LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF Class 5 Z '^ m^. :^J^)^ THE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF KNOWLEDGE UNABRIDGED Etymological and Pronouncing, Literary, Scientific and Technical CONTAINING A FULL VOCABULARY WITH NUMEROUS COLLOQUIALISMS AND PHRASES, AND NOTES ON SYNONYMS, PRONOUNCING LISTS OF PROPER NAMES ; FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES ; ABBRE- VIATIONS, KEY TO NOTED NAMES IN FICTION, MYTHOLOGY, ETC.; ALPHABETICAL LIST OF WRITERS OF ENGLISH ; WITH DATES AND DEATH ; PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK, LATIN, SCRIPTURAL AND OTHER ANCIENT NAMES; PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAf4ES, SELECT PRONOUNCING LIST OF MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. WORDS, PHRASES, AND NOTEWORTHY SAYINGS FROM THE LATIN, GREEK AND MODERN LANGUAGES MET WITH IN CUR- RENT ENGLISH ; ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED IN WRITING AND PRINT- ING ; FORMS OF ADDRESS IN CEREMONIES, COMMUNICATIONS WITH PERSONS OF TITLE OR OFFICIAL position; principal moneys of the WORLD, AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS OR APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS IN KNCiLISH CURRENCY ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Charles Annandale, .M. A. LL.D. THE DICTIONARY STATISTICS OF THE WORLD Of the Following : age. agriculture. army. astronomv. balloon. banks. botany. bridges. burials. butter. beetroot, bklls. birds. births. cities. clans. civil srrvice. coal. commercr. curiositie."!. customs. death. depopulation. dairy. diet. disease. divorce. distances. education. electricity emigration. fasting, finance. food. fo-ests. freights. fruits. gold and silver. grain. ice. incomk. ifjon. insurance, irrigation. kangaroo. koumiss. kings. laborer. lace. lakes. land. libraries. i.ifb. lighthouse, lightning. living. cost of manufactures. maize. machinery. m ning. money monuments. murder. music. names. nations. navy. night. nobles. occupation. population. pictures. pins. placards, police. prices. prostitution. protection. public works. quakers. quicksilver. rabbits. railways. religion. ransom. seamen. servants. science. shipping. steam pow^er. squares. statistics. tide. time, tobacco. toys. trade union. wages. wars. wealth of nations. weight. wheat. windmills. wine. wool. -BY- MlCHAEL G. MULHALL AL SOCIETY. MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE OF THK BRITISH ASSOCIATION. HONORARY CORRES KR OF THE I^OYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. .\UTUOR OF "THE OGRESS OF THE WORl D," '"THE HISTORY OF PRICES," ETC. WITH NUMEROUS COLORED DIAGRAMS * Jc n' impost' riev. : j'f fie f. 360. These remains, scanty as they are, are of the highest importance to tile student of Teutonic philology: Next to Gothic in the antiquity of its iterary remains comes English. The earliest form of Eng- lish, say English as used up to a.d. 1100, is usually called Anglo-Saxon, though many now call it Old English. In this dictionary Old English is applied to a later stage of the language than what belongs to the Anglo-Saxon period, yet it must never be forgotten that Anglo-Saxon is really Old EngUsh, and that there has been no break in the life of the English language since it was introduced into Britain by the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes.' Anglo-Saxon, however, is very different from modern English. It possesses many inflections long since lost and many words long since gone out of use, and, indeed, has_to be studied by a modern Englishman as if it were a foreign tongue. Old Saxon is the name given to the form of speech anciently in use among the Continental Saxons and preserved in a poem on our Saviour belonging to the ninth century. The Teutonic tongues, with the primitive or parent TtV- tonic from which they are descended, have been proved bjS the investigations of philologists to belong to a wider group or family of tongues, which has received the name of the Aryan, Indo-European, or (especially in Germany) Indo- Germanic family. The chief members of this family are the Teutonic, Slavonic (Polish, Russian, Bohemian), Lithuanian, Celtic (Welsh,. Irish, Gaelic, &c.), Latin (or Italic), Greek (or Hellenic), Armenian, Persian, and Sanskrit. Just as the Teutonic tongues are believed to be the offspring of one parent Teutonic tongue, so this parent Teutonic and the other members of the Arj'an family are all believed to be descended from one primitive language, the Aryan or Indo- Eiuropean parent-speech. The people who spoke this primeval Aryan language, the ancestors (linguistically at least) of the Aryan races of Europe and Asia, are believed by many to have had their seat in Central Asia to the eastward of the southern extremity of the Caspian Sea. "This, however, is very problematical, and some philologists see reason to think that Europe may rather have been the original home of the Aryan race. • _ How remote the period may have been when the ancestors of the Teutons, the Celts, the Slavs, tl'.e Greeks, Eomans,' Persians, and Hindus were living together and speaking a common language is uncertain. Yet the general character of their language is approximately known, and philologists tell us with some confidence what consonant and what vowel sounds the Aryan parent-speech mnst have possessed, what were the forms of its inflections, and what, at the least, must have been the extent of its vocabulary, judging from the words that can still be traced as forming a common possession gf the sister tongues of the family. In investigating and deciding on matters of this kind, however, hypothesis must alv/ays play a great part, and thus what has been accepted for fact at one time has been discarded as baseless at another. Hence it is not improbable that many of the so-called Aryan or Indo- European roots that modern philologists have established to account for the various words and forms in the Aryan tongues may have to be abandoned as a result of further investiga- tions. Such roots have at best but a shadowy existence, since they can only be regarded as mere abstractions, having no life apart from the words in which they are presumed to exist. The Aryan tongues, ancient and modem, are entitled to claim the first rank among the languages of the globe, both' for richness, harmony, and variety, and more especially as embodying a series of literatures to which no other family of tongues can show a parallel. Next in importance come the Semitic tongues-rHebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, &c. These, like the Aryan tongues, form a well-marked family, one not- able peciiliarity of which is the possession of ' triliteral ' roots, or roots of which three consonants form the basis and give the general meaning, while inflection or modification of meaning is indicated by internal vowel-change. Thus the vowels play a subordinate part to the consonants, and do not,' as in the Aryan tongues, associate with them on equyl terms. Other important linguistic families are the Havdtio, 'xvhich includes the ancient Egyptian and the Coptic; the ihiranian HINTS ON ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. or Ural-Altaic, which includes Turkish, Finnish, Hungarian, Mongolian,&c. ; and theMonosyllabic oiSouth-EasternAsiatic, •which includes Chinese, Siamese, &c. All these families form groups, so far as i» known, quite separate from and indepen- dent of' each other; and attempts to connect an ; two of them, as Aryan and Semitic for instance, have met with no success. Formerly etymologists had no hesitation in deriving English words from Hebrew roots, but this was in the days when there was no science of comparative philology. That all languages are descendants of one original tongue, as is he- lloed by many, linguistic science can neither aMrm nor deny. The exact relationship which the different Aryan languages bear to each other has been much discussed, and the question is not yet settled. It has been maintained, for instance, that Latin and Greek are more closely akin to each other than to any other languages of the family. Some, on the other hand, have insisted that Latin is more nearly akin to Celtic than to Greek. It is generally admitted that Sanskrit and Persian are closely akin. The following scheme, , in the form of a genealogical table, exhibits the most commonly accepted theory as to their relatibnship:— Abtan Pabemt-Speech. Asiatic. EunoFEAN. I Indian (Sanskrit). Iranian (Persian, Zend). S. European. ! Greek (Hellenic). Italo-Celuc. K European. Italic (Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, &c.). Germanic or Teutonic. I Celtic (Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, Armoric or Breton). LlTU- SLAVONXO. "By lH5§e 'Who have learned something vaguely of the an- tiquity and linguistic importance of Sanskrit, this language is sometimes supposed to be the parent-speech of English and other European tongues. The above table shows how errone- ous such a notion is, Sanskrit being only a- collateral relative. Though English is a Teutonic language it has admitted into its vocabulary a vast number of non-Teutonic words- more especially words of Latin origin that have passed through the French. If we consider merely the vocabulary, therefore, Enghsh may be said to be a composite language. But in structure it is entirely Teutonic; in its grammar, its inflections, its fotmative elements, &c., it remains true to its origin. And we must remember that the Franco-Latin, or foreign portion of its vocabulary, has a very diiferent charac- ter from the Teutonic. The latter is indispensable, the former is not. Without the Teutonic portion of our vocabulary communication is impossible; but a conversation of some length could be carried on, or a composition of some extent written, without the usq of a single Franco-Latin word. The Lord's Prayer, for example, is almost entirely Teutonic, and inight easily be made wholly so. Even when the language, whether written or spoken, is made up to the largest possible extent of non-Teutonic elements, these are still forced into the Teutonic mould; the verbs are conjugated as English verbs, the adjectives are compared after the native model, and the whole is welded together by the indispensable native particles a, an, the, of, with, to, and, &c., and by -verbs and verbal forms that are peculiarly the property of the Teutonic tongues. It is probably the fact of our language containing so many extraneous elements, combined with the idea of Anglo-Saxon being a separate language from English, that has led to the popular notion that all English words are 'derived' from some foreign source. It is to be feared there- are too many persons who, when they learn, for example, that the German haus means the same as English house, fhink that in some m;ysterious way the English word is derived from the German. But this word, and the same of course is the case with a great many others, belongs to the earliest period of the lan- guage (Anglo-Saxon); and the reason why similar forms ap- pear in the German and the rest of the Teutonic tongues is because they all have these slightly varying forms as a common inheritance from the primitive Teutonic. Even when the original of a modem English word cannot be found in Anglo-Saxon the word is not necessarily borrowed or derived from any other language. If it clearly has Teutonic relatives its absence from Anglo-Saxon may be accounted for by the imperfection of the records; for there can be little doubt that words were used in Anglo-Saxon times that we do not find in the Uterary remains of the period. The same must be the case also in regard to the other Teu- tonic tongues, and thus the history of some of our common words is very defective. In the etymologies of this dictionary the Anglo-Saxon original of any English word is always given when it is known, and the form the word assumes in the other Teutonic tongues is added for the sake of comparison, and to show how widely the word is spread. Sometimes only certain words supposed to be connected with the one in hand are aU that can be given. The Teutonic portion of our vocabulary then is mainly of native origin and not derived from any foreign source. Certain Teutonic words, however, we ' must admit to have been borrowed into the English language. These are chiefly Dutch in origin, and are mostly connected with maritime or commercial affairs. A large number of distinctively Scandi- navian words also exist in the language, but most of these are to be regarded as not, strictly speaking, borrowed, but as having been introduced by the Scandinavians (Danes) who settled in the country before the Norman Conquest, and formed an important element of the population, more espe- cially in the northern districts. In order to understand how it is that many words in the different Aryan tongues are reaUy of the same origin, though superficially they may appear very different, it is necessary to know something of Orimm's Law. This law, which, like a natural law, is simply a statement of observed facts, is so named from the great German philologist who first definitely laid it down as the result of observation and comparison of the' relative linguistic phenomena. It concerns the so-called ' mute ' consonants and takes effect more especially when these are initial. According to it, in words and roots that form a common possession of the Aryan tongues, being inherited by them from the parent-speech, where in English (more especially Anglo-Saxon) and in most of the Teutonic tongues we find t, d, or th, we find in Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, not these letters, but respectively d instead of t, an aspirated sound instead of d, and t instead of th. That is, an English t corre- sponds to a Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit d, as is seen In tame compared with L. domare, Gr. damaein, Skr. dam, to tame; an English d corresponds to Latin/, Greek th, Sanskrit dh,aa in E. door,. L. fores, Gr. thyra, Skr. dvdra (for original dhvd7-a), a door; an English th corresponds to Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit t, as in thin, compared with L. tenuis, Gr. tanaos, Skr. tanu, from root tan, to stretch. If we next take the gutturals we find that English k (or c hard), g, h, correspond respectively ia the above languages to fir, A {ch, gh), k,aaia HINTS ON ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. il seen ia ly kin, L. genus, Gr. yenos, Skr. janas (where j is for original flr); E. goose (modified from original gana), compared with L. anser (for older hanser), Gr. chen, Skr. hansa; E. head (A. Sa,x. Jieafod), L. caput, Gr. kephale, Skr. kapdla. Similarly 6 in English corresponds to /in Ijatin, pft in Grsek, and bh in Sanskrit, as in brother==li. /rater, Gr. phrater, Skr. bhratri, a brother; /in English to i? in Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, as in father— li. pater, Gr. pater, Skr. pitri, father. German exhibits certain letter changes peculiar to itself, and for this reason is placed, in any full statement of Grimm's law, apart from the other Teutonic tongues. In German, for instance, t takes the place of an English d, as in G. tag, E. day, G. teil, E. deal; d the place of th, as in G. ding, E. thing, G. drei, E. three, &c. In some cases the law does not operate in con- sequence of the influence of other letters; thus the s of stand prevents the t from becoming th, as it ought to do to corre- spond with L. stare, to stand. Similarly take and L. tango, to touch, are believed to be allied words though both have the consonant t, because they are considered to be both from the root stag (the n in tango being inserted as is often the case). Certain exceptions to the law are accounted for by a sub- sidiary law of more recent discovery than Grimm's law, known as Verner's Law, and formulating certain facts connected with the original accentuation of Aryan words. The correspondence of English words with cognate words is often fully seen only when we take them in their earliest or Anglo-Saxon form or when we note their spelling and know what their original pronunciation was. Thus the verb to lean corresponds to L. clino (in incline), Gr. klino, but we might not have been sure of this had we not had the A. Sax. hlinian, to lean, in which'the h (afterwards lost) represents the Latin and Greek k as Grimm's law demands. Similarly know, which is now pronounced no, duly corresponds (apart from the sufBi) to L. gnosco, Gr. (gi)gn6sko; and night (nJt), A. Sax. niht, to the noct of L. nox, noctis. The older sounds are often better preserved in the dialects (aa in that of Scotland) than in the modem pronunciation of the educated; thus, while in England wright is now pronounced as rite, in Scotland it is uttered so as to let the w and the guttural be very distinctly heard. It may be useful here to give the Anglo-Saxon alphabet with the sounds of the various letters ao far as can be ascer- tained. The vowels are as follows : a, like a in far or ask. a or a, similar but longer. SB, like a in glad or nl(;^n. ae, &, similar but long (printed ae in this dictionary). e, like e in met, 6 or e, like e in there or ai in hair. i, like i in sin, or rather like French i short. I or i, like ee in seem or t in machine. 0, like in on or not. 6 or 5, like o in sore or oa in moan. u, like'M in full. (i or <}, like oo in fool or ou in route. y, like I'rench u, German ii. ■y or y, the same sound lengthened; The consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, I, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, th (two characters for this), w, x. With regard to the pronun- ciatiop of these it must be noted^ttiat c was always sounded like k (which is used in some MS.), and was heard in such words as cnetiw, knee, cnif, knife; oio=gi« (as in queen, A. Sax. cwen). O was always like g in go, or sometimes perhaps nearly like y consonant; it was sounded when initial before n (as in gnagan, to gnaw). Hwaa always heard; when medial and final (as in niht, night, burh, city) it was strongly guttural like Scotch or German ch. It was common as an initial and distinctly pronoimced before I, n, and r, a position from which it has since disappeared. Hw was written where we now write wh (AM^t=white). In wl, wr initial, the w was pro- noimced, as also in such words as sdwl, soul, tredwth, truth, sndw, snow, being then a semi-vowel. In their transition to modem English Anglo-Saxon words undergo various changes, some of which take place with great regularity; thus d becomes o or oa, as in A. Sax. hdm, E. home, A. Sax. de, E. oak, A. Sax. bdt, E. boat; ck becomes ee or ea (with same soimd), as del, E. eel, sldepan, E. to sleep, sd, E. sea/ e becomes ee or ea, as in fdlan, to feel, cipan, to keep, grine, green, rSdan, to read; 6 becomes oo or its equivalent, as A. Sax. td, E. to, too, A. Sax. ddm, E. doom, A. Sax. mdd, E. mood: ii, becomes ou, as in A- Sax. fiil, E. foul, A. Sax. miilh, E. mouth, A. Sax. M», E. house, &c. Among consonantal changes may bo noted the softening of the k sound to the palatal ch, as in church, birch, watch, wretch, &c.; and the softening of g into the j sound, w or y, as in A. Sax. ecg, E. edge, A. Sax. hrycg, E. ridge, A. Sax. gnagan, E. gnaw, A. Sax. dceg, E. day, A. Sax. gedr, E. year. Since there are so many words of French origin ir English it may be as well to state that in early French there was a declension in substantives and adjectives based on the Latin declension, and with special forms for the nominative and accusative. Afterwards when only one form was retaine 1 for the noun as subject and as object it was the old accusative (based on the Latin accusative) that as a rule deterct ined this general form; so that such a word as motion, for exan-ple, does not come from the Latin nominative motio, but from the accusative motioncm; sucl a word as favour is not from L. favor, but from favorem. It is customary, however, in etymologies to give the nominative as the typical form of tL" noun, and to say that motion is from mot'o, n ot^onis, the genitive being given to show the declenRional character. Besides, many French words, being taken directly in modem times from the Latin dictionary, are not as a matter of fact based on the accusative though formed aftet the satre model as those that are historically so. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. PREFIXES. A-. This 13 a prefix of varying origin and roeaning. (1) Having an intensive mean- ing, equivalent to up, from ; from A. Sax. d- iatensive; as iu arise, atoaks. (2) From, oil'; from A. Sax. o/(=E. of, of); as in adovm. (3j=on, in afoot, amid, ii) — L. ad, to, in ascend, achieve. (5)=L. ab, from, in avert. (6)=L. e or ex, in amend. (7)-7=Gr. a, priv. or E2g., in amorphous. hh-, from, awa}'; as in abduci, abjure. From L. ab, from, prefix and preposition ; al- lied to E. of, off. Or. ape, from or awav. Before c and t it gsnerally assumes tiie !en,Tthened form nog, it also appears a3 a- (seeA-i. Abs-. See Ab-. Ac-. A form of Ad-. Ad-^ to, towards, at or near; as !n adapt, adnut, lie. From L. ad, to, preposition and prefix; allied to E. at. Takes by as- Bimilation the forms ac-, af-, ag-, a!-, an-, CP-, ar-, OS-, at-; as in accede, affirm, aggre- gate, aliude, annex, applaud, ai'rogaiit, assume, attribute. It also appears as a- ill ascend. Af-, Ag-, Al-.- Forms of Ad-. Aabi-, Amb", about, around ; as in a^nbl- tion, amputate. From L. anihi-, ar,Ui-, on both sides, around; allied to Gr, amphi, about, L. aniboy both; A. Sax. enib, j/wb, G. 7im, about. AapM-, about, around, on both or all fides; as in amphihio-M, cmphilhecttre. From (ir.aniphi, about, around, prep, and prefix. See Ambi-. An-. (l)=Ad-. (2) Not, negation or priva- tion, from Gr. an- or a-, the negative pre- fix; as in anarchy. Allied to E. «ii-, L. tM-. not. (3) = A. Sax. and-, against, op- posite; as in answer. It appears an >i- in itlong. Same as Goth, and-, G. ant-, e>it-. Or. a:iti. Asii^, up, thror.gh, throughout ; as In t/)w- lysis, anatomy, anabasis. From Gr. una, up, preposition and prefix; allied to E. on. Ant-, against; as iu antagonist, antacid. Same as Anti-. Ante-, before; as iu antecedeni, antedate. ':o. From L. ante, before, preposition and prefix. See Anti-. .'•Titl-, against, in opposition; as in anii- ■irist, anticlir.iax, &c. From Gr. anti, . gainst, preposition and prefix; allied to ^. ante, before, and to the A. Sax. prefix r.nd-, an-, seen in answer. See An-. .lo-. A form of Ad-. • no-, Aph-, away, apart, off; as in npo.'itla, ■postate, aphelion. From Gr. apo, from, ;.\vay, preposition and prefix; allied to L. ab, from, E. off. See Ab-. Ar-. A form of Ad-. Arch-, Arclii-, chief, head, ruling; as in arch- bishap, architect, archangel. From Gr. o.rchi-, chief, from archi, rule, beginning. As-, At-. Forms o! Ad-. Auto-, (self, of one's self; as in autograph, atitoynatic. From Gr. auto-, ivam pronoun autos, self. Be-. From A. Sa::. be-, hi-, from U, l)i(7=E. by. Has various meaningti: by or near, or (Innoting locality, as in beside, beneath, be- low; with a causative or intensive force, as in be/>.umb,hesi')ri,ikle,bemire; with a priv- iti\e force, in behead; upon or against, as in be/ail. yi-, twice, two wpv», doublp, as ic ^^ry(•'^, iniiinial, bisixt. From L. bi-, double, for older dui-, akin to duo, two (comp. bellwn. war, for dueilum), and to K. two. Bis-, twice, double; as in biscuit. Louger form of Bi-. Cata-, Catb-, Cat-, down, downward, through, accoitJing to; as iu cataract,cata- clysm, catarrh, catholic, catechism. Fn m Gr. iaZa, down, through, &<;., pieposition and prefix. Circum-, arouud, all round; as in circum- navigate, circumspect, circumntance. From L. circum, round, prep, and prefix, from circus, a circle. S'Ceu also in circuit Cis-, on this side of; as in cisalpine. From I L. cis, piep. and prefix. Co-, Col-, tiamo a-i Com-. Com-, with, together, altofrether (iiito-.i- sivelyl; as iu combine, compound, coui- vitiwl. &o. From L. coin-, prefix, used for prep, cv.ni. With, allied to Gr. Kt/n, bkr. sain, with. Appears also a» ro-, cot-, con-, cor-, as iu co-exist, eoVact, connivt, corre- spond. Coil-. Sania as Com-. Contra-, agaiust; as In contruUicI, contra- vene. From L. contra, against, ]jreix)sition Rod prefix, from con- or c-um- and -tra (as in intra, within, ezt7-a, beyond), akin to trans, across, Skr. tar, to pass. Cor-. Same as Com-. Counter-, against; B.ame as Contra, but directly from Ir. contre, at;nin»t. Be-, down, from, away; as in descend, de- nude, depart, describe, &c. Frora L. de, from, out of, prep, and prefix. In some cases De- represents O.Fr. des-, fi'ora h. dis; apart, as in decry, defeat. Demi-, half, semi- From Fr. demi See iu Diet. DI-, double, as Iu dimorphous. From Or. di-, doable, akiu to die-, bis-. Dia-, through, between, double; as la diu- wetor, diagnosis, dialogue. From Gr. dia, through, between, prep, and prefix; akin to di-, dis-. Dlf-. A form of DI».. Dis-, apart, asunder, In two; aa In disarm, discharge, dist)T.rt; also UGod negatively, as in disbelief, disapprove. From L. dis, asuuder, preposition and jjrefix; allied to Gr. dis-, di; double, and to I,, his, twice. Dys-, bad, ill, difficult; as in dysenieri/, dys- pepsia. From Gr. dys-, prefix. E-. Same as Ex-. Tn cnowg.^, «- represent j A. Sax. prefix ge-; in esq-j.ire, estate, &c.. it is a mere euphonic element prefixed for ease in pronunciation. Ec, Ex-, out; as in ecstasy, eclectic, exodus. From Gr. eU, ex, out, prep, and preiix, akin to L. ex. Ef-. A form of Ex-. Em-, En-, in; as in e'/nbrace, enclose, enlist; or used with a causal force, as in enable, enlarge. From Fr. em-, en-, L. im-, in-, prep, and prefix. See In-. En-, in; as in encaustic, energy. Prom Gr. en, in, prep, and prefix, akin to L. in, A. Sax. ill, in. Enter-, between, among ; as in enterprise. From Fr. enire, L. inter. See Inter-. Ep!-, Eph-, Ep-, upon, over; as in epitaph, epithet, epide7-mis, epheni^raL From Gr. epi, upon; akin to Skr. api. Es-, out, awr.y; as in escape, escheat. Prcm L. ex (which see). Eu-, well; as in eulogy, eurhonp. From Or. eu; well, prefix, neuter of eua, good, for esus, frorj root as, to be (seen in E. is). Ex-, out of, out, from; a^ia exceed, exclude; also nsed Intensivel?, as in exacerbate, ex- asperate. From L. ex, out, akin to Gr. ek, £2, out. Seo E0-. Appearsalsoas c-,e/-, ««-. Extra-, beyond, without; as iu extraordi- r.ary, extrajudicial. From L. extra, with- out, prep, and prefix, from ex and -J/o. See Coutra-. For-. Used ir.t'3us:vely or almost .legative- ly; as in forgive, forbid, forgo. From A. Sax. for-, same ns Icel. and Dan. for-, 1). and G. per-, Goth. /ra-; allied to far, L. per. Fore-, beforehand, in advance; as in fore- l'!lL fc)-eshou>, foreground, &c. See Fore, in iJict. Kemi-, half; as in hemisphere. From Gr. prefix hs.ni-, half, akin to L. ser.ii. Iletcrc-, other, diflercnt; as in haterolox, heterogeneous. From Gr. htteros, other. Holo-, whole, entire; as iu holograph, holo- caust. From Gr. holoa, whole. Homo-, same ; as in hojnonym. From Gr. homos, Biiaie; allied to E. sanu. Eyper-, over, beyond, too ; hyperborean, hypercritical. From Gr. hyper, above, over, prep, and prefix; allied to L. super, E. ever, up. Eypo-, under, beneath; as in hypocaust, hypotenuf^e, hypotfiesis. From Gr. hypo, under, prop, and prefix; allied to jj. mib, under. H-. A form of In- (2 and 3). Im-. A form of In-. In-. (1) In, as in inborn, insight, &c. From A. Sax. aud E. prep, in, cog. with L. in, iu (whence next In-). It may become im- Bs in ivtbed, imbody. (2) In, into; as in include, inclose. From L. in, in, prep, and prefix; cog. Gr. en, in, E. and Goth, in, Iccl. iyin, G. ein. Before to, 6, p, it be- comes im-, as in immitre, inibibe, implant; before I, il- ; before r, ir-. (S) Kot — the ng.-;ative prefix; as in inactive, inca- Vctble, ic. From L.ta-,not, prefix; Gr. an-, E. un-, not feee TJn-). liike the preceding it appear.3 also as il-, im-, ir-; as in illegiti- •mate, i'.nmacutaie, irrational. Inter-, between, among; as in intercede, in- termingle, interchange, &c. From L. i;:ter, between, among, prep, and prefix; a com- parative form r.kin to intra, intro, within, interior, inner, interims, internal. See XTNpEE in Diet. It takes also the form Izitel-, ae in iiiiellect. Intra-, within; as in intramural. I^om L. intra, within. See Inter-. Intro-, within, into; as iu introduce, iutrc- spection. See Inter-. It-. A form of In-. Juxta-, noar, nigh ; as in Juxtapoeition. From L. prep, juxta, near. Mai-, Maie-, ill, br,dly; as in malai'/Mni- stration, ■:)ialadroic, rAalconfe7U,nial:fci:tor. From Fv.mal-, L.n;c2e, badly, malua, evil. Heta-, Met-, after, beyond, among, or de- noting change; as in metaphysics, meta- phor, mctariurphosis, metathesis, motoii- ymy. Prom Gr. meta, with, among, prep, and prefix; .cog. with A. Sax. mid, G. mit, Goth, mith, with. Mis-. (1) Wrong, wrongly, bad, badly; as in misdeed, mistake, misshapen, mieho.p. misrinformed. From .4. Sax. Icel. Dan. and D. wis-, Sw. m<3S; Goth, tnitsa-, wrorgly; altin to '.erb miss. (2) 111, unfortunate; as iu misadventure, misalliance, mischance. From O.Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less. See Diet. PREFIXES. AN0 SUFFIXES. XIII Mono-, Mon-, single, sole, having only one; ae in monarch, monodv, monopram, mono- maniac. From Gr. monot, sole, single. Multi-, Mult-, many; as in multangular, multiform, niuUivalve. From L. multut, many, much. N-, negative element; as in never, none. Prom A. Sax. ne, not; cog. with L. ne, not, Skr. na, E. no. See No in Diet. Koa-, not; often used as in-, negative, or as uvr. From L. non, not, from ne wnum, not one. See above. Ob-, against, before, in the way of ; as in object, obstacle, obstruct. . From L. ■ 06, against, prep, and prefix; allied to Gr. epi, upon, Skr. api, moreover. It appears also as 0-, 0C-, of; op; as in omit, occur, offend, oppress. Oc-, Oi-. Perms of Ob-. Off-, from; as in offshoot, offspring. See Orr in Diet. On-, on, against; as in onset, onslaught. Bee On in Diet. Op-. A form of Ob-. Oct-, out, beyond; as in outbid, ouU)urst. Sea Out in Diet. Over-, abov3, beyond, too much; as in over- head, overhang, overburden, overcharge. See OvEK in Diet. ?an-, Panto-, all; as in panacea, pantheism, pantograph. From Gr. pan, pantos, all. Para-, Par-, beside, beyond or aside from; as in parallel, paradox, parable, parody. From Gr. para, beside, prep, and prefix; allied to peri, around, L. per, through; E. for-.' See For-. Pel-. A form of Per-. Pen-, almost; as in penitutula, penultimate. From h. pene, poene, almost. Per-, through, throughout, thoroughly; as in perforate, pervade, perfect, perdition. It has sometimes the effect of E. for- (in forswear, forget], as in perfidy, perjury. From L. per, through, prep, and prefix ; allied to Gr. pdra, E. for-. In pellucid it appears as pel. Peri-, around, about; as in periphery, peri- patetic, periphrasis. From Gr. peri, about, prep, and prefix; allied to Gr. para, L. per. Pol-. A form of Por-. Poly-, many; as in potygamy, polygon, poly- syllable. From Gr. polys, many; same root as £. full. Per-, Pol-, forward, forth; as in portend, pollute. From L. prefix por-, pot-, akin to pro, before, Gr. pro, Skr. pra, E. forth., . . Post-, after, behind; as in postdate, post- pone. From L. post, after, prep.and prefix. Pre-, Prae-, before, beforehand, in advance; as in predict, prefer, prefigure, preem.inent. From L. prce, before, prep, and prefix; akin to pro, per, prim,us. It is the pr of prison, the jyro of provost. Preter-, beyond, above; as in preternatural, preterit. Frum L. prceter, beyond, a com- parative form of pra. See Prae-. Pro-, before, forth, forward; as in produce, project, profess, promise: also instead of; as in pronoun, proconsul. From L. pro, before, for, prep, and prefix; akin to pros and to Gr. pro, before, Skr. pra, away, E. for- (which see). In some words pro- is the Gr. pro, as in prologue, prophet. Pros-, towards, in addition; as in proselyte, prosody. From Gr. pros, towards, prep, and prefix; akin to Skr. prati, towards, E. forth. Proto-, Prot-, first, original; as in protocol, protoplasm, protagonist. Prom Gr. protos, first, akin to pro, before. Re-, Red-, back, a^ain; as in reeaXl, regain, return, retract; silso change of place, as in remove. From L. re-, red-, prefix, the lat- ter form being used before vowels, as in redeem, redolent, redundant. Retro-, backward; as in retroact, retro- grade. Prom L. prefix retro-, backwards, a comparative of Re- (comp. intro and in). Be-, aside, apart; as in secede, seduce, se- clude; also without, as in secure. From L. se-, originally sed-, only used as a prefix. Semi-, half; as in semicircle. From L. pre- fix semi-, half; akiu to Skr. sami, half, Gr. hfmi- (see Hemi-). 81ne-i without; as in siru:cure. Prom L. sine, without, prep, and prefix, from si, if, and ne, not. Sub-, under, beneath, inferior; as in sub- ject, subordinate, submarine, submerge, sub- mit; also slightly, as in subacid, subobtuse. From L. sub, under, prep, and prefix ; allied to Gr. hypo, under, Skr. upa, near; and to E. up, over. It appears also as su-, *nc; tuf; tug-, sutn-, tup-, sur-, ag in sus- ipect, sueettd, luffeVj mggeit, «t4nmon, tup- press, surreptitious. Bubter-, beneath; as iu subterfuge. From L. subter, beneath, prep, and prefix, a comparative of mb (which see).- Bnc-, Bnf-, Sag-, Sum-, Sup-. Tormi of Sub.. Super-, above, over, more than; as in super- abourid, superadd, supersede, superhuman. From L. super, over, above, prep, and prefix ; a comparative form akin to sub, and to Gr. Ayper,. over, E. over. See Supek in Diet. Buprfc-, above; as in supraeostal.. Prom L. supra, above, akin to super. Bur-, over, above; as in surface, surmount, from Pr. sur, above, from L. super (which see). Bur-. A form of Bub-. Syn-, Sym-,' 8yl-, with, together with, in company; as m synagogue, synclinal, (sym- metry , sympathy , syllabic, syllogism. From Gr. syn, with, prep, and prefix; allied to L. cum. See Com-. Vo-, this, on this; as in to-day, to-night, together, toward, &c. Prom prep. to. Trans-, Tra-. across, over, through, beyond; as in tranimit, transport, transfix, trans- gress, traverse, traduce. From L. trwM, across, prep. and prefix; same root as £. through. See Tbsouoh in Diet. Tri-, three, thrice, threefold; as in triar^le, tricolour, trident, trilbbite,trilogy. From L. and Gr. tri-, prefix, three, thrice; allied to E. three. Ultra-, beyond; as in ultramarine, uLira- montane. From L. ultra, beyond, prep, and prefix. See Ultra in Diet. TTn-. (1) The negative prefix-=not; as in tttt- availing, unanswerable, &c. From A. Sax. un-, not; allied to L. inr, not. (2) Denotin'g reversal of an action; as in undo, untie, &c. From A. Sax. un-, akin to G. ent-, Goth. and-, E. an- in answer. See Un- in Diet. Under-, below, beneath; as in undercurrent, underlie, underhand, undersell. Seo UiUJEn in Diet; Up-, up; as in upheave. See Up in Diet. With-, against, back; as in withstand, with- draw, withhold. From A. Sax. with, agunst, same as prep, with. See Diet. SUFFIXES. ■able, that may be, capable of being; as In lovable, affable. L. -cibilit. -ac, pertaining to; as in cardiac, demoniae, Gr. ,-akos. -aceous, partaking of the properties of; as, in arenaceous, herbaceous, t. -aceus. -acioui, characterized by; as in tenacious, pugnacious. Pr. -acieux, L. -ax, -ads. -age, abstract or collective, also locality; as in advaritage, foliage, _parsonage. Fr. -age, L.L. -aiicum, L. -aticus, adj. termination. -aln, fjiving adjectives and nouns: as in certain, captain. Fr. -ain, L. -anus. -al, pertaining to; as in annual, filial. L. -alts. -an, noun and adj. suflSx; as in pagan, Ro- man, human. L. -anus. •ance, -ancy, denoting state or action; as in abundance, acceptance. L. -an(ia. See -nee. ■ana, adj. suflix; as in mundane, humane. li. -onus. ■aneoas, belonging to; as in contemporane- ous, li. -aneus. •a^t, equivalent to E. suffix -inoj as in abundant, accordant, pleasant. L. -ans, ■antis, term, of preseiit participle. -&r, pertaining to; as in angular, familiar, polar. L. -oris. ■ -ard, denoting disposition or- character; as Ki CM r.;v,', mggtxri, sluggard. Partly fi'om A. Sax. -heard, lit. hard, partly from Pr. ^rd, from G. hart, hard, -ary, adj. and noun suffix; aa in auxiliary, sontrary, library, secretary, antiquary, seminary. L. -arius, -arium. -asm. See -Ism. -aster, denoting contempt; as in poetaster, criticaster. O.Fr. -astre, h. -aster, having somewhat of, adj. termination.' -ate, seen in verbs, adjectives, and nojino; as animate, agitate, delicate. Prom L. -atus, term, of past participle, -ble. See -able, -Ible. -ble, as in treble. See -pie. -cle, -cule, dim. suffix; as in article, particle, animalcule. L. -ctdus, -eula, -eulum. -cy, state of; as in idiocy. Fr. -eie, L. Ha. -d. See -ed. -dom, power or jurisdiction, state; as in kingdom, earldom, uiisdom, martydom. A. Sax. d&m, judgment, authority ; a-kin G. -thum. See Doom in Diet. -ed, -d, suffix of past tense. A. Sax. -dt, shortened for -dide, past tense of ddn, E. to do. -ed, -d, suffix of past participle and some adjectives and nouns; as in loved, booted, Iwnied. Originally -th, and corresponding to L. -tus, of past participle; same as the ■d, -i, -ih, of cold, dead, flight, height, death, heallh, &c. ■ee, denoting one who Is acted on, a recipi- ent; as in legatee, referee, trustee. Pr. -i, -ee, from L. -atus, of past participle. See -ace. -eer, -ier, denoting profession or employ- ment; as in brigadier, charioteer. Pr. -ier, L. -arius. -ol, dim. See -le. -en, -n, made of; as in golden, v>axen, lea- thern; also pertaining to, as in heathen. A. Sax. -en, G. -en, Goth, -ein; tk'n to L -nus, Gr. -nos, Skr. -nas. -en, dim. as in chicken, ic>,ilen A. Sax -e^. -an, pi.; an in oxen, Kine, shoon. A. Ear. -ai . ■en, to make, verbal cermination; »s .°n soften,whiten. A. Sax. and Goth, jcfiniti' e -nan, originally an intransitive form. -ence, -ency. Similar to -ance, -ancy. -ecus, pertaining to, containing; as in a, «• e. e, «. i. i. as in fate. , far. fat. foU, , me. m«t. „ her. , pine. pin. S, . o, . 0, . O, , u, . fl. • a, . oi, . . . . . note. .... not. .... move. .... titbe. ....t«b. ....bidl. .... Sc. abwne (Fr.u). . . . . oil. .... pound The vowel which is heard in the key-word /a(« is heard also in the words mail, pray, pear, feign, prey, and there, although it is written by different means in each. In the Dictionary the reader is directed to give to each of those words the vowel a of fate, 'hy the following notation, mal, pra, par, fan, pra, thar. Thus the same letter, with the same mark to distin- guish it, i^ adopted to denote the same sound, whatever the orthography of the word may be. It must be observed, how- ever, that the sameness of the sound is all that is intended to be expressed, for the sound may be rather longer or rather shorter in duration than that of the key- word. Strictly speaking the vowel sound heard in pear, there, and similar words, differs slightly from that heard in the other words given in being absolutely simple or pure in character. The vowel in the word /ate, on the other hand, is a compound sound, the ending being slightly different from the initial part of it. The initial part is a vowel-sound of a specific character, which gradually changes until it becomes similar to the e of me or the i of pin, when it completes the vowel. The compound character of the vowel, and the transition from the first to the last part of it, are best noticed in a very long syllable, such as the word praise, which may be uttered in a slow and drawling manner for the purpose. Besides the sound just noticed the letter a has three other very distinct sounds; and it also sometimes takes sounds bet- ter represented by e or o, as in any, quality. The letters e, o, and u have each three separate sounds, and i has two. The fourth sound of v, which is used in the key is not an English sound, though very common in Scotch and French, as also in German, &c. The compound vowel-sounds are named diphthongs, that is double sounds, whether they be written with one or more letters. Six of the vowel-sounds in English are diphthongs, of which three, viz. those in the key- words /aie, pine, and oil, end in t of me, and those in note, tube, and pound, end in o of move. The remaining vowels are simple soundis, and are named monophthongs, that is single sounds, whether they 1)e written with one or more letters (as in fault, meet, four, &c.). The consonant sounds in English may be said to be twenty- five in number, as given below. Some of them, it wiU be noticed, are represented by two letters, this clumsy method being necessary from the imperfection of the alphabet. In any perfect alphabet sh, eh, ng, &c., would have each a single character. The consonants may be divided into various classes according to their character. Two important divisions, into one or other of which they are all arranged, are the voice -consonants and the voiceless consonants, otherwise called respectively sonant and surd consonants. Voice-Consonants. B.— bed, e6& D.— do, add 6.— CO, effflr li.—lo, all. M.— roan, a»». N. — no, an. R.— roe, far. v.— ^est, have . W.— we Y.— you. Z.— «est, ha«8 . Ha.—eina. ZH.— azure . . TH.— .. definite. lit. • . literal, literally. Pg. .. Portuguese. trigon. . trigonometry. diaL: .. dialect, dialectal. Lith. . . Lithuanian. phar. .. pharmacy. Turk. . Turkish. dim. .. diminutive. L.ii. . . late Latin, low do. philol. .. philology. typog. . typography. distrib. .. distributive. mach. .. machinery. philos. .. philosophy. v.i. . verb intransitive. dram. .. drama, dramatic. manuf. .. manufactures. Phoen. .. Phoenician. v.n. . verb neuter. dyn. .. dynamics. masc. .. masculine. photog. .. photography. v.t. . verb transitive. E., En^. .. English. math. .. mathematics. phren. .. phrenology. W. . Welsh. eccles. .. ecclesiastical, in mech. .. mechanics. phys. geog. physical geography. tool. . zoology. ecclesiastical affairs. med. .. medicine. physiol. .. physiology. t . rare. elect. .. electricity. Med.Ii. . . Medieval Latin. pi. . .. plural. i . obsolete. engin. .. engineering. mensvr. .. mensuration. pnettm. .. pneumatics. . equivalent to. engr. .. engraving. metal. .. metallurgy. poet. .. poetical. . comparison of entom. .. entomology. metaph. .. metaphysics. Pol. .. Polish. synonyms. CONCISE ENGLISH DICTIONAEY. ABELB A, the firrt letter in the English and other alphabets derived from the Latin and (ireek alphabets. In music, it designates the sixth note of the model or diatonic scale of C, the note sounded by the open second string of the violin. A, the indefinite article, a contraction of an, used before nouns singular, beginning with a consonant. An. A 1, a character attached to a ship of the first class in Lloyd's register of shipping. Aam, am.M. [D, from L.tema, a bucket.] Liquid measure in Holland=about30gals. Aardvark, ard'vark, n. [ D.= earth pig.] The ground-hog of South Africa, a Dur- rowing, insectivorous, edentate animal. Aardwolf, tird'wulf, n. ( D.= earth wolf.] The earth wolf of South Africa, an animal allied to the hyaenas and civet8> Aaronic, Aarouical, a-ron'ik, a-ron'ik-al, n. Pertaining to Aaron, or to his priest- hood. Abaca, ab'a-ka, n. Native name of the plant whicli yields Manilla-hemp. Aback, a-bak', adv. [Prefix a, on, and back.} Backwards; naut. catching the wind so as to urge a vessel backwards (of sails) ; fig. by surprise; unexpectedly; as, to take a person aback. Abacus, ab'a-kus, n. [L.] A slab or board for reckoning on ; the Pythagorean multi- plication table; arch, a slab or table form- ing the crowning of a column and its capital. Abaft, a-baf t', adv. or prep. [Prefix a, and A.Sax. fte-cp/tan, fto/ton. Aft.] On or to- wards the aft or hinder part of a ship. Abandon, a^ban'dun, v.t. [Fr. abandonner, from a, to, and O. Pr bandon, control, liberty; to leave at liberty. Ban.] To detach or withdraw one's self from; desert; forsake; give up; resign; yield up; refl. to yield one's self up without attempt at restraint ; as, to abandon one's self to grief. — n. Abandonment)-; heartiness; frank, unrestrained demeanour (a French usage). —Abandoned, a-ban'dund, a. Given up to vice; shamelessly and recklessly wicked; profligate ; depraved ; vicious. — Aban- donedly, a-ban'dund-li,' adv. In an aban- doned manner. — Abandonee, a-ban'dun- 6", re. Law, one to whom anything is aban- doned.— Abandoner, a-ban'dun-6r, n. One who abandons. — Abandonment, a-ban - dun-ment, n. The act of abandoning or state of being abandoned; relinquishment; desertion ; giving up. Abartlculatlon, aD-ar-tik'0-l8."shon,n. [L. ab, from, and articuhia, a joint.] Anat. an immovable articulation. Abase, a-bas', v.t. — abased, abasing. [Pr. abaiasar — a, to, and baisser, to lower, from L.L. bassus, low. Base.] To lower or depress ( of material objects) { ; to re- duce lower, as in rank ; humble ; degrade. —Abasement, a-bas'ment, re. The act of abasing; a state of depression, degi'ada- tion, or humiliation. — Abaser, a-bas'er, n. One who abases. Abash, a-bash', v.t. [O.Pr. esbakir, ppr. esbahissant, from es = ex, in tens., baXr, baer, to gape; Mod. Fr. aibahir, to be astonished ; probably from baht exclama- tion of astonishment.] To confuse or con- found, as by consoiousnesa of guilt, infe- riority, &c.; make ashamed; put to con- fusion. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as eonfound. — Abashment, a-bash'ment, n. Act of; state of being. Abate, a-bftt', v.t— abated, ahaiing. [Fr. abailre, to beat down, from K. hate.re, a form of batuere, to beat. Batter. ] To beat downj; to lessen; diminish; remit; mod- erate (zeal, a demand, a tax) ; Inv), to annul; put an end to.— t).i. To rleorea.se or become less in strength or violence. — Abatable, a«bat'a bl, a. Capable of being abated.— Abatement, a-bat'ment, n. The act of or state of being; decrease? decline; mitigation; amount or sum deducted; deduction; decrease —Abater, a-b5t'6r, n. One who or that which abates. Abattig, Abatis, ab-a-t5 or ab'a-tia,w. [Pr. abatis, abattis, from abattre, to beat down. Abate.] Fort, a collection of felled trees, from which the smaller branches have been cut off, and which are laid side by side, with the branched ends towards as- sailants, forming an obstruction to their iWgress.— Abattised, ab'a-tist, a. ¥io- Vfded with an abattis. Abattoir, a-bat-war, n. [Fr., from abattre, to beat or knock down. Abate J A pub- lic slaughter-house. Abaxlal, Abaxile, ab-ak'si-al, ab-aks'il, a. [Prefix ab, from, and axis.] Not in the a.xis. Abb, ab, n. [A. Sax. ab or 06, the woof.] Yarn for the warp m weaving ; two quali- ties of wool, called respectively coarse abb and fine abb. Abbacinate,t ab-ba'sin-at^ v.t. [It. abba- cinare — ab for ad, to, and bacino, a basin.] To deprive of sight by applying a red-hot copper basin close to the eyes: a mode of punishmerit employed in the middle ages. Abbacy, ab'ba-si, n. The dignity, rights, and privileges of an abbot.— Abbat, ab'- bat, re. Sa.me ss Abbot. — Abbsitical, Ab- batial, ab-bi^t'ik-al, ab-ba'shi-al, o. Be- longing to .an abbey. AbbS, abrba, n. [Fr., an abbot.] In France, especially before the revolution, one who devoted himself to divinity, or who had pursued a course of study in a theological seminary; many of them became tutors, professors, and men of letters. Abbess, ab'bes, n. [Fr. abbesse, L.L. a66a- tissa. ] A f em al e superior of an abbey, pos- sessing, in general, the same dignity and authority as an abbot, except that she cannot exercise the spiritual functions appertaining to the priesthood. — Abbey, ablDe, n. [Fr. abbaye, from L.L. abbatia, an abbey. Abbot.] A monastery or mon- astic establishment of the highest rank; a society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world,and devoted, to religion and celibacy, governed by an abbot or abbess. — Abbot, ab'but. n. [Formerly abbat, L.L. abbas, abbaiis, from Syr. and Chal. abba, father.) The male head or superior of an abbey or monastery. Some abbots were mitred abbots, almost equal in rank with bishops. Laymen were sometimes abbots, enjoying the abbey revenues. — AbBot- Bhlp, anbut-ship, n. The state or office of an abbot. Abbreviate, ab-br6'vi-*t, v.t. — abbreviated, dbbreviating. [L. abbrevio, abbreviatum. to ehorten— 06, for ad, and brevia, short. Brikf, Abridok (which is really the same word).] To make briefer; Bhorten: abridge; reduce to smaller compass. — Abbrevia^ tlon, ab-br6'vi-a"shon, n. Act of abbro- viatmg, shortening, or contracting; that Tvhich 18 abbreviated; a syllable, letter, or series of letters, standing for a word or' words; as, esg. for esquire; F.R.S. for Fellovi of the Royal iSocte^i/ — Abbreviator, ab-brc'vi-a-t^r, n. One who' abbreviates. — Abbrevlatory, ab-br6'vi-a-to-ri, a. Ab- breviating or tending to abbreviate; shor' tening. Abdest, al/dest. n. [Per. Cbdaat—Ob, wa ter. and dast, hand.] Purification or ablution before prayer; a Mohammedan rite. Abdicate, ab'di-kat, v.t. — abdicated, ahdL caiino. [L. abdico, abdicatum—ab, from. manner, as a throne, duties, sc; vacate; resign.— 1>.». To renounce or giveup power voluntarily.— Abdicant,ab'di-kant, w. One ■who abdicates. —a. Renouncing. — Abdi- cation, ajfi-di-kft'shon, n. The act of ab- dicating an oflice, especially the kingly office— Abdlcator, ab'di-kat-*r, n. One who abdicates. Abdomen, ab-do'men or ab do-men, v. [L,] That p!lrt of the human body which lies between the thorax and the pelvis, containing the stomach, liver, spleen, pan- creas, kidneys, bladder, and intestines; the posterior of the three parts of a per- fect insect.— Abdominal, aD-dom'in-al, a. Pertaining to the abdomen or belly.— Aft- dominal region^,certa.iji regions into which the abdomen in men is arbitrarily divided for convenience in anatomical or medical descriptions.- Abdominous t, ab-dom ' in- us, a. Abdominal; pot-bellied. Abduce, ab-dus', v.t. — abduced, abducing. [L. abduco, t© lead away— a6, and dnco, to lead, to draw. Duke.] To draw or conduct away.— Abducent, ab-dQs'ent, a. Drawing away; pulling back. — Abducent muscles, muscles which pull back certain parts of the body from the mesial line. — Abduct, ab-dukt', v.t. To draw or lead away ; to take away surreptitiously and by force. — Abduction, ab-duk shon, n. The act of abducting; anat. the action by which muscles withdraw a limb or other part from the axis of the body ; law, the unlawful leading away of a person, as a young woman, by fraud, persuasion, or open violence. — Abductor, ab-duk't6r, re. One who or that which abducts; anat. a muscle which moves certain parts from the axis of the body. Abeam, a-bem', adv. Naut. in the direc- tion of the beams, that is, at right angles to the keel of a ship. Abecedarian,t a'be-se-da"ri-an, n. [From the letters a, b. r, :e ABORT AberdaTine, a-b6r'de-viii, n. The siskin, a ■well-known song-bird. Aberr.t ab-er', v.i. [L. aberro, aisrrcClum — ab, from, and erro, to wander, to err.] To wander; to err. —Aberrance,! Aberrancy,! ab-er'rans, ab-er'ran-si, n. A wandering; aberration. — Aberrant,ab-er'rant,a. Char- acterized by aberratiou; wandering; stray- ing from the right way ; differing from a common type. — Aberrate,t ab-er'rat, v.i. To wander or deviate from the right way. — Aberration, ab-er-i-a'shon, n. JL. aber- ratio.i The act of wandering from the right way ; deviation from truth or recti- tude, or from a type or standard; partial alienation of mind; mental wandering; the diffbrence between the true and the observed position of a lieavenly body. Aberuucator, ab-e-rung'Kat-er, n. [L. ab, from, e, out, and runco, to weed.] An im- plement for extirpating weeds. Abet, a-bef, v.t.— abetted, abetting. [O.Fr. abetter, abater, to incite, to lure ; abet, a bait — prefix a, and word=6ait, to incite, set on. Bait, Bite.] To encourage by aid, countenance, or approval : used chiefly in a bad sense ; incite ; support ; encourage ; back up.— Abetment.Abettal, a-bet'ment, a-bet'al, n. The act of. abetting; aid.— Abetter, Abettor, a-bet'er, n. One who abets or incites; a supporter or encourager, generally of something bad. Abeyance, a-ba'ans, n. fO.Fr. abbaiaunce, e.xpectation, from abbayer, to listen with the mouth open, from buyer, baer, to gape, as in crying bah ! Abash.] A state of expectation, or waiting for an occupant or holder: said of lands, honours, or dig- nities; a state of temporary suspension. —Abeyant, a-ba'anfc, a. Being in abey- ance. Abhor, ab-hor", u.t. — abhorred, abhorring, lli.abkorreo, to shrink back — ab, from, and raorreo, to feel horror. Horrible.] To hate extremely or with loathing; loathe, detest, or abominate; shrink from with horror; till with horror and loathing [tllMk. )t.— Ab- horrence, ab-hor'rens, n. Extreme hatred; detestation; great aversion.- Abhorrent, ab-hor'rent, o. Struck with aflhorrence; hating; detesting; utterly repugnant : in the last sense used formerly with from, now with to.— Abhorrently, ab-hoi'rent- li, adv. With abhorrence. — Abhorrer, ab- hor'6r, TO. One who abhors.— Abhorring, ab-hor'ing, n. Feeling of abhorrence; object of abhorrence. |0.T.] Ablb, a 'bib, n. The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, called also Nisan, answering to the latter part of Starch and beginning of April. i^bide, a-bid', v.i. — abode (pret. & pp.), abid- ing. [A.Sax. abidan,gebidan,to abide, from bidan,tohide. See Bide.] To take up one's abode; dwell; stay; not to depart. — To a. by, to remain beside; to adhere to; to main- tain; to remain satisfied with.— 1).<. To he prepared for; to await; be able to endure or sustain ; remain firm under; to put up with; to tolerate.— Abider, a-bid '6r, n. One who abides. — Abiding, a-bid'ing, a. Continuing; permanent; steadfast; as, an abiding faith.— Abidingly, a-bid'ing-li, adv. In such a manner as to continue; permanently. Abies, ab'i-es, n. [L.] The genus of trees to wliich the fir belongs; a tree of this genus.— Abietic, ab-i-et'ik, a. Of or per- taining to trees of the genus Abies. AblgaU, ab'i-gal, n. [From the title of handmaid assumed to herself by Abigail, wife of Nabal. Sep 1 Sam. xx. 5.] A general name for a waiting woman or lady's-maid. [Colloq.] Ability, a-bil'i-ti, n. [Fr. habUiU, L. ha- I bilitas, ableness. Able.] The state or condition of being able; power, whether I bodily or mental ; pi. talents ; powers of the mind; mental gifts or endowments. Ablo^eneds, Ablogeny, a-bi'o-jen"e-siB, a- , bi-oj'en-i, n. [Gr. a, priv., bios, life, and I genesis, generation.] The doctrine that liv- ing matter may be produced by not living 1 matter. Biogenesis, Heterooenesis. — 1 Ablogenesist, Abiogeniat, a-bio-jen"e-si8t, a-bi-oj'en-ist, n. A believer in the doctrine of^ abiogenesis. — Abiogenetic, a-bi'6-jen- et"ik, a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by abiogenesis. — Abiogenetically, a-bi'<3- .jen-et"ik-al-li, adv. In an abiogenetic manner. Abject, ab'jekt, a. [L. dbjectus, from ab- jicio, to throw away — ab, and judo, to throw.] Sunk to a low condition; worth- less, mean, despicable ; low, grovelling. — n. A person in a low or abject condition. — Abjection, ab-jek'shon, n. A low state; meanness of spirit; abjectness. — Abjectly, ab'jekt-li, adv. In an abject or contempt- ible manner; meanly; servilely.- Abject- ness, ab'jekt-nes, n. The state of being abject; meanness; servility. Abjunctive,t ab-jungk'tiv, a. [L. alijnngo, abjunctum — a6, from, and jungo, to join.] Isolated; exceptional. Abjure, ab-jur', v.t. — abjured, abjuring. [L. abjuro, to deny upon oath — ab, and juro, to swear. Jury.] To renounce upon oath; to reject or withdraw from with solemnity; abandon (as allegiance, er- rors); to recant or retract.— Abjurement, ab-jur'ment, n. The act of abjuring; re- nunciation. — Abjurer, ab-jur'fer, n. One who abjures. — Abjuration, ab-ju-ra'shon, n. The act of abjuring; a renunciation upon oath; a rejection or denial with so- lemnity ; a total abandonment. — Abjura- tory, ab-ju'ra-to-ri, a. Pertaining to ab- juration. Ablactate, ab-lak'tat, v.t. [L. aiblacto, to wean— ab, from, and lac, milk.] To wean from the breast.- Ablactation, ab-!ak-ta'- shon), 71. The weaning of a child from the breast; hort. same as Inarching. Ablative, ab'la-tiv, a. [L. ablativtts, from ablatus, carried away— ab, away, and lotus, carried. ) Taking or tending to take awayt; applied to a case of nouns in Sans- krit, Latin, and some other languages, ori- ginally given to the case in Latin because separation from was considered to be one of the chief ideas expressed by it. — Abla- tion.t ab-la'shon, n. A carrying or taking away. Ablaut, ablout, n [G., from ab, off, and laut, sound. ] Philol. a substitution of one vowel for another in the body of a word, to indicate a corresponding modifi- cation of use or meaning; as, bind, band, bound, bond; especially the change of a vowel to indicate tense-change in verbs, instead of the addition of a syllable (-ed); as, sink, sanX; sunk. Ablaze, a-blaz', adv. or a. In a blaze; in a state of eager excitement or desire. Able, a'bl, a. fO.Fr. able, huble, habile, skilful, fit, from L. habilis, suitable, fit, from habeo, to have; akin are ability, ?iabilatnent, tiabit, suffix -able.] Having the power, means, or qualification sufti- cient; competent; qualified; having strong or unusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualifications; gifted; vigorous; active.— Able,t a'bl, v.t. To make able; to enable; to warrant or answer for. fSftafc.]— Able- bodied, a. Having a sound, strong body; having strength sufficient for work: often applied to a seaman who is well skilled in seamanship, and classed in the ship's books as A.E. — Ableness. a'bl-nes, n. Ability of body or mind ; force; vigour. — Ably, aljli, adv. In an able manner; with ability. Ablepsla,tAblepsy,t a-blep'si-a, a-blep'si, n. [Gr. ablepsia — a, not, and blepH, to see.] Want of sight; blindness. Ablet, ablet, n. [Fr. ablette, from Jj. albus, albidus, white, whitish, from its colour. The name bleak is given it for the same reason.] A small fresh -water fish, the bleak. Called also Ablen. Ablocate, ab'lo-kat, v.t.—abloeated, ablo- cating. [L. abloco — ab, away, and locare, to let out, from locus, a place.] To let out; to lease.— Ablocation, ab-lo-ka'shon, n. A letting to hire. Abloom, a-blom', a. or adv. In a blooming state. Ablnent, ab'la-ent, a. [L. abluens, ablu- entis, ppr. of abluo.to wash off— ab, from, and /mo, to wash.] Washing clean; cleans- ing by water or liquids.— n. That which washes or carries oft impurities; a deter- gent.— Ablution, ab-la'shon, n. The act of washing; cleansing or purification by water or other liquid; specifically, a wash- ing of the body preparatory to religious rites. — Ablntionary, ab-lQ'shon-a-ri, a. Pertaining to ablution. Abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v.t. — abnegated, abne- gating. [L. abnego, abtiegattim — ab, from, and Jiepo, to deny. Isegative, De.nv.) To deny; to renounce. — Abnegation, ab-ne- ga'shon, n. I L. abnegalio. ] The act of abnegatiug; denial; renunciation. — Ab- negative, ab-iieg a-tiv, a. Lenyiiig; neyu- tivu. — Abnegator, ab'ne-ga-ter, n. One who abnegates, denies, or renounces. Abnormal, ab-nor'mal, a. [L. ab»iormis— ab, from, and nomia, a rule. Normal.] Not conformed or conforming to rule; de- viating from a type or standard; irregu- lar; contrary to system or law. — Abnor- mality, ab-nor-mal'i-ti, n. The state or quality of being abnormal; deviation from a standard, rule, or type; irregularity; that which is abnormal. — Abnormity,! ab- nor'mi-ti, n. Abnormality. Aboard, a-bord', adv. On board; within a ship or boat.— prep. On board; into (to go aboard a ship). Abode, a-bod', pret. of abide. — Abode, a- bod', 71. [From abide.] Residence or place of residence; a place where a person al >ides; a dwelling; habitation. — To make abode, to dwell or reside. Abolish, a-bol'ish, v.t: [Fr. abolir; L. abo- lere, to annul, abolish— ob, from, and oleo, to grow. Adult.] To do away with; to put an end to; to destroy; to efface or obliter- ate; to make void; to annul; to put out of existence.— Abolishable, a-bol'ish-a-bl, a. Capable of being abolished.— Abolisher, a-bol'ish-er, n. One who or that which abolishes. — Abolishment, t a - bol ' ish - ment, n. Abolition.— Abolition, ab-o-li'- 8hon,7i. The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished.— Abolitionism, ab-o- li'shon-izm, n. The principles of -an abolitionist. — Abolitionist, ab-o-li ' shon- ist, 71. A person who favours the aboli- tion of anything: applied especially to those who favoured the abolition of slavery in the United States. Abomasus, Abomasum, ab-6-ma'sus, ab-o- ma ' sum, n. [L. prefix ab. from, and ovia- sum.] The fourth stomach of ruminating animals, lying next to the omasum Or third stomach. Abominate, a-bom'in-St, v.t. — abominated, abominating. [L. abominor, abominaiuK, to deprecate, as of ill omen— ab, from, and omen, an omen.] To hate extremely; to abhor; to detest. — Abominable, a- bom'in-a-bl, a. Deeen'ing or liable to be abominated; detestable; loathsome; I odious in the utmost degree; execrable.— Abominableness, a-bom'in-a-bl-nes, ti. The quality or state of being abomin- able, detestable, or odious.— Abominably, a-bom'in-a-bli, adv. In an abominable manner or degree. — Abomination, a-bom'- in-a"shon, n. The act of abominating or state of being abominated; detestation; that which is abominated or abominable ; hence, hateful or shameful vice. Aboral, ab-o'ral, a. [L. ab, from, and os, oris, a mouth. | Anat. away from or at the opposite extremitj- from the mouth. Aboriginal, ab-o-rij'in-al, a. [L. ab, from, and origo, origin.] Inhabiting a country from the earliest known times; as. abori- ginal tribes.- 71. An original inhabitant; one of an aboriginal race.— Aboriginally, ab-o-rij'in-al-li, adv. In or at first orrfrin; originally : from the very first.- Aborigi- nes, ab-o-rij'in-ez, to. pi. [L.l The pctple found in a country at the time of the ear- liest known settlement. Abort, a-bort', v.i. [L. aborior, abortus, to miscarry— ab, and orior, ortus, to arise. Orient.] To miscarry in giving birth; to appear in a rudimentaiy or undeveloped state.- Aborted,a-bort'ea,a. Imperfectly developed.— Abortient, a-bor'shi-ent, a. JBot. sterile; barren. —Abortion, al>or'- shon, n. The act of miscarrying, or pro- ducing young before the natural time, or before the fetus is perfectly formed; the product of untimely birth; a misshapen being; a monster; anything which fails be- fore it is matured or perfect, as a design.l —Abortive, a-bort'iv, a. Brought forth in. an immature state; rudimentary; Smper- rate, far. fat,/ftU;^ me, met, hte; plne.pin; note, not, nievej tube, tub, buU; .pjl. pound;_tJ, Sc. abun^^tbefnjuJ ABOUND ABSTAIN fectly formed or developed ; producing or intended to produce abortion; not brought to completiou or to a successful issue; coming to nought.— Abortive, a.-bort'lv,n. A drug causing or thought to cause abor- tion. — Abortively, a-bort'iv-li, adv. In an aboitiv; iii:.niioi'; imniaturely. — Abor- tivenesi, a-borl'iv-nes,n. The state of bo- iitg abortive.— Abortment.t a-bort'ment, n. An untimely birth; abortion. Abound, a-bound', v.i. [Fr. abonder, from JLi. abundare, to overflow— a6, and uiida, a wave. Undulate, Watkr.] To be in great plenty; be very prevalent; have or possess in great qilantity ; be copiously supplied : in the latter sense followed by leith or in. About, a-bout', prep. [A. Sax. dbiltan, onbdtan, about, around — prefixes A, on, on, and h&tan, without. But.] Around; on the outside or surface of; in a circle surrounding; round (tv^o yards about the stem) ; near to in place, time, size, num- ber, quantity, &c.; near to in action; on the point of (to be about to speak): in this sense followed by the infinitive; concerned in; engaged in (what is he about}) con- cerning; relating to; respecting. — adv. Around the outside; in circuit; in a circle; near to in number, time, place, quality, or degree (about as high); hero and there; around; in one place and another ; in dif- ferent directions. — To bring about, to cause to happen; to effect or accomplish. — To come about, to come to pass; to hap- pen. — To go about, to prepare to do. — Turn about, week about, &c., alternately; on each alternate week, and the like. Above, a-buv', prep [A. Sax. dbAfan, above: a triple compound of d, on, at, be, by, and it/an, upwards, akin to E. over, L. super. Or. hyper, above. I -In or to a higher place than; superior to in any respect; too high for {above mean actions); more in number, quantity, or degree than; in e.vcess of (above a ton). — Above all, above- or before everything else; before every other consideration. — adv. In or to a higher place; overhead; before, in rank or order, especially in a book /or writ- ing (what has been said above); besides, in the expression over and above. Above is often used elliptically as a noun, mean- ing (1) heaven; (2) the aforesaid; as, from the above you will leam. It is equal to an adjective in such phrases as, the above particulars, in which cited or mentioned is understood.— Above-board, adv. [Ssiid to mean lit. above the table, not with hands below the table as one trying to cheat at cards.] In open sight; without tricks or disguise.— Above-ground, adv. Alive; not buried. Abracadabra, ab'ra-ka-dab"ra, n. A word of eastern origin used in incantations. When written on paper so as to form a triangle, the first line containing the word in full, the one below it omitting the last letter, and so on each time until only one letter remained, and worn as an amulet, it was supposed to be an antidote against certain diseases. Abrade, a-brad', v.t— abraded, abrading. [L. abrado, to scrape off— a6, away, and rado, to scrape, wlience raze, razor, &cj To rub or wear down; to rub or grate ofE —Abradant, a-brad 'ant, n. A material foi- grinding, usually in powder, such as eraery, sand, glass, &c. — Abrasion, ab-ra'- zhon, n. The act of abrading; the act of wearing or rubbing off or down ; a super- ficial lesion of the skin by the partial re- moval of the cuticle. Abrahamic, a-bra-ham'ik, a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch. . Abranchiate, a-brang'ki-at,a. [Gr. a, with- out, and branckia, gills.] Devoid of bran- chiae or gills. — n. A vertebrate animal (mammal, bird, reptile) that at no period of its existence possesses gills. Abrasion. See Abrade. Abrazitic, ab-ra-zit'ik, a. [Gr. a, not, hraz6, to bubble.] Mineral not effervescing when melted before the blow-pipe. Abreast, a-brest', adv. Side by side, with the breasts in a line; hence, up to a level or standard (to keep abreast of science). Abreption, ab-rep'shon, n. * [L. abripio, abreptum, to snatch away^-a6, from, and rapjo, to snatch.] Acarryingaway,or state of being seized and carried away. Abridge, a-brij', v.t. — abridged, abridging. [Fr. abriger, from L. abbreviare, to shor- ten. Abbreviatk.] To make shorter; to curtail; to epitomize; to shorten by using fewer words; to condense; to lessen; to diminish; to deprive or cut off from: in the last sense ifoUowed by of (to abridge one of his rights).— Abridger, a-brij'tr, n. One who or tliat which abridges. — Abridg- taent, a-brij'ment, n. The act of ubridg- ing or state tof being; that which is abridged ; an epitome ; a summary, as of a book ; kn abstract. .'.An abridgment is a larger work shortened; a coinpendiwm is a condensed view of a particular sub- ject regarded as complete in itself; an epitome has more reference to the selec- tion of essential facts than an abridgment; an abstract is a bare statement of facts contained in, or of the leading features of a work. Abroach, a-broch', a. or adv. Broached: in a position for letting out liquor : said of a cask. Abroad, a-brad', adv. At large; without being confined to narrow limits; with ex- Eansion (to spread its branches abroad) ; eyond or out of the walls of a house or other inclosure ; beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign fcountries. Abrogate, ab'ro-gat, v.t,— abrogated, abro- gating. [L. abrogo, to repeal — ab, from, and rogo, to ask, propose as a law.] To repeal ; to make void ; to do away with ; to annul by an authoritative act. — Abro- gable, ai)'ro-ga-bl, a.- Capable of being abrogated. — Abrogation, ab-ro-ga'shon, n. The act of abrogating ; repeal oy autho- rity.— Abrogative, ab'ro-ga-tiv, a. Cap- able of abrogating; tending to abrogate. Abrupt, ab-rupt', a. [L. abruplus, from abrumj>o, to break off— aft, off, from, and 'nimpo, ruptum, to break, whence rupture, &c.] Steep; craggy tof rocks, precipices, &c. ); sudden; witnout notice to prepare the mind for the event (an u6/i(;)t entrance); disconnected ; having -sudden transitions (an abrupt style). — Abrupt leaf, root, bot., one terminating suddenly as if the end were cut off. — Abruption, ab-rup'shon, n. A sudden and violent breaking ofl'. — Ab- ruptly, ab-rupt'li, adv. In an abrupt man- ner; suddenly; without any notice or warning; precipitously. — Abruptness, ab- rupt'nes, n. The state or quality of being abrupt; precipitousness; suddenness; un- ceremonious haste or vehemence. Abscess, ab'ses, n. [B. abscessu^, from ab- scedere, to separate, to gather "into an abscess — abs, away, and cedo, cessum, to go, whence cession, cede,&c.] A collection of purulent matter in the tissue of an organ or part, with pain and heat. Abscind, ab-sind', v.t. [B. abscindo, ab- scissum, to cut off— atL from, and scindo, to cut.] To cut off.— Abscissa, ab-sis'sa, n. pi. Abscissae, ab-8is's5. Any part of the diameter or transverse axis of a conic sec- tion (as an ellipse), intercepted between the vertex and another line at right angles to the axis and terminated in the curve. —Abscission, ab-si'zhon, n. The act of cut- ting off; severance; removal. Abscond, ab-skond', v.i. [B. abscondo, to hide— a6s, from, and condo, to hide.] To withdraw or absent one's self in a private manner; run away in order to avoid a' legal process; decamp. — Absconder, ab- skond'er, n. One who absconds. Absence, ab'sens, n. [B. absentia, from absens, absenlis, absent, pres. part of ab- sum, to be absent— a6 or abs, away, and «Mm, esse, to be.] The state of being ab- sent: opposite of presence; the state of being at a distance in place ; the state of being awanting; non-existence within a certain sphere (absence of evidence); inat- tention. — Absence of mind, attention not to things or objects present, but to others distant or foreign. — Absent, ab'sent, a. Not present; away; somewhere else; awant- ing; having the mind withdrawn from what is passing; characterized by absence of mind (an absent man). — Abaent, ab- sent', v.t. To keep away intentionally: used refl.; as, to absent one's self from a meeting. — Absentee, ab-sen-ts', n.~ One 'who is absent ; one who absents himself: often applied to landlords who, deriving their income from one country, reside and spend it in another. — Absenteeism, ab- sen-te'izm, n. The practice or habit of an absentee. — Absenter, ab-sent'6r, n. One who absents himself.— Absently, ab'sent- li, adv. In an abaent or inattentive man- ner.— Absentment, ab-sent'ment, n. The act of absenting. Absinthe, ab-sant or ab'sinth, n. [Fr., from B. a6«tni7aum, wormwood.] A pop- ular French liqueur orcordial consisting of brandy flavoured with wormwood. — Absintliian, Absinthic, ab-sin'thi-au, ab- sin'thik, a. Pertaining to wormwood, or obtained from it. — Ab.sinthiate, ab-sin'- thi-at, v.t. To impregnate with worm- wood. Absolute, ab'so-ltlt, a. {B. absotutus. Ab- solve'.] Freed from bmitation or con- dition; unconditional (an absolute pro- mise) ; unlimited by extraneous power or control (an a6*oiu'thing which absorbs: a vessel in an animal body which takes iii nutritive mat- ters into the system; a substance applied to a wound to stanch or arrest the flow of blood.— Absorption, ab-sorp'shon, n. The act or process of absorbing; state of being absorbed or engrossed. — Absorptive, ab- sorp'tiv, a. Having power to absorb or im- bibe.— Absorptivity.ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti.n. The power or capacity of absorption. Abstain, ab-stan', v.i. [O.Fr. abstener. Mod. Fr. abstenir, from B. abstineo, to keep from- a6«, from, and teneo, to hold, whence contain, tenant, tenacious, &c.] To forbear or refrain voluntarily; to withhold. —Abstainer, ab-stan'6r, n. One who ab- stains; specifically, one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors.- Absten- tion, ab-sten'shon, n. The act of holding offor abstaining; abstinence.— Abstinence, ab'eti-nens, n. The act or practice of volun- tarily refraining from the use of anything ch, cftain; ch,Sc.loch; 8,J30i j. job; a, Fr. towj^* »gi!_8i»ffJW*l>.^'il^tbt.'fc"iv' '!i^J!MiM^\h^MSi ahfa«ure. ABSTEMIOUS 4' ACCEDE •within our reach, especially from some bodily indulgence; partaking sparingly of food or drinK. — Abstinent, ab'sti-nent, a. Practising abstinence.— Abstinently, ab'- sti-nent-li, adv. In an abstinent manner. Abstemious, ab-ste'mi-us, o. [L. dbstemius — abs, and root seen in temetum, strong drink, temulentus, drunken; Skr. tim, to be wet.] Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; tem- perate; devoted to or spent in abstemious- ness or abstinence (an ahgtemioua life); very moderate and plain ; very sparing (abste- mAofus diet). — Abstemiously, ab-ste'mi-us- ii, adv. In an abstemious manner. — Ab- stemiousness, ab-ste'mi-us-nes, n. Abstention. Abstain. Absterge, ab-st6rj', v.t.—dbaUrged, absterg- ing. [L. abstergeo, to wipe off-^aftsj and tergeo, tersum, to wipe, whence terse.l To wipe, or make clean by wiping ; to wash away; to deterge.— Abstergent, ab-st6rj'- ent, a. Having cleansing or purgative properties. — Abstergent, ab-st6rj 'ent, n. Whatever aids in scouring or cleansing; a detergent. — Ab3terse,t ab-st6rs', v.t. To absterge ; to Cleanse ; to purify.— Ab- stersion, ab-stfefshon, n. The act of ab- sterging or cleansing. — Abstersive, ab- sters'iv, a. Cleansing; abstergent. — Ab- stersive, ab-st6rs'iv,-!i. That which effects abstersion. — Abstersiveness, ab-sters'iv- n0s, n. Quality of being abstersive or abr stergeut. Abstinence, Abstinent, Abstinently. See Abstain. Abstract, ab-strafet', v.<. [Prom L. abstraho; abstractum, to draw away— a6s, and traho, tractum, to draw, seen also in trace, con- tract, detract,rMract, &c.] To draw or take away ; to withdraw ; to purloin ; to take away mentally ; consider separately ; epi- tomize or reduce to a summary. — Ab- stract, ab'strakt, a. Considered or thought of in itself ; not concrete ; considered and treated apart from any iJarlicular object {abstract mathematics; abstract logic). In gram, and logic, abstract nouns or terms are names of qualities, in opposition to concrete, which are names of things. — n. A summary or epitome containing the sub- stance; a bare or brief statement Of facts detailed elsewhere. Syn. vmder Abkidg- MENT.— Abstracted,ab-strakt'ed,a. Absent in mind ; inattentive.— Abstractedly, ab- Btrakt'ed-li,adi;. In an abstracted or absent manner. — Abstractedness, ab-strakt'ed- nes, n. — Abstracter, ab-strakt'6r, n. One who abstracts or purloins. — Abstraction, ab-strak'shon, n. The act of abstracting or separating; the act of withdrav.'ing; the act of considering separately what is united in a complex object; something abstract; an idpa or iiotion of an abstract character; absence of mind; the state of being entirely engrossed in thought. — Abstractive, ab- strakt'iv, a. Having the power or quality of abstracting.— Abstractively, ab-strakt'- iv-li, adv. In an abstractive manner. — Abstractly, ab-strakt'li, ody. In an ab- stract manner or state.— Abstractness.ab'- strakt-nes, n. The state or quality of be- ing abstract. Abstriction,t ab-strik'shon, n. [li.ab, from, and stringo, strictum, to bind.] The act of unbinding.— AbBtringe,t ab-strinj', v.t. To unbind. Abstruse, ab-strtis', a. [L. abstrusus, pp. of abstiiido, to thrust away.] Remote from ordinary minds or notions ; difficult to be comprehended or understood ; pro- found; recondite. — Abstrusely, ab-strfls'li, adv. In an abstruse manner: profoiindly; with terms or notions remote from such as are obvious. — Abstruseness, ab-stras'- nes, n. The quality of being abstruse. Absurd, ab-s6rd', a. [L. abs^urdus—ab, and surdus, deaf, insensible. Surd.] Incon- sistent with reason or common sense; ridi- culous ; nonsensical ; logically contradic- tory. — Absurdity, ab-s6rd'i-ti, re. The state or quality of being absurd ; that which is absurd ; an absurd action, statement, &c. — Absurdly, ab-s6rd'li, adv. In an absurd manner.— Absurdness, ab-s6rd'nes, w. The quality of being absurd. AJ>undance, a-bun'dans, n. [L. abundantia, abundance, from aMindo,to abound (which see).] A fulness «r plenteonsness great to overflowing; ample sufficiency; plenteous- ness; copiousness. — Abiuxdant,aA)un'dant, a. Plentiful; ample; fully suiiicient; abounding; overflowing. — Abundantly, a- bun'dant-h, adv. In a plentiful or suflS- cient degree; amply; plentifully. Abuse, a-btiz', v.t. — abused, abusing. [Ft.. abuser; L. abutor, abusus — ab, and utor, to use. Use.] To misuse; to put to i, wrong or bad use; to do wrong to; injure; dishon- our; violate; deceive; 'impose on; take un- due advantage of. — Abnsable,a-buz'a-bl,a. Capable of being abused. — Abuse, a-bUs', n. Improper treatment or employment ; itn- proper use or application; misuse; a corrupt practice or custom (the abuses of govern- ment); injury; scurrilous or contumelious language. — Abuser, a-biiz'^r, n. One who abuses, in speech or behaviour. — Abusive, a-bus'-iv, a. Practising abuse; oflFering harsh words or ill-treatment ; scurrilous ; opprohrittus; insulting. — Abusively.a-bus'- iv-ii,adv. In an abusive manner.— tAbusive- ness, a^bas'-iv-nes, ji. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language. Abxit, a,-\mt', v.i.— abutted, abutting, [Fr.- abouiir, to meet at the end, to border on— «,at, and bottt, extremity. Butt.] To be contiguous; to join' at a border or boun- dary ; to form a point or line of Contact : wiljh on, upon, against. — Abutment, a-but'- ment, re. The condition of abutting; the part abutting ; the soUd part of a pier or wall against which an arch abuts, or from which it springs. — Abuttal, a-but'al, n. The abutting part of a piece of land.— Abutter, a-but'6r, n. That which abuts. Aby, a.-hi', v.t.—abied. [=prefix a, and btij/: A. Sax. Ohicgan, to pay a penalty.] To atone for; to suffer for; to pay the penalty for. Abyss, a-bis', n. [L. abyssus, Gr. abysses , bottomless — a, priv., and byssos, bottom,] A bottomless gulf; anything profound and unfathomable, literally or figuratively. — Abysmal, a-biz'mal, a. Pertaining to an abySs; profound; immeasurable. — Abyssal, a-bis'al, a. Relating to or like an abyss ; pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea. Abyssinian, ab-is-sin'i-an, a. Belonging to Abyssinia or its inhabitants. — re. A native or inhabitant of Abyssinia ; a member of the Abyssinian Church. Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, n. [L. acacia, Gr. akaJcia, from ake, a point.] A genus of ornamental plants, some species of which produce catechu, and some exude gum-arabic. Acacia-tree, a name sometimes given to the locust-tree {Robinia pseudObacia). Acacio, a-ka'shi-g, n. A heavy durable wood of the red-mahogany character, but darker and plainer. Called also Acajou. Academy, a-kad'e-mi, n. [ L. academia, Gr. academeia, the Academy, from the hero Academus, to whom the ground ori- ginally belonged which formed the garden in which Plato taught.] The members of the philosophical school founded by the Greek philosopher Plato; a school holding a rank between a college and an elemen- tary school; a seminary of learning of the higher class; an association for the promo- tion of literature, science, or art, estab- lished sometimes by government, and sometimes by the voluntary union of pri- vate individuals, the members of which are called Academicians. — Academe, n. An academy. [ Poet.] — Academic, Aca- demical, ak-a-dem'ik, ak-a-dem'ik-al, a. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato ; belonging^ to an academy, or to a college or university; as, academic studies. — Academic, ak-a-dem'ik, re. A disciple of Plato; a student in a college or univessity. — Academical, ak-ardem'i-kal. n. A mem- ber of an academy; pi. the costume proper to the officers and students of a school or college.