouth of the vagina, 
 and compresses its corpus cavernosum. 
 Constrictor cunni, Albinus. 
 Second muscle of the clitoris, Douglas. 
 
 The perineum has one pair. 
 
 TRANSVERSUS PERINEI, 
 
 Arises, as in the male, from the fatty cellular 
 membrane which covers the tuberosity of the 
 os ischium. 
 
 Inserted into the upper part of the sphincter 
 ani, and into a white, hardish, tough substance 
 in the perineum, between the lower part of the 
 pudendum and anus. 
 
 Use. To sustain and keep the perineum in 
 its proper place. 
 
 The anus, as in the male, has a single muscle, 
 and one pair. 
 
 SPHINCTER ANI, 
 
 
 
 Arises, as in the male, from the skin and fat- 
 surrounding the extremity of the rectum. 
 
 Inserted, above, into the white tough sub- 
 stance of the perineum ; and, below, into the 
 point of the os coccygis. 
 
 Use. To shut the passage into the rectum; 
 and, by pulling down the perineum, to assist in 
 contracting the mouth of the vagina. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 59 
 
 Arises, as in the male, within the pelvis, and 
 descends along the inferior part of the vagina 
 and rectum. 
 
 Inserted into the perineum, sphincter ani, 
 extremity of the vagina, and rectum. 
 
 Use. To raise the extremity of the rectum 
 upwards, to contract the inferior part of the 
 rectum, and to assist in contracting and sup- 
 porting the vagina ; and, perhaps, by pressing 
 on the veins, to contribute to the distention of 
 the cells of the clitoris and corpus cavernosum 
 of the vagina. 
 
60 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS. 
 
 Of these there are two pair. 
 
 1. OBTURATOR INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises from more than one half of the in- 
 ternal circumference of the foramen thyroi- 
 deum, formed by the os pubis and ischium ; its 
 inside is covered by a portion of the levator 
 ani ; and appears to be divided into a number 
 of fasciculi, which unite and form a roundish 
 tendon, that passes out of the pelvis, between 
 the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament and tube- 
 rosity of the os ischium, where it passes over 
 the capsular ligament of the thigh bone : it is 
 enclosed, as in a sheath, by the geminj muscles. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the large 
 fossa at the root of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To roll the os femoris obliquely out* 
 wards. 
 
 MarsupialiS) seu Obturator internus, Douglas. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of this muscle should 
 not be prosecuted, until the muscles of the 
 thigh, to which it belongs, are dissected. Fid. 
 Chap. xxix e 
 
THE MUSCLES. 61 
 
 2. COCCTGEUS. 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the spinous 
 process of the os ischium, and covers the inside 
 of the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament ; from 
 this narrow beginning, it gradually increases, to 
 form a thin fleshy belly, interspersed with tendi- 
 nous fibres. 
 
 Inserted into the extremity of the os sacrum, 
 and near the whole length of the os coccygis 
 laterally. 
 
 Use. To support and move the os coccygis 
 forwards, and to tie it more firmly to the sacrum. 
 
 G 
 
62 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF 
 THE ABDOiMEN. 
 
 THESE consist of a single muscle, and four 
 
 pair. 
 
 j. 
 
 DIAPHRAGM A. 
 
 This broad thin muscle, which makes a com- 
 plete septum between the thorax and abdomen, 
 is concave below and convex above ; the middle 
 of it on each side reaching as high within the 
 thorax of the skeleton as the fourth rib, and is 
 commonly divided into two portions. 
 
 i. The Superior or Greater Muscle of the 
 DIAPHRAGM, 
 
 Arises, by distinct fleshy fibres, from the carti- 
 tilago ensiformis, from the cartilages of the se- 
 venth, and of all the inferior ribs on both sides. 
 The fibres from the cartilago ensiformis, and 
 from the seventh and eight ribs, run obliquely 
 upwards and backwards; from the ninth and 
 tenth, transversely inwards and upwards; and 
 from the eleventh and twelfth, obliquely up- 
 wards. From these different origins the fibres 
 run, like radii from the circumference to the 
 centre of a circle; and are 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 63 
 
 Inserted into a cordiforrn tendon, of a consi- 
 derable breadth, which is situated in the middle 
 of the diaphragm ; and in which, therefore, the 
 fibres from opposite sides are interlaced. To- 
 wards the right side the tendon is perforated by 
 a triangular hole, for the passage of the vena 
 cava inferior ; and to the upper convex part of 
 it the pericardium and mediastinum are con- 
 nected. 
 
 2. The Inferior, Lesser Muscle, or Appendix of the 
 DIAPHRAGM, 
 
 Arises from the second, third, and fourth lum- 
 bar vetebrae, by eight heads ; of which two in 
 the middle, commonly called its crura^ are the 
 longest, and begin tendinous. Between the crura, 
 the aorta and thoracic duct pass ; and on the out- 
 side of these, the great sympathetic nerves and 
 branches of the vena azygos perforate the shorter 
 heads. The muscular fibres run obliquely up- 
 wards and forwards, and form in the middle two 
 fleshy columns, which decussate and leave an 
 oval space between them for the passage of the 
 oesophagus and eighth pair of nerves. 
 
 Inserted, by strong fleshy fibres, into the pos- 
 terior part of the middle tendon. 
 
 Use. The diaphragm is the principal agent in 
 respiration, particularly in inspiration ; for when 
 it is in action, the fibres, from their different at- 
 tachments, endeavour to bring themselves into a 
 plane towards the middle tendon, by which the 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 cavity of the thorax is enlarged, particularly at 
 the sides, where the lungs are chiefly situated ; 
 and as the lungs must always be contiguous to 
 the inside of the thorax and upper side of the 
 diaphragm, the air rushes into them, in order to 
 fill up the increased space. This muscle is assist- 
 ed by the two rows of intercostals, which ele- 
 vate the ribs, and the cavity of the thorax is more 
 enlarged. In time of violent exercise, or what- 
 ever cause drives the blood with unusual celerity 
 towards the lungs, the pectoral muscles, the ser- 
 rati antici majores, the serrati postici superiores, 
 and scaleni muscles, are brought into action. 
 And in laborious inspiration, the muscles which 
 arise from the upper part of the thorax, when 
 the parts into which they are inserted are fixed, 
 likewise assist. In expiration, the diaphragm is 
 relaxed and pushed up by the pressure of the 
 abdominal muscles upon the viscera of the abdo- 
 men; and at the same time that they press it up- 
 wards, they also, together with the sterno costa- 
 les and serrati postici inferiores, pull down the 
 ribs, and are assisted in a powerful manner by 
 the elasticity of the cartilages that join the ribs 
 to the sternum ; by which the cavity of the thorax 
 is diminished, and the air suddenly pushed out of 
 the lungs : and, in laborious expiration, the quad- 
 rati lumborum, sacrolumbales, and longissimi 
 dorsi, concur in pulling down the ribs. 
 The four pair are, 
 
THE MUSCLES. 65 
 
 1. QUADRATU8 LUMBORUM, 
 
 Arises, pretty broad, tendinous and fleshy, 
 from the posterior part of the spine of the os 
 iliurn. 
 
 Inserted into the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae of the loins, into the last rib near the 
 spine, and by a small tendon into the side of the 
 last vertebra of the back. 
 
 Use. To move the loins to one side, pull 
 down the last rib, and, when both act, to bend 
 the loins forwards. 
 
 Quadratus, seu Lwnbaris externus, Winslow. 
 
 2. PSOAS PARVU8, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the sides of the two up- 
 per vertebras of the loins, and sends off a small 
 long tendon which ends thin and flat, and is 
 
 Inserted into the brim of the pelvis, at the 
 junction of the os ilium and pubis. 
 
 Use. To assist the psoas magnus in bending 
 the loins forwards ; and, in certain positions, 
 to assist in raising the pelvis. 
 
 N. B. This muscle is very often wanted. 
 
 3. PSOAS MAGNUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the side of the body, and 
 transverse process of the last vertebrae of the 
 back ; and, in the same manner, from all those 
 of the loins, by as many distinct slips. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the trochanter minor 
 of the os femoris ; and fleshy into that bone, a 
 little below the same trochanter. 
 G 2 
 
66 x DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To bend the thigh forwards ; or, when 
 the inferior extremity is fixed, to assist in bend- 
 ing the body. 
 
 Psoas, seu Lumbaris interims, Winslow* 
 
 4. ILIACUS INTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the transverse process of 
 the last vertebra of the loins, from all the inner 
 lip of the spine of the os ilium, from the edge of 
 that bone between its anterior superior spinous 
 process and the acetabulum, and from most of 
 the hollow part of the ilium. It joins with the 
 psoas magnus, where it begins to become tendi- 
 nous ; and is 
 
 Inserted along with it. 
 
 Use. To assist the psoas in bending the thigh, 
 and to bring it directly forwards. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of the two last muscles 
 should not be prosecuted till the muscles of the 
 thigh are dissected. 
 
THE MUSCLES. $7 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR 
 PART OF THE THORAX; 
 
 THESE may be divided into t\vo layers. The 
 first layer consists of one muscle, named 
 
 PECTORAL1S MAJOR, 
 
 Arises from the cartilaginous extremity of the 
 fifth and sixth ribs, where it always intermixes 
 with the external oblique muscle of the abdo- 
 men ; from almost the whole length of the ster- 
 num, and from near half of the anterior part of 
 the clavicle : The fibres run towards. the axilla 
 in a folding manner. 
 
 Inserted, by two broad tendons, which cross 
 each other at the upper and inner part of the os 
 homeri, above the insertion of the deltoid mus- 
 cle, and outer side of the groove for lodging the 
 tendon of the long head of the biceps. 
 
 se. To move the arm forwards and oblique- 
 ly upwards, towards the sternum. 
 
 Pectoralis, Albinus. 
 
 The second layer consists of three muscles ; 
 
68 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 1. SUBCLAVIUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the cartilage that joins 
 the first rib to the sternum. 
 
 Inserted, after becoming fleshy, into the infe- 
 rior part of the clavicle, which it occupies from 
 within an inch or so of the sternum, as far out- 
 wards as to its connection, by ligament, with the 
 coracoid process of the scapula. 
 
 Use. To pull the clavicle downwards and 
 forwards. 
 
 2. PECTORALIS MINOR, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper 
 edge of the third, fourth and fifth ribs, near 
 where they join with their cartilages. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the coracoid process 
 of the scapula; but soon grows fleshy and broad. 
 
 Use. To bring the scapula forwards and 
 downwards, or to raise the ribs upwards. 
 
 Serratus anticus, Albinus. 
 
 Serratus minor anticus, Douglas. 
 
 3. SERRATUS MAGNUS, 
 
 Arises from the nine superior ribs, by an 
 equal number of fleshy digitations, resembling 
 the teeth of a saw. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the whole base of the 
 scapula internally, between the insertion of the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 rhomboid and the origin of the subscapularis 
 muscles, being folded about the two angles of 
 the scapula. 
 
 Use. To move the scapula forwards ; and, 
 when the scapula is forcibly raised, to draw up- 
 wards the ribs. 
 
 Serratus major anticus, Douglas, 
 
70 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 MUSCLES STIUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS, 
 AND WITHIN THE THORAX. 
 
 BETWEEN the ribs, on each side, there are 
 eleven double rows of muscles, which are there- 
 fore named intercostals. These decussate each 
 other like the strokes of the letter X. 
 
 Arise from the inferior acute edges of each 
 superior rib, and run obliquely forwards, the 
 whole length from the spine to near the joining 
 of the ribs with their cartilages ; from which, 
 to the sternum, there is only a thin membrane 
 covering the internal intercostals. 
 
 Inserted into the upper obtuse edge of each 
 inferior-rib, as far back as the spine, into which 
 the posterior portion is fixed. 
 
 INTERCOSTALES INTERN!, 
 
 Arise in the same manner as the external; 
 but they begin at the sternum, and run obliquely 
 backwards, as far as the angle of the rib ; and 
 from that to the spine they are wanting. 
 
 Inserted in the same manner as the external. 
 
 Use. By means of these muscles, the ribs 
 are equally raised upwards during inspiration. 
 Their fibres being oblique, give them a greater 
 power of bringing the ribs near each other, than 
 
THE MUSCLES. 71 
 
 could be performed by straight ones. But, by 
 the obliquity of the fibres, they are almost 
 brought contiguous ; and, as the fixed points of 
 the ribs are before and behind^ if the external 
 had been continued forwards to the sternum, 
 and the internal backwards to the spine, it 
 would have hindered their motion, which is 
 greatest in the midrjle, though the obliquity of 
 the ribs renders it less perceptible ; and, instead 
 of raising the fibres fixed to the sternum and 
 spine, would have depressed the ribs. 
 
 N. B. The portions of the external intercos- 
 tals which arise from the transverse processes 
 of the vertebrae, where the ribs are fixed to 
 them, and other portions that pass over one rib 
 and terminate in the next below it, Albinus calls 
 Levatores costarum longiores et breviores. 
 
 The portions of the internal that pass over 
 one rib, and are inserted into the next below it, 
 Douglas calls Costarum depressores proprii Con- 
 perii. 
 
 Supra-costaleS) and Infra-cost ales, Winslow. 
 
 The muscles within the thorax are one pair, 
 viz. i 
 
 TRIANGULARIS, OB 5TEBNO COSTALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy and a little tendinous, from all 
 the length of the cartilago ensiformis laterally, 
 and from the edge of the lower half of the mid- 
 dle bone of the sternum, from whence its fibres 
 ascend obliquely upwards and outwards. 
 
T2 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Inserted, generally by three triangular termi- 
 nations, into the lower edge of the cartilages of 
 the third, fourth and fifth ribs, near where these 
 join with the ribs. 
 
 Use. To depress these cartilages, and the ex- 
 tremities of the ribs ; and consequently to assist 
 in contracting the cavity of the thorax. 
 
 This muscle often varies; and is sometimes 
 inserted into the cartilage of the second rib, 
 sometimes into the cartilage of the sixth rib. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 7& 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART 
 OF THE NECK CLOSE TO THE VERTEBRAE. 
 
 THESE consist of one layer, formed by four 
 muscles. 
 
 1. LONGUS GOLLI. 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the bodies 
 of the three superior vertebrae of the back late- 
 rally ; and from the transverse processes of the 
 third, fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebras of the 
 neck, near their roots. 
 
 Inserted into the fore part of the bodies of all 
 the vertebrae of the neck, by as many small ten- 
 dons, which are covered with flesh. 
 
 Use. To bend the neck gradually forwards, 
 and to one side. 
 
 2. RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MAJOR. 
 
 Arises, from the anterior points of the trans- 
 verse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and 
 sixth vertebrae of the neck, by four distinct be- 
 ginnings. 
 
 Inserted into the cuneiform process of the os 
 occipitis, a little before the condyloid process, 
 
 Use. To bend the head forwards. 
 
 Rectus anterior longvs, Winslow. 
 H 
 
74 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 3. RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MINOR. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the fore-part of the body, 
 of the first vertebra of the neck, opposite to the 
 superior oblique process. 
 
 Inserted near the root of the condyloid pro- 
 cess of the os occipitis, under, and a little farther] 
 outwards than the former muscle. 
 
 Use. To nod the head forwards. 
 
 JRectus anterior brevis, Winslow. 
 
 4. IlECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the anterior part of the 
 point of the transverse process of the first verte- 
 bra of the neck. 
 
