■Wei m lei To To to tc. Tc; to; <^ Tq TGI TO <§ Tc; TCi Bretts s//7j EW\ZEALAND /«^ ^M.\.\ r 1 WM THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Brett's Historical Series EARLY HISTORY 7 OF N E w Zealand I-'ko,\[ I-'.AKi.iF.sr TiMKs 1(1 i8|o, BY R. A. A. sm-'.RKIX. lM«i.\i i8^o TO 18.15, i;v J. II. WAl.l.ACI'.. I-.DIII'.D BY llluAlSU.X \V. J.i:VS. ilcto ccaiaut) II. P.Kr.TT. rUIXTKR AND IT lll.i S 11 K K. ALTKI-ANU. M 11(1 1 XT. H^DM P R K I- A C E. WELJ.-INFORMED writer in one of the principal newspapers ot the colony, some three years ago, said, " To this day it is most (liflicult for any one who wishes to follow the course of events from the foundation of the colony to the present time to know where to begin to look for the information." The colony was founded in 1840, but the English-speaking 1^^ ""^ "H'f^ people began to frequent the harbours of New Zealand soon after 0*^" the settlement at Port Jackson was established, one hundred years ago ; and to understand the history of New Zealand as a British 5^f^ Colony an acquaintance with its early annals is imperative. There being no continuous narrative of European enterprise and adventure in New Zea- land, prior to the year 1840, this volume seeks to fill the blank with "11 ;^ materials which have been carefully gathered from many sources both in '^■■"^- New .South Wales and in this colony. To have broken off the work, however, at the point when the operations of the New Zealand Company and the action ot the British Government changed the current of New Zealand history, and introduced a series of occurrences of a most in- teresting and important character, would have seriously detracted from the usefulness of the volume as a souvenir of the Jubilee of the Colony. in the second part of the work, equally with the first, the main purpose kept in view has been to set down the facts accurately, and with as little bias as possible, together with an in- dication of the authorities upon which they are given. Thus a sound basis has been laid for more critical histories. But while quoting official documents and independent accounts which tend to throw light upon historical events, the authors have not hesitated to express their own opinions whenever such comment appeared desirable either to e.\plain, illustrate, or emphasize the narrative. Considerable assistance has been received from many quarters in a task that was beset with not a few difficulties, owing to the meagreness and conflicting nature of the materials which are available to the historian. Acknowledgments will be found scattered through the book, but many old settlers unnamed have contributed, who are really entitled to more special acknowledgment than we can make here. Mention must also be made of the assistance given to the author of the first part of the work by many members of the New .South Wales Civil Service when he was searching for information in the parent colony of Australasia. It is earnestly hoped that the work will not merely realise its purpose as a comprehensive history of the period to which it relates, but that it will stimulate historical research in New Zealand aiui inspire a deeper interest in this singularly favoured land. 8i3'069^ E K R A I A. George Brlh e. In our account of the wanderings of George Bruce, who married Te Pahi's daughter, it is stated (page l 29) that Bruce and his wife were never heard of after their arrival at Bengal. This statement proves to be erroneous. In the ' Sydney Gazette' of March lolh, 1810, appears a notice of the death of Bruce's wifei which occurred at Sydney on the 2nd of March. The notice states that Mr. and Mrs. Bruce came back to Sydney from India in the ' Union,' and were awaiting a chance of returning to New Zealand, when Mrs. Bruce took ill and died. The notice adds : " Mrs. Bruce left a fine infant, which Mr. f-!ruce intends to take wiih him to New- Zealand in the ' Experiment.' " First European Bov Born in .Auikland. -In a statement made by the late Captain Williams (page 547) it is said that Mr. James C'oates was the hrst European boy born in Auckland. Captain Williams evidently had in his mind at the time -Mr. William Hobson Coales (a brother of Mr. James C'oates), who was the first boy entered upon the register of St. Paul's Church. He was not born, however, until May, 1842, while Mr. C. B. Stone was born in .\uckland on March 27th, 1841, and was, there is little doubt, the first European boy born in the city. Mr. I'reece. — On page 379, Mr. James Prcece, a catechist of the Church Missionary Society, is erroneously described as a wheelwright. Mr. Preece had not engaged in any business prior to his departure for New Zealand, but as a young man had been specially prepared for the mission work, in which he was so successfully employed during his life in New Zealand. Tran.sI'OSITIOn. — On page 88 a transposition of four lines occurs, thirteen lines from the bottom of the first column. After the word " opportunity,'' read the four lines commencing " to land." CONTENTS. THE KAiM.V IllSTolM n N K\V Z i:.\ I. A N I) ClIAITER. I. KaIM.V DisniVKKIES II. ("APTAlx Cook HI. Cook's Kirst VoVAiiK IV. Cook'.s Visits on his .Secomi anh VOVACF^ ... V. Fke.mh Xavicatohs ... \1 Nkw Soctii Walks \ II. Nohkoi.k IS1..KXI1 .VNi) Ni;\v Zi; Kl.AX \'lll. Tup; CiiATii.vM I,st..vxus l.\. WllAt.lNi; .\. Skai.ix<; axi> .\1)\ extukk .\l. I'LCilTIVKS .\ll. Vakioi-s Notabi.k Kvknts .Mil. I'HoM 1800 TO 1805 .\1\'. Ti; I'ahi -VXD MoEii.vxcA .W. TlIK Nkxis W'l. .Missiox I'lJKi' \i;ai loxs XVII. IUataka .win. I'lIK M.\.- Aovexture .X.XIII. Tin; Kaki.v I'"i,ax 'I'i;\i>k P.VGE ClIAI'l KU. 1 XXIV. 9 XX \. 14 XXVI. 'I'll ii:ii XXVII. 38 XXVI 11. 58 XXIX. 66 \l..\.Mi XXX. 75 87 99 XXXI 103 109 XXXII. 114 XXXIII. 118 XXX IV. 126 .. 133 XXX \. 137 XXX\ 1. 141 146 XXX\ II. 155 XXXVIII 177 XXX IX. 185 XI,. 199 210 Xl.l. r.VGK KsrAi'.i,i-~ii\iK\ r UK iiii; ( 'iiriu ii .Missiox 220 Kai;i.\ TiMiiKi; TiiMn: \xii IIokiaxoa 239 I'KoliUKSS OK TIIK CllKlHll Ml.SSIOX ... 245 Thk Mkihodist Missiox at Wiiaxoakoa 265 'I'liK Nkw Zkai.wii <'oMrAXV ok 1825 287 IIom:i Hika. iiu: Chkai' .\I.\oi;i ('(ixi;l'Kl!oi; TllK SlKAXCiK SniltV OK .loHN ItllllKl;- KoKD— Tkx Vkahs a Captive .\Mox ok tin; Ciiriu ii Mission Two Nautical 'I'k.vokoiks Baked Heads The Battle ok Koi;oi:ai;kk \ ; oi;, I'liK CiKi.s' \Vai: Thk Wkslevax Mlssiox at Hoki.\X(;a 355 IlnKi\xii.\: The Timhek TiiAUK and rnocHKss OK Settlemext 363 FrimiKi: HisToiiVOKTliECiiritrii .Mission 376 Tim: Komax C.viholic Missiox 420 Tin; Ciiowiii ok Bhitish Aittiioimi'v 427 llAiiox i)E TiiiEHitv : The Kokoiiakeka .\ss()C'IATION .. 459 Tin: Nkw Zkalaxd Laxd Co.mpaxv 473 292 298 313 328 335 340 I' () r N 1 1 I X C i;.\ i; 1. ^• i; i; i r i s ii ri. K.M K.NTS. IIHI'IKU. PAGE I. TllK TUKAIV OK Waiiaxim 489 II. (»i'Ki!ATioxs OK riiK Nkw Zkalxnd CoMI'AN^ 497 III. TllK I.ANI) Cl.AI.Ms 508 IV. Like at 1'oht Nicholson 516 \'. KiiExcii Colonization 523 \'I. Selection ok the C.M'It.m, 530 \II. The I'"oi.-xi)INi: ok .\rcKLAXii 544 \ III. Events .\t roitr Nicholson 556 IX. WaNOAXLI, T.UiANAKI, .\Nii Nelsox .. 570 X. Maohi Akkaiks ... ... 581 .\iiMiNisri;.\TioN .\l. (JoVKLNol; IlollsoN': \M) l)K\ni 593 .Ml ItisiioK Ski.wvn : Mission Woiik 614 .Mil TllK .\|IMINISI1;ATI0X OK Ml!. Shoki'l.vnd 633 .M\', Till. \\ \ii:\i .M.v.ssACUE 646 X\. .\Ii;. SiioiML.VNli's AD.MiNisii;.\rioN 663 X\l. (loVEHNOli KiTZIiOV's ADMIXISI'KATIOX 675 .Wll N \ I iVK TiioUHLES— IIekk's Wai; . 689 .Will I'm (LOSE OF CioVKliNoi: l''l IZKOV's .\ll.MINISIH A IION ... 708 A IT i;\ I" I X. I'oIND.V TION OK C.\XTKI!nri:V AND ()r.vi:o ... .\LrH AllKIICAL I,lsr OK I )ISCO\ KIIKKS, Tl:ADKIt> .\1.I'IIAI1K1ICAI. 1, 1ST OK llli: Kol N|iKl;s o| nil , Kaklv i;i;siDENrs, ktc. Colons I i;om I wr \i;\ , KlIOM 1642 111 KNIl OK 1839 1840. lo KND OK 1845 722 LIST OF ILLUSTF^ATIONS. I'AfiK. Fekn (jlLLY Fniiiti.yjiii-c Tasman'sAsiiiorac;e,AiiMirai,ty Bav 2 MruiiEK (IF Tasman's Boat's Crkw 4 TiiuKK. Kings, as skwithd by Tasman 7 MauIIIS I'KKFAKlXi: A C'aNOE FOkSkA 8 I'ORTKAIT OF CaI'TAIN CooK 10 Kelk's of Cai'Taix Cook 12 KaF Rev. Richard I) wis 238 Ornamental Cvrvings in Wood . 240 Monument OF Te Whero Whero's r>Ar.:iiTER 246 Portrait ok Mr James Kemp 254 The Mission Station at Kekikkri 256 Portrait ok Governor MACyiARiF 260 I'liRTRAiT OF Mr W. f;. Pickey 261 Portrait ipf Kev. H Williams 263 I'ortrait ok Hev. Samiei. Lkigh . 266 I'ortrait ok Mr Jame> Siiepheud 270 Poi;ti;vit of Rev. N. Tirner 272 Portrait of Rev. J. Uorbs 276 Receiving Hoi'SE f,ir Dead 280 The Cemetery, or Wai Tapc 288 I'ortrait ok Tangieri .. 294 Portrait of John RrTiiKRKoRo 299 Throwing the Spear ... . . 306 PoRTHAIT OK Re\. Wm. WiI.I.I VM-~ 316 Portrait of Mk J.vs. Hamlin .. 318 I'oRTi.'.viT OK Mr C. Baker .,, 322 Portrait of Mr W. T. Fairi!i r\ 329 Portrait of Haipatf . 331 I'ortrait of Uria-wero ... 333 Specimens ok Preserved Hfaos 338 Portrait uf Titore. . 342 P. <^fe> ^<^ t'ly Hist 0/>, ■^ OF \^' ^ l^'l'Vil'llil'iUl'Jl'i'JlUOl'i.^'ll^lUlL't':^'vJl''UlL'lUl'iulyla'JUl'it'lULl;lHUUl l iL l l l J'''||' ' '^'"lJt " '" "" ^ ^> CHAPTER I. EARLY DISCOVERIES. •■poiy EriJeiht tliiil Ni't' Zealand rable Australians who had groaned for .so many ages under the tyranny of .Satan." It appears that early in the sixteenth centur}' some I-'rench merchants equipped a ship to prosecute a voyage to the Past Indies. .She dejjarted from Hontleur in the month of June, 1,503, under the command of the .Sieur de (ionneville. The writer of the memoirs, the Abbe J. Paulmier, says : " .Storms near the Cape of Good Hope caused them to lose their route, and in the end abandoned them to a wearisome calm in an unknown sea, where tlu-y were consoled by the sight of many birds, which were observed to come from and to return towards the south, and made them conclude there was land in the south, and steering in that direction, th(>y came to a great country which is not very distant from thedirect B THE EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. navigation to the East Indies, and to which M. de Gonneville and his company gave the name ot Southern India. . . . The land was inhabited, and the Kuropeans were re- ceived by the inhabitants with veneration and treated with friendship. Their sojourn there was six months, in which time they sought to make up a cargo of the produce of the country wherewith to return to France, for the crew refused to proceed further under pretext of the weak and bad condition of the ship." In the " Histoire Abrege de la Mer du Sud," the author, the Abbe de la Borde, sets forth the theory that De Gonneville had touched at New Zealand, and other writers before and after his time have