— Academically, ak'a-dem"ik-al-li, adv. In an academical manner. — Acade- mician. ak'a-d5-mi"shan,re. A member of an academy or society for promoting arts and sciences. — Academics, Acadeimsm, ak-a-dem'iks, a-kad'em-izm, re. The doc- trines of the Academic philosophy ; Pla- tonism. — Academist, a-kad'em-ist, n. An Academic philosopher. -Academiclsm.ak- a-dem'i-slzm, n. The system or mode of teaching at an academy ; an academical mannerism. Acadian, a-k&'di-an, a. .Belonging to Aca- dia, a former name of Nova Scotia. — re. A native or inhabitant of Acadia. Acajou, ak'a-j(), n. [Pr. acajou, mahogany, probably from Malay kayu, a tree.] A kind of heavy red mahogany; acacio; gum and resin from the stem of the mahogany tree. Acalephs, a-ka-le'fe, ». pi. [Gr. akalephe, a nettle.] A name sometimes applied to the marine animals commonly known as sea-nettles, jelly-fish, &c. — Acaleph^ Aca- lephan, ak a-lef , ak-a-le'fan, re. A member oftheAcalephae.— Acalephoid,a-ka-l6'foid, a. Like an acaleph or medusa; medusoid. Acalycine, Acalycinous, a^kari-sin, ak-a- lis'in-us, a. [Gr. o, not, and kalyx, a cup.] Bot. without-a calyx or flower-cup. Acanaceous, ak-a-na'shus, a. [Gr. akanos, a prickly shrub.] Bot. armed with prickles. Acautha, a-kan'tha, re. [Gr. akantha, a spine or thorn.] A prickle of a plant; a spine of an animal; one of the acute pro- cesses of the vertebrse of animals. — Acan- thaceouB, ak-an-tha'shus, a. Armed with prickles, as a plant.^-Acanthine, a-kan'- thin, a. Pertaining to or resembling the plant Acanthus; prickly.— Acantnold, Acanthous, a-kan'thoid, a-kan'thus, a. Spiny. —Acanthopliorous, ak-ah-tho for- us, a. Having or producing spines or prickles.- Acanthus, a-kan'thus, re. [Gr. akanthos, from its prickly leaves.] The plant bear's-breech or brankursine; an architectural ornament used in capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and resembling somewhat the foliage of this plant. Acauthopterygii, a^kan'thop-te-ri j " i,i, n. pi. [Gr. akantha, a thorn, and pterygion, the fin of a fish, from pteryx, a wing. J One of the two primary divisions of the osseous fishes, characterized by having one or more of the first rays of the fins in the form of spines. — Acanthopterygian, Acanthopte- rygious,a-kan'thop-te-rij"i-an,a-kan'thop- te-rij"i-us, a. Of or pertaining to the Acan- thopterygii.— Acanthopterygian, a-kan'- thop-te-rij''i-an, n. An Acanthopterygian fish. Acanthus, a-kan'thus, «. Acantha. Acardia, a-kar'di-a, re. '[Gr. a, priv., and kardia, the heart.] The state of being without a heart, as is the case in some monstrous births. Acarida, a-kar'i-da, re. pi. [Gr. akares, tooi short to be cut, small^ tiny— a, priv., and keiro, to cut.] A divisio^^ of Arachnida, including the mites, ticks, and water- mites. Tlie mouth in. all is formed for suction.— Acaridan, Acarid, a-kar'i-dau, 9,k'a-rid, re. One of the Acarida.— Acari- cide, a-kiir'i-sid, re. A substance that de- stroys mites. Acarpous, a-kar'pus, a. [Gr. akarpos, un- fruitful—a, priv., and karvos, fruit.] Bot. not producing fruit; sterile; bafren. Acatalectic, a'kat-a-lek"tik, a. [Gr. akat- alektos.] Having the complete number of syllables (an acatalectic verse). Acataleptic, a'kat-a-lep"tik, a. [Gr.— a, priv., kata, down, and ISpsis, a taking.] Incomprehensible; not to be known with certainty. — re. One who beli^'es that we can know nothing with certainty.. Acaulcus, Acaulescent, a-kal'us, a-kal-es'- ent, a. TGr. a, priv., and kaulos, a stalk.] Bot. without a conspicuous stem; stem- less. Acauline, Acaulose, are also used in same sense. Accad, Accadtan, ak'ad, ak-ka'di-an, re. A member of one of the primitive races of Babylonia, a non-Semitic race the exist- ence of which has been shown by the cunei- form inscriptions; the language of this race. — AccadlaJi, ak-ka'di-an, a. Belong- ing to the Accads or their language. Accede, ak-sfid', v.i. — acceded, acceding. [Pr. accider, to assent, from L. accedo^ ad, to, and eedo, to move, to give place. Cede.] To agree or assent, as to a pro- position, or to terms proposed by another; to become a party by agreeing" to terms; to join or be added; to succeed, as an hek; come to by inheritance: said especially of a sovereign.— Accession, ak-se shon, n. Fate, f ^, fat, fgll; me, met, "hii; piae, pin; nSte, noi, mtfve; tube, tub, b\}^; oil, pound; tt, Sc. abuae— tbe i^. «. ACCELERATE ACCOMPLISH The act of acceding; tlie act of agreoiag or assenting; increase by something added; that -which is added; the act of succeed- ing to a throne, office, or- dignity ; the attack or commencement of a disease. Accelerate, ak-Sel'6r-at, v.t.— accelerated, accelerating. [L. accelerOr acceleratwn, to hasten— ad, to, and celer, swift. Ce- uiRiTY.] To make qiiicker ; to cause to move or advance faster; hasten; add to the velocity of; bring about or help to bring about more speedily.— Acceleration, ak r Bel-6r-a"ghon, n. The act of accelerating or state of being Accelerated ;, increase of velocity.— Accelerative, ak-sel'Cr-at-iv, a. Tending to accelerate; adding to velocity. —Accelerator, ak-ser6r-at-6r, n. One who or that which accelerates ; a hastener. — Acceleratory, ak-sel'er-a-to-ri, a. Accel- erating or tending to accelerate. ■ Accend.t ak-send', v.t. [L. accencU), ae- censum, to kindle; root seen in candle, candid, &c.] To set on fire; to kindle.— Accendent, ak-sen.<. [O.Fr. accointer; L.L. acco^idare, to make Known, from L. od, to, and copni<««, known, from cognoaco, cognitum, to know; same root as in know.] To make to know ; to make aware of ; to apprise; to make familiar; inform: with is used before the subject of information, if a noun (acquaint a person ieith facts). — Acquaintance, akkwant'ans, n. A state of being acquainted, or of having more or less intimate knowledge ; knowledge ; fa- miliarity (followed by mih); a person known to one ; the whole body of those with whom one is acquainted.— Acquaint- anceship, ak-kwant'ans-yhip, n. State of being acquainted. — Acquainted, ak- kwant'ed, a. Having acquaintance; know- ing, but not a close or intimate friend. Acquiesce, ak-kwi-es', v.i. — acquieaced, ac- quieadng. [Fr. acquieacer, L. acquieaco, to rest, to acquiesce — ad, to, and quieaco, to be quiet. QurEx.] To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without op- position and discontent; to assent quietly; to agree. — Acquiescence, Acquiescency, ak-kwi-es'ens, aK-kwi-es'ens-si, n. The act of acquiescing or giving a quiet assent.— Acquiescent, ak-kwi-es'ent, a. Disposed to acquiesce; disposed to submit; quietly as- senting.— Acquiescently, ak-kwi-es'ent-li, adv. In an acquiescent manner. Acquire, ak-kwir*, v.t— acquired, acquiring. VL. acquiro, to get — ad, to, and quaro, to look or search for. Quest.] To get or gain, the object being something which is more or less permanent (as fortune, title, habi ts, &c.). .'. A mere temporary possession is not expressed by acquire, but by obtain, procure, &c.; as, to obtain (not acquire) a Dook on loan.— Acqulrablllty, ak^wir'a- bil"i-ti, n. State of being acquirable. — —Acquirable, ak-kwir'a-bl, a. Capable of being acquired.— Acquirement, ak-kwir'- ment. n. The act of acquiring, or of mak- ing acquisition ; that which is acquired ; ch, cAain; cA, Sc. locA; g, jro; Ji/obi n,Fr. ton; ng, sin^; ih, (Aen; th, tfiin; w, wig; wh, wAig; zh, a^ure. ACQUIT ACTUAL attainment, especially personal attain- ment (as contrasted with a natural gift or endottmienty.— Acqirirer, ak-kwir'4r, n. A person' who acquires. — Acquisition, ak- kwi-zi'shon, ti. The act of acquiring; the thing acquired or gained : generally ap- g lied to material gains. — Acquisitive, ak- wiz'it-iv, a. Disposed to make acquisi- tions; having a propensity to acq aire pro- perty.— Acquisitively,ak-kwiz'it-iv-li,adv. In an acquisitive manner ; by way of ac- quisition.— Acquisitiveness, ak-twiz'it-iv- nes, n. Quality of being acquisitive; a propensity to acquire property; pftren. the organ which is said to produce the desire to acquire and possess. 4,cquit, %)s.^ynv,vX—ae(xuitled,ac<]vitti7^g. [Pr. acguitter, to discharge, to set at rest with respect to a claim— Jj. ad, to, and quietus, at rest, quiet. Quiet.] To release or discharge from an obligation, accusa- tion, or the like ; to pronounce not guUty (with of before the thing); refl. to behave; to bear or cpnduct one's self.— Acquittal, ak-kwit'al, n. The act of acquitting ; a judicial setting free from the charge of an offence.— Acquittance, ak-kwit'ans, n. An acquitting or discharging from a debt or any other liability ; the writing which is evidence of such a discharge. Acre, a'kfer, n. [A. Sax. acer, (Beer, a field= D. akker, Icel. akr, Dan. a^er, G. acker, Goth, akrs, arable land, a field ; L. ager, Gr. agros, Skr. ajra, a field. Prom root ag, ak, as in L. ago, Icel. oka, to drive, the word probably meaning originally the place to or over which Cattle were driven; a pasture.- Acorn is from this root.] A definite quantity of land. The British statute or imperial acre contains 160 square rods or perches, or 4840 square yards. — ffocTs acre, God's field; the church-yard. — Acreable, a'k6r-a-bl, a. According to the acre; measured or estimated in acres or by the acre.— Acreage, a'ker-aj, n. The num- ber of acres in a piece of land; acres taken collectively.— Acred, aTs^rd, a. Possessing acres or landed property. Acrid, ak'rid, o. [From L. acer, acris, acre, sharp : with id, from the common L. ad- jective termination -idus. Acid.] Sharp or biting to the taste; pungent; bitter; virulent ; bitter (as in temper or disposi- tion).— Acrid, ak'rid. n. An acrid or irri- tant poison.— Acridity, AcridiieM,a-krid'- i-ti, ak'rid-nes, n. The quality of being acrid or pungent. Acrimony, ak'ri-mo-ni, n. [L. acrimonia, from acris, sharp.] Acridity; pungency; sharpness or severity of temper; bitterness of expression; acerbity; asperity .—Acrimo- nious, ak-ri-mo'ni-us, a. Abounding in acrimony; severe; bitter; virulent; caustic; stinging.— Acrimoniously, ak-ri-mo'ni-us- li, adv. In an acrimonious manner; sharp- ly; bitterly ;_ pungently. — Acrimonlous- ness, ak-ri-mo'ni-U8-nes,n. The quality of being. Acrisia, a-kris'i-a, n. [Gr. neg. prefix a, and krisis, judgment.] A condition of disease in which no judgment cart be formed. — Acritical, a-krit'ik-al, a. Having or giv- ing no indications of a crisis. Acritude.tak'ri-tQd.n. lli.acritttdo. Acrid.] An acrid quality ; acridity. Acroamatic, AcroamatlcaJ^ Acroatlc, ak'- ro-a-mat"ik, ak'ro-a-mat"ik-al, ak-rO-at'- ik, o. [Gr. akroamatikos, fiom akroaomai, to hear.] Designed for being heard only by a select audience; h(ince, abstruse; per- taining to deep learning; esoteric. Acrobat, ak'ro-Dat,n. IGt.akrohates — akros, high, and bainO, to go.] A rope-dancer; also, one who practises vaulting, tumbl- ing, throwing somersaults, 4c. — Acro- batic, ak'r5-bat-ik, a. Of or pertaining to an acrobat or his performance. Acrocarpous, ak-ro-karp'us, a. [Qr. akros. highest, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. applied to mosses whose flower terminates the growth of a primary axis. Acrocephallc, ak'r(>-se-fal"ik, o. [Gr.afcro*, high, and kephaU, the head.] High- skulled; having the .top of the skull high or pyramidal. Acroceraunian, ak'ro-g5-rft"ni-an, a. [Gr. akron, a summit, and keraunos, thunder.] Thunder - smitten : applied to certain mountains in Greece, from being often struck with lightning. [PoeticalT Acrogen, ak'rO-jen, n. [Gr. akros, high, on the top, and root gen, to produce.] A plant ■ (as a moss, fern, horse-tail) increasing by extension of the stem or axis of growth at the top.— Acrogenous, a-kroj'en-us, a. In- creasing by growth at the summit, as the tree-fema; pertaining to the acrogens. Acrolith, ak'rO-Uth, n. [Gr. akros, high, extreme, and litkos, a stone.] In arch, and acvlp. a statue, of which only the extremi- ties are stone. — Acrolithan, a-kro'lith-an, a. Pertaining to or formed like an acro- Uth. Acromion, a-kro'mi-on, n. [Gr. akros, high, extreme, and Omos, shoulder.] A process of the shoulder-blade which receives the collar-bone. Acroaarcotic, ak'ro-nar-kot"ik, n. [Gr. akros, extreme, and E. narcotic] A nar- cotic poison which irritates and inflames the alimentary canal, and acts on the brain and spinal cord. Acronyc, Acronycal, Acronyctous, a-kron'- ik, a-kron'ik-al, ak-ro-nik'tus, a. [Gr. ak- ros, extreme, and n>/x, night.] Astron. culminating at midnight : said of a star which rises as the sun sets, and sets as the sun rises. — Acronycally, a-kron'ik-al-U, adv. In an acronycal manner. Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. [Gr.— oJtrog, high, and polls, a city.]- The citadel or highest part of a Grecian city, usually Situated on an eminence commanding the town. Acrospire, ak'ro-spir, n. [Gr. akros, high- est, and speira, a spire, or spiral line.] The first leaf which rises above the ground when corn germinates; also the rudimen- tary stem or first leaf which appears in malted grain.— Acrospired, ak'ro-spird, a. Having or exhibiting the acrospire. Across, a-kros', prep, and adv. [Prefix a, and cross.] From side to Side: opposed to along; athwart; quite over; intersecting; passing over at any angle ; from one side to another; crosswise. Acrostic, a-kros'tik, n. [Gr. akrostichion, an acrostic— aArros, extieme, and stichos, order or verse.] A composition in verse, in which the first, or the first and last, or certain other letters of the lines, taken in order, form a name, title, motto, &c., which is the subject of the poem.— a. Rela- ting to or containing an acrostic. — Acros- tically, a-kros'tik-al-li, adv. In the man- ner of an acrostic. Acroterimu, ak-ro-te'ri-um, n. pi. Acrote- ria, ak-rO-te'ri-a. [Gr. akroterion, a sum- mit, apex, from akros, highest.] Arch, an angle of a pediment, or a small pedestal resting on the angle. Acrotic, a-krot'ik, a. [L.L. acrotieus, from Gr. akros, extreme.] Med. belonging to or affecting external surfaces. Acrotism, ak'ro-tizm, n. [Gr. a, priT.,and krotos, a beating.] An absence or weak- ness of the pulse. Act, akt, v. i. [L. ago, actum, to exert power, to put irt motion, to do; Gr. ago, to lead ; allied to Icel. aka, to drive, and to E. a/^e (which see).] To exert powerj to produce effects; to be in action or motion; to carry into effect a purpose or determination of the mind; to behave, demean, or conduct one's sfelf ; to nerform, as an actor. — v.t. To transact; to do or perform ; to represent as real ; to. perform on or as on the stage; to play; hence, to fei^ or counterfeit. — Act, akt, n. That wmch is being done or which has been done; a deed; an exploit; the exertion of power; the effect of which power exerted is the cause; a state of real- ity or real existence, as opposed to a possi- bility ; actuality ; a part or division of a play , generally subdivided into smaller portions called scenes; a decree, edict, or law, es- pecially one proceeding from a legislative body. Action.— /» the act, in the actual performance or commission of some mis- deed.— /?i act to, prepared or ready to, by being in a suitable posture. — Actable, akt'a-bl, a. Capable of being acted or performed; practically possible.- Acting, akt'ing, a. Performing duty, service, or functions; doing the real work of an office for a nominal of "honorary holder of the post.— n. A playing on the stage.— Actor, ak'tfer, n. One who acts or performs; one who represents a character or acts a part in a play.— Actress, ak'tres, n. A female actor. Actinia, ak-tin'i-a, n. pi. Actinlse. [Gr. ak- tis, aktinos, a ray; from their tentacles bemg ray-like.] . A sea-anemone; a polyp having the mouth surrounded by tentacles in concentric circles, which when spread resemble the petals of a flower: often of brilliant colours. Actinic, ak-tm'ik, a. [Gr. aktis, aktinos, a ray.] Pertaining to rays; pertaining to the chemical rays of the sun. — Actinism, ak'tin-izm, n.~ The radiation of heat or light; the property of the chemical part of the sun's ravs, which, as seen in pho- tography, produces chemical combina- tions and decompositions.— Actinoid, ak'- tin-oid, a. Resembling a ray or rays ; ra- diated.— Actinograph, ak-tin'o-graf , n. An instrument for measuring and registering the variations of actinic or chemical in- fluence in the solar rays.— Actinology, ak- ti-nol'o-ji, n. The science which investi- gates the power of sunlight to cause chemi- cal action. — Actinolite, ak-tin'o-lit, n. [■lite=Gr. lithos, a stone.] A radiated mineral, nearly allied to hornblende, and consisting chiefly of silica, calcium, mag- nesium, and iron. — Actinolitic, ak-tin'o- lif'ik, a. Like or pertaining to actinolite. — Actinometer, ak-tin-om ' et-6r, n. An instrument for measuring the intensity of the Sun's actinic rays.— Actinometric, ak- tin'o-mef'rik, a. Of or belonging to the actinometer or its use.— Actinozoa, ak- tin'o-zo"a, n. pi. • [-zoa, from Gr. tOon, an animal.] A class of radiated, soft marine zoophytes, embracing the -sea-anemones, corals, sea-pens, &c. With the Hj-drozoa they constitute the sub-kingd^ni Coelen- terata. — Actinozoon, ak-tiu'o-zo' on, n. An individual member of the Actinozoa. Action, ak'shon, n. [L. actio. Act.] The ^tate or manner of acting or being active, as opposed to rest; activity ;• an act or thing done; the performance of a func- tion; a deed: an exploit; a battle or en- gagement; the mechanism or inovement of a compound instrument, or the like: agenc}'; operation; impulse; the connected series jof events on which the interest of a drama or work of fiction fieperjds; ges- ture or gesticulation; a suit or process at law. .'. Action and Act have some mean- ings in common, but others are peculiar to each. Thus, the meanings battle, Uiw- 8uit,niechanism,belongonly to the former; those of law, part of a play, to the latter. So we speak of a course of action. But we may speak of performing a noble action or a noble act.— Actionable, ak'shon-a-bl, a.- Furnishing ground for an action at law.— Actionably, ak'shon-ft-bli, adv. In an actionable manner. Active, ak'tiv, a. I Fr. actif, active; li.acti- wis. Act.] Having the power or property of acting; exerting or having the power to exert an infl.uence (as opposed to passive); performingactions quickly; quick ;nimble; brisk; agile; constantly engaged in action; busy; assiduous; accompanied or charac- terized by action, work, or by the perfor- mance 01 business (an active demand for goods); actually proceeding {active hostili- ties); gram, expressing action, especially action affecting an object; transitive. — Actively, ak'tiv-li, adv. In an active man- ner.— Acti-vity, ak-tiv'i-t), n. The state or qualitj"of being aAive; the active faculty; active force; nimbleness; agility; brisk- ness.— Actlveness, ak'tiv-nes, n. State of being active. Acton, ak'ton, n. [O.Fr. acoton, avqneton, Sp. alrcoton, Ar. al^'oton, from being originally padded with cotton.) A kind of vest or tunic made of taffeta or leather quilted, formerly worn to protect the body from wounds. Actor, Actress. Act. Actual, ak'tQ-al, a. Acting or existing really and objectively; real; effectively operative ; effectual: opposed to potoniial or nominal; now existing; present. — n. Something actual or real.- Actusdist, ak'ta-al-ist, n. One who deals -with actu- alities: opposed to idealist.— ActutXaeu, Fate, far, fat, f«ll; me, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; tabe, tub, bull ; oil, pound; U, So. ab»aie— the Fr. u. ACTUARY ADHERSJ ak'tfl-al-nea. The quality of being actual. —Actuality, ak-tu-al'i-ti, n. The state of being actual; that which is real or actual. — Actualization, ak'ta-al-iz-&"8hon, n. A making real or actual. — Actualize, ak'tft- al-iz, v.t.— actualized, actualizing. To make actual. — Actually, ak'tu-al-li, adv. In fact; really; with active manifestation. Actuary, ak'ta-a-ri, n. (L. actuarius, a clerk, a registrar, from acta, records, acts.J A registrar or clerk ; an official in a joint- stock company, particularly an insurance company, whose duty it is to make the necessary computations, especially compu- tations of some complexity. — Actuarial, ak-tQ-a'ri-al, a. Of or pertaining to an actuary or to his business. j Actuate, ak'tQ-at, v.t.— actuated, actuating. [From act.] To put into action; to move or incite to action. — Actuation, ak-ta-a'- shon, n. The state of being put in action. —Actuator, ak'ta-at-6r, n. One who actu- ates or puts in action. Aculeate, Aculeated, a-kti'l5-at,Qi-kQ'l5-ftt- ed, a. [L. acuteus, a spine, a prickle, dim. of acus, a needle. Acid.] Bot. having prickles or sharp points; sooi.' having a sting. — Acttleif orm, a-ku ' le-i-fonn, a. Formed like a prickle.^— Aculeolate, a-ku'- le-o-lat, a., Bot. having small prickles or sharp points. Acumen,a-ku'men,n. [L.ac«TOera,from acw>, to sharpen. Acid.] Quickness of percep- tion^ mental acuteness or penetration; keenness of insight; sagacity. — Acumin- ate, Acuminated, a-ku'min-at, a-ku'min- at-ed, a. [ L. acuminatus, sharpened.] Pointed; acute. — Acuminate, a-ku'min- at, v.t. — acuminated, acuminating. To render sharp or keen. — v.i.i To taper to a point.— Acumination, a-ku'min-a"8hon, n. Act of acuminating or sharpening; a point- ed extremity; a sharp point or jag. Acupressure, Acupression, ak-u-pre'shClr, ak-Q-pre'shon, n. [L. acus, a' needle, and E. press.] Surg, a method of stopping hasmorrhage in arteries in amputations, &c., by means of needles or wires which keep the wound close instead of ligatures. — AcupreES,ak'u-pres, v.t. To stop haemor- rhage in by means of acupressure. Acupuncture, ak-u-pungk'tur, n. [L. acus, a needle, and p%vnciura, a pricking. Punc- ture.] A surgical operation resorted to in certain complaints, as in headaches, neuralgia, rheumatism, &c., and consist- ing in the insertion of a delicate needle or set of needles beneath the tissues. — Acupuncturator, ak-fl-pungk'tQ-rat-er, n. An instrument tor performing the opera- tion of acupuncture. Acuru, ak'ij-ro, n. The name in India of a fragrant aloe-wood. Acute, a-kat', a. [L. aculus. sharp-pointed, from acuo, to sharpen. From root ac, ak, a point. Acid.] Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point: opposed to blunt or ob- tuse; intellectually sharp; perceiving, minute distinctions, or characterized by the use of such; characterized by keenness of insight: opposed to dull or stupid; having nice or quick sensibility; suscep- tible of slight impressions {acute hearing); keen; sharp: said of pain; high in pitch; shrill: said of sound; med. a term applied to a disease which is attended with more or less violent symptoms, and comes speedily to a crisis; geoin. less than a right angle. — Acutely, a-kut'li, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discri- mination. — Acuteness, a-kut'nes, n. The quality of being acute; sharpness; keen- ness; sagacity; acumen. Adage, ad'aj, n. [Fr. adage, li. adagium, a proverb.] A proverb; an old saying, wLich has obtained credit by long use. Adagio, a-da'jo, a. and adv. [It.] Music, slow; slowly, leisurely, and with grace.— n. A slow movement. Adam, ad'am, n. The name of the first man; hence,the frailty inherent in human nature. — Adam's apple, the prominence on the fore part of the throat.— Adam's needle, the popular name of the plants otherwise called Yucca.— Adamlc, a-dam'- ik,^ a. Pertaining to Adam. — Adamite, ) ad'am-lt, n. One of an ancient religious sect who aimed at establishing a state of innocence, and went naked. — Adamitlc, ad-am-it'ik, a. Pertaining to the Adam- ites or to Adam. Adamant, ad'a-mant, n. [L. adamas, ada- mantis, dr. adamas, the hardest iron or steelj anything inflexibly hard, the dia- mond; lit. the unconquerable— 6r. o, priv., and damaO, to tame. Tame,. Diamond.] Any substance of impenetrable hardness: chiefly a rhetorical or poetical word. (Formerly it sometimes meant the dia- mond, sometimes loadstone.)— Adamant- ean. Adamantine, ad'a-mant-6"an, ad-a- mant'in, a. Made of adamant; having the qualities of adamant; impenetrable. Adapt, a-dapt'. v.t. lli. adapto — ad, to, and apto, to fit. A^T.] To make suitable; to make to correspond; to fit or suit; to pro- portion; to remodel, work up, and render fit for representation on the stage, as a play from a foreign language or a novel. — Adaptability, Adaptaoleness, a-dapt'a- bil"r-ti, a-dapt'a-bl-nes, n. The quality of being capable of adaptation. — Adapt- able, a-dapt'a-bl, a. Capable of being adapted.— Adaptation, ad-ap-ta'shon, n. The act of adapting or making suitable; the state of being suitable or fit; that which is adapted.— Adaptedness, a-dapt'- ed-nes, n. State of being adapted; suit- ableness.— Adapter, a-dapt'er, n. One who or that which adapts. — Adaptive.t a^dapt'- iv, a. _ Tending to adapt; suitable. Adar, a'dar, n. A Hebrew month, answer- ing to the latter part of February and the beginning of March, the twelfth of the sacred and sixth of the civil year. Add, ad, v.t. [L. addo, to add— od, to, and do, to put, to place, to give.] To set or. put together; to join or unite; to put into one gum; to annex; subjoin; say further. —v.i. To be or serve as an addition (with to); also, to perform the arithmetical oper- ation of acfdition.— Addability, Addlbil- Ity, ad-a-bil'i-ti, ad-i-bil'i-ti, n. The condi- tion of being addahle; the capability of being added.— Addable, Addible, ad'a-bl, ad'i-bl, a. Capable of being added.— Ad- dition, ad-di'snon.w. The act or process of adding ; the uniting of two or more num- bers in one sum ; the rule or branch of arithmetic which treats of adding num- bers; an increase; something added; a title coming after a personal name iShak.) — Ad- ditional, ad-di'shon-al, a. Added; supple- mentary. — Additionally, ad-di'shon-al-Ji, adv. By way of addition. — Additive, ad'- it-iv, a. Falling to be added; additional; helping to increase. Addax, ad'aks, n. A species of large ante- lope inhabiting Africa, with long, and beautifully twisted horns. Addendum, ad-den'dum, n. pi. Addenda, ad-den'da. [L.] A thing to be added; an addition; an appendix to a work. Adder, ad'er, n. [O.E. addre, addere, by loss of initial n from A. Sax. ncedre, noeddre, O. and' Prov. E. nedder, Icel. nadr, Goth. nadrs, G. natter. For a similar loss of n comp. aproti, napron.] A venomous ser- pent, the common viper, found in Britain and over Europe.— Adder-fly, n. A name of the dragon-fly.— Adder-pike, n. A small fish,the lesser weever or sting-fish. — Adder- stone, n. A name given to certain rounded perforated stones, popularly supposed to have a kind of supernatural eflicacy in cur- ing the bites of adders.— Adder's- tongue, n. A species of f em.— Adder's-wort, »i. Snake- weed, a kind of plant. Addible. See under Add. Addict; ad-dikt', v.t. [L. addico, addictum, to devote— actj to, and dico, to dedicate.) To apply habitually; to habituate: gene- rally with a reflexive pronoun, and usually in a bad sense (followed by to) ; as, to ad- dici one's self to intemperance. — Addicted, ad-dikt'ed,a. Habitually practising; given up; devoted; habituated (followed by to). — Addictedness, ad-dikt'ed'-nes, n. The qua- lity or state of being addicted.— Addiction, ad-dik'shon, n. The q,ct of devoting or giv- ing up one's self to a practice; the state of being devoted; devotion. Addition, Additional, &c. Add. Addle, ad'l, a. [From A. Sax. adela, filth; Sw. adel (seen in koadel, cow urine), urine; So. addle, putrid water, urine.] Having lost the powerof development and becomo rotten; putrid: applied to eggs; hence, bar- ren; producing nothing. — v.t. — addled, addling. To make rotten, as eggs.— Addle- headed, Addle -pated, a. Stupid; mud- dled. Addres8,ad-dres',».t. iVr. adresser. Dress.] To direct or aim words; to pronounce; to apply to bywords or writings; to accost ; to speak to; to direct in writing; to write an address on; to court or make suit to. — To address oiie's self to, to speak to ; to address. — n. The act of addressing one's self to a person; a speaking to; any speech or writing in whicn one person or tet of persons makes a communicatioil to an- other person or set of persons; manner of speaking to another; a person's bearing in conversation; courtship (in this sense generally in the plural); skill; dexterity; adroitness; direction of a letter.— Addres- see, ad-dres'e, n. One who is addressed. — Addresser, ail-dres'er, n. One who ad. dresses or petitions. , Adduce, ad-dus', v.t— adduced, adducing. [L. adduco, to lead or bring to— od, to, and duco, to lead. Duke.] To cite; to name or instance as authority or evidence ; to bring to notice as bearing on a subject. — Adducent, ad-dQs'eut, a. Bringing for- ward or together (an adducent muscle). — Adducer, ad-du8'*r, n. One that adduces. — Adduclble, ad-dQs'i-bl, a. Capable of being adduced.— Adduction:, ad-duk'shoii, 71. The act of adducing; anat the action by which a part 'of the body is drawn to- wards the bodily axis. — Adductive, ad- dukt'iv, a. Adducing or bringing for- ward.— Adductor, ad-dukt'6r, n. A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another. Adenalgy, ad-en-al'ji, n. [Gr. adCn, a gland, a.iid_algos, pain.] Pain in a gland.— Aden- Iforin, Adenoid, a-den'i-form, ad'en-oid, a. Of a gland-like shape; glandular. — Adenological, ad'en-o-loj " ik-al, a. Per- taining to adenology.— Adenology, ad-en- ol'o-ji, n. The doctrine of glands, their nature, atid their uses.— Adenophorous, ad-e-nof'or-us, a. Bearing glands.— Aden- ose, Adenous, ad'en-os, ad'eu-us, a. Like or appevtaining to a gland; glandular. — Adenotomy, ad-en-ot'o-mi, n. [Gr. daring; courageous; enterpri sing ; f uU of h azard; attended with risk. —Adventurously, ad-ven'tttr-us-U, adv. In an adventurous manner.— Adven- turousness, ad-ven'tQr-us-nes, n. Adverb, ad'vferb, n. [L. adverbium — ad, to, and verbmn, a word, a verb.] Gram. one of the indeclinable parts of speech, so called from being frequently joined to verbs for the purpose of limiting or- ex- tending their signification. — Adverbial, ad-verb'i-al, a. Pertaining to or having the character or structure of an adverb. — Adverbialize, ad-verb'i-al-iz, v.t. To give the form or force of. an adverb to ; to use as an adverb. — Adverbially, ad-v6rb'i-al- li, adv. In the manner or with the force- or character of an adverb. Adversary, ad'v6r-sa-ri, n. [L. adversariug. Adverse.] An enemy; a foe; an antagon- ist; an opponent. An adversary is one who is opposed to another, without lieces- sarily having hostile fgelings; an atUag- onist is one who strives personally against another for victory; an enemy is one who entertains feelings of personsu hostility. Adversative, ad-v6rsat-iv, a. Expressing difference, contn>riety, or oppiosition (an adversative conjunction). — tj. A word de- noting contrariety or opposition. Adverse, ad'vers, a. [L. adversus, oppo- site — ad, to, and versMi, turned, from verto, to turn.] Acting in a contrary direction; counteracting; opposing {adverse winds); hostile; inimical (a party, oriticisin); un- fortunate; calamitous; unprosperous (fate or circumstances). — Adversely, ad'vers-U, adv. In an adverse manner. — Adverse- negs, ad'vfers-nes, n. The state or quality of being adverse. — Adversity, ad-vfers'i-ti, n. An event, or series of events, which oppose success or desire; rhisfortune; cala- mity; affliction^ distress; state of unhap- piness. . Advert, ad-v6rt', v.i. [L. adverto-^ad, to, and verto, to torn.] To turn the mind- or attention; to regard, observe, or notice; to refer or allude: followed by to. .'. -Ad- vert is to turn directly, .and it may be abruptly; allude is to touch slightly, and it may be in a very vague and uncertain manner; refer, lit. to carry back, is to bring a thing already well known, into notice; to mention or speak of directly.— Advert- ence, Advertency, ad-vert'eus, ad-v6rt'en- si, n. Attention; notice; regard; heedful- ness.- Advertent, ad-v6rt'ent, a. Atten- tive; heedfuk— Advertently, ad-v6rt'ent- li, adv. In an advertent manner. Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v.t — advertised, ad- vertisiiig, [Fr. avertir, avertissant, to warn, inform, from L. adverto, to turn towards —ad, to, vet-to, to turn.] To in- form or give notice; to make public inti- mation of, especially by printed notice. — v.i. To announce one's wishes or inten- tions by a public and usually a printed notice.— Advertisement, ad-vfer'tiz-ment, n. 'Waming, advice, or admonition {Shak.); a written or printed notice intended to. make .something known to the public; especially a printed and paid notice in a newspaper or other public print. — Adver- tiser, aa-v6r-tiz'6r, n. One who. Advice, ad-vis', n. [0. Fr. advis, opinion, counsel — L. ad, to, and vistim, what is seen or judged proper. Vision.] An opin- ion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel; suggestion; informa- tion; notice; intelligence; a notification in respect of a business transaction. — To take advice, to consult vrith others; speci- fically, to take the opinion of a professional or skilful man, as a physician or lawyer. —Advisability, ad-viz'a-bil"i-ti, n. Advis- ableness; expediency.— Advisable, ad-viz'- a-bl, a. Proper to be advised; expedient; proper to be done or practised; open to advice.— Advisableness, ad-viz'a-bl-nes, re. The quality of being' advisable or expe^ dient.— Advisably, ad-viz'a-bli, adv. With advice.— Advise, ad-viz', v.t. — advised, ad- vising. [Fr. aviser. Advice.] To give counsel to; to counsel; to give informa- tion to ; to inform : to acquaint. — v.i. To consider; to reflect; to take counsel.— Advised, ad-vizd', a. Cautious; prudent; done, formed, or taken with advice or de- liberation (an advised act). — Advisedly, ad-viz 'ed-U, adv. With deliberation or advice; heedfully; purposely; by design. — Advisedness, ad-viz'ed-nes, n. The state of being' advised; prudent procedure. — Adviser, ad-viz'6r, re. One jrho gives ad- vice or admoiiitionj a counsellor. — Ad- •visership, ad-viz'er-ship, re. The office of an adviser.— Advisory, ad-vizo-ri,a. Hav- ing power to advise; containing advice. Advocate, ad'vo-kat, n. [L. advocatus, one summoned to aid — ad, to, and voco, voca- tum, to call. Voice, VoCal.] One who f>leads the cause of another in a court of a'w^; one who defends, vindicates, or es- pouses a cause by argument; a pleader in favour of something; an upholder; a de- fender. — v.t. — advocated, advocating. To plead in favour of (a thing, not a person); to defend by argument, before a tribunal; to support or 'vindicate.— Advocacy, ad'- vo-ka-si, n. The act of pleading for ; in- tercession; defence. — Advocateship, ad'- vo-kat-ship, re. The office or duty of an advocate. — Advocation, ad-vo-ka'shon, re. The act of advocating; a pleading for. Advcvson, ad-vou'sn, re.. [O.Fr. advoeson, advouson, protectioii, patronage; L. advo- catio, advocationis, a calling ^o one for help. Advocate.] The right of presen- tation to a vacant benefice in the estab- lished Churoh of England.— Advowee, ad- vou-6', re. One who has the right of ad- vowson. Adynamy, a-din'armijn. fGr. a, priv., and dynamis, power.} Weakness; want of streil^h occasioned by disease; a deficien- cy of vital power.— Adynamic, Adynami- cal, a-di-nam'ik,a-di-nam'ik-al, a. Weak; destitute of strength. Adytum, .ad'i-tum, re. pi. Adyta, ad'i-ta. [L. adytum, Gr. adyton, lit. a place not to be entered— a, priv., and dyO, to enter.] An innermost sanctuary or shrine; the chancel or altar-end of a church. Adze, Adz, adz, re, [O.E. addice, A. Sax. adese, an adze.] An instrument of the axe kind used for chipping the surface of timber, the cutting edge oeing at right angles to the handle. — v.t. To chip or shape with an adze. iE. Some words formerly spelled 'with ce are now spelled with e (as ether). Words of this kind when not found here may be found under E. JEgagrus, e-gag'rus, re. [Gr. aigagros—aix, aigps, a goat, and agros, a field.] A ■wild ■species of ibex found in troops on the Cau- casus, and many Asiatic mountains. .Sgis, S'jis, re. [Gr. aigis.] Among the an- cient Grfeeks the shield of Zeus ; in later times part of the armour of Pallas Athena, a kind of breastplate; hence, anything that protects or shields. ^grotat, e-gro'tat, re. fL.,he is sick.] A medical certificate showing that a person is unable to attend to his duties. iEolotropic, e'ol-5-trop"ik, a. Applied to bodies unequally elastic indifferent direc- tions: opposed to isotropic. Mon, n. Same as JSow. .flSpyomis, g-pi-or'nis, n. [Gr. alpys, aipyos, high J and oi~n,is, a bird.] A genus of gi- gantic birds found fossil in Madagascar. iErarian, e-ra'ri-an, re. [L. cerarius, from as, ceris, bronze, bronze money.] A Roman citizen of the lowest class of freemen. Aera^te, a'6r-at, v.t.— aerated, aerating. [L. aer, air. Air.] To combine with carbonic acid or other gas, or with air. — Aerated waters, acidulous and alkaline beverages more or less impregnated with carbonic acid, including lemonade, soda-water, &c. — Aeration,a-tr-a'ghon,n. The act or opera- tion of aerating.— Aerator, a'6r-&t-er, re. A blower; an anparatus for making aerated waters. — Aerial, a-g'ri-al, a. [L. aeriiis.] Belonging or pertaining to the air or at- mosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or in the air; reaching far into the air; high; lofty; possessed of a light and graceful beauty .^Aerially, a-e'- ri-al-Ii, adv. In an aerial manner.— Aerif- erona,ft-er-if'er-us,a. Conveying air.— Aer- iform, a'gr-i-form, a. Having the form or nature of aif. -^Aerify, a'6r-i-fi, v.t.—aeri- fled, aerifying. To infuse air into ; to fill ■with air, or to combine air with; to change into an aeriform state.— Aerificatioii, a'6r- i-fi-ka"shon, re. The act of aerifying. Aerie, e're or S'6r-i, re. [Fr. and Pr. aire, X.L. aeria, aerea, area, an aerie; origin doubtful; perhaps L. aer, air.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; a brood of eagles or hawks; an eagle (Shak.}. Written also Eyrie. Aerocyst, a'er.-o-sist, n. [Gr. aer, air, and kystis, a bladder.] Bot. an air-vessel, or bladder. Aerodynamics, a'6r-o-di-nam"ik8, re. [Gr. aer, air, and dyiiainis, power.] The science which treats of the motion of the air and other gases, or of their properties and me- chanical effects when put in motion. Aeroklinoscope, a'gr-5-klm"o-skop. n. [Gr. aer, air, klinO, to bend or incline, aiid skope6,l ■view.] An apparatus for showing the direction of the ■wind in connection with the barometric pressure. Aerolite, AeroUth, a'er-o-lit, a'fr-o-lith, re. [Gr. aer, air, and lithos, a stone.'] .A stoue falling from the aii' or atmospheric regions; a meteoric stone; a meteorite. — Aerolitho- logy, a'gr-o-lith-ol"o-ji, re. The science of aerolites.— AeroUtic, a'er-o-lit"ik, a. Re- lating to aerolites. Aerology, Aerognosy, a-^r-ol'o-ji, a-6r-og'- no-si, re. [Gr. aer, aeros, air, logos, descrip- tion, gjiCsis, knowledge.] That branch of physics which treats of the air, its con- stituent parts, properties, and phenomena . — Aerologic, Aerological, a'*r-o-loj"ik, a'- gr-o-loj"ik-al, a. Pertaining to aerology. — Aerologist, a-gr-ol'o-jist, n. One who is versed in aerology. Aeromancy, a'er-o-man"8i, re. [Gr. aer, air, and manteia, divination.1 Divination by means of the air and winds or atmospheric phenomena. AeroJneter, a-6r-om'et-6r, n. [Gr. air, air, and metron, measure.] An instrument for weighing air, or for ascertaining the den- sity of air and gases.— Aerometric, a'er-o- mef'rik, a. Pertaining to aerometry. — Aerometry, a-gr-om'et-ri, re. The science of measuring the weight or density of air and gases. Aeronaut, a'6r-o-nat, re. [Gr. aer, air, and navtes, a sailor, from naus,'a. ship.] An aerial navigator; a balloonist.— Aeronau- tic, A6ronautical,a'er-o-nat"ik,a'6r-o-nat"- ik-al, a. Pertaining to aeronautics or aerial sailing. — Aeronautics, a'er-o-n^t"- iks, re. The doctrine, science, or art of floating in the air, as by means of a balloon. — Aeronautlsm, a'tr-o-nat-um, n. The practice of an aeronaut. Aerophobia, a'6r-o-fo"bi-a, re. [Gr. aer, air, and phobos, fear.] A dread of air, that is, of a current of air; a symptom common in cases of hydrophobia. Aeroph3rte, a'6r-0-fit, re. [Gr. aer, air, and phyton, a plant.] A plant which lives ex- clusively in air, absorbing all its food from it alone. Aeroscopy, a-Sr-osTco-pi, n. [Gr. aSr, pir, and skopeo, to explore.] The investigation or observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. .ffirose, e'ros.a. [L. i- aanguinit'j, or relation by blood; relation, connection, or alliance in general (as or languages, sounds, &c.); similarity in kind or nature; ehevi. that force by which bodies of dissimilar nature unite in certain de- finite proportions to form a compound, different in its nature from any of its con- stituents.— Afttnitatlvely,af-fiii'i-tat-iv-li, adv. By means of affinity. Affirm, af-fermVv.i. [li. affirmo — Ofior ad. to, and firmo. to make firm.] To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; declare; allege: opposed to deny; to con- firm or ratify.— w.i. To make a solemn as- sertion or declaration; to make a legal af- firmation. — Afflnnable, af-f6rm'a-bl, a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or de- clared. — Affirmably, af-tferm'a-bli. adv. In a way capable of affirmation. — Affinn- ance^f at-fferm'ans, n. Confirmation;. rati- ficatiomaflirmation.- Affirmant.Affirmer, af-f6rm anf, af-f6rm'fer, a. One who afr firms or asserts; one who makes affirma- tion instead of an oath.— Affirmation, af- fSr-ma'shon, n. The act of affirming or asserting as true; that which is asserted; averment; confirmation; ratification; a solemn declaration made in lieu of an oath by one who has scruples about taking the . oath. «- Aflnnatlve, af rf6ra^at-ir, o. Af - firming or asserting: opposed, to negative. ~^n: A word or phrase expressing assent or affirmation or answering a question affirmatively ; the opposite of a negative.' —The affirmative, that side of a debated question which maintains the truth of the Eiffirmative proposition. -^ Affirmatively, af-ferm'at-iv-li, adv. la an affirmative manner; positively. *'** . • , -^ Affix, af-fiks', v.t. [L. affigo, aMxum-af for ad, to, and /E^Ov .ftrwrn. to fix,] To sub- join, annex, unite, or add -at the cl^ or end; to append; to attach.— Affix, arflks, n. A syllable or letter added to the end of a word; a suffix; a post-fix. — Affixail, af-fiks'al, a. Pertaining to an affix: having the character of an afiix. — Affixio&,t af- fik'shon, n. The act of affixing. '. ', Afflatlon, af-fia'shon, n. [L.-c#o, v^atum, —afioT ad, to, and flo, to blow.] A blow- ing or breathingon.-^Afflatus, af-fla'tus, n. [L.J A breath or blast of wind; inspira- tion; the inspiration of the poet. Afflict, af-flikt', v.t. [L. afflicto, intens. of affligo. to dash down — af for ad, to, and ^ligo, to strike.J To give (to the body or mmd) pain which is continued or of some pennanence; to trouble,. gri6ve, jiarass.or distress.— Amicter, af-flikt'6r, n. One who . afflicts.- Afflicting, af-flikt'ing, a. Griev- -f ous; distressing (an afflicting event). — Af- flictingly , af-fiikt'ing-li, adv. In.an afflict- ing manner.— Affliction,af-flik'shon.n. The state of being afflicted ; a state oi acute pain or distress of body or mind; the ciiuse of continued pain of body or inind..'../lffltc- . tton is stronger than grief, and grief than aorrow. Amiction is acute mental suffer- ing caused Dy the loss of something cher- ' ished, as friends, health, or fortune. — AiHlctive, af-flikt 'iv, a. Painful; dis- tressing.- Afflictively, af-flikt'iv-li, adv. Affluence, af 'flvj-ens, n. [L. aMuentia, from affluo, to flow to— ad, to, and /iiw, to flow. Iluent.] a flowing to or concourse; an abundant supply; great plenty of worldly goods; wealth. Also Affluency, af^^i-en-si. —Affluent, affl-ii-ent, a. Plowing to;^ wealthy ; abundant. — n. A tributary stream.— Affluently, af'fly-ent-li, adv. Afflux, af'fluks,n. [Viorali.aMuOyaffluxwm. Afflcencjs.] The act of flowing to ; a flowing to, or that which flows to. Afford, afford', v.t. (O. E. aforth, to afford, from prefix a, ^nd forth: A. Sa-x, forthian, to further.] To give forth; to yield, supply, or produce (fruit, profit); to grant or con- fer (as consolation, gratification); to buy, sell, expend, 4c., from having a sufficiency of means; to bear the expense of (with can, could, may, might, &c.). Afforest, af-for'est, v.t. [Prefix af for ad, to, and forest.) To convert into a forest; to turn into forest land.— Afforestation, af-for'e8-ta"shon, n. The act of. Afformatlve, af-form'a-tiv, n. [Prefix aj f cr ad, to, and formative.} An affix. - ■' Affranchise, af-fran'chia, v.t. [Prefix af, and franchise.! To make free; to liberate from servitude. — Affrancbisement, af • ■ fran'chiz-ment, n. The act of. Ai&ay, af-fra'.t;.*. [O. or Prov. Fr. affraier^ effroyer, Pr. effrayer, to frighten; from L.L, exfrediare—L. ex, intens., and O. H.G. /rtdt<,G./n«de, peace. Afkaid.) To fright- en; to tcrrjtfy.— n. Peart; a noisy quarreU a brawl; a tumult; disturbance. ' . | Affreight, af-frat', y.<. [Prefix af for oa,: to, and freight] To hire for ijhe transpor* tation of freight; to freight. .^-^, Affright, af-frit', v.t. [A. , Sax. .afyrhtiani afyrhtan — prefix a, intens., and fyrhtan, to frighten. Peiqut.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten.— «. Sudden or great fear; terror.— Aflrightedly, af-frit'- ed-li, adv. With fright.— Affi-ighten.t af- frit'n, v. t. To terrify; to affright.- AfWght- ment, af-frit'ment, n. . ^he act of. terrify- ing; affright} terror. ■. Affront, af-ffunt', v.t. [Tr affrcmter, to encounter face to face— af for ad, to, and L./rowe,/rcmfi8, front, face.) To confront .(Shak.)l; to offend by an open manifesta- tion of disrespect; to insult; to put out of countenance.— n. An open manifestation of disrespect or contumely; an outrage to the feelings; an insult; anything produc- ing a feeling of shame or disgraoe.— Af- frouter, af-fruut'6r, >^ One who affronts. rhribaiai Cta^idashi, g.oo; 3.iob> p. Pr. tomi ng. sitfgi ShSMSIuMJbilik'StJSSiL lilSixXMSl^l^US^ AFFUSE 14 AGGLUTINATE Afiose, af-faz', v.t.—affused, affusing. [L. affundo, affusum — a/ for ad,to, and fundo, fugum, to pour out.] To pour upon; to sprinkle, as with a liquid.— Afiusion, af- fu'zhon, n. The act of pouring or sprink- ling, liquid upon; med. the act of pouring water on the body as a curative means. Affy.J af-fi', v.t.—aMed,affyvng. [Affiance.] To betroth; to aliance. — v.i. To trust or coDtide. Afield, a-fdd', adv. To the field ; in the field; astray. Afire, a-fir', a. or adv. On fire. Aflame, a- tlam',a.orad«. Flaming; glowing. Aflat, a-llat', a. or adv. On a level witn the ground. Aflaunt, a-flant', a. or adv. In a flaunting manner; with showy equipage or dress. Afloat, a-flot', a. or aav. Borne on the water; floating ; passing from one person to anotherj^ in circulation (as a rumour). Afoam, a-fom', a. or adv. In a foaming state; foaming. „ Afoot, a-f ut', a. or adv. On foot; Borne by the feet; walking; in a state of being planned for execution (as a plan or plot). Afore, a-f or', adv. [Prefix o, at, and fore; A. Sax. onforan.] Before in time or place: now mainly a nautical term ; in the fore part of a vessel.— prejj. Before in time, position, i-ank, ikc; in presence o£: now a naut. term.; more toward the head of a ship than; nearer the stem. than. — Afor& the. mast, applied to a common sailor.— Aforegoing, a-fOr'go-ing, a. Going before. — Aforehaud, a-fo?hand, adv. In time pre- vious; by previous provision; not behind- hand. — Aforementioned, Aforenamed, Aforesaid, Orformen-shond, a-for'namd, a-for'sed, a. Mentioned before in the same writing or discourse. — Aforethought, a-for^that, a. Thought of beforehand; pre- meditated; prepense. — Aforetime,J a-for'- tim, adv. In time past; formerly. fN. T.] Afraid, a-frad', a. or pp. [O. E. affrayd, afrayde, &c., pp. of affray. Affray.] Ira- pressed with fear or apprehension; fear- ful: not used attributively. [Colloquially, / am afraid is often nearly equivalent to I suspect, I am inclined to think, or the like.] Afresh, afresh', adv. Anew; again; after intermission. African, af rik-an, a. Pertaining to Africa. —n. A native of Africa.— Africander, af- rik-an-d6r, rii A native of South Africa bom of white parents.— Africanize, af'rik- an-iz, v.t To give an African or negro character to. Afrit, Afreet, af-rit', af-ret', n. MoMm- medan myth, a powerful evil jinnee or de- mon. Written also Efreet, Afrite. Afront, a-frunt', adv. In front. [ShaJcl Aft, aft, a. or adv. [A. Sax. oeft, eft, after, behind ; Goth, afta; from A. Sax. af, cef, Goth, af, E. of, off] Navt. a word used to denote position at or near, or direction towards the stem of a ship. After, aft'fer, a. [A. Sax. after, a compar. from af, E. of, off, -ter being the compar. syllable, seen as -ther in whether, hither, as -der in under. Of.] Later in time; subse- quent; succeeding; as; an after period of life: in this sense often combined with the following noun. — prep. Behind in place; later in time; in pursuit of; in search of; with or in desire for; in imitation of, or in imitation of the style of {after a model); according to; in proportion to {after our deserts); below in rank or excellence; next to; concerning (inquire after).— After all, at last; upon the whole; at the most; not- with.standing. — adv. Later in time; after- wards; behind; in pursuit. — Afterinjts, aft'er-ingz, n. pi. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. After-age, n. A later age or time; posterity. —After-birth, n. That which is expelled from the uterus after the birth of a child: called also Secundines. — After -body, n. That part of a ship's hull which is abaft the midships. — After-cost, n. Expense after the execution of the main design. — After-crop, n. The second crop in the same year. — After-damp, n. Choke-damp or carbonic acid, found in coal-mines after an explosion of 'fire-damp.' — After-grass, n. 'rlie grass which again springs up from land previously mowed the same year.— After-growth, n. A second growth or crop springing up after a previous one has been removed. — After-hold, n. That portion of a ship's hold lying behind the mainmast. — After-hours, n. pi. Hours that follow business; time following. — After-life, n. Future life; remainder of life; the life after death. — After-math, n. A second mowing of grass from the same land in the same season. — After -men- tioned, o. Mentioned or to be mentioned afterwards. — Afternoon, n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening. — After-pains, n. pi. The pains which succeed childbirth. — After- part, n. The latter part; the part of a ship towards the stern. — After-piece, n. A short dramatic entertainment per- formed after the principal performance. — After-sail, n. One of a vessel's sails on the main and mizzen masts. — After-t^uite, 11. A taste which succeeds eating or drink- ing.— After-thought, n. Reflection after an act; some consideration that occurs to one's mind too late or after the perform- ance of the ajct to wliich it refers.— After- time, n. Succeeding time: more com- monly in the plural.— After- wise, a. Wise after the event; wise when it is too late. — After-wit, n. Wisdom that come^ too late: Aftermost, aft'6r-most, a. euperl. [A. Sax. aftemest, a double superlative, mest being from ma + st, two superlative suffixes.] Hindmost: opposed to foremost. Afterward, Aiterwards, aft'6r-w6rd, aft'- fer-wCrdz, adv. [A. Sax.' wfterweard. Af- terwards is an adverbial genitive. 'Ward.] In later or subsequent time. Aga, a'ga, n. In the Turkish dominions, a commander or chief oflicer. Again, a-gen' or a-gan', adv. [A. Sax. on^ gedn, again; gecin, against. Against.] A second time; once more; on another occa- sion; on the other hand; moreover; be- sides; further; in return; back; in an- swer. Against, a-genst', prep. [O.E. agayiiB, on- gaenes, A. Sax. ongedn, against. The ea is an adverbial or genit. termination and the t has been added, like that in amidst, betwixt. A. Sax. ge&n, again or against, is the same as gain in gainsay; G. gegen, against.] Opposite in ^lace (often pie- ceded by over); in opposition to; adverse or hostile to {against law or public opin- ion); towards or upon; so as to meet (to strike against a rock); bearing or resting upon (to lea,n against); in preparation for (an event). Agallochum, a-gal'lok-um, n. [Gr. agallo- ehon.] A fragrant wood used by the Orien- tals as supplying a perfume. Agalmatofite, a-gal-mat'o-lit, n. [Gr. agal- ma, image, and lithos, stone.] A kind of " soft stone found in China and resembling steatite, often cut into images. Agami, ag'a-mi, n. [Native name.] The golden-breasted trumpeter, a bird of the crane family, a native of South America. Agamic, a-gam'ik, a. [Gr. a, priv., and gamos, marriage.] Reproduced without the congress of individuals of the oppo- site sex.— Agamist, ag'am-ist, n. One who refuses or rejects marriage. Agamogenesis, a-gam'o-jen"e-sis, n. . [Gr. a, priv., gamos, marriage, and genesis, re- production.] The production of young without the congress of the sexes. — Agam- ogenetic, a-gam'o-jen-et"ik, a. Of or per- taining to agamogenesis. Agape, a-gap'j adv. or a. Gaping as with wonder; having the mouth wide open. Agape, ag'a-p5, Ji. [Gr. afliapg,love.] Among the primitive Christians a love-feast or feast of charity, held before or after the communion, when contributions were made for the poor. Agar-agar, a'fear-a'gar, n. The native name of a dried sea- weed much used in the East for soups and jellies. AgariCja.-gar'ik, n. [Gr. agarikon."] A name of various fungi. Many of the species are edible like the common mushroom, while others are deleterious and even poisonous. — Agaric mineral, mountain -milk, or Twnmtain-m^al, a native carbonate of lime. resembling a fungus; a stone of which bricks may be made so light as to float in water. Agast. Aghast. "' Agastric, a-gastrik, a. [Gr. a, without, and gaster, gastros, belly.] Without a stomach, or proper intestinal canal, as the tape-worm. Agate, ag'at, n. [Fr. a^ai*, from h. achates, so called because found near a river of that name in Sicily.] A semipcllucid mineral, consisting of bands or layers of various colours blended together, the base generally being chalcedony, and this mi.xed with jasper, amethyst, quartz, opal, &c.: used for rings, seals, cups, beads, &c.; an instrunicnt used by gold-wire drawers, 60 called from the agate in the middle of it ; a gilder's tool ; a kind of type, called also iiM&2/.— Agatiftrous, ag-at-if'er-us, a. Containing or producing agates.-Agatine, ag'at-in, a. Pertaining to or resembling agate.— Agatize, ag'at-iz, v.t. To change into agate. — Agatized ivood, a kind of honistone formed by petrifaction. -Agaty, ag'at-i, a. Of the nature of agate. Agave, a-ga'v6. n. [Gr. agauos, noble.] A genus of plants, comprehending the Ame- rican aloe. They live for many years— ten to seventy — before flowering. Age, aj, n. [Fr. dge, O.Fr. eage, L.L. cetat- i<;t cording to the manner of utterance.— Aha. a-ha'. [A lengthened form of ah, or formed of ah and ha; cojap,Ot.aha, Skr.aAd, ahaha.^ An exclamation expressing triumph, con- tempt, surprise, &c. Ahead, a-hed', adv. .Headlong^; head fore^ mostl; in or to the front; in advance; be- fore ; further on (to walk ahead o/a-j^rapp); naui. opposite to astern. Aheap, a-^$p'.0$J?;. SuddloJ gjr. Jieaped to- gether. Anoy, a-hoi', «a;cZam. [Longerform of ftoy/] A word used chiefly at sea in hailing. ■ Al, &'6, n. Thgtlne§;^ed ^otii, so -Called from its cry. ' . ■ ■\ld, ad, v.i. [Fr. aider, O.Fr. ajnder, from L. adjiitare, freq. of adjuvo, adjvtum, to help— ad, to, and juvo, jutum, to help.] To help; to assist; to cpme to the support or relief of; to sijccour.— Aid, ad, n. [Fr. aide.] Help; succour; support; assistance; the person or thing that aids or yields assist- ance; a helper; an auxiliary; an assistant; a subsidy or tax formerly granted by par- liament to the crown ; a, tax paid by a feudal tenant to his lord.— Aidance.t ad'- ans, w, ^d; help; assistance.— Aidant.J fid' ant, a." Helping; helpful; supplying aid. [iS7iofc.]-!-Aioer. ad'6r, n. On9 who aids; an assistant. -^ Aidful.t ad'fvjl, «. Giving aid; helpfuL-rr^jdleBB, M'l^Si flc .Without aid or succour. " . *- ? Aide-de-camp, fid-de-kofi, n. pi. Aides-de- camp, ad-de-kon. [Fr., bt. field assistant.] Miht. an officer whose duty is to receive and communicate the orders of a general officer, to act as his secretary, &o. Aigret, Aigrette, a'gret, 8rgret', n. [Eorbt.] A plume or ornament for the head (im- posed of feathers orprecious stones. Aiguille, a'gwiljTi. [rr.,a needle.] A name given to the needle-like points or tops of rocks and mountain masses, or to sharp- pomted masses of ice on glaciers, &c. All, al, v.t. [O.E. eylen, A. Sax. eglian, to feel pain; to ail; eglan, to give pain; egle, jtroviple, grief; comp. Goth, agio, affliction, Sw. agg, a prick.] To affect with pain or .uneasiness, either of body or mind ; to trouble; to be the matter with (with what, itfittdng, something, be, as nom.).— v.i. To ^JA. i»ia or trQuble.-rAilJiPMlt, Sl'ment, n. Disease; indisposition; morbid ajSec- -tion of the body. AllanthuB, a-lan'thus, n. [From ailarUo, the Malacca name.] A handsome tree of India and China, now planted in France and Germany to shade public walks, &c. Aim am, v.i. [O.Fr. esmer, aesmer — L. ad, to, and cestimare, to estimate.] To direct a missile towards an object; to direct the mind or intention; to make an attempt; to endeavour (followed by at before the object).— v.t To direct or point to a par- ticular object with the intention of hit- ting it ; to level at.— n. The pojiiting or directing of a missile; the point intended to be hit, or object intended to be effected; the mark; a purpose; intention; design; scheme.- Aimer, am'er, n. One that aims. —Aimless, am'les, a. Without aim; pur- poseless.— Aimlessly, am'les-Ii, adv. Pur- Air, ax, ». [Fr. air, li. aSr, from 6r. aSr, air.] The fluid which we breathe; an in- odorous, invisible,tafiteless,colourle8s,elas- tic fluid composed of oxygen and nitrogen and essential to Ufe; air in motion; a light breeze ; a tune ; a short song or piece of -music adapted to words; a melody; the so- prano part in a harmonized piece of music; the peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; the general character or com- plexion of anything; appearance; sem- blance; an aflfected manner^ manifestation of pride or vanity (chiefly in the phrase to give one's self airs). — To take the air, to go out of doOrs;to walk or ride alittle distance. — v.i. To expose to the air; to ventilate; to display; to bring before public notice; to make comfortable by heating (slippers, sheets). — Airy,-a'ri, a. Consisting of or having the character of air; ethereal; un- substantial ; relating- to the air ; high in air; open to a free current of air; exposed to all winds (an airy situation) ; gay and sprightly; full of vivacity; lively.— Airily, a'ri-li, adv. In ato airy manner; in a light, gay manner. — Airiness, a'ri-nes, n. The state or quality of being airy.— Airing, a'- ring, n. A short walk or drive out of doors.— Alrwards,t ar'w6rdz, adv. Up in • the air; towards the heavens. Air-bath, n. The exposure of the person to the action of the air; an arrangement for drying substances by exposing them to air of any temperature desired. — Air-bed, n. An air-tight bed-shaped ba^ inflated with air.— Air-bladder, n. A vesicle filled with air; a bag situated under the backbone of certain fishes, and which, being full of air, is supposed to assist in regulating their buoyancy.— Air-bone, n. A bone with a large cavity filled with air, as in birds.— Air-brake, n. A railway brake applied by means of condensed atmospheric air. — Air-cell, n. A cell or minute cavity con- taining air, especially in a vegetable or ani- mal ; one of the cells of the lungs.— Air- condenser, n. An apparatus for condens- ing air, usually a close vessel with a syringe attached to it.— Air-course, n. A passage in a coal-mine intended for ventilation. — Air-cushion, n. A cushion made by inflat- ing a bag with air.— Air-drain, n. A cavity round the external walls of a building to prevent the earth from lying agaiUst them. —Air-engine, n. An engine in which air, heated or compressed, is employed as the motive power.- Air-exhauster, n. A con- trivance by which collected air may escape from water-mains, &c.; a contrivance for removing exhausted air from any place. -Air-filter, n. A contrivance for filtering or purifying air. — Air - furnace, re. A furnace which has no blast, but only a natural draught.— Air-gas, n. An inflam- mable illuminating gas made by charging ordinary atmospheric air with TOe vapours -of petrolqum, naphtha, or some similar substance.— Air-gun, n. A kind of gun in which highly-condensed air is used to pro- ject the ball, a small quantity of air being allowed to escape from the reservoir at- tached to the ^un and act on the ball at each shot. — Air-jacket, n. A jacket in- flated with air to render persons buoyant in water. — Air-passage, n. Anat. one of t)ie tubes by which air is admitted to the lungs ; bot. a large .intercellular spice in the stems and leaves of aquatic plsmts, and inthestemsofendogens. —Air -plant, re. A general name for plants which grow upon others and derive all their, food from the "atmosphere; an epiphyte. — Air-pump, re. A pneumatic machine for- the purpose of exhausting the air from a close vessel called a receiver, and thereby producing what is called a vacuum. The air-pump acts by means of a piston, with a proper valve, working in a cylindrical barrel or tube, somewhat after the manner of a -common water-pump. — Air-sac, re. One of the membranous bags or receptacles of air lodged in the hollow bones and the cavities of the body of birds, and com- municating with tlie lungs.— Air-shaft, n. A passage for air int6 a mine.— Air-stove, n. A stove which is employed to heat a current of air, the heated air being then admitted to an apartment.— Air-tight, a. So tight or close as to be impermeable to air. — Air-trap, n. A contrivance for ex- cluding the effluvia arising from drains and sinks. — Air-way, n. A passage for air; a passage for the admission of air to a mine. Aisle, il, re. EO.Fr. aisle. Ft. aiJe, a wing, an aisle; L. ala, a wing; the 8 does not properly belong to the word.l A lateral division. Of a cathedral or other chUrch, separated from the central part, called the nave, by pillars or piers.— Aisled, ild, a. Furnished with aisles. Ait, at, re. [A form of eyot, an islet.] A small island in a river or lake. Aitchbone, ach'bon, re. [For natch-bone (by loss of initial n as in aprmi), from Fr. nache, L.L. naticce, li. reaves, the rump. ] The rump-bone of an ox. Called also Hdge- hone (by false etymology). Ajar, a-jar', adv. [O.E. achar, onchar, lit. on the turn— prefix a, on, jar, char, A. Sax. c«rre,atum,6eenalsomcAare,c/iarwoman.] On the turn; neither quite open nor shut: partly opened: said of a door. Ajutage, a'jut-aj, re. [Fr. ajouiage, from ajouter, to join— L. ad, to, juxta, nigh.] A sort of tube fitted to the aperttire of a vessel through which water is played. Akee, a-ke', re. The fruit of a tree (Blighia sapida) belonging to W. Africa, now com- mon in the W. Indies and S. America. Akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. or adv. [Prefix a, on, and kimbo, from loel. keng-boginn, lit. crook -bowed, kengr, a crook.] \Vith the elbow pointing outwards and the hand resting on the hip: said of the arm. Akin, a-kin', a. or adv. [Prefix a, of, and kin.] Related by blood; allied by nature;, partaking of the same properties. Alabaudine, al-a-ban'dm, n. [From Ala- banda, in, Asia Minor.] Manganese glance or blende, a sulphide of manganese. Alabaster, al'a-bas-ter,M. [h. alabaster, Gr. alabastros, from Alabastron, a village in Egypt where it was got.] A soft, semi- transparent, marble-like mineral of which there are two well-known varieties— the gypseous and the calcareous. Small works of art are often made of it.— Alabastrine, al-a-bas'trin, a. Of or pertaining to. Alack, a-lak', inter}. [Probably a corruption of alas; but comp. lauk! euphemism for Lord.] An exclamation expressive of sor- row.— Alackaday,a-lak'a-da,ireTei tQhe, tub, buU « pil> pound; «, go. abune^be Ix-Jb ALAHUM 17 AXEXIPHAR^nC danger ; to rouse to yigilance ; to disturb ■with terror; to fill with anxiety by the frospect of evil.— Alarmed, a-larmd', a. ndicating or expressive of alarm (look, countenance). — Alarming, a-larm'ing, o. Calculated to rouse alarm; causing appre- hension.— Alarmingly, a-larm'iug-li, adv. In an alarming manner. — Alajrmlst, a- larm'ist, n. One that excites alarm ; one who is prone to take alarm, and to circu- late and exaggerate any sort of bad news. Alarum, a-Ur'um, n. [A corruption of alarm.] An alarm; a watchword or signal indicating danger; any loud noise or dis- turbance. [Now only poetical.] Alary, a'la-ri, a. Alar. Alaa, a-las', exclam. [O.Fr. alas, from in- terj. a, ah, L. lassus, weary.] An exclama- tion expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, con- cern, or apprehension of evil. Alate, a'lat, a. [h. alatua, winged, ala, a wing.] Winged; having membranous ex- pansions like wings. Alb, Albe, alb, n. [L. alha, white {veatis, garment, understood).] A clerical vest- ment worn by priests.a long robe of white linen bound with a girdle. Albacore, Albicore, al'ba-kSr, al'be-kiSr.n. [Sp. albacora, Ft. albicore, from Ar. al, the, bakr, a young cow or heifer.] A name given to sevei-al fishes of the tunny kind, especially to the Pacific tunny. Albata, al-bata, n. [It. albua, ■white.] An allpy consistin g of a combination of nickel, zinc, tin, and copper, often with antimony and silver; German silver. Albatros, Alba.trosa, arba-tros,ni [Fr. al- batros, a corruption of Sp. and Pg. alcatraz, a pelican, from Ar. al-qdd-us, the bucket of a water-wheel, the pelican being supposed to carry water to its young ones in the pouch Delow its bill. ] An aquatic bird, the largest sea-bird known, some measur- ing 17i feet from tip to tip of the wings, met with at immense distances from land. Albeit, al-be'it, conj. [Al in old sense of tliough, be, and it, and equivalent to be it so.] Be it so ; admit all that ; although ; notwithstanding. Albert, al'bert, n. [After the Prince Con- sort, ^Jberi.] A short chain attaching the watch to a waistcoat button-hole. Albescent, al-bes'ent, a. [L. albeaco, to grow white, an incept, from aZbug, white.] Becoming white or rather whiti^; moder- 9,tely white: of a pale, hoary aspect. Albicore, al'DS-kor, n. Albacore. Albigenses, al-bi-jens'ez, n. pi. A party of religious reformers in tlie twelfth century, who were ruthlessly persecuted; so called from A Ibi, a town of Languedoc in France, where they resided. Albino, al-bi'nu,n. pi. Albinos or Albinoes, al-bi'noz. [Pg., from L. albus, white.] A person of abnormally pale, milky com- ple.xion,with light hair and pink eyes; an animal characterized by the same peculi- arity in physical constitution^— Albinism, Albinolam, al'bin-izm,al-bi'no-izm,ji. The state or condition of an albino; leucopathy. Albite, al'bit.n. [L. aibws, white.] A name given to felspar whose alkali is soda in- stead of potash; it is a constituent in Aberdeen granite. Albuginea, al-bu-j in'e-a, n. \Jj. albugo, albu- ginis, whiteness, from albus, white.] The white fibrous coating of the eye; the white. — AlbugineouB, al-ba-jin'e-us, a. Pertain- ing to or resembling the white of the eye or of an egg. Album, al'bum, n. [L., from albus, white.] A book, originally blank, in which may be inserted autographs of celebrated per- sons or favourite pieces of poetry or prose, generally contributed by friends ; a book for preserving photographic or other#iews, portraits, &c. — Album G-raecum, n. [Lit. Greek white.] The dung of dogs, wolves, &o., whitened by exposure to the air, used by tanners to soften leather. Aibumen, al-bu'men, n. [L., from albua, white.] A substance entering largely into the eomposition of the animal and vege- table fluids and solids; so named from the Latin for the white of an egg, in which it , abounds in its purest natui-al state. — Al- I bumeuize, al-bQ'men-iz, v.t. — albumenized, albumenizing. To convert into albumen ; to cover or impregnate with albumen.— Albuminoid, al-bo/min-oid, o. Like albu- men. — n. A substance resembling albumen; proteid.— Albtiminose, Albiiminous,al-bu'- min-08, al-bu'min-us,. a. Pertaining to or having the properties of albumen; applied to plants whose seeds have a store of albu- men, as all kinds of grain, palms, &c. — Albuminousneas, al-bU'min-us-nes, n. Alburnum, al-b6r'num, fi. [L. alburnum, sapwood, from aUmg, white.] The white and softer part of the wood of exogenous plants between the inner bark and the heart-wood; the sapwood. — AlbumottS, al- ber'nus, a. Relating to alburnum. Alcahest, al'ka-hest, n. Same as Alkahest. Alcaic, al-kfi'ik, a. [h. alcaicus.] Pertain- ing to Alcceua, a lyric poet of Mityleue. — Alcaic verse, a variety of verse used in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting of five feet, a spondee or iambus, an iambus, a long syllable, and two dactyls. Alcalde, Alcaide, al-kal'da, al-ka'i-da, n. [Sp. and Pg. from Ar.) In Spain, Portugal, ic, a commander of a fortress ; the chief civil magistrate of a town; also, a jailer. Alchemy, Alchymy, al'ke-mi, al'ki-mi, n. [Ar. al, the, and Jclmld, chemistry. Chem- istry.] The art which had for its main objects the transmuting of the baser metals into gold or silver, the discovery of an elixir of life, a universal solvent, &c.— Alchemic, Alchemical, Alchemistlc, Al- chemistical, al-kem'ik, al-kem'ik-al, al- kem-ist'ik, al-kem-ist'ik-al, a. Relating to, produced by, or practising alchemy. Also spelt with y for e. — Alchemlcally, Alchymically, al-kem'ik-al-li, al-kim'ik- al-li, adv. In the manner of alchemy. — Alchemist, Alchymist, al'kem-ist, al'kim- ist, n. One who practises alchemy.— Al- chemi8e,t al'kem-iz, v.t. To change by alchemy; _to transmute, as metals. Alco, al'ko, n. A small variety of dog found wild in Mexico and Peru, and now domesticated. Alcohol, al'ko-hol, n. [Sp. Pg. alcohol— At. al, the, and kohl, a fine powder of anti- mony, hence anything very fine or puri- fied, as rectified spirits.] Aliquid forming the intoxicating principle of all vinous and spirituous liquors, and obtained by ■ distillation. Having been first procured from wine, the name of spirit of unne is given to the strongest alcohol used in com- merce, containing about 90 per cent of pure alcohol. —Alcoholate, Alcohate, al'- ko-hol-at, arko-hat,n. A salt in Which al- cohol appears to replace the water of crys- tallization. — Alconolid, al-ko-hol'ik, a. Pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities. — n. An alcoholic liquid.— Alco- holism, al'ko-hol-izm, n. The condition of habitual drunkards, whose tissues are sat- uratedwith spirits. — Alcoholize, al'ko-hol- iz, v.t. To convert into alcohol; to rectify (spirit) till it is wholly purified— Alcohol- meter, Alcoholometer, al-ko-hol'mS-tiir, al'ko-hol-om"et-6r, n. An instrument for determining the quantity of pxire alcohol in any liquid. — Alcoholometrical, al'ko- ho-lo-met"rik-al, a. Relating to thealco- holometer. — Alcoholometry, al ' ko-hol- om"et-ri, n. The determination of the percentage of absolute alcohol in aliquid. Alcoran. Alkoran. Alcove, al'kov, n. | Fr. alcove, Sp. alcoba — Ar. al, the, and kubbeh, an alcove, a little chamber.] A wide and deep recess in a room, intended for the reception of a bed or seats, &c. ; any natural recess. Alcyonlum, al-8i-o'ni-um,n. [L.] The gen- eric name of various polyps, some of which grow grouped together so as to form fleshy bodies, familiarly known as 'deadmaa's fingers' and 'cow's paps.' They are akin to the animals that produce coral. Aldehyde al'de-hid, n. [Al, first syllable of alcohol, and dehyd, the first two of de- hydrogenatus, deprived of hydrogen. 1 A transparent colourless liquid produced by the oxidation of pure alcohol; one of a class of organic compounds, derived from alcohol by the abstraction of two atoms of hydrogen, and converted into acids by the addition of one atom of oxygen. — AI- dehydic, al-ds-hid'ik, o. Of or pertaining to or containing aldehyde. Alder, fil'dfer, n. [O.E. alter (the d being a more modem insertion), A. Sax. aler, air; Icel. 6lr, G. eller; allied to L. alnus, an alder.] The popular name of plants of the genus Alnus. A. glutinosa is the com- mon alder, usually growing in moist land. — Alder-buckthom,»i. Rhamnus Frangula, a British jjlant, a shrub 3 to 10 feet high. Alderman, al'der-man, n. pi. Aldermen, al'der-men. iA. Sax. aldorman, ealdor^ man — ealdor, an elder, from eald, old, and man.] Anciently, an Anglo-Saxon noble- man, often a governor of a shire; now a magistrate or oflicer of a town corporate, next in rank below the mayor. — Alder- manlc, al-dfer-man'ik, o. Relating to or becoming an alderman. — Aldermanly, al'- d6r-man-li, a. Pertaining to or like an alderman. — Alderinancy, Aldermanry, Aldermanship, al'd^r-man-si, al'd6r-mau- ri, al'd6r-man-sbip,n. The office, quaUt.v, or condition of an alderman. Aldine, al'din, a. Proceeding from the printing-press of .4 Whs Manulius, of Ven- ice, and his family, from 1490 to 1597. Ale, al, n. [A. Sax. ealu, Dan. Sw. .and Icel. 61, ale.] A liquor made from an in- fusion of malt by fermentation; beer, or a kind of beer; a merry ineeting in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk.— Ale-%rry, n. A beverage made by boiling aleWvith spice, sugar, and sops of bread.— Alifc^onner, n. [Con, to know or see.] An ol^ er appointed to assay ale and beer, or to inspect the measures used in public-houses. — Ale-cost, n. Costmary, a plant put into ale to give it an aromatic flavour.— Ale-gill (-jil),n. A kind of medi- cated liquor from the infusion of ground- ivy in malt liquor. — Ale-hoof, n. [D. eiloof, ivy.] Ground -ivy. The word as- sumed this form because its leaves were used in making ale before the use of hops. — Ale-house, n. A house where ale is re- tailed; a beer-shop. — Ale-wife, n. A wo- man who keeps an ale-house.— Ale-yard, n. A very elongated form of drinking-glass and measure for ale formerly used. Aleatory, al'e-a-to-ri, a. [L. al^a, a die, chance.] Law, depending on a contingent event. Alee, a-l6', adv. JSfaut. on the lee side ; ou the side opposite to that on which the wind strikes: opposite of a-weather. Alegar, al'S-gSr, n. [ Ale, and eager, Pr. aigre, sdur.] Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Alembic, a-IemTjik, n. [L.L. dlembicum; Sp. alambique — Ar. al, the, ambik, an alembic, from Gr.am6!a;,acup.] A chemi- cal vessel formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or copper. Alepldote, a-lep'i-dot, a. [Gr. a, priv., and lepis, lepidos, a scale.] Not having scales. — n. Any fish whose skin is not covered with scales. Alert, a-l6rt', o. [Fr. alerie, alert, and (as noun) alarm or notice of danger, formerly allerte, and a I'erte, frora It. aU'erta, on the alert, from oH', to the, erto, erect, from 'L. erectile, erect.] Active in vigilance; watchful; vigilant; brisk; nimble. — On or upon the alert, upon the watch; on the look-out ; guarding against surprise or danger. — Alertness, a-lfert'nes, n. The state or quality of being alert. Alethiology,t a-le'thi-oro-ji, n. [Gr. ale- tlieia, truth, and logos, discourse.] The doc- trine of truth; the method of investigat- ing the laws of truth. Alexanders, al-egz-an'derz, n. A plant of the carrot and parsnip family formerly used as a salad herb. Alexandrian, al-egz-an'dri-an, a. Pertain- ing to Alexandria in Egypt, more espe- cially ancient Alexandria.— Alexandrine, al-egz-an'drin, n. A kind of verse consist- ing of twelve syllables in English poetry, or in French of twelve and thirteen in alternate couplets: so called from a poem written in French on the Ufe of Alexa'ndtr the Great. Alexipharmic, Alexipharmlcal, a-lek'si- farm"ik, a-lek'Bi-farm"ik-al, o. [Gr. alex6, to ward off, pharmakon, a drug, remedy, poison.] Acting as a means of warding oflF disease or the effects of poison; acting as a remedy.— Alejdpharmic, n. A remedy; «b, cAain; _ «A, Sc. locA; g,goi j.iob; u, Fr. ton; ng, sin^; th, tAen; th, ifiia; w, wig; wh, whig, 2. tix, a£ure. ALFA 18 ALLANTOIS an antidote.— Aleziterlc, Alexiteiical, a- lek'8i-ter"ik, a-lek'8i-ter"ik-al, a. . Resist- ing poison; obviating the effects of venom. — n. A medicine of this kind. Alfa, AUa-grass, al'fa, al'fa-igras, a. A North African name for one of the varie- ties of esparto and its fibre. Alga, al'ga, n. pi. Algse, al'je. [L.] A sea- weed ; one of an order of cryptogamic plants found for the most part in the sea and fresh water, comprising sea-weeds. — Algal, al'gal, ji. One of the Algae.— Algal, Algous, al'gal, al'gus, a. Of or pertaining to the Alcse; ha^Tlng the nature of the Algffi.— Algology, al-gol'o-ji, n. The study or science of Algce. Algebra, al'je-bra, n. [Sp. algebra, from. Ar. al-Jabr, the putting together of broken things, reduction of fractions to whole numbers, from Ar. jabara, to bind to- gether, to consolidate.] That branch of mathematical analysis in which signs are employed to denote arithmetical opera- tions, and letters are made to represent numbers and quantities; a kind of univer- sal arithmetic. — Algebraic, Algebraical, al-je-br&'ik, al-je-l>ra'ik-al, a. Pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of al- gebra. — AlgebraicaJly, al-je-bra'ik-al-li, adv. By algeorajc process. — Algebraist, al- je-bra'ist, n. One versed in the science of algebra. Algerian, Algerlne, al-j5'ri-an, al-je-r5n', a. Pertaining to Algeria or its inhabitants. — n. A person belonging to Algiers or Al- geria. Algid, al'jid, a. [L. algiduSy cold, aXgeo, to be cold.] Cold. — Algid cholera, Asiatic cholera.— Algidity, Algidaess, al-jid'i-ti, al'jid-nes, n. The state of being algid; chilliness ; coldness. — Algific, al-jif 'ik, a. IL. algiiicus.] Producing cold. — Algor.al'- gor, n. LL.] An unusual coldness in the human system.— Algose, al'gos, a. [L. aU gognB.] Cold in a high degree. Algology. Alga, Algorithm, Algorism, .al'go-rithm, al'go- rizm, n. [Fr. algorithme, Sp. alguritmo— Ar. al, the, and Gr. arithmoa, number.] The art of computing or reckoning in re- ference to some particular subject, or in some particular way (the algorithm of the differential calculus). Algous. Alga. Alhambraic, Alhambresque, Hl-tlm-br&'ik, al-am'bresk, a. Of or pertaining to the Alhambra (lit. red house), a Moorish pal- ace near Granada in Spam; built or de- corated after the fanciful manner of the Alhambra, in which arabesques are a notable feature. Alias, a'li-as, adv. [L.] Otherwise : used especially of persons who assume various names (John Smith alias Thomas Jones). — n. pi. Aliases, a'lj-as-ez. An assumed name; another ife,me. Alibi, al'i-bi, n. [L., elsewhere.] Law, a plea which avers that the accused was in another place at the time of the commis- sion of the offence, and therefore cannot be guilty. Alien, ftl'yen, a. [li. alienus, alien, from alius, another. The same root appears in E. else.] Not belonging to the same coun- try, land, or government; foreign; differ- ent in nature; estranged; adverse: with to or from. — n. A foreigner; one born in or belonging to another country; one who is not a detiizen, or entitled to the privileges of a citizen.— Alienability, al'yen-a-bil"i- ti, 71. The state or quality of being alien- able.— Alienable, al yen-a-bl, a. Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another.— Alienage, al'y en-aj ,n. The state of being an alien. — Alienate, al'yen-at, v.t. — alienated, alienating. [L. alieno, alienat- um, to alienate.] To transfer or convey, as title, property, or other right, to another; to withdraw, as the affections; to niake indifferent or averse, where love or friend- ship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean: with /rowi.— Alienation, al-yen-a'shon, n. [ L. alienatio. ] The act of alienating or the state of being alienated.— Alienator, ftl-yen-a'tfer, n. One who alienates. — Alienee, al-yen-S', n. One to whom the title of property is transferred. — Alienism, alydU-izm, u. The state of beilig an alien. —Alienor, al'yen-or, «. One who transfers property. Aliferous, Allgerous, a-lif'fir-us, a-lij'6r-us, a. IL. ala, wing, and fero, gero, to bear.] Having wings.