mm C^^etyci-.i 01 (S'. [iiMiooO(hxcsKisis2<2<:i. >!^CilCCUlli^C< ' JCCO\Iw-^iIuil^llOiIu\i^ (' VMIlKIt Ex Lihris rc. R . O G D t N LANCASmimi ItJWJSTSA A 'ryw//^/' %. M^'^'tTM., Ai^ij:^i&^ xi'"u> a ii^iSt iH ^A\ ~ ''LivJ i4 tia li ik' u ua ^ g uuiHk^ix'^w'iAVu' j «fi m--*''' ^i-j ?13HBR.- SOU ft CO LO . \ MOST RESPEr FROM PE- ■ WILLLe.t E P-: i-V, E?; VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 5 of this magnificent apartment, which terminates above them in a richly panelled semi-dome. The room is handsomely furnished with mahogany tables and chairs, and provided with gas-lamps of elegant construction. The tables are supplied with London and provincial papers, reviews, and periodicals, in great variety. The building remains open from seven in the morning till ten at night. The grand staircase leads to the Dining-room, which is fitted up with an orchestra, and occasionally used as a concert and ball-room. Ante-rooms, and other necessary appendages, communicate with this apartment. The entire design was furnished by the late Mr. Harrison, of Chester. PRESTON. Preston, a town in the hundred of Amounderness, stands on an eminence rising from tlie north banks of the river Ribble, and is situate fifteen miles north of Wigan, thirty-one miles north-west of Manchester, and thirty-two miles south-east of Liverpool. This town is said to have derived its name (originally Priests' -town) from the number of religious houses formerly existing here. It obtained the privilege of a borough in the twenty-sixth of Henry the Second. The inliabitants gave one hundred marks to enjoy the same privileges as those of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. King John in his second year had sixty marks and four chaseurs, or dogs, for ratifying their liberties ; but they were fined ten marks and a palfrey in the next year, for their place, on a plaint made against them by Theobald Walter, (who had a grant of the fee of the lordship of Preston,) concerning the gaol and gallows. Henry the Third, and Edward the Third, both confirmed these grants. Members of Parliament are, in this borough, i-eturned by universal suffrage. In the six- teenth year of Edward the Second, Robert Bruce made an irruption into England by way of Carlisle, and advanced as far as Preston, part of which he demolished. In the time of the civil contest between King Charles the First and his parliament, the Duke of Hamilton, who had brought an army from Scotland for this service, was routed on Ribbleton Moor, to the eastward of the town, and at the pass of the bridge. In the year 1715, also, the friends of the Pretender were defeated here by the forces of George the First, under the command of Generals Willes and Carpenter. Having been joined here by many disaflfected people, great numbers of them were made prisoners, brought to trial, and found guilty of high treason. Amongst those who suffered may be noticed the names of Richard Chorley, of Chorley, Esq., Mr. Shuttleworth, of Preston, Mr. Roger, Muncaster, an attorney of Garstang, Mr. John Ord, of Lancaster, and other gentlemen of the neighbourhood, with several persons from Manchester and Liverpool. One of the C (} VIEWS ANIJ U.lXSTRATKJiNS IN I.ANLASIUUI:;. latter was Thomas Syddall, a blacksmith, and captain of the mob, whose head was set up on the cross at Manchester ; and another, whose name was Collingwood, had an estate of £20(K) per annum. It is remarkable, that in the rebellion of 17*15, the son of the above- mentioned Thomas Syddall, who was a barber, was made a prisoner, and executed, and his head placed on the top of the Exchange at Manchester, Sept. 18, 174G. As a military post, Preston, from its commanding situation, has been deemed of the utmost importance in all the civil commotions of the kingdom. Traces of a Roman military way may be discovered on the adjoining common, from the mouth of the llibble to Ribchestcr. Near tlie town also are many fine walks, the most favourite of wliich is Haynam ; from which the Pretender is said to have viewed the town, and the country below it, in 1745, with extraordinary emotions. The celebrated Preston Guild (held every twenty years) was instituted in the reign of Henry the Second, and is, perhaps, one of the most splendid and elegant festivals in this kingdom. Its object, as appears from existing records, is to receive and register the claims of persons to the freedom, or other franchises, of the borough. This public carnival or jubilee commences about the latter end of August, and continues for a fort- night; by the charter, which obliges the corporation to celebrate it at the end of every twenty years, on pain of forfeiting their elective fi*anchises, and their rights as burgesses, twenty-eight days of grace are allowed to all who are disposed to renew their freedom ; and by public proclamation, it is declared, that, on failure of doing so, they are ever after to be debarred of the same on any future occasion. The last celebration occurred in 1822, when from fifty thousand to sixty thousand persons were present. The first cotton-factory erected in Preston was built by Messrs. Collison and Watson ; but the tratle made little progress till the year 1"91, when the skill and enterprise of John Horrocks raised it to an enviable eminence. At the present time, the extent of the cotton works in Preston is truly astonishing. John Horrocks, Esq., and