held the compiler of the traditions ot the voyage, was, we are told, a descendant of Essemoric, and claimed for himself the honour of being the elder branch of the first Christian of the Terre Australe. He was Canon of Lisieux, and subscribed himself J.P.D.C. Prestre Ind. et Chanoine de I'Eglise Cathedrale de S.P.D.L. It was the Abbe's lot to be the last survivor of his southern progenitor, as two of his brothers, both younger than himself, died without issue. The story of this old wandering is found in full in Callander's compilation, and the careful observer cannot but note how many details in the narrative are applicable to New Zealand ; and how probable it is that superfluous and erroneous statements may have Jasmaq's /\nct\oraae, pelorous P^iVer Cn+rance, /\dmiral+u Bau. probability of the opinion being well founded. De (jonneville left the land he discovered on the 3rd July, 1504, inducing a native to accompany him, who is said to have been named Essemoric. The race is described as a simple people, desiring to lead a life of happiness without much labour. De Gonneville and his officers drew up a declaration of their discovery, and lodged the document in the Admiralty office at Paris. ]{ssemoric never had an opportunity of returning to his native land, and his kinsmen must have mourned him as dead. He was admitted into the Catholic church and married into De Gonneville's family. The Abbe Jean Paulmier, the crept in, seeing that the original records of Gonneville's voyage have been lost. We can- not, however, help putting on one side the French claim to discover3% because the natixes of De Gonneville's land are represented as boiling water and cooking food in earthen vessels. The art of making pottery, even of the most primitive description, was totally unknown among the Maoris. Still, the fact remains that in 1504 the French navigator did discover a country in the South Pacific, and left a description of the inhabitants, which, as it has been transmitted to us by Abbe Paulmier, corresponds in various re- spects with what we now know of the THE KARLY HISTORY OF .\7-ll' ZEALAND. Maoris and their tribal customs ; and the doubt that exists regardinsf the identity of this country illustrates the manner in which the traces of some of the early discoveries were wholh' obliterated or only preserved in doubtful indications on old charts or indistinct allusions in the writings of subsequent dis- coverers and authors.* Juan I-'ernande/. in 1576 is slated to have sailed some six weeks towards the south-west from South America, and to have found some brown men wearing cloth garments on a fertile shore in the Pacific. The natives he described as being well disposed, civil, and of large stature. C'ruise relates how at Hokianga in 1820 a remarkably old man mentioned a tradition related to him bv his father, how a boat full of white people armed with muskets without locks came into the river a very long time ago. When it is remembered that the match-lock was in use about the end of the fourteenth century, and the wheel-lock early in the sixteenth, ap- proximate data forthe comparative period when the wanderers came to Hokianga are within the grasp of inquiry. Experience has taught the trusty character of Maori tradition. There appears on the Admiralty chart of the Indian Ocean of 1827 the following note: — " Xew Zealand discovered and named by Tasman 1642, but whose eastern coast was known to the Portuguese about 1 550." Against Cook Strait are placed the words, " Gulf of the Portuguese, 1550." William Bleau, a Dutchman, who was born 1571 and died in 16,^8, published an atlas in fourteen volumes folio. In I'le chart showing the land in these .Southern Seas the outline of Australia is not completed, and the end merely of Van Diemen's Land is seen in the far ocean shaded off into vagueness. Rut for a century afterwards it was not better represented on our maps, and it surprises one that in so early a publication as that of Bleau, says a late writer, any faint image of New Zealand should be given — an indistinct line of coast with the name ' Zelandia Nova.' There seems to be clear evidence that portions of the Middle Island coast line are • Kusden in a note, says, that l)c (ionncvillc had not been to New Zealand was deducible from his own tale. .•\ccording to it, the natives used the sound of the letter .v, and had bows and arrows, both of which statements {\o\. i. p. 641 were inapplicable. With re)4;ard to the use of the letter « by the M.iori, It will be sutlicient to remember that for many ye.irs Hongi was written " Shongi." .ind Hokianga " Shukeanga." The argument about the bow and arrow also lost some of its strength when arrow heacis made of chert were found in the isthmus connecting the " .Mir.imar Peninsula" with the mainland in the vicinity of Wellington. to be found in Spanisli charts at a compara- tively early date, and in Callander's version of Tasman's journal a part of his entry on December 13th reads as follows: — "I found the variation y'^o' E. In this situation I discovered a high mountainous country, which is at present marked in the charts under the name of Xew Zeland. " The chart referred to is probably that of lileau, before mentioned. Tasman called New Zealand Staten Land, but their High Mightinesses the States (ieneral, in their instructions to Tasman for his second voyage, call it Nova Zealandia. Burney writes wisely when he says, " It may be concluded that many discoveries were made of which no account was ever published ; that of some every remembrance has died away, and the various indications that appear in the old charts to which no clue can be found, may be the remains, and possibly the only remains, of others." Tht! diary of I'asman relative to New Zealand has been given nearl)' in full, it being the first of its kind, and only to be found in scarce and expensive works. Tasman returned to Batavia on the 14th June, 1643. The sketch of his route is to be found in a chart of Australasia in Thevenot's " Divers Curious Voyages, 1696," wherein an account of lasman's voyage may be found. The Abbe Prevost tells us that the Dutch visited New Zealand again in 1644, but gives us no account of the captain's name nor any extract from his journal. The (lovernor and Council of Batavia, in 1642, fitted out two ships called the Heemskirk and Zeehaan to ascertain the extent of the Great South Land Theodoric Hertoge had in 1 61 6 discovered. The command of the expedi- tion was given to Captain Abel Jansen Tasman, who published at Amsterdam, in 1674, a relation of his discoveries. The portion only relating New Zealand is reproduced. The longitude is reckoned eastward from the Peak of Teneritfe, which is 16' 46' W. of the meridian of Green- wich, and was nearly so estimated in Tasman's time. The distances are set down in Dutch or German miles, fifteen of which measure one degree. In the narrative the day begins and ends at midnight, but the reckoning of the ship's course is kept from noon to noon. His journal thus commences : — Journal oi- Dp.scrii'Tion by mk, Abkl Jans/, Tasmvn, <)!■ A Voyage from Bat.\vi\ iok makini; dis- COVERIFS OFTIIK UNKNOWN Sot'TH I.ANI), IN THF. YEAR 1642. >fAY fion .\l.MI<;HTY HE FLKtSED TO oivE His Blessing to this \'oya<;e. Ambii. The first entry is as follows : — " August the 14th we set sail from the road THE EARLV HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. of Batav-ia in the yacht Heemskirk, in company with the fly-boat the Zeehaan,* for the Strait of Sunda ; and it was resolved Hn council) to sail from the said strait S.W. by W. to 14° south latitude, afterwards to steer W.S.W. to 20° S., and afterwards due west for the Island Mauritius." After discovering ^'an Diemen's J.and, which Tasman named after his patron, Anthonie Van Diemen, the Governor-Cxeneral of liatavia, he steered east; and on the i.^th December, 1642, he discovered New Zealand, to which he gave the name of Staten or State-Land, in honour of the States General. In the chart showing Tasman's route along the west coast of the two Islands will be seen the places he visited and named. The New Zealand portion of his journal is thus printed : — "December 13, lat. 42 10' S., long. 188° 28'. Towards noon we saw a large high land about fifteen miles S.S.E.t from us. We steered towards it, but the wind was light and variable. In the evening we had a breeze and steered E. "14. At noon we were about two miles from the shore, lat. 42" ic S., long. 189" 3 . This is a high double land. We could not get sight of the tops of the mountains for dark clouds. We sailed along the coast to the northward, so close that we could see the waves break on the .shore. W^e had soundings at two miles distance, 55 fathoms, grey sand. In the evening and night it was calm, and a current set from the W. Is. W., which made us approach the shore, so we anchored with our stream anchor in 28 fathoms, muddy bottom. i " 15. In the morning, having a light wind, \vu weighed and stood farther from shore, and then kept our course northward. At noon our latitude was 4r40' .S.^ longitude 189" 49'. We did not perceive any people or the smokes of fires upon the land ; and we could see that near the sea coast the land was barren. "16. Dittlewind. Latitude at no(jn 40' 58 S. At sunset we found variation 9" 23 north- easterly. The northern extremity of the land in sight bore E. by N. from us. We steered towards N.E. and X.N.E. In the second watch we had soundings at 60 fathoms, fine grey sand. • Seahen. f In Callander's edition, the journal reads lliiis : — " I found the variation 7" 30 E. In this situation 1 discovered a hiph mount.iinous country, which is at present repre- sented and marked in the charts under the name of New /.eland." % An old chart preserved among the archives of the Dutch Hast Indi.i Company indicates Tasman's place of anchorajje to have been .about two miles to the N.N.W. of Separation I'oint in Mass.icre Hay. "17. At sunrise we were about one mile from the shore, and saw smoke rising in different places. At noon, latitude by account 40" 32' S., longitude 190° 47'. In the afternoon we sailed E. hy S., along a low land, full of sandhills, having sounded, at 30 fathoms depth, black sand. At sunset we anchored in 17 fathoms, near a sandy point of land, within which we saw a large open bay, three or four miles wide. From this sandy point a shoal or sand bank runs off" a mile to the E.S.E., which lies under water, with six, seven, and eight feet depth. M'hen you have passed this shoal you can enter the bay.