— Aliform, a'D-form, a. [L. ala, wing, and forma, shape.] Having th« shape of a wing or wings. Alight, a-lit', v.i. [A.Sax. dlihtan, gelihtan, to alight or light. See ].iight in this sense.] To get down or descend, as from horseback or from a carriage; to settle or lodge, as a bird on a tree; to light down. Alight, a-lit', a. or adv. Lighted; kindled; made to burn by having a light applied. Align, a-lin'-, v.t. [Fr. aligner, to align— a, to, and ligne, L. linea, a line.] To lay out or regulate by a line; to form in line, as troops. —Alignment, a-lin'ment, n. The act of aligmng; an adjusting to a Une; the line of adjustment; the ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the gradients or profile. Alike, a-lik', a. (Prefix a, and like; A.Sax. gelic, alike. Like.] Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference (always used as a predicate).— Alike, a-lik', adv. In the same manner, form, or de- gree; in common (all have erred alike). .^iment, al'i-ment, n. [L. alim^ntum, nour- ishment— aJo, to nourish.] That which nourishes; food; nutriment. — Alimental, al-i-ment'al. a. Of or pertaining to ali- ment; supplying food; having the quality of nourishing.— Allmentally, al-i-ment'al- li, adv. In an alimental manner. — Ali- mentarlness, al-i-ment'a-ri-nes, n. The •quality of being alimentary .—Alimentary, al-i-ment'a-ri, a. Pertaining to aliment or food; having the quality of nourishing. —Alimentation, al'i-ment-a"shon, n. The act or power of affording nutriment; the state of being nourished. — Alimentive- ness, al-i-ment'iv-nes, n. Phren. the organ that is said to communicate the pleasure which arises from eating and drinking. — Alimony, al'i-mo-ni, n. [L. alimonia.^ An allowance out of her husband's estate made for the support of a woman legally separated from him. Alineation, a-lin'e-a"shon, n. [L. o, by or from, and linea, a line.] The determma- ati-on of the position of a more remote ob- ject, by following a line drawn through one or more intermediate and more easily recognizable, objects. Aliped, al'i-ped, a. [L. ala, wing, and pes, pedis, a foot.] Wing-footed; having the toes connected by a membrane, which serves as a wing, as the bats. — n. An animal whose toes are so connected. Aliquant, al'i-kwant, a. [L. aliquanium,, somewhat.] Arith. applied to a number which does not measure another without a remainder. — Aliquot, al'i-kwot, a. [L. aliquot, some, several.] Arith. applied to a part of a number or quantity which will measure it without a remaina:er. Alive, a-liv', a. (Prefix a for on, and life; in old English it was written on live, on lyve, where live, lyve is a dat. form of life.] Having life; living; not dead; in a state of action; in force or operation (keep an agitation alive), full of alacrity'; sprightly (alive with excitement); easily impressed; sensitive to; susceptible (alive to the beau- ties of nature): used always after its noun. Alizarine, al'i-za-rin, n. [Fr. alizarine, from alizari, an Eastern name of madder, from the (Ai:.) root of azure, with the article prefixed.] A red colouring matter obtained from madder, but made for commercial purposes from coal-tar products, and now largely used instead of madder. Alkahest, al'ka-hest, n. ( Etym. unknown.] The pretended universal solvent or mem- struum of the alchemists.— Alkahestic, al- ka-hest'ik, a. Pertaining to the alkahest. Alkali, al'ka-Ii, n. pi. Alkalies or Alkalis, al'ka-liz. [Sp. Fr. alcali, Ar. al-qali, the plant from which soda was first obtained.! A term applied to an important class of bases which combine with acids to form salts, turn vegetable yellows to red and vegetable blues to green, and unite with oil or fat to form soap. The proper alka- lies are hydrate of potassium (potash), hy- drate of sodium (soda), hydrate of lithium (lithia), and hydrate of ammonium (au aqueous solution of ammonia).— Alkales- cent, al-ka-les'ent, a. Tending to the pro- perties of an alkali; slightly alkaline. — Alkalescence, Alkalescency, al-ka-les'ens, al-ka-les'en-si, n. A tendency to become alkaline.— Alkaliflable, al'ka-li-fi-a-bl or al-kal'j-fi-a-bl, a. Capable of being alkali- fied.— Alkalify, al'ka-li-fi or al-kal'i-fi, v.t. — alkali*Uid,alkalifying; Alkalize, al'ka-liz, v.t. — alkalized, alkalizing. To form or to convert into an alkali; to make alkaline. —v.i. To become an alkali.— Alkaligenotis, al-ka-lij'en-u8, a. Producingor generating alkali.— Alkalimeter,al-ka-lim'et-6r,n.Au instrument for ascertaining the strength of alkalies. — Alkalimetric, Alkalimetric- al, arka-li-met"rik, arka-li-met"rik-al, a. Relating to alkalimetiy. — Alkalimetry, al-ka-Um'et-ri, n. The finding of the amount of real alkali in an alkaline mix- ture or liquid. — Alkaline, al'ka-lin, a. Having the properties of an alkali.— ^i- kaline earths, lime, magnesia, baryta, strontia.— Alkalinity, al-ka-lin'i-ti, n. The state of being alkaline; the quality which constitutes an alkali.- Alkalization, al'ka- liz-a"shon, n. The act or process of render- ing alkaline.— Alkaloid, al'ka-loid, n. A term applied to a class of nitropenized compounds found in living plants, and containing their active principles, such as morphine, quinine, aconitine, caffeine, &c. —a. Relating to or containing alkali. Alkanet, al'ka-net, n. [Sp. alcaneta, dim. of alcana, alcanna, from Ar. al-hinna, henna.]. A plant, Alkanna (Anchusa) tinctoria, whose root yields a red dye. Alkoran, al-ko-ran' or al'ko-ran, n. [Ar. — al, the, qurdn, book.] The book which contains the religious and moral code of the Mohammedans, and by which indeed all their transactions, civil, legal, mili- tary, &c., are regulated; the Koran. All, 51I, a. [A. Sax. eal (sing.), ealle (pi.); Icel. allr, Goth, alls, G. all, all. Common to all the Teutonic tongues; also in Celtic] Every one of; the whole number or quan- tity of. It goes before an article or adj. be- longing to the same noun: a22 the men, all good men, all my labour, &c. With nouns of time it is equivalent to durfng the whole (aU day, all night).— adv. Wholly; Completely; entirely; altogether; quite (all alone, all unarmed). — AU but, nearly; almost; not quite. — All one, the same thing in effect; quite the same. — n. The whole number; the entire thing ; the ag- gregate; the total. — At all, in the least degree; to the least extent; under any cir- cumstances. — In all, everything reckoned or taken into account; all included. — A II, in composition, has often the force of an adverb; as in almighty, all-powerful, all- perfect, oK -important; sometimes of a noun in the objective case; as, all-seeing. — Ail-along, adv. Throughout; from the be- ginning onwards. — All-fools' Day, n. The first day of April. — All-fours, n. A game at cards, so called from the four chances of which it consists, for each of which a point is scored. — On all-fours, on four legs, or on two legs and two arms or hands ; hence, tig. even or evenly; as a parallel case. — All-hail, exclam. and n. All health: a phrase of salutation.— All-hallows,n. A 11- saints' Day.— All-hallowmas, All-hallow- tlde, n. The time near All-saints, or first of November.- All-heal, n. A plant, cat's or common wild valerian; so called from its medicinal virtues. — All-in-all. Used as a noun, everything to a person; every- thing in all respects; used as an adverb, altogether; as a whole.— All-saints' Day. A church festival held on first November; Hallowmas. — All-souls' Day. A church festival held on 2d November, when pray- ers are offered up for the dead.— All-spice,' n. A spice of a mildly pungent taste, the fruit of a West Indian tree, so called from being regarded as combining many differ- ent flavours; pimento. i AUah, al'la, n. The Arabic name of the Supreme Being. J Allantois, Allan told,al-Ian'toi8,aMan'toid; n. [Gr. alias, allantos, a sausage, and eidos, form.] A sac developed from the posterior end of the abdominal cavity in vertebrate embryos. — Allantoic, Allantold, AUan^i Fftte^fartfattfaU; no, met, Uer; piae, jpm; uOte, not, uiOve; fabe, tub, b\^l ; oil, poviBd; tt, Sc. abtme— the|^._H>^ ALLAY 19 ALM4-MATEE. toidal, al-lan-to'ik, al-lan'toid, al-lan-toid'- al, a. Pertaining to or contained in the allantois. Allay, al-la', v.t. (A. Sax. dlecgan, to lay down, suppress, tranquillize, from prefix i. A prince or state united by treaty or league; a con- federate. —Alliance, al-li'ans, n. [O.Fr. alliance.] The state of being allied or connected ; the relation or union between families, contracted by marriage; a union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty, or league; any union or connection of interests; a compact or treaty; the persons or parties allied. Almagra, al-ma'gra, n. [Sp., from Ar. nl- ■maghrat, red clay or earth.] A fine deep red ochre ; Indian red. Alma -Mater, al'ma-ma'tfer. [L., benign mother, fostering mother.] An epithet applied by students to the university where they have been trained. ch| ch&iu; ch, &c. loch; g, go; j.job; u, Fr. ton; us, aing; tb, thea; th, thin; w, wig; wh, wMg; lb, a«ur9. ALMANAC 20 ALTERN Almanac, Almanack, ?il'ma-nak, n.^Fr. alinanach, Sp. almanuque. At. al-manakh, probably from a root meaning to reckon; Heb. ■ynanah.i A table, book, or pMblica- tion of some kind, generally annual, com- prising a calendar of days, ■weeks, and months, with the times of the rising of the sun and moon, changes of the moon, eclipses, stated festivals of churches, &c., for a certain year or years. Almandlne, Almondine, al'man-din, al'- ;muu-diu, n. [k'l. aimandine, L.L. ala- mandina, alavandina, alifbandina, a gem brought from Alabanda, a city in Asia ■Minor.] A name given to the yiolet or ;Violet-red varieties of the spinel ruby, and 'also to precious or noble garnet. Alme, Aim eh, al'me, n. The name given in some parts of the East, and especially in Egypt, to singing and dancing girls. Almighty, ^l-mlti, a. [All and viighti/.] iPossessiug all power; omnipotent; being [of unlimited uiight.— The Almighty, the omnipotent God. — Almightily,t ?il-mi'ti- rli, adv. In an almighty manner; with almighty power.— Almightiness, al-mi'ti- nes, n. Tne quality of being almighty; , omnipotence. Almond, a'mund, n. [O.Fr. almandre, Fr. atnande. It. araandola, corrupted from L. ' amygdala, Gt. atnygdale,an almond.] The seed or kernel of a tree allied to the peach ; the tree itself. There are two varieties, sweet and bitter. The name is also given to the seeds of some other species of plants; also to a tonsil or gland of the throat. — Almond-cake, n. The cake left after ex- pressing the oil from almonds.— Almond- oil, n. A bland, fixed oil obtained from almonds. — Almond-paste, n. A cosmetic to soften the skin and prevent chaps. — Almond-willow, n. Salix amygdalina, a British species of willow. Almondine. Almandine. Almoner, al'nion-Ar, n.' [O.Fr. almosnier, L.L. eleemosynariiis, from Gr. eleemosynS =E. aimsj A dispenser of alms or char- ity; more especially an oflBcer who directs or carries out the distribution of charit- able doles in connection with religious communities, hospitals, or almshouses, or on behalf of some superior.— Almonry, al'- mon-ri, n. The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. Almost, ftl'most, adv. \.AU and raost] Nearly; well nigh; for the greatest part. Alms', amz, n. [O.E. ahnesse, almes, A. Sax. almes, e order of an alpha- bet. — Alphabetically, al-f a-l)et ' ik-al - li, adv. In an alphabetical manner; in the customary order of the letter.'. — Alpha- betize, al'fa-bet-iz, v.t. To arrange alph.-i- betically. AlqnlfoQ, Alqnifore, al'ki-fo, alTii-for, n. [Fr- alquifoux, Sp. alquifol : of Arabic origin.] A sort of lead ore found in Corn- wall, used by potters to give a green var- nish to their wares, and called potter's ore. Already, al-red'i, adv. lAU and ready.] Before the present time; before some spe- cified time. j^ Alsatian, al-si'shi-an, o.'0f or pertaining to Alsace in Germany. — n. A native of Alsatia. Also, al'so, adv. and conj. [All and so; A. Sax. eall-swA, ealswd, alswd, from eall, eal, all, quite, and swd, so. As is this word contracted.] In like manner; like- wise; in addition; too; further. Altaic, Altaian, al-tfi,'ik, al-ta'yan, a. Per- taining to the Altai, a vast ranjie of mountains in Eastern Asia. — Altaic or Altaian family of languages, a family of languages which includes Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, &c. Also called iivylhi- an and Twramon. Altar, al'ter, n. (X. altare, from a root seen in L. altus, high.] An elevated place on which sacrifices were offered or incense burned to a deity ; in some Christian churches the term applied to the com- munion-table.— Altarage, al'ter-Sj, n. Of- ferings made upon an altar or to a church; the profits arising to priests from obla- tions, gifts, or dues on account of the altar; the small tithes. Called also A Uar- dweg. — Altar-bread, n. Bread prepared for the eucharirt. — Altar-card, n. A prin- ted or written transcript of certain por- tions of the communion service for the use of the priest officiating at the altar. — Altar-cloth, n. The cloth that covers the altar, and hangs dow n in front. — Altar- piece, n. A painting or piece of sculj>tur3 placed behind or above an altar in a church . — Altar-table, n. The commuuion-tabie. — Altar-tomb, n. A tomb having a general resemblance to an altar. Alter, arter,w.<. IL.L.afiero, tochange, from L. alter, another of two— root al, another (seen in alius, Gr. alios, another, E. else), and compar. suffix -ter—}i. -ther in othtr, &c.] To make other or different; to make some change in; to vary in ►ome degree, without an entire change.— v.i. To becouie, in some re.'-pects, diflei-ent; to varj" ; to change.— Alterability, al t6r-a-bil"i-ti, n. The quality of being susceptible of altera- tion.— Alterable, al'ter-a-bl, o. Capabla of being altered, varied, or made differeut. — Alterableness, al'ter-a-bl-nes. n. The quality of being alterable.— Alterably, a! - ter-a-bli, adv. In an alterable maiiuer; 60 as to be altered or varied.— Alteration, al-ter-a'shon, r(. The act of altering; the state of being altered ; al.-o, the chaune made. — Alterative, al'ter-at-iv, a. Causing alteration ; having the poMer to alter : med. having the poA\cr to restore the healthy functions of the body without sensible evacuations. — n. A medicine hav- ing this character. Altercate, al'ttr-kat, v.i. [Ij. altercor, al- tercatus, to wrangle, from alter, another. Altkr.] To contend in words; to v ranglu. — Altercation, al-ttr-ka'shon, n. The act of altercating; vv.-irm contention in \\ord8; heated argument; a wningle. Altem.t al'teni, a. [L. altemns, from alter, another. Alter.] Acting by turns; al- ternate. [Jl/iJ.]- Altemacy,t al-ter'na-si, n. The state of being alternate. — Alter- nant, al-t6r'nant, a. Alternating.— Alter- nate, al-ter'nat, a. (L. attei-natus, pp. of cdterno, to do by turns.] Being by turns; following one another in time or place by turns; first one, then another 8Ul■re^- sively; reciprocal; having one intervening between each pair; occupjing every se- cond place; consisting of parts or mem- bers proceeding in this way (an altemute series). — Alternate generation, thAt species of generation among animals by which the young do not resemble their parent, but their grand-parent or some remote ancestor; heterogcnesis. — Alternate, al'- t^r-natoral-t(?r'nat, v.t.— alternated, alter- nating. To perform by turns or in suc- cession; to cause to succeed or follow by turns. — v.i. To follow one another in time or place by turns.— Alternately, al-ttr'- nat-li, adv. In an alternate manner.— Altematene8«,al-t6r'nat-nes, n. The state or quality of being alternate.— Alterna- tion, al-tfer-n&'shon, n. The act of alter- nating, or state of being alternate; the act of following and being followed in jrtle.'-far, fat, fftU; m$, met, b^r; pine, pin; note, not, piiiire; tObe, tub, bull ; oil, pound; u, Sc. abtme— the Fr w ^LTHOUGH^ '21 AMBIGUOUS turn.— Alternative, al-t<^r'na-ti'', a. Offer- ing 'a choice or possibility of one of two I things.— n.. A choice between two things, ' so that if one is taken the other must be left; a possibility of one of two things, so that if one is false the other must be true. —Alternatively, al-ter'na-tiv-li, adv. In an alternative manner.— Altemativeneas, al-t^r'na-tiv-nes, n. Although, al-THo', cotij. [All, if, even, and though; comp. albeit.] Grant all this; be it so; suppose that; admit all that. Al- though differs very little from though, but is perhaps rather stronger. Altimeter, al-tim'et-fer, n. [L. uUus, high, and Gr. inetron, measure.] An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical prin- ciples, as a quadrant.— Altimetry, al-tim'- et-ri,ri. The art of ascertaining altitudes. A.ltiscope, al'tiskop, n. [h. alius, high, and Gr. skopeO, to look at.] An instrument of a telescopic character with lenses and mirro)s, enabling a person to overlook ob- jects intervening between himself and another object. Altitude, al'ti-tud, n. [L. allitudo, from al- ius, high {whence exalt, haughty].] Height; amount of space to a point above from one below; measure of elevation; pi. haughty airs (eolloq.). Alto, al'tiJ or al'to, a. [It., from L. alius, high.] Hi^h.— ». Mus. same as Contral- io: so called from being higher than the- tenor, to which in' old music the melody was assigned. — Alto-clef, ?i. Mus. the C clef.— Alto-relievo, Alto-rilievo, al'to-re- le'vo, arto-re-le-a"vo, n. High relief: ap- plied in regard to sculptured figures to express that they stand out prominently from the back-ground. Altogether, al-tu-geTH'6r, acZw. [A H, quite, and together.] \v holly; entirely; com- pletely; quite. Altruism, al'trO-izm, n. [It. altrui. Ft. auirui, others, from L. alter, another.] Devotion to others of to humanity: the opposite of ««;^s/mess.— Altruistic, al-trii- ist'ik, a. Pertaining or relating to altru- ism; regardful of othera. Alum, arum, n. [L. ahimen.] A general name for a class of double sulphates con- taining aluminium and such metals as potassium, ammonium, iron,&c. Common or potash alum is used medicinally as an astringent and a styptic; in dyeing, as a mordant; in tanning, for restoring the co- hesion of skins. — v.t. To steep in or im- pregnate with a solution of alum. — Alumina, Alumine, al-a'min-a, al'u-min, n. The oxide of aluminium, the most abundant of the earths, widely diffused in the shape of clay, loam, &c. — Alumin- iferous, al-fl'min-if'er-us, a. Containing alum or alumina. — Aluminiform, al-n- min'i-form, a. Having the form of alum, alumina, or aluminium. — Aluminite, al- u'min-it, n. Hydrous sulphate of alumina. — Aluminium, Aluminum, al-a-min'i-um, al-u'min-um,ra. Chemical sym. Al; atomic weight=27'5; sp. gr. 26 nearly. The me- tallic base of alumina; a white metal with a bluish tinge, and a lustre somewhat re- sembling, but far inferior to, that of sil- ver. — Alumiriiuni froW, an alloy of 10 parts of aluminium to90of copper.— Aluminous, al-u'min-us, a. Pertaining to or contain- ' ing alum or alumina.— Alum-rock, Alum- stone, n. A mineral of a grayish or yel- lowish-white colour, containing alumina and potash. — Alum-root, n. A name given to the astringent root of several plants. — / Alum-schist, Alum-slate, n. A thin bed- I ded fissile rock chiefly composed of silica ' and alumina. Alumnus, a-lum'nus,n. pi. Alumni, a-lnm'- • ni. [L., a disciple, from ala, to nourish.] \ A pupil ; a graduate or undergraduate of I a university, regarded as his alma-mater. Alveary, al' v5-a-ri, n. [L. alvearium, a bee- j hive.] A bee-hive, or something resem- , bling a bee-hive; the hollow of the exter- nal ear.— Alveated, al'v5-at-ed, a. Formed or vaulted like a bee-hive.— Alveolar, Al- iveolary, al've-o-lfer, al've-o-la-ri, a. Con- taining sockets, hollow cells, or pits; per- taining to sockets, specifically the sockets of the teeth. — Alveolate, al've-o-lat, a. iDeeply pitted, so as to resemble a honey- ts^ - • comb. — Alveolus, al-v6'o-IuF,n. pl.Alveoll, al-ve'o-li. [1j., a little hollow, dim. of alveus.] A cell, as in a honey -comb or in a fossil; the socket of a tooth.— Alveus, al've-us, n. [L., a hollow vessel, a chan- nel.] Anai. a tube or canal through which some fluid flows. Alvine, al'vin, a. [From L. alvua, the belly.) Belonging to the belly or intestines; relating to the intestinal excrements. Always, ^I'waz, adv. [All and way, -ways being an adverbial genitive. J Perpetually; uninterruptedly; continually (always the same); as often as occasion recurs (he is always late). Am, am. [For hypothetical arm, asm; comp. Goth, im for isrji, Icel. em for erm, esm, Lith. esini, L. sum, Skr. a8m,i, made up of root as, to breathe, exist, be, and mi, cognate with E. m,e. In the conjuga- tion of this verb three different roots are employed; seen in am, was, be. Be, Was.] The first person of the verb to be, in the indicative mood, present tense. Amadou, am a-do, n. [Fr. amadou, a word of Scandinavian origin.] A soft leathery substance used for tinder, prepared from a fungus growing on trees; German tinder. Amain, a-man', adv. [Prefix a, in, on, and main, foi'ce.] With force, strength, or vio- lence; suddenly; at once. Amalgam, a-mal'gam, Ji. [Fr. qmalgame, GT.rii,alagm,a, a. soft mass.] A compound of mercury or quicksilver with another metal ; any metallic alloy of which mer- cury forms an essential constituent part; a mixture or compound of different things. — Amalgama.te, a-mal'gam-at, v.i. — amal- gamated, amalgaviating. To compound or mix (a metal) with quicksilver; common- ly, to blend, unite, or combine generally into one mass or whole. — v.i. To combine to form an amalgam; to finite or coalesce generally; to become mixed or blended together. — Amalgamation, a-mal'ga-m a"- shon, n. The act or operation of amalga- mating ; the state of being amalgamated; union or junction into one body or whole; the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by combining them with mercury, which dissolves and separates the other metal, and is afterwards driven off by heat. — Amalgamator, a-mal'ga- ma-ter, n. One who or that which amal- gamates. Amandine, a-man'din. n. [Fr. amandef an almond.] A kind of paste for chapped hands prepared from almonds. Amandola,a-man'do-la,n. [It., an almond.] A green marble with white spots. Amanuensis, a-man'u-en"sis, n. pi. Aman- uenses, a-man'il-en"sez. [L. a, by, and m,anus, the hand.) A person whose em- ployment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what has been written by an- other. Amaracus, a-mar'a-kus, n. [L.] Marjoram. Amaranth, am'a-ranth,n. [Gr. amaranioa, unfading— a, neg.,and m,arainO,to wither. ] A poetical name loosely used to signify a flower supposed never to fade; a colour inclining to purple.- Amaranthine, am-a- ranth'in, a. Belonging to, consisting of, or resembling amaranth; never-fading; of a purplish colour. Amass, a-mas',t).<. [Fr. am,aaser — a, to, and masse, L. massa, a mass.] To collect into a heap; to gather a great quantity or number of; to accumulate. — Amassment, a-mas'ment, n. The act of amassing. Amateur, am'a-tilr, am-a-t6r (6 long), n. [Fr., from L. amator, amatoria, a lover, from avw, to love.] One who cultivates any study or art from taste or attachment without pursuing it professionally or with a view to gain; one who has a taste for the arts.— Amateurish, am-a-tnr'ish, a. Per- taining to or characteristic of an amateur; wanting the skill, finish, or other faculties of a professional. Amative, am'at-iv, a. [L. amo, amaium, to love.] Full of love; amorous; amatory. —Amativeness, am'at-iv-nes, n. Phren. that propensity which impels to sexual passion.— Amatorial,t Amatorian,t Ama- torious,t am-a-to'ri-al, am-a-to'ri-an, am- a-to'ri-us, a. Pertaining to love; amatorv. — Amatory, am'a-to-ri, a. Pertaining to or prodnring love; expressive of love (verses, sighs, 4c.). Amaurosis, am-a-rS'sis, n. [Gr. amaurosis, from amauros, obscure.] A partial or com- plete loss of sight from loss of power in the optic nerve or retina, without any visible defect in the eye except an immov- able pupil; gutta serena. — Amaurotic, a-ma-rot'ik, a. Pertaining to or affected with amaurosis. Amaze, a-maz', v.t. [Prefix a, on or in, and maze (whichsee).] To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder; to confuse utterly; to perplex; to astound; to aston- ish^ to surprise.— n. Astonishment; con- fusion; amazement: used chiefly in poetry. — Amazedly, a-maz 'ed-li, adv. With a- mazement. — Amazedness, a-maz'ed-nes, n. The state of being amazed; amazement.— Amazefttl,t a-maz'ful, a. Full of amaze- ment ; amazing. — Amazement, a - ni az'- ment, n. The state of being amazed or astounded; astonishment: great surprise. — Amazing, a-maz ing, a. Very wonderful; exciting astonishment. — Amazingly, a- maz'ing-li, adv. In an amazing manner or degree. Amazon, am'a-zon, n. [Gr. amazOn: of un- known origin.] One of a fabled race of female warriors who are mentioned by the ancient Greek writers ; hence, a warlike or masculine woman; a virago. — Amazon- ian, am-a-zO'ni-an, a. Pertaining to or re- sembling an Amazon; of masculine man- ners; also, belonging to the river Amazon in South America. Ambages,t am-ba'j6z, n. pi. [L.] Windings or turnings ; hence, circumlocution; sub- terfuges; evasions.— Ambagious,t ApibsL^- tory,t am-ba'jus, am-baj'i-to-ri, a. Cir- cumlocutory; roundabout. Ambassador, am-bas'sa-dor, n. [Fr. am- bassadeur, from ambassade, an embassy, from L. ambactus, a vassal, a dependant, from a Teutonic word = Goth, andbahis, A. Sax. ambiht, ambehi, a servant, from prefix and (the an in answer), and a. root allied to Skr. bhai, to serve or honour.] A minister of the highest rank employed by one prince or state at the court of another to transact state affairs. (The spelling Embassador is obsolete, though Embassy, not Ambassy, is used.] — Am- bassadorial, am-ba8'Ba-do"ri-al, a. Be- longing to an ambassador. — Ambassad- ress, am-bas'sa-dres, n. The wife of an ambassador; a female ambassador. Amber, am'bfir, n. (Fr. ambre. It. ambra, Sp. ambar, from Ar. ambar, ambergris, from its resemblance to this.J A mineral- ized pale-yellow, and sometimes reddish or brownish, resin of extinct pine-trees, found most abundantly on the shores of the Baltic— Amber-seed, n. The seed of Abelmoschus moschatus, an Asiatic plant, used as a perfume, having a musky smell. —Amber-tree, n. An African shrub, the leaves of which, when bruised, emit a fra- grant odour. Ambergris, am'b6r-gr5s, n. [Fr. ambre gria {gris, gray), gra-y amber.] A solid, opaque, ash -coloured inflammable sub- stance used in perfumery. It is a morbid secretion obtained from the spermaceti whale. Ambidexter ,t am-bi-deks'tfer, n. [L. ambo, both, and dexter, the right hand.] A person who uses both hands with equal facility; one equally ready to act on either side. — Ambidexterity ,t Ambidextrotu- ness,t am'bi-deks-ter"i-ti, am-bi-deks'trus- nes, n. The quality of being ambidex- trous ; double-dealing. — Ambidextrous,! am-bi-dekstrus, a. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease; doublu- dealing. j| Ambient, am'bi-ent, a. [L. amoiens, ain- bieniia—amb, around, and iena, ppr. of ii-e, to go.] Surrounding; encompassing on all sides: applied to fluids or diffusible sub- stances (the ambient air). 1 Ambiguous, am-big'u-us, a. [L. ambiguuit, from ambigo, to go about--aTObt, about, and ago, to drive.] Doubtful or uncertain,. especially in respect to signification; liable^ to be interpreted two ways; e ' indefinite.— Ambiguously,, am-b . adv. In an ambiguous msmner; «li7cAaini'^cA^.jMfti'^ai'^f«;^i,iob/nnJEsi'tfl»i'' aa,jainji " »Hi.«fteniJilulWaii jtj toi«; \^i.tt!Mgi''\«hiMi«» AMBILOQUOUS 22 AMICABLE doubfful meaning. — Ambiguity, Am- i bigttousness, am-bi-gO'i-ti, am-big'u-us- iies, n. The state or quality of being am- i biguous ; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly of signification. Ambiloquous.t am-bil'o-kwus, a. [L. ambo, ; both, and toawor, to speak.] Using ambigu- ous expressions. Ambit,? am'bit, n. [L. ambitus, a circuit. ' Ambient.] Compass or circuit; circum- ' ference. Ambition, am-bi'shon, n. fL. ambiiio, am- biiiotiis, the going about of candidates for office in Rome, hence flattery, ambition — am.b, around, round about, and eo, Hum,, to go, from L. Gr. and Skr. root i, to go.] An eager and sometimes inordinate desire after honour, power, fame, or whatever confers distinction; desire to distinguish one's self a.aong others. — v.tA To seek after ambitiously. — Ambitionless, am-bi'- shon-les, a. Devoid of ambition. — Ambi- tious, am-bi'sh us, a. [li.am^itiosus.'i Pos- sessing ambition; eagerly or inordinately desirous of power, honour, fame, office, superiority; or distinction; strongly desir- ous (with of or after) ; springing from, indicating, or characterized by ambition; shoAvy; iiretentious [utribitious ornament). —Ambitiously, am-bi'shus-li, adv. In an ambitious manner.— Ambltiousness, am- hishus-nes, n. The quality of being am- bitious; ambition. Amble, am'bl, v.i. — airibUd, ambling. [O.Fr. ambler, to amble, from L. ambulo, to walk, from avib, about.] To move by lifting both legs on each side alternately: said of horses, &c. ; hence, to move easily and gently. — n. The pace of a horse or like animal when ambling; easy motion; gen- tle pace.— Ambler, am'bltr, n. One who ambles. — Amblingly, am'bling-li, adv. AVith an ambling gait. Amblotic, am-blo'tik, o. [6r. amblOsis, abortion.] Having the power to cause abortion. Amblygon, am'bli-gon, n. [Gr. amhlya, obtuse, and gOnia, an angle.] An obtuse- angled triangle. — Amblygonal, am-blig'- on-al, a. Having an obtuse angle; obtuse. — Amblygonite, am-blig'on-it, n. A greenish - coloured mineral, of different pale shades, marked with reddish and yel- lowish brown spots. Ambo, Ambon, am'bo, amTjon, w. [Gr. awi- bon, a stage, a pulpit.] In early Christian churches a raised desk or pulpit. Amboyna-wood, am-boi'na-wud, n. {Amr- boyna, one of the Molucca Islands.] A beautifully mottled and curled wood em- ployed in cabinet-work. Ambreada, am-bre-a'da, n. [From amber. '\ A kind of fictitious amber. Ambrosia; am-bro'zhi-a, n. [Gr. ambrosia, from ambrotos, immortal — a, priv., and same root as L. m/)rs, death, E. murder.] The fabled food of the ancient Greek gods, ■which conferred immortality on those who partook of it; hence, anything pleas- ing U> the taste or smell, as a perfumed draught,unguent,or the like. — Ambrosial, am-bro'zhi-al, a. Of or pertaining to am- brosia; anointed or fragrant with am- brosia; delicious; fragrant. — Ambroaially, am-bro'zhi-al-li, adv. In an ambrosial manner; with an ambrosial odour. Ambry, am'bri, n. [Contracted from al- mxmry.] An almonryt; a niche or recess- in the wall of ancient churches near the altar in which the sacred utensils were de- posited; a cupboardt. Ambulacmm, am-bQ-la'krum, n. pi. Am- bulacra, am-bQ-laTcra. [L. ambulacrum,, an alley.] One of the perforated spaces or avenues through which are protruded the tube feet, by means of which locomotion is effected in the sea-urchins, &c. — Am- bulacral, am-bQ-la'kral, a. Pertaining to ambulacra. Ambulance, amTjO-lans, n. [Fr. Ambu- late.] An hospital establishment which accompanies an army in its movements in the field. — Ambulance-cart, Ambulance- wagon, n. A wheeled vehicle fitted with suitable appliances for conveying the wounded from the field of battle. Ambulate.t amOafi-lat, v.i.— ambulated, am- bulating. [L. ambulo, ambulatum, to go .•\bout. Amble.] To move backTrar'l and forward; to walk.— Ambulant, amTja-lant, o. Walking; moving from place to place. — Ambulation, am-bu-la'shon, n. The act of ambulating or walking about. — Am- bulator, am'bfi-lat-6r, n. One who walks about; an instrument for measuring dis- tances travelled. — Ambulatory, am'bu-la- to-ri, a. Having the power or faculty of walking; adapted for walking; pertaining to a walk; accustomed to move from place to place ; not stationary (an ambulatory court). — n. Any part of a building intended for walking in. Ambury, am'bu-ri, n. Same as Atiberry. Ambuscade, am-bus-kad', n. [Fr. embiis- cade, from It. imboscare, to lie in bushes — in, in, and bosco, a wood, the same word as E. bush.] A lying in wait and con- cealed for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise ; a place where one party lies concealed with a view to attack another by surprise; those lying so con- cealed; ambush. — v.t. and i. — ambuscaded, amb.Lscading. To lie in wait in order to attack from a concealed position. — Am- bush, am'bush, n. [O.Fr. embusche, verb embuscher, to lie in wait.] iSame as Am- buscade. — v.t. To post or place in ambush. — v.i. To lie or be posted in ambu.^h. — Am- bushment, amTsush-ment, n. An ambush. [O.T.J Ameer, A mir , a-mer'. n. [Ar.] A nobleman} a chief; a ruler; an emir. Ameliorate, a-mel'yor-at, v.t. — am^iorated, ameliorating. [Fr. ameliorer, fi-om L. ad, to,and melioro,vielioratum,to make better, from melior, better.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate.— v.i.To grow better; to meliorate. — Ameliorable, a-mel'yor- a-bl, o. Capable of being ameliorated. — Amelioration, a-meryor-a"shon, n. The act of ameliorating; improvement; melior- ation. — Ameliorative, a-mel'yor-at-iv, a. Producing, or having a tendency to pro- duce, amelioration. — Ameliorator, a-msl'- yor-at-6r, n. One who ameliorates. Amen, a-men. [Heb. am^n, verily, firm, established.] A term occurring generally at the end of a prayer, and meaning So be it. In the N. T. it is used as a noun to denote Christ as being one who is true and faithful, and as an adjective to signify made true, verified, fulfilled. Amenable, a-me'na-bl, a. [Fr. amener, to bring or lead to — a, to, and mener, to lead. Demean.] Liable to answer or be called to account; responsible; ready to yield or submit, as to ad'\nce ; submissive. — Am- enableness. Amenability, a-me'na-bl-nes, a-me'na-bil"i-ti, n. The state of being amenable. — Amenably, a-me'na-bli, adv. In an amenable manner. Amend, a-mend', v.t. [Fr. am^nder, for em^nder, to correct, from L. emeiido, to free from faults — e, out, out of, and meti- da, a fault. Mend.] To make better, or change for the better, by removing what is faulty; to correct; to improve; to re- form. — v.i. To grow or become better by reformation orrectifyingsomething wrong in manners or morals. .'. Amend differs from im,prove in this, that to amend im- plies something previously wrong, while to improve does not necessarily do so. — Amendable, a-mend'a-bl, a. Capable of being amended or corrected.— Amenda- tory, a-mend'a-to-ri, a. Supplying amend- ment; corrective.— Amender, a-mend'6r, n. One who amends. — Amendment, a- mend 'ment, n. The act of amending, or changing for the better, in any way; the act of becoming better, or state of having become better; an alteration pro- posed to be made in the draft of a parlia- mentary bill, or in the terms of any mo- tion under discussion before a meeting. — Amends, a-mendz', n. pi. Compensation for a lo'S or injury; recompense; satisfac- tion; equivalent. Amende, a-mand, n. [Fr. amende, L.L. amenda, a penalty, reparat-on. Amend.] A pecuniary punishment or fine; a recanta- tion or reparation. — Amende honorable, a public or open recantation and reparation to an injured party. Amenity, a-men'i-ti, n. [Fr. aminiti, L. amosnitcLS, amoinus, pleasant.] The qua- lity of being pleasant or agreeable, in re- spect of situation, prospect, climate, Ac, as also of temper, disposition, or manner?. Amentia, a-men'shi-a, n. [L., want of rea- son—a, from, and mens, mentis, mind.] Imbecility of mind; idiocy or dotage. Amentum, a-men'tum, n. pi. Amenta, a- men'ta. JBot. a kind of inflorescence con- sisting of unisexual apetalous flowers in the axils of scales or bmcts ranged along a stalk or axis; a catkin.— Amentaceous, a-men-ta'shus, o. Consisting of, resem- bling, or furnished with an amentum or amenta. Amerce, a-m^rs', v.t. — am,erced, am^rdv^. [Fr. amercii, fined at the mercy of the court— a, at, and merci, mercy.] To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is left to the discretion of the court; hence, to punish by deprivation of any kindt.— Amercsable, a-mfirs'a-bl, a. Liable to amercement. — Amercement, a-mers'- ment, n. The act of amercing; a pecuni- ary penalty inflicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. — Amercer, a-mfers'- tr, n. One who amerces. American, a-mer'i-kan, a. Pertaining to America; often, in a restricted sense, per- taining to the United States. — n. A native of America; in a restricted sense, one of the inhabitants of the United States. — Americanism, a-mer 'i-kan-izm, n. The feelings of nationality which distinguish American citizens; tlie exhibition of na- tional prejudice by Americans; a word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Americans.— Americanize, a-mer'i-kan-iz, v.t. — ameri- canized, ainer>/:anizing. To render Ameri- can or like what prevails in or is charac- teristic of America (especially the United States); to naturalize in America. Ametabola, a-me-tab'o-la, n.vl. [Gr. ame- tabolos, unchangeable.] A division of in-, sects, including such as do not undergo any metamorphosis (lice, &c. ).— Ametabol- ic, a-met'a-bol"ik, a. Of or belonging to the Ametabola. Amethyst, am'e-thist, n. [Gr. dmethystot —a, neg.. and metfii/o, to inebriate, from its supposed power of preventing or curing intoxication.] A violet-blue or purple va- riety of quartz which is wrought into variousarticlesof jewelry.— Oriental ^Dte- thyst, a rare violet-coloured gem, a variety of corundum, of extraordinary brilliancy and beauty. — Amethystine, a-me-thist'in, a. Pertaining to, composed of, or resem- bling amethyst. Amiable, a'mi-a-bl, a. [Partly from Fr. aim^ble, lovely, amiable, from L. ar)iabilis, from amo, to love, partly from Fr. ami- able, amicable, L. amicabilis.] Worthy of love; delightful or pleasinglsaid of thingslt; possessing agreeable moral qualities; hav- ing an excellent and attractive disposi- tion; lovable.— Amiability, Amiableness, a'mi-a-bil"i-ti, a'mi-a-bl-nes, n. The qua- lity of being amiable or lovable; sweetness of temper.— Amiably, a'mi-a-bU, adv. In an amiable manner. Amianth, AmianthUE, am'i-anth, am-i-an'- thus, n. (Gr. arniantos—a, neg., and mi- ainO, to pollute or vitiate: so called from its incombustibility.] Flexible asbestos, earth-flax, or mountain-flax; an incom- bustible mineral composed of delicate filaments, very flexible, and somewhat elastic, often long and resembling threads of silk.— Amianthiformi, am-i-an'thi-form, a. Having the form or likeness of ami- anth. — Amianthoid, am-i-an'thoid, n. A mineral which resembles amianth or as- bestos. Amicable, am'ik-a-bl, a. [L. amiccmhs, from amicus, a friend, from amo, to love.] Characterized by or exhibiting friendship, peaceableness, or harmony; friendly: peaceable; harmonious in social or mutual transactions..'. -4 wiieab/e is a weaker word thajx friendly. Friendly is active and posi- tive; amicable simply implies a degree of friendship such as makes us unwilling to disagree with those with whom we are on harmonious terms.— Amicability, Amic- ableness, am 'ik-a-bil"i-ti,am'ik-a-bl-ne8,n. Quality of being amicable. — Amlc*bly, am'ik-a-bli, adv. In an amicable or friendly manner; with harmony. -J "Fatfli ftr, fat, fftll; , , me^met, herj^pine, pin; note, not, mdve; -t tobe, tub, b\^U; ^ oil, pound; ti, So. abune— the Fr. W AMICE 23 AMPHITHEATRE A'ri'-'', .ini'is n. [O.Fr. aviis, a'niit., L. amictus, a cloak.] A flowinR cloak for- merly worn b^ priests and pilgrims; an oblong embroidered piece or strip of fine linen, falling down the shoulders like a cope, worn under the alb by priests in the service of the mass. Amid, Amidst, a-mid', a-midst', prep. [Pre- tix a, on, in, and inid, viidet, O.E. amidde, amiddea (the latter a genitive form): A. Sax. o)v-miildan; the t has been tacked on as in against.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; mingled with; among.— Amidships, a-mid'ships, adv. In or towards the middle or the middle line of a ship. Amide, Amine, amid, am'in, n. [From am- of ammonia.\ Chem. names given to ii series of salts produced by the substitu- tion of elements or radicals for the hydro- gen atoms of ammonia: often used as ter- minations of the names of such salts. — Amidiue, am'id-in, n. A peculiar sub- stance procured from wheat or potato htarch, the soluble or gelatinous jiart. Amiss, a-mis', a. [Prefix a, on, and miss.] Wrong; faulty; out of time or order;, im- proper.— adw. In a faulty manner. — To be not amiss, to be passable or suitable; to be pretty fair. [CoUoq.J Amission,! a-mi'shon, n. [L. amissio, amis- aiouis, from dmiito — a, away, and.mifto, to send.] Loss. — Aiaissibility,t a-mis'i-bil"- i-ti, n. The capability or possibility of be- ing lost.— AmisBible,t a-mig'i-bl, a. Cap- able of being or liable to be lost. Amity, am'i-ti, n. [Fr. amiti4, from L.L. aiiucitas, friendship; L. amic^is, a friend, from amo, to love. J Friendship; harmony; good understanding, especially between nations. Ammonia, am-nio'ni-a, n. TGr. ammoniak- on, sal-ammoniac, from oeing first ob- tained near the Temple of Amman in Libya.] The modem name of the ifoldtile alkali, formerly so called to distinguish it from the more fixed alkalies. It is a pun- gent gas, and may be procured artificially from organic matter (except fati by sub- jecting it to heat in iron cylinders. It is used for many purposes, both in medicine and chemistry, most frequently in solu- tion in water, under the names of liquid ammonia or spirits of hartahoi-n. — Ammo- niac, Ammoniacal, am-mo'ni-ak, am-mo- ni'ak-al, a. Pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties. — Ammo&ium, am-mo'ni-um, n. A name given to the liypothetical base of ammonia, not ob- tained separately. Ammonite, am'mon-it, n. [Resembling the horns with which Jupiter Ammon was furnished when represented by statues.] One of the fossil shells of an extensive genus of extinct cuttle-fishes, coiled in a plane spiral, and chambered within like that of the nautilus, to which the ammon- ites were allied. — Ammonltlferous, am'- mon-it-if " 6r-us, a. Containing the re- mains of ammonites. Ammunition, am-mu-ni^hon, n. [Fr. amu- lUtion, L. m,wiitio, defence, from mwiio, to fortify.] Military stores, especially such articles as are used in the discharge of firearms and ordnance of all kinds, as powder, balls, shells, shot, &c. Amnesia, am-ne'si-a, n. [Gr. a, priv., and mnSsis, memory.] Loss of memory. Amnesty, am'nes-ti, n. [L. amnestia, from Gr. am,nestia, oblivion — a, not, and root mna, to remember.] An act of oblivion; a general pardon of the offences of sub- jects against the government, or the pro- clamation of such pardon. — v.t. — amnes- tied, amnestying. To grant an amnesty to; to pardon. Amnion, Amnios, am'ni-on, am'ni-os, n. [Gr.] The innermost membrane surround- ing the fetus of mammals, birds, and rep- tiles; also a thin, semi-transparent, gela- tinous fluid, in which the embryo of a seed is suspended when it first appears.— Amniotic, am-ni-ot'ik, a. Pertaining to the amnion; possessing an amnion. Amoeba, a-me'ba, n. [Gr. amoibe, change.] The generic name of various microscopic Protozoa, one of which is common in our fresh-water ponds and ditches. It con- sists of a eelstinous mass, and from con- tinually altering its shape it received this as well as its former name of proteus- animoZcuie.- Amoeboid, Amoebous, a-me'- boid, a-meT)us, o. Of or pertaining to or resembling the amoeba. Amosbean, am-6-be'an, a. [L. amcebceus, from Gr. amoibaios, alternate, amaibe, an- swer.] Alternately answering or reepon- sive; exhibiting persons speaking alter- nately (an amoebcean poem). Amok, a-mok', n. Same as AwMck. Among, Ainongst,a-mung',a-mungst',prep. [O.E. amonge, amonges, amongest, A. Sax. amang, onmang, from mengan, to mingle; the es being an adverbial genitive termin- ation, and the t tacked on, as in amidst. Mingle. I Mixed or mingled with (imply- ing a numberi; in or into the midst of; in or into the number of (one among a thou- sand); jointly or with a reference to some one or other (they killed hini amonir them). Amontillado, a-mon'til-a"do, n. [Sp.] A dry kind of sherry of a light colour. Amorous, am'or-us, a. [Fr. am,oureux, L.L. amorosus, L. amor, love; akin amity, ami- able, &c.] Inclined to love persons of the opposite sex; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; per- taiaing or relating to love ; produceci by love; indicating love; enamoured (in this sense with of). — Amorously, am'or-us-li, adv. In an amorous manner; fondly; lov- ingly.- Amorousness, am'or-us-ne8,n. The quality of being amorous. AxaorpnouE, a-mor'fus, a. [Or: artwrphos — o, neg., and morphe. form.] Having no d«(terminate form; of irregular shape; not having the regular forms exhibited by the crystals of minerals;being without crystal- lization; formless; characterless. — Amor- phism, a-mor'fizm, n. State of being amor- phous or without shape.— Amorpliy,t a- mor'fi, n. Irregularity of form. Amortize, a-mor'tiz, v.t.— amortized, anvyr- tizin^. (L.L. amortisare, to sell in mort- main — L. ad, to, and mors, mortis, death.] To alienate in mortmain; to extinguish (a debt) by means of a sinking fund. — Amor- tization, Amortizement, a-mor'tiz-a"8hon, a-mor'tiz-ment, n. The act or right of alienating lands or tenements in mort- main •, the extinction of debt, especially by a sinking fund. Amount, a-mount', v.i. [O.Fr. ar,ionter, to advance, increase, am.ont, upwards — a, to, and mont, L. vxons, mmttis, a hill. ] To mount upwards t ; to reach a certain total by an accumulation of particulars; to come in the aggregate or whole ; to re- sult in; to be equivalent* followed by to. — n. The sum total of two or more particular sums or quantities; the aggregate; the effect, substance, or result. Amour, a^mor', n. [Fr.,from L. awior, love.] A love intrigue; an affair of gallantry. Amphibia, am-fib'i-a, n. pi. [Gr. amphi- bios, living a double life — am.phi, both, and bios, life.] A term strictly applied to such few animals as have both gills and lungs at once; but ordinarily extended so as to include all animals which possess both gills and lungs, whether at different stages of their existence or simultaneous- ly, thus including the frogs and toads, which have ^ills in the tadpole stage. — Amphibious, am-fib'i-us, a. Having the power of living in two elements, air and water ; having the characters of the Am- f(hibia: applied in popular usage to any ung-breathing animal which can exist for a considerable time under water : as the crocodile, whale, seal, &c. ; adapted for living on land or at sea.— Amphibial, Am- phibian, am-fib'i-al, am-fib'i-an, a. Am- phibious.— n. One of the Amphibia. — Am- phibiousness, am-fib'i-us-nes, n. Ampbiblastic, am-fi-blas'tik,a. A term ap- plied to ova intermediate between the holo^lastic or mammalian ova, and the meroblastic, or ova of birds or reptiles. Amphibole, am'fi-bol, n. [Gr. amphibolos, doubtful, equivocal.] A name given to hornblende, from its resemblance to aug- ite.for which it may readily be mistaken. —Amphibolic, am-fi-borik,a. Pertaining to or resembling amphibole. — Amphibo- Ute, am-fib'o-Ut, n. A rock with a base of amphibole or hornblende ; trap or green- stone. Amphibology, am-fi-bol'o-ji,n. [Gr. amphi- holorjia — amphi, in two ways, ballo, to throw, and logos, discourse.] A phrase or discourse susceptible of two interpreta- tions; and hence, a phrase of uncertain meaning.— Amphibolous, am-fib'ol-us, a. [Gr. amphibolos.] Susceptible of two mean- ings; ambiguous; equivocal. — Amphiboly ,t am-fib'o-li, n. Ambiguity of meaning. — Amphibological, am-fib'o-loj"ik-al, a. Of or pertaining to amphibology; of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. — Ampnibologically, am-fib'o-loj"ik-aI-li, adv. With a doubtful meaning. Amphibrach, Amphibrachys, am'fi-brak, am-£b'ra-kis, n. [ Gr. — amphi, on both sides, and brachys, short.] Proa, a foot of three syllables, the middle dne long, the first and last short. Amphicarpic,ABiphlcarpoua,am-fi-k&r'pik, am-fi-kar pus, a. [Gr. amphi, in two ways, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. possessing two kinds of fruit, either in respect of form or time of ripening. Amphicoelous, Amphlcoellan, am-fi-se'lus, am-fi-se'li-an, a. [Gr. am.phi\ at both ends, and koilos, hollow.] Applied to vertebriE which are doubly concave or hollow at both ends (as in fishes). Amphigean, am-fi-je'an, a. [Gr. amphi, around, and ge, the earth.] Extending over all the zones of the globe. Amphigen, am'fi-jen,n. [Gr. amphi, around, and root gen, to produce.] A plant which has no distinct axis, but increases by the growth or development of its cellular tis- sue on all sides, as the lichens. Amphigory , am'fi-gor-i, n. [Vr.amphigouri.] A msanincless rigmarole; a nonsensical parody.— Ainphigoric, am-fi-gor'ik. o. Of, relating to, or consisting of amphigory ; absurd; nonsensical. Amphihezahedral, am-fl-heks'a-he"dral, o. Doubly hexahedral ; six-sided in both di- rections: said of crystals. Amphilogy, am-fil'o-ji, n. [Gr. amphi, in two ways, and logos, discourse.] Equivo- cation; amphibology. Amphimacer, am-fim'a-s6r, n. [Gr. amphi- makros, long on both sides.] Pros, a foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long. ' Amphiozus, am-fi-oks'us, n. [Gr. am,phi, on both sides, and oxus or oxys, sharp, because sharp at both ends.] A kind or fish of a very rudimentary type, the lan- celet. Amphipneust, am'fip-nOst, n. [Gr. amphi, in two ways, and pne<5, to breathe.] An animal strictly amphibious, or having both gills and lungs. Amphipod, am'fi-pod, n. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, and poiis, podoa, a foot.] One of an order (Amphipoda) of small crusta- ceous animals common in fresh and salt water, including such as the sand-hopper. AmphIprostyle,am-fip'ro-stil,a. IGi.amphi, on both sides, pro, before, and atyli, a column.] Having a prostyle or portico on both ends or fronts, out with no columns on the sides. Amphisbxna, am-fis-b€'na, n. [Gr. amphit- baina — am,phis, on both sides, and bainO, to go, from the belief that it moved with either end foremost.] The generic name of small serpent-like reptiles, formerly but erroneously deemed poisonous. Amphiscii, Amphlscians, am-fish'i-i, am- fish'i-anz, n. pi. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, and sArta, shadow.) The inhabitants of the intertropical regions, whose shadows at noon in one part of the year ve cast to the north and in the other to the south. Amphitheatre, am-fi-the'a-tfer, n. [Gr. am- phitheatron — amphi, on both sides, and theatron, theatre.] An ancient edifice of an oval form, having a central area encom- passed with rows of seats, rising higher as they receded from the centre, on which people used to sit to view some spectacle or performance; a similar modem edifice; anything, as a natural hollow among hills, resembling an amphitheatre in form. — Amphitheatral, Amphitheatric, Amphi- tbeatrical, am-fi-th6'a-tral, am'fi-the-at"- rik, am'fi-the-at"rik-al, o. Pertaining to £lw^sumj chj Sc. locA; g, go; 3, job; o, Fr. ton; ng, eing; vh, thea; tb, thin; w, tine; wh, whig; zh, a^ure. AMPHITROPAL 24 ANAESTHESIA iir resembling an amphitheatre; exhibited in an amphiwieatre. Ataphitropal, AmphitropouB, am-fit'rop- al, am-fit rop-us, a. [Gr. amphi, round, and ivepo, to tum.J Bot. applied to an ovule curved upon itself so that both ends are brought near to each other, with the hilum in the middle. Amphluma, am-fi-u'ma, n. !iGr. amphi, both, and huo, to wet.) A. Korth American animal belonging to the Amphibia, 2 or 3 feet in length. Amphora, am'fo-ra, n. pi. Amphorae, am'- fo-re. [L. amphora, Gr. aniphorevs— am- phi, on both sides, and phoreO, to carry, from its two handles.] Among the Greeks and Romans, a vessel, usually tall and narrow, with two handles or ears and a narrow neck, used for holding wine, oil, honey, and the like.— Amphoral, am'fo- ral, a. i'crtaining to or resembling an amphora. Ample, am'pl, a. [Fr. ample, L. amplua— prefix am, amb, round, about, and root of pleo, to fill; akin double.] Large in di- mensions; of great size, extent, cai>acity, or bulk; wide; epucious; extended (ample room) ; fully sufficient for some purpose Intended; abundant; copious; plentiful (an ample supply; avip'e justice). — Am- pleneaa, am'pl-nes, n. The state of being ample; largeness; sufBciency; abundance. — Ampllative, am'pli-at-iv, a. Enlarging; increasing; philos. adding to what is in- volved in the meaning.of the subject of a px-oposition.— Amplification, am'pli-fi-ka"- ehon, n. The act of amplifying; an en- largement; extension; diffusive descrip- tion or discussion.— Amphficative, Ampli- ficatory. am'pli-fi-kat-iv, am'pli-fi-ka-to- ri, a. Serving or tending to amplify.— Amplifier, am'pli-fi-er, n. One who am- plifies or enlarges. — Amplify, am'pli-fi, v.t.— amplified, amplifying. [Vr, amplifier, to enlarge— L. ampins, ample, and facto, to make.] To make more ample, larger, more extended, more copious, and the like. — v.i. To grow or become ample or more ample; to be diffuse in argument or de- Bcnption. — Amplitude, am'pli-tud, n. [L. ampUUcdo.] State of being ample; large- ness of dimensions; extent of surface or space; greatness; aatron. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the east or west point and the centre of the sun or star at its rising or setting.— Amply, am'- pli, adv. In an ample manner; largely; sufBciently; copiously. Amplectant, am-plek'tant, a.- [h.amptec- tans, ainplectantis, ppr. of am,plector, to embrace. ] Bot. embracing; clasping.— Am- plezicaul, am-plek'si-kal, a. [L. amplexvs, embracing.and caJtZts, a stem.] £ot. nearly surrounding or embracing the stem, as the base of a leaf. Ampulla, am-pul'la, n. pi. Ampulla, am- pul'le. [L.] A more or less globular bot- tle, used by the Romans for holding oil ; a vessel for holding the consecrated oil used in various church rites and at the coronation of kings; a small sack or bag- like appendage of a plant; a hollow flask- shaped leaf. — AmpuUaceouB, am-pul-la'- shus, a. Of or pertaining to or like an ampulla. Amputate, am'pfl-tst, v.t.— amputated, am- putating. [L. amputo, avipiitatum — anib, about, and puto, to prune.] To cut off, especially a human limb or that of an animal. — Amputation, am-pu-ta'shon, n. The act of amputating ; the operation of cutting off a limb or other projecting part ofthe Dody. Amuck, a-muk'. n. [Malay or Javanese.] A furious, reckless onset: a term used in the Eastern Archipelago by Malays, who are occasionally seen to rush out in a frantic state with daggers in their hands, yelling 'Amuck, amuck,' and attacking all that come in their way. — To run amuck, to rush about frantically, attacking all that come in the way; to attack all and Eundry. Amulet, am'n-let, n. fL. amuletum, Fr. amulette, from Ar.ftanidtat,anything worn, from hatnala, to carry, to wear.] Some- thing woKD or carried about the person, intended to act as a charm or preservative against evils or ruisohief, Buch as disea?es and witchcraft,— Amuletic, am-a-let'ik,a. Pertaining to an aKulet. Amurcous.t a-merk'as, a. fli. amurca, the dregs or lees of olives.] Full of dregs or lees; foul.— Amurcosity,t a-m*r-ko8'i-ti, n. The quality of being amurcous. Amu^e, a-mUz', v.t. — aviueed, amusing. [Fr. amuser, to amuse, to divert, to hold in play— a, to, and O.Fr. muser, to muse. Musk, v.] To entertain the mind of agreo- ablys to occupy or detain the attention of in a pleasant manner or with agreeable objects; to divert; entertain: often reji.; to keep in expectation, as by flattery, plausible pretences, and the like; to keep m play. .'. A'Muse is to occupy lightly and pleasantly; divert generally impliessome- thing absolutely lively or sportive; enter- tain, to keep in a continuous state of in- terest, often by something instructive. — Amuaable, a-muz'a-bl, a. Capable of being amused. — Amusement, a-muz'meut, n. The act of amusing, or state of being amused; a slight amount of mirth or ten- dency towards meiTiment; that which amuses; entertainment; sport; pastime. — Amaser, a-muz'er, n. One who amuses. — Amusing, a-muz'ing, a. Giving amuse- ment; pleasing; diverting. — Amuaingly, a-muz'ing-li, adv. In an amusing manner. — Amusive,t a-mtt'ziv, a. Having power to amuse. Amygdalate, a-mig'da-lat, n. [li.amygda- lus, an a'uiond.] An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds.— Amygdaline, a-mig'da-lin, a. Pertaining to, resem- bling, or made of almonds.— Amygdalic, a-mig-dal'ik, a. Obtained from almonds. —Amygdaloid, a-mig'da-loid, n. A term applied to igneous rock, especially trap, containing I'ound or almond-shaped vesi- cles or cavities partly or wholly filled with crystalline nodules of various minerals. — Amygdaloidal, a-mig'da-loid"al, a. Per- taining to amygdaloid; almond-shaped. Amyl, am'il.n. IGr. amylon, starch.] Cliem. a hypothetical radical said to exist in many compounds, as amylic alcohol, 4c. — Nitrate of amyl, an amber-coloured fluid with a pleasant odour, having the pro- perty when inhaled of quickening the heart's action,— Amylaceous, am-il-a'shus, a. Pertaining to starch, or the farinaceous part of grain; resembling starch.— Amyl- ate, am'il-at, n. A compound of starch with a base.— Amylene, am'il-Sn, n. A hydrocarbon obtained from amylic alco- hol, and possessing anaesthetic properties. — Amylic, am-il'ik, a. Pertaining to amyl. —Amyloid, am'il-oid, «. K esumbl ing or being of the nature of amyl. — n. A semi- gelatiiinus substance, analogous to starch, met with in some seeds. An, A, an, a, indef. art. [A. Sax. dn, one, an, the former being the original, the latter a developed meaning; the i-ame word as one. One.] A word used before nouns in the singular number to denote an individual as one among more belong- ing to the same class, and not marking singleness like one, nor pointing to some- thing known and definite like the. In such phrases as 'once an hour,' 'a shilling an ounce,' an has a distributive force, be- ing equivalent to each, every. The form a is used before consonants (including the name sound of u as in unit, European^ yu); an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound, or the soundof ft when the itccent falls on any syllable except the first; as, an inn, an umpire, an heir, an historian (but also a historian). Ana, a'na, n. pi. [The neuter plural ter- mination of Latin adjectives in -anus, often forming an aflBx to the names of eminent men to denote a collection of their memorable sayings — thus Scaligeriana, Johnsoniana. ] The sayings of notable men; personal gossip or anecdotes. Anabaptist, an-a-bap'tist, n. [ Gr. ana, again, and baptistis, a baptist.] One who holds the invalidity of infant baptism, and the necessity of rebaptism, generally by immersion, at an adult age.— Anabap- tistic, Anabaptigtical, an'a-bap-tis"tik, an'a-bap-ti8"{ik-al, a. Relating to the Anabaptists or to their doctrines. — Ana- haptistn, ana-bap'tizm, n. The doctrine or practices of the AnabaptiFts. Anabasis, an-ab'a-sis, »i. [Gr. — ana, up, and basis, a going, from baino, to go.] A going up; an expedition from the coast inland. Anacamptic, an-a-kam'tik, o. [Gr. ana, back, and kampto, to bend.] Pertaining to the reflection of light or sound; reflect- ing or reflected. — Anacamptlcally, an-a- kam'tik-al-li, adv. By reiiectiou.— Ana- camptics, an-a-kam'tiks, n. The doctrine of reflected light or sound. AnacanthouE, an-a-kan'thus, a. [Gr. neg. prefix a», and akantha, a spine.] Spine- less; a term applied to fishes with spineless fins, such as the cod, plaice, &c. ; mala- copferygious. Anacatharsls, an'a-ka-th&r"Eis, n. [Gr. ana, upward, and kathairO, to cleanse.] Med. Eurgation upward; also cough, attended y expectoration.— Anacathartic, an'a-ka- thar"tik,a. Pertaining to or of the nature of anacatharsis. — n. A medicine which ex- cites discharges by the mouth or nose, as expectorants, emetics, &c. Anacharis, an-ak'a-ris, n. [Ana, for Or. neg. prefix an, and charis, favour, from being often a nuisance.] A water-plant introduced from North America into Brit- ish rivers and ponds, which by its rapid growth tends to choke them up ; water- thyme or water-weed. Anachronism, an-ak'ron-izm, n. [Gr. ana, implying inversion, error, and chronoi. time.] An error in computing historical time ; any error which implies the mis- placing of persons or events in time; any- thing foreign to or out of keeping with a specified epoch (as where Shakspere makes Hector quote Aristotle). — Anachronous, Anachronic, Anachronical, Anachrozust- ic. Anachronistical, an-ak'-ron-us, an-a- kron'ik, an-a-kron'ik-al, an-ak'ron-isf'ik, an-ak'ron-ist"ik-al, o. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. Anaclastic, an-a-klas'tik, a. [Gr. anaklasis, a bending back — Gr. ana, back, and klasis, a breaking, from klaO, to break.] Pertain- ing to or produced by the refraction of light ; bending back; flexible. — Anaclas- tics, an-a-klas'tiks, n. A term equivalent to Dioptrics. Anacoluthon, an'a-kol-n"thon, n. [Gr. anakolovihos, wanting sequence — neg. prefix an, and akolouthos, following. ] Grain, want of sequence in a sentence, owing to the latter member of it belonging to a different grammatical construction from the preceding; as, ' He that curseth fhther or mother, let him die the death.' Mat. XV. 4.— Anacoluthlc, an'a-kQl-a"thik, a. AVanting sequence; containing an ana- coluthon. Anaconda, an-a-kon'da, n. The popular name of two of the largest species of the serpent tribe, namely, a Ceylonese species and a South American species, both grow- ing to tlie length of over 30 feet. Anacreontic, a-nak're-on 'tik, a. Pertain- ing to or after the manner of Anacreon; relating to the praise of love and wine; convivial; amatory.— Anacreontic, a-nak'- re-on"tik, n. A poem by Anacreon, or com- posed in the manner of Anacreon; a little poem in praise of love or wine. Anadem, Anademe, an'a-dem, rn'a-dfm.n. [Gr. anadema, a bead-band or fillet— ana, up, and deo, to bind.] A band, fillet, gar- land, or wreath. Anadromoua, a-nad *rom-us, a« [Gr. ana, up, and dromx)8, course.] Passing from the sea into fresh waters at stated seasons, as the salmon. Anaemia, a-n?'mi-a, n. [Gr.— an, priv., and haima, blood.] Med. a deficiency of blood; a state of the system marked by a de- ficiency in certain constituents of the blood.— An»mic, a-n&'mik, a. Pertaining to or affected with anaemia. Ansesthesia, AnxEthesis, an-es-thi^'si-a, an- es-the'sis, n. [Gr. anaisthisia, anaisthisit — an, priv., and aisthanomia, to feel.] Diminished or lost sense of feeling; an artificially produced state of insensibility, especially to <;he sense of pain. — An»a- thetic, an-es-thet'ik, a. OlTor belonging to anaesthesia; having the power of de- bate, f^, fat, fflll; mS, met, her; pine, pinj note, not, mOve; tQbe. tub, b\)ll; oil, pound; It, So. abun»— the Fr. Wy ANAGLYPH 25 ANBERRY priTing of feeling or sensation.— n. A sub- stance wliicli has the power of depriving of feeling or sensation, as chloroform when its Tapour is inhaled.— Ansesthetize, an- es'thO-tiz, v.t. — aruKsthatUed, ancesthetizlng. To bring under the influence of an anaes- thetic agent; to render insensible to the feeling of pain. Anaglyph, an'a-glif, n. [Gr. anaglyphon, embossed yvork— ana, up, and glypho, to engrave.] An ornament in relief chased or embossed. — Anaglyphlc, Anaglyphical, an-a-glif'ik, an-a-glif'ik-al, a. Pertaining to anaglyphs or to the art of chasing and embossing in relief.— Anaglyphy, an-ag'- li-fi,ii. The act of chasing or embossing in relief. — Anaglyptic, Anaglyptical, an-a- glip'tik, an-a-glip'tik-al. Same as Ana- ylyphic. — Anaglyptograph, an-a- glip ' to- graf, n. An instrument for making a medallion engraving of an object in relief, such as a medal or cameo. — Anaglyp- tography, an'a-glip-to§"ra-fi, n. The art of copying works in relief. Anagoge, Analogy, an'a-go-j5, an'a-go-ji, n. IGr. anagoge— ana, upward, and agOge, a leading, from ago, to lead.) An elevation of mind to things celestial; the spiritual meaning or application of words; a mys- terious or allegorical interpretation, es- pecially of Scripture. — Anagogic, Ana- gogical, an-a-goj'ik, an-a-goj'ik-al, a. Of or pertaining to anagoge; mysterious; ele- vate a mode of printing from zinc plates etched so that the design or what else is to be shown is left in relief.. _ Anastomose, a-nas'tO-moz, v.t. — anastomo^ ed, anastomosing. [Fr. anastomoser, Gr. anastomofi— ana, again, anew, and stoma, a mouth.] Anat. and hot. to inosculate or run into each other, to communicate with each other by minute branches or ramifi- cations, as the arteries and veins. — Anas- tomosis, a-nas't3-mo"8i8, n. The inoscu- lation of vessels in vegetable or animal bodies. — Anastomotic, a-nas'to-mot"ik, a. Pertaining to anastomosis. Anastrophe, Anastrophy. a-nas'tro-fe, n. [Gr.— a7ia, back, sirepho, to turn.] An in- version of the natural order of words. Anathema, a-nath'e-ma, n. [Gr. anathema, a thing devoted to evil, from anatithSmi, to dedicate— area, up, and tithimi, to place.] A curse or denunciation pronouncedwith religious solemnity by ecclesiastical au- thority, and accompanied by excommuni- cation; execration generally; curse.— Ana- thematic, Anathematlcal, a-nath'€-m at"- ik, a-nath'e-mat' ik-al, a. Pertaining to or having the nature of an anathema.— Ana- thematically, anath'S-mafik-al-li, adv. I n the manner of anathem a. — Anathemat- ization, a-nath'6-mat'iz-a"shon, n. The act of anathematizing. — Anathematize, a- na.ih'&-Taia,t-\z,v.t.— anathematized, dnathe- m,atizing. To pronounce an anathema against.— tJ.i. To pronounce anathemas; to curse.— Anathematizer,a-nath'e-mat-iz-6r, n. One who. Anatomy, a-nat'o-mi, n. [Gr. anatom£— ana, up, and tome, a cutting.] The art of dissecting or artificially separating the different parts of an organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; the science which treats of the internal structure of organized bodies, as elucidated by dissection: when used alone it refers to the human body, vegetahlfi an- atomy being the anatomy of plants, zoot- omy that of the lower animals; the act of taking to pieces something for the purpose of examiniiig in detail (the anatomy of a discourse); a skeleton (colloq.); hence, a thin meagre person. — Anatomic, Anatom- ical, an-a-tom'ik,an-a-tom'ik-al,a. Belong- ing to anatomy or dissection. — Anatomic- ally, an-a-tom'ik-al-li, adu. In an anatom- ical manner; by means of dissection. — Anatomist, a-nat'o-mist, n. One who is skilled in dissection, or in the doctrine and principles of anatomy.— Anatomization, 'a-nat'o-miz-a"8hon, n. The act of anato- mizing. — Anatomize, a-nat'o-miz, v.t. — anatomized, anatomizing. To cut up or dis- sect for the purpose of displayilig or exa- mining the structure ; fig. to lay open or expose minutely; to analyse (to anatomize an argument). Anatropal, Anatropotu, a-nat'rop-al, a- nat'rop-us, a. [Gr. ana, denoting inver- sion, and trep6, to turn.] Bot. having the ovule inverted, so that the chalaza is at its apparent apex. Anberry, an'be-ri, n. [A. Sax. a»=on, and berry.] A kind of wsirty protuberance or cb^i&ain; eft, So. locA: g, 90; j,yob: n. Fr, ton; ng.aing; «h, (ften: th, . en, ende, G. und, O.H.6. anti, all signifying and; Icel. enda, and yet, and if.] A particle joining words and sentences, and express- ing the relations of connection or addi- tion ; sometimes used to introduce inter- rogative and other clauses. In old writers and, an, has often the sense of if; hence 'but and if in the Bible=but if if. Andaluslte. an-da-la'sit, n. A pellucid mineral of the garnet family, of a gray, green, bluish, flesh or rose-red colour: so called from Andalusia in Spain, where it was first discovered. Andante, an-dan ta, a. [It. andante, walk- ing moderately, from andare, to go.] Music, moving with a moderate, even, graceful, onward progression.— n. A move- ment or piece composed in andante time. — Andautino, an-rtau-te'no, a. Applied to a movement quicker than andante. Andean, an-de'an, a. Pertaining to the Andes, the great mountain chain of South America.— ^Andesin, an'dez-in, n. A min- eral resembling felspar originally obtained from the Andes. ) Andiron, and'i-fem, n. [O.E. andiren, aund- irin, aundire, O.Fr. andier: origin un- known.] A horizontal iron bar raised on short legs, with an upright standard at one end, used to support pieces of wood when buxning on an open hearth, one be- ing placed on each side; a fire-dog. Andranatomy, an-dra-nat'o-mi, n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and anatomS, dissec- tion.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Androecium, an-dre'si-um, n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, a male, and oikos, a house.] Sot. the^male system of a flower; the assemblage of the stamens. Androgynal, Andi^ogyaous, an-droj'in-al, an-droj'in-us, a. [Gr. androgynos—aner, andros, a man, and cj/n5,woman.] Having two sexes; being male and female; her- maphroditical; having or partaking of the mental characteristics of both sexes.— An- drogynally, an-droj'in-al-li, adv. With the parts of both sexes. AndropetaJous, an-dro-pet'al-us, o. [Gr. aner, andros, a male, and petalon, a petal.] Bot. applied to double flowers produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals. Androphagi, an-drof a-ji, n. pi. [Gr. anir, andros, a man, and phagO, to eat.l Man- eaters ; anthropophagi. — Andropnagous, an-drof'a-gus, a. Pertaining or addicted to cannibalism. Andi'ophore, an'dro-f5r, n. [Gr. anir, an- dros, a male, and phero, to bear.] JBoi. a stalk supporting the stamens. Androsphfnx, an'dro-sfingks, n. [Gr. anir, andros, a man, and sphingx, a sphinx.] A sphinx with a human head. Androtomy, an-drot'o-mi, n. [Gr. ait^r, andros, a man, and tome, a cutting.] Same as Andranat-omy. Androug, an'drus, a. [Gr. anir, andros, a, male. ] Bot. producing stamens only ; staminate; male. Anecdote, an'ek-d5t, n. [Gr. anekdotos, not published — a, neg., ek, out. and dotos, given, from didOm,i, to give.] A short story, narrating a detached incident or fact of an interesting nature ; a biographical incident; a single passage of private life. — Anecdotic, Anecdotal, Anecdotical, an- ek-dot'ik, an'ek-dot-al, an-ek-dot'ik-al, a. Pertaining to anecdotes; ponsisting of or of the nature of anecdotes.— Anecdotist, Anecdot&rian, an'ek-dst-ist, an'ek-do-ta"- ri-an, n. One who deals in anecdotes. Anelectric, an-f'-lek'trik, a. [Gr. on, priv., and E. electric] Having no olcctric pro- perties; non-electric. Anelectrode, an-e-lek'trod, n. (I'refix ana, up, and electrode.] The positiv6.pole of a galvanic battery: opposed to catelectrode: Anemograph, a-nem'o-graf, n. [Gr. anemos, the wind.] An instrument for measuring and recording the force and direction of the wind.— Aiemography, an-e-mog'ra-fi, n. The use of the anemograph. — Ane- mology, an-e-mol'o-ji, n. The doctrine of or a treatise on winds. — Anemometer, an- e-mom'et-6r,n. An instrument for measur- ing the force and velocity of the wind.— Anemometry, an-e-mom'et-ri, n. The pro- cess of determining the pressure or force of the wind. Anemone, a-nem'o-ne, n. [Gr. anemOni, the wind-flower, from anemos, the wind, being easily stripped of its petals by the wind.] Wind-flower, a genus of plants. Three species occur in Britain, but only one, the wood-anemone, is truly a native. — Sea-anemone. Actinia. — Anemonic, an-e- mon'ik, a. Of or pertaining to anemone. Anemophilous, an-e-mof'i-lus, o. [Gr. ane- mos, wind, philos, loving.] Bot. having the pollen conveyed and fertilization effected by the wind. Anemoscope, a-nem'o-skop,n. [Gr. anewos, wind, and skopeO, to view.] A contrivance which shows the direction of the wind ; a weathercock; a wind-vane. Anemosig, an-5-m5'sis, n. [Gr. anem/>», the wind.] A condition of the timber of trees in which the annual layers are separated from each other, sometimes regarded as the result of strong gales. Anent, a-nent', prep. [A. Sax. on efn,on emn, on a level, near, lit. on even. The t, as in ancient, is superfluous.] About; re- specting; regarding. Anenterous, an-en'tfer-us, a. [Gr. an, priv., and entera, bowels.] Destitute of intes- tines; having no alimentary canal. Aneroid, an'e-roid, a. [Gr. a, priv., niroi, moisture, and eidos, form.] Dispensing with fluid, as with quicksilver. — Aneroid barotneter, a barometer the action of which depends on the pressure of the atmosphere on a circular metallic box exhausted of air, hermeticallv sealed, and having a slightly elastic top,the vacuum serving the purpose of the column of mercviry in the ordinary barometer. Anesthesia, an-es-the'si-a, n. Same as An- ceathesia. — Anesthetic, an-es-thet'ik, a. Same as Ancesthetic. Aneurism, an'a-rizm, n. [Gr. aneurysm's, a widnning — ana, up, and eurys, wide.] Med. the swelling of an artery, or the dila- tation and expansion of some part of an artery, often a very dangerous ailment. — Aneurismal, an-a-riz'mal, o. Pertaining to an aneurism. Anew, a-nQ', adv. [Prefix a, of or on. and new.] Over again; in a new form; airesh. Anfractuous, an-frak'tQ-us, o. [Fr. anfrac- tueux, h. an/ractus,'windmg—/rango, frac- iMm, to break.] Winding; full of winoinge and turnings; sinuous. — Anfractuose, an- frak'to-os, a. Bot. twisted or sinuous. — Aufractuosity, an-frak'ta-os"i-ti, n. A state of being anfractuous; anat. a sinuous depression.— AnfractuouBness,an-frak'ta- us-nes, n. Anfractuosity. Angel, an'jel, n. [L. angelus, Gr. anggelos, a messenger. ] A divine mesBenger; aspiritual being employed in the service of God; also applied to an evil being of similar powers; a gold coin, formerly current in England, varyingin value from 6«. 8d. to 10«., bearing the figure of the archangel Michael.— An- gelhood, an'jel-hod, n. The state or condi- tion of an angel ; the angelic nature or character.— Angelic, Angelical, an-jel'ik, an-jel'ik-al, a. Resembling or belonging to, or partaking of the nature and dignity of angels.— Angelica, an-jelik-a, n. [From possessing what were regarded as angelic Eowers or virtues.] The name of two um- elliferous plants. One (Angelica sylves- tris) is common in Britain and used in preparing gin and bitters, &c.; the other, garden angelica (Archangelica officinalis), possesses carminative and tonic proper- ties. —Angelically, an-jel'ik-al-li, adv. In iTate. far. fat. faU;iiU90>l»&ti.hexi.ikfinea.CuU.akiiCte^notvmi)Te;^M.t&be, tub, bull; oil, pound; r\tt,.8c. abune— the Fr. n^ ANGERA 27 ANIMATE nn atiRolic mannor. — Angelicalness, an- jol'ik-al-nes, n.— An^ellc'ze, Angelify, An- felizo, iiu-jel'i-siz, au-jel'i-fi, an'jel-iz, v.t. 'o make angeliu or like an angel.— Angel-- olatry.an-jel-ol'a-tri.n. [E. awpei, and Ur. latrcia, worship.] The worship of angels. — Angelology, an-jel-ol'o-ji,n. A discourse ou angels, or tne doctrine of angelic beings. — Angelophany, ftn-jel-of'a-ni, n. [Angel, and .t. — angled, angling. To fish with an angle, or vnith I line and hook.— Angler, ang'gl^r, n. One who fishes with an ann'o ; 3 fish havinf; louj? filamentous append.agc8 in its head, which attract the smaller fishes and thuo provide it with prey.— Angling, ang'gling. n. The act or art of fishing with a rod and line; rod-fishing. Angles, ang'glz, n. pi. [A. Ba.x.Angle, Engle, the Angles.] A Low German tribe who in the fifth century and subsequently crossed over to Britain along with bands oi Saxons, Jutes, and others, and colonized a great part of what from them has received the name of England.— Anglian, ang'gli-an, a. Of or pertaining to the tribe of the Angles. — n. A member of the tribe of the Angles. Anglican, ang'glik-an, a. fL.L. anglicus, English. ] English ; pertaining to the English Church. — Anglican Church, the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal churches in Ireland, Scotland, and the colonies; sometimes including also the Episcopal churches of the United States,— ». A member of the Anglican Church. -Anglicanism, ang'glik-an-izm, n. The principles of or adherence to the Established Church of Englaild.— Angllce, ang'gli-se.afZv. [L.] In English; in the Eng- lish manner.-*AngIiciam, ang'gli-sizm, n. The quality at being English; an English idiom. — AnigUclze, Auglify,- ang'gli-siz,' ang'gU-fi, v.t. — anglicized, anglicizing. To make English ; to render confoimable to the English idiom or to English analogies. — Anglification, ang'gli-fi-ka"8hon,n. The act of converting into English. Anglo-, ang'glo, prefix. IL.L. Anglus, an Englishman.] A prefix signifying Kng- lith, or connected with England.— Anglo- American, n. A descendant from EngDsh ancestors bom in America or the United States: used also as an adj.— Anglo-Catho- 11c, n. A member of the English, Pro- testant Church. — a. A term employed to designate those churches which adopt the principles of the English Reforma- tion. — Anglo-Catholicism, n. The princi- ples or doctrines of the Anglican Church. — Anglo-Indian ,n. One of the English race born or resident in the East Indies. Also as an adj.— Anglo-Irish, n. pi. English people born or resident in Ireland; descen- dants of parents English on the one side and Irish on the other. Also as an.adj. — Anglomania, .ang-gls-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. mania, madness.] An excessive or undue attachndent to, respect for, or imitation of Englishmen or English institutions and' customs by a foreigner. — Anglophobia, ang-glo-fo'bi-a, n. [Or. phobos, fear.] An excessive- hatred to or dread of English people, customs, or institutions. — Anglo- Saxon, n. [Angles, Saxon.] One of the nation formed by the union of the Angles, Saxons, and other early Teutonic settlers in Britain, or one of their descendants; one belonging to the Engliah race; the language of the Anglo-Saxons, or the Eng- lish language in its first stage. — a. Per- taining to the Anglo-Saxons or to the oldest form of English. Angola, an-g5'la, n. A litrht cloth, made from the wool or long silky hair of the Angora goaf, a native of Asia Minor. — Angola-cat. A large variety of the do- mestic cat originally from Angora, with beautiful long silky hair. Angostura, ang-gos-tu'ra, a. Belonging to or brought from the town of Angostura in .Venezuela— an epithet of a kind of bark having febrifugal properties and of a kind of bitters made from it. Angrily, Angrinesa, Angry. Anger. An^ullliform, an-gwil'li-form, a. [L. an- guilla, an eel, and forma, shape.] Having the form of an eel or of a serpent. Anguine, Anguineal, an'gwin, an-gwin'e- » al, a. [h. anguineus, from anguis, a snake.] ifi Pertaining to or resembUng a snakejsnake- " like. Anguish, ang'gwish, n. [O.E. anguis, an- goise, Fr. arigoisse, from L. anguatia, a strait, perplexity, from angustus, narrow; root ang as in E. anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; any keen affection of the emotions or feelings (' an anguish of delight.' Thack.). — Angui8h,+ ang'gwish, v.t. To distress extremely. Angular, Angularity, &c. Angle. AngTistUoUate, ang-gus'ti-fmi-at, o. (L. angustus, narrow, and/ore- pares a kind of pit-fall for the destruction of jants, &c. Antacid, ant-as'id, n. [Anti, against, and acid.i An alkali, or a remedy for acidity in the stomach. — a. Counteracting acidity. Antacrid, ant-ak'rid, n. [Anti, against, a,nd acrid.} That which corrects acridity of the secretions. Antagonist; an-tag'o-nis't, n. [Gr. antagO- niites — anti, against, and agOnistet, a fchampion, a combatant, from agOn, a con- test (whence agony).} One who contends with another; an opponent; a competitor; an adversary. .•. Syn. under AnvERSART. — a. Counteracting; opposing (said of mus- cles). — AntagoiUstic, Anuigonistical, an- tag'o-nist"ik, an-tag'o-nist"ik-al, a. Con- tending against; acting in opposition; op- posing. — Antagonistic, n. A muscle whose action counteracts that of another. — An- tagonistically, au-tag'o-nis"tik-al-li, adv. In an antagonistical manner. — Antago- nize, an-tag'o niz.u.t. — antagonized, antago- nizing. To contend against: to act in op- position—Antagonism, an-tag'3-nizm, n. Character of being an antagonist or an- tagonistic ; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. Antalgic, an-tal'jik. n. [Gr. anti, against, and algos, pain.J A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. — a. Alleviating pain. AataUtali, ant-al'ka-li, n. [Anii, against, and alkali.] A substance which neutralizes an alkali.— Antalkaline, ant-al'ka-lin, a. Having the property of neutralizing alka- lies. Antaphrodistac, Antaphrodltic, ant-afro- diz"i-ak, ant-af 'ro-dit 'ik, o. [Gr. anti, against, and aphrodisios, venereal.] An- tivenereal; having the quality of extiii- guishing or lessening venereal desire. — n. . A medicine vrith this property. Autarchism.f ant-Ur'kizm, n. [Gr. anti, and arche, govemment.