his brother Samuel, were successively the parliamentary" representatives of Preston for several years. MARKET PLACE, PRESTON. The Market Place at Preston consists of a spacious well-paved square, to which business was chiefly confined, previous to the opening of the New Market in Lune Street, August 26th, 1824. The principal market for grain, fish, fruit, &c., is on Saturday ; but large quantities of fish, butter, and vegetables are exposed for sale on Wednesdays and Fridays. The town is supplied with coals by the Douglas navigation, which joins the river below Walton bridge ; and the Lancaster canal, which passes near it, adds to the IT. iu:-- \'IEWS AND ILHSTKATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 7 sources of supply of this useful and essential article of comfort to the inhabitants. By these canals, communications are opened with the rivers Mersey, Dee, Ouse, Trent, Derwent, Severn, Humber, Thames, &c., for the Ribble is only navigable for small vessels that coast it with goods from Liverpool and other ports, and transmit cotton and other manufactured articles, which are made here in prodigious quantities, in return. The public buildings of Preston are on an extensive scale ; and its charities are in a state of effective operation. The to^vn-hall is a large and elegant structure, and the assembly-rooms, built at the sole expense of the Earl of Derby, are very commodious. The new prison, or penitentiary house, near the entrance of the town from Chorley by Walton-bridge, is constructed on the plan of Mr. Howard, and appropriated for criminals, of Lonsdale, Amounderness, Blackburn, and West-Derby hundreds, being erected at the sole expense of those districts. The parish church is a large building, and formerly belonged to the college of Leicester ; it has several chapels of ease dispersed over the parish, which is extensive, containing, according to the census taken in 1831, thirty-six thousand three Imndred and thirty -six persons. In 1801, the borough contained eleven thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven inhabitants; in 1811, seventeen thousand and sixty-five; in 1821, it had further increased to twenty-four thousand five hundred and seventy-five; and in 1831 , to thirty-three thousand one hundred and twelve inhabitants : and the valuation of property in 1815 amounted to £35,136. SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF ST. LUKE'S CHURCH, LIVERPOOL. This elegant ecclesiastical edifice is situated at the top of Bold Street, from whence its lofty and well-proportioned tower is seen to great advantage. The fertile and highly cultivated genius of Mr. Foster suggested the design, which has been completed under his superintendence, at the expense of the munificent Corporation of Liverpool. As a chaste and correct specimen of the highly decorated or florid style of Pointed architecture, this church may undoubtedly vie with any similar erection in the kingdom ; while its sublime character, so consistent with the uses to which it is appro- priated, points it out to every feeling mind as one of those hallowed spots, " Where, through the long drawn aisle and fretted vaults. The pealing anthem swells the note of praise." Respecting the style of architecture Mr. Foster has adopted, the celebrated Dr. Milner has the following pertinent observations : 8 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANavSllIUE. " During the reign of Edward the First, the architecture of this country, tlirough the genius, industry, and piety of its architects and artists, acquired a new and imposing character. The pointed arches which had hitherto been constructed, though sometimes graceful and perfect, were almost always too narrow, too sharp in the point, and not duly proportioned ; but those of the period adopted by Mr. Foster were universally well- turned, adorned with crochets ; and the pinnacles, whicii had hitherto been plain, were now placed at the sides of almost every arch, and on the top of every buttress, being invariably purfled, and ornamented with an elegant flower called a finial. That bold feature of this style, the flying buttress, for supporting the upper walls of the nave, which had hitherto, for the most part, been concealed within the roof of the side aisles, was now brought to view, with suitable dressings as an ornament. In conclusion, the plain niches of the thirteenth century, early in the fourteenth became gorgeous tabernacles — these tabernacles, as well as various other parts of the sacred edifice, were filled with statuary, often exhibit- ing equal spirit in the design and execution." In plan, this elegant edifice comprises a nave and aisles, chancel, and tower at the west end. The chancel, which is by far the most original portion of the edifice, makes an imposing appearance in our view; It has a semi-hexagonal termination, and the divisions are made by panelled buttresses, terminating above the battlements in elegant octagonal turrets. The entire fagade of this part of the church is adorned with panelling, and the windows are filled with excellent tracery. NORTH-WEST VIEW OF ST. LUKE'S CHURCH, LIVERPOOL. This view is much less angular than the above, and shows to great advantage the beau- tiful tower with its panelled front, and the well-proportioned body of the church. In this view, the spectator is looking upon the edifice from the top of Renshaw Street. On the right hand is the extremity of Bold Street, and in the back ground appears the tower of St. Mark's church. The nave of St. Luke's church is in a much plainer style of archi- tecture than the tower or the chancel; the buttresses are finished with crocheted pin- nacles; and the parapet is embattled. Of the interior it is impossible to speak too much in praise — it is light, chaste, and elegant. On account of the inequality of the ground, flights of steps have been formed at the main entrance, and the whole is surrounded with light iron railings of Gothic architecture. This edifice was commenced in 1811, and opened in 1829. ■rAJL IHSTITITTKOHr, iSV ^ ^C !E "J' )HAi1Cl!SST3K. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. THE ROYAL INSTITUTION, MANCHESTER. Early in 1823, a few enlightened and public-spirited individuals entered into a com- mittee, to consider the expediency of forming a society for effecting an alliance between commercial and liberal arts. A general meeting of the inhabitants was held in the Exchange-room, on Wednesday, the 1st of October, the same year; when it was unani- mously resolved, " that the society be forthwith established." It was, at first, intended to occupy premises in King-street, but the ardour of public opinion expanded the views of the governors, and it was determined to erect the Royal Institution in Mosley-street, which object was finally completed, under the superintendence of the celebrated Mr. Barry, at a cost of £30,000. This noble pile of building is applied to exhibitions of Paintings, similar to those of Somerset-House in the metropolis; and to Lectures on the liberal arts and sciences, generally. It also affords ample accommodation for the servants of the Institution. The Engraving exhibits a fine perspective view of the west front of the Royal Insti- tution, beyond which is Bond-street; and at the bottom of Moslej'-street stands St. Peter's Church. The Institution stands on a decorative basement, from which rise six lofty Ionic columns, supporting the pediment of a projecting portico. Two Ionic columns, on each side of the portico, sustain the entablature of the front. Above the cornice of the main building rises a plain parapet ; and from the centre of the structure ascends a Doric order, surmounted with a statue of Britannia. The wishes of the original projectors of the Royal Institution have been realized. AVithin the walls of this building is heard the voice of instruction, emanating from refined and scientific minds; and beautiful displays of pictorial art are here exhibited for the improvement of juvenile artists, and the general gratification of an enlightened public. THE TOWN-HALL, MANCHESTER. This magnificent structure, which stands in King-street, was erected at a cost of £30,000, for the transaction of the police and municipal business of Manchester. The temple of Erechtheus, at Athens, was selected for the model of the building; and the dome, in the centre, is copied from the octagonal tower of Andronicus, usually called the "Tower of the Winds." The portico, in front, commands universal admiration. Four richly executed Ionic columns, and eight pilasters, support the entablature; above which are D 10 VIEWS AND ILLUSTIIATKJNS IN LANCASUIUK. placed, on a massive basement, emblematical figures of the Town of Manchester — Com- merce and Trade. Statues of Solon and Alfred decorate the niches on each side of the portico. The attic is ornamented with medallions of Pythagoras and Locke, of Lycurgus and Judge Hale. The foundation of the Town -Hall was laid on the 19th of xVugust, 1822, and the structure was brought to completion under the able direction of F. Goodwin, Esq. architect. The front measures 134 feet, and the depth of the building is 76 feet ; yet these vast dimensions have scarcely rendered it adequate to the great purposes for which it was designed. The ground-floor of the Town-Hall contains a vestibule and grand stair-case, be- sides two other entrances from King-street, and provides ofiBces for the boroughreeve and constables, and their deputies; rooms for the meetings of the Commissioners of Police, Committee-rooms, &c. The principal floor covers the whole, with a room (the largest in the town) in which general meetings are held, and public dinners given. Our Engraving exhibits the south front of this truly classic edifice to considerable advantage, and, by exposing part of the west end, affords a correct idea of the whole building. The opening, in the left of the picture, is Cross-street, and at the other extremity of the front is seen the entrance to Cheapside. A secondary, but not unim- portant feature of the Plate, is the York Hotel, a fine, handsome structure, ornamented in front with a neat and elegant pediment. LANCASTER. This celebrated town is situated on the south bank of the river Lune, and from its site being on a considerable eminence, its general appearance is commanding. That it was a Roman station, is evinced by the Saxon termination caster, or castre; and this is further con- firmed by the various remains of the domestic economy of the Romans, that are continually discovered in this town and its vicinity. Camden says, " Both the name, and the river running by it, prove it to be Longoviciim, where, under the Dux Britanniarum, according to the Notitia, was stationed the numerous Lougovicariorinn, who