* " 18. In the morning we weighed anchor, and stood into the bay, our shallop and a boat of the Zeehaan going in before us to look for good anchorage and a watering place. At sunset it was calm, and we cast anchor in 15 fathoms, good muddy ground. An hour after sunset we saw several lights on the land, and four vessels comine from the shore towards us. Two of these were our own boats. The people in the other two called to us in a strong rough voice. What they said we did not understand. However, we called to them again. In place of an answer they repeated their cries several times, but did not come nearer than a stones throw. They .sounded also an instrument which made a noise like a Moorish trumpet, and we answered by blowing our trumpet. This was done on both sides several times. When it grew dark they left off, and went away. We kept good watch all night, with our guns ready. " 19. In the morning, a boat of the natives, having thirteen men in it, came near our ship, but not nearer than a stone's throw. They called to us several times, but their language had nothing in it like to the vocabulary of the Solomon Islands, given to us by the General and Council at Batavia. These people, as well as we could judge, were of our own common stature, strong boned, and of a rough voice. Their colour is between brown and yellow, their hair black, which they tie up on the crown of their head like to the Japanese, and wear a large white feather upright in it. Their vessels were two narrow, long canoes, fastened together, upon which boards were fixed to sit on. Their paddles were more than a fathom long, and were pointed at the end. Their clothing seemed to us to be of mats, or of cotton, but most of them went with their breasts • In a view jjivcn in the manuscript journal of the coast a remark is made that the sho.il or bank extends three miles eastwards and southward from the sandy point. 6 THE EARLY HISTORY OE NEW ZEALAND. naked. We showed them fish, linen, and knives to invite them to come to us, but they would not, and at length rowed back to the land. In the meantime, the officers of the Zeehaan came on board us, and we resolved to go nearer to the shore with our ships, as here was good anchorage, and the people seemed to be desirous of our friendship. Im- mediately after we had taken this resolution we saw several vessels coming from the shore. One of them, in which were seventeen men, came very quick, and turned round behind the Zeehaan. Another, with thirteen stout men, came within half a stone's throw of our ship. They called out one to another several times. We showed them, as before, white linen, but they lay still. The master of the Zeehaan, (jerard Janszoon, who was on board of our ship, ordered his boat, in which were a quartermaster and six sea- men, to go to his ship to carry directions to the mates to keep on theii- guard, and that in case these people should come alongside not to allow too many of them to enter the ship at one time. When the Zeehaan's boat put off from our ship the natives in the pra-d'S, or canoes, nearest to us gave a loud yell to those who were behind the Zeehaan, and made a signal with their paddles, the meaning of which we could not guess. But when the boat of the Zeehaan had gone quite clear from our ship, the canoes of the natives which were between our two ships made furiously towards her, and ran with their beaks violently against her, so a.s to make her heel and take in water, and the foremost of these villains, with a blunt pointed pike, gave the quarter- master, Cornelius Joppe, a violent blow on his neck, which made him fall overboard. The others then attacked the rest of our boat's crew with their paddles and with short thick clubs (which we had, in the beginning, supposed to be c\\im'i>y paraitins)* and overcame them. In this scuffle three of the Zeehiian's men were killed and one was mortallv wounded. The quartermaster and two seamen swam for our ship and we sent our boat which took them up alive. After the fight these murderers took one of our dead people into their canoe ; another of our dead men fell overboard and sank. They let the boat go. Our ship and the Zc(>haan fired at them with our muskets and guns, but we did not hit them, and they paddled away to the shore. We sent our boat to bring back the boat of the Zeehaan, wherein we found one of her men dead and one mortally wounded. • Parangs are knives used in some p.nrts of the Eas-t Indies for cutting wood. "After this there could no friendly inter- course take place between us and the natives, nor could we hope to obtain water or refresh- ments here, so we weighed anchor and set sail. When we were under sail, twenty-two of the boats put off from the shore, and advanced towards us. Eleven of them were full of people. When they were come within reach of our guns we fired two shots at them, but without effect. The Zeehaan fired also, and hit a man in the foremost canoe, who was standing with a white flag in his hand, so that he fell down. We heard our grapeshot clash against their canoes, but we know not what the effect was, except that it caused them sud- denly to retreat towards the shore, where they lay still, and did not come towards us again. " We named this bay Moordeiiars Bay [i.e., ^Murderers' Bay). The port in which we anchored was in 40" 50' S. lat., and in long. 191 ' 30 . Variations there, q" 30' north-easterly. From Muordciiars Bay we steered E.N.E.; but during the night we sailed backward and for- ward, having soundings from 26 to 15 fathoms. " This is the second land discovered by us. We name it .Staten Land,* in honour of the States General. It is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land, but it is uncertain. It is a very fine country, and we hope it is part of the unknown South Continent. "In the morning we saw land nearlvall round us, so that we had sailed perhaps thirty miles into a bay. We at first thought the place where we had anchored was an island, and that we should find a clear passage (eastward) to the Great South Sea, but, to our great disappointment, we found it otherwise. The wind being from the westward we did all in our power to turn to windwarti to get back the way we had come. At noon we were in lat. 40° 51' .S., long. 129 55'. In the afternoon it was calm and the current ran strong into the bay. The land all round seems to be good. The sea coast is low, but the land within is high enough. We found a muddy anchoring ground at Oo, 50 and to 15 fathoms depth, * The Staten l..ind here mentioned was to the east of the Terra del Fuceo, discovered and so named bySchouten and l^e Maire. The supposition that both Schouten and i.e Maire's discovery and liisown might form part ot one and the same great continent, led Tasman to apply the n.ame on the present occision, .and. singularly enough, in the last year in which it could have been allowable, for in the jear which next followed, the expedition of Hendrick Brower to Chili deprived .Schouten and Le Maire's Staten Land of the honour of being any longer conjec- tured to be continental land, and Tasm.an's Staten Land being thereby proved a separate land from Schouten and Le .Slaire's discovery, its name was, not long afterwards, changed for that of iNew Zealand. THE EARLY I H STORY OF NEW ZEALAND. about one and a half to two miles from shore. We had lii^ht winds all the afternoon. "21. In the second watch of the nisjfht a bree/e came from the west, and we sailed northward. We found the coast of the northern land to extend toward the N.W. In the morning it began to blow fresh. After breakfa.st we put about, iind stood toward the south coast. Towards evening we ran fcr shelter within i\ small island, which we brought to bear X.X.W'. of us, and tlien cast anchor in 33 fathoms, the bottom sand and shells. We had other iskmds and cliffs near us. Our latitude here was 40" 50 , longitude ig2"37'. It blew so hard in tht; night that we let go anotlier anchor, and got down our top masts, as did the Zeehaan. "22 and 23. The gale continued strong from the N.W., with dark, foggy weather. 'I'he Zeehaan was almost forced from her anchors. "24. In the morning it was calm. The officers of the Zeehaan came on board our ship. soundings in 50 fathoms, fine sand mixed with clay. In the night it blew hard. " 29. We had a fresh gale. Latitude at noon, 37" 17 y. " 30. The weather became moderate, wind W.N.W. At noon our latitude was 37" .S., long. 191" 55. We sailed N.E., and towards evening- saw the land again, bearing N.E. and N.N.Ii. We therefore steered more to the north. "31. At noon found our lat. 36" 45' S., long. 191" 46'. Vhe coast here lies .S.E. and N.W. This land is in some places high, and in .some full of sand hills. In the evening we were three miles from shore. Had soundings in the night at 80 fathoms. " Jan. I St, 1643. This is an even coast, with- out shoals or banks, but there is a great surf on the shore. Latitude at noon 36' 12' S. •' 2 and 3. Running north along the coast. " 4. This morning we were near a cape of land, and had an island N.W. by N. from us. We hoisted the white flag for the officers of 1 Jhe Jhree l^irjas as sighted bu Jasnian. and proposed that, if the wind and weather would permit, wi^ should examine if there were any passage through this bay, as the flood tide was observed to come from the S.E. " 25. The weather still looked very dark, and we remained at anchor. " 26. In the morning the wind came from the E.N.E. We got under sail and held our course north, and afterwards N.N.W, intending to sail round this land northward. " 27. We had a strong bree/e from .S.W. At noon our latitude was 38" 38' -S., long. 190" 15'. Afternoon we steered N.E. ^to get in with the land). Variation, 8" 20 N.E. " 28. At noon we saw a high mountain, E. by N. from us, which at first we took to be an island, l)ut we found it was part of th(; main- land, and that the coast here extends, as much as I could observe, north and south. This mountain (Taranaki), is in 38" S. lat. (Jur latitude at noon, by account, was 38" 2', long. 192" 23'. At five miles from the shore we had the Zeehaan to come on board, and we resolved to stand for the island to look for fresh water and greens. We find a strong current setting westward, and much sea from the N.E., from which we hope to find a clear passage eastward. In the evening we were near the island but could not observe that anything we wanted might be; got there. " 5. In the morning we had little wind ami a calm sea. About noon we sent Francis Jacobsy in our shallop, and the super-cargo, Mr. Gillemans, in the Zeehaan s boat, to the island, to try if fresh water could be got. In the evening they returned, and reported