-J- Opposition to all governunent, — Aiitarchlsf ,t ant-ar'kist, n. One who opposes all social government, or control of individuals by law. — Antarchls- tic.t ant-ai>ki8'tik, a. Pertaining to ant- . archism. Antarctic, ant-ark'tik, a. [L. atitarcticus, Gr. aiUarktikos — anti, against, and arktos, the north. Arctic] Opposite to the north- em or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied to a circle parallel to the equator and dis- tant from the pole 23'' 28'. Antarthiitic, ant-ar-thrit'ik, a. [Gr. anti, against, and arthritis, gout.] Counteract- ing the gout. — n. A remedy which cures or alleviates the gout. Antasthmatic, ant-ast-mat'ik, a. [Gr. anti, against, and asthma, asthma.] Fitted to relieve asthma. — n. A remedy for asthma. Antatrophic, an-ta-lrof'ik, a. [Gr. anti, against, and atrophia, a wasting away.] Efficacious against atrophy or consump- tion. — n A medicine for the cure of atrophy. Antebrachial, an-te-bra'ki-al, a. [L; ^nte, before, and brachium, the arm] Anat. at or pertaining to the fore-arm. Antecede, an-te-s5d', v.t. — anteceded, ante- ceding. [L. ante, before, and cedo, to go. Cede.] To go before in time; to precede. — Antecedence, Antecedency, an-te-s6'- dens, an-t5-s5'den-si, n. The act or state of going before ih time; precedence. — An- tecedent, an-t6-a6'dent, a. Going before ; prior; anterior; preceding. — re. One who or that which goes before in time or place ; gram, the noun to which a relative or other pronoun refers ; pi. the earlier events of a man's life ; previous course, conduct, or avowed principles.— Antecedently, an-te- se'dent-b, adv. Previously; at a time pre- ceding. — Aotecessor, an-te-ses'er, n. One who goes before; a leader; laiv, an ancestor. Ante-chamber, Anteroom, dn'tC-cham-ber, an'te-rom, n. A chamber or room before or leading to another apartment. Ante-chapel, an'te-chap-el, n. The part of the chapel through which is the passage to the choir or body of it. Antecians, Antoeci, an-te'shi-anz, an-ts'si, n. pi. [Gr. anti^ against, and Oikos, a house.] Those livng m the same latitude, but on different sides of the equator. Antedate, an'tc-dat, n. [PreUx ante, be- fore, and date.] Prior date; a date ante- cedent to another. — v.t. — antedated^ ante- dating. To date before the true time or beforehand; to give an earlier date than the real one to; to anticipate or give effect to before the due time. Antediluvian, an'te-di-la"vi-an, a. [L. ante, before, and diluvium, a flood.] Existing, happening, or relating to what happened before the deluge. — n. One who lived be- fore the deluge.' Antelope, an'te-Iop, n. [Doubtfully de- rived from a Gr. antholops, an antelope, supposed to be compounded of ant?ios, a flower, and Ops, an eye.] A name applied to many species of ruminant mammals resembling the deer in general appearance, but essentially different in nature from them, having hollow, unbranched horns that are not deciduous. Antelucan, an-to-la'kan, a. [L. antelu- can«s—onfe, before, and Ztw, light.] Being before light; preceding the dawn. Antemeridian, an'te-m5-rid"i-an, «e. [L. ante, before, and 'ineridies, noon.] Being before noon; pertaining to the forenoon. Antemetic, ant-«-met'ik, a. [Prefix anti, against, and emetic] Restraining or allay- ing,vomiting.—n.A medicine which checks vomiting. Antemundane, an-te-mun'dan, a. [L, anre, before, and mundus, the world.]. Being before the creation or the world. Antenatal, an-te-na'tal, a. [L. ante, before, and natalis, pertaining to birth.] Exist- ing or happening previous to birtli. Antenna, an-ten'na, n. 'pl. Antennae, an- ten'ne. [L. antenna, a sail-yard.] One of the hornlike filaments that project from the head in insects, Crustacea, and myria- pods.and are considered as organs of touch and hearing; a feeler. — Antennal, an-ten'- nal, a. Belonging to the antennae.— An- tenniferoas, an-ten-nif'6r-us, a. Bearing antennjB.— Antennlform, an-ten'ni-form. a. Shaped like antennse. Antennptial, an-te-nup'shal, a. [Prefix ante, before, and miptial.} Occurring or done before marriage; preceding marriage. An,tepa)ichal, an-te-pas'kal, a. [Prefix ante, before, and paschal.} Pertaining to the time before Easter. Antependinm, an-t«S-pen'di-uin, n. [L. ante, before, and pendo, to hang.] The hanging v.-ith which the front of an altar is covered. Antepenult, Antepenultima, an'te-pe-nult, an'te-pe-nul' ti-ma, n. [L. ante, before, pcv^, almost, and ^dtim,us, last.] The last sj'Uable of a word except two. — Ante- penultimate, an'te-pe-nur'ti-mat, a. Per- taining to the last syllable "but two. — n. The antepenult. Antepilcptic, aiit-ep'i-lep"tik, n. [Anti, against, and epileptic.} Resisting or cur- ing epilepsy. — n. A remedy for epilepsy. Anteposluon, an't5-po-zi"shon, n. [Prefix ante, before, and positimi.} A placing be- fore; gram, the placing of a word before another which ought to follow it. Anteprandial, an-te-pran'di-al, a. [L. ante, before, and prandium, a meal, a diimer.J Relating to the time before dinner; occur- ring before dinner. Anterior, an-t€'ri-6r, a. [L., a. comparative from ante, before.] Before ini time; prior; antecedent ; before in place ; in front. — Anteriority, an-te'ri-or"i-ti, n. The state of being anterior in time or place. — An- . teriorly, an-t6'ri-6r-li, odi>. In an anterior manner; before. ' • Anteroom, an'te-rtim, n. Amte-chakber. Antero-posterior, an'te-r5-pos-te"ri-er, a. [L. anterior, from a/)Ue, before, and poa- fih2^ctoin;^cA, 6c. lo«A} g.^oj j.^ob; 6, Fr. ton; »g, sinp; «h, (heo; th, (AUi> w, wi^r; wb, wAig; . z^, ag9Ifi>- ANTHELION 30 ANTIEPHIALTIC terior, from post, behind.] Lying in a direc- tion from behind forward. AntheUon, ant-he'li-on, n. pi. Aathella, ant-he'li-a. [Ur. anti, opposite to, ana Ae/ios, the sun.] A luminous ring, or rings, caused by the diffraction of light, seen in alpine and polar regions opposite the sun when rising or setting. Anthelminthic, Anthelmintic, an - thel - min'thik, an-thel-min'tik, a. [Gr. anti, against, and tiehnins, helminthos, a worm.] Med. destroying or expelling worms in the intestines. — n.. A vermifuge; a remedy for worms in the intestines. Anthem, an ' them, n. [O. E. antempne, antemne, ante/iie, &c., A. Sax. antefen, an anthem; from L.L. antipfiona, from Gr.- antip?i6non, an antiphon — anti, against, and phoni, sound, the voice.] A hymn sung in alternate parts; in modem usage, a sacred tune or piece of music set to words taken from the Psalms or other parts of the Scriptures. Anther, an'thfer, n. [Gr. antheros, flowery, from anthoa, a flower.] The essential part of the stamen of a plant containing the pollen or fertilizing: dust. — AntheraT, an'-, ther-al, a. Pertaining to anthers. — An- therif erous, an-th«r-if '6r-us, a. Producing or supporting anthers.— Antherifonn, an- th6r'i-form, a. Ha,ving the form of an an- ther.— Antneroid, an th6r-oid, a. Keeem- bling.an anther. Anthesis, an-the'sis, n. [Gr., from antheo, to bloom, from anthoa, a flower.] The period when flowers expand ; expansion into a flower. Anthocarpons, an-tho-kar'pus, a. [Gr. anthoa, a flower, and karpoa, fruit.] ±n. [Gr. anthrax, anthrakoa, coal.] Glance or blind coal, a non-bituminous coal of a shining lustre, approaching to metallic, and which bums without smoke, with a weak or no flame, and with intense heat. — Anthracitic, an- thra-sit'ik, a. Pertaining to anthracite. — Anthraconite, an-thrak'on-it, n. A variet.r of marble of a coal-black lustre, occurring at Kilkenny: stinkstone. Anthrax, an'thraks, n. [Gr.] Med. a car- buncle; a malignant ulcer. Anthroplc, an-throp'ik, a. [Gr. anthrOpoa, r a man.] Belonging to man; man-like; ' sprung from man. Anthropogeny, an-thro-poj 'en-i, n. [Gr. anthrOpoa, a man, and root gen, to beget.] The science of the origin and development of man. — Anthropogenic, an-thro'po-je"- nik, a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeny. Anthropography, an-thri>pog'ra-fi, ji. (Gr. anthropos, a man, and graphe, a descrip- tion.] A description of man or of the humaui race; ethnography. Anthropoid, an'thro-poid, a. [Gr.anthropoa, a man, and eidoa, resemblance.] Kesembl- ing man; specifically applied to such apes as most closely approach the human race.' Anthropolatry, an-thrO-pol'a-tri, n. [Gr. anthrOpoa, a man, and latreia, service, worship.] The worship of man. AnthropoUte, an-thro'po-lit, n. [Gr. an- thrOpoa, a man, and lithoa, a stone.] A petrifaction of the human body ur skele- ton. Antliropology, an-thrO-pol'o-ji, n. [Gr. an- thrOpoa, a man, and logos, discourse.] The science of man and mankind, including the study of the physical and mental con- stitution of man; or his whole nature, as exhibited both in the present and the past. —Anthropologic, Anthropological, an- thro'po-loj"ik, an-thro'po-loj"ik-al, a. Per- taining to anthropology. — Anthropolo- gist, an-thro-pol'o-jist, n. One who writes on or studies anthropology. Anthropometry, an-thro-pom'et-ri, n. [Gr. anthrOpoa, .a. man, and metron, measure.] The measurement of the' human body. Anthropomorphism, an-thro'pd-morf"izm, n. (Gr. anthropos, a man, and morphi, form.] The representation or conception ■ of the Deity under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. — An- thropomorphic, an'thro-pi5-mor"fik, o. Relating to or characterized by anthropo- morphism ; resembling man. — Anthro- pomorphist, Anthropomorphite, an-thro'- po-niorf"ist, an-thro'po-morf"it, n. One who believes that the Supreme Being has a human form and human attributes. — Anthropomorphitic, AnthropomorplU- tical, an-thro'po-morf-it"ik, an-thro'po- morf-it"ik-al, a. Pertaining to anthropo- morphism. — Anthropomorphitism, an- thro'po-morf"it-izm, n. The doctrines of anthropomorphites.-Anthropomorphous, an-thro'po-morf"us, a. Having the figure of or resemblance to a man. Anthropopathism, Anthropopathy, an- 'thro-pop'ath-izra,an-thro-pop'a-thi,n. [Gr. anthrOpoa, a man, and pathos, passion.] The affections or passions of man; the ascription of human passions to the Su- preme Being.— Anthropopathlc, Anthro- popathical, aTi-thr6'po-path"ik, an-thro'- po-path"ik-al, a. Pertaining to anthro- popathism. — Anthropopatlilcally, an- thro'po-path"ik-al-li, adv. Anthropophagi, an-thro-pof 'a-ji, n. pi. [Gr. anthrOpoa, a man, and phagO, to eat.] Man-eaters; cannibals; men that eat human flesh. — Anthropophagical, an- thro'po-faj"ik-al, a. Relating to canni- balism. — Anthropophagite, an-th ro-pof'a- jit, n.' A cannibal. — Anthropophagous, an-thro-pof'a-gus, a. Feeding on human flesh. — AnthrojKtphagy, an-thro-pof 'a-ji, n. Cannibalism. Anthropotomy, an-thro-pot'o-mi, n. [Gr. anthrOpoa, a man, and tom^, a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body; human anatomy. Antlanarchic, an'ti-an-ar"Uk, a. Opposed to anarchy or confusion. Antiar, an'ti-ar, n. [Javanese.] The milky juice which exudes from wounds made in the upas-tree, and which is one of the most acrid and virulent vegetable poisons. Antiarthritic, an'ti-ar-thrit"ik, a. Effica- cious against the gout (arthritis). Antiasthmatic, an'ti-ast-mafik, n. A re- medy for the asthma. Antibacchius, an'ti-bak-ki"u8,n. [Gr.] Proa, a foot the opposite of the bacchius, con- sisting of three syllables, the two first long and the last short. Antibilious, an-ti-bil'yus, a. Counteractive of bilious complaints. Antic, an'tik, a. [A form of anOqite, L. an- tiquua, ancient. The modem sense of this word is derived from the grotesque figures seen in the antique sculpture of the middle ages. Antique.] Odd; fanciful; grotesque; fantastic (tricks, postures).— n. A buffoon or merry -andrew {Shak.); a grotesque or fantastic figuie [Shak. ) ; an absurd or ridi- culous gesture ; an odd gesticulation ; a piece of Duffoonery; a caper. — Anticly, an'- tik-li, adv. In an antic manner. — Antic- ness, an'tik-nes, n. Anticardium, an-ti-kar'dl-um,n. [Gr. anti, opposite to, and kardia, the heart.] Tlie hollow at the bottom of the breast or epi- gastrium; the pit of the stomach. Antichlor, au'ti-klCr, n. [Gr.ontt, against, and the chlor- of chlorine.] A substance employed to remove, or neutralize the effects of, the free chlorine left in goods bleached by means of chloride of lime, &c. Antichrist, an'ti-krist, n. An opponent of Christ ; a person or power antagonistic to Christ.— Antichristian, an-ti-kris'tyan, a. Opposite to or opposing the Christian re- ligion. Anticipate, an-tis'1-pat, v.t— anticipated, anticipating. [L. anticipo for antecipo, to take beforehand— ante, before, and capio, to take.] To be before in doing something; to prevent or preclude by prior action ; to forestall ; to realize beforehand ; to fore- taste or foresee; to look forward to; to ex- pect. — v.i. To treat of something, as in a narrative, before the proper time.— Antici- pant, an-tis'i-pant, a. Anticipating; an- ticipati ve. — Anticipation, an-tis ' i-pa " - slion, n. The act of anticipating; expecta- tion ; foretaste ; realization beforehand ; previous notion ; preconceived opinion. — Anticipatlve, an-tis'i-pat-iv, a. Anticipat- ing or tending to anticipate ; containing anticipation.— Anticipatively.an-tis'i-pat- iv-li, adv. By anticipation.— Anticipator, an-tis'i-pat-fer, n. One who anticipates. — Anticipatory, an-tis'i-pa-to-ri, a. An- ticipatlve. Anticlimax, an-ti-kli'maks, n. A sentenpe in which the ideas first increase in force, and then terminate in something less im- portant and striking: opposed to ciimax. Anticlinal, an-ti-kli'nal,a. [Gr. a?iJ(llte, far, fat, fftU; me, met, bfirj pin?, pip; nOte, not, mOveji ^^ tube, tij.b,^\ill 5^ oil; jiound; , U, Sc. abtme— the Fv. u. ANTIEPELEPTIC 31' AKTi variolous; aRainst, and ephialtis, nightmare.] Cura- tive of jiightmare. — n. A remedy for night- mare. Antlepileptic, an'ti-ep'i-lep"tik, a. and n. Same as Antepileptic. Antiepiscopal, an'ti-e-pi8"kop-aI, a. Op- posed to Episcopacy.. Antievangelical, an'ti-S-van-jel " ik-al, o. Opposed to evangelical principles. Antifebrile, an-ti-feb'ril or an-ti-f6'bril, a. Having the quality of abating fever; op- posing or tending to cure fever. Antifederal, an-ti-fed'6r-al, a. Opposed to or opposing federalism or a federal consti- tution. — Antifederalism, an-ti-fed'6r-al- izm, n. Opposition to federalism. — Anti- federalist, an-ti-fed'6r-al-ist, n. One who is averse to federalism. Antifriction, an-ti-f rik'shon, a. Obviating or lessening friction. Antigraph, an'ti-graf,n. [Gr. anti, equal to, and grapho, to write.j Law, a copy or counterpart of a deed. Antihypnotic,an'ti-hip-not"ik,a. [Gr. anti, and hypnos, sleep.] Counteracting sleep; tending to prevent sleep or lethargy. Antihypochondriac, an-ti-hip ' 0-kon " dri- ak, a. Counteracting or tending to cure ' hypochondriac affections. Antihysteric, an'ti-his-ter"ik, a. Prevent- , ing or curing hysterica. — n. A remedy for hysterics. Antilegomena, an'ti-le-gom"e-na, n. pi. [Gr. , — anti, against, and legom:na, things spoken, from iegO, to speak.J Lit. things spoken against; specifically, applied to cer- tain books of the New Testament whose in- spiration was not at first universally ac- knowledged by the church. Antilibration, an'ti-li-bra"8hon,n. The act of counterbalancing, or state of being counterbalanced; equipoise. Antilithic, an-ti-lith'ik,a. [Gr.an^i, against, and lithot, a stone. I Med. tending to de- stroy or prevent the formatioti of urinary calculi. — n. A medicine with this property. Antilogy, an-til'o-ji, n. [Gr. antilogia — anti, against, and legO, to speak.] A con- tradiction between any words or passages in an author, or between members of the same body. — Antilogous, an-til'o-gus, a. Contradictory; elect, applied to that pole of a crystal which is negative when being electrified by heat, and afterwards, when cooling, positive. Anti-macas8ar,an'ti-ma-kas"ar,n. [Gr.anii, against, and E. niacassar-oil.] A covering for chairs, sofas, couches, &c., made of open cotton or worsted work, to preserve them from being soiled. Antimeter, an-tim'et-6r, n. [Gr. anti, and metron, measure.] An optical instrument I for measuring angles under 10°. Called ' also the Refiecting Sector. Antimonarchic, Antimonarchical, an'ti- •mon-ark"ik, an'ti-mon-ark"ik-al, a. Op- posed to monarchy; opposing a kingly ' government. — Antimonarchist, an - ti - mon'ark-ist, n. An enemy to monarchy. Antimony, an'ti-mo-ni, n. [It. of twelfth century antimonium; origin doubtful.] Chemical sym. Sb, from L. stibium; sp. gr. 67. ' A brittle metal of a bluish-white or silver-white colour and laminated or scaly texture, much used in the arts in the construction of alloys, and also in medicine.— Antimonial, an-ti-mo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to antimony, or partaking of its (jualities; composed of or containing antimony. — Antivionial wine, med. solu- tion of tartar emetic in sherry wine. — n. A preparation of antimony; a medicine in which antimony is a principal ingredient. — Antiaioniated, an-ti-mo'ni-at-ed, a. Par- taking of antimony; mixed or prepared with antimony.— Antimonic, Antimoni- ous, an-ti-mon'ik, an-ti-mo'ni-us, a. Ap- plied to acids derived from antimony. Antinatural, an-ti-na'tQr-al,a. Opposed to what is natural ; non-natural. Antinephritic, an'ti-ne-frit"ik, a. Med. counteracting diseases of the kidneys. Antinomy, an-tin'om-i,n. [Gr. anetalon, a petal.] Bot. having no petals or corolla.— Apetaiousne8s,a-pet'al-us-ne8,n. Apex, a'peks, n. pi Apices, Ape?:eB, aj»i- sez, a'peks-ez. [L. apex, pi. ajiicea.] The tip, point, or summit of anything. Apnaeresis, Apheresis, a-fe're-sis, n. [Gr. aphairesis, a taking away — apo, from, and hairei, to take. ] Gram, the taking of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word ; med. the removal of anything nox- ious; surg. amputation. Aphajnipterous, af-an-ip'tSr-ns, o. [Gr. ap/i- anes, indistinct (a, priv. , pfiainO,to appear), and ptero»i,a wing.] Destitute of conspic- uous wings: said of insects. Aphanite, af an-it, n. [Gr. aphanis, ipdisr tinct — a, priv., and phainO, to appear.) Compact amphibole, a mineral consisting of hornblende, , to draw or dJink up liquids. ] A plant- louse; a puceron or vine-frettcr. The aphi- des are small insects, some of them wing- less; they are very numerous and destruc- tive, almost evezT species of plant support- ing a different variety.— Aphidiin, a-fid'i- an, a. Pertaining to the aphides.— Aphi- divorouB, af-i-div o-rus, a. [-vorous, from L. voro, to eat.] Eating or subsisting on aphides. Aphuology, af-noro-jiv n. [ Gr. apknos, wealth, and logos, a djscoui-se.] The science of wealth; plutology. Aphonia, Aphony, a-fo'ni-a, af o-ni, to. [Gr. a, priv. , and phone, voice. J A loss of voice; dumbness; speechlessness. — ^Aphonoi;s,af'- o-nus, o. Destitute of voice. Aphonsn, afor-izm, n. [Gr aphorismos, from aphorizO, to mark out, to define — apo, from, and horos, a boundary.] A precept or principle expressed in a few words ; a brief sentence containing some important truth ; a maxim. .". Aphorism is the brief statement of a doctrine. .<4 riow, a atato- ment claiming to he considered as a self- evident truth. Irlaxim, a formula refer- ring rather to practical than to abstract truth ; a rule of conduct. Apophihepin, a terse sententious saying. — Aphorlsxaatic, Aphorismic, af'or-iz-mat"ik, af-or-iz'mik, a. B elating to or containing aphorisms. — Aphorist, afor-ist, n. A writer of aphor- isms.— Aphoristic, Aphoristical, af-cr-ist'- ik, af-or-ist'ik-al, a. Pertaining to, resem- bling, or containing aphorisms; in the form of an aphorism.- Aphoristlcally, af- or-ist'ik-al-li, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms.- Aphorize, af'or-iz, v.i. To make aphorisms. Aphrite, af rit, n. [Gr. aphros, froth.] A variety of carbonate of lime or calc-spar of a pearly lustre. Aphrodisiac. Aporodisiacal, af-ro-diz'i-ak, af-ro-diz'i-ak-al, a. [Gr. aphrodisios, aph- rodisiakos, from Aphrodtti, goddess of love.] Exciting venereal desire.— Ajjhro- disiac, n. Food "or % medicine Exciting sexual desire. Aphtlue, af'thf, n. pT. [ Gr. aphthai. J In nuid. small white ulcers upon the tongute and inside of the mouth ; thrush:— Aph- thous, af thus, a. Pertaining to aphthae or thrush. Aphyllose, Aphyllous, af 'il-os or a-fil'os, af- il-us or a-fil'us, a. [Gr. a, neg. , and phytlon, a leaf.] Bot. destitute of leaves. Apiary, a'pi-a-ri, n. [L. apiarium, from apis, a bee.] The place "where bees are ■ kept; a stand or shed for bees.- Apiarian, a-pi-a'ri-an, a. Relating to bees. — n. A bee-keeper; an apiarist.— Apiarist, a'pi-a- rist, n. One who keeps bees; a bee-master. — Apiculture, ap-i-kul'tur, n. The art of managing bees m hives; bee-keeping. Apical, ap'ik-al,-a. [1/. apex, an apex, a sharp point or peak.] Relating to the apex or top ; belonging to the pointed end of a cone-shaped body.— Apices, Apex.es, pi. of apea;.— Apicillary, ap-i-sil'a-ri.a. Situated at or near the apex.— APJculate, Apicu- lated, a-pik'u-lat, a-pik'u-lat-ed, a. Bot. tipped with a short and abrapt point. Apician, a-pi'shan,o. [From A picitis, a cele- brated Roman gourmand.] Relating to or resembling Apicius; relating to cookery or delicate viands. Apiece, a-pes', adv. To each: as the share of each; each by itself; by the individual. Apish, Apishly. Ape. AplacentaJ, ap-la-sen'tal,o. [Prefix a, priv., and placental.] Applied to those mammals in which the young arc destitute of a pla- centa (as the kangaroo, djick-raole, &c.). ' Aplanatic, ap-la-nat'ik, a. [Gr. a, priv., and pliLnaO,to wander.] Opitc«, corrective of the defect by which rays of light diverge and do not come to a focus (an aplanatic lens).— Aplanatism, a-plan'a-tizm, n. Op- tics, the condition of being aplanatic. Aplastic, a-plas'tik, a. [Prefix a, priv., and plastic.^ Not plastic; not easily moulded. Aplomb, a-plon, n. (Fr., lit. the state of ^^ftte,lttrv^tj.fiyiJtfflejj|StL^«ri'*^ine^ifti* ipiOte, not,.mi)Te;^ftie,i»b, bjUj^oU, ppwdj^jjl, Sp. ahwne^the Fr- V APOCALYPSE /?3 /APPARITION, being perpendicular, or true to the plumb- line.] Self-possession springing from per- fect self-confidence; assurance. Apocalypse, a-pok'a-lips, n. [Gr. apokalyp- sis, from apokalypto, to disclose— prefix apo, and kalypto, to cover.} Revelation; discovery^ disclosure; specifically, applied as the name of the last book of the New- Testament.— Apocalyptic, Apocalyptical, a-pok'a-lip"tili, a-pok'a-lip"tik-al, a. Con- taining or pertaining to revelation ; per- taining to the Revelation of St. John. — Apocalyptic, Apocalyptist, a-pok'a-lip"- tik, a-pok'a-lip'tist, n. A writer jon the Apocalypse. — Apocalyptically, a-pok'a- lip"tik-al-li, adv. In an apocalyptic man- ner; by revelation. Apocarpous, ap-o-kar'pus, a. [Gr. apo, de- noting separation, and karpoa, fruit.l In bot. having the carpels, or at least thair styles, disunited. Apocope, a-pok'o-pe, n. [Gr. apokopS. a, cnt- tmg oiT- opo, and hope, a cutting.] The cutting off or omission oJ>the last letter or syllable of a word, as th' for Apparel, ap-par'el, n. (no pi.). [Fr. op- pareil, dress, appareiller, to match, to fit, to suit— a, to, and pareiJ, like, L.L. pari- cuius, from L. par, equal.) Clothing; ves- ture; garments; dress; external array; the furniture of a ship.— v.t.— apparKlled.^ui'- parelling. To dress or clothe ; to cover as with garments. Apparent, ap-pa'rent, a. [L- apparens, apparentis, ppr. of afipareo. Appear.! Visible to the eye; within sight or view; appearing to the eye or to the judgment; seeming (often in distinction to real); ob- vious; plain; evident; in the latter sense now used only as a predicate.— //eir ap- parent, the heir who is certain to inherit if he survive the present bolder. — n.t Heir apparent: one who has a claim. [Shak.] — Appai-ently, ap-pa'rent-li, adv. Openly; evidently ; seemingly ; in appearance. — Apparentness, ap-pa'rent-nes, n. Apparition, ap-pa-ri'shon, n. [Appear.] The act of appearing; appearance; the thing appearing; especially, a ghost; a spectre; a visible spirit. — Appaxitional, ap-pa-ri'shon-al, a. Pertaining to an ap- ]iariU>.iu. ch, cftaju; cA, Sc, locA; g, jro; 3, job; n, "Pr. ton; ng, sinfr; ?h, tAen; th, tAin; yr,toi$; wb, wAigi ah, a*ure. APPARITOE 34 APPREHEKD Apparitor, ap-par'it-or, >i. [L., from ap- pareo, to attend. Appear.I A messenger cr officer who serves the process of a spirit' ual court; the beadle in a university. Appeal, ap-p£r,f .1. [Fr. appeler, from L. ap- peUare, to call, address, appeal to. ] To call, as for aid, mercy, sympathy, and the like; to refer to another person or authoritj' for the decision of a question controverted; to refer to a superior judge or court for a final settlement. — v.t. To summon or to challenge t; to remove (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court; to charge with a crime; to accuse. — n. A call for sympathy, mercy, aid, and the like; a supplication; an entreaty; the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a supe- rior trkjunal, that the latter may, if need- ful, amtnd the decision of the former ; a challenge; a reference to another for proof or decision; resort; recourse {appeal to arms).— Appealable, ap-pel'a-bl, a. Liable to be appealed; removable to a higher tribunal for decision.— Appealer, ap-pel'- 6t, n. One who appeals ; an appellant. — Appellancy, ap-peran-si,n. Appeal; capa- bility of appeal.— Appellant, ap-pel'ant, n. One who appeals; one who removes a cause from a lower to a higher tribunal.— Appel- late, ap-pel'at, a. Relating to appeals; hav- ing co^izance of appeals. — Appellee, ap- pel-le', n. One against whom an appeal is brought.— Appellor, ap-pel'or.n. One who appeals. Appear, ap-per*, v.i. [O. Fr. apparoir, L. appareo — ad, to, and pareo, to show one's self.] To come or be m sight; to be or be- come visible to the eye ; to stand in pre- sence of some one; to be obvious; to be clear or made clear by evidence; to seem; to look like.— Appearance, ap-per'ans, n. The act of appearing or coming into sight; a coming ii,to the presence of a person or persons ; the thing seen ; a phenomenon ; an apparition; external show; semblance, in opposition to reality or substance; mien; build and carriage; figure.— Areearer, ap- psr'Cr, n. One who appears. Appease, ap-pez', v.t— appeased, appeasing. [Ft. apaiser, to pacify— a, from L. ad, to, and O.Fr. pais (Fr. paix), L. pax, pads, peace.] To make quiet; to still; to assuage (hunger) ; to tranquillize ; to calm or pa- cify (a person, anger).— Appeasable, apr F6z'a-bl, a. Capable of being appeased or pacified. — Appeasableness, ap-pez ' a-bl- nes, n. — Appeasement,! ap-p5z'ment, n. The act of appeasing, or state of being ap- peased.— Appeaser, ap-p5z'6r, n. One who appeases.— Appe&sive, ap-pez'iv, a. Hav- ing the power to appease; mitigating; quieting. Appellant, Appellate, 4c. Appeal. Appellation, ap-pel-a'shon, n. [L. appd- latio, from appellare, to address, accost, appeal to. Appeal.] The word by which a thing or person is known; name; title. — Appellative, ap-pel'a-tiv, a. Having the character of an appellation ; serving to name or mark out; denominative. — n. A distinctive nance; an appellation; a general name or name of a class.— Appellatively, ap-pel'a-tiv-li, adf. In an appe) lative man- tier ; as an appellation.— Appellative&egB, ap-pel'a-tiv-nes, n. Append, ap-pend',w.t \li. appendo— ad, to, and p«ndo, to bang.] To hang on or attach; to add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to subjoin; to annex.— Appendage, ap-pend'aj,»i. Something appended or at- tached ; what liangs attached to a greater thing.— Appendant, ap-pend'ant,a. Hang- ing to; annexed; attached. — n. That which isappendant. — Appendicle,ap-pend'i-kl,n. A small appendajre. — Appendicular, ap- pen-dik'Q-kr, a. Having the character of uii appendage. — Appendiculate, ap-pen- diku-lat, w. Provided with appendages; having the character of an appendage. — Appendix, ap-pen'diks,n. pi. Appendixes, ap-pen'diks-ez, and Appendices, ap-pen'di- sez. [Jj. appendix, appendicis, from appen- do.] Somethinx appended or added; most commonly an addition appended to a book relating, but not essential, to the main J work.— Appendicatory, ap-pend'i-ka-to-ri, I a. Pertaining to or of the nature ot an appendix. ^^ Apperception. ap-p6r-sep'shon, n. [Prefix ap for ad, and pereepti approving manner. Approximate, ap-prok 'si-mat, v.t.—ap- proximatedrapproximating. iL.L.approxi- mo, approximatum, to bring or come near — L. ad, to, and prozitnus, nearest. Proxi- mate, Approach.] To carry or advance near; to cause to approaph (especially said of amount, state, or degree).— y.i. To come near; to approach (especially as regards amount, state, or character).— a. Being near iaitate, place, orquantity ; approach- ing; nearly equal or like.— Approximate- ly, ap-prok'si-mfit-li, adv. In an approxi- mate manner; by approximation. — Ap- proximation, ap-prok'si-ma"8hon,ra. The' act of approximating; an approximate es- timate or amount; approach. — Approxi- mative, ap-prok'si-mat-iv, a. Coming near, as to some state or result. Appulse, Appulsion, ap-puls', ap-pul'shon, n. [L. apimlsus—ad, to, and pello, pulsum, to drive.] The act of striking against ; a sudden contact; astron. the approach of a planet to a conjunction with the sun. — Appulsive, ap-puls'iv,o. Striking against; impinging. — Appulsively, ap-puls 'iv-li, adv. By appulsion. Appurtenance, ap-p6r'ten-ans, n. [Fr. ap<- partcnance. Appertain.] . That which ap- pertains or belongs to something else; something belonging to another thing as principal; an adjunct; an appendage.— Appurtenant, ap-p6r'ten-ant, a. Apper- taining or belonging; pertaining; being ' an appurtenance. Apricot, a'pri-kot. n. [O.E. apricock, abri- cot, Fr. abricot, Sp. albarcoque, from Ar. alburqilq, from al, the article, and L. Gr. praikokkion, from L. prmcox, prmcoquug, early ripe. Precocious.] A roundish fruit of a delicious flavour, the produce of a tree of the plum kind. April, a'pril, n. [L. aprilis, the month in which the earth opens for the growth of plants, from aperio, to open.] The fourth month of the yea.r.— April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the 1st of April, as by being sent on some absurd errand. A priori, a pri-o'ri. [L., from something prior or going before.] A phrase applied to a mode of reasoning by which we pro- ceed from the cause to the effect, as op- posed to a posteriori reasoning, by which we proceed from the effect to the cause ; also a term applied to knowledge inde- pendent of all experience. Apron, a'prun, n. [O.E. tiap^'on, Fr. nap- peron, from nape, nappe, a table-cloth, &c. (whence E. napkin), nappe being another form of mappe, E. map. Apron, like adder, auger, has lost the initial n.] A piece of cloth or leather worn on the fore-part of the body to keep thp clothes clean or de- fend them from injury; a covering for the front part of a hody.—v.t. To put an apron on; to furnish with an apron. Apropos, ap-ro-po, a. [Fr. — d, to, according to, and propos, purpose, L. propositum, a thing proposed.) • Opportune; seasonable; to the purpose (an apropos remark). Apse, aps, n. [Gr. (A)apsis, \h)apsldos, an arch, vault, joining, from (h)apt6, to join.] A portion of any building forming a ter- mination or projection semicircular or polygonal in plan,- and having a dome or vaulted roof; especially such a structure at the east end of a church. — Apsidal, ap- si'dal, a. Pertaining to or resembling an apse; pertaining to apsides. — Apsis, ap'sis, n. pi. Apsides, ap-si'dez. Arch, an apse; aitron. one of the two points in the orbit of a heavenly body which mark its great- est and its least distance from the primary round which it revolves. Apt, apt, a. [L. aptus, fitted, fit.] Pit; suitable; apposite; pertinent; appropriate; having a tendency; liable: inclined; dis- posed; ready; prompt. — Aptitude, ap'ti- tQd, n. The state or quality of being apt; disposition; tendency; fitness; suitable- ness; readiness in learning; docility. — Aptly, apt'li, adv. In an apt or suitable manner; justly; pertinently; readily; quickly ; cleverly. — Aptness, apt nes, n. The state or quality of being apt; fitness; tendency; quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility. Aptera, ap't6r-a, n. pi. [Gr. apteros, with- out wings— a, priv., and pieron, a wing.] An order of insects which have no wings. —Apteral, Apterous, ap'ter-al, ap'tfer-us,a. Destitute of wings.' — Apteran, ap't6r-an, n. One of the Aptera; a wingless insect. Apteryx, ap'tftr-iks, n. [Gr. a, priv., and pteryx, a wing.] A bird peculiar to but now nearly extinct in New Zealand,having no tail and very short rudimentary wings. Aptote, ap'tot, n. [Gr. aptotos, indeclin- able.] Gram, a noun which has no varia- tion of termination or distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun. — Aptotic, ap-tot'ik, a. Of or pertaining to an aptote; having no declensional forms, &c. Apyretlc, ap-i-ret'ik, a. [Gr. a, without, and pyrttos, fever, from pyr, fire.] With- out lever; marked by the absence of fever. — Apjrrexia, Apyrexy, ap-i-rek'si-a, ap'i- rek-si, n. The absence or intermission of fever.— Apyrous, a-pi'rus, a. Incombus- tible, or capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration. Aqua, akVa, n. [L.] Water: a word form- ing an element in various terms; also used by itself as a commercial name of whisky: —Aqua fortis (=8trong water), a name given to weak and impure nitric acid. — Aqua regia ( = royal water), a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, so. called from its power of dissolving gold and other noble.metals.— .4gMa vitoe (= water of life), ardent spirits, as whisky, brandy, &c. — Aquarium, a-kwa'ri-um,n. A case, vessel, tank, or the like, in which aquatic plants and animals are kept; a place containing a collection of such vessels or tanks.— Aquarius, a-kwa'ri-us, n. [L.] The ■\i'ater. bearer; a sign in the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of January.~Aqttatic, a-kv/at'ik, a. Pertaining to water; living in or frequenting water. — n. A plant which grows in water; pi. sports or exercises practised on or in water, as rowing or swim- ming.— Aquatile, ak'wa-til, a. Inhabiting the water.— Aqueous, ak'w6-UB, a. Partak- ing of the nature of water, or abounding With or formed by it; watery.— Aqueons- ness, ak'w5-us-nes,n.. The quality or state of being aqueous. Aquamarine, ak'wa-ma-r5n, n. [L. d^rta, water, and marinus, pertaining to the sea.] The finest beryl, so called from its bluish or sea-green tint. Actuatlnt, Aquatinta, ak'wa-tint, ak-wa- tin'ta, n. [L. aqua, water, and It. tinta, dye, tint.] A method of etching on copper by which a beautiful effect is produced, resembling a fine drawing in water-colours or Indian ink. — Aqaatinter, ak-wa-tint'- 6r, n. One who practises the art of aqua- tinting.— Aquatiuting, ak-wa-tint'ing, n. The art or process of engraving in the aquatint method. . Aqueduct, ak'wS-dukt, Jt. [L. aquoeductua —aqua, water, and ducttis, a pipe or canal, from duco, to lead.] A conduit or channel for conveying water froni one place to. another; a sTructure for conveying water for the supply of a town. Aqueous, tjnder Aqoa. Aquiferous, a-kwif'6r-us, a. [ii. aQua,w&ter, and fero, to bear.] Conducting water gr watery fluid {aquiferous system of the sponges). — Aquilorm, ak'wi-forra, a. [L. aqiia, water, and forma, form.] In the form of water. Aquiline, ak'wil-in, a. [L. aqmlinus,iro.A aquila, an eagle.] Of or belonging to i ? eagle; resembling an eagle's beik ; - ing; hooked. 'd^,ie^ain^^(A,.Sc.JQ.c6ij)''(«^J»)Jjltiliol^;^ zl», a«uiw. ARAB 36 ARCHITECT Arab, ar'ab, n. A native of Arabia; a neglected outgist boy or girl of the f treets. —a. Of or pertaining to the Arabs or Ar- ^ abia.— Arabesque, ar'ab-esk, n. fFr.,from the Arahi, who brought the style to high perffutiou. ] A species of architectural ornamentation for enriching flat surfaces, either painted, inlaid, or wrought in low relief, often consisting of fanciful figures, human or animal, combined with floral forma.— Arabian, a-ra'bi-an, a. Pertaining to Ai'a bia.— n. A native of Arabia; an Arab. — Arabic, ar'ab-ik, a. Belonging to Arabia or the language of its inhabitants.— n. The language of the Arabians. Arable, ar'a-bl, a. [Fr arable, L. arabiiis, from aro, to plough, from root seen also in A. Sax. erimi, E. to ear, Icel. erja, Goth. erjan, Lith. arti. R\is. orati, to plough, to till; Ir. and W. ar, tillage; W. aru, to plough.] Fit for ploughing or tillage. Arachis, ar'a-kis, n. The generic name of the ground-nut {A. hypogcea). — Arachis oil, the oil expressed from the seeds of the ground-nut, the nut-oil of commerce. Arachnida, a-rak'ni-da, n. pi. [Gi.arachne, a spider.] A class of annulose, wingless animals, intermediate between the insects and the Crustacea, including spiders, mites, and scorpions. — Arachnidan, a-rak'- ni-dan, n. One of the Arachnida.— Arach- noid, a-rak'noid, a. Resembling a spider's web; anat. applied to a semi-transparent thin membrane which is spread over the brain and pia mater; bot. having hair that gives an appearance of being covered with cobweb. — Arachnology, ar-ak-nol'o-ji, n. That branch of natural history which treats of spiders. — Arachnologist, ar-ak- nol'o-jist, 11. One versed in arachnology. Arack, ar'ak, n. Same- as Arrack. Aramaic, ar-a-ma'ik, n. [From Aram, a son of Shem, the supposed ancestor of the Chaldeans and Syrians.] A language or froup of languages anciently spoken in* yria, the earliest specimens being the Chaldee passages in the Old Testament and Apocrypha; Chaldaic; Chaldee. Araneid, a-ra'ne-id, n. [L. aranea, a spider.] An animal of the spider family. — Aranei- form, a-r» ' n5-i-f orm, a. Resembling a spider.— Araneous, Araneose, a-ra'ne-us, a-ra'ne-os, a. Resembling a cobweb; arach-, noid. Arancaria, ar-a-ka'ri-a, n. [From the Aran- eanoK, a tribe of Indians in Chili.] The generic name of some fine coniferous trees found chiefly in South America, but now also commonly grown in Britain. — Arau- carian. ar-a-ka'ri-an, a: Relating to the araucarias. — Arancarite, a-ra'ka-rit, n. A fossil plant allied to the araucarias. Arbalist, Arbalest, iir'bal-ist, iir'bal-est, n. (O.Fr. arbaleste, fiom L. arcuii,2i bow, and 6ani«ta,&aZf«ta, an engine to throw stones.] A kind of powerful cross-bow formerly used.— Arballster, arTjal-ist-er, n. A cross- bow-man. Arbiter, arTjit-6r, n. [L., an arbiter, um- pire, judge.] A person appointed or chosen by parties in controversy to decide their differences; one who judges and deter- mines without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited; an arbitrator. — Arbitrament, ar-bit'ra- ment, n. Detennination; decision; settle- ment; award (the arbitrament of the Bword). -^ Arbitrary, ar'bi-tra-ri, a. [L. arbiirariua.] Given, adjudged, or done ac- cording to one's will or discretion ; exer- cised according to one's will or discretion; capricious; despotic; imperious; tyranni- cal; uncontrolled. — Arbitrarily, ai^bi-tra- ri-li, adv. In an arbitrary manner; capri- ciously .-ArbltrarinesB, arT)i-tra-ri-ne8, n. The quality of being arbitrary. — Arbi- trate, ar'bi-trat, v.i.— arbitrated, arbitrat- ing. [L. arbUror, arbitraius.] To act as an arbiter or umpire; to hear and decide in a dispute.— 1».<. To hear and decide on. — Ar- bitration, ar-bi-tra'shon, n. The act of ar- bitrating; the hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen bj- the par- ties.— Arbitrator, arT)i-trat-6r, m. One who arbitrates ; an arbiter.— Arbitrement, ar- bit're-ment, n. Same as Arbitrament. Arblast,ar^last,n. A cross-bow; an arbalist. Arbor, ar'bor, n. fL., a tree, a wooden bar, 4c.] The principal spindle or axis of a machine, communicating motion to the other moi-ing parts.- Arboreons, Arboi'e- ai, ar-bo're-us, ar-bo'r5-al, a. Pertaining to trees; living on or among trees; having the character of a tree. — Arborescence, ar- bor-es'ens, n. The state of being arbores- cent; an arborescent form or growth. — Arborescent, ar-bor-es'ent, a. fL. arbores- cens, pp. of arboresco, to grow to a tree.] Resembling a tree ; bot. partaking of the nature and 'habits of a tree; dendritic. — Arboretum, ar-bo-re'tum, n. (L.] A place in which a collection of difterent trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educa- tional purposes. — Arborization, ar'bor-i- za"shon, n. A mineral or other body with a tree-like form. Arboriculture, arlDo-ri-kul"tur, n. [L. ar- bor, a tree, and czdtura, cultivation. Cui/- TURE.] The cultivation of trees; the art of planting, dressing, and managing trees andshrubs.— ArboricuItural,ar-bor'i-kul"- tur-al, a. Relating to arboriculture. — Ar- boriculturist, ar'bo-ri-kul'tur-ist, n. One who practises arboriculture. Arbor-vitae, ar'bor-vi'te, n. [L., the tree of life.] A common name of certain, conifer- ous trees ; a tree-like arrangement which appears in the medullary suostance of the brain when the fcerebellum is cut verti- cally. Arbour, Arbor, iir'bir, n. [O.E. herber, O.Fr. herbier, L. herba, herb.] A seat in the open air sheltered by intertwining branches or climbing plants; a bower.— Arborous, ar'bor-us, a. Having the ap- pearance or nature of an arbour. [JtfiZ.J Arbuscnlar, ar-hus'ku-ler, a. (From h.ar- buscula, din\. of arbor,& tree.] Resembling a shrub or small tree. Arbutus, ar'bu-tus, n. [L., the stmwberry- tree.] The generic name of an evergreen tree or shrub, with bright red or yellow berries, somewhat like the strawberry, having an unpleasant taste and narcotic properties. — Also called Arbute, ar'but. — Arbutean, ar-bu-te'an, a. Pertaining to the arbutus. Arc,ark,n. [L. ajrt(8,abow. Arch.] Geom. a curve line forming or that might form part of the circumference of a circle ; for- merly also an arch.— Arcade, ar-kad', n. [Fr., L.L. areata, L. arena, an arch.] A series of arches supported on pillars, often used as a roof support or as an ornamental dressing to a wall ; a covered in passage containing shops or stalls. Arcadian, ar-ka'di-an, a. Pertaining to Arcadia, a mountainous district in south- em Greece; hence, rustic; rural; pastoral. Arcanum, ar-ka'num, n. pi. Arcana, ar- ka'na. [L.] A secret ; a mystery : gener- ally used in the plural {the arcana of na- ture). Arch, arch, n. [Fr. arche, L.L. archia, from L. areus, a bow, arch, arc] A structure composed of separate wedge-shaped pieces, arranged on a cun-ed line, so as to retain their position by mutual pressure ; a cov- ering, or structure of a bow shape; a vault. — Co^trt of arches,&n ecclesiastical court of . appeal pertaining to the archbishopric of Canterbury, anciently held in t'ne church of St. Mary-le-bow, called also St. Mary- of-the-archea. — v.t. To cover or span with an arch ; to curve or form into the shape of an arch.— Archway, arch'wa. n. A pas- sage under an arch. Arch, arch, a. [Icel. argr, A. Sax. earg, faint-hearted, G. I). Sw. Dan. arg, crafty, roguish. Arkant.] Cunning; sly; shrewd; waggish; mischievous for sport ; roguish. — Archly, arch'li, adv. In an arch or rogu- ish manner. — Archness, arch'nes, n. Arch, arch, a. [From Gr. archi, in com- pound words, from .'^tem of arche, power or rule.] Chief; of the first classorrank: prin- cipally used in composition as the first part of many words; as, arcftbishop, arch- priest, &c.—n. J A leader; a chief. [Shak.] Archaeology, ar-ke-ol'o-ji, n. [Gr. archaioa, ancient, and Zopog, discourse.] The science of antiquities, especially prehistoric an- tiquities, which investigates the history of peoples by the remains belonging to the earlier periods of their existence.- Archse- ological, Archaeologic, ar'ke-o,loj"ik-al,ar'- k6-o-loj"ik, a. Pertaining to archaeology. — Archseologist, Archseologlan, ar-ke-ol'o- jist, ar'ke-o-lo"ji-an, n. One skilled in ar- chaeology. Archaeopteryx, kr-ke-op'tfer-iks, n. [Gr. ar- chaioa, sincient, and pteryx,-wiB.g.] A fossil bird of the size of a rook, having two claws representing the thumb and forefinger pro- jecting from the wing, and about twenty tail vertebrae prolonged as in mammals. Archaic, Archaical, ar-ka'ik, ar-ka'ik-al, a. [Gr.archatkos,o\d-fstshioned,fTom archaioa, ancient.] Old-fashioned; obsolete; anti- quated.— Archaism, ar'ka-izm, n. An an- cient or obsolete word or idiom; antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. Archangel, ark-an'jel,- n. An angel of the highest order in the celestial hierarchy. — Archangelic, ark-an-jel'ik, o. Of or per- taining to archangels. Archbishop, arch-bish'up,n. A bishop who has the supervision of other bishops (the sees of whom form his province), and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.— Archbishopric, arch-bish'up-rik, n. The jurisdiction, office, or 8e6 of an archbishop. Archdeacon, arch-delsn, n. In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, who has jurisdiction either over a part of or over the whole diocese. — Archdeaconate, Archdeaconry, arch-de'- kn-at, arch-de'kn-ri, n. The office, juris- diction, or residence of an archdeacon. ArchduJie, arch-dak', n. A prince belong- ing to the reigning family of the Austrian empire.— Archducal, arch-dfik'al, a. Per- taining to an archduke. -.Archduchess, arch-duch'es, n. The wife of an archduke. —Archduchy, Archdukedom, arch-dueh'i, arch-dQk'dum, n. The territory or rank of an archduke or archduchess. Archegony, ar-keg'o-ni, n. [Gr. arche, be- ginning, and gonog, offspring.] The doc- trine of the origin of life. Archenemy, arch-en'6-mi, n. A principal enemy; Satan. Archer, arch'tr, u. [Fr. arclier, from are, L. a?*CM«, a bow. Arch.] One who uses, or is skilled in the use of the bow and arrow; a bowman.— Archery, arch'fer-i, n. The practice, art, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrow.— Archer-fish, n. A small fish of Asia which shoots drops of water at insects, causing them to fall into the water and become its prey. Archetype, ar'ke- tip, n. [Gr. arc/ie/j/»07i — arche, beginning, and typoa, form.] A mo- del or first form ; the original pattern after which a thing is made, or to which it con-esponds.— Archetypal, arTce-tip-al, a. Of or pertaining to an archetype. Archidiaconal, ar'ki-di-ak"on-al, a. [Gr. archi, chief, diakonos, deacon.] Pertaining to an archdeacon. Archieplscopacy, Archi episcopate. arTci-e- pis"ko-pa-si, ijr'ki-e-pis'ko-pat, n. The dig- nitj', office, or province of an archbishop. — Archiepiscopal, ar'ki-5-pi8"ko-pal, a. Be- longing to an archbishop. Archil, ar'kil,«. A violet, mauve, or purple colouring matter obtained from lichens growing on rocks in the Canary and Cape de Verd Islands. Archimandrite, ar-ki-man'drit, n. [Gr. archi, chief, ?na»idro, a monastery.] Cfreek Ch. an abbot, or abbot-general, who has the superintendence of other abbots and convents. Archimedean, ar'ki-m5-de"an, a. Pertain- ing to Archimedes, the Greek philosopher. — Archimedean screw, an instrument for raising water, formed by winding a flex- ible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw; being placed in an inclined posi- tion.and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve the water is raised to the upper end. Archipelago,. ar-ki-pel'a-go, n. [Gr. archi, chief, and pelagoa. the sea.] Originally the Egean Sea, which is studded with a number of smadl islands; hence any water space interspersed with many islands; a group of many islands. — Archipelagic, ar'ki-pe-laj"ik, o. Relating to an archi- pelago. Architect, &rTci-tekt, n. (Fr. arehUecte, Fate, far, fat, fftll; me, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; tabe, tub, bvjll ; oil, pound; fl, Sc. abime-the Fr. u. AHeHITRAVE 87 ARISTOCRACY^ Jj. architecius, Gr. prefix archi, chief, and tekton, a workman.] A person slulled in the art and science of building; one who makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and superintend their erection; a former or maker.— Archi- tectonic,Architectomcal,ar'ki-tek-ton"ik; ar'ki-tek-ton"ik-al, a. Pertaining to or skilled in architecture.— Architectonics, ar'ki-tek-ton"iks, n. The science of arclii- tecture. — Architecttiral, ar-ki-tek'tfir-al, a. Pertaining to architecture or the art of building.— Architecture, ar'ki-tek-tur, ti. [L. architectura.] The art or science of building; that branch of the fine arts which has for its object the production of edifices pleasing to a cultivated and artis- tic taste; construction. Architrave, ar'ki-trav, n. [It. architrave — prefix archi, chief, and irat/e, f rom L. trabs, a beam.] Arch, the lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests im- mediat.ely on the column. Archive, ar'kiv, n. [L.L. arehivum, a place for keeping public records, from Gr. arche- ion, a government building, from archi, rule, government. ] A record or document presen'ed in evidence of something ; al- most always in plural and signifying docu- ments or records relating to the affairs of a family, corporation, community, city, or kingdom.— Archival, iir'kiv-al, a. Pertain- ing to or contained in archives or records. —Archivist, arkiv-ist or ar'ki-vist, n. The keeper of archives or records. Archlute, arch'lut, n. A kind of large lute; a theorbo; Archon, ar'kon. n. [6r.] One of the chief magistrates of ancient Athens chosen to superintend civil and religious concerns. Arctation, ark-ta'shon, n. [L. arctiis, tight.] NaiTowness or constriction; med. unnatural contraction of any natural opening, as of the anus. Arctic, ark tik, a. [L. arcticus; Gr. arkti- kos, from arctos, a bear,' the northern con- stellation Ursa Major.] Northern; sur- rounding or lying near the north pole. The arctic circle is a circle parallel to the equator, 23° 28' from the north pole. Arctitude, ark'ti-tud, n. Arctation. Arctums, ark-ttt'rus, n. [Gr. arktoa, a bear, and oura, tail.] A fixed star of the first magnitude near the tail of the Great Bear. Arcuate, ark'Q-at, a. , [L. arcuatus, from arcus, a bow.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. — Arcuation, a,rk-u-a'8hon, n. The act of bending; incurvation; curvity. Arcnbalist, ark'u-bal-ist, n. An arbalist. Ardent, ar'dent, a. [L. ardeiia, ardentU, pp. of ardeo, to bum, to be eager.] Burn- ing; causing a sensation of burning; warm: applied to the passions -and affec- tions; vehement; passionate; eager; fer- vent; fervid; zealous. — Ardent spirits, al- coholic drinks, as brandy, whisky, rum, &c.— Ardently, ar'dent-li, adv. In an ar- dent manner; with warmth. — Ardentness, ar'dent-nes, n. The state or- quality of being ardent; ardency. — Ardency, ar'den- si, n. The qixality.of being ardent; warmth; ardour; eagerness. — Ardour, ar'dfer, n. [L. ardor.] Heat in a literal sense; warmth or heat, as of the passions and affections; Arduous, ar'dQ-ug, a. \1j.. arduus; allied to Ir. and Gael, ard, high.] Steep, and therefore difficult of ascent; hard to climb; attended with great labour; difficult; hard (task or employment).— Arduously, ar'du- us-li, adv. In an arduous manner. — Ar- duousness, ar'du-us-nes, n. Are, ar. [O. Northumbrian aron, am, we (you, they) are; the A. Sax. form proper is sind or sindon. The r is changed from «, the root being as. Am.] The present tense plural of the verb to be, art being the second pers. sing. Are, ar or ar, n. [L. area,} The unit of French superficial or square measure, con- taining 100 square metres or 1076 44 English square feet. Area, a'r5-a,n. [L. area, a thrashing-floor, then any level open piece of land.] Any plain surface within boundaries, as the floor of a hall, &c.; a space sunk below the general surface of the ground before win- dows in the basement storj' (t a building; a yard; the superficial contents of any space; a surface, as given in square inches, feet, yards, &c. — Areal, a're-al, a. Per- taining to an area. ' Areca, a-re'ka, n. [The Malabar name.] A genus of palms, including the betel-nut and cabbage-trees. Areed,* a-red', v.t. [A. Sax. araedan.] To advise or counsel. [Mil.] Arefaction, ar-e-fak'shon, n. [L. are/ado, to dry, areo, to be dry, facio, to make.] The act of drying; the state of growing dry.— Arefy, ar'e-fi, v.t. To dry or make dry. Arena, a-rg'na, n. [L. arena, lit. sand, a sandy place.] The inclosed space (usually covered with sand) in the central part of the Roman amphitheatres; hence, the scene or theatre of exertion or contest of any kind. — Arenaceous, ar-e-na'shus, a. Abounding with sand; having the proper- ties of sand; sandy; granular.— Arenarions, Arenose, ar-e-na'ri-us, a-r6'nos, a. Sandy. Aren^, a-reng', n. The sago-paJm. Aremlitic, a-re'm-lit"ik, a. [L. arena, sand, and Gr. lithos, a stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone. Areola, a-re'o-la, n. [L., dim. of area (which see).] A small area or space; a small interstice; the coloured circle or halo surrounding the nipple or surround- ing a pustule. — Areolar, a-r5'o-l^r, a. Pertaining to an areola.— Areolate, a-r5'- o-lat, a. Marked by areolae or small spots. — Areolation, a-r5'o-la"shon,n. Any small ■ space or spot differing from the rest of a surface in colour, texture, 4c. Areometer, ar-e-om'et-6r, n. [Gr. araios, rare, thin, itnd 'metron, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids; a hydrometer.— Areo- metrlc, Areometrical, a-r6'o-met"rik, a-re'- 6-met"rik-al, o. Pertaining to an areo- meter.— Areometry, ar-S-om'et-ri, n. The measuring of the specific gravity of fluids. Areopagus, ar-e-op'a-gus, n. [Gr., lit. hill of Ares or Mars.] A tribunal at ancient Athens; so called because held on a hill of this natne.— Areopagist, Areopagite, ar- ?-op'a-jist, ar-5-op'a-jit, n. A member of the Areopagus. ,— Areopagitic, ar-e-op'a- jif'ik, a. Pertaining to the Areopagus.- Aretalogy, Arexology, ar-e-tal ' o-ji, ar-e- toFo-ji, n. [Gr. arete, virtue, and logos, discourse.] That part of ethics •which treats of virtue. Argal, Argol, ar'gal, ar'gol, n. Unrefined or crude tartar ; a nard crust formed on the sides of vessels in which wine has been kept. Argali, &r'ga-li, n. [Mongolian name.] A species of wild Asiatic sheep with very large horns, nearly as bulky as a moder- ately sized ox. Argand-Iamp, ar'gand-lamp, n. [From name of inventor.] A lamp with a circu- lar hollow wick, allowing an outside and inside current of air, which greatly in- creases the brilliancy of the flame — Ar- gand burner,- a. gas-burner in a similar form. Ai'gent, ar'jent, n. [Fr., from L. argentum, silver; cog. Gr. argyros, silver, ar^ros, white; Ir. arg, white, airgiod, silver, money.] Sil- vert; whiteness, lik,e that of silver; her. the white colour in coats of arms, intended to represent silver,&c.— a. Resembling silver; bright like silver; silvery.— Argental, Ar- gentic, ar-jent'al, ar-jent'ik, a. Pertaining to, like, or containing silver.— Argenta- tion, ar-jen-ta'shon, n. An overlaying with silver.— Argentiferous, arjen-tif'6r-us, a. Producing- or containing silver (argentif- erous ore).— Argentine, ar'jen-tin, a. Per- taining to, resembling, or sounding like silver; silvery. — n. A silvery-white slaty variety of calc-spar ; white metal coated ■with silver.— Argentite, ar'jen-tit,w. Sul- phide of silver, a valuable ore of this metal, a blackish, lead-gray mineral. Argil, ar'jil, n. [L. argilla, white clay, al- lied to argentura, silver. Argent.] Clay or potter's earth; sometimes, pure clay or alumina. — Argillaceous, ar-jil-la'shus, a. Partaking of the nature of argil or clay; clayey. —Argilliferous, ar-jil-Uf'fer-us. a. Producing or containing clay or argfl. — Argillitc, ar'jil-lit, n. Clay-slate.— Argil- Utic, ar-jil-lit'ik,a. Pertaining to argillite. Argive, ar'jiv, n. A native or inhabitant of Argos, in ancient Greece ; an ancient Greek. [Poetical.] Argonaut, ar'go-nat, n. [Gr. ArgO, and nautes, a sailor.] One of the persons who, ill the Greek legend, sailed to Colchis -with Jason, in the ship Argo, in quest of the golden fleece ; a molluscous animal be- longing to the class of cuttle-fishes, called also the paper-nautilus or paper-sailor of the Mediterranean, the female having a boat -like shell, in which its eggs are re- ceived. The account of its floating with its arms extended to catch the breeze, and with other arms as oars, is a mere fable. — Argonautic, ar-go-na'tik, a. Pertaining to the Argonauts. Argosy, ar'go-si, n. [From Raausa.] A large merchantman or other ship, espe- cially if richly laden. [Poetical.] Argue, ar'gu, v.i.—argtted, arguing. [L. ar- guo, to show, argue, to make clear.] To offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to rea- son; to discuss; to debate; to dispute. — v.t. To debate or discuss (argvA a cau^e in court); to prove, show, or evince; to cause to be inferred (his conduct argued suspi- cion). — Arguable, ar'gfl-a-bl, a. Capable of being argued.— Arguer, ar'gQ-6r,?». One who.— Argument, ar'gti-ment, n. [L. ar- miment^mi, proof, theme, subject-matter.] The subject of a discourse or writing ; an abstract or summary of a book or section of a book; a reason offered for or against something ; a debate, controversy, or dis- cussion; a process of reasoning. — .4 rf»u- mentum ad nominem, an argument which presses a man with consequences drawn from his own principles and c(/ncessions, or his own conduct.— Argumental, ar-gu- ment'al, a. Belonging to or consisting in argument. — Argumentation, ar'gu- men-ta"shon, n. The act of arguing, dis- cussing, or debating; reasoning.— Argu- mentative, ar-ga-ment'a-tiv, a. Consist- ing of argument; addicted to argument, disputing, or debating.— Argumentative- ly, ar-gu-ment'a-tiv-li, adv.— Argumenta- tiveness, ar-ga-ment'a-ti v-nes, n. ArgUB, ar'gus, n. A being in Greek myth- ology having a hundred watchful eyes; hence, any -watchful person ; a species of pheasant having its plumage marked witn eye-like spots.— Argus-eyed, a. Vigilant; watchful; extremely observant. Argute, ar-gQt', a. [L. argutus.] Subtle; ingenious; sagacious; shrewd.— Argutely, ar-gut'li, adv. In an argute or subtle man- ner — Argutenees, ar-gtit'nes, n. Aria, a'ri-a, n. [It. aria.] A song; an air; a tune.— Arietta, a-ri-et'ta. A short song or air, Arian, a'ri-an, r». One maintaining the doctrines of Arius (fourth century a.d.), who held Christ to be a created being in- ferior to God.— Arian, a'ri-an, a. Pertain- ing to Arius or to his doctrines.— Arian- ism, a'ri-an-izm, n. The doctrines of the Arians. Arid, ar'id, a. [L. aridus.] Dry; exhausted of moisture; parched with heat.— Aridity, Aridness, a-rid'i-ti, ar'id-nes, n. The state of being arid; dryness; want of interest. Aries, a'ri-?z, n. [L. aries, a ram.] The Ram, a northern constellation, the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox. Aright, a-rit', adv. In a right way or form; properly; correctly; rightly. Aril, ar'il, n. [L. areo, to be dry, because it falls off when dry.] An extra covering of the seed of some plants (as the nutmeg) outside of the true seed-coats, falling off spontaneously.— Arillated, Arilled, a-ril'- lat-ed, ar'ild, a. Furnished with an aril. Arise, a-riz', t>.i.— arose (pret.), arisen (pp.), arising. [Prefix a, and-rige; A.Sax.dri«an. Rise.] To move to a higher place; to mount up; to ascend; to come into view; to get out of bed, or quit a sitting or lying posture; to spring ; to originate; to start into action; to rise. Arista, a-ris'ta, n. [L.] Bot. an awn or beard.- Arlstate, a-ris'tat, a. Awned. Aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ra-si, n. [Gr. arista- ch, cAain; cA, So. locA; g, co; j,;ob; n, Fr. tow; ng, sinj/; th, t/ien; th, d, that is, all so, through the forms algwa, also, alse, als, ase'; similarly G. als, aiso, as.] A word expressing equality, similarity of manner or character, like- ness, proportion, accordance; in the same manner in which (j'e shall be as gods ; I live as I did); while; when (he wljistled as, he went); for example; forin§tance> thus; because; since [as the wind Was fair we Bet sail); often equivalent to the- relative that after such (give us such things cw you please). As, as, n. pi. Asses, as'ez. A Roman weight of 12 oz.; also, a Roman copper or bronze cuin, latterly weighing i oz. . Asafetida, Asafoetida, as-a-fe'tid-a, n. [Per. aza, gum, and L. fcetidus, fetid. J A fetid inspissated sap from a large umbel- liferous plant found in Central Asia, used in medicine as an antispasmodic, in flatu- lency, hysteric paroxysms, Ac. Asbestos, Asbestus, as-bes'tos. as-bes'tus, n. I Gr. asbestos, inextinguishaole — a, neg. , una sbennymi, to extinguish.] A fibrous variety of several members of the horn- blende familj', ha^ingfine, elastic, flexible, flaxy-like filaments, which are incombus- tible, and are made into fire-proof cloth, paper, &c. — Asbestic, as-bes'tifc, a. Relat-" ing to or containing asbestos. — Asbesti- form, as-bes'ti-form, a. Having the struc- ture of asbestos. — Asbestine, as-bes'tin, a. Pertaining to asbestos, or paxtaking of its nature and qualities. Ascenct, as-Kend',i'.i. IL.oscendo-^d.to, and Bcando, to climb. Scan. J To move up- wards; to mount ; to go up from a lower to a higher j)lace ; to rise ; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, &c.; to pass from a grave tone to one more acute.— w. <.To go or mo ve upwards upon; to climb; to move upwards along; to go towards the source of (a river). — As- cendable, Ascendible, as-send'a-bl, as- 8end'i-bl, o. Capable of being ascended. — Ascendant, as-Fend'ant,n. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; superiority or commanding influ- ence; predominance. — Ascendant, Ascend- ent, as-send'ant, as-send'ent, a. Directed upward; rising; superior; predominant; surpassing.— Ascendency, as-send'en-si, n. Govemingorcon trolling influence; power; Bway; control. — Ascension, as-sen'snon, n. [L. ascensio.] The act of ascending; a rising; the ascension, the visible elevation of our Saviour to heaven. — Ascetision Day, the day on which the ascension of tlie Saviour is commemorated, falling on the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide. — Right ascBTision of the sun or of a star, the arc of the equator intercepted be- tween the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which comes to the meridian at the same instant with the star. — Ascensional, as-sen'shon-al, o. Re- lating to ascension; ascending or rising up.— Ascent, as-sent', n. The act of rising; motion upwards; rise; the wa3\by which one ascends; acclivity; an upward slope; the act of proceeding from' an inferior to . a superior degree, from particulars to generals, &c. Ascertain, as-s6r-tan', v.t. [O.Fr. ascertain- er — as for ad, to, certain, from L. ceitus, sure. Certain.] To make certain-, to make sure or find out by trial or examina- tion; to establish: to determine with cer- tainty.— Ascertainable, as-sir-t&n'a-bl, a. Capable of being ascertained or certainly known.^-Ascertainer, as-sCr-tan'fer, n. One who. — Ascertainment, aa-ser-tau'meht, n. The act of. Ascetic, as-set'ik, a. [Gr. asketos, exercised, disciplined, from askeO, to exercise.] Ex- cessively strict or rigid in devotions or mor- tifications; severe; austere.— Ascetic, as- set ik, n. One who retires from the world and devotes himself to a strictly devout life; one who practises excessive rigour and self-denial; a hermit; a recluse. — As- ceticism, as-set'i-sizm, n. The condition or practice of ascetics. Ascian, as'si-an, n. [L. ascius, Gr. askios — a, priv., and sHa, a shadow.] One who has no shadow; an inhabitantof the torrid zone when the sun is in the zenith. Ascidian, as-sid'i-an, n. (Gr. askidion, a little bottle.] One of certain marine mol- luscous animals of a low type, having frequently the shape of a double-necked bottle, often found on the beach at low water or attached to rocks, shells, &c.; a sea-squirt ; a tunicate animal. — Ascidi- form, as-sid'i-form, a. Shaped like an as- cidian; bottle-shaped. — Ascidium, as-sid'i- um, n. £ot. a pitcher -like appendage found in some plants and formed by a modified leaf. Ascites, as-si'tez, n. [Gr. askos, a bladder.] Med. dropsy of the abdomen, or of the peritoneal cavity. — Ascitic, Ascltical, as- sit'ik, as-sit'ik-al, a. Relating to ascites; dropsical. Ascititious, as-si-tish'us, o. Same as Ad- sciiitiotis. Asqlepiadic, as-kl5'pi-ad"ik, a. [From As- clepiadis, a Greek poet, who invented this metre.] Pros, consisting of four feet, a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. Ascribe, as-krib', v.t. — ascribed, ascribing. [L. ascribo — ad, to, and scribo, to write. Scribe.] To attribute, im.pute, or refer, as to a cause; to assign; to set down; to attribute, as a quality or appurtenance. — Ascribable. as-krib 'a-bl, o. Capable of being ascribed or attributed.— Ascription, as-krip'shon, n. The act of ascribing. — Ascriptitioos, as-kiip-tish'us, a. [L. as- eriptitiuSi enrolled as a soldier, bound.] Bound or attached to the soil : ai)plied to serfs or villeins annexed to the freehold and transferable with it. Ascos, asTtus,.?!. pi. Asci, as'ki. [Gr. askos, a leather bottle.] Bot. one of the little membranous bags or cells in which the spores of lichens, some fungi, and some other cryptogams are produced. Asexual, a-seks'u-al, o. [Prefix o, neg., and sexual.]- Not Fextial; having no distinc- tive organs of sex, or imperfect organs; performed without the union of males and females. — Asezually, a-seks'u-al-li, adv. In an asexual manner. Ash, ash, n. [A. Sax. 9undj^^,ii. Sc. abtme— theJFr^wA ASPHALT 41 ASSIG^ 8prinklmg,asof water(S/iafc.)t; the spread- ing of calumnious reports or charge.^; cal- umny; censirre. — Aspersive, Aspersory, as-pers'iv, as-p6r'so-ri, a. Tending to as- perse;defamatory;calumnious; slanderous. Asphalt, as-falt', n. IGr. asphaltos, from the Phoenician.] The most common variety of bitumen; mineral pitch; a black or brown substance which melts readjly and has a strong pitchy odour; a mixture of asphalt or bitumen and sand or other sub- stances, ui>ed for pavements, floors, the lmmgottj,nks,&c.— Asphalt rock or stone, a dark - coloured bituminous limestone found in Switzerland and elsewhere. — Asphaltic, as-falt'ik, a. Pertaining to or containing asphalt; bituminous. Asphodel, as'fo-del, n. [Gr. asphodelos.'] The name given to various species of plants of the lily family: the asphodel of the older English poets is the daffodil. Asphyxia, Asphyxy, as-fik'si-a, as-fik'si. n. LGr. asphyxia— a, priv., and sphyxis, the pulse, from sphyzo, to throb.] Suspended animation or loss of consciousneos, with temporary stopjiage of the heart's action, caused by interrupted respiration, parti- cularly from suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.— As- phyxial, as-fik'si-al, a. Relating td as- phyxia; resulting from or indicating asphyxia. — Asphyxiate, as-fik'si-at, v.t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to cause asphyxia in. —Asphyxiation, as-fik'si-a"- shon, n. The act of causing 'asphyxia ; a state of asphyxia. Aspic, Aspick. See Asp. Aspick, as'pik, n. [Fr., from L. spiea, -a spike or ear of com.] A species or laven- der growing in France, and yielding a white, aromatic, and very inflammable oil, used by painters, &c. Aspic, as'pik, n. [Fr.; origin unknown.? A dish consisting of a clear, savoury, meat jelly, and containing fowl, game, fish, &c. Aspire, as-pir*, v.i. — aspired, aspiring. [L. aspiro, to breathe— ad, to, and spiro, to Ijreathe, to endeavour after (in expire, respire, &c.). Spikit.] To desire with eagerness; to pant after a great' or noble object; to aim at something elevated or above one; to be ambitious: followed by to or after ; to ascend; to tower; to point upward; to soar.— Aspirant, as-pir'ant, ». One who aspires or seeks with eagerness; a candidate. — Aspirate, as'pi-rat, v.t. — aspirated, aspirating. To pronounce with a breathing or audible emjssion'Of breath; to pronounce with such a sound as our letter h has; to add an /t-sound to (the word horse is aspirated, but not the word hour).— 11. An aspirated sound like that of h; the letter h itself, or any mark of aspi- ration.— Aspiration, as-pi-ra'shon/ji. The act of aspirating ; an aspirated sound ; the act of aspiring or of ardently desiring; an ardent wish or desire chiefly after what is great and good.— ;Aspiratory, as-pir'a- to-ri, a. Pertainingto Dreathing; suited to the inhaling of air.— Aspirer, as-pir'ftr, n. One who aspires; an aspirant.— Aspir- ing, as-pir!ing, o. Having an, ardent de- sire of power, importance, or excellence; ambitious.— Aspiringly, as-pir'ing-li, adv. In an aspiring or ambitious manner. — Aspiringness, as-pir'ing-nes, n. Asportation, as-pOr-ta'shon, n. [L. aspor- talio—abs, from, and porto, to carry.] A carrying away; specifically, the felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. Asquint, a-skwint', adv. In a squinting manner; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely. Ass, as, n. [A. Sax. assa, a male ass, asse, the female, also esol, asal; GotH; asilus, D. ezel, a. esel, Icel. asni, asna, Dan. ase», Lith. asilas, Gael, asal, W. asyn, L. asin- ■us; ultimate origin unluiown.] A well- known quadruped of the horse family, supposed to be a native of Asia, in parts of which vast troops roam in a wild state; from the slowness and want of spirit of the domestic ass, the type .of obstinacy and stupidity ; hence, a dull, stupid fel- low; a dolt; a blockhead.— Asinine, as'i- nin, a. (L. asininus, from asinus, an ass.] Belonging to or having the qualities of an ass; absurdly stupid or obstinate.— Also Assish, as'ish. Assafuetida, n. Same as Asafetida. Assagai, as'sa-g&, n. fPg. azayaia. As. al- zagaya — al, the, and za jaya-, a Berber word for a kind of weapou.j An instrument of warfare among the Katlirs; a throwing spear ; a species of javelin. Assail, as-sal', v.t. [Fr. assaillir, from L. assilio, to leap or rush upon — ai, to, and salio, to leap, to ribe. Assault.] To fall upon with violence; to set upon; assault; attack, with actual weapons or with argu- ments, censure, abuse, criticism, CTitreat- ies, or the like. .'. Assail is not so strong as assault, which implies more violence, and is more frequently used iti a figui'ative sense.— AssailaDle, as-sal'a-bl.a. Capable of being assailed.— Assailant, as-sal'ant, n. One who assails, attacks, or assaults. — a. Assaulting; attacking. — Assailer, as- - sal'ir, n. One who assails. Assapan, Assapanic, as-sa-pan', as-sa-pan'- ik, n. [American Indian.] A North Ame- rican species of llying-squirrel. Assassin, as-sas'sin, n. [Ar.hashdshin,ha8h- ishin, one who murders when infuriated by hashish, a maddojiiiig drink made from hemp.] One' of a strange sect in Palestine in the time oi the Crusades, the followers of the Old Man of the Mountains, distin- guished for tTieir secret murders; one who kills or attempts to kill by surprise or secret assault; a secret murderer; a cut- throat. — Assassinate, as-sas'sin -at, v.t. — assassinated, assassinating. To kill or attempt to kill by surprise or secret as- sault; to murder by sudden 'violence. — n.J [Fr. assassinat.] An assassin; assassin- ation.— Assassination, as-sas'sin-a"shon,n. The act of assassinating; a killing or murdering by surprise orsecret assault. — Assassinator, as-sas ' sin-at-^r, n. An as- sassin. Assault, as-salt', n. [O.Fr. assault (Fr. as- saut), from L.L. assaults, from L. ad, to, and saltus, a leap, from sdlio, to leap. Assail, insult, result,kc., are akin.] An attack or violent onset ; an onslaught ; a violent attack with the intention of in- juring a person; specifically, a sudden and vigorous attack on a fortified ' post ; a storm. — Assault at arms, a name some- times given to an exhibition of fencing or similar military exercises. —v.*. To fall upon by violence or with a hostile inten- tion; to fall on with force; to assail. As- sail.— Assaulter, as-salt '6r, n. One who assaults. Assay, as-sa', n. [O.Fr. assai, essay, a trial, examination, essayer, to test, from L. ex- agium, Gr. exagion, a weighing — ex, out, ago, to brinfe. Essay is the same word.] Examination; trial; the trial of the good- ness, purity, weight, value, &c., of metals or metallic substances, especially gold and silver, their ores and alloys.— Assay, as- . sa', v.t. To make any assay of; to examine by trial ; to test the purity or metallic constituents of; to attempt, endeavour, essay (Shak.)X. — Assayer, as-sa'er, m. One who assays. Assegai, n. Same as Assagai. Assemble, as-sem'hl, v.t.—assemhled, ass«»?i- bling. [Fr. assembler, from L.L. assiviulo, to assemble — L. ad, to, and simul, toge- ther; akin similar, simulate, assimilate, &c.; same root as E. same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate; to fit together (pieces of mechanism).— r.i. To meet or come together; to gather; to convene; — Assemblage, as-scm'blaj, n. The act of assembling, or state of being assem- bled; a collection of individuals or of par- ticular things; a gathering or company. — Assembler, as-sem'bl-6r, n. One who as- sembles. — Assembly, as-sem'bli, n. [Fr. assemblie.'] A company or collection of human beings in the same place, usually for the same purpose; the name given to the legislative body or one of the divisions of it in various states ; a ball, especially a subscription .ball. — General Assembly, the chief ecclesiastical court of the Estab- lished and of the Free Church of Scotland. Assent, as-sent', n. [O.Fr.ossent— L.ad,and sentio, to think (also in cotisent, dissent, sense, &est,a< the worst); in effect, as coincident with the cause (at the sight); in relation, .a.s existing between two ob- jects {at your command) ; in value {at a shilling a head); also, direction towards (fire at the target). — At large, at libertj'; unconfined; also, generally; as a whole (the country at large). Atacamite, at-a-ka'mit, n. [From A tacama, in Chili.] A copper ore occurring abun- dantly in some parts of S. America. Ataghan, at'a-gan, n. Yataghan. Atavism, at'a-vizm, n. [Ij. atavus, an an- cestor.] The resemblance of offspring to a remote ancestor; the return or reversion among animals to the original type; rued. the recurrence of any peculiarity or diisease of an ancestor. Ataxia, Ataxy, a-tak'si-a, at'ak-si, n. [Gr. a, priv., and taxis, order.] Want of order; disturbance; med. irregularity in the func- tions of the body or in the crisis and parox- ysms of disease.— Ataxic, a-tak'sik, a. Ir- regular ; disorderly ; characterized by ir- regularity. Atchievemeut, at-ch5v'ment, m. A hatch- ment. Ate, at. The preterit of eat (which see). Atechnic,t a-tek'nik, n. [Gr. a, priv., and techne, art.] A person unacquainted with art, especially with its technology. — a. Destitute of a knowledge of art. Atelier, at-le-a, n. [Fr., a workshop.] A workshop; specifically, the workroom of sculptors and painters. A tempo.ii tem'po. [It.| JfMSic, a direction that, after any change of movement, the original movement be restored. Athalamous, a-thal'a-mus, a. [Gr. a, priv., ihalamos, bed.] Bot. not furnished with shields or beds for the spores. Athanasian, ath-a-na'si-an, a. Pertaining to Athaiwsius, bishop of Alexandria,, in the fourth centviry.— Athanasian creed, a creed of the Christian church, erroneously attributed to Athauasius, and also as- cribed to Hilary, bishop of Aries (about 430). It defines the doctrines of the trinity and the incarnation in very precise and emphatic language, declaring dainnation to be the lot of those who do not hold the right faith. Ataeism, a'thg-izm, n. [Gr. atheos, an athe- ist — a, priv. , and theoa, God.] The disbelief of the existence of a God or Supreme in- telligent Being.— Atheist, a'the-istjU. One who professes atheism or disbelief in God. —Atheistic, Atheistical, a-the-ist'ik,a-the- ist'ik-al, a. Pertaining to, implying, or containing atheism ; disbelieving the ex- istence of a God.— Atheistically, a-the-ist'- ik-al-Ii, adv. In an atheistic manner. — Atheisticalness, a-the-ist ' ik-al-nes, n. — Atheize, a'the-iz, v.i. To discourse as an atheist. — v.t. To render atheistic. Atheling, iEtheling, ath'el-ing, eth'el-ing. I A. Sax. cetheling, from lethele, noble=G. edel, noble.] In Anglo-Saxon times, a prince ; one of the royal family ;. a noble- man. Athen»nm,AtIieneuiii,ath-e-ne'um,n. |L., from Gr. Athene, the goddess of wisdom. | An institution for the encouragement of literature and art, where a library, iieri- odicals, &c., are kept for the use of the members. Athenian, a-thS'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Athens, in Greece. — n. A native or inhabi- tant of Athens. Atheous.t a'the-u8, o. Atheistic; impious. [Mil.] Athermanous, a-thir'man-us, a. [Gr. a, priv., and thennain6,to heat, fiomlhemii, heat.] A term applied to those substances which have the power of absorbing radiant heat.— Athermancy, a-th6r'man-si, n. The power or property of absorbing radiant neat. Atheroma, Atberome, ath-e-rO'ma, ath'e- rOm.n. [(Jr., from at/tera, pap.] A species of wen or encysted tumour, whose contents resemble bread - sauce. — Atheromatous, ath-e-ro'mat-us, a. Pertaining to an ath- eroma. Athirst, a-thferst', a. or adv. Thirsty; want- ing drink; having a keen appetite or desire (with for). Athlete, ath'let, n. [Gr. athletes, from atA- Ion, a contest.] One trained to exercises of agility and strength. — Athletic, ath-let'- ik, a. Pertaining to athletes or such exer- cises as are practised by athletes ; strong; robust; vigorous. — Athletics, ath-let'iks, n. pi. Athletic exercises.— Athletically, ath-let'ik-al-li, adv. In an athletic man- ner. — Athleticism, Athletism, ath-let'i- sizm, ath'let-izm, n. The practice of ath- letics; the profession of an athlete. Athwart, a-thwart', pi-ep. Across; from side to side of ; naut. across the line of a ship's course.— acJy. In a manner to cross and perple.x; crossly; wrong. [Shak.] Atilt, a-tilt', adv. In the manner of a tilter; in the manner of a cask tilted up. Atlas, at'las, n. [ Gr. Atlas, one of the Titans, who, according to the legend, bore the earth on his shoulders.] A collection of maps in a volume ; a volume of plates or tables illustrative or explanatory of some subject; the first vertebra of the neck (so named because it supports the head).— Atlantean, at-lan-te'an, a. Per- taining to Atlas; resembling Atlas. — At- lantes, at-lan't6z, n. pi [Gr., pi. of Adas.] Sculptured figures or half figures of men used in the place of columns or pilasters in buildings, supporting or seeming to support some mass above them.— Atlantic, at-lan'tik, a. Pertaining to or descended from Atlas {Mil.); pertaining to that divi- sion of the ocean which lies between Eu- rope and Africa on the east and America on the west (named from Mt. Atlas). Atmidometer, at-mi-dom'et-er, n. [Gr. at- mis, atmidos, vapour, vietron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the eyapo- ration from water, ice, or snow. \li^Aaanj''*'^cV&.lo£Ai^.gigoi„jjebj,-\niJ!i._t<)nL,^^ «A«n.j th, {Aint w, wig; .wb, wAigj" 'Zbiaairaii ATMOLOGY 44 ^ATTENUATE Atmology, at-mol'o-ji, n. [Gr. ah»o«, vapour, Joaos, discourse.] That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapour.— Atmological, at-mo- loj"ik-al, a. Pertaining to atmology. — Atmologist, at-mol ' o-jist, n. One who studies atmology. Atmolysis, at-mol'i-sis, n. [Gr. atmos, va- pour, lysis, a loosing, from ly6, to loose.] A method of separating the constituent elements of a compound gaS, by causing it, to pass through a vessel of porous ma- terial. Atmometer, at-mom'et-^r.'n. [Gr. atmos, vapour, rnetron, measure J An instrument for measuring the quantity of exhalation from a humid surface in a given time; an evaporometer. Atmosphere, at'mos-fer, n. [Gr. ai?nos,va- I>our, and sphaira, a sphere.] The whole mass of aeriform fluid smrounding the earth, and generally supposed to extepd to the height of 40 or 50 miles above its surface; any similar gaseSus envetepe or medium; the amount of pressure of a col- umn of the atmosphere on» a' square inch (=15 lbs.); fig. pervading influence (to live in an atmosphere of doubt). — Atmospheric, Atmospherical, at-mos-fer'ik, at-mos-fer'- ik-al, a. Pertaining to, existing in, or consisting of the atmosphere; caused, pro- duced, or operated on by the atmosphere. —AtniospJietic railu>ay,Si railway, the mo- tive power of which is derived from the pressure of the atmosphere, brought to act when air is exhausted from a tube of uni- form bore, laid from one place to another. Atoll) a-tol', "n. [Name in the Maldire group.] A coral island, consisting of a strip or ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon or lake: such islands are vieiy com- mon in the Pacific Ocean. Atom, at'om. n. [L. atomus, Gr. atomos, an atom, lit. what is indivisible— =a, not, and temno to cut.] An extremely minute par- ticle of matter; a molecule ; a particle of matter so minute as to admit of no divi- sion either mechanical or chemical; hence, anything extremely small; a minute quan- tity (not an atom of sense).