r-NRLF t *. it P OR PROCEEDINGS I nt e r naii or* a 1 s>u 12 r e s s *> i " OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ASSEMBLY INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS txf HELD AT BOISE, IDAHO, JULY 23, 24, AND 25, 1901. 4 IRWIN MAHON, SECRETARY, CARLISLE, PENNSYLVANIA. Additional Copies of this Report will be furnished on application to E. L. Shafner, President, Cleveland, Ohio, Fred B. Reed, Vice- President, Boise, Idaho, or Irwin Mahon, Secretary, Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania. Butte Miner Co., Printers, Engravers and Binders Butte, Montana T/VS" OFFICIAL ROSTER J ; OF THE OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS FOURTH SESSION MEETS AT BOISE, IDAHO, JULY 23, 24 AND 25, 1901. OFFICERS. President, Hon. L. Bradford Prince, Santa Fe, N. M. Vice-President, Hon. A. P. Swineford, Ketchikan, Alaska. Secretary, Irwin Mahon, Carlisle, Penn. Treasurer, E. C. Atwood, Empire, Colo. Assistant Secretary, W. H. Savidge, Boise, Ida. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Hon. L. Bradford Prince, Chairman, Santa Fe, N. M. ; Hon. A. P. Swineford, Vice-Chairman, Ketchikan, Alaska ; E. C. Atwood, Treas- urer, Empire, Colo. ; Irwin Mahon, Secretary, Carlisle, Pa. ; Hon. Philo A. Orton, Darlington, Wis. ; J. W. Adams, Dahlonega, Ga. ; Mrs. Ella Knowles Haskell, Helena, Mont. STATE BOARD. Governor F. W. Hunt, Chairman ; Hon. Jules Bassett, Secretary of State; Hon. John J. Plumer, State Treasurer; Judge B. F. Olden, Chair- man City Committee ; Hon. J. H. Richards, Chairman City Reception Committee ; Hon. J. A. Lippincott, State Commissioner, Boise ; Hon. Fred H. Davis, Assistant State Commissioner, Boise; Hon. Martin Jacobs, State Mine Inspector, Boise, Ida. STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS. Alaska A. Hollis White Ketchikan Arizona George P. Blair Mammoth Arkansas J. S. Hanford Batesville California Col. Thos. Ewing Los Angeles Colorado W. S. Montgomery Colorado Springs Georgia Walter P. Andrews Atlanta Idaho Frank Steunenberg Boise Illinois B. W. Goodsell 33 So. Canal St., Chicago Indiana U. Gulbert ^ U y ; }' V/V Michigan City 4 Official Roster Iowa Dr. H. G. Knapp Dubuque Kansas H. F. Brinkham Dillon Michigan A. L. Flewelling Crystal Falls Minnesota N. C. Westerfield St. Paul Missouri Geo. P. Paxton Joplin Montana L. S. Woodbury Great Falls Maryland Henry Shriver Mt. Savage Nebraska H. M. Rice Lincoln New Mexico R. C. Hatton Las Cruces North Carolina J. Frank Wilkes Charlotte New York William E. Gray 1343 Broadway, N. Y. City Oregon I. B. Hammond Portland Ohio E. L. Shafner .Cleveland Oklahoma Ex-Gov. W. C. Renfrew Oklahoma City South Dakota Angus MacKay Deadwood Tennessee E. C. Camp Knoxville Texas Roger Q. Mills Corsicana Utah R. C. Chambers Park City Washington James M. Ashton Tacoma West Virginia Capt. Thomas Page Ansted Wisconsin M. H. Richards Platteville Wyoming Will Reed Rawlins Washington, D. C. Dr. W. Lee White Washington British Columbia George Alexander Kaslo Province of Ontario Hon. E. J. Davis Toronto Virginia Gov. J. Hoke Tyler Richmond STATE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Alaska J. A. Bradley Revilla Arizona C. E. Bowers Kingman Arkansas Percy Fitch Smithton California J. Irwin Crowell Los Angeles Colorado William M. K. Barbour. Colorado Springs Idaho J. M. Haines Boise City Georgia George Seiiple Atlanta Illinois D. J. Delong 90 Washington St., Chicago Indiana L. P. Newsby Knightstown Iowa J. W. Miller Des Moines Kansas James Bastgen Atchison Michigan Edward N. Breiting Marquette Minnesota E. G. Gridley Duluth Missouri J. W. Marsteller Jefferson City Montana John P. Schmidt Helena Maryland Chas. Matt Baltimore Nebraska J. T. Dorgan Lincoln New Mexico C. J. Gavin Raton North Carolina A. H. Isbell Murphy New York W. L. McCable Postal T. & 0. Co., N. Y. Oregon Paul Baumel < Portland Ohio W. L. Kendall Cleveland Oklahoma Henry E. Galsier Guthrie South Dakota Jas. Czizek Leed City Tennessee H. V. Maxwell Knoxville Texas Charles B. Edy El Paso Utah Hon. D. O. Rideout Draper Washington J. T. Thompson . Seattle West Virginia T. E. Hutson Elkhorn Wisconsin M. D. Kelly Milwaukee Wyoming J. M. Thomas, Jr., Battle Lake International Mining Congress. 5 Washington, D. C. Dr. A. McKnight 610 F St., N. W. British Columbia F. W. Kirby Rossland Virginia Geo. W. Miles Radford Province of Ontario Hon. Thomas W. Gibson Toronto SESSIONS OF THE CONGRESS HAVE BEEN HELD AS FOLLOWS; DATE CITY PRESIDENT ADDRESS REMARKS ist 2nd 3rd 4 th July 1897 1898 " i99 June 1900 July 1901 Denver, Colo. Salt Lake, Utah Milwaukee Boise, Idaho Hon. Alva Adams Hon. L. Bradford Prince Pueblo. Colo. Santa * v e, N. M. Temporary Passed to June 1900 Col. M. B. Montgomery Hon. L. Bradford Prince Cripple Creek, Colo. Santa Fe.N.M. Boise, Idaho. Boise, Idaho, where the fourth annual session of the International Mining Congress was held, is the capital city of the State of Idaho, and the county seat of Ada county. It is a most beautiful, and in every way a most attractive city of homes, sustained by extensive sheep and cattle interests, large and prolific farms, magnificent orchards and gardens, and surrounded by the richest mining sections to be found anywhere be- tween the Rockies and the Sierras. At least $2,000,000 yearly in gold and silver finds its way to the United States assay office of Boise, a large portion of which comes from the mines and placer diggings in surrounding camps, and this in itself is but an insignificant portion of the output of the mines of southern Idaho, as the greater part of their production finds its way to the smelters in Salt Lake City, Kansas City, Denver, Pueblo or San Fran- cisco in the shape of crude ore. To the north of Boise is the famed Boise Basin, which has a record of over fifty millions in gold since its discovery, and its auriferous deposits are still being worked on a large scale. To the southeast of the Boise gold belt is a large area of country rock rich in deposits of the precious metals, while along the course of the Boise river, above and below the city, there is almost an unbroken chain of placer diggings. In the eastern portion of this same mineral belt are to be found the splendid camps of Dixie and Neal. Within twenty-five miles east of Boise, Willow and Rock Creek districts are located, and at Pearl, within this district are located, such noted mines as the Red Warrior, the Checkmate and others, while along the Snake river, forming the Head waters of the Columbia, the bars of gold-bear- ing gravel are innumerable. It is along this river that many big mining enterprises are now being successfully inaugurated. In Owyhee county are some of the greatest bonanza propositions ever developed in the West, such as the Trade Dollar, DeLamar, Elaine, Black Jack, Poorman and Alta, with many others producing millions annually. In the Seven Devils district alone there are hundreds and thousands of developed and undeveloped mines and prospects that will, on the opening of the Idaho Midland railroad, astonish the world with the vastness of their mineral wealth. Then there is Thunder Moun- tain, said to be one solid body of gold ore. Professor Mead in speak- ing of this mountain, says: "It is simply a great mountain of ore," that so far as his investigations go, he could- find no end, top or bottom, of the deposit, with ore enough in sight to keep a 100-stamp mill run- ning for years on ore simply quarried out. OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS FIFTH SESSION MEETS AT BUTTE, MONTANA, SEPTEMBER 1, 2, 3, 4, AND 5, 1902. OFFICERS. President, E. L. Shafner, Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-President, Fred R. Reed, Boise, Idaho. Secretary, Irwin Mahon, Carlisle, Penn. Treasurer, E. C. Camp, Knoxville, Tenn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. R L. Shafner, Cleveland ; Col. J. T. Grayson, Baker City, Ore. ; Hon. L. Bradford Prince, Santa Fe ; E. C. Camp, Knoxville, Tenn.; Fred H. Reed, Boise, Idaho.; Mrs. Ella Knowles Haskell, Butte, Mont. Irwin Mahon, Carlisle, Penn., Secretary. PROCEEDINGS OF FOURTH ANNUAL SESSION OF INTERNATIONAL MINING CONGRESS BOISE, IDAHO, JULY 23, 24 AND 25, 1901. July 23, 1901. 10 o'clock A. M. The meeting was called to order by Hon. L. Bradford Prince, president. Prayer was offered by the Right Rev. A. J. Glorieux, as follows : In the name of God, amen : It is truly meet and just that we at all times and in all places give thanks and praise to Thee, Holy Father, Eternal and Almighty God, to whom we now raise our hearts and voices, praying Thee to shower Thy blessings upon this assemblage, but especially upon those who are to take part in the deliberations of the International Mining Congress, its officers and delegates, that they may be enabled, by Thy powerful protection, to discharge their respective duties with ability and honesty, and for the good of their people. Let the light of Thy divine wis- dom direct the deliberations of this Mining Congress, and shine forth in all its proceedings and the framing of its laws, so that those laws may tend to promote the mining industry, our national prosperity, and the temporal, spiritual and eternal welfare of the people. Oil, God, who, by the light of Thy holy spirit, instructs the hearts of the faithful, granting them, by Thy spirit, to have right judgment in all things, and foi evermore to rejoice in His salvation, through the grace of our Lord, on this great auspicious day we pray Thee also, oh God of might, wisdom and justice, direct the deliberations of our National Congress so that they may frame laws for the development of our mining industry. We pray also that the government may take our mining interests' into its spe- cial care and protection. We likewise recommend to Thy divine bounty all our brethren and fellow citizens throughout the United States, and espe- cia t lly the officers and delegates of this Mining Congress, that they may be preserved in union, peace and mutual brotherly love, and after enjoying the blessings of this life, through Thy infinite bounty, and through their own industry, they have been admitted to life eternal. Amen. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The Congress' meets this year in this great States of Idaho, in the midst of its wonderful natural resources, and in view of the evidences of its prosperity and the industry of its people. It is a pleasant thing that we should receive greetings from those among 10 Official Proceedings whom we meet, and especially from the chief magistrate of the State, and I have the pleasure of introducing to you, to the members of the Congress, to whom he, perhaps, needs no introduction not to the people of the State itself His Excellency, Governor Hunt. (Applause.) GOVERNOR HUNT: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Mining Congress : The duty delegated to me today to greet you in behalf of the State is a pleasant one, and I wish to assure you that this meeting of the Mining Congress is one of the pleasantest and most interesting events that has ever occurred in this State. Last year we sent our delegation to Milwaukee not only to take part in the proceedings of the Congress and to guaid and advance the interests of the mining industry, but also hoping to induce the Congress to locate its. next annual meeting in this State and in this city, which, by reason of its geo- graphical location we consider the heart of the great Rocky Mountain re- gion, that produces the bulk of the gold, silver, copper and lead of the world. We have but a small city here, but our delegation, sizing up the crowd at Milwaukee, thought that we could accommodate a smiilar number here, and if by chance the attendance here should be doubled, we would still do our best to provide for you and extend you what comfort we could in this arid region arid no longer, I hope, while you are with us though it could not be done as comfortably as in some of the larger cities asking for the Congress. Through extreme good fortune and the aid of some very warm friends, our delegation was successful. We have undertaken to secure as large an attendance as possible. We have tried to interest, not only the United States, but the world, in this Congress. The city has availed itself of the professional services of Mr. Mahon, the secretary of your Congress. He has given us valuable aid and it is under his intelligent direction that the world knows that the International Mining Congress is deliberating in session today. I believe the International Mining Congress is a body of gentlemen that thoroughly represents the mining industry, and by that I mean the promotion, capital investment, production and marketing of ores. These sessions are growing in importance. We are here to consider and recommend needed legislation, so that our mining laws may be made more uniform, and I take it we aie also here to again recommend and urge the creation of a Department of Mines to be located at the seat of our government, and with an officer to sit in the Cabinet of the President of the United States, and care for the growing mining interests of this country. We have brought together this body of men who are interested in their profession and all that pertains to it. We have with us today the laborer, the mechanic, the engineer, the operator, the owner, the capitalist and the promoter, and the last of these is not the least by any means. Scripture tells us that upon that last day the first shall be last and the last saall be firs. At some time in his career the promoter will assuredly be first ; and when he does reach that position we are ready to give him a hearty cheer. In my own heart 1 have a warm spot for the promoter, for I know that some- times he is unnecessarily regarded with suspicion. We have here today the representatives of some of thei gieat commercial bodies; we have members of the law-making power of the Federal Government, who are here to derive what information they can that shall be of benefit in future legislation, and we have the representatives of some of the greatest and most advanced foreign governments. We have also the man whom we cannot overlook the prospector. Next to the Creator, he is the man who makes the mines, and we have him with us) today and honor him. Hei it is who blazes the trails for us to follow : who is the pioneer in exploration, and although he may be discontented or visionary, yet he is at all times ambitious. When these high mountains shake their white locks and their piles of snow come tumbling down the gulches in pure crystal streams, it is then the pros- pector packs his cayuse or his burro and strikes for the hills ; and if his rusty bacon or flour gets low, he is the one man in the world who can live cheerfully on hope. We have all these men with us today ; a body of men who are earnest and sincere ; who are ready to touch elbows and brush up against new ideas ; who want information and want to advance. These sessions of the Congress bring its members together to meet new ideas ; to come in contact with new principles and to meet new forces in the science International Mining Congress. 11 of mining ; to exchange valuable information ; acquire a personal knowledge of new country and of recently discovered districts, and I know they are a relaxation and vacation to many of you from most arduous duties. We had some hesitation in taking this Congress, even after we had ac- cepted it, but it was only through fear that perhaps accommodations of our city might not be sufficient to provide for you comfortably, but we wish to assure you that what we lack in quality of, modern conveniences we will try to make up in the heartiness of our welcome to you. I wish to let you know that we appreciate the great honor this Con- gress is to us, We are proud to have you with us. for over and above every- thing else we are a mining state, in full sympathy and accord with the pur- poses and objects that you are trying to secure. Some of you are from far eastern and southern shores, English, Ger- man, French ; of Spanish blood ; of almost every race and nation, but all miners. Even the laborer who digs in the bowels of the earth is a traveled man. They reach out all over the world, from the frozen rivers of Alaska and Siberia to the torrid belt that encircles the world, and from there on to the southernmost confines of the two hemispheres, so that I judge there are very few of you here who do not know something about the West, and perhaps this State is not new to you. The trip here at this season of the year is not very pleasant, coming either from the east or west. It is a, veritable desert apparently, with here and there an oasis upon the panorama of sagebrush and sand. The dust seethes through your closed train on those hot days, and you wonder where the air is, which we claim to be so long on in this country. But when water is brought upon this soil, when it is cultivated and reclaimed, the sagebrush of the plains give place to the hardiest fruits, and the sifting sands aie changed to velvet lawns. We, who have seen these changes take place slowly and gradually ; who believe that our State is destined for the best ; that our climate is the healthiest and purest, and that we have here what is fairest and happiest, and yet we are glad to share it and wish a little more of the salt of the earth upon this fair spot, and that is the rea- son we have you with) us to abide for a few days, or as long as you will, footsoie and weary though you may be with the regular labors of your lives, yet here to refresh yourselves with an intercourse that must be of value to each and every one of you, and of great benefit to the industry that you repre- sent. I have spoken of Idaho, but merely with the intention of letting you know that we love our State and believe in it, and that we are not ashamed to ask people to come into it and share it with us, and I wish to assuie you that deep down in the hearts of our people lies a welcome for you that Is more cordial than any words of mine can express. We hope that after this Congress has adjourned, many of you who have journeyed here hundreds, even thousands of miles, might still be pleased to wander a little further into the interior of our State, among the mountains which stretch in one unbroken chain for three hundred miles to the north and nearly as far to the east, the best and most delightful part of Idaho. So far, you have seen its outskirts ; its least attractive part, and I assure you that if you will but enter the State, you will not only be pleased with your experience, but you will find gentlemen ready to ac- company you, and you will be received with a true western welcome. I know that many of the other Western States are also waiting to show you their country. California, Oregon, Washington, Montana, Utah in fact, all the mountain States will be glad to have you look them over. I am here today in my official capacity as Governor of Idaho, to wel- come you to this State. No words that I could say would tell you so more cordially than is revealed by the interest and pleasure manifest upon every face among our citizens who are here today. Upon the lintel of our door you may read in the letters of light the word "Welcome." Our streets and buildings are ablaze with it. It means that we are of one pur- pose and in full sympathy with the objects of your organization. Sometimes words become fulsome in their endeavor to express ideas, so perhaps the best welcome we can give you will be by our actions while you are in the State, and the impression we leave* with you of the pleasure and honor of this occasion. When we break these ties I hope we shall all appreciate the value of this experience and the good results that shall flow from it, and that next year many of us may len'ew this acquaintance where- ever the session of the Mining Congress may be. 12 Official Proceedings PRESIDENT PRINCE: All of us who have never before been in this city of Boise have certainly been struck by the beauty of the sur- roundings, and by the warmth of welcome of its people. I have now the honor of introducing 1 to you His HonoT, Mayor Alex- ander, mayor of the city of Boise. MAYOR ALEXANDER: Mr. President, and members of the Mining Congress : In behalf of Boise City I present to your President the keys of Boise (applause), and offer you the freedom of the city, and ask you to partake of its hospitalities without stint. Boise City is proud of the pres- ence of the fourth International Mining Congress, and, for once, we ask you all to forget that you are citizens of any other State than the State of Idaho, but inhabitants of our proud little town called Boise. We feel proud of the honor and the privilege of entertaining you. Boise knows well the interest of mines and mining. The foundation of our prosperity is min- ing. Upon that foundation we have raised a great superstructure, agricul- ture, and we have beautified it with stock raising andi sheep raising ; and, gentlemen of the fourth Congress, you are assembled in a little town, which for its prosperity is unequaled anywhere in the United States. (Applause.) These mines and these rich hills have poured forth their riches and wealth into our laps, until today educational institutions, cnurches, and all the good things of earth that go to brighten the dawn of the twentieth century are oui s, and our people ask you, one and all, to partake of our good things, to make yourselves at home, and assimilate with our city and its people, so that your stay among us may be happy and contented, and long to be remembered with pleasure. Boise City offers you everything in its power to make you comfortable and happy. While it may not be as large as some of the towns in which fo'rmer sessions of the Congress have been held, within our hearts, there exists in our hearts a large affection for you which will turn the balance in our favor. If our buildings are not as high as in some other places, our aim is higher than any building that was 'ever erected. We accept the Congress because Idaho is a state of mines, and Boise, as the center of the State of Idaho, receives a benefit from the mines that cannot be estimated. Duiing your stay in our midst we expect to treat you as one of us, and that your deliberations will redound to the benefit of the State of Idaho, and of every state in the union. The work for this Mining Congress has been done by my predeces- sor. He has worked ha'rd and faithfully to bring forth the result that we have now accomplished ; that gentleman is Hon. J. H. Richards, ex-mayor of Boise City, whom I now have the pleasure of introducing to you. MR. RICHARDS : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Congress : It has fallen to my lot, as a citizen of our State and city, to say to you a few words of greeting. I assure you that I appreciate more than I can adequately express the honor and privilege of addressing you on such an occasion as this. Intel-national conventions, of the importance and rep- resentative character of the gathering here present, are not yet such com- monplace incidents with the people of Boise and Idaho that we have become accustomed to welcome them with what I may term conventional politeness merely. We extend to you the liberty of our city in the fullest sense of the word. We do not invite you to our firesides it is a little too warm for that but we do welcome you, cordially and sincerely, to our homes and our hearts. We shall endeavor during your ail-too brief stay with us to make it pleasant for you. We trust that when you go hence you will want to come back again some time in the near future, and that all your recollections of this occasion will be agreeable and profitable. While you sojourn with us we shall have no other business or pleasure but yours. Others better qualified for the task than myself will attempt to in- terest you in the great extent and diversity of our mineral resources as a state, and we hope that those of you who come here as entire strangers will come to understand more clearly what at first blush may no doubt appear like an unwarranted enthusiasm on our part. We want you to enjoy and appreciate with us the display of natural wealth which the hand of nature has so lavishly bestowed upon our state, and we want you to profit thereby, either intellectually, materially or aesthetically or all together. In short, we just simly want you to understand us. International Mining Congress. 13 Fortunately perhaps, for you, I am not myself professionally a mining man. I shall not pretend even a superficial familiarity with all the subjects which this Congress proposes to consider, though some of them are sub- jects in which I take a very great interest. For many years before coming to this state I lived in a community where the only interest was mining; where all my friends were interested in mining ; where I had important in- terests in mining, too. I have never lost that sympathetic interest though I "have lost other things but it is not now so much a matter of dollars and cents to me personally as the consideration of general ideas, and a few of these I shall try to express to you as best I can on this occasion. Mr. Chairman, as a nation we stand at the portals of the new century with all its possibilities, and when we stop to think, of those pos- sibilities we must admit that they are not less marvellous than the ac- complished facts which we have already written into the histo'ry of the race. At one bound, as it were, we have taken a position in the very front rank of the great industrial nations. We are now ready, as we never have been be- fore, to compete for the trade of the world. We have an abundant and practically inexhaustible supply 'of all the minerals which are commonly used in human art and industry, while new and hitherto unsuspected re- sources are being disclosed daily. We can lay all these products at the door of the manufacturer and consumer with astonishing cheapness. We pos- sess the genius to meet every demand for new and more economical methods. We have irresistble battalions of skilled labor the best on the planet, be- cause it is the most intelligent and self-respecting. American machinery is now reaching all parts of the world. Our bridges and locomotives, literally and not figuratively, carry the competitive war with England into Africa. All these things mean an enormous impetus to every industry connected with mines, and it is an impetus that has only just begun to be felt. For, gentlemen, the gates of the Orient are opening to us the portals of the dawn. We here on the Pacific coast are watching this new indus- trial development in the far east with the keenest interest. It means a great deal to our whole country, but it particularly concerns us. For the region which has already been planted the seeds of this development lies tributary to the Pacific, a region in vastness of territory, wealth of re- sources and bulk of population comparable only to the almost illimitable waters which wash its shores. Therefore these waters of the Pacific are destined to bear upon their bosom a commerce such as the world has never seen before, and to meet the demands of that commerce beautiful and opulent cities will spiing up all along our Pacific coast, and, as so many times in the past, the splendors of architecture, the refinements of art and the triumphs of intellectual and moral power, will again flourish in the shadow of the marts of trade. Pardon me this seeming disgression, which is not wholly a digression, for 1 want to say to you that the products of the mine are going to be very prominent factors in this mighty onward march to the tune of twentieth century idea. It has been the proud distinction of our sister state California that the stream of gold which she poured into the lap of trade and in- dustry during the crucial period of the civil war contributed in no small measure to our financial stability at that time, and a similar distinction in the future will be shai ed by all of our states in which the mining industry is prominent. The great contest for which we as a nation are to gird our loins in the near future may not be one which involves the use of battle- ships and long-range guns. It may be, and most likely will be, one which will be very largely determined by the financial stability assured by a large production of the precious metals, cheap and abundant manufactures of iron, steel, lead and other metals, unrivaled efficiency of labor, and legi- timate industrial combinations, based primarily not upon selfishness and greed, but upon justice to labor and saving to the consumer. The mining industry since the early morn of civilization has ever been the handmaid of the advancement of the human race. First the flocks and herds, then the tilled field, and with the tilled field the products of the mine from which to forge tools for agriculture and weapons for the defense of the home, from which to draw the life-blood of commerce and supply the plastic material of art. Agriculture and mining have always gone together, hand in hand ; the most powerful civilizations of antiquity were reared upon their broad foundations. The Athenians early acquired a great advantage as traders on account of the rich silver mines of Africa. The Cartha- genians built up a lucrative commerce with less advanced nations by their large product of metals and proficiency in metal manufacture. The Ro- 14 Official Proceedings mans fostered with the greatest care mining in silver, copper, iron and gold. And I venture to say, gentlemen, that the production and manufacture of the useful and precious metals is even more important today, relatively speaking, than ever before in the history of the race. Metal manufactures as we all know, are extending into fields never before occupied by them, and the products of the mine are coming forward to take the place of our fast vanishing forests ; are being used instead of wood in the construction of houses, bridges, ships and articles of general utility to a degree never dreamed of even so late as twenty-five years ago. Therefore the time/ is now here, as we hope,' when this government is going to grant a moie intelligent recognition to this great primary source of material wealth upon which human advancement so much depends. Agriculture has within the last few years been recognized by the establish- ment} of an agricultural department at Washington, and we all know how richly the wisdom of what many then considered to be a foolish innovation has been justified by the results. The energetic and far-sighted labors of the agricultural department of the government have already added untold mil- lions to the wealth of this country. They have enlarged our markets, they have been the means of introducing new and profitable staple crops, to the great advantage of our farmers, they have popularized more scientific methods of cultivation. Now we intend and I earnestly hope that this Congress, before it ceases its deliberations, will give emphatic ex- pression to this idea we contend that mining, or that source of material wealth held in the miserly clutch of the insensible rock, shall be 'recognized by the establishment at Washington of a Department of Mines, and Min- ing, co-ordinate in all respects with the department of agriculture. For each of these sources of supply supplements and inspires the other. Both together are the bedrock upon which all human 'endeavor rests. Agriculture and mining are the two great primary means-, by which mother earth pro- vides for and enriches her children. All other forms of material develop- ment and progress rest their hopes on these twin fountains of natural sup- ply. When the department of agriculture was established it was because it was discerned that we could easily produce enough to fe^d and clothe the world ; that wider markets were all that we needed, and the situation in mineral production is precisely analogous. That production has now become so stupenduous that this country brings every year from the storehouse of the rock mineral wealth to the amount of one billion dollars. Would it not be well, then, to have this production regulated, fostered and stimulated by the guiding hand of our national government? Why should the people's money be appropriated to help introduce American corn and the American hog in Germany, and denied to help introduce American silver or American locomotives in China? It sometimes seems to me, gentlemen, that western mining, inasmuch as in many phases it seems to be characteristic of a wild and woolly stage of civilization from the standpoint of our 'eastern friends, has never yet had proper justice done to its merits and achievements. Only when we consider the far-reaching effect of mining upon the general development and prosperity of a people, and observe what an impulse its healthy growth gives to human activity, and become aware of the sustaining force it supplies to a nation in the hour of national trial, do we begin to compre- hend its importance. Subtract from the mighty economic force of the east- ern and middle states of this union the impulse given to commerce and industry by the production of coal, oil, iron, copper, lead and zinc, and tell me how much will be gone. Take from the west its mineral production and you sap its vitality. It is the boast of mining in the west that it has suc- ceeded in reversing the order of nature, for mining all over this coast came first in sections apparently so inhospitable to the agriculturist that many believed they could never be redeemed to cultivation ; and yet the irrigation canal, the plow and the pruning hook followed from the very, necessity of feeding thef early miners, and it was discovered at last that the wilder- ness could be transformed into a smiling garden and support miliioiis of happy homes. Mr. Chairman, the east and the west are inter-dependent. I would be the last to underrate the generosity of the east. I admit with gratitude what we here in the west owe to her confidence in us. I hasten to concede how lavishly she has given of her substance in order to make the west what it is today. I profoundly deplore the poor judgment she has shown, in some of her investments. But I always feel that the people m that section owe more than they generally realize, perhaps, to the great International Mining Congress. 15 value, and utility of western products and to those stout-hearted pioneers who, in what was so long known as the great American desert, touched the foi bidding rock with the magic wand of energy and intelligence and brought forth perennial .streams of gold and silver, the means of vitalizing our financial system, the means of adding real value to all our commerical and industrial life. This is what mining has done for our common country. It was those pioneers, mostly sons of the east, miners in search of the precious metals who crossed the trackless desert, marking their course by the final resting places of comiades who fell by the wayside, braving the enmity of the sav- age hordes, scaling the almost inaccessible mountain side, penetrating the gloomy and dangerous ravine it was these men who opened up the treas- ure vaults of nature to the use of man ; it was their labor that sent a thiill of fresh life-blood through the minutest artery of the world's com- merce ; it was their energy that helped fill the national strong-box with hard cash at the time when we needed it most. Gentlemen, with the change and ferment of the last three years to the political and economical world, new ideas have come into our American life. The America of today is not the America of a generation ago, nor even of three years ago. The conservative ideas of the past can only serve us now in the new light of the present. New occasions teach new duties ; Time makes ancient good uncouth ; They must upward still and onward, Who would keep abreast of Truth. The America of yesterday will hold its place only in history ; it will make history no longer. The America of today in the general affairs of the world has that assured predominance which belongs to the absolute pro- prietor of more than a vast continent. What America can now, do in the world is limited chiefly by what it feels inclined to undertake. I say to the mining men of the west: you 1 must not forget that at this very hour you, too, are standing face to face with new conditions and with a new world, that until lecently you never dreamed would confront you as hospitably as now. You, like the rest of us who live on the Pacific slope, must not for- get that the Orient, with her teeming millions and awakening desires, wants your minerals and your metal manufactures just as much as she wants Hour, lumber and cotton goods. The nineteenth century has gone into history. We stand at the thresh- old of the new century, with new prospects and new hopes and a fullei realization of our power and our possibilities. The new century will be dominated by the new idea that whatever we do should be distinctively American in spirit, which means : demand our own, protect our own, pay for what we get, require pay for what we give; the American flag on the American ships; help the oppressed, enlightenment for the ignorant, recognition of the rights of other peoples to work out life's problems ac- cording to forms suited to their conditions. In other words, with this nation from now on all our endeavors and all our aspirations should be dis- tinctively American. W T e are getting too big to copy Europe any longer. Less than ever do we need to imitate her armed camps ; more than ever do we possess the opportunity of vanquishing her in the paths of peace. . Gentlemen, in this American spirit now dominating our hopes, with eager anticipation of the pleasure of meeting you, both individually and collectively, with sincere appreciation of the honor you have conferred upon us by assembling here, we welcome you, one and all, to our midst. PRESIDENT PRINCE: We all, I know, appreciate the fact that we have with us today the distinguished senator from the State of Idaho, Senator Dubois, who is known far and wide, and has been from the time he entered upon the duties of official life, as the friend of the mining In- dustry. It is certainly a pleasure to introduce to this Mining Congress Senator Dubois of Idaho. (Applause.) SENATOR DUBOIS : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I am here somewhat as a stranger, or more as a guest, than as one of the speaker with a plax?e upon the program, and I should find it very diffi- cult to add anything to the very warm and hearty greetings which you have received from Governor Hunt, the Mayor and the ex-Mayor. I could 16 Official Proceedings not do it if I wanted to, because the Governor has given you the State, the Mayor has given you the city, and he has presented the keys to your presiding officer, with instructions to unlock everything good in Boise to the delegates, and we all know that the Mayor has the authority. I came through from the East with some delegates from that section got on the train at Pocatello, rather and they all had the opportunity of looking at the country. I told them that the country around here is the empire of the country. It certainly is the most populous part of Idaho. It is our great agricultural section. Pretty soon one of them, an old friend of mine from Illinois, said he would enjoy exceedingly visiting the country around Boise. I said : "When you get to Boise you will be in the midst of the greatest fruit growing region on earth, I don't even except California." Well, he had heard something about the Clear Water, up north. I said, "Oh, yes; that is the only place on earth where any wheat of any consequence is raised. He said : "You seem to think you have quite a state out here." I said : "No ; I am recognized generally as one of the most modest and unassuming men in Idaho. When you get to Boise some of our citizens will tell you something of the resources of Idaho." (Laughter.) I would not have been called upon, but my colleague is now engaged in a philanthropic mission up north. Some of you will recall, perhaps, that the Rivers and Harbors Commission, which was created at the last session of Congress is now in the northwest engaged in examining the Columbia and Snake rivers. My colleague is with them, and we hope that they will open the Snake river, and reclaim the land of the entire country. (Applause.) If you gentlemen want to see mining you may go in any direction from this beautiful fruit section and see it in perfection, and if you go to the Coeur d'Alenes you will see the greatest mining camp on earth. It has not an equal on the globe. That camp alone produces more than one- half of all the lead produced in the United States, and the mines are conducted with all the modern appliances. I think your president will arrange for low transportation, so that you can go to the Coeur d'Alenes and see the greatest lead camp on earth, and from there to Butte and see the greatest copper mining camp on earth, and from there to your own National park and see the greatest wonders that the world has in its store. (Applause.) I will close by saying that any citizen of Idaho will tell you some- thing of the beauties of our State. I can but ecEo the sentiments of the Governor, the Mayor and the ex-Mayor, and bid you a most cordial welcome to our city. (Applause.) PRESIDENT PRINCE : These cordial and gracious words of greet- ing from the representatives of the State and the City certainly deserve a fitting response ; and that response, I think, should come from different portions of the territory that is represented here by the mining com- munity. I will call upon Mr. Shafner, of Ohio, coming from what we call here the eastern part of tne country, to express on behalf of that section our sentiments on this occasion. MR. SHAFNER: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me great pleasure to meet the people of Idaho, and to meet those from other states who are assembled here. I am deeply gratified with the warm and cordial reception that has been extended to us by the Governor of this State, and by the Mayor of this City. I come from the State of Ohio, which I believe to be one of the grandest States in the Union. We have turned out some very noble men, who have become Presidents of these United States ; and I believe that if the Pilgrim Fathers had landed on the shores of the Pacific that the State of Idaho would have been the Ohio of the West. (Applause.) International Mining Congress. 17 I believe your resources here are great. We, in the city of Cleveland, on the shores of Lake Erie, where the iron from the great Superior re- gion, and the coal from Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia meet, build ships that are sent to all parts of the world. Your inland conditions will not permit you to do that, but your valleys and your hills are full of minerals, of gold and silver, which should make your State and its citizens rich. I do not intend on this occasion to make a speech. I will only ex- press in behalf of the delegation from Ohio the warmest appreciation for your kind words of welcome, and for the arrangements you have made for our comfort. (Applause.) PRESIDENT PRINCE : We have now heard from the East. Tak- ing the Philippines into account, Utah is just about in the middle of the country, and we would be glad to hear from Dr. Talmage, of Utah. DR. TALMAGE :' Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is only since this" assemblage came together that I learned of this honor re- served for me, but I embraced it most heartily, and perhaps I can say nothing more appropriate than , this : That the hospitality of the State of Idaho, and of the City of Boise is in the spirit which prompts it. I believe, indeed, coming from a State immediately to the south, that we of Utah are such close neighbors to the good people of Idaho that we could almost aspire to share the pleasures of host, rather than accept your hospitality as guests, in the sense of 'strange guests. (Applause.) We being such close neighbors, often drop in upon you and see you when perhaps you do not know we are looking on. and call upon you at times that are odd, and at irregular intervals. But we will forego the pleasures of acting as hosts on this occasion, and with the others share your gen- erous hospitality. We realize that your State is one of incalculable resources, we realize the blessings that will accrue to you, and we are selfish enough to say to you that we also will receive some of the benefits that arise from the presence of this" Congress. We are heartily in accord with your efforts to promote the mining interests in this region, for what are your interests are ours also. And when we look about us and see what you have done for this association in making it what it is we think you are capable of anything that you may care to attempt. (Applause.) And I believe 1 am hardly speaking for the Utah delegation alone it is true that we are separated into sections here, and properly labeled, so that those looking may know from what quarter we come ; but I believe I may safely take to myself the honor of speaking for the entire assembly when I say I da not believe sectional feeling or interest will prevail here. (Applause.) In- deed, I have had no intimation that such feelings are entertained at all ; and, being of one heart and one mind, I be.lieve that the delegates and all members of this Congress will work together for the purpose of making this Congress all that it was designed and intended to be, and more. In accordance with some quaint old custom the Mayor has graciously handed the keys of the city to our respected president, and, therefore, to us. I was led to wonder for what this was, and what was meant by It Surely not to let us into the city, for we are here. We have not learned, perhaps what good things of Boise may be unlocked for us with that bunch of keys ; but we have been so heartily welcomed that we could hardly expect very much more. Therefore, to His Excellency the Governor, to His Honor the Mayor. and to the Senator from Idaho, who have addressed us in such pleasant terms on behalf of the people of Idaho and of the city of Boise, we re- turn our most hearty thanks, and say to you that we appreciate your wel- come, and we hope to continue to feel ourselves most thoroughly at home. (Applause.) PRESIDENT PRINCE ; The delegations from the extreme West from Hawaii and the Philippines, have unfortunately been detained a short time and will not arrive until the afternoon train. But perhaps 18 Official Proceedings you will not feel badly on that account, because it brings to us as the representative of the West the western portion of this great country, the eloquent voice of Colonel Ewing. I have the pleasure of introducing Colonel Ewing. of California. (Applause.) COLONEL EWING: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of this Congress: I did not come here today for the purpose of making a speech. The distinguished gentleman from Utah who has been before you "has expressed all that we could express here. Although coming from the golden shores of California, we there recognize Utah as one of us. We have long known Utah, long seen the results of her great work in min- ing. I once had the good luck to be identified with Idaho, and I am proud of it. If they are anything they are a hospitable, progressive people. They have been so kind in welcoming us here that we can only thank them from the bottom of our hearts, and say that we will do all that is in our power to make it pleasant while we are here. (Applause.) We thank you very much for your kindness. PRESIDENT PRINCE: This brings to a close this pleasant part of the ceieir.cnials, the welcomes and and the responses, and on the pro- gram brings us down to what is called the president's address, which in this case will bo short. I do not know that I can add anything on behalf of the whole Con- gress to the words that have been so well said in response by those who come from the different parts of the United States. Perhaps it would be proper to say something in appreciation of the confidence that was shown to be reposed in us by the presenting of these keys. It shows that in Idaho, at any rate, the phrase "honest miner" is regarded as a fact rather than a simile, and that it is appreciated in an honest mining com- munity. Some of us, of course, have been here before, and are familiar with the wonders of this part of the country. We live in a great country, every portion of which has its individual wonders. But those who have not been here before, and I am one of them, I am sure have been sur- prised to see the great variety of resources that are here before us, and that have been spoken of in the addresses that have been made. The agricultural and horticultural area of this State is like an oasis in a desert. The orchards and gardens I do not know when I have seen a more beautiful garden than I passed on the way to this building this morning, with its variety of evergreens towering above its velvet carpet of green grass. I have a great interest in coming to this city 'and to this State, which, if you will pardon me a moment of personal remark, I will speak of. You have all heard the story of the old lady in a town, who, meeting a young man who had grown up in the next block to about the age of fourteen, said to him one day, "Henry, you and I ought always to be very good friends, because we come very near being extremely close relatives." The boy said, "Why, how?" "Why," said she, "if I had only said 'Yes' to your father instead of saying 'No' sixteen years ago, I would have been your own mother." (Laughter.) Now, something over twenty years ago, through the kindness of the president who presided over this nation at that time, I was offered the governorship of the then Territory of Idaho. I am not today going to express vain regrets), but 1 must say that if I could have seen Idaho then, and if it had looked as it looks today, the "No" of that time would have been "Yes," and. while 1 would, not have been the mother of the community, I might have been considered among the old settlers here. (Laughter.) So that I have naturally felt , great interest in coming to this State, and to this city at tbiB time. Pardon this much of personal allusion. This body which meets here today is the great representative body of American mining interests. It is called international, and such it is because at some of its sessions there have been present representatives from no less than nine foreign countries. I do not know that there are such today, but I believe that such will be here during the progress of International Mining Congress. 19 this Congress. At any rate, it represents the whole of the United States. We have representatives on the floor from the great coal and iron inter-? sts of the East, as well as those in the West, with which we are more familiar. In the Congress which met last year in the city of Milwaukee, nat- urally, from the geographical situation of the Congress the delegations from the eastern part of the country were far larger, those from Wis- consin, Michigan and Illinois predominating. It is a national institution, if not international. It has before it subjects of great importance and great weight. It is not proper that I should occupy your time with more than an outline of these. Some have been spoken of in the addresses that you have already "heard. The most important, perhaps, has thus been brought to your attention already ; the most important, because we think that if successful in that it will make very easy of accomplishment all the others. We are asking for that recognition of the mining interests of the United States which would be found in the establishment of a de- partment of mining, with a secretary, who would be a member of the Cabinet (spplausej at its head. We believe that this is not only a proper recognition of the vast extent and importance of the mining interests, but that it will be of advantage to those interests and through them to the whole United States, which will far more than compensate for any objections which may be found to it. We ask simply for the same recog- nition which has been given to the interests of agriculture ; and we ask it the more earnestly on account of the success which has followed the establishment of the Department of Agriculture. That, you might say, was an experiment in its day. I remember very well the opposition that was made to it. For long years it was simply a bureau in the Depart- ment of the Interior before it achieved the dignity of a Cabinet position. But it has shown by its work, by the value of its own achievements, that It came none too soon. Those of you who are familiar with the opera- tions of tha"- department and know how much it has done for agriculture and horticulture would think it a strange thing if we did not have a Department of Agriculture today. Go to the owners of these orchards here and ask them with regard to the experiments that are made as to the varieties of fruits, as to insect pests, as to the methods of eliminating those pests when they have overrun portions of our country, a thing which could not be done by individual effort, which can only be done by a na- tional institutions, and which have been done by them to the very great benefit of the people. Now, not to go into this further at this time, what we ask is for a department of mining analogous to the Department of Agriculture, which will do work that it is impossible for individuals to do ; which will make investigations, which no man and no community can make, for the whole country. Let it conduct a series of experiments, which will not only aid the prospector, but which will reduce the cost of production and treatment of ores in such a way that vast quantities of ore which today are useless and thrown on the dumps, or not taken out of the earth at all. may be made available for the interest of the whole country. Every one in this audience knows that the lower the grade of the ore the greater its extent. Of very high grade ore there is very little. It comes down like a pyramid, so to speak; but the lower the grade the more the amount of it is extended. If the line should be across here (indicating) above which the ore is sufficiently valuable to be dug from the earth and be made into metal, while that below is of too low a grade, and if by new discoveries and new processes the cost of production could be reduced, so that you bring tnat line further down on the pyramid, and a lower grade of ore could then be utilized, you would extend enormously the min- ing industry. It is those things which cannot be done by individuals, but which can be done by a government like that of the United States; and this is one of the things that we desire and hope for from a department of mining. There is another thing which is analogous to this, to which I beg 20 Official Proceedings to draw your attention, as I do not remember that it has been spoken of in an/ of your Congresses, and it is something which, in mining, is anal- ogous to the experimental -stations which are now attached to the agri- cultural colleges. You know the United States government pays $15,000 a year each to forty-eight experimental stations, $720,000 in all. In each of those stations are skilled men, who are employed in experimenting in matters relating to agriculture and horticulture, and the result of their experiments is given to the whole country in the shape of bulletins. Now, if we could have something analogous to that in mineral experiments, where men learned in their professions should carry on experiments connected with the mining industry, and having the same amount so ex- pended in tnat, either scattered over the forty-eight States and Terri- tories, or concentrated in two or three or four, or half-a-dozen places, the mining interests would receive an enormous benefit from that expend- iture. (Applause.) There is no reason that I can see why it should not be done, the same as with the Department of Agriculture. Then, there is the matter of the revision of the mining laws. Those laws, you know, were made long ago. It is one of the wonders of our national legislation that the mining laws of the country have continued unamended from almost the earliest time tnat the mining industry came into public prominence. Conditions have changed. Circumstances have arisen which require their revision, and yet nothing has been done in that direction. Recommendations of a body of this kind, if they could be made with unanimity, I have no doubt would receive the very respectful con- sideration of the Congress of the United States ; and it is only by such unity of action, and such unity of recommendations, tnat we can hope to achieve the desired result. Now, there is much business to come before this body. There are a number of papers that have been carefully prepared by experts in their different lines which will be read to you, and which, I believe, will be profitable to us all. There are discussions to take place here in which every one will take part who chooses, which will bring about an interchange of ideas which cannot but be profitable ; but the time is short and we will have to utilize every moment of it. So far as I can, by your aid, I will endeavor to see that it is not wasted. I simply ask on the part of the members of the Congress that so far as in each of them lies he will give to the business of the Congress all the attention in his power ; that eacfi will act for the benefit of all, so that at its end we may all recog- nize it as being the most useful as well as the most successful of these Congresses that has ever been held. The Secretary will now read the call for the Congress. Secretary Mahon read the call, as follows : The Fourth Annual Session of the International Mining Congress will assemble at 10 A. M., Tuesday, July 23, 1901, in Columbia Theatre, Boise, Idaho, and continue thereafter at the pleasure of the Congresa during July 23, 24 and 25. A new commerce, a new policy, a new destiny, and a new purpose for being and living confronts eighty-seven millions of people and the greatest factor in promoting the wealth, the growth and the power of this country is tne mining industry. It is therefore urged that all earnest scientists, metallurgists and practical mining and mill men, manufacturers of miuing machinery, and all others interested in advancing the welfare of this nation, attend and participate in the deliberations of this coming ses- sion of the International Mining Congress, and by their presece, instruc- tion and advice make the proceedings of this assembly of so interesting and educational a character as to command favorable consideration throughout the civilized world. There is every reason to believe that the era of national prosperity, upon which the United States has entered will steadily expand and be permanent in its nature. The spirit of tne times the world over is in favor of a greater ma- International Mining Congress. 