that they had been at a safe small bay, where fresh water came in abundance from a high mountain ; but that there was a gretit surf on the shore, which would make watering there troublesome and dangerous. They rowed farther round about this island to look if there was any more convenient ])lace. Upon the highest mountain of the island they saw thirty- five persons who were very tall, and hiid staves 8 THE EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. and clubs. These people called to them in a strong rough voice. When they walked they took very large strides. On other parts of the island a few people were seen here and there, which, with those already mentioned, were thought to be all, or nearly all the inhabitants of the island. Our people saw no trees, nor did they observe any cultivated land, except that near the fresh water there were some square plots of ground, green and very pleasant, but of what kind the greens were they could not distinguish. Two canoes were drawn up on the shore. " In the evening we anchored in 40 fathoms, good ground, a musket shot distant from the island (on the north side). " 6. In the morning we put water-casks in the two boats, and sent them to the shore. As they rowed towards the land, they saw tall men standing in different places, with long staves, like pikes, in their hands, who called to our people. There was much surf at the watering place, which made landing difficult ; and between a point of the island and another very high cliff or little island the current ran so strong against the boats that they could scarcely stem it ; for which reasons the officers held council together, and not being willing to expose the boats and the people, they returned to the ships. Before we saw them coming back we had fired a gun and hoisted a flag as a signal for them to return. This island we named Dric Konmgeii Eyland [i.e.. Three King's Island),* on account of this being the day of Epiphany. It is in latitude 34' 25' S., and longitude igo° 40'. " We called the officers of the Zeehaan on board, and it was resolved in council to sail eastwiird to longitude 220", and then to .steer north ; and afterwards to get sight of the Cocos and Hoorne Islands. In the afternoon we had the wind E.S.E , and steered N.E. At sunset Drie Koningen Island bore S..S.W., distant six or seven miles ; the cliffs and the island bearinij N.E. and -S.W. one from the other." * " Three Kings " — A medireval festival on Twelfth Night, and designed to commemorate the visit of the three Magi or wise men of the East. In Warton's History of English Poetry, quoting a chronicle of Milan, by Gualvanci de la Flamma. we are told: — "The three kings appeared crowned, on three great horses richly h.'ibited, surrounded by pages, bodyguards, and innumer- able retinue. A golden star was exhibited in the sky going before them. They proceeded to the Pillars of St. Laurence, where King Herod was represented with his scribes and wise men. The three kings asked Herod where C hrist should be born, and his wise men, having consulted their books, answered at Bethlehem. On which the three kings, with their golden crowns, having in their hands golden cups filled with frankincense, myrrh, and gold, the star going befor=, marched to the church of St. Eustorgius. with all their attendants, preceded by trumpets, horns, asses, baboons, and a great variety of animals. In the church on one side of the high altar, there was a manger with an ox and an ass, and in it the infant Christ in the arms of his mother. Here the three kings offer him gifts. The concourse of the people, of knights, ladies, and ecclesiastics, was often exceptionally numerous." ..w^ ^.A. . . . .J IIHIIIililiilinMiiiniMiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMMiiiMiiiiiiiMiriiiiniiillniniliHIHliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiliiiiilliiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiitiiiiiiiiltiiiiiiiiiiii iiitiriiiirtniiiiiiiliiiiitiiiiiilllllllllllli CAPTAIN COOK Skelih of his lif( — Summary of his rovagts lo Niiv Zealand — His anuracy as an olisin'n' — His disdwerifs and their influence. APTAIN JAMES COOK, as almost all the English - reading l)co[ile know, was born at Marton, in Yorkshire, in October, 1728. He lost his life in the Island of Owyhee, in February, 1779, thus concluding an eminent career when still in the prime of middle age. His father was an agricultural labourer. The son, ap- prenticed to a haberdasher, at an eariy age, went to sea ; and after spending some years in the English coasting trade, entered the Royal Xavy, where, in 175Q, he is found acting as master's mate, and in the year fol- lowing as master of the Mercury, which formed part of the squadron sent against Quebec, during the siege of which General Wolfe lost his life. While engaged on this service he was called upon to survey a portion of the river St. Lawrence, and other contiguous places ; and the charts and observations which he drew up as a marine surveyor, while thus engaged, attracted the attention of the Royal .Society, who offered him the command of an expedition to the I'acific Ocean, to observe the transit of Venus and the face of the sun.* * Airy s.iys, " II is imporl.int to remember that finding the clist.mcc of the sun from the e.irth by observing the transit of Venus requires that obse rv.ition should be made at two widely different points on the earth's surlace. The distance of the sun from the earth was considered in the early part of tlic last century a difficult problem to solve, The offer being such an one as would present many induc(;ments to an adventurous spirit, was accepted, and on the 26tli of August, i76cS, Cook set sail from Plymouth in a small ship of 370 tons, called the Endeavour Among his com- panions were Mr. Banks, Dr. Solandsr, Mr. Green the astronomer, and others, in all eighty-four persons, with eighteen months' provisions, ten carriage and twelve swivel guns, and abundance of ammunition on board. The first of these gentlemen, who was pos- sessed of a considerable fortune in Lincolnshire, had already been on a voyage to Newfound- land, and was desirous of now observing the transit of Venus. Tie took two draughtsmen with him — Messrs. Uuchan and Parkinson — the one to paint subjects of natural history, the other to delineate figures and landscapes. He had also, we are told, a secretary, and four servants, two of whom were negroes, in his service. Dr. Solander was a native of Sweden, but which was ultimately accomplished by the prescience and advice of Dr. Halley, who early in the l.ist century published a paper on the subject in the I'hilosophical Tr.insactions of the Roy.d -Society of London. He ex- plained what he considered would be a satisfactory method of solution, by the observation of the transit of Venus over the sun's surface in the year 1761 and 1761), and bequeathed the task of observation lo posterity. In 1761 Dr. M.iskelyne was chosen by the (lovcrnment to observe the tr.insit at .St. Helena, while a Mr. M.ison w.is sent to the Cape of Good Mope. In 1769 ,t station was chosen in the north of Lapl.md, but in no other part of Kurope. Tahiti was considered a good station in the South Pacific, • ind the observation of the transit from it was ollered lo Cook." Airy says that the expenses of the transit obser- vation were defrayed from ihe private purse of George the Third. 10 THE EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. a man of great learning and capacity. He had an appointment in the British Museum which he filled to the general satisfaction. The Endeavour arrived at Tahiti on April 13th, 1769, where the transit was observed on the 3rd of June following. Leaving Tahiti on the 13th of July, Cook sailed in search of new lands, and on the 6th of October, 1769, saw what "the general opinion seemed to be" was the " Terra Australis Incognita," but what turned out to be a portion of the coast ot New Zealand, near to what is now known as Poverty Bay. The ship an- chored at Tu- ranga on Sun- day, the 8tli day of October, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, opposite the mouth otasmall river, and at about half a league from the shore. In the even- ing, the captain accompanied by Mr Banks, Dr. Solander, and the pinnace and yawl, and a party of men, landed abreast of the ship, on the east side of the river. Some people who are in the habit of making positive and un- guarded state- ments aver that no Europeans '^apta.q visited New Zealand between the time that Tasman left the Three Kings and Cook landed at Poverty Bay. Without paying marked attention to what Cruise heard at Hokianga from the old man, who told him of the " muskets without locks," of a ship having been lost on that part of the coast at a much later period, we have a distinct state- ment to the contrary made by Mr Marsden in 1819. He writes: "When we arrived at Tiamai we were introduced to the old chief, who appeared to be more than eighty years of age. He told us that he had seen three generations, and was in the middle of life when the first ship came to New Zealand. The captain's name he said was Stivers. Two other ships came afterwards, before Cook, the captains of which were killed by the natives near Cape Brett, because they had slain many of their people and had destroyed one whole village in the Bay of Islands." There is also a tradition concerning a vessel arriving in Cook Strait, ot which Cook heard from the natives in the strait. Tay- lor gives the details he and others had col- lected in the fol- lowingmanner: " The captain the natives cal- led Rongo-tute. He landed with his crew at Ara- pawa. Queen CharlotteSound The crew com- mitted such e.N.