took their name for this place." It is extremely probable that Lancaster was the station upon the Lune, as Rib- caster was upon the Ribble ; and Longovicum may possibly have related merely to the form and appearance of the place, wherever it was situated ; indeed, the Roman station of Lancaster must have been the Trajectus of the Lune itself, and not far from the meadow described in Speed's map, as the " Greene Ayre," which is now covered with houses. VIEWS AJVD ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. j i Of the annals of this town, during the Saxon Heptarchy, we have no records; but soon after the Norman conquest, Lancaster assumes some historical consequence; though bv the decisive evidence of the Domesday-book, £ow-caster, and Cherca-Longcastre, appear simply as two vills, or bericics, among the twenty-two which composed the manor of Halton. It must be observed, that the Terra inter Ripam et Mersam was surveyed by itself; and Amounderness, together with that part of Lonsdale Hundred east of the estuary of Ken and Leven, in Yorkshire. Roger of Poitou was, at the time of the Domesday survey, possessed of Amounderness ; but Halton, with its appurtenances, was still in possession of the crown. From the same record it appears, that there was at this time no church at Lan- caster ; yet from the name Chercalancaster aifixed to one of the adjacent villages, it seems probable that here, as in many other instances, had been a Saxon church, which was probably destroyed in the ravages of the Danes. Amounderness, however, an unmarked and level tract of country, aiforded no convenient site for a great baronial castle. Lancaster, there- fore, on account of its bold and elevated situation, was probabl)^ obtained from the Conqueror in the end of his reign, or from William Rufus soon after his accession, by Roger de Poitou, for this purpose. The foundation of the Church and Castle were probably contemporarj'^ with each other. The great Tower of the latter, still standing, displays the strong massive style of that period of architecture. Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, besieged and took this castle in 1199: at which period it was possessed bj' the brother of King John, in trust for that monarch when he came to the crown. In the seventh year of the reign of the same king, the castle and honours appear to have been in the possession of Thanulph Blundevil, Earl of Chester; and in the first and eighth years of Henry the Third, the same were in charge of William, Earl of Derby.* Parts of the foundations of the latter edifice have been attributed to the Romans, and the large square keep has been commonly ascribed to the Saxons ; whilst the grand entrance tower-gateway, with some other portions, are generally referred to the reign of Edward the Third. Though, as a military station, Lancaster was always a place of some importance, yet it owes its chief celebrity to the last monarch, and to his third son, the celebrated John of Gaunt, who was created by his father, Duke of Lancaster. The era of this creation appears to have been marked with several distinguished events. " The com- pletion of the fiftieth year of his age," (Edward the Third, A. D. 1362,) " he resolved to treat as an era of Jubilee ; and on the 13th of November, which was the anniversary of his birth, beside other proceedings, bj^ which he wished to stamp it as memorable, such as the enlargement of all debtors and prisoners, the restoration of such of his subjects as were in a state of banishment, and the abolition, by public ordinance, of the French language in all law-cases, pleadings, judgments, and contracts, within the realm ; he also solemnly conferred, in full parliament, upon his second son, Lionel of Antwerp, the title of Duke of Clarence; and upon his third son, John of Gaunt," as already observed, " the title of • Beauties of England and Wales, ix. 57. 12 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. Duke of Lancaster. 'I'lie style of John of Gaunt was now Duke of Lancaster, and Earl of Richmond, Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby : and he claimed, as Earl of Leicester, the office of hereditary seneschal, or Steward of England ; as Duke of Lancaster, to bear the great sword called Ciirtana, before the kings of England at their coronation ; and as Earl of Lincoln, to be grand carver at the dinner given on that occasion." The Duke being now invested w ith this title, his royal parent ne.xt conferred on him certain grants and privileges to support his dignity ; and, by charter, it appears that the Duchy of Lancaster constituted an important establishment, and was a sort of petty kingdom. The prosperity of Lancaster evidently materially depended upon its connexion with the lords or proprietors of the Castle ; and that circumstance will account for the steady loyalty evinced by the inhabitants, even in the reign of King John, who granted them a charter as ample as those he had before conferred on Northampton and Bristol : but what the inhabitants of this town gained by their adherence to the monarch, was counterbalanced by their losses through their devotion to the Lancastrian line, during the unhappy civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, which deluged the country with blood. It appears that this town was half depopulated ; and even in Camden's time, the residents