21 terial development and progress, and against all unnecessary disturbing elements that will interfere with such a consummation. Of the 1,500,000,000 consumers of the world, 825,000,00, or more than one-naif of this total of 1,500.000,000 are mainly in countries resting upon and directly opposite our Pacific seaports, and in developing American in- terests in our home and foreign markets, it is in the fostering and main- taining of the higher advancement of our mining industry that we will secure the power that will most easily, naturally, and permanently build up our home and foreign trade, restore general prosperity among the peo- ple and lay a firm financial foundation for present and future genera- tions. It is not the object of this Congress to confine its consideration alone to that of mining for gold and silver and their by-products, but that of iron, coal, marble, stone, the various fire clays, asphaltum and all kindred interests of the mineral and metallic classes. To secure better recognition of the mining industry by the National Government. To bring about needed changes in the Federal Mining Laws. To cultivate acquaintance, fraternal feeling and hearty co-operation among the various mining, manufacturing, transportation, commercial and labor bodies represented. To exchange practical ideas covering the various phases of the min- ing business : an interest embracing every branch of the mining industry, which affects more than one-third of the people of the United States, pro- ducing in 1900 more than a billion dollars. Its influence will be potential, and to those who participate in its deliberations or avail themselves of its results, its benefits will be im- measurable. Proposals are invited of subjects and papers on mines, mining, min- ing machinery and kindred topics to be embraced in the program now be- ing prepared, and on adjournment of the Congress, to be published with its proceedings in book form. , The perfect success and influential effects of the three preceding meetings, together with the wonderful expansion of the mining industry during the years 1898-99 and 1900, and the special importance of the subjects to be discussed and passed upon, will beyond all question bring together a large delegation of earnest, well-informed, thinking men, in- suring a most instructive and successful session. Special rates will be given for the occasion, and all delegates and visitors are assured of ample accommodations and a cordial welcome by the citizens of Boise, and the great state of Idaho. Governors of States and Territories, all friendly nations, Mayors of cities and towns, mining exchanges, chambers of commerce, boards of trade, real estate exchanges and all commercial, trade and labor organi- zations, who have not to date appointed delegates, are urged to do so at once and send the name and postoffice address of each delegate to the Secretary. MINING PRODUCTS. Metals Iron, Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead Zinc, Quicksilver, Man- ganese, Aluminum, Antimony, Nickel, Platinum. Fuels Anthracite Coal, Bituminous Coal, Petroleum, Coke. Structural Materials Building and Ornamental Stone (Granite, Sandstone, Marble, Onyx), Soapstone, Clays, Fuller's Earth, Cement. Abrasives Whetstones, Corundum, Emery, Carborundum. Pigments Mineral Paint, Barytes. Miscellaneous Asphaltum, Asbestos, Infusorial Earth, Phosphate- Rock. Gypsum, Salt, Sulphur, Graphite, Mica. Present indications and assurances are sufficient to guarantee an at- 22 Official Proceedings tendance of at least two thousand delegates and this number will be greatly augmented by friends of delegates and other visitors. The exhibition hall, the State Capitol building, is delightfully situated and appropriate. The mineral display will be one of the largest, most attractive, and educational ever placed upon exhibition, and well worth a trip across the continent to see. BASIS OF REPRESENTATION. The Governor of each State and Territory to name 30 delegates at large. The Mayor of each city and town to name 5 delegates at large. And one additional for each 10,000 population or fraction thereof. Each Real Estate Exchange to name 5 delegates. Each Chamber of Commerce to name 5 delegates. Each Miners' Union to name 5 delegates. Each Board of Trade to name 5 delegates. Each Mining Bureau to name 5 delegates. Each Mining Exchange to name 5 delegates. And all other commercial bodies to name 5 delegates. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The Executive Committee has instructed me to present the following order of business for your consideration, which I will read and ask your pleasure upon': ORDER OF BUSINESS. 1. After the address of welcome and responses and president's ad- dress three committees shall be appointed, consisting of one member from each county, state and territory represented, as follows : Credentials, reso- lutions and permament organization. The roll of states represented shall be -called, and the development of a people as- are busy hands, active brains and mighty genius. Here are millions of acres full of the bread of life ; here are grand sky and salubrious climate ; here is the best of all zones. Here are superb inland and the finest shoreland ; here are massive moun- tains for reservoirs and rivers and lakes as irrigators. The State of Idaho alone has enough water powers to turn the machinery of the world. Buried in its bosom is untold wealth of wood and stone, and coal, iron, silver, gold, copper, lead and oil. We have enough to give us work, vitality and strength. Colorado and California are thoroughly advertised as to their mineral possibilities ; how about Idaho? Last year she produced $18,300,000 worth of gold, silver, copper and lead ; that is about $115.00 for every person in the State, or $000.00 for the average family. Add to this the product of our farms orchards, forest and grazing land, and in proportion to her population her sister States are distanced, and she is so bashful, she hangs back like Cinderella, waiting for someone to present her with a Golden Slipper. Copper is not a better, metal than gold ; that is it surpasses gold and silver mining from a profit standpoint; and copper mining seems to have more durability, and the ore bodies are much larger and more uniform in character. For instance, the following are the published declared dividends for 1900 in Montana. Amalgamated, $6,000,000; Anaconda, $4,800,000; Butte & Boston. $1.000,000: Boston & Montana, $6,500,000; Parrot, $1,- 300,000. The Calumet & Hecla paid $7,000,000, and the United Verde of Arizona, $1,875,000. While the largest gold profit earning mine was the Stratton Independence, which paid $2,000,000. Take the average grade ore of Michigan dividend-payers and it is only 3 per cent copper or about 60 pounds to the ton. The Calumet &. Hecla has paid a total of sixty mil- lion in dividends out of ore carrying 4 per cent copper, which at 18 cents per unit is $14.40 per ton. The United Verde, it is said, carries from 10 to 12 per cent. The Anaconda from its official report last year averaged 4.64 per cent, and the Copper Queen yields ore carrying less than 8 per cent. How about Idaho? We can show the delegates from Missouri, and we ask investors' attention to our copper fields in general. We want you to examine for yourselves the different districts. Take the Blackbird dis- trict in Lernhi. and developments will show and do show from' 10 to 30 per cent copper. Within three hours' ride of this place is the county seat of Washington countv, and I'll pay the fare of any investor who goes up to the Seven Devil copper district, and does not find, when he gets there, that there is ground) open to location that gives up as large a per cent copper per ton as the Calumet & Hecla average the past five years. You will also find all kinds of fluxing ores, and water powers away ahead of Pueblo, and not even surpassed by Pittsbu'rg. "Cows far away wear long horns." Millions are being paid to go to International Mining Congress. Cape Nome and Klondike. The bonanza land is really right here. At one spot in Lemhi County, within 100-mile radius, the ground has yielded $150,- 000000 in gold. In Boise Basin you will find a yield greater than all of Alaska Where did this gold come from? It certainly did not come as rain. Come and help us find it. We may have a deposit of gold greater than the Rand, where the trains are now rolling by at 50 miles per hour, and if we do you will have to come early to avoid the rush, as if recent tests hold good within five years Boise will be the Johannesburg of Amer- ica If you are looking for large bodies of low grade ore, we invite you to Hailey gold belt, and you will find a spot to live in that is far prettier than Aspen, Colorado. Idaho produces nearly half the lead of the United States, and i nearly all from Shoshone County ; one mine produced one-third of the total *, it might be said of this mine that it could, if it were pushed, yield enough lead daily to furnish bullets, in case of war, to whip the world. Take a map of Idaho, look up toward Butte, Montana, a city of (and vicinity) 75,000 people and producing $50,000,000 a year, mainly in copper, then run your eye to the left and see Wallace, around which center comes half the lead of the world, and then ask yourself, if you believe in mineral zones, what is in this unexplored region between these two deposits. If this in- terests you, then you can take a pack train and go into Idaho's interior, pass the Hump, go down Salmon, and listen to the Thunder roar, pick up cucumber gold, find float worth $60 per ton in gold, pass on into Custer County, as I have done, and when you get back you will have visions that there somewhere is gold enough and land enough to make in itself a Na- tion greater than France. Come join us and the gold is yours for the 'ef- fort, and for want of it other Nations have faded and passed away. You can have rich garments, costly edifices, and ornaments of gold and silver. If you lefuse it, we will give you our best hospitality, as it stands, but we will stay and work out the destiny that we all feel is here. It would pay the State of Idaho to offer a fabulous sum for a pro- cess that would treat Snake River gold. It is estimated that there is $100,- 000,000 of flour gold within the boundaries of Idaho. Genius is going to find it. We see a snowplow, backed by sufficient power, clear a track of snow six miles an hour. We see a steamship cutting her way through the water. Why not have a machine cut into the mountain fifty feet per day? Why not sink a shaft fifty feet a day? A diamond drill will bring out a 6-inch core 25 feet a day now. We have the power going to waste in drops of water to the sea, and some genius is going to make it possible to take out a 0-foot core. It is not for me to speak of the fruits and grains of Idaho, except to say that the hope of every miner is to some day live under his own vine and fig tree, and that the finest farming in the world can be found In Idaho, giving the largest yield per acre in cereals and fruits. We never talk about our neighbors, but the City of Spokane is built up from Idaho farms and mines, and Idaho's timber and stone give her the architectural beauty of a Denver. Now there is something holding us back. What is it? To hold a Congress of any kind and not mention it would be cowardice. In my judgment it is transportation facilities solely. We need capital here, and when we get it, we want a fair division of the profits of what is here. A well-known Scotchman, who is trying to give away a million dollars a week for the rest of his natrual life, says, in a recent article, that capital, labor and business ability as as a three-legged stool. The transportation lines out here are using the old one-legged kind. Idaho seems to be the prize milch cow, but the milkers are in Jersey. That is they hatch there. Capital is entitled to and should have a fair interest on its true investment, but the water the Jerseys have used the past year has made the farmers in the Mississippi and Missouri valleys pray for rain. I am an Individualist, but in order to remain such, all means of making a profit, or of personal advancement must remain open. It looks now like competition had ap- pendicitis. If large combinations shut off the means of getting the In- dividuals food products and minerals to the markets of the world, by plac- ing such a rate on the individual output for transportation (over so- called PUBLIC HIGHWAYS) as to be prohibitory, and give to the com- binations of capital a rate or rebate equal to the price the individual re- ceives for his product, then this appendicitis will be fatal and competition is dead. I am speaking for the miners and farmers as a class, and not 30 Official Proceedings for large companies. Why, because the large companies in a mining way at least see the trend of events, and are governing thems'elves accordingly. What made Butte? The Butte & Anaconda railroad. The mining com- panies there, as elsewhere, that can live and make a profit, own their own gold, copper and coal mines ; run their own electric plants and railroads ; and own their own lumber mills, smelters and refineries 1 . The only mining company in North Idaho not at the mercy of corporate greed, o\vn their own smelter on Puget Sound and get their dry ores from the Treadwell mine in Alaska. Prospectors have been driven to prospect near where ships can be loaded. I can show in this State idle smelters, idle because of coke rates ; the railroads must get the ore haul and for that haul the profit vanishes to the miner. You show me a gold mine from "Mt. Morgan" to the "Independence," a lead-silver mine from the Bunker Hill & Sullivan to the "Jesu Maria," a copper mine from the Anaconda to the United Verde, that is making a profit for itself, and I'll show you, at each and all points, either a self-owned transportation line, smelter reduction works or re- finery. The field of placer gold now being 'exploited in the frozen north will soon be exhausted ; placer fields soon disappear, at least they always have, and if the people do not awake from their lethargy, the companies now ammassing wealth will be the only ones that can operate in our un- explored fields. Something must be done, and it is worthy of the attention of the busi- ness man, who is not in a position to give away a million dollars. What are we going to do? Denounce by resolution the trusts? Certainly not. Why? Because that would be silly and avail nothing. It requires a dif- ferent kind of resolution. It will require the kind that possessed the souls of men at the mouth of the Columbia in the '40's. The fight in the end will be one for existence. For an opportunity to make something better than a living. Already the power of these combinations crushes the business and political aspirations of many who refuse to do their bidding. We have now a "Community of Interests." Our traffic and transportation facilities for the ten million people covered by the companies that cover the West, are in the hands of two men. Are they going to build up your section? If so, why do you think so? Don't you know they are taking now all the traffic will bear. These rates must be equal to all, and special privileges to none, and if we get equal rates, in my judgment, the trusts will fall of their own weight. We want better rates for the interior States. For instance, why isn't this beautiful City of Boise a manufacturing city? One example will answer. Coming in on the train you passed thousands of sheep grazing, 'so why not a woolen mill? Simply and solely because if the wool was scoured, the railroads would 'lose the freight on the dirt and grease, and the rate on the scoured wool is so much higher than the un- secured, that we cannot even have a scouring plant. The profits in the end must go to men who expect to live in history, by endowments, when it should be paid for labor and homes in this bountiful valley. Justice can be done to the Inter-Mountain West, decent dividends be paid, and the land that has been granted to these companies, will increase 'enough in value to pay the necessary velvet for their historical purposes. Take the item of stamp mill shoes and dies ; they can be shipped from Brooklyn to- Port- land, and then local rate paid back from Portland cheaper than they can be shipped direct. Take the item of salt ; a mining man in this country must buy his salt at the same time a sheepman Jiuys his stock salt, in order to save $50 per car. He must lay in a year's, supply. Salt in Salt Lake is worth $5 per ton ; it costs in the Owyhees $25. It is unnecessary to illu- strate at this time cyanide, bltiestone, cement, machinery, belting, mine cars or ores. What we want and all we want is justice. Let this "Com- munity" of the few become in service, at least, the "Community" of the many. The profits like the "kitty" are all going into the same hole, and we want the checks issued at the same rate. The per cent rake-off is killing us. There is something in a name. If we get together out here we "fuse," if they get together in the Jerseys it is a "Community of Interests." If results) are alike they divide the pie. The enormous profits of combinations already formed are worthy of the attention of all good Americans. To those who want this commonwealth preserved from the selfishness of plutocracy, or the bomb of the nihilist. The prospector suffers the hardship and endurance ; the mine operator takes all the risk, pays high wages and high prices for goods, and the modern "Community" (of five men) gets a dollar profit to the mine operators 25 International Mining Congress. 31 cents, and that in the face of the fact that there is more money invested in the mines than the smelters. The lead trust has things in such shape in North Idaho there is but one company that is not at their mercy. They fix the price to the producer and the consumer. Look at the price of lead in the morning, and then go to the hardware store, and see what the difference is between what is paid the miner for his product and what they charge him if the pipe line in the mine leaks, and he needs rd lead, or if he desires to paint his little home, and wants the white product. The miner in the meantime has passed the transportation company and paid his tribute there. Then he was compelled to give the password, cross his heart, promise to be good to the smelter trust. They find his ore is full of water, deduct 10 per cent for moisture, give him a song and dance about silver fluctuating, and they must take 5 per cent more off for fear the market will change before they know it, and then if the price of silver goes above 65 cents they assume a George Washington phrase, say, "I cannot lie, I did it," and because of it the smelter trust takes one-third off the advance above 65, and if you kick, they, together with the lead trust, will refu'se to buy buy your product at all. Then we wonder at the increase of crime. If this thing keeps up the producers of copper, lead, silver and gold must accept the price fixed for their product, or take the price of these "Jerseys" for their mine. If there ore Cripple Creek miners here they know the list should include gold, because outside of Alaska there is very little placer or free gold, and the base gold ores must run the gauntlet with the rest, and then you are lucky if you get $19 for the gold. Let us be brave men. All that it requires to accomplish the reforms is sufficient courage. We are like the Incas. We have gold and silver ; we have the base metals, and we have the precious metals in nearly every house, but we are not looking for any Pizarros, and we must say like the Inca, "What tribute are we to pay to you ; we desire to be vassals to the Gods alone, and as to renouncing all our rights, it will be time to do that when you have proved the truth of yours." If we get any concessions we must fight for them. Let the people take the moisture out of some of the stocks. Let the community of the people say we are entitled to and must have better rates for our product of the mines and farms. Let us form a business protective association, com- posed of all classes. The miners cannot win the fight alone. Let us say now that transportation rates in car lots shall be equal to all. We want a chance to live in the interior; we want- even coal and coke rates. Give us a chance to haul our ores downhill to Portland. Give us a chance for independent smelters. Give us a chance to use the opportunities that God has placed here. We are shipping our cattle East and our beef West. The railroads have a coon's bear trap set for every producer, that is they "catch us a-comin' and a-goin'." Give us a chance to market our iron ores. Give us an even break with the men that think they have the world cornered, and we will turn the world around and make it go the other way if necessary. Give us a chance to market our wheat. This epochal expansioin we have entered on was made possible by the pioneers of the Pacific West. If the Oriental faces are to change their diet from rice to flour, we will furnish them enough wheat with Lewistown as a shipping point to fill the vessels of the world. If the great market of the future is to be Siberia, so that we can do business with our own race, we will furnish enough timber from Idaho to do all the possible development in Siberia for a generation. The strength of an army is its commissary ; it moves on its stomach. The strength of the world is the same. Idaho is worth any five States east of the Missisippi for this purpose. Give us a chance to manufacture glass, watches, cement, steel and clothing. Give us a chance to ship our fruits, and don't let fruit-raisers 2,000 miles from here ship their fruit to a point only 300 miles from here, as cheap as we can haul the 300 miles. A fruit-raiser in Payette last year shipped his fruit to Chicago, and after he sold the fruit, he was $30 in debt to the railroads and they have brought suit for the $30. We do not want at any stage the best of it. Just give us a square deal. We cannot possibly win now, as a so-called terminal point knows the cards are stacked and at the proper time we will be put to sleep. The rail- roads carry a stock of knock-out drops, that has paralyzed every interior shipping point. We dig in the ground like badgers, live on bacon and beans, furnish the sinews and muscles of war, and as the fast tram rushes by, lit up by electricity, "wonder how such things can be and overcome us like a summer dream." Then we are not envious, but we do say, make 32 Official Proceedings us the equal of other shippers, and we will build palaces from the marble in our back yards, compared with which the beauty and texture of the marble in the Halls of the Montezumas will fade into insignificance. You can take the miners, commencing with Mackay, Stanford, Flood, and go down the horizon and include Haggin, Hearts, Daly,Clark, Tabor and Strat- ton and Tom Walsh, and there is not one of them but can step in a night from a country store to a position in Paris surrounded and petted by the Kings, Princes and Royal bloods for a generation. You mining men from other States know that} the conditions here are the conditions in your own place ; I am simply using illustrations common to all. We must all bump up against the steel trust more so than the farmer. We must all face the cap and powde'r trust, and yet with equal railroad rates I think one-half of them would dissolve ; certainly the most objectionable would. If any delegate thinks some other plan more feasible, I hope he will present it. The subject matter is one that this Congress, in my judgment, must help remedy. The principle laid down in the Monroe Doctrine was first asserted in regard to this then Oregon country, viz. : "That we should contest the right to any foreign territorial establishment on this continent." It looks like if we had the proper faith and courage ; if we are of the same stock as Monroe and Adams ; if we believed with John Jay, "That the right to take one pound implied the right to take a thousand ;" that we would declare our- selves commercially, as well as politically, FREE. To sit idly by and protest and not act means annihilation. The harvest of these combines means outrageous dividends ; to think otherwise means to forget Leadville, Gunnison, Wood River and Bingham. The Utah delegates representing that magnificent commonwealth know that there are many Mercurs on Deep Creek. Many Park Cities, and wealth galore for all of her people. A miner has only one crop from a mine ; it can never be replanted. It goes to swell the wealth of the world. If his part qf that one crop is to be confiscated by syndicates, it is farbetter that that crop remain in the bosom of mother earth, and be harvested at a time when the patriotism of the people is sufficiently aroused to act. Let usi commence here to do something tangible. Four and a half cents per hundred pounds, a hundred miles, is an ex- tortionate price to pay for a wheat haul ; especially when the road bed is right alongside of the Columbia. Compare that price with the Chicago and Mississippi haul. If this Government can make it possible for one man to give five million for a library, it can for the price of one library make an open river from Lewistown to the sea. This will be a starter and help make States. Let this Congress pass a resolution, and an urgency one, and tele- graph it to the Rivers and Harbor Committee, now in this State, that this Congress demands an appropriation for the purpose of blasting out a few rocks, so that the ships of the world can get into the Inland Empire, and that this appropriation is the most important of the Pacific West. Then let the people follow that up. If that fails I would like to see the three States affected open the river themselves. If the people are in earnest it won't fail, because as our friend Dooly says, "The constitution may follow the flag, or the flag follow the Constitution but the court follows the elec- tion returns.'" The appropriation will be made if the men in Washington think we are sufficiently in earnest. Second, in some manner or form we must curb the power of the railroads, who are gaining strength by favorit- ism. Third, we must never cease fighting for the Nicaragua canal. It this canal IB built railroads will be compelled to recognize interior towns, because the ocean places will have water transportation, and in order to get the haul the different lioes will strive to build up their own shipping points in the interior. Will you do it? I am not a pessimist; I am an optimist. This can be done with one-half the ease the Hudson Bay Company was beaten. This ia a Nation for the people. Everything will give way if we' can get that avalanche public opinion started. Don't wait like Marc Antony "to let slip the dogs of war." Who was the great power here at the time of the Hudson Bay Company? The head of the Astor family now has sworn allegiance to a King ; a King who recently found frock coats so thick around his throne he tembled, while the names of Lewis and Clarke and Stevens and Whitman and others are engraved in the Halls of Fame, and in dif- ferent towns in the Northwest children gather around their public monu- ments and are taught the lessons of heroism and courage. All history International Mining Congress. 33 teaches us the same. Napoleon knew as he walked around the crater of an extinct volcano that in the end wealth and power will pass away. Prance is celebrating the fall of the Bastile. Alexander sighed for more worlds to conquer. Cortez and Pizarro confiscated the wealth of Peru and Mexico, yet near us there is another Republic. And only a few rough stones on the sand and earth tell us of the Pharoahs of Egypt. In this land of marvelous and unlimited resources^ backed up by a percentage of illiteracy less than anywhere else in the known world, hu- maoity is free from superstition and awe ; respect for labor and respect for capital, and rspect for ourselves, we are going to do that which we were caught to do. Here Irving placed Captain Bonnville ; here Bacon placed his Atlantis, the place of Utopians ; here in the Straits of Fuca was the scene of Gulliver's travels ; here, where a noted lecturer said, "The Finite prays, the Infinite listens, and Immensity Looks on," here with our fruits and wines; here with our fish and seals; here with our horses, sheep and cattle ; here with our gold and silver ; here with the treasure vaults of the world; here with the finest harbors in the world; here with our schools, churches and opera houses ; here with our tabernacles, whose accoustic prop- erties are so fine that pilgrims come hither from the civilized world and wonder if its architect was inspired. No, these things are for future genera- tions; they are for the many and not the few. In this pavilion of the setting sun, when the sun disappears behind yon mountains, so high that they are never tainted with the earth's dust, the sky will be lit up by the glare of light from foundaries and smelters, and in the morning the only smoke to dim the sky will be the smoke from the chimneys of thousands of contented and happy people, who will be engaged in the happy task of adding to the wealth of the world. And they will say to the founders of this State "As for you, you are gray, and the thunder Of the battle has smitten each brow. Where the freshness of youth was turned under By Time's immemrial plow ; But the pictures of memory linger, Like the shadows that turn to the Bast, And will point with tremulous finger To the things that are perished and ceased ; For the trail and foot-log have vanished, The canoe is a song and a tale, And flickering church spire has banished The uncanny red man from the vale ; The cayuse is no longer in fashion He is gone with a flutter of heels, And the old wars are dead, and their passions In the crystals of culture congeals ; And the wavering flare of the pitch light, That illumines your banquets no more, Will return like a wandering witch Hght And uncrimson the fancies of yore But you builded a State in whose arches Shall be carven the deed and the name, And posterity lengthens its marches In the golden starlight of your fame." PRESIDENT PRINCE : The next matter on the program is a paper on the "Mineral Resources of Georgia," by Prof. S. W. McCallie, assistant State Geologist, of Georgia. Prof. McCallie then read the following paper : All of the great divisions of geological history are represented in Geor- gia with the exception probably of the Jura-trias. The northern and central parts of the State, knowns as the Crystalline area, are made up largely of gneisses and schists, which are supposed to represent the southern exten- sion of the old Archean continent. To the northeast of this ancient land surface and comprising the greater part of ten counties In the extreme northwestern part of the State, occur the Paleozoic rocks ; while to the south, extending over an area of 30,000 square miles, are the widespread deposits of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary periods. A State thus "endowed with such a diversity of geological formations must necessarily possess extensive and 34 Official Proceedings varied mineral 'resources. In the discussion of these resources, many of which are in a large measure at present in an incipient stage of development, only those will be considered whose economic importance cannot be ques- tioned. The redand the brown iron ores constitute one of the most important mineral resources here to be considered, and one that has been a continuous source of revenue to the State for more than half a century. These ores are confined mainly to the Paleozoic area of Northwest Georgia, where they occur in large quantities. THE BROWN IRON ORES, o'r more properly speaking, the limonites, are most abundant in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties. Nevertheless, workable deposits are also to be found in every county in the northwestern part of the State with only one or two exceptions. The brown iron ores are confined chiefly to two different geological horizons, viz., the Weisner quartzite, and the Knox dolomite, the former of Cambrian, and the latter of Silurian age. The Weisner quartzite which corresponds to the Potsdam sandstone of New York, is an extensive deposit of mountain-making metamorphic sandstone, forming the eastern boundary of the Paleozoic rocks. At many points the formation has been subjected to intense pressure during the process of mountain-making, and as a re- sult, its strata are frequently much folded and brecciated. Along the line where the dynamical forces have acted most energetically is a great dis- placement in the strata known as the Cartersville fault, near which all of the main iron ore deposits of the Weisner quartzite are located. These ores, which always run high in metallic iron and low in sulphur and other im- purities, often occur in well-defined fissure-veins, but generally they are found in the form of irregular deposits in the "residual clays, or as thick sheets, or blankets, overlying the metamorphic sandstone. The fissure-veins vary from a few feet to several yards in width and frequently continue for a quarter" of a mile or more in length. They always dip at a high angle and apparently extend to a great depth. The ore of these veins is gen- erally more or less poru and is usually of an excellent quality. The blanket deposits are not so plentiful as the residual or the fissure deposits; nevertheless they are of special economic interest on account of the large quantities of ore which they contain. These deposits in the extreme northeastern part of Bartow county, in what is known as the Sugar Hill district, often mantle the mountain side to the depth of many feet. One of the deposits of this district has been producing daily for the last lew years from twenty to thirty cars of high grade ore, and yet there still remains large quantities of the ore in sight. It is questionable whether there is to be found anywhere in the South brown iron ore deposits which will surpass, or even equal in extent, the blanket deposits of the Weisn'er quart- zite of Bartow county. The brown iron ores of the Knox dolomite formation occur chiefly in the forms of pockets or irregular deposits in the residual clays. These de- posits are quite variable in size. Sometimes they produce only a few car- loads of ore but generally they are far more extensive and cover a con- siderable area- Some of the individual deposits in the vicinity of Cedartown have been worked on an extensive scale for more than twenty years with- out exhausting the supply of ore. It i not an uncommon thing to find the deposits extending over six or eight acres, but in such cases the deposit is not equally rich in all parts. The depth to which the ores of the Knox dolo- mite formation extends, as well as its surface dimensions, is variable. In some instances the deposits are very superficial, extending only a few feet below the surface, while in other cases they have been worked to the depth of eighty feet or more without reaching their limit. In addition to the above brown iron ore-bearing formations there are two others, viz. : The Deaton limestone and the Port Payne chert, which have also ^produced considerable ore. The ore from these formations is similar to the ore occurring in the Knox dolomite series, though, as a gen- eral rule, it does not run as "high in metallic iron. The total amount of brown iron ore produced from these several de- posits last year aggregated more than 400,000 tons, thus making Georgia the third in the list of brown iron ore-producing States in the South. THE RED IRON ORES. The red, or fossil, iron ores of Georgia are confined chiefly to three counties in, the extreme northwestern part of the State. These ores occur in what is known as the Rockwood formation, which is the northern extension of the Red Mountain, or the Clinton iron International Mining Congress. 35 ore bearing series of Alabama. Stratigraphically, the Rockwood formation occupies the same position in the geological scale as the fossil iron ore bearing rocks of New York and Pennsylvania. The Rockwood formation in Georgia is made up of shales, sandstones, and thin-bedded limestones with from one to three beds of fossil iron ore. The formation, though not necessarily ridge forming itself, always outcrops along the side or at the base of the mountain and ridges. It is exposed at the base of Sand, Lookout, Pigeon and Dirt Seller's Mountains and also along the slopes of Taylor's Ridge, where it attains a total thickness ot several hundred feet. The workable iron ore is found usually near the center of the Rock- wood formation, where it occurs in continuous beds varying from a few inches to several feet in thickness. Each of the beds, which usually dip at a low angle, generally carries two varieties of ore, viz. : the soft ore and the hard ore. The soft ore, which forms the weathered part of the bed, rarely ever extends to a depth of more than ten or fifteen feet below the surface. It differs from the hard ore mainly in haying little or no lime pres- ent, and as a consequence, always runs higher in metallic iron than the hard ore. The relative chemical composition of the soft and the hard ore is shown by the following analyses: Hard Ore. Metallic iron, 32.19 ; lime, 23.19 ; phos., 0.804. . Soft Ore. Metallic iron, 59.00; silica, 9.11; phos., .092. Some idea may be had as to the abundance of the red fossil iron ores of Georgia when it is stated thai the aggregate length of the outcroppings of the beds, which average more than two feet in thicknes, is about 150 miles, and that in places the ore can be economically mined to the depth of more than 200 feet. The output of the red iron ores of Georgia last year was not so great as that of the brown iron ores. Nevertheless, should the price warrant it, the output of these ores could be increased to meet almost any demand. COAL. The coal measures of Georgia, which occur in the northwestern part of the State, form the northern extension of the Warricfr Coal Feilds of Alabama. They are confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout Mountains in Dade, Walker and Chattooga counties, where they cover a total area of about 200 square miles. The coal formation of Georgia, as elsewhere in the great Appalachian coal fields, is divided into upper and lower measures. The upper measures are beist developed on Lookout Mountain in the vicinity of Durham coal mine, where they attain a maximum thickness of about 900 feet. This division of the coal formation carries seven different coal seams, but only one is worked at present. * The lower coal measures are not so thick by many feet as the upper. However, they carry a greater number of workable coal seams. In the vicinity of Cole City, on Sand Mountain, as many as three different seams have been worked in the lower measures more or less extensively. In ad- dition to the three workable coal seams here mentioned, the lower measures contain two other seams which are probably also workable in places. The coal obtained from both coal measures is an excellent quality of bituminous coal, well suited for coking and steam purposes. At present, there are three coal mines being operated in the State, two on Lookout, and one on Sand Mountain, with a total output of about 14,000 tons per day, the greater part of which is used for coking purposes. Two of the mines, here referred to, are in the upper coal measures of Lookout, an"d the other Is in the lower measures- of Sand Mountain. The mines on the latter mountain have been worked almost continuously for more than half a century, and were among the first coal mines opened south of the Ohio river. MANGANESE. The manganese ores, like the brown iron ores, are confined chiefly to Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties. The largest and most productive deposits are found in Bartow County, in the vicinity of Cartersville, where the ores occur as irregular deposits in the residual clays derived from the Knox dolomite and the "Weisner quartzite. The ores are usually in the form of nodular concretions, varying from a fraction of an inch to a foot or more in diameter. In places these concretions become so abundant that they form beds of considerable thickness. Deposits of this character, which have been extensively worked, occur in th'e vicinity of Cave Spring, Polk County. The manganese deposits of Georgia have been worked continuously for many years. During their early workings the ores were shipped to 36 Official Proceedings England, but at present, they find a ready market at home, where they are used in the manufacture of steel and for bleaching purposes. In 1898, Georgia produced nearly 7,000 tons of manganese ore, which was approxi- mately one-half of the manganese produced in the United States. With the exception, probably, of Virginia, Georgia easily stands first in the list of manganese producing States in the Union. OCHRE. Ochre deposits of commercial value are found at a number of points throughout Northwest Georgia, where they are always more or less intimately associated with the brown iron ores. The most 'extensive deposits are confined to the Weisner quartzite in Bartow County, near Car- tersville. These deposits occur mostly along the western margin of the quartzite, where it has been much crushed and broken. According to Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the U. S. Geological Survey, the ochre forms a series of irregular branching veins, which intersect the fractured quartzite in all conceivable directions. At some points the veins become greatly enlarged and contain large quantities of excellent ore. Deposits of this character, which have been worked for some years, are to be seen at the eastern end of the county bridge across the Etowah River, near Emerson ; and also at a number of points along the western margin of the Weisner quartzite north of that point. The ochre of these deposits, which is really only a pul- verulent form of brown iron ore, is quite free from impurities, and well suited for making linoleum and paint. The output from the ochre mines in the Cartersville district last year was nearly 4,000 tons, about one-fouith of the ochre output of the United States. The greater part of the ochre now being mined in Bartow county is said to be shipped to England, where it is used in the manufacture of linoleum. In addition to the above named ochre, which is known as yellow ochre, Georgia also produces a considerable amount of red ochre, which is the pulverized, or ground red fossil iron ore, obtained chiefly from Walker County. BAUXITE. Bauxite, a hydrate of alumina, first discovered in Amer- ica near Rome, Ga., in 1887, is a clay-like mineral used principally in the manufacture of alum and the metal aluminium. The Georgia deposits of this mineral are found mainly in Floyd, Polk and Bartow counties, where they occur in more or less extensive pockets associated with the residual clays of the Knox dolomite. The size of these deposits, like those of the brown iron ores, is quite variable. In some instances they have been known to have produced several thousand tons, but as a rule the deposits are not so extensive. The pkysud appearance of the mineral bauxite which varies from 30 to 70 per cent alumina, is often amorphous, resembling kaoline, but generally it has a concretionary or oolitic structure. The first bauxite mined in the United States was from Hermitage, Floyd County, in 1889. Subsequent to this date, other mines were opened in Floyd, Bartow and Polk counties, so that in a comparatively short time the. mining of bauxite in Georgia became a very important and lucrative industry. The annual output from the Georgia bauxite mines in the last few years has varied from 1,000 to 7,000 tons, the greater part of which has been shipped to Philadelphia, where it is used in the manufacture of' alum. Previous to the opening of the bauxite mines of Arkansas in 1899 Georgia and Alabama produced all the bauxite mined in America. CORUNDUM. Corundum was first discovered in Georgia on Laurel Creek, Rabun County, about 1871. This mineral has since been found in greater or less deposits in a number of counties throughout the northern part of the State. It occurs associated with peridotites, and other basic igneous rocks in the form of irregular veins and pockets. The corundum found in Georgia is usually pink, gray or blue. It is rarely transparent and as a consequence the gem sapphire or ruby is s'eldom met with. In a few instances these gems are reported to have been found, but they are probably of rare occurrence. The commercial value of the Georgia corundum may threforc be said to depend upon its use in the arts as an abrasive ma- terial. Between 1880 and 1893, the corundum mines of the Laurel Creek district were extensively worked and became one of the main sources of supply to the corundum trade of the country. About the same time, corundum was successfully mined at Track Rock, Union County, and favorable pros- pects were later exposed in Habersham and other counties. In recent years the corundum mines of Georgia have remained inactive, International Mining Congress. 37 due chiefly to the low price of corundum, and not as might be supposed to the exhaustion of the deposits. ASBESTOS. For the last few years the chief supply of asbestos mined in the United States has been obtained from Georgia. The mine supply this material is located on Sal Mountain, White County, in the northern part of the State. Asbestos, like corundum, is always associated with peridotites and other basic rocks. It exists in many localities in the northern part of the State, but at present it is worked only at the above- named mine. The asbestos of Georgia has never been investigated and as a result but little is known of the extent and commercial value of the deposits. MARBLES. Previous to 1884, the marbles of Georgia were practi- cally unknown as building and ornamental stones, but at present the out- put of the quarries exceeds that of any State in the Union, with the ex- ception of Vermont. The most valuable marbles of Georgia are those of the Crystalline area, confined to Pickens, Cherokee, Gilmer and Fannin counties. These marbles occur in a narrow belt which runs parallel to the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern Railroad, from near Canton, Cherokee County, to the Georgia- North Carolina State line, a distance of more than 60 miles. The main marble industry of the State is located in the vicinity of Tate, Pickens County, just north of the southern terminus of the belt where the deposit attains a thickness of nearly 200 feet. The Pickens County marble has a coarse texture, but admits of a very fine polish and is admirably suited both for building and ornamental purposes. In color the stone varies from white to almost black. A flesh- colored variety is also found in considerable abundance. The physical and chemical properties as shown by the numerous tests made by the State Geological Survey demonstrates that its durability equals or exceeds that of any other marble now being put upon the market. The stone is remark- ably free from fissures and seams, so that monoliths suitable for huge columns can be quarried with ease. At present seven different marble quarries, having an aggregate an- nual output of several hundred thousand cubic feet of stone, are being operated in Pickens County. The product of these quarries is shipped to nearly every State in the Union, where it is used in the construction and decoration of some of the most costly buildings. The State capitols of Minnesota and Rhode Island; the United States Government Building, Bos- ton ; St. Luke's Hospital, New York ; and the Corcoran Art Gallery, Wash- ington, with numerous other handsome buildings throughout the United States are constructed wholly or in part of the Georgia marble. In addition to the marbles here described there are also valuable de- posits to be found in Whitfield County. These marbles belong to the same deposits that traverse East Tennessee and are extensively worked in the vicinity of Knoxville. The stone has a dark chocolate or light gray color and a rather fine texture. The light gray variety which is always quite compact and highly crystalline is traversed by dark zigzag lines that give to the polished surface a very pleasing effect. The Whitfield County marbles are well suited for building material, but they have not yet received the attention which their economic importance demands. GRANITES. The granites of Georgia, together with the gneisses, constitute the most extensive and important building and ornamental stone in the State. They occur in inexhaustible quantities and - are profusely distributed throughout the Crystalline area. One of the most interesting and probably the largest granite mass in the world is that of Stone Moun- tain, located only a few miles northeast of Atlanta. This mountain, whose barren summit attains an altitude of several hundred fe'et above the sur- rounding country, has long been the seat of a very important granite In- dustry. The stone obtained from these quarries is a light-colored muscovite granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite free from all chemical and physust defects. The stone has extensive use as a building ma- terial and is also largely employed in street improvement. There Is likely no granite in the south more widely known and more generally used than that furnished by the Stone Mountain quarries. It not only has an extensive local use but much of it is shipped beyond the borders of the State. Another granite, or rather a granitoid gneiss, of almost as much eco- nomic importance as the Stone Mountain granite itself, is the Lithonia 38 Official Proceedings gneiss. This stone, which differs chiefly from the Stone Mountain granite in being laminated, covers a considerable area in the eastern part of De- Kalb and the contiguous parts of Rockdale and Gwinnett counties. The Llthonia quarries are very extensive and furnish large quantities of stone for street improvements as well as for general building purposes. Granites and granitoid gneisses similar to the above are found in many localities in North Georgia, but only at a few points have they been quarried to any extent. In addition to the granite and granitoid gneisses here named there are other granites of superior quality used for monumental stone. Some of the granites of this character which in the last few years have be- come quite popular as decorative stone are those obtained from the Elberton, the Oglesby, the Lexington and the Meriwether quarries. These monumental granites are fine-grained biotite granites unusually free from injurious minerals and admitting of a very brilliant polish. They have but few equals if any superiors in the United States as a decorative stone, and it is only a question of time when the Georgia monumental granite industry will be of very great commercial value to the State. SANDSTONE. Sandstone has been quarried to a considerable ex- tent in Catoosa County near Graysville. The stone which fe of Silurian age, has a dark brown color and resembles very closely the brown sandstone of the Connecticut Valley.. It makes a beautiful building- stone and appears to be quite durable. This stone is found in great abundance in Taylor's Ridge, White Oak, Horn and other mountains In the northeastern part of the State. Corboniferous sandstones of a light color and well adapted for building purposes occur in Look- out, Sand and Pigeon mountains. SERPENTINE. This is one of the most beautiful decorative stones found in the State. It occurs in workable quantities in Cherokee County, near Holly Springs, where it was quarried to a limited extent a few years ago. The stone though difficult to work admits of an excellent polish and is very desirable for ornamental purposes. It is of a dark- green color, mottled and streaked with white and black. The larger part of the stone obtained from the Holly Springs quarry is reported to have been shipped to Chicago where it was used for interior deoration. Georgia serpentine used for similar purposes may be seen in the Pru- dential building of Atlanta. LIMESTONE. Silurian an d carboniferous limestone suitable for lime, fluxing and building materials, exist in great abundance in North- west Georgia. The most extensive of these calcareous formations is the Knox dolomite, a magresian limestone of great thicknes. This formation furnishes much of the lime used in the State, as well a large amount of stone for general building purposes. The different beds of the formation vary greatly in texture and chemical composition, so that almost any variety of stone can be procured. Other calcareous for- mations of scarcely less commercial importance are the Bangof and the Chickamauga limestones. The latter stone in the last few years has had an extensive use in constructing the foundations for monuments In the Chickamauga National park. The stone is also of considerable local importance as a building material. CEMENT ROCK. Hydraulic cement of good quality has been manufactured in Georgia since 1845. The location of this Industry is at Cement, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in the western part ot Bartow county. The cement rock found in this district is an impure magnesian limestone belonging probably to the lower diision of the Knox dolomite formation. It occurs in beds several feet in thickness Inter- calated with the purer limestones. The cement manufactured from this stone is slow setting, but it forms a bond of great strength and hard- ness. Maj. M. T. Singleton, late Assistant U. S. Engineer, in speak- ing of this cement says : "My experience with the cement has been entirely satisfactory. In fact for general purposes and especially foi- heavy cut stone masonry, I prefer it to any cement I have used." Hydraulic limestone of good quality is reported at numerous other points throughout the Paleozoic area of North Georgia, but the extent and quality of the stone has not yet been investigated. SLATE. Slate suitable for roofing purposes occurs at a number 01. points in Northwest Georgia along the line of contact of the Paleozoic International Mining Congress. 39 and Crystalline areas. The most important deposits are those of the Rockmart district in the eastern part of Polk County, where slate has- been mined on a more or less extensive scale for a great many years. The Rockmart slate, which is of Silurian age, has a deep blue-black color and a fine, even texture. It splits with a smooth surface into thin slabs and is quite free from pyrites and other impurities. The chemical analysis of the Rockmart slate shows it to be a first-class stone for roofing purposes. The only slate quarries now operated in Georgia are those in the vicinity of Rockmart. A few years ago a small amount of slate wa quarried near Cedartown, but these quarries are now abandoned. The slate at the latter quarries belongs to the same formation as the Rock mart and is of similar character. The slate now being quarried in the Rockmart district is quite generally used throughout Georgia and a number of the other southern States, where it has a high reputation a's a roofing slate. CLAYS. The clays of Georgia are abundant and widely distributed. There is scarcely a geological formation of any extent that does not, furnish clays of commercial value. Residual and alluvial clays, well adapted to the manufacture of brick and the cheaper grades of crockery, abound in every county in the northern part of the State. Associated with these impure clays are often found pockets or irregular deposits of porcelain and fire clays of greater or less extent. The latter clays are confined chiefly to the Knox dolomite formation of Northwest Georgia, but they are also occasionally met with in the crystalline area further to the east and south. The most valuable and extensive clay deposits in the State are those of sedimentary origin belonging to the Cretaceous formation ot central Georgia. They occur in a belt several miles wide, extending from Columbus to Augusta. The Cretaceous clays differ greatly in their physical and chemical properties, so that almost any desired variety may be found. Some of these clays have an extensive use in the manu- facture of wall paper, while other varieties are used in making porcelain, terra-cotta, tiling, sewer-pipe, pottery, etc. Besides the varieties of clays here mentioned, fire-clay also occurs in the Cretaceous formation in commercial quantities. Dr. George E. Ladd, Director of the Mis- souri School of Mines, in speaking of the Cretaceous fire-clays of Geor- gia, says : "Some of these kaolins suitable for fire-clays are more re- fractory than any of the noted fire-clays of the United States." The clay industry of Georgia, although in its infancy, has already beccme well established. The value of the clay product of the Stale last year exceeded that of any of the southern States, with the ex- ception of West Virginia and Maryland. GOLD. Gold has been mined in Georgia for nearly three-quarters of a century. The first discovery of the precious metal within the limits of the State was made on Dukes Creek. White County, in 1829. Previ- ous to the disovery of gold in California, the mines of Georgia furnished the greater part of the gold produced in the United States. As early as 1838, the output of the mines of the State had become so important that the United States government found it necessary to establish a mint at Dahlonega, the center of the main gold-mining district. The gold deposits of Georgia belong to the Appalachian gold fields, an auriferous belt extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama. The belt, which consist of highly crystalline rocks probably of Archaen age, varies in width from 10 to 75 miles. In Georgia/ the belt breaks up into a number of minor parallel belts, having a northeast-southwest trend. The most important of these are the Dahlonega and Hall County belts. The former, which takes its name from Dahlonega, the county seat of Lumpkin County, is the most important. This belt enters Geor- gia from North Carolina in the northwestern part of Rabun County, where valuable placer deposits have been worked at the Smith and the Moore Girls' mine. Further to the southwest in White County, the belt increases in width and the mines at the same time become more numerous. As the auriferous belt enters Lumpkin County it again in- creases in size, reaching its greatest development in the vicinity ot Dahlonega. In Dawson County the Dahlonega gold belt becomes more or less broken up. but upon entering Cherokee County it again regains its economic importance and continues with but few interruptions through Bartow, Cobb, Paulding and Haralson counties to the Georgia- 40 Official Proceedings Alabama State line. The entire length of the Dahlonega gold belt thus outlined is about 150 miles, while its width varies from 1 to 5 miles. The Hall County gold belt lies some 10 miles east of the Dah- lonega belt and runs more or less parallel with it for more than 100 miles, stopping short in Fulton County, only about 10 miles north of Atlanta. A third belt, which inludes the Ac worth, the Villa Rica and the Bonner mines, traverses Cobb. Paulding and Carroll counties. This belt is best developed in the neighborhood of Villa Rica, where in former years much gold was mined. Another belt including some very important mines traverses Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie and Warren counties In the eastern part of the State. Beyond the limits of the belts here mentioned are found a number of isolated localities where gold occurs In paj'ing quantities Such isolated deposits as here referred to are found in Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Meriwether and other counties in the northern part of the State. The individual auriferous belts of Georgia are usually made up ot a great number of veins or ore bodies running parallel to each other ana conforming in dip and strike to the gneisses and schists, the country rock. They vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several feet or rods, and often continue without interruption for long distances. In places the veins, which consist largely of quartz, become greatly ex- tended, forming huge shoots of excellent ore. A vein of this character at the Creighton mine in Cherokee County has been worked continuously for years and has produced large quantities of gold. Ore bodies of some- what similar nature are quite abundant in the Dahlonega district, where in the last two years extensive developments have been carrid on which no doubt will soon result in a large increase of the gold output of the State. COPPER. Previous to the Civil War copper was successfully mined in Fannin and Cherokee counties, in the northern part of the State. The deposits of the former county are located near the Georgia-Tennessee line, and form the southern extension of the deposits so largely worked just across the State line in the Ducktown district. One of the Fannin county mines, known as the Mobile mine, at one time was quite ex* tensively worked and is said to have produced a large amount of high- grade ore. The copper deposits of Fannin County, although practically undeveloped at present, are thought to be of considerable economic im- portance. Other copper deposits, which from time to time have excited considerable local interest, occur in Fulton, Paulding, Lumpkin, Haral- son, Lincoln and other counties: in North Georgia. The most important copper ore met with in the counties here named is chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). It occurs mostly in irregular veins, associated with schist and highly metamorphic slates. PYRITE. Pyrite, an iron sulphide employed in the' manufacture of sulphuric acid, is^ widely distributed throughout Georgia, but only in a few localities has it been found in sufficient abundance to be of com- mercial importance. Probably one of the most important deposits of this mineral known at present in the State, occurs in the eastern part of Lumpkin County, on the Chestatee River, about six miles northeast of Dahlonega. This deposit is quite extensive and the ore is of good quality. The commercial value of the deposits has long been known, but the great expense of hauling the ore by wagon to Gainesville, the nearest railway station, twenty miles distant, renders the mining of the ore unprofitable. Other deposits of pyrite of considerable promise occur in Paulding and Haralson counties. The deposit in Paulding County was worked to some extent a few years ago and the ore was shipped to Atlanta where it was used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. This ore. which runs high in sulphur, is said to carry from 4 to 5 per cent of copper and a small amount of gold. No systematic study has yet been made of the pyrite deposits of the State, and as a consequence little is known of their extent and com- mercial importance. SOAPSTONE. Soapstone, or talc, has been mined to a limited ex- tent in Murray and Fannin counties. It also occurs in Cherokee and Gilmer counties and, is reported in other localities in North Georgia. The soapstone mines of Fannin County, which have been worked for some years, are located at Mineral Bluff, only a short distance soutn of the Georgia-North Carolina State line. This deposit is probably the southern extension of the North Carolina deposit, which is extensively International Mining Congress. 