- cesses that the natives became exasperated and took the vessel, killing the en- tire crew and eating them. Having strip- ped the vessel they left the hull on the beach. Among the plunder were a number of din- ner plates, which from their pattern were As this is the name of a disease which broke out among them, and destroyed great numbers, it may have been given because of its being a spotted pattern, the disease appearing to have re- sembled the small-pox by leaving marks all over their bodies. These plates they broke up, and having drilled holes through the frag- ments, wore them as ear and breast ornaments. One thing taken is said to have been shaped like a mere, and was therefore very highly eoou. called Tcitpoko Ravurncn. THE EARLY HISTORY OF XEW ZEALAND. prized. It is still in the possession of some one belonging to the Ngatihine tribe. The natives say this was the first time they ever saw iron ; they made adzes of the spike nails." It seems convenient, at this early part of our narrative, to notice the time Cook spent in New Zealand on each of his five visits, and the dates of their duration. His first visit extended from 6th of October, 1769, to 31st March, 1770, or 176 days; thesecond from 25th March, 1773, to 7th June, 1773, or 74 days; the third from 21st October, 1773, to 26th November, 1773. or 36 days; the fourth from 19th October, 1774, to loth October, 1774, or 22 days; the fifth and last from 12th February, 1777, to 25th February, or 13 days. He thus spent in this country some 326 days, or almost 47 weeks. Ihe above dates are taken from the Admiralty returns furnished to Lord Eliot in July, 1840, and maj' perhaps differ from others previously published. It may be further added that the curious question raised by Mr. Colenso as to the date when Cook landed at Poverty Bay, and the difference of a day's date in Cook's and Parkinson's journals, are not here regarded. It is not our intention to narrate Cook's various observations in full, or in the form of a consecutive narrative ; but to give such details as are found in his voyages, when they are wantc'd, as a base for inquiry or informa- tion, either in respect of places, persons, or things. To remove misapprehension and to avoid further mistakes, it seems somewhat necessary, however, to state clearly where he went on the New Zealand coast during his first voyage, without regard to detail, as many persons who should know better have fallen into strange confusion on this simjjle subject. Cook first came in sight of New Zealand in the neighbourhood of Poverty J5ay, whence, after landing and returning to his ship, he went south as far as Cape Turnagain, when he turned and proceeded north until he reached North Cape, from whence he went southwards on the western side of the North Island, entered Cook Strait and anchored in Oueen Charlotte -Sound. From Queen Charlotte Sound he proceeded to Castle Point, and virtually completed the circumnavigation of the North Island. The time occupied from sight- ing the land to the end f)f the voyage round the North Island, including that spent at Oueen ' Charlotte Sound, was from 6th October, 1769, to 9th l'"ing chiefly for refreshment and refitting. It is Impossible to describe the influence his discoveries have had on the English-speaking people and ths inhabitants of Polynesia. Their imjiortance, however, was soon recog- nised. Our statesmen were quick to regard New HoUanil as eminently adapted for a penal settlement; the religious world con- sid(>r\er the curious stories told ot vcrital)l(' man-eating races; while the trader hoped an increase of active prosperity Jhe (Relics of Captain Sool<. Golleeted bii hirri dupir\g the \/ouaQe of the Cndea\/our. Originally presentkd to Sir Joseph Banks, and recently achi'ired by the N.S.VV. Government. 2 and H^Oagger and Sprar Head, edged with sharks' teeth. Pacific Islands. 3— Head of a Spear, Pacific Islands. 4— Carved War Club. New Zealand, 5— Large Paddle, New Zealand. e~ Paddle, caned with the sgmbol or maili of the lineal chief to ichum it belonged. New Zealand, 7 and 14--Fish-hoolre and traded honestly for Tahiti cloth and glass bottles. In the afternoon of the 2,3rd, a party went ashore to examine the watering place,* where plenty of wood was found close to the shore, and the disposition of the people was all that could be desired. On the 24th, Air. Gore and the marines were early sent on shore to guard the people employed in cutting wood and filling water. Captain Cook, Mr. Banks, and the Doctor also went on shore, and emploj'ed themselves in collecting plants and seeing several things worthy of notice. "I" in their route they found manv houses uninhabited, the natives residing chiefly in slight sheds on the ridges of the hills. In a valley between two very high hills they saw a curious rock that formed a large arch, opposite to the sea. This cavity was in length about seventy feet, in breadth thirty, and near fifty in height. It commanded a view of the • Within the ^(iinh he;id of Tolago Bay is tiic cove where Cook watered, and beyond is to beseen the remark- able arch in the clilV which he described. Several initials are cut on the rock, where the artificial well e.xists, made by his crew. — iVc"' Zialaml I'ilol. t Colenso, in 1841, when at Mangatiina, a small vill.ifjc near the Uawa River, found .m old blind chief called Hakahaka, who told him that he recollected Cook's visit in \-/(iq, although he was but a little boy at the time. Colenso s.ays : —"This bay, or rather open roadstead, is the Tolago B.iy . . of Cook. Here his ship was at anchor in October, 1761); here it was that the first of those elegant trees ' Knighti.i excelsa,' was seen, and the first New Zealand palm, ' .\reca sapida,' cut down for the sake ol its edible top. Here, too, near the south- east headland of the b.iy. Cook dug a well for the sup- plying of his ship with water, which well is shown to this d.iy by the n.itives." hill and the bay. i\Ir. Banks found the tree that produces the cabbage, which, when boiled, was very good. The plant from which the cloth is made is a kind of Hemerocallis, the leaves of which afford a strong glossy flax, equally adapted to clothing- and making of ropes. These gentlemen, on their return, met an old man, who entertained them with the military exercises of the natives, which were performed with the pafoo-pafoo and the lance. The former is used as a battle-axe. The latter is eighteen or twenty feet in length, made of ver)^ hard wood and sharpened at each end. \ stake was substituted for their old warrior's supposed enemy. He first attacked him with his lance, when, having pierced him, the pafoo- pafoo was used to demolish his head, and the force with wliich he struck would at one blow have split any man's skull. The natives in this part are not very nume- rous. They are tolerably well shaped, but lean and tall. Their faces resemble those of the Europeans ; their noses are aquiline, the eyes dark coloured. Their hair is black and is tied up on the top of their heads ; their beards of moderatelength,and their tattooingisdone very curiously in various figures, which makes their skin resemble carving. It is confined to the principal men, the females and servants using only red paint, with which they daub their faces. Their cloth is white, glossy, and very even. It is worn principally by the men, though it is wrought by the women, who, indeed, are condemned to all drudgery and labour. On the 25th October the armourer's forge was set up on shore for necessary uses. Tupaea engaged himself in conversation with one of the priests, and they seemed to agree in their opinions upon the subject of religion. Tupaea, in the course of this conference, inquired whether the report of their eating men was founded in truth, to which the priest answered it was, but that they ate none but declared foes after they were killed in war. This idea proved, however, that they carried their resentment beyond death. Captain Cook and Dr. Solander went on the 27th to inspect the bay, when the doctor was not a little sur]-)rised to find the natives in possession of a boy's top, which they knew how to spin by whipping it, and he purchased it out of curiosity. Air. Banks ascended a steep hill, and near it he found inany inhabited houses. There were two rows of poles fourteen or fifteen feet high, covered over with sticks, which made an avenue of about five feet in width, extending near a hundred yards down the hill in an irregular line. The intent of 20 THE EARLV HISTORV OF XEW ZEALAND. natives brought four skulls ont? day to sell, wliich they rated at a very high price. The brains had been taken out, but the skull and hair remained. They seemed to have been dried by lire in order to preserve them from putre- faction. Th(? tail of a canoe which had been made of a human skull was also seen. On the whole, the ideas of these natives were so brutish that they seemed to pride themselves upon their cruelty. On the 17th January the ship was visited by a canoe from the pa or village ; it contained among others the aged native who had first visited the English upon their arrival. In a conference Tupaea had with him he testified his apprehensions that their enemies would very soon visit them and repay the compliment for killing and eating- the four men. On the 1 8th the ship received no visit from the natives, but a party which went out in the pinnace to inspect the bay saw a man in a canoe fishing. It was remarkable that this man did not pay the least attention to the people in the pinnace, but continued to pursue his employment even when they came along- side of him, without once looking at them. He did not, however, appear to be either sullen or stupid. When requested to draw up his net that it might be examined, he readily complied. It was of circular form extended by two hoops, and above seven or eight feet in diameter, the top was open, and the bait was fastened at the bottom of the net. This he let down so as to lie upon the sea bottom, and when he thought fish enough were assem- bled over it, he drew it up by a very gentle and easy motion so that the fish rose with it, scarcel)- sensible that they were lifted till the}' came to the surface of the water and they were brought out by a sudden jerk. Fish were bartered for nails. On the 20th Mr. Banks purchased a man's head, which the possessor seemed unwilling to part with. The skull had been fractured by a blow, and the brains extracted. hike the others, it was preserved from putrefaction. From the care with which they kept these skulls, and the reluctance with which they bartered any, it was imagined they were con- sidered trophies of war and testimonials of their valour. The 22nd was employed b\' Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander in collecting plants, whilst Captain Cook made some observations on the mainland on the south-east side of the inlet, which consisted of a chain of high hills, and formed part of the south-west side of the strait. He also discovered a village, and many houses that had been deserted, and another village that appeared to be inhabited. There were many small islands round the coast that seemed entirely barren. On the 24th they visited a pa, which was situated on a very high rock, hollow underneath, forming a fine natural arch, one side of which was joined to the land and the other rose out of the sea. This pa was partly surrounded by palisadoes, and it had a small fighting stage towards that part of the rock where access was least difficult. i he jieople here brought several human bones for sale, for the curiosity of obtaining cannibal relics had rendered such II 34 THE EARLY HISTOKV OF XEW ZEALAXD. « o. THE EAIU.V inSTORV OF XEW ZEALAXD. 