consisted principally of husbandmen. On the confirmation of the charter, with additional privileges, by King Charles II., the town again revived ; and from that period it appears to have progressively augmented its commerce, local trade, and buildings. Tlie magnificent Castle is now occupied as the county gaol ; the summit of the keep commands several extensive, diversified, and sublime views, in which the winding river Lune, with its bridges and aqueduct, the expanded bay of Morecambe, the mountains of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Yorkshire, and the beautiful vale of Lonsdale, constitute prominent features. A little north of the keep are the Shire-hall and County-courts, also several offices and apartments connected with thera. These are mostly modern, and have been erected and fitted up at an immense expense, by the contributions of the gentlemen of the county. Mr. Harrison, the architect of Chester gaol, &c. gave the principal designs for these altera- tions, which in general have been grand and judicious ; but the recent finishings are from the designs of Mr. Gandy, who has displayed much taste and science in the parts that have been effected after his drawings. The manufactures of Lancaster are cabinet furniture and upholstery, for which this place has long been famous, cordage, sail cloth, cotton goods, worsted yarn, &c. The canal from this town to Preston and Kendal is one of the great public works of the county ; and if it does not materially add to the commerce of Lancaster, it does very essentially advance the interests of the inhabitants of the extensive line of country through which it is conducted, by opening a communication between the ample mines of coal along the southern branch of the canal, in the hundreds of Leyland, Salford, and West Derby, and the inexhaustible quarries of lime at its northern extremity, of both which articles, before the canal was cut, all the intermediate country was in great want. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 13 Near the town is a handsome bridge, consisting of five equal arches, and further up the Lune the canal crosses it by means of a noble aqueduct, built under the direction of Rennic. The port is subject to much inconvenience from the difficulty of the navigation of the Lune, arising from the accumulation of sand in its channel, and an elevation in its bed, called Scaleford, probably the remains of a Roman ford across the river, which renders it inaccessible to vessels of large burden, in consequence of which, a dock and basin have been constructed at Glasson, nearly five miles down the river, capable of sheltering the merchantmen, which dischai'ge their cargoes by lighters at St. George's quay, or by means of a branch canal which joins that to Preston at Galgate. The foreign trade has in a great measure left tliis port; it was chiefly with America and the West Indies. There is still some coasting trade carried on, principally in the export of cordage, sail cloth, cotton goods, and agricultural produce. The situation of Lancaster being on a gentle ascent, and the svunmit adorned with the Church and Castle, the general appearance is commanding. The river Lune makes nearly an acute angle on the north side of the town, whence several regular streets proceed to the south, leaving the Church and Castle in some measure detached. Many of the former are narrow, but the houses are generally good, constructed of freestone, and covered with slate : besides which, there are several handsome mansions. The public buildings, exclusive of those already mentioned, consist of a Town-hall and Assembly-rooms, Custom- house, Theatre, and several Chapels. The boi-ough of Lancaster, in 1831, contained a population of 12,613 persons, and the annual value of the real property, as assessed in 1815, was £34,117- FOXHOLES, NEAR ROCHDALE. Foxholes, situate on the easterly side of the town of Rochdale, is the seat of John Entwisle, Esq. The modern erection of free-stone was built in 1792, by the father of the present possessor, on the site of tlie old hall. The family of Entwisle, of great antiquity in the county of Lancaster, was originally seated at a place of the same name : which is described by Camden as a neat and elegant house, formerly belonging to the Entwisles. In the 16th century, this family, quitting the above-named residence, fixed their abode at Foxholes. One of its members. Sir B. Entwisle, distinguished himself at tlie battle of Aglncourt, and in the wars between the rival houses of York and Lancaster. He fell at the second battle of St Alban's ; and was there buried in St, Peter's church. E 14 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. BIRCH-HOUSE, NEAR MANCHESTER. Biicli-IIouse, in the township of Fariiworth, is the seat of John Bentley, Esq. and stands on the road between Mancliester and Bclton, at a distance of eight miles from the former place. Previous to the erection of those numerous modern edi6ces, which commercial wealth has scattered over the county of Lancaster, this venerable mansion was deemed a residence of very considerable importance. Dr. Aikin, in his History of Manchester, says, this hall, " about the reign of King John, was granted by Matthew de Haversege to Matthew de Birch, with some land in Widdinton (perhaps Witherington,) by a Latin deed without date. Of this family was William Birch