41 worked just north of the State line. The Fannin County soapstone is compact and of a dark gray or blue color. It occurs in veins varying from a few inches to a yard or more in thickness. The Murray County soapstones, which are found on Fort Mountain, a few miles east of Spring Place, are of similar nature. MICA. This mineral is quite generally distributed throughout the Crystalline area of North Georgia. It usually occurs in veins associated with pegmatites and ccaise-grained granites. The veins are often or large size and occasionally contain mica crystals eighteen inches or more in diameter. Many of the mica deposits of the State have been pros- pected to a limited extent, but no systematic mining of any importance has been attempted. There is little doubt, however, that the mica de- posits of Georgia are of commercial importance and demand more at- tention than they have heretofore received. GRAPHITE. Both massive and foliated varieties of this mineral occur in considerable quantities associated with the highly metamorphle slates and schists along the western margin of the Crystalline area. It is quite abundant in the neighborhood of Emerson, Bartow County, where it is now mined and used in the crude state as a filler for commercial fertilizers. Promising prospects of graphite are also reported to occur in Pickens, Elbert, Hall, Madison, Douglas and Cobb counties. The Pickens County deposit is at present being developed and it is thought that in a short time it will become an active producer. MARLS. Marls of good quality abound throughout the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of South Georgia. There is probably no county in the southern part of the State which does not possess marl deposit* of more or less agricultural value. They are well exposed along the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, as well as along other streams of South Georgia. In addition to the common calcareous or shell marl, greensand marls are also plentiful. The latter are especially well developed along the Chattahoochee River south of Columbus, where they often form beds many feet in thickness. Analyses of these greensands show that they carry a considerable omount of phosphoric acid and potash, two of the most important plant-foods. The use of the Georgia marls as a natural fertilizer has so far been quite limited, but in all cases where they have been given a. fair test the result has been entirely satis- factory. Associated with the marls in the extreme 'southern part of the State frequently occur deposits of phosphate of limited extent. A deposit of this character was worked some years ago in Thomas County, near Boston, but the phosphate was not of sufficient abundance to be of commercial value. TRIPOLI. A light, porous, silicious stone occurring in Murray, Chattooga and other counties in Northwest Georgia has locally been known for some years as tripoli. The material, although quite different in origin from tripoli. "has a similar use in the arts. The so-called Georgia tripoli is a residual product derived from certain impure silicious beds of the Knox dolomite formation. The stone, which is usually found associated with chert, is quite porous and is easily pulverized into an exceedingly fine grit or polishing powder. A small .amount of this material is at present being mined in Chattooga County and is used by an Atlanta firm in the manufacture of polishing soap. SAND. Sand suitable for building material is widely distributed throughout the State. In North Georgia it occurs chiefly as alluvial de- posits along the numerous streams, while in the southern part of the State it is found in stratified beds often of wide extent. In addition to that used for general architectural purposes, sand well adapted for molding and glass-making also occurs. The pure sands are confined mainly to the Cretaceous deposits of South Georgia, where they are frequently intercalated with beds of pure kaolin. ROAD MATERIALS. There is probably no State in the South that has a greater variety of road materials than Georgia. The supply is inexhaustible and of the best quality. Besides the limestones, granites, and gneisses heretofore spoken of, trap, diorite, chert, and gravel abound in great quantities. MINERAL WATERS. The number of mineral springs in Georgia to which public attention has been directed on account of the medicinal properties of their waters is very large. There is scarcely a county in the northern part of the State which does not possess one or more 42 Official Proceedings of these springs of greater or less repute. Many of them are so far only of local interest, but in some instances they 'have a national reputa- tion, and are a source of much profit to their owners. The commercial value of the mineral waters of Georgia in the last few years has exceeded that of any other southern State with the ex- ception of Virginia. The main supply of these waters now put upon the market is shipped from Lithia and Austell, a noted mineral water district on the Southern Railway, 20 miles west of Atlanta. The waters shipped from the Lithia- Austell district are among the best lithia waters found in the country. Their curative virtues are widely known and they are now shipped to all parts of the south in large quantities. Other springs having an excellent local reputation occur in North Georgia, but only in a few instances is the water put on the market. Besides the minerals above described there are many others found in Georgia which at some future time will probably become a source of revenue to the State. Among the most important of these may be mentioned silver, lead, zinc, baryta, gypsum, etc. The annual output of the mineral products of Georgia is shown by the following table: Iron Ores $ 578.526.00 , Coal 450,000.00 Manganese 60.201 .00 Ochre 73.095.00 Bauxite 35.274.00 Asbestos 10,300.00 Marble 812,070.00 Granites 790,000.00 Sandstone 2,000 . 00 Limestone and Lime 125,000.00 Cement-Rock 75,000.00 Slate 13,125.00 Clays Brick, Pottery, &c 1.062.213.00 Gold 129,246.00 Soapstone 4 054 00 Graphite 12.000.00 Tripoli 500.00 Sand . ..... 200.000.00 Road Material and Ballast 350,000.00 Mineral Waters 42.000.00 Total $4.824,604. 00 PRESIDENT PRINCE: Going back to the western part of the continent again. I will call on Dr. Talmage. of Salt Lake City, to speak on the 'subject of the "Geology of Utah." Dr. James E. Talmage, Professor of Geology in the University of Utah, read the following paper: "THE GEOLOGY OF UTAH." First, permit me a word by way of introduction. It is gratifying and encouraging to note the recognition accorded geology in the program of the present session of the International Mining Congress. Without the means of discovering and working mineral deposits there could be no mining industries, and no such organization as this Congress would exist. The work of the founder and the metal-smith is preceded by that of the metallurgist ; and this in turn follows that of the miner, whose path is blazed, whose camp is fixed by the prospector. In this train of laborers, each taking the product of his predecessor's toil, and passing it on, enriched and improved by his own treatment, to the next in order, the geologist appears to have no place. The prac- tical value of his science has been but tardily and imperfectly recognized. He has been regarded as a man of dreams and theories, a collector of specimens, a lover of fossil shells and plants, of bits of bone and leaves of fern, that have long lain shut up between the stony pages of the book of earth. He has been locked upon as one who is more con- cerned in hypotheses as to how the earth was made than in the facts of its present state of existence. International Mining Congress. 43 The culture value, and even the ethical worth of geology has been admitted ; the science has been voted to be a good one for a place on the college program of expectant bachelors of arts and science ; but for the practical man of affairs, for the prospector and the miner, for him who delves into the earth's crust for the sole purpose of extract- ing therefrom as many dollars as possible, the opinion of the geologist has been held as of little service. Of late years, however, let me say within the last quarter of the nineteenth century, geological knowledge and skill have been accorded increasing recognition as a guide to in- telligent prospecting and mining. Many of the theories of geology have served the purpose of all sound and worthy theories- as a scaffolding upon which the builder stands while placing the building-blocks of truth in position as part of the growing edifice of Science. Geology has done much tow r ard transforming the unclassified accumulation of facts and inferences, which once formed the foundation of the miner's skill, into an orderly arrangement, in which the relation of part to part has be- come plain, and in consequence of which a true science of mining has arisen to the advantage of mankind. The half-tamed Indian of the wilds possesses a wealth of knowledge as to the habitat and seasonal change of the plants and animals that serve the purposes of his life ; but he is not thereby entitled to the dis- tinction of a botanist or a zoologist, for his facts are unclassified and disconnected. They are thrown together as a pile of building material on the site chosen for a house. So in the province of mining there was much gathering of facts, much in the way of accumulating valuable knowledge, before classification became possible. I think I do not over- state the service rendered by the science in question, in saying that geology has been one of the chief agencis in thus collating th knowl- edge gathered with such toil, and of shaping it into a structure of beauty and service. It is true that we have rot yet learned all there is to learn regard- ing the origin and distribution of mineral deposits, but geology has aided in the accumulation of facts bearing on this important suject and in rendering of use the knowledge long possessed. It is a pleasamt proof of the liberal spirit actuating the progress-movement represented by this Congress, and a pleasant promise of the permanent good to be ex- pcted," that geology has found a prominent place in your plan of pro- cedure. The subject assigned me is "The Geology of Utah ;" I would prefer to restate it thus: "NOTES CONCERNING CERTAIN GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF UTAH." The title of my address was chosen for me, douotless with the ex- pectation that I would narrow it to some particular phase. I would consider myself bold to reckkssness to stand before you of my own voli- tion and to undertake to address you upon the broader subject, within the time-limits allotted. In common with some other of our western and newer States, Utah has not as yet established a geological survey. Through the liber- ality of a generous government, much has been done under federal auspices ; and the youngest of the States has perhaps received as full a share of attention from the United States Geological Survey as she could properly ask. The results of much of the work so done have ap- peared as parts of repoits of general surveys, though several mono- graph on particularly attractive and valuable features of Utah geology have appeared. THE GREAT SALT LAKE. It is from the field work of the national surveys that the story of Utah's famed salt sea has been given to the world. This feature of the State topography may perhaps with propriety receive passing mention. It is now well known that the briny lake, though commonly named witn the prefix "Great," is but a shrunken and diminutive remnant of a water body once occupying tlie valleys of Western Utah, comparable to Lake Huron in area. This inland sea. to which the name Lake Bonneville has been given, in honor of one of the early explorers of this remark- able region, was a feature of Pleistocene times : and the untiring process 44 Official Proceedings of erosion has not yet obliterated the shore lines and terraces then formed at the different levels ; many of these inded are traceable for miles along the mountain sides, and the deltas constructed at th mouths of the larger streams are broad plains in the present topography. These levels and boundaries have been so clearly followed, that it is doubtful if any existing water-body is more accurately mapped than is. the area of Lake Bonneville. When at its maximum height, this inland sea stood a thousand feet above the average level of the present lake. It had an extreme north lowlands of Utah and reached across the boundary into the Nevada, and south extent of 300 miles, a greatest east and west breadth of 180 miles, and a surface area of 19-750 square miles. It filled the western closely approached the Arizona line on the south, and stretched into Cache Valley, 25 miles north of the Idaho boundary. It was at this north- ern extremity that the flooded lake found an outlet, and therefore a regulator, enabling it to maintain its level sufficiently long to carve in some places and to build up by deposition in others, so constructing its great terraces, now gashed by canyon streams. There is a record of two periods of maximum flooding with a period of recession intervening; and attempts have been made to correlate these with two periods of maximum glaciation and an interglacial period, in the eastern part of the con- tinent. At Red Rock Pass in Idaho, through which the Oregon Short Line Railway now runs, the waters escaped, and in so doing cut away the sill of yielding rock which for a time formed the barrier, and rapidly lowered the lake nearly 400 feet. The Bonneville River thus formed made its way through the Port Neuf Valley into the Snake, thence to the Columbia and on to the Pacific. At this seond level, approximately 400 feet below the highest ter- races, the lake stood for a long but undetermined period, giving ample time for the construction of shore terraces and for the building of enormous deltas. Today we traverse these ancient deltas, covered in part with orchards and farms, and examine the delta- structure at leisure, and all dy-shod. From this lower level, called the Provo level on ac- count of the unusually well developed deltas near the mouth of Provo Canyon in Utah County, the lake has shrunk to its present insignificant proportions by desiccation alone ; and through all the time of its re- cesion the dissolved solids have been accummulating, until today the lake is one of the most concentrated natural brines known. By far the greater part of the dissolved matter is common salt; and by efficient methods this may be separated from the water through solar evaporation alone, in quantities sufficient to supply the world with its salt for the next geological epoch. The Salt Lake, devoid of any outlet, fluctuates in level according to the varying conditions of aridity or humidity, and the solid contents diminish or increase on the same scale. The earliest analysis of the lake water on record shows 22.28 per cent dissolved solids, of which 20.22 per cent was common salt. This re- sult was that of Gale, obtained on a sample collected in 1850. After that time the lake rose and its brine was correspond- ingly diluted, so that in 1873, according to Basset, there wav but 8.85 per cent salt and but 13.42 per cent total solids. According to the writer's analysis, the water contained in 1885. 13.50 per cent salt and 16.71 per cent total solids dissolved; and in 1889, 15.74 per cent salt and 19.55 per cent total solids. At present the lake is undergoing a cycle of shrinkage and the solid contents are in proportion greater than that shown by any previous analysis. The largest company now operating in the extraction of salt from the lake water reports that with the ponds already prepared an annual crop of a million tons is possible. The purification of the salt is partially accomplished in the ponds by the careful removal of the mother- liquor at the density indicated by experience. The coarse salt is sold on the cars at the works at a dollar per ton. For table use the salt is further purified by artificial desiccation and winnowing. Besides common salt, other chemical products are obtained from the lake brine. Every winter, when the critical point of temperature la reached, sodium sulphate, or mirabilite, separates from the water in enormous quantities. This is cast up upon the shores and may be col- lected with ease, and a further supply of the sulphate is found as a bed a few feet below the lake bottom, which deposit is continuous with a International Mining Congress. 45 similar bed of the material inshore beneath a shallow covering of shore Freight cost alone prevents the exportation of these and many other products from the salty lake. The manufacture of sodium carbonate has been successfully accomplished, but the want of a market killed the industry. The importance of the topic is my excuse for this disgression. The most prominent feature of Utah topography and surface relief is the central ridge or higWand which runs as a continuous wall with, a continually increasing westerly trend through the middle portion of the State. On most of the old maps, and even in some of the newer at- lases, this is represented as the Wasatch range in unbroken line. . As a matter of fact it consists only in part of the Wasatch, which range terminates at a point about 75 miles south of Salt Lake City, and is succeeded by a series of plateaus, scarcely less imposing and massive, and classed as mountains by all except the geologist. This elevation marks the eastern boundary of the Great Basin and separates somewhat sharply the eastern from the western drainage sys^ terns of Utah ; the latter is that of the basin affording no escape for the water except through evaporation ; the former is a typical river drain- age forming part of the Colorado system. In its greater elevations the state presents practically all the com- monly recognized types of mountain structure. There are colossal heaps of volcanic ejectamenta that have accumulated about prehistoric events; there are mountains of circumdenudation, carved by the chisel of time from yet greater plateau masses and now set like gigantic cameos on the valley floor. There are the Henry Mountains, neither an ordinary group nor a typical range, but each an independent solidified cauldron of once liquefied lava, which, however, never reached the surface through crater or fissure, but heaved and arched the stratified crust overlying and so made room for itself beneath the surface. Then by rapid denu- dation the covering strata were removed except a vestige here and there clinging to the sides of the igneous mass now exposed in all Its craggy nakedness. These are the laccolites or cisterns of lava now solid a structure first recognized in this region. The typical mountain range consists of strata folded and twisted, contorted and overturned, like the leaves of a book crumpled by some powerful hand. This is represented by the Wasatch, a range with more than a common history, inasmuch as it represents a comparatively modern series of deformed strata which were laid down, or a much more ancient and deeply eroded range. In traversing the Wasatch from north to south, one passes over the upturned edges of Paleozoic strata fully 30,000 feet in thickness ; and in place the unconformable contact between the Cam- brian, or lowest members of the series, and the underlying Archaen, is exposed from canyon floor to mountain peak. The western front of this majestic range is so precipitous and steep as to attract the attention of even the least observant. This abruptness is due to one of the most profound faults or vertical displacements of crust-blocks ever described. According to King, the throw is not less than 40,000 feet ; nevertheless the range appears to be still rising, and at different points along the base the fault scarp is so "fresh as to sug- gest the most recent fracture. This bold face of the Wasatch looks west across the State of Nevada, over the crests of the intervening basin ranges, the first of which occur within the Utah lines as a string 1 of ranges embracing the Promontory, the Oquirrh and the Tintic moun- tains. The Uintah range, abutting almost at right angles against the east- ern slopes of the Wasatch with an exceptional trend to the east and west, presents a structure of striking simplicity. Here we find a single great anticlinal fold, the regularity being broken only by a fault on the north side. All the mountain ranges properly so-called show themselves to be strongly impregnated with metalliferous deposits. The powerful compres- sion and folding to which they have been subjected have produced nu- merous large fissures, which in the majority of cases, have been filled by slow deposition of metalliferous material. While the colossal Wasatch, considered in proportion to its mass, is less productive of mineral wealth than are its smaller neighbors to the west, the famous Park City and Cottonwood regions alone are sufficient to insure it lasting fame as a producer of valuable metals. The Oquirrh and Tintic ranges have 46 Official Proceedings yielded fabulous returns ; and the mere listing of their mines would exceed the time limits allowed me. All the mountain ranges, as well as the plateaus of Utah, are deep- ly cut by transverse stream courses, and canyons of surpassing grandeur are the results. There are canyons of every type, some veritable valleys, others considered in their relation of width to depth mere cracks in the crust, thousands of feet deep. Most of the canyons are of the kinds characteristic of new topography, and the streams they carry are moun- tain cataracts, or an encu.ssion of water falls. This condition "has been turned to good account in the utilization of water-power for the pro- duction of electric energy, and numerous plants of great capacity are now in successful operation. For a time the area of distribution from the Ogden power station surpassed that of the world-famed plant at Niagara. Scarcely less imposing than the mountains referred to are the mag- nificent erosion forms of the plateau region and the high plateaus them- selves. The greater part of Utah east of the rim of the basin and south of the Uintahs belongs to the Plateu Province, in which are re- vealed enormous uplifts, generally with monoclinal folds and exposed fault scarps. The Mesczoic rocks have undergone erosion on a prodigi- ous scale, and the remaining remnants of these formations present a variety of forms whose beauty is beyond description. The deep red Triassic sandstone's of the desert regions of Central and Southeastern Utah as seen from the distance appear as magnificent castles, fortresses and palaces, temple's, synagogues and tabernacles. Nor does closer in- spection destroy the illusion. Vestiges of the overlying Jurassic roof, the greater structures, and the color contrast between its gray and the red of the Triassic intensifies the resemblance to works of artificial con- struction. . In these beds are found extensive deposits of gypsum in all varieties, running from amorphous plaster-stone to crystals of pure selenite. among which, individual prisms have been found ranging from two to seven feet in length, and reaching a weight of 200 or more pounds apiece. The finest of these huge crystals occur in great geodes and spring from the walls as tiny prisms of quartz line the smallest of cavities. Where the Cretaceous and still later Tertiary rocks are still in place, outrops of coal are common and not infrequently thick beds of lignitic and bituminous coals are exposed to full view. The State is particularly rich in coal, practically all of which is of Cretaceous or later age. Though considerable thicknesses of the coal measure are ex- posed in the Wasatch and elsewhere, but small and insignificant traces of Carboniferous coal have been found. It is mostly in the Tertiary basins south of the Uintahs that the rich and varied deposits of hydrocarbons have been discovered. Rising like great dykes through comparatively undisturbed strata, or saturating the sandstones and limestones, occur hydrocarbon minerals ranging from tarry liquids to compact and dense solids. Among such are gilsonite, elaterite , ozocerite, numerous grades of asphaltum, besides mineral oils and waxes. At the present time excitement runs high concrning the probability of petroleum occurring in this region of hydrocarbon de- posits, and field examinations and boring operations are now in progress. Of the solid hydrocarbon minerals only the gilsonite has profitably been exported from the State thus far. The asphaltum and allied kinds find a limited local consumption ; but the seemingly inexhaustible stores of these materials are awating an application and a market. The geological products of economic importance within the State have as yet been but imperfectly listed, and no systematic exploitation or survey has been attempted. In the NON-METALLIFEROUS GROUP, a few have been already named. COMMON SALT and MIRABILITE from the Great Salt Lake it- self, to which should be added the great deposits of "rock salt" within the regions of desiccated lakes. GYPSUM in all varieties. COAL, lignitic and bituminous. ASPHALTUM, GILSONITE and allied hydrocarbons. To these should be added : International Mining Congress. 47 SULPHUR in regions of recently suspended volcanic activity and in connection with deposits from certain mineral springs. PUMICE from the rhjolitic lava flows within the Bonneville area. PYRITE, which though a mineral of iron derives little value from the contained metal and is of worth mainly on account of its sulphur ; it may therefore be classed in this group ; this occurs in abundance, widely distributed throughout the State. PORTLAND CEMENT materials, already applied on a large scale in the manufacture of this commodity at Salt Lake City. CLAYS already in use for brick and pottery, and others which laboratory tests prove to be adapted to the manufacture of the white wares; also "refractory clays" in variety and of excellent quality. BUILDING STONES. 'Comprising the granitic group, and a wide range of sandstones, limestones and marbles ; also pure white oolites no-w- in service for the erection of some of the most imposing residences in the capital city. PRECIOUS STONES, including opals, agates, hyalite, prase, topaz, Utahlite the name proposed by Kunz for what appears to be a variety 01 variscite of unusual mode of occurrence, and so closely resembling tur- quois as to find a ready market among the dealers in that gem stone ; prosopite still more closely approaching turquois ; garnets, rhodochro- site. and many others of mir-or importance. .Of the "metalliferous mineral deposits," data already published and now common property, testify to the State's wealth of gold, silver, cop- per, lead and iron. Recent discoveries of extensive accumulations of pyrolusite and associated mineral, bid fair to develop an industry in the mining of manganese ores. Even this hasty and incomplete enumeration calls for a brief mention of the enormous deposits of iron ores in Southwestern Utah. There occur in Iron County, within Pinto mining district. The principal outcrops are grouped within an area of about 20 miles in length by six miles in width. These outcrops are not mere surface indications, but extensive exposures of great ere bodies above the general level. The ores occur in well-defined and continuous beds, bounded Dy Crystalline rocks, presumably of pre-Cambrian age. The dislocation or these early rocks, followed by the geneial denudation of the region, has exposed the ore in a series of projecting masses, which in general appearance suggest to the casual observer projecting dykes, and in particular cases mountain masses of volcanic origin. As to the amount of ore there present, the quantity actually in sight above ground is practically in- calculable. For example the single occurrence known as the "Big Blow- out" is a projecting mass of magnetite, 1,000 feet in length, from 400 to 500 feet in width, and with a mean height of nearly 300 feet. The summit crags are so highly magnetic that a handful of tacks thrown against them are held in contact. All the stream courses of the neigh- borhood are lined with magnetite and hematite, and taluses of the 'same material skirt the cliffs. In the work of systematic mining on the largest practicable scale, decades would elapse before the necessity of extensive underground workings would appear. In the work requisite to the se- curing of land patents, tunnels have been driven and shafts sunr, rather in compliance with the letter of the law than through any necessity for actual development. Thousands of tons of ore have been piled on the several claims' ready for immediate use. The ores are almost wholly of the class of anhydrous oxides of iron, including hematites and magnetite. In the ore proper there is but a trifling admixture of gangue. The analyses show a close approach to the theoretical amounts of iron for the several minerals, with unusually small quantities of deleterious ingredients, such as sulphur and phos- phorous. Limestone and coking coal abound in the neighborhood, and it would appear that Nature has provided all the essentials for an iron and steel plant on the largest conceivable scale. The lack of transportation facili- ties has been the main hindrance to the development of these enormous resoures. I refrain from apologizing for the incompleteness of this brief and disconnected outline of the geological features and mineral resources of the youthful State of Utah. The need of systematic examination, the imperative necessity of an efficient State survey, are so strongly felt that 48 Official Proceedings one may reasonably feel confident of an early beginning in this import- int labor. Then more definite information will be available, and I doubt 2EJSS will vindicate her claim to a place among the regions most lu fst geologist, the prospector, the miner and the metal- PRESIDENT PRINCE: The chair desires to introduce the fol- lowing resolutions: By President Prince: Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be respectfully requested to provide by law for the locating and working of mines of the reserved minerals^ gold, silver and quicksilver on Spanish and Mexi- can land grants. By President Prince: Resolved, That the magnitude and importance of the mining industry which has now reached over a billion of dollars of annual product, call for the establishment of a national Department of Mining, the chief officer of which shall be a member of the president's cabinet. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The next business in the regular order is a paper by Mr. Frederick C. Semmec, of Iowa, on the subject of "Min- ing as a Business Compared with Commercial and Manufacturing Enter- prises." Mr. Semmec, civil and raining engineer, read the following paper: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Congress : It is not my in- tention at present to give anything but a generalized statement in com- paring mining with commercial and manufacturing enterprises. The field is so wide that it would take considerable time and the services of a statistician to compile "data" were we to consider the subject from a point of figures. I will, however, endeavor to show that mining is a legitimate and can be carried on as legitimately as commerce or manu- facturing. At the same time there is likely to be no field of operation so productive of worthless and fraudulent ventures as that of mining. There is no section of the country where some people are not hold- ing worthless mining stocks, bought under this or that scheme, under promise of making a bonanza investment, and not one in a thousand of these schemes ever get beyond the beautiful pictures which are painted to those who buy stock. Yet, this fact does not impair the possibilities of legitimate mining, distinguished from mining stocks when carried on under proper safeguards and on lines of actual and systematic develop- ment. Mines are made by putting labor and means into the property It- self and not into the pockets of the promoters. Few mining properties, Indeed, which show any possibilities of becoming mines with development and which in fact justify exploitation, disappoint the miner upon his out- lay. There is today a greater demand for good developed mines than here- tofore in the history of the mining states, and larger developing projects are constantly being undertaken. Brought down to a true economic basis, mining, not speculating in mines, offers greater returns upon the capital invested, and is upon the whole no more hazardous than any ordinary mercantile venture. To develop any kind of a mine, capital is necessary. There are those who have the means to individually accomplish this, but such instances are few. It more often requires the united capital of several to ac- complish anything in this line. How to associate a number of people in an enterprise to raise the necessary amount required for a developed proposition, has been a stumbling block in the way of many ventures. Stock propositions have been resorted to, and are the means by which it is usually accomplished. They are safe and convenient means to the end, if lawfully and judicious- ly employed. The provisions of statutes, however, are in the most case* evaded, rather than followed, and the stockholder left without protec- tion from liability on his stock or recourse from his losses. Again, the stock is too often manipulated in the interest of the few. to the prejudice of the many. The property of the company, if of International Mining Congress. 49 any value, oftentimes runs into debt, is sold out and bought up in the Interest of the few, but these methods are perhaps less to be con- demned than the more vicious practice of floating large stock schemes upon worthless property, merely to market the stock for what it will bring, or speculate in it on the boards. The capital is fixed at a figure to give ample paper for the trans- actions and while it represents in the eye of the law the amount which is actually put into the corporation in money, property or services at a fair and reasonable valuation, it is found in the hands of the promoters, fully paid up and non-assessable, and offered in most cases, at a frac- tion of a cent of its par value. While such propositions in most cases bear the stamp of fraud upon their face- too many have been unwittingly entrapped into dealing with them, hoping for large gains on so small an outlay, or to gain some- thing for nothing, failing in which, they condemn all mining ventures. Notwithstanding all this, there have been many great mines, gold, silver and semi-precious metals, which have produced many millions of dollars in wealth for their owners, many of which are today swelling the world's stock of metals, and many more discovered yearly and made to produce great wealth. All had first to be developed, for mines are made, not found. They are the result of expensive exploitation and economic engineering, not the result of stock speculations. As to the development of a mine through the sale of stocks, I believe the following, quoted from the Mining Reporter of Denver in the issue of May 31, 3901, covers the subject to the fullest extent: "In fact we believe that through small holdings in honestly conducted min- ing enterprises the greatest amount of development can be accomplished. It is against stock propositions in which, through misrepresentation, an effort is made to sell stock in a producing mine for an amount largely in excess of any reaocable conception of its value or in a prospect and use the money for any other purpose than the development of the pros- pect. The sale of prospect stock for any other purpose than development is a swindle. The sale of prospect stocks for purposes of development is the most sensible and practical means for mine-making. Not every business venture in any line will succeed, no bank will loan all its money to one individual, no insurance company will risk its whole capital on the burning of one building, no prudent investor will stake his whole capital on the development of one prospect unless, per- haps, he is a practical miner himself. There is a risk in every line ot business. The risk in legitimate mining is no greater than in any other line of business. Again as a legitimate business mining has the peculiarity of afford- ing better present opportunities than ever before. It is this that now distinguishes mining from any other business. In nearly every line, com- petition, trusts and other forms of trade conditions do not tend to make greater the probability of profitable investment of capital, great or small. But in the mining business closer study of ore has made possible the profitable treatment of much that was formerly rejected, and modern methods successfully develop good properties' in districts once thought to be worked out. No matter how thoroughly a country may appear to have been prospected or developed, it is now desirable for present ex- ploitation. Some of the best strikes are being made in old camps, and no miner or prospector is perforce compelled to go to new or almost inaccessible localities to find a good prospect. Intelligent development and proper treatment of output is the main requirement. There are risks- in mining investments as in any other form of investment. It is, however, the business of the intelligent investor who understands his business, to see that those risks are reduced to a mini- mum. But as against the risks common to all commercial ventures may be set the fact that the mining investment is relieved of many enormous elements of risks attendant on mercantile investments. Buying goods to sell again, notwithstanding competition, taking chances on bad debts, etc., are things that do not concern the mine operator, but are among the many attendant risks that must be taken by the merchant. The contention is made that mining is a gamble. A mining invest- ment is no more a gamble than is any other investment, excepting when the investor is a gambler who attempts to get something for nothing. While there is an element of uncertainty about every investment, and 50 Official Proceedings mining, of course, shares this uncertainty, with all other kinds of busi- ness, the trouble is not nearly so often with the investment as with the investor, w r ho in very many cases has only himself to blame for the foolish, and unbusinesslike way in which he has disposed of his money. It is also true that many investors are not competent to look Into and decide the technical questions arising in connection with a mining investment or venture, any more than he is able to cope with the prob- lems of any commercial or manufacturing enterprise he puts his money into. The intending purchaser has much to learn of his intendent pur- chase. It does not make a particle of difference whether a man is en- gaged in the manufacture of any article or in the sale of a commodity or in mining, the questions arising in conducting any of these under- takings are identical. The claim is often made that the investor in mining property ia dependent solely upon the judgment of someone else, and that he does not have it within his own power to thoroughly investigate the subject. While this objection is valid to a certain extent, it is not nearly to the extent taken for granted. As to the technicalities arising and details as to mining the investor will necessarily have to depend upon expert opin* ion, but there is still considerable that he can learn for himself. It is advisable that the district, in which the intended purchase is lo- cated, be visited and the general business conditions which any busi- ness man can appreciate be studied at close range. Then if such per- sonal investigation is satisfactory have a closer technical examination of the ground made by a professional mining man. There are two classes of persons through whose influence money is being constantly lost in mining investments. First The uninformed, Well-meaning, honest num, who induces his friends to invest money In properties solely upon his judgment, upon a subject of which he is per- fectly ignorant. Second The informed dishonest man, who is a shark or sharper. Although it een?s unfair to place these two classes of men in such close connection, their influence upon the good name of mining is the same, and if anything, the influene of the former is much worse than that of the latter. Investigation has disclosed many misguided investments in so-called mines. Such investments are the result of over- enthusiasm on the part of the promoter and the weakness or cupidity of capital in its almost ungovernable desire to obtain something for nothing. In the present day there is no excuse for investors entering the mining field blindly. The same careful business consideration should be given an enterprise in mining that is extended to enterprises of manu- facturing or mercantile pursuits. All men cannot be all things. In manufacturing the advice of experience in the line under considera- tion is sought. In real estate transactions the advice of a lawyer is sought, and in mining the advice of a mining engineer should be sought. The mining engineer may not be able to see further into the ground than the miner or promoter, but he will see all there is to see, state what he has seen and no more, determine the value of ore exposed, detail the surrounding economic conditions and demonstrate what a ton of ore so located will yield as profit to the operator. If the examination of the property include consideration and advice relative to the purchase price and proposition made by owner to prospective purchaser, the min- ing engineer will pass upon same and advise according to his convic- tions, having no interest in the transaction beyond his professional standing and the fee agreed upon for his services. Good advice may seem expensive, but it is far better and wiser to start right or not at all. The purchase of a ncine, in the full sense of the word, or a pros- pect, Is an entirely different proposition. A mine is an established business. The engineer determines the amount of stock on hand, its gross value and net value, and value of plant as a whole. The differ- ence between these determinations by the engineer and the price asked for the mine by the owner may be termed the price asked for the good will of the business. Fewer investments are safer than those judiciously made In developed mines. For this reason holders of large capital only seek mining investments of this character. The successful mining man, however, is constantly In the field for more mines or holes in the ground or prospects having promise. He does not anticipate that all of his International Mining Congress. 51 enterprises in mining v:ill prove remunerative, but by exercising care and judgment does expect that the final balance between the producers and the non-producers will show a good profit. He does not pay a big price for a prospect, however promising. Its value cannot be accurately deter- mined until developed. Development costs money, and he absolutely re- fuses to pay out cash for the privilege of expending still more to deter- mine whether or not he may have invested wisely. Under present conditions old or abandoned properties are being made productive. Old dumps that were worthless at the time they were made, owing to economic conditions, are now being worked over at a profit. Energetic miners are procuring working leases in all sections of the country, and are adding their production to help swell the grand total. It may be confidently stated that the mining industry of the country is in better condition today than at any period since its inception. While alleged mines are being sold, and always will be, for fabulous sums, based upon ridiculous expectations, the generally accepted value of mining property today is based upon the knowledge of what it will pay and not what it may pay, and a fair allowance for future possibilities. Modern appliances, intelligence and business management are gradually displacing the happy-go-lucky methods of the past. There is still some so-called luck in mining, but in the main suc- cess is attained by careful attention to mining business and mining methods. The mining of the earlier days was attended with great ex- pense and only the rich veins could be drawn upon with any possibility of profit. With the advent of railroads, county roads, reduction works and mills, ores valueless only a short time in the past are today valu- able and yield a profit when managed with t'he same prudence and In- telligence granted other industries. There are a great number of pros- pects or undeveloped lodes throughout our entire mining country. They are mainly owned by the original locators, who, for lack of means, are unable to develop them. The possibilities for capital in this direction are practically unlimited. It is but natural for the owner of a prospect when a sale is being considered to endeavor to obtain all he may, but he of all others appreciates his inability to develop his prospect into a mine, although he is thoroughly imbued with the belief that with devel- opment it will become a mine. He may therefore be easily induced to give capital an opportunity to develop it and take his chance of the pros- pect developing in accordance with his convictions. All prospects are more or less valuable end subject to great possibilities. All mines were at one time prospects. Comparatively small investments may change a prospect into a mine. The percentage is so great when backed by judg- ment ability, and persistence, as to offer great inducement to capital. Every dollar injudiciously invested in mining is to a limited extent an injury to the industry. In general, a few hundreds of dollars In- vested in a prospect, with the expectation of developing a mine, is an injudicious investment. Those who follow mining as a business ex- pect when taking hold of a promising prospect to systematically exploit it so as to enable them to determine whether or not the property may be developed into a mine by the expenditure of more money. With sev- eral such propositions some develop into mines, and the profits accruing, if only one mine is obtained, generally far exceed the outlay on the whole. Nearly all mining sections have good transportation facilities or with other easy means of access, and many factors that were in the past unfavorable to successful mining have been eliminated. The op- portunity for judicious investment is almost unlimited. Upon motion of Mr. Demming, of Idaho, duly seconded and carried, the Congress adjourned until tomorrow, July 24, 1901, at 9 o'clock, A. M. July 24, 1901, 9 A. M. The Congress met pursuant to adjournment. The secretary read the following telegram from Mrs. E. C. Atwood, the treasurer of the Congress : Official Proceedings San Franciso. Cal., July 23, 1901. Irwin Mahon, Secretary International Mining Congress, Boise, Idaho. Regret unexpected unavoidable delay prevents attendance ; mailed report yesterday. Hearty wishes for successful Congress. E. C. ATWOOD. Treasurer. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The report of the treasurer, when re- ceived will be presented to the Congress. Secretary Mahon then announced that the following named gentle- men, whose names are on the program for the reading of papers, were not present, and could not be at this session of the Congress: Prof. Samuel Calvin, of Des Moines, la., "Geology of Iowa ;" Dr. J, C. White, Morgantown, W. Va., "Geology of West Virginia," and Dr. 0. L. Herrick, of New Mexico, "Application of Geology to Economic Problems in New Mexico." There being no objection, the chair directed that the papers pre- pared by the above named gentlemen be printed in the report of the proceedings of the Congress. The papers are as follows : THE GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF IOWA. ' By Samuel Calvin. The geological formations of Iowa embrace a fairly complete series from the pre-Cambrian to the Pleistocene. The taxonomic relations of the formations present are shown in the following table : GROUP SYSTEM SERIES STAGE Recent Alluvial Wisconsin ','. \r : - Peorian lowan Cenozoic Pleistocene Glacial Sangamon Illinoian Yarmouth Kansan Pre-Kansan Mesozolc Cretaceous Upper Colorado Cretaceous Dakota Upper Missourian Carboniferious Des Moines Carboniferous Saint Louis Carboniferous Osage or Augusta Kinderhook Upper Devonian Lime Creek Paleozoic Devonian Middle Devonian Cedar Valley Wapsipinicon Silurian Niagara Gower Delaware Trenton Maquoketa Galena- Trenton Saint Peter Oneota Cambrian Potsdam Saint Croix Kozoic jAlgonkian Huronian Sioux International Mining Congress. 53 PRE-CAMBRIAN. The only pre-Cambrian rocks native to the State and exposed at the surface, are of Algonkian age. These occupy but a small area in the northwest corner. In the adjoining States of Minne- sota and South Dakota, however, they are more extensively developed. The pre-Cambrian rocks of Iowa are, in the main, hard vitreous quartzite^. While the area in which they appear at the surface is small, they are known to underlie the later sediments everywhere throughout the State; and they re-appear at the surface east of Iowa in the Baraboo ranges of Wisconsin. In Wisconsin the formation is called the Baraboo quart- zite : it is known as the Sioux quartzite in Iowa. CAMBRIAN. Strata belonging to the Cambrian system are seen in the northeast corner of Iowa. In this locality the formation is com- posed almost wholly of sandstone. It contains a small amount of shale; and there is a band of impure dolomite, forty feet in thickness, which occurs about one hundred feet below the top ; but otherwise the whole body of the deposit, through its entire thickness of 1,000 feet, Is com- posed of sandstone varying in texture, color and the degree to which cementation has taken place. Speaking of it in general It may be said that the formation is coarse and imperfectly consolidated. Ripple marks upon the surface of many of the strata unite with cross-bedding and the generally coarse characters of the sediments in proclaiming the Cambrian of this part of the Mississippi Valley a shallow water or beach deposit accumulated on a subsiding sea margin. The formation ia sometime^ known as the "Potsdam," sometimes as the "Saint Oroix sandstone.** So far as relates to Iowa, it appears in the bluffs of the Mississippi River and its tributaries from New Albin to McGregor. Only the upper part of the Saint Croix sandstone is exposed in Iowa ; the main body of it everywhere lies below the level of the floors of the valleys. At New Albin it rises 400 feet above the water in the river ; at Lansing it rises 300 feet ; a short distance below McGregor, owing to its southward dip, its surface disappears below the level of the stream. ORDOVICIAN. The Cambrian sandstones are followed by a body of dolomite, the "Oneota lime-stone." Transitional beds along the plane of contact between the two formations are conspicuous in the bluffs bordering the stream valleys throughout Northeastern Iowa. Nowhere in this region does the Saint Croix rise to the summit of the bluffs; and so the upper part of the walls of the valleys presents picturesque crags and towers and mural escarpments due to the presence of the cliff-form- ing Oneota dolomite. One "hundred feet of the Oneota ovrlie the sand- stone at Lansing, and a greater thickness of this formation appears in the rim of the valleys farther south. The whole thickness is about 250 feet. Resting upon the Oneota is the "Saint Peter sandstone." This is a clean quartz sand almost as incoherent as when it was originally de- posited. It is exposed in all the valleys and over some of the uplands in Northeastern Iowa. It is well developed at the "Pictured Rocks'* a short distance below McGregor. Normally it is white as comminuted fragments of clean, clear quartz ought to be, but in places it is fantasti- cally stained with metallic oxides carried into the porous deposit bv descending waters. The thickness ranges from 60 to 100 feet The 3neota and the Saint Peter, partly on stratigraphic grounds, but more particularly on paleontologic evidence, are referred to the "Canadian Aeries. nr~ HI ? 7? ENT ? SERIES > **lch "eg next above the Canadian, if represented by two formations, the "Galena-Trenton" and the "Maquo- E i iT . of *i ese to lar el y limestone, but it varies in litho- logical characters m different localities. In the northern part of the State formation contains a comparatively large amount of shale; and the limestone beds, which alternate with the shale, are not especially mag* nesian. In Dubuque County, near the southern margin of the area in which the Galena-Trenton is exposed, the formation is practically free from shale throughout the greater part of its thickness, and the 'upper 240 feet has been altered to a, heavy-bedded dolomite. The non-dolo^ mitized portion of the formation has usually been called the Trenton; while the dolomitized phase, so well represented at the city of Dubuque, is known in geological literature as the Galena limestone. No strati- 54 Official Proceedings graphic line can be drawn between the Galena and the Trenton, how- ever, for beds which are heavy dolomite in one locality are represented by unaltered limestones in another. The dolomititized Galena is the principal source of the lead and zinc ores of this part of the Mississippi Valley. At a number of points in the city of Dubuque and the region ad- jacent, the abrupt change from Galena limestone to Maquoketa shales may be observed. The Maquoketa formation is almost wholly argillaceous. The lower sixty feet is composed of lean, worthless shale, but the rest of the formation, about 140 feet in thickness, is made up of beds whicn weather into a smooth, plastic clay. The lower division, in fauna and lithological characters, resembles the Utica slate ; the upper member carries a fauna identical with that of the Cincinnati shales. SILURIAN. The Silurian is represented in Iowa by a single series which is generally referred to as the "Niagara limestone." The formation has a thickness of more than 300 feet. Certain parts of it are very rich in chert, but taken as a whole the Niagara of Iowa is singularly free from shale. Throughout its entire range, the calcareous constituent has been altered to dolomite. Notwithstanding the general uniformity of the material composing the formation, the characteristics of the beds vary within quite large limits. Some parts break into shapeless masses of coarse grained, crystalline dolomite : others are very regularly and evenly bedded and furnish the best of quarry stone. The Niagara lime- stone occupies a large irregularly shaped area extending from Clinton and Scott counties on the Mississippi River, northwetward into Fayette. DEVONIAN. At Davenport the strata are non-dolomitized lime- stones of Devonian age. The Devonian area trends northwest-southeast, beginning at Davenport and Muscatine, and extending to the north line of Howard, Mitchell and Worth counties. The formations are largely limestones, but shales arc not uncommon. One division, the Lime Creek shales, 90 feet in thickness, is almost wholly an argillaceous deposit, furnishing the raw material for some of the most nourishing clay manu- facturing enterprises in the State. Toward the north some of the lime- stone portions of the Devonian become dolomitic. CARBONIFEROUS. The carboniferous system is well developed in Iowa. It begins with the lower carboniferous series, an assemblage of sandstones, shales and limestones which were laid down under con- ditions similar to those which prevailed during the Devonian. Lime- stones predominate, and quite a proportion of them is made up of the remains of crinoid's. Before the lower carboniferous came to an end, however the general uplift of Northeastern Iowa, which had been in progress from about the close of the Cambrian, carried the region so high that the sea was completely drained from the surface of the State. Had this condition been permanent, Iowa would have had no coal. The elevation persisted until the surface was deeply carved and trenched by erosion. But subsidence followed; and after Upper Carboniferous conditions had been inaugurated, the sea advanced upon an extensive area which had for a long time been subject to subaerial denudation. Coal was accumulated along the margin of this encroaching Carboniferous sea. The earthy sediments were at first sands and shales, but later, as the waters deepened, Southwestern Iowa was covered with shales and limestones. The marginal deposits of shales and sandstones with which the bulk of the Iowa coal is associated, constitute the Des Moines stage of the Upper Carboniferous ; the shales and limestones of Southwestern Iowa, laid down in clearer and deeper waters somewhat remote from shore, make up the Missourian stage. A few thin layers of coal occur in the Missourian. With the close of the Missourian the Paleozoic sea retreated, a second time, from Iowa. CRETACEOUS. After a lapse of time represented by the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, the sea again invaded a part of Iowa. This time it approached from the west and northwest. The sediments laid down during this invasion are of Upper Cretaceous age. The 'Dakota sandstone, rich in leaves of the late Cretaceous forests, is well developed at Sergeant Bluff and Sioux City. The X 0retaceous sea extended eastward almost to the longitude of Des Moines. Before it re- tired shales and soft chalky limestones of the Colorado stage were dis- tributed over the western border of Iowa to a thickness, approximately, International Mining Congress. 55 of two hundred feet. It was about the close of the Colorado stage that this last marine invasion of Iowa came to an end. THE GLACIAL EPOCH. Beneath the drift in some parts of Iowa there are some old and well cemented gravels which have been doubt- fully referred to as the Lafayette formation. Apart from these gravels, all the known beds younger than the Upper Cretaceous belong to the glacial series. The glacial deposits of Iowa are complex. There are records of at least five distinct invasions of the region by northern glaciers. The sheets of drift left by the successive invasions of ice differ greatly among themselves so far as Towa is concerned, in the extent of surface covered in the composition and characteristics of the constituent ma- terials, and in the evidence of age which they respectively present. Named in the order of age. the drift sheets which may be readily discriminated are pre-Kansan, Kansan, Illinoian, lowan and Wisconsin. The first, second, fourth and fifth came into Iowa from the northwest, from the Keewatin center west of Hudson Bay ; the third advanced from tlie northeast, probably coming from the gathering grounds in Labrador. Between the deposits of drift and separating them one from another are remains of forests, beds of peat, definite bands of soil and zones showing long exposure to the weather. Some of the interglacial intervals were much longer than all postglacial time. THE GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF IOWA. The geological resources of Iowa embrace coal, natural gas. quarrj stone, lime-burning rock, gypsum, materials for the manufacture of Port- land cement, clays suitable for a large variety of purposes, together with the ores of lead, zinc and iron. But in addition to these and far transcending in value all other sources of wealth, are the matchless soils of the State. The coal is bituminous, excellent for 'Steaming and heating pur- poses. The coal fields cover nearly one-third the entire area of the State. The supply is assured for many years to come. The natural gas is small in amount ; all productive wells so far known are limited to the drift, and the supply is beyond doubt derived from the ancient forests entombed in the glacial deposits. Quarry stone of marketable quality is obtained from t'he Canadian, Trenton, Niagara, Middle De- vonian, Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous series. The most important shipping quarries are in t'he Gower stage of the Niagara at Stone City and Cedar Valley, and in the Kinderhook stage of the Lower Carboniferous east of Mar- shalltown. The dolomitized formations the Oneota, Galena and Niagara furnish lime-buiningr material of unsurpassed excellence, as the prosperous lime manufacturing enterprises in Allamakee. Dubuque, Jackson and Cedar counties so well attest. Large bodies of gypsum, probably of Cretaceous age, occurring 1 in Webster County, afford the raw material for a number of stucco mills which give profitable employment to capital and labor on a large scale. Clays of commercial importance and inexhaustible in amount, occur in nearly all the geological formations from the Trenton to the Glacial series. Among t'he most important clay-working plants are those using the Lime Creek shales in Cerro Gordo County, the Kinderhook shales in Des Moines County, the Des Moines shales in Polk, Dallas and Webster counties, the Missourian shales in Montgomery, and the Cretaceous shales in Woodbury. Brick and tile plants which use clays of Pleistocene age, are found in almost every county. Lead and fcinc ores are mined successfully in the counties of Allamakee, Clayton and Dubuque. while iron ore is mined on a com- mercial scale in Allanr-akee. The Saint Peter formation, in parts of Allamakee and Clayton counties, is a pure, clean, clear quartz sand, ideal material for t'he manufacture of glass. The following table shows approximately the annual value of min- eral production of Iowa, so far as statistics of output are available: 56 Official Proceedings ANNUAL VALUE OF MINERAL PRODUCTION IN IOWA. Coal . ...