 Inserted into the os occipitis, opposite to the 
 foramen stylo-mastoideum of the temporal bone. 
 
 Use. To bend the head a little to one side. 
 
 Transver salts anticus primus, Winslow. 
 
 On the side of the neck, 
 
 1. SCALENUS ANTICUS, 
 
 Arises, from the fourth, fifth, and sixth trans 
 verse processes of the first vertebra of the neck, 
 by as many tendons. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the upper 
 side of the first rib, near its cartilage. 
 
 Scalenus prior, Albinus. 
 
 Anterior portion of the first scalenus, Winslow. 
 
 First scalenus, Douglas. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 7$ 
 
 2. 8CALENUB MEDIUS, 
 
 Arises, from all the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae ef the neck by as many strong tendons ; 
 the nerves to the superior extremity pass between 
 it and the former. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and outer part of the 
 first rib, from its root, to within the distance of 
 an inch from its cartilage. 
 
 Posterior portion of the first scalenus,Wins\ow. 
 
 Second scalenus, Douglas. 
 
 3. SCALENU3 POST1CUS, 
 
 Arises from the fifth and sixth transverse pro- 
 cesses of the vertebrae of the neck. 
 
 Inserted into the upper edge of the second rib, 
 not far from the spine. 
 
 Posterior portion of the second scalenus, Win- 
 slow. 
 
 Third scalenus, Douglas. 
 
 Use of the three scaleni : to bend the neck to 
 one side ; or, when the neck is fixed, to elevate 
 the ribs, and to dilate the thorax* 
 
76 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR 
 PART OF THE TRUNK. 
 
 THE following muscles are described as they 
 appear on dissection. 
 
 1. TRAPEZIUS, SEU CUCULARIS, 
 
 Arises^ by a strong round tendon, from the 
 lower part of the protuberance in the middle of 
 the os occipitis behind ; and, by a thin membra- 
 nous tendon, which covers part of the splenius 
 and complexus muscles, from the rough curved 
 line that extends from the protuberance towards 
 the mastoid process of the temporal bone ; runs 
 down along the nape of the neck, where it seems 
 to arise from its fellow, and covers the spinous 
 processes of the superior vertebrae of the neck ; 
 but arises from the spinous processes of the two 
 inferior, and from the spinous processes of all the 
 vertebrae of the back ; adhering, tendinous, to 
 its fellow, the whole length of its origin. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the posterior half of the 
 clavicle ; tendinous and fleshy, into the acromion, 
 and into almost all the spine of the scapula. 
 
 Use. Moves the scapula according to the three 
 different directions of its fibres ; for the upper 
 descending fibres draw it obliquely upwards, the 
 
THE MUSCLES. 77 
 
 middle transverse straight fibres draw it directly 
 backwards, and the inferior ascending fibres 
 draw it obliquely downwards and backwards. 
 
 N. B. Where it is inseparably united to its 
 fellow in the nape of the neck, it is named Li- 
 gamentum Nuchce, or Colli. 
 
 2. LATISSIMUS DORSI, 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the pos- 
 terior part of the spine of the os ilium, from all 
 the spinous processes of the os sacrum and ver- 
 tebrae of the loins, and from the seven inferior 
 ones of the vertebrae of the back ; also, ten- 
 dinous and fleshy, from the extremities of the 
 three or four inferior ribs, a little beyond their 
 cartilages, by as many distinct slips. The infe- 
 rior fibres ascend obliquely, and the superior 
 run transversely, over the inferior angle of the 
 scapula, towards the axilla, where they are all 
 collected, twisted, and folded. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong thin tendon, into the 
 inner edge of the groove for lodging the tendon 
 of the long head of the biceps. 
 
 Use. To pull the arm backwards and down- 
 wards, and to roll the os humeri. 
 
 N. B. The insertion of this muscle should 
 not be prosecuted till the muscles of the os hu- 
 meri, to which it belongs, is dissected. 
 
 3. SERRATUS FOSTICUS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, in commorr 
 with that of the latissimus dorsi, from the spinal 
 H 2 
 
78 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 pr ocesses' of the two inferior vertebrae of the 
 back, and from the three superior of the loins. 
 
 Inserted into the lower edges of the four infe- 
 rior ribs, at a little distance from their cartilages, 
 by as many distinct fleshy slips. 
 
 Use. To depress the ribs into which it is in 
 serted 
 
 4. RHOMB01DEUB. 
 
 This muscle i& divided into two portions. 
 
 1. Rhomboideus major, arises, tendinous, 
 from the spinous processes of the five superior 
 vertebrae of the back. 
 
 Inserted into all the basis of the scapula below 
 its spine. 
 
 Use. To draw the scapula obliquely upwards 
 and directly inwards. 
 
 2. Rhomboideus minor, arises, tendinous, 
 from the spinous processes of the three inferior 
 vertebras of the neck, and from the ligamentum 
 nuchae. 
 
 Inserted into the base of the scapula, opposite 
 to its spine. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. 
 
 5. SERRATUS SUPERIOR POSTICUS, 
 
 Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the spi- 
 nous processes of the three last vertebrae of the; 
 neck, and the two uppermost of the back. 
 
 Inserted into the second, third, fourth and fifth 
 ribs, by as many fleshy slips. 
 
 Use. To elevate the ribs, and dilate the 
 thorax. 
 
THE MUSCLES* 79 
 
 6. LETATOR SCAPULA, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the trans- 
 verse processes of the five superior vertebra of 
 the neck, by as many distinct slips, which soon 
 unite to form a muscle that runs downwards and 
 outwards. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into the superior angle of the 
 scapula. 
 
 Use. To pull the scapula upwards, and a lit- 
 tle forwards. 
 
 Angularis, vulgo Levator proprius, Winslow. 
 
 Elevator, seu Musculus patientice, Douglas. 
 
 On the neck, 
 
 1. SPLENIUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the four superior spi- 
 nous processes of the vertebrae of the back ; ten- 
 dinous and fleshy, from the five inferior of the 
 neck, and adheres firmly to the ligamentum nu- 
 chae. At the third vertebra of the neck, the 
 splenii recede from each other, so that part of 
 the complexus muscle is seen. 
 
 Inserted, by as many tendons, into the five 
 superior transverse processes of the vertebrae of 
 the neck; and tendinous and fleshy, into the 
 posterior part of the mastoid process, and into 
 the os occipitis, where it joins with the root of 
 that process. 
 
 Use. To bring the head and upper vertebras 
 of the neck backwards laterally ; and when both 
 act, to pull the head directly backwards, 
 
80 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 N. B. Albinus divides this muscle into two ; 
 viz. That portion which arises from the five in* 
 ferior spinous processes of the neck, and is in- 
 serted into the mastoid process and os occipitis, 
 he calls Splenius Capitis ; and that portion 
 which arises from the third and fourth of the 
 back, and is inserted into the five superior 
 transverse processes of the neck, is called by 
 him, Splenius Colli. 
 
 2. COMPLEXUS, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the 
 seven superior vertebras of the back, and four 
 inferior of the neck, by as many distinct tendi- 
 nous origins ; in its ascent it receives a fleshy 
 slip from the spinous process of the first verte- 
 bra of the back : from these different origins it 
 runs upwards, and is every where intermixed 
 with tendinous fibres. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the infe- 
 rior edge of the protuberance in the middle oi' 
 the os occipitis, and into a part of the curved 
 line that runs forwards from that protuberance. 
 
 Use. To draw the head backwards, and to 
 one side ; and, when both act, to draw the head 
 directly backwards. 
 
 N. B. The long portion of this muscle, that 
 is situated next the spinous processes, lies more 
 loose, and has a roundish tendon in the middle 
 of it ; for which reason Albinus calls it Biventtv 
 cervicis,. 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 81 
 
 3. TRACHELO MASTOIDEUS, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the 
 three uppermost vertebras of the back, and from 
 the five lowermost of the neck, where it is con- 
 nected to the transversalis cervicis, by as many 
 thin tendons, which unite into a belly, and run 
 up under the splenius. 
 
 Inserted into the middle of the posterior side 
 of the mastoid process, by a thin tendon. 
 
 Use. To assist the complexus ; but it pulls the 
 head more to a side. 
 
 Complexus minor, seu Mastoideus lateralis^ 
 Winslow. 
 
 Trachelo-mastoideus, seu Capitis par tertium 
 Fallopii, Douglas. 
 
 4. TRANSVERSALIS COLLI, 
 
 Arises from the transverse processes of the 
 five uppermost vertebra of the back, by as many 
 tendinous and fleshy origins ; runs between the 
 trachelo-mastoideus and splenius colli and cervi- 
 calis descendens. 
 
 Inserted into the transverse processes of all the 
 cervical vertebrae, except the first and the last. 
 
 Use. To turn the neck obliquely backward, 
 and a little to one side. 
 
 5. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICU8 MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the external part of the 
 spinous process of the second vertebra of the 
 
82 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 neck ; and grows broader in its ascent, which is 
 not straight, but obliquely outwards. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os occi- 
 pitis, near the rectus capitis lateralis, and the in- 
 sertion of the obliquus capitis superior. 
 
 Use. To pull the head backwards, and to as- 
 sist a little in its rotation. . 
 
 Rectus major, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 6. RECTUS CAPITIS PO8TICU8 MINOR, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow beginning, close by its 
 fellow, from a little protuberance in the middle 
 of the back part of the first vertebra of the neck, 
 its outer edge being covered by the rectus major. 
 
 Inserted, pretty broad, into the sides of a dim- 
 ple in the occipitis, near its foramen magnum. 
 
 Use. To assist the rectus major in moving the 
 head backwards. 
 
 Obliquus minor, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 7. OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR, 
 
 Arises from the transverse process of the first 
 vertebra of the neck. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os oc- 
 cipitis behind the back part of the mastoid pro- 
 cess of the temporal bone, and under the inser- 
 tion of the complexus muscle. 
 
 Use. To draw the head backward. 
 
 Obliquus major, Winslow. 
 
 Obliquus superior, Douglas, 
 
THE MUSCLES. 83 
 
 8. OBLiqUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the spinous process of the 
 second vertebra of the neck, its whole length ; 
 and, forming a thick fleshy belly, is 
 
 Inserted into the transverse process of the first 
 vertebra of the neck. 
 
 Use. To give a rotatory motion to the head. 
 
 On the back, near to the spine, 
 
 1. 8ACRO-LUMBALI8, 
 
 Arises in common with the longissimus dorsi. 
 
 Inserted into all the ribs, where they begin to 
 be curved forwards, by as many long and thin 
 tendons ; and, 
 
 From the upper part of the six or eight lower 
 ribs, arise as many bundles of thin fleshy fibres, 
 which soon terminate in the inner-side of this 
 muscle, and are named Musculi ad Sacrolumba- 
 lem Accessorii. 
 
 Use. To pull the ribs down, and assist to erect 
 the trunk of the body. 
 
 N. B. There is a fleshy slip which runs from 
 the upper part of this muscle into the fourth, fifth, 
 and sixth transverse processes of the vertebrae of 
 the neck, by three distinct tendons ; it is named 
 Cervicalis Descendens ; and its use is to turn the 
 neck obliquely backwards, and to one side. 
 
84 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. LONGISSIMUS DOBSI, 
 
 Arises, tendinous without, and fleshy within, 
 from the side, and all the spinous processes of the 
 os sacrum ; from the posterior spine of the os ili- 
 um ; from all the spinous processes ; and from 
 the roots of the transverse processes of the ver- 
 tebrae of the loins. 
 
 Inserted into all the transverse processes of the 
 vertebrae of the back, chiefly by small double 
 tendons ; also, by a tendinous and fleshy slip, into 
 the lower edge of ail the rl^is, except the two in- 
 ferior, at a little distance from their tubercles. 
 
 Use. To extend the vertebras, and to raise and 
 keep the trunk of the body erect. 
 
 N. B. From the upper part of this muscle 
 there runs up a round fleshy portion which joins 
 with the cervicalis descendens. 
 
 3. SPINALIS DORSI, 
 
 Arises from the spinous processes of the two 
 uppermost vertebra of the loins, and the three 
 inferior of the back, by as many tendons. 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of the 
 nine uppermost vertebrae of the back, except the 
 first, by as many tendons. 
 
 Use. To erect and fix the vertebrae, and to 
 assist in raising the spine. 
 
 
THE MUSCLES. $5 
 
 4. SEMI-SPINALIS DORSI, 
 
 Arises, from the transverse processes of the 
 seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth vertebra of the 
 back, by as many distinct tendons, which soon 
 grow fleshy, and then become tendinous again ; 
 and are 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of all the 
 vertebras of the back above the eighth, and into 
 the two lowermost of the neck, by as many ten- 
 dons. 
 
 Use. To extend the spine obliquely back- 
 wards. 
 
 Semi-spinalis externus^ seu Transverso-spina- 
 lis dor si, Winslow. 
 
 On the neck, 
 
 1. SEMI-SPINALIS COLLI, 
 
 Arises, from the transverse processes of the 
 uppermost six vertebrae of the back, by as many 
 distinct tendons, ascending obliquely under the 
 complexus. 
 
 Inserted into the spinous processes of all the 
 vertebrae of the neck, except the first and the 
 last. 
 
 Use. To extend the neck obliquely back- 
 wards. 
 
 Semi-spinalis, sive Transverso-spinalis colli, 
 Winslow. 
 
 2. MULTIFIDUS SPIN.K, 
 
 Arises, from the side and spinous processes of 
 the os sacrum, and from the posterior part of 
 I 
 
86 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 the os ilium, where it joins with the sacrum j 
 from all the oblique and transverse processes of 
 the vertebrae of the loins ; from ail the trans- 
 verse processes of the vertebras of the back, and 
 from those of the neck, except the three first, 
 by as many distinct tendons, which soon grow 
 fleshy, run in an oblique direction, and are 
 
 Inserted^ by distinct tendons, into all the spi- 
 nous processes of the vertebrae of the loins, of 
 the back arid of the neck, except the first. 
 
 Use. When the different portions of this 
 muscle act on one side, they extend the back 
 obliquely, or move it laterally ; but if they act 
 together on both sides, they extend the vertebras 
 backwards. 
 
 Transverso-spinalis lumborum, vcterib. Sacer. 
 
 Semi-spinalis, internus sive Transverso-spina- 
 Us dorsi. 
 
 Scmi'Spinalis, sive Transverso-spinalis colli, 
 Pars internet, Winslow. 
 
 Transversalis lumborum, vulgo Sacer. 
 
 Transversalis dorsi. 
 
 Transversalis colli, Douglas. 
 
 There are a number of small muscles situated 
 between the spinous and transverse processes of 
 contiguous vertebrae, which are accordingly 
 named, 
 
 1. INTERSPINALES COLLI. 
 
 The space between the spinous processes of 
 the vertebrae of the neck, most of which are bi- 
 furcated, is filled up with fleshy portions ; which 
 
 . . ' iff; ' ' 
 
THE MUSCLES. 8f 
 
 Arise, doable, from the spinous process of the 
 inferior vertebras of the neck ; and ascend to be 
 
 Inserted, in the same manner, into the spinous 
 process of the superior vertebrae. They are 
 five in number. 
 
 Use. To draw these processes nearer to each 
 other. 
 