— Atomic, a- tom'ik, a. Pertaining to atoms ; consist- ing of atoms; extremely minute. — Atomic philosophy ; a, syatera of philosophy which taught that atoms, by virtue of their own properties, brought all things into being vrithout the aid of a Creator. — Atomic theory, the theory that all chemical com- binations take place in a definito manner between the ultimate particles or atoms of bodies.— Atomical, a-tom'ik-al, a. A- tomic— Atomician,AiomiBt,at-om-i'shan, at'om-ist, n. An adherent of the atomic philosophy or theory. — Atomism, at'om- izm, n. The doctrine of atoms; atomic philosoi>hy. — Atomistic, at-om-ist'ik, a. Pertaining to atomism. — Atomiz^on, at'om-iz-a"shon, n. The process of atomiz- ing or state of being atomized.— Atomize, at'om-iz, v.t. — atomized, atomizing. To re- duce to atoms.— Atomizer, at'om-iz-6r, n. One who or that which atomizes or re- duces to atoms; an apparatus for reducing a liquid into spray for disinfecting, cool- ing, perfuming, &e.— Atomy, at'om-i, n. An atom; a minute creature. [ShaJc.'] Atone, a-ton', v.i. — aton^, atoning. [Com- pounded of at and one, often found- toge- ther in such phrases as ' to be aJ one,' ' to set_at-(j»e.'] To be at onet; to a^ree or accord {Shale.)X; to make reparation, a- mends,x)r satisfaction, as for an offence or a crime. — v.t. To expjate; to answer or mslke satisfaction for; to reconcile, as parties at variance.! —Atonable, a^ton'a- bl, a. Capable of being atoned for; recon- cilable.— Atonement, a-ton'raent, n. The act of atoning, reconciling-, or inakihg reparation; reconciliation after enmity or controversy: specifically, the reconcilia- tion of God -with man through Christ; satisfaction; expiation. — Atoner, a-toa'- it, n. One who makes atonement. Atony, at'o-ni, n. [Gr. atonia—a, priv., tonoa, tone.] Med. a want of tone; defect i of muscular power; weakness of every organ; debiUty.— Atonic, a-ton'ik, a. Med. characterized Dy atony. -^ -•'■ - -^ Atop, a-top', adv. On or at the top. Atrabilitrian, Atrabilarions, at'ra-bi-la"ri- an, af ra-bi-la"ri-us, a. [L. afi'a 6ilis, black bile,] Affected with melancholy, which the ancients attributed to black bile; very bUious.— Atrabilari&n, at'ra-bi-la"ri-an,ji. A person "of an atrabiliar temperament; a hypochondriac- Atrabilarionsness.at'ra- bi-la"ri-us-nes, n. The state of being at- rabilious.- Atrabiliar, Atrabiliary, Atra- bilioiis, at-ra-bil'i-ar,'at-ra-bil'i-a-ri, at-ra- bil'i-us, a. Melancholic or hypochondria- cal; atrabilarian. Atramental, Atramentarious, Atrame&> tons, at-ra-men'tal, at'ra-men-ta"ri-us, at- ra-men'tus, a. [L. airamsntum, ink.] Inky; black as ink. Atrinm, a'tri-um, n. [L.]- The entrance- hall and usually the most splendid apart- ment of an ancient Roman house; zool. the chamber into which the intestine opens in ascidians. Atrocious, a-tro'shus, a. [L. atrox, atrocis, ■ fierce, cruel.] Extremely heinous, crimi- nal, or cruel; enormously or outrageously wicked; enormous; horrible. —Atrociously, a-tro'shus-li, adv. In an atrocious manner. — AtrocipusBess, a-tro ' shus-nes, n. The quality of. being atrocious.— Atrocity, a- tros'i-ti, n. The state or quality of being atrocious; enormous wickedness or cruel- ty; a specific act of extreme heinousness or cruelty. Atropal, Atroi)o\is, at'ro-pal, afro-pus, a. [Gi. a, priv., and trepO, to turn.] Bot. erect: said of an ovule. Atrophy, at'ro-fi, n. [Gr. atrophia^-a^ priv., and trepho, to nourish.] A wasting of the flesh with loss of strength; emaciation. Atropin, Atropine, ait'ro-pin, n. A very poisonous substance obtained from the deadly nightshade. Attach, at-tach', v.t. [Tr. attacker, same ■ word as attoAjuer, to attack, from Arm. tach. It. taca, a peg, a nail=E. tack, a small nail.] To make to adhere; to tie, bind, or fasten; to connect or associate; to gain over, win, charm, or attract; to arrest or seize (a person or goods) by lawful au- thority, as in case of debt, &c. — v.i. To be attache^ or connected, to be joined or bound up with; to belong: vrith to (in- terest aMaches to a subject).— Attachable," at-tach'a-bl, o. Capable of being at- tached".- Attach^, S-ta-sha, n. [Fr.] One attached to an embassy or legation to a foreign court. — Attachment, at-tach'ment, n. The act of attaching;" the state of being attached; close adherence or affection; any passion or liking which binds one person to another or to a place, tabe. tub. bull ; oil, pound; U, 8c. abune— the Fr. w. ATTEST 45 AUGUR Attest, at-test', v.l. [Fr. attester, L. attestor — ad, and testi>r, to witness. Testament, Detest.] To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; to declare the truth of; to manifest (one s joy,&c.). — Attestation, at-test-a'shon, n. Tlie act of attesting; a solemn declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence; testimony.— Attester, Attestor, at-test'fer, n. One who attests. Attic, at'tik, a. [L. Atticus, Gr. Attikoa.] Pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to its principal city, Athens; marked by the (jualities characteristic of the Athenians; as, Attic wit, Attic salt, a delicate wit for which the Athenians were famous. — n. The dialect spoken in Attica or Athens ; the chief literary and most elegant language of ancient Greece; arch, a low story erected over a principal; an apartment in the ujj- permost part of a house, with windows in the cornice or the roof; a garret.— Atticism, at'ti-sizm, n_ A pecujiarity or character- istic of the Attic dialect of Greek; elegance of diction. — Atticize, at'ti-siz, v.t. and i. To conform to the Attic dialect. Attire, at-tir', v.t. — attired, attiring. [O.Fr. attirer, to amy, from prefl.-s at, L. ad, to, and same wonl as G. zier, ornament, A.Sax. tir, splendour, Dan. ziir, ornament.] To dress; to deck; to array; to adorn with elegant or splendid garments.— n. (no pi.). Dress; clothes; garb; apparel. Attitude, at'ti-tud, n. [Fr., from It. atti- tudine, fitness, posture, L.t. aptititdo, fit- ness, L. aptus, fit. Apt.] Posture or posi- tion of a person, or the manner in wnich the parts of his body are disposei ; state, condition, or conjuncture, as likely to have a certain result; aspect (the attitude of af- fairs).— Attltudinal, at-ti-tud'in-al.a. Per- taining to attitude.— Attitudinarian, at- ti-tQd'in-a-'ri-an, n. One who studies or ?iractises attitudes. — Attitudinize, at-ti- ad'in-iz, v.i.— attitudinized, attitudinizing. To assume affected attitudes, airs, or pos- tures. AttoUent, at-tol'lent, a. [L. attoUena, al- tollentis, ppr. of attollo— ad, a.nd tollo, to lift.] Lifting up; raising (an attolent mus- cle). . Attorney, at-t6r'ni, n. [O.Fr. attorn^, pp. of attorner, to transfer — at, L. od, to, and torner, to turn. Turn.] One appointed by another to act in his place or stead; a proxy [Shak.) ; law, one who is appointed or admitted in the place of another to transact any business for him ; one who acts for another, as in a court of law; a solicitor; a law-agent. — Letter or power of attorney, a formal instrument by which one person authorizes another to do some act or acts for him. — v.t.X To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy (Hhak.). — At- tonleyshlp, at-tCr'ni-ship, n. The office of an attorney; agency for another. — At- torney-general, n. The first ministerial law officer of the British crowTQ; the public prosecutor on behalf of the crown. Attract, at-trakt', v.t. [L. attraho, attrac- tum^-ad, to, and traho, to draw, whence tract, treat, trace, &c.] To draw to or to- ward, either in a physical or mehtal sense; to cause to draw near or close to by some influence; to invite or allure; to entjce; to win.— w.i. To possess or exert tho power of attraction ; to be attractive or winning. — Attractability, at-trakt'a-bil"i-ti, n. Tlie quality of being attractable. — Attractable, at-trakt'a-bl,a. Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction.- Attraqter, Attrac- tor, at-trakt'*r, n. One who or that which attracts.- Attractile.t at-trakt'il, a. Hav- ing the power to attract; attractive.— At- traction, at-trak'shon, n. The act, power, or property of attracting; physics,the ten- dency, force, or forces through which all particles of matter, as well as all individual masses of matter, are attracted or drawn towards each other; the inherent tendency in bodies to approach each other, to unite and to remain united; the power or act of alluring,drawing to, inviting, or engaging; allurement; enticement; that which at- tracts; a charm; an allurement. — Attrac- tive, at-trakt'iv, a. [Ft. attractif.] Having the quality of attracting; having the power of charming or alluring; inviting; engag- ing; enticing.— n. That which attracts; a charm or allurement.— Attractively, at- trakt'iv-li, adv. In an attractive manner. —Attractiveness, at-trakt'iv-nes, n. The quality of being attractive or engaging. Attralient,t at'tra-hent, a. [L. attraliens, attrahentis, ppr. of attraJio. Attract. ] Drawing to; attracting; dragging or pull- ing. Attribute, at-trib'Qt, v.t. —attributed, at- tributing. [L. attriouo, attributum—ad, and tribua, to assign.] To ascribe; to im- pute; to consider as belonging or as due; to assign.— Attribute, at'tri-but, n. Any property, q^uality, or characteristic that can be ascribed to a person or thing; fine arts, a symbol of office or character added to any figure (thus the eagle is the attri- bute of Jupiter). — Attributable, at-trib'- Ot-a-bl, a. Capable of being, or liable to be attributed ; ascribable ; imputable. — Attribution, at-tri-ba'shon, n. The act of attributing; that which is nscribed; attri- bute.-^Attrlbtttive, at-trib'u-tiv, a. Per- taining to or expressing an attribute ; gram, coming before the noun it qualifies.' — n. (rrajji. a word expressive of an attri- bute; an adjective. — Attributively, at- trib'Q-tiv-li, adv. Gram, in an attributive manner; used before tho noun. Attrition, at-tri'shon, n. [L. attritio, from altera, attntum, to rub down— ad, to, and tero. tritum, to rub.] The act of wearing or ruboing down; the state of being worn down or smoothed by friction; abrasion. Attune, at -tan', v.t. — attained, attuning. [Prefix at for ad, to, and tune. ] To tune or put in tune; to adjust one sound to another; to make accordant ; fig. to arrange fitly ; to bring into harmony., concord, or agree- ment. £* Atween, a-twen', adv. Between. [Tenn.] Atypic, a-tip'ik, a. [Gr. a, priv., and typua, pe.] Devoid of ' ' " regular. a type.] Devoid of typical character; ir- Anbum, aTitrn, a. [L.L. o?6wrn««, whitish, from L. cilbus, white.] Originally, whitish or flaxen-coloured; now reddish brown or rich chestnut: genorally applied to hair. Auction, ak'shou, »i. ( L. audio, from augeo, auctum, to increase (from the rising in successive bids); allied to Icel. auka, Goth. aukan, E. eke, to increase. Adgment, Auxiliary.] A public sale of property to the highest bidder.— y.t. To sell oy auction. — Anctionary, ak'shon-a-ri, a. Belonging to an auction or public sale.— Auctioneer, ak-shon-Cr'-, n. One whose business it is to sell things by auction.— y.t.t To sell by auction. Audacious, (^-da'shus, a. [L. audax,audaeia, from aiedeo, to dare.] Over bold or daring; bold in wickedness ; insolent; impudent; shameless ; unabashed. — Audaciously, a- da'shus-li, adv. In an audacious manner. — Audaciousness, Audacity, a-da'shus-ncs, a-das'i-ti, n. The quality of being auda- cious; impudence; effrontery; insolence. Audible, a'di-bl,a. [L. audibili8,fT0m audio, to hear; same root as in E. ear.] Capable of being heard; perceivable by the ear; loud enough to be heard. — Audibleness, Audibility, ft'di-bl-nes, a-di-biri-ti,7i. The quality or being audible.— Audibly, a'di- bli, adv. In an audible manner. — Aiidi- ence, a'di-ens, n. [li. audientia.] The act of listening; a hearing; liberty oropportunity of being heard before a person or assembly; an assembly of hearers. Audiometer, a-di-om'et-6r, n. [L. audio, to hear, and Gr. inetron, measure.] An in- strument for testing the sense of hearing. Andiphone, a'di-fon, n. (L. audio, to hear, and Gr. phone, voice.] An instrument for enabling the deaf to hear, essentially con- sisting of a fan-shaped vibratory plate of caoutchouc which is applied to the upper I teeth, through which tlie sound vibrations are conveyed to the auditory nerve. Audit, adit, n. fL.audii,hehear8,orat«JiiM«, a hearing, from audio, to hear. Audible.] An examination into accounts or dealings with money or property by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose; hence, a calling to account; an examina- tion into one's actions; also, an audience or hearingt.— w.t. To make audit of; to ex- amine, as an account or accounts.- Audi- tion, a-di'shon, n. [L. auditU), a hearing.] The act of hearing; a hearing or listening. —Auditor, a'dit-er, n. [L.J A hearer; a listener ; a person appointed and author- ized to audit or examine an account or accounts. — Auditorium, a-di-to'ri-um, n. [L.] In an opera-house, public hall, «c., the space allotted to the hearers. — Audi- tory, a'di-to-ri, a. [L. auditorius.] Re- lating to hearing or to the sense or organs of hearing. — n. [L. auditorium.] An audi- ence; an assembly of hearers; a place for hearing or for the accommodation of hearers; an auditorium.— Auditress.t ft'di- tres, n. A female hearer. [Mil.] Augean, a-jo'an, a. Of or pertaining to the mythical Augeaa, King* of Elis, in Greece. —Aiigean stable, the stable of this king, in which he kept 3000 oxen, and the clean- ing, out of which, after it had rcanained uncleaned for thirty years, was assigned as a task to Hercules, who accomplished it in a single day. Hence cleaning the Augean stables became a synonym for the removal of accumulated nuisances, abuses, &c. Auger, a'g6r, n. [For nauger, initial n having been lost (as in adder, aprow, this word being from A.Sax. nafe-gdr, nafugdr, from na/u, nafa, the nave of a wheel; and gdr, a sharp-pointed thing, a dart or jave- lin. Nave, Gore, to pierce.] An instru- ment for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet, chiefly used by carpen- ters, joiners, &c., and made in a great many forms; instruments on the same plan are used for boring into the soil. Aught, ^t, n. [A. Sax. dwiht, from d for an, one, and wiht^E. whit, wight; lit. a whit, its negative being naught, not a whit.) Anything, indefinitely; any part or quan- tity; anywhit. Augite, a'jit, n. [Gr.owpS, brightness.] The name given to a class •/ minerals, greenish- black, pitch or velvet black, or leek-green in colour,and consisting of silicatesof lime, magnesia, and iron, with alumina in the darker varieties.- Augitlc, ^-jit'ik, a. Per- taining to, consisting of, resembling, or containing augite. Augment, t(g-ment', v.t. [Fr. augmenter, \i. augmento, from augm«ntum, increase, from augeo, to increase. Auction.] To increase ; to enlarge in size or extent ; to swell; to make bigger.— u.i. To increase; to grow larger.— Augment, ag'mOnt, n. In- crease; enlargement by addition f; gram. an increa.se at the beginning of certain inflectional forms of a verb, as the e pre- fixed in certain tenses of the Greek verb, and the ge in the past participle of the German verb — Augmentable, ag-ment'a- bl, a. Capabl8_of being augmented or in- creased.— Augmentation, ag-mcn-ta'shon, n. The act of augmenting; the act of adding to or enlarging; the state or con- dition of being made larger; increase; en- largement; accession; the thing added by way of enlargement; addition. — Aug- mentative, ag-ment'a-tiv, a. Having the quality or power of augmenting. — n. A word formed to e^ipress greatness: opf)osed to a diminutive. — Augmentatively, ag - ment'a-tiv-li, adv. In an augmentative manner; in a manner to augment.— Aug- menter, !ig-ment'6r, n. One who or that which augments. Augur, a'g^r, n. fL. augur, fr. avena, oats.] Belonging to or partaking of the nature of oats. Avenge, a-venj', v.t. — avenged, avenging. .iO.Vr. avengier — prefixa,and Ir. vijidicare, to avenge, vindicate.] To vindicate by in- flicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer; to deal punishment for injury done to: with a person as object; to take satisfaction for, by pain or punishment inflicted on the in- juring party ; to deal punishment on ac- count of: with a thing as object. — Avenge- ment, a-ven j'ment, n. The act of 9.venging. —Avenger, a-venj'6r, n. Onewho avenges; one who takes vengeance. Avens, av'enz, n. 'The popular name of several species of rosaceous plants grow- ing wild : 'common avens is also called herb-bennet. Aventurine,' n. and a. Avanturine. Avenue, av'e-na, n. [Fr., from avenir, to arrive, L. advenio. Advene, Advent.] A passage; a way or opening for entrance; a wide straight roadway or street; an alley or walk planted on each side with trees; Jig. means of access or attainment. Aver, a.-vit, v.t. — averred, averring. [Fr. averer, from L. ad, to, and verus, true.] To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive or peremptory manner; to assert. —Averment, a-v6r'ment, n. The act of averring; affirmation; a positive assertion or declaration. Average, av'6r-aj, n. [Fr. avarie, Sp. aue- via, damage sustained by goods at sea; from Aj'. avAr, defect, flaw, modified by the influence of L.L. averagium. t\iQ car- riage of goods by averia or draught-cattle, a contribution towards loss of thiiigs car- ried, from O. Fr. aver, a work -horse, from L. habere, to have.] A contribution falling on the owners of a ship's freight and cargo, in proportion to their several interests, to make good a loss that has been sustained; a sum or quantity intermediate to a number of different sums or quantities; a, mean or medial amount; a general esti- mate based on comparison of a number of diverse cases; a medium. — a. Exhibit- ing a mean proportion or mean quality; forming an average; medium; not ex- treme; ordinary; cmn. estimated in ac- cordance with the rules of average.— i».t. — averaged, averaging. To find the average of; to reduce to a mean sum or quantity; to show or have as an average or mean (trees average 50 feet in height).— Aver- agely, av'6r-aj-li, adv. In an average way or manner; by taking an average. Avemian, a-v6r'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Avemus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, re- presented by classical poets as the entrance to hell. Avemmcate, av-e-rung'kat, v.t. [L. aver- runco, to avert— a, from, and verrunco, to turn.] To avert. — Averruncation, av e- ,ruag-ka"shon, n. The act of averting; eradication; extirpation; removal. — Aver- runcator, av-e-rung'k&t-fer, n. An imple- ment for pruning trees when their branches are beyond easy re^ch of the hand. Avert, a-v6rt', v.t. [L. averto, aversum, to turn away— a, from, and verto, versum, to turn, whence verse, convert, converse, di- verse, &c.] To turn or direct away from; to turn or to cause to turn off or away (the eyes, calamity, &c.). — Averter, a-v^rt'er, n. One who or that which averts or turns away.' — Averse, a-vers', a. [L. aversus, turned from, pp. of averto.] Turned away from; averted {Mil.); unwilling; having repugnance: now regularly followed by to, not by /rom.— Aversely, a-vtrsli, adv. In an averse manner; with repugnance; unwillingly. — Averseness, a-vers'nes, n. The state of being averse. — Aversion, a- v6r'shon, n. Opposition or repugnance of mind; dislike; disinclination; reluctance; hatred: used absolutely or with to; the cause of dislike; the object ofrepugnance. Avesta, a-ves'ta, n. The sacred writings attributed to Zoroaster; the Zend-avesta. — Avestan, a-ves'tan, n. The language of the Avesta; Zend. Avian, a'vi-an, a. [L. -avis, a bird.] Per- taining to birds.- Aviary, il'vi-a-ri, n. [L. aviarium.] A building "or inclosure for the breeding, rearing, and keeping of birds.- Aviculture, a'vi-kul-tur, n. The breeding and rearing of birds.— Avifauna, a'vi-fft-na, n. A collective name for the birds or avian fauna of a district. — Avi- .form, ft'vi-form, a. Bird-shaped. Avid, av'id, o. [ L. avidus, from aveo, to desire; akin avarice.] Eager; greedy: with 0/. — Avidity, a-vid'i-ti, n. (L. avidUas.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness df desire. - Avizandum, av-i-zan'dum. In Scotland, the private consideration by a judge of a case that has been heard in court. Avocado, av-6-ka'do, n. (.Corrupted froila M'exican name.] The alligator-pear, the fruit of a small tree of the laurel family, common in tropical America and the West Indies. Avocat, av-S-ka, n. [Fr.J An advocate, a . name given to the higher class of Frenib lawyers. Avocate,t av'5-kat. v.t. [LT avoco, avoca- tum — a, from, and voeo, to qp.ll.] To call off or away; to remove from an inferior to a superior court. — Avocation, av-o-ka'shon, n. The act of calling aside or diverting from some object or employment; the au- thoritative removal of a case from an infe- rior to a superior court; that which calls a man away from his proper business; a dis- traction; a hinderance; a man's business, pursuit, or occupation; vocation or calling. — Avocative, a-vok'a-tiv, a. Calling off. Avocet, av'o-set, n. SSime as Avoset. Avoid, a-void', v.t. [Originally to empty; from prefix a, and void.] To make void (in legal phraseology); to shun; to keep away from; to eschew; to evade; to elude (ex- pense, danger, bad company). — v.i. To be- come void or vacant; to retirej; to with- drawt. — Avoidable, a-void'a-bl, a. That may be vacated or annulled; capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped. — Avoidance, a-void'ans, n. The act of an- nulling or making void; the act of avoid- ing or shunning. — Avolder, a-void'6r, h. One who avoids.— A voidless.t a-voidles, a/ Inevitable; certain; unavoidable. Avoirdupois, av-tr'da-poiz", n. [O.Fr. awotr, du pais, to have weight— L. habeo, to have, pensuin, something weighed out. Poise.] A system of weight of which 1 lb. containa Lchj^cfcun;^'v eh, Sc. loch-^ g, go; j, ^ob;^. n, Fr. ton;^ 'ng, sitw;^^ SH, tfien: th, tluuiJstyr,wiB;/fkwh,jwMg}^ zti^javxex AVOSET 48 AZYMOUS 16 oz. , in distinction to troy weight, which has only 12 — the system by which commo- dities in general are weighed. Avoset, avo-set, n. [Fr. avocette. It. avo- cetta.} A wading-bird of the size of a lap- wing, with very long legs, feathers varie- gated with black and white, and a long slender bill bent upwards toward the tip. Avouch, a-vouch', t>.t. IPrefix a (=L. ad, toi, and vouch: O.Pr. avocMer, avocher.] To affirm openly; to avow; to maintain, vindicate, or justify (a statement) ; to es- tablish; guarantee; substantiate. — n.{ Evi- dence; testimony. [SftaA.J-^Avouchable, a-voucn'a-bl,a. Capable of being avouched. — Avoucher, a- vouch '6r, n. One who avouches.— Avonchment, a-vouch'ment, n. The act of avouching; declaration; avowal. Avow, a-vou', v.t. [Fr. avmcer—a (from L. ad, to), and vn a board having at the end nine holes, into which balls are to be struck with a cue or mace.— Bagatelle-board, n. The board or table on which to play at bagatelle. Baggage, bag'aj, n. [Fr. bagage. baggage, O.Fr. bague, a bundle. Bag.] The neces- s.aries of an army, or other body of men on the move; luggage; things required for a journey. Baggage, bag'aj, n. [Fr. bagasse. It. bag- ascia, Sp. bagazo, a strumpet.] A low worthless woman ; a strumpet : now usu* ally a playful epithet applied familiarly to any young woman. Bagnio, baa'yo, n. [It. bagno, from L. balneum, a bath.] A bath; a brothel; a stew. Bah, ba, interj. An exclamation express- ing contempt, disgust, or incredulity. Bail, bal, v.t. fO.Fr. bailler, to bail, to guard, from L. bamlua, a bearer, later a tutor or governor. Hence buiUff.] To lib- erate from arrest and imprisonment, upon security that the person liberated shall appear and answer in court. — n. The per- son or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from custody by becoming surety forvhis appearance in court; the security given for the release: not used with a plural termination (we were his bai?). — Bailable, bal'a-bl, a. Capable of being admitted to bail; admitting of bail (a bailable offence).— Bailer, bal'fer, n. One who or that which bails. — Bail-bond. n. A bond given for the appearance in court of a person who is bailecf. Bail, bal, n. ( O. Fr. baiUe, a palis;ide, from L. bacuhtm, a rod or staff.] A little stick laid on the tops of the stumps iu playing cricket. Bail, bal, v.t. I Fr. haille, a bucket. Armor. bal, a tub.] To free (a boat! from water with a bucket or other utensil. Bailiff, ba'lif, n. [O.Fr. baillif, bculU, from baillir, bailkr, to hold, to govern, L. bajK- tare, to bear, bajulus, a porter. Bail, to liberate. ] A civil oflicer or functionary, subordinate to some one else; an overseer or under-steward on an estate.— Water bailiffs, officers who protect rivers from poachers, and from being fished at illicit seasons.— Bailie, Baillie, ba'li, n. A ma- gistrate in Scotland corresponding to an alderman in England. — Bailiwick, ba'li- wik, n. [-ivick from A. Sax. wic, dwelling, station, L. vicus, a village.] The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff's authority. Bairam, Beiram, ba'ram, bi'ram, n. The name of two Mohammedan festivals, one held at the close of the fast Ramazan, the other seventy days aft«r. Bairn, barn, n. [A. Sax. beai-n, Icel. and Goth, barn; from bear, to bring forth.] A child. [Prov. E. and Sc] Bait, bat, v.t. [From Icel. beita, to make to eat, to feed, to bait a hook— a causative of bita, E. bite.] To give a portion of food and drink to a beast when travelling; to furnish with a piece of flesh or other sul)- stance which acts as a lure to fish or other animals (to bait a hook); to provoke and harass by dogs (as a bull, badger,or bear) ; to annoy.— n.i. To take a portion of food and drink for refreshment on a journey.— ii. A portion of food and drink, or a refresh- ment taken on a joumey; any substance used as a lure to catch fish or other ani- mals; an allurement; enticement. Bait, bat, v.i. [Fr. battre, to beat. Bate.] To clap the wings ; to hover above prey. IShak.l Baize, baz, n. [A modified plural; O.E. bayes, Fr. bale, coarse woollen cloth, origin- ally of a bay colour; from L. badivs, bay- coloured.] A coarse woollen stuff witha long nap, sometimes friezed on one side. Bake, bak, v.t. — baked, baking (old pp. baken). [A. Sax. 6aca»i=Icel. and Sw. baka, Dan. bage, D. bakken, G. backen.] To dr.v and harden by heat, in an oven, kiln, or furnace, or by the solar rays ( as bread, bricks, pottery); to prepare in an oven. — v.i. To do the work of baking ; to dry and harden in heat. — Baker, bak'er, n. One whose occupation is to bake bread, biscuit, &c. — Bakery, bak'Cr-i, n. A place used for the business of baking bread, &c.; a bake- house.— Baking, bak'ing,'n. A quantity baked at once.— Baked-meat, Bake-meat, n. Meat cooked in an oven; a meat-pie. — Bake-house, n. A house or building for baking. Bakshish, Bakshish, bak'shesh, buk'shesh, n. [ Per., from bakkshidan, to give.] A present or gratuity of money: used in. Eastern countries. Balachong, ba'la-chong, n. [Malay.] A sub- stance composed of small fishes or shrimps pounded up with salt and spices and then dried; used in the East as a condiment. Balance, bal'ans, n. [Fr., from L. bilanx — bis, double, and lanx, a dish, the scale of a balance.] An instrument for ascertain- ing the weight of bodies, consisting in its common form of a beam or lever sus- pended exactly at the middle, and having . a scale or basin hung to each extremity of exactly the same weight, so that the beam rests horizontally when nothing is iu either scale or when they &,re loaded witli .equal weights; the excess by which on.^ thing is greater th.an another; suri'lus; tlie difference of two sums; the sum due on an account; an equality of weight, power, advantage,and the Uke; the part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats; the balance-wheel. — v.t. — balanced, balancing. To bring to an equipoise; to keep in equi- librium on a small support; to poise; to compare by estimating the relative impor- i'kU, iiii', ful, ijtll; , lucl, I.^i; paio, pin; uot«, uot, m8ve; tube, tub, bflU; eil, pounds u. Sc. abime— tlio Fr; w. BALANIFEROUS 61 BAN tance or value of ; to weigh ; to serve as a counterpoise to; to settle (an account) by paying what' remains due; to examine (a mercliant's books) by summations and show how debits and credits stand.— w.i. To be in equipoise; to have equal weight or importance; to be employed in finding bal- ances on accounts.— Balancement, bal'ans- ment, n. The act of balancing, or state of being balanced.— Balancer, bal'ans-er, n. One who or that which balances; an organ of an insect useful in balancing the body. — Balance-electrometer, n. An in- strument on the principle of the common balance and weights to estimate the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. — Balance-sheet, n. A statement of the assets and liabilities of a trading concern.— Balance-wheel, n. That part of a watch or chronometer which, like a pendulum, regulates the beat or strike. Balanif erous, bal-a-nif er-us, a. [li. balanus, an acorn, and /ero, to bear.J Yielding or producing acorns. — Balanoid, bal'a-noid, a. Having the form or appearance of an acorn. — n. One of the acorn-shells. Balas, bal'as, ba-las', n. [From Ar. balakhsh, from Badakhshan, in Central Asia.] A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose-red colour, sometimes inclining to orange. . Balaustine, ba-las'tin, n. [Gr. balaustion, a wild-pomegranate flower.) Pertaining to the pomegranate.— iiataicsiine flowers, the dried flowers of the pomegranate, used in medicine as astringents. Balbuties, bal-bu'ti-ez, n. fL. balbuUo, to stammer, balbus, stammering.] The de- fect of speech known as stammering. Balcony, bal'ko-ni , n. ( 1 1. balcone,{iom balco, a scaffold, from O.H.G. balcho, G. ba.lken= E. balk, a beam.] A platform projecting from the front of a building, supported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encom- passed with a balustrade, railing, or para- pet; a projecting gallery in the interior of a building, as of a theatre. — Balconet, bal'ko-net, n. A low ornamental railing to a door or window, projectin g bn t slightly beyond the threshold or sill. — Ealconied, bal'kO-nid, a. Having balconies. Bald, bald, a. [O.E. balled, lit. marked with a white spot; of Celtic origin, comp. Armor. bal, a white mark on an animal's face; Ir. and Gael. baZ.aspot.] Having white on the face (said of aiiimals) ; destitute of hair, especially on the top and back of the head; destitute of .the natural oi' usual covering of the head or top; destitute of appropriate omam'ent; unadorned (said of style or language); bot. destitute of beard or awn. —Baldly, bald'li, ado. Nakedjy; meanly; inelegantly.— Baldness, bald'nes, n. The state or quality of being bald. — Bald-eaglo, Bald-erne, n. The white-headed erne or sea-eagle of America. — Bald - faced, a. Having a white face or white on the face: said of animals. — Bald-head, n. A man bald on the head. [O.T.] Baldachin, Baldashiuo, Baldaqtiin, bal'da- kin, bal-da-ke'no, bal'da-kin, n. [It. 6al- dacchino, Sp. baldaqiiino, from Baldacco, Italian form of Bagdad, where the cloth was manufactured,] A canopv or cover- ing; a canopy on four poles held over the pope; a canopy on four columns over an altar; a canopy over a throne. Balderdash, bal'der-dash, n. (W-bdldordus, prattling, baldordd, prattle.] Senseless prate; a jargon of words; noisy nonsense. Ealdpate, n. Same as Bald-Jiead. Baldi-ick, Baldric, bald'rik, n. [O.E. battd- ric, baldric, &c., O.&r. baudric, fromO.G, balderich, from balz, a belt. Belt.] A broad belt, stretching from the right or left shoulder diagonally across the body, either as an ornament or to suspend a sword, dagger, or horn. Bale, bal, re. [O.Fr. 6ate, the same word as ball, meaning originally a round package.] A bundle.or package of goods. — v.t. — baled, baling._ To make up into a bale or bundle. Bale, bal, v.t.—baUd, baling. To free from water by laving; to bail. Bole, bal, n. [A. Sax. bealu, O. Sax. halu, Icel. bol, calamity, sorrow.] Misery; ca- lamity ; that which causes ruin, destruc- tion, or sorrow.-.-BaJeful, bal'ful, a. FuU of ba'e, destruction, or mischief; destrus- tive; pernicious; calamitous; deadly.-^ Balefvdly, bai'ful-li, adv. In a baleful or calamitous manner.— Balefulness, bal'ful- nes, n. The state or quality of being Bale- ful. Baleen, ba-l5n', n. [Fr. baleine, from L. 6a- Icena, a whale. J The whalebone of com- merce. Bale-fire, bal'fir, n. [A. Sax. bael, fire, flame, a funeral pile ; Icel. bdl, flame, a funeral pile.] A signal-fire; an alarm-fire. Balk.bak.n. [A. Sax. balca,^ balk or ridge, a beam; Icel. balkr, Sv.^. balk, a balk, a par- tition; Dan. bjelke, G. balken, a beam.] A ridge of land left unploughed; an unculti- vated strip of land serving as a boundary; a beam or piece of timber of considerable length and thickness ; a barrier or check ; a disappointment. — v.t. To bar the way of; to disappoint ; to frustrate.— wi. To turn aside or stop in one's course (as a horse). — Bd,lker, bak'er, n. One who balks.— Balk- ingly, bak'ing-li,. adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate. BaU, bal, n. [Fr. balle, from O.H.G. holla, G. ball, Icel. bollr, ball. Bale, a package, is another form, and balloon, ballot are de- rivatives.] A round body; a small spheri- cal body often covered with leather and used in many games ; any part of a thing that is rounded or protuberant ; farriery, a form of medicine, corresponding to the term bolus in pharmacy ; metal, a mass of half-melted iron ; a loop; the projectile of a firearm; a bullet (in this sense also used collectively).— JSaK-a7wi-socA;eO'oini,a joint (as in the human hip) formed by a ball or rounded end playing within a socket so as to admit of motion in all directions.— BaU, bal, v.t. To make into a ball. — v.i. To form or gather into a ball.— Ball-cartridge, n. A cartridge containing a ball, in contra- distinction to blank-cartridge.— 'Bail-coc)i., n. A kind of self-acting stop-cock opened and shut by means of a hollow sphere or ball of metal floating on the surface of a liquid, and attached to the end of a lever connected with the cock. — Ball-proof, a. Impenetrabfe by balls from firearms. Ball, bal, n. [Fr. bal, L.L. ballare, to dance, , to shake, from Gr. oaUizd,to dance. Akin' ballad^ ballet.] A social assembly of per- sons of both sexes for the purpose of danc- ing. Ballad, ballad, n.- fFr. ballade, from L.L. (and It.) ballare, to dance. EALL,a dance, Ballet.] A short narrative poem, especi- ally such as is adapted for singing; a poem partaking of the nature both of the epid and the lyric— Ballad.t bal'lad, v.t. To celebrate in a ballad. [SAai.]— Balladlst, bal'lad-ist, n. A writer or singer of ballads. — Balladize, t bal'lad-iz, v.t. To convert into the form of a ballad. — Ballad-monger^ n. A dealer in ballads ; an inferior poet ; a poetaster.- Ballad-opera, n. An opera in which only ballads are sung. Ballan-wrasse, bal'lan-ras, n. [Lit. spotted- wrasse ; Ir. bal, ball, a spot, Gael, ballach, spotted.] A fish of no great value taken all along the British coasts. Ballast, bal'ast, n. [D. ballast, ballast, literally worthless load (being worthless in itself), from bal -(akin to E. bale, misery), bad, and last, a load. (Last.) In Danish it was modified to baglast, lit. a back-load —baa, back, after, and last, load.] Heavy matter, as stone, sand, or iron, carried in the bottom of a ship or other vessel, to pre- vent it from being readily overset (the vessel being said to lie in ballast when she sails without a cargo); sand carried in bags in the car of a balloon to steady it, and 'enable the aeronaut to lighten the balloon by throwing part of it out; material filling up the space between the rails on a rail- way in order to make it firm and solid ; fig. that which confers steadiness.on a per- son. — v.t. To placeballast in or on (a ship, a railway track); fig. to steady; to counter- balance.— Ballasting, balOast-ing, re. Ma- terials for -ballast; ballast. — Ballast - heaver, n. One who is employed in put- ting ballast on board ships. Ballet, bal-la or bal'let, re. [Fr. ballet. It. balletto. Ball, a dance.] A dance, more . or less elaboratis, in which several persons t?.ke part ; a theatrical representation, in which a story is told by gesture, accompa- nied with dancing, scenery, &c. Ballista, Ballsta, bal-lis'ta, ba-Us'ta; n. pi'. Ballistae, Ballstee, bal-lis'te, ba-lis'te. [L., from Gr. ballo, to throw.] A military en- gine used by the ancients for discharging heavy stones or other missiles especially against a besieged place. — Ballistic, bal- lis'tik, a. Pertaining to the ballista or its use. — Ballistic pendulum, a kind of pendu- lum made to vibrate by the impact of a shot for ascertaining the velocity of mili- tary projectiles,and consequently theforce of fired gunpowder. Balloon, bal-lon', re. [Fr. ballon, an aug. of balle, a ball. Ball.] A large hollow spherical body ; a. very large bag, usually made of silk or other light f abric,vamished with caoutchouc, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, or any other gaseous fluid lighter than common air, the con- tained gas causing it to rise and float in the atmosphere.— Ballooning, bal-lon'ing, n. The art or practice of managing bal- loons.— Ballooni.st, bal-lOn'ist, re. One who manages or ascends in a baDoon; an aero- naut. — Balloon-fish, re. A curious tropical fish, having the power of distending itself by swallowing air and maldng it pass into cavities beneath the skin, causing its spines to erect themselves.. Ballot, ballot, re. [Fr. ballotte, a ball used in voting, dim. of balle, a ball. Ball.] A ball, ticket, paper, or the like, by which one votes, and which gives no indication of who the voter is ; the system of voting by means of this kind. — v.i. To vote or de- , cide by ballot : frequently with /or.— Bal- loter, ballot-er, re. One who ballots or votes by ballot. — BaUot-boz,n. A box for receiving ballots. Balai, bam, »i. [O.Fr. baulrm, Fr. hawme; a centr. of balsam.1 A name common to several species of odoriferous or aromatic trees or shrubs, and to the fragrant medi- cinal exudations from them; any fragrant or valuable ointment; anything which heals, soothes, or mitigates pain. — Bahm, bam, v.t. To anoint as with balm or with anything fragrant or medicinal; to soothe; • to mitigate; to assuage; to heal. — Balmily, bam'i-li,adw. In a balmy manner. — Balxni- ness, bam'i-nes, re. The state or quality of being balmy. — Balmy, bam'i, a. Having the (Qualities of balm; aromatic; fragrant; healing; soothing; assuaging^ refreshing. Balsam, bal'sam, re. [L. batsarrmm, Gr. balsarnon, a fragrant gum.] An oily, aro- matic, resinous substance, flowing sponta- neously or by incision from certain plants and used in medicine and perfumery; balm.— Balsamic, bal-sam'ik, a. Having the qualities of balsam; stimulating;' unc- tuous; soft; mitigating; mild.— re. A warm, stimulating, demulcent medicine, of a smooth and oily consistence; — Balsamic- ally, bal-sam'ik-al-li, adv. In a balsamic manner.— Balsamifcrous, bjil-sam-ifer-us, a. Producing or yielding balm or balsam. Baluster, bal'us-ter, re. [Fr. balustre. It. balaustro, a baluster, from L. balaustium, Gr. balauslion, the flower of the wild pomegranate, being so called from some resemblance of form.] A small column or pilaster, of various forms and dimen- sions, used for balustrades. — Balnstradfi, bal-us-trad', re. [Fr. balustrade.] A row of small columns or pilasters, joined by a rail, serving as an inclosure for altars, balconies, staircases, terraces, &c., or used merely as an ornament. Bambino, bam-bc'no, re. fit., a child.J ' In Catholic countries, the figure of our Sav- iour represented as an infant in swaddling- clothes, often surrounded by a halo, and watched over by angels. Bamboo, bam-bO', re. [Malay.] A tropical plant of the family of the grasses, with large jointed stems, the thickest being much used in India, China, , ion, escom- ^VCh. ehaiu;^ ch, Sc. loch; ^.j(, go; ^ j,yob; jq, Fr. tow;_^ng, 8infr;^'iH, tAen; th, tMn;^w,jpig;/ wh, w)Ug^ 'eh,'a«ure,. BAN 52 BANSHEE munication; Icel. and Sw. bann, proclam- ation ; Dan. band, a ban, bande, to curse. Akin bandit, banish, abandon, &c.] An edict or proclamation in general; an edict of interdiction or proscription; interdic- tion; prohibition; curse; excommunica- tion; anathema; pi. proclamation of mar- riage (Banns). — v.t.— banned, banning. To curse; to execrate; to prohibit; to inter- dict. — v.i. To curse. Ban, ban, n. [Serv. ban, a lord.] A Servian, Croatian, or Hungarian military chief or governor. Banal, ban'al, a. [Fr.] Hackneyed; com- m'^nplace; vulgar. Banana, ba-na'na, n. [Sp., from the native name.] A herbaceous plant closely allied to the plantain, and extensively culti- vated in tropical countries for its soft luscious fruit, which is the staple food of millions of people. Banco, bang'ko, n. [It., a bank. Bank.] Com. bank money or value; the money standard in whfch banks in some countries keep or kept their accounts, in contradis- tinction to the current money of the place; latv, a seat or bench of justice. Baind, band, n. [A. Sax. bend, a band, from bindan, to bind; D. Icel. Sw. and G. band. In sense of body of men, from Fr. bande, G. bande, from same root. Bind.] That which binds together; a bond or rreans of attachment in general; a fetter or similar fastening; a narrow strip or ribbon-shaped ligature, tie, or connection; a fillet? a border or strip on an article of dress; that which resembles a band, tie, or ligature; pi. the linen ornament about the neck of a clergyman, with the ends hanging down in front;- a compaijy of persons united together by some common bond, especially a body of armed men; a com- pany of soldiers; an organized .body of in- strumental musicians; an orchestra. — v.t. To bind with a band; to mark with a band; to unite in a troop, company, or confederacy.— u.i. To associate or imite for some common purpose. — Bandage, ^and'aj, n. A fillet, roller, or swathe used in dressing aod binding up wounds, re- straining hemorrhages, &c.; a band or ligature in general; that which is bound over something else.— v.t— bandaged, ban- daging. To put a bandage on.— Bandbox, band'boks, n. A box made of pasteboard, or thin flexible pieces of wood and paper, for holding bands, bonnets, or other light articles.— Band-fijji, n. A long thin flat fish; ribbon-fish or snake-fish. — Baiided, band'ed, a. Marked by bands or stripes; striped.— Band-master, n. The conductor and trainer of a band of musicians.- Band- saw, re. A saw formed of a long flexible belt of steel revolving on pulleys.- Baiids- man, bandz'man, n. A player in a band of musicians. Bandala, ban-da'la, n. [Native name.] The strong outer fibre of the plant yielding Manilla-hemp, made into cordape, especi- ally .into the wfeU-known Manilla wbite rope. Bandana, Bandanna, ban-dan'a, n. [In- dian name.] A i)eculiar kind of silk handkerchief manufactured by the Hin- dus; any silk and cotton handkerchief having a like pattern, that is, a uniform- ly dyed ground, usually of bright red or blue, ornamented with white or yellow circular, lozenge-shaped, or other simple figures. Bandeau, ban'do, n. pi. Bandeaux, ban'- do. [Fr., dim. from 6ared€, a band.] A fillet worn round the head; a head-band. Banderole, ban'de-rol, n. [Fr. banderole, Sp. banderola, a little banner, from 6a?i- dera, a banner, from G. band. Band.] A little flag or streamer affixed to a mast, a military weapon, or a trumpet; a pennon; a bandrol. Bandicoot, ban'di-kut, n. [Corruption of the Telinga name pandikoku, lit. pig-rat.] A large s) )ecies of rat, attaining the weight of 2 or 3 lbs., anative of India and Ceylon, where its flesh is a favourite article of food among the coolies. Bandit, ban'dit, n. pi. Bandits, Banditti, jbiin'ilits, bandit'ti. [It. bawiito, i;p. di \bandire, L.L. bannire, to banish. "Ban, Banish.] An outlaw ; more commonly a robber; a highwayman. Bandlet, Bandelet, band'let, band'e-let, re. [Fr. bandelette, dim. of bande, a. band.] A small band or fillet or something sinular in shape. Bandog, ban 'dog, re. [Band and dog, lit, bound-dog.] A large, fierce kind of dog, in England generEuly a mastiff, usually kept chained. Bandoleer, ban-do-ler', re. [Sp. bdndolera, Fr. bandouliire, from Sp. banda, a sash. J A large leathern belt, to which v/ere at- tached a bag for balls and a number of cases, each containing a charge of gun- powder, worn by ancient musketeers. Bandoline, ban'dd-len, n. A gummy per- fumed substance used to impart a glossi- ness and stiffness to the hair. "* Bandore, »baxi'dor, re. [Fr., from It. pan- dora, L. pandura, Gr. pandoicra,a, musical instrument ascribed to Pare.] A musical stringed instrument like a lute. Bandrol. band'rol, re. Same as Banderole. Bandy, ban'di, n. [Fr. bamii, bent, from bander, to bepd a bow, to bind, to swathe, from G. band, a band. Band.] A club bent at the end for striking a ball at play; a game played with such clubs.— j).t—6an- digcj, bandying. To beat to and fro, as a bail in play; to toss from one to another; to exchange contentiously; t j give and re- ceive reciprocally (words, compliments). — v.i. To contend; to strive. [SAafc.]— Bandy, ban'di; a. Bent, especially having a bend or crook outwards: said of a person's legs. — Bandy-legged, a. Having bandy or crooked legs. Bane,- ban, re. [A. Sax. tana, destruction, death, bane; Icel.fcani. Dan, and Sw. bane, O.H.G. bana; allied io Gr. phonos, mur- der.] Any fatal cause of mischief, injury, or destruction; ruin; destruction; deadly poison —Baneful, han'ful, a. Destructive; pernicious; poisonous. — Banefully, ban'- ful-li, adv. In a baneful, manner.— Bane- fulness, ban'ful-nes, re. The quality of being baneful. — Bafie-wort, re. A poison- ous plant; belladonna or deadly-night- shade. Banf , bang, v.t. [Comp. Icel. bang, a knock- ing ; G. bdngel, a club, the clapper of a bell; D. bangel, a bell.] To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to thump; to cudgel; to beat or handle roughly or with violence (Shak.); to bring a loud noise from or by, as in slamming a door, and the like.— v.i. To resound with a loud noise; to pro- duce a loud noise; to thump violently. — re. A loud, sudden, resonant sound; a blo'w as with a club; a heavy blow. Bang, re. Bhang. Bangle, bang'gl, re. An ornamental rin,; worn upon the arms and ankles in India and Africa. Banian, ban'i-an, re. [Hind, baniya, Skr. banija, a merchant.] An Indian trader or merchant; more particularly one of tha great "traders of Western 'India, who wear a-peculiar dress and are strict in the ob- servance of fasts. Hence— £areiare days, days in which sailors have no flesh-meat served out to them; days of poor fare. Banian, ban'yan, re. A tree, the banyan. Banish, ban'ish, v.t. [Fr. bannir, ppr. ban- nissant, to banish, from L.L. bannire, to proclaim, denounce, from O.H.G. bannan, to proclaim. Ban.] To condemn to exile; to send (a person) from a country jis a punishment; to drive away; to exile; to cast from the mind (thoughts, care, busi- ness).— Banisher, ban'ish-fer, re. One who banishes. — Banishment, ban'ish-ment, re. The act of banishing; the state of being banished; enforced absence; exile. Banjo, ban'jo, re. [Negro corruption of ban- dore.] A musical instrument having six strings, a body like a tambourine, and a neck like a guitar. Bank, bangk, re. [A. Sax. banc, a bank, a hillock, also bene, a bench; Sw. and Dan. banJc, bank, Icel. bakki (for banki), D. and G. bank, a bank, a bench. In sense of establishment dealing in money the word is directly from the Fr. banque, a banking establishment; It. banco, a bench, counter, a baak, this being from the German. Bench is the same word.] A mound or heap of earth; any steep acclivity, as on» rising from a river, the sea, or lorming the side of a ravine or the like ; a rising ground in the sea, partly above water or covered everywhere with shoal water; a Ehoal; the face of coal at which miners are working; a bench or seat for the rowers in a galley; one of the rows of oars; an estab- lishment which trades in money; an es- tablishment for the deposit, custody, re- mittance, and issue of money; the office in which the transactions of a banking company are conducted; the funds of a gaming establishment ; a fund in certain games at cards.— y.<. To inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank; to lay ui.. or deposit in a bank. — v.i. To deposit; mioney in a bank.— Bankable, bangk'a-bl, a. Keceivable or discountable at a bank. — Banker, bangk'fer, re. One who keeps a bank; one who traffics in money, receives and remits money, negotiates bills of ex- change, &c.— Banking, bangk'ing, re. The business or profession of a banker; the system followed by banks in carrying on their business.— Bank-agent, re. A person employed by a bank to conduct its bank- ing operations in a branch office.— Bank- book, re. The book given to a customer, in which the officers of the bank enter his debits and credits.— Bank-note, n. A pro- missors' note issued by a banking company payable in gold or silver at the bank on demand. — Bank-stock, a share or shares in the capital stock of a iDank. Bankrupt, bangk'rupt, re. [Bank, a bench, and L. r«piws, broken, lit. one whose bench has been broken, the bench or table which a merchant or banker formerly used in the exchange ha,ving been broken on. his bankruptcy.] A person declared by legal authority unable to pay his debts; popu- larly, one who has wholly or partially failed to pay his debts; one who has com- pounded with his creditors; an insolvent. — a. Insolvent; unable to meet one's obli- gations. — Bankruptcy, bungk'rupt-si, re. The state of being a bankrupt; inability to pay all debts;, failure in trade. Banlieue, ban'lH, n. [Fr. ban, jurisdiction, and lieiie, a league, a district of indeter- minate extent.] The territory without the walls, but within thelegal limits of a town or city. Banner, ban'6r, n. [Fr. bannUre, L.L. banderia, from oaredum, banner, standard, from' G. band, a band or strip of cloth, from birvdeif, to bind.] A piece of clotti usually bearing sotne warlike or heraldic device or national emblem, attached to the iippewpart of a pole or 8taff;'an ensign ; a standard; a fljig.- Banneral, Bannerol, ban'^r-al, ban'*r-ol, re. A little flag; a banderole.— Bannered, ban'^rd, a. Fur nished with or bearing a banners display- ing baJiners. [JIfiJ.]— Banneret, ban'er-ei, re. A higher degree of knighthood con- ferred on the field for some heroic act; the person upon whom the degree was con- ferred, of a rank intermediate between a baron and a knight. Banns, banz, re. pi. [See Ban.] The pro- clamation in church necessary to consti- , tute a regular marriage, made by calling over the names of the parties intending matrimony. Banquet, bangTcwet, re. [Fr. banquet, dim. of barique, a bench, a seat, and hence a feast. Bank.] A feast; a rich entertain- ment of meat and drink; fig. something specially delicious or enjoyable.— v.t. To treat with a feast or rich entertainment. ~^v.i. To feast; to regale one's self; to fare daintUy.— Banqueter, bang'kwet-fer, re. A feaster ; one who provides feasta or rich entertainments. Banquette, ban-ket, re. [Fr., from banc, a bench, a bank.] Fort, a little raised way or bank running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers or riflemen stand to fire upon the enemy in the moat or covere<^way; the footway of a bridge when raised above the carriage-way. Banshee; Benshi, ban'shs, ben'shi, re. [Ir. bean-sith, Gael, ban-silh, from Ir. and GaeL bean, 6an,woman, and sitA,fairy.] A kind of female fairy believed in Ireland and soma parts of Scotland to attach herself to a par- \Fate, fkr, fat, fftlh A«n6, met, h«r;^ pine, pin;^.n5te, not, jnOves^tdbe, tub, b\»ll; oil, pound;^^tlt^Sc..ab«ne!r:the Fr. «.< BANTAM 53 BARGE tioular house, and to appear before the death of one of the family. Santam, ban' tarn, n. A small but spirited breed of domestic fowl with feathered slianks, first brought from the East Indies, and supposed to derive its name from Bantam in Java.— ct. Pertaining to or re- Ksmblins the bantam; of the breed of the •bantam; henoe, diminutive; puny. Banter, ban'tfer, w.t. [Origin unknown.] To addre.ss humorous raillery to; to attack ■with jokes or jests; to make fun of; to rally. —n. (no pi.) A joking or jesting; humorous raillery; pleasantry with which a person is attacked. - Banterer, ban'tfer- er, 71. One who banters. Bantling, bant 'ling, n. [Probably from band, a wrapping, and the dim. suffix -ling, meaning properly a child in swaddling clothes.] A young child; an infant: a term carrying with it a shade of con- tempt. Banxring, bangks'ring, n. [Native name.] The popular name of certam squirrel-like insectivorous mammals of the Bast. Banyan, Banyan-tree, ban'yan, n. [From the connection of one 'such tree with cer- tain banians or Indian merchants.] An Indian tree of the fig genus, remarkable for its horizontal branches sending down shoots which take root when they reach the ground and enlarge into trunks, which in their turn send out branches; the tree in this manner covering a prodigious ex- tant of ground. Banyan, ban'yan, n. A native Ipdian mer- chant. Banian. Baobab, ba'5-bab, n. [The name in Sene- gal.] A large Airicah tree usually from 40 to 70 feet high, and often 80 feet in diameter, having an oblong pulpy fruit called. moukey -bread; "the sour-gourd or calabash-tree. Baphomet, baf'o-met, n. [A corruption of Mahomet.] The imaginary idol or symbol which the Templars were accused of ei5a- ploy ing in their mysterious rites.— Bapho- metic, baf-o-met'ik, a. Of of pertaining to Baphomet or to the rites in which it was supposed to be employed. [Carl.] Baptism, bap'tizm, n. (Gr. baptiama, from baptize, to baptize, from baptO, to dip in water. ] The application of water by sprinkling or immersion to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony. — Bap- tismal, bap-tiz'mal, a. Pertaining to bap- tism. — Baptismally, bap-tiz'mal-li, adv. In a baptismal manney.- Baptist, bap'- tist, n. [Gr. baptistSs.] One who adminis- ters baptism: specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ; as a contraction of Anabaptist, one who objects to infant baptism.— Baptistery, bap'tis-tfer-i, n. A building or a portion of a building in which is administered the rite of baptism. — Baptistic, Baptistical.t bap-tis'tik, bap- tis'tik-al, a. Pertaining to baptism. — Baptistically.t bap-tis'tik-al-li, adv. In a baptistical manner. — Baptizable, bap- tiz'a-bl, a. Capable of being baptized. — Baptize, bap-tiz', v.t.— baptized, baptizing. [Gr. baptizO.] To administer the sacra- ment of baptism to; to christen.— Baptizer, bap-tiz'er, n. One who baptizes. Bar, biir, n. [Fr. barre; from the Celtic; W. and Armor, bar, the top branch of a tree, a rail, a bar. Barrier, barrister, barricade, embarrass, &c., are derivatives.] A piece of wood, metal, or other solid matter, long in proportion to its thickness; a pole; a connecting piece in various posi- tions and structures, often for a hinder- ance or obstruction; anything which ob- structs, hinders, or impedes; an obstruc- tion; an obstacle; a barrier; a bank of sand, gravel, or earth forming an obstruction at the mouth of a river or harbour; the rail- ing inclosing the place which counsel oc- cupy in courts of justice; the place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraign- ment, trial, or sentence; all those who can Ijlead in a court; barristers in general; the profession of barrister; the railing or parti- tion which separates a space near the door from the body of either house of parlia- ment; a tribunal in general; the inclosed place of a tavern, inn, or other establish- ment where liquors, &c., are served out; the counter over which such articles are served out; music, a line drawn perpen- dicularly across the staff dividing it into equal measures of time ; the space and notes included between two such lines. — v.t.— barred, barring. To fasten with a bar or as with a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; to restrain; to ex- cept; to exclude by exception; to provide with a bar of bars; to mark with bars; to cross with one or more stripes or lines. — Bar-maid, n. A maid or woman who serves at the bar of an inn or other place of re- freshment.— Bar-room, n. The room in a public-hou»e, hotel, &c., containing the bar or counter where refreshments are served out. — Bar-shot, n. A double shot consisting of two round-shot united by a bar.— Bar-wood, n. A kind of red dye- wood from Africa. Barb, barb, n. [Fr. barbe, L. barba, beard.] The sharp point projecting backwards from the penetrating extremity of an ar- row, fish-hook, or other instrument for piercing, intended to prevent its being ex- tracted; & barbel; a beard.— o.i. To shave or dress the bearat; to furnish with barbs, as an arrow. Barb, barb, n. [Contr. froai Barbary.] A horse of the Barbary breed, remarkable for speed, endurance, and docility. Barbacan, BarbicaQ, bar'ba-kan, biir'bi- kan, m. [JPr. bdrbacane. It. barbacane, from Af. bM-khdnah, a gateway or gate- house.] A kind of watch-tower; an ad- vanced work defending the entrance to a castle or fortified town, as before the gate or drawbridge. Barbadoes Tar, bar-ba'doz, n. Petroleum or mineral tar found in some of the West Indian islands. Barbarian, bar-bS'ri-an, n. [L. barbarus, from Gr. barbaros, one whose language is unintelligible, a foreigner.) A foreigner { (N.T.); a man in his rude savage state; an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity.— a. Of or pertaining to sava^s; rude; un- civilized; cruel; inhuman.— Barbaric, bar- bar'ik, a. Of or pertaining to, or charac- teristic of a barbarian; uncivilized; savage; wild; ornate without being in accordance with sound taste. — Barbarism, bar'bar- izm,n. An uncivilized state; want of civi- lization ; rudeness of manners ; an act of barbarity, cruelty, or brutality; an out- rage; an offence against purity of style or language ; any form of speech contrary to correct idiom.— Barbarity, bar-bar'i-ti, n. The state of being barbarous ; barbarous- ness; savageness; ferociousness; inhuman- ity; a barbarous act.— Barbarization, bar'- bar-iz-a"shon, n. The act or process of rendering barbarous or of becoming bar- barous. — Barbarize, bar'bar-iz, v.t. To become barbarous. — v.t. To make barba- rous. — Barbarous, bar'ba-rus, a. Unac- quainted with arts and civilization ; \m- civilized ; rude and ignorant; pertaining to or characteristic of oarbarians; adapted to the taste of barbarians; barbaric; cruel; ferocious; inhuman. — Barbarously, bar'- ba-rus-li, adv. In a barbarous manner; without knowledge or arts ; savagely ; cruelly ; ferociously ; inhumanly. — Bar- barousness, bar'ba-rus-nes, n. The state or quality of being barbarous; barbarity. Barbe, Barb, barb, n. [For barde, Fr. barde, Sp. albarda, from Ar. barda'a, a pad, a covering for a horse's back.] One of the ornaments and housings of a horse; one of the pieces of defensive armour with which the war-horses of knights were anciently clad.— Barbed, barbd, p. and a. Furnished with or clad in barbes or armour. Barbecue,t bar'be-ka, n. [Conjectured to be from Fr. barbe-d-queue, from beard to tail: more probably from Carib barftacoa, a kind of large gridiron.] A hog or other large animal dressed whole ; a terrace partly or wholly surrounding a house.— 1;.<. — barbe- ciced, barbecuing. To dress and cook whole by splitting to the backbone and roasting on a gridiron. Barbel, bar'bel, n. [O.Fr. barbel, from L. 6ar6«8^a barbel (the fish), from barba, a beard. In sense of appendage it is rather for barbule.] A fresh-water fish having four beard-like appendages on its upper jaw; a vermiform process appended to the mouth of certain fishes, serving as an organ of touch. Barber, barTafer, n. [Fr. barbier, from barbe, L. barba, a beard.] One whose occupa- tion is to shave the beard or to cut and dress hair. — v.t. To shave and dress the hair of. [Skak.] Barberry, bar'be-ri, n. [Fr. berberis, from At. barbiXrig, the barberry, but the spel- ling has been modified so as to give the word an English appearance. J A shrubby plant bearing small acid and astringent, red berries, common In hedges. Barbet, bar'bet, a. [Fr. barbet, from L. barba, a beard.] A variety of dog having long curly hair; a poodle; one of a group of climbing birds, approaching the cuc- koos, having a large conical beak, and at its base tufts of stiff bristles. Barbette, bar-bet', n. [Fr.] The platform orbreastworkofafortification, from which the cannon may be fired over the parapet instead of through an embrasure. Barbican, n. Bakbacan. Barbule, bar'bQl, n. [L. barbula, dim. of barba, a beard.] A small barb; a little beard. Barcarolle, bar'ka-rol, n. [Fr., from It. barcarolo, a boatman, from barca, a boat or barge.] A simple. song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers; a piece of instru- mental music composed in imitation of such a song. Bard, bard, n. [Celtic] A poet and singer among the ancient Celts; a poet generally. — Bardic, bard'ik, a. Pertaining to bards or to their poetry.— Bardish, biird'isb, a. Pertaining to bards; written by a bard.— Bardlsm, bard'izm, n. The learning and maxims of bards.— Bardling, bard'ling, n. An inferior bard; a mediocre poet. — Bard- Bhlp, bard'ship, n. The state or quality of being a bard. Bare, bar. Old pret. of bear, now Bore. Bare, bar, a. [A. Sax. beer, Icel. ber, Sw. Dan. bar, D. baar, G. bar, baar, probably from root meaning shining seen in Skr. t/id*, toshine.J Naked; witnout covering; laid open to view; detected; no longer con- cealed; poor; destitute; indigent; ill-sup- plied; empty; unfurnished; unprovided: often followed by of {bare of money); threadbare; -much worn. — v.t. — bared, bar- ing. To strip off the covering from ; to make naked.— Barely, bar'li, adv. In a bare manner; nakedly; poorly; without de- coration jscarcely;hardly. — Bareness, bar"- nes, n. The state of being bare; want of clothing or covering; nakedness; defici- ency of appropriate covering, ornament, and the hke; poverty; indigence.— Bare- backed, bar'bakt, a. Having the back uncovered; unsaddled.— Bareboned, bar'- bond, a. Having the bones scantly cov- ered with flesh; verylean.— Barefaced,bar'- fast, a. Having the face uncovered; hence undisguised: unreserved; shameless; im- pudent; audacious {barefaced robbery). — Barefacedly, bar'fast-li. adv. In a bare- faced manner; openly; shamelessly; impu- dently. — Barefacedness, bar'fast-nes, n. Effrontery; assurance. — Barefoot, Bare- footed, bar'fut, bar'fut-ed, a. and adv. With tne feet bare; without shoes or stock- ings, i Barege, ba-razhj n. [From Bariges, a village of the Pyrenees.] A thin gauze- like fabric for ladies' dresses, usually made of silk and worsted, but, in the inferior sorts, with cotton instead of silk. • i Bargain, b&r'gin, n. [O.Fr. bargains, L.L. barcania, a bargain, traffic; believed to be from L.L. barca, a bark.] A contract or agreement between two or more parties; a compact settling that something shall be done, sold, transferred, &c.; the thing purchased or stipulated for; what is ob- tained byan agreement; something bought or sold at a low price. — v.i. To make a bargain or agreement; to make an agree- ment-about the transfer of property.— 1>.<. To sell ; to transfer for a consideration: fenerally followed by away. — Bargainer, ar'gin-6r, n. .One who bargains or stipu-j lates. '" 5^ ^'t>^t.i Barge, barj', n.'^ [O.Fr. harge^Jj.^barsrial ch, chiiay- cA^Sc.Jfi£A^*5l4?oi'^ j.iobi'^ii. Fr^to»i>^iis si»ei''< iH^ttenjJbj feinijltwiwisi/* vbvttAigj' 'sb^uum BARILLA 54 BARYTA barga, Uo-ca, hark. Tarqie.! A vessel or boat elegantly fitted up and decorated, used on occasions of state and pomp; a flat-bottomed vessel for loading and un- loading ships or conveying goods from one place to another.— Bargee, barj'g.?i. One of the crew of a barge or canal-boat. — Bargeman, barj'mau, ?i. The man who manages a barge. Barilla, ba-ril'la, n. [Sp.) An impure soda or carbonate and sulphate of soda obtained in Spain and elsewhere by burning several species of plants; a kind of kelp; Spanish soda. Baritone, bar 'i- ton, n. and o. Same as Barytone. Barium, ba'ri-um, n. [Gr. harys, heavy. Baryta.] The metallic basis of baryta (which is an oxide of barium); a metal as yet obtained in very small quantities. Bark, bark, n. {Dan. and Sw. hark, IceL borkr, G. borke, bark.] The outer rind of a tree, shrub, &c.; the exterior covering of exogenous plants, Composed of cellular and vascular tissue.— y.J. To strip bark off; to peel; to apply bark to; to treat with bark in tanning. — Barker, bark'fer, n. One who barks; one who removes the bark from trees. —Bau:kery,bark'^r-i,n. A tan- house, or place where bark is kept. — Bark- bed, Bark-stove, n. A bed formed of the spent bark used by tanners, which is placed in the inside of a brick pit in a glazed house, constructed for forcing or for the growth of tender plants. — Bark- mill, n. A mill for crushing bark for the use of tanners and dyers. Bark, bark, n. Same as Barque. Bark, bark, v.i. [A. Sax. beorcan.^ To emit the cry of a dog, or a similar sound. — n. The cry of the domestic dog; a cry re- sembling that of the dog.— Barker, bark'- er, n. An animal that barks; a person who clamours unreasonably. Baxkantine , bark'an-tin, n. Same aS Bar- qtiantiiie (which see). Barker's Mill, n. A machine driven by water; a kind of simple turbine. . Barley, bar'li, n. [O.E. barlic, berlic, from A. Sax. here (=Sc. bear), barley, and leac, a plant (also a leek); comp. garlic.] A kind of grain commonly grown and used es- pecially for making malt; the plant yield- ing the grain.— Barleycorn, bar'li-kom, n. A grain of barley; a measure equal to the third part of an inch.— Barley-stigar, n. Sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley), and candied.— Barley-water, n. A decoction of pearl- barley used in medicine as an emollient. Barm, barm, n. [A. Sax. 6eojT)ia=Sw. Mr- ma, Dan. Mrme, L. G. barine, G. bdrme, barm; from root of brew.] Yeast. — Barmy, biirm'i, a. Containing or consisting of barm; frothy, as beer. Bam, bam, n. [A. Sax. berern—bere, bar- ley, and em, a house.] A covered building for securing grain, hay, or other farm pro- duce.— f.f. To store up in a bam.— Barn- owl, n. The common white owl often found in bams, where it proves very use- ful by destroying mice. Barnacle, bar'na-kl, n. fFr. bemacle, bar- nacle, I/.L. bemacula, for pemacula, dim. of L. pema, a ham, a kind of sheU-fish. In sense of goose origin doubtful.) A stalked cirriped, often found on the bot- toms of ships, on timber fixed below the surface of tne sea, &c.; a species of ^oose found in the northern seas, but visiting more southern climates in winter. Barnacles, bar'na-klz, n. pi. [Origin un- known.] An instrument to put upon a horse's nose, to confine him for shoeing, bleeding, or dressing; a cant name for a pair of spectacles. Barograpn, bar'o-graf, n. [Gr. 6aro«, weight, and grapho, to write.] A self -registering barometric instrument for recording the variations in the pressure of the atmo- sphere. Barometer, ba-rom'et-6r, n. [ Gr. baros, weight, and j)iei>iiig into a cup containing the Hanie metal ; nie mercury in the tulx?, having a vacuum alx)ve it, rises and falls according to the varjing pressure of the air on the mercury in the cup. In the aneroid barometer no fluid is used. — Barometric, Barometrical, bar-o- met'rik, bar-o-met'rik-al, a. Pertaining or relating to the barometer; made by a barometer. — Barometrically, bar-o-met'- rik-al-li, kdv. By means of a barometer. Baron, bar'on, n. [Fr. barassdon. Bassorine, bas'so-rin. n. A substance ex- tracted from gum-tragacanth and gum of Bassora (which is alm.ost entirely com- posed of it), by treating these gums suc- cessively with water, alcohol, and ethe». IcbtCtakm;/^ Sh, Sc. locA; ^ g^ yoj ^i^ j. job; ^ n . Tr. tony ng, aii^i^^^jUj^ then; th, thia; w, trig; wh, whig; zh, a*ure. bass-relief 58 BATTLE Brss-reltef, bas ns-lef, n. Bas-reui.f. Bast, bast, Ji. [A. Sax. bcBsl—lcel. Sw.'D. JJan. and G. bast, bark, perhaps from root of bind.] The inner bark of exogenous trees, especially of the lime, consisting of stfvc-ral layers of fibres.; rope or matting made of this. Basta, baa'tu, interj. [It.] Enough ! stop ^ [Sliuk] Bastard, bas't-6rd, n. [O.Fr. bastard, from bant (Pr. hiUl, a pack-saddle, with the com- riion terruinatiou -ard added to it, refer- ring to the old locution fits de ba8t,^on of a pack-saddle, the old saddles being often nsfcd by way of bedsortoseireas pillow*.] A natural child; a child begotten and borti out of wedlock; an illegitimate or spurious child: what is spurious or inferior in qualitj"; a kind of impure, soft, brown fugar; a Itind of sweet, heady Spanish wine (i'/iot.l. — a. Begotten and bomoutof lawful matrimony; illegitimate; spurious; not genuine; false; adulterate; impure; not of the first or usual order or character. — Bastardism.J bas'tfird-izm, n. Bastardy. — Bastardize, bas'terd-i8,t;.t.—fca«ta7"(/i^e(<, hastardiztng. To make or prove to be a bastard.— Bastardly, bas'terd-li, a. Bas- t:ird; spurious. — Bastardy, bas't6rd-i, n. The state of being a bastard, or begotten and bom out of lawful wedlock. — Bastard- wing, n. A group of stiff feathers attached to the bone of a bird's wing that represents the thumb. Ea^te, bast, v.t. — basted, basting. [Allied to Icel. bei/sta, to strike, to beat, Dan. boste, to beat. As term in cookery the origin may be different.] To beat with a stick ; to cudgel ; to give a, beating to ; to drip butter or fat upon meat in roasting it. Baste, hast, v.t. [O.Fr. bastir, lit. to sew with hast, the fibres of bast having been u«ed as thread. Bast.] To sew with long stitches, and usually to keep parts together temporarily; to sew slightly. — Basting, bast'ing, n. The long stitches by which pieces of garments are loosely attached to each other. Bastile, Bastille, bas-teV, n. [Fr. bastilU, a fortress, O.Fr. bastir, to build.] A tower or fortification. — The BastiUe,a,n old castle in Paris used as a state prison, demolished by the enraged population in 1789. Bastinado, bas-ti-na'do, n. [Sp. bastonada, from baston, a stick, a baton.] A sound I'cating with a stick or cudgel ; a mode of punishment in oriental countries, especi- ally Mohammedan, by beating the soles of the feet with a rod. — v.t. To- beat with a stick or cudgel; to beat on the soles of the feet, as a judicial punishment. Bastion, bas'ti-on, n. [Fr. and Sp. bastion, from O.Fr. and Sp. bastir, Fr. baiir, to build.] Fort, a huge mass of earth, faced with sods, brick, or stonesi standing out with an angular form from the rampart at the angles of a fortification.— Bastion- ary, has ' ti-on-a-ri, a. Pertaining to or consisting of bastions. — Bastioned, bas'ti- ond, a. Provided with bastions. Bat, bat, n. [A Celtic word: Ir. and Armor. bet, a stick.] A heavy stick or club; a piece of wood shaped somewhat like the broad end of an oar, and provided with a round handle, used in driving the ball in cricket and similar games; a batsman or batter; a piece of a brick; a brickbat. — v.i. — batted, batting. To manage a bat or play with one at cricket.— Batlet, Batlei::, bat'- let, batler, n. [Dim. of bat.] A small bat or square piece of wood with a handle for beating linen when taken out of the >)uck.— Ektsman, Batter, bats'man, bat'^r, 71. Cricket, the player who wields the bat. Bat, bat, n. (Corruption of O.E. back, bale; Sc. bak, hakie-bird, a bat, Dan. bakke (in aften-bakke, a bat, lit. evening-bird), the word having lost an I, seen in Icel. lethr- hlaka, ' leather-flapper,' a bat, from blaka, to flutter.] One of a group of mammals possessing a pair of leathery wings which extend between the fore and the posterior limbs, the former being specially modified for flying, the bones of the fore-feet being extremely elongated.—Batty,bat'i, a. Per- taining to or resembling a bat. [Shak.] — Bat-fowUng, n. A mode of catching biitls at night by means of a light and nets; the bird* bein4 i-ovsoi I'y towavdu the light and are entangled in the nets. Batavian, ba-ta.'vi-an, a. [From L. Batavi, a people anciently inhabiting an island at the rdouth of the Rhine.] Pertaining to Holland or its inhabitants, or to Batavia in Java the capital of the Dutch East lndie,s.— n. A Dutchman or inhabitant of Batavia. Batch, bach, n. [From the verb to bdke.l The quantity of bread baked at one time; any quantity of a thing made at once; a number of individuals or articles similar to each other. Bate.t bat, n. [Abbrer. of d£hate.'\ Strife; contention. [Shak.] Bate, bat, v.t.—^ated, bating. [Abbrev. of abate.] To abate, lessen, or reduce; to leave out; to take away; to weaken, dull, or blunt {Shak.)*.—v.i,.l To grow or become less; to lessen.— Bating, bat'ing, ppr. used as prej). Abating; taking away; deduct- ing; excepting.— Batement, b&tment, n. Abatement. Bateau, ba-to', n. [Fr.] A light broad and flat boat used in Canada; also the pontoon of a floating bridge. ' Bath, bath, n. [A. Sax. bceth, a bath-Icel. bath, Dan. D.G. bad; from root of bake; tost is akin.) The immernon of the body or a part of it in water or other fluid or medium; a vessel for holding wat-er in which to plunge, or wash the body ; an apparatus or contrivance for exposing the surface of the body to water or other diffu- sible body (as oil, medicated fluids, steam, &c.!; a building in which people may bathe; an apparatus for regulating the heat in chemical processes, by interpos- ing a quantity of sand, water, &c., be- tween the fire and the vessel to be heat- ed.— iTntpftt* of the Bath, a British order of knighthood instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. in 1399, and revived by George I. in 1725. It received this name from the candidates for the honour being put into a bath the preceding evening, to denote a purification or absolution from evil deeds.— Bathe, baTH,j;.t.— 6a)y gills. — Batrachian, ba-tra'ki-an, a. Pertaining to the Batrachia. — n. Oneof theBatnichia. — Batrachoid, bat'ra-koid,a. Having the form of a frog ; pertaining to the Batra- chia. Batta, bat'ta, n. An allowance made to British officers serving in the East Indies over and above their pay. Battalion, bat-tal'yon, ii. [Fr. bataUlon, It. battaglio^te, aug. of battaglia, a battle or body of soldiers. Battle.] A body of in- fantry, varying from about 300 to 1000 men, and usually forming a division of a regiment.— Battalloned, bat-tal'yond, a. Formed into battalions. Batten, bat'n, v.t. [Icel. batna, to grow better, from root bat, bet in better.'] To fatten; to make fat; to make plump by plenteous feeding. — v.i. To grow or become fat; to feed greedily; to gorge. Batten, bat'n, n. [Fr. bdton, a stick,] A long piece of wood from 1 inch to 7 inches broad, and from i in. to 2i in. thick; a plank: na^d. one of the slips of wood used to k?ep a tarpaulin close over a hatchway; weav. a lathe.— p.t. To fasten with battens (to batten down the hatches). Batter, bat'er,t>.<. [Fr. battre. It. battere, from L.L. batere, a form of L. baluere, to beat, whence also baUle.] To beat with successive blows; to beat with violence, so as to bruise-or dent; to assail by a ba.tter- ing-ram or ordnance ; to wear or impair, as by beating, long service, or the like (usually in pp.). — v.i. To make attacks, as by a battering-ram or ordnance. — Batter, bat'tr, n. A mixture of several ingredi- ents, as flour, eggs, &c., beat-en together with some liquor into a paste, and used in cookery.— Battering-ram,- n. An engine formerly used to beat down theyalls of besieged places, consisting of a largo beam', with a head of iron somewhat resembling the head of a ram, whence its name. — Battery, bat'<^r-i, n. (Fr. hatterie.] The act of battering!; a small body of cannon for field operations, with complement of wagons, artillerymen, &c.; a fiarapet thrown up to cover a gun of puns and the men employed in loading, &c.; a number of guns placed near eacn other and in- tended to act in concert; elect, an appara- tus for originating an electric current; a series of connected Leyden jars that may be discharged together; law, the unlawful beating of a person. Battle, bat'l, n. [Fr. bataille, from L.L. bat- alia, batnalia, a fight; from L. baluere, to beat, to fence. Batter.] A fight or encoun- ter between enemies or opposing armies; an engagement; more especially a general en- gagement between large bodies-of troops; a combat, conflict, or struggle ; a division of an armyl. — To give battle, to attack; to join battle, to meet in hostile encounter. .■.Battle is the appropriate word for great engagements. Fight has reference to ac- Fate,- f ^, fat, f nil; me, met, hte; piae, pin; note, U9%% uOve; tube, tub, b\ill ; oil, pound; tl, Sc. &b«me— the Fr. jb BATTLEDOUS 67 BEAR" tual conflict ; a man may take part in a bhitle, and have no share in the fightitig. Combat is a word of greater dignity than Jight, but agrees with it in denoting close encountSr.— u.i. — battled, battling. To join in battle; (to contend; to struggle; to strive or exert one's self .—Battle-axe, n. An axe anciently used as a weapon of war. — Bat- tle-field, n. The field or scene of a battle. Battlement, bat'1-ment, n. [Perhaps from O.Fr. bastille, a fortress, bastUler, to for- tify, to embattle, modified by the influ- ence of E. battle.] A notched or indented parapet,originally constructed for defence, afterwards for ornament, formed by a se- ries of rising parts called cops or merlons, Beparated by openings called crenelles or embrasures, the latter intended to be fired through. — Battled, bat'ld. a. Furnished or strengthened with battlements. Battledore, Battledoor, bat'1-dor, n. [From Sp. batidor, a beater, from hatir, to beat.] An instrument with a handle and a flat board or palm, used to strike a ball or shuttlecock; a racket; Battology, bat-tol'o-ji, n. [Gr. battologia, from battos, a stammerer, and logos, dis- course.] Idle talk or babbling; a needless repetition of words. Battue, bat-tu, n. [Fr., from battre, tobeat.J A kind of sport in .which the game is driven by a body of beaters from under cover into a limited area where the animals can be easily shot. Bauble, ba'bi, n. [O.Fr. babole, a toy or baby-thing; fro^ji same Celtic root as babe.] A short stick with a fool's head, anciently carried by {he fools attached to great houses; a, trifling piece of finery; some- thing showy without real value; a gewgaw; a trifle. Baulk, bak. Same as Balk. Bavin, bav'in, n. [Perhaps connected with O.Fr. bafe, a faggot.] A faggot of brush- wood; light and combustible wood used for lighting fires. Bawble, ba'bl, n. Sanae as Bauble. Bawd, bad, n. [O.Fr. baud, bold, wanton, from G. 6aW= E. bold.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution or acts as a go-be- tween in illicit amours. — Bawdry ,bad'ri ,n. Lewdness; obscenity; fornication. (Shak.] — Bawdy, ba'di, a. Obscene; lewd ; inde- cent; smutty; unchaste. Hence Bawdily, Bawdiness. Bawl,' bal, v.i. [A word imitative of sound; akin bell, bellow; L. balo, to bleat.] To cry out with a loud full sound; to make vehe- ment or clamorous outcries; to shout. — v.t. To proclaim by outcry; to shout out. — n. A vehement cry or clamour. — Bawler, bal'er, n. One who bawls. Bay, ba, n. [Fr. bale, L.L. baia, a bay; of doubtful origin.] A rather wide recess in the shore of a sea or lake ; the expanse of water between two capes or headlands ; a gulf; any recess resembling a bay.— Bay- salt, n. Coarse-grained salt; salt obtained by the natural evaporation of sea-water.