$ 6,250,000 Clay . . . 2,500,000 f. . Stone and Lime 1,000,000 . . , Gypsum (500,000 Lead and Zinc 55,000 - Iron Ore 5,000 Total Value $10,410,000 , The wealth of Iowa lies in the possibility of her splendid soil. Ac- cording to the latest report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service the direct products of the soil for the year 1900 amounted to the enormous total of $229,865,058. The profits of stock raising and feeding would swell this great sum by abc.ut one-half its amount, while the product of the dairy, the poultry yard and the apiary would add at least $100,- 000,000 more. The average Iowa farm is more profitable and more re- liable than the average gold mine. The soils of Iowa produce more wealth annually than all the gold mines of the world taken together. THE GEOLOGY OF WEST VIRGINIA. By I. C. White, State Geologist. The detailed geologic history of West Virginia is a long story, but summarized it can be briefly told. Its rocks begin with the old volcanic series of the Blue Ridge on its extreme easte rn border, and extend upward through the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous, ending with the Permian beds of the latter, along the central and western portions of the State. Meta- morphism of sedimentary beds, great faults', veins, and extensive min- eralization of sediments, are comparatively unknown in her strata, hence those who would seek gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, lead, etc., should give West Virginia a "wide berth." Traces she may have of all these, but none in paying quantity. Precious stones, gems and metals have been denied to the little mountain State, but generous nature has so richly dowered her with common stones, common minerals, and other common things that her natural wealth is unsurpassed by any equal area on the continent. Passing in brief review the main features of the West Virginia geologic column of strata from the oldest to the most recent, we find them distributed as follows : The Blue Ridge at the extreme eastern line of the State contains the oldest rocks, and according to the researches 1 of the lamented Prof. Williams of Johns Hopkins, and his talented pupil, Miss Bascom, con- sist largely of metamorphosed ancient volcanic outflows. Within the limits of West Virginia, at least, they do not appear to contain any minerals of especial value. Succeeding these ancient volcanic rocks of uncertain age, and rest- ing against them in a vertical or .even Overturned condition come the Siluro-Cambrian. or She^andoah limestones. These crop to the surface in only a few counties of the State, viz., Jefferson, Berkeley, Hardy, Hamp- shire and Pendleton, along the border of Virginia. Their thickness has never been exactly measured, but is probably somewhere between three and four thousand feet. They make the great wheat belt of the Shenan- doah Valley. Much of the rock is highly magnesian, but at a few hundred feet below the top of the series, occurs a stratum of very pure carbonate of lime, 75 to 100 feet thick, being low in phosphorous and silicious mat- ter ; it is highly prized for the manufacture of iron, glass, plastering, etc. The B. & O. Railroad rums across this belt of limestone for a distance of 25 miles between Harpers Ferry and North Mountain, furnishing ex- cellent facilities for shipment from its quarries. The dissolution of some ferruginous limestones in this series' has given origin to a few extensive iron ore pockets, notably the Virginia mine on the Potomac River, a few miles above Harpers Ferry. The Martinsburg shale (corresponding to a portion of the old Hud- son River group) succeeds the Shenandoah limestones, but while it makes International Mining Congress. 57 an excellent soil, it contains nothing else of mineral value. The thickness of these beds is probably not far from 2,000 feet. The Oneida and Medina beds of the New York series succeed the Martinsburg shale, the lower half consisting of sandy beds and red shales, while the upper half is a very hard white sandstone, 500-600 feet thick. It makes the North Mountain along the western side of the Shenandoah Valley, and also comes up in the great folds of the Appalachian system at Hancock and Keyser. This white sandstone is valuable for railroad ballast and glass Sand. The Clinton, with its fossil iron ores, succeeds the White Medina, and extends through Morgan, Mineral, Hardy. Hampshire, Berkeley, Grant, Pendleton and Eastern Monroe counties, in a series of shales and impure limestones (500-600 feet thick), which according to the late Dr. Edward Orton contain very valuable iron ores in Pendleton. The Clinton shales are succeeded in West Virginia by the red marls and yellowish, flaggy gypsiferous magnesian limestones of the Salina for- mation, capped at the top by the same water lime rocks as found in New York. The Salina beds foot up 700 to 800 feet in thickness, and crop to the surface only in Berkeley, Hampshire. Mineral, Morgan, Hardy and Pendleton counties. The Lower Helderberg limestones succeed the Salina beds, begin- ning at base as they do in New York, with the water lime which along the Potomac in Mai y land and West Virginia has given rise to an im- portant indutry, viz., the manufacture of hydraulic cement. The water lime proper has a thickness of 50-100 feet and is prac- tically . non-fossiliferous. The upper division of the Helderberg are highly fossiliferous, and many of the beds furnish a most excellent lime. These rocks have a thickness of 500-600 feet, and like the older forma- tions below, are found only east of the Alleghanies, where the great folds of the Appalachian system have brought them to daylight in steeply inclined layers through the counties of Berkeley, Morgan, Mineral, Hampshire, Hardy, Grant and Pendleton, and possibly small areas in Eastern Greenbrier, Pocahontas and Monroe. The Oriskany Sandstone caps the Helderberg, and with its typical fossils, and characteristic lithology passes entirely across the eastern border of the State through the counties of Mineral, Morgan, Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Grant, Pendleton. Pocahontas, Greenbrier and Mon- roe. It retains the same dirty yellow, coarse and rugged aspect seen from New York across Pennsylvania, and has a thickness varying from 75 to 150 feet. It posseses no economic value in West Virginia, ex- cept as a repository of iron ore occasionally derived from the over- lying shales (Morcellius). The Coniferous limestone of the New York series does not crop to the surface in recognizable form anywhere in the State, but has been found by the drill at Huntington, Cabell County, where it underlies the Ohio River at a depth of 2,700 feet, and is filled with its characteristic black flinty nodules exactly the same as seen where the formation comes up to the surface on the eastern slope of the Cincinnati arch, near Vanceburg, Kentucky, 50 miles below Huntington. A limestone is often found near the base of the Marcellus black shale in Eastern West Vir- ginia, but it is so different from the Coniferous type that it is believed to be simply a limy horizon in the Marcellus. He,nce the Coniferous is believed to exist only in the western tier of counties in West Virginia, which border Ohio and Kentucky. The Marcellus black shale of the New York series lies directly upon the Oriskany. and the decomposition and oxidation of its pyritiferoua layers have given origin to some important deposits of iron ore in Green- brier, Pocahontas and adjoining counties along the Virginia border. This is also the source of tho sulphur water at the famous White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County. The thickness of the black slates. is 200 to 300 feet, and they are found only in the counties enumerated as hold- ing Origkany outcrops. The Hamilton dark gray shales, and sandy beds, filled with fossils of typical New York Hamilton type, succeed the Marcellus beds, and continue the rock column upward at least a thousand feet further, where they merge so gradually into the Portage of Basal Chemung beds that no satisfactory division line has yet been drawn to separate them. The Portage and Chemung rocks succeed the Hamilton and extend 58 Official Proceedings entirely across the eastern counties of the State from the Maryland line in Preston, Mineral and Morgan counties to the New River in Mon- roe. They consist of a series of gray shales, flaggy sandstones, and one or more massive conglomerates, in the Chemung divisiion which is also filled with the fossils that characterize these rocks in New York and Pennsylvania. These beds are finely exposed in Preston. Tucker, Grant, Mineral, Morgan, Hampshire, Hardy, Pendleton. Randolph, Pocahonta, Greenbrier and Monroe counties. They, of course, underlie all the other western counties of the State, but crop to the surface only in those mentioned. Aside from flagstones, these beds furnish nothing of eco- nomic value, since the natural gas and petroleum horizons so far devel- oped within the State are believed to end at the top of this series. The thickness of the Portage and Chemung is 2,500 to 3,000 feet. The Catskill red beds, consisting of massive greenish and red sand- stones and conglomerates, interstratied with much red shale make sev- eral broad red bands along the eastern portion of the State through the counties of Preston, Tucker, Randolph, Grant. Mineral, Morgan, Hampshire, Hardy. Pendleton, Poeahontas and Greenbrier, beyond which the red beds disappear, but the greenish sandstones continue on into Monroe. This group is interesting from the fact that its sandstones, or conglomerates rather, are the repository of so much natural gas and petroleum in the northern half of the State where the beds are buried by 2,500 to 3,500 feet of higher rocks. The Verango oil sand group of Pennsylvania, beginning with the Gantz and including the fifty-foot Gordon, fourth, fifth and sixth or Eliza- beth sands, the whole having a thickness of about 500 feet, all belong to the Catskilll formation. These beds furnish probably two-thirds of the 15,000,000 barrels of petroleum now annually produced in the state. It is all of the highest grade of Pennsylvania or paraffine base oil, with. a gravity varying from 41 degrees to 49 degrees Baume. Aside from the boundless stores of oil and gas held by these beds (when sufficiently buried by an impervious cover of other rocks), they contain nothing else of economic value. The thickness of the Catskill in the eastern portion of the State is between 3,000 and 4,000 feet, while in the centrol and western portions it has thinned down to only 500 to 600 feet. The Lower Carboniferous with its triple division of Pocono sand- stone, Greenbrier limestone, and Mauch Chunk red shale, succeeds the Catskill formation, and like it, holds extensive deposits of petroleum and natural gas. The "Big Injun" oil sand of the Pocono has been hardly less prolific in these precious hydrocarbons than any single horizon in the Catskill, while the Maxton sand horizon of the Mauch Chunk series has produced a large quantity of oil. The series crops to the surface in Preston, Barbour, Tucker, Mineral, Grant, Randolph, Poeahontas, Webster, Nicholas, Summers, Monroe, Raleigh and Mercer, and at two or three points in Eastern Monongalia. The hal-d Pocono beds are also found in the summits of the syn- clinal mountains in western Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire, Pendleton and Hardy. In Berkeley, Morgan and Greenbrier some thin beds of anthracite coal have been exploited in the Pocono series, but nothing in paying quantity has yet been developed. The Pocono is also the source of the brines which give origin to the salt and bromine industries on the Ohio and Great Kanawha rivers. The Greenbrier limestone, entering the ' State from Pennsylvania in Monongalia and Preston counties, with a thickness of about 100 feet, increases in thickness to the southwest, attaining 1.000 feet in Poco- hontas, Webster and Greenbrier, and 1,400 feet on the New River In Summers, and forms the famous blue grass lands of the counties named. The drill of the petroleum seeker has proven that the Pocono and Greenbrier series underlie every portion of the State west from the Alleghany Mountains, though the Mauch Chunk red beds are not al- ways present in the southwestern end bordering Ohio and Kentucky. The Pocono has a thickness of 300 to (>00 feet ; the Greenbrier of 100 to 1.400 ; while the Mauch Chunk varies from nothing at the Ohio River to 2,000 feet in Greenbrier, where interstratified with its re between two high mountain peaks, where the snow actually average's ten feet deep for six months in the year. The mill has been run steadily for two years past, and the total average cost of mining, tramming the ore 1,100 feet and milling it, including all expense of repairs and management, has been one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton in making an average saving of 80 per cent of the assay value of the ore. THE SHOO FLY MINE. ... On the opposite side of the Salmon River from this mine, and right on the summit of the Leeeburg Range, there is located a very interest- ing gold mine that produced some remarkably high grade gold bullion. It is called the Shoo Fly. and consists of a mass of loose boulders of granular quartz of all sizes uj to twenty feet each way. These boulders were all located on about two acres of ground. They were broken up and worked in a five-stamp mill and yielded $130,000 in bullion at an average rate of thirty dollars per ton. When properly cleaned the gold from this mill minted for $19.75 per ounce. A vein was found beneath where the float boulders were thickest that contained the same char- acter of quartz, but not quite so high grade. It was contained in a formation of siliceous slate with talcose cleavages very near a granite contact. This vein was followed down about 100 feet to wnere It was cut off by a dyke of rhyolite, when its further development was aband- oned. THE YELLOW JACKET MINE. The Yellow Jacket mine, situated on Yellow Jacket Creek, 50 miles west from Salmon City, is developed on a large vein of granular quartz ten to forty feet wide, following the bedding of a quartzite schist that is intersected by eruptive dykes of altered diabase and syenite. It strikes northeast and dips northwest at an angle of 35 degrees. The average ore mills about $7 per ton, but the vein carries lens- shaped shoots of ore worth $20 to $30 per ton. Some very rich blocks of copper ore have been found occasionally in the working of this mine, chiefly high grade red osides. sprinkled with native copper. This property is equipped with a sixty-stamp mill, and has a tailing dump containing ten thousand tons worth $10 per ton gold. THE COLUMBIA HILL MINES. The Columbia HiL mines, a mile or two southwest from the Yellow Jacket, appear to be a series of zones of highly fractured material in width from a few feet up to seventy-five or a hundred feet, that course northeast and dip 30 to 90 degrees west. The foot walls are frequently syenite or diorite ; while the hanging walls may be either shattered quartzite, quartz porphyry or some other eruptive rock. The eruptives generally parallel the veins in strike. There are three groups of claims covering these zones on their etrike, owned respectively by Governor Hunt, the Armstead Mining Company, and by Mr. Dan Steen of Boise. These properties have considerable development, in all of which the oxidized surface ores rapidly change to copper iron pyrites, which make a rich concentrate ranging in value from $100 to $150 per ton in gold, silver and copper, and the future of this district, as an im- portant producer of copper-gold ores is established beyond question. THE SINGISER MINE. Ten miles south of Yellow Jacket on Silver Creek, there is a dis- trict that shows evidence of intense volcanic activity, in the center of International Mining Congress. 69 which is located the Singiser mine, which is developed on a vein of brecciated quartz and porphyry conglomerate cemented with silicia. The vein is thirty feet wide and is said to carry an average value of $12 per ton in gold and silver. A pay streak that usually follows the foot- wall is from one foot to six feet wide, and carries an average value of $60 per ton. The proportion is about 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent silver. Specimen ore occurs occasionally that runs several thousand dollars per ton, the only mineral shown in the ore being finely dis- seminated sulphurets of silver and iron. The vein is in a contact of bluish gray trachyte and white rhyolite tuffa. The weathered surface of the trachyte resembles phonolite and has the same ring. Mixed with the placer gold gravels of Silver Creek and a parallel stream called Panther Creek there is found a considerable sprinkling of high-grade stream tin, the amount running as much as one pound of 60 per cent tin stone to the cubic yard of gravel in some of the pita The source of this mineral is probably in a wide belt of rhyolite tuffa that crosses the course of both these streams, as no tin ore has been found, above that point. GEM OPALS. In this same vicinity some very beautiful specimens of gem opala have been found in boulders of gray trachyte. They were of the hydro- phasic variety anil were va^ueil at $10 per carat. YANKEE FORK DISTRICT. South of Singiser about 25 miles, in Ouster County, following a succession of igneous outbursts that pierce and overflow the gray and pink granite of the region, we come to Yankee Fork Mining District, which is entirely occupied by igneous formations, including rhyolite, trachyte, andesdite, quartz-porphyry, diorite and syenite with their ac- companying tuffs and breccias. A great system of fissure veins, of which the General Custer Mine is the central feature, traverse the formations of this district in an east and west direction. THE GENERAL CUSTER VEIN. The General Custer vein dips north at an angle of 50 degrees. It is from ten to thirty feet wide, and cuts the bedding planefe almost at right angles, of a heavy series of blue syenite porphyry and rhyolite. The main ore shoot of the General Custer was found exposed with the hanging wall formation slipped or scooped off to a depth of 400 feet. The ore thus exposed was ten feet wide and very rich, supplying the company mill at the foot of the mountain with twenty-five tons Of ore per day for months at a time, and which gave average battery samples of $300 per ton in gold and silver. At 500 feet depth this ore shoot in its downward cohrse passed from a syenite porphyry into a sandy rhyolite, where the vein widened to thirty feet, and the values faded so low as to be unprofitable to work. The bedded edges of the same syenite porphyry are well exposed below the rhyolite, and if the vein is followed on down a few hundred feet into that formation again its rich values may be resumed. The General Custer vein has produced gold and silver bullion to the value of $9,000,000. THE LUCKY BOY MINE. On another parallel fissure vein, 600 feet southeast of the General Custer in the same blue syenite porphyry, the Lucky Boy Mine has been developed to a depth of 800 feet. This property is being very success- fully operated at the present time. The vein is four to eight feet wide of white quartz, carrying an ' average value of twenty dollar per ton, mostly gold, and the ore shoots show greater strength and better quality as the vein is followed down. This mine has yielded $1,600,000, and has a very promising future, as only a very limited section of the known lateral extent of the ore bodies has been explored. 70 Official Proceedings THE BADGER, LITTLE GIANT AND BLACK MINES. The Badger, Little Giant and Black mines are each opened on a separate fissure vein, belonging to this same system; they have the same general course, dip and inclosing formation, and each has con- Biderable development. The three have an estimated production of near $1.000,000. A magnificent tunnel site is offered by the canyon of Yankee Fork. Jf a tunnel was started near the Lucky Boy mill and extended south- east for a mile and a quarter, it would cut this whole system of fissure veins at vertical depths from 1,500 to 1,900 feet below their apexes, and afford a very convenient avenue for their further exploitation. THE CHARLES DICKENS MINE. The Charles Dickens mine is situated southwest of the General Custer about one mile, on nearly the same strike and dip. It is con- tained in a formation of andesite and quartz-porphyry, and has been developed to a depth of 250 feet. This mine was famous for the pro- duction of very rich specimens of blended wire silver and wire gold. It has a bullion record of over $1,000,000, and made several small ship- ments of ore that were paid for at the rate of $10,000 per ton. ESTES MOUNTAIN MINES. These properties are situated seven miles west of Bonanza and Custer City, on the east slope of Estes Mountain. They cover an- other large system of fissure veins, that course north and south and dip west at angles varying from 30 to 80 degrees. The inclosing for- mations of this system of fissure veins are varied. The Yankee Fork and Golden Gate mines are in a contact of cream-colored felsite on the hanging and a dark green diabase footwall. The Montana vein is in the fine-grained felsite rock, both walls, and the Arcade vein, above the Montana, is in a contact between a coarse rhyolite and a blue clay dyke 100 feet wide, heavily impregnated with bright iron pyrites. The Montreal mine on this system is a mineralized zone fully 600 feet wide, consisting of siliceous porphyry conglomerate, which is said to carry good pay values in goft deeper as it is cen- trally located and offers excellent advange for developing the adjoin- ing mines of the company. The Uncle Sam mine is opeand on another fissure vein, which parallels the St. Joe to the east. It has about 1,000 feet of adit tunnels and contains the richest ore in the camp. The upper tunnel of the Uncle Sam is 300 feet long and exposes two handsome ore shoots. The first one is 50 feet long and about 2 feet wide of blue bomite ore, containing an average value of 30 per cent copper and $29 In gold. The second shoot is 150 feet long and 3 to 6 feet wide of massive sulphide ore worth 16 per cent copper and $8 gold per ton. These two shoots are connected by a narrow vein of the same class of ore, four inches to a foot wide. The lower tunnel of the Uncle Sam mine has been run in 700 feet and it follows the course of the vein for 500 feet, which shows a con- tinuous paystreak of bright chalcopyrite, 4 inches to 4 feet thick, worth 16 per cent copper and $8 gold. This tunnel is 200 feet vertically be- low the upper tunnel, but has not been extended in far enough to undercut the big ore shoot exposed above. The Uncle Sam mine carries a parallel dyke of mica hornblende diorite 40 feet wide, and 100 feet east of the vein the walls of this dyke are both impregnated with rich copper ores, and crosscutting in depth may reveal some rich contact ore bodies. West of the Big Brown Bear ore zone, at a distance of 800 feet, the Katherine vein, owned by the same company, has been cut at a vertical depth of 100 feet, exposing another parallel fissure that pitches directly opposite to the bedding of the schist. It is nine feet' wide, of granular quartz, worth about 9 per cent copper and $6 gold per ton. The surface croppings of most of the veins arid ore-bearing zones of the Blackbird district is usually a sprinkling or solid mass of sandy brown honeycombed quartz. Thi oxidized condition changes to sulphide ore at depths varying from 20 to 150 feet below the surface. The ore shoots in the fissure veins lenzy but large, and so far have proven very strong and held their size and value going down. With the big zone deposits, it is simply a question of finding the ore suffi- ciently concentrated to pay to work. There is no scientific reason why their values should not go down indefinitely. The Brown Bear zone has been followed north along its course through the Daisy group to the Blue Bird and Tinker's Pride mines, on the opposite side of Big Deer Creek canyon, three miles distant, where the same character of sulphide ores are found within 50 feet of the surface. At the Tinker's Pride mine the zone is 300 feet wide and is well sprinkled with copper mineral throughout its whole width, with bands of high-grade sulphide ore cropping through to the surface. Those crop- pmgs are 2,000 feet vertically below the Brown Bear shaft. The foot wall of the zone .at this point is only 200 feet west of the gneiss or granite contact and its hanging wall is a huge dyke of rhyolite. Copper sulphide ores can be found scattered through the schist formations of this district for miles in width and are sufficiently con- 78 Official Proceedings centrated at several points to indicate some enormous reserves of pay ore. This is especially true of the Copper Queen, Jefferson, Hawkey*. Lone Star and Rainbow group. The Blackbird district is very extensive in a north and south di* rection. Rich sulphide ores are found in big fissure veins that cross the Musgrove Creek canyon, ten mile south of Blackbird Creek, while north the belt has been followed 15 miles to Clear Creek, where a num- ber of surface prospects have produced rich specimens of bomite and red oscide ore, some of them showing great slatters of wiry native copper. Nearly all the ores of this district carry low silver values, but pro- portionately high gold values. The average for the whole district will run about 50 cents in gold for each unit of copper. There are a number of other copper districts in Lemhi County of considerable promise. The Torney group of mines on Shoup Creek, six miles southwest of Salmon City, has several hundred ^eet of development on a contact vein, 2 to 10 feet wide, that courses eastward and dips north at a steep angle in walls of quartzite and porphyry. Thisi vein carries oxides of iron and copper at the surface, that pass into sulphide at 100 feet deep and carries average values of from 5 to 25 per cent copper and about $10 gold and silver per ton. The Copper Queen mine at Agency Creek, 30 miles east of Salmon City, has shipped a dozen carloads of bomite ore worth 20 to 30 per cent copper and $20 to $30 gold and silver from a well-defined con- tact vein in wall of crystalline slate and diorite. This mine is noted for occasional rich specimens of native gold set in soft copper sulphide. The old Paymaster and Valley View mines at Birch Creek have pro- duced several hundred tons of red and brown oscide ores, well sprinkled with native metal and carrying an average value of 30 per cent copper from a flat contact vein with walls of blue lime and red quartzose sand- stone. There are numerous other fine evidences of copper mineral through- out Lemhi County. Great croppings of gosson iron ore occur at sev- eral points well sprinkled with oscide and carbonate of copper and light values in gold and silver. This is one of the best watered and timbered sections of the State, and with the rapid advance of the Oregon Short Line's new branch line from Blackfoot, some important copper mining developments may be anticipated in the near future. THE WHITE KNOB COPPER MINES. This property is situated near Houston in Custer County, Idaho, 95 miles northwest of Blackfoot, from which point a new branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad is being constructed and is to be completed by October 1. 1901. The high mountain range in which these mines are located forms to the south the watershed of Wood River and to the northeast that ot. Big Lost River. The range is an anticline with a core- of gray granite, overlaid with quartzites, slates, conglomerates, calcareous shales ' and limestonesy and carries a succession of very lofty peaks, among them being Mount Hynd- man, 12,000 feet, and White Knob Mountain, 1.1,500 feet above sea level. The mines of the White Knob Copper Company in contrast with the Blackbird district more resemble in geological setting the big copper bonanzas of Arizona. They are situated on the northeast slope of White Knob Moun- tain, half way between the summit and the valley of Lost River, In a series of pure lime and a sandy calcareous rocks interbedded with thin dykes of quartz porphyry, the whole resting on a base of eruptive gray granite and pitching at an angle of about 45 degrees towards the valley. The most conspicuous features of the deposits at the surface are great shoots of brown hematite and spongy gosson iron ore, 30 to 60 feet wide, running 3 to 6 per cent copper and several dollars in gold and silver. Interspersed between these bodies of iron and especially along the contact line, the sedimentary beds overlying the granite are richly impregnated 1 with copper carbonate and oxide ores over an irregular area fully forty acres in extent. This great surface deposit of copper mineral has been developed by International Mining Congress. 79 several thousand feet of open cuts, quarries, shallow shafts, drifts and tunnels, and the mineralization has been found to extend down from 50 to 200 feet, exposing, according to conservative estimates of parties fully competent to judge, fully 1,000,000 tons of copper ore, worth an average value of 5 per cent copper and $5 per ton in gold and silver. For the permanent development of this property, a vertical shaft has been sunk 700 feet deep near the granite contact and a cross-cut driven from the bottom to the vein at a point under the big iron hat. where it is currently reported that a great body of "high-grade sulphide ore has been encountered. The mines are equipped with a 50-ton smelter with which, under the management of Mr. John L. Evans, of Baltimore, one of the most competent copper metallurgists in America, some very elaborate test runs have been made, and with an unlimited quantity of the purest kind of fluxing material right on the ground. These low grade ores were found to yield a very high percentage of their value to direct smelting. The only problem left to be settled for their profitable handling was that of getting the rates on the necessary coke fuel reduced from $32 per ton by wagon freight, to ordinary railway rates. This is rapidly being solved by the construction of the Short Line branch from Blackfoot. The White Knob Copper Company is headed by Mr. John W. Mackay of Comstock fame. This company owns a very extensive tract of proven rich copper, gold and silver-bearing territory. They have let a contract for the erection of a smelting plant of 500-tons daily capa- city, which is now under course of construction, and within a few months they promise to become very active producers of copper bullion well seasoned with noble values. South of the White Knob mines, higher up the mountains, on a contact of white dolomite and granite, the Baker Claim is a new dis- covery, showing a ten-foot vein of higih-grade magnetite, associated at shallow depth with rich blue copper sulphide ore and high values in gold and silver. In the Rio Grande gulch, immediately adjoining the White Knob Company's property, to the southwest, there are a number of fine cop- per prospects, carrying the same class of ores in the same general for- mation, and this belt can be readily traced in a southeast direction for 10 miles, showing occasional good croppings and copper-tainted springs all along the line to Copper Basin. The Copper Basin group of claims carry considerable shallow development and cover a zone 400 feet wide of similar formations to the White Knob mine and accompanied with a dyke of conglomerate. This zone is sprinkled with carbonate and oxide ores throughout its entire width and makes in strong shoots of clean ore, 2 feet to 20 feet wide, worth 5 to 30 per cent copper, also high values in gold and silver. This mine was equipped with a small test smelter a year ago, and a carload of pig copper run out. But the excessive cost of coke at thte point, $35 per ton, precluded the possibility of profit, and the opera- tion was discontinued. THE BRONZE GOD AND CAVE CLAIMS. The Bronze iiod and Cave claims, covering a contact vein 10 feet wide in the gray granite of the Sawtooth range, near Cape Horn, are interesting prospects. The ore makes copper pyrites within 10 feet of the surface and lies in contact with a dyke of quartz porphyry. The vein is continuous for a considerable distance and carries average values for several feet in width of from 6 to 19 per cent copper and up to $zO in gold and silver. * There are numtious other copper prospects of a similar caliber throughout Custer County that are well worth investigation. COAL DISCOVERY. An important discovery of high-grade lignite coal has recently been made at Pollard's ranch, two miles west of Salmon City. The vein is 16 feet wide. The total development so far consists of a tunnel 100 feet long with a face depth of 40 feet. The underlying formation is a thick bed of gray cretaceous sand- 80 Official Proceedings etone resting upon the granite and metamorphic rocks of the main Lees- burgh Mountains, near the foot of which the discovery was made. The true roof of the yein has not been cut yet, the crosscut at the face of the tunnel being still in coaly shale. The vein dips at an angle of 45 degrees east toward the valley, but will probably flatten to conform to the horizontal beds of tertiary sandstone shale and clay ex- posed in high bluffs near Salmon City. At present the vein shows two bands of clean merchantable coal, oue of them three feet and the othei five feet thick, that is well adapted for domestic and steam purposes. A recent analysis of this fuel shows its quality to compare in close detail with the best lignites of Utah and Dakota. The sedimentary beds of the Salmon City Basin are at several points found banded with interclary beds of igneous rock, and if the coal measure is found to underlie the whole basin, which is likely, develop- ment may prove areas where contact metamorphism has produced a much higher quality of fuel, probably coking coal. CONCLUDING REMARKS. In the foregoing description, the object of this paper has been to show the varied character of, and conditions under which the ore de- posits of this part of Idaho occur, and space only permits mention of a very limited number of the piincipal properties. There are dozens, yes, hundreds of mines and prospects in the vicinity of these described that promise, in numerous instances, to develop a very interesting resource of mineral traffic. Central Idaho offers one of the largest and richest fields for rail- road and mining development left unoccupied in the United States today. This is especially true of Lemhi and Custer counties. These two counties have already yielded to the efforts of the pioneer miners, under the most adverse and isolated conditions, gold, silver, lead and copper bullion to the value, of $50,000,000, and yet the surface has merely been scratched. Ohallis, Idaho, July, 1901. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The next order on the program is the reading of a paper by. Prof. E. A. Babcock, of Grand Forks, North Da- kota, subject, "The Value of Science and Training in the Mining In- dustry : Prof. Babcock read the following paper : "THE VALUE OF SCIENCE AND TRAINING IN THE MINING IN- DUSTRY. By E. J. Babcock, Director of School of Mines and Geological Survey, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Could the red man who pitched his tepee on this beautiful spot and in these fertile fields only two generations ago now return and look over the same lovely valley and along the same beautiful streams once so familiar to him, we can imagine his bewilderment at the changes which so short a time has wrought in his quiet hunting grounds. Or even as the early settler of three or four decades ago looks over this beautiful State and our whole western country and traces the wonder- ful changes which the hand and brain of man has effected in this vast region from the Golden Gate to the Mississippi, he becomes impressed with the thought that, grand as may have been the progress of our great nation, few spots have done more toward realizing the dreams of the founders of our nation, the dreams of those men who, but little more than a century ago, laid so well the broad foundation and estab- lished so well the policy and principles which have built up and bound together so great and glorious a land, and under which we are now working and striving together to build up a greater, a better and a nobler nation. In what region could they see their hopes and aspirations more per- International Mining Congress. 81 .fectly realized than in the illustration which we have here of our west- ern cities springing up among the wilds of mountain and forest, and attracting from every direction the sturdy workers and the strong- hearted, clear-headed captains of commerce and industry, and raising wealth in enormous quantities, almost as if by magic, from the depths of the earth ; building railways and factories, and covering the green acres of mother earth with prosperous farms and orchards- and giving profitable and honest labor, comfortable homes and the privileges and benefits of education and refinement to thousands of earnest, intelligent, industrious and thrifty men. Thousands of honest hands are engaged! all about in raising from the bosom of mother earth and from the great reservoirs of wealth those almost enexhaustible treasures' which, count-* less ages ago, a kind and bountiful God stored up "here for the benefit of man. Great railroads have been laid over wide praries and through forests and mountains formerly considered impenetrable, till now they reach our very doors to bring in exchange for our mineral wealth the products of other regions and all the comforts and luxuries man needs. Along the valley through which winds this beautiful pituresque stream we can already hear the roll of mills, the "hum of machinery and the shriek of the engine ; while the beautiful homes and the prosperous city tell of the manner in which this rich region rewards labor, industry and skill. But what, we may ask, has caused this wonderful transformation? The answer comes quickly. It is due to the courage and perserverance of the men who settled the great West, to the clear "heads and strong hearts of our captains of industry and the builders of the great rail- way systems, and to the forward march of civilization which has been made possible, in a large measure, by a truer, more thorough and more practical educational system. The education which is demanded today is one which will give a "higher ideal of social and individual life and which will give its posses- sor such a power over nature that he will be able to get and to give to his fellows more of all the good things which a bountiful God has intended for the uplifting of man. Prosperity brings to men not simply wealth, comforts and luxuries, but great duties and tremendous re- sponsibilities ; and every good citizen seeks to know and to fulfill these duties, so that when he leaves to others the activities of life he can feel that "he has done something to make the world, richer and better for his having been in it. It is 1 with such a thought for our own lives and for those to follow us that we seek to become more thoroughly familiar with a world in which man is constantly striving to bring to his aid more fully all the material and power that nature has to offer, and that we seek to se- cure such system of education and such a knowledge of science as will bring these results. A comprehensive education must be one which will make it possible for the young man gradually, though efficiently, to gain knowledge, the use of hands, and a skill which, as 1 he grows to manhood, will fit him to pursue successfully his life's work. It is my purpose to consider the subject which has fallen to me not so much from an educational as from a utilitarian point of view. The people of our land who are interested in the great industry of mining, in its various forms and with its large number of associated occupations and! requirements, look to such assemblies as this for suggestions, plans and helps of every kind which wilf render more pleasant and more pro- ductive the great and honorable life work in which they have engaged. With the growth of civilization and education and the development of a keener and stronger mental perception, mining is rapidly changing , from an aimless, luckless, blind grasping for hidden treasures to a sys- tematic, scientific business, I might say a truly technical, professional business. To meet most fully the demands of such a business as min- ing and to grasp and solve the great variety of problems constantly pre- senting themselves to one engaged in such a work there is a rapidly growing demand for men of clear perception, good judgment, wide extent of knowledge and a thorough scientific training. We owe it to our- selves, to our children and to our nation to foster in every possible way, by personal effort and by state and national legislation every means which can encourage the more perfect development of one of the greatest sources of individual and National comfort, wealth and power, the mineral industries. 82 Official Proceedinys Our friends engaged in agricultural work have developed a strong and a wonderfully helpful educational and experimental system, beginning with the rural schools and running through the agricultural college and the experiment station to the United States agricultural lab- oratories at Washington, and finally ending with the Secretary of Agri- culture. We who are especially anxious to develop our great mineral re~ sources must help to build a similar system, which, beginning early, will insruct our youth relative to the subject of mineralogy and geology, so that they will realize their importance and use. Then w'e must construct a system which will provide for more advanced instruction and skill similar to that which is secured for agriculture from its schools and experiment stations. In considering such a subject we naturally ask what are the gen- eral advantages which may be derived from such a science as geology. All the way from boyhood to old age we should be learning something of the wonderful and beautiful story of the world on which we are born and live and die. No one, certainly no one in a mining region, should go through life without knowing something of the grandly inspiring and intensely practical subject of geology. It is true that the occasional one who goes through a long college course may have the opportunity to take up this study, but what about the ninety and nine who do not? It is for these that our system of education must provide. The college man will take care of himself. It is for the mass of our people that care must be taken. Give them the best : give them the opportunities to widen their spheres of usefulness, and inspire them with higher and more beautiful views of life. Fortunately, we do not all have the same desires or thoughts or ways of doing. The result of this difference is the development of literature, industries, science, arts ; in short, that wonderfully diversified thought which has brought about the civilization of today and made life really worth .the living. It has not come home to us with sufficient clearness that, just as a knowledge of a foreign language is essential to one who is to spend his life in a foreign land, so in like manner is a knowledge of 'such a science as geology or mineralogy of direct practi- cal value to all in our life-long, daily intercourse with nature. In fact, judged from a purely utilitarian standpoint, the advantages derived from the most elementary acquaintance with what may be termed a science of daily life are so manifold that, if once appreciated, they would readily be accepted as a general need. How many of those who go out into the world, sometimes even from our public schools, pas's through life deaf and blind to the wonderful things around them. How often men live pitiable slaves to nature rathei^ than rejoicing masters simply because they know nothing of her laws, have no experience in working with her, and have not been trained to do. Huxley says, "Knowledge of nature is the guide to practical con- duct. Anyone who tries to live upon the face of the earth without attention to the laws of nature will live there but for a very short time, most of which will be passed in exceeding great discomfort ; a peculiarity of natural laws as distinguished from those of human enact- ment being that they take effect without summons or prosecution. Thou- sands of us are dying daily and living miserably because we have not yet been sufficiently zealous to learn the code of nature." But on the other and even higher grounds, we should give more at- tention to such a practical science as that of geology. It tends to develop a side of the human intellect which I believe I am justified in saying is left largely uncultivated ; namely, the faculty of observing and reasoning from observation. A strong argument for giving more attention to such a science a* geology is seen in the fact that it affords mental training of a particular character, and at the same time inculcates useful knowledge, which Is rendered more forceful and attractive because of its direct reference to the familiar objects and operations of nature. We cannot afford to live ignorant of all that is going on around us and without learning to use our eyes of our reasoning powers. We cannot afford to be un- acquainted with the wonders and beauties of the material universe about us. No effort should be spared in giving our young men a training which will be an effectual preparation and truly adapted to the exigences of International Mining Congress. 83 practical life as well as to fit for a higher and nobler plane of living. Su,ch a science as geology beautifies labor and makes the laborer a more thrifty bread winner. But a higher value rests in HS power to quicken the observation, broaden the conceptions, strengthen the reason- ing powers and develop a love for the beautiful and a reverence for the infinite. Contrary to the common notion, the science of geology is a power in expanding and elevating the imagination. Where an one find a wider field for its exercise than that opened through the revelations of geology? As the mind wanders over a vast expanse, crossing bound- less space, dwelling in almost illimitable time, witnessing the display of measureless power, studying the wonderful adaptations of nature and the evident working out of an infinite design, one lives in a realm of- beauty, of wonder and of grandeur such as the poet cannot exp by word, the musician by sound, nor the artist by color or form. It Is by such a subject that man is made to feel his dependence and to reach out toward the infinite. Such a science elevates and enriches the imag- ination, ennobles the intellect and induces lofty aspirations. It also develops the aesthetic nature of man, for only as we ask of nature will her wonderful beauty be unfolded to us. The grand ocean, the snow- capped mountain, the majestic cataract, the lovely valley, reveal more of their beauty to one who knows the mysteries they conceal. And thus we might continue to show the general importance, of this grand science which among others is at the very foundation of our vast mining industries, but time forbids. We must not forget, however, to encourage whatever will better fit man to act his part as a citizen, of the world and to live in a higher and purer mental and spiritual at- mosphere. We must remember that if the life of a nation depends upon its citizens then the proper training of the individual becomes: an all important problem. Open to our young citizens so much of science and power that it will place before them a new world of posssl-, bilities and put into life new meaning and deeper inspiration. It will enlarge the capacity, not only for higher pleasures, but for material profit. Such a training will go far toward giving our young men con- trol over the great industries we are considering, while with a high ideal of individual, industrial, social and civil life. We need to provide for a wider dissemination of knowledge of the earth on which we live and the wonderful treasures 1 of wealth, power and comfort which are stored up for us, but now we need still more to provide for deep and exhaustless study and experimentation upon the fundamental principles underlying our mineral industries and the many intricate and perplexing problems which are confronting the' miner and metallurgical manufacturer of today. It is encumbent upon our com- monwealths and upon the national government to unite in building up the most thoroughly equipped technical mining and metallurgical indus- trial schools. That Congress has not already provided such means for research and experimentation to aid our mineral resources as it has for agriculture is due in a large degree to the fact that it has not realized the gigantic proportions to which our mineral resources have grown and the untold wealth to be yielded up to us as, by new scientific discoveries and more skillful methods, we get more perfect mastery over nature. No industry requires for its success higher technical skill than does that of mining and metallurgy in its various phases ; and next to agri- culture no industry contributes so largely to the growth and prosperity, of the nation. The growth and magnitude of our mineral productions is astonishing. It has now reached annually the enormous sum of over a billion dollars, a large part of which, unlike agricultural products, is a permanent contribution to the nation's wealth. Yet because of a lack of knowledge of our resources and of the best methods of utilizing the powers of nature we have as yet only begun the development of our boundless wealth. As our knowledge, skill and interest are developed there will constantly be added new resources. Indeed, we may safely say that what we have gotten is but the shadow of what we may expect. In no other industry has such rapid and sub> stantial growth been made and in no other are there such grand op- portunities for the reward of genius and scientific training as well as for the profitable investment of capital. Ten or twenty years ago mining was universally considered a reck- less venture. Today it is beginning to be regarded as a profitable bus!- 84 Official Proceedings ness, one whjch, though requiring good judgment, care, technical skill, time and capital, will, under such conditions, very surely bring good returns. Success in mining operations requires intelligence and scien- tific training. Iron ores of many localities which were previously con- sidered worthless are now, by new methods of treatment, made ex- ceedingly valuable. In many of our western States abandoned mines can now be worked successfully because of the development of more scientific methods of concentration and of the cyanide and similar processes. There are yet before us a large number of important problems the solution of which will many times revolutionize the mining industry. Among these are such as that of more efficient furnace work, more per- fect extraction, the use of electricity in mining, deep mining and many others of equal importance. We have already learned that many of our deep mines are the richest, and when we have more fully solved the problem of deep mining we shall realize that we have now, so to speak, only scratched the surface of our mineral deposits. To what other industry, then, could Government aid be of such immediate and great benefit? As a result of systematic and scientific experimentation the miner would be directed so as to save much time, labor and money in seeking results otherwise impossible. It would re- sult in bringing out new processes of mining and ore treatment which would make it possible to work with profit vast deposits of ore now worthless. By the provision for growth in knowledge and scientific ex- perimentation which such schools would afford there would soon result a large increase in mineral production and saving. Genius, education and training are doing much for this industry, but what they have done is only the beginning of what will be ac- complished if Congress comes to our support so as to make possible more perfectly equipped technical and experimental mining schools. Such schools would be wonderful aids, by uniting science and skill, in lifting the occupation of mining to a higher level and, insuring a grander suc- cess than has yet been dreamed of. The Government investment in educational training pays well. The great naval achievement of Manila harbor did not come so much from the .superiority of naval equipment as from superiority of our men. It is to the men commanding those vessels and behind those guns to whom we are indebted. They were brave men, but they had been well trained. The years of instruction through which they had passed and which the Government provided proved on the day of conflict that the expenditure had been a wise one, for it was their skill and accuracy which saved the honor and supremacy of the nation. No less profitable will be the provision for the training of our citizens in the peaceful pur- suits of industry. The prosperity of a people does not depend upon the natural re- sources alone, but as much upon integrity, enterprise, industry and skill. With reasonable natural resources on which to base the industries ot jife, that state or nation which possesses these characteristics in the highest degree is certain in the end to attain the highest prosperity. It is therefore the duty of every citizen and every such or- ganization as this, acting through legislative assemblies and through Congress, to foster whatever will promote the strongest character in its people, cultivate habits of industry, develop skill, stimulate intelligence and impart the most useful knowledge ; in short, whatever can make our civilizatfon and our^ industries stronger and better. No legislation should be neglected which would encourage natural . enterprise, aid in the diversification of occupations, or in training the people so that thev can secure greater rewards .from their industries. We need not hesitate to ask of any administration or party such legislation. And it is such that we are seeking when we ask Congress to aid us in the development of our schools of mines and metallurgical industries. The National Government ha,s wisely established under the Depart- ment of Agriculture a well-endowed system of agricultural schools and experiment stations for the purpose of giving instruction in agriculture, investigating rural regions and 'solving the difficult problems of agricul- ture What this magnificent system has done for agricultural advance- merit within the last few years we all know. How it has extended the agricultural domain -over vast areas known until recently as great desert regions; how the farmer lias been taught that he can raise many dif- International Mining Congress. 85 ferent products where formerly he was dependent upon a single crop. Many such examples might be cited. The good work still goes on and our agriculturists are becoming stronger and more independent, and under this grand system the benefits will continue until our farmers become the masters of the agricultural world. It is a similar system which we want Congress to aid in building up for the purpose of encouraging our mineral industries. We are con- stantly learning what study and thorough scientific experimentation cart do for the development of mining, metallurgy and manufacturing. And when in time what we are seeking shall have become a strong part of our industrial and educational systems then we shall realize more fullj the enormous advantages to be derived from a training which gives a knowledge of the laws of nature and a skill and power capable o* mastering difficulties and problems previously beyond our comprehen> sion. Then we shall see that, great as have been our attainments, still the mission of science has made only the beginning of what it; is capa- ble of doing toward aiding us to secure wealth, comfort and refine- ment ; in short, that power over mind and matter which lifts man above the beast and renders possible that growth of mind and soul which makes life strong and noble and grand. I trust that this assembly will express in no uncertain manner its wish to have Congress foster our mining and metallurgical 1 industry, aai it does the agricultural interest, by granting aid for mining schools as provided for in the bill known as the Mondell Bill, H. R. 982, which was before Congress at its last session and was favorably reported upon by the Committee on Mines and Mining and also the Committee of ths Whole. The system thus started may be made to end in a division of mines and mining under the geological survey, or in a department of mining. The establishment of such a system will not only be giving proper recognition of the importance and needs of this great industry, but it will prove an inspiration and an aid to knowledge and industry which will result in unfolding from the hills and valleys of our broatl land treasures, gifts of a generous God, far beyond all we would dare to ask. MR. ROBERTS, OF OHIO: Mr. President, I would ask that the Committee on Resolutions be requested to make a report of their work up to this time. THE PRESIDENT: Is the Committee on Resolutions ready to make a report at this time? MR. RICHMOND, OF UTAH : Mr. President, the 6mmittee on Resolutions will report the following: Resolution introduced by the gentleman from Colorado: Resolved, That the International Mining Congress, assembled at Boise, Idaho, extends to the president and directors of the Louisianna Purchase Exposition, its fraternal greeting and promises- for it an ac- tive and continued interest and support. We also urge upon the Legislatures of the several States, such a generous financial recognition of the coming exposition as shall con- tribute materially 'to its already assured success. The Committee on Resolutions beg leave to report this back to the Committee of the Whole, with the recommendation that it 6e adopted. On motion of Mr. Goodsell, of Illinois, duly seconded and carried, the report of the Committee on Resolutions was adopted. MR. RICHMOND: Resolutions introduced by Mr. Prince, of New* Mexico : Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be respectfully requested to provide by law for the locating and working of mines of the reserved minerals gold, silver and quicksilver, on Spanish and Mexi- can land grants. 