 2. IJJTERTRANSVERSALES COLLI. 
 
 They begin from' the transverse process of the 
 first vertebra of the back, and fill up the spaces 
 between the transverse processes of the vertebrae 
 of the neck, which are likewise bifurcated ; and, 
 consequently, there ar^- six distinct double mus- 
 cles, which 
 
 Arise from the inferior transverse process of 
 each vertebra of the neck, and first of the back, 
 and are 
 
 Inserted into the superior transverse processes. 
 
 Use. To draw these processes towards each 
 other, and turn the neck a little to one side. 
 
 3, 4, 5. INTERSPINALES DOR8I ET LUMBORUM, 
 AND THE INTERTRANSVERSALES DORSI, 
 
 Are rather small tendons than muscles, serving 
 to connect the spinal and transverse processes. 
 
 6. INTERTRANSTERSALES LUMBORUM, 
 
 Are four distinct small bundles of flesh which 
 fill up the spaces between the transverse proces- 
 ses of the vertebrae of the loins, and serve to draw 
 them towards each other. 
 
8 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 -. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles that 
 are situated on the scapula, on the os hunieri, 
 on the cubit or fore arm, and on the hand. 
 
 Muscles situated on the scapula. 
 
 These are called muscles of the os humeri ; 
 and are three behind, one along its inferior cos- 
 ta, two before, and one beneath it. 
 
 Behind, 
 
 1. SUPRASPINATUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all that part of the base 
 of the scapula that is above its spine ; also from 
 the spine and superior costa ; passes under the 
 acromion, and adheres to the capsular ligment 
 of the os humeri. 
 
 Inserted) tendinous, into that part of the large 
 protuberance on the head of the os humeri that 
 is next the groove for lodging the tendon of the 
 long head of the biceps. 
 
 Use. To raise the arm upwards. 
 
 2. INFHASPINATUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all that part of the base 
 of the scapula that is between its spine and in- 
 ferior angle ; from the spine, as far as the cervix 
 of the scapula. The fibres ascend and descend 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 obliquely towards a tendon in the middle of the 
 muscle, which runs forwards, and adheres to the 
 eapsular ligament. 
 
 Inserted, by a thick and short tendon, into 
 the upper and middle part of the large protii- 
 berance on the head of the os humeri. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus outwards; to 
 assist in raising, and in supporting it when 
 raised. 
 
 N. B. These two muscles are covered with 
 a tendinous membrane, from which a number of 
 their fleshy fibres arise. It serves besides to 
 strengthen thoir actions, and keeps them from 
 swelling too much outwardly when in action. 
 
 3. TEREB MINOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the round edge of the 
 inferior costa of the scapula, and runs -for wards 
 along the inferior edge of the infraspinatus 
 muscle, and adheres to the ligament. 
 
 Inserted, ten ttnous, into the back part of the 
 large protuberance on the head of the os humeri, 
 a little behind and below the termination of the 
 last-named muscle. , 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus outwards, and to 
 draw the humerus backwards. 
 
 Along the inferior costa of the scapula, 
 
 TERES MAJOR, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inferior angle of the 
 scapula, and from all that portion of its inferior 
 I 2 
 
90 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 costa that is rough and thicker than the rest ; its 
 fleshy fibres are continued over part of the in- 
 fraspinatus muscle, to which they firmly adhere. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad, short, and thin tendon, 
 into the ridge at the inner side of the groove for 
 lodging the tendon of the long head of the bi- 
 ceps, along with the latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to 
 draw it backwards and downwards. 
 
 The two before the scapula, 
 
 1. DELTOIDES. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the posterior part of 
 the clavicle that the pectoralis major does not 
 possess : tendinous and fleshy, from the acromi- 
 on, and lower margin of almost the whole spine 
 of the scapula opposite to the insertion of the 
 cucularis muscle ; from these origins, it runs in 
 three different directions, i. e. from the clavicle 
 outwards and downwards ; from the spine of the 
 scapula outwards, forwards, and downwards ; and 
 from the acromion straight downwards ; and is 
 composed of a number of fasciculi, which form 
 a strong fleshy muscle that covers the anterior 
 part of the joint of the os humeri. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into a rough protube- 
 rance in the outer side of the os humeri, near its 
 middle, where the fibres of this muscle intermix 
 with some part of the brachialis externus. 
 
 Use. To pull the arm directly outwards and 
 
THE MUSCLES. 91 
 
 upwards, and a little forwards or backwards, ac- 
 cording to the different directions of its fibres. 
 
 2. CORACO BRACHIALIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the forepart 
 of the coracoid process of the scapula ; adhering, 
 in its descent, to the short head of the biceps, 
 
 Inserted tendinous and fleshy, about the mid- 
 dle of the internal part of the os humeri, near 
 the origin of the third head of the triceps, called 
 brachialis externus, where it sends down a thin 
 tendinous expansion to the internal condyle of 
 the os humeri. 
 
 Use. To raise the arm upwards and forwards. 
 
 N. B. There passes a nerve through this mus- 
 cle, called Mmculo-cutancus. 
 
 The one beneath the scapula, 
 
 SUBSCAPULARIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from all the base of the scapula 
 internally, and from its superior and inferior 
 costse, being composed of a number of tendinous 
 and fleshy fasciculi, which make prints on the 
 bone j they all join together, fill up the hollow 
 of the scapula, and pass over the joint, adhering 
 to the capsular ligament, 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of 
 the internal protuberance at the head of the os 
 humeri. 
 
 Use. To roll the humerus inwards, and to 
 dr,aw it to the side of the body. 
 
92 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXVI. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI, 
 THESE are called 
 Muscles of the Cubit or Fore-arm. 
 They consist of two before, and two behind, 
 Before, 
 
 1. BICEPS FLEXOR CUBITI, 
 
 Arises, by two heads. The first and outer- 
 most, called longus, begins tendinous from the 
 upper edge of the glenoid cavity of the scapula ; 
 passes over the head of the os humeri within the 
 joint ,* and, in its descent without the joint, is en- 
 closed in a groove near the head of the os hume- 
 ri, by a membranous ligament that proceeds from 
 the capsular ligament and adjacent tendons. The 
 second, or innermost head, called brevis, arises, 
 tendinous and fleshy, from the coracoid process 
 of the scapula, in common with the coraco bra- 
 chialis muscle. A little below the middle of tbe 
 fore part of the os humeri, these heads unite. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong roundish tendon, into 
 the tubercle on the upper end of the radius in- 
 ternally. 
 
 Use. To turn the hand supine, and to bend 
 the fore arm. 
 
 
THE MUSCLES. 93 
 
 N. B. At the bending of the elbow, where 
 it begins to grow tendinous, it sends off an apo- 
 neurosis, which covers all the muscles on the 
 inside of the fore-arm, and joins with another 
 tendinous membrane, which is sent off from the 
 triceps extensor cubiti, and covers all the mus- 
 cles on the outside of the fore-arm ; and a num- 
 ber of the fibres, from opposite fibres, decussate 
 each other. It serves to strengthen the muscles, 
 by keeping them from swelling too much out- 
 wardly, when in action ; and a number of their 
 fleshy fibres take their origin from it. 
 
 Biceps brachii, Albinus. 
 
 Coraco-radialif, seu biceps, Winslow. 
 
 Biceps interims, Douglas. 
 
 2. BRACHIALIS INTE11NUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the middle of the os hu- 
 meri, at each side of the insertion of the deltoid 
 muscle, covering all the inferior and fore-part 
 of this bone, runs over the joint, and adheres 
 firmly to the ligament. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong short tendon, into the 
 coronoid process of the ulna. 
 
 Use. To bend the fore-arm. 
 
 Brachialis, Winslow. 
 
 Behind, 
 
 1. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CUBITI, 
 
 Arises, by three heads ; the first caleld longus> 
 pretty broad and tendinous, from the inferior 
 costa of the scapula, near its cervix. The se~ 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 cond head, called brevis, arises by an acute, ten- 
 dinous, and fleshy beginning, from the back part 
 of the os immeri, a little below its head, outward- 
 ly. The third, called brachialis externus, arises 
 by an acute beginning, from the back part of the 
 os humeri. These three heads unite lower than 
 the insertion of the teres major, and cover the 
 whole posterior part of the humerus, from which 
 they receive addition in their descent. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and external part of 
 the process of the ulna, called olecranon, and 
 partly into the condyles of the os humeri, adhe- 
 ring firmly to the ligament. 
 
 Use. To extend the fore-arm. 
 
 Anconeus major, Anconeus externus, and An- 
 coneus interims, Winslow. 
 
 Biceps externus, and Brachialis externus^ 
 Douglas. 
 
 3. ANCONEUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the posterior part of 
 the external condyle of the os humeri -i it soon 
 grows fleshy, and is continued from the third 
 head of the triceps. 
 
 Inserted, fleshy and thin, into a ridge on the 
 outer and posterior edge of the ulna, being con- 
 tinued some way below the olecranon, and co- 
 vered with a tendinous membrane. 
 
 Use. To assist in extending the fore-arm. 
 
 Anconeus minor, Winslow. 
 
 Anconeus vel Cubit alls Riolani, Douglas. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 95 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE CUBIT OR 
 FORE-ARM.* 
 
 THESE may be divided into three classes : first, 
 flexors and extensors of the whole hand; second, 
 flexors and extensors of the fingers ; arid, third, 
 supinators and pronators, or those that roll the 
 radius on the ulna. 
 
 First class consists of three flexors, and three 
 extensors. 
 
 v 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 1. PALMARIS LONGU8, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle of 
 the os humeri, soon grows fleshy, and, after a 
 short progress, sends off a long slender tendon. 
 
 Inserted into the ligamentum carpi annulare, 
 and into a tendinous membrane that is expanded 
 
 * In the following description, the arm is supposed to hang by 
 the side, with the palm turned forwards ; so that the radius and 
 thumb are upon its outer side, and the ulna and little finger 
 upon its inner side ; whereas, when the muscles are described 
 in the less straining posture of pronation, as has been generally 
 done by authors, the utmost confusion is necessarily introdu- 
 ced in the application of the terms outer and inner, from the 
 decussation of the radius and ulna. 
 
$6 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 on the palm of the band, named aponcurosis pal- 
 maris ; which, above, begins at the transverse or 
 annular ligament of the urist, and, below, is fix- 
 ed to the roots of the fingers. 
 
 Use. To bend the hand, and to stretch the 
 membrane that is expanded on the palm. 
 
 Ulnaris gracilis, Winslow; 
 
 N. B. This muscle is sometimes wanting ; bu 
 the aponeurosis palmaris is always to be found. 
 
 2. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the internal 
 condyle of the os humeri, and from the anterior 
 part of the upper end of the ulna, where it firmly 
 adheres to the pronator radii teres. 
 
 Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the fore and 
 upper part of the metacarpal bone that sustains 
 the fore-finger, after running through a fossa in 
 the os trapezium. 
 
 Use. To bend the hand, and to assist in its 
 pronation. 
 
 Radialis internus, Albinus and Winslow. 
 
 3. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle 
 of the os humeri. It has likewise a small fleshy 
 beginning from the outer side of the olecranon ; 
 between which and the condyle, the ulna nerve 
 passes to the fore-arm ; and a number of its fleshy 
 fibres arise from the tendinous membrane which 
 covers the fore-arm. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 9f 
 
 Inserted, by a short strong tendon, into the 
 os pisiforme ; at a little distance from its inser- 
 tion, a small ligament is sent off to the metacar- 
 pal bone that sustains the little finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in bending the hand. 
 
 Ulnaris interims, Albinus and Winslow. 
 
 Extensors : 
 
 1. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR, 
 
 Arises, broad, thin, and fleshy, immediately 
 below the supinator radii longus, from the low- 
 er part of the external ridge of the os humeri, 
 above its external condyle. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the posterior 
 and upper part of the metacarpal bone that sus- 
 tains the fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and bring the hand back- 
 wards. 
 
 Radialis externus longior, Albinus. 
 
 Radialis externus primus, Winslow. 
 
 2. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIOR, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle 
 of the os humeri, and from the ligament that 
 connects the radius to it, and runs along the out- 
 side of the radius. 
 
 Inserted, by a round tendon, into the upper 
 and back part of the metacarpai bone that sus- 
 tains the middle finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the last-mentioned muscle. 
 
 Radialis externus brevior, Albinus. 
 
 Radialis secundus, Winslow. 
 K 
 
98 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 3. EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle 
 of the os hurneri ; and, in its progress, fleshy 
 from the middle of the ulna, where it passes over 
 it. Its round tendon is enclosed by a membra- 
 nous sheath, in a groove which is situated at the 
 extremity of the ulna. 
 
 Inserted, by its round tendon, into the poste- 
 rior and upper part of the metacarpal bone that 
 sustains the little finger. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in extending the 
 hand. 
 
 Ulnaris externus, Albinus and Winslow. 
 
 PAL MAR IS BJIEVIS, 
 
 Arises, from the ligamentum carpi annulare 
 and tendinous membrane that is expanded on 
 the palm of the hand. 
 
 Inserted, by small bundles of fleshy fibres, 
 into the skin and fat that covers the abductor 
 minimi digiti, and into the ospisiforme. 
 
 Use. To assist in contracting the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 Palmaris cutancus, Winslow. 
 
 Second Class. 
 
 The flexors and extensors of the four fingers 
 are, two long, and one s,mall flexor to each 
 finger, and one extensor. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 99 
 
 1. FLEXOR SUBLIMUS PERFORATUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and flesh)', from the inter- 
 nal condyle of the os humeri ; tendinous from 
 the coronoid process of the ulna, near the edge 
 of the cavity that receives the head of the radius ; 
 ileshy from the tubercle of the radius ; and mem- 
 branous and fleshy from the middle of the fore- 
 part of the radius, where the flexor pollicis Ion- 
 gas arises. Its fleshy belly sends off four round 
 tendons before it passes under the ligament of 
 the wrist. 
 
 Inserted into the anterior and upper part of 
 the second bone of each finger, being, near the 
 extremity of the first bone, divided for the pas- 
 sage of the perforans. 
 
 Use. To bend the second joint or phalanx of 
 the fingers. 
 
 Sublimis, Albinus. 
 
 Perforatus, Douglas 
 
 2. FLEXOR PROFUNDUS PfcRFORANS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the external side and up- 
 per part of the ulna, for some way downwards, 
 and from a large share of the interosseous liga- 
 ment. It splits into four tendons, a little before 
 it passes under the ligamentum carpi annulare ; 
 and these pass through the slits in the tendons of 
 the flexor sublimis. 
 
 Inserted into the fore and upper part of the 
 third or last bone of all the four fingers, 
 
100 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the finger. 
 Profundus, Aibinus. 
 Perforans, Douglas. 
 
 The four small flexors are named 
 
 LUMBRICALES, 
 
 Arise, thin and fleshy, from the outside of the 
 tendons of the flexor profundus, a little above 
 the lower edge of the ligamentum carpi annulare. 
 
 Inserted, by long slender tendons, into the 
 outer sides of the broad tendons of the interros- 
 sei muscles, about the middle of the first joint. 
 
 Use. To increase the flexion of the fingers, 
 while the long flexors are in full action. 
 
 Extensors : 
 
 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM CQMMHKIS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous and fleshy be- 
 ginning* from the external condyle of the os bu- 
 rner!, where it adheres to the supinator radii 
 brevis. Before it passes under the ligamentum 
 carpi annulare externum, it splits into four ten- 
 dons ; some of which may be divided into seve- 
 ral smaller ; and about the fore part of the me- 
 tacarpal bones they remit tendinous filaments to 
 each other. 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of all the bones 
 of the four fingers, by a tendinous expansion. 
 