^ Bay-window, n. A window forming a re- cess or bay in a room, and projecting out- wards on a generally polygonal plan. — Bay.wood, n. A variety of mahogany ex- ported from Honduras, ortVie Bay of Hon- duras. Bay, ba, w. [Fr. haie, L. hacca, a berry.] The laurel-tree, noble laurel,or sweet-bay; a garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, consisting of branches of the laurel; hence, fame or renown ; laurels : in this sense chiefly in plural. Bay, ba, n. [O.Fr. abai.abbai, a barking, uhbayer, to bark; Mod. Fr. aboi, a barking, aux aboia, at bay; comp. Fr. bayer, to gape, or stand gaping. Abash.] The bark of a dog ; especially, a deep-tcned bark. — At bay, so hard pressed by enemies as to be compelled to turn round and face them from impossibility of escape. — v.i. To bark; to bark with a deep sound. — v.t. To bark at; to follow with barlcing (Shak.); to ex- press by barking. Bay, ba, a. [Fr. bai, L. baditis, brown or chestnut coloured ; akin baize.] Red or reddish, inclining to a chestnut colour. — Bayard, ba'ard, n. A horse of this colour. Baya, ba'ya, n. [Hind.] The weaver-bird, an East Indian bird somewhat like the bullfinch which weaves a pendulous nest. Bayadeer, Bayadere, ba-ya-der', n. [Pg. bailadeira, from bailar, to dance.] In the East Indies, a professional dancing girl. Bayberry, ba'be-ri, n. The iruit of the bay- tree; also the wax-myrtle and its fruit. Bayonet, ba'on-et, n. [O.Fr. bayonnette, Fr. baionnette, usually derived from Bayonne in France, because bayonets are said to have been first made there.] A short tri- angular sword or dagger, made so that it may be fixed upon the muzzle of a rifle or musket. — v.t. To stab with a bayonet; to compel or drive by the bayonet. Bayou, bi-0', n. [Fr. boyau, a gut, a long narrow passage.] In the United States a channel proceeding from a lake or a river. Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zar', n. [Per. bAzdr.] 'In the East, a place where goods are exposed for sale, usually consisting of small shops or stalls in a narrow street or series of streets; a series of connected shops or stalls in a European town; a s-ale of miscellane- ous articles in furtherance of some chari- table or other purjxjse; a fancy fair. Bdelliuib, del'h-um, n. [L. bdellium, Gr. bdeliion, from Heb.] An aromatic gum- resin brought chiefly from Africa and In- dia, in pieces of different sizes and figures, used as a perfume and a, medicine, exter- nally of a dark reddish brown, internally clear; and not unlike glue. Be, be, v.i. substantive verb, pres. am, art, is, are: pret. was, wast or wert, were; subj. pres. be; pret. were; imper. be; pp. been; ppr. being. [One of the three VM'bal roots required in' the conjugation of the sub- stantive verb, the others being am and was. A. Sax. bed, I am, bedn, to be; G. bin, I am; allied to L. ftti, I was, Skr. bhU, to be. It is now chiefly used in the subjunc- tive, imperative, infinitive, and parti- ciples, being seldom used in the present tense. Am and Was.] To have a real state or existence; to exist in the world of fact, whether physical or mental; to exist in or have a certain state or quality; to become; to remain. .'. The most common use of the verb to be is to assert cohnfec- tion between a subject and a predicate, forming what is called the copula; as, he is good; John was at home; or to form the compound tenses of other verbs.— Being, being, n. Existence, whether real or only in the mind; that which has life; a living existence; a creature. — Be-all, ». All that is to be. [Shak.] Beach, b6ch,n. [Origin doubtful; comp.Icel. bakki, Sw. backe, Dan. bakke, a bank, the shore; or from old bealch, to belch, allud- ing to the washing up of pebbles, Ac] That part of the shore of a sea or lake which is washedby the tide and waves; the strand. — Raised beaches, in geol. a term applied to those long teiTaced level pieces oi land, consisting of sand and gravel, and con- taining marine shells, now, it may be, a considerable distance above and away from the sea. — v.t. To rjin (a vessel) on a beach. — Beached, becht, a. Having a beach; bordered by a beacn; formed by, or consisting of , « beach. [Shak.] — Boachy, bech'i, a. Having a beach or beaches; con- sisting of a beach or beaches. [Shak.] Beacon, be'kn, n. [A. Sax. b4cn, bedcen, a beacon; hence beck, beckon.] An object visible to some distance, and serving to notify the presence of danger, as a light or signal shown to notify the approach of an enemy, or to warn seamen of the pre- sence of rocks, shoals, &c. ; hence, any- thing used for a kindred purpose. — v.t. To light up by a beacon; to illumine; to sig- nal. — w.i.t To serve as a beacon.— Beacon- age, be'kn-aj, n. Money paid for the main- tenance of beacons. — Beaconed, be'knd, a. Having a beacon. Bead, bed, n. [A. Sax. bed, bead, a prayer, from biddan, to pray. From beads being used to count prayers (as in the rosary), the word which originally meant praj'er came to mean what counted the prayers. Bin.] A little perforated ball of gold, amber, glass, &c., strung with others on a thread, and often worn round the neck as an ornament, or used to form a rosary; any small globular body, as a drop of liquid and the like; ('rch. and juincnj, a 8ni:i!l round moulding sometimes cut so as to resemble a series of beads or pearls; an astragal. — v.t. To mark or ornament with beads. — Beaded, bed'ed, a. Furnished with beads; beady.— Beady, bed'i, a. Con- sisting of or containing beads; bead-like. — Bead -proof , a. Carrying bubbles on the surface after being shaken: said of spirit- uous liquors. — Bead-roll, n. A list of per- sons for the repose of whose souls a. cer- tain number of prayers is to be said ; hence, any list or catalogue. — Bea^s-man, n. A man employed in praying, gener- ally in praying for another; one privileged to claim certain alms or charities.— Beads- woman, n. The feminine equivalent of Beads-man. Beadle, be'dl, n. [A. Sax. bydel, a herald, a beadle, from beddan, to bid. Bin.] A messenger or crier of a court; a parish officer whose business is to punish petty offenders; a church officer with various subordinate duties. — Beadleship, be'dl- ship, n. The office of a beadle. Beagle, be'gl, n. [Comp. Ir. and Gael, beag, little.] A small smooth-haired, hanging- eared hound, formerly kept to hunt hares. Beak, bek, >i. [Fr. bee, from the Celtic- Armor, bek, beg, Ir. and Gael, bee, a beak.] The bill or neb of a bird; anything in some way resembling a bird's bill; the bill-like mouth of some fishes, reptiles, &c. ; a pointed piece of wood fortified with bra.ss, fastened to the prow of ancient gstUeys, and intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy; a similar, but infinitely more powerful appendage of iron or steel in modern war-ships. — Beaked, bekt, a. Hav- ing a beak or something resembling a beak; beak-shaped; rostrate. Beaker, bek'6r, n. [Icel. bikarr, t). beker, G. becher, from L.L. bicarium, a cup, from Gr. bikos, a wine-jar.] A large drink- ing cup or glass. Beam, bem, n. [A. Sax. 5«dm, a beam, a post, a tree, a ray of light; D. boom, O. ■ oaum, a tree.] A longstraiglit and strong piece of wood or iron, especially when holding an important place in some struc- ture, and serving for support or consolida- tion; a horizontal piece of timber in a structure; the part of a balance from the ends of which the scales are suspended; the pole of a carriage which ruiis between the horses; a cylindrical piece of wood, making part of a loom, on which the warp is wound before weaving; one of the strong timbers stretching across a ship from one side to the other to support the docks and retain the sides at their proper distance; the oscillating lever of a steam-engine forming the communication between the piston-rod and the crank-shaft; a ray of light, or more strictly a collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other body.— vi. To emit rays of light or beams; to give out radiance; to shine.— Beamful, bcm'ful, a. Beaming; bright. — BeamlesB, bem'les, a. Emitting no rays of light; rayless.— Beamy, bem'i, a. Like abeam; heavy or massive; emitting beams or rays of light; radiant. — Beam-compass, n. Ajq instrument consisting of a wooden or brass beam, baving sliding sockets that ♦carry steel or pencil points: used for de- scribing large circles. Bean, ben, n. [A. Sax. bedn = Icel. baun, Sw. bona, Dan. bonne, V. boon, 6. bohne.] A name given to several kinds of valuable leguminous seeds contained in a bivalve pod, and to the plants producing them, as the common bean, cultivated both in fields and gardens for man and beast, tbe French-bean, the kidney-bean, &c. — Bean- caper, n. A small tree growing in warm climates, the flower -buds of which are used as capers.— Bean-fly, n. A beautiful fly of a pale purple colour found on bean flowers.— Bean-goose, n. A species of wild goose which winters in Britain. — Bean- king, n. The person who presided as king over the Twelfth-night festivities, attain- ing this dignity through getting the bean buried in the Twelfth-night cake. Bear, bar, v.t. pret. bore (formerly bare) ; pp. borne; ppr. beartng. [A. Sax. 6e»-an= Icel. bera, Dan. bcere, to bear, to carry, to Ch, cAaiui ch,Sc.loch; c,go; j,;ob; n, Fr. ton; ng, sinjr; th, iAen; th, t/tin; w, wig; wh, w/tie; zh, asure. BEAR C8 CECHAAl EL Kriiij: fDi-tli; D. barcn, Ci. (ije)h<'iren, to liriug foi-th; cog. li./erre, Cjr. pherein, Skr. bhri, to bear, to support. AHn are birth, burden, bairn, ban-ow.] To support, hold up, or sustain, as a weight; to suffer, en- diire, undergo, or tolerate, as pain, loss, blame, &c.; to caiTy or convey; to have, possess, Jiave on, or contain; to bring forth or produce, as the fruit of plants or the joujQg of animals. [Bom is the passive participle in the sense of brought forth by a female, as the child was bom; but we say actively, she has borne a child. Bom is also used attributively, borne not.] — To bear down, to overcome by force. — To bear out, to give support or countenance to (a person or thing) ; to uphold, corroborate, establish, justify. — To hear up, to support; to keep from sinking. — To bear a hand, to lend aid; to give assistance.— To bear in Tnind, to remember.— y.t. To suffer, as with pain; to be patient; to endure; to produce (fruit) ; to be fruitful ; to lean, weigh, or rest burdensomely; to tend; to be directed or move in a certain way (to bear back, to bear out to sea, to bear down upon the enemy); to relate; to refer: with upon; to be situated as to some point of the com- pass, with respect to something else.— To bear up, to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink. — To bear with, to tolerate; to be indulgent; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish. — Bearable, bar'a-bl, o. Capable of being borne, endured, or tolerated. — Bearably, bar'a-bli, adv. In a bearable manner.— Bearer, bar'er, n. One who or that which bears, sustains, supports, car- ries, conveys, &c. — Bearing, bar'ing, n. The act of one who bears; manner in which a person comports himself; carriage, mien, or behaviour; import, effect, or force (of words); that part of a shaft or axle which is in connection with its support; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen, or the situation of one object or place with regard to another.— Bearing-rein, n. The rein by which the head of a horse is held up in driving. Bear, bar, n. [A. Sax. l>era, a bear= C. heer, G. bar, Icel. 6e?'a.] A name common to various quadrupeds of the' carnivorous order and of the plantigrade group, hav- ing shaggy hair and a very short tail, the most notable being the brown or mack bear of Europe, the grisly bear of the Rocky Mountains, the white or Polar bear, Ac; the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Greater and Lesser Bear; fig. a rude or uncouth man; in stock -exchange slang, a person who does all he can to bring down the price of stock in order that he may buy cheap: opposed to a bull, who tries to raise the price that he may sell dear. — Beari&li, bar'ish, a. Kesembling a bear; rude; violent in conduct; surly.— Bear- baiting, n. The sportof baiting bears with dogs.— Bear-bine, Bear-bind, »i. A climb- ing plant of the convolvulus family, with a milky juice and large beautiful flowers. -Bear-garden, n. A place in which bears arc kept for sport, as bear-haiting. &c.; fig. a place of disorder or tumult. — Bear- leader, n. One who leads about a trained bear.— Bear-pit, n. A pit or sunk area in ii zoological garden for keeping bears. — Bear's-ear, n. A species of primrose, so called from the shape of the leaf.— Bear's- foot, n. A herbaceous plant of the helle- bore genus, having a rank smell and purga- tive and emetic properties.-Bear'a-greage, n. The fat of the bear, but often the fat of some other animal substituted, used for promoting the growth of the hair. Bear, ber, n. Same as Bere. Beard, herd, n. [A. Sax. beard, a beard= D. baard, G. haH; L. barha, W. and Armor, fcar/— beard.] The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the face of male adults; anything resembling this; a hairy, bristly, or thread-like appendage of vanouB kinds, such as the filaments by which some shell-fish attach themselves to foreign bodies, &c.; the awn on the ears of grain; a barb, as of an arrow.— w.t. To take by the beard ; to oppose to the face; to set at^ defiance.— Bearded, l)Crd'ed, a. Having a beard in any of the senses of that word.— Beardless, bPrd'lcs, a. With- out a teard; hence, of persons of the male" sex, young; not having arrived at man- hood. — Beard -grass, n. The name given to two well-known British grasses, from the bearded appearance of the panicle. — Beard-moss, n. A lichen which clothes trees with a shaggy gray growth. Beast, bSst, n. [O.Fr. beste, from L. bestia, a beast.] Any four-footed animal, as dis- tinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; as opposed to vian, any irrational animal; a brutal man; a disgusting per- son.- Beastish, bCst'ish, o. tike a rieast; brutal. [J/ ii!.]— Beastliness, best'li-nes,ii. The state or quality of being beastly; bru- . tality; filthiness.— Beastly, best'li, a. Like a beast; brutish; brutal; filthy; contrary to the nature and dignity of man. Beat, bet, v.t. pret. beat; pp. beat, beaten; ppr. beating. [A. Sax. beiitan=l a lady: a. male sweetheart or , lover. — Beauish. bo'ish, a. Like a beau; foppish ; fine. — Beau Ideal, biJ i-dP'al or e-da-al,n. [Fr. bean ideal, beautiful idi-al. ] A conception of any object in its perfect typical form; a model of exceJlence in the mind or fancy. — Beau Monde, bo mond, ii. [Fr. beau, fine, and monde, world.] The fashionable world; people of fasliion and gaiety. Beauty, bu'ti, n. [CFr. biaute, Fr. beautt!, beauty, from li.li.beUitas, bellitatis,hesiuty, from L. bellus, beautiful.] An asseml)laKc of perfections through which an object is rendered pleasing to the eye; those ciuiUi- ties in the aggregate that give pleasure to the aesthetic sense; qualities that delight the eye, the ear, or the mind; lovelinesx; elegance; grace; a particular grace or or- nament; that which is beautiful; a part which surpasses in beauty that with which it is united; a beautiful person, especially, a beautiful woman. — Beauty-spot, n. A patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty; something that heightens beauty by contrast. — Beauteous, bu'te-us, a. Pos- sessing beauty; beautiful. — Beauteously, bQ'te-us-li, adv. In a beauteous manner; beautiful]}'. — Beauteousness,bQ'te-us-ues, n. The state or quality of being beauteous; beauty. — Beautification, bu'ti-fi-ka"shon, n. The act of beautifying or rendering beautiful; decoration; adornment; embel- lishment.— Beautlfier, bu'ti-fi-er, ii. One who or that which makes beautiful. — Beautiful, bu'ti-ful, a. Having the quali- ties that constitute beauty; highly pleas- ing to the eye, the ear, or the mind (a beautiful scene, melody, poem, character, but not a beautiful taste or smell) ; beau- teous; lovely; handsome; fair; charming; comely.— TAfi beautiful, all that possesses beauty; beauty in the abstract. — Beauti- fully, ba'ti-ful-li, adv. In a beautiful manner. — Beautifulness, bu'ti-ful-nes, n. The quality of being beautiful; beauty.— Beautify, bu'ti-fi,ti.t.— fceautiyicj, beautify- ing. To make or render beautiful ; to adorn; to deck; to decorate; to emlieUish. Beaver, b5'v6r, n. [A. Sax. befer=D. bever, Dan. bcever, Sw. bdfver, Icel. bjOrr, G. biher, L. fiber.'] A rodent quadruped valued for its fur, about 2 feet in length, haunting streams and lakes, now found in consider- able numbers only in North America, and generally living in colonies, with large webbed hind-feet and a flat tail covered with scales on its u pper surface; beaver-fur; a hat or cap made of beaver-fur. — Beaver- teen, be'ver-ten, n. [Erroneously formed from benver, on the model of velveteen.] A species of fustian cloth.— Beaver-rat, n. A rodent animal of Tasmania, an excellent swimmer and diver; also the musk-rat. Beaver, be'ver, n. [O.Fr. baviere, a child's bib, a beaver, bave, slaver.] The face- guard of a helmet, so constructed with joints or otherwise that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink; a visor. — Beavered, be'vftrd, a. Having a beaver or visor. Bebeeru, be-be'rd, n. [Native name.] A tree of British Guiana of the laurel family, the timber of which, knoT\Ti as green- heart, is used for building ships ana sul>- marine structures.— Bebeerine, be-be'rin, n. The active principle of the bark of the bebeeru, analogous to quinine, and highly febrifuge. Becalm, be-kam',«.t. To render calm, still, or quiet (the sea, imssions, &c.)t; to keep from motion for want of wind (as a ship); to delay (a person) by a calm. Became, be-kam', pret. of become. Because, be-kaz', con}- IBe for by, and cause; O.E. bicnuse, bycausr ='by or for the cause that.] By cause, oi by the cause that; on this account thai; for the cause or reason next explained; as, he fled be- cause (as the reason given) he was afraid. Beccafico, bek-a-fe'ko, n. [It., lit. fig- pecker.] A bird resembling the nightin- gale; the greater petty -chaps or garden- warbler, a summer visitant to England. Bechamel, l)esh'a-mel,»i. | Named after its inventor.] A fine white broth or sauce thickened with cream. Fate, far, fat, fjtU; me, met, hit; pine, pin; uCte, not, move; tabe, tub, b\iU; oil, pound; il, Sc. abtme— the Fr. v. BECHANCE 59 BEFORE Bechance,? l>c- Chans', v.t To befall; to happen to. [Shak.] Bechs- de-icer, bash-de-mer, n. [Fr., lit. sea-spade, from its shape when dried and pressed.] The trepaug, a species of sea- slug or sea-cucumber obtained in Eastern seas, and eaten by the Chinese. Beck, bek, n. ficel. bekkr. Dan. bcek, Sw. back, D. beek, G. bach, a orook— the beck in Wel6ecA;,Trout6e(;*,&c.J A small stream; a brook. Beck, bek, vA. [Shortened form of beckon.l To nod or make a significant gesture. — v.t. To call by a nod; to intimate a com- mand or desire to by gesture.— ». A nod of the head or other significant gesture in- tended as a sign or signal. Becket, bek'et, n. A contrivance in ships for confining loose ropes, &c. Beckon, bek'n, v.i. [A. Sax. bedcnian, bic- nian, to beckon, from be&cn, bdcn, a bea- con.] To make a sign to another by a mo- tion of the hand or finger, &c., intended as a hint or intimation.— w.t. To make a signi- ficant sign to ; to direct by making signs [becicon him to us). Become, be-kum', v.i. — became (pret.), 6e- come (pp.), becoming. [A. Sax. becuman, bicuman, to arrive, happen, turn out — prefix be=by, and cuman, to come, to hap- pen.] To pass from one state to another; to change, grow, or develop into (the boy becomes a man ). — To become of ( usually with what preceding), to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition. — v.t. To suit or to be suitable to (anger becomes him not); to befit; to ac- cord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper to;'to grace or suit as regards outward appeai'ance ( a garment becomes a person). — Becoming, bS-kum'ing, o. Suitable; meet; proper; appropriate; befitting; seemly. — Becom- ingly, be-kum'ing-li, adv.- After a becom- ing or proper manner. Bed, bed, n. [Al. Sax. bed — D. bed, bedde, Dan. bed, Goth, badi, G. bett.} That on or in which one sleeps, or v/hich is specially intended to give ease to the body at night; especially, a large flat bag filled with fea- thers or other soft materials: the word may include or even be used for the bed- stead; a plat or piece of tilled ground in a garden; the bottom of a riven or other stream, or of any body of water; a layer; a stratum; an extended mass of anything, whether upon the earth or within it; that on which anything lies, rests, or i« sup- ported.— w.<.—6edded, bedding. To place in, or as in, a bed; to plant, as flowers, in Iseds. — Bedding, bed'ing, n. A bed and its furniture; materials of a bed. — Bed- fast, bed'fast, a. Confined to one's bfed bv illness, 4c. — Bedrid, Bedridden, bed'rid., bed'rid-n, a. [A. Sax. bed-ridA, lit. a bed- rider.] Long confined to bed by age or infirmity. — Bedstead, bed'sted, n. The framework of a bed.— Bedstraw, bted'stra, n. Straw for packing into a bed ; also, a herbaceous perennial plant bearing yellow or white flowers growing in waste places in Britain.— Bed-chair, n. A chair with a back so constructed as to be folded down and constitute abed.— Bed-chamber, n. An apartment intended for sleeping in, or in which there is a bed; a bed-room. — Bed- clothes, n. pi. Blankets.coverlets, &c., for beds. —Bed-fellow, n. One who occupies the same bed with another. — Bed-key, n. An instrument for fitting the parts of a bed- stead tightly together. — Bed - linen, n. Sheets, pillow-covers, &c.,ffr beds.— Bed- pan, n. A pan for warming a bed; also a necessary utensil for bedridden persons. — Bed-plata. The sole-plate or foundation- plate of an engine, &c.— Bed-post, n. One of the posts forming part of the frame- work and often supporting the canopy of a bed.— Bed-room, n. A room intended for sleeping in; a sleeping-room or bed-cham- ber.— Bed-sore, n. A sore liable to occur on bedridden persons on the parts of the body subjected to most pressure. — Bed- tick,' ». A tick or stout linen or cotton bag for containing the feathers or other packing material of a bed.— Bed-time, m. The time to go to bed ; the usual hour of retiring to rest. .,;r ' , Bedabble, bc-dab'!, v.t— bedabble, hedah- hling. To wet; to sprinkle. [Shak.} Bedaub, be-dab', v.t. To daub over; to soil with anything thick, slimy, and dirty. Bedazzle, be-daz'l, v.t. — bedazzled, bedazzl- ing. To dazzle; to blind by excess of light. Bedeck, be-dek', v.t. To deek; to adorn; to grace. Bedegar. Bedeguar, bed'5-gar, n. fFr. bid- egar, bedeguar, from Per.] A spongy ex- crescence or gall found on roses, especially the sweet-brier, produced by insects. Bedell, Bedel, be'dl, n. [L.L. bedellus- E. beadle. ] A beadle in a university or connected with a law-court. Bedesman, bedz'man, n. A beads-man; formerly, in Scotland, a privileged beggar. Bedew, be-du', v.t. To moisten with or aa with dew. Bedlght,t be-dit', v.i.— pret. & pp. bedight or bedighted. To array; to equip; to dress; to trick out. Bedim, be -dim', v.t.- — bedimm,ed, bedim- ming. To make dim; to obscure or darken. Bedizen, be-diz'n, v.t. [Dizen. ] To deck or trick out; especially, to deck in a taw- dry manner or with false taste. Bedlam, bedlam, n. [Corrupted from Beth- lehem, the name of a religious house in London, afterward converted into an hospital for lunatics.] A mad-house; a place appropiated for lunatics: hence, any scene of wild uproar and madness. — Bed- lamite, bed'lam-it, n. A madman. Bedouin, bed'O-in. n. [Ar. beddwt, dwellers in the desert.] A nomadic Arab living in tents in Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and else- where. Bedraggle, bs-drag'l, v.t. —bedraggled, be- draggling. To soil by draggling; to soU by drawing along on mud. Bedrop, be-drop', v.t. To sprinkle, as with drops; to speckle. Bee, be, n. [A. Sax. bed, 61=Icel. M, Sw. Dan. bi, D. by, bije, O. and Prov. G. beie, Ir. and Gael, beach, a bee.] . An insect, of which there are numerous species, the honey or hive bee being the most familiar and typical species, having been kept in hives from the earliest periods for its wax and honey.— Bee-bread, n. A brown sub- stance, the pollen of flowers, collected by bees as food for their young. — Bee-eater, n. A bird of several species that feeds on bees.— Bee-hive, n. A case or box intended as a habitation for bees, and in which they may store honey for the use of their owners.— Bee-line, n. The direct line or nearest distance between two places.— Bee- master, n. One who keeps bees. — Bee- orchis, Bee-flower, n. An orchid with a bee-like flower. — - Bee-moth, n. A moth that produces caterpillars which infest bee-hives. — Bees'- wax, n. The waxsecreted by bees, and of which their cells are con- structed.— Bees'-wing, n. A gauzy film in port-wines indicative of age, and muck esteemed by connoisseurs. Beech, bech, n. [A. Sax. bice, from bdc, a beech, a book=Icel. bdk, Dan. bog, D. beuk, G. buclie, a beech ; cog. L. fagvs, a beech ; Gr. j)hego8, the esculent oak, from root seen in Gr. phagein, Skr. Vhag, to eat, from its nuts being eaten. Book.] A large-sized tree with a smooth bark yielding a hard timber made into tools, &c., and nuts from which an'oil is expressed.— Beechen, bech'- en, o. Consisting of the wood of the beech; belonging to the beecii. — Beech-mast, n. The mast or nuts of the beech-tree.— Beech- nut, n. One of the nuts or fruits of the beech. — Beech-oil, n. A bland, fixed oil expressed from beech-mast. Beef, b6f, n. [Fr. bceuf, from L. boa, bovis, an ox; cog, Ir. and Gael, bo, W. biw,'Skr. go, a cow.] Originally, an animal of the ox kind in the full-grown state (in this sense with the plural 6eeyes,but the singu- lar is no longer used); the flesh of an ox, bull, or cow when killed. — Beef-eater, n. A yeoman of the royal guard of England, a Dody of men who attend the sovereign at state banciuets and on other occasions; an African bird that picks the larvae of in- sects from the hides of oxen.— Beef-steaJi, n. A steak or slice of beef for broiling. — Beef-tea, n. A nutritious soup made from the flesh of the ox which, from being easy of digestion, is recommended for invalids and convales<2ent8.— Beef-witted, a. With no more wit' than an ox ; dull ; stupid. [^iViaA:.]— Beef-wood, n. The timber of some Australian trees of a reddish colour, hard, and with dark and whitish streaks, chiefly used in ornamental work. Beelzebub, be-el'z6-bub, n. [Heb. hadl, lord, and zebvb, a fly.] A god of the Phil- istines; in the N.T. the prince of devils." Beer, b5r, n. [A. Sax. 6edr=D. and G. bier; origin doubtful,] A fermented alcoholic liquor made from any farinaceous grain, but generally from malted barley flavoured with hops, and yielding a spirit on being distilled; a fermented drink prepared with various substances, as ginger, molasses, &c.— Beery, be'ri. a. Pertaining to beer; soiled or stainea with beer: aft'ected by beer; intoxicated.— Beer-engine, n. A hy- draulic machine for raising beer out of a cask in a cellar.— Beer-house, Beer-shop, n. A house or shop where malt-liquors are sold; an ale-house.— Beer-money, n. A pe- cuniary allowance made to soldiers, ser- vants, &c., as an equivalent for a supply of beer.— Beer-pump, n. A pump for raising beer from tbe cellar to the bar in a beer- shop. Beestie, b€g'ti, n. [Hind, bihishti.'i An East Indian water-carrier, who supplies domestic establishments with water, fills the baths of the house, &c. Beestings, Tae-sfingz, n. pi. [A. Sax. basting, b^st, be6st, D. biest, biestem^lk, G. biest- milch.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. Beet, bet, n. [A. Sax. bite, D. Met, G. beeta, from L. beta, beet.] A plant of various species cultivated for its thick fleshy roots, the red varieties of which are much used as a kitchen vegetable, while the white varieties yield a large portion of sugar, which is prepared on the Continent. — Beet-root, n. The root of the beet plant; the plant itself. Beetle b6'tl,n. [A.SsLX.'b^tl, Mfe?, a mallet, from bcdtan, to beat; li.G.betel, hotel.} A heavy wooden mallet used to'drive wedges, consolidate earth, &c.—v.t. To use a beetlo on ; to beat with a heavy wooden mallet as a substitute for mangling, — Beetle- headed, a. Having a head like a beetle or mallet; dull; stupid. [Shak.} Beetle, be'tl, n. [A. Sax. bitel, from bitan, to bite.] A general name of mai^r insects having four wings, the anterior pair 'of which are of a horny nature and form a sheath or protection to the posterior pair; a coleopterous insect. Beetle, be'tl, v.i. [Prom A. Sax. bitel, sharp, hence prominent, from bitan. to bite.] To be prominent (as a cliff, a battlement); to . hang or extend out ; to overhang ; to jut. —Beetling, be'tl-ing, a; Standing out from the main body; jutting; overhanging: said of cliffs, &c.— Beetle-brow, n. A pro- minent brow.— Beetle-browed, a. .Having wominent brows. Beeve,t bev, n. A bovine animal, as an ox. Beef. Befall, hii-fKV,v.t.—befell,befallen, befalling. [A. Sax. be/eallan—pTenx be, and feallan, to fall.] To happen to; to occur to.— v.i. To happen; to come to pass. Befit, be-fit', v.t.— befitted, batting. [Prefix be, and fit.}. To be fitting for; to suit; to be suitable or proper to. Befog, be-fog', v.t.— befogged, befogging. To Jnvolve in fog; hence, to confuse. Befool, be-fal', v.t. To fool; to make a fool of; to delude or lead into error. Before, be-for', prep. [A. Sax. beforatir— prefix be, and foran, fore.] In front of; preceding in space; in presence of; in sight of ; under the cognizance or consider- ation of (a court, a meeting); preceding in time; earlier than; ere: in preference to; prior to; having precedence of in rank, dignity, &c. — Before the mcwi, in or into the condition of a common sailor, the por- tion of a ship behind the. main-mast being reserved for the officers. — adu. Further onward in place; in front;"in the forepart; in time preceding ; previously; formerly; already. — Beforehand, be-for'nand, a. In good pecuniary circumstances; having enough to meet one's obligations and some- ,ch, cftain; A cfe^Sc. loch; A gitro; M.i, job; :m 6. Fr. toji; x^ng, sing; th. egat (pret. the latter now almost obsolete), begot, begotten (pp.), begetting. [A. Sax. begitan, bigUan — prefix be, and gitan, to get.] To procre- ate, as a father or sire; to produce, as an effect ; to cause to exist ; to generate. — Begetter, be-get'6r, n. One who begets or procreates; a father. Begin, bs-gin', v.i.— .began (pret.), begun (pp.), beginning. [A. Sax. beginnan, to be- gin — prefix be, and gin^ian, to begin.] To take rise; to originate; to commence; to do the first act; to enter upon something new; to take the first step.-^-Begin, be-gin', v.t To do the fii'st act of ; to enter oil; to commence. — Beginner, be-gin '6r, n. A person who begins or originates; the agent who is the cause; one who first enters upon , any art, science, or business; a young practitioner; a novice; a tyra— Beginning, be-gin'ing, n. The first cause; origin; the first state; commencement; entrance into being; that from which a greater thing proceeds or grows.— BeginnlagleM, be-gin'- ing-les, a. Having no beginning. Begird, be^gferd', v.t.— begirt (pret. & pp.), begirding. [A. Sax. begyrdan!] To gird or bind with a band or girdle; to surround ; to encompass. Beglerbeg, beg'16r-beg, n. TTurk. begUr- begi, beg of begs.] The governor of a pro- vince in the -Turkish Empire, next in dig- nity to the grand vizier. Begone, be-gon', interj. Go away; hence ! — the imperative be and pp. gone combined. Begonia, be-gS'ni-a, to. [From M. Begmi,, a French botanist.] The ' generic name of tropical plants much cultivated in hot^ houses for the beauty of their leaves and flowers. Begot, b6-got' (pret. & pp.), Begotten;, b€- got'n, pp. of beget Begrime, be-grim', v.t.— begrimed, begrim- ing. To make grimy; to blacken with dirt. Begrudge, be-gruj', v.t. — begrudged, be- grudging. To grudge; to envy the posses- sion of: with two objects (to begrudge a person something). Beguile, be-gil', v.t— beguiled, beguiling. To practise guile upon; to delude; to deceive} to cheat; to trick; to dupe; to impose on by artifice or craft; to dispel or render u»- felt by diverting the mind (cares); to while awav (time). — Beguilement, be-gil'ment, n. The act of state of .— Beguller, be-gil'fer, n. One who. — Beguilingly, be-gil'ing-li,' adv. In a manner to beguile or Jeceive. Beguine, ba-gen', ft. [Fr. beauine.'] One of an order of females in Holland, Belgium, and Germany, who, without taking the ; monastic vows, form societies for the pur- poses of devotion and charity. Begnm, be'gwm, n. In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high lank.. Begun, be-gun', pp. of oegin. Behalf, be-haf', n. [Prefix be, and half, in old sense of side.] Interest; profit; sup- port; defence : always in such phrases ^ in or on behalf of, in my, hiSj some per- son's behalf. Behave, bfe-haV, v.t. — behaved, behaving. [Prefix be, and Aawe.] To conduct one's self ; to demean one's self : used refl. — v.i. To act ; to conduct one's self.— Behaved, be-havd', a. Having or being of a certain behaviour. — Behaviour, be-hav'y6r, n. Manner of behaving; conduct; deport- ment; mode of acting (of a person, a ma- chine, Ac). Behead, be-hed', v.t. To cut off the head of; to sever the head from the body of. Beheld, b5-held', pret. & pp: of behold. Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. [Heb.] An ani- mal described in Job xl. 15^24, and which some suppose to be an elephant, others a • hippopotamus, crocodile; &c. Behen, Ben, be'hen, ben, n. [Per. and Ar.] A plant, the bladder-campion; the root of one or two plants used in medicine. Behest, be-hest', n. [Prefix be, and liest; A. Sax. behaes. Hkst.] A command; pre- cept; mandate. [Poetidal.] Behind, be-hind', prep. [A. Sax; behindan, behind --prefix he, and hindun, behind. Hind.] On the side opposite the front or nearest part of, or opposite to that which fronts a person ; at the back of ; towards the back or back part of; reqaaining alter; later in point of time than ; farther back than ; in an inferior' position to. — adv. At the back; in the rear; out of sight; not ex- hibited; remaining; towards the back part; backward ; remaining after one's depart- m-e.— Behindhand, be-hind'hand, adv. or a. In a state in which means are not ade- . quate to the supply of wants in arrear ; ' in a backward state ; not suificiently ad- vanced; not equally advanced witn an- other; tardy. Behold, h^hold', v.t— beheld (pret. & pp.), beholding^ [A. Sax. behealdan — prefix be, and healdan, to hold.] To fix the eyes upon; to look at with attention; to observe with care ; to contemplate, view, survey, regard, or see.— j;.i. To look; to direct the eyes to an object; to fix the attention upon an object; to attend or fix the m^ind : in this sense chiefly in the imperative, and used interjectionally.— Beholden, be-hold'- n, a. Uhder obligation ; bound in grati- tude ; obliged ; indebted. — Beholder, be- hold'^r, n. One who beholds; a spectator. Behoof, be-h8f' n. [A. Sax. beh6f= IJ. behoef, G. 6€A«/— prefix be, and word equivalent to Icel. h6f, measure, moderation.] That which is advantageous to a person; behalf; interest; advantage; profit; benefit: always in such phrases as in or for behoof ot, for a person's behoof. — Behove, be-hSv', v.t. — be- hoved, behoving. [A. Sax. behdjian, from the noun.] To be fit or meet for, with' re- spect to necessity, duty, or convenience; to be necessai7 for : used impersonally {it behoves us, or the like). Beiram, bi'ram, n. Same as Bairam. Belstings, best'ingz. Same as Beestings. Belabour, be-l5'b*r, v.t. [Prefix be, and la- bour; comp. G. 6«or6etfen, to labour, and to beat sounoly- prefix ie, and afftett, work.] To beat soundly; to deal blows to; to thump. Belace, he-las', v.t.^belaeed; belacing. To fasten, as with a lace or cord; to adorn with lace. Beladle, b6-la'dl, v.t. To pour out with a ladle; to ladle out. [Thack.] Belate, be-lat', v.t [Prefix be, and late.] To make too late; to benight: generally used in pp.belated,yntE sense of having lingered or remained till late; being out lat^; over- taken by darkness; bemghted. Belaud, be-lad', v.t [Prefix be, and laud.] To laud; to praise highly. Belay, be-la',v.<. [Prefix be, and lay.] Naut. to make fast by winding round something. — Belaying-pin, n. NatU. a pin for belay- ing ropes to. Beloh, belsh, v.t [O.E. beUcen, helke, A. Sax. bealcian. to belch.] To throw out or eject ■with violence, as from the stomach or from a deep hollow place; to cast forth (a vol- cano belches flames or ashes). — v.i. To eject wind from the stomach; to issue out, as with eructation.— ». The act of one who or that which belches; eructation. Beldam, Beldame, bel'dam, bel'dam, n. [Fr. belle, fiine, handsome, and dame, lady ; it was at one time applied respectfuUy to elderly females.] Agrandmother {Shak.)t; an old woman in general, especially an ugly old woman; a bag. Beleaguer, be-leg'er, v.t [Prefix be, and leaguer.] To besiege: to surround with an army so as to precluoie escape; to blockade. — Beleagnerer, be-leg'^r-er, n. One who. Belemidte, bel'em-nit, to. [Gr. belemnon, a dart or arrow, from befog, a dart, from the root of ballo, to throw.] A straight, taper- ing, dart-shaped fossil, the internal Ixine or shell of animals allied to the cuttle- fishes, common in the chalk formation ; the animal to which such a bone belonged. Bel Esprit, bel es-pre, to. pi. Beaux Esprits, boz es-pre. [Fr.] A fine genius or man of wit. Bfclfry, bel'fri.n. [.O.'Fr. belfroi,beffroit,&c., a watch-tower, from O.G. berorit, bercvrit, a toweif.or castle for defence, from bergen, to protect, and frid, a strong place (Mod. G. friede, peace). False etymology connected the word with beH, hence its modern Eng- lish meaning.] A bell -tower, generally at- tached to a church or other building; that part of a building in which a bell is hung. Belgian, bel'ji-an, a. Pertaining to Bel- gium. — TO. A native of Belgium. Eelgravian, bel-gra'vi-an, a. Belonging to Betgravia, an aristocratic portion of Lon- don; aristocratic ; fashionable. — n. An in- habitant of Belgravia; a member of the upper classes. ITliack.] Belial, be'li-al, ». [Heb. belial^-beli, not, without, and vaal.use, profit.] Wicked- ness ; a wicked and unprincipled person ; an evil spirit; Satan. Belie, be-li', v.t — belied, belying. [Prefix be, and lie, to speak falsely; like G. belUgan, to belie. Lie.] To tell lies eonceraing; to calumniate by false reports; to show to.be false ; to be in contradiction to (his terror helies his words) ; to fail to equal or come up to; to disap^int (belie one's hopes). Believe, be-lev*, v.t — believed, believing. [O.E. inleve, beleve, from A. Sax. gelyfan, geUfan,to belie-^e, the initial particle being changed; -lieve is akin to Zie/and leave,n.] To credit upon the ground of authority, testimony, argument, or any other circum- stances tSian personal knowledge; to ex- pect or hope with confidence. — v.i. To be more or less firmly persuaded of the truth of anything. — To believe in, to hold as an object of faith ; to have belief of.— Belief, be-lef , TO. An assent of the mind to the truth of a declaration, proposition; or sd- leg^d fact, on the ground of evidence, dis- tinct from personalknowledge; theol.fsMi, or a fimr persuasion of the truths of reli- gion; the thing believed; the object of be- lief; the body of tenets held by the profes- sors of any faith; a creed.— Believability, be-lev^a-bifi-ti, n. Credibility; capability of being believed.— Believable, beJev'a-bl, o. Capable of being believed; credible.— BeUevablene88, be-lev'a-bl-nes, to. Credi- bility. — Believer, be-lev'er, n. One who believes; an adherent of a religious faith; a professor of Christianity .—Believing, be- lev'ing, a. Having faith or belief. — Be- lievingly, b6-l5v'ing-li, ad». In a believing manner. „ „ , ., -i Belike, be-lik', adv. [Prefix be for by, and like.] Perhaps; probably. „ , Belittle, be-lit'l, v.t To make smaller ; to lower; speak disparagingly of. ^ ^ ^ „ Bell, bel, to. [A. Sax. beUa; alhed to beUan, to bellow, E. to bell, as a deer; akin bel- low, and G. bellen, to bark.] A metallic vessel which gives forth a clear, musical, ringing soiind on being struck, genemlly cup-shaped ; anything in form of a beU ; pi. the phrase employed on shipboard to denote the divisions of daily time, from their being marked by strokes on a bell each half-hour.— To bear the bell, to be the 'first or leader, in allusion to the bell, wether of a flock. — Passing beU, a bell which used to be rung when a person wa« ^&te..fejfe*,AUii liferj^ptoe , pin;l<^p8 te. not. mi)ve:ii^tttbe. tab. bTill; AoU. PftWDduHtt. Sc ab«!ottlng; the state of being besotted; stupidity; infatuation. — Besotted, be-sot'- ed, a. Made sottish by drink; indicating or proceeding from gross stupidity; stupid; iulatuated. — Besottedly, be-sot'ed-li, adv. Ill a besotted manner.— Besottedness, be- sot'ed-nes, n. Be-.ought, be-sat', pret. & pp. of beseech. Bespangle, be-spang'gl, v.t.—besisangled, be- s/Miiigling. To adorn with spangles; to dot or sjjrinkle with something brilliant. Bespatter, be-spat'6r, v.t. To soil by spat- tering; fig. to asperse with calumny or re- proach. Bespeak, be-sp6k', t».<. — bespoke (pret.), be- spoke, bespoken ip'^.), bespeaking. To speak for (something wanted) beforehand; to or- der or engage against a future time; to betoken ; to indicate by outward appear- ance (an action that bespoke a kind heart). — n. Among actors, a benefit. Bespice, b6-spis',t).<. To season with spices; to mingle drugs with; to drug. [Shak.] Bespread, bs-spred', v.t. To spread over; to cover or form a coating over. Besprent, be-sprent', pp. - [A participle of the obsolete verb besprenge, to besprinkle.] Sprinkled or scattered. [Poetical.] Besprinkle, be-spring'kl, v.t. To sprinkle over; to cover by scattering or being scat- tered over. Bessemer-steel, bes'e-m6r-st5l, n. [From Sir H. Bessemer, the inventor of the pro- cess.] Steel made directly from molten cast-iron by driving through it currents of air so as to oxidize and carry off the carbon and impurities, the proper quantity of car- bon for making steel being then intro- duced. Best, best, a. superl. [A. Sax. betest, betst, best, serving as the superl. of g6d, good= D. and G. best, Dan. beste, Icel. bestr, Sw. biista. The root is bat, bet, seen also in bet- ter, Goth, batista, best. Bktter.] Most good; having good qualities orattainments in the highest degree; possessing the high- est advantages. — Best man, the right-hand man or supporter of the bridegroom at a wedding.— adw. In the highest degree. — n. Highest possible state of excellence (Shak.) ; all that one can do, or show In one's self : often used in this sense with the possessive pronouns my, thy, his, their, &c. — At best, considered or looked at in the most favourable light. — To make the best of, to use to the best advantage; to get all that one can out of ; to put up with as well as one can. Bestead, b6-sted', pp. of an obs.verb. [Prefix be, and stead, place.] Placed, disposed, or circumstanced as to convenience, benefit, and the like ; situated : now always with ill, well, sore, &c. Bestial, bes'ti-al, a. [L. bestialis,fvoTabestia, a beast.] Belonging to a beast or to the class of beasts ; animal; having the quali- ties of a beast; brutal; brutish. — Bestiality, bes-ti-al'i-ti, n. The quality of a beast; beastliness. — Bestialize, bes'ti-al-iz; v.t. — bestialized, besiializing. To make like a beast ; to bring or reduce to the condition of a beast.— Bestially, bes'ti-al-li, adv. In a bestial manner.— Bestiarian, bes-ti-a'ri- an, n. One who takes an interest in the kind treatment of beasts; one who opposes vivisection. Bestir, be-ster', v.t. To stir; to put into brisk or vigorous action: usually reH. Bestovir, b5-sto', v.t. To stow away; to lay. up in store; to deposit ; to lodge ; to place (often refl.); to give; to confer; to impart: followed by on or upon before the recipient. — Eestower, be-sto'er, n. One who bestows; a giver; a disposer.— Bestowment, Bestow- al, b6-sto'ment, be-sto'al, n. The act of bestowing. Bestrew, be-str8' or be-stro', v.t. To scatter over; to besprinkle; to strew. Bestride, be-strid', v.t. —bestrid, bestrode (pret.), bestrid, bestridden (pp.), bestriding. To stride over; to stand or sit on with the legs on either side; to step over; to cross by stepping (Shak.). Bet, bet, v.t. and i.—bet or betted, totting. [A contraction of ahet, to encourage, l>ack up.] To lay or stake in wagering; to stake or pledge something upon the event of a contest; to wager. — n. A wager; that which is laid, staked, or pledged on any uncer- tain question or event; the terms on which a bet is laid.— Better, Bettor, bet'fer, het'- or, n. One who lays bets or wagers. Betake, be-tak', v.t. — betook (pret.), betaken (pp.), bitdking. [Prefix 6e, and taie. J To repair ; to resort ; to have recourse : with the reflexive pronpnns. Betel, Betle, be'tl, n. [An Oriental word.] A species of pepper, a creeping or climb- ing plant, cultivated throughout India, tho Malayan Peninsula and Islands, for the sake of its leaf, which is chewed with the betel-nut and lime.— Betel-nut, n. The kernel of the fruit of a beautiful palm-tree found in India and the East, which is eaten both in its unripe and mature state. Bethink, be-thingk', v.t. [Prefix be, and think. \ To call or recall to mind; to bring to consideration: always with a reflexive pronoun ito bethink one's self o/ a thing). — w.i.t To have in recollection; to consider. Betide, be-tid', v.t. — betid, betided (pret.), betid (pp.), betiding. [Prefix be, and tide, from A. Sax. tidan, to happen. Tide.j To happen br, to befall; to dome to.—v.i. To come to pass; to happen. Betimes, be-timz', adv. [Prefix be for by, •and time, with adverbial genitive termina- tion.] Seasonably; jn good season or time; early; at an early hour; soon; in a short time. Betoken, bC-toTcn, v.t. To be or serve as a token of; to foreshow; to indicate as future by that which is seen. Beton, bet'on or ba-ton, n. [Fr. beton, from O.Fr. beter, to harden.] A mixture of lime and gravel, which grows into a compact, mass; concrete. Betongue, be-tung', v.t. To scold; to at- tack with the tongue. Betony, bet'o-ni, n. [L. betonica.'] A British plant formerly much employed in medi- cine, and sometimes used to dye wool of a fine dark yellow. Betook, bc-tnk', pret. of betake. Betray, be-tra', v.t. [Prefix be, and O.Fr. trair, Fr. trahir, to betray, from L. tradere, to give-up or over. Tradition.] To deliver into the hands of &n enemy by treachery in violation of trust; to violate by fraud or uiifaithfulness (to betray a cause or trust) ; to play false to ; to reveal or dis- close (secrets, designs); to let appear or be seen inadvertently (to betray ignorance). —Betrayal, be-tr§,'al, n. Act of betraying. —Betrayer, b6-tra'6r, n. One who betrays; a traitor. Betroth, b5- troth', v.t. [Prefix be, and troth. Troth.] To contract to any one in order to a future marriage; to affiance; to pledge one's troth to (O. T.).— Betrothal, Betrothment, be-troth'al, b5-troth'ment, n. The act of betrothing. Better, bet'fer, a. serving as the compar. of good. [A. Sax. betera, betra, with corres- ponding forms in. the other Teutonic languages. Best.] Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; prefer- able, in regard to use, fitness, or the like; improved in health. — To be better off, to be in improved or in superior circumstances. —adv. In a more excellent or superior manner; more correctly or fully; in a higher or greater degree; with greater ad- vantage; more, in extentor amount (better than a mile).— v.t. To make better; to im- prove; to ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of (soil, &c.); to advance the in- terest or worldly position of; to surpass; to exceed; to improve on (as a previous effort). — v.i. To grow better ; to become better; to improve.— n. A superior; one. who has a claim to precedence: generally in the plural, and with possessive pro- nouns. — The better,' a, state of improve- ment: generally in adverbial phrase for the better (to alter a thing /or the better) ; advantage; superiority; victory (to have or get the better of).— Betterment, bet'fer- ment, n. A making better; improvement. — Bettemess, bet'6r-nes, n. The quality of being better; superiority.— Better-half, n. A colloquial term for wife. Bettong, bet'tong, n. [Native name.} A marsupial animal inhabiting Australia, allied to the kangaroos. Between, be-twen', prep. [A. Sax. betuied- num, betwednan—pie&x. be, and dat. pi. of twein, twain, from twd, two; akin twain, twin.] In the space, place, or iuteival of any kind separating; in intermediate re- lation to; from.one to another of (letters passing between them); in partnership* among (shared between them); so as to af- fect both of; pertaining to one or other of two (the blame lies 6eto««n you).— Betwixt, be-twikst', prep. [A. Sax. betweox, betweohs — prefix be, and tweoh,.ixon\ twd, two. The t is excrescent as in amidst, &c.] Between; passing between; from one to another. Bevel, bev'el, n. [O.Fr. bevel; origin un- known.] The obliquity or inclination of one surface of a solid body to another sur- face of the same body; an instrument for drawing or measuring angles.— a. Having the form of a bevel ; slant ; not upright. [5^ai-.] — v.u. — bevelled, bevelling. To cut to a bevel. — v.i. To slaiitorinclineoffto^ bevel- angle.— Bevel-angle, n. Any angle except a right angle.— Bevelrgeax, n. A species of wheel-work in which the axis or shaft of the driving-wheel forms an angle with the axis or shaft of the wheel driven. — Bevelled, bev'eld, a. Having, a bevel; formed with a bevel-angle. — Bevelling, bev'el-ing, a. Inclining from a right line; slanting toward a bevel-angle. Beverage, bev'er-aj, n. [O.Fr. beuvrage, from boivre, bevre, L. bibere, to drink.j Drink; liquor for drinking. Bevy, bev'i, n. [Perhaps of similar origin with beverage, and originally a drinking company, or animals collected at aTwater- ing-place.] A flock of birds; a company of females. Bewail, be-wal', v.t. To wail or weep aloud for; to lament.— Bewailable, be-wal'a-bl, a. Capable or worthy of being bewailed. — Bewailer, be-wal'fer, n. One who bewails or laments. — Bewailing, b^-wal'ing, n. Lamentation.— Bewailingly,be-waring-li, adv. In a bewailing manner. — Bewail- ment, b6-wal'ment, n. The act of bewail- ing. Beware, b5-war',t».i. [Be, imperative of verb to be, and ware=wary. Ware, AVart.] To be wary or cautious ; to be suspicious of danger; to take care: now used only in imperative and infinitive, with of before the noun denoting what is to be avoided. Bewilder, be-wil'dfer, v.t.. [Prefix be, and old mlder, to lead astray. Wild.] To lead into perplexity or confusion ; to perplex ; to puzzle; to confuse.— Bewilderingly, b5- wil'd6r-ing-li, adv. So as to bewilder. — Bewilderment, be- wil'dfer-ment, n. State of being bewildered. Bewitch, be-wich', v.t. To subject to tlie influence of witchcraft; to throw a charm or spell over; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance. — Bewitcher, b5-wich'6r, re. One that be- witches or fascinates. — Bewitchery, be- wich'6r-i, n. Witchery;fa8cination; charm. — Bewitching, bc-wich'ing, a. Having power to bewitch or to control by the arts of pleasing.— Sewjtchingly,be-wich'ing-ii, odw.— Bewitchingness, be-wich'ing-nes, n. —Bewitchment, be-wich'ment, n. Fascin- ation; power of charming. Bewray,t be-ra;, v.t. [Prefix be, and A. Sax. wrigan, to disclose, accuse.] To disclose perfidiously; to betray; to divulge. [N.T.] Bey, ba, n. [Turk, beg, pron. as bey.] A governor of a town or district in the Turk- ish dominions; also, a prince; a beg. Beyond, be-yond', prep. [A. Sax. begeond, begeondan-prenx be, and geond, yond, yonder. Yon.] On the further side of; oat of reach of; further than the scope or extent of; above; is a degree exceeding or surpassing. Bezant, bez'ant, re. [From Byzantium.] A gold coin of Byzantium; a coin current in England from the tenth century till the- time of Edward III. ch, cftain; eft, So. locft; ^, po;_ j, jolo;^^n^Fr. ton; _ njr, eing; tB^thexa th, .i. To make a whirring noise. Birth, berth ,n. [A. Sax. beorth, byrih, from beran, to bear; Goth, gabaurths, G. geburt.] The act or process of being bom; the occa- sion of an individual's coming into life ; the act of bearing or bringing forth ; par- turition ; the condition in which a person is bom; lineage; extraction; descent; that which is born or produced; origin; begin- ning.— Birthday, n. The day on which any person is bom, or the anniversary of the day; day or time of origin.— Birth- . mark, n. Some congenital mark or blem- ish on a person's body. — Birthnight, n. The night in which a person is bom; the anni- versary of that night.— Birthplace, n. The place of one's birth ; place of origin. — Birthright, n. Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by birth; right of primogeniture.— Birth-root, n. A North American plant, the roots of which are esteemed as astringent, tonic, and anti- septic. Biscotin, bis'kot-in, n. [Pr.; It. biacotino. BiscuJT ] A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; sweet biscuit. Biscuit, bis'ket, n. [Fr. bis, twice, and cvit ill coctus), cooked. Cook.) A kind of hard, dry, flat bread, so prepared as not to be liable to spoil by being kept; a kind of small baked cake variously made; porce- lain or earthenware after being first fired, and before the application of the glazing and embellishments; unglazed porcelain, of which small articles of statuary are made. Biscutate, bi- ska 'tat, a. [L. prefix bi, double, and sciUum., a shield.] Bot. re- , sembling or having two shield-like parts. Bisect, bi-sekt', v.t. [L. bi, two, and seco, sectum, to cut.] To cut or divide into two parts, more especially into two equal parts, as a line, &c. — Bisection,T)i.-sek'shon, ■ n. The act of bisecting; the division of a line, angle, &c., into two equal parts. — Bisegment, bi-seg'ment, n. One of the parts of a bisected line. Biserial, Blseriate, bi-s6'ri-al, bi-se'ri-at, a. Arranged in two series or rows. 'Bisexual, bi-seks'fl-al, a. Having the organs of both sexes in one individual; of two sexes; hermaphrodite; bot. having both stamen and pistil within the satiie enve- lope. J Biiihop, bi8h'up,n. [A. Sax. Mscop, a bishop; from Gr. episcavos, an overseer — evi, over, and skopeo, to look. Bishop is the same '''ate, far, fat, fftll; me.met, h4r;. pine, pin; note.-not, move; tabe, tub, bflll ; oil, pound; tl, Sc. abune— the Fr.u BISK 67 blacjk: word as Fr. dveque (a bishop), though they jhave not a letter in common.] A member of the highest order of the Christian min- istry; a prelate having the spiritual direc- tion and government of a diocese, the oversight of the clergy within it, and with whom rests the power of ordination, con- firmation, and consecration; a piece in the game of chess having its upper section cleft in the form- of a bishop's mitre. — Bishopric, bish'up-rik, n. [Bishop, and ric, jurisdiction = A. Sax. rice, D. rijk, (i. reich, realm, dominion.] The office or dig- nity of a bishop; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends; a dio- cese. Bisk, bisk, n. [Fr. bisque, probably from L. biscoctus, twice cooked or boiled. Bis- cuit. ] Soup or broth made by boiling sev- eral sorts of meats together. Bismuth, bis'muth or biz'muth, n. [G. big- muth, wismnth.] Chemical sym. Bi; sp. gr. 9'8. A metal of a yellowish or red- dish white colour and a lamellar texture, somewhat harder than lead and not mal- leable, used in the composition of pewter, in the fabrication of printers' types, and in various other metallic mixtures. — Bis- 'muth glance, the name of one or two ores of bismuth;— Blsmuthal, Bismuthlc, bis'- (biz')muth-al, big'(biz')muth-ik, a. Pertain- ing to or composed of bismuth. — Blsfiiutn- 'in, Bisinuthine, bis' (biz') muth-in, n. A native sulphurBtof bismuth.— Blsmuthite, bi3'(bi2')muth-it, n. Native carbonate oi bismuth; a white, dull green, or yellowish mineral. Bison, bi'son, n. [L. bison, Gr. bisSn, a name borrowed from the ancient Germans.] The name of two bovine quadrupeds, the Euro- pean bison or aurochs, and the American bison, usually but improperly called the buffalo, havyig -ehort, black, rounded horns, and on the shoulders a large hunch, consisting of a fleshy substance. Bisque, bisk, n. [Fr.] Unglazed white porcelain for making statuettes; biscuit. Bissextile, bis-seks'til, n. fL. bisextilis ' (annus), leap-year, from bi, twice, and sex- tus, sixth, because the sixth day before the calends of March (=our 24th Feb.) -was reckoned twice every fourth year, a day (the biseztvs) being intercalated.] Leap- year.— a. Pertaining to leap-year. Bistort, bis'tort, n. [L. bistorta—bis, twice, and tortus, twisted.] A plant, so called because of its twisted roots: called also Snakeweed and Adder' s-wort. Bistoury, bis'tu-ri, n. [Fj. biatottri.] A surgical instruihent for making incisions, shaped in various ways. Bistre, Bister, bis'tfer, n. [Fr. bistre.1 A brown pigment prepared from the soot of wood, especially of the beech. Bisulcate, Vji-surkat, a. [L. bi, double, and sulcus, a turrow.] Cloven-footed, or hav- ing two-hoofed digits, as oxen or swine. Bisulphate, bi-sul'fat, n. In chem. a salt of sulphuric acid, in which one-half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal. — Bisulphite, bi-sul'fit, n. A salt of sulphurous acid, in which one-half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal. Bit, bit, pret. & pp. ot bite. Bit, bit, n. [From the verbal stem bite, lu sense of piece it is the A. Sax. biia, bite, Icel. biti, a bite, a mori-el; in sense of part of a bridle it corresponds to A. Sax. hitol, X>. bit, Icel. bitill, G. gebiss.'j A small piece of anything; a piece, morsel, fragment, or part; any small coin (a fourpcnny-6it); the metal part of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and its appendages, to which the reins are fastened; a boring tool for wood or metal, fixed in a stock, brace, lathe, or the like; the part of a key which enters the lock and acts on the bolts and tumblers; the cutting blade of a plane. . . In certain phrases a bit often means somewhat, a little, a whit; as, he is a bit of a painter; not a bit better.— A bit of one's mind, one's candid opinions expressed in clear and unflattering terms. —v.£.— bitted, bitting. To put a horse's bit into t!;9 mouth of. Bitch, 'oich, n. [A. Sn.x. bitce—Hc. bicJc, Tcel, bik.vja, ly..n. bikke.} The female of canine animals, as of the dog, wolf,, and fox; a term of reproach for a woman. Bite, hit, v.t.— bit (pret.), bit, bitten (pp.), bit- ing. [A. Sax. 61tan=Icel. bita, IX bijten, Goth, beitan, G. beiszen; allied to L. findo, fidi, Skr. bhid, to split. Bit, bitter, beetle are from this stem.] To cut, break, or crush with the teeth; to penetrate or seize with the teeth; to cause a sharp or smarting pain to (pepper bites the mouth); to pinch or nip as with frost ; to blast or blight ; to grip or catch into or on, so as to act with effect (as an anchor, a file, &c.); to corrode or eat into, by aqua f ortis or other acid. — v.i. To have a habit of biting persons; to seize a bait with the mouth ; to grip or catch into another object, so as to act on it with effect (the anchor bites).— n. The seizure of anything by the teeth or with the mouth; a wound made by the mouth; a mouthful; a bit; a cheat, trick, fi-audj ; catch or hold of one object on another. — Biter, bit'6r, n. One who or that which bites; an animal given to biting; one who cheats or deceives!. — Biting, bit'iug, a. Sharp ; severe ; cutting ; pungent ; sarcas- tic— Bitingly, bit'ing-li, adv. In a biting manner; sarcastically; sneeringly Bitt, bit, n. [Comp. Icel. biti, a cross-beam or girder.] NavX. a piece of wood or frame secured to the deck, on which to make fast the cables. Bittacle,t bit'a-kl, n. A binnacle. Bitter, bit'6r, a. [A.^ax. biter, from bitan, to bite, from causing the tongue to smart = D. G. Dan. and Sw. bitter, Icel. bitr.'] Acrid, biting, pungent to taste; keen, cruel, poignant, severe, sharp, harsh, pain- ful, distressing, piercing to the feelings or to the mind; reproachful, sarcastic, or cutting, as words. — Bitterish, bit'6r-ish, a. Somewhat bitter, especially to the taste. — Bitterishness, bit'fer-ish-nes, n.— Bitterly, bit'tr-li, adv. In a bitter man- ner; keenly, sharply, severely, intensely. — Bittern, bit'6m, n. The residual brine in salt-works, used for making Epsom salts. — Bitterness, bit'fer-nes, n. The state or quality of being bitter in all its senses, whether to the taste, feelings, or mind. — Bitters, bit'Srz, n. pU A liquor prepared with bitter herbs or roots, and used as a stomachic, &c. — Bitter - apple, Bitter- gourd, n. A plant the fruit of which is a many-seeded gourd; colocynth. — Bitter- sweet, n. The woody nightshade, a trail- ing plant with small scarlet berries and strongly narcotic leave8,common in hedges in Britain, so called because the root and branches when chewed produce first a bitter, then a sweet taste.— Bitter-sweet- ing, n. A variety of apple which has sup- plied many allusions to the poets. — Bit- terwort, bit'Sr-wfert, n. Yellow gentian, so called from its remarkably bitter taste. Bittern, bit'6rn, n. [O. E. bitore, bittor, bittour; Fr. butor, Sp. bitor; origin uncer- tain.] A name given to several grallato- rial or wading birds of the heron family: the common British species is celebrated for the singular booming or drumming noise it makes. Bitumen, bi-ta'men, n. [L.] A mineral substance of a resinous nature and highly inflammable, appearing in a variety of forms which are known by different names, naphtha being the most fluid, petroleum and riiinevol tar less so, and asphalt being solid.— Bitimiinate, bi-tu'min-at, v.t.—bi- tuvii7iated, bituminating. To impregnate with bitumen.— Bituminiferous, oi-tu'mi- nif"6r-us, a. Producing bitumen. — Bitu- minlzation, bi-ta'min-iz-a"shon, n. Trans- formation into a bituminous substance.— Bltuminize, bi-til'min-iz, v.t. — bituminized, hituminieing. To form into or impregnate with bitumen; to convert (as wood) into a bituminous body. — Bitumlnons.bi-tQ'min- us, a. Having the qualities of bitumen; containing or yielding bitumen. Bivalve, bi'valv, n. [L. prefix bi, double, and valva, a valve.] Aji animal. of the molluscous class, having two valves, or a shell consisting of two parts which open by an elastic hinge and are cloced by mus- cles, as the oyster, cockle, massel, &c.; bot. a pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts.— Bivalve, Bivalvu- lar, bi'valv, bi-val'vQ-l6r, a. Having two valves: said especially of the shells of mol- luscs. ■'•«• Bivouac, biv'o-ak, n. [Fr. bivouac, bivac, from G. beiwache; lit. by- or near-watch. Wake, Watch.] An encampment of sol- diers in the open air without tents, each remaining dressed a,nd with his weapons by him; a similar encampment of travel- lers, hunters, &c. — v.i. — bivouacked, bivou- acking. To encamp in bivouac; to pass the night in the open air without tents or covering. Biweekly, bi-wSk'li, a. Occurring or ap- pearing every two weeks {a, biweekly maga- zine). Bizarre, bi-zar', a. [Fr., from Sp. bizarro, gallant, of Basque origin.] Odd in appear- ance; fanciful; fantasticEil; formed of in- congruous parts. Blab, blab, v.t— blabbed, blabbing. [Allied to L.G. blabben, Dan. blabbre, G. plappem, to gabble ; Gael, blabaran, a stutterer; blubber-lipped, blob, &c.]- To utter or tell in a thoughtless or unnecessary manner what ought to be kept secret; to let out (secrets). — v.i. To talk indiscreetly; to tat- tle; to tell tales.- n. One who blabs; a tell- tale. [Afii.>— Blabber, blab'er, n. A blab; a tattler ; a tell-tale. Black, blak, a. [A. Sax. blcec, bloc, black ~ Icel. blakkr, O.H.G. plak, black; comp. D. and Ij.G, blaken, to bum or scorch, .Gr. phlegO, to bum, the original meaning per- haps referring to blackness caused by fire.l Of the darkest colour; the opposite of white; very dark in hue (though not ab- solutely incapable of reflecting light); de- stitute of light,or nearly 8o;di8mal,gloomy, sullen, forbidding, or the like; destituta of moral light or goodness; mournful; ca- lamitous; evil; wicked; atrocious.- JSJocfc art, the art of performing wonderful feats by supernatural means, or aided by evil spirits; necromancy; vaa,gic.— Black beer, a kind of beer of a black colour and synipy consistence manufactured at Dantzic. — Black cattle, oxen, cows. Sec, reared for slaughter, as distinguished from dairy cattle: used without reference to colour. Black death, an oriental plague v/hich first visited Europe in the fourteenth cen- tury, characterized by inflammatory boila and black spots all over the ekin.— Black /rt5r,the flag formerly assumed by pirates.*- Biack list, a printed list circulated among commercial men, containing the names of persons who have become bankrupt or un- able to meet their bills, kc— Black snake, a name given to some snakes of a black colour, such as a large non- venomous North American snake which- feeds on birds • and small quadrupeds. — Black spruce, a spruce tree belonging to North America, which furnishes the spruce deals of commerce.— re. The opposite of white: a black dye or pigment or a hue produced by such; a black part of scimetbing, as of the eye; a black dress or mourning: fre- - quently in plural; a small flake of soot; a member of one of the dark-coloured races; a negro or other dark skinned person.— v.t. To make black; to apply blacking to (shoes;; to blacken; to soil. — Blacken, olak'n, v.t. To make black ; to polish with blacking ; to sully; to stain: to defame; to vilify; to slander. — v.i. To become 'black' or dark. — Blacking, blak'ing, n. A composition for polishing boots, shoes, harness, &c., con- sisting usually of a mixture of lamp-black, oil, vinegar, &c. — Blackish, blak'ish, a. Somewhat black.— Blackly, blak'li, adv. In a black manner; darkly; gloomily; ■ threateningly; angrily; atrociously.— Blackness, blak'nes, n. The state or quality of being black; black colour; darkness; ■ gloominess; sombreness; sullen or severe aspect; atrocity.— Blacky, blak'i, n. A col- loquial term tor a negro or person of the dark-coloured races. — Blackamoor, blak'- a-mor, n. [Black, and Moor, in the old sense of black man or negro, formerly, written also blackmoor.'] A negro; a black man or woman. — Black-ball, v.t. To reject, as a proposed member of a club, by putting black balls ir\to a ballot-box; to excUid^ bv vote.- Black-band, re. The most vr-r.:-- able kind of clay -ironstone (clay-c!:,^ ouii- ch, cftaiu; ch,Sc. loch;^ e,0o; . j,/ob; n, JFr. tore; _ng,sin{;;^H, tftgp; th, tMp; 'i^,vis- ^"^rh, wMgi *.&, Mioe. BLACK 68 BLAST ate) from which most of the Scotch iron ismanufactured.— Black-beetle, n. Acock- roach.— Black-berry, n. . The bei-ry of the bramble. — Blackbird, blak'bSrd, n. An insessorial bird of the thrush family, the male bird being characterized by its black plumage and its rich mellow note; the merle.— Black-board, n. A board painted black, used in schools and lecture-rooms for writing or drawing lines on for in«truc- tion. — Black-cap, n. A dentirostal British bird of the warblev family, noted for the sweetness of its soiig, and so called from its black tufted crown ; an apple roasted till black.— Black-chalk, n. A mineral of a bluibh-black colour, also a preparation of ivory-black and fine clay, used for draw- ing. — Black-coat,. n. A colloquial name for a clergyman, as red-coat is for a soldier. Black-cock, n. A bird of the grouse family, 80 called from the glossy black plumage of the male ; the heath - cock or black grouse. — Black-currant, n. A well-known garden plant and its fruit, so called from its black berries. — Black-dranght.n. A pur- gative medicine, consisting of the infusion of senna with sulphate of magnesia.— Black-fiiix, n. A mixture of carbonate of po- tash and charcoal, used in melting metallic substances.— Black-friar, n. A friar of th^ Dominican order, so called from the col- our of the dress; a Dominican. — Black- guard, blak'gard or bla'gard, n. [Formerly a name given to the scullions and lowest menials connected with a great household, who attended to the pots, coals, &c.] A man of coarse and offensive manners; a fellow of low character; a scamp; a scoundrel.— v.t. To revile in low or scurrilous lan- guage.— Blackguardism, blak'gard-izm or bla'gard-izm, n. The conduct or language of a blackguard.— Blackguardly, blak'- gSlrd-li or ola'gard-li, a. Characteristic of a blackguard;, rascally; villainous.— Black-heaxted, a. Having a blacl^ or ma- lignant heart.— Black-hole, n. Formerly a dungeon or dark cell in a prison; now more specifically applied to a place of con- finement for soldiers.— Black-jack, n. A capacious can,now made of tin, but former- ]y of waxed leather; the fla^ or ensign of a • pirate; a name given by miners to an ore ofzinc;blende.—Black-fead,M. Amorphous graphite; plumbago. Graphite.— Black-' leg, n. [Origin undecided.] One who sys- tematically tries to win money by cheat- ing in connection with races, or with cards, billiards, or other game; a rook; a swin- dler; also same as Black-qiMrtgr, a disease of cattle.— Black-letter, «. The Old Eng- lish or Gothic type used in early printed books, being an imitation of the written character in use before the art of printing, still in general use in German books. — Black-maU, n. i-^mail is from Icel. mM, stipulation, agreement, mcela, to 8tipu- late.] Money or an equivalent, anciently paid, in the north of England and in Scot- land, to certain men allied with robbers, to be protected by them from pillage; hence.cxtortion by means of intimidation, as by threats of accusation oj exposure. — Black - Monday, n. A naine sometimes given to Easter Monday, probably from some calamity happening on that day; among schoolooys the first Monday after holidays. — Black-nob, n. A workman who refuges to join a trades - union. — Black- pudding, n. A kind of sausage made of plood, suet thickened with meal, &c.— Black-quarter, n. An apoplectic disease peculiar to cattle, indicated by lameness of the fore-foot and blackness of the fle.sh. — Bla«k-rod, n. In England, the usher be- longing to the order of the Garter, usher of parliament, and one of the ofacial mes- sengers of the House of Lords, so called from the black rod which he carries.— Black-Eheep, n. A member of a family or society distinguished from his fellows by low habits or loose conduct. — Blacksmith, blak'smith, n. A smith who works in iron and makes iron utensils ; an ironsmith : opposed to a whitesmith or tinsmith. — Black-thorn, n. The sloe.— Black-tin, n. Tin ore when dressed, stainped, and wash- ed, ready for smelting. — -Black-vomit, n. A discharge from the stomach t>f sub- stances of a black appearance, as in yellow fever, &c.— Black-wad, n. An ore of man- ganese tised as a drying ingredient in paints. Bladder, blad'6r, n. [A. Sax. hlcedr, bUsddre, a bladder, pustule, blister = Icel. blathra, Sw. Uaddra, L.G. bladere, bUdder, O.H.G. pldtara, a bladder, G. blatter, a pustule; the root is probably in E. to blow.] A thin membranous bag in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid, as the urine, the gaU, &c.; any vesicle, blister, or pustule, especially If filled with air or a thin watery liquor ; a, hollow ap- pendage in some plants.— v.<. To put up in a bladder, as lard ; to puflt up ; to fiU with windt.— Bladdery, blad'6r-i, a. Ile- sembling or containing bladders. Blade, blad, n. [A. Sax. bleed, a leaf=D. Dan. Sw. blad, Icel. blatk, G. blatt, a leaf; from root of to blow, and allied to bloom, bloaeom.] The leaf of a plant, especially the leaf or the young stalk or spire of grass or com plants; a thing resembling a blade in shape, &c., as the cutting part of an In- strument; the broad part of an oar; a dashing or rollicking fellow; a swaggerer; a rakish fellow.— w.<. Xo furnish with a blade.— v.i. To come into blade; to produce blades. — Bladed, blad'ed, a. Having a blade or blades. — Blader- bone, n. The. scapula or upper-bone in the shovdder; the shoulder-blade. Blain, blan, n. [A. Sax. bleaen^D. blein, Dan. blegn, a blain, a blister; probably from root of to blow, and allied to bladder.] A piistule; a botch; a blister. Blame, bliim, v.t. — blamed, blaming. [Fr. bldmer, O.Pr. blasmer, from L.L. blasphe- mare, from' Gr. blaapkemein, to calumni- ate. Blaspheme is the same word-J To express disapprobation of (a person or thing); to find fault with; to censure; to reproach; to chide; to condemn;, to up- braid. .'.In such phrases as* he is toblame,' to blame has the passive meahing^to be blamed, like 'a house to let,' &c.— ». An expression of disapprobation for some- thing deemed to be wrong; imputation of a fault: censure; reproach; reprehension; that which is deserving of censure (the 6tome la yours); fault; crime; sin.— Blam- able, blam'a-bi, a. Deserving of blame or censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable.— BlamaDlene88,blam'a-bl-nes, n. The state or quality of being blam- able. — Blamably, blam'a-bli, adv. In a blamable manner; culpably. — BlameftU, blam'ful, a. Meriting blame; reprehensi- ble; faulty; guilty; criminal.— Blamefully, blam'ful-li. adv. In a blameful manner. BlamefulncsSjblam'ful-nes, re. -^Blameless, blam'les, a. Not meriting blame or cen- sure; v7ithout fault; undeserving of re- proof ; innocent ; guiltless.— Blamelessly, blamles-li, ady. lua blameless manner. — Blamelessness, blam'les-nes, n. — Blamer, blam'Cr, n. One who blames, finds fault, or censures.— Blameworthy, biam'w6r-THi, a. Deserving blame; censurable, culpable; reprehensible. — Blameworthiness, olsm'- w6r-iHi-nes, n. Blanch, blansh, v.t. [Pr. UancMr, to whit- en, from blanc, white. Blanb_] To whiten by depriving of colour; to render white, pale, or colourless (fear fctawcftes the cheek); hort. to whiten or prevent from .turning green by excluding the light, a process applied to kitchen vegetables, such as cel- ery, lettuce, sea-kale, &c. ; to" whiten or make lustrous, as metals, by acids or other means.— t).i. To become white; to bleach. — Blancher , blansh'6r, n. One Vif ho blanches or whitens. Blanc-manga, Blanc-manger, bla-m^nzh', blftn-man-zha, n. [Fr. blane, white, and manger, food.] Cookery, a preparation of the consistency of a jelly, variously com- posed of dissolved isinglass, arrow-root, maize-flour, &c,, with milk and flavor.ring Bland, bland, a. [L. Wondtts, mild.] Mild; soft; gentle {bland zephyrs); aflftible; suave (his manner is very blarui); soothing; kind- ly.— Blandness, bland'nes, n. State of be- ing bland; mildness; gentleness. — Blan- diloquence.t blan-dil'o-kwens, n. [h. blan- diloquentior—blandus, mild, and loguor, to speak.] Fair, mild, flattering speech; com-' jpliment. ! Blandish, blan'dish, v.t. & i. [O.Tr. blandir, blandissant, L. blandior, to flatter, from blandus^ bland.] To render pleasing, al- luring, or enticing; to caress, soothe, fawn, or flatter.— Blandisher, blan ' dish-er, n. One that blandishes; one that flatters with soft words. — Blandishment, blan- dish-ment,)i. , Words or actious expressi\ e of afiection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; artful caresses; flattering attention; cajolery; endearment. Blank, blangk, a. [Fr. blanc, white, blank, from G. blank. White, lustrous, blank, from blinken, to blink, to glimmer; cog. D. Dan. and Sw. blank, white. Blinr.] White or palet; void of written or printed characters, as paper; wanting something necessary .to completeness; vacant; unoccupied; void; empty; pale from fear or terror; hence, coniused; confounded; dispirited; deject- ed; unrhymed: applied to verse.— )i. A piece of paper without writing or printed mat- ter on it; a void space on paper or in any written or printed document; a document remaining incomplete till something es- sential is filled in; any void space; a void; a vacancy; a ticket in a lottei-y on which no prize is indicated; a lot by which notli- ing is gained; archery, the white mark in the centre of a butt or target to which an arrow is directed; hence, the object to which anything is directed; aim; a piece of metal prepared to be formed into some- thing useful by a further operation; a plate, or piece of gold or silver, c^it and shaped, but not stamped into a coin. — v.t.X To make white or pale; confuse, confound, dispirit. [S/iafc. J— Blankly, blangk'li, adv. In a blank manner; with paleness or con- fusion. — Blankness, blangk'nes, n. §tate of being blank.— Blank-cartridge, «. A cartridge filled with powder but having no ball. •■ Blanket, blang^et, n. [O.Fr. blanket, dim. from blanc, white. BlaSk..] A soft thick cloth made of wool loosely woven, and used as a covering in beds ; any similar fabric used as covering, kc.—v.t. To toss in a blanket by w^y of punishment; to cover or clothe with a blanket (Shak.). Blare, bl5r, v.i.—hlared, blaring. [Proba- bly an imitative word; comp. D. blaren, li.Gr^blarren, blaren, G. blarren, bldrren, to bellow, bleat, blare.] To give forth a loud sound like a trumpet; to give out a brazen sound; to bellow. — v.t. To sound loudly; to proclaim noisily. — n. Sound like that of a trumpet; noise; roar. Blamsyj blar'ni, n. [From Castle Blame}/.' near Cork, in the wall of which is a stone said to endow any one who kisses it with skill in the use of flattei^.] Excessively complimentary language'; gross fl'.tttry ; smooth, deceitful talk; gammon. [Colloq.] —v.t. To talk over by soft delusive speeches; to flatter; to humbug with talk. [Colloq.) Blase, bla-za. [Pr.] Lost to the jower of enjoyment; used up; having the healthy energies exhausted. Blaspheme, bias -fern', v.t. — liasphemsd, blasnheming. [L. blasp?iema7-e, Gr. bias- phemein, to calumniate — from blapsifj in- jury, and phenii, to speak. Blame is a shortened form of this word.] To speak in terms of impious irreverence of; to re- vile or speak reproachfully of instead of reverentially: used of speaking against God or things sacred.— v.i. To utter blas- phemy; to use blasphemous language.— Blasphemer, blas-fem'6r, n. One who blas- phemes; one who speaks of God in impious and irreverent terms.— Blasphemous.blas'- fe-mus, a. Containing or exhibiting blas- phemy; impiously irreverent or reproach- ful toward God.— Blasphemously, blas'- fe-mus-li, adv. In a blasphemous man- ner.— Blasphemy, blas'fe-mi, n. The lan- guage of one who blasphemes ; words ut- lered impiously against God; grossly irrev- erent or outrageous laugwage. Blast, blast, n. [A. Sax. bluest, a puff of vrind, from blaesan, to blow=Icel. bldstr, Dan. blcest, a blowing; Icel. bldsa, Dan. blcese, G. blasen, to blow; same root as E. blow, blwie.] A gust or puflF of wind; a sudden gust of wind; the sound made by rate, filr, fat, fftU; me, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; tfftbe, tub, bflU; oil,poundj tl. So, abtoie-tbe Fr. «. BLASTEMA 69 BLIND Iilowing a wind-instrumeul., as a liorxi or trumpet; the sound produced by one breath; a blight or sudden pernicious in- fluence on animals or plants ; a forcible stream of air from the mouth, bellows.&c; a violent explosion of gunpowder or other explosive in splitting rocks, &c.—v.t. To injure by a blast; to cause to fade, shrivel, or wither; to blight or cause to come to nothing; to ruin; to split by an explosion. —v.i. To wither or be blighted. [Shak.]— Blast-engine, n. A ventilating machine used to draw off foul air ; a machine for groducing a blast by compressing air.— last-furnace, n. The smelting furnace used for obtaining iron from its ores with the aid of a powerful blast of air, usually a lofty furnace of masonry, in which the iron is smelted from its ore by being mixed with coal and the whole mass kept burn- ing, the melted metal being run off at the bottom. — Blasting-powder, n. A poarse kindof gunpowder for mining and quarry- ing purposes.— Blast-pipe, n. The pipe of a locomotive steam-engine which carries the waste steam up the .chimney, and thus induces a stronger draught. Blastema, blas-te'ma, n. [Gr. blastema, a shoot, growth, from blastanO, to bud.l Bot. the axis of .growth of an embryo; that part of the embryo comprising the radicle and plumule, with the intervening por- tion.— Blastemal,bla8-te'mal, a. Relating to blastema; rudimentary. Blastocarpous, blas-to-kar'pus, a. [Gr. blastos, a germ, and karpos, fruit.] Hav- ing the germ beginning to grow inside the pericarp of the fruit.— Blastoderm, blas'- to-d6rm,rr. [Gr. dernia, a skin.] Anat.tho germinal skin or membrane; the superfi- cial layer of the embryo in its earliest con- dition.