35 memorials a kind of article of trade. In one part of this village was observed with surprise a cross exactly like that of a crucifix ; it was adorned with feathers, and upon inquiry being made for what purpose it had been set up, the natives replied that it was a monument tor a man who was dead. To tlie inquiry how the body of the man had been disposed of, to whose memorj' the cross had been erected, they refused to answer.* On the 25tli the captain, Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solander went on shore to shoot, when they met with a courteous reception from the natives. The next day they went to take a view of the strait that passed between the eastern and western seas, and accordinglv ascended the summit of a hill, but it being cloudy weather they could not see at a considerable distance. Hcie, however, they erected a pile, leaving in it musket balls, small shot, beads, etc., as a testimonial of this place having been visited by Europeans. They also visited another p3 upon a rock that was almost inaccessible. It consisted of about ninetv houses and a fighting stage. The ship's company were on the jjth and 28th engaged in making necessary repairs and getting ready for sea. The doctor and Mr. Banks often went ashore whilst the ship was preparing for sea, and made several observa- tions on the coast to the north-west. They perceived an island at about ten leagues distance, between which and the main there • Some of the Maori tombs were ornamented with structures of a very elaborate character. Angas, describinjf the tomb of the chief Hurivvcnua. at Queen Charlotte .Sound, sketched by him in 1S44, says : — " At a small and now entirely deserted pa on the shores of Tory f'hanncl, not far distant from the entrance of Queen ( harlotte Sound, stands the recent tomb of Huriwenua, a l.ilc celebrated chief of the Npa-ti-toa tribe. The enclosure, which presents an imposinjj appearance from its bcinjj coloured red, is situated in the centre of tlie pa. A double row of palinjjs, or fence work, surround the ' wahi tapu,' or sacred place of the dead. These arc ornamented, at intervals, with the white feathers of the albatross, placed crosswise where the st.ikcs are fastened together by means of flax. Within the inner enclosure is an uprijjht monument composed of a portion of a canoe, decor.ited at the summit with a profusion of kaka feathers, and richly painted with red and bl.ick in arabesque spirals. At the top is the name of the chief, with the date of his decease. The body lies buried beneath the upri),'ht canoe, enclosed between two smaller canoes, wrapped in the choicest mats, and ornamented with the featliers of a huia. Since the period of the erection of this tomb the whole village has been made tapu, and no native dare venture upon the sacred ground under any pretence whatever. My visit to this spot for the purpose of making the dr.iwing of the tomb which is given on the plate, was made from the w.iter by stealth, and was attended with difficulty and danger." were several smaller islands The captain also went on shore and erected another pyramid of stones, in which he put some bullets, beads, etc., as before, with the addition of a piece of silver coin, and placed part of an old pendant on to the top, to distinguish it. Some ot the people who had been sent out to gather celery, met with several of the natives, among whom were some women whose husbands had lately fallen into the hands of the enemy, and they were cutting many parts of their bodies in a most shocking manner with sharp stones in testimony of their excessive grief. On Thursday, the 30th, two posts were erected, inscribed with the ship's name, etc. One was placed at the watering place with the Union flag upon it, and the other in the same manner as on the island of Motuara, and the inhabitants being informed that these po-.ts were meant as memorials of the Endeavour having touched at this place, promised never to destroy them. The captain then named this inlet Queen Charlotte .Sound, and took possession of it in the name and for tlie use ot I lis Majesty King George the Third. They then drank a bottle of wine to His Majesty's health, and gave the bottle to the old man who had attended them up the hill and who was mighty delighted with his present. The captain made the old man some presents, and on being questioned concerning a passage into the eastern sea, said there was certainly such a passage, and that the land to the south-west of the strait where he then was consisted of two islands named Tavai poenammoo,* and that it would take about two days to sail round them. He added that the third island to the north of the .strait was called Eaheinomauwe, which was of a considerable extent, and that the land con- tiguous to this inlet was called Terawhiti. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of February were chiefly spent in preparing for departure and purchasing fish of the natives, who confirmiid * Since the days of Cook the North Island has been named on old m.ips Kii hiiiinmaiiwi, and the Middle Island Tumi /loi iiammn. These n.amcs originated thus — When the gre.it navigator asked the natives the name of the North Island he was told that it was ' a thing fished from the sea by Maui,' //< nun hi no ilnui : and that the Middle Island was 7V; ircilii pouunmii : or, the place of the greenstone, Thomimon. The name Tovy Poenammoo; or, as it would now be written, Te Wai-poun.imu, meaning the I'ounamu-water, is, .is Ciptain Cook suspected, "only the name of n p.irticular place | prob.ibly Lake Wakalipu] where the natives got the green talc, or stone, of which they made their ornaments and tools, and not .a general n.imc for the whole southern districts."— .S7ioiV^(ii(i, 36 THE EAKLV HISTORY OF XEW ZEALAND. the accounts given respecting an eastern passage and the adjacent islands. The ship was got under sail on the 5th, but the wind not con- tinuing, the anchor was again dropped. The old native came on board to bid them farewell, and being questioned whether he -had ever heard that such a vessel as the Endeavour had touched there, he answered in the negative ; and added, there was a tradition of a small vessel coming from a place called Ulimaroa a distant country to the north), that there were onl)' four men in her, and that they were all put to death. On the 6th of February, in the morning, the Endeavour sailed out of the bay, which the ship's company, from an abhorrence of the brutish custom that prevails here of eating men, called Cannibal Bay. They bent their course to an opening to the east; in the evening, being in the mouth of the straits, they were becalmed. The two points which form this entrance were named Cape Koamaroo and Point Jackson. The natives called the land about it Totaranui, and the harbour, which the captain named .Ship Cove, is very safe and commodious. About this sound the number of the natives did not seem to be above four hundred, they lived on fern-root and fish, and are scattered along the coast. Eish, which was the only commodity that they traded in, they bartered for nails, having apparently a knowledge of iron, often giving nails the preference to any other things that were presented them. When they found that paper was not waterproof, they soon rejected that article, nor did they set much value upon the cloth of Otaheite, but were well pleased with that of English manu- facture. English broadcloth and red Jersey were in high repute. Leaving the sound, the Endeavour steered eastward, and her people were carried by the current very close to one of the two islands that lie off Cape Koamaroo at the entrance of the sound. At this time the vessel was in the greatest danger, so that those on board expected destruction. However, after veering out one hundred and sixt\' fathoms of cable, she was brought up when the rocks were not above two cables' length distant. Thus situated, they were obliged to wait for the tide's ebbing, which did not take place till after midnight. They weighed anchor at eight o'clock in the morning, and a fresh breeze afterwards carried them through the strait with great swiftness. There is a small island at the mouth of it, which the captain called Entry Island. The narrowest part of this strait lies between Cape Terawhiti and Cape Koamaroo, the distance being judged five leagues. They were now facing a deep bay, which was called Cloudy Bay, at a distance of about three leagues from land. ^\.s some on board doubted whether Eahienomauwe were an island, the vessel steered south-east in order to clear up this doubt. The wind shifting, she stood eastward, and steered north-east by east all night. The next morning they were off Cape Palliser, and found that the land stretched away to the north-eastward of Cape Turnagain. In the afternoon three canoes came off. The natives on board made a good appearance, and were ornamented like those on the northern coast. There was no difficulty in persuading them to come on board. As they asked for nails, it was concluded that they had heard of the English b}' means of the inhabitants of some of the other places at which the Endeavour had touched. Their dress resembled that of the natives of Hudson's Bay. One old man was tattooed in a very particular manner, he had likewise a red streak across his nose, and his hair and beard were remarkable for their whiteness. The upper garment that he wore was made of flax, and had a wrought border ; under this was a sort of petticoat made of a native cloth. Teeth and greenstones decorated his ears, he spoke in a soft and low key, and it was concluded from his deportment that he was a person of distmguished rank among his countrymen. Captain Cook having parted from them, steered coastwise along the shore to the north-east until eleven o'clock on Friday, the 9th. It was then clearly demonstrated that Eaheinomauwe was really an island, and they hauled their wind to the eastward, and at four o'clock tacked and stood to the south- west until the 1 4th of February, when above sixty natives in four double canoes came within a stone's throw of the ship, which they surveyed with much surprise. Tupaea en- deavoured to persuade them to come nearer, but this they could not be prevailed on to do. On this account the land from which they had put off, and which resembled an island, was denominated Looker's On. Five leagues distant from the coast of Tavai poenammoo they saw an island, which was named after Mr. Banks. A few natives appeared on it, and in one place some smoke was seen, so that it was plain the place was inhabited. ]\Ir. Banks going out in his boat for the purpose of shooting, killed some of the Port Egmont hens, THE EARLV IlISTORV OF XEll' ZEALAND. 