 Use. To extend all the joints , of the fingers. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 101 
 
 Third Class. 
 
 Consists of four muscles, viz. two supinators, 
 and two pronators. 
 
 1. 8UPINATOR RADII LONGCS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute and fleshy origin, from 
 the external ridge of the os humeri, above the 
 external condyle, near as far up as the middle of 
 that bone. 
 
 Inserted into the outer side of the inferior ex- 
 tremity of the radius. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius outwards, and conse- 
 quently the palm of the hand upwards. 
 
 Supinator longus, Albinus, Winslow, and 
 Douglas. 
 
 2. SUPINATOR RADII B RE VIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle 
 of the os humeri ; tendinous and fleshy, from the 
 external and upper part of the ulna, and adheres 
 firmly to the ligament that joins these two bones. 
 
 Inserted into the head, neck, and tubercle of 
 the radius, near the insertion of the biceps, and 
 ridge running from that downwards and out- 
 wards. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius outwards, and so bring 
 the hand supine. 
 
 K2 
 
 
. 
 102 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Pronators : 
 
 1. PRONATOR RADII TERE8, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the internal condyle of the. 
 os humeri, and tendinous from the coronoid pro- 
 cess of the ulna. 
 
 Inserted, thin, tendinous, and fleshy, into the 
 middle of the posterior part of the radius. 
 
 Use. To roll the radius, together with the 
 hand, inwards. 
 
 2. PRONATOR RADII QUADRATUS, 
 
 Arises, broad, tendinous, and fleshy, from the 
 lower and inner part of the ulna ; the fibres run 
 transversely, to be inserted into the lower ant! 
 anterior part of the radius, opposite its origin, 
 
 Use. To turn the radius, together with the 
 hand, inwards * 
 
 
If IE MUSCLES* 108 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE HAND CHIEFLYY 
 
 THESE may be divided into four classes, viz. 
 muscles of the thumb, fore finger, little finger, 
 and metacarpal bones. 
 
 Muscles of the" Thumb. 
 
 These consist of three flexors, three extensors, 
 one abductor, and one adductor. 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 1. FLEXOR LONGDS POLL1CIS MANUS ? 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the 
 upper part of the radius, immediately below its 
 tubercle, and is continued down for some space 
 on the fore part of this bone. It has likewise 
 generally another origin from the internal Con- 
 dyle of the os humeri, which forms a distinct 
 fleshy slip that terminates near the upper part of 
 the origin from the radius. 
 
 Inserted into the last joint of the thumb after 
 having passed its tendon under the ligament of 
 the wrist. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the thumb* 
 
 Flexor tertii internodii, Douglas. 
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS MANU6, 
 
 ' 
 
 Arises, from the os trapezoides, magnum, and 
 unciforme of the carpus, and is divided into two 
 portions by the tendon of the flexor pollicis 
 longus. 
 
 Inserted into the ossa sesamoidea and first bone 
 of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To bend the first joint of the thumb. 
 
 Flexor secundi internodii, Douglas* 
 
 3. FLEXOR 08818 MBTACARPI POLLICIS, OR OPPO' 
 NENS POLLICIS, 
 
 Arises, Jeshy, from the os trapezium and Hga- 
 mentum carpi annulare, lying under the abductor 
 poliicis. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the under 
 and anterior part of the rnetacarpal bone of the 
 thumb. 
 
 Use. To bring the thumb inwards, opposite 
 to the other fingers. 
 
 Flexor primi internodii, Duuglas. 
 
 Extensors : 
 
 1. EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS MANUS 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the middle and posterior 
 part of the ulna, immediately below the inser 
 
THE MUSCLES. 105 
 
 tion of the anconagus muscle, from the posterior 
 part of the middle of the radius, and from the in- 
 terosseous ligament. 
 
 Inserted, generally by two tendons, into the 
 os trapezium, and upper back part of the meta- 
 carpal bone of the thumb, and often joins with 
 the abductor pollicis. 
 
 Use. To extend the metacarpal bone ~* cfie 
 thumb outwardly. 
 
 Abductor 
 
 Extensor primi i**rffiodii, .Douglas. 
 
 &~ EXTENSOR PR1MI INTEHNODII, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the 
 ulna near the former muscle, and from the inter- 
 osseous ligament. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of 
 the first- bone of the thumb ; arid part of it may 
 be traced as far as the second bone. 
 
 Use. To extend the first bone of the thumb 
 obliquely outwards. 
 
 Extensor minor pollicis manus, Albinus. 
 
 This and the preceding muscle is called 
 
 Extensor pollicis primus, , Winslow 
 
 Extensor secundi internodii, Douglas. 
 
 3. EXTENSOR SECUNDI 1NTERNODII, 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy be- 
 ginning, from the middle back part of the ulna, 
 and from the interosseous ligament ; Us tendon 
 
106 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 runs through a small groove at the inner and 
 back part of the lower end of the radius. 
 
 Inserted into the last bone of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To extend the last joint of the thumb 
 obliquely backwards. 
 
 Extensor major pollicis manus, Albinus. 
 
 Extensor pollicis secundus, Winslow. 
 tertii internodii^ Douglas. 
 
 ABDUCTOR *OT LICIS MANUS, 
 
 Arises, by a broad, tendinous *xu\ fleshy be- 
 ginning, from the ligamentum carpi anuulare, 
 and from the os trapezium. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outer side of the 
 root of the first bone of the thumb. 
 
 Use. To draw the thumb from the fingers* 
 
 N. B. Albinus names the inner portion of 
 this muscle, abductor brevis alter. 
 
 Abductor, Thenar Hiolani, Douglas. 
 
 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUSy 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from almost the whole length 
 of the metacarpal bone that sustains the middle 
 finger ; from thence its fibres are collected to- 
 gether. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner part of the 
 root of the first bone. 
 
 Use. To pull the thumb towards the fingers : 
 
THE MUSCLES. 107 
 
 Fore-finger, 
 
 INDICATOR, 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the 
 middle of the posterior part of the ulna ; its ten- 
 don passes under the same ligament with the ex- 
 tensor digitorum communis, with part of which 
 
 it is 
 
 Inserted into the posterior part of the fore-fin- 
 ger. 
 
 Adductor ad minimum digitum, Douglas. 
 
 Extensor secundi internodii indicis proprius, 
 vulgo Indicator, Douglas. 
 
 ABDUCTOR INDICIS MANUS, 
 
 Arises from the os trapezium, and from the su- 
 perior part and inner side of the metacarpal bone 
 of the thumb. 
 
 Inserted, by a short tendon, into the outer and 
 back part of the 8rst bone of the fore-finger. 
 
 Use. To bring the fore-finger towards the 
 thumb. 
 
 Semi-interosseus, Winslow. 
 
 Little finger, 
 
 ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIG1TI MANUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the os pisiforme, and 
 from that part of the ligamentum carpi annulare 
 next it. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side of the 
 upper end of the first bone of the little finger. 
 
108 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Use. To draw this finger from the rest. 
 Hypothenar minor, Winslow. 
 Extensor tertii internodii minimi digiti, 
 'Douglas. 
 
 ADDUCTOR METACARPI MINIMI DIGITI MANUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the thin edge of the os 
 unciforme, and from that part of the ligament of 
 the wrist next it. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side and an- 
 terior part of the metacarpal bone of this finger. 
 
 Use. To bend and bring the metacarpal bone 
 of this finger towards the rest. 
 
 Flexor primi internodii minimi digiti, Douglas. 
 
 Metacarpus, Winslow. 
 
 FLEXOR PARVUS MINIMI DIGITI, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the outer side of the os 
 unciforme, and from the ligament of the wrist 
 which joins with that bone. 
 
 Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the inner 
 and anterior part of the upper end of the first 
 bone of this finger. 
 
 Use. To bend the little finger, and assist the 
 adductor. 
 
 Abductor minimi digiti, Hypothenar Riolani, 
 Douglas. 
 
 Between the metacarpal bones, there sue four 
 internal and three external muscles, named inter- 
 ossei. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 Interossei intern! : 
 
 1. PRIOR INDICIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper 
 and outer part of the metacarpal bone that SUB* 
 tains the fore finger. 
 
 Inserted into the outside of that part of the 
 tendinous expansion from the extensor digitorum 
 communis, which covers the posterior part of the 
 fore finger. 
 
 Use. To draw the fore-finger inwards to- 
 wards the thumb, and extend it obliquely. 
 
 Extensor tertii internodii indicts, Douglas* 
 
 2. POSTERIOR INDICIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the root 
 and inner part of the metacarpal bone that sus- 
 tains the fore finger. 
 
 Inserted into the inner side of the tendinous 
 expansion which is sent off from the extensor 
 digitorum communis, along the posterior part of 
 the fore finger. 
 
 Use. To extend the fore finger obliquely, and 
 to draw it outwards. 
 
 First inter osseus, Douglas. 
 
 3. PRIOR ANNULARIS, 
 
 Arises, from the root of the outside of the 
 metacarpal bone that sustains the ring finger. 
 L 
 
110 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion of the extensor digitorum communis 
 which covers the ring finger. 
 
 Use, To extend and pull the ring finger to- 
 wards the thumb. 
 
 Fourth interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 4. INTEROSSEUS AUKICULARIS, 
 
 Arises, from the root and outer side of the 
 metacarpal bone of the little finger ; and is 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion of the extensor digitorura communis, 
 which covers the posterior part of the little fin- 
 ger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the little finger out- 
 wards. 
 
 Sixth interosseusy Douglas. 
 
 Interossei externi, sen bicipites: 
 
 1. PRIOB MEDII, 
 
 Arhes, by two origins, from the roots of the 
 metacarpal bones that sustain the fore arid mid- 
 dle fingers externally, and next each other : runs 
 along the outside of the middle finger ; and, be- 
 ing conspicuous on both sides of the hand, is 
 
 Inserted into the outside of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion from the extensor digitorum cornmunis, 
 which covers the posterior part of the middle 
 finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and dr,aw the middle finger 
 inwards, 
 
 Second interosseus, Douglas. 
 
THE MUSCLES. Ill 
 
 2. POSTERIOR MED1J, 
 
 Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the 
 metacarpai bones, next each other, that sustain 
 the middle and ring fingers. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion from the extensor digitorum communis 3 
 which runs along the posterior part of the mid- 
 dle finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the middle finger 
 outwards. 
 
 Third interosseus, Douglas. 
 
 3. POSTERIOR ANNULARIS, 
 
 Arises, by two origins, from the roots of the 
 metacarpai bones that sustain the ring and little 
 fingers next each other. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the tendinous ex- 
 pansion of the extensor digitorum communis, 
 which runs along the posterior part of the ring 
 finger. 
 
 Use. To extend and draw the ring finger in- 
 wards. 
 
 Fifth interosseusy Douglas. 
 
 N. B. The internal interossei are only con- 
 spicuous on the palm of the hand ; but the exter- 
 nal are apparent on both the palm and back of 
 the hand. 
 
112 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles situ- 
 ated on the outside of the pelvis, on the thigh, on 
 the leg, and on the foot. 
 
 Muscles on the outside of the pelvis, which 
 are called muscles of the thigh. 
 
 These are composed of one layer before and 
 three layers behind. 
 
 The layer before consists of five muscles. 
 
 1. PSOAS MAGNUS. 
 
 > These were formerly de 
 
 2, ILIACUS INTERNUS. 5 scribed. 
 
 Yid. p. 65, 66. 
 
 3. PECTINAL1S, 
 
 Arises, broad and fleshy, from the upper and 
 anterior part of the os pubis or pectinis, imme- 
 diately above the foramen thyroideum. 
 
 Inserted into the anterior and upper part ot 
 the linea aspera of the os femoris, a little below 
 the trochanter minor, by a flat and short tendon. 
 
 Use. To bring the thigh upwards and inwards, 
 and to give it a degree of rotation outwards. 
 
 Pectineus, Albinus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 4. TRICEPS ADDUCTOR FEMORIS. 
 
 Under this appellation are comprehended 
 three distinct muscles, 
 
 1. ADDUCTOR LONGUS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, by a pretty strong roundish tendon, 
 from the upper and anterior part of the os pubis, 
 and ligament of its synchondrosis, on the inner- 
 side of the pectinalis. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, near the middle of the 
 posterior part of the linea aspera, being continu- 
 ed for some way down. 
 
 Adductor femoris primus, Douglas. 
 
 Triceps minus, Winslow. 
 
 2. ADDUCTOR BREVIS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the os pubis near its 
 joining with the opposite os pubis below and be- 
 hind the former. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the inner 
 and upper part of the linea aspera, from a little 
 below the trochanter minor, to the beginning of 
 the insertion of the adductor longus. 
 
 Adductor femoris secundus, Douglas. 
 
 Triceps secundus, Winslow. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MAGNUS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, a little lower down than the former, 
 
 iiear the symphysis of the ossa pubis : tendinous 
 L 2 
 
114 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 and fleshy, from the tuberosity of the os ischium ; 
 the fibres run outwards and downwards. 
 
 Inserted into almost the whole length of the 
 linea aspera ; into a ridge above the internal 
 condyle of the os femoris ; and, by a roundish 
 long tendon, into the upper part of that condyle, 
 a little above which the femoral artery takes a 
 spiral turn towards the ham, passing between 
 this muscle and the bone. 
 
 Use of these three muscles or triceps. To 
 bring the thigh inwards and upwards, according 
 to the different directions of their fibres ; and, in 
 some degree, to roll the thigh outwards. 
 
 Adductor femoris tertius, and 
 
 Adductor femoris quartus, Douglas. 
 
 Triceps tertius, Winslow. 
 
 5. OBTURATOR EXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the lower fore part of the 
 os pubis, and fore part of the inner crus of the 
 ischium ; surrounds the foramen thyroideum ; a 
 number of its fibres, arising from the membrane 
 which fills up that foramen, are collected like 
 rays towards a centre, and pass outwards around 
 the root of the back part of the cervix of the os 
 femoris. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the cavity 
 at the inner and back part of the root of the 
 trochariter major, adhering in its course to the 
 capsular ligament of the thigh-bone. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh-bone obliquely out- 
 wards. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 115 
 
 Behind : 
 
 First Layer. 
 
 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the posterior part of the 
 spine of the os ilium, a little higher up than the 
 joining of the ilium with the os sacrum, from the 
 whole external side of the os sacrum, below the 
 posterior spinous process of the os ilium ; from 
 the posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament, over which 
 part of the inferior edge of this muscle hangs in 
 a folded manner, from the os coccygis. All the 
 fleshy fibres run obliquely forwards, and a little 
 downwards, to form a thick broad muscle which 
 is divided into a number of strong fasciculi. The 
 upper part of it covers almost the whole of the 
 trochanter major, between which and the tendon 
 of this muscle there is a large bursa mucosa, and 
 where it is inseparably joined to the broad ten- 
 don of the tensor vagina femoris. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong^ thick, and broad tendon 
 into the upper and outer part of the lineaaspera, 
 which is continued from the trochanter major, 
 for some way downwards. 
 
 Use. To extend the thigh, by pulling it di- 
 rectly backwards, and a little outwards. 
 
 Glutens magnus, Albinus. 
 
 Glutens major, Cowper. 
 
116 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Second Layer. 
 