— Blastodermic, blas-to-d6r'mik, a. Relating to, the blastoderm". — Blaatogen- esis, blas-to'-jen'e-sis, n. Biol, reproduc- tion by germination or budding. Blatant, bla'tant, o. [Prom Prov.E. blate,. to bleat,. -with suffix -ant, as in errant, &c.] Bellowing; bawling; noisy. Blskze, blaz, n. [A. Sax. blcese, a blaze, a torch, from root of blow; comp. Icel. blue, Dan. blus, a torch; akin to blast] The stream of light and heat from any body when burning; a flame; brilliant sunlight; effulgence; brilliance; a bursting out; an active or violent display (a blaze of Wrath). —v.i. — blazed, blazing. To flame; to send forth or show a bright and expanded light. — Blazing, blaz ' ing, a. Emitting flame or light; flaming. Blaze, blaz, v.t— blazed, blazing. [A. Sax. blaesan, to blow=Icel. bldsa, Dan. blcese. Or. hlasen, to blow, to sound as a trumpet. Blast, Blow.] To make known to all ; to noise abroad ; to proclaim. — Blazer, blaz'fer, w. One who blazes; one who pub- lishes and spreads reports. Blaze, blaz, n. [D. bles, Icel. blesi, Dan. blis, a white spot or streak on the fore- head.] A white spot on the forehead or face of a horse or other quadruped; a white spot-on a tree by removing the bark with a hatchet. — v.t. To set a blaze on, by paring off part of the bark; to indicate or mark out, as a path, by paring off the bark of a nurftber of trees in succession. Blazon, bla'zn, n. [O.E. blasoun, blason, Fr. blason, heraldry, blasonner, to blazon, from a G. word equivalent to E. blaze, to spread abroad or make known.] The drawing or representation on coats of arms; a heraldic figure; show; pompous display, by words or other means {Shak.). — v.t. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial; to deck; to embellish; to adorn; to displaj' ; to publish ; to celebrate — Blazoiier, bla'zn-6r, n. One that blazons; a herald ; one prone to spread reports ; a propagator of scandal.— Blazonment, bla'- zn-ment, n. The act of blazoning; embla- zonment.— Blazonry, bla'zn-ri, n. The art of describing or explaining coats of arms in proper heraldic terms and method; emblazonry. Bleach, blech. v.t. [A. Sax. blaecan, from blaeo, pale, white. Bleak.] To make white or whiter by taking out colour; to whiten; to blanch; to whiten by exposure to the attion of the air and sunlight or of chemical prcpa,ratic.i. [Same word as D. blinken, I>a.n.blinke, Sw. blinka, G. bHnken,to shine, glance, twinkle ; allied to A. Sax. hllcan, togleam, D. blikken, Dan. blikke, G.blicken, to glance, to glimpse. Akin blank, blench, bleach,.] To wink; to twinkle; to see with the eyes half shut or with frequent wink- ing; to get a glimpse; to peep (Shak.); to intermit light; to glimmer.^.*. To shut one's eyes to; to avoid or purposely evade (to blink a question or topic).— n. A glance of the eye; a glimpse; a gleam,; a glimmer; the gleam or glimmer reflected from ice in the Arctic regions. — Blinkard, bling'- kerd, n. A person who blinks or has bad eyes. — Blinker, hling'kfer, n. One who blinks; a leather flap placed on either side of a horse's head, to prevent him from seeing sideways or backwards. — Blinky,t bling'ki, a. Prone to blink or wink. Bliss, blis, n. [A. Sax. blis, bliss, joy, alacrity, exultation, from blithe, blithe. BLtTHE.J The highest degree of happi- ness; blessedness; felicity; often specifi- cally heavenly felicity.— Blissful, blis'ful, a. Full of, abounding in, enjoying, or conferring bliss. — Blissfully, hhs'ful-li, adv. In a blissful manner. — Blissfulness, blis'ful-ncs, n. Exalted happiness; feli- city; fulness of joy. Blister, blis'tSr, n. [Connected with blast, to blow or puff, from same root as to 6^010; comp. G. blase, a blister, a bladder.] A thin vesicle on the.skin, containing watery matter or serum; a pustule; an elevation made by the separation of an external film or skin, as on plants; something ai>- plicd to the skin to raise a blister; a vesi- catory. — v.t. To raise a blister or blisters on. — v.i. To rise in blisters or become blis- tered. — Blister-beetle, Blister-fly, n. A beetle used to raise a blister on the skin; the Spanish-fly. —Blistering, blis't6r-ing, a. Causing or tending to cause blisters. — Blister-plaster, n. A plaster of canthafides or Spanish-flies designed to raise a blister. — Blistor-rteel, n. Iron bars which, when converted into steel, have their surface covered with blisters.—Blistery, blis'tSr-i, a. Full of blisters. BUthe, bliTH, a. [A. S&x.. blithe, blithe. 7(n joyful; O. Sax. blithi, clear, joyful; Goth. bleiths, merciful; I eel. bllthr, Dan. blid, bland ; D. blijde, blithe. Hence bliss.] Gay; merry; joyous; sprightly; iairthful; characterized by blitheness or j oy — Blithe- ly, bliTH'li, adv. In a blithe, gay, or joy- ful manner. — Blitheness, bliiH'nes.n. The quality of being blithe; gaiety; sprightli- ness. — Blithesome, bUra'sum, a. Full of blitheness or gaiety ; gay ; mepry ; cheer- ful. — Blithesomeness, bliTH'sum-nes, n. The quality of being blithesome; gaiety. Bloat, blot, v.t. [Allied to Icel. blautr, soaked and soft; Sw. blot, soaked, biota, to soak, to cure fish by soaking.] To make turgid or swollen, as with air, water, &c.; to cause to swell, as with a dropsical hu- mour; to inflate; to make vain; to cure by smoking, as herrings. — v.i. To become swollen; to dilate. ^ Bloated, blot'ed, a. Swelled out ; puffed up; unwieldy, especi- ially from over indulgence in eating and drinking; unduly large; overgrown [bloat- ed armaments).— Bloatedness, blot'ed-nes, n. The state of being bloated.— Bloater, blot'er, n. A smoke-dried herring: pro- bably the name was originally given to fish cured by soaking. Blob, blob, n. [Also in form bleb, and allied to blab, blubber.] A small globe of liquid; a dewdrop; a blister; a bubble. Block, blok, n. [Same word as D. and Dan. blok, 6. and Sw. block, a block, a. log, a lump ; Ir. blog, a fragment. ] Any solid mass of matter, usually with one or more plane or approximately plane faces; a lump; a stock or stupid person ; the mass of wood on which criminals lay their necks when they are beheaded; any obstruction or cause of obstruction ; a stop ; the state of being blocked or stopped up; a casing or shell containing one or more pulleys over which a rope or chain works; a connected mass of buildings ; a portion of a city in- closed by streets; a mould or piece on which something is shaped, ob placed to make it keep in shape; a piece of wood on which an engraving is cut.— v.t. To hinder egress or passage from or to; to stop up or barricade; to obstruct; ci-icket, to stop (a ball) with the bat without striking it to a distance; to mould, shape, or stretch on a block; bookbinditig, to ornament by means of brass stamps. — To block ovi^ to begin to reduce to the required shape ; to shape out.— Blockade, blok -ad', n. [Comp. such ■words as barncade, stockade, palisade, kc] The shutting up of a place by surrounding it with hostile troops or ships with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and want, without regular attacks.— To raise a blockade, to remove or break up a block- ade.- v.t.— 7j!octa(/ed. blockading. To sub- ject to a blockade ; to prevent ingress to or egi-ess from by warlike means ; to shut up or in by obstacles of any kind ; to ob- struct. —Blockader, blok-ad'^r,n. Onewho blockades ; a vessel employed in blockad- ing.— Blockhead, blok'hed, n. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a stock; a person deficient in understanding.— Block-house, n. Milit. a strong building of one or more stories, 80 nanied because constructed chiefly of logs or beams of timber, having loopholes for musketry.— Blocking-coiirse, n. The course of stones or bricks erected on the upper part of a cornice to make a termin- ation. — Bloc'iUsh,blok'ish,o. Like a block; stupid; dull; deficient in understanding. fS/iaJfc.]— Block-printing, n. The process or art of printing from engraved blocks of wood.— Block-system, n. The system of working the traffic on a railway, according to which the line is divided into short sec- tions, and no train is allowed to enter upon any one section till it is signalled wholly clear, so that between two successive trains there is an interval of time as well as one of space.— Block-tin, n. Tin cast into in- gots or blocks. Blond, Blonde, blond, a. FFr. blond, blonde, a word of Teutonic origin ; comp. D. and G. blond, fair, flaxen;' A. Sax. blonden, grayish or grizzled; allied to blend.] Of a fair colour or complexion. — n. A person (especially a woman) of very fair com- plexion, with light hair and light-blue eyes.— Blondness, blond'nes, n. The state ^BLOOM {*•-- ~~ ' J|of being blond; fairness. — Blond-lace, n. - Lace made of silk.originally of unbleached silk, from the yellowish colour of which the name was given, now of white, black, or coloured silk. Also called Blond. Blood, blud, n. [O.E. blod, blode, &c., A. Sax. bl6d=Goth.bloth,lce\.bl6th,J)aji.Svi.blod, L.G: blood, D. bloed, G. blut; root probably seen in to blow (as a flower), bloom, from the brightness of its colour] The fluid which circulates through the arteries and veins of the human body and that of other animals, and which is essential to life and nutrition — in man and the higher animals of a more or less red colour; re- lationship by descent ft'om a common an- cestor (allied by blood] ; consanguinity ; lineagc;kindred; family; birth; extraction; often high birt'n; good extraction; natural disposition ; temper; spirit (to do a thing in hot blood or cold blood, that is in anger or deliberately); mettle; passion; anger (his blood was npl—The blood, the royal family or royal lineage; thus it is common to speak of princes of the blood. — Flesh and blood, human nature; mortal vasm.—v.t. To let blood; to bleed; to stain with blood; to inure to blood ; to give a taste of blood.— Blood-boaght, a. Bought or obtained at the expense of life or by the shedding of blood.— Blood-^ailtiness, n. The state of being blood-guilty ; the guilt or crime of shedding blood. — ^Blood-guilty, a. Guilty of murder. — Blood-horse, n. A horse of a breed derived originally from a cross with the Arabian horse, combining lightness, strength, swiftness, and endurance. — Blood-hound, n. A large variety of dog with long smooth and pendulous ears, re- markaljle for the acuteness of its smell, and employed to recover game or prey by scent.- Bloodily , blud'i-li, adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly.— Bloodiness, blud'i-nes, n. The state of being bloody; disposition to shed blood; murderousness. — Bloodless, blud'les, a. Without blood; drained of blood; dead; without shedding of blood or slaughter (a bloodless victory); without spirit or actinty. — Bloodlessly, blud'les-li, adv. In a bloodless manner; without"blood- shed.— Bloodletting, blud'let-ing, n. The act of letting blood by opening a vein.— Blood-money, n. Honey earned by the shedding of blood or by laying, or sup- porting, a charge implying peril to the life of an accused person.— Blood-relation, n. One related by blood or descent. — Bloodshed, blud'shed, n. The shedding on spilling of blood; slaughter; waste of life. — Bloodshedder, blud'shed-6r, n. One who sheds blood; a murderer. — Bloodshedding, blud'shed-ing, n. The crime of shedding blood or taking human life. — Bloodshot, blud'shot, a. Red and inflamed by a tur- gid state of the blood-vessels: said of the eye. — Blood - spavin, n. A dilatation of the vein tha.t runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming a soft swelling. -Blood-stained, a. Stained with blooaj guilty of slaughter. — Blood-stone, n. A stone worn as an amulet, to prevent bleed- ing at the nose ; red hematite ; a species of heliotrope dotted with spots of jasper. — Blood-sucker, n. Any animal that sucks blood,asaleech,a fly, kc; a hard niggard- ly man; an extortioner.— Bloodthirstiness, blud'th6rs-ti-nes, n. Thirst for shedding blood.— Bloodthirsty, blud'th6rs-ti , a. De- sirous to shed blood ; murderous.— Blood- vessel, n. Any vessel in which .blood cir- culates in an animal body ; an artery or a vein. — Blood-warm, a. 'Warm as blood ; lukewarm.— Bloody, blud'i, a. Of or per- taining to blood; consisting of, containing, or exhibiting blood; blood-stained; cruel; murderous; given to the shedding of blood ; attended with much bloodshed. — Bloody- flux, n. The dysentery, a disease in which the discharges from the bowels have a ■ mixture of blood. — Bloody-minded, a. Having a cruel- ferocious disposition; bar- barous; inclined to shed blood. Bloom, blom, n. [Same word as Icel. bl&m, Sw. blomtna, Dan. blomme, -Goth, bloma, D. bloem, G. blnme, a flower, from stem of blow, to blossom; akin blossom.]' A blos- som; the flower of a plant; the act or state of blossoming ; fulness of life and vigour ; T&te, farifatj^f8lli^me^inetj_h6r^^^jpige, pin;^_ni5te, not, mbve; . tQbe, tub, bull; oil, pound ; ^^IX, So. abuse— thQ Fr; «. BLOOM 71 :blusi a period of high success; a flourighing con- dition; the delicate rose hue on the cheek indicative of youth and health; a glow; a flush; a superficial coating or appearance upon certa.in things, as the delicate pow- dery coating upon certain fruits when newly gathered. — v.i. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower; to show the beauty of youth; to glow.— y.«. J Tojjut forth, as blossoms. [ O.T. ] — Blooming, blom'ing, a. Showing blooms; glowing as with youthful vigour.— Bloomingly.blom'- ing-li, adv. In a blooming manner. — Bloomiugness, blom'ing-nes, ».— Bloomy, blo'mi, a. Full of bloom or blossoms; flowery ; having freshness or vigour as of youth; having a delicate powdery api)ear- ance, sis fresh fruit. Bloom, blom, n. [A. Sax. bldma, a mass or lump of metal.] A lump of puddled iron, which leaves the furnace in a rough state, to be subsequently rolled into the bars or other material into which it may be de- sired to convert the metal. — Bloomary, Bloomery, bl6m'a-ri, blom'6r-i, n The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore. Bloomer, blOm'er, n. [After Mrs. Bloomer, an American lady.who originated the style of dress m 1849.] A costume for women, consisting of a short skirt, loose trousers, and a broad-brimmed hat. Also used ad- jectively. Blossom, blos'om, n. [A. Sax. Mdstma, a blossom, from same root as bloom (which see) ] The flower of a plant, consisting of one or more coloured leaflets, generally of more delicate texture than the leaves; the bloom; blooming state or period (the plant is in bloom). — v.i. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to flourish.— Blossomed, blos'omd, a. Covered with blossoms; in bloom.— Blossomy,t blos'om-i, a. Full of or covered with blossoms. Blot, blot, n. [Same word as Icel blettr. Ban. plet, a blot, Dan. dial, blot, a drop, a spot of something wet.] A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur; an obliteration of something written or printed; a spot in reputaction; a blemish. — v.t. — blotted, blot- ting. To spot, to stam, as with ink; to stain with infamy; to tarnish; to obliterate or efface: in this sense generally with out; to dry by means of blotting-paper or the like.— Blotter, blot'er, n. One who or that which blots.— Blotting-paper, n. A species of unsized paper, serving to imbibe the superfluous ink from newly written manu- script, &c. Blotch, bloch, n. [ For blatch, black, a softened form of black {comp.bleak, bleach), the meaning being iniluenced by botch, a pustule. ] A pustule or eruption on the skin; an irregular spot. — v.t. To mark with blotches. — Blotched, Blotchy, blocht, bloch'i, a. Marked with blotches. Blouse, blouz or bids, n. [Fr.] A light loose upper garment, resembling a smock-frock, made of linen or cotton, and worn by men as a protection from dust or in place of a coat; also, a dress of nearly the same form and of various materials worn by children. — Bloused, bloust, a. Wearing a blouse. Blow, blo,y.i. — blew, bloum, blowing. [A- Sax. bldwan- allied to 6. bldhen, to blow, Icel. bldsa, Goth. bUsan, G. blasen, to blow, to blow a wind-instrument; also to E. blow, to bloom, bladder, blast, &c., and L. fio, flare, to breathe or blow.] To make a cur- rent of air, as with the mouth, a bellows, &c. ; to constitute or form a current of air; to be a wind: often used with an indefinite it for the subject (it bleiu strongly yesterday); to pant; to puff; to breathe hard or quick; to give out sound by being blown, as a horn or trumpet ; to boast ; to brag : iii this sense colloq. — To blow over, to pass' away after having spent its force (the storm blew over).— To blow vp, to be broken and scattered by an explosion. — To blow upon, to bring into disfavour or discredit; to render stale, unsavoury, or worthless; also to inform upon. — v.t. To throw or drive a current of air upon; to drive by a current of air, to sound by the breath (a wind-in- strument) ; to form by inflation (to bloiv a glass bottle); to swell by injecting air into; to put out of breath by fatigue; to scatter or shatter by explosives (to blow up, to blow to pieces ). — To blow orU, to extin- goish by a current of air; to scatter (one's brains) by firearms. — To blow tip, to fill with ail.; to swell ; to inflate ; to puff up ; to blow into a blaze; to burst in pieces and scatter by explosion; to scold: in this sense colloq. — n. A gale of wind ; a blast ; the breathing or spouting of a whale."— Blower, blo'er, n. One who or that which blows; a blowmg-engine.— Blowy, blS'i, a. Windy; gusty.— Blow-fly, n. A nataie of various species of flies (dipterous insects) which deposit their eggs on flesh, and thus taint it. — Blow-hole, ji. ' The nostril of a ce- tacean, situated on the highest part of the head; a hole in the ice to which whales and seals come to breathe.— Blowing-engine, Blowing-machine, n. Any contrivance for supplying a current of air, as for blowing glass, smelting iron, renewing the air in confined spaces, and the like.— Blow-pipe, ». An instrument by which a current of air or gas is driven through a flame so as tO direct it upon a substance, an intense heat being created by the rapid supply of oxy- gen and the concentration of the flame; a pipe or tube through which poisoned ar- rows are blown by the breath, used by South American Indians and natives of Bomeo._ Blow, blo,i;.i. — blew,blo%vn. [A. Sax. bl&wan, to bloom or blossom; D. bloeijen, G. bluhen; allied to the other verb to blow, and to L. fiorere, to bloom.] To flower; to blossom; to bloom, as plants. — 1;.<. J To make to blow or blossom. — n. A mass of blossoms; the state or condition of blossoming or flower- ing, the highest state of anything; bloom; an ovum or egg deposited by a fly; a fly- blow.— Blown, blon, p. and a. Fully ex- Sanded or opened, as a flower. ow, bio, n. [Akin to O.D. blauwen, to strike; D. blouw&n, to beat flax; G. blenen, to cudgel; and perhaps also with* blue. i Blue.] A stroke with the hand or fist, or a weapon; a knock; an act of hostility; a sudden calamity; a sudden or severe evil; mischief or damage received. — At a blow, by one single action ; at one effort ; sud- denly. Blowze, blouz, n. [Prom the same root as bluah.^ A ruddy fat-faced woman; ablowzy woman. — Blowzed, Blowzy, blouzd, blou'^- zi, a. Ruddy-faced; fat and ruddy; high- coloured. Blubber, blub'er, n. [A lengthened form of blub, blob, bleb; perhaps from same root as that of blow, bladder.] The fat of whales and other large sea animals, from which train-oil is obtained; a gelatinous mass of various kinds; the sea-nettle ; a jelly-fish. — v.i. To weep, especially in such a manner as to^wellthe cheeks or msfigure the face. — v.i. Todisfigure with weeping.— Blubber- lip, n. A swollen lip; a thick Up, such as that of a negro.- BliiDber-lippea,a. Hav- ■ ing blubber-lips. Blucher, bluch'er, n. A strong leather half boot or high shoe, named after Field- mai"shal von BlUcher. Bludgeon, bluj'on, n. [Origin unknown; perhaps allied to G. blotzen, to strike, B. bluisen, to bruise.] A short stick, with one end loaded or thicker and heavier than the other, and used as an offensive wea- pon. Bine, bla, n. [Same as Sc. blae, Icel. bldr, livid; Ban. blaa, B. bloMuw, G. blau, blue; connected with blow, a blow producing a blue colour. Akin blemish.] One of the primary colours; the colour of the clear sky or deep sea; azure; what is blue; a dye or pigment of this hue. — a. Of the colour of blue; sky-coloured; azure.— y.<. — blued, bluing. To make blue; to dye of a blue colour.— Blueing, Bluing, blU'ing, n. A material used to impart a blue colour, as indigo used by washerwomen. — Bluely, blQ'li, adv. With a blue hue or shade: — Blaenesa, blu'nes, n. The quality of being blue; a blue hue or colour.— Bluish, blu'- ish, a. Blue in a slight degree; somewhat blue.— Bluishness, blu'ish-nes, n.— Blue- bell, n. The popular name given in Eng- land to the wild hyacinth,aiid in Scotland to the harebell.— Blue-bird, m. .A small bluish bird with a red breast very common in theUnited States; the blue robin.— Bine- took, n. A name applied to British gov- ■ emmeut official reports and other papers, because their covers are made of blue paper. — Blue-bottle, n. A composite plant found frequently in cornfields; a fly with a large blue belly. — Blue-cap, n. A fish of the salmon kind, with blue spots on its head; the blue titmouse.— Blue-devils, n. pi. A colloquial phrase for dejection, hypochon- dria, or lowness of spirits; also for de- lirium tremens. Often" called simply the .blues. — Blue-jacket, n. A sailor, from the colour of his jacket. — Blue-mould, n. A name of 9, thread-like fungus growing on cheese, as also on dried sausages and rolled bacon.— Blue-ointment, n. Mercurial oint- ment. — Blue-peter, n. [A corruption of blite repeater.] Naut. a blue flag having a white square in the centre, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, &c.— Blue-pill, n. Mercurial pill.— Blue-ribbon, n. The broad, dark-blue ribbon, worn by members of the order of the Garter over the left shoulder, and hanging down to the hip; hencCf a member of tliis order; fig. what marks the attainment of an obj ect of great ambition; the object itself. — Blue-spax, n. Azure-spar ; lazulite. — Blue-stocking, n. A literary lady: applied usually with the imputation of pedantry — a term of dis- puted origin. — Blue-stockingism, n. The character, manner, or habits of a blue- stocking. — Blue - stone. Blue -vitriol, n. Sulphate of copper.— Blue-verditer, n. A blue oxide of copper, or a precipitate of the nitrate of copper by lime. BluS, bluf, a. [Perhaps from or allied to O.D. 6ta/,applied to abroad full face, also to a forehead rising strg,iKht up.] Broad and full: specially appued to a full coun- tenance, indicative of frankness and good humour; rough and hearty; somewhat boisterous and unconventional ; having a steep front (a bluff bank). — n. A high bank, especially one overhanging the sea, or a lake or river, and presenting a steep front. —Bluffy, bluf'i, a. Having blufis or bold projectmg points of land. Blunder, blun'der, v.i-. [Allied to Icel. blunda, to doze, blundr,' slumber. Ban. and Sw. blund, a nap, also to blind, blend.] To make a gross mistake, especially through mental confusion, to err stupidly; to move without, direction or steady guid- • anee; to flounder; to stumble, literally or figuratively. — n. A mistake through pre- ' cipitance or mental confusion; a gross and stupid mistake.- Blunderer, blun'der-er, n. One who is apt to blunder or to make gross mistakes.— Blunderingly, blun'der- ing-li, adv. In a blundering manner. — Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, n. [A humorous corruption of B. donderbus, a blunderbuss — donder, thunder, and 6ttg, a tube, gun, originally a box.] A short gun or firearm, ■with a large bore. Blunt, blunt, a. [Akin to Prov. G. bludde, a dull or blunt knife; Ban. blun'le, Sw. and Icel. blunda, to doze, B. blunder.] Having a thick edge or point, as an in- strument; dull; not sharp; dull in under- standing; slow of discernment; abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious. — v.t. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of. — Bluntish, blunt'ish, a. Somewhat blunt. -Bluntishness, blunt'- ish-nes, n.— Bluntly, bluntli, adv. In a blunt manner; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy or the usual forms of civility. — Bluntness, blunt'nes, n. The state or qua- lity of being blunt. Blur, bier, n. [Probably a form of blear.] Something that obscures or soils; a blot; a stain; confused appearance, as produced by indistinct vision. — v.t— blurred, blur- ring. To obscure without quite effacing ; to render indistinct ; to confuse and be- dim; to cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to suUy; to stain; to .blemish (repu- tation). Blurt, bl^rt, v.t. [Perhaps imitative of abrupt sound made by the lips.J To utter suddenly or inadvertently; to divulge un- advisedly: commonly with out. Blush, blush, v.i. [A. Sax. blisian, blysian, allied to Ban. blusae, to blaze, to blush. 4t cAaiaj ^ »; ng, si»fir; m. then; th, thm; _w, iwg; wh, vihiz' zh, ai-^re. BLUSTER 72 BOGEY T). bios, a blush, hlozen, to blush; akin hlage, blow.] To redden in the cheeks or over the face, as from a sense of guilt, shame, confusion, or modesty; to exhibit a red or rosy colour; to bloom. — n. The act of blushing; the sufmsion of the^heeks or the face generally with a red colour through confusion, shame, diffidence, or the like; a red or reddish colour; a rosy tint. — At the first blush, at the first view or consideration of a matter.— Blushful, blush'ful.a. Full of blushes.— Bluahfally, blubh'fiil-li, adv. With many blushes. — Blushing, blushing, a. Exhibiting blushes or a rosy tint ; blooming. — Bltushingly, blush'ing-li, adv. In a blushing mamier; with blushes. Blaster, blus't^r, v.i. [A kind of intens. of blow: akin to blast, blister.} To roar and be tumultuous, a.? wind; to be boisterous; to be loud, noisy, or swaggering; to bully; to swagger. — v.t. To utter or effect in a blustering manner or with noise _and vio- lence : with otU, or other prep.— Ji. A vio- lent blast of wind ; a gust ; -noisy talk ; swaggering ; boisterousness. — Blusterer, blus'ter-fer, n. One who blusters; a swag- gerer; a bully.— Blustering, blus'ter-ing, a. Stormy; windy; noisy; tumultuous; swag- fering.— Bltisterlligly,'blu8't6r-ing-li, ady. n a blustering manner. — Blosteroos, Blustrous, Blustery, bliis'ter-us, blus'trus, blu8't6r-i, a. Noisy; tumultuous; tem- pestuous. Boa, bo'a, n. [li., a water-serpent.] The generic and common name of certain ser- pents destitute of fangs and venom, hav- ing a prehensile tail, and including some of the largest species of serpents, the con- strictor being 30 or 40 feet long; a long round article of dress for the neck, made of*fur. Boar, bOr, n. [A. Sax. Mr=D. beer, O.H.G. per, M.H.G. ber, a boar; perhaps aldn to tear (the animal).] The male of swine: when applied to the wild species the term is used without reference to sex. — ^Bearish, bor'ish, a. Pertaining to or resembling a boar; swinish; brutal. Board, bord, n. [A. Sax. bord, table, plank, deck or side of a ship=Icel. Dan. G. bord, jGoth. baurd, D. board; allied probably to verb bear. Border, braider, are akin.] A piece of timber sawed thin, and of con- siderable length and breadth compared ■with the thickness; a table; hence, what is served on a board or table; food; diet; specifically, daily food obtained for a stip- ulated sum at the table of another; a council table; a number of persons having the management, direction, or superin- tendence of some public or private office or trust; the deck or side of a ship or boat, or its interior part (on board, to fall over board!); a table or frame for a game, as chess, draughts, &c.; a kind of thick stiff f)aper; a sheet of substance formed by ayers of paper pasted together, usually in compouncis (as, card-board, mill-board); one of the two stiff covers on the sides of a book. — The boards, the stage of a theatre. — v.t. To lay or spread with boards; to cover with boards ; to place at board, or where food on food and lodging are to be had; to furnish with food, or food and lodging, for a compensation ; to go on board a ves- sel; to enter a vessel by force in combat.— v.i. To live at board ; to live as a boarder. — Boardable, bOrd'a-bl, a. Capable of being boarded, as a ship.— Boarder, bord'- 6r, n. One furnished with food or food and lodging at another's house at a stated charge; one who boards a ship in action. — Boarding-house, n. A house where board or board and lodging is furnished. — Board- Ing.plke, n. A weapon used by sailors in boarding an enemy's ship. — Boarding- school, n. A school, the scholars of which board M'ith the teacher. — Board-school, n. A school under the management of a school-board.— Board-wages, n. pi. Wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals. Boast, host, v.i. [Probably of Celtic origin; comp. W. bost, a boast, bostio, to boast. Com. hostye, to boast.] To speak in high praise of one's self or belongings ; to use , exulting, pompous, or pretentious lan- guage; to brag; to exult j to glory; vaunt; to bluster.— t>.t. To display in oste to osten- tatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation; to magnify br exalt (strength, genius) ; to vaunt : often refL — n. A statement expressive of ostentation, pride, t)r vanity; a vaunting or bragging; a brag; the cause of boasting; occasion of pride, vanity, or laudable exultation. — Boaster, b0st'6r, n. One who boasts, glories, or vaunts with exaggeration or ostenta- tiously; a bragger.— Boastful, bo8t'ful,o. Given to boasting.— Boastfully, bost'ful- li, ad.v. In a boastful manner.— Boastfiil- ness, bost'ful-nes, n. — Boastingly, bOst'- ing-U, adv. Boastfully; with boasting. Boat, Dot, n. [A. Sax. bdi^Icel. bdtr, D. L.G. and G. boot, a boat. Similar forms occur also in Celtic, as Ir. W. bad, Gael, bata.] A small open vessel or water-craft, usually moved by oars or rowing; any sail- ing vessel, but usually described by an- other word denoting its use or mode of propulsion ; as, a packet-boat, steam-boat, &c. — v.t. To transport in a boat. — v.i. To go or sail in a boat.— Boat-bill, n. A bird of the heron family, inhabiting South America, and named from having a bill resembling a boat with the keel upper- most. — Boat-fly, n. An aquatic insect whose hind-legs resera'ole a pair of oars, the body representing a boat.— Boat-hook, n. An iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a Doat. — Boat-house, n. A house or shed for pro- tecting_ boats from the weather. — Boat- man, bot'man, n. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat. — Boatswain, bot'- swan or bo'sn, n. [A. Sax. bAtswAn — bdt, boat, and swdn, swairi.] A ship's officer who has charge of the sails, rigging, an- chors, cables, &c., and who pipes or sum- mons the crew to. their duty. Bob, bob, n. (Perhaps imitative or sug- gestive of abrupt, jerky motion; in some of its senses alliea to Gael, babag, bdban, a tassel.] A general name for any small round object playing loosely at the end of a cord, line, chain, &c. , as a knot of worms on a string used in fishing for eels, the ball or weight at the end of a pendulum, plumb-line, and the like; a short jerking action or motion; a shake or jog; a blow ; bell-ringing, a peal of courses or sets of changes. — v.t. — bobbed, bobbing. To move In a short, jerking manner; to perform with a jerky movement; to cut short, as a horse's tail; to beat or strike; to deceive; to defraud of (Shak.}l.—v.i. To play back- ward and forward; to play loosely against anything; to maie a quick, jerky motion, as a rapid bow or obeisance; to angle or fish with a bob, or by giving the hook a jerking motion in the water. — Bobtail, bob'tal, n. A short tail or a tail cut short; the rabble : used in contempt, as in the phrase rag-tdg ai\d bobtail. — Bobtailed, bob'tald, a. Having the tail cut short. — Bob-wig, n. A wig of short hair. Bobbin, bob'in, n. [Fr. bobine, from L. hom- btis, a humming sound, or more probably connected with E. bob.] A small cylin- drical piece of wood with a head or flange at one or both ends, on which thread or yam is wound for use in sewing, weaving, &c. — Bobbinet, bob'in-et, n. A machine- made cotton net, originally imitated from the lace made by me^ns of a pillow and bobbins. Bobolink. Boblink, bob'o-lingk, bob'liugk, H. The rice-bird or reed-bird of the United States: so called from its cry. Bocasine, bok'a-85n, n. fFr.] A kind of calamanco or woollen stuff. Bode, bod, v.t.— boded, boding. fA.Sax. bod- ran, to announce, to proclaim, JFrom bod, an edict, a message; Icel. botha, to proclaim, to bode; A. Sax. boda, D. bode, G. bote, a messenger; allied to bid.] To portend; to foreshow; to presage; to indicate some- thing futui;e by signs; to be the omen of. — v.i. To be ominous. — Bodeful, bod'fiil, a. Ominous; threatening; foreboding. — Bodement, bod'ment, n. An omen; por- tent; prognostic. — Boding, bod'ing, o. Por- tentous; ominous.— ». A portent; an omen. — Bodlngly, b5d'ing-li, adv. Ominously; forebodingly; jjortentously. Bode, bod, pret. of bide. BocBce, bod'is, n. [Formerly bodies, pi. of body, being originally in two pieces.] A kind of waistcoat quilted with whalebone worn by women; stays; a corset. Bodkin, bodkin, n. [From W. bidogyn, a dagger, dim. of bidog, Gael. Uodag, a short Bword. J Originally a dagger; now a pointed pin of steel, ivory, or the like, for piercing holes in cloth; a blunted needle for draw- ing a ribbon, cord, or string through a loop, or a pin for keeping up the hair. Bodle, bod'l.n. [Supposed to be from Both- well, a mint-master.] A copper coin for- merly current in Scotland, o. the value of two pennies Scots, or the sixth part of an English penny. Body, bod'i, n. [A. Sax. bodig, a body= O.H.G. potach, later botech, bodech, body; comp. Gael. bodAaiff, the body.] The frame or material organized substance of an animal, in distinction from the soul, spirit, or vital principle; the main central or principal part of anything, as distin- guished from subordinate parts, such as the extremities, branches, wings, &c.; a person; a human being: now generally forming a compound with some or no pre- ceding ; a number of individuals spoken of collectively, united by some common tie or by some occupation; a corporation ; any extended solid substance; matter; any substance or mass distinct from others; a united mass; a general collection; a code; a system ; a certain consistency or den- sity; substance; strength (as of liquors, paper, &,c.).—v.t. — bodied, bodying. To pro- duce in some form; to embody; to invest with a body.— Bodiless, bod'i-les, a. Hav- ing no body or material form; incorporeal. — Bodily, bod'i-li,a. Pertaining to or con- cerning the body; of or belonging to the body or to the physical constitution; not mental; corporeal. .". Bodily, relating to or connected with the body as a whole : opposed to mental; corporal, relating to the body as regards outward bearings; corporeal, relating to its nature : opposea to spiritual. Hence, bodily form, corporal punishment, corporeal existence. — adv. Corporeally ; united with a body or mat- ter; entirely; completely (to remove a thing bodi/j>).— Body-colour, n. Painting, a pigment possessing body or a certain de- gree of consistence, substance, and tinging power.— Body-guard, n. The guard that protects or defends one's person; life- guard.— Body-servant, n. A servant that waits upon or accompanies his employer; a valet; a personal attendant. — Body- snatcher, n. One who robs burying-places of dead bodies; a resurrectionist. Boer, bar or bo'er, n. [D., a peasant, far- mer.] The name applied to the Dutch colonists of South Africa engaged in agri- culture or cattle-breeding. Bog, bog, n. [Gael, and Ir. bog, soft, moist, bogan, bogach, a quagmire.] A piece of wet, soft, and spongy ground, where the soil is composed mainly of decaying and decayed vegetable matter; a piece of mossy ground orwherepeat isfound; aquagmire or morass. — v.t. -^bogged, bogging. To whelm or plunge in mud or mire. — Boggy, bog'i, a. Pertaining to or resembling a bog; full of bogs; marshy; swampy; miry. — Bog-butter, n. A fatty spermaceti like mineral resin found in masses in peat- bogs, composted of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.— Bog-earth, n. An earth or soil composed of bght siliceous sand and a considerable portion of vecetable fibre in a half decomposed state.— Bog-iron-ore, n. A loose porous earthy ore of iron found in thin layers in the subsoil of many bogs and swamps.— Bog-oak, n. Trunks or large branches of oak-trees found in peat-bogs, the timber being of a shining black colour and often manufactured into ornamental articles. — Bog -spavin, n. An encysted tumour on the inside of the hough of a horse.— Bog-trotter, n. A derisive term for an inhabitant of a boggy country, applied especially to the Irish peasantry, whose ability in traversing bogs has often enabled them to escape when pursued by the officers of justice. ' Bogey, Bogy, bo'gi, n. [W. bwg, bwgan, a Fate, far, fat, ffiil-fA me, met, h6r;^ pineiPiujAi^utei notj^muTe^tQbe.^tub, b^U;^oiIj^]^ua^ij>.ttL^,aln(a&^tbe Fr..t<. •BOGGLE 7^ BOMB hobgoblin, ecaracroir, brtgheax.) A hob- goblin; a wicked spirit.— Old Bogey, the devil. Boggle, bogi, v.i.— boggled, boggling. [Pro- bably connected with bogey, Prov.E. oogle, a goblin.] To doubt; to hesitate; to stop, as if afraid to proceed or as if impeded by- unforeseen difficiilties; to waver; to shrink; to play fast and loose ; to shilly-shally.— Boggier, bog'l6r, n. A doubter; a timor- ous man; awaverer; an inconstant person. Bogie, Bogey, bo'gi, n. [Perhaps from in- ventor's or maker's name.] Originally a coal-wagon or truck so constructed as to turn readily in little room; now,generally, a four-wheeled truck supporting the front part of a locomotive, and turning beneath it by means of a central pivot. Bogus, bo'gus, a. [From an American swindler named Borghese, who about the year 1835 flooded the Western and South- western States with counterfeit bills, sham mortgages, &c.] Counterfeit; spurious; sham. [Amer.] Bohea, bo-hs', n. [Said to be from a moun- tain m China called Voo-y.] An inferior kind of black tea: sometimes applied to black teas in general. Bohemian, bo-he'mi-an, n. [Ft. Bohimien, a gypsy, oecause the first of that wander- ing race that entered France were believed to be Hussites driven from Bohemia, their native country.] A person, especially an artist or literary man, who leads a free, often somewhat dissipated life, desjjising conventionalities generally. — Bohemian- ism, bo-he'mi-an-izm, n. The life or habits of a Bohemian. Boiar, Boyar, boi'ar, n. A member of a peculiar order of the old Russian arisio^ cracy next in rank to the ruling princes. Boil, boil, v.i. [O.Fr. boiller, Fr. bouillir, L. bullare, bullire, to boil, to bubble, from btdla, abubble. BiU (a paper), billet, bullet, are of same origin.] To be in a ^afe of ebullition; to bubble by the action of heat, as water or other fluids; to exhibit a swirl- ing or swelling motion; to seethe, as waves; to be violently agitated or e.\cited, as the blood; to be subjected to the action of boiling water in cooking, &c., as meat. — v.t. To put into a state of ebullition; to cause to be agitated or bubble by the ap- plication of heat; to collect, form, or sepa- rate by the application of heat, as sugar, salt; to subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid, as meat in cooking; to pre- pare in a boiling liquid; to seethe. — Boiler, boil'fir, n. A person who boils; a vessel, fenerally a large vessel of iron, copper, c, in which anything is boiled in great quantities; a strong metallic vessel, usu- ally of wrought- iron or steel plates riveted together, in which steam is generated for driving engines or other purposes.— Boil- ery, boiier-i, n. A place and apparatus for boiling.— Boilingly, boiiing-li, adv. In a boiling ma.nner.— Boiling point, the de- gree of heat at which a fluid is converted into vapour with ebullition, as water at 212° Fahr., mercury at 662°, Sic.—BoUing spnngs, springs or fountains which give out water at the boiling point or at a high temperature, as the geysers of Iceland and in the Yellowstone region in the United States. Boil, boil, n. [O.E. bile, byle, A. Sax. b^l, a blotch, a sore ; D. buil, G. bevle, a boil ; Icel. b6la, a blain or blister; Dan. byld, a boil.] An inflamed and painful suppur- ating tumour. Boisterous, bois't6r-us, a. [Probably from W. bwystug, brutal, ferocious, bwyst, wild- ness, ferocity; perhaps connected with boast.] Violent; stormy; turbulent; furi- ous ; tumultuous ; noisy. — Boisterously, bois'ter-us-li, adv. In a boisterous man- ner. — Boisterousness, bois't6r-us-nes, n. The stateor quality of being boisterous. Bolary.t bo'la-ri, a. Pertainmg to bole or clay, or partaking of its nature and quali- ties. Bold, bold, a. [A. Sax. beald, bald, bold, courageous = Icel. ballr, D. bout, O.H.G. bald, bold.f Daring; courageous; brave; intrepid; fearless, as a man; requiring or exhibiting courage in execution; executed with courageand spirit, as a deed; rude; forward; impudent; overstepping usual bounds; presuming upon sympathy or forbearance; showing liberty or license; striking to the eye; markedly conspicu- ous; steep; abrupt; prominent. — Boldly, bold'U, adv. In a bold manner; courage- ously; intrepidly; forwardly; insolently; abruptly, &c.— Boldness, bold'nes, n. The quality of being bold, in all the senses of the word; courage; bravery; coniidence; assurance; forwardness; steepness; abrupt- ness.— Bold-faced, a. Impudent. Bole, bol, n. [From Icel. bolr, bulr. Ban. bul, trunk, stem of a tree; probably of same root as bowl, bulge, tic] The body or stem of a tree. Bole, bol, n. [Fr. bol, bole, a- bolus, L. bolus, from Gr. bolOs, a clod of earth.] - A friable clayey shale or earth of various kinds used as a pigment, generally yellow, or yellowish-red or brownish-black, /rom the presence of iron oxide. These earths were formerly employed as astringent, ab- sorbent, and tonic medicines, and they are still in repute in the JEast; they are also used occasionally as veterinary medi- cines in Europe. Armenian bole is used as a coarse red pigment. Bolero, bo-ler'o, n. [Sp., from bola, a ball.] A favourite dance in Spain. Boletus, bo-le'tus, n. [L., from bolus, Gr. bolos,. a mass, from its massive globular form.] A fungus or mushroom of various species, some of which are eaten, and from one of which German tinder is obtained, this species being also used' as a styptic. — Boletic, bo-let'ik, a. Pertaining to or obtained from the Boletus, a genus of mushrooms. Bolide, bo'lid, n. [Fr.,from L. bolia, bolidis, a fiery meteor, from Gr. bolis, a missile, from ballo, to throw.] A meteoric stone or aerolite which explodes on coming in contact with our atmosphere; a fire-ball. Boll, bol, n. (G. bolle, a seed-vessel of flax, J), bol, a round body; same root as bole, a stem.] The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax.— u.i. To form into or produce seed- vessels. Boll, bol, n. [A form of bowl, A. Sax, bolla, a bowl, cup, measure.] An old Scotch dry measure still often used, varying accord- ing to locality and article measured, the potato, barley, oats, &c., boll, containing six bushels. BoUandist, bol'land-ist, n. One of a series of Jesuit writers who published the Acta Hanctorum, a well-known collection of the traditions of the saints of the Roman Ca- tholic Church: so called from John Bol- landus, who edited the first five or six vols. AXs-o used adjectively. Bollard, bol'lard, n. [Allied to bole, the stem of a tree.] A strong post fixed ver- tically into the ground on a wharf or quay; a kind of stanchion in a ship or boat. Bologna-phlal, bo-lo'nya, n. [From Bo- logna in Italy.] A small phial of unan- nealed glass, which flies in pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it an angular fragment of flint, whereas a lead bullet, or other smooth body, may be dropped into it with- out causing injury. — Bologna-eausage, n. A large sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork-suet, chopped fine, and inclosed in a skin. Bolster, bol'stSr, n. [A. Sax. D. Dan. and Sw. bolster, Icel. bdlsir, fi. polster, a cushion, a bolster; root bol, bul, as in ~bulge, kc, and term, -ster, as in iiolster.] A long pillow or cushion used to support the head of persons lying on a bed; some- thing resembling a bolster more or less in form or application, as a pad or quilt used to prevent pressure; a compress, a cush- ioned or padded part of a saddle; the part of a cutting tool which joins the end of the handle; a hollow tool for punching holes, kc.—v.t. To furnish or support with a bolster, pillow, or any soft pad; to pad; to stufl"; fig. to support; to maintain: usu- ally implying support of an unworthy cause or object and generally with up (to bolster up his pretentions with lies). — Bolsterer, bol'stfer-tr, n. One who bolsters; a supporter. Bolt, bolt,"**. [A. Sax. 'bolt, an arrfw. n. bolt; Dan. bolt, a bolt, an iron peg, a tet- ter, G. bolz, bolzen, an arrow, a Dolt or large nail.] An arrow; a thunderbolt; a stream of lightning; a stout metallic pin used for holding objects together, fre- quently screw-threaded at one extremity to receive a nut; a movable bar for fasten- ing a door; gate, window-sash, or the like; especially that portion of a lock which is protruded from or retracted within the case by the action of the key; an iron ta fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle. — v.tl To fasten or secure with a bolt or iron pin, as a door, a plank, fetters, &c. ; to swallow hurriedly or without chewing, as. food (coUoq.); to staxt or spring game. — v.i. To shoot forth suddenly; to spring- out with speed and suddenness; to start forth like a bolt; to run out of the regular path; to start and run off; to take iQght; to make one's escape (colloq.). — adv. As straight as a bolt; suddenly; with sudden meetmg or collision (to come bolt against a person). — Bolter, bolt'fer, n. One who fastens with a bolt; one who makes his escape or runs away; a horse given to starting off or running away. — Bolt-up- right, a. or adv. As straight or upright as a bolt; erect or erectly. Bolt, bolt, v.t. [O.Fr. buleter, bulUr (Mod. Fr. bluter), with change of r into I, from, an older form bureter, from bure, the thick woollen cloth of which bolting-sieves are made, from L. burra, coarse cloth.] To sift or pass through a sieve so as to sepa- rate the coarser from the finer particles, as bran from flour; fig. to sift or separate good from bad, or the like.— Bolter, bolt'- er, n. One who bolts; a sieve or apparatus for bolting.— Bolt-head, n. A long straight- necked glass vessel for chemical distilla- tions; a matrass or receiver. — Bolting- house, n. A house where meal is sifted. — Bolting-hutch, m. A tub for bolted flour. — Bolting-mlU, n. A mill or machine for sifting meal. — Bolting-tub, n. A tub to sift meal in. — Bolt-rope, n. A rope to which the edges of sails are sewed to strengthen them. Bolu2, bolus, n. [L. bolus, a bit, a morsel, a lump, Gr. bOlos, a clod, a lump.] A soft round mass of anything medicinal to be Bwallowed at once, larger and less solid than an ordinary pill. Bomb, bom,»i. [Fr. 6om6e,a bomb, from L. bombus, Gr. bombos, a hollow deep sound. Probably imitative, like E. bum, boom, to make a deep hollow sound.] A destructive projectile, consisting of a hollow ball or spherical shell, generally of cast-iron,filled with explosive materials, fired from a mor- tar, and usually exploded by means of a fuse or tube filled with a slow-burning compound, which is ignited by the dis- charge of the mortar.— Bomb-ketch, Bomb- vessel, n. A small ship or vessel of very strong build, for throwing bombs into a fortress from the sea. — Bomb-proof, a. Secure against the force of bombs; cap- able of resisting the shock or explosion of shells. — Bomb-shell, n. A spherical sliell; a bomb. — Bombard, bom'bard, n. [Fr. bombarde,- a piece of ordnance.] A piece of short thick ordnance with a large mouth, formerly used ; a barrel ; a drink- ing vessel (Shak.).—v.t., bom-bard'. To at- tack with bombs ; to fire shells at or into; toshell: sometimes used somewhat loosely for to assault with artillery of any kind. — Bombardier, bom-bar-der', n. A person employed in throwing bombs or shells; specifically, in the British p.,rmy, a non- commissioned artillery officer whose duty is to load shells, &c., and to fix the fuses, and who is particularly appointed to the sen'ice of mortars and howitzers. — Bombardier beetle, the common name of many coleopterous insects, possessing a remarkable power of violently expelling from the anus a pungent, acrid fluid, ac- companied by a smart report. — Bombard- ment, bom-bard'ment, n. The act of bom- barding; the act of throwing shells and shot into a town, fortress,&c.— Bombardon, bom-bar'don, n. [Fr., ultimately from L. bombus, a hollow sound.] A large-sized and grave- toned musical instrument of the fch;-cAain;JBcft, Sc. locA;«|' g, go; >/ j, /ob; m U, Pr. tow; j, rig, rin(7;,jBtTH, tten; th, thia\fiuyr, wigsJlirh, wMg;'*? zht aeuwJ BOMBASIKE 74 BOOK tniiupet kind, in souud not unlike the ophicleide. Bombasine, Bombazine, bom-ba-zen'.n. [Fr. bombasin, bombasine, It. bombicina, bom- basin, L. boinbt/cinus, made of silk or cot- ton, from Gr. bombyx, bombykos, a silk- worm, silk.] A slight twilled fabric, of which the warp is silk (or cotton) and the weft worsted.— Bombazette, bom-ba-zet', n. A sort of thin woollen cloth. Bombast, bom'bast,n. [Originally padding made of cotton, of same origin as bonibor svie.l Cotton or other stuff of soft, loose texture used to stuff garments J ; hence, high-sounding words; inflated or turgid language; fustian; words too big and high- sounding for the occasion. — Bombastic, bom-bas'tik,a. Characterized by bombast; high-sounding; turgid; inflated. — Bom- bastically, bom-bas'tik-al-li, adv. In 'a bombastic or inflated manner or style. Bona fide, bo'na fi'de. [L.] With good faith; without fraud or deception: frequently used as a sort of adjective, equivalent to acting in good faith, honest ; as, a bona- fide trader, traveller, &c. [The term bona- fide traveller is chiefly used in reference to the acts regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors on Sxmday in England and Sco^ land, the bona-fide traveller being one who. is entitled to refreshment as having actu- ally travelled a sufficient distance.] Bonapartlst, bon'a-part-ist, n. One attached to the policy or the dynasty of the Bona- partes ; one who favours the claims of the Bonaparte family to the throne of France. Bon-bon, bon-bon, n. [Fr.] Some article of sugar-confectionery; a sugar-plum. Bond, bond, n. [A form of oand. Banb, Bind.] Anything that binds, fastens, con- fines, or holds thmgs together, as a cord, a chain, a rope; hence, -pi. fetters, chains, and so imprisonment, captivity; abiuding power or influence; a uniting tie (the b(md of affection); an obligation imposing a moral duty, as by a vow or promise; an obligation or deed by which a person binds himself, his heirs, &c., to do or not to do a certain act, usually to pay a certain sum on or before a certain day ; masonry, the connection of one stone or brick with an- other b.y lapping them over each other in building so that an inseparable mass may be formed, which could not be the case if every vertical joint were over that below it; the state of being bonded, as goods in bond, that is stored in a bonded ware- house until customs or excise duties have been paid on them. — a. [For boiind.] In a state of servitude or slavery; captive. — v.t. To put in bond or into a bonded warehouse, as goods liable for customs or excise duties, the duties remaining unpaid till the goods -are taken out. — Bonded warehouse, a licensed warehouse or store in which goods liable to government duties may be lodged after bond has been given on behalf of the owners of the goods, for the payment of such duty on their re- moval for home consumption. — Bondage, bon'daj, n. Slavery or involuntary ser- vitude ; thraldom ; captivity ; imprison- ment; restraint of a person's liberty by compulsion. — Bonder, bon'dfir, n. One who bonds ; one who deposits goods in a bonded warehouse; one of the stones which reach a considerable distance into or en- tirely through a wall for the purpose of binding it together. — Bondmaid, bond'- mad, n. A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, in opposition to a hired servant.— Bondman, Bondsman, bond'man, bondz'man, n. A man slave, or one bound to sen'ice without wages. — Bond-servant, n. A slave; a bondman or bond-woman.— Bond-service, n. The con- dition of a bond-servant ; slavery.- Bond- slave, n. A person in a state of slavery.— Bond-store, n. A bonded warehouse. — Bonds- wonum. Bond-woman, n. A woman slave. "'*?'■*•' Eone, bon, n. [A. Sax. hdn, a bone; cog. D. and Dan. been, Icel. and G. bein, a bone, the lower part of the leg. ] One of the pieces of'which the skeleton of an animal is composed; the substance of which the skeleton of vertebrate animalsiscomposed; a firm hard substance of a dnU white col- our, more or less hollow or <;ellular inter- nally, and consisting of earthy matters (chiefly phosphate of lime and some car- bonate of lime) about 67 per cent, and ani- mal matter 33 per cent ; pi. pieces of bone held between the fingers somewhat after the manner of castanets, and struck to- gether in time to music of the negro min- strel type.— iJon« of contention, a subject of dispute and rivalry, probably from the manner in which dogs quarrel over a bone. — To make no bones, to make no scruple', a metaphor taken from a dog, who greedily swallows meat, bones included. — v.t. — boned, boning. To take out the bones from, as in cookery; to put whale- bone into (stays).— Bony, bO'ni, a. Pertain- ing to, consisting of, or resembling bone ; having prominent bones. — Bone-bed, n. Geol. a bed or deposit composed of frag- ments of teeth and small bones, scales, coprolites, &c., of extinct animals, esnieci- ally fishes and saurians. — Bone-black, n. Animal charcoal; the black carbunaceous substance into which bones are converted by charring in close vessels. — Bone-breccia, n. Geol. a conglomerate of fragments of bones and limestone cemented into a rock by a red calcareous concretion. — Bone- brown, n. A brown pigment produced by roasting bones or ivory till they become of a brown colour throughout.— Bone-dust, n. Bones ground to dust for manure. — Bone- earth, Bone-ash, n. The white, porous, earthy or minenil residue of bones which have been calcined bo as to destroy the animal matter and carbon. — Bone-mill, re. A mill for grinding or bruising bones.— Bone-setter, n. One whose occupation is to set broken and dislocated bones.— Bone- setting, n. The art or practice of setting bones. — Bone-spavin, n. A bony excres- cence or hard swelbng on the inside of the hock of a horse's leg. Bonfire, bon'fir, n. [From Dan. haun, a beacon, and E.fire; or from W. bdn, con- spicuous, lofty, whence ban-ffagl, a lofty blaze, a bonfire.] A fire made as an ex- pression of public joy and exultation. Boniface, bon'i-fas, n. [The name of the landlord in Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem.'] A sleek, jolly, good-natured landlord or innkeeper. Bonito, bo-ne'to, n. [Sp.] A fish of several species, one of which is the striped -bel- lied tunny common in tropical seas, one of the fishes which pursue the flying-fish. Bon-mot, bon-mo, n. [Fr., bon, good, and nwt, a word.] A witticism ; a witty re- partee. Bonne, bon, re. [Fr.] A nurse ; a nursery governess. Bonnet, bon'et, re. [Fr. "bonnet, Sp. and Pg. bmiete, L.L. bonetus, bonela, originally a sort of stuff so called; perhaps of Orien- tal origin.] A covering for the head worn by men; a cap; a covering for the head worn by women, and distinguished from a hat by details which vary according to the fashion; anything that covers the head or top of an object, as the cowl or wind-cap of a chimney, &c.—v.t. To force the hat over the eyes of, with the view of mobbing or hustling. — v.i. To pull off the bonnet; to make obeisance. [SAat.] — Bon- neted, bon'et-ed, a. Wearing a bonnet, or furnished with a bonnet.— Bcnnet-rouge, bon-e-rozh,n. [Fr., lit. red cap.] A red or. fervid republican: so na.med because a red cap was assumed as a distinguishing mark bjr the leaders of the first French revolu- tion. Bonny, bon'i, a. [Doubtfully derived from Fr. bonne, good.] Handsome; beautiful ; fair or pleasant to look upon; pretty; fine. Bonspiel, bon'spel, n. [Dan. bondespil, a rustic game, from bonde, a rustic (A. Sax. bonrfa),'andspii, 6. spiel, a game.] In Scot- land, a match in the game of curling be- tween parties belonging to different dis- tricts. Bon-ton, bon-ton, re. f Fr. ] The style of persons in high life; high mode or fashion; fashionable society. Bonus, bo'nus, re. [L. bonus, good.] A sum given or paid over and above what is re- quired to be paid, as a premium given for a loan, or fox a charter or other privilege granted to a company; an extra dividend or allowance to the shareholders of a joint- stock company, holders of insurance poli- cies, &c., out of accumulated profits; a sum paid to an emploj'e over and above, his stated pay in recognition of successful ex- ertions. Bon-vlvant, bon-vC-v&n, n. [Fr. bon, good, and vivant, ppr. of vivre, L. vivere, to live.] A generous liver; a jovial companion. Bony, a. Under Bone. , Bonze, bonz, n. [Pg., a corruption of Japan- ese busso, a pious man.] The European name for a priest or monk of the religion of Fo or Buddha in China, Burmah, Japan, &c. ; there are both male and female bonzes living in monasteries. Booby, bOTji, n. [Sp. bobo, a fool, the bird called the booby.] A dunce; a stupid fel- low; a lubber; a bird allied to the gannet, and included in the pelican family, ap- parently BO stupid as to allow itself Xo be knocked on the head by a stick or caught by the hand. — Boobyish, bij'bi-ish, a. lake or pertaining to a booby; stupid. Boodhism, Boodhist, }i. Bcdbhism, Buddh- ist. Book, buk, n. [A. Sax. hoc, a book, origin- ally a beech-tree; Icel. bdit.abook.abeech; D. boek, a book, a beech; G. buck, a book, buche, a beech; Slav, bukva, a book, buk, a beech. The words book and beecfe- are closely akin, beechen tablets or pieces of beech bark having probably formed the early books.] A number of sheets of paper or other material folded, stitched, and bound together on edge, blank, written, or printed ; a volume ; a particular part (generally including several chapters or sections) of a literary composition; a di- vision of a subject in the same volume; a register or record; a register containing commercial transactions or facts in proper - form. — v.t. To enter, write, or register in a book ; to secure the carriage or transmis- sion of by purchasing a ticket for coach, rail, or steamer. — Bookful,t buk'ful, a. Full of notions gleaned from books; book- ish.— Bookish, buk'ish, a. Given to read- ing or study; more acquainted with books than with the world ; pertaining to, con- tained in, or learned from books; theoret- ical.— Bookishness, buk'ish-nes, n. Addict- edness to books; foiidness for study. — Bookless,] buk'les, o. Without books; un- learned; ignorant.— Booklet, bnk'let, re. A -little book.— Bookbinder. buk'bind-6r, n. One whose occupation is to bind books. — Bookbindery, buk'bind-*r-i, n. A place where books are bound. — Bookbinding, bnk'bind-ing, n. The act or practice of binding books; or of sewing the sheets and covering them with leather or other ma- terial. — jBsok-case, re. An upright case with shelves for holding books. — Book- collector, n. One who collects books, espe- cially rare and fine editions; a bibliophile. —Book-debt, n. A debt standing against a person in an account - book. — Book - hunter, re. An eager collector of books; especially one who frequents old book- shops, stalls, book-sales, in search of old and rare books and editions; a biblioma- niac—Booking-office, re. An office where passengers receive tickets for conveyance by railway or other means of transit. — Book-keeper, n. One who keeps accounts; a person who has the charge of entering or recording business transactions or items of debit and credit in the regular set of books belongingtobusinesshou.ses— Book- keeping, re. The art of recording mercan- tile transactions in a regular and system- atic manner; the art of keeping accounts in a book or set of books in such a manner as to give a permanent record of business transactions, so that at any time the true stete of one's pecuniary affairs and mer- cantile dealings may be exhibited.— Book- learned, a. Versed in books and litera^ ture: sometimes implj-ing an ignorance of men or of the common concerns of W^-— Book-learning, n. Learning acquired by reading; acquaintance merely with books and literature —Book-louse, re. pi. BooK- Uce. One of a small family of mmute in- sects very destructive to old books.--BooK- maker, n. " "^ '^ " '° °° One who writes and publishes Fate, far, fat fftU; me,'met. h6r; pine, pin; note, not, mttve; ' tabs, tub, bull ; on, pound; 11. Sc. abune— the Fr. «. BOOM 75 JJOSCAGE books; rspccip.Uy, a compiler; in betting phraseologjr, a person, generally a protes- sional betting inan, who wagers on the defeat of a specified horse or other com- petitor in a race ; a layer as opposed to a backer.— Book-making, n. The occupation of a book-maker.— Book-man, n. A studi- ous or learned man; a scholar. [Sfiak.] — Book-muElin, n. A kind of fine transparent muslin having a stiff or elastic finish : so called from being folded in book form. — Book-post, n. That arrangement in the post-office by which books, printed matter, and manuscripts left open at the ends are conveyed at a reduced rate of payment. — Bookseller, buk'sel-6r, n. One whose_ oc- cupation is to sell books. — Bookselling, buk'sel-ing, n. The business of selling books.— Boofc-stall, ji. A stall on which books are placed which are oifered for sale. — Book-stand, n. A stand or support to hold books for reading or reference. — Book- worm, n. A worm or mite that eats holes in books ; a person too much addicted to books or study. Boom, bOm, n. -[Akin to Ixam, from D. boom, a tree, a pole, a beam, Dan. bom, a rail or bar.] A long pole or spar run out from various parts of a vessel for extend- ing the bottom of particular sails, as the jib-boom, main-&oo«i,.&c.; a strong beam, or an iron chain or cable, extended across a river or harbour to prevent ^hips from passing. Boom, mm, v.i. [An imitative word; comp. D. bomme, a drum ; boTnmen, to drum ; L. bomhus, a humming sound. Bomb.] To make a sonorous, hollow, humming; or droning sound. — n. A deep hollow noise, as the roar of waves or the sound of dis- tant guns : applied also to the cry of the bittern and the buzz of the beetle. Boomerang, bbm'e-rang, ». A missile formed generally of a piece of hard wood, parabolic in shape, used by the Australian aborigines, and remarkable from the fact that when thrown to a distance it rises into the air, then returns to hit an object behind the thrower if skilfully handled. Boon, bdn, n. [Icel. b6n, a request, a boon, Dan. and Sw. bon = A. Sax. oen,, Icel. been, a prayer.] Originally a prayer, petition, or request; hence, that which is asked; a favour; a "grant; ~a benefaction; a benefit; a blessing; a great privilege. Boon, bon, d. [Norm. Fr. boon. Ft. ban, from L. bonus, ^ood.] Gay; jovial; merry (a 6oo»t companion). Boon, ben, n. [Gael, and Ir. bv.nach, coarse tow, from btln, stubble.] Thb useless vegetable matter from dressed flax. Boor, bOr, n. [A. Sax. {ge)bdr, a country- man or farmer = D. boer, G. baiter; from •A. Sax. bdan, Icel. biitt, to dwell, to in- habit, to cultivate; D. bouwen, G. bauen, to cultivate.] A countrymen ; a peasant ; a rustic; a clown; hence, one who is rude in manners and illiterate.— Boorish, bdr'ish, a. Clownish ; rustic ; awkward in man- ners; illiterate.- Boorishly,b8r'ish-li, adv. rn a clownish manner.— BooHahness, bOr'- ish-nes, n. The state of being boorish. Boose, Bouse, biJz, v.i. [D. buizen, to drink laxgely, to gulp.] To drink largely; to guzzle liquor; to tipple. Written 'also Booze, £ow2e.— Booser, b8z'6r, n. One who guzzles liquor ; a tipplef ; a drunkard.-— Boosy, BouBy, bS'zi, a. A little intoxicated; merry with liquor. [Colloq.] ' Boot, bet, n. J A. Sax. bit, reparation, aBiendsj TcelT 0(i«, remedy, amends; same root as m better.} Profit; gain; advantage; that which is given to supply the defici- ency of value* in- one of the things ex- changed. — To boot [A. Sax. to-bdte], in ad- dition to; over and above; into the bar- gain.— -y.t. To profit; to advantage; to avail: used impersonally (it boots us little; what boots it?).— Bootless, bat'les, a. "Without boot, profit, or advantage; unprofitable; unavailing; useless. — Bootlesdy, botles- li, adv. In a bootless or unprofitable man- ners— Bootlessness, bot'les-nes, m. Boot, bot, n. [Fr. botte, a butt, and also a boot, from resemblance in shape. Butt.] An article of dress, generally of leather, covering the foot and extending to a ■greater or less distance up the leg; an in- ■ Elruiucnt i>f loi turo f istouo.l on to tbo leg, between which and the boot wedges were introduced and hammered in, often crush- ing both muscles aad bones; the luggage- box in a stage-coach, either on the front or the hind part; pi , used as a singular noun, the servant in hotels who cleans the boots of the guests, or part of whose work origin- ally was to do so.— y.l!. To put boots on. — Booted, bOt'ed, a: Equipped with boots: having boots on. — Bootee, bot'C,n. A half or short boot; also a clvild's knitted boot. — Boot-hook,n. A sort of holdfast with which long boots are pulled on. — Boot-hose, n. Stocking-hose or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots.- Boot-jack,"»i. An instrument for drawing off Doots. — Boot - lace, n. The string or cord for fastening a boot. — Boot- maker, n. One whose occupation is to make boots.— Boot-rack, n. A frame or stand to hold boots, especially with their tops downwards. — Boot-tree, Boot-last, to. , An instrument consisting of two wooden blocks, which together form the shape of the leg and foot, and which are inserted into a boot and then driven apart by a wedge to stretch the boot. Bootes, bo-o'tez, n.'JGr. boites, a herdsman, from OOMS,' an ox or cow.] A northern con- stellation, containing the star Arcturus. Booth, boTH, TO, [Icel. biith, Dan. and Sw. bod, G. bride, a b*oth; allied to Gael, buth, Slav, bavda, bvda, Lith. buda, a booth, a hut.] A house or shed built of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight materials for a tempotary residence, as for a show or the sale of goods in a fair or market. Booty, be'ti, to. [Same -as Icel.byH, Dan. bytte, exchange, barter, booty, from b^ta. to divide into portions, to deal out.] Spoil .taken from an enemy in war; that which is seized by violence and robbery; plunder; pillage. Booze, bez, v.i. Boozy, be'zi, a. Same as Boose, Boosy. Bo-peep, bo-pep', n. [Bo, an exclamation, and veep.] A game among children in Vhicn one suddenly appears from behind something, cries 'do!' and as suddenly disappears, for the purpose of startling its companions. Borachio,t bo-nvch'i-o, n. [Sp. borracha, a leather wine-vessel, from borra, a lamb or ewe; borracho, drunk.] The dressed skin of a goat or 'pig used for holding Vine or other liquid; a skin or leather bottle; hence a drunkard. BoragOj bor'aj, n. [L.L. borrago, borago, from borra, hair, from its hairy leaves.] A plant allied to. the forget-me-not, hav- ing very rough hairy leaves and pretty blue flowers, which were supposed to be cordial and were infused in dnnks. Borax, bo'raks, n. [Sp. boT-rax, Ar. bUraq, saltpetre, from barak,to shine.] A salt formed by the combination of boratic acid with soda occurring in a crude state (tin- cal) in India, Persia, China, Peru, Chili, &c., or prepared from a solution of boracic acid ana of carbonate of soda combined and crystallized: used as a flux in soldering metals, and in making glass and artificial gems.— Boracic, bo-ras'ik, a. Of, pertain- ing to, or produced from hoTax^— Boracic acid, a compound of boron with oxygeii and hydrogen. — Boracite, bo'ra-sit, re. A mineral consisting of borate and chloride of magnesium. — Borate, bO'rat, n. A salt formed by a combination of boracic acid with any base. Borbcrygmus, Borborygm, bor-bor-ig'mus, bor'bor-it-i, TO. [Gr.borbori/gmos, from bor- boryzO,-to nave a rumbling in the Ixjwels.] The rumbling noise caused by wind within the intestines. Borcer, bors'er, to. A steel-poinfed iron instrument for boring holes in rocks pre- paratory to blasting. Bord, bord, to. [Fr., border, edge.] Mining, the face of coal parallel, to the natural fissures. Bordelais; bor-de-la, a. Belonging to the Bordeaux district of France, a terin ap- plied to a class of fine red wines. Border, bor'der, n. [Fr. bordure, bord, a border, border, to border, from' the Ger- man. Board.] The outer part or edge of anything, as of .a garment, piece of cloth. a country, &c.; margin; verge; brink; boundary; confine; frontier.— v.i. To have the edge or boundary adjoining; to be con- tiguous or adjacent; to approach; to colne near: with on or upon. — v.t. To make a border to; to adorn with a border of orna- ments; to form a border to; to touch at the edge or end; to be contiguous to; to limit. —Borderer, bor'der-er, to. One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or con- fines of a country, region, or tract of land. —Border-land, to. Land forming a border or frontier; an uncertain intermediate district. Bore, bor, v.t — bored, boring. [A. Sax. borian; Icel. bora, Sw. borra, Dan. bore. D. boren, G. bohren, to bore; of same root with ii.foro, to bore.] To pierce or per- forate and make a round hole in; to drill a hble in; to form by piercing or drilling (*o bore a hole); to, force a narrow and dif- ficult passage through; to weary by tedi- ous iteration or repetition; to tire by insuf- ferable dulness; to tease; to annoy; to pester. — v.i. To pierce or enter by drilling, «c. ; to push forward toward a certain point.— TO. The hole made by boring; hence, the cavity or hollow of a gun, cannon, pis- tol, or other firearm; the calibre, whether formed by boring or not; a person that tires or wearies, especially by trying the patience; a dull person who forces his company and conversation upon us; any- thing troublesome or annoying. — Bore- dom, bor'dum, to. The domain of bores : bores collectively; the state of being bored or of being a bore.— Borer, bor'er, to. One who or that which bores; a term some- times applied to certain worms, insects, fishes, which penetrate foreign bodies. Bore, bor, to. [Icel. bdra, a wave or swell.] A sudden influx of the tide into the estu- ary of a river from the sea, the inflowing water rising and advancing like a wall, rushing with tremendous noise against the current for a considerable distance. Bore, bor, pret. of bear (which see). Boreal, bo^iS-al, a. [L. borealis, from boreas, the north wind.] Northern; pertaining to the liorth orthe north wind. Borecole, bor'kol, to. A variety of hardy winter cabbage with the leaves curled or wrinkled, and not forming into a hard head. Botlc, bo'rik, a. Same as Boracic.— 'Boride, bo'rid, TO. A compound of boron with an element. Bom, bom, pp. of bear, to bring forth. Borne, bom, pp. of bear, to- carry, &c. Borne, Vjom, to. Bourn. Boron, bo'ron, to. [From borax.} Sym. B. CAem. the characteristic element contained in borax, forming dark-coloured brilliant crystals, or sometimes a dark-brown pow- der. Borough, bur's, n. [A. Sax. burg, burh, a fort, town, city; Icel. Sw. Dan. borg, Goth. baurgo, G. D. btirg; root in A. Sax. bcorgan, Goth, bairgan, G. bergen, to protect. From same root are bury, borrow, burrow, barrow (grave mound), &c.J A corporate town or township; a town with a properly organ- ized municipal government. — Borough- English, TO. Law, a customary descent of estates to the youngest son instead of the eldest, or, if tbe owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother. — Borough-monger, TO. One who buys or sells the parliament- ary representation of a borough. Borrow, bor'ro, v.t. [A. Sax. borgian, pro- perly to take on security, from borg, borh, security, from beorgan, to protect; G. and D. borgen, tp borrow. Boeol-gu.] To ask and obtain on loan, trust, or on credit, wth the intention of returning or giving an equivalent for ; to take or adopt from an- other or from a foreign source and use as one's own; to adopt; to appropriate; to imitate; to copy.— Borrower, bor'ro-fer, to. .One who borrows; one who takes what belongs to another and uses it as his own; a copier; an imitator; a plagiarist. • Bort, bort, re. Diamonds too coarse for ornamental setting, or small fragments of pure diamonds, used when reduced to a powder for polishing and grinding.' Boscage, Boskage, bos'kaj, re. [O.Fr. bos- cage, from the German. BtrsH.] A mass *cli, cAain;, < eft, Sc. locft; 'g,ipo;-r j,iob;^n, Fr..ton; ^^ng, sinp; th, tften; th, IMn; 4V wig; wh, ivftig; zh, asure. BOSCH-VAB.K. "76 BOtJNCj: of prowing trees or shrubs; woods; groves or thickets; sylvan foliage Bosch-vark, Bosh-vark, bosh'v&rk, n. [D. boBch, wood, and vark, hog.] The bush- hog or bush-pig of South Africa, one of the most formidable members of the swine family. ^ Bosh, bosh, n. [Turk., empty, vain, use- less.] Nonsense; absurdity; trash. Bosk, t bosk, n. [ An old form of bush. ] A thicket; a small close natural wood, especially of bushes. . I Tenn.]— Boskage, n. Boscage. — Bosky, bos'ki, a. Bushy; covered with groves or thickets. [MiL] Bssom, bo'zum, n. lA. Sax. bdam, D. boezem, (i. bvsen, probably from root of bow, mean- ing literally a swelling or protruding part. ] The breast of a human being; the folds of the dress about the breast; the seat of the tender affections, passions, inmost thoughts, wishes, secrets, &c.; embrace or compass (the bogom of the church); some- thing likened to the *human, bosom (the bosom of the earth, of a lake, &c.). — a. In- timate; familiar; close; dear. — v.t. To in- close or harbour in the bosom ; to embrace; to keep with care; to cherish intimately; to conceal; to embosom. Boss, bos, n.- [Fr. bosse, a swelling, from O.H.G. bdzo, a bimch or bundle, same root as G. bosien, to beat; "E. beat] A protu- berant part; a roxmd, swelling body; a projecting mass; a stud or knob; a pro- tuberant ornament of silver, ivory, or other material, used on bridles, harness, &c.; arch, an ornament placed at the in- tersection of the ribs or groins in vaulted or flat roofs. — v.t. To ornament with bosses; tobestud; to emboss. [SAai.]— Bossy, bos'i, a. Containing a boss; ornamented with Boss, bos, n. [D. baas, a master.] An em- ployer; amaster;asuperintehdeat. [Amer- ican.] Bostangl, bos-tan'je, n. pi. [Turk., from bostjn, a garden.] A class of men in Tur- key, originally the sultan's gardeners, but now also -employed in various capacities more closely connected with his person. Bot, Bot-fly. Borr. Botany, bot'a-ni, n. [Ab if from a form botaneia, from Gr. lotanS, herbage, a plant, from bosko, to feed.] The science which treats of the vegetable kingdom, dealing with the forms, structure, and tissues of f>lants, the laws or conditions which regu.' ate their growth or development, the functions of their various organs, the claissification of the various specific foxms' of plants, their distribution over the face ot the globe, and their condition at various feological epochs. — Botanic, Botanical, o-tan'ik, bo-tan'ik-al, a. Pertaining to botany; relating to plants in general. — Botanically, bo-tan 'ik-al-li, adv. In a botanical manner; after the manner of a botanist; according to a system of botany. — Botajiist, bot'an-ist, n. One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants or vegetables, their structure, and §eneric and specific differences.— Botakiize, ot'an-iz, v.i.—i>otanized, botanizing. To study plants; to investigate the vegetable kingdom: to seek for plants with a view to study.them. Botargo, Botarga, bo-tai'go bo-t&r'ga, n. [Sp.] A relishing sort of food, made of the roes of the mullet or tunny strongly salted after they have become putrid, much used on the coast of the Mediter- ranean. Botch, boch, n. [O.E. boeehe, botehe, n Pore, a swelling, from O.Fr.ioce, a boss, a botch, a boU, a parallel form of boss; Comp. O.D. ?>t(on ; to base ; to furnish with a bottom. — Bottomed, bot'- omd, a. Having a bottom of this or that kind: used in composition. — Bottomless, bot'om-les, a. Without a bottom ; hence, fathomless; whose bottom canuot be found by sounding.— Bottomry, bot'om-ri, n. The act of borrowing money, and pledging the bottom of the ship, that is, the ship itself, as security for the repayment of the money. Bottom, bot'om, n. fW. bofurni, a boss, a bud, a button.] A ball or skein of thread; a cocodn. — v.t. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. Bouche, Bonch, b5sh, v.t. [Ft. bouche, mouth.] To form or drill a new month or vent in, as a gun which has been spiked. Boudoir, bo-dwar, «. [Fr., from bouder, to pout, to sulk!] A small room .to which a lady may retire to be alone, or in which she mav receive her intimate friends. Bough, bou, n. [A. Sax. b6g, bdh, an arm, a shoulder, a bough; Icel. bogr, Dan. boug, bov, the shoulder, a vessel's bow; allied to Gr. pechys, the fore-arm, Skr. bCLh\is, the arm. Bow (of a ship) is the same word.] An arm or large branch of a tree. Booght, bat, pret. & pp. of buy (which see). Bougie, bti-zhe, n. [Fr., a wax -candle, from Sp. bugia, from Bugia, in North Africa, whence wax-candles were first brought.] A wax tai)er; surg. a slender flexible cylin- der made of waxed linen or silk cord, or of caoutchouc, steel, German silver, ffic, intended for introduction into the urethra, oesophagus, or rectum, when those jjas- sages are obstructed, as by stricture. BouilU, bol, ji. [O.E. bowle, Fr. houle, from L. bulla, a bubble (whence verb to boil).] A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface at play; a ball of wood loaded on one side used in a game played on a level plat of green-sward; p>. the game played with such balls. — v.i. To play with bowls or at bowling; to roll a Dowl, as in the game of bowle; to deliver the ball to be played by the batsman at cricket; to move rapidly and like a ball. — v.t. To roll in the manner of a bowl ; to pelt^with or as with bowls.— Bowler, bol'ar, n. One who plays at bowls; cricket, the player who delivers the ball in order to be played by the batsman. — Bowling-alley, n. A covered place for the gamq of bowls. — Bowling-green, n. A level piece of green-sward kept smooth for bowling. l_ Bowlder, bol'dSr, n. Same as JSouWer." Bowse, bouz, v.i. To boose (which see); naut. to haul or pull hard. "^ Box, boks, n. [A. Sax. box, a box, from L. buxus, buxum,the box-tree, and something made of its wood.] A case or receptacle of any size and made of any material ; the driver's seat on a carrftige; a present, especially a Christmas present; a compart- ment for the accommodation of a small number of people, as in a theatre; a nar- row confined inclosed place; a place of shelter for one or two men engaged in cer- tain duties, as sentries, signalmen, &c.; a small house for sportsmen during the shooting season or the like. — v.t. To in- close, as in a box; to. confine. — To box the compass, to repeat or go over the points of the compass in order, or to answer any questions regarding the divisions of the compass. — Boxing-day, Boxing-night, n.- The day and night after Christmas-day when Christmas-boxes and nresents are given. clr, cAain; cft^ Sc- Jocftj ^ g,jis>i. ' j, iofe jii, Tr. iaw ng slngi sh, toen; th, thia; .w, iwg; _jvh, wftig; ..jh, aswre BOX BRAKE Box, boks, n. [Corresponding by meta- thesis to Dan. bask, a slap, baske, to beat; akin hash.] A blow with the fist. — v.t. To strike with the f~t or hand. — v.i. To light with the fists ; co practise fighting with the fists. — Boxer, bok'ser, n. One who fights v.-iti. his fists; a pugilist. — Boxing-glove, r.. A large padded glove ii.eed for sparrinir. Box, boks, n. [h. buxtis, Gr. pyxos, the box-tree. Box, a case.] The name given to several speci(;s of trees or shrubs, the most importan" being a small evergreen tree with small shining leaves, and yield- ing a hard clo^e- grained wood, and the dwarf variety used as edgings of gar- den walks. — Bsxen, bok'sen, a. >Iade of Vjox-Mood; restmbling boxt. — Box-wood, n. The fine hard-grained timber of the box-troe, much used by wood-engravers and in the manufacture of musical and mathematical instruments, &c. Boy, boi, n. [Fris. boi, boy, a boy; allied to 1). boef, G. bube, Sw. bue, a boy.] A male child from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; a man wanting in vigour, experience, judgment; a familiar term applied in ad- dressing or speaking of grown persons, especially one's associates; in compounds sometimes applied to grown men without any idea of youth or contempt; as, a post- al/, a pot6oj/.