37 which were like those found on the island of Faro, and the first that had been seen upon this coast. A point of land was observed on Sunday, the 25th, to which Captain Cook i^fave the name of Cape Saunders, in honour of Admiral Saunders. On March 4th they saw some whales and seals, as they had done several times since passing Cook Strait, but no seals were seen while they were upon the coast of the North Island. On the 9th they saw a ledge of rocks, and soon after another at three leagues distance from the shore, which were passed in the night to the northward, and at daybreak observed the others under their bows, which was a fortunate escape, and in consideration of their having been so nearly caught among these, they were called The Traps. The land in sight, which had the appearance of an island (it was Stewart Island , appeared about five miles from the main, and the southernmost point, which was found to be the southern portion of the coast, was named .South Cape. Proceeding northward the next day they fell in with a barren rock about fifteen miles from the mainland, which was very high, and appeared to be about a mile in circumference, and this they denominated Solander's Island. They discovered a bay containing several islands on the :3th, where they concluded, if there was depth of water, shipping might find shelter from all winds. Du.sky Bay was the appellation given to it by the captain, and five high-peaked rocks for which it was remarkable, caused the point to be called Five Fingers. The westernmost point of land upon the whole coast to the southward of Dusky Bay, they called West Cape. The next day they passed a small narrow opening, where there seemed to be a good harbour, i.e.. Doubtful Inlet. On the 1 6th March they passed a point which consisted of high red cliffs, and received the name of Cascade Point on account of several small streams which fell down it. Thus they passed the whole north-west coast of the Middle Island, which had, they con- sidered, nothing worthy of observation but a ridge of naked and barren rocks covered with snow. From this uncomfortable country they determined to depart, having sailed round the whole of its shore. Captain Cook, therefore, went on shore, and having found a site proper for mooring the ship, and a good watering place, preparations were made for departure. They took their departure on the 3 ist ^larch, from an eastern point cf land, to which they gave the name of Cape P'arewell, denominating the bay out of which they sailed Admiralty Bay, and two capes, Cape Stephens and Cape Jackson 'the names of the two secretaries of the Admiralty Board . They called a bay between the island and Cape Farewell, Blind Bay, which was supposed to have been the same that was called Murderers' Bay by Tasman. J' '^^'%\^\'VM--^-v • ■^^^-~^" /Aaori 6arVli)a K'l'f^ O'' Sav^/. ul eCfe ©CCC CC'fefc^ (PC €£€&©©€'© -4 CHAPTER IV. <=^- s; e-C'ecc c©eC'©©C!©€'©€i©©C'€' \ COOK'S VISITS ON HIS SECOND AND THIRD VOVAGES. Br. Fnuiklin's scheme for a Xav Zealand expedition — Cook's second Toyage — Deparlun of Iht Resolution and Adventure — Arrival of the Resolution at Duskv Bay — Intercourse ivilh the natives there — Peace offerings — Departure for Queen Charlotte Sound — The Adventure found at anchor there — Gardens planted with vegetables — Poultry sent ashore — Departure of the tivo ships- -Cook's return in October — Horrible proofs of cannibal practices — Cook's departure from Queen Charlotte Sound and return after a twelvemonth's cruise — Fears of the natives and vague stories of killing— Evidence of the successful acclimatisation of pigs and foivls — Customs of the natives — Final departure of the Resolution from the Sound — The cruise of the Adventure — A/assacre of a boat's crew — The massacre avenged by Mr. Burney — Cook's third voyage — Further observatiotis on the natives — Evidence that New Zealand was visited before Cook's first arrival in the Endeavour. lEUTENANT COOK'S discoveries were made known soon after his re- return to England, where he arrived from his first voyage on the 12th of June, 1 77 1, for we find in August of that year the celebrated Dr. Franklin advocating the charter of a ship to send to the people of New Zealand the conveniences of life which Englishmen then enjoyed. He communicated his sentiments in the following characteristic manner : — " Britain is said to have produced originally nothing but ' sloes.' What vast advantages have been communicated to her by the fruits, seeds, roots, herbage, animals, and arts of other countries ! We are, by their means, become a wealthy and mighty nation, abounding in all good things. Does not some duty hence arise from us towards other countries still remaining in their former state r " Britain is now the first maritime power in the world. Her ships are innumerable, capabh* by their form, size, and strength of sailing all seas. Her seamen are equally bold, skilful, and hardy ; dextrous in exploring the remotest regions, and ready to engage in voyages to unknown countries, though attended with the greatest dangers. The inhabitants of those countries, our fellow men, have canoes only. Not knowing iron, they cannot build ships. They have little astronomy, and no knowledge of the compass to guide. They cannot there- fore come to us, or obtain any of our advantages. From these circumstances, does not some duty seem to arise from us to them r Does not Providence, by these distinguishing favours, seem to call on us to do something ourselves for the common interests of humanity r Those who think it their duty to ask bread and other blessings daily from Heaven, should they not think it equally a duty to communicate those blessings when they have received them, and show their gratitude to their Great Benefactor b}- the only means in their power, promoting the happiness of His other children r Ceres is said to have made a journey through many countries to teach the use of corn, and the art of raising it. l-'or this single benefit the grateful nations deified her. How much more many Englishmen deserve such honour by communicating the knowledge and use, not of corn only, but of all the other enjoyments earth can produce, and which they are now in possession of. Many voyages have been undertaken with views of profit or plunder, or to gratify resentment ; to procure some THE EARLV HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. 39 advantage to ourselves, or to do some mischief to others ; but a voyage is now proposed to visit a distant people on the other side of the globe, not to cheat them, not to rob them, not to seize their lands, or enslave their persons, but merely to do them good, and enable them, as far as in our power lies, to live as comfort- ably as ourselves. It seems a laudable wish that all the nations of the earth were connected by a knowledge of each other, and a mutual exchange of benefits ; but a commercial nation particularly should wish for a general civilization of mankind, since trade is always carried on to a much greater extent with people who have the arts and conveniences of life than it can be with naked savages. We may therefore hope, in this undertaking, to be of some service to our country, as well as to those poor people who, however distant from us, are in truth related to us, and whose interests do, in some degree, concern everyone who can say Homofuiit, etc." Dr. Franklin's scheme was to fit out a ship, under command of Alexander Dalrymple, by subscription, to convey the conveniences of life, as fowls, dogs, goats, cattle, corn, iron, etc., to those remote regions which were destitute of them, and to bring from thence such productions as could be cultivated in the United Kingdom to the advantage of societ3^ It was estimated that the cost of a barque from the coal trade would be ^2,000 ; extra expenses, stores, boats, etc., ;{J3,ooo; wages of seventy men at £\ a month for three years, ;£8,640. The total cost, including cargo, to ba ;£ 15,000. Every person who subscribed ;^ioo was to become a trustee ; and it was provided that as this was not a scheme for profit, any money that might be derived from barter should be applied for the creation of a fund for the future prose- cution of the same plan, which was deemed so extensive that proper objects could never be wanting. Dr. Franklin's sclieme, not appealing to the cupidity of the people, failed to elicit an adequate response, and it never came to maturity. But Captain Cook, in his subsequent voyiiges, did his best to carry out the objects which Franklin had in view, by the efforts he made, and which are described hereafter, to acclimatise animals and useful plants in New Zealand. The vessels selected for Captain Cook's second Southern voyage were the Resolution, commanded by Cook, and the Adventure under the command of his colleague, Captain 'i'obia Furneaux. In condensing the records of this >'oyage, the method jiursued in collating the most important details of the first voyage, has been followed, the chronicler's own words being used through the greater part of the narrative. The Resolution and Adventure sailed from Plvmouth on the i;,th April, 17; The two ships became separated between the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand, and Captain Cook in the Resolution proceeded south in search of a southern continent. lie went as far south as 60° 37', but finding the season too far advanced to pursue this course, he turned northward, and sighted New Zealand on March 25, 1773, entering Dusky Bay the day following. On the 27th Captain Cook moved to Pickers- gill Harbour, and entered a channel scarcely twice the width of the ship, and in a small creek moored head and stern so near the shore as to reach it with a stage; the ship's yards were locked in the branches of the trees, and above a hundred yards from the stern was a stream of fresh water. Some of the officers, on the 28th, went up the bay on a shooting party, but discovering inhabitants, returned before noon. Hitherto natives had not been seen. The boating party had but just got aboard when a canoe appeared off a point about a mile off, and soon after returned behind the point out ot sight, probably owing to a shower of rain which then fell, for it was no sooner over than the canoe again appeared and came within musket shot of