 OLUTEUS MED1US, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the anterior superior spi- 
 nous process of the os ilium, and from all the 
 outer edge of the spine of the ilium, except the 
 posterior part, where it arises from the dorsum 
 of that bone. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad tendon, into the outer 
 and posterior part of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To draw the thigh-bone outwards, and 
 a little backward ; to roll the thigh-bone out- 
 wards, especially when it is bended. 
 
 N. B. The anterior and uper part of this 
 muscle is covered by a tendinous membrane, 
 from which a number of its fleshy fibres arise, 
 and which joins with the broad tendons of the 
 gluteus maximus, tensor vagina femoris, and 
 latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Third Layer consists of four muscles* 
 
 1. GLUTEUS MINIMUS. 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from a ridge that is continued 
 from the superior anterior spinous process of the 
 os ilium, and from the middle of the dorsum of 
 that bone, as far back as its great nitch. 
 
 Inserted) by a strong tendon, into the fore and 
 upper part of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in pulling the thigh 
 outwards and backwards, and in rolling it. ; 
 
 Gluteus minor,- Albinus. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 117 
 
 2. PYKIFORMIS, 
 
 Arises, within the pelvis, by three tendinous 
 and fleshy origins, from the second, third, and 
 fourth pieces of the os sacrum ; from thence 
 growing gradully narrower, it passes out of 
 the pelvis along with the posterior crural nerve, 
 below the nitch in the posterior part of the os 
 ilium, where it receives a few fleshy fibres. 
 
 Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the up- 
 per part of the cavity at the inner side of the 
 root of the trochanter major. 
 
 Use. To move the thigh a little upwards, and 
 roll it outwards. 
 
 Pyriformis, seu iliacus externus, Douglas. 
 
 3. GEMINI, 
 
 Arise by two distinct origins ; the superior 
 from the spinous process, and the inferior from 
 the tuberosity of the os ischium ; also, from the 
 posterior sacro-ischiatic ligament. They are 
 both united by a tendinous and fleshy mem- 
 brane, and form a purse for the tendon of the 
 obturator internus muscle, which was formerly 
 
 described. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the cavi- 
 ty at the inner side of the root of the trochanter 
 major, on each side of the tendon of the obtura- 
 tor internus, to which they firmly adhere. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh outwards, and to pre- 
 serve the tendon of the obturator internus from 
 being hurt by the hardness of that part of the 
 
118 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 iscbium over which it passes ; also, to hinder it 
 from starting out of its place, while the muscle 
 is in action. 
 
 Gemelli, Winslow. 
 
 4. QUADRATUS FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the out- 
 side of the tuberosity of the os ischium ; and 
 running transversely, is 
 
 Inserted, fleshy, into a rough ridge, conti- 
 nued from the root of the large trochanter to the 
 root of the small one. 
 
 Use. To roll the thigh outwards. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 119 
 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH* 
 
 THESE are called muscles of the leg ; and con- 
 sist of one on the outside ; two on the inside ; 
 four before ; and four behind. 
 
 Previous to the description of the muscles 
 that are situated on the thigh and leg, it is ne- 
 cessary to take notice of a broad tendinous 
 fascia or sheath, which is sent off from the back 
 and from the tendons of the glutei and adjacent 
 muscles. 
 
 It is a strong thick membrane on the outside 
 of the thigh and leg: but, towards the inside of 
 both, it gradually turns thinner, and has rather 
 the appearance of cellular substance, than a 
 tendinous membrane. A little below the tro- 
 chanter major, it is firmly fixed to the linea 
 aspera ; and, farther down, to that part of the 
 head of the tibia that is next the fibula ; where 
 it sends off the tendinous expansion along the 
 outside of the leg* 
 
 It serves to strengthen the action of the mus- 
 cles by keeping them firm in their proper places 
 while in action, particularly the tendons that 
 pass over the -joints, where this membrane is 
 thickest, and it gives origin to a number of the 
 fleshy fibres of the muscles. 
 
120 DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 Outside : 
 
 TENSOR VAGINA FEMORIS, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow, tendinous, and fleshy be- 
 ginning from the external part of the anterior 
 superior spinous process of the os ilium. 
 
 'Inserted, a little below the trochanter major, 
 into the inner side of the membranous fascia, 
 which covers the outside of the thigh. 
 
 Use. To stretch the membranous fascia, to 
 assist in the abduction of the thigh, and some- 
 what in its rotation inwards. 
 
 Musculus aponeuresis, vel Fascia latce, Win- 
 slow. 
 
 Inside : 
 
 1. SARTORIUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the anterior superior 
 spinous process of the os ilium, soon grows 
 fleshy, runs down for some space upon the rec- 
 tus, and going obliquely inwards, it passes over 
 the vastus internus, and about the middle of the 
 os femoris, over part of the triceps, it runs down 
 further between the tendon of the adductor mag- 
 nus, and that of the gracilis muscle. 
 
 Inserted, by a broad and thin tendon, into the 
 inner side of the tibia, near the inferior part of 
 its tubercle. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg obliquely inwards, or to 
 bring one leg across the other. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 2. GRAC1LIS 5 
 
 Arises, by a thin tendon, from the os pubis, 
 near the symphysis of these two bones; soon 
 grows fleshy ; and, descending by the inside of 
 the thigh, is 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the tibia under the 
 sartorius. 
 
 Use. To assist the sartorius. 
 
 GracUis internus, sive Rectus interims, Wins- 
 low. 
 
 Before: 
 
 1. RECTUS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inferior anterior spi- 
 nous process of the os ilium, and tendinous 
 from the dorsum of the ilium, a little above the 
 acetabulum ; runs down over the anterior part 
 of the cet-vix of the os femoris, the fibres not 
 being straight, but running down like the plu- 
 mage of a feather obliquely outwards and in- 
 wards, from a tendon in the middle. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of 
 the patella, from which a thin tendon runs 
 down, on the fore-part of this bone, to termi- 
 nate in a thick strong ligament, which is sent 
 off from the inferior part of the patella, and in- 
 serted into the tubercle of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg, and, in a powerful 
 manner, by the intervention of the patella, like 
 a pulley. 
 
 Mectus, sive GracUis anterior, Winslow. 
 M 
 
132 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 2. VASTUS KXTERNUS, 
 
 Arises, broad, tendinous and fleshy, from the 
 root of the trochanter major, and upper part of 
 the linea aspera, its origin being continued from 
 near the insertion of the gluteus minimus, the 
 whole length of the linea aspera, by fleshy fibres 
 which run obliquely forwards to a middle ten- 
 don, where they terminate. 
 
 Inserted into a large share of the upper part 
 of the patella ; and part of it ends in an aponeu- 
 rosis, which is continued down to the leg, and, 
 in its passage, is firmly fixed to the head of the 
 tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg. 
 
 3. TASTUS INTERNES, 
 
 Arises^ tendinous and fleshy, from between 
 the fore-part of the os femoris, and root of the 
 trochanter minor, and from almost all the in- 
 side of the linea aspera, by fibres running ob- 
 liquely forwards and downwards. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and inside 
 of the patella, continuing fleshy lower than the 
 vastus externus. Part of it likewise ends in an 
 aponeurosis continued down to the leg, and fix- 
 ed in its passage to the upper part of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the leg. 
 
 4. CRUBALIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from between the two tro- 
 chanters of the os femoris, but nearer the minor, 
 
THE BIUSCLEF. 
 
 and firmly adhering to most of the fore-part of 
 the os femoris, and connected to both vasti mus- 
 cles. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of the 
 patella, behind the rectus. 
 
 Use. To assist in the extension of the leg. 
 Cruralis, Albinus. 
 
 N. B. These four muscles before, being in- 
 serted into the patella, have the same effect upon 
 the leg, as if they were immediately inserted in- 
 to it, by means of the strong tendon, or rather 
 ligament, which is sent off from the inferior part 
 of the patella to the tibia. 
 
 Behind: 
 
 1. SEM1TENDINOSUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous arid fleshy, in common with 
 the long head of the biceps, from the posterior 
 part of the tuberosity of the os ischium ; and 
 sending down a long roundish tendon, which ends 
 flat, is 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the ridge of the 
 tibia, a little below its tubercle. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg backwards, and a little 
 inwards. 
 
 Seminervosus, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 2. SEM1MEMBRANOSUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the upper and posteri- 
 or part of the tuberosity of the os ischium, sends 
 down a broad flat tendon, which ends in a fleshy 
 belly, and, in its descent, runs at first on the fore- 
 
124 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 part of the biceps, and, lower, between it and 
 the semitendinosus. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inner and back 
 part of the head of the tibia. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg, and bring it directly 
 backwards. 
 
 N. B. The two last form what is called the 
 inner ham-string. 
 
 3. BICEPS FLEXOR CRUR1S, 
 
 Arises, by two distinct heads. The first, cal- 
 led longus, arises, in common with the semitendi- 
 nosus, from the upper and posterior part of the 
 tuberosity of the os ischium. The second, called 
 brevis, arises from the linea aspera, a little below 
 the termination of the gluteus maximus, by a 
 fleshy, acute beginning, which soon grows broa- 
 der as it descends to join with the first head, a 
 little above the external condyle of the os fe- 
 moris. 
 
 Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the upper 
 part of the head of the fibula. 
 
 Use. To bend the leg. 
 
 Biceps cruris, Alb in us. 
 
 Biceps, Winslow and Douglas. 
 
 N. B. This muscle forms what is called the 
 outer ham-string ; and between it and the inner, 
 the nervus popliteus, and arteria and vena pop 
 litea are situated. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 " 
 
 4. POPLITEUS, 
 
 Arises, by a round tendon, from the lower 
 and back part of the external condyle of the os 
 femoris ; then runs over the ligament that in- 
 volves the joint, firmly adhering to it, and part 
 of the semilunar cartilage. As it runs over the 
 joint, it becomes fleshy, and the fibres ruu ob- 
 liquely inwards, being covered with a thin tendi- 
 nous membrane. 
 
 Inserted, broad, thin, and fleshy, into a ridg 
 at the upper and internal edge of the tibia, a 
 little below its head. 
 
 Use. To assist in bending the leg ; roll it in- 
 wards when bent, and prevent the capsular liga- 
 ment from being pinched. 
 
 M2 
 
126 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHAP. XXXL 
 
 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE LEG. 
 
 THESE are called Muscles of the Foot; and 
 may be divided into two classes^ viz. Extensors 
 and Flexors of the Foot. 2. Common Extensors 
 and Flexors of the Toes. 
 
 First Class. 
 Extensors. 
 These consist of three : 
 
 1. GASTKOCNEMIUS EXTERNUS, SEU GEMELLT7S. 
 
 Arises by two distinct heads. The first head 
 arises from the upper and back part of the in- 
 ternal condyle of the os femoris, and from that 
 bone, a little above its condyle, by two distinct 
 tendinous origins. The second head arises ten- 
 dinous from the upper and back part of the ex- 
 ternal condyle of the os femoris. A little below 
 the joint, their fleshy bellies unite in a middle 
 tendon ; and, below the middle of the tibia, it 
 sends off a broad thin tendon, which joins a lit- 
 tle above the extremity of the tibia with the ten- 
 don of the following. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 2. SOLEUS, SEU GASTROCNEM1C8 INTERNDS, 
 
 Arises by two origins. The first is from the 
 upper and back part of the head of the fibula, 
 continuing to receive many of its fleshy fibres 
 from the posterior part of that bone for some 
 space below its head. The other origin begins 
 from the posterior and upper part of the middle 
 of the tibia ; and runs inwards along the inferior 
 edge of the popliteus, towards the inner part oi 
 the tibia, from which it receives fleshy fibres for 
 some way down. The flesh of this muscle, co- 
 vered by the tendon of the getnellus, runs down 
 near as far as the extremity of the tibia : a little 
 above which the tendons, of both gastrocnemii 
 unite, and form a strong round chord, which is 
 called tendo Achillis. 
 
 Inserted into the upper and posterior part of 
 the os calcis ; by the projection of which the 
 tendo Achillis is at a considerable distance from 
 the tibia. 
 
 Use. To extend the foot, by raising the heel* 
 
 Gcmellus and Soteus^ Albinus. 
 
 Gastrocnemii and Soleus, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tarsi suralis, vel Extensor magnus, 
 Douglas. 
 
 3. PLANTAIU8, 
 
 Arises, thin and fleshy, from the upper and 
 back part of the root of the external coridyle of 
 the os femoris, near the inferior extremity of that 
 bone, adhering to the ligament that involves the 
 
128 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 joint in its descent. It passes along the second 
 origin of the soleus, and under the gemellus. 
 where it sends off a long, slender, thin tendon, 
 which comes from between the great extensors, 
 where they join tendons ; then runs down by the 
 inside of the tendo Achillis. 
 
 Inserted into the inside of the posterior part of 
 the os calcis, below the tendo Achillis. 
 
 Use. To assist the former. It seems likewise 
 to assist in rolling the foot inwards ; and to pull 
 the capular ligament from between the bones. 
 
 Tibialis gracilis, vulgo Plantaris, Winslow. 
 
 Extensor tarsi minor, vulgo Plantaris, Doug- 
 las. 
 
 N. B. This muscle, though seldom, has been 
 found wanting on both sides. 
 
 Flexors : 
 
 These consist of four ; two that belong to the 
 tibia, and two to the fibula. 
 
 1. TIBIALIS ANTICUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the middle 
 of that process of the tibia, to which the fibula 
 is connected above , then it runs down fleshy on 
 the outside of the tibia ; from which, and the- 
 upper part of the interosseus ligament, it receives 
 a number of distinct fleshy fibres ; near the ex- 
 tremity of the tibia, it sends off a strong round 
 tendon, which passes under part of the ligamen= 
 turn tarsi annulare near the malleolus internus. 
 

 THE MUSCLES. , 129 
 
 Inserted^ tendinous, into the inside of the os 
 cuneiforrae internum, and base of the metatarsa! 
 bone that sustains the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bend the foot, by drawing it upwards, 
 and, at the same time, to turn the toes inwards. 
 
 2. TIBIALIS POSTICUS, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the 
 fore and upper part of the tibia, just under the 
 process which joins it to the fibula ; then pas- 
 sing through a perforation in the upper part of 
 the interosseus ligament, it continues its origin 
 from the back part of the fibula next the tibia, 
 and from near one half of the upper part of the 
 last-named bone ; as also, from the interosseus 
 ligament, the fibres running towards a middle 
 tendon, which sends off a round one that passes 
 in a groove behind the malleolus internus. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and inner 
 part of the os naviculare, being further continu- 
 ed to the os cuneiforme internum and medium ; 
 besides, it gives some tendinous filaments to the 
 os calcis, os cuboides, and to the root of the me- 
 tatarsal bone that sustains the middle toe. 
 
 Use. To extend the foot, turn the toes inwards, 
 and the outer edge of the foot downwards. 
 
 3. PERONEUS LONGUS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the fore 
 part of the head of the perone, or fibula, the 
 fibres running straight down ; also from the 
 upper and external part of the fibula, where it 
 
130 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 begins to rise into a round edge ; as also, from 
 the hollow between that and its anterior edge, 
 as far down as to reach within a hand-breadth ot 
 the ankle, by a number of fleshy fibres, which 
 run outwards towards a tendon, that sends off a 
 long round one, which passes through a channel 
 at the outer ankle, in the back part of the inferi- 
 or extremity of the fibula ; then, being reflected 
 to the sinuosity of the os calcis, it runs along a 
 groove in the os cuboides, above the muscles in 
 the sole of the foot. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root 
 of the metatarsal bone that sustains the great toe, 
 and by some tendinous fibres in the os cunei- 
 forme internum. 
 