86 Official Proceedings Resolved, That the magnitude and importance of the mining in- dustry, which has now reached over a billion of dollars of annual pro- duct, call for the establishment of a national department of mining-, the chief officer of which shall be a member of the President's cabinet. The Committee on Resolutions begs leave to report these resolutions back to the Committee of the Whole, with the recommendation that they be adopted. On motion, duly seconded and carried, the report of the Committee on Resolutions was adopted. Secretary Mahon read the following resolution, which was referred to the Committee on Resolutions' : Resolved, That, in the opinion of this International Mining Con- gress it is not to the best interests of mining that undeveloped mines or prospects be placed on the "boards" or "lists" of mining exchanges and offered for sale to the general public, but only mines which have been 'so fully exploited as to be well established propositions should be of-, fered on the boards. Secretary .Mahon then read the following preambles and resolution: Whereas, The past experience of the officers of this organization in attempting to secure proper railway rates to the meetings of this Congrss ; and " . Whereas, Said officers have been looked upon as lacking the proper authority to demand such concessions; therefore, be it Resolved, That a committee of three be elected to serve during the Coming year, to be known as the Committee on Transportation, whose duty it shall be to handle the above question in time for the next meeting. THE PRESIDENT: What is your pleasure with regard to this resolution? It is scarcely of a character to go, under the rules, to the Committee on Resolutions 1 . It might, perhaps, be referred to the Com- mittee on Permanent Organization. On motion of Mrs. Haskell, of Montana, the foregoing resolution was referred to the Committee on Permanent Organization. Secretary Mahon read the following resolution, presented by Mr. Goodsell of Illinois: Whereas, , The National Secretary and also the Vice- President for Illinois worked together for two months to obtain recognition from the various railway passenger associations of the country in order to obtain special round trip rates for the delegates to this Congress, and Whereas, These repeated applications were repeatedly refused to us by the passenger associations, before such rates were allowed, and Whereas, Such desirable rates were finally secured only through the personal assistance of the following named railroads ; therefore, be it Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress be extende dto the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, the Colorado Midland Railway, Union Pacific Railway and the Oregon Short Line Railway, for the good will and assistance rendered by them to enable delegates to secure satis- factory rates to this Congress. It is also Resolved, That the members of this International Mining Congress do, as far as possible, remember tkese lines when routing their freights, and extending passenger favor, thus expressing proper credit for their courtesies. It is also known that had the other passenger associations granted International Mining Congress. 87 a fair rate to this meeting, it would have quadrupled the attendance to this Congress. THE PRESIDENT : This goes to the Committee on Resolutions, as it contains other matter than simply the thanks of the Congress. It is so referred. The next matter on the program is an address by Mr. Charles J. Moore, of Colorado, on "The Geology of Cripple Creek." ilustrated on the blackboard. THE FORMATION OF THE CRIPPLE CREEK MINING DISTRICT, TELLER COUNTY, COLORADO. By Charles J. Moore, Mining Engineer of Cripple Creek, Colorado. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : My only excuse for bring- ing this subject before you at this time is the fact that the Cripple Creek mining region, as found today, is the most important gold min- ing section in the United States. As a matter of American patriotism each of us ought to know something about the resources of every por- tion of our country more especially of those portions which enter into competition with the other mining regions of the world. It has often been said that the Cripple Creek mining region is the largest and most important in the world. This is not so, but it is the most important in the United States. And it Is unique in several features, some of which I purpose to show you this morning. I thought it would be more interesting to you, especially in view of the temperature, to sketch before you the manner in which the for- mation occurs in other words, the actual geological processes by which the district was formed, and the veins and the values deposited therein, as we have it at the present day. The chart on the lower portion of the board represents in graphical form, platted to a scale, the actual production of the Cripple Creek mining district from the year 1890, in which the first discovery was made, shown at the summit of the pyramid upon the lower chart, to the end of the year 1900, which is the lowest line on the chart. Each one of the vertical intervals between the horizontal lines represents on year's time. Each one of the horizontal lines represents the total production of the district, platted, as I said before, to one uniform and accurate scale. You will thus see that starting in the year 1890, the summit of which being a point shows no production whatever, and continuing downwards to the end of the year 1900, we have a production increasing from nothing to twenty-two and a half millions, as the total produc- tion of last year. In other words, in ten years the Cripple Creek min- ing region has arisen from an unknown quantity to the largest individual gold-producing region in the United States. One of the \\onderful features of this region is the fact that the whole of this production comes from an area measuring not more than five miles from north to south, by three and a half miles from east to west. It is located upon the site of a typical volcano. I might continue with regard to this lower chart to say that, contrary to the statistics of most regions, we have not failed, with some degree of accuracy, to ascertain the profits that have been made, both by -organized mining companies, whose stock is on sale to the general public, and by in- dividuals, from the working of these mines. The red shaded portion upon the left-hand side of this lower chart represents the total amount that has been actually distributed in dividends among the organized corporations or companies. The yellow, or orange-colored, shading adjoining that represents the amount that has been made in addition to those dividends by private individuals. So that, starting in the year 1890 to 1891, at this point the first profits begin to show, as made by private individuals, not by organized com- panies. In the year 1892 to 1893, and towards the close of the year 1893, the profits began to be distributed in the form of dividends by organized companies. From that time forward, organized companies be- came the favorite method of realizing the values of the district. Fol- 88 Official Proceedings lowing down the point of my cane, you will see that the average line> of profits distributed increases very rapidly after the year 1897, until in the year 1899, and down to the close of 1900, the percentage of profit was increasing, and is increasing very largely. By noting with your eye the relative proportions of the shaded part of any one horizontal black line with the remainder, you will see at a glance the percentage of profit that was made out of the total production. Without going into detail, I may state that, as an example, we will take the total production for the year 1895, which was $6,970,000, of which 36 per cent was distributed in the form of profit, 17 per cent going in the form of dividends to the stockholders in organized mining com- panies, and the remaining 19 per cent, as nearly as we can estimate, as profits to private individuals. Coming down to the year 1899, the total profit made by the or- ganized companies and distributed in the form of dividends was 21 per cent, the total for the year being 27 per cent, showing that the private individuals, who were chiefly lessees, without capital, working mainly by their own muscle, had made 6 per cent of the total, as theh share of the profits of the district. Coming down to the lowest point, the yeor 1900, we find as against the total production of twenty-two and a half millions, the amount of $6,863,674 a profits in dividends ; at the rate of 30 per cent of the entire amount to the organized companies. I estimate that 4 per cent additional is what was made by private individuals, namely, lessees, making the total profit on the whole production for the year 1900, 34 per cent. You can see for yourselves 1 the individual profits made in the different years by comparing the figures which represent the published dividends of the different companies!, with the total amount in black figures upon the right-hand side of the board. I would say in passing, that there are very few businesses in the world, I do not care whether it is manufactures, or any other form of enterprise, which can show any such continuous profits, and such a tendency as you will notice at the lower part of the chart to still further increase, as those of the mining industry. We do not claim for the Cripple Creek mining di* trict that we make a larger amount of money per capita than any other mining district, but we do claim that the work we are doing in Cripple Creek in adding to the wealth of the country shows as favor- ably as any throughout the United States; and that we are still in- creasing at such a rapid rate that it will retain the supremacy of Cripple Creek as the leading gold region for years to come, in spite of its small area. Passing now to the chart on the upper portion of the board, we have a sketch to represent a typical volcano. Through the central vent, the red lines represent the volcano in active eruption, and at the sum* mit of the ejectament, you will observe the typical cloud, which always rests over a volcano. It is not one of that class of volcanoes which throw out large sheets of lava, covering the country, as you have it a short distance below here, with immense beds of dense basalt, traps or lava flows. It was a volcano 1 very active, very rapid and very sudden in its action. The consequence was that the materials thrown out from the throat were a series of fragmentary portions of rocks. They were not thrown out in a molten condition, and afterwards consolidated by cool- ing on the surface of the earth, but thrown out unmelted in fragmentary condition, and then consolidated on the earth's surface into the rock Which we have today, locally known as porphyry, more properly as a "breccia," breccia being rock composed of pre-existing angular frag- ments cemented together by silicious waters. The material of which this rock is composed varied in the size of the fragments, from a fine, al- most impalpable dust, to fragments which would weigh, say, 150 to 200 tons. The larger fragments are rare, but are still to be found in places throughout the district. The greater portion of the rock thus formed upon the underlying granite is composed of fragments from perhaps one- half, to the full size of an ordinary man's head. Now you will notice that out of the cloud there is a continual rain of this fine volcanic dust falling. I will erase the cloud, and show you the condition which existed after the active portion of the eruption ceased, and these various materials, which you might almost say dropped from the skies, became the superincumbent rocks upon the earth's sur- face. The throat of the volcano was still filled with a molten mass, International Mining Congress. 80 and partly with these fragments of which I have spoken, imbedded in the mass. The result of all that material thrown out from the central crevice, and from a few subsidiary or side crevices, was to place on top of the granite a series of fragmentary rocks of that character, finally con- solidated into the surface as we find it today, something like that (in- dicating) ; there is no bedding, or evidence of bedding; but it is a solid, generally hard and homogeneous rock, formed by all these individual fragments cemented together with the quartz deposited from a flow of silicous waters. Now the central throat, or main vent of the volcano, has never yet been discovered by actual underground developments ; but from the fact that there is a certain rock in a certain position, known as syenite, which required, for its formation a long time of cooling in a heated envelope, we infer that that rock actually occupies the throat of the vol- cano. So I will place that rock in the middle of the throat. That rock we will call syenite. You will notice that up to this time I have said nothing about veins. The condition of affairs after the heavy eruption ceased is in- dicated now upon that chart. The next operation was in the final throes of the volcano, creating numerous fissures, or cracks. A peculiarity of the Cripple Creek district is the fact that there are very few faults, or displacements, along the line of the fissures. The cracks seem to have been created or originated very largely by the general contraction of the rock in cooling. These were emended afterwards by dynamic forces, but to a great extent they were mere cooling cracks : so that the fissures extend through every rock without displacement, where they pass from one to another. I will now indicate the general form in which these fissures come up through the country. You will notice, as a peculiarity, that in pass- ing through the granite to the surface, there is no displacement of any kind where they enter from the lower into the superincumbent rock. That is another respect in which this differs from any other mining region. Of course you know that in other regions you may have branches running off from a fismre, and as you go downwards you will find a union of fissures on their dip. You will have occasional crossings, though there are fewer crossings than unions, and the unions are not very many, compared to the total number of veins. These fissures were not immediately filled with mineral-bearing values after their creation. Many of them were filled with dykes. There seems to have been a later series' of empta, which consisted entirely of molten rocks; and there we come to another peculiarity of the Cripple Creek district. It differs from most of the other mining districts of the world in the fact that the principal molten rock injected into these fistsures was what is known as phonolite. The only other mining re- gion in the United States in which this has developed to any great ex- tent is in the Black Hills, in South Dakota, and there it is also as- sociated with a high-grade ore. I will now draw with the green chalk the dyke coming up through certain of these fissures. Still, I have said nothing of ore deposits 1 ; this was subsequent to the formation of these dykes, which you will notice I have drawn corning through the fissures from the underlying granite through the superincumbent rock, formed from the volcano; and you will observe there is no evidence of any veins as yet. The last process in the formation of the Cripple Creek mining district was the deposit in these fissures, in some cases in the dykes, in many cases in fissures, where no dykes existed. Sometimes the dykes themselves are entirely mineralized throughout. There are a number of interesting phenomena in the district, in reference to veins and other formations, which I have no time to enlarge on now ; but with the red chalk I will draw the veins which finally gave us the economic values which we art today extracting. Occasionally veins will come like the one I am no\v drawing, retaining its own individuality, from great depth to the sur- face, crossing everything in its path without displacement. There are sev~ eral diagonal and cross veins differing from each other, but the ones on the right hand side show the most important characteristics. The sketch, letter "A" shows a typical Cripple Creek vein, entering from the granite below, through the superincumbent rock, in a series of parallel cracks, or fissures. You will notice that the shading in the 90 Official Proceedings central portion of that sketch is heavier than that on the side. There is always one narrow fissure which contains much more value than any of the rest of the vein. But every other parallel tissure also con- tains value, sometimes not thicker than a sheet of paper, but carrying a very great percentage of gold, extending from 40 per cent to a sheet of almost free gold. The result of that character of mineralization is 1 that the country rock existing between all those small fissures is mineral- ized, so that in extracting the vein we mine the entire width, as far as we find values by assays, and this has led to the expression that in Cripple Cre"ek there are no walls to the veins. It is the truth that in the width of the vein there is very often no physical wail developed, as in tne rest of the country, but there is a division, which is found by assaying, between that which is profitable and that which is un- profitable to extract. In some oases the veins, by reason of that shape of structure, attain a great width. In the Portland mine, which is .the leading mine of the district, in one place today we are mining a total width of 106 feet. It is true that not the whole of t'hat 106 feet in width is payable ore, that is, ore that can be smelted at a profit, but the whole of it can be treated ; the low-grade portion can be treated in chlorination or cyanide mills, and is being put up on a separate dump to be treated by a chlcrination mill which the Portland Company 1 now constructing. Sketch No. 3 represents the next most common type of vein in Cripple Creek. In that you will see a dyke that is colored green, en- tering from below upwards from the underlying granite, into the super- incumbent breccia, and after the dyke was formed it was mineralized, somewhat in the same way you see by the red lines. Tracing that a little further, you will see the mineral placed along the boundaries of the dyke, occasionally passing through, and running lengthways of the dyke through the center, passing diagonally across in various places, thereby rendering the whole dyke profitable to extract. That dyke might be either phonolite, basalt or andesite, those three being the main dyke rocks of the region. The grade of the Cripple Creek ore is not equalled anywhere throughout the whole world, except in West Australia, m the Kalgoorlie region. It is a double telluride of gold and silver, in which the gold occupies in the mineral crystals an average of 40 per cent of metaL It would sound extraordinary if I were to tell you the values that are obtained. In some cases ores have been mined, not in lots of many carloads to be sure, but still in quantities which made a very respectable fortune for a single carload ; as much as $80,- 000 to $90,000 to the carload of. eight and a half tons has been shipped, not infrequently, from tne Cripple Creek district. In some cases ores have run up, by actual assays, and in quantity, to as much as $160,- 000 to the ton in gold. Such extraordinary values, of course, are more or less irregular in their distribution, both in the veins themselves, and throughout the district ; but the average of the total production last year was $45.67 per ton for all grades of ore; and I venture to say. that throughout the United States nay, throughout the world that cannot be equalled. Taking all the grades that we ship out. the greater portion of which, of course, are low grade, which run below $15 to the ton, and is sent to cyanide and chlorination mills for treatment, including all that vast mass, and adding to that the higher grades, and taking the general mean, not an arithmetical average, but a true mean of the ore, produces that result $45.67, as the average in value per ton for last year's production. As we have gone deeper below the surface we have found no decrease in the average value of the ore, but on the contrary, the same, or nearly the same grade has been main- tained as we had in the superficial ores, and we have reached now a total depth of 1,150 to 1,200 feet below the surface of the ground. I will call your attention once more to the fact that the first ship- ment was made in the year 1891 ; the total gross production of that year was only $200,000. Now, if you carry in your minds 1 the fact that in those nine years from the close of 1891 to 1900, the district has produced and added to the country's wealth over one hundred mil- lions of dollars, and that the grade has not decreased as we have gone downwards, but has maintained its high value, even in the lowest levels today in fact, I may say that the average of the lowest levels that we nave developed, at 1,150 feet below the surface, is greater than the International Mining Congress. 91 average 500 feet above, you will get some idea of the magnitude of this district, and its importance to the whole of the United States, I see that I am booked to talk to you about the Leadville forma- tion, and it seems to me that on account of the heat I have tried your patience long enough, but would be perfectly willing, if it is agree- able, to resume this evening, or at some other time, and give you an account of the Leadville mining district in the same way, by sketches on the blackboard. (Applause.) The address was delivered entirely without notes, and illustrated by charts and chalk sketches on a large blackboard. The following table contains the statistics of production and profit referred to in the address : CRIPPLE CREEK STATISTICAL MAP. Year. Total Production in Dollars. DIVIDENDS BY COMPANIES Percentage of Profit by Ind.- viduals Outside of Companies. (Estimated) Total Profit in Percentages. Dollars. Percentage of Total Production. 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 $ 200,000 587,310 2,010,400 3,250,000 6,970.000 10,000,000 12,500,000 15,735,757 20,000,000 22,500.000 '4 25 17 12 10 16 21 30 37 26 16 10 19 12 10 9 6 4 37 26 26 35 36 24 20 25 27 34 88,940 843,876 1,232,000 1,178,744 1,271,395 2,598,456 4,332,494 6,863,674 Total $93,753,467 $18,409,579 Average 19.6 Men employed in 1900, 4,500. Mines working, 75. Mills supplied, 7. Smelters, 5. Average gross value per ton of ore shipped for 1900. $45. Revised and corrected August 12. 1901. CHAS. J. MOORE, Mining Engineer. Cripple Creek, Colorado. MR. DERN, OP UTAH : Mr. President, Dr. Talmage, of the Utah delegation, is a momber of the Legislature, and is unable to remain during the entire session of the Congress. Therefore I wish to announce the name of Mr. J. H. McChristie as a substitute for Dr. Talmage on the Committee on Permanent Organization. THE PRESIDENT: The next on the program is a paper by Mrs. Pauline L. Holland, of Galena, 111. ; subject. "Why Mining Men Should Be Politicians." Mrs. Holland read the following paper : SHOULD MINING MEN BE POLITICIANS? However much our individual judgments may differ regarding the correct and proper answer to this question, in this we will probably all be agreed : that, hitherto, mining men, as a class, have conscientiuos- ly held aloof from politics and cannot be accused of fermenting the political leaven, to any large extent, with their own troubles. Whether wisely so or not remains to be seen. The advancement of the industry has, without doubt, been steady, and ia in the aggregate enormous. But it is attributable, almost wholly, to tenacious and unaided individual effort. The mining man has been a mining man, pure and simple, first, last and all the time. He seems to have had no time to be anything else. He has asked for nothing and has received nothing. With uncomplaining patience he has applied 92 Official Proceedings "himself strictly to his business. Animated by a rugged, and almost stub- born independence, engendered 1 by his .peculiar calling, he is, no doubt, capable of ultimately working out his own salvation. Even though left entirely to himself his progress will be in the future, as it has been in the past, onward. Still he must feel that his labors have not yielded unmixed success. The net result has not been the best possible nor the most satisfactory. The advance seems to be only by slow and pain- ful degrees and with many a drag. It is achieved at the expense of many a hardship and dearly-bought lesson. The pathway seems to be almost as arduous today, as years ago. when it was blazed by the pioneers of the industry. We feel that we are beset with obstacles and that, on all sides we meet the resistance of nature and of man. And yet, strange to say, many of these difficulties have not been unavoidable and our attitude towards them has been one of surpris- ing indifference. We have felt the heavy burden of unwise legislation, in some instances unreasonable and oppressive, in others mischievously lax. Yet, we have taken but little or no pains to seek relief. We have been hampered by the almost entire want of official recognition, aid and encouragement. Still we have remained silent and did not complain. Like unto every other industry in the land, we have been caught in the whirlpool of recent economic changes and disturbances and have not escaped the consequences of a keen industrial warfare. Yet we have stood by, with masterly inactivity, passively contemplating the field of action, in which others struggled. In a word, we have been so absorbed with the immediate pursuit of our industry that we have remained al- most completely out of touch with the political and economic life around us, as if we failed to realize that we, too, are an important and vital part of the economy of the nation. The proper administration of public affairs for the advancement and prosperity of our whole people concerns us all and demands the co- operation of all. It is not sufficient that the citizen play his part, high or low, in the great scheme of our political existence ; but the ma- terial interests of the country, being a part of the economic whole, must claim a voice and take a hand in the affairs of government, through their best and ablest representatives. And, therefore, I say, with confidence, that an industry, which has gained the proportions and importance of the mining industry, is not do- ing itself justice, nor subserving its own best interests, if it goes un- represented and unchampioned in our public economy; and, mining men, not alone should, but they must, in some measure, be politicians if we aspire to the highest degree of industrial development. Not politicians in the vulgar sense; meaning an intelligent and active interest in public and political affairs, so far as they are applicable to the needs and re- quirements of our ir.dustry. To the unthinking mind, of course, politics and mining may have very little in common, except perhaps, that they are both very un- certain. But when we reflect that the strain of politics runs through the entire woof and web of our industrial fabric; that its mechanism is oi the most delicate structure and the disturbance of any one part produces an inevitable reaction on all the others : that the doings of politics can effect every industry in the land to the quick; and when, furthermore, we reflect that judicious governmental neglect can interpose most dis- couraging obstacles to the industry, it behooves us to concern ourselves with this aspect of the question. We should know, and I have no doubt we do know, what our in- dustry wants and needs, both for itself and in its relation to all the other industries of the nation. But knowing it is not sufficient. It i our duty to assert our wants. It is idle to wait for others to take up our cause. The initiative must come from us, who are primarily inter- ested. It is true, the American nation is today striving for universal progress in every direction. And development in every line of human pursuit and in every section of the country, is the watchword of the day. The people want to see every furnace in the land aglow, every wheel in every workshop and factory humming, every pick and shovel employed, every sail spread to the wind. But at the same time the public mind is slow to understand and slow to act. The great majority are so pre- occupied with their own immediate concerns that they have little time and little inclination to stu.dy the requirements of the industries ot our great country or the important relation each bears to the general International Mining Congress. 93 welfare and prosperity. It is a fact, too well known for Contradiction, that every important issue that has ever been submitted to the 'judg- ment of the American people has required a preliminary campaign of education. No great reform was ever inaugurated, no advance step taken in our political and domestic economy, which has not been pre> ceded by persevering and earnest agitation. And, agitation, particularly in the domain of an industry, so technical and scientific as mining, taust come in the first instance from those who best understand its necessi- ties. The foremost economists of the age can only speculate and theorize. They are helpless without the aid of those who have grappled with the vexing problems of our industry, through a life-long experience In its pursuit. From you, therefore, must come the suggestion, tbJe agita- tion, until success crowns your efforts. And in thus entering the lists of politics, you will not be pioneers. In fact you will be in the wake of a long procession that has gone be- fore you. You will have the encouragement of many successes that have already been achieved by others. There are practical examples, within the experience and memory of us all, of the startling and tre- mendous impetus which our material progress gains when it feels the breath and pulse of politics. Not so many years ago the complaints of the manufacturing interests in this 1 country were loud and long. But their grievances went unheard and their interests unheeded, till they carried them into the arena of American politics. Early and late they bespoke the attention of the American people. They clamored for Gov- ernment aid and recognition until the entire country was alive to their demands. Their needs and requirements became the absorbing eco- nomical question of the day and formed the pivotal issue of two great national campaigns. Everyone knows how fierce and protracted the battle was, but the manufacturing interests won, and today the Mc- Kinley act and the Dingley law stand as living monuments of what the manufacturing industry could accomplish for itself when it chose to take a hand in politics. How wise and fostering governmental legisla- tion has, through long years, aided the upbuilding of the great trans* continental transportation interests of this country, is but recent his^ tory, fresh in the minds of all, and needs no recounting. And it is not to be denied that they have thrived and grown healthy and strong under its protection. In the immediate present politics is giving its most solicitous attention to our merchant marine. For weeks past a congressional party, representing the Rivers and Harbor Committee, have been employed upon the North Pacific coast and Alaska, gathering information and statistics, examining waterways and commercial porta, ready to recommend new improvements and to provide new appropria- tions, in order to accommodate our ever-expanding ocean commerce. Its needs have also obtained the official recognition of the Republican party, in its national platform, wherein they say : "Our present de- pendence on foreign shipping for nine-tenths of our foreign carrying, is a great loss to the industry of this country and a serious menace to out trade * * * which supplies a compelling reason for legislative action, which will enable us to recover our former place among the trade car- rying fleets of the world." And it is safe to predict that the next Congress will carry out this suggestion by passing a ship-subsidy bill that will materially assist us to recover this lost place. In still an- other direction the potency of politics appears in the Kansas City plat- form, wherein the Democratic party raises its voice on behalf of Ameri- can labor and the upbuilding of the working man as the cornerstone of the prosperity of the country : and, to that end, recommends that Congress create a department of labor, in charge of a secretary, with a seat in the cabinet. But it is needless to multiply examples. In fact there is hardly an industry or line of pursuit, except mining, which has not, in some way, sought and, in some degree at least, experienced the vivifying govern- mental touch. But, let it be remembered, that in no case has it come of itself and unsought. Nor has it come easy. Politics, like fortune, needs to be courted for its favors. And if we wish that politics should interest itself in us we must first interest ourselves in politics. With this reservation, I dare say, it will depend wholly on us to be up and doing, in order to come into our own. Nor can we be at a loss to discover a field in which our political energies may be profitably exerted. Indeed, these energies have lain 94 Official Proceedings dormant so long that the work has piled up on all sides of us, and the real difficulty consists in knowing where to lay hold first. Unfortunately the lack of time and space forbids to do more than make suggestions. Our fundamental necessity is to awaken a just sense of national wealth, but as an essential element in the progress of civili- zation. Each of the three great productive industries exploits a natural kingdom for the benefit of man. What agriculture does for the veget- able, and the raising of cattle, poultry and fish for the animal, mining does for the mineral or inorganic world. Yet there is one respect in .which mining differs from all the others. Its resources of supply are not perpetual land ; once exhausted cannot be renewed. Hence, vigor in the development and economy in the use of mineral resources have always been urged as a national duty. All civilized governments have recog- nized, in a greater or less degree, the necessity for encouraging the min- ing industry; but the methods employed have, by no means, been ade- quate to its needs nor commensurate with its importance. The first step usually taken in this direction consisted in the collection and pub- lication of mining data and statistics. In this country the several states have performed this work most irregularly. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Nevada, California, Colorado and perhaps some others, at present keep up more or less complete statistical bureaus. The Federal Government began by doing it very imperfectly, in the Census and in the Statistical Bureau of the Treasury; later, more carefully, for the public lands in and west of the Rocky Mountains, through special com- missioners, reporting to the Secretary of the Treasury (1866-76) ; still later trrough the reports of the Director of the Mint at Washington and of the various topographical and geological surveys of the Interior and War Departments. Recently there has been a perceptible tendency on the part of especially those States which have done the least in develop- ing heir own resources and industries, to extend into the States the national geological and statistical work, heretofore confined chiefly to na- tional lands. But, withal, it will be readily seen the work has been spasmodic and lacking in uniformity, and but little has been accom- plished towards the prevention of waste or the securing of permanence in mining. To the writer, it would seem, that the best results will not be ob- tained until these scattered and fitful efforts are concentrated and centralized. And this can only be done through the instrumentality of a national department of mh:ing. The time is ripe for it. The ad- vance of recent years has made it possible. We have grown to be a powerful industry and our interests lie in almost every State of the Union. In mining and metallurgy we surpass all nations. In the year 1899 the ore and mineral output of the United States was to exceed five hundred and eighty million dollars, not including the metal output and secondary mineral and chemical products, which would easily swell it up to a grand total of over twelve hundred million dollars. Iron, steel, copper and coal are now firmly in the list of our great exports and the moneyed and business interests of the whole country are now closely allied with the mining industry, so that its wealth and import- ance and votes should be able to obtain for us a representative in the President's official family. In 1899, when grain, cattle and cotton had become great export staples 1 , the -business interets representing them se- cured the establishment of a department of agriculture. Some idea ol the efficiency of this bureau may be gained from the completeness and thoroughness with which it is organized. It pays to its secretary and his assistants and the various chiefs of divisions alone, not including cleri- cal help, the splendid sum of $73,000 per year in salaries. And among the heads of its numerous divisions may be found experts in such highly scientific and technical branches of learning as> agrostology, vegetable physiology and pathology, forestry, chemistry, entomology, botanay. pomology and various others. I will leave it to you to picture to ourselves the incalculable benefit your industry would reap from the labors and researches of a department of mining, so splendi'dly equipped as this now is. Then, indeed, the time will hasten itself when mining will come to be recognized, as it ought to be, as a commercial business and a most exactly organized industry. If your efforts in politics produced no other results than this your pains would be well repaid. But I know your enthusiasm would be aroused by your success and you would be eager for new conquests in International Mining Congress. 95 the political domain. And the field is large. A complete revision o> the mining statutes and perhaps a codification that would unify and harmonize many conflicting judicial declarations, is "a consummation de^ voutly to be wished for." Yet this reform would be so gigantic and so sweeping that it could only be brought about by gradual degrees. Fo* the beginning we could accomplish much for the benefit of the industry by securing some of the most necessary changes. I might instance as one of the most important and desirable of these, the adoption of "square locations." As long ago as 1880 a special public land com^ mission, appointed by the President, and consisting of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, the Director of the Geological Survey and three civilians, made a sweeping recommendation of this change. But no legislative action was ever taken thereon. The present law of lode lo- cations, with extra lateral rights, has been aptly described by a writer as "a peculiar right, which may be summed up as the ordinary common law right to the surface and all beneath it, plus a certain addition and minus a certain deduction the addition being the right of the locator to follow veins of which his land contains the apex, downward, be- tween the end plains of his location, into his neighbor's land, and the deduction, being a similar right possessed by the adjoining neighbor.'* That this "peculiar right" has been productive of much mischief is our almost universal experience. It 'has given the opportunity to unscrupu- lous "miners to prey upon bona fide mining by the location of fractions, which have no value and were never intended to have any value save for the purposes of blackmail. And the large amount of costly litigation under the present system, as compared with the almost total absence of mining litigation proper, in the older States, under the common law system of location, is a striking and unanswerable fact. A recent and conspicuous illustration of this 1 is afforded by the celebrated Pennsyl- vania mining case, which occupied the attention of the court at Butte, Montana, for fully two months in 1899. A small fortune was paid out in lawyer's fees alone, to say nothing of models, plans and diagrams that cost thousands of dollars, and experts, kept in attendance on the court for weeks at the rate of one hundred dollars a day and expenses ; and, In the end, $147,000 costs were taxed up by the winning side against the losing. And mark you, this is only the initial stage. The figures will be appalling after the case has dragged its weary length through all the successive courts to which it will be appealed. It is apparent that only the richest of mines, backed by almost unlimited capital, can stand such a drain or afford to pay such a tribute to the "apex" idol. Thus, while we may not interfere with right already vested under the existing law, judicious and timely action wUl at least help to protect the future discoverer and locator. Besides those already mentioned there are numerous other direc- tions in which your concerted political activity might expend itself, to the production of much good for the industry. In fact we will have oc- casion to haunt the legislative halls and congressional committee rooms many a day, before we s indicated by Irving, seems doubtful. Prof. Smith considers them as generally thoroughly reorganized sandstones. In view of the fact that the quartzite below, the ore bodies carry more or less gold, it be- ing mined in some places to good advantage, and that in places other country rock is auriferous, it would seem that the one manner of re- placement will not explain all occurrences. Prof. Smith refers to the ore bodies as eccentric and widespread in their occurrence and "the ores may be -said to exist wherever mineralizing solutions permeated susceptible beds." Concerning the history of the formation of these ore bodies, we* quote again from Mr. Irwing's paper, page 31.1 : "First occurred the in- trusion of the older quartz porphyries, which produced much shattering. Contemporaneous with these, there may have been a certain amount of ore deposition, but not that to which the main siHcious ore bodies owe their origin. Later the eruption of the phonolites took place, cut- ting and 'shattering the older eruptions, and adding to the number ol fissures in the sedimentary rocks. Subsequent to all of these intrusions and probably separated from them by only a brief interval of time> came, a long period during which heated solutions, containing fluorine and silica and other powerful mineralizers, gradually replaced the carbonate of lime in the more soluble strata of the Cambrian. The chemical activity of these solutions wais increased by the heat and mineralizera derived from the newly injected phonolites. They passed up through, the Algonkian slates and schists; becoming much enriched by the leach- ing out of the gold from these rocks. Finally they reached the very calcareous and porous rocks of the Cambrian, and by a metasomatic interchange, produced the horizontal ore bodies that are found today." 100 Official Proceedings The silicious ores of the Carboniferous are in the main much the same as those of the Siluro-Cambrian, except that the former are gen- erally masses of more or less brecciated limestone, stained with iron oxide and carrying high values, running frequently up to $150 or more. The value of the Sihiro- Cambrian ores ranges from practically nothing up to $60 or more in gold and generally some silver. The average yield is from $15 to $20, and ore running lees than $10 is generally not worked. The annual production of gold in the Black Hills "has continually in- creased during the past several years, the output now hovering near the seven or eight million-dollar mark, while isome estimates for the past year have indicated still higher figures. The increase is due to two causes : First, the increased development of the silicious ores both in the Siluro- Cambrian, where most extensively worked, and in the Carboniferous where mo>sit recently discovered, this having been brought about largely by the development of the cyanide process for treating the ores ; and second, by the considerable enlargement of the Homestake plant, at which place a bountiful water supply has been secured, more stamps introduced and the largest cyanide plant in the hills has been erected and is now operating oh the tailings formerly allowed to waste. The silver output remains much the 'same as formerly, the amount for the past year being approximately $100,000. The chief localities are those of Carbonate, Galena and Spokane, the latter not now produc- ing. Carbonates, chloride and sulphides are the chief ores. Considerable activity is shown in undeveloped properties, and in some rarer ores recently found to be of value. Several copper pros- pects are being extensively developed, but none are yet steadily pro- ducing ore for shipment. Wolframite, found in various parts of the hills, and especially in connection with the silicious ores in the vicinity of Lead, has been shipped in considerable quantity at a good price. The increased price ot mica has caused the reopening of several, mines, and many carloads have been shipped. Spodumene, of which there are large quantities in the central hills, has beeto extensively mined for its lithia contents and several hundred tons of the ore sold. Graphite is produced in small quantity, and is said to give promise of better development in the future. \ Read before the Mining Congress by J. E. Todd, State Geologist. A DELEGATE : Professor, what is the color of the ore of the Homestake? PROF. TODD: From my knowledge concerning it, which is not very great, it is hardly distinguishable from common of the iron ' MRBARD : the . Vei , n " Manket f rm ' - * * a regular ore? MR. BAIRD:. The vein is strongly defined by rock walls. The iron International Mining Congress. 101 comes in a flat formation, cutting the vein; but they have found by experience in sinking that the vein continues in^pith,, ^ o,, DELEGATE: What is the formation? Granite, uimestone; or what? MR. BAIRD : The ore i classed as elate-; these-, M V*ry ; littte quartz in it. DELEGATE : What are the country rock walls? MR. BAIRD: The country rock is porphyry. DELEGATE : Is the ore free-milling? MR. BAIRD: Practically free-milling. DELEGATE: Is the vein a contact or fissure vein? MR. BAIRD: It is a fissure vein. DELEGATE: What is the dip of the slate? How does it lie In the vein? MR. BAIRD : It dips to the southeast. The angle I can't give, because I do not remember it; but the dip is not very sharp". PROF. TODD : We are especially fortunate in having Mr. Baird with us ; he has been with the Homestake for many years, and is per- fectly familiar with its workings. PRESIDENT PRINCE: This concludes the papers that were oil the program for this morning. Any miscellaneous business is now in order. MR. ROBERTS, OF OHIO: Mr. President, I wish to call th attention of the Congress to a matter now before the Committee on Resolutions. A resolution was read before the Congress, and is now before the Committee on Resolutions, asking for the establishment of a department of mining. This is a matter of the greatest importance. The Committee on Resolutions merely pased upon it and 'referred it back to the Committee of the Whole, and it was adopted with scarcely a comment. I believe it is a matter of sufficient importance to warrant th.j appointment of a committee of three or five to draft a resolution or something of that kind addresed to Congress, asking Congress to act upon the nueslion and establish a bureau of mining and mining interests as a part of our governmental machinery. . . -. I will make a motion that you appoint a special committee to draft some paper relative to that subject, for us to act upon, -and on which we can all express ourselves, and send to Congress an expression that la more than merely an incident of this Congress, as it now stands. < I therefore move you that you appoint a special committee for that purpose. . ;vt Motion seconded. . . \ PRESIDENT PRINCE: The chair, at the, time that this matte* came be lore us, suggested that it might be well to discuss it further, in order to emphasize the action. Of course, it is competent for the. Committee on Resolutions, of which the gentleman is a member, tp formulate anything they choose on the subject and present it. That, perhaps, would be the most appropriate course. At the same time, the motion is entirely in order. . . ( MR. CARRERA, OF NEW MEXICO : Mr. President, would i{ not be more emphatic if the chair appointed a committee, and then have the Committee on Resolutions pass upon it afterwards? MR. CAMP, OF TENNESSEE: Mr. President, the gentleman is entirely out of order. Until the committee reports we have a righ^ to presume that they will pass upon that, because everybody knows that it is the most important thing before this Congress. It would bs 102 Official Proceedings a reflection upon the - committee to appoint a special committee at ttiik-time. '^y I 5/5*5 t * "PRESIDENT' PRINCE: The motion to appoint a special com- roittejs H Jll facilitate the business of this Congress if we leave that subject to that committee. As I understand the proceedings they have already reported a general resolution upon that subject, and we passed it this morning. Now, if anything further is needed in the way of memorials to Congress it seems to me it should emanate from that committee. MR. STEVENS, OF MONTANA: Mr. President, it appears to me International Mining Congress. 103 that we have got where something should be done to get out of this tangle. Therefore, I offer as an amendment that this subject matter be referred absolutely to the committee tha,t is already in existence. Amendment seconded. MR. ROBERTS : Mr. President, I accept the amendment. PRESIDENT PRINCE : There is really nothing to refer. I pr fe - sume the desire expressed would be met by a request to the Committee on Resolutions to formulate a more lengthy memorial, or resolution, on this subject, and present it to the house. There is nothing be- fore us to refer. MR. STEVENS: No; but there is a motion. PRESIDENT PRINCE: There .is a motion, and the gentleman has accepted the amendment. The motion has not been acted upon. MR. STEVENS : There was a motion that a special committee be appointed to act upon this subject. That is the condition of things before the house now. It appears to be the opinion of the house that this thing will conflict with the work of the general committee. Now, the only way out of the difficulty, with that motion before the house, is something in the form of an amendment. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The motion is to refer the entire subject to the Committee on Resolutions. Are you ready for the question? The motion was put by the chair, and declared carried. MR. FREEMAN, OF MONTANA: Mr. President, the Committee on Credentials is prepared to report at this time. I will say, Mr. President, and gentlemen of the Congress, that the committee has been compelled to consume a greater amount of time than it anticipated in the first instance. The list of delegates, owing to the appointive power conferred by this Congress, is so great that our report naturally will be voluminous. There have been a great many conflicts 1 , which we have found it necessary to adjust, and we believe that we have as comprehensive a report as it is possible to make, under the circumstances. The following is the report: Boise City, Idaho, July 24, 1901. International Mining Congress : Gentlemen We, your Committee on Credentials, beg leave to sub- mit the following as the list of person entitled to seats in the Congress as appears from credentials presented to your committee, viz. : OFFICIAL ROSTER. HON. L. BRADFORD PRINCE, President, Santa Fe, New Mexico. HON. A. P. SWINEFORD, Vice-President, Ketchikan. Alaska. E. C. ATWOOD Treasurer. Empire, Colorado. IRWIN MAHON, Secretary, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. W. H. SAVIDGE, Assistant Secretary, Boise, Idaho. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Hon. L. Bradford Prince, Chairman, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Hon. A. P. Swineford, Vice-Chairman, Ketchikan. 104 Official Proceedings Irwin Mahon, Secretary, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. E. C. Atwood, Treasurer, Empire, Colorado. Hon. Fbilo A. Orton, Darlington, Wisconsin. J. W. Adams, Dah'lonega, Georgia. Mrs. Ella Knowles Haskell, Helena, Montana. STATE BOARD. Governor F. W. Hunt. Chairman. Hon. Jules Bassett, Secretary of State. Hon. John J. Plumer, State Treasurer. CHAIRMAN CITY COMMITTEE. Judge B. F. Olden, Boise, Idaho. CHAIRMAN CITY RECEPTION COMMITTEE. Hon. J. H. Richards, Boise, Idaho. Hon. J. A. Lippincott, State Commissioner, Boise. Hon. Fred H. Davis, Assistant Slate Commissioner, Boise. Hon. Martin Jacobs, State Mine Inspector, Boise. STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS. Alaska A. Hollis White Ketchikan Arizona George P. Blair Mammoth Arkansas J. S. Hanf ord Batesville California Col. Thomas Ewing Los Angeles Colorado W. S. Montgomery Colorado Springs Georgia Walter P. Andrews Atlanta Idaho Frank Steuenberg Boise Illinois B. W. Goodsell 33 S. Canal, Chicago Indiana U. Gulbert Michigan City Iowa Dr. H. G. Knapp Dubuque Kansas H. F. Brinkham Dillon Michigan A. L. Flewelling Crystal Falls Minnesota- N. C. Westerfield St. Paul Missouri George P. Paxton Joplin Montana L. S. Woodbury Great Falls Maryland Henry Shriver Mt. Savage Nebraska H. M. Rice Lincoln New Mexico It. C. Hatton Las Cruces North. Carolina J. Frank Wilkes Charlotte New York William E. Gray 1343 Broadway, N. Y. City Oregon I. B. Hammond : Portland Ohio E. L. Shafner Cleveland Oklahoma Ex-Gov. W. C. Renfrew Oklahoma City South Dakota Angus MacKay Deadwood Tennessee E. C. Camp Knoxville Texas Roger Q. Mills Corsicana Utah R. C. Chambers ( Deceased ) Park Cit> Washington James M. A set on . . .Tacoma West Virginia Capt. Thomas Page Ansted Wisconsin M. H. Kichiirds Platteville Wyoming Will Jleed Ravvlina Washington, D. C. I >r. W. Lee White Washington Brius'1 Columbia George Alexander Kaslo International Mining Congress. 105 Virginia -Gov. J. Hoge Trier Richmond Province of Ontario Hon. E. J. Davis Toronto STATE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Alaska J. A. Bradley Revilla Arizona C. E. Buyers Kingman Arkansas Percy Fitch Smithton California J. Irwin Crowell Los Angeles Colorado W. MaK. Barbour Colorado Springs Idaho J. M. Haines Boise Georgia George Seiple Atlanta Illinois D. J. Delong 90 Washington St., Chicago Indiana K P. Newsby Knightstown Iowa J. W. Miller Des Moinea Texas Charles B. Edy El Paso Utah Hon. D. O. Rideout Draper Washington J. T. Thompson Seattle West Virginia T. E. Huston Elkhorn Wisconsin M. D. Kelly Milwaukee Wyoming J. M. Thomas, Jr Battle Lake Washington, D. C. Dr. A. McKnight 610 F St., N. W. British Columbia F. W. Kirby Rossland Virginia George W. Miles Radford Province of Ontario Hon. Thomas W. Gibson Toronto Kansas James Bastgen , Atchison Michigan Edw. N. Breiting Marquette Minnesota E. C. Gridley fc Duluth Mi!s>sipuri J. W. Marsteller Jefferson City Montana John P. Schmidt Helena Maryland Charles Matt Baltimore Nebraska J. T. Dorgan Lincoln New Mexico C. J. Gavin Raton North Carolina A. H. Isbell Murphy New York W. L. McCable P. T. & C., N. T. Oregon Paul Baumel * Portland Ohio W. L. Kendall Cleveland Oklahoma Henry E. Glasier Guthrie South Dakota James Czizek Lead City Tennessee H. V. Maxwell Knoxville ALABAMA. William J. Sanford, Governor. Dr. P. H. Mell Auburn Dr. Eugene A, Smith Tuscaloosa J. de B. Hooper Birmingham John McDonald Birmingham Some M. Meigs Birmingham John Harkins ; Birmingham L. W. John Birmingham James Hillhouse Birmingham James Schools Birmingham Robert Stevens Birmingham Thomas Kelso Birmingham Sampson Alsop ' Birmingham 106 Official Proceedings William Grady . . Birmingham J. P. Christian Shelby J. L, McCanoughby Montevallo John. E. Morris Ganadarque J. E. Rufflin Helena George F. Peter Maylene W. E. Knox Anniston John B. Lagarde ^. Anniston R. H. Cobb Anniston A. H. Quinn Anniston D. B., Lacy Anniston J. J. Gray Sheffield F. R. King LeightOP W. B. Allsbrook Allboro John A. Edwards Childersburg J. E. Stone Talldega George W. Chambers . Talldega Hon. W. W. Lavendar Centreville A. P. Howison Randolph J. B. Wadsworth Woodstock J. N. Campbell Bocton H. C. Reynolds Bocton Dr. George Wilkins Tuscaloosa F. G. Blair Tutecaloosa Frank Lester Brookwood T. H. Moore Tuscaloosa J. B. Carrington America Henry McArdle Horse Creek H. L. Smith Gamble Mines James Nichols Galloway A. W. Reed Corona APPOINTED BY MAYOR OF BIRMINGHAM. W. M. Drennen, Mayor. A. W. Haskell L. W. John, P. Toulmin. J. F. Oarrington. E. R anise v ILLINOIS. Richard Yates. Governor. F. O. Wyatt Chicago H. N. Taylor * Chicago A. L. Sweet Chicago S. M. Dal/e:i Chicago C. L. Scroggs Chicago Herman Ju&ti Chicago P. H. Donnelly Chicago J. H. Geraghty Chicago Richard Newsam Peoria Isaac Wantling Peoria James Taylor Edwards W. G. Halbert Danville W. R. Rusisel Danville W. R. Jewell , Danville John Rollo : Herrin International Mining Congress. 107 J. D. Peters Herrm George C. Simpson Mt. Olive A. J. Moorehead % Glen Carbon William Scaife Springfield Frank Godley Springfield David Ross Springfield W. D. Ryan Springfield J. W. Moore Springfield Thomas Burke Springfield J. M. Hunter Streator Charles Rathbun Streator F. B. Harcourt Rochester Hugh Murray Nashville Walton Rutledge Alton Thomas Hudson Galva J. H. Allen Southboro Joseph Pope Belleville Thomas Reynolds Collinsville C. C. ..Davis Centralia T. A. Wilson Lebanon G. W. Traer Chicago F. C. Peabody Chicago Marion C. Wright Cairo E. C. Donk Belleville L. M. Bradley Mound City Frank T. Day 95 Dearborn St., Chicago William R. Everett 95 Dearborn St., Chicago Stuart Goodrell 1103 Ashland Block. Chicago APPOINTED BY MAYOR OF CHICAGO. Carter H. Harrison, Mayor. C. L. Luigs. Miss P. L. Holland. J. C. O'Neill. J. A. Ede B. W. Goodsell. INDIANA. W. T. Burbin. Governor. Hon. Crawford Fairbanks Terre Haute Hon. Thomas Taggart Indianapolis Hon. S. E. Morss Indianapolis Hon. A. M. Ogle Indianapolis Hon. Charles McCuHoch Fort Wayne Hon. R. S. Hennant Terre Haute Hon. J. J. Higgins Clinton Prof. T. H. Hicks Fort Wayne Hon. W. S. Bog-le .Chicago, 111., Plymouth Bldg. Hon. Richard Townsend Fort Waynt Hon. .John H. Bass Fort Wayne Hon. Hugh Shirkie Clinton Hon. Jamesi McClellan Brazil Hon. C. A. Eastman Brazil Hon. W. H. Hubbard Indianapolis Hon. David Ingall Oakland City Hon. W. D. Van Horn . . Terre Haute 108 Official Proceedings Hon. James Epperson Lindon Hon. W. G. Knight Terre Haute Hon. Job Freeman Lindon Hon. James Fielder Ayrshire Hon. George Purcell Terre Haute Hon. William Malton Lindon Hon. W. S. Little Evansville APPOINTED BY MAYORS. TERRE HAUTE, INDIANA. Henry C. Steeg, Mayor. Dan Bogle, Crawford Fairbanks. J. C. Kolsem. J. Smith Talley. W. W. Ray, LA FAYETTE, INDIANA. Noah Justice, Mayor. Libma.n Sparks, G. H. Hull. H. H. Lancharter, Fred Myer. George Timberlake, IOWA. L. M Sliaw, Governor. James W. Miller Des Moines William E. Ballard Des Moines Floyd Davis Des Moines Joseph M. Chriisty Des Moines James E. Stout Des Moines Thomas A. Harding Des Moines H. Foster Bain . Des Moines James^ G. Berryhill Des Moines Thomas Burke De Moines William J. Miller West Liberty James A. Campbell Ottumwa H. L. Waterman Ottumwa John Verner Oskaloosa Alexander Dargavel Centerville William W. Oliver Centerville James Wilson Centerville S. T. Meservey Fort Dodge William T. Chantland Fort Dodge John Owens Beacon Joseph W. Lewis Hiteman H. L. Byers Lucas Prof. Samuel W. Beyer Ames Prof. Samuel Calvin Iowa City Prof. William H. Norton Mt. Vernon Calvin W. Doop Casey Prof. John Littlefield Tilton Indianola J. A, Green Stone City Frederick C. Seramek Davenport Henry. H. Canfield Boone H. G. Edmundson Bedford John P. Reese Albia Henry Augustus Collin Northwood International Mining Congress. 109 APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. Sioux City Commercial Club appointed F. L. Eaton, Secretary of the Sioux City Stock Yards Company, chairman of the delegation, with power to select four others to attend this Congress. Sioux City, Iowa. Clarinda, Iowa, Improvement Association. V. Graff Clarinda J. R. Burrows Clarinda F. W. Parish Clarinda I. Weil Ularinda G. William Richardson Clarinda KANSAS. W. E. Stanley, Governor. C. J. Delvin Topeka J. H. Durkee Weir City A. E. Winter Blue Rapids W. H. Mahon Coffeeville L. Ainsworth Lyons Louis Matignon Scranton H. F. Pinkman ' Dilloti John R. Morrison Midway John R. Braidwood Weir City George Richardson Weir City Robert Gilmour .' Pittsburg Edward Keegan Pittsburg John T. Stewart Weir City Thomas McManus Weir City Erasmus Ha worth Lawrence A. M. Shermerhorn Galena Hon. E. C. Weilep Galena Hon. S. J. Crawford Topeka Charles K. Holliday Topeka Hon. J. W. Orr Atchison APPOINTED BY MAYOR OF TOPEKA. J. W. E. Hughes, Mayor. Frank E. Wear. R. H. Dihle, S. S. Ott, Charles L. Sampsou. E. W. Poindexter. W. W. Watson. J. E. Frost. Oscar Seitz, C. K. Holliday. K. W. Tuttle. Frank Little. MAINE. John F. Hills, Governor. George H. Morse, Esq Pittsfield Elmer D. Smith Pittsfield MARYLAND. John W. Smith. Governor. Frank Ehleii Baltimore John B. Sisson Baltimore William Bullock Clark. . Baltimore 110 Official Proceedings Jesse Ty eson Baltimore C. K. Lord Baltimore Alexander Shaw v Baltimore W. G. Cassell Baltimore W. G. Cassell Baltimore J. L. Murrill Baltimore August Hoen Baltimore B. F. Star Baltimore John Waters Baltimore T. J. Mehan Baltimore J. P. Carroll Midland Jolm Milholland Cumberland C. C. Coffin Muirkirk John Sheridan Mt Savage J. McClenahan Port Deposit R. K. Wood Sparrow's Point Lloyd Lowndes ' Cumberland MASSACHUSETTS. C. F. Drake, A. P. Chitterton. Willard White, MICHIGAN. Hon. N. T. Bites, Governor. C. M. Boss Bessemer W. A. Cole Ironwood S. G. Cole Ironwood William Bond Vulcan William Kelley Vulcan J. E. Jopling Ispheming E. F. Bradt Iron Mountain C. E. Breitung Ispheming Walter Firch Beacon W. Goldworthy iron Mountain William Werder Bessemer Will A. Chil'ds Calumet J. D. Cuddihy Calumet James McNaughton Calumet Capt. W. E. Parnell Calumet Capt. Josiah Hall Calumet Capt. James 1 Chenoweth Calumet Capt. William Daniels Calumet John Duncan Calumet Capt. Johnson Vivian Houghton Phillip Carroll Houghton Z. W. Wright Houghton R. R. Goodell Houghton Will CaJverly Houghton James Pryoe Houghton A. F. Rees Houghton A. R. Gray Houghton W illiam J. Wren Houghton William J. Van Orden Houghton Dr. L. L. Hubbard Houghton Capt. S. B. Harris Hancock International Mining Congress. Ill E. L. Wright Hancock R. H. Shealds Hancock C. A. Wright Hancock James H. Seager Hancock A. ,T. Scott Hancock F. McM. Stanton Atlantic F. J. Coggins, Jr Red Ridge Fred Smith Wolverine George Froney .' Jacobsville J. B. Cooper South Lake Linden Tom A. Hanna Iron Mountain James Hoar Lake Linden George W. Orr Lake Linden Samuel G. Higgins Sagniaw C. B. Shaefer Sagniaw R. M. Randall . Sagniaw F. G. Benham Sagniaw W. T. Chappell Sagniaw Thomas B. Jones Sagniaw Arthur Barnard Sagniaw Arthur D. Eddy Sagniaw C. R. Campbell Sagniaw Peter Herrig Sagniaw M. L. Davies Bay City W. A. Knapp Bay City E. B. Foss Bay City Charles Coryell Bay City Charles W. Handy West Bay City Robert Gage Jackson Charles Chynoweth Calumet Ernest Bollman Calumet Robert L. Edwards Houston MINNESOTA. S. R. Van Sant, Governor. Capt. J. H. Hearding Eveleth Capt. S. E. Helps Eveleth Capt. Glen R. Brown Eveleth C. E. Bailey Eveleth Capt. C. W. Kimberley Eveleth Capt. P. Mitchell Hibbing Capt. Redfern Hibbing A. P. Stillman Hibbing Capt. E. C. Mills Virginia J. D. Lament Virginia Capt. J. W. Wallace Duluth Capt. J. D. Shilling Bi-wabik Capt. C. H. Munger Sparta Capt. M. S. Hawkins Mountain Iron Capt. John Pengilly Ely C. H. Pratt Boise, Idaho Fred J. Bowman Minneapolis C W Hall Minneapolis, care U. of M. B. H. Evans * Paul 112 Official Proceedings N. C. Westerfield St - Paul J. C. Riebe Minneapolis APPOINTED BY MAYOR. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. Robert A. Smith. Mayor. Dennis Ryan, W. W. Price. J. C. Stout. H. B. Willis. Dr. Rudolph Schiffmann, DULUTH, MINNESOTA. T. M. Hugo, Mayor. 0. L. Young, Clinton Markell. W. P. Hurlbut, Edward Silberstein, C. D. McEachron, R. C. Mitchell. MISSOURI. Alex. M. Dockery, Governor. V. L. Beshears Vandalia 1. N. Page * Bonne Terre J. J. Funk Webb City J. J. Nelson Webb City J. C Stewart Webb City T. J. Shelton Centerville Dan Collins Joplin H. H. Gregg Joplin Andrew Donan Joplin T. W. Cunningham Joplin Fred Norton Carthage J. W. Halliburton Carthage W. B. Williams Rich Hill S. H. Minor Aurora A. H. Scholes Granby C. E. Davidson Neoshp J. H. Waltman Lamar James Hughes. . . , v . . Richmond P. S. Adams Fulton Price Gunn Higginsville W. R. Carter Wellington J. W. Marsteller Jefferson City W. S. Allee Olean W. E. Murlin t . .Bevier August Setz Bonne Terre George B. Paxton .Joplin D. W. Shackleford Jefferson City S. D. Gordon Columbia B. F. Auger Moundville Williaw Ballew Corder W. J. Teeman Montrose Harry Ward Moberly Dr. F. R. Newberry Fredericktown W. P. Ruffel Glasgow Joseph Daylor ShelbyvUle International Mining Congress. 113 APPOINTED BY MAYORS. MARSHALL. MISSOURI. John Blair, Mayor. R. B. Ruff. R. M. Reynolds, E. D. Martin. J. Herdnal Harvey, R. P. Spencer, John O Nling. Charles Potter. J. R. Phillips. J. W. Carter. G. S. Hardin. JEFFERSON CITY, MISSOURI. Alfred C. Shoup, Mayor. Louis C. Lohman. Dr. George W. Tainter, Henry Bockrath. S. D. Donnell. G. Masonhall. JOPLIN, MISSOURI. John C. Trigs, Mayor. W. W. Petraeus, John W. McAntire. Burt W. Lyon, D. K. Wenrick. E. N. Per IT- George G. Bayne, Jason S. Frye, J. E. Aldrich. APPOINTED BY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. COLE COUNTY. MISSOURI. Albert Pfunder Hickory Hall Frank Distler Elston Dodge Durham Elston J. R. Edwards Jefferson City George C. Ramsey Jefferson City APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. Commercial Club. Carthage, Missouri. T. T. Luscombe Carthage Oscar DeGraff Carthage J. W. Grounds Carthage H. H. Beckwith Carthage T. K. Iiv:in .Carthage Commercial Club of Jefferson City, Missouri. F. W. Roer. Dr. J. P. Perth, L. D. Gordon. W. W. Wanner. F. M. Brown, Aurora Business Men's Club, Aurora, Missouri. Louis J. Minor Aurora M. L. Coleman Aurora C. C. Playter Aurora Bert Gardner Aurora J. B. Miller Aurora Jared R. Woodfill, Jr Aurora S. E. Loy Aurora C. E. Matthews Aurora J. A. Borsman Aurora J. M. Burgner Aurora 1 1 4 Official Proceedings O. J. Raymond Aurora C. R. Jones Aurora G. H. Elmore Aurora J. H. Berkshire Aurora MONTANA. Joseph Toole, Governor. Thomas Cruse Helena R. A. Bell Helena William Mayger Helena Alex. Burrell Helena William Morris Pony Paul A. Fusz Philipsbuirg J. C. McLeod Philipsburg L. C. Parker : ..Garnet F. G. Higgins Missoula W. J. Stephens Missoula L. S. McLure Neihart J. T. Armington Armington J. E. Barker Great Falls F. C. Berendeis Boulder Ed. Ryan Boulder J. A. Savage ( Livingston John P. Barnes Lewistown J. C. Tipton White Sulphur Springs Edwin Norris Dillon A. W. Spriggs Townsend W. E. Eversole Townsend H. L. Frank Butte Michael Deevey Butte T. W. Buzzo Walkerville W. W. McDbnell. Butte Joe Bryant Butte Carl Galligher Butte George Robinson Butte J. H. Vivian Butte Henry Addoms Butte Mrs. Ella Knowles Haskell Helena APPOINTED BY MAYOR OF HELENA. Frank J. Edwards, Mayor. T. E. Collins, R. A. Bell, A. A. Lathrop, E. A. Whetmore, Carl KleinsichmMt, Jr., George O. Freeman. BROADWAY COUNTY, MONTANA. John A. Keating Radefsburg Ham Richardson Townsend W. S. Dosge Winston A. W. Schreiber Diamond City Julius Berg Townsend MEAGHER COUNTY, MONTANA. J. B. Galliger .: Copper F. A. Sisely .Minden International Mining Congress. 115 Ira Allen ; Fort Legal* Joseph Graham White Sulphur Springs William Short :. Castle L. C. Parker Granite County J. H. Trerise, A. N. Winchell. K. W. Barry, Tom Bryant, C. W. Goodale, Albert Kleinschmidt, G. W. Winter, F. J. Rowlands, George D. Cochrane, J. H. Heilbronner, N. R. Leonard, L. O. Leonard. T. P. Newton, NEBRASKA. Charles H. Dietrich. Governor. Thomas H. Benton , Lincoln John F. Coad Omaha Henry W. Yates Omaha G. J. States Lincoln James H. Van Dusen South Omaba S. H. Rice Milford O. A. Abbott : Orand Island Robert Ros Omaha- J. W. Dolan Arapahoe Edward Bignell Lincoln- John A. Creighton ' Omaha Frank Castetter Bfa.tr W. B. Creek South Omaha Frank Hammond Fremont J. Sterling Morton Nebraska City Adam Breede Hastings Isaac D. Clarke. .-..-. Papillion John C. Sprecher Schuyler Patrick Miles Sidney Jefferson Stone Minden C. M. Hunt South Omaha Charles Wooster Silver Creefc J. A. Harris Broken Bo-* Taylor Flick Broken Bo* Guy C. Barton Omaha R. C. Patterson Omaha E. H. Barbour Lincoln George Brooks Norfolk G. N. Hicks Omalia G. M. Hitchcock Omaha APPOINTED BY MAYOR OF HOLDRIDGE. F. A. Dean, Mayor. E. W. Beghtol, C. A. McCounaughy, E. D. Eainsel, GUIS Abrahamson. W. P. Hall, APPOINTED BY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. A. B. Allen Tecumseh- H. T. Ward Tecumseh 116 Official Proceedings . William H. Campbell Tecumseh C. M. Linn Tecumseh George Warren ', '. ". . : . .' Tecumseh NEW JERSEY. Hon. F. W. Voorkees, Governor. Mon. Frederick A. Canfield Dovei M. D. Valentine - Woodbridge James Tonking Franklin Furnace S. B. Patterson Philipsburg George W. Maynard Morristown John C. Randolph Morristown NEW YORK. B. B. Odell. Jr.. Governor. Charles Kirchoff New York City Hon.- E. G. Gary New York City Cleveland H. Dodge New York City Augustus Heckscher New York City Benjamin Nicall. ''.' New York City Hon. J. Sloat Fassett Elmira Hon. Smith M. Weed Pittsburgh A. E. Tower. Ploughkeepsie James A. Burden Troy C. H. Cady... Mineville Capt. George F. Roth Rochester Coker F. Clarkson New York City W. J. Johnston. New York City NORTH DAKOTA. E. J. Babcock Grand Forks OREGON. Hon. T. T. Geer. Governor. F. V. Drake Portland Arthur Conklin Grants Pass J. O. Booth.... Grants Pass R. G. Smith . . .' Grants Pass J. W. Virtue. Leland W. B. Dennis. . Cottage Grove George A. Dysfon Blue River W. B. Hawley Eugene George W. Uoyd Eugent W. J. D'Arcy. Sa l em W. T. Wright. Union Dunham Wright ..,......, Union J. H. Potaeroy Weatherby W. A. Thatcher Geiser F. S. Bailee Bourne Aliene Case ...* Cornucopia George Barin Gra-nite Albert Geiser Baker City William Smith Baker City H. C. McCallum k . Sumpter International Mining Congress. 117 H. A. Himes p Canyon City Ira Sprawl .-. Canyon City J. W. Larkin .-. Granite William Miller Ontario J. D. Voss . ( Express William Harris . . pottage Grove LeRoy D. Walter [. Carson John T. Grayson '.'. .Baker City J. K. Romig , . .La Grande William Huntley Hampton . . Grants Pass E. J. Godfrey Portland T. H. Crawford Union F. L. Evans .Medical Springs APPOINTED BY MAYORS. PORTLAND, OREGON. H. S. Rowe, Mayor. G. W. Johnson, Isaac H. Bingham, A. Hoofer, Angus D. McQueen, H. S. Harcourt, Walter McKay, I. B. Hammond, Dr. Andrew C. Smithi : J. R. Clark, H. H. McCarty. F. J. Hard, BAKER CITY. OREGON. W. H. Bentley, Mayor. H. S. Bowen, John T. Grayson, James Barton, J. A. Panting. P. Bache, SUMPTER, OREGON. J. H. Bobbins. Mayor. Emil Melzer Bourne J. A. Flood .' Sumpter A. J. Trimbee Sumpter J. W. Carr Alamo Francis Clarino Alamo APPOINTED BY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. Business Men's League, Sumpter, Oregon. Daniel Jarger Sumpter J. J. Hennesey Sumpter Seymour H. Bell Sumpter Joseph A. Mikel Sumpter Roy H. Miller Sumpter P. C. Phelps Sumpter PENNSYLVANIA. William A. Stone. Governor. Peter Quinn Wilkesbarre Township Llewellyn Price ... .Wilkesbarre Township Thomas Harris Lattimer Mines David Davis Avoca S. R. Morgans Wilkesbarre 1 18 Official Proceedings Morgan R. Morgans Wilkesbarre T. D. Nichols Nanticoke Edmund Evans. ..'...- Pittzton Stephen Charles. : Hazelton Thomas B. McKaig. . Pittsburg Mordacai Dando. ; ; Edwardsville Hon. D. J. Reese Plymouth Edmund N. Carpenter. Idanha Hotel, Boise, Idaho Hon. William Jeffreys Hazelton Hon. B. F. Myers Harrisburg Lemuel Smith Export Charles E. Porter Baggaley H. D. Penman Adamsburg John Clark Irwin James Hall Dubois Richard George Winburne Alexander Stewart .'. Anita James Hamilton Eleanora John Bell , Big Soldier Andrew Beveridge De Lancey Edward Mannix .... Bernice James H. Spence Bernice John White, Sr Bernict William Brown Bernice James C. Johnson Phillipsburg Thomas James. . . . / Phillipsburg APPOINTED BY MAYORS. EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA. B. Rush Field, Mayor. H. A. Sage, Jr., W. B. Newberry, E. J. Richards, ' Charles Rodeiibough, Chester Snyder, James McK. Young, Horace Lehr, Capt. Fred R. Drake. MALDEN, MASSACHUSETTS. C. L. Dean, Mayor. Enoch Perkins, Harold C. Buckminister. Henry A. Bascom, C. Henry Knapp, George S. Mansfield. Charles B. Waterman. C. F. Hickler, SOUTH DAKOTA. Charles M. Herried, Governor. Congressman E. W. Martin Deadwood Prof. James E. Todd Vermi'llioii Thomas Gregory , Lead Walter E. Smead Lead Ernest May ; : Lead J. C. McLemore Lean Hon. K. G. Phillips Deadwood N. E. Franklin Deadwoy Chloride Joseph G. Saeger Helvetia 128 Official Proceedings P. C. Bicknell Williams NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. Miguel A. Otero, Governor. A. R. Graham Silver City M. W. Porterfield Silver City J. B. Gilchrist Fierro A. G. Hood Fierro W. S. Hopewell Hillsboro W. W. Williams Hillsboro A. W. Harris Kingston W. H. H. Llewellyn Las Cruces R. C. Hatton Las Cruces A. B. Fall Las Cruces F. B. Schermerhorn Jarilla W. A. Hawkins Alamodorde A. B. Fitch Magdalena G. T. Brown Socorro J. C. Carrera Las Cruces John R. DeMeir Las Cruces George W. Prichard White Oaks J. T. McLaughlin San Pedro Saly Kaunheim San Pedro Jay Turley Santa Fft Gus Mulholland Gallup T. J. Curran Albuerquerque H. B. Fergusson Albuerquerque Christ Weigand Las Vegas T. B. Mills Bland W. H. Greer Deming C. J. Gavin Raton T. A. Schromberg Raton Brigham J. Young Red River J. K. Turner A. R. Gibson F. A. Reynolds Jay Turley OKLAHOMA TERRITORY. Oassiusi M. Barnes, Governor. F. E. McKinley Guthrie Col. H. E. Glazier , Guthrie W. H. Cleveland Mountain View K. C. Cox Granite C. B. Adams , Guthrie Guilford Chappil Newkirk Henry McGraw Ponca City Frank McMaisters Oklahoma City Prof. C. N. Gould Narman C. M. Cade Shawnee William Frazier Guthrie N. D. McGinley Guthrie Prof. John Field . .Stillwater International Mining Congress. 129 William Cooley r ....>.......,... .-.. - ;> Mountain View John P. Renshaw Enid James Robb Kingfisher E. J. Simpson. .-.'..'.. J . /. .'..-. .-.'. ''.'-. v^iV.'.'viiEL Heho Ex-Gov. W. C. Renfrow. .". i -. ; : \ . ; .' . .Oklahoma Gity James D. Maguire. . . . : ; ; : . tU .'-&. j*i',X ;V/. ..^JNarman S. W. Murphy . .. , , , . . . . . . . ., t ,,. . f ,^ .... , v ^ . ,, ..... .,..,.... .... .... Waterloo H. S. Emerson. .71 . .\ k . '. .'. .". . . . 1 ....... ... . . . : Stroud E. T. Donohue. .. .. ...... ...'.^.'..7.^.;. ..i. .-'.-'. i.--.,, .-4. .Perry ''P. S. Nagle. . . . . ........;.;....,.. ."v, .Kingfisher Robert Ray. .. .. .: .. . :. ...'.. .. .. . . .*./... .. ..'>. ,.:... ... . ..>. .Alva "j. W. Lawton. ........................ .^. -...-. ...Arapahoe ' ! J. H: Dillon. :..;;: :.-. ... .-: : -; . -, ..WeatherfcJrd ft. 1 A, Wikbff. .......-..,..,..-.,.. ^.....Kenton ^Charles H. ThaCker: . .... .... . ; . . -. i -. * * .Mangum *%. B. Harrison. . . . :;. . , . . . .... ............... .> ..... .Cheyenne R. C. Brownlee. '., .} . . . .,;. .'. .;. J. .... . . . ..': . r . . 'i . .. '.'*. ~ -.i -. . .' ; . . . .Taloga . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. WASHINGTON, D. C. William Timdall, Secretary, Commissioners of the District of. Columbia. Mrs. Elizabeth M. Candee District of' Columbia p Respectfully submitted, G. O. FREEMAN. Chairman. :- ARKANSAS. , i. Jefferson Davis. Governor. Randale Silvernum'. Hamberg APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. Little Rock Chamber of Commerce, Little Rock, Arkansas. H. H. Myers, , Frank J. Taylor, C. H. Dadue. Horace G. Dale. -Albert D. Cohn, Arkansas State Board of Trade, Little Rock. Randale Silverman ......"..:.;;. /. Hamberg ^.CALIFORNIA. Henry T. Gage, Governor. Milo M. Potter .. ..'Los Angeles Thomas Ewing , . . . . Los Angeles J. Baruch Los Angeles E. T. Stimson Los Angeles F. L. Craig . Los Angeles M. W. Stewart , ..... ./. .*. Sacramento Georg-e Kistlingbury Sacramento APPOINTED BY THE MAYORS. LOS ANGELEvS. Charles J. George ...v. ...... . . .Sacramento M. P. Snyder, Mayor. J. Irving Crowell, John Llewellyn, E. T. Newton, J. R. Smith. 130 Official Proceedings OAKLAND. California. C. Barstow, Mayor. J. B. Treadwell, Prof. Samuel R. Christy, Robert M. Mein, Thomas C. Mayon, Ross E. Browne, E. H. Benjamin. APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. Sacramento Chamber of Commerce, Sacramento, California. J. H. Neagle Sacramento Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles, California. Dr. Wilbur A. Hendryx Los Angeles A. H. Naftzger Los Angeles T. B. Ellis Los Angeles F. M. Townsend Los Angeles J. J. Fay, Jr Los Angeles Santa Ana Chamber of Commerce, Santa Ana, California. John Mitchell, William W. Halesworth, C. H. Morse. John W. Shirley. Guiles Otis Pearce, Los Angeles Board of Trade, Los Angeles, California. R. H. Herron, H. T. Duff, James A. Haskett, Henry D. Thompson. James G. Warren, Santa Barbara Chamber of Commerce, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Wilbur A. Hendrix Santa Barbara A. H. Naftzger Santa Barbara Monroe Markham Santa Barbara F. M. Townsend Santa Barbara J. J. Fay, Jr Santa Barbara South West Miners' Association, Los Angeles California, P. R. Stuart Los Angeles H. B. Kjiox Los Angeles Frank S. Gordon Los Angeles E. G. Ivainis Los Angeles J. B. McNab Los Angeles Appointed by the California Miners' Association, Los Angeles, Cal. Dan Murphey, H. Z. Osborne, F. M. Townsend, G. O. Pearce, P. B. McCabe, C. A. Burcham. APPOINTED BY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Frank Monaghan Needles R. S. Brandon Normandy MADERA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. John F. McLennan Madera Return Roberts Madera J. F. Joyce Medea John Hoxie Medea C. M. Ward Medea PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. H. T. Power Michigan Bluffs International Mining Congress. 131 W. . Graham Auburn John Haenny Lincoln Ivan H. Parker Colfax E. J. Kendall Auburn COLORADO. James B. Orman, Governor. Senator Thomas M. Patterson Denver Ex-Gov. Alva Adam Pueblo Ex-Gov. James B. Grant Denver Hon. John F. Campion Denver Hon. Simon Guggenheim Pueblo Senator S. I. Hallet Aspen Senator W. S. Buckley Telluride Senator Hume Lewis Pueblo Hon. James F. Burns Colorado Springs Hon. B. F. Montgomery Cripple Creek Hon. Joseph H. Maupin Canyon City L. J. Marks Denver Miss Delia A. McCarty Denver Hon. David F. Day Durango Hon. Charles Henkel Pueblo Senator Caeimiro Barela Trinidad Hon. George W. Trimble Leadville Hon. Harry A. Lee Denver Hon. George C. Martindate Creede Hon. A. E. Reynolds Denver Hon. A. M. Welles Denver Hon. W. W. Rowan Ouray Hon. B. J. O'Conncll Georgetown Hon. John C. McShane Central City Hon. D. A. Farrell Hinsdale Hon. S. R. Fitzgerald Telluride Hon. C. E. Robin Silverton Hon. W. F. Fornian Breckenridge Senator Charles B. Ward Boulder Senator T. J. Ehrhart. Centerville Hon. J. Wellington Finch Victor Hon. W. S. Stratton Colorado Springs John Maderia Denver Jerome B. Frank Denver Peter J. Quinn Cres tone George Riley Idaho Springe Charles Moore Cripple Creek N. T. Mansfield Telluride Hon. Joel W. Smith Leadville Hon. W. W. Booth Cripple Creek P. A. Leonard Denver APPOINTED BY MINING EXCHANGES. Cripple Creek Mining Stock Exchange Association. S. T. Miller Cri D. W. Ross Boise Fred H. Wood. Pierce City- Gen. George H. Roberts Boise Louis Hall Weiser Hon. W. B. Heyburn '.Wallace Hon. A. H. Alford . Lewistoh Dr. William F. Smith .- Mountainhome J. J. Bennett Grangeville Joseph A. Clark I daho Falls Prof. A. S. Miller Moscow Hon. Charles E. Mullen Horse Shoe Bend Hon. James H. Fcrney Moscow- R. W. McBride. ;. Salmon Cit> Hon. W. H. Watt .Hailey D. B. Huntley .DeLama> E. K. Hays , .Atlanta Marcus F. Whitman . Montpelle* George Wise Glenn's Ferry Newton Hibbs Lewiston D. H. Andrews Boise Mr. M. A. Hutton Wallace J. A*. Jones Bolso J. Spofford .Boise Thomas F. Terrill Pocatello J. R. Sovereign Wallace Daniel Swinehart Pocatello F. M. Stamper (Blaine Co. ) Boise Citj George T. Burrows, Jr Mintdoka J. H. Brady Pocatello E. McBroom Grangeville Frank Robert. Grangevillft Martin Jacobs i . . . .Boise Thomas L. Greenough Mullan E. H. Moffett.. ; Wallace 1 34 Official Proceedings Frederick Burbridge Wardnei- A. G. Kearaa Wallace Bernard McGill Idaho Falls Walter Hovey Hill Grangeville David Falk , Boise Baron M. Rooencrands Salmon City APPOINTED BY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. ADA COUNTY. IDAHO. J. D. Flenner Boise Joseph W. Murphy Boise APPOINTED BY MAYORS. . BOISE. IDAHO. J. H. Richards, Mayor. 3. A. Czizek, W. E. Borah. F. R. Reed, N. M. Ruick. Henry M. Ryan, MONTPELIER, IDAHO. J. S. Banete. Mayor. Charles Nager Montpeliei- . APPOINTED BY CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. Boise Chamber of Commerce, Boise, Idaho. W. E. Pierce Boise Nathan Falk Boise Calvin Cobb Boise J. H. Ridhards Bols* J. H. Hawley Boise Weflser Board of Trade, Weiser, Idaho. T. E. Kelly, R. E. Lockwood, W. D. Lovejoy, C. S. Fosselinan. L. L. Feltham, Commercial Club, Orofino. Idaho. t D. Cleek Orofino MOUNTAINHOME, IDAHO. F. W. Boyd, Chairman Board of Trustees. W. Arthur Davis Atlanta Daniel B. Horton Rocky Bar Augustine M. Sinnott Glenn Ferry James Purtill Mountainhome Samuel G. Rhoades Mountainhome APPPOINTED BY MINING EXCHANGES. Elmore County Mining Association, Mountainhome, Idaiio, Ralph A. Goodliffe Glenn's Ferry George McCormick Pine Gr6ve (P. O. address), Mountainhome Charles M. Brown Atlanta Will H. Petit Atlanta Idaho Mining Exchange, Boise, Idaho. David Heron < Boise International Mining Congress. 135 M. Alexander Boise B. P. Olden Boise Thomas Manning Boise B. S. Howe Boise Boise Stock and Mining Exchange. C. H. Tretheway BoISfe Charles Fifer Bolsie H. N. Elkington Boise John W. Cage Boise Dr. S. W. Burson Boise John T. Morgan, J. F. Smith, John Kinkaid, Boise Co., Edw. A. Ford, C. C. Glenn, W. Welsh, August M. Sinnott, R. Banderson, George M. Snow, J. Warren, William Alley, '. A. A. Fraser, G. B. Baldwin, R. V. Cozier, Helen M. Daugherty, J. W. Wheniallen, J. J. Denning, Max Arouson. W. C. Whitwell, W. M. Morgan, W. P. Carter, Pearl, Idaho, D. S. Elder, A. S. Miller, John Ridenbaugh, William F. Smith, William Alley, E. F. Phelan, H. J. Rossi, Martin King, . Charles Balback, W. H. Petit, J. J. Story, D. Falk, Gus Ehrenberg, J. A. Nicholson, J. A. Lippincott, H. C. Auchor, Charles E. Jonaa, George S. Wheeler, H. W. Dorman, F. R. Brace, L. R. Walters, Roy Herndon, Sam T. Davis, C. F. Drake, W. F. Hiatt, T. E. Kelly, James McDevitt, F. J. French, James McKay, Alex Honlahan, C. C. Fairchild, John A. Jucos, John Merrill, Delegates Appointed by Mayor Theo. Turner, of Pocatello. Col. George A. Hannaford, W. W. Paling, Rev. George H. Perry, A. Pierce, Samuel C. Winters, James M. Ingersoll. Headquarters, City Hall, Boise, Idaho, July 23, 1901. The following is the list of delegates and alternates from Blmore County, Idaho, entitled to seats in this Congress, to wit: Appointed by Gov. Hunt. Dr. W. F. Smith Mountalnnome Hon. Martin King Glenn's Ferry E. F. Phelan Atlanta Gen. W. H. Petit Atlanta Appointed by the Mayor and Council and the Village of Mauntainihome. Atlanta, by Albert Rosenheim, alternate. Rocky Bar, by Dr. J. W. Nieukirk, alternate. Dixie, by R. P. Chattin, alternate. Appointed by the Board of Commissioners of Elmore County. Rocky Bar, by Constantine C. Glenn, alternate. 136 Official Proceedings Appointed by the Elmore County Mining Exchange. Mountainhome, by Nels P. Nelson, alternate. William J. Turner, Mountainhome. SAMUEL G. RHOADES, AUG. M. SINNOTT, Chairman Elmore County Delegation. Secretary. MR. FREEMAN (CHAIRMAN) : I would say, Mr. President, in this connection, that an investigation of this list will demonstrate the-, fact that it will take a wOiole day to go through the entire list, and it the method suggested by the committee is adopted it will expedite the matter, inasmuch as a- comparison of the names presented can be . made with the list made by the committee, to determine whether or .not the names thus presented by the chairmen of the various committees, are correct. Otherwise, the roll call would have to be made every time, and that would consume too much time. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The question is on the acceptance of the report. On vote the report was accepted. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The question now is on the adoption of the resolution accompanying the report. What is your pleasure? On motion of Mir. Roberts, duly seconded, the resolution wat? adopted. On motion, duly -seconded and carried, the Congress took a recess until 2 P. M. today. The Congress re-assembled at 2 o'clock P. M. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The next order of business ,on the pro- gram is the reading of a paper by Prof. N. H. Winchell, of Minneapolis 7 , subject, "Geology of Minnesota." "" k , In the absence of Prof.* Winchell his paper was ~read by. his .son, as follows: - yt -^ SKETCH OF THE IRON ORES OF MINNESOTA. By N. H. Winchell, of Minneapolis. The first published references to iron ore of commercial value in Minnesota were by geologists in the employ of the State, or of the United States. Charles Whittlesey, of Ohio, was connected with the United States Geological Survey of D. P. Owen in. 1848 to 1850, ana, examined the region now containing these ores. Hyppthetically, ho stated that the geological structure warranted the expectation of iron ore north of Lake Superior, but he did not see it. and his opinion was not published till 1866,* after the State of Minnesota had instituted Its own survey under Hanchett and Evans. Dr. Hanchett in his report for 1864 states that he had seen samples of rich hematite from the vicinity of Vermilion Lake, and had made, an ineffectual effort to see the ore in place.* Mr. H. H. Eames, however, in J865 succeeded in reaching the spot, and his report for that year con tains the first description Of the Vermilion iron range at any point.** Nothing further was known of thiis locality till it was reported on agaliv by the State Geological Survey in 1878.*** From that date to the ex- *Report of explorations in the mineral regions of Minnesota, 1866. *Report of the State Geologist, August H. Manchett. M. D., St. Paul, 1865. **Report of the State Geologist, Henry H. Eames, on the metalli- ferous region bordering on Lake Superior, St. Paul, 1866, page 11. ***Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, ninth an- nual report, 1880, pages 103 and 104. Internationa I Mining Obngrm. 1 37 amination of Prof . A. H. Chester (published in 1884) no further public knowledge was possessed bf the Vermilion range, although Prof. Chester's examinations were made in 1875 and 1880. Being for private parties the information was not published until 1884>* Thereafter the Minnesota reports contained almdst annually some report on the Vermilion iron range. The Mesabic iron range was first noted by .T. G. Norwood, of the survey of D. D. Owen, near Gunflint Lake, in 1850. It was noted arici reported by H. H. Eames at Prairie River, near the western extremity of the range, in 1865 ** Midway between these extremes this range was discovered by the tlnited States land surveyors, by reason of the, magnetic character of the ore there contained in it! Explorations, how^ ever,,' did not turn" out well at this point. The examinations of Prof. Chester, in 1875, under the instigation of Mr. George H. Stone, were directed to 'this part of the range, and his examination of the Ver- milion range at this time was incidental, and was done by George R. Stuntz and John Wallmann, who had been -sent out by him.. Prof. Chester's report on that part of the Mesabi range was unfavorable, and nothing has transpired since to invalidate hils conclusions. Other explorations followed, viz., in 1886 at Gunflint Lake, and in 1888 at Mesabi Station. Capitalists also entered upon the range eastward from Prairie River, where experimental test-pits and shafts were sunk unrtei direction of Mr. Eli Griffin. In the fall of 1890 the first important dis- covery of iron wais made, viz., the Mountain Iron mine. As with the Vermilion range, the Minnesota survey followed all the developments ana sometimes guided them, and prior to this date had mapped the range from Gunflint Lake to the Mississippi River. This map was published In the spring, 1891.* and was widely distributed. After the publication of this map. and the report which accompanied it, explorations were more sysften.atk' and 1-e'ss expensive. Attention should be called at this point to an important fact bear- ing on the utility of geological surveys. It will be. noted that both iron ranges were discovered by- geologists connected with official surveys,, and that iu their reports they called attention to the probable future value 'of -these deposit". When the lately-closed survey of Minnesota was engaged in that part of the State the annual reparts repeated and emphasized the importance of these ores, describing" them as fully as the circumstances would permit, and urging the citizens of the State to take necessary steps to retain their wealth within the State, rather than have it diverted' to -Eastern capitalists. Elsewhere the writer has made use of the following language:* "Geological surveys are some- times .accused of not discovering anything. Their function is described t6 be to estimate and map out and describe discoveries made by others. They cannot go into the field equipped with the necessary tool's for digging and bitting. ^The practical explorer and the actual mirier must do that. The explorer is a scout who usually precedes all strictly geolo- gical surveying, and the miner is the. rank and file of the regular army which opens up the mining industry and leadsr to the advance of other modern industries. The geological survey of a State may be considered, in general terms." a corps of 'sappers and miners,' or skilled engineers, ready to move in any emergency, to guide in explorations, to construct or repair bridges, or to conduct the whole campaign, as occasion arises. At least that has been the function of the Minnesota survey in respect to the development of the iron :ores. They were discovered on botn ranges by the State Geological Survey under Mr. Eames, who made the first . known description of them. They have been repeatedly pub- lished by the present survey, and the trend :of the Mesabi range was , *The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Eleventh annual report, 1884, page 160. **Geological Reconnoissance of the northern, middle and other coun- ties of Minnesota, by Henrv H. Eames, State Geologist, St. Paul, 1866; pages 3."., 56. *The Iron Ores of Minnesota. Bulletin VI., Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1891 ; page 112 and map. *Discovery, and Development of the Iron Ores of Minnesota. Collec- tions of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. VIII.. page 33, 1895 (1898.) 138 Official Proceedings actually mapped prior to the discovery of any of the great ore bodies that are now known at Biwabik and ^Virginia.* The geological survey has been in the heat of the campaign from the beginning to the present. It has seen every test-pit, and hais noticed the result. It has advised every mining company, at least its advice was asked. It has urged ex- plorations in certain places, and it ihas had the unpleasant duty to dis- courage it in others, sometimes after many thousands of dollars had been invested. It has been a constant attendant, and sometimes a leader, in every important phase of this march." Since the commencement of shipments of iron ore from Minnesota the State has steadily advanced in rank amongst the iron-producing 1 States. The first shipment was made in 1884. Last year the amount shipped was 9,834,399 long tons, and that of Michigan, the leader in this industry, was but 92,328 long tons greater. These two States fur- nished more than one third the total output of the United States. GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS. While the ores now exploited are derived from two formations, there are four formations in Minnesota that cpntain notable amounts of iron ore, and these all may in the future become productive in commercial amounts. These formations 1 are as follows, the oldest at the bottom : 1. The Cabotian gabfceo. 2. The Animikie taconyte. Ta conic. 3. The Upper Keewatin jaspilyte. 4 ? The Lower Keewatin jaspilyte. Archean. Of these, Nos. 2 and 4 are at present the only productive forma- tions. The former (No. 2) is found in the Mesabi range, and the latter (No. 4) on the Vermilion range. They both furnish hematite, that from the Mesabi range being ">soft," and that from the Vermilion range being usually ,hard. The Chandler mine at Ely, however, on the Vermilion range, supplies an ore that is easdly mined, and is sometimes dJenominated "soft." Some of the largest mines on the Mesabi range are simply great open pits from 50 to 150 feet deep, into which steam cars and steam shovels are run on a gentle grade, the ore being scooped up by the steam shovel and dumped, without -assortment or washing, upon the ore cars standing adjacent, and thence carried direct to the shipping point on Lake Superior. But the mines on the Vermilion range are deep, underground, many-chambered excavations. She enclosing rock of the Ver- milion range is a greenstone, usually alternating somewhat with the iron ore .sheets or strata, and varying to a stratified, water-laid rock showing plainly its oceanic origin. Alternations of strata of jasperoid silica with but little iron, with a green schist, the whole varying to a silicious schist, or slate, are not an uncommon feature of the Lower Keewatin. The ore itself is a form jaspilyte. a banded silicious rock that occurs as lenses of greater or less size in the greenstone of the region. These bands are usually much contorted, varying from pure, White silica in very fine grain, to brown, purple and black in proportion as the ores of iron share in their composition. Hence they present a handsome outward aspect. Being firmer than the surrounding rock such jaspilyte lenses frequently stand isolated high above the surrounding surface. These contorted lenses, which are the most valuable as ore bodies, seem to have the structure of rhyolitic lavas, the banding being due to an original fluidal structure, and it is in the perip/hery of these primary lenses that occur interlaminations of the fine silica with the green schists, denoting the action of sedimentation. Still, very large amounts of banded jasperoid silica are apparently wholly of sedimentary origin, so far as the same is indicated by the straight banding and by admixture with the green sdhists. On the Mesabi range the ore is in lenses, as on the Vermiliion range, but these lenses are of soft ore, and have a tendency to retire from observation. The lenses, moreover, are not composed of contorted lam- inations, but of straight or but slightly wavy strata, Which can be 'seen to extend from one end to the other. In these lenses the ore ceases to the right or left, or up or down in the stratification, by gradual change in the nature of the rock. This is not always by an increase in silica, *This map, however, was not published till June, 1891, shortly after the first important discovery, the Mountain Iron mine, was publicly known. International Mining Congress. 139 winch is the gangue impurity on the Vermilion range, but by the en- croachment of an impure ore known as taconyte. This taconyte is of two sorts, viz., (1) a silicious granular rock, essentially like the ore itself, but worthless as ore because of the high per cent of silica; and (2) a gray or brownish amorphous rock, which is neither ore nor silica, but which still contains both substances. The transition to thi rock is not always abrupt, but sometimes it is quite gradual, there being a grada- tion or alteration from the rock to the ore. Underlying the ore horizon is almost always a sandstone or quartzite. although this is wanting at the eastern end of the range and the ore comes directly on the granite of the Archean. Overlying 'the ore . is a black >silate, and this black slate is also somewhat interstratified in the ore at a few points. This black slate becomes more silicious and coarse, making quartzite, and develops into a great thickness. Unconformably over the whole country the cretaceous ocean deposited its own sediments, but these have as yet been found only in isolated places, and they present no obstruction to the prospector or the miner. The drift deposits are heavy and reach in some places a thickness of a hundred feet. In the productive part of the range the iron -bearing rock and the ore are wholly hid by the drift sheet. The most interesting points in the history of the iron ores of Min- nesota are connected with their origin. Iron ore, like all ores, has had a cause for its existence; isome cause, -however, inherent in" the operations of nature, which has promoted its accumulation at certain places in greater amount, for all the ores, and especially iron ore, are widely dis- seminated. There i probably not an ounce of natural water on the face of the earth, unless it be freshly fallen from the clouds, that does not contain a sir all amount of iron in some form. The problem has been to iearn the factors that have collected this iron in large amounts at certain i>laces. The late R. D. Irving supposed it to have resulted from the oxida- tion of a carbonate operien. He postulated therefore a great primordial vegetable age whose characteristics could be compared to those of the carboniferous, and whose function was to store up carbon, and second- arily also iron ore. Carbon and iron ore are frequently associated, as in the coal measures, the former taking the chemical combinations of limestone and of kidney iron ore. In the application of this theory the kidney iron ore and the silicious carbonate, of lime are supposed to have combined to produce a "cherty carbonate," and from this last the present ores resulted by simple oxidation and concentration. The fortuitous posi- tions of the strata, their inclination, their alternation in composition and their having been broken and penetrated by igneous dikes, have had much to do, according to this hypothesis, with the localization of the chief iron deposits. Dr. M. E. Wadsworth advanced the idea that the jaspilyte seen at Marquette, Michigan, which there constitutes the ore-bearing rock, is of igneous origin, the direct result of igneous intrusion amongst the other rocks of the region. He appealed to certain structural features which to him indicated such forcible fracture and intrusion. Mr. J. E. Spurr, working for the Minnesota Geological Survey, with minute microscopical inspection and by means of a combination of field observation with chemical and petrographical research, traced the iron oxide back to greensand, which he took to have been glanconite. This supposed glanconite was compared to that formed of foraminiferal re- mains in the cretaceous formation, and it led naturally to the supposi- tion that the which was referred to the Committee on Resolutions: "We, the members of the fourth annual session, in convention as- sembled, do very earnestly and respectfully memorialize the Congress of the United States to establish a home or homes, as may be necessary, at one or naore points in the Rocky mountains, for the aged and infirm mining prospector, who has worn out his body and mind in prospecting mountains for mines and finds himself at an advanced age afflicted with rheumatism and other ailments, and totally unable to provide for him- International Mining Congress. 141 self even the necessaries of life, or the comforts of a home after devoting a lifetime to opening and developing mines, which, in many cases, have proven a source of great wealth to the general Government and the peo- ple. Oftentimes this benefit accruing immediately after this prospector's death,' or he is unable to realize its benefits." ( Mil. TRUE, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, I offer the following resii- lusidns: 1. Establish a bureau of mining with a/secretary haying ; a seat ki the cabinet, and provide for the appointment of a commissioner of min- ing for 6abh State and Territory in which there are 'any Government lands. 2i Complete the system 'of public surveys at once over all uusur- veyed lands, however mountainous. 31 Limit the size of all new locations of quartz, placer or other min- eral claim, including coal, and iron to 1,320 feet square, conforming to a 40- acre tract of the .system of public surveys. Require locators to con- form to the legal sutidh ision line upon surveyed lands, and require lo- cations upon unsurveyed land to be staked off with north and .south and east and west lines irrespective of lodes or deposit lines, 4. Require no discovery, but, require an excavation five feet, deep, measuring 100 cubic feet as a pre-requisite to recording from which, as an initial point, all measurement's; must be mad^e for. describing locations upon unsurveyed ground. 5. - Allow but one location a year for each, citizen in each township upon surveyed ground, and allow no citizen to locate more than one claim within a radius of five miles of his initial point upon unsurveyed lands, and allow no locations by attorney. , 6. Grant locators full possession and enjoyment of all rights of occupancy such as pertain to title in fee, so long as they expend $100 in actual work upon and within the lines of each claim, each and every year from the date of record, or as an equivalent pay the sum of $150 into the United States treasury to constitute a fund for the promotion of the mining Industry, to be expended as nearly as practicable within the districts to which it is credited. 7. Withdraw from the market all land not occupied and claimed except such as may be proven more valuable for agriculture, by the proper non-mineral affidavits. Sell timber under proper restrictions but not the land, unless it be such that the farmer will want it' and can make non- mineral affidavits before filing upon it. 8. Repeal the law of the dip and apex and bound all claims by vertical planes drawn through the exterior lines. 9. Let Congress 1 call for the repeal of all State and local laws, in the interest of simplicity, and treat all questions between mining claim- ants the isame as disputes between other public land claimants should be treated, in the proper courts. PRESIDENT PRINCE : It will be referred to the Committee on Resolutions. MR. TRUE: Mr. President, I have prepared a paper in the form of a discussion of these resolutions, which I would like to have printed in the proceedings. PRESIDENT PRINCE: That would probably be more appropriate at the time of the report of the committee, would it not? MR. TRUE: I simply ask, Mr. President, that it go in the pro- 142 Official Proceedings ceedings. I would not ask to occupy the time of the Congress by read- ing it MR. MOORE, OF COLORADO: Mr. President, with reference to the subject upon which the gentleman has just spoken, and his resolu- tions, I understand that Judge Hey burn is to read a paper this after- noon upon this very subject, the question af the revision of the mining laws. I understand also that Judge Heyburn's position ifc likely to be antagonistic to 'the sentiments of the resolutions. Therefore. I think it well that the Congress be prepared, as soon as Judge Heyburn's ad- dress is over, to undertake an active discussion upon the leading ques- tions which he will present ; and in that view I would very gladly hear this gentleman piesent the other side, or, at least, a portion of what I deem to be the other 'side, in opposition to Judge Heyburn's position. I wish to remind the Congress at this time that we took up the question of the revision of the mining laws at the very first session of the Congress at Denver four years ago, and as chairman of the com- mittee then appointed to consider the question, I did a great deal of work for a year in connection with a number of active and influential members from eight or nine States west of the Missouri, and we gave that question the greatest consideraion possible. At the second session in Salt Lake City Judge Heyburn led the op- position to our report, and at that time did not approve of the sub- ject of square locations. I presume that, as the leopard cannot change his spots, Judge Heyburn comes here with his original viewis, and there- fore I think the Congress should be advised of all these points, in order that when the discussion does come up we can conduct it as intelligently and rapidly as possible ; and the discussion should follow, in my judgment, the reading of Judge Heyburn's paper. Therefore, also, in order that the Congress may express clear and distinct views upon the question of square locations versus the apex question, I think the gentleman who 'has ji*st taken his seat should be allowed to read his paper, if it is sufficiently condensed for the whole Congress to understand it, immediately after Judge Heyburn's paper, and the two be taken up together in the general discussion. I therefore, if it is in order, Mr. President, make a motion to that effect; that this gentleman's paper follow Judge Heyburn's paper, im- mediately after which we have the general discussion on the whole question. Motion seconded. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The next matter upon the program is Judge Heyburn's paper. The gentleman from Colorado move's that the gentleman from Utah, who has just presented the resolutions, be given time at the conclusion of Judge Heyburn's paper, to present another paper upon the same subject. That is the motion, as I understand it. MR. MOORE : Yes : that is my motion. MR. WHITE : Mr. President, before that motion is put I de- sire to offer a substitute motion, if I am in order. PRESIDENT PRINCE: There are no substitute motions in this body, sir. It is in order as an amendment. We are acting under Cush- ing's rules, under which there are no substitutes. MR. WHITE : I can hardly offer it as an amendment. PRESIDENT PRINCE : I think almost anything that would be a substitute would be proper as an amendment. If the gentleman will state what it is that he desires to do, I think we can find a way to do it. International Mining Congress. 143 MR. WHITE: I move you, Mr. President, that the resolutions offered by Mr. True, of Idaho, be laid upon the table. PRESIDENT PRINCE : They are not in the possession of the house. They have been referred to the Committee on Resolutions, and are now in their hands. They can be withdrawn from the further con- sideration of the committee, which will bring- them before the house, if that is the desire of the gentleman. Are you ready for the question, on the motion of the gentleman from Colorado? The motion was put by the president, and declared carried. PRESIDENT PRINCE: I think it would be well, before the dis- cussion arise upon any of these papers, that some rule should be made to govern these discussions, as to the length of speeches, and matters of that kind, in order that we may understand exactly how they are to be conducted something that would limit the debate, to some extent. MR. EVANS, OF OREGON: Mr. President, I move that the speeches during the discussion be limited to ten minutes. Motion iseconded. MR. BURKE, OF IOWA : I move, Mr. President, that the words "ten minutes" be stricken out, and "five minutes" be inserted in lieu thereof. MR. MOORE, OF COLORADO: Mr. President, I know that the gentleman's amendment is not seconded, that it is not now ready for discussion, and I am going to ask him to withdraw it; because, as 1 understand it, there are nine complicated subdivisions of the paper just offered, and the amendment would hold the speaker down to a fraction less than a minute on each one of those subdivisions. They are each questions that are worthy of the attention of t'his Congress, and I will aisk him to withdraw that, and let it stand at ten minutes. MR. BURKE : Mr. President. I would state to the gentleman on the other side of the house that a man has no right to put eight or ten sub- jects into one paper. Let the committee to whom that conglomeration of subjects has been referred divide it, and send about nine of them to the graveyard. MR. MULLEN, OF IDAHO! Mr. President, there will be three propositions ; one by Mr. Heyburn, one by Mr. True, and a proposition in opposition to them both. This thing occurred two years ago at Salt Lake City, and it will be repeated here ; so don't tie the gentlemen down to five or ten minutes discussion. At Salt Lake City, you recollect, the principals had plenty of time. The principals here should be allowed sufficient time to place the subject properly before the house, and then in the dis- cussion that follows the speakers should be restricted to a reasonable time, but not to' five minutes. MR. FRAZER, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, has the amendment of the gentleman from Iowa received a second? MR. STEPHENS, OF MONTANA: Mr. President, I hope this amendment will not prevail. It appears to me that if there is anything important to come before this Congress, that it is almost impossible to have an intelligent discussion on that matter in five minutes. On an important matter of this kind it appears to me that five minutes is too short a time for some of us to fully express our ideas, and we should not be cut off without an opportunity to be heard fully. What did we come to this Congress for? We came here to give and receive information. Any of the gentlemen present may be able to give some valuable information 144 Official Proceedings ^\ upon some portion of this subject which will be of benefit to the/, whole Congress, not only now, but hereafter. Some may be able toido so in five minutes, and some may not. Another minute might put YOU in possession of . valuable information, and I don't believe we ought to , be cut off in that. way. (Cries of "Question/') MR. EVANS, OF OREGON: j|fo President m^ object ,'in making this motion was not to, insert the gag rule into our organization, \ out it was for the purpose of giving every man and woman interested v in our business a chance to express .his or her sentiments. Ten minutes time is short; it is too little. One man can gather ihis ideas, and say some- thing along that line in that length of time ; another will think of some- thing after he' has taken .his seat that he has omitted. To cut us 'down to five minutes is not fair. The question at hand is one of vital import- ance. " We need a revision of the mining laws 6f this country. Let us discuss it fairly, and without prejudice. MR. DENNIS, OF OREGON: Mr. President/ 1 move to amend the amendment by saying that the principals in the discussion shall not be limited by this rule that applying to Judge Heyburn and the gentle- man who will respond to his arguments. PRESIDENT PRINCE: As the chair understands it, each of these gentlemen will read a paper, and they are not limited as to time at present. Do you desire to press your amendment under those circum- ' stances? MR. DENNIS: Mr. President, my amendment would apply to their 'subsequent discussion on this question. PRESIDENT PRINCE : i Very well. It is moved as an amendment to the amendment that Judge Heyburn and Mr. True be not limited in the remarks with which they wil 1 follow their papers. JUDGE HEYBURN, OF IDAHO : : Mr. President, I would say to the gentleman making the motion that I shall not require any more time than any other member of the house, and it is not necessary 1 to give me any more time. MR. DENNIS : Mr. President, I will withdraw the amendment. MR. MULLEN, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, should the principals both be limited to ten minutes? PRESIDENT PRINCE: The amendment to the amendment hav- ing been withdrawn, that question is not before us, unless some other motion is made. MR. MULLEN : I move you, Mr. President, that the principals ' in opposition to the original speakers be allowed the same time as the gentlemen presenting the papers. PRESIDENT PRINCE : That the principal speakers in opposition to both Judge Heyburn and to Mr. True be allowed the same time as they are allowed for presenting their papers. MR. FRAZER, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, ais a question of in- formation, I will ask the gentleman who made the motion to state who the principals will be. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The question is on the amendment to the amendment, that the principal speaker in opposition to both the views of Judge Heyburn and of Mr. True shall be allowed a time equal to that occupied in the reading of either oif their papers. MR. MOORE : Mr. President, is another amendment in order? MR. FELTHAM, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, there is no way of determining at this time how many persons in this Congress may ad- International Mining Congress. 145 vance original ideas or opinions upon this question of the revision of the mining laws. There may be as many new opinions and different ideas as there are individuals in the Congress ; consequently such an amend-* ment can have no fcrce, for no one can ,say that he is the self-con- stituted leader of the opposition to the ideas presented, or that will be presented by the readers of the two papers. But, as to t'he amendment to the motion, I want to say a word. There is no question that interests the prospector and the mining in-^ vestor more deeply than the question of the laws with reference to the location and operation of mining claims. It would not be justice to this assembly, it would not be justice to those who have come long dis- tances, to use the gag rule, and prevent the discussion of a question of so great importance. As intimated by one speaker, this question has been before this Congress before, and it is meet and proper that it should be here again. It is a question of so great importance that we want to discuss it; we want to learn every phase of it; and if these two gentlemen who will present papers here today are thoroughly prepared on it, and I doubt not they are, they will present, possibly, very antago- nistic ideas, and ideas that we will need to discuss. It may be that we will adopt the ideas of neither, but in part. So it requires a cool and full difscussion, and while there may be many here that do not care to, discuss the matter elaborately, still if one does desire to discuss it, I think he should be allowed at least ten minutes. MR. FKAZER : Mr. President, I move you the previous question. Motion seconded and carried. The question of the amendment to the amendment was then put to the house by the president, and declared lost. The question of the amendment was then put to the house, and was declared lost. The president then declared the question to be upon the original motion, limiting speeches to ten minutes. Upon the vote, being taken, the president declared the motion carried. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The next in order on the program is an ad- dress by Judge Heyburn, of Wallace, Idaho ; subject, "Revision of Our, Mining Laws." Judge Heyburn addressed the Congress as follows: REVISION OF OUR MINING LAWS. By Hon. W. B. Heyburn, df Wallace, Idaho. Mr. -President, and Members of the International Mining Congress : It has been stated under a misapprehension that I would read a paper upon needed revision of the mining law. I have not prepared a paper on the subject because I did not think that the best method of presenting what I have to say in regard to the question. I shall present it to you more in the nature of a discussion, or; of the opening of the discussion of the question. Knowing that there are many differing views entertained by members of this Congresis, and by men interested in mining throughout tne country, and that those views should be presented to this conven- tion, I will so shape my remarks as to give an opportunity to those who wish to do so to come back with such arguments as they may desire to present; and I will endeavor to make my opening remarks ais short as is consistent with a fair presentation of this question. Mr. President, it is not possible by the enactment of any code of laws to entirely obviate or avoid the contentions that arise over the lo- cation and ownership of mines. All that we can hope to do is to reduce these possible controversies to the minimum. : , Whatever value the mines of the country have, so far as the title, is concerned, and I refer more particularly to those mines which are 146 Official Proceedings located under the general mining laws of the United States, depends upon the location of the mining claim. The title is initiated by the lo- cator. These men, often unlearned and sometimes unable to speak or understand the language of this country, go out into the mountains for the purpose of initiating titles, upon which shall rest our mineral wealth. Now the first requisite is that the law under which the locator acts shall be so simple, so free from intricacy and complication that he will be able to make such a location as ishall stand the legal test when the property becomes a valuable mine. It will be conceded that this is the first consideration. Much has been said, and perhaps will be said dur- ing the consideration of this question, about expensive litigation ; about great contentions that have arisen, which 'have finally terminated only by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, always un- satisfactory to one side or the other. It is that we may avoid these con- troversies that we should investigate this question carefully, and that our action should be as conservative and as wise as possible. It is not possible during the sessions of this Mining Congress to consider and dis- cuss these questions with that fullness and care that should precede the enactment of any law. Congress would be derelict in its duty if it wre to attempt to enact a law upon the meagre discussion and considera- tion which it would be possible to give it in this body. These are great questions, they are far-reaching, and are more or less complicated. Our mission is to rid the subject of these possible complications. The 'law in regard to the location of claims, the manner in which a prospector shall acquire title to them, is the subject of our primary consideration. How shall "he do it so that his title may ever afterward be free from the possibilities of entanglement and controversy? Fortunately for the consideration of this question, a few minutes since a resolution was introduced by Mr. True, of Idaho, a man of wide experience in mining, a man who stands high in this and other States as a civil and mining engineer, and whose judgment is always worthy of respectful consideration ; in that resolution it is declared that the ques- tion of extra-lateral rights should be eliminated from the mining law, and that the claims should be laid off so that a man may follow his ledge only to the exterior boundaries of his claim. With your permission I will briefly present the proposition suggested by that resolution. It is com- monly known as the square claim theory. Ledges do not stand perpendicularly up and down in the earth. They were not built with the regularity of work of the skilled mechanic or mason. They are often crevices that were formed by the convulsions and contortions of the earth's surface. These crevices are filled by vary- ing processes with mineral and vein material, and it is within them that the value exists. The prospector goes into the mountain in search of mines, and he finds cropping out upon the surface of the ground evidences of a ledge or vein. It may be iron slag, or it may be only discolored rock, discolored with iron, lead or any other mineral substance ; but to him it is the evidence that somewhere beneath it there exists a ledge of value, carrying valuable minerals. Based upon this evidence "he makes a location. Under the existing law he is entitled to locate 1,500 feet along the ledge after such discovery. He may make no location until after he has discovered isuch a ledge of mineral-bearing rock in place That is the existing law. The first thing for the locator to determine after making isuch a discovery is the direction of the ledge, because it is a'ong the course of the ledge that he is entitled to locate his claim of 1.500 feet, and it is obvious that he must determine the direction, or course, of the ledge, as nearly as may be done. It is not requisite that he should determine it with absolute accuracy, but as nearly as it may be determined. He then measures off 1,500 feet, either all in one direction from his discovery, or partly one way, and partly the other. Then he establishes his boundaries by marking his claim upon the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced ; that is the requirement of the law That is so that the other men may know what he claims and be gov- erned accordingly in selecting what they will take if they desire to locate a claim. All of the difficulty in regard to extra-lateral rights^ or nine- tenths of it, arises out of the manner of the location of the end lines of the claim. We all know as a familiar principle that two parallel lines never come together, however far you may produce them in their own direc- tion. If the end lines of all claims upon a ledge were parallel, there International Mining Congress. 