the ship. There were in it seven or eight people. They remained looking at the ship for some time, and then returned. All the signs of friendship that were made did not prevail upon them to come nearer. After dinner Captain Cook took two boats and went in search of the natives in the cove wliere they were first seen. He found a canoe hauled upon the shore, near to two small huts, where were several fireplaces, some fishing nets, a few fish lying on the shore, and some in the canoe, but saw no people. On the 1st of April Captain Cook went to see if any of the articles he had left for the natives were taken away, but found everything in the canoe, nor did it appear that anybody had been there since. On the 6th three of the natives, one man and two women, discovered tliemselves. The ship's boat would have passed without the natives being seen, had not the man hallooed. He stood with his club in his hand upon the point of a rock, and behind him, at the skirts of the wood, stood two women, with each of them a spear. The man could not help manifesting great signs of fear when the ship's boat 40 THE EARLV HLSTOR}' OF XEIV ZEALAXD. approached the rock. He, however, stood firm, nor did he move to take up some things that were thrown ashore. At length Captain Cook landed, went up and embraced him, and presented him with such articles as he had about him, which at once dissipated the native's fears. Captain Cook, in describing this interview, observes : — " Presently we were joined by the two women, the gentlemen that were with me, and some of the seamen. We presented them with fish and fowl which we had with us, but these they threw into the boat again, giving us to understand that such things they wanted not. Night approaching obliged us to take leave, when the youngest of the two women, whose whole family from place to place, lay in a small creek near the huts. When we took leave the chief presented me with a piece of cloth or garment of their own manufacturing, and some other trifles. I at first thought it was meant as a return for the present I had rnade him, but he soon undeceived me by ex- pressing a desire for one of our boat cloaks. I took the hint, and ordered one to be made him of red baize as soon as I got aboard, where rainy weather detained me the following day. " On Friday, the gth, being fair weather, we paid the natives another visit, and made known our approach by hallooing to them, but they neither answered us nor met us at the shore as usual. The reason of this we soon saw, for we From original sftetcfies in Cooft's voyages. Parqilu in Dusku Ban. volubility of tongue exceeded everything I ever met with, gave us a dance, but, the man viewed us with great attention. Next morning I made the natives another visit, and now we saw the whole family — the man, his two wives fas we supposed], the young woman before mentioned, a boy about fourteen j^ears old, and three small children, the youngest of which was at the breast. They were all well-looking, except one woman, who had a large wen on her upper lip, and she seemed on that account to be in a great measure neglected by the man. They conducted us to their habitation, which was but a little way within the skirts of the wood, and consisted of two mean huts made of the bark of trees. Their canoe, which was a small double one just large enough to transport the found them at their habitations, all dressed in their very best, with their hair combed and oiled, tied up upon the crowns of their heads, and stuck with feathers. Some wore a fillet of feathers round their heads, and all had bunches of white feathers stuck in their ears. Thus dressed and standing they received us with great courtesy. I presented the chief with the cloak I had got made for him ; he seemed so well pleased that he took his patoo- patoo from his girdle and gave it me. After a short stay we took leave. " Very heavy rains falling on the two following days, no work was done, but iSIonday, the 12th, proved clear and serene. About ten o'clock the family of natives paid us a visit. They approached the ship with THE EARLY HISTORY OF XEW /.E.M.AXP 41 great caution. 1 met tliem in a boat, which I quitted when I got to them, and went into their canoe. Yet I could not prevail on them to put alongside the ship, and was obliged to leave them to follow thtnr own inclination. They put ashore in a little creek hard bj' us, and afterwards came and sat down on the shore abreast of the ship, near enough to speak with us. I now caused the bagpipes and fife to play, and the drum to beat. The two first they did not regard, but the latter caused some little attention. Nothing, however, could induce them to come on board. "It rained all .Saturday, the 17th, but the 1 8th being fair and clear weather, our friends, the natives before mentioned, paid us another visit, and the next morning the chief and his daughter were induced to come on board. Before they did so I showed them our goats and sheep on shore, which they viewed for a moment with a kind of stupid insensibility. After this I conducted them to the stage ; but before the chief set his foot upon it to come into the ship, he took a small green branch in his hand, with which he struck the ship's side several times, repeating a speech or prayer. When this was over he threw the branch into the main chains, and came on board. This custom and manner of making peace, as it were, is practised by all the nations in the South Seas that I have seen. I took them both down into the cabin to breakfast. They sat at table with us, but would not taste any of our victuals. The chief wanted to know where we slept, and, indeed, to pry into every corner of the cabin, every part of which he viewed with some surprise. It w-as not possible to fix his attention to any one thing a single moment. Works of art appeared to him in the same light as those of nature, and were as far removed beyond his comprehension. What seemed to strike them most was the number and strength of our decks and other parts of the ship. The chief, before he came aboard, presented me with a piece of cloth and a green talc hatchet ; to Mr. Forster he also gave a piece of cloth, and the girl gave another to Mr. Hodges. This custom of making presents before they receive any is common with the natives of the South Sea Isles, but I never saw it practised in New Zealand before. Of all the various articles I gave my guest, hatchets and spike nails were the most valual)le in his eyes. These he never would suffer to go out of his hands, whereas many other articles he would lay carelessly down any- where, and at last leave them behind him. "I landed with two others unarmed, two natives standing about one hundred yards from the water side, with each a spear in his hand. When we three advanced they retired, but stood when I advanced alone. It was some little time before I could prevail upon them to lay down their spears. This at last one of them did, and met me with a grass plant in his hand, one end of which he gave me to hold while he held the other ; standing in this manner he began a speech, not one word ot which I understood, and made some long pauses, waiting, as I thought, for me to answer, for when I spoke he proceeded. As soon as this ceremony was over, which was not long, we saluted each other. He then took his haliou or mat from off his own back and put it upon mine, after which peace seemed firmly established. More people joining us did not in the least alarm them ; on the contrary, they saluted every one as he came up. " I gave to each a hatchet and a knife, having nothing else with me — perhaps these w'ere the most valuable things I could give them, at least they were the most useful. They wanted us to go to their habitation, telling us they would give us something to eat, and I was sorry that the tide and other circumstances would not permit me to accept of their invita- tion. More people w-ere seen in the skirts of the wood, but none of these joined us ; pro- bably these were the wives and children. When we took leave they followed us to our boat, and seeing the muskets Ij'ing across the stern, they made signs for them to be taken away, which being done, they came alongside and assisted us to launch her. At this time it was necessary for us to look well after them, for they wanted to take away everything they could lay their hands upon, except the muskets; these they took care not to touch. "We saw no canoes or other boats wnth them ; two or three logs of wood tied together served the same purpose, and were, indeed, sufficient for the navigation of the river on the banks of which they lived. There fish and fowl were in such plenty that they had no occasion to go far for food. The whole num- ber at this place, I believe, does not exceed three families. I learnt that the man and his daughter staid on board the day before till noon, and that having understood from our people what things were left in Cascade Cove, the place w-here they were first seen, he sent and took them away. He and his family remained near us till to-day, when they all went away and we saw them no more. From one and another he did not get less than nine or ten hatchets, three or four times that number 42 THE EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. of spike-nails, besides many other articles. So far as these things may be counted riches in New Zealand he exceeds every man there, being at this time possessed of more hatchets and axes than are in the whole country besides." After leaving" Dusky Bay, on May iith, Cook proceeded to Oueen Charlotte Sound, where he arrived on the i8th, and found the Adventure, from which he had been separated. On the 19th scurvy grass, celery, and other vegetables were obtained in sufficient quantity for the use of the crews of both ships, and on the 2oth there were sent ashore, near the Adventure's camp, the onl)'^ ewe and ram remaining, both of which) however, were found planted. It was easy to give them an idea of these roots, by comparing them with such as they knew. Two or three families now camped near the ships, and supplied them with fish. On the 2nd of June Captain Furneaux put on shore in Cannibal Cove a boar and two breeding sows. On the 3rd a boat was sent to cut some spars, which, on returning, was chased by a long double canoe full of people. Early the next morning, about nine o'clock, another large double canoe, in which were twenty or thirty people, appeared in sight, on seeing which the natives on board were much alarmed, saying they were enemies. Those in the canoe, however, paid but little heed to the ftoiii originnt ^hit