 Use. To move the foot outwards, and to ex- 
 tend it a little. 
 
 Peroneus maximus, vulgo Peroneus posterior, 
 Winslow. 
 
 Peroneus primus, seu Posticus, Douglas. 
 
 4. PERONEUS BREVIS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from 
 above the middle of the external part of the fibu- 
 la ; from the outer side of the anterior spine of 
 this bone ; as also, from its round edge external- 
 ly, the fibres running obliquely outwards towards 
 a tendon on its external side : it-sends ofFa round 
 tendon which passes through the groove at the 
 outer ankle, being there included under the same 
 ligament with that of the preceding muscle ; and a 
 little further, it runs through a particular one of 
 its own. 
 

 THE MUSCLES. 131 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the root and external ,, 
 part of the metatarsal bone that sustains the little 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To assist the former in pulling the foot 
 outwards, and extending it a little. 
 
 Peroneus medius, vulgo Peroneus anticus, Win- 
 slow. 
 
 Peroneus secundus, seu Anticus, Douglas. 
 
 Second Class. 
 Common Extensors. 
 These consist of two : 
 
 1. EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDI6, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper 
 and outer part of the head of the tibia, arid from 
 the head of the fibula where it joins with the 
 tibia, and from the interosseus ligament ; also from 
 the tendinous fascia, which covers the upper and 
 outside of the leg by a number of fleshy fibres ; 
 and tendinous and fleshy, from the anterior spine 
 of the fibula, almost its whole length, where it is 
 inseparable from the peroneus tertius. It splits 
 into four round tendons, under the ligamentum 
 tarsi annulare. 
 
 Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the root of the 
 first joint of each of the four small toes, and is 
 expanded over the upper side of the toes, as far 
 as the root of the last joint. 
 
 Use. To extend all the joints of the four small 
 toes. 
 

 102 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Extensor longus, Douglas. 
 
 N. B. A portion of this muscle, which 
 
 Arises from the middle of the fibula, continues 
 down to near its inferior extremity, and sends its 
 fleshy fibres forwards to a tendon, which passes 
 under the annular ligament, and is 
 
 Inserted into the root of the metatarsal bone 
 that sustains the little toe : it is called by Albi- 
 nus, Peroncus tertius ; and by others, the Nonus 
 Vesalii. 
 
 Use. To assist in bending the foot. 
 
 2. EXTENSOR BREVI3 DIGITORUM PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy and tendinous, from the fore and 
 upper part of the os calcis ; and soon forms a 
 fleshy belly, divisible into four portions, which 
 sends off an equal number of tendons that pass 
 over the upper part of the foot, under the ten- 
 dons of the former. 
 
 Inserted, by four slender tendons, into the 
 tendinous expansion from the extensor longus, 
 which covers the small toes, except the little 
 one ; also into the tendinous expansion from the 
 extensor pollicis, that covers the upper part of 
 the great toe. 
 
 Use. To extend the toes. 
 
 Extensor brevis, Douglas. 
 
 Flexors. 
 
 These may be reckoned three. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 133 
 
 1. FLEXOR BREV1S D1GITORUM PEDIS, PERFORM- 
 TUS, OH SUDLIMIS, 
 
 Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the 
 inferior and posterior part of a protuberance of 
 the os calcis, between the abductors of the great 
 and little toes ; and soon forms a thick fleshy 
 belly, which sends off four tendons that split for 
 the passage of the flexor longus. 
 
 Inserted into the second phalanx of the four 
 lesser toes. The tendon of the little toe is often 
 wanting. 
 
 Use. To bend the second joint of the toes. 
 
 Perforates, seu Sublimis, Douglas. 
 
 2. FLEXOR LONGUS D1GITORUM PEDIS, PROFUN- 
 DOS, OR PERFORANS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute tendon, which soon be- 
 comes fleshy, from the back part of the tibia, 
 some way below its head, near the entry of the 
 medullary artery ; which beginning, is continued 
 down the inner edge of this bone by short fleshy 
 fibres, ending in its tendon ; also, by tendinous 
 and fleshy fibres, from the outer edge of the tibia: 
 and between this double order of fibres the tibia- 
 lis posticus muscle lies enclosed. Having passed 
 under two annular ligaments, it then passes 
 through a sinuosity at the inside of the os calcis ; 
 and, about the middle of the sole of the foot, di- 
 vides into four tendons, which pass through the 
 slits of the perforatus ; and, just before its divi- 
 sion, it receives a considerable tendon from that 
 of the flexor pollicis longus. 
 N 
 
134 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 Inserted into the base of the third phalanx of 
 the four lesser toes. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of the toes. 
 This muscle is assisted by the 
 
 FLEXOR DIGITORUM ACCESSOR IUS, SEU MASS A 
 CARNEA JACOB1 SYLVJI, 
 
 Arises, by a thin fleshy origin, from most part 
 of the sinuosity at the inside of the os calcis, 
 which is continued forwards for some space on 
 the same bone ; also, by a thin tendinous begin- 
 ning, from before the tuberosity of the os calcie 
 externally ; and, soon becoming all fleshy, is 
 
 Inserted into the tendon of the flexor longus, 
 just at its division into four tendons. 
 
 Use. To assist the flexor longus. 
 
 3. LUMBRICALES PEDIS, 
 
 Arise, by four tendinous and fleshy beginnings, 
 from the tendon of the flexor profundus, just be- 
 fore its division, near the insertion of the massa 
 carnea. 
 
 Inserted, by four slender tendons, into the in- 
 side of the first joint of the four lesser toes, and 
 are lost in the tendinous expansion that is sent 
 from the extensors to cover the upper parr of the 
 toes. 
 
 Use. To increase the flexion of the toes, and 
 to draw them inwards. 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 MUSCLES WHICH ARE CHIEFLY SITUATED 
 ON THE FOOT. 
 
 THESE may be divided into the muscles of 
 the great toe, of the little toe, and of the meta* 
 tarsal bones. 
 
 Muscles of the great toe. 
 These are five : 
 
 1. EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy 
 beginning, some way below the head and ante- 
 rior part of the fibula, along which it runs to 
 near its lower extremity, connected to it by a 
 number of fleshy fibres, which descend ob- 
 liquely towards a tendon. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of 
 the first and last joint of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To extend the great toe. 
 
 Extensor longus, Douglas. 
 
 2. FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, by an acute, tendinous, and fleshy 
 beginning, from the posterior part of the fibula, 
 some way below its head, being continued down 
 the same bone, almost to its inferior extremity, 
 
136 DESCRIPTON OF 
 
 by a double order of oblique fleshy fibres ; its 
 tendon passes under an annular ligament at the 
 inner ankle. 
 
 Inserted, into the last joint of the great toe 
 and generally sends a small tendon to the os 
 calcis. 
 
 Use. To bend the last joint of this toe. 
 
 Flexor Longus, Douglas. 
 
 3. FLEXOR BREV18 POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the under and fore 
 part of the os calcis, where it joins with the os 
 cuboides from the os cuneiforme externum, and 
 is inseparably united with the abductor and 
 adductor pollicis. 
 
 Inserted into the external os sesamoideum 
 and root of the first joint of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bend the first joint. 
 
 4. ABDUCTOR POLL1CIS PKDIS, 
 
 Arises, fleshy, from the inside of the root of 
 the protuberance of the os calcis, where it forms 
 the heel ; and tendinous from the same bone, 
 where it joins with the os naviculare. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the internal os sesa<* 
 moideum, and root of the first joint of the great 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the great toe from the rest. 
 
 Thenar, Winslow. 
 
 5. ADDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises by a long thin tendon, from the os 
 calcis, from the os cuboides, from the os cunel- 
 
THE MUSCLES. 
 
 forme externuffi, and from the root of the meta- 
 sal bone of the second toe. 
 
 Inserted into the external os sesamoideum and 
 root of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. 
 
 Use. To bring this toe nearer the rest. 
 
 Antithenar, Winslow. 
 
 Muscles of the little toe. 
 
 These, besides the common extensors and flex- 
 ors, are two, viz. 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR MINIMI D1GITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the semicir- 
 cular edge of a cavity on the inferior part of the 
 protuberance of the os calcis, and from the root 
 of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. 
 
 Inserted into the root of the first joint of the 
 little toe externally. 
 
 Use. To draw the little toe outwards from 
 the rest. 
 Parathenar major, and Matatarscus, Winslow, 
 
 2. FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous, from the os cuboides, near 
 the sulcus or furrow for lodging the tendon of 
 the peroneus longus ; fleshy from the outside of 
 the metatarsal bone that sustains this toe, below 
 its protuberant part. 
 
 Inserted into the anterior extremity of the 
 metetarsal bone, and root of the first joint of this 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To bend this toe. 
 
 Parathenar minor, Winslow. 
 
 N.2.. 
 
138 DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 The muscle which brings the extremities of the 
 metatarsal bones towards each other, is named 
 
 TRANSVERSAL1S PEDIS, 
 
 Arisen, tendinous, from the under part of the 
 anterior extremity of the metatarsal bone of the 
 great toe, and from the internal os sesamoideum 
 of the first joint, adhering to the adductor pollicis. 
 
 Inserted, texdinous, into the under and outer 
 part of the anterior extremity of the metatarsal 
 bone of the little toe, and ligament of the next 
 toe. 
 
 Use. To contract the foot, by bringing the 
 great toe and the two outermost toes nearer 
 each other. 
 
 N. B. The muscles situated on the sole of 
 the foot are covered by a strong tendinous apo- 
 neurosis, which is extended from the os calcis 
 to the first joints of all the toes, and serves to 
 preserve the subjacent parts from being com- 
 pressed in standing and walking. 
 
 Muscles from the metatarsal bones. 
 
 These are four external and three internal in- 
 terossei, and one muscle which is common to all 
 the metatarsal bones. 
 
 Interossei Pedis externi, Bicipites* 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, by two origins, 
 from the root of the inside of the metatarsal 
 
THE MUSCLES. 139 
 
 bone o the fore-toe, from the outside of the root 
 of the metatarsal bone of the great-toe, and from 
 the os cuneiforme internum. 
 
 Inserted^ tendinous, into the inside of the root 
 of the first joint of the fore-toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the fore-toe inwards from the 
 rest of the small toes. 
 
 2. ADDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots 
 of the metatarsal bones of the fore and second 
 
 toes. 
 
 Inserted , tendinous, into the outside of the 
 
 root of the first joint of the fore-toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the fore-toe outwards towards,, 
 the rest. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises', tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of 
 the metatarsal bones of the second and third toes. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into, the outside of the 
 root of the first joint of the second toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the second toe outwards. 
 
 4. ADDUCTOR TERTIJ DICITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of 
 the metatarsal bones of the third and little toes. " 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the 
 root of the first joint of the third toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the third toe outwards* 
 
140 DESCRIPTION OF THE MUSCLES. 
 
 Interossei Pedis intcrni. 
 
 1. ABDUCTOR MEDII D1G1TI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside 
 of the root of the metatarsal bone of the middle 
 toe internally. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the 
 root of the first joint of the midlde toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the middle toe inwards. 
 
 2. ABDUCTOR TERT1I DIG1TI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside 
 and inferior part of the root of the metatarsal 
 bone of the third toe. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the 
 root of the first joint of the third toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the third toe inwards. 
 
 3. ADDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, 
 
 Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside of 
 the root of the metatarsal bone of the little toe. 
 
 Inserted, tendinous, into the inside of the root 
 of the first joint of the little toe. 
 
 Use. To pull the little toe inwards* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Page 
 
 ABDOMEN, muscles situated on the an- 
 
 teirior part of it, 45 
 
 within its cavity, - - 62 
 
 Abductor indicis raanus, - 107 
 
 indicis pedis, - 138 
 
 minimi digiti manus, - - 107 
 
 minimi digiti pedis, - - 137 
 
 oculi, - 13 
 
 pollicis manus, - - -106 
 
 pollicis pedis, - - 136 
 
 medii digiti pedis, - 140 
 
 tertii digiti pedis, - - 140 
 
 Accelerator urinse, ;-. - 53 
 
 Adductor brevis femoris, - - 113 
 
 indicis pedis, - - 139 
 
 longus femoris, - > 113 
 
 medii digiti pedis, * - 13& 
 
 magnus femoris, - 113 
 
 metacarpi minimi digiti manus, i 108 
 
 minimi digiti pedis, - - 140 
 
 oculi, - - - - 13 
 
 pollicis manus, - - - 106 
 
 pollicis pedis, - - 136 
 
 tertii digiti pedis, - - 139 
 
 Amygdalae, - - 36 
 
 Anconeus, * - - - 94 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Angularis, - fi. . ? 
 
 Ani sphincter, - - 55, 55 
 
 levator, - * * - 56, 59 
 
 Anterior auris, . ^ ; :* ; - ; :J : ; -^- 4 
 
 Antithenar, * Ui 137 
 
 Antitragicus, - - *bi Q 
 
 Anus, muscles of the, 55 
 
 Arytenoideus minor, - f-W- 42 
 
 obliquus, - - ~_ 43 
 
 transversus, - : v 43 
 
 Arytseno-epiglottideus, - vte,; i *. 44 
 
 Attolens aurem, - * ': .* . . 4 
 
 oculi, - - 13 
 
 Auris anterior, - r -- " 4 
 
 retrahentes, -U*? .;.^M ;-V * . 5 
 
 posterior, .>|i\ . . '"*( '.'[*' -i* - 5 
 
 internus, - - - ^ $ 
 
 transversus, - - ^^:. 6 
 
 obliquus, - - tV , 1 
 
 Azygos uvulae, - tt;*r- - 38 
 
 B 
 
 Basio cerato-chondro glossus, -- SO 
 
 Biceps brachii, - i \.; 93 
 
 flexor cubiti, - - -. 92 
 
 flexor cruris, - - 124 
 
 internus, ... 93 
 
 externus, - - ... . 94 
 
 Bi venter maxillae inferioris, - * 28 
 
 Brachilis internus, '^ ,, - - 93 
 
 Buccinator, . : :^ ' - 20 
 
 Bulbo cavernoeus, v ^' * : < 54 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C Page 
 
 Capitis obliquus superior, 82 
 
 obliquus inferior, 83 
 
 partertitim, 81 
 
 rectus, - - - - 81 
 
 posticus, w . - 32 
 
 Cephalo-pharyngeus, <. - . 41 
 
 Cerato glossus, * :*>-;^*^ . 30 
 
 Cervicalis descendens, :,*/*- 83 
 
 Circumflexus, or Tensor palati, - ; - S4 
 
 Clitoridis erector, 5? 
 