147 would be none of these extra-lateral contests, or overlapping of planes. The question then is, how are we going to bring that about in the location of claims? The difficulty arises from the fact that the out- crop of ledges does not lie in straight lines. Ledges, as a rule, are reasonably direct and straight in their course on a horizontal plane ; but you will readily see that a ledge dipping in a mountain with a dip, of, say for convenience, 45 degrees, does not present its true course on the surface. Erosion 'has cut away part of the ledge, and as it rises in the mountains the apparent apex comes back, as shown on the picture of the Bunker Hill ledge, at Wardner, which is marked "Exhibit A." This is a casual photograph taken looking up the gulch to the south, And the ledge is dipping to the southwest. The exposure of the ledge which, to the prospector, iis the outcrop, is as shown by the red line upon diagram A, and represents in some parts rather the exposure of what might be termed the end of the ledge than the apex. Were it not for the gulch which has torn its way through the ledge, the apex of the ledge would be represented by a straight line between the points where it is shown to intersect each side of the picture. The ledge, dipping away from the point of view, recedes up the gulch because of the fact that it stands at an angle of 45 degrees, pitch- ing away from the point of view to the southwest. The condition in which the ledge is left by the erosion, or tearing out of the gulch", may t>e very well illustrated by taking a sheet of paper and placing it on its edge at an angle for 45 degrees, dipping from you. Tear out of the paper a V-shaped piece representing the gulch. You have then the ledge as it would appear if it could be drawn out of the mountain, the notch repre- senting the erosion which left the gulch, and the mountain on either side. Placing this paper on the table as directed, you will find that that portion of the ledge represented by the sides of the notch torn out would have a course differing very much from the true strike of the ledge which would be represented by the base line of the paper or the original top of the paper before the notch was torn in it. If the lo-. cator takes the outcrop along the side of the notch to represent the course of the ledge and locates his end lines practically at right angles to> this apparent course, in following his ledge downward on the plane be- tween these end lines, he would not be following on the dip of the ledge, but diagonally along the dip ; and if another locator had made a location along a part of the apex where the outcrop was in conformity with tfie true strike of the ledge on the top or turn of the mountain, there would necessarily arise a conflict between the two locators. I have drawn a diagram showing the surface line outcrop of a ledge located in a mountain intersected by gulches where the ledge comes to the surface as indicated upon diagram A. I have indicated the end lines intertsecting this outcrop and apparent course of the ledge, each claim located with end lines practically at right angles to the course of the vein as shown by the outcrop, but not the true course of the vein upon a horizontal plane. The conflicts that would ensue are apparent upon this diagram B. It is a to the best method of avoiding these conflicts that I am directing your attention. It is apparent that the first locator, while locating his end lines at right angles to the outcrop, did not locate them at right angles to the true course of the ledge. Had he done tea the first location would have been made as indicated by the broken lines intersecting the lines of his location. He would still have had a seg- ment of the vein 1,500 feet in length, and the direction of the plane drawn on his end lines would have carried him down on the dip of the vein instead of diagonally along it, and if every other location subse- quently made upon the same vein had been located with end lines parallel- to those of the first locator, as indicated by the dotted lines, there would have been no conflict between thesse several locators upon the vein in following down upon the plane of their end lines. Diagram B shows the several locations made upon this vein which resulted in numerous con- flicts upon the dip. Diagram C represents the locations made upon the same vein, all having parallel end lines as they should be made. The problem I desire to present is as to the best method of securing parallel- ism of the end lines of the several claims located upon the same ledge, and at the same time having the locations so made that in following- down upon the ledge the miners will be following down upon the dip- rather than upon the strike of the ledge. The ledges being more or less irregular in their course, it will not, 148 Official Proceedings be possible that all of them, even if their lines are parallel, will be following exactly on the dip, neither iis it essential that they should be, provided that each have a segment of the vein of a certain number ot feet along the vein, and the directions of the end lines of the loca- tions is established so as to intersect the ledge practically at right angles with its general course, and the most desirable results will be obtained as near as may be and conflicts in pursuing extra-lateral rights will be entirely obviated, so far as claims on that vein are concerned. It is suggested that by reason of spurs, cross-veins and other ir- regularities the rule may not work. Under the law the locator is entitled to all veins throughout their depth the top or apex of which lies within the lines of this location. This does not apply to cross-veins. The rights of cross-vein are as well established by existing laws as those of the original vein discovered, and, while in some cases complications might arise because of extraordinary geological conditions, no law could be framed which could anticipate every possible geological phenomena, and we are not attempting , to, .lay ddwn a rule that would meet with such a requirement. Nine-tenths of the controversies that have arisen and passed through the adjudication of the courts which involved or turned upon extra-lateral rights, have been controversies outside of these geo- logical exceptions and have resulted from locations being made along the course of the vein as it outcropped rather than along the true course of the vein. I propose as a remedy for the extra-lateral conflicts in a great major- ity of the caises that when a Ipcator has discovered a vein he shall post, his notice at the fro'int of discovery, state the number of feet he claims along the vein, and go to the, recorder's office of the county or district, slnd notify the recorder .in writing that he has discovered a new ledge and desires to have the directioq of . his location established by a deputy mineral surveyor. The recorder will then notify a properly designated officer, who fehall at the expense of the county go on the ground with the discoverer, examine the discovery, determine the true course of the vein as nearly aig may ,t>e, establish by actual survey a line at right angles to the true course 'of the vein from the discovery, erecting three monu- ments, one at each end of the Ipe and one at the discovery. He shall record this line, its Direction and, length, in the recorder's office im- mediately after recording the 'discovery claimed. This line might be one thousand or nfteen/hundred.jceet long, as they deemed best. That after the establishing of the : Jbase.', line, by the deputy mineral surveyors, all other, claims on .that ledge should .'be located with their end lines parallel to this base line. Their lings would then necessarily be parallel one with the other. They would each, hay'e the segment of the vein located by them to the extent of tft ! number 1 of 'feet claimed. As before suggested, these lines being parallel could riot ' approach or diverge from each other; there could be no cpniflict for that reason. Neither the qccasioii hpr ttiie time which I have allotted to the dis- cussion of this subject .will 'permit entering into the minute details fo? the carrying out. 0>f. this idea, but; such details would be readily furnished; tyy an intelligent legislia tor. ! ^oi* the purpose of illustrating the method of the working. 'of ' this : system, /we will suppose that Mr. Kellogg, when' he discovered the BiU|ik.er Hill (claim, had reported a first discovery upon a new ledge to tftfi Recorder, and the recorder had proceeded as above suggested to estahttsh .a base line that should govern all locations there- after made as .'to the 1 direction of their end : lines. The result would have been as shown' ,iipon .. diagraan' 0, and the great conflicts and the litigation for the settlement 'tliereof \vhach have extended through a long period of years 1 could hot ha^e ^existed, ^ It has beep .. .suggested (that the proposed parallel end line theoryi would not be applicable,, to all . possible and imaginary conditions. This; wp'ild doubtless, bet i^e-ot any systepa of laws that co'uld be enacted gov- t e,rning the Icq^tioijL o|,ej.aimi9, ; but the objection is not a serious one. The following diagram ur or the main ledge, would secure the: locator., the ,; segment : -of ' the vein located and .the extent of the number of feet claimed in all ledges having the top or apex; within the International Mining Congress. 149 location without .serious conflict. By an examination of the geological maps of the Leadville camps, of the Comstock mines, of the Black Hills mines, of the Cripple Creek, Georgetown, Coeur d'Alene, Grass Valley, Silver City and other great mines you will see that with a few excep^ tions, such as Fryer Hill and some unimportant geological eccentricities, the remedy suggested would have secured to the locator the best possible results. SQUARE CLAIMS. It sounds plausible to say that you will give a. man just what is with-i- in his lines. Those of you who are familiar with mining know that ali ledges have more or less dip, and you also know that few mines eve paid until after they had passed out of their own boundaries. The prois,^ pector would get practically nothing if you confined him to the values that lay within his own lines. In the great Coeur d'Alene country, in Idaho, which has produced more than two hundred millions of dollars since I went there, there are but two or three claims that became paying mines within their own lines. Many of the great mines in that country hav not been within their own lines for years, and the great mines in other camps did not pay for the development work until after they had passed out of their own lines. The value of these ledges lies in th6 depth. It takes all that they will produce within their own lines to pay for the development work. Then, again, on the practical question, Mr. True suggests that we abolish the law making it requisite that a discovery be made before lo^ cation. I think that would be unsafe, because if men should make lo- cations without the trouble of making a discovery, and. take up a piece of land, that would amount to nothing more than mortgaging the public domain. They would not develop it ; many of them perhaps non-residents would pay the $150 per year, as proposed, year after year, in the hope that J;heir neighbors would by actual exploration and development make their location valuable for them. I do not think it is good political morals (applause) to allow a man to locate a piece of land without firsli making a discovery. He should be required, as at present, to discover a ledge of mineral -bearing rock in place before he places a claim upon one foot of the public domain of the United States, before he says to the great army of seekers after this hidden wealth "You shall keep off of that forty acres of ground." (Applause.) The question to be answered by those who are an favor of what we call the square claim theory, that is confining a man to what lies within his own lines, the question to be answered by them is what would become of the vein after it has passed outside of those lines on its dip down^ ward? I have drawn a diagram showing a cross-section 1 ih ; a mine in the Coeur d'Alene country, in which one or more of the cross lines shown upon diagram "B" are located. The ledge pitches at an angle of 38 de^ grees from the horizontal, the mining being far below the point of dis- covery. That section is taken through the Bunker Hill discovery, and, accurately, or as nearly so as may be 1 , represents the section drawn/ through the discovery in the northeast and southwest direction, which' is at right angles with the general course of the ledge. You will readily see that the Bunker Hill mine would not have had much value if it hatf been confined to the portion of the ledge lying within its own lines. These lines shown on the diagram represent the exterior lines of square claims, such as are proposed by the gentlenlan who will agitate the square claim theory. These other lines represent other claims that would have to be located in order to get the vein after it passed the boundaries of the original location. I repeat, the 1 enquiry to lie an-/ swered, the question to be solved here, is : What will you do with that' vein? How will you get that vein and who will own it after it has passed out of the lines of the original location? That question must be answered before you can dispose of this question, because it would not; be in keeping with good policy, neither would it be common sense to* allow that portion of the vein lying beyond the exterior lines of the first claim to go without a responsible owner, or a responsible means of acquir- 1 ing title to it. We will suppose that such is the law and that the rights of the- discovery claim stop at the line on the dip, because the vein passed,' 150 Official Proceedings out of the claim there; this claim into which the vein dipped would be valuable only to the man who could sink a shaft from the surface 1,000 feet. It is 1,000 feet from the surface down to where he would intersect that vein after it passed out of the lines of the first claim. That bars out the ma.n with capital. Great mining companies, men with plenty of money, might avail themselves of that ledge after it had passed out of the first Claim, but none of the great army of miners could do it; no prospector could acquire title to that vein after it had passed beyond the first claim. You say he could go down below and run a tunnel. He would have to go the same distance. The locator of the isecond claim on the dip would have to sink 4,000 feet on the Bunker Hill vein before he could make a discovery on that ledge, and then he would have to raise the ore 4,000 feet to the surface or he would have to construct a tunnel to the sur- face in the valley below. On the next claim he would have to sink 6,000 feet from the top of that mountain to where the ledge would be inter- sected. He would have no choice between a shaft and a tunnel, be- cause he would intersect that vein at a point below the valley, or the possibility of running a tunnel. Now, there is the problem that you have got to solve before you can adopt the resolution offered by Mr. True, or before you can adopt the proposition suggested by Mr. Moore, of Colorado. And I shall await with a great deal of interest the explanation that the gentlemen will make as to how that vein is to be available after it leaves the first claim on the dip. I repeat that the great values or profits above expenditure in all of these mines lie outside of the surface lines of the claims. If you make it forty acres you only reduce the measure of damages ; that is all. You only make it more difficult for the second man to get the vein, be- cause he has to go that much further into the earth to avail himself of it. Now I am going to content myself with merely outlining these pro- positions, because it is very evident, from the remarks that were made before I came upon the platform, that there is going to be a general discussion of this question, and I am very glad of it. Of course we can do nothing more than express our views here, but those views will be regarded with some interest by those who make the laws for us govern- ing these matters. Some gentlemen seem to take it for granted that I would oppose their views before we began the discussion. I suppose it was because they knew my views on the subject. But I repeat, when the questions which I have 'submitted are satisfactorily answered they may take up the single claim theory for further consideration. Until that time we can best devote our attention to obviating such evils as exist under the present laws. If the base end line upon each ledge, which I have sug- gested, is not the best solution I hope some one will suggest a better one. Now, I have here an accurate survey of the Coeur d'Alene mining country. These are official surveys and they are absolutely accurate. You will observe that the ledges are all practically parallel. This (Group "A") is known as the Sunset ledge, on which W. A. Clark and others are min- ing extensively. The next one is a parallel ledge generally called the Manhattan-Amazon ledge. You see they are exactly parallel. Then we come to the Tiger and Poorman ledge, which is one of the big mines of the Coeur d'Alene country. You will see that it varies out little in Its course from the others. That was the original important galena dis- covery in the Coeur d'Alene camp ; that was the first lead-silver mine that was opened, the Tiger and Poorman mine. The Tiger mine wa located on the 4th of May, 1884. and the Poorman on tne opposite side of the gulch a few days later ; the Standard and Mammoth next. 1 have drawn blue lines showing the course of this ledge within me Helena, Frisco, Hunter and Morning combination. These mineral ledges, you see, have the same general course. There is the Wardner district with the general course of the ledge passing through the Bunker Hill, the Empire State, the Last Chance and all those mines constituting the Ward- ner group. That is as nearly as it can be determined. The discovery of the Bunker Hill was made on the 10th of September, 1885, at the junction of the red and blue lines. If the locator had gone to the re- corder's office, reported his discovery of a new ledge, and requested the deputy surveyor to go upon the ground and determine its course and International Mining Congress. 151 dip he could have determined it in a few hours. It crops out on the side of the mountain, and the discovery was close to the foot wall. Any engineer running a level on the foot wall or the "hanging wall of the ledge could have determined its course, on a horizontal plane of the ledge, always excepting- the local variations which will occur in any rock forma- tion. He would have established the line of the ledge as indicated i.pcn the map in blue. He would have established the base line at right angles, as indicated in red, and then every location upon that ledge would have had parallel end lines to conform to the red line, and there could have been none of that vast litigation which has been so profitable to myself and to-my employers. (Laughter.) I have been trying those cases for sixteen years ; I have been trying them 'since 1885, determining, or trying to determine, one after the other the rights of the conflicting owners of those claims in the Wardner district, and they are far from being determined yet. So you see I am not speaking from a selfish stand- point when I am trying to relieve mine owners of these difficulties. I am perhaps doing an injustice to the younger generation of lawyers that will come along, but they will have to stand it. But, Mr. President, this is a solution of the difficulty ; whether it is the only one or the best one let us try to determine. Now, there is juist one great, big ledge running through that Ward- ner camp. There are spur ledges thrown up to the surface, so that in some of these claims if the location was originally made on one of the spurs, of course, as the law now stands, when they came to the main ledge they would probably take it as the first locator. If you revise the mining laws as to how a location shall be marked on the ground, how it shall be recorded, and then fix the lines so there can be no conflict as they follow down into the earth upon the plane of certain lines you will have relieved the courts of a great amount of work, capital of a great deal of apprehension, and will have made the prospector's claim valuable to him. The prospectors deserve a high place among our pioneer citizens. (Applause.) The honor due to them is as great as that due to the heroes in war. They are the men who laid the foundation for the civilization and development on the Pacific Coast. It was the gold, silver, lead and copper hunters that went into the mountains 1 and searched out the rich mines. These men, as the resolution that was introduced here this morning very wisely suggests, should be taken care of. Just as we take care of the maimed and crippled heroes of our wars, so should we take care of those men who have laid the foundation of the wealth and pros- perity of our people. In the avalanches of the mountains, in the swollen streams that rusth down their deep gorges, or in the lonely cabin, their lives have gone out in solitude and poverty, forgotten save by perhaps some distant waiting ones who will never' know their fate. 'Marshal*, who discovered the gold in California, Comstock, who found the greatest mines in Nevada, the little coterie of men who discovered the bonanzas in Leadville, Andrew J. Pritchard, who discovered the Coeur d'Alene mines, in Idaho, and a long list of others, none the less entitled to honorable mention because I have not named them here, did i:iore for the permanent wealth and prosperity of the people of this country than the great statesmen and law-makers whose statutes adorn statuary hall in the national capitol. The prospector is the creator of wealth ; these only direct and control its distribution and management. PRESIDENT PRINCE : Mr. E. B. True, of Idaho, will now present "his paper upon the same subject. Mr. True read the following paper: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The object of this paper is tomggest certain changes in the raining laws of the United States, which will tend to develop the mining industry and prevent future litigation. Vested interests will not be affected by the proposed changes, but the law will be so simplified that all newly-established claims will be much less likely to become involved in litigation than those located under the pres- ent laws. The experience of the past thirty years as shown by the records of the General Land Office and the court decisions proves that our ruining laws need revision. While it was intended to be simple and liberal in its provisions in . order to encourage the development of our vast tracts 152 Official Proceedings of mineral lands, and it has met with great success in this respect, yet it has often been confronted with unforeseen conditions requiring an adaption of the law to fit particular cases. This construing or interpre- tation of the law has resulted in a large volume of rulings of th? General Land Office, which have the effect of law until they are reversed by a different commissioner and instead of denning the law and making it plainer it tends to invite new litigation with each new ruling. That the law has served us so well is remarkable when we con- sider how crude was the knowledge of the occurrence of mineral at the command of its authors. They read in the Bible that : "Surely there is a vein for the silver and a place for gold where they find it," and they constructed the law upon the basis of a well-defined, regular mineral- bearing vein. They recognized such accessions as "dips," spurs" -and "angles," but dwelt mainly upon the hypothesis that a well-behaved vein would have well-defined walls, run straight, crop throughout the claim and contain pay ore ; that it might dip at such an angle that would cause it to pass in depth through a plane dropped vertically from a side line, but they did not dream that it would be at all difficult to identify it sometimes after it had passed that point. They were certain that veins must dip, because they made no pro- vision for the location of a horizontal vein or a vein inclined upward from its croppings, nor did they specify what should be considered the apex of such veins. We have learned, however, by experience in the last 30 years, that valuable mineral deposits are more often erratic than well ordered, in regard to strike, dip and composition ; that the apex is frequently a myth ; that often a so-called vein may have but one wall, and yet be valuable, or no walls at all and yet produce dividends, and furthermore that of all land west of the 100th meridian there is not one foot of ground in regard to which a non-mineral affidavit means anything more than "non esit inventus," or that the mineral is not yet found. Our law-makers insisted upon the discovery as a prerequisite to valid location upon the aissumption. presumably, that a well-behaved, valuable mineral deposit would inevitably raise its head above the surface or "crop out" plainly for the benefit of the locator. Unfortunately for the theory, but perhaps fortunately for future generations, the fact is that many valuable ore deposits are not so plainly indicated upon the sur- face as to be found while riding, a it often occurs, that it requires as much labor to discover a vein as to sink an oil well. There is no valid reason why location should wait upon discovery, because the locator shows good faith by his works, even in attempting to make a discovery. For this reason all public lands should be open to exploitation so that if one should wish to prospect a tract of lava beds he could first make a valid location upon any unoccupied portion. The United States law requires a discovery, but io much more liberal than our State law which literally requires a prospector to Decome a miner before it will allow him to record a claim ; and yet the requisition is not in conflict with the United States law in the opinion of soma courtsL One of the most serious objections to the present law is in regard to its manifest injustice to those seeking to acquire title to quartz claims as compared with those seeking title to agricultural land. The applicant for patent to arable land goes to the Land Office and files upon 160 acres of the best land on earth, and after complying with a few simple instructions in regard to improving said land, he is per- mitted to buy it for $.1.25 per acre, or even at a lower price, under certain conditions. He has the land surveyed for him by the Govern- ment, and is not compelled to hire a lawyer to steer him through the Land Office. But if a prospector wishes to acquire title to 20 acres of the poorest land on earth so poor, indeed, it may be that even the sheep herders avoid it, and which may not contain even a good quality of building stone when he goes to the Land Office he is told that whether the land is surveyed or not he must go first to the Surveyor General and have a special survey made. He goes to the Surveyor General, who gives him permission to hire any mineral deputy to survey his claim for him, and charges him $1 . 50 per acre, in advance, for the work in his office. The deputy surveyor charges him from $2.50 to $5.00 per acre for International Mining Congress. 153 the survey, depending upon the locality of the claim and the business ability of the contracting parties. About this time the applicant for patent learns that it would be well for him to engage a lawyer at the usual rate of $2.50 per acre, to inform him what other expenses are necessary- The lawyer sets the County Recorder at work making certified copies of the recorded history of this pet rock pile. The Surveyor General must have a copy, and the Land Office another, and also an abstract of title at date of entry. He also sets the notary at work upon affidavits, first of citizenship then of proof of labor, proof of improvements, proof 01 no suit pending, proof of posting of plats and application for patent, proof of plats remaining- posted during sixty days of publication, agreement ol publisher, proof of publication, and finally makes a statement of fees and charges which the applicant swears to if not at. Meanwhile the lawyer has filed in the Land Office an application for patent at a cost of half a dollar an acre, and about two months there- after, if all the proofs are gathered and no one else disputes his title to the claim, and he has shown that he has spent $25 an acre upon the claim, he is recognized at the Land Office and allowed to pay $5 an acre for the ground and get a receipt which will bring him a deed from Washington as soon as the papers go through the circumlocution office and provided some clerk does not hold them up. These expenses foot up from $12.50 to $15 an acre, besides the $25 an acre expended in improvements upon the claim, and many claims have cost more than $350 per claim beside the $500 improvements in the State of Idaho during the past 20 years. And this as against $1.25 per acre for good arable land that may contain oil. Moreover, after our prospector has patented his claim he goes at work sinking a shaft upon his vein, which we will assume goes down- ward vertically into the earth. After sinking one hundred feet or more he is served with injunction papers in a suit brought by his neighbor on the south, who has a vein running parallel with his, but dipping northerly, so that it might intersect the vein upon which our pros- pector is sinking at a depth of 300 feet. After settling this dispute by buying the southern claim or giving up half of his claim, he sets at work vigorously sinking his shaft again. He finally attains a depth of 500 feet, and one day breaks into an opening w r hich proves to be an old stope on a vein coming down from the north, and which has been worked out above and below where his vein intersected it. He then learns that the ground which he had been at so much trouble and expense to acquire title to had been sold or granted to two other parties, and that one of these parties had, in pursuance of the provisions of that beneficent law of the clip, worked out his ground for him. Stranger things than this imaginary case have actually occurred. The idea of requiring improvements as a pre-requisite to patent is evidently carried over bodily from the arable land law, into which law it was incorporated, in order to favor small holdings and prevent the ac- quisition of large tract for speculative purposes. But if it is necessary to make the cost of mineral land high in order to prevent the acquisi- tion of large tracts, why not make the charge direct and fixed in order that the Treasury may profit by it or else withdraw such lands from the market. It is the best kind of good faith, so far as the miner is concerned, when he shows his willingnesis to pay $5.00 per acre for the poorest land the Government has to offer, and he is not buying much. The State of Idaho has been mining largely for 40 years, and more than two-thirds of the State is mining ground. But the total patented mineral land is only 40,000 acres; less than two townships out of two thousand townships; one-tenth of 1 per cent. The changes that seem most urgent are here presented briefly in the hope that this Congress will, after due consideration', take definite ac- tion thereupon and authorize a committee to urge upon Congress its adoption and immediate enactment : "1. Establish a bureau of mining with a secretary having a seat in the cabinet, and provide for the appointment of a commissioner of mining for each State and Territory in which there are any Government lands. "2. Complete the system of public surveys at once over all nnsur- veyed lands, however mountainous. "3. Limit the size of all new locations of quartz, placer or other min- eral claims, including coal and iron, to 1.320 feet square, conforming to a 154 Official Proceedings forty-acre tract of the system of public surveys. Require locators to conform to the legal subdivision lines upon .surveyed lands, and re- quire locations upon unsurveyed lands to be staked off with north and south and eaist and west lines, irrespective of lodes or deposit lines. "4. Require no discovery, but require an excavation five feet deep, measuring 100 cubic feet as a pre-requisite to recording from which, as an initial point, all measurements must be made for describing lo- cations upon unsurveyed ground. "5. Allow but one location a year for each citizen in each township upon surveyed! ground, and allow no citizen to locate more than one claim within a radius of five miles of his initial point upon unsurveyed lands, and allow no locations by attorney. '*G. Grant locators full po'ssessdon and enjoyment of all rights of occupancy such as pert&in to title in fee, so long as they expend $100 in actual work upon and within the lines of each claim, each and every year from the date of record, or as an equivalent pay the sum of $150 into the United States Treasury to constitute a fund for the promotion of the mining industry, to be expended as nearly as practicable within the districts to which it is credited. "7. Withdraw from the market all lands not occupied and claimed, ex- cept such as may be proven more valuable for agriculture, by the proper non-mineral affidavits. Sell timber under proper restrictions but not the land, unless it be such that the farmer will want it and can make non- mineral affidavits before filing upon it. "8. Repeal the law of the dip and apex and bound all claims by verti- cal planes drawn through the exterior lines. "9. Let Congress call for the repeal of all State and local laws, in the interest of simplicity, and treat all questions between mining claimants the same as disputes between other public land claimants should bo treated, in the proper courts." The first change suggested needs no comment here, further than to claim that the mining industry is as justly entitled to a place in the cabinet as the farming industry. The second suggestion requires no change in the law, but a more vigorous application of its precepts. The cause of the delay in sur- veying the mineral lands is the extra expense entailed by running lines in mountainous country and the fact that there is a poor market for that kind of land; also because at present they are making the appli- cants pay the expense of surveying and there are not many applicants. The third suggestion has in view the location of mineral lands in .square tracts, conforming to subdivision lines as agricultural lands are located and irrespective of the known presence or character of the mineral contents. It is intended to render the location of mining claims more simple, by avoiding classification, and to avoid as much as possible fractional locations and to prevent boundary disputes and infringements. There would be no lapping of claims nor cross locations nor irregular and unsightly maps of new mining districts and no more litigation than over farming locations. The fourth change proposed is in accordance with the hypothesis that all land is mineral land until proven otherwise by actual exploita- tion. That any land may contain valuable mineral deposits and that a prospector should be protected while making a discovery as well as afterwards. The excavation required is partly to show good faith, but mainly to mark the initial point from which all measurement must be taken in defining claim lines upon unsurveyed land. A hole is prefer- able to a monument for this purpose. The fifth suggestion is an innovation but will prove a simple remedy for much trouble that has arisen frdm attempts to secure large holdings of possibly valuable ground. It is a limit that will operate somewhat as does the land limit in regard to agricultural lands. It will give the poor man and the late comer a chance, and its evasion will be as ex- pensive as the evasions of the present law. It will be claimed that a locator ought to have the right to locate a claim in addition to cover the possible dip of his lode. But if he finds his vein good enough to be worth following on its dip to the limits of a forty-acre claim with vertical boundaries, it certainly would be good enough to divide with his neighbor. or wihen he first found the dip would lead into his neighbor's ground, he has the advantage of first knowledge in acquiring that ground by purchase. Also he can locate a new claim each year. Forty acres of mineral International Mining Congress. 155 ground! giv&s elbow room enough for a poor man to work in a rich man can buy more. A good ledge will make an ore chute once in forty acres or a poor man does not want it. The sixth suggestion proposed is intended to allow a commutation of the assessment work into a cash payment into a Government fund, to be expended in building roads, and in other community interests for the development of the district 'paying in such money. The .seventh consideration calls for careful and studied considera- tion. Our Government has been selling mines for more than 30 years to citizens and foreigners, and giving them absolute title to not only the ground included within the deed lines, but also, under certain con- siderations, to the ground of their neighbors ; thereby granting rights to these individuals to explore and mine out the ground deeded to them, and also any other ground near by into which they can trace the sem- blance of a vein. It is true that they may deed the adjoining 1 ground to another individual and grant him the same privileges, but it is mani- fest that any clash of interests would certainly invite litigation. The proof of this is already on record in the court decisions, and its fruit is not half ripe. It is a serious question whether the right to mine ought to be included in a Government grant to the soil. There was wisdom in the old law and custom which, in the Old World, ruled, "That all gold and silver mines of right belonged to the King" "The King" meaning the people. Gold and silver mines ought to belong to the people Tor the benefit of the people, and should be given to individuals only for the purpose of working them and held by them only so long as they work them to the end that as much gold and silver will be produced as possible, be- cause we cannot have too much gold and silver. But mining includes much more than gold and silver mining ; and while the chief use of gold and silver is to mint them into actual money, so it is true that th^ more money there is the more demand there is for the other products of mining the base metals and all other valuable minerals that lie hidden below the surface of the earth. Therefore it is a question worthy of serious consideration as to whether or not all mining should not be conducted under such control of the Government that when the parties to whom the privilege of mining is granted do not work in a manner calculated to develop the best results or refuse to work at all. then they shall forfeit their privilege and others may. at their option, take up the work. Some States have laws in regard to mineral lands which are founded upon this idea, as for instance New York and Texas. But these States own their lands, while the public lands of the West are owned, in the main, by the General Government, and these are the lands under consideration. In regard to this idea, and bearing directly upon tne subject we find in Lindley on Mines, Vol. 1, Page 14, as follows : "The theory of the civil law is thus- plainly stated by 'Mr. Halleck : All continental publicists, who have written upon the .subject, lay down the fundamental rule that mines, from their very nature, are not a dependence of the ownership of the soil ; that they ought not to be- come private property, in the same sense that the soil is property ; but that they should be held and worked, with the understanding that they are by nature public property, and that they are to be used and regulated in such a way as to conduce most to the general interest of society.' " It is certainly in the interest of society that the mines shall be developed, and the chief objection to private ownership is that mining property owned by individuals is so often held for years unworked and undeveloped. The eighth suggestion confining mining privileges within vertical planes drawn downward through the boundaries will work no hardship upon anyone and will eliminate a great deal of costly and vexatious legislation. Under the present law those who attempt to follow valu- able veins outside of vertical boundary planes nearly always find it cheaper to acquire the full title to the land covering the dip than to trust to the roving title given by the law. The status of mining claims, if these proposed changes were made, would be practically the same as that of claims now held under pos- sessory rights. Claims would be twice as large, and all boundary lines would be practically end lines ; an individual or company could locate 156 Official Proceedings but one claim in the same camp each year, instead of, as at present, locating the earth in one day. There would be no patenting of claims, but there is very little now. There would be no more litigation and no more hogging of .claims than there is in regard to agricultural land. It would be no more difficult to locate a mine than to locate a ranch ; and in fact it would be easier, because the would-be rancher must file his non-mineral affidavits before he began to fence up any land. MR. MULLEN, OF IDAHO: Mr. President, I want the members of this Congress to understand that the object of the attorney and surveyor is to protect the prospector. I have held credentials for 35 years as a prospector. Now, Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen, at the commencement of Judge Heyburn's remarks he spoke of pros- pectors who come into the country who can hardly read English. I f.m one of them, but I am going to talk English, and I am going to talk fast, for I am limited to ten minutes. This is a question for the people of the mining States to consider carefully before they go to work and overturn the laws under which the mining "interests of this country have grown to such enormous propor- tions. Now they come along with a new idea, labeled the square location, and propose to do away with extra-lateral rights. We have listened to two eloquent speeches on this subject; one a lawyer, pleading for the protection of the prospector; the other a sur- veyor he is the Surveyor General and every one of their efforts are for us poor prospectors, and they pay glowing tributes to the services of the prospectors ifl the development of the country. Judge Ileyburn presents to you the proposition as it exists in the Coeur d'Alenes. The titles to their property, as in all other parts of the country, rest in the laws of the United States. In the superior courts in the United States today but a small percentage of the mining property ie affected by litigation. In the last 30 years the mining interests of the different States have grown and flourished under the laws of the United States, and the laws and customs of the States and local districts, and they have been very liberal. In addition to this we have a long list of decisions, which are the foundation of our mining laws ; and the great majority, nearly the entire people of the United States that own pro- ducing mines, are happy and satisfied. The prospector must make his discovery in the center, and if the vein pitches he has only one-half the area of his claim, under the square claim theory. He may have 40 acres, and he may only have 20 acres, but he cannot go beyond his perpendi- cular line's. This question has been agitated at every session or the Congress that I know anything about : and I hope some young lawyer will stand up and plead for these customs which are now thoroughly established, and have given the citizens from this source millions of money. When men want to tinker with the laws they go to Congress and try to get them to do it. There are men who would like to amend the laws of the kingdom of Heaven, if they thought they could do it. (Laughter.) I want to say this, Mr. President ; Judge Heyburn is one of our best friends, and so is Mr. True ; but the trouble is this : ou have es- tablished laws, of 20 or 30 years' standing ; every young lawyer is study- ing them, and every judge renders his decision by them, and now you want to overturn established laws and customs and start new laws, and have a new lot of lawyers and mining experts educated at the expense of the prospector and miner. We can't afford to do it. (Applause.) MR. VOSS, OF OREGON: Mr. President, I agre^ with the senti- ments of the last speaker, and I do not approve of the position taken by some of the gentlemen with regard to locating the 40-acre, square mining claim ; because in a great many mineral-bearing sections the veins lie very close to one another. That at Cripple Creek, for instance; suppose it was located in 40-acre tracts, how many mines would the,re be in Cripple Creek today? You go to Cripple Creek and you can go through rock from one mine to another ; you can jump from one dump to another without jumping on the ground. They have, I think. 40 mines in Cripple Creek, and if that section was located by 0-acre tracts there would be but four or five, and they would be plutocrats. That condition exists not only in Cripple Creek, but here in Oregon, in Idaho, and in every mining camp. I believe the speaker who just had the floor is perfectly right; the mining claim should be 20 acres, with plenty of International Mining Congress. 157 room to work upon. In Cripple Creek they only have 300 by 1,500 feet, and they seem to have ample room there to work in. Moreover, if this 40-acre proposition , should become a law it would cover all the veins which lie parallel, and it would keep everybody but the original lo- cator off. It would result in another trust, J only in a little more com- pact form than they usually do it. (Applause.) MR. FELTHAM, OF IDAHO : Mr. President. I want to say a few words upon this question, from the standpoint of the lawyer and the prospector. Now, I agree with the speaker who said that the important proposi- tion is to simplify the law, so that the prospector can understand what is required of him in order to properly and legally locate a ledge, and to acquire rights in which he will be protected by the courts of the land. The simplest form of law, then, one that he can interpret, is the best. The men who go out into the wilds and search for minerals are not usually men of letters; they are not usually very deeply learned in the law, and do not understand its ramifications, and the nice little distinc- tions that come up, and that requires that our laws' shall be so simple that he can read and understand readily what he is required to do, and can conform to those requirements. Now we have in this State quite an elaborate plan laid down by our State law for the prospector to follow. It is an elaboration of the ideas set forth in the United States Statutes, not in conflict with them, and it is an easy matter as the law now stands for a man to take a little pamphlet that he can readily secure, and go out into the wilds and seek mineral in place, and when he has found it locate a claim in accordance with the law. These specifica- tions laid down in our statute in fact, they were copied from Colorado, I think, almost verbatim, and the Western States generally are follow- ing the same plan it is an easy matter for him to go out and follow the directions contained in this simple law. Now. of all things in this world that are harassing and annoying, it is the constant change of rule. And I believe there is no class of men in the world who appreciate that more than the lawyer ; for he is constantly beset with complications and difficulties in the interpretation of the law : and so it is his desire to have the law so plain and simple that it can be readily understood, and so stable that it does not change. Having once learned what the law Is, he can follow it year after year. It is a mistaken idea, too pre- valent among the people, that lawyers seek to complicate the law. I want to say on the floor of this Congress today in defense of the alwyer, that all the simplification that you have in this land today you owe to the lawyer. (Applause.) No man should sneer at the man who labors over the midnight oil trying to evolve simple rules* of action. No man should sneer at the man who has sought, from Judge Payne down to the present time,, to eliminate the difficulties of mineral location and simplify it so that any man can go out into the mountains and locate mineral ground. The lawyer is pleading just as 'hard for you, trying just as hard to help you in the simplification of the mining laws as you are trying to help yourselves, and you owe to him the greatest respect. I think, because he has given to you hours, days and weeks, months and years of labor gratuitously. I am not in favor of the square mining claim. I think it is wrong in theory and wrong in practice ; that every man who locates ground should locate it upon a proper discovery of mineral in place. That is a thing that develops the intelligence of our nation. A man who seeks mineral in place seeks it intelligently. The man who would be per- mitted under the law of this land to locate ground, expecting to find' mineral in place, would do it in a blundering, blind and meager way. It is not theoretically correct, and it is not practically correct, because it is of no use for him to expend labor upon any piece of ground unless he has found something upon which to expend that labor ; unless he has found mineral in place. So the law very naturally and very correctly provides that before a location can be made he must first find mineral in place. It does not mean that he must find a claim that shall pay from the grass roots down,, because he rarely ever does find such a claim ; they are very rare, very , far between. But he must find that which is mineral ; he must find that which is of value, and he must find it in place,, in contradistinction with that which might be floating and drifting around upon the face of the earth, washed ., hither and thither by the storms feind^ snow-slides. He must find it' in place, in the position where nature ae- 158 Official Proceedings posited it. It is right in theory, and proper in practice; and then when he develops it, he develops it intelligently, as a miner should. The matter of lateral rights has been agitated so long, and my friend, Mr. Heyburn, has had a very prominent hand ;n the matter; he has been an attorney in cases that have gone to the Supreme Court of this lane!, in which the question of lateral rights has be;a (kfint.d, until today we have an abundance of decisions of the Supreme Court denning what are lateral rights. Let it alone. Let it alone. It is good enough as it is. Nature does not work in straight lines. Ledges are not necessarily straight along their strike in fact, they are rarely ever straight. Any man who has had practical experience in the field seeking ledges knows that they form all sorts of angles-, and lie in all sorts of positions. They are not usually deposited In nlanket form. Usually they have a dip, and usually they are irregular in their surface lines. Even though they are found upon the surface of a level country, they are crooked. I remember a short time ago a prospector described to me a ledge that formed a right angle, a sort of parallelogram a box, as it were enclosing a section of country, commencing and ending at the same point. This question has been denned as far as it can be denned by the law of the land. The law says you shall locate it in parallel lines. It tells everything that the prospector neds to know for the location of his claim. It give him a rule to work by ; it is an easy and simple rule. It is not necessary that one shall find mineral above giound. There are iron mining campts where men have been required to sink shafts hundred's of feet in depth before they struck mineral at all. The loca- tion could not be made until the mineral was found, ana then it was a race between the parties who found it first. The one who found it first made the location, and it was a proper reward for his effort. There was nothing wrong in that; and there is no< proper reason why because ledger do not always run straight that you must square your section of earth, and locate it in that form. It is a hardship on miners to have to locate mineral lands oftentimes indefinitely. The Supreme Court has prescribed the method of locating the discovery stake c.nd the loca- tion notice with great particularity, and it would be a good thing for the miner if the surveys of all mineral countries could be s-ectionized, so that the miner could locate his stake with reference to the section corners. I would be heartily in favor of that, and it would be a wise thing to ask Congress to pass that kind of a law; to have a survey made as soon as the districts were formed, so that prospectors could make their locations by permanent monuments, and there would be no difficulty in fixing the location of his claim. MR. FRAZER. OF IDAHO: Mr. President, since there have been so many bouquets thrown at the prospectors by lawyer and engineer, and every other gentleman who has spoken upon this door, 1 desire to make a few remarks in behalf of the prospector. I remember the time when my friend, Judge Heyburn, came out of a prospect hole in the Coeur d'Alene country to try his first case in that celebrated country ; and he won it, and he has been winning cases ever since. He found that there was more money in litigation over mining claims 1 than there was to the actual prospectors of the country. (Applause.) I have watched Judge Heyburn's course ever since, and I believe today, when he made the statement about the Coeur d'Alene country that he believed what he was talking about. I am satisfied of the facts that he Knows he was telling the truth. Of course, the lawyers in this State, perhaps in every other State in the Union, are always looking after the poor prospectors, the men that ply the drills, the men who develop the mining claims We are satisfied with the law. Now, when we come down to the fundamental proposition in regard to prospecting, we might say that Adam was the first prospector. When "he was driven out of the Garden of Eden he went out prospecting for new lands ; and when his sons, Cain and Abel, were sent out to another land they went into the land of Nod and prospected for wives. The Scripture says that they found them. We have also another great pro- spector, Noah. When the waters subsided he went out of the ark and took his flocks, two of a kind, and hunted for new fields. We also have Lot, that poor unfortunate Lot, who, with his wife and daughters, was driven out of Sodom and Gomorrah, with instructions not to look back, International Mining Congress. 159 but his wife did look back, and was turned into a mineral. Lot was prospecting for new fields. Now, I want to say to the delegates who represent the great East- ern States of this Union that I would like to meet every one of them, from the great State of Iowa, the great State of Illinois, the State of New York, and every other State in this Union, and shake hands with them, and let us take them into the mining fields of Idaho and show them that the prospectors of this Northwestern country are men that are ready to take the hand of Eastern capital, and take their capital, too, and enjoy life with the fruits of their labor, as well as ours. (Applause.) MR. FITZGERALD, OF COLORADO : Mr. President, I had the honor of helping to organize this association at least, I attended its first meeting. At that time, I believe, the importance of such an asso- ciation was considered to be for the purpose of, if possible, amending the mining laws of the country. Now, I must say that I thought at that time that we had pretty good laws upon the subject, but there were some things that needed amendment. Now, I want to be like the young man that was asked to make a speech, and he said he wanted somebody to plead with "him to let well enough alone; that it had stood the test for a good many years. It is true that there are some inconsistencies in the mining laws ; there are some things that should be changed. Now, the gentleman who first entertained us suggested that we make the end lines parallel. The statute says that the end lines must be parallel, but it does not say that the next man must make his lines parallel with those. Now then the gentleman has carried the idea a little further, and says that the first man makes his: lines upon the vein as discovered, and he suggests a way that he should be as- sisted by the Government in establishing his line, and then he says that all others should conform to that. He has made a suggestion in ad- vance of anything that we have heard upon this line, that if we could compel the second locator to make his end line conform to that of the first locator, and the third to the second, and so on, down the line, we will have eliminated the difficulty arising from extra-lateral rights. I believe that the suggestion is worthy of consideration, to see if some good will not come of it; because, as stated by the gentleman, the greatest difficulty, the greatest amount of litigation is brought about because the end lines of adjoining claims are not parallel. If the lines were paralle'. upon the same vein the work upon each could be carried on indefinitely without conflict. But when you come to revolutionize the entire law of this country, make 40-acre claims, and change the entire system that we have been studying for the past 30 years, it seems to me it is ridicu- lous. It seems to me that this Congress should not recommend such radical changes. We have not been asked to make them. I have been listening to hear somebody tell, as the gentleman said, how you are going to answer the questions he asked. What you are going to do with the rest of the vein. Nobody can get at it. Will you locate one mining claim in a district, and none within five miles of it? When a man find's that his vein goes outside of his lines ihe must go and locate another claim. But the suggestion has been made that we don't want a man to locate as many claims as he chooses. But, Mr. Prospector and I don't say it to cast reflections upon the prospector I have done prospecting myself, and made a little money and spent ?t, but I have done it, am still at it, and intend to continue. Now, if this suggestion is correct, that you are only going to let a man have one claim in a district, how is he going to protect his claim? He knows he is going outside of his lines in a few hundred feet. How is ihe going to protect his claim? Is he going to get some one to locate it for him? Now, the mining laws, it seems to me. are pretty good. They say to every man who wants to go upon the public domain, to go out and find a mining claim. Go out and find something and then locate it. It don't say, "Go out and put a stake down, and then when somebody else develops that section you will have something." But the Government says, "Go out upon the public domain and find something, and when you have found it put a stake on it; and that something must be something of value; it must be mineral in place ; something to initiate a title." Then they tell you that is his location. There is a good deal of nonsense about the rules as to how the development shall be done. They should be simpli- fied. But if you have something that is a mining claim the Government 160 Official Proceedings tells you how much of the public domain you can segregate. If you go out and put your stake upon 40, or 20, or 10 acres in a square of 300 feet by 300 feet, and then put your stake down, and if you pay in the taxes from year to year, that is all right. But it does not seem to me that there is anything unjust about the proposition now that yoit stake a claim when you have found it, and work it from year to year and develop it, and when you want title to it I believe in getting an absolute title. It has been suggested that it belongs to the Govern- ment, that you simply want to work it, and when you lie idle for a while somebody else comes along and works it. When you get a mine developed you get an absolute title to it. You do as you please with it, the same as with your orchard or your ranch. If this change can be made, if some system of location be adopted by establishing a base line for the district, then it will obviate 90 pei cent of the litigation about extra-lateral rights, and it seems to me that something of that kind is about as far as we need to go. I presume the resolution of this Congress will be that we send some- one to Congress to demand a change of the law, and to tell how we want it changed. If that is the idea. I presume we should crystalize our ideas into the form of a resolution, and we will carry it forward and change it. But it seems to me if we are going to make so many changes, revolutionize everything that has been done under the mining laws, as has been said by the gentleman from Cripple Creek, a great deal of expense has been gone to in decisions in establishing rights and titles to mining claims. It is true these things must rest somewhat upon questions of fact. Now, it has been said that you have no extra-lateral rights unless you have an apex vein. If it is a blanket or flat vein you haven't got an apex, and you have to go off like you do at Leadville when you get to your side lines; you have no extra-lateral rights unless you have an apex. You don't need any amendment upon that question. The great Smuggler mine that has made the Telluride district in Colorado what it is, is at least a thousand feet off from the side line now. If that vein had to be protected by locations along the side of it, it seems to me it would be nonsense. Our Supreme Court lately, in a case from Colo- rado, said that you get everything within your side lines, taking it downward vertically, you get everything off the end lines of your claim, and you get the cross veins, everything of value within your lines. This decision was made by the court of Colorado. At first Colorado fol-, lowed Montana, and decided that there was an exception in the case, of cross veins, which was nonsense ; but the Colorado Supreme Court reversed itself, and the United States Supreme Court has sustained it. So that a man gets everything in the side lines, wherever it goes, from, the apex, taken vertically downward. It seems to me that is all right. Outside of the suggestion made by the gentleman from the Coeur d'Alenes, it seems to me we ought to let well enough alone. It is not so much what the law is, as to know what it is in this case. (Applause.)) MR. MOORE, OF COLORADO: Mr. President, there are a few points that have not been brought out that I should like to bring before the Congress. With Judge Heyburn's permission, I will use one of his sketches to show one of the fallacies upon which he has based his re-, marks. I will draw with red chalk lines representing what the pro- spector might find in the first, which he would suppose to be the vein, but which later development might prove to be one of the spurs of the main vein or ledge in the hill. Now, suppose the prospector in the first, instance discovers mineral enough to justify him in making a location, and he gets the surveyor, as suggested by Judge Heyburn, to make his location upon his discovery. The surveyor, we will say, locates the end : line upon the claim at the point of discovery at right angles to the course of the vein at that point. The locator, we will say, opens up- the ledge showing the outcrop and one of the walls of the vein with mineral: upon it for a distance of 10, 15 or 20 feet. That, according to Judge Heyburn, gives ample data from which the surveyor can tell the gen- eral course of that ledge for hundreds, nay, thousands of feet through that mountain. As an old surveyor, 1 claim that it would not. Assum-i ing that the location was made upon that vein in that way ; ultimately as others come upon the hill and discovered Jther line^ whioh Is indicated International Mining Congress. 