— Boyhood, boi'hud, n. The state of being a boy or of immature age. —Boyish, boi'ish, a. Belonging to a boy; pertaining to boyhood: in a disparaging sense ; childish ; trifling ; puerile. — Boy- ishly, boi'ish-li, adv. In a boyish manner. —Boyishness, boi'ish-nes, n. The quality of being boyish. Boycott, boi'kot, v.t. FFrom Capt. Boycott, an Irish landlord, the first prominent victim of the system.] To combine in ip- f using to work for, to buy from or sell to, or to have any dealings with, on account of difference of opinion on sooial-and poli- tical questions or the like. [Recent.] Brabble, brab'l, n. [D. brabbelen, to con- found, to stammer.] A broil; a wrangle. — v.i— brabbled, brabbling. To dispute or quarrel noisily. — Brabblement, brab'l- nierit, n. A clamorous contest; a brabble. — Brabbler, brab'l6r, n. A quarrelsome noi.^y fellow. Brace, bras, n. [O.Fr. hrace, Irasse, &c., from L. brachia, the arms, pi. of brachi- wm, an arm; allied to Gael, brae, AV. hraic, the arm.] That which holds any- thing tight, tense, firm, or secure, or which supports, binds, or strengthens, as a piece of timber placed near and across the angles in the frame of a building, a thick strap which supports a carriage on wheels, a strap passing over a person's shoulders for supporting his trousers, the crank- shaped stock in which boring-tools, &c., are held, serving as a lever for turning them, &c.; a mark (.-'—) used in written or printed matter connecting two or more words or lines; a couple or pair (not of persons unless in contempt). — v.t. — braeed, hracing. To bind or tie closely; to make tense; to strain up; to increase the ten- sion, tone, or vigovjr of (the nerves, the sysjtem) ; to strengtftrpn ; to invigorate. — Bracer, bras'6r, n. One who or that which braces. — Bracing, bras'ing, a. GiTing vig- our or tone to the bodily system; invigor- ating. Bracelet, br&slet, n. [Fr. bracelet, a dim. of O.Fr. bracel, brachel, an armlet, from L. brachile, from brachium, the arm. Br.\.ce.] An ornament encircling the wrist, now worn mostly by ladies. Brach. brach, n. [O.Fr. brache, Fr. braque, from O.H.G. bracke, bracco, G. brack, a kind of hunting dog.] A bitch of the hound kind; a species of scenting hound; a pointer or setter. Brachial, bra'lci-al, a. [L. brachium, the arm.] Belonging to the arm; of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm.— Brachiate, bra'ki-at, o. Bot. having branches in pairs, nearly horizontal, and each pair at right »Tigles with the next. Erachiopoda, bra-ki-op'o-da, n. pi. [Gr. hrachi/>ii, an aim, and poits, a foot.] A o'ass of marine, bivalve, molluscoid ani- mals, including the lamp-shells, &c., so named from the development of a long spirally-coiled fringed respiratory appen- dage or arm on either side of the mouth. — Brachioi>od, bra'ki-o-pod, n. One of the Bi^chiopoda. — Brachiopodous, bra-ki-op'- o-dus, a. Belonging to the class Brachi- opoda. Brachycephalic, Brachycephalons, brak'i- se-fal"ik, brak-i-sef'al-us, a. (Gr. brachys, short, and kephale, the head. ] In ethn. terms applied to heads (or races possessing such heads) whose diameter from side to side is not much less than that from front to back, their ratio being as 0'8 to 1, as those of the jVIongolian type. Brachygraphy,bra-kig'ra-fi,w. [Gr. brachys, short, and graphe, a writing.] The art or practice of writing in shorthand ; stenog- raphy. — Brachygrapher, bra-kig'ra-f6r, n. A writer in shorthand. Brachynra, Brachyoura, brak-i-G'ra, brak- i-ou'ra, n. pi. [Gr. brachys, short, and oura, tail.] A section of ten-footed crus- taceans (Decapoda), with the abdomen forming a very short, jointed tail, folded forwards closely under the thorax, as in the common edible crab. — Brachyural, Brachyurous, brak-i-Q'ral, brak-i-u'rus, a. Short-tailed: applied to certain Crustacea, as the crab, to distinguish them from the macrurous or long-tailed crustaceans, as the lobster. Also Brachyoural, brak-i- ou'rg,l. — Brachyuran, brak-i-a'ran, n. One of the Brachyura. Bracken, brak'en, n. [A. Sax. bracce (genit. &c. braccan), Sw. iriiken, Dan. 6repiie,fem; closely allied to brate.] Fern. Brake. bracket, brak'et, n. [Ultimately perhaps from L. brachium, an arm.] A kind of short supporting piece projecting from a perpendicular surface, either plain or or- namentally carved, as an ornamental pro- jection from the face of a wall to support a statue; a triangular wooden support for a shelf or the like; an ornamental piece sup- porting a hammer-beam ; one of two pro-- jepting pieces attached to a wall, beam, &c.,for carrying or supporting a line of shafting; printing, one of two marks, [ ], used to inclose a reference; note, or expla- nation, to indicate an interjmlation, rec- tify a mistake, &c.; a gas-pipe projecting from a wall, usually more or less orna- mental. — v.t. To furnish with a bracket or wjth brackets ; printing, to place within brackets; to connect by brackets. Brackish, brak'ish, a. [D. and L.G. brak, G. brack, brackish.] Possessing a salt or somewhat salt taste; salt in a moderate degreo : applied to water.— Erackishness, brak'ish-nes, n. The quality of being brackish. Bract, brakt, n. [L. bractea, a thin plate of metal.] Bot. a modified leaf difieripg from other leaves in shape or colour, and generally situated on the peduncle near the flower.— Bracteate, brak'te-5t, o. Fur- nished with bracts.— Bracteated, brak'ts- St-^, a. A teirm applied to coins or medals covered over with a thin plate of some richer metal. — Bracteole, Bractlet, brak'- te-ol, braktlet, n. A little bract on a par- tial flower-stalk or pedicel in a many-flow- ered inflorescence. Brad, Ijrad, n. [Same word as Icel. broddr, a spike, a nail ; Dan. brodde, a frost-nail ; A. Sax. brord, a prick, a spire of grass; comp. Gael, and Ir. br(Mi, goad, sting.] A kind of nail with little or no head used where it is deemed proper to drive nails entirely into the wood. — Brad-awl, n. An awl to make holes for brads or other nails. Bradypod, brad'i-pod, n. [Gr. bradys, slow, po^is, podos, a foot.] A slow-moving ani- mal; a sloth. Brag, brag, v.i. — bragged, bragging. [From the Celtic ; W. bragiaw, Ir. braghaim,, to boast; Gael.6rafiraireac/id,boasting; Armor. braga, to make a display ; from root of break.] To use boastful language; to speak vaingloriously ; to boast; to vaunt; to swagger ; to bluster. — n. A boast or boast- ing; a vaunt; the thing boasted of; a game at cards: so called because one player brags he has a better hand than' the others, staking a sum of money on the issue. — Braggadocio, bnlg-a-do'shi-o, n. -[Fx-om Bragjadochio, a Doastful character in Spenser's ' Faery Queen,' from the verb to brag. ] A boasting fellow ; a braggart ; empty boasting; brag. — Braggardism, t brag'ard-izm,n. Boastfulness; vain osten- tation. [SAaA;.] — Braggart, brag'iirt, n. {Brag, and suflix -art, -ard.] A boaster; a vain fellow. — a. Boastful ; vainly ostenta- tious.— Bragger,brag'er,ri. Onewholjrags. — Braggingly, brag'ing-li, adv. In a. brag- ging manner; boastingly. Brahman, brii'man, n. Among the Hindus amemberof the sacred or sacerdotal caste, who claim to have proceeded from tlie . mouth of Brahma (the Creator, one of the deities of the Hindu triad or trinity), and who are noted for their many minute reli- gious observances, their abstemiousness, and their severe penances. — Brahmanic, Brahmanical, bra-man'ik, bra-man'ik-al,a. Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or their doctrines and worship.— Brahmanigm,bra'- man-izm, n. The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans.— BraJxmanist, bra'man-ist, n. An adherent of Brahman- ism. These words are also spelled Brah- viin, Braminic, &c. Braid, brad, v.t. [A. Sax. bredan, bregdan, to weave, to braid; Icel. bregtha, to braid, bragth, a sudden movement; O.H.G. bret- tan, to braid.] To veave or intertwine, as hair, by forming three or more strands into one; to plait. — n. A sort of narrow textile band formed by plaiting or weav- ing several strands of silk, cotton, woollen, &c., together; a plait or plaited tress of hair.— Braiding, brad'ing, n. Braid, or trimming made of braid collectively. Brail, bral, n. [O.Fr. braiel, braieul, &c., a trouser-band, from braies, breeches, from L. bracce, breeches. Breeches.] Naut. a rope attached to a fore-and-aft sail or a jib to assist in taking in the sail.— 1>.<. To haul in by means of the brails : followed by up. Brain, bran, n. [A. Sax. bragen, bregen, T). and O.Fris. brein.] The soft whitish mass inclosed in the skull in man and other vertebrate animals, forming the centre of the nervous system, and the seat of con- sciousness and volition, and in which the nerves and spinal marrow terminate ; the cerebrum: sometimes used to include also, the cerebellum; the understanding; the fancv; the imagination.— ii.i. To dash out the brains of ; to lull by beating out the brains. — Brained, brand, a. Furnished with brains: used chiefly in composition. — Erainish, bran'ish, a. Hot-headed; furi- ous (S/iai.).— Brainless, bran'les, a. AVith- outtmderstanding or judgment; sUly; stu- pid.— Brain-fever, n. Inflammation of the brain.— Brain-pan, n. The skull which incloses the brain. [SftaA;.}— Brain-sick, a. Disordered in the understanding ; fantas- tic; crotchety; crazed.— JBrain-sickly, adv. Weakly; madly. [SAai.]— Brain-sickness, n. Disorder of the understanding. Braise, Braize, braz, v.t. [Fr. bi-aiser, to braise, from Dan. brase, to fry; Sw. brasa, to flame. Brass.] To bake, broil, or stew with herbs, spices, &c., in a closely-covered pan.— Braislng-pan, n. A small covered pan or air-tight oven for braising meat in. Braize, braz,n. [By metathesis from A- Sax. beers, a-perch; D. baar8,Q.barsch.] A spiny- finned fish of an ovate shape and uniformly red colour, allied to the sea-bream, found on the British coasts. Brake, brak, n. [A. S^^x. bracce, fern, bracken; L.G. brake, brushwood; allied to D. brook, Dan. brak, G. branch, fallow.] A fern; bracken: a place overgrown with brakes or brushwood, shrubs, and bram- bles; a thicket, as of canes, &o.— Braky, bralci, a. Full of brakes, feins, brambles, shrubs, &c.;thomy; rough. Brake, brak, n. [From the verb to break ; comp. 'L.G.brake,G. breche, an instrument for breaking flax ; O.D. brake, a fetter for the neck, braake, an instrument for hold- ing an animal by the nose.] An instru- ment or machine to break flax or hemp;aa pump-handle; a kneading-trough; a sharp bit or snaffle; a frame for confining refrac- tory horses while shoeing; a large heavy harrow for breaking clods; a kind of wag- onette: a strong heavy vehicle with a seat only for th,- driver used for breaking Eat€,.far, fat, fall;^;^me, met, h6r, pine, pin; note, not, mOve; tobe, tub, biill ; oil, pound; U, Sc. abtme— the Fr. «. BRAMBLE 79 BRAZE in young horses to harness ; an appliance used to stop or retard the motion of a machine or vehicle by friction, and gener- ally consisting of a simple or compound lever which can be pressed forcibly against the rim of a wheel on one of the axles of the machine or carriage. — Brakeman, Brakesman, brak'man, braks'man, n. The man whose business is to stop a railway train by applying the brake ; -mining, the man in charge of a winding - engine. — Brake-van, n. The van or car in a rail- way train to whose wheels the brake is ap- plied. Bramble.bram'bl.n. [X.Sa.x.bremel,orem- bel, from stem oram, brem (seen also in broom), el being simply a termination and b inserted as in number, &c., comp. L.G. brummeiheere, Dan. brombar, G. brorn^ beere, Sw. 6rom-bar. a blackberry.] A prickly trailing shrub of the rose family growing in hedges and waste places, add bearing a black berry somewhat like a raspberry; the berry itself; the blackberry. — Brambledjbram'bld, a. Overgrown with brambles.— J3rambly, bramTili, adv. Full of brambles.— Brambling, bram'bling, n. A ftnch inhabiting Britain, very like the chaffinch but larger. Bramin, bril'min, n. Brahman. Bran, bran, n. [A Celtic word=W. Ir. Gael, bran, bran, chalf : Armor, brenn, bran, whence O.Fr. bren.] The outer coat of wheat, rye, or other farinaceous grain, separated from the flour by grinding.— Branny, bran'i, a. Resembling bran; consisting of bran. Branch, bransh, n. [From Fr. branche, a . branch, from Armor, branc, an arm; con- nected with L.L. branca, a claw, W. braich, L. brachium, an arm.] "A portion of a tree, shrub, or other plant springing from the stem, or from a part ultimately.sup- ported by the stem ; a bough ; a shoot ; something resembling a branch f an off- shoot or part extendmg from the main body of a thing; any member or part of a body or system; a department, section, or subdivision; a line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock.— i».i. To spread in branches; tofsend out branches as a plant; to divide into' separate parts or subdivi- sions ; to diverge (a road branches off) ; to ramify.— w.i.t To divide, as into branches; to adorn, .as with needlework, represent- ing branches, flowers, or twigs.- Branch- less, bransh 'les,o. Without branches; bare; naked; barren. — Branchlet, bransh'- let, n. A small branch; a twig; a shoot.— Branchy, bran'shi, a. Full of or consist- ing of branches, or having wide-spreading branches; covered or shaded with biunches. — Brancbiness, bran'shi-nes, n. Branchiae, brang'ki-e, n. pi [L.] The re- spiratory organs of fishes, &c.; the gills. — Branchial, brang'ki-al, a. Relating to the branchiae or gills; performed by means of branchiae. Branchiopoda, brang-ki-op'o-da, n. pi. [Or. branchia, gills, and potts, podos, at foot.] An order of crustaceous animals, 80 called because their branchia, or gills, are situated on the feet, as in the water- fleas, brine-shrimps, &c. — Branchiopod, brang'ki-o-pod, n. An animal belonging to the order Branchiopoda. — Branchlopo- doos, brang-ki-op'o-dus, a. Gill -footed; belonging to the order Branchiopoda. BranchioBtegal, BranchloBtegoua, brang- ki-os 'te-gal, brang-ki-os'te-gus, a. [Gr. branchia, gills, and stegos, a covering.] Having giil-covers, or covered ^lls; hav- ing a membrane covering the gills below the operculum; covering the gills (the branckiostegal membnine). Brand, brand, n. [A. Sax. brand, a burn- ing, a sword = Tcel. brandr, fire-brand, Bwprd; Dan. D. and G. brand, a burning. The sword is so called from its gleaming. Akin to vetb bum.] A piece of wood burning or partly burned; a sword; a mark made by burning with a hot iron or by other means, as on commodities to indi- cate the quality or manufacturer, on sheep to indicate the owner, or on criminals to indicate their crime or for identification; a trade-mark; hence, kind or quality; a mark of infamy; a stigma; a disease in vegetables by which their leaves and ten- der bark are partially destroyed as if they had been burned.— ».<. To bum or impress a mark upon v/ith a hot iron, or to distin- guish by a similar mark ; to fix a mark or character of infamy upon; to stigmatize as infamous.— Brander, brand'6r, ti. One who brands.— Brand-iron, Branding-iron, n. An iron to brand with. — Brani-new, a. A more correct form of Bran-new (which see). Brandish, bran'dish, v.t. [Prom Fr. bran- dir, brandissant, from Teut. brand, a sword. Brand.) To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish. — Bran- disher, bran'dish-6r, n. One who bran- dishes. Brandling, brand 'ling, n. The parr or young of the salmon, so named from hav- ing, as it were, branded markings; also, a small red worm used for bait in fresh- water fishing. Brandy, bran'di, n. [O.E. brandywine, D. brandewijn, lit. burnt wine — D. branden, to bum, to distU, and wiin, wine, like G. br(),nntwein — brennen, to bum, and viein, wine. Brand.] A spirituous liquor pbj tained by the distillation of wine, or of the refuse of the wine-press : a name now also given to spirit distilled from other liquors or fruit juices. Brangle, brang'gl, n. [Perhaps for braggle, from lyrag.] A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. — v.i. To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. Brank, brangk, n. f L. brance, properly an ancient Gallic word.] Buckwheat. Branks, brangks, n. [From the Celtic: Gael, brangas, a kin(?of pillory; Ir. bran^- c.as,A halter.] An instrument of the na- tilre of a bridle formerly used for correct- ing scolding women; a scolding-bridle. Bran-new, bran'nfl, a. [For brand-new, the original form, from brand, a burning, and new!] ' Lit. glowing like metal newly out of the fire or forge ; hence, quite new. Brash, brsish.n. [From Fr.6r^A«, a breach, broken stuff, breccia.] A confused heap of fragments, as masses of loose, broken, or angular fragments of rocks; small frag- ments of crushed ice, collected by winds or currents, near the shore; refuse boughs of trees. Brasier, bra'zi-6r, n. [Fr. brasier, braisier, from braise, embers, live coals; same ori- gin as braze, brass.] An open pan for burning wood or coaL Brasier, bra'zi-6r, n. [From brass or from braze.] An artificer who works in brass. Brasil, bra-zil', n. Same as Brazil. ' Brass, bras, n. [A. Sax. brces, brass=Icel. bras, solder; from verbal stem seen in Icel. brasa, to harden by fire; Sw. brasa, to blaze; Dan. brase, to fry (whence Fr. 6roise,live embers,6ra«fir,to braze,6rai8«r, to braise).] A malleable and fusiljle alloy of copper and zinc, of a yellow colour, usually containing about one-third of its weight of zinc; a utensil, ornament, or other article made of brass, as a monu- mental plate bearing efiigies, coats of arms,&c., inlaid in a slab of stone, common in the pavements of mediaeval churches; ni. musical instruments of the trumpet kind; brazenness or impudence (colloq.); money (colioq.).:— v.t: To cover or coat over with Drass. — Brassy, bras'i, a. Resem- . bling or composed of brass; brazen. — ^Bras- siness, bras'i-hes, n.— Brass-band, n. A company of musicians who perform on in- struments of brass, as the trumpet, horn, cornet-a-pistons, &c. — Brass-finisher, n. A workman who .perfects and polishes articles made of brass.— Brass-founder, n. A maker of brass or of articles in cast brass. ' Brat, brat, n. [^A Celtic word: Prov. E. brat, a child's bib; W. brat, a rag, a pina- fore; Gael.'ferat, a rag, an apron.] A cnild; so cajled in contempt. Brattice, brat 'is, r». [O.Fr. bretesche, a bartizan; probably from G. bret, a board, a plank.] A partition which divides a mining shaft into two chambers, serving as the upcast and c'ov.Ticast shafts for ventilation, or placed across a gallery to keep back noxious gases, or prevent the escape of water; a fence put roimd danger- ous machinery. Bravado, bra-va'do, n. [Sp. bravada, Fr. bravade. Brave.] An an-ogant menace, intended to intimidate; a boast; a brag. Brave, brav, a. [Pr. brave, brave, gay, proud, braggard; Sp. and It. bravo, brave, courageous; perhaps from the Celtic; comp. Armor, brao, brao, gaily dressed, fine, handsome; also O.Sw. braf, good.] Cour- ageous; boldi daring; intrepid; high- spirited ; valiant ; fearless; making a fine display in bearing, dress, or appearance generally; excellent t; capital J. —n. A brave, bold, or daring person; aman daring beyond discretion; a North American In- dian or other savage warrior.— «.<.—6)'ai'(it/, braving. To encounter with courage and fortitude,or witliout being moved; to defy; to dare. — Bravely, brav'li, adv. In a brave manner ; courageously ; gallantlj' ; pros- perouslj'. — Braveness, brav'nes, n. The quality of being brave. —Bravery,brav'6r-i, n. The quality of being brave; courage; undaunted spirit: intrepidity; gallantry; splendour;; show;; bravadol. Bravo, bra'vo, inter}. [It. Brave.] Well done ! The word being an Italian adjec- tive, the correct usage is to say bravo to a male singer or actor, brcuva to a female, and bravi to a company. Bravq, bra'vo, n. pi. Bravoes, bra'voz. [It. and Sp., lit. a daring man.] A daring villain; an assassin or murderer for hire. Bravura, bra-vo'ra,a. [It., bravery, spirit.] Jlfu8.>applied to a florid air, serving to display a performer's flexibility of voice and distinctness of articulation. Brawl, bral, v.i. [Perhaps from W. brawl, a boast, broliaw, to boast, bragal,to vocifer- ate; or akin to D. brallen, to boast, Dan. braUe, to jabber, to prate, brolle, to roar.] To be clamorous or noisy; to quarrel noisily; to make the noise of rushing or running water; to flow with a noise (a brook brawls along).— n. A noisy quarrel; loud angry contention; an uproar, row, or ■ squabble ; a kind of dancef. — Brawler, brs^l'^r, n. One who brawls; a noisy feljow; a wrangler.— Brawling, bral'ing, a. Given to indulge in brawls; contentious; quarrel- some; making the noise of rushing water; purling; rippling.— Brawlingly, brftl'ing- lUadv. In a brawling or quarrelsome man- ner. Brawn, br^n, n. [O.Fr. braon, the muscu- lar ^arts of the body, from O.H.G. brato, braton, meat for roasting, from braten, to roast.] Boar's flesh; the flesh of the boar or swine, collared so as to squeeze out much of the fat, boiled, and pickled ; the flesh of a pig's head and ox feet cut in pieces and boiled, pickled, and pressed into a shape; a fleshy, protuberant, muscular part of the body, as on the thigh or the arm; muscular strength; muscle; the armj. — Brawniness, bra'ni-nes, n. The quality of being brawny ; strength ; hardiness. — Brawny, bra'ni, a. Having large strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; bulky; strong. Braxy, brak'si, n. [Perhaps from the verb to break; comp. G. brechen, vomiting, brechen, to break; or from Gael, bragsaidh, a disease of sheep.] The name given to several diseases of sheep; a sheep having the braxy; the mutton of -such a sheep.— a. Affected or tainted with braxy. Bray, bra, v.t. [O.Fr. brayer (Fr. broyer), to pound, from G. brechen, to break.] To pound, beat, or gjind small. Bta.y, bra, v.i. [Fr. braire, to brayj L.L. bragire, bragare,io bray, from Celtic root seen in bra^.] To utter a harsh cry: said especially of theass; to make a loud,harsh, disagreeable sound. — v.t. To utter with a loud harsh sound: sometimes with out. — n. The harsh sound or roar of an ass; a harsh or grating sound.— Brayer, bra'^r, n. Oiie that 'orays like an ass. Braze, braz, v.t. — brazed, brazing. [Fr. braver, to braze, from the Scandinavian. Brass.] To solder with hard solder, such as an alloy of brass and zinc; to cover or ornament with brass; to harden ; to harden to impudence (5/iai;.);.— Brazen, bra'zn, a. Made of brass; also, from brass often serv- ing as a type of strength or impenetrabil- «h, cftain ; ^ e ft. Sc. locfc;^», g, go; _ j,yob; _ n, Fr. t. brood, Sw. and Dan. brod, G. brod, brot. Root doubtful; perhaps brew.} A kind of food made by moistening and kneading the flour or meal of some species of grain, or that prepared from other plants, and bak- ing it, the dough being often caused to ferment; food or sustenance in general. — Bread-corn, n. Com or grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, oats, maize, &c.— Bread-fruit, n. The fruit of a tree which grows in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, producing a large round fruit used as a substitute for bread, and forming the principal food of a considerable population. — Bread-nut, n. The fruit of a tree com- mon in the woods of Jamaica, which, when roasted, is used as bread. — Breadstuff, bred'stuf , n. Bread-corn: used frequently in the plural to signify all the different varieties of grain and "flour from which bread is made collectively.— Bread-winner, n. One who works for the support of him- self or of himself and a family. Breadth, bredth, n. [O.E. brede, with th added, from A. Sax. braedu, breadth, from hrdd, broad; comp. length, width. Broad.] The measure or extent of any plane sur- face from side to side; width; fig. large- ness of mind; liberality; wide intellectual grasp; fine arts, an impression of large- ness, freedom, and space produced by bold or simple touches and strokes of the i)en- cil.— Breadthways, bredth'wjiz, od». In the direction of the breadth. Break, brak, v.t.—broJee (pret. braJce is still used in archaic style) ; broken or broke (pp. ); breaking. [A. Sax. brecan,to break, weaken, vanquish, &c. = D. breken, Dan. brcekke, G. brcchen, Goth, brikan, to break, to crush, &c.; Icel. braka, to creak; same root as L. /ran£70, Gr. (/)re(;nymi, to break.] To part or divide by force and violence (as a stick, a rope); fig. to sever or interrupt (connec- tion, friendship); to cause to give way (to break an enemy's lines); to destroy, weak- en; or impair (health, constitution): to Bubdue; to quell (to break one's spirit); to train to obedience; to -make tractable (to break a horse); to dismiss or cashier, pay off (troops); to reduce in rank or condition (an officer); to give a superficial wound to so as to lacerate (the skin); to violate, as a contract, law, or promise; to stop; to in- terrupt (sleep); to cause to discontinue (to break a i)erson of a habit); to check; to lessen the force of (a fall or a blow); to make a first and partial disclosure of; to impart or tell cautiously so as not to startle or shock (to break unwelcome news); to destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from (a sum of money, a set of things. — To break off, to sever by breaking; to put a sudden stop to (a marriage) ; to discontinue; to leave off (intimacy, a con- versation). — To break up, to open forcibly (a door); to lay open (to break wp ground); to dissolve or put an end to (a meeting); to separate; to disband. — To break ground, to begin to plough or dig; to commence excavation ; fig. to begin to execute any plan.— To break tlie heart, to afllict griev- ously; to cause to die of grief. — To break one's mind to, to reveal one's thoughts to. — To break the ice, to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to get over the feeling of restraint incident to a new acquaint- anceship. — v.i. To become broken; to burst forth violently (a storm, a deluge); to open spontaneously or by force from within; to burst (a bubble, a tumour) ; to show the first light of morning; to dawn (the day, the morning breaks); to become bankrupt; to decline or fail in health and strength; to fail, change in tone, or falter, as the voice. — To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to rush off. — To break down, to come down by breaking ; to* fail ana be unable to proceed in an undertak- ing. — To break forth, to burst out; to be suddenly manifested (rage, light, poise); to rush or issue out; to give vent to one's feelings. — To break from, to disengage one's self from; to leave abruptly or vio- lently. — To break in or into, to enter by force; to start into suddenly {break into a gallop). — To break loose, to get free by force; to shake off restraint.— 2'o break off. to part ; to become separated ; to desist suddenly.— To break out, to issue forth; to arise or spring up (fire, fever, sedition); to appear in eruptions. — To break up, to dis- solve and separate (as a company). — To break with, to cease to be friends with; to quarrel; to broach a subject to (Sha]c.)l.— n. An opening made by force; a rupture; a breach ; an interruption of continuity (five years without a break); a lin-j in writing or printing, noting a suspension of the sense or a stop in the sentence ; a contrivance to check the velocity of a wheeled carriage; a brake; a contrivance for interrupting or changing the direc- tion of electric currents; a large high-set four-wheeled vehicle; a bi-ake.— Breat of day, the dawn. — Breakable, brak'a-bl, a. Capable of being broken.— Breakage.brak'- Sj, ». The act of breaking; allowance for what is accidentally broken. — Break- down, n. An overthrow, as of a carriage; a dovrnfall; a crash; a failure; a collapse; a lively, noisy dance. — Breaker, brak'er, n. The -person who or that which breaks any- thing; a violator or transgressor; a wave broken into foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a rock neax the surface; a small flat water-cask (in this sense per- haps a corruption of Sp. barrica, a keg). — Breakfast, brek'fast, n. The first meal in the day; the meal which enables one to break the fast lasting from the previous day; the food eaten at the first meal.— v.t. To furnish with breakfast. — v.i. To eat breakfast. — Breakneck,t brak'nek, n. A fall that breaks the neck; ti dangerous business (Shak.):—a. Endangering the neck or life; extremely hazardous.— Break- up, n. A disruption; a dissolution of con- nection; a separation of a mass into parts; a disintegration; a disbandment.— Break- water, brak'wa-tfei, n. Any structure or contrivance serving to break the force of waves and protect a harbour or anything exposed to the force of the waves. Bream, brem, n. [Fr. 6re»n«, O.Fr. &re«77i«, from O.H.G. hrahsema, G. bressem, the bream.] The name of several fresh-water soft-finned fishes belonging to the carp family; the name is also given to some spiny -finned sea -fishes resembling the perches. Bream, brem, v.t. [D. brem, broom, furze, from the materials commonly used; the verb broom is also used in same sense.] JVaut. to clear of sheUs, sea-weed, ooze, &c., by fire — an operation applied to a ship's bottom. Breast, brest, n. [A. Sax. bredst = Icel. brjdat, Sw. bj-ost, Dan. bryst, D. borst, Goth. bTTUsts, G. brust; allied tf E. burst, and primarily signifying a protuberance, ;t swelling.] The soft protuberant body ad- hering to the thorax in females, in which the milk is secreted for the nourishmebt of infants; the fore-part of the thorax, or the fore-partof the body between the neck and the belly in man or animals; fig. the seat of the affections and emotions; the repository of consciousness, designs, and secrets; anything resembling or likened to the breast. — To make a clean breast, to make full confession. — v,t. To meet i^ front boldly or openly; to oppose with the breast; to bear the breast against (a cur- rent); to stem.— Breasted, brest'ed, a. In compounds, having a breast (of this or that kind).— Breast-bone, n. The bone of the breast; the sternum . — Breast-deep, Breast- higfa, a. Deep as from the bresist to the feet; as high as the breast. — Breast-knOt, n. A knot of ribbon worn on the 'oreast. — Br east -pang, n. Angina pectoris. — Breast-pin, n. A pin worn for a fastening or for ornament on the breast; a brooch. —Breastplate, brest'plat, n. A plate worn on the breast as a part of defensive ar- mour; Jevnsh antiq. a part of the vest- ment of the high-priest; a plate or piece which receives the butt end of a boring tool, and is held against the breast when the tool is in use. — Breast-plough, n. A kind of spade propelled by the hands placed upon a cross-bar held opposite the breast, used to cut or pare turf. — Breast- wall, n. A retaining waU at the foot of a slqae.— Breast-wheel, n. A kind of water- wheel, in which the water is delivered to the float-board at a point somewhere be- tween the bottom and top, generally a very little below the level of the axis.— Breast-work,n. Fort, a hastily-constructed work thrown up breast-high for defenw; the parapet of a building. Breath, breth, n. [A. Sax. braeth, odour, scent, breath; allied to G. bradein, brodem, steam, vapour, breath, brod, vapour, a bubble; same root as E. broVi and brew.] The air inhaled and expelled in the res- piration of animals; the power of breath- ing; life; the state or power of breathing freely (to be out of breath from violent ex- ercise); a pause; time to breathe; a single respiration; the time of a single respira- tion; a very slight breeze; air in gentle motion; sm exhalation; an odour: a per- fume.— Oirf of breath, breathless.— Breath- able, brera'a-bl, a. Capable of being breathed.— -BreathaWeness, breTH'a-bl- nes, n. State of being breathable. — Breathe, breiHj v.i. — breathed, breathing. To respire ; to inspire and expire air ; to live: to maJce a single respiration; to take breath ; to rest from action ; to pass or blow gently, as air ; to exhale, as odour ; to emanate; ,)fg. to be instinct with life; to be alive. — v.t. To inhale and exhale in res- piration; to inspire or infuse (breathe life mto); to exhale; to send out; to utter; to speak; to whisper (vows, &c.) ; to suffer to take or recover breath (a horse) ; to put out of breath : to exhaust. — Breathed, bretht, a. Endowed with breath ; phUol. uttered with breath as distinguished from voice: surd or mute. — Breather, br6«i'6r, n. One who breathes; onewholives(iAnt.); one who utters or whispers.— Breathing. breiH'ing, n. Respiration; the act of in- haling and exhaling air; a gentle breeze; fi^. a gentle influence or operation; inspir- ation; soft or secret utterance (ShaJc.); time taken to recover breath ; a stop ; a delay; gram, an aspiration; an aspirate. — BreaUuess, breth 'les, a. Being out of breath ; spent with labour or violent ac- tion; without breath; dead; incapable of ^Fftte,ifeijiat, fpll;^ mC, met, her; _pine, pin; note, not, mOve; tttbe, tub, bull; nil, pouod; a, 8c. abwoe— the Fr. u. BFvECCIA 81 BRIDE breathing, as with wonder or adpiirafcion. — SreatUessness, breth'les-iies, rt. The state of being breathless. Breccia, brech'i-a, n. [It., a breach, a breccia.] . Geol. an aggregate composed of angular fragments of the same rock or of different rocks united by a matrix or cement. — Brecciated, brech'i-at-ed, a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together. Bred, bred, pp. of breed. , Breech, brech, n. [A singular developed from a plural. Br&eches.I The lower part of the body behind; the hinder part of anything; the large thick end of a can- non or other firearm. — v.t. To put into breeches; to whip off the breech; to fit or furnish with a breech: to fasten by a breeching.— Breech-block, n. A movable piece at the breech of a breech-loading gun which is withdrawn for the insertion of the charge, and closed before firing.— Breeches, brech'ez, n. pi. [A double plural, from A. Sax. brec, breeches, pi. of brdc, as feet is the pi. of /ooi =Fris. brOk, pi. hHk, breeches;- D. broek, breeches; Dan. brog, breeches, the breeching of a gun; IceL br6k, pi. bi-cekT, breeches; Ir. brog, Gael. briogais. Armor, brceges — breeches.] A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; less projierly, used in the sense of trousers. — 'I'o wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband: said of a wife. — Breeching, brech ' ing, n. A ■whipping on the breech; a Strong rope to prevent a cannon from recoiling too much when fired; that part of a horse's harness attached to the saddle and hooked on the shafts, which enables him to push back the vehicle to which he is harnessed; a bifurcated smokfe-pipe of a furhacc— Breech-loader, n. A cannon or smaller- firearm loaded at the breech instead of the muzzle. — Breech-loading, a. Receiving the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle : applied to firearms. Breed, bred, v.t— bred, breeding. [A. Sax. bridan, to nourish, cherish, keep warm ; allied to D. broeden, G. briiten, to brood, batch, and to E. brew, W. bi-wd, warm.] To procreate; to beget; to engender; to hatch; to cause; to occasion; to produce; to originate (to breed dissension); to pro- duce ; to yield or give birth to ; to bring up; to nurse and-foster; to train; to rear, as live stock.— t).i. - To beget or bear a child or children; to be fruitful; to be produced; to take rise (dissensions breed among them); to engage in rearing, live stock. — n. A race or progeny from the same parents or stock; kind or sort in a general sense. — Breeder, bred'6r, n. One who breeds, procreates, or produces young; one who or that which rears or brings up; one who or that' which produces, causes, brings about; one who takes care to raise a par- ticular breed or breeds, as of horses or cattle.— Breeding, bred'ing,n. The act of generating or producing; the rearing of cattle or live-stock of different kinds; up- bringing; nurture; education; deportment or behaviour in social life; manners, espe- cially good manners. — Cross breeding, breeding from individuals of twp different offspring-s or varieties. — In-and-in breed- ing, breeding from animals of the same parentage. Breeze, brez, n. [Fr. brise, Sp. brisa, a breeze.] A wind, generally a light or not very strong wind ; a gentle gale.— Breeze- less, brez'les, a. Motionless ; destitute of breezes.— Breezy, bre'zi, a. Fanned with gen tie. winds or breezes; subject to fre- quent breezes. Breeze, Breeze-fly, brez.n. [A. Sax. brimse, a gadfly, a horsefly; D. brems, G. bremse; from the sound it makes; comp. O.H.6. bremen, to hum.] A name given to flies of various species, the most noted of which is the great hprsefly.which sucks the blood of horses. Breeze, brez, n. fPr. 6m, ddbris, rubbish, fragments, from bri.<;er, to break.] House sweepings, as fluff, dust, ashes, &c.; small ashes and cinders used for burning bricks. Brent-goose, Brant-goose, brent'gos, brant'- gtis, n. [T>. and G. brent-gans, Icel.brand- yds, pru!iably fioni its colour ) >oir.;; i ikcni'd to that caused by burning. Brand.] A species of goose much smaller than the common goose, which breeds in the far north, but migrates for the winter as low down as the middle of France. Brequet-chain, brek'et, n. [After a French watchmaker named Breqiuit] . A short watch-guard or chain; a f ob-chaSn. Bressomer, Bressummer, Brest - sununer. Breast-summer, bres'om-er, bres'um-6r, brest'sum-er, n. A summer or" beam placed horizontally to- support an upper wall or partition; a lintel. Bret^che, Bretesche, bret-ash, n. [Fr. bret- ^c/ie, O.Fr. bretesche. Brattice, Buttress.] A name common to several wooden, cren-. ellated, and roofed erections, used in the middle ages for military purposes. Brethren, breTH'ren, n. pi. of brother. Breton, bret'on, a. Relating to Brittany, or Bretagne in France, or .the language of. its people. — n. The native language of Brittany; Armoric. Brettice, bret'is, to. Same as Brattice. Bretwalda. bret'wal-da, to. [A. Sax. bret- walda, bryten-waida—bret, brytein, wide, powerful, and walda, ruler.] A title for such of the Anglo-Saxon kings as had some sort of supremacy among the others his contempbraries. Breve, brev, to. [From L. breois, short.] Music, a note or character of ttmp, \^ ^ equivalent to two semibreves or four min- ims; printing, a mark ( ' ) used to indicate that the syllable over which it is placed is short. Brevet, bre-vet', «. [Fr., commission, li- cense. Brief.] A commission to an officer which entitles him to a rank in the army above that which he holds in his regiment, without, however, conferring a right to receive corresponding advance in pay; a patent; a warrant; a license.— o. Taking rank by brevet. — t;.t. To confer brevet rank upon. Breviary, bre'vi-a-ri, to. [Fr. breviaire, L. breviarimn, from brevis, short. Brief.] Ji. Cutli. Ch. a book containing the daily offices which all who are in orders are bound to read. It consists of prayers or offices to be used at the canonical hours, and is an abridgment (whence the name) of the services of the early church. Brevier, bre-v6r', to. [G. brevier, Fr. brevi- aire: so called from being originally used in printing breviaries.] A kind of print- ing type, in size between baurgeois and minion, four sizes larger than the type of this Dictionary. Breviloquence,t bre-vil'o-kwens, n. [L. bre- viloqtteniia — brevis, short, aha loqtior, to speak.] A brief or laconic mode of speak- ing. Breviped, brev'i-ped, o. [L. brevis, short, and pes, foot.] Having short legs, as cer- tain birds. — n. A bird having short legs. Brevlpennate, brev'i-pen-at, a. [L. brevis, short, and penna, a feather, a wing.] Hav- ing siiort wings: said of such birds as the ostrich, emu, cassowary, dodo, &c. — to. A bird having short wings. Brevirostrate, brev-i-ros'tr5t, a. [L. brevis, short, and rostrum, a beak.] Having a short beak x>r bill. Brevity, brev'i-ti, to. [L. brevitas, from brevis. Short. Brief.] The state or char- acter of being brief; shortness; concise- ness; fewness of words. Brew, bro, v.t. [A. Sax. bredwan, to brew; D, brouwen, Icel. brugga, Dan. brygge, G. praiMn, to brew; akin broth.] To prepare, as beer, ale, or other similar liquor is pre- pared, from malt or other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation; to minple; to mix.; to concoct (a bowl of punch, a philtre) ; to contrive ; to plot. — v.i. To perform the business of brewing or making beer; to be mixing, forming, or collecting (a storm brews).— ^i. The mix- ture formed by brewing; that -which is brewed. — Brewage, bro' aj, re. A mixed drink; drink brewed or prepared in any way.— Brewer, brd'^r, n. One who brews; one whose occupation is to brew malt liquors.— Brewery, bro'6r-i, n. The estab- lishment' and apparatus where brewing is carried on.— Brewing, bro'ing, re. The act or process of making ale, beer, or other fermented liquor; the quantity brewed at a time. — Brewster, bro'stSr, n. One -who brews; a brewer; more especially, a female Breziline, br8-zil'in, w. [Pr. 5r^«Ztii«.] Same ai Brcmlin. Briar, Briary, &c. Brieb, Bbiert; Briarean, bri-&'r&an, a. Pertaining to or resembling Briareus, a giaijit with a hun- dred hands. Briar-root, bri'6r-r5t, n. [The first part of this word is a corruption of Fr. bruy&re, heath.] The root of the white heati ex- tensively used in the manufacture- oi to- bacco pipes. . Bribe, brib, re. [Pr. bribe, Troy. Pr. brife, broken victuals, such as are 'given to beg- gars, something given away; from root seen in Armor, breva, to break; W. iriw, a fragment.] A price, reward, gift, or favour bestowed or promised with a view to pervert the judgment or corrupt the conduct.— v.t — bribed, bribing. To induce to a certain course of action, especially a wrong- course, by the gift or offer of some- thing valued; to gain over by a bribe. — v.i. To practise bribery; to give a bribe to a person. — 3ribable, bri'ba-bl, a» Cap- able of being bribed; liable to be bribed. — Briber, bri'hfer, n. One who bribe? or pays for corrupt practices. — Bribery, bri'- b6r-i, TO. The act or practice of giving or taking a bribe or bribes; the giving or re- ceiving of money by which one's conduct in some public capacity is influenced. Bric-2l-brac, brik-a-brak, to. [Px. Ori^n doubtful.) Articles of vertu; a collection of objects having a certain interest or value from their rarity, antiquity, or the like. Brick, brik, to. [Fr. briqve^a. brick, also a piece, a fragment, from O.D. brick,a, piece, a fragment, a bnck or tile, from breken, to break.) A kind of artificial stone made principally of clay moistened and made fine by kneading, formed usually into a rectangular shape in a mould and har- dened by being Dumed in a kiln ; bricks collectively or as designating the material of which any structure is composed; a mass or object resembling a brick; a jolly good fellow (colloq. or slang). — a. -Made of brick;, resembling brick.— v.^. To lay or pave with bricks, or to surround, close, or wall in with bricks.— Brickbat, brik'hat, n. A piece or fragment of a brick.— Brick- clay, TO. Clay used or suitable for mak- ing bricks and tiles; geol. a finely lami- nated clay immediately overlying and evi- dently derived from the boulder-clay. — Brick-dust, re. Dust of pounded liricks.— Brick-field, re. A field or yard where bricks are made.— Brick-kiln, «. A kiln, or fur- nace in which bricks are baked or burned; or a pile of bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the fuel. — Brick- layer, brikla-fer.TO. One whose occupation is to build with bricks.- Bricklaying, brik'- la-ing, n. The art of building with bricks. — Brick-nogglng, re. Brickwork earried-up and filled in between timber framing.— Brick-tea, re. The larger leaves sind young shoots of the te'a-plant softened by steam and moulded into a brick-shaped mass.— Brickwork, brik'werk, re. Th6 laying of bricks; masonry consisting of bricks; a place where bricks are made. Bricole, brs-kol', to. [Fr.] MUU. harness worn by men for dragging guns where it is impossible to use horses. Bride, brid, to. [A. Say. brpd, brtd; cog. D. bruid, Icel. ftnittr, Dan. brudjQoth. bmths, G. braut—B, bride.] A woman newly car- ried, oT on the eve of being married. — Bridal, bri'dal, re. [ Formerly bride-ah, from bride, and ale, in the sense of a feast; comp. chvrch-ale, Ac] A nuptial festival; a marriage; a wedding. — a. Belonging to a bride or to a wedding.— Bride-chamber, n. A nuptial apartment.— Bridegroom, brid'- grom, re. [A. Sax. brydguma, from bryd, a bride, and gur/ut, a man=D. bruidegom, Icel. bnlthgumi, Dan. brvdgom, G. brdvii- gam. A. Sax. is cognate with L. homo, a man.] A man newly married, or, lust about to be married. —Bridecake, Bridescake, bridTiak, bridzTcak, re. The cake which i.^ made for the guests at a weddinf', ;.r.d ■yeL .-tttbe, tub, b^ ; oil, pound; tl, Sc. abitne— the Er, ur BRISKET // or THE UNSVERSiTY OF 83 BRONCHIA actively; Tigorously; with life ani —Briskness, brisk'nes.n. The state orq" lity of being brisk. Brisket, bris'ket, n. [O.Fr. briscKet or bruschet (Fr. brichet), from Armor, brusk, the breast.] The breast of an animal, or that- part of the breast that lies next to the ribs; in a horse, the fore-part of the neck at the shoulder down to the fore- legs. Bristle, bris'l, n. [A diminutive from A. Sax. byrst, a bristle=D. boratel, a bristle; akin Icel. burst, Dan. borste, G. 6or«te, a bristle.] One of the stiff, coarse, glossy hairs of the hog and the wild hoar, especially one of the hajrs growing on the back; astiff roundish hair or similar appendage. — v.t. — bristled, bristling. To erect in bristles; to make bristly; to erect in defiance or anger, lifee. a swine; to furnish with bristles or stiff hairs.— u.i. To rise up or stand on end like bristles; to appear as if covered with bris- tles ; to show anger, resentment, or defi- ance: generally followed by^tp.— Bristled, bris'ld, a. Having bristles ;* bristly. — Bristliuess, bris'li-nes, n. 5'he quality of being bristly.— Bristly, bris'li, a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs like bristles; rough; resembling a bristle or bristles. Bristol-board, n. .[From the town of Bris- tol, in England.] A fine kind of pasteboard, smooth, and sometimes glared on the sur- face.— Bristol-brick, n. A sort of brick of a siliceous material, and used for cleaning cutlery. — Bristol-jpaper, n. Stout paper for drawing. — Bristol-diamond, Bristol- stone, n. Quartz in the form of small, round crystals, found in the Clifton lime- stone, near Bristol; rock-crystal. Britannia-metal, n. A metallic compound or alloy of tin, with a little copper and antimony .used chiefly for tea-pots, spoons, &c. Britannic, bri-tan'ik, a. Pertaining to Britain.— British, brit'ish, a. Pertaining to Great Britian or its inhabitants: some- times applied distinctively to the original Celtic inhabitants.— Briton, brit'on, n. A native of Britain or the British islands. ^ Brittle, brit'l, a. [O.E. britel, from A. Sax. brytan, bredtan, to break = Icel. brjdta, Dan. bryde. to break.] Easily broken, or easily breaking short, without splinters or' loose parts rent from the substance; fragile ; not tough or tenacious.— Brittle- ness, brit'1-nes, n. Aptness to break; fra- gility. ■ Britzska, britsTca, n. [A Polish word.] An open carriage with a calash top, and space for reclining when used for a journey. Brlze, brez,_»i. The breeze-fly. Breeze. Broach, broch, n. [Fr. broche, from L.L. broc^a, a spit, a point: allied to Gael, brog, to goad, brog, an awl.] A spitj; a spire, especially a spire springing directly from a tower ; a general name for all tapered boring-bits or drills.— «.<. To pierce with or as with a spitt; to open for the first time for the purpose of taking out something; more especially to tap; to pierce, as a cask in order to draw the liquor; to begin con- versation or discussion about; to open up (a topic or subject).— To broach to (naut), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting. — Broacher, iH-och'er, n. One who broaches, opens, or utters. Broad, brad, o. [A.. Sax. brdd = D. breed, Icel. breiihr, Dan. and Sw. bred, Goth. braids, G. breit, broad; root unknown.] Having extent from side to side, as dis- tinguished from long, or extended from end to end; having breadth; having a great extent from side to side, as opposed to narrow; wide; extensive; vast; Jig. not limited or narrow; liberal; comprehensive; enlarged; widely diffused; open; full (broad daylight) ; plain or unmistakable ; free ; unrestrained (broad humour) ; somewhat gross, coarse, or unpolished; indelicate; in- decent ; bold ; unreserved ; characterized by vigour, boldness, or freedom of style, as in arti so that strong and striking effects or impressions are produced by simple un- elaborate means. — Broad Ghurch,a, section of the Church of England contrasted with the High Church and the Low Church; a ^ any church holding moderate or iry rigid views. — Broaden, brad'n, v.t. To make broad or broader; to increase the width of; to render more comprehen- sive, extensive, or open.— w.i. To become broad or broader. — Broadish, brad'ish, a. Somewhat or rather broad. — Sroadly, btad'li, adv. In a broad manner; widely; comprehensively; fully; openly; plainly. —Broadness, brad'nes, n. The state or qualitv of being broad; breadth.— Broad- wise, brad'wiz, adv. In the direction of the breadth.— Broad-arrow, n. A stamp resembling the barbed head of an arrow put, upon stores, &c., belonging to the British government. — Broad-brfin, n. A hat with a very broad brim, such as is worn by members of the Society of Friends; hence, a member of said society; a Quaker. [CoUoq.] — Broad-brinuned, a. Having a broad brim; wearing a hat with a broad brim. — Broadcast, brad'kast, n. Agri. a casting or throwing seed from the hand for dispersion in sowing. — ct,. Effected by casting the seed on the ground with the hand. — adv. By scattering or throwing at large froni the hand; in a widely dissemin- ated manner.- Broad-cloth, n. A kind of fine woollen cloth woven about twice the usual breadth, and dyed in the piece. — Broad - seal, n. The national seal of a country; specifically, the official or great seal of Great Britain.— Broad-shouldeired, a. Having the back broad across the shoulders. — Broadside, brad'sid, n. The side of -a ship above the water from the bow to the quarter; a simultaneous dis- charge of all the guns on one side of a ship; a sheet of paper, one side of whiph is . covered by printed mat ter,()ften of apopu- lar character.— Broadsword, brad'sord, n. A sword with a broad blade and cutting edges, formerly the national weapon of the Highlanders. Brobdingnagian, brob-ding-nag'i-an, a. Gigantic, like an inhabitant of the fabled region of Brobdingnag in Swift's GvZliver's Travels. Brocade, bro-kad', n. [Sp. brocado, from an old brocar, equivalent to Fr. brocher, to prick, emboss. Broach.] Silk stuff varie- gated with gold and silver, or having raised flowers, foliage, and other orna- ments; also applied to other stuffs wrought and enriched in like manner. — Brocaded, bro-kad'ed, a. Woven or worked , into a brocade; dressed in brocade. Brocage, Brokage,brG'kaj,'n. The premium or commission of a broker. Brocard, bro-kard', n. [Origin doubtful.] A law maxim founded on inveterate cus- tom ; an elementary principle or maxim ; a short proverbial rule; a canon. Brocatel, Brocatello, bro'ka-tel, bro-ka- tel'lo, n. [Sp. brocatel, Vt. brocatelle. It. brocatello, from root of brocade.] Sienna marble, a species of brecciatea marble composed of fragments of various colours; a kind of light thin woollen cloth of silkv surface used for linings, &c.; linsey-wool- sey. Spelled also Brocatelle. Broccoli, brok'o-li, n. [It. broccoli, pi. of broccolo, sprout, cabbage-sprout, dim. of brocco, a skewer, a shoot. Broach.] One of the many varieties of the common cab- bage, closely resembling the cauliflower. Brochnre, bro-sh5r', n. [Fr., from brocher, to stitch.] A pamphlet, especistUy a slight pamphlet, or one on a matter of transitory interest. Brock, brok, n. [A. Sax. broc = Dan. brok, Ir. and Gael, broc, W. broch, a badger, from the white-streaked face of the ani- • mal; comp. Gael, brocach, speckled; Dan. broget, Sw. brokug, party-coloured.] A badger. Brocket, brok'et, n. [Fr. brocart, because it has one broche or snag to its antler.] A red-deer two years old; a pricket. Brogue, brog, n. [Ir. and Gael, brog, a shoe of rough hide. From this shoe being used by the wilder Irish the word came to de- signate their manner of speaking Eng- lish.] A kind of shoe made of raw or half- tanned leather, of one entire piece; a stout, coarse shoe; a dialectical maimer of pronunciation; especially the pronun- ciation peculiar to the Irish. Broider, broi'dfir, v.i. [Fr. broder, from Armor, broud, a needle, brouder, to broider; comp. Ir. and Gael, brod, a point, a prickle. J To adorn with figures of needlework, or by sewing on pearls, or the like; to em- broider. — Brolderer, broi'd6r-6r, n. One that embroiders.— Broidery, broi'd6r-i, n. Embroidery. [Tenn.] Broil, broil, n. [Fr. brouiller, to jumble or mix up, to throw into bustle or confusion; origin doubtful.] A tumult; a noisy quar- rel; contention; discord; a brawl. —Broiler, broil '6r, n. One who excites broils or quarrels, or who readily takes part in tu- mults or contentions. Broil, broil, v.t. [O.Fr. bruiller; origin doubtful.] To dress or cook over a flre, generally upon a gridiron; to subject to a strong heat. — v.i. To be subjected to the action of heat, like meat over the fire; to be greatly heated or to sweat with heat. — Broiler, broil'tT, n. One who or that which dresses by broiling; a gridiron. Broke, brok. Pret. and obsolescent ot poeti- cal pp. of break. — Broken, bro'kn, pp. of break, often used as an a. Parted by vio- lence ; separated into fragments, as by a blow; not integral or entire; fractional, as numbers ; humble; contrite ; violated ; transgressed (a broken vow) ; interrupted by sobs or imperfect uttei'ance.-'Brokenly , bro'kn-li, adv. In a broken interrupted manner. — Brokenness,.brO'kn-nes, n. The state of being broken. — Broken-hearted, a. Having the spirits quite crushed by grief or despair. — Broken -wind, to. A disease in horses, characterized by a difli- oult expiration of the air from the lungs, and often accompanied with an enlarge- -ment of the lungs and heart. -■ Broken- winded, a. Affected with broken wind. Broker, brtiTifer, n. [From A. Sax, bnlcan, to use or employ, to brook : akin Dan. brug, use, business, trade.] An agent who buys and sells goods or shares or tran- sacts other business for others, being gen- erally paid at a rate per cent on the value of the transaction, such as exchange-brokers, ship-brokers, stock-brokers, &c.; one who deals in second-hand household goods, clothes, and the like.— Brokerage, bro'kCr- aj, n. The fee, reward, or commission given or charged for transacting business as a broker; the business or employment of a broker. — Broklng,t brok'ing, a. Pertain- ing to the business of a broker. [Shak.] Bromelia, bro-m6'li-a, n. [After Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] The generic name of tropical plants some species of which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers. Bromine, bro'min or bro'min, to. [Gr. brO- mos, a fetid odour.] A simple non-metal- lic element (symbol Br) much resembling chlorine and iodine; at common tempera- tures it is a very dark reddish liquid of a powerful and suffocating odour, and emit- ting red vapour.— Bromal, bro'mal, to. A colourless oily fluid of a penetrating odour, obtained by the action of bromine on alco- hol. — Bromate, bro'mat, to. A salt formed of bromic acid.— Bromic, bro'mik, a. Per- taining to or obtained from bromine, as bromic acid, a compound of oxygen and bromine. — Bromide, bro'mid, to. A com- pound formed by the union of bromine with another element. — Bromite, Bro- myrite, bro'mit, bro'mi-rit, «. Native bro- mide of silver, consisting of 57'5 parts sil- ver and 42'5 bromine, of a yellowish- green colour. Bronchia, brongTci-a, to. pi. [Gr. and L.] The two tubes, with their ramifications, arising from the bifurcation of the wind- pipe in the lungs, and conveying air to the latter; the bronchi.— Broncnial.brong'- ki-al, a. Belonging to the bronchia. — Bronchial tubes, the ramifications of the bronchia, terminating in the bronchial cells, or air-cells of the Jungs.— Bronchic, brong'kik, a. Same as Bronchial. — Bron- chitis, brong-ki'tis, to. [The term, -itis sig- nifies inflammation.] An inflammation of the lining membrane of the bronchi or bronchia, often a troublesome ailment. — Bronchocele, brong'kp-sel, to. [Gr. kele, a tumour.] Same as Gotir«. —Bronchotomy, brong-kot'o-mi, to. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] Surg, an incision into the windpipe or till, chain.; Ji, Sc, locft; ^„yir, j,iob; a. Fr. ton; ni;,sing; tn, then; th, thm; w, wig; wh, w/tig; zh, a^nire. BRONZlii 84 BRUTE larynx betvTeen the ringg, to afford a pas- sage for the air into and out of the lungs when respiration in the usual way is pre- vented.— Bronchus, brong'kus, n. pi. Bron- chi, brong'ki. [Gr.bronc/ios, the windpipe.] One of the two bronchia or bifurcations of the trachea. Bronze, bronz, n. [Fr. brome, from It. bronzo, bronze; allied to broivn, brand, &c., being from Teut. root seen in verb to bum.} A compound or alloy of from 2 to 20 parts of copper to 1 of tin, to which other me- tallic substances are sometiines added, especially zinc, used for statues, bells, cannon, coins, &c.; any statue, bust, urn, medal, or other work of art, cast of bronze; a brown colour resembling bronze; a pig- ment prepared for the purpose of imitat- ing bronze. — v.t. — hromed, bronzing. To give the appearance or colour of bronze to, by covering with bronze leaf, copper dust, &c.; to make brown or tan, as the skin by exposure to the sun.— Bronziiw, bron'zio, a. Resembling bronze; bronze-coloured. — Bronzite, bron'zit, n. A minei'al, a va- riety of diallagCj havinga yelloi^ish-Dro'WTi colour, and semi-metallic lustre approach- ing to that of bronze.— Bronzy, bron'zi, o. Belonging to or resembling bronze. — Bronze-steel, n. Bronze condensed and hardened, as in the making of «cannon by forcing in steel cylinders into the bore of the piece. Brooch, broch, n. [A form of hroaeh (which Eee).l An ornamental pin or clasp used for fastening the dress or merely for display. Brood, brdd, n. [A. Sax. br6d, a brood=t). breed, G. brut, a brood; from root of breed.} Offspring; progeny; the young birds hatched at once; that which is bred or produced. — v.i. To sit upon eggs or upon young, as a hen for the purpose of hatch- ing, warming, or protecting them; hence, to remain steadfastly settled over some- thing; to have the mind dwelling for a long t^me uninterruptedly on a subject: with on or over.'— v.t. To sit over, cover, and cheri8h;to nourish; to foster.— Brood- ing, brod'iug, o. Pondering; disposed to ponder or thmk deeply {a brooding disposi- tion). Brook, bruk, n. [A. Sax. brde, a'spring, a brook, from 6recan, to burstforthtcomp. D. broek, G. brttcA, a marsh. A brook is abreak- ing forth of water; comp. gpring.} A small natural stream of water, or a current flowing from a spring or f oimtain less than a river. — Brooklet, bnik'let, n. A small brook. — Brooky, bniTii, a. Abounding with brooks. Brook, bruk, v-.t. [A. Sax. brAean, to use, exijoy = i).gebruiken, Icel. briXlca, Goth. IruJcjan, to use; allied to L. frui, to enjoy (whence fruition}.} To bear; to endure; to support: usually in negative or interro- gative sentences (they cannot brook re- straint). Broom, brom, n. [A. Sax. brim = L.G. br&m, J), brem, broom; allied to bramble.- Bramble, Brim.] A legumiiious shnib growing abundantly on sandy pastures and heaths, distinguished by having large, yellow, papilionaceous flowers, leaves in threes, ana single, and the branches an- gular; a besom or brush with a long handle for sweeping floors: so called from being originally made of the broom-plant. — Broomy, bro'mi, o. Full of broom; con- taining broom; pertaining to or consisting of broom. — Broom-corn, Broom-grass, n. The common millet or guinea -com, a cereal plant so called from its branched ganicles being made into carpet-brooms. — room-rape, n. A parasitic plant growing on the roots of broom, funje, &c. — Broom- stick, Broomstaff, brOm'stik, briim'staf, n. The stick or handle of -a broom. Brose, broz, n. [Gael, brothas, brose; same root as brew, broth. &c.} A Scotch dish, made by pouring Doiling water, boiling milk, the liquor in which meat has been boiled, or the like, on oatmeal, or other meal, and immediately mixing the ingre- dients by stirring. Broth, broth, n. [A. Sax. broth, from root of brew.} Liquor in which flesh is boiled and macerated, usually with cer:a:u \c^s- t.iblc3 to give it a better relish. Brothel, broth'el, n. [O.E. brothel, a wretch, from brotlien, ruined, destroyed, from bre6- than, to destroy.] A house appropriated to the purposes of prostitution ; a bav/dy- hoiise. Brother, bruTn'fer, n. pi. Brothers, bruiH'- 6rz, or Brethren, brein'ren. [A. Sax. brother = D. broeder, Icel. brdthir, Dan. and Sw. broder, Goth, brothar, G. bnider, Ir. and Gael, brathair, W. brawd. Bus. brat', Bohem. bratr, h. frater, Gr. phrater, Skr. bitratr, brother; tdtimately from root seen in E. to bear.} Strictly a human male bom of the same father and mother (also used of animals); a male bom of the same father or mother (more strictly called a AaV-brother); a relation or kinsman; an associate; one of the same rank, profes- sion, or occupation : or more generally, a fellow-creature; specifically, a member of a teligious order; one that resembles an- other in manners or disposition. [The plural brethren is now used only in the wider meanings of the word.]— Brother- hood, bruTH'er-hud, rt. The state of being a brother or brotherly; an association of men for any purpose; a class of individuals of the same kind, profession, or occupa- tion; a fraternity.— Brotherless.bruTH'er- les, a. %Vithout a brother. — Brotherly, bruTH'6r-li, a. Pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers ; becoming brothers {brotherly love). — Brotherliness, bruTH'6r-li-nes, n. State of being brother- ly.— Brother-in-law,T!. The brother of ones husband or wife; also, a sister's husband. Brougham, bro'am or briim, n. [After the first Lord Brougham.} A one-horse close carriage, either two or four wheeled, and adapted to carry either two or four per- sons. Brought, brat, pret. k pp. of bring. Brow, brou, w. [A. Sax. fcjTi, the eyebrow =D. braaxtw, Icel. bnin, G. bratie, the eyebrow; cog. with Gr. ophrys. Per. abru, Skr. bhrit, the eyebrow.] The prominent ridge over the eye, forming an arch above the orbit ; the arch of hair over the eye ; the eyebrow ; the forehead ; the edge of a steep place; the upper portion of a slope. —Browbeat, brou'bet, v.t. To abash or bear down with haughty, stem looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic asser- tions.— Browbeater, brou'bet-er, n. One who browbeats; a bully. Brown, broun, a. [A. Sax. bnin — Icel, bninn, Dan. bruun, Sw. brvn, D. bruin, G. braun, brown ; lit. of a burnt colour, from root of bum, brome, &c.] Of a dark or dusky colour, inclining to redness.— m. A dark colour inclining to red or yellow of various degrees of depth, and resulting from a mixture of red, black, and yellow. — Brown bread, wheaten bread made from unbolted flour, which thus includes the bran, and hence is of a brown colour. —Brown cgal, lignite.— .Broum study, a fit of mental abstraction or meditation; a reverie.— v.t. To make brown cr dusky; to give a brown colour to. — v.i. To become brown. — Browning, broun'ing, n. The act of making brown; a preparation (.t. To 1 soak or wash in lye, a process in bleaching; to break up and pulverize, as ores.— Buck- I basXet, n. A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Buck, buk, re. [A. Sax. hueea, a he-goat, a I buck=D. bok, Icel. bokkr, a he-goat; Dan. ImJc, a buck, a he^oat, a ram ; G. bock, a he-goat, a buck; W. bwch, a buck, Ir. boe. a he-goat.] The male of the fallow-deer, of the goat, tlie rabbit and hare: often used specifically of the male of the faUow-decr; a roe-buck; a dashing fellow; a fop, swell, or dandy.— Buckish, buk'ish, a. Pertain- ing to a buck or dashing fellow; foppish. — Backishness, buk'ish-nes, n.— Buck-eye, re. A name for several species of American horse-chestnut.— Buck-hound, re. A kind of hound, less than the stag-hound, for hunting bucks or fallow-deer. — Buckskin, buk'skin, re. A kind of soft, yellowish or grayish leather originally made of the skin of the deer, but now of that of the sheep; pJ. breeches made of this leather. — Buckshot, w. A large kind of shot used for killing deer or other large game.— Buck-thorn; re. A somewhat spiny shrub of various spe- cies; as the purging buck-thorn, a native of Britain, having small shining black berries with powerful cathartic properties; another species yields the Persian or yel- low berries of commerce. — Buck-tooth, re. A projecting tooth in a person's jaw; a prominent canine tooth. Bucket, buk'et, n. {A. Sax. bus, a bucket, a flagon, a pitcher, with dim. term, added Probably, albed to bacfe, a vessel.] A vessel made oi wood, leather, metal; or other material, for drawing or holding water or other liquids; oile' of the cavities on the circumference of a water-wheel , into which the water is delivered to move' the wheel; the scoop of a dredging-macliine or of a gi-ain-clevato-. — Bucketful, buk'et-ful, re. As much as a bucket will hold. — Bucket- wheel, re. A water-wheel containing cavi- ties on its circumference to catch the water that drives it ; a wheel for raising water, having a rope passing round it with buckets which dip into a well and dis- charge at the surface. Buckle, bukl, re. [Fr. bouele, buckle, from L.L. fcwccMZa, the central part of the buck- ler, the boss, dim. of L. bucca, a cheek.] An instrument, usually m ade of some kind 0* metal, and consisting of a rim with a chape and tongue, used for fastening harness, belts, or parts of dress together; a curl of hair; a state of being curled or crisped (as a wig). — v.t.—buckled, buckling. To fasten with a buckle or buckles; rejl to set vigorously to work at anything ; to join together, as in mairiage (coUoq.l.— v.i. To Bend or bow {S/iak.Jl; to apply with vigour; to engage with zeal: followed by to. Buckler, buk'IOr, n. [O.Fr. bockr, Fr. bouc- Iter, a protuberance, a boss on the shield. BucKus.] A kind of shield, a piece of de- fensive armour anciently used in war, and worn on the left arm.— «.i.t To be a buck- ler or shield to; to shield; to defend. Buckra, buk'ra,n. fW. African word mean- ing supernatural being pr demon.] A negro term for a white man. BucKram, buk'ram, re. [O.E.6o/!;«rarn,from O.Pr. boucaran, boqueran, M.H.G. bucker- am, buckeran, L.L. boquerannus, &c.; per- haps stuff made originally of goat's hair {9. bock, a goat). Bdck.] A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue, used in gar- ments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to some kinds of mer- chandise. — a. Made of buckram or resem- bling buckram: henc6,stiif, precise,f ormal. Buckshitih, BucKsheiim, buk'shesh. Same as Bakshish. Buckwheat, buk 'whet, re. JTropi Prov. E. bu/:k, beech, and wheat; D. boek-weit, G. bvchweizen (D. boek, G. buche, a beech); from the resemblance of its triangular seeds to beech-nuts.] A plant with a branched and jointed herbaceous stem, somewhat arrow-shaped leaves, purplish- white flowers, and bearing small triangu- lar seeds, which are ground into meal and form a valuable article of food much used in Europeand America; called also PraJiA;. Sucolic, bu-kol'ik, a. [L. bucolicus, from Gr. boukolikos, pertaining to cattle, pas- toral, from bous, an ox.] Pastoral; relating to country affairs and to a herdsman's life and occupation. — re. A pastoral poem. Bud, bud, re. [Allied to D. 6o«, a bud; O.Pr. boter, to bud; Pr. bouton, a bud; E. button.] A small, generally more or less ovoid, pro- tuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, being the form in which leaves or flowers exist before expanding ; a promi- nence on or in certain aniiiia"..'; of low or- ganization, as polyps, which becomes de- veloped into an independent being, which may or may not remain permanently at- tached to the parent organism. —«.i.—bu(/- ded, budding. To put fort h or produce buds ; to sprout; to begin to grow from a stock like a bud, as a horn; fig. to be in an early stage of development. — y.t. To graft by inserting a bud under the bark of another tree.— Budding, bud'ing, re. Bort. a mode of grafting, in which a leaf-bud is inserted as a graft instead of a young shoot, the bud sending out a stem which has all the properties of its parent; zool. same as Gemwiatiore.- Budlet, bnd'let, re. A littlo bud springing from another bud. Buddlusm, bod'izm, re. [Buddha, lit. the wise, from Skr. buddh, toimow. the sacred name of the founder of the system, who appears to have lived in the 6th cent. b.c.] The religious system founded by Buddha, one of the most jpTOminent doctrines of which is that nirvdna, or an absolute re- lease from existence, is the chief good; it prevails in China, Japan, Cashmere, Thniet, Birmah, Ceylon, &c., its adherents comprising about a third of the human race.— Buddhist, btid'ist, re. A worshipper of Buddlia; one who adheres to the system of Buddhism. —Buddhistic, bod-ist'ik, a. Relating to Buddha or to Buddhism. Buddie, bud'l, n. [ Comp. G. buiteln, to shake.] Mining, a large square frame of boards used- in washing metalliferous ore.- — v.t. or i. To wash ore in a huddle. Budge, buj, v.i. [ Fr. bouger, to stir, to move=Pr. bolegar, to be agitated. It. 6oZi- care, to bubble, from L. bvJlire, to boil. Boil.] To move off; to stir; to remove from a spot a little; to flinch; to take one's self off.— Budger, buj'er, re. One who moves or stirs from his place. [S/tafc.] Buep} th, tWnj w,t(dg; wh, wWg;„ zh, azure. BURGAMOT BUKY of government officials; Buch official? col- lectively. — Bureaucrat, Boreaucratist, ba- ro krat, ba-ro'ki-at-ist, n. -An advocate for or supporter of bureaucracy. — Bureau- cratic, Bureaucratical, bu-ro-krat'ik, bu- ro-krat'ik-al, a. Kelatiug to bureaucracy. Burgamot, b^r'ga-mot, n. Same as Ber- gamot. Eurganet, Burgonet. b*r'ga-net, b6r'go-net, 71. [Fr. bourguignotte, properly a Burgun- dian helmet.] A kind of helmet with a •small viaor formerly worn. Burgee, ber'je,n. A flag or pennant which ends in two points; a kind of email coal suited for burning in furnaces. Burgeois, bur -jo', n. A printing type. Bourgeois. Bivrgacn, ber'jon, n. and v.i. Same as Bourgeon. Biu-gh, bur"©, n- [Borough.] A corporate town or borough; the Scotch term corre- spondiug to the English borough, applied to several different' kinds of corporations. — Burghal, ber 'gal, a. Belonging to a burgh.— Burgher, ber'ger, n. An inhabi- tant of a burgh or borough, who enjoys the privileges of the borough of which he is a freeman.— Bxirgess, ber'jes, n. 10. Pr. b'urgeis, Fr. h'jurgeois, from bourg, L.L. burgus, a borough.] An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, especially one who possesses a tenement therein; a citi- zen or freeman of a borough; a parliamen- tary representative of a borough. — Bur- gess-ship, bfer'jes-ship, n. The state or condition of a burgess. Burglar, berg'ler^ n. [From Fr. bourg, a town, and O.Fr. laire, Pr. lairo, It. latro, a thief.] One guilty of nocturnal house- breaking. — Burglarious, berg-la'ri-us, a. Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary.— Burglariously, b6rg- la'ri-us-li, adv. With an intent to com- mit burglary; in^the manner of a burglar. — Burglary, berg^a-ri, n. The act or crime of nocturnal housebreaking, with an in- tent to commit a felony. Burgomaster, bfer'go-mas-tSr, n. fp. burge- meester — E. boroiiSh^naster.] The chief magistrate of a municipal town fn Hol- land, Flanders, and German.v, nearly cor- responding to mayor in England and the United States. Burgoo, b6r'g», n. A Ijind of oatmeal por- ridge, a dish used at sea. ' Burgrave, b^r'grav, n. [li.li. hurggravius, from G. ourggraf—burg, a town, and graf, a count, an earl.3 In some European coun- tries an hereditary governor of a town or cattle. Burgundy, b6r'gun-di, n. A kind of wine, 80 called from Burgundy, in France. — Burgundy pitch, a pitch obtain'ed from the Norway spruce, used in plasters. Burial, be'ri-al, n. Under Burv. Burin, ba'rin, n. [Fr. bvrin, from root of hore.) A graver; an instrument for en- graving made of tempered steel, of a pris- matic form, and with the graving end ground off obliquely so as to produce a shari'> point. Burke, b6rk, v.t. [Prom the name of an Irishman who first committed the crime, in 1829, in Edinburgh, with the view of selling the dead bodies for dissection.] To murder by suffocation; /Ig. to smother; to shelve (a question or discussion); to get rid of by some indirect manoeuvre.— Bur- ner, bfer'ktr, a. One who burks. Burl, berl, n. [Pr. bourre, a flock of wool as for stuffing, L.L. fcurra, a flock of wool.] A small knot or lump in thread, whether woven into cloth or not. — v.t. To pick knots, loose threads, &c., from, as in finish- ing cloth. — Burler, b6r'l6r, n. One who burls cloth.— Burling-iron, n. A kind of pincer or tweezer used in burling cloth. Burlesque, b6r-Iesk',a. [Yr.burlesque, from It. burlesco, ridiculous, from burlare, to ridicule, burla, mockery.] Tending to excite laughter by ludicrous images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it. — n. That kind of literary composition which exhibits a contrast between the subject and the i manner of treating it so as to excite ; laughter or ridicule; travesty; caricature; I a Und of dramatic extravaganza with more or less aiiiglns ia it; a ludicrous or debasing caricature of any kind ; a gross perversion. — v.t. buriesmied, burlesquing. To make ridiculous by burlesque repre- sentation; to turn into a burlesque. — v.i.f To use burlesque.— Burlesquer, b6r-lesk'- 6r, n. One wno burlesques or turns to ridicule. — Burletta, b6r-let'a, w. [It., dim. of burla, mockery.] A comic opera; a musical farce. Burly, ber'U, a. [Of same origin as bur, burr, Ir. and Gael, borr, a knob, with term. -ly.] Great in bodily size ; bulky; lusty : the word, now used only of persons, in- cludes the idea of some degree of coarse- ness.— Burliness, b6r'li-nes, n. The state or quality of being burly. Burmese, bur'mez, a. Of or pertaining to Burmah. — n. An inhabitant or inhabit- ants of Burmah; the language of the people of Burmah. Bum, b6rn, v.t— burned or burnt, burning. [A. Sax. bernan, byman, beoman, bHiinan, to burn=Icel.6renna, I>an. bnende, O.D. bemen, Goth, brinnan, G. brennen, to bum. Brand, brovm, brine, 6?-imstone, &c., are akin.] To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes; to injure by fire; to scorch; to act on with fire; to expose to the action of fire (limestone, bricks); to make into by means of fire (to bum charcoal); to affect with a burning sensation; to apply a cautery to; to cauterize. — To burn daylight, to use arti- ficial light before i£ is dark; to waste time. [Shak.] — v.i. Ta be on fire; to flame; to suffer from or be injured by an excess of heat; to shine; to sparkle; to glow; to gleam; to be inflamed with pas.sion or uesirej to be affected with strong emotion; to rage; to be affected with a sensation of heat (the cheeks Inimi ; in certain games, to be near a concealed object which is sought; hence, to be nearly right in- guessing (colloq.).— n. A hurt or injury of the flesh caused by the action of fire. —Burnable, bei'na-bl, a. Capable of being burnt.— Burner, ber'nfer, n. A person who bums or sets fire to anything; the part of a lamp from which the flame issues; the part that holds the wick; the jet-piece from which a gas-flame issues.— Burning, bfer'ning, a. Much heated; flaming; scorching; vehement; powerful; causing excitement, ardour.or enthusiasm {Siburn- ing question).— Burning-glass, to. A double- convex lens of glass, which, when exposed to the direct rays of the sun, collects them into a focus, where an intense heat is pro- duced, so that combustible matter may be set on fire.- Burning-house, n. The furnace in which tin ores are calcined to sublime the sulphur from the pyrites. — Burning - mirror, to. A coijcave mirror, usually made of metal, which reflects the rays of the sun in such a way as to make them converge to a focus, where their whole heat is concentrated.— Burnt-ear, n. A disease in com caused by the minute germs or seeds of a parasitic mushroom, iu which the fructification of the plant is destroyed; and, as it were, burnt up. — Bnmt-oSering, Burnt-sacrifice, n. Some- thing offered and burnt on an altar as an atonement for sin ; a sacrifice. — Burnt- sienna, si-en'na, n. Earth of Siennar sub- mitted to the action of fire, by which it is converted into a fine orange-red pigment, used both in oil and water-colour painting. Burn, bum, n. [A. Sax. buma, a stream, a well; Icel. brunnr, D. bom, Goth. 6r«ii- na, G. bruntien, akin to verb to bui^; comp. torrent, from L. torreo, to bum.] A rivulet; a brook. [Prov. E. and Sc] Burnish, bfer'nish, v.t. [O.Fr. bumir, bur' nissant, to polish, to embrown, from brun, O.H.G. brun, brown. Beowm.] To cause to glow or become resplendent; to. polish and make shining by friction; to make smooth and lustrous.— w.i.t To grow bright or brilliant; to show conspicuously. — n.t Gloss; brightness; lustre.— Burnisher, bfer'- nish-er, n. One who or that which bur- nishes or makes glossj'. Bnmoose, b^r-ncis', n. [Fr. bumotw, bour- nous, from Sp. al-bomoz,'^ kind of Moor- ish cloak. An Ar. word.] A white woollen mantle, with hood, woven in one piece, worn by the Arabs. Eui-nt, bci-nt, piet. & pp. of bum. Burr, n. Bur. Bnrrel, bur'el, n. [O.Fr. burel, reddish, from L. bumis, red.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, de- licious soft pulp.— 3urrel-fly, n. A kind of reddish-coloured gadfly, or breeze. Burrel-shot, bur'el-shot, n. [Fr. bourreler, to torment.] Small shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron,&c., put into cases, to be discharged fi-om a cannon at short range; an emergency shot. Burrh, Burr-stone, ber,b6r'ston,n. A name given to certain siliceous or siliceo-calcar- eous stones, whose dressed suifaces present a burr or keen-cutting texture, whence they are much used for millstones. Burrock, bur'ok, n. [A. Sax. burg, btirh, a hill, and dim. -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to dii-ect the stream to. gaps where fisli-traps are placed. Burrow, bur'o, n. [The same word with burgh, borough, from A. Sax. beorgan, to protect, shelter.] A hois in the ground excavated by rabbits, hares, and some other animals, as a refuge and habitation. — vi. To make a hole or burrow to lodge in; to work a way into or under something; to lodge in a burrow or iu any deep or concealed place; to hide.— Burrower, Imr'- o-er, n. One who. burrows; an animal which excavates and inhabits burrCws. — Burrow-duck, n. The sheldrake: so called because it makes its nest iu holes in soft soil. — Burro wing-owl, to. A.n American species of owl which dwells in holes in the ground. BuiTy, b^r'i, a. Burt Bursa, }3er'sa,»i. [L.] .Anctf. akindof sack.— Bursa mucosa, a sack situated at- a joint and containing the synovial fluid. Bursar, ber'ser, to. [Buhsk.] A treasurer or cash-keeper of a college or of a monas- tery; a purser; a student to whom a bur- sary is paid.— Bursarship, btrs'er-ship, n. The ofice of a bursar.— Bursary, bfer'sa-ri, n. The treasury of a college or monastery; an exhibition or scholarship in a Scottish academy or university. Burse, bfers, to. [Fr. bourse, a purse, bur- sary, exchange, from L.L. bursa, a purse, a skutt, leather. Purse.] A purse to hold something valuable ; one of the official insignia of the lord high chancellor of England; an e.xchange; a boursej. — Bursi- form, bfer'si-form, a. Shaped like a purse; sub-spherical. Burst, berst, v.i.— burst, brtrsting. [A. Sax. 6ers