 Coccygeus, 61 
 
 Colli latissioms, - - 26 
 
 longus, . 73 
 
 transversalis, - - - . 81 
 
 semispinalis, - - 85 
 
 interspinales, - 86 
 
 intertrans versales, ; V ' 8 7 
 
 Complexus, go 
 
 minor, 81 
 
 Compressor naris, - ic 
 
 Constrictor oris, . 22 
 
 isthmi faucium, -^j - . 37 
 
 pharyngis, - - 40, 41 
 
 Coracho-brachialis, . 91 
 
 hyoideus, - - 31 
 
 radialis, 93 
 
 Corrugator supercilii, - - ^2 
 
 Cranium, muscles of its teguments, - 1 
 
 Cremaster, - - 52 
 
 Crico-arytenoideus lateralis, ^n-it * 42 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Crico-ary tenoideus posticus, 42 
 
 tbyroideus, - 32 
 
 pharyngeus, 40 
 
 Crotaphyte muscle, - J<M - 24 
 
 Cruralis, - ffy: 122 
 
 Cubit, or fore arm, muscles of, * 95 
 
 Cucularis, - - - - 76 
 
 Cutaneus, - - 26 
 
 D 
 
 Dartos, * 52 
 
 Deltoides, - - ^ - 90 
 
 Depressor anguli oris, * ._ - o H > 19 
 
 labii inferioris, - 19 
 
 labii superioris alseque nasi, 18 
 
 labiorum communis, - 19 
 
 oculi, IS 
 
 Diaphragma, - 62 
 
 Digastricus, - - 28 
 
 Dorsi interspinalis, ";>?' 87 
 
 latissimus, *,' - l 77 
 
 spinalis, ,^ - >^- 84 
 
 longissimus, - niir 84 
 
 semispinalis, 85 
 
 E 
 
 Ear, muscles of the, - ><-n 4 
 
 Elevator oculi, - - 13 
 
 labii superioris, - ^ : - iiv- 17 
 
 labii inferioris, 20 
 
 Epicranius, - 2 
 
 Epistaphilinus, - 39 
 
 Erector clitoridis, ... 57 
 
. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Erector penis, - 53 
 
 Extensor brevis digitorum pedis, - - 132 
 
 carpi radialis brevier, 97 
 
 carpi radiaiis longior, - 97 
 
 carpi ulnaris, - - 98 
 
 digitorum communis, - 100 
 
 longus digitorum pedis, - - 131 
 
 ossis metacarpi pollicis manus, - 104 
 
 primi internodii pollicis manus, 105 
 
 proprius pollicis pedis, - - 135 
 
 securidi internodii pollicis manus, 105 
 
 major pollicis manus, - 106 
 
 pollicis secundus, - -' 106 
 
 tertii internodii, - 106, 108 
 
 tarsi suraiis, - - - 127 
 
 tarsi minor, *fr - 128 
 
 Extremities, superior, muscles of, - 88 
 
 inferior, muscles of, >*' -*' 112 
 
 Eye-ball, muscles of, ..-/ 12 
 
 Eye-lids, muscles of, 10 
 
 F 
 
 Fallopii capitis par tertium, - 81 
 
 Fauces, muscles about the, - 37 
 
 Faucium isthrni constrictor, - 37 
 
 Flexor accessorius digitorum pedis, - 134 
 
 brevis digitorum pedis, - \$?'. 133 
 
 brevis minimi digiti pedis, * 137 
 
 brevis pollicis manus, - 104 
 
 brevis polficis pedis, - 126 
 
 longus digitorum pedis, r,^ 133 
 
 primi internodii, * 104 
 
 tertii internodii, - t ^ 103 
 
 O 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Flexor secundi internodii, ^ , ^ ^ 104 
 
 carpi radialis, - 4k .6%-.-s 95 
 
 carpi ulnaris, - f^' j-> ^^ 96 
 
 longus pollicis manus, - - 103 
 
 longus pollicis pedis, - - 135 
 
 ossis metacarpi pollicis, ^M - 104 
 
 parvus minimi digiti manus, '^ 108 
 
 profundus perforans, * "> * 99 
 
 sublimis perforates, * ;?^H; - 99 
 
 Foot, muscles on the, <*; - 135 
 
 Frontalis, - I 
 
 G 
 
 Gastrocnemius externus, ;* ?: ^ ; . 126 
 
 internus, m* 127 
 
 Gemellus, - - 126 
 
 Gemini, - 117 
 
 Genre quadratus, .;>% - j ^\ \ ^,4? '\$Mbi 26 
 Generation, organs of; muscles about them 52,57 
 
 Genio hyo-glossus, - ,V - 29 
 
 Genio hyoideus, 29 
 
 Glosso-staphilinus, v 37 
 
 pharyngeus, - 41 
 
 Glottis, muscles situated about it, - 42 
 
 Gluteus maximus, - 115 
 
 medius, '"*;. 116 
 
 minimus, - 116 
 
 Gracilis, - 121 
 
 H 
 
 Hand, muscles of the, '> . - 103 
 
 Helicis major^ - .5 
 
 minor, - *t$ * 6 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Humeri os, muscles situated on, - - 92 
 
 Hyoides os, muscles about it, - 28, 31, 33 
 
 Hyo-glossus, 30 
 
 Hyo-pharyngeus, - - - 41 
 
 Hyo-thyroideus, - - - 32 
 
 . Hypothenar minor, . . JQS 
 
 lliolani, i >: . . 108 
 
 I 
 
 Jaw, lower, muscles of, - - 23 
 muscles about it and the os hyoides 28,31,33 
 
 Iliacus internus, t - . . . gg 
 
 Incisivus inferior, - - - 2d 
 
 lateralis, - -C v/t _ jg 
 
 medius, - -^> . . jg 
 
 Indicator, - . . . IQ^ 
 
 Infra spinatus, - -^ ^ - - 88 
 
 costales, - $ ~ . J , 7j 
 
 Intercostales externi, ( - ^ f L *j* J ^ | 79 
 
 interni, -J - , ! '. . 79 
 
 Interosseus auricularis, ;> V* - , HQ 
 
 pedis externi, - - - 138 
 
 pedis interni, - - - 140 
 
 Interspinales colli, ^ ' 85 
 
 dorsi et lumborum, - - 37 
 
 Intertransversales colli, - 87 
 
 dorsi, . gf 
 
 lumborum, ' i/ - 87 
 
 Ischio-cavernosus, - -f .;''' I';, . 53 
 
 Isthmi faucium constrictor, - - - 37 
 
 L 
 
 Labii inferioris depressor, ' : : - ^ , 19 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Labii inferioris levator, 20 
 
 superioris alseque nasi levator, - 17 
 
 elevator, - ^ - 17 
 
 depressor, - 1 8 
 
 Labiorum communis depressor, - 19 
 
 sphincter, - 22 
 
 Latissimus colli, 26 
 
 dorsi, 77 
 
 E'axator tympani, ^ % 7 
 
 Leg, muscles situated on, \ 126 
 
 Levatores costarum, 71 
 
 Levator anguli oris, - - 17 
 
 ani, - 56, 59 
 
 ani fenrinse, - 59 
 
 labii inferioris, 20 
 
 labii superioris alseque nasi, - 17 
 
 menti, - 20 
 
 oculi, - 12 
 
 palati, - 35 
 
 palpebrse superioris, 1 1 
 
 par v us, 54 
 
 proprius, 79 
 
 scapulae, v - 79 
 
 Lingualis, 30 
 
 Lips, muscles of, 17 
 
 Longissimus dorsi, 84 
 
 Longus colli, * 73 
 
 Lumbaris externus, 65 
 
 internus, 66 
 
 Lumborum intertransversales, 87 
 
 quadratus, 64 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Pag* 
 
 liumbricales manus, - - 100 
 
 pedis, - 134 
 
 M 
 
 IVlallei anterior, 7 
 
 externus, . - -7 
 
 internus, - 8 
 
 Massa carnea Jacobi Sylvii, - - 134 
 Masseter, - - - 4--4T' 24 
 
 Menti levator, <-> - - '^~t' 20 
 Marsupialis, f> - - , :^ ^i 60 
 
 Mastoideus, C V". 27, 81 
 Metacarpus, ''-*-- - ^; -^ ^ 108 
 
 Metatarsus, '&<' ^' * 137 
 
 Mouth, muscles of, ^ - ?^ - 17 
 
 Multifidus spinae, >- 4-, 85 
 
 Musculus cutaneus, - ^' - 26 
 
 Mylo hyoideus, ';< ir* 29 
 
 pharyngeus, - -41 
 
 N 
 
 Nasalis, - - - - 16 
 
 labii superioris, -- - - 22 
 
 Naris compressor, 16 
 
 Nasi alae levator, - - - I?. 
 
 depressor, - f : +^ - - 18 
 
 Neck, muscles about its anterior part, - 26, 73 
 
 NonusVesalii, 0^.- ; t i'. ? 132 
 
 Nose, muscle of, V - 1<: i, 16 
 
 O 
 
 Obliquus ascendens internus, 47 
 
 capitis Inferior, t ^ 83 
 
 capitis superior, <*.** 82 
 02 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Obliguus descendens, 47 
 
 descendens externus, &*;'/.._''' 45 
 
 externus abdominis, V^ -,^,y 47 
 
 internus abdominis, ,i,-'Si>wl 49 
 
 inferior oculi, ; i;r / . . 14 
 
 superior seu trochlearis r 13 
 
 Obturator internus, QQ 
 
 externus, tv? : . ^ _ 114 
 
 Occipito-frotalis, '--.;'-; ' i^ . \ 
 
 Oculi abductor, V V'^ -.>" : ,^i^-j 13 
 
 adductor, - - , /^j *.'v 13 
 
 attolens, - rf Jr .;,..-, ^ 13 
 
 depressor, ,< s - - - 13 
 
 deprimens, . Vo,as^At-M 13 
 
 elevator, - . -:;.*!.; j- :<.* '> 13 
 
 levator, - - . ^^.;, . j 2 
 
 obliqu us inferior, ^/u, \ 14 
 
 obliquus superior, . . 13 
 
 obliquus major, * ^"'^ 14 
 
 obliquus minor, J>' N ^;i 15 
 
 Omo-hyoideus, > t '.i:;^;r.^i fif'i :j 31 
 
 Opponens pollicis, u ^^ - 1^4 
 
 Orbicularis oris, - - . -( r - ; 22 
 
 palpebrarum, .-H: .2.; . JQ 
 
 Oris anguli depressor, - /* i$ 
 
 anguli retractor, ..*& . 21 
 
 constrictor, , - - 22 
 
 levator angulf, .''* ., ""'.' 17 
 
 orbicularis, ^ ; 4?' = ,' i, j;,> 22 
 
 P 
 
 Falati circumfiexus, - -.1 35 
 
 levator, - - ~ ' -s 35 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Palati tensor, ||^ - 34 
 
 Palato pharyngeus, 32! 
 
 salpingeus, . - 35 
 
 staphilinus, - - 39 
 
 Palinaris brevis, 93 
 
 cutaneus, ... 93 
 
 longus, 95 
 
 Palpebra superioris levator, - 11 
 
 Palpebrarn aperiens rectus, '.-.^rf. - 11 
 
 Palpebrarum orbicularis, -^ - ' 10 
 
 Patintire musculus, .".%.., v *-^ - 79 
 
 Parathenar major, - - - -137 
 
 minor, /, * . 137 
 
 Pectinalis, n 4 - - - 112 
 
 Pectineus, /n , ' " . . 112 
 
 Pectoralis major, - . 67 
 
 minor, 68 
 
 Ped is interossei extern!, ^ r - 138 
 
 interossei interni, ^ 140 
 
 Pelvis, muscles about it, 60 
 
 Penis erector, - - - 53 
 
 Perforans, ^ 100,133 
 
 Perforatus, 99, 133 
 
 Perinei trans versus, ** 54 
 
 Peroneus brevis, - . 130 
 
 longus, v .-.'v 129 
 
 maximus, >' 130 
 
 medius, ? 131 
 
 primus, - * 130 
 
 secundus, ,.,. t - - 131 
 
 tertius, - - - 132 
 
 pharynx, muscles on the posterior part of it, 40 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Pharynx constrictor, - - 40, 41 
 
 Plantaris, - - - - -127 
 
 Platysma myoides, - ? s *3 26 
 
 Popliteus, - ..-**$ '^ '&. j25 
 
 Posterior annularis, *' v - - - m 
 
 auris, ' - *w - 5 
 
 indicis, ... l m jo9 
 
 medii, - ^ 111 
 
 Prior annularis, - - - 109 
 
 indi( is, * * >! v ? \tV 109 
 
 medii, - - '^ w s <; ^ 110 
 
 Pronator radii quadratus, >_~v - l<! ^ 4 102 
 
 teres, - v*^ - 102 
 
 Prostate inferior, - * ; '4^ 54 
 
 Psoas magnus, ... 65 
 
 parvus, .... 65 
 
 Pterygoideus externus, - ' 25 
 
 internug, - - * *&*' 24 
 
 major, - i^' : W ? *- 25 
 
 minor, ' - - 25 
 
 Pterygo-pharyngeus, - * 41 
 
 Pyramidalis, ; - - V 4 v i< 51 
 
 Pyriformis, - * * 117 
 
 Q 
 
 Quadratus, , - . 19 
 
 femoris, k - v 118 
 
 genae, * -.'-^ -. * 26 
 
 lumborum, - - ^ 64 
 
 R 
 
 Kadialis externus longior, ^ - 97 
 
 externus brevior, '^ - 97 
 
 primus, - T ^97 
 
 internus, - - 96 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Radialis secundus, 97 
 
 Rectus, * 121 
 
 abdominis, -. 50 
 
 capitis interims major, * : 73 
 
 interims minor, - 74 
 
 lateral is, 74 
 
 posticus major, 81 
 
 posticus minor, 82 
 
 Retractor anguli oris, ; *# ' 21 
 
 Retrahentes auris 5 -^i v*r; 5 
 
 Rhomboideus, ,y;,." *."" jvi^v, 78 
 
 Rinaeus, .> ?,; - - 16 
 
 S 
 
 Sacer, 86 
 
 Sacro-lumbalis, *" : 83 
 
 Salpingo-staphilinus, - - 35 
 
 Sartorius, - - - 120 
 
 Scalenus anticus, -^ - *> 74 
 
 medius, - ; - <**,.., 75 
 
 posticus, J ^^ ^*iO ^^ 
 
 prior, i. - 74 
 
 Scapulae levator, 79 
 
 Semi-interosseus, - 107 
 
 Semi-nervosus, -*# ; - 123 
 
 Semi-orbicularis, : - "-* - 22 
 
 Semimembranosus, - *. >^ ,"^ ^^3 
 
 Semispinalis colli, * f ; ^ ^5 ^^ 
 
 dorsi, - *'... 85 
 
 Semitendinosus, > ;.- " ^^3 
 
 Seminisejaculator, ": A - - - 53 
 
 Serratus anti c ns. * - * - - 69 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Serratus magnus, - . . . gg 
 
 postic us inferior, - u^' 77 
 
 posticus superior, - - *** 73 
 
 Soleus, - _ '-^ie v - JU- 'T^ 127 
 
 Spheno-salpingo-staphilinus, - . 35 
 
 Sphincter ani, . 55j 58 
 
 cutaneus, - - . v 53 
 
 externus, . . 55 
 
 labioruro, - - . ' ^ 22 
 
 Sphincter vaginae, \^ ^;i . -^- ^ 
 
 Spinalis dorsi, * '-.<* ';V .;' - - 84 
 
 Spinse multifidus, . . . ^ ^ 85 
 
 Splenius, ^V \ .'*>-, , -C ' ' ^ 79 
 
 capitis, -^44 8Q 
 
 colli, - V *!.: 1 go 
 
 Stapedius, - - v 8 
 
 Staphilinus, . . 35y 39 
 
 Sterno cleido-mastoideus, ^ i" 27 
 
 Sterno-costalis, . V - . 5: . / 71 
 
 Sterno-hyoideus, . . t ; - . 31 
 
 Sterno-thyroideus, - r .,; . ^* 32 
 Stylo-glossus, ... 5: J> 3 _ 23 
 
 Stylo-hyoideus, - > . . . 33 
 
 Stylo pharyngeus, ; v ,, . -i 34 
 
 Subclavius, - a . - . ^ 
 
 Stiblimis, ^>- ; ' |j|B . > - - 99 
 
 Subscapularis, 4 . . . 9 | 
 
 Supercilii corrugator, ^ . . 3 
 
 Supinator radii brevis, . . . IQI 
 
 longus, , . .101 
 
 Supra costales, . . . . 71 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Supra spinatus, - 88 
 