161 by blue lines upon Judge Heyburn's sketch, which is the main vein, they would discover that the first prospector was wrong, and the surveyor was wrong in following his information and locating him in t'hat posi- tion, and, consequently everybody else who was forced to take the end lines established by the first location as their guide in all subsequent locations would be wrong, and the main vein in the mountain would be missed by every one of them. Another fallacy in Judge Heyburn's argument is that he has as- sumed that the mineral deposits in the Coeur d'Alenes are a criterion for the mineral deposits of all portions of the West. That has already been covered by some speaker, who said that the mineral deposits in other district, Cripple Creek especially, are entirely different from the Coeur d'Alenes. A mineral district, as a rule, contains a great number of veins. For instance, in many regions the veins intersect, coming in from every direction. Now, let me ask you if you are to be guided by a single location upon a single vein in a region containing hundreds of claims. What are you going to do with the rest? It is all part of the public domain. You are entitled to all you can take under the law, whatever it may be at the time; and according to Judge Heyburn's position, if you do not happen to locate upon the correct vein in the first instance, all your subsequent locations would be invalid. The ir- regularities of the outcrop and the spurs render an absolute implied course for all claims upon any hill impossible. The trouble, as stated by Judge Heyburn, I think was not correctly stated. The litigation arises almost wholly from this peculiar law that gives you the right to follow the vein outside your vertical boundaries. That law, perhaps, is not understood by our Eastern brethren. It is an exception to the common law of the country. It is a peculiarity that has arisen in the West and has been engrafted upon our statutes. It originated among the Spanish, and was first adopted in California. It is, therefore, a foreign idea that has been incorporated in our United States statutes. It is not home-made. All we endeavor to accomplish in the way of reform is to simplify, not to confuse, present conditions. I was a member of the committee, of which I have already spoken, that took up this matter in the first Congress, and reported to the subse- quent Congress at Salt Lake City a few years ago, and I beg to say that the proposition advanced by Judge Heyburn was thoroughly considered by us ; and we had numerous other propositions, and most of them have been touched upon this afternoon by one speaker or another. Those propositions were considered by us, a committee of thirteen members, including representatives from Colorado, California, Arizona, New Mexi- co, Wyoming, Washington, Idaho. Oregon and Nevada. I think that was all. Any way, we thirteen went over the question, having representa- tives from all the States that would be particularly affected by any change in the public mining laws of the West ; and as the result of our deliberations and discussions of those propositions that have been brought before you this afternoon we decided that the only way of re- forming the mining laws was to allow a man to take a location in any for.m he liked, so long as he did not exceed a certain area, which we placed provisionally at 40 acres in any one location ; that he might sink his discovery ishaft in any portion of that location he chose, close to one corner, close to any boundary, or in the center, and that he should have everything of a mineral nature that he found within that ground Fur- thermore, that he should have ample time in which to make his dis- covery. And, in that connection. I should say that the present laws require a certain amount of time in which a man must make a dis- covery before he can make his location, and under Judge Heyburn's proposition that time would still have to be observed. The man who first went upon the mountain would practically hold everybody off until he had decided which way he would run his own lines. At the present time the law requires you to make your discovery and your permanent location within sixty days- discovery within sixty days from the time you go upon the location, and your location within thirty days after dis- covery, making ninety days in all. As a rule the prospector does not make a discovery in the first ninety days, and gets over the difficulty by representing his ninety days until he finds the location he is look- ing for upon his location after it is made, and so gets within the law. The argument as to great depth is predicated entirely upon Judge 162 Official Proceedings Heyburn's supposition that there is but one vein in the earth. That matter I have covered. The recommendation that we made to this Congress two years ago still seems to me to be the only method of reforming the law, and in such a way as to deprive nobody of existing rights, but to take away the most fruitful source of the most expensive litigation in the West. You can see by referring once more to the cross section the con- stant contests that come up in the 'West over mining propositions, con- flict at, the point of intersection of any two veins, that is, as to the right to the ore at the intersection. The present law gives it to the oldest locator of the two veins on the surface. The oldest locator of the vein has the right to take the ore at the point of intersection; and if two veins happen to join aud continue as one vein from the point of junction downward the oldest location has the right to the whole of that vein from the point of junction downward. That frequently leads to injustice. I think every one will agree with me that very frequently the oldest location is) a narrow seam, which carries no payable value until it reaches the intersection with the broader and better vein below ; and although the small vein is certainly not the original vein as constructed by nature, yet if it happens to have been located first upon the surface it carries with it the right to that enormous body of ore that has been discovered at a later date upon the surface, and the right to hold it downward from that point. The proposition to confine a man within his vertical boundaries, in whatever form, extending down to the center of the earth, is the fairest and most just of all. If the argument of the old prospector, Mr. Mullen, were to prevail, a reform would never be accomplished. Somebody must be hurt by every reform, but it is made for the benefit of the whole community. That argument, therefore, should not be considered. We are interested in the advancement of the country, and we must look at things us they are ; it is better to jump into the band wagon than to' be left in the on- ward march of progress. MR. EVANS, OF OREGON: Mr. President, we have been going on here for generation after generation in the development of the min- ing interests of the United States, and the only conflicts we have ever had have been those where the people were ignorant, or misinformed as to their rights. In some parts of Colorado locations were 300 feet wide, and in San Juan County they were 150 ; so that proposition of 40 acres would mean a little better than two claims side by side. That is very much after the fashion in British Columbia. One of the greatest mining litigations this Western country has ever seen was the one carried on for sovera 1 terms of court between the Iron Mask and the Center Star. The question involved was the priority of right. Who had the vein? Now the last gentleman who had the floor says the prospector comes on the ground and locates a spur instead of 'he main ledge through lack of knowledge. I deny that. The main ledge may be covered up with vegetation and would never have been exposed to the surface but for the prior discoverer finding the spur. He has given his time, 'his energy, spent his money, and he has found that which leads to the vein. He is first in the field, and no matter if his is a spur, if it runs into the vein his priority exists in the fact that he was the first locator on the ground, and I believe that it is right. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided this question for us time and lime again, so there should be no questions to arise from it, that the apex of the vein marks the right of the owner to the property. The law says that the end lines must be parallel, so that that ques- tion is settled. It does not seem to me that there should be any ques- tion at all in regard to locating a claim. I said a while ago, when I was on the floor before, that our mining laws needed revision. I con- sider that they do, and in this manner more particularly than any other : It should be as simple a matter for a man to go into the Land Office of the United States and patent his title to a mining claim as it is for a man to obtain a patented title to a ranch. T believe that the man who runs a ranch is dependent upon the miner for a market for his product, and yet his interests are made paramount to those of the man who furnishes that market. His interests are paramount to nil others. There is no reason why, if I locate only 20 acres of ground International Mining Congress. 16S that is practically worthless for other purposes, except for the minerals that may possibly be there, that I should not be able to acquire title to that land for at least the same price per acre as the Government sells its timber and stone lands for. I should be able to go into t'he Land Office and acquire that title by simply showing a location by discovery and get it. JUDGE HEYBURN: Mr. President, I feel that 1 am scarcely justified in occupying more of the time of this Congress, but in a few words I would like to reply to the suggestions made by Mr. Moore. A partial reply has been made by the gentleman who last spoke. A location made upon a spur of the ledge is just such a location upon that ledge as that which we make upon other portions of it. There is no aristocracy among ledges. If a man discovers! three inches of a ledge of mineral-bearing rock in place he "has the same rights as though it were 300 feet. A location upon either of those spurs which it has thrown up to the surface upon that section of the map would be just as good, so far as acquiring ownership to the ledge is concerned, as though it were made upon the main ledge. I took it for granted that one ledge would demonstrate the proposition which I suggested as well as 1 dozen. It is not uncommon at all to find ledges breaking out through the surface. Those great crevices are formed from below, and they go to the surface at the point of least resistance ; and they very often spread themselves like your fingers as they come to the surface, and below they unite in one great artery that leads down, we know not where, into the center of the earth; but it does not make any difference which of these branches you discover, you .have discovered the ledge. The law says the first discoverer owns whatever leads from that discovery. So much for the spurs that rise to the surface. Now, as to those spurs which merge, your location would carry that spur ; and if an engineer went upon the ground to define that man's rights, he would determine the course of that ledge, and "he would locate the end lines at right angles to the course of that ledge. If another man found another ledge, his lines would be located at right angles to that. This would not give rise to litigation, because the prior locator would take it down to the point where the ledges merged in the manner I have described : and the rights of the man who made the second location, whether it be on the spur or on the main ledge, when the ledges merged into one. That is the only practicable solution ; and that applies to the lateral spur and the perpendicular spur which goes to the surface. The rule is the 'same in each case. As suggested by one of the speakers, it may be that some of the members of the Congress are no't familiar with what we locate. We lo- cate a segment of the vein. We locate so many feet of the vein, and under the present system that gives extra-lateral rights to the vein ; you may follow that segment down; it never gets any longer or shorter. Your authority is equivalent to that, segment of the vein. If your neigh- bor has another segment you take your chance as to priority of locar- tion. The Comstock ledge is an excellent illustration. There were two ledges in the Comstock, and it would not pay expenses, because the ore shoot was on one side of it. The Comstock ledge like the fingers on your hanu as 1 you go into Gold Hill, and it splits again in the upper end. The ledge is like your hand with fingers on both ends of it. If you were on Mount Davidson, looking down on it, it would look like the palm of your hand, with veins on each end, spreading out like your fingers. Some of those have come together in depth, and some have not, but the oldest locator takes them- My friend, the old prospector, who was the locator of the first gold mine in LeadviHe, on Little Ella Hill, seemed to think that he and I differed about this claim proposition. I think we are on the same side of the question. We agree on many things. The lawyer, the prospector and the engineer are not natural enemies. They work together. The prospector come to t'he lawyer when he wants his services, and the lawyer goes to the prospector when he wants money, and so on. Each of them gets what he thinks he ought to have from the other, and so- we are not natural enemies at all. But it is not necessary, in con- sidering this question, that we should recognize the difference between the rights of the prospector, the lawyer and the farmer, or anybody else at all. 164 Official Proceedings Now, I did not receive any reply to my inquiry, or request for sug- gestions as to what you are going to do with your ledge after it has left the lines of your claim. Mr. True says make another location. Mr. True would have to allow you to make a location ' without discovery if you wanted the vein after it left your side lines. That won't do. As I said, this is a big question/ and we can only skim it here ; we can not exhaust it at this meeting. It furnishes good food for thought to carry home with you. MR. PHELPS, OF OREGON : Mr. President, I have not arisen to discuss the points that have so far been made ; but there sems to be one point of revision of the mining law that, has not been touched upon at all, except in the resolutions presented by the gentleman from Idaho, Mr. True ; and that is the part which governs the amount of land .that can be located in a certain district. We have to contend at the pres- ent time a great deal with this element of speculation. And, while we have not tried to legislate against this feature, still we run up against the fact that under the present law circumstances are such that men who are not prospectors, who are not in that line of business at all, can acquire the most of any piece of country that they desire to take hold of. Take, for instance, the excitement on the big bend of the Snake River at the present time ; a company of eight men go in together and lo- cate 160 acres of land ; they club together and put one man on one claim to represent the 160 acres and they do $4,800 worth of work on that claim and hold the land for speculation, and keep out. the prospector who would develop the country and make it productive. This is a phase of the question that we need to take into consideration. We do need some revision of the mining laws along thisi line. For some unaccount- able reason they have not done what we expected them to do, or they do not entirely fill the bill. MR. GRAYSON, OF OREGON : Mr. President, if not out of order, I wish to recommend to the Committee on Permanent Organization that we have to name five members of this organization to draw a constitu- tion and by-laws of the Congress, which we have not, as I understand ; and I wish to present them to the Congress, to see if they are acceptable : Mr. Thomas Ewing, of Arizona; Mr. S'hafner, of Ohio; Mr. Kleinschmidt, of Montana ; Mr. Bradley, of Illinois, and Judge Heyburn, of Idaho. PRESIDENT PRINCE : It would, perhaps, be proper for the chair to state that any amendments to the existing organization have to be laid over for one day after they are received. Of course, if they are put in tonight they can come up tomorrow morning, that is a legislative day, and require a two-thirds vote for acceptance. Whether they come from the committee, or from an individual, they have to be proposed a day in advance of consideration. On motion of Mr. Evans, duly seconded and carried, the Congress took a recess until 7:30 this P. M. The Congress re-assembled at 7 :30 P. M. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The chair begs to read the following gratifying communication from Hon. Alexander DeLamar, who was at one time Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, who, as you probably all know, is the author of work on the precious metals, and who is now engaged on a report on the subject. New York, July 22, 1901. Hon. L. Bradford Prince, President International Mining Congress, Boise, Idaho. My forthcoming history of the precious metals strongly supports your movement for Government department of mines ; success attend you. ALEXANDER DELAMAR, 240 West Twenty-third. International Mining Congress. 165 On motion of Mr. Mullen, of Idaho, duly seconded, and carried unanimously, the thanks of the Congress were voted to Mr. DeLamar for his interest in the work of the Congress. PRESIDENT PRINCE: The regular order on the program is a paper by Prof. C. W. Hall, of Minneapolis, on the subject of "The Geology of Minnesota," which will be illustrated. Prof. Hall delivered the following address: THE GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA. By Prof. C. W. Hall, University of Minnesota. Minnesota is one of the few States of the Union in which the oldest rocks known to geologists are magnificently exposed. Nearly all the rock terraces of the State were formed before those profound events oc- curred which separated the Eo-Paleozoic era from the Neo-Paleozoic. Indeed, from the forming of the Archean crust over the globe until the clos? of the Eo-Paleozoic, Minnesota exhibits one of the most clear- ly defined and consecutive series of rocks to be found anywhere in North America. The following table presents in a summary way in the left-hand column those time divisions accepted by the geologists of tK United States ; in the right-hand column the word "present" indicates that the time division opposite it is represented within the State : Divisions in United States. In Minnesota. CENOZOIC Pleistocene Present Noecene Eocene MESOZOIC Cretaceous Present Jura-Trias PALEOZOIC Carboniferous Devonian Present Silurian Ordovician Present Cambrian Present ALGONKIAN Keweenawan Present Animikie Present Keewatin Present ARCHEAN Mareniscan Present Laurentian Present In the brief geographical and petrographical description of the rock formations within Minnesota, special emphasis will be given those iii which economic products are abundant. THE PLEISTOCENE. "DISTRIBUTION. The glacial drift is the representative of Pleisto- cene geology most clearly presented. The material is the result of sev- 1 eral invasions during the Glacial period. Naturally the last of these invasions left the most pronounced imprint upon the surface features. Two or three great streams flowed in from as many different directions. First From the noitheast, the Lake Superior invasion brought from the region of Keweeanwan rocks great quantities of reddish till. This was gathered from decomposed portion of extensive lava flows, con-* glomerates and sandstones lying within the Lake Superior basin. The" extent of this invasion, as traced through the red clay of the drift and the lithologic character of the pebbles and boulders constituting it may be summarily indicated by drawing a line upon the map of Minnesota from Wabasn, County northwesterly along the west side of the Mississippi River to tho> vicinity of Motley ; "thence in a northeasterly direction t6 the very northeastern corner of the State, and for more than 100 miles 166 Official Proceedings Skirting the north shores of Lake Superior within comparatively few miles of the coast. Second The great invasion from Manitoba, evidently taking its rise in the great Keewatin ice sheet which accumulated in the region be- tween Nelson and Mackenzie rivers. This stream broke up and carried along great quantities of Paleozoic rocks gathered in the valley of the Red River of the North, but particularly large quantities of cretaceous limestones, slates and sandstones torn from the eastern edge of these deposits. This ice stream flowed up the Red River valley past Brown's Valley, down the Minnesota, and, breaking across the divide, it reached the vicinity of Des Moines. The debris left by this invasion is highly calcareous, and everywhere wells yield a hard water. Third Another ice sheet must have invaded the northern part of the State from the region of James Bay, entering as a sort of wedge between the other two. Thi may be called the Rainy Lake lobe. .The material which it brought consists largely of broken granites and gneisses and crystalline Schists, rocks peculiarly characteristic of the region whence this ice came and over which it flowed. This material is dis- tributed southward as far as the region of lakes in which the Missis- sippi rises and gathers its waters. The result of these three confluent ice streams, bringing such quanti- ties of till, and modifying much of it through the action of many streams and glacial lakes, was to produce a remarkable succession of moraines, glacial plains, and extensive lake beds. These features give character to nearly every part of the State. This is especially the case in the 'so- called Lake Park region ; in western Central Minnesota ; the Coteau region of Southwestern Minnesota, and where the southwestern exten- sion of the famous Great Kettle Moraine of Wisconsin geologists is situate, which stretches across the southeastern part of Minnesota and beyond the Iowa boundary. ECONOMIC RESOURCES. The important product of the glacial drift is clay. Everywhere throughout the State beds of clay are found of a quality sufficiently high to make excellent brick. With the disap- pearance of lumber within the State brick will rapidly become prominent as a building material, not only in cities and villages, but also upon farms, and the development of clay industries iis looked forward to as one of the marked features in the advancement of the State in wealth and population. Already the clay industry is important in Minneapolis, Chaska, Carver, Anoka, Dresbach and Belle Plaine. THE CRETACEOUS. DISTRIBUTION. On account of the lithologic character of cre- taceous rocks and their subjacent position with respect to the glacial drift, it is well-nigh impossible to define their area in Minnesota. The Cretaceous is undoubtedly present over much of the western part of the State ; it lias been reported from several localities well toward the eastern border, but some of these reports do not seem to be well authenti- cated. LITHOLOGIC CHARACTERS. So far as they occur exposed to view, the cretaceous rocks are sandstones, shales and limestones of a somewhat incoherent type. Along the Minnesota River near Redwood Falls, and the Cottonwood River near New Ulm, the rock is a rather coarse sandstone or a light gray clay, save where iron oxide has lo- cally imparted a brownish hue. Near New Ulm limestone occurs in small quantities, although sufficient to burn for lime. Near Mankato and in Goodhue County a cretaceous shale occurs in the glacial drift whicH affords excellent material at the former place for fire-brick, and at the 1 latter for various articles of earthenware. Indeed, the pottery ^stabli'sh- ment at Red Wing for working this material is one of the most ex- tensive of its kind in the United States. THE DEVONIAN AND SILURIAN. That the Carboniferous occurs in Minnesota is assumed from the fact that the Iowa geologists have traced its rocks to the Minnesota line. It may occur in well borings within a small area on the southern border of the State. International Mining Congress. 167 The Devonian is present as a thin layer of limestone in Mower County, extending- thence a few miles both east and west into adjoin- ing counties. This limestone has recently been discovered to be a valu- able material for hydraulic cement, and this is being extensively manu- factured. The rock is also a fair building stone, but its use thus far has not extended beyond local demand. The Silurian which occurs in Iowa and Wisconsin, seems to have disappeared before the Minnesota boundary was reached. In Minnesota the geologic changes separating the Eo-Paleozoic from the Neo-Paleozoic all point towards a period of uplift and land erosion during the Silurian time. THE ORDOVICIAN. This series is present in a succession of formations, which may be grouped as follows : C Wykoff limestone. Trenton J Maquoketa shale. ] Galena shales and limestones. [ Trenton shales and limestones. ( Salt Peter sandstone. Canadian ] Shakopee dolomite. ( New Richmond sandstone. DISTRIBUTION. The Ordovician may occur beneath the clays and shales of the Red River valley, since its presence is established in Mani- toba. Its surface exposures are confined to the southeastern portion of the State. Its northernmost exposures are north of Minneapolis, St. Paul and Stillwater. Thence, southwestward they lie along the Minne- sota River to Mankato and beyond. The Mississippi River gorge ex- hibits them in a continuous succession of exposures from the northern limits of the city of Minneapolis to the Iowa line. As indicated in the table just given, the rocks consist of sandstones, coarse and fine ; shales, sometimes well indurated ; limestones and dolomites, locally thoroughly crystalline. ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. The several sandstone formations of the Ordovician yield quarry producs, but for the most part they are not sufficiently well indurated to be of value as building material. The well-worn and rounded condition of the grains prevents extended use fo mortar, and this same quality has caused disappointment in several at- tempts at glass-making. But near river gorges percolating carbonates have well-cemented the sand grains, and a building material of durability and strength has been formed. The Shakopee dolomite has been found in many localities well adapted for building purposes, although the underlying Oneota proves more valuable. The Shakopee is apt to be concretionary, and this habit sometimes causes disappointment to quarry- men. The Trenton at Minneapolis 1 and St. Paul is the only local building stone attainable. A layer 12 to 15 feet thick in the lowermost 30 feet ot the Trenton formation furnishes valuable material. Above this are one or two layers which yield material adapted to certain uses in con- struction. Above these layers at St. Paul lies a shale, the characteristic Trenton shale of the formation, which is being extensively manufactured into brick. Some excellent brands are produced from these shales, and an extensive industry is being developed. In the more southern portion of the State, the higher beds of the Trenton are quarried. At Mantorville, Spring Valley, Rochester and other places they produce beyond the supply of local demand. THE CAMBRIAN. The division of the Cambrian represented in the Minnesota series are Middle and Upper. The subdivisions are as follows : Oneota dolomite. Upper { Jordan sandstone. St. Lawrence dolomites, shales and sandstones. 168 Official Proceedings \ Dresbach sandstone. Lower ] Wanting. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Along the Minnesota River, from Judson to Fort Srielling, there is practically a continuous exposure of sandstones and dolomites. The same may be said of the Mississippi River from Hastings to the Iowa line, and the St. Croix from Taylors Falls to Point Douglas. From the St. Croix Valley t'here extends a narrow belt of Cambrian sandstones along the west side of the great fault line to the Lake Superior basin. At Fond du Lac in the west end of Duluth, Cambrian sandstone of a red color is found in consider- able abundance. ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. These for the Cambrian are almost identical with those of the Ordovician. At several places extensive quar- ries have been established, particularly at Mankato, Kasota, Stillwater, Frontenac and Winona. Quarrying for local supply takes place at scores of places. The rock is a dolomite, fairly massive, making excellent di- mension stone, which is used extensively for bridge work residences and business blocks. THE KEWEENAWAN. DISTRIBUTION. The rocks of this formation, so conspicuous throughout the Lake Superior basin, occur in Minnesota in two com- pletely separated areas. The larger is that lying- northwest of Lake Su- perior, stretching along the shore continuously from Duluth to Pigeon Point, and extending so far inland that it overlaps the eastern end of the Mesabi iron range. The area consists of some 5,400 square miles. The other area of 900 square miles, lies chiefly in Pine and Chisago counties. It is separated from the rocks to the west by the fault line, marking the western border of a series of lava flows and associated conglomerates. These rocks now constitute a synclinal trough whose western side stands dipping eastward at an angle varying between 40 and 67 degrees. Along the east side, the western dip is not over 15 or 20 degrees. The western side passes southward, crossing the Kettle River near Hinckley and the Snake River beneath Cross Lake near Pine City. The rocks of the Keweenawan of Minnesota are partly clastic and partly eruptive ; the latter group presenting by far the most conspicuous features of the accumulations of this age. They present many forms of eruptive deposit, as laccolitesi, sills, lava flows, dikes, tuff beds, and volcanic breccia, and the local phenomena under which they occur are extremely varied. The clastic rocks, excepting the breccia and tuff beds mentioned, are generally coarse sandstones and conglomerates. Their color is prevail- ingly red, and their lithologic contents are fragments of granitic and other acid eruptive rocks with, locally, debris of basic types occurring even within the Keweenawan itself. The eruptive rocks of the northeastern division represent four dis- tinct epochs of ejection: (1) The lowermost are gabbros lying upon and between the Animikie formations; (2) An extensive series of lava flows; (3) A group of acid eruptives, being locally granites, felsites, quartz porphyries, and related rocks; (4) An extensive series of dikes which, it is assumed, extends well across the State, since many dikes are found in the Minnesota River valley that are attributed to this period of volcanic activity, the closing days of the Keweenawan. In that area lying within Pine and Chisago counties, the rocks are a remarkable series of lava flows interbedded with a succession of con- glomerates. The latter all lie in such position as to indicate very little crustal movement while they were accumulating, beyond that indicated in the assiociated volcanics. The time was one of sedimentation, inter- rupted by repeated outpourings of lava, sometimes in streams of great depth as high as 200 feet thickness has been measured but usually in streams less than 50 feet thick. The period was closed by the development of a fault line hundreds International Mining Congress. 169 of miles, along which the lava flows and associated sediments were thrust up to an inclination of more than 40 degrees and after being eroded again submerged, to become a Cambrian sea-floor. ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. Although the Keweenawan is a forma- tion carrying enormous deposits on Keweenaw Point, to the present date but little copper has been found within the boundaries of Minnesota. The metal occurs at many localities, but not enough has been found to warrant mining operations, or to encourage extensive exploration. THE ANIMIKIB (UPPER HURONIAN). GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS. Geographically the Animikie is sub- divided into three areas. Beginning with the northeastern corner of the Stato, the first area extends from Pigeon Point along the International boundary to a point a few miles west of Gunflint Lake. While it is exposed in force upon the Ontarian side of the boundary, within Min- nesota its exposures are largely capped by eruptives and intruded by sills of material presumably of Keweenawan age. This subdivision shows a continuous section from .the bottommost layers to the very top, esti- mated by Irving to be 10,000 feet in thickness. The second area is the Mesabi iron range. This stretches from the Mississippi River eastward to township 61, range 12, a distance of 100 miles in a belt which nowhere exceeds a few miles in breadth. Third, in the southwestern corner of the State from the city of New Ulm is an interrupted series of exposures across the boundary of South Dakota. In the last-named State it forms some notable exposures, as at Sioux Falls and elsewhere. LITHOLOGY OF THE ANIMIKIE. The rocks comprised within the formation are, first of all, quartzites 1 . These, in South western Min- nesota, and, to a certain extent along the Mesabi range, are of a red- dish color. They are thoroughly indurated wherever they appear at the surface. Upon these rocks along the Mesabi range is an extensive formation of so-called taconite which carries the world -famed Mesabi iron ore. Upon the taconite in this Mesabi range is a layer of carbona- ceous shales, but usually called slates, which pass frequently into sili- cions pl-ases and become decidedly quartzitic. In many places along the range the shales have been eroded, and the taconite and ore bodies lie immediately beneath the glacial drift. This greatly facilitates discovery of ores and subsequent mining operations. ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. It is in this formation that the Mesabi ore bodies occur. These deposits lie between quartzite beneath and black slate above, save where erosion has removed the slate. The ore itself has every relation to the enclosing rock that rock alteration in its cleast sense can possibly give. The taconite formation, evidently con- taining a large percentage of iron oxide, was attacked ; the silicious as well as carbonate contents of the rock mass were 'removed, and the com- pounds of iron transported by waters secured a place for lodgment. The quartzite beneath the iron-bearing formation, as well as the calcareous slates above, were so impervious that waters loaded with mineral con- tent failed to pass through them save in the smallest quantities. The conditions of a trough were thereby attained, and the accumulation of iron ore slowly proceeded. THE KEEWATIN. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The name Keewatin wsfs given by Lawson to areas of rocks discovered in the Lake of the Woods. The name in Chippewa means Northwest Wind. The Keewatin rocks doubtless have a wide distribution. It is in but few places that they are clearly differentiated from the rocks above and below. Hence, generally, the term Keewatin indicates a large area of the State in which no clear stratigraphy has as yet been wrought out. Along the boundary from Lake of the Woods eastward to the out- let of Gunflint Lake there is a series of mingled gneisses, schists, and acid and basic eruptives that are largely Keewatiu age. They have not thus far been carefully delimited. Hence it may be regarded as a region of unclassified Keewatin and Archean, and as such it is thus far mapped. 170 Official Proceedings t To the south of this belt lies a series of schists designated Ver- milion, which belong to the Keewatin. These schists are important, since they carry the Vermilion iron ores. Another somewhat clearly denned area of Keewatin schists and ruptives lies in the central and eastern portions of the State. First noted along the bed of the St. Louis River, where they are a series of graywackes and graywacke slates, these rocks extend westward and southeastward beyond the Mississippi River. They become for the most part highly altered, yet their exposures are sufficiently near to each other to render quite positive the recognition of the entire series through steadily changing lithologic characters. Along the Mississippi River in Benton, Sherburne and Stearns counties, granites seem to have dis- placed every other rock type. LITHOLOGY OF THE KEEWATIN. The rocks along the Ontarian boundary being undivided consist, broadly speaking, of a series of schists and eruptives which need not here be further described. In many places, along Rainy Lake, Lake Namekan, Lake la Croix and Basswood Lake, in dikes and bosses of erupted granite are with but little hesitancy relegated to the closing days of Keewatin time. Along the Vermilion iron range the rocks enclosing the iron .ores are so thoroughly altered that it is impassible to determine at times whether the belt was originally clastic or eruptive. Reaching 1 the third Keewatin area, that extending from Duluth southwestward, a rock series is seen which possesses lithologic char- acters of no little interest. At Thomson and in the Dalles of the St. Louis, where lie the easternmost exposures, the clastic character is quite clearly set forth. The rocks are graywackes, and represent a very thoroughly indmated mixture of quartz, feldspathic, calcareous and volcanic pebbles. Passing southward and westward, we find that their strongly mark- ed clastic character gives way to metamorphic influences, and the rocks gradually become hornblende, and hornblende-biotite schists. Such schists, dipping southward at a low angle, gradually yield to alteration agencies, become thoroughly crystalline, and, finally, a mass of coarsely hornblendic or biotitic schist. Into these, it would appear, are intruded dikes and enormous bosses of hornblende-biotite granite, so that by the time the Mississippi River is reached the schists have entirely given place to these eruptives. This is true of the southernmost series of exposures stretch- ing into Stearns County. Further north, and entirely isolated from the hornblende-biotite schists already mentioned by masses of glacial drift, is a belt of staurolitic schists which crosses the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Little Falls and Pike Rapids. These staurolitic 'schists are undoubtedly of the same Keewatin age as are the granitic dikes and hornblende schists lying to the southeast. ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. The iron ore of the Vermilion mines is the most conspicuous product of the Keewatin. This ore is remarkable for its purity, and it can be said without contradiction that the ores ac- cumulated in the Minnesota rocks of Keewatin age are the purest ores of iron ever produced in any part of the world. The quantity already mined has been enormous, and at the present time there is no apparent diminution in supply. The origin of the iron ores has evidently been brought about by a series! of chemical processes, of which oxidation is the chief. Iron in various combinations, but possibly largely as a carbonate, was originally distributed through the rocks. Percolating waters have furnished the oxygen ; the transporting power of the underground waters has effected the removal of the iron compounds from the rocks into their places of deposition. The large quantities of jaspilite present, with and^ near the ore bodies, give evidence of the large amount of silica which has been re-distributed in the ore-forming processes. This must have been taken into solution at the time the percolating waters were oxidizing, transporting and re-depositing the iron ores. Thus simultaneously rock material was taken into solution and removed, and iron ores were se- gregated within the space vacated. It is only when these processes, which are going on everywhere within the rock formation, have taken place upon a large scale, that deposits of workable size, that is, ore bodies, have been developed. A further inference is that iron-ore build- International Mining Congress. 171 ing is a continuous process, going on today with the same vigor as in any past geologic time. Within the area of the Keewatin extensive quarrying has ben done. Along the Mississippi River at St. Cloud. Haven, Sauk Rapids and Watab, great quantities of excellent granite have been quarried. Lithol- ogically it is a hornblende-biotite granite, medium in texture, remarkably fresh in condition, and adapted to a wide range of uses. THE ARCHEAN. GEOGRAPHY. As has already been stated, along the International boundary eastward from Lake of the Woods is a vast belt of undivided Keewatin and Archean. Exactly what proportion of these rocks is Archean its not now known. The character of the rocks for much of this distance, whether schists, gneisses, or granites, is also a matter not yet determined, because exploration has not yet touched every point in a region embracing thousands of square miles. In Southwestern Min- nesota, however ; along the Minnesota River from New Ulm to Ortonville, and westward : and exposed at a few points on the . prairies between th State of Minnesota and South Dakota, is a belt of somewhat folded hornblende-biotite gneisses and gabbro-schists relegated to the Arcbean. It must be admitted, however, that these rocks are not clearly and absolutely delimited from the rocks of Central Minnesota, typically ex- posed in Stearns County as already mentioned, of Keewatin age. The general features of these rocks are quite different from those, and, based partly on lithologic and partly on structural conditions, a division has been made between the two localities 1 the Mississippi Valley from Stearns County northward to Cass County on the one hand ; and the Minnesota Valley with boundaries, as already denned, on the other. LITHOLOGIC FEATURES. These have already been indicated in the names given to the rocks along the Minnesota Valley. The gneisses are sometimes granitoid, and at other times quite schistose, car- rying as their principal minerals quartz, several different feldspars, horn- blende-biotite, and a small proportion of magnetite with other oxides of iron. Quite closely associated with the gneissic rocks are gabbro schists. The schists appear to belong to two different series of gabbros : those which carry hypersthene, and those which are hypersthene free. These gabbro-schists are somewhat basic rocks, seldom carrying over 65 per cent silica, lying in more or less contorted beds, and possessing a very uniform and medium texture. ECONOMICS OF ARCHEAN. Gold hunting has been an import- ant factor in the exploration of the Archean rocks. Whether great quantites of gold will be found in these rocks is a matter of grave un- certainty. The exploration has been close and protracted along the International boundary. Quarrying, however, in many places, and notably at Ortonville and Morton in the Minnesota River valley, has developed valuable structural material. The supplies of good granite and granite-gneiss building mater- ial seem to be inexhaustible. MR. HUTCHINSON, OF IDAHO, read the following preamble and resolutions which were referred to the Committee on Resolutions : Whereas, an official committee of our National Congress 1 , known as the Rivers and Harbors Committee, having recently visited the Pacific coast for the purpose of thorough investigation ; therefore, be it Resolved, That the thanks of this International Mining Congress be extended to the Rivers and Harbors Committee for their painstaking visit ; and, be it further Resolved, That we express to the people of the United State for the purpose of helping and sustaining said rivers and harbor committee in its actions, that -the most important appropriation, in our opinion, should be for the purpose of making the Snake and Columbia Rivers navigable, so that there will be an open river from Lewiston. Idaho, to the Pacific ocean. 172 Official Proceedings PRESIDENT PRINCE : The next regular order of business is a paper by May Arkwright Hutton, of Wallace, Idaho, on "Some of the Ethical Aspects of Mining." Mrs. Hutton read the following paper: SOME ETHICAL ASPECT OF MINING. Mr. President and members of the International Mining Congress : I thank you for the honor you have conferred on me as a representa- tive of the wives and mothers of that noble army of miners, in assign- ing me a place on your program. I take it not so much a personal honor as a courteous method ot recognizing, what all truly chivalric and fair-minded men always recognize, that in mining as in other vocations of life, women who toil side by side with men, share their trials and privations, and help them win their victories, are entitled to share the honors of their achievements. I am to discuss in the few moments allotted to me some of the ethical aspects of mining. You have mapped out a rather big job for the time given me, but I address myself at once to the task, fearing that when I shall have closed, I shall have done what Thomas Carlyle did after he had discoursed through some weeks on Heroes and Hero worship, only broken ground on it. The term ethics in my topic may seem at first sight a misnomer; but in point of fact there is much of a really ethical character in min- ing. The basis of almost everything in nature is ethics. The trend ot things as destined by that power which Matthew Arnold says makes for righteousness is toward securing right conduct. There is an educational and ethical design in all the vocations of life apart from their bread and butter character. On the assumption that there is an Architect of the universe, a thinker back of all natural phenomena, shaping directly or indirectly human destiny or interests, it is inconceivable that there should not be an ethical design in such a vast industry as mining. It seems to me that it affords a wide opportunity for its devotees to become acquainted with the works of the Creator. The prospector toiling over the mountains in search for hidden treasure cannot but feel the near presence of God when he beholds their immensity, their rugged grandeur, undisturbed by the storms and sun- beams of ages ; these most sublime features of the handiwork of his Maker : this wonderful region where all the seasons are at the same time represented. The flowers bloom in the valleys and foot hills, fur- ther up the mountains the sturdy evergreens, spruce, hemlock and cedar mingle their dark foliage with t he tender green of the tamarisk ; higher still in the very heart of the forest is a lake with itsi limpid waters sparkling like diamonds wherever a lucent sunbeam finds its way. Here cradled in the mighty arms of the mountains its waters are lulled to sleep by the soughing of the winds through the great overhanging pines murmuring a lullaby : higher yet above this picture more beautiful than ancient master ever portrayed upon cathedral walls, are the bare bleak craggs, where the eagle rests lier young, while higher still, enfolded in a shroud of perpetual winter, is the peak, silhouetted against the clouds like a monument above the grave of some illustrious dead. The prospector being thus brought in contact with the mighty heart of his moods are softened by his 1 environments, and his communion with self in the dim solitudes, amid the temples of the Deity, silence the baser passions in his nature. How these scenes must inspire noble thoughts, evoke such emotions as were in the hearts of the multitude, as they gazed upon Sinai ; and cause him to bare his head to the breezes of heaven, and consecrate his hopes, his energies and his life to the bettering of mankind. It is not easy to see the moral effect of this contact with nature, this brooding over tablets known to have been written by the finger of God. Verily, the mountains, the cradle of courage and liberty, exert their benign influence upon their habitues. The miner of "today must be a student of his calling. The isolation natural to his vocation and life make him reticent, and a reticent man International Mining Congress. 173 is almost always a thinker ; as a rule he is well versed in current topics, and is often more at home with his books than with his fellows ; he may not always be able to express his sentiments, yet, when a fellow workman is in sorrow or need, he performs acts of kindness which are more potent than words ; he will care for an injured brother man as tenderly as a mother cares for her helpless babe. Every day the miner is promulgating the true brotherhood of man. The attitude of the miner often puzzles strangers ; they do not understand that in the pursuit of his hazardous calling he must face death daily, that he learns to follow where duty leads without comment, and to accept whatever fate may have in store for him without complaint. The world has come to look to the miner, delving in the heart of the mountains, for the blood that throbs through the arteries and veins of the body politic, giving it bouy- ancy, energy and life. He goes down into the depths of the earth, and wrests from the gnomes their jealously guarded treasures for the benefit of humanity where "He is shut out from the sunlight, in the glimmer of the lamps ; He is cut off from the sweet air, in the sickly fumes and damps ; He must toil in cramped positions, he must take his life in hand, For he works in deadly peril, that few can understand. "He unlocks the bolted portals of the mountain, to the stores Hid in nature's vast exchequer, in her treasure house of ores. He applies the key dynamite, and the gates are backward rolled ; And the ancient rocks are riven to their secret heart of gold. Things of comfort and beauty and of usefulness are mined, By thie brave and quiet worker; he's a friend to human kind." Blind is that man or woman who cannot see how this great in- dustry acts as an ethical force, not only upon those engaged in the work of mining, but upon who gave it serious thought. In fancy I see a smile of incredulity o'erspiead the faces of my audience when they remember the constituency I represent, but, while we do not find in every plow-boy a Burns, neither do we find in every Coeur d'Alene miner a "dynamiter" or "rioter," but many who are nature's noblemen, capable of responding to every refining influence by which they are surrounded. Again, I say that there i an ethical force in the proper conception the relation of the mining industry sustains to the working out of the great problem of civilization. What is civilization? Guizot, you re member, once wrote a history of civilization, but, from start to finish of his great work, he failed to define his principal term. I may venture that civilization means in a broad sense culture, refinement, some pro- gress in the arts and sciences, coupled with material improvement and prosperity ; and I may venture further that the development of the mineral resources of the world, more than any other factor, have fur- nished our material prosperity. It means also social and political order, advancement in knowledge, and all the gentle courtesies and amenities of life. The history of the race is one long record of civilization. When Caesar first made the acquaintance of our ancestors, he found them liv- ing in caves, clothed in skins of wild animals. Primitive man used weapons of stone to protect himself from the attacks of wild beasts. The wife of the Patriarch Abraham on the occasion of the angel visitors ground the meal with her own hands, and baked the cakes for their en- tertainment on a hearth of heated rocks. The wise woman described by Solomon sought wool and flax and worked willingly with her hands ; She laid her hands to the spindle, and her hands sought the distaff. What a contrast between the bow and arrow of primitive man and the dynamite gun and repeating rifle of today. Think of the gulf that separates the hand mill on which the food of the ancients was ground from the modern binding, flouring and baking apparatus by which the wheat is cut in the field, ground, made into dough, conveyed to the oven and baked into loaves in less time than it took the frugal Sarah to pre- pare one humble meal. Machinery has multiplied labor many hundred fold 1 . The invention of the spinning loom alone has made one pair of hands 174 Official Proceedings equal to 266. Prof. Parsons in the July Arena makes the astounding statement that the total mechanical and horse-power of our country is equal to the power of half a billion willing slaves, or on an average of 20 to each human worker. He says further in the same article that four men, with the aid of machinery, can plant, raise, harvest, mill and cany to market wheat enough to supply with bread one thousand people for a year. Who can estimate the value of the steamboat, the steam engine, the railroad, the telegraph, the telephone, the cooking stove and range to civilization. Franklin was a great scientist in his day, but he printed his paper on a little hand press, at the rate of from 60 to 70 impressions an hour, while with the perfecting press we print from 70,- 000 to 80,000 papers an hour. Napoleon was a great military genius, but he never saw a Krupp gun fired, or sent a message around the world on the wings of lightning. Wellington never rode on a motor car or took a spin on an automobile. See how the advancement of the age depends on machinery, and think further that machinery rests on mining and depends on it, for the metals must first be sought in the depths of the earth, and brought out by much care, pains and toil before they can be utilized in the printing press, the steam engine, or the wondrous whispering wire that now binds the countinents of the world together as one family. The miner thinks on these things, and should think of them. He real- izes that his work in the heart of the mountain, toiling there in the silence, is a part of the world's great work; that he is one in the grand army of heroes who are toiling for the advancement of the race ; that on his broad shoulders the age is mounting upwards into light and liberty; that he stands connected in a large decree with the divine plan to "Make the sum of human sorrows less" and add to the comforts of the race, and this in turn acts as an ethical force to inspire in him right conduct, high ideals and noble aims. I am aware that there are miners who never give thought to these things. As a class they are not unlike other men in other callings. There are men in all callings who see nothing but th bread and butter side of things. They resemble that gad-grind materialist, Peter Bell,, described by Wordsworth, to whom ever and 'ever "a primrose by the river's brim, a yellow primrose was to him, and it was nothing more." There are those who go through life with their eyes closed in a sort of a dreaia. They see no miracle in the daw r n, no beauty in the sunset or the opening rose, no majesty in the starry heavens that filled Emanuel Kent with awe. Your Ruskin saw an apocalypse in a daisy ; your Burns why, under his magic touch the wayside weed becomes a flower, gorse and grass and heather where his footsteps pass the brighter seem ; and your intelligent miner and we have many of them in this glad free West, educated, refined, sensitive, broad-browed sees how his calling stands related to the progress of the world, how manufactures with their scope, machinery in all its ramifications, rest at last on mining as their proper foundation, and that these are the chief factors in lifting men and women to grander heights, and that this is the arm and his the skill by which the metals are brought from the depths of the earth to make machinery possible, and this inspiring view brings him at once into the vast plan of the Infinite, and reveals him to himself as a factor in the mighty work of the world's advancement. What an ethical force in this view, and how it tends to inspire right ways of thinking and acting. In closing I wish to pay a tribute to the prospectors and miners who in the true sense may be called the Argonauts of their age. I have known them in the Coeur d'Alenes for years. I know their manly worth, their devotion to duty, their self- sacrifice for those they love, their noble qualities of heart and mind. Of them I sing. Honor to them. The Argonauts of the Golden State were brave men and true. Two generations ago, when our beloved coun- try struggled in the throes of civil strife, it was the miners of California who furnished the gold the real sinews of war which so materially aided in the preservation of the Union ; they plundered the hills of their treasure and poured it into the channels of commerce ; they were as brave as any who were upon the field of battle, amid the tumult and carnage of war, fought and bled and died for their country. Far from the plaudits of the world, they toiled and struggled ; they bore uncom- plainingly the stings and arrows of outrageous fortune ; with the wand International Mining Congress. 175 of their power they subdued the strongholds of barbarism ; without the restraining influence of pure women and without constituted authority they enforced order and paved the way for the dainty footsteps of civili- zation. Gradually the hope of making a "stake" and returning to the home of their childhood, to help the old folk, or perhaps to greet a wait- ing sweetheart, vanished. Ah, could we but know of the blighted lives, and broken hearts among these heroes of pioneer days, we would at least. drop a tear of sympathy ; many of whom have found a resting place on the hillsides, within sound of the busy haunts thier early toil had founded. Who shall say that the battles they so nobly fought are not chronicled upon the scroll of time? In our haste for fortune let us ever kindly remember those whose early labors made our present achieve- ments possible. We who are the heirs of this goodly heritage, whose homes are in this great free West, owe a debt of gratitude which we can never pay to the Argonauts of the Pacific coast. Out of our abundance, let uis aid the old prospectors and miners whom fortune have passed by, and who are no longer able to pursue the "Fickle Goddess," they who were the "Advance guard" of the mining industry, and who are now its "battered soldiers of fortune." Let us endeavor to make them comfort- able and happy in their age. PRESIDENT PRINCE : The next regular order of business is an address by Mr. Charles J. Moore, of Colorado, on the "Geology of the Leadville District." Mr. Moore delivered the following address : THE FORMATION OF THE LEADVILLE MINING DISTRICT, LAKE COUNTY, COLORADO. By Chailes J. Moore, Mining Engineer of Cripple Creek, Colorado. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I wish to say a word or two before starting on this subject as to the importance cf bringing these subjects before the Congress I mean subjects of the character ot the one uixm which I am now addressing you, and that upon which I addressed you this morning. Geology, of course, is a technical subject, and enters into mining operations. The system which I hav? adopted of cira\.:ng subjects before you is, I hope, one of interest, am; the practical importance to an association like this, of such :t sab.ocf, is the face that by learning in this way of large mining rej'on;-5 which are producing, and have produced in the past to a very gre u. orient and have added to the mineral wealth of the country, will give you suck information as will enable you, perhaps, to discover others like them. Not lv reading in reports of congresses of such places, but by i