 Sylvii Jacobii massa carnea, - . 134 
 
 Syndesmo-pharyngeus, - - 41 
 
 T 
 
 Temporal is, . 23 
 
 Tensor tympani, - 8 
 
 palati, 34 
 
 vaginae femoris, - \ - 120 
 
 Teres major, - - 89 
 
 minor, - 89 
 
 Thenar Riolani, . - 136 
 
 Winslow, - - 136 
 
 Thorax, muscles situated about its anterior part 67 
 
 between it and the ribs, - 70 
 
 Thigh, muscles situated on, - 119 
 
 Thumb, muscles of, - 103 
 
 Thyreo-arytenoideus, - 42 
 
 Thyreo-epiglottideus, W A = ., 44 
 
 Thyro-pharyngeus, ; - 4 40 
 
 Thyro-hyoideus, v- ..J -;;.-.,;< - 32 
 
 Thyro-pharyngo staphilinus, . 38 
 
 Thyro-staphilinus, 38 
 
 Tibialis anticus, - - 128 
 
 gracilis, - 128 
 
 posticus, - 129 
 
 Trachelo mastoideus, - 81 
 
 Tragicus, - - - 6 
 
 Transversalis, - . 49 
 
 anticus, - F4 
 
 colli, - 81 
 
 lumborum, - 86 
 
 pedis, - - * 138 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Transversalis urethras, - 54 
 
 Transverso-spinalis, - - - 85 
 
 Transversus dorsi, - 85 
 
 abdominis, : *\' 49 
 
 auris, , "^ Q 
 
 perinei, - . 54,53 
 
 Trapezius, seu Cucularis, - -76 
 
 Triangularis, - - ^ r : , 19 
 
 or Ster no-costal is, - 71 
 
 Triceps adductor femoris, - - -113 
 
 extensor cubiti, - 93 
 
 minus, 113 
 
 seeundus, - - .' - IT =* 113 
 
 tertius, - - -,*^ 114 
 
 Trochlearis, *' - '' - - . 13 
 
 Trunk, muscles situated on its posterior part, 76 
 
 Tympani laxator, - 7 
 
 tensor, - g 
 
 V, U 
 
 Vagi nse sph i n cter, ^ 57 
 
 Vastus externus, - - 122 
 
 internus, -^^'. 122 
 
 Ulnaris externus, - 93 
 
 gracilis, 96 
 
 internus, - ,. 97 
 
 Urethrae transversalis, - 54 
 
 Urinae accelerator, - 53 
 
 Uvulae azygos, - 38 
 
 Z 
 
 Zygomaticus major, - 21 
 
 minor, - - - - 21 
 
 
Hate 1 
 
In this plate are exhibited the outermost of the 
 muscles, as they are situated behind the common 
 integuments, on the anterior part of the body. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 A. Platysma myoides. 
 
 B. Deltoides. 
 
 C. Biceps brachii. 
 
 D. Pronator radii teres. 
 
 E. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 F. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 G. Palmaris loiigus. 
 
 H. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 I. Pectoralis major. 
 K. Obliquus descendens externus. 
 L. Linea semilunaris. 
 M. Linea alba. 
 
 N. Poupart's or Fallopius's ligament. 
 O.O. Sartorius. 
 
 P. Tensor Vaginae femoris. 
 Q. Gracilis. 
 R. 1 1 incus inter nus. 
 S. Pectinaiis. 
 
 T. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 U. Psoas magnus. 
 V. Vastas externus. 
 W. Rectns. 
 X. Vastus internus. 
 P 
 
Some of the external muscles contained in the 
 first table being removed, the next order are 
 brought into view in this plate. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 A. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 B. Sterno hyoideus. 
 
 C. Biceps brachii. 
 
 D. Flexor sublimis perforatus. 
 
 E. Pectoralis minor. 
 
 F. Serratus magnus. 
 
 G. Obliquus ascendens internus* 1 
 H. Pyramidalis. 
 
 I. Rectus abdominis. 
 
 K. Iliacus internus. 
 
 L. Psoas magnus. 
 
 M. Pectinalis. 
 
 N. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 O. Gracilis. 
 
 P. Vastus externus. 
 
 Q. Crural is. 
 
 R. Vastus internus* 
 
 S. Ligamentum patella. 
 
Plate 
 

J?.Jlarert<-& y.Uttrttmi A 
 
Most of the parts in the preceding plate being 
 removed, the third order of muscles are exhibited 
 in this plate. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 A. Thyroid cartilage. 
 
 B. Sterno thyroideus. 
 
 C. Corachobrachialis. 
 
 D. Brachialis internus. 
 
 E. Brachialis externus. 
 
 F. Transversus abdominis. 
 
 G. Posterior Lamella of the Aponeuro- 
 
 ses of the internal oblique muscles, 
 spread over the Aponeuroses of the 
 transverse muscles. 
 
 H. Peritoneum. 
 
 I. Gluteus maiimus. 
 
 K. Flexor profundus perforans. 
 
 L. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 M. Iliacus internus. 
 
 N. Triceps adductor femoris. 
 
 O. Gracilis. 
 
The fourth order of muscles, with the bone;* 
 and ligaments. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 A. A. Subscapularis. 
 
 B. Pronator radii quadratus. 
 C C. Diaphragma. 
 
 D. Psoas magnus. 
 
 E. Iliacus internus. 
 
 F. Triceps adductor femoris* 
 
IMale I. 
 
 J'. Jf<i 
 
J'late 
 
 C- 
 
 AT Uierasitf Sc . 
 
in this plate some of the external muscles on 
 the back part of the body are exposed. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 A A. Trapezius, seu cucularis, 
 
 B. Latissimus dorsi. 
 
 C. Deltoides. 
 
 D. Triceps extensor eubiti. 
 
 E. Gluteus maximus. 
 
 F. Biceps flexor cruris. 
 
 G. Seinitendinosus. 
 H. Semimembranosus. 
 
 L Gastrocnemius externus. 
 
 P 2 
 
In this plate are expressed the second order 
 of muscles on the back part of the body. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 A. Levator scapulae. 
 
 B. Supra spinatus. 
 
 C. Infra spinatus. 
 
 D. Rhornboideus minor. 
 
 E. Rhomboideus major. 
 
 F. Triceps extensor cubiti. 
 
 G. Serratus posticus inferior. 
 H. Gluteus medius. 
 
 I. Obliquus ascendens internus. 
 
 K. Biceps flexor cruris. 
 
 L. Semitendinosus. 
 
 M. Semimembranosus. 
 
 N. Piantaris. 
 
 O. Gastrocnemius internus. 
 
 P. Serratus superior posticus. 
 
Plate 6 
 

> 7 
 
Ill this plate the third order of muscles on the. 
 back part of the body are brought into vie\f , 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 A. Trachelo mastoideus. 
 
 B. Teres major. 
 
 C. Extensor carpi radialis longior, ' 
 
 D. Extensor carpi radiaiis brevior^. 
 
 E. Sacro lumbalis. 
 
 F. Lon^issimus dorsi. 
 
 G. Trans versus abdominis, 
 H. .Gluteus minimus. 
 
 I. Trochanter major, 
 K. Obturator externus, 
 L. Obturator internus. 
 M. Semimembranosus. 
 N. Gracilis. 
 O. Popliteus. 
 
 P. Biceps flexor cruris brevis, or short 
 head. 
 
In this plate the innermost layer of muscles 
 on the back part of the body, together with some 
 of the bones and ligaments, are exposed. 
 
 PLATE VIII, 
 
 A. Scaleni. 
 B. B. Spinae multifidus. 
 
 C. Supinator radii brevis, 
 
 D. Obturator externus. 
 E. E. Tibialis posticus. 
 
 F. Peroneus brevis. 
 G. G. Ossa perietalia, 
 H. Os occipitis. 
 I. Clavicula, 
 K. Scapula. 
 L. Os humeri. 
 M. Ulna. 
 N. Radius. 
 O. Carpus. 
 P. Olecranon. 
 Q,. Os ilium. 
 R. O& innominatum. 
 
 5. Trochanter major. 
 T. Ischium tuberosity. 
 U. Os femoris. 
 
 V. Os femoris condyles. 
 W. Semilunar cartilages. 
 X. Fibula. 
 Y. Tibia. 
 Z. Os calcis, 
 
 6. Tarsus. 
 
Plate 8 
 

 
 

In this plate is represented a side view of the 
 external muscles* 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 A. Deltoides. 
 
 B. Bleeps brachii. 
 
 C. Brachialis interims. 
 
 D. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 E. Triceps extensor cubiti. 
 
 F. Trapezius seu cucularis. 
 
 G. Latissimus dorsi. 
 H. Serratus raagnus. 
 
 I. Obliquus descendens externus. 
 
 K. Gluteus maximus. 
 
 L. Gluteus aiedius. 
 
 M. Sartorius. 
 
 N. Vastus internus. 
 
 O. Vastus externus, 
 
 P. Rectus. 
 
 Q. Tendon of the biceps muscle, forming* 
 
 the outer ham-string. 
 R. Tendons of the semimerabranosus, 
 
 and semitendinosus muscles, forming 
 
 the inner ham-string. 
 S. Gastrocnemius externus< 
 
In this plate some of the external muscles on 
 the face, hands, and feet, are exposed. 
 
 PLATE X, 
 
 PIG. I. 
 
 A. Occipito-frontalis. 
 
 B. Attolens aurem. 
 
 C. Anterior auris. 
 
 D. Orbicalaris palpebrarum. 
 
 E. Compressor nan's. 
 
 F. Levator aiiguii oris. 
 
 G. Levator labii superioris alseque nasi. 
 H. Zygomaticus major. 
 
 I. Zygomaticus minor. 
 
 K. Masseter. 
 
 L. Depressor anguli oris. 
 
 M. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 N. Platysma myoides. 
 
 O. Depressor lahii inferioris. 
 
 P. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 B. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 C. Palmaris longus. 
 
 D. Aponeurosis palmaris. 
 
 E. Abductor pollicis manus. 
 
 F. Palmaris brevis. 
 
 G Flexor sublimis perforatus. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Extensor digitorum communis. 
 
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 C. Extensor carpii radialis brevior, 
 
 D. Abductor indicis manus. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 A. Tibialis anticus. 
 
 B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis. 
 
 C. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. 
 
 FIG. v. 
 
 A. Tibialis anticus. 
 
 B. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis, 
 
 C. Malleolus internus. 
 
Plate 10 
 
 F 
 

 
Plate 11 
 
In this plate the second order of the muscles on 
 the face, hands and feet, are brought into view. 
 
 PLATE XL 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Corrugator supercilii. 
 
 B. Temporalis. 
 
 C. Masseter. 
 
 D. Buccinator. 
 
 E. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 F. Depressor labii inferioris. 
 
 G. Levator anguli oris. 
 
 H. Sterno cleido maistoideus. 
 
 FjG. II. 
 
 A. Flexor sublimus perforatus. 
 
 B. Lurnbricales. 
 
 C. Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis, 
 
 D. Abductor minimi digiti mantis. 
 
 E. Flexor parvus minimi digiti/ 
 
 FIG. HI. 
 
 A. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus. 
 
 B. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 C. Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 D. Indicator. 
 
 E. Abductor indicis manus. 
 
 FIG. IV. AND V. 
 
 A.A. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis. 
 B.B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis* 
 CX, Malleolus internus. 
 
The third order of muscles on the face, hand? 
 and feet exposed. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Orbicularis oris. 
 
 B. Buccinator. 
 
 C. Thyro-hyoideus. 
 
 D. Sterno-thyroideus. 
 
 E. Scalenus anticus. 
 
 F. Scalenus medius. 
 
 G. Thyroid cartilage. 
 fl. Oshyoides. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Adductor metacarpi minimi digiti ma- 
 
 nus. 
 
 B. Lumbricales. 
 
 C. Flexor brevis pollicis manus. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Extensor carpi radialis. 
 
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 C. Adductor pollicis manus. 
 
 FIG. IV. AND Y. 
 
 A.A. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. 
 


In this plate the fourth order of muscles on the 
 face and hands are exposed. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Levator oculi. 
 
 B. Adductor oculi. 
 
 C. Abductor oculi. 
 
 D. Depressor oculi. 
 
 E. Longus colli. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A, Pronator radii quadratus. 
 
 B. Flexor brevis pollicis manus. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Adductor pollicis inanug. 
 
In this plate some of the external muscles on 
 the back part of the head, on the hands, arid on 
 the feet, are exposed. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Occipito frontalis. 
 
 B. Temporalis. 
 
 C. Trapezius seu cucularis. 
 
 D. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 FIG. If. 
 
 A. Extensor digitorum communis. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis ma- 
 
 nus, 
 
 B. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 C. Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 D. Extensor digitorum communis, 
 
 FIG. IV. AND V. 
 
 A.A. Peroneus brevis. 
 B.B. Peroneus longus. 
 C.C. Tendo achillis. 
 
( : s. 
 
 F. 2. 
 

 
 

f\ 3 
 
The second order of muscles on the back 
 part of the neck, with some on the hands and 
 feet, brought into view. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Temporalis. 
 
 B. Complexus. 
 
 C. Splenius. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Extensor priini internodii. 
 
 B. Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 C. Indicator. 
 
 FIG. ni. AND iv. 
 
 A.A. Gastrocnemius internus. 
 
 B.B. Gastrocnemjus externus, part cut off. 
 
 C.C. Tendo achillis. 
 
In this plate some of the deep-seated muscles 
 on the back part of the neck, on the hands, and 
 on the feet, are exposed. 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Complexus. 
 
 B. Trachelo-mastoideus. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 
 
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
 FIG. III. AND IV. 
 
 A. A. Flexor longus digitorum pedis, pro- 
 
 fundus perforans. 
 B.B. Flexor longus pollicis pedis. 
 C.C. Peroneus longus. 
 D.D. Peroneus brevis. 
 E,E. Os calcis. 
 
Hate 1C. 
 

 
 
flate 17. 
 
 nwirft k Ji/tf,i/ff7 Sc. 
 
In this plate some muscles on the side of the 
 head and neck, and some on the arms and feet, 
 are exposed. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 A. Temporalis. 
 
 B. Occipito-frontalis. 
 
 C. Platysma myoides. 
 
 D. Sterno cleido mastoideus. 
 
 E. Trachelo-mastoideus. 
 
 F. Splenius. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 A. A. Peroneus brevis. 
 
 B. Extensor longus digitoruin pedis. 
 
 C. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 A. Plantaris. 
 
 B. Gastrocnemius. 
 
 C. Tendo achillis. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 A. Flexor carpi radialis. 
 
 B. Supinator radii longus. 
 
 C. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus, 
 
 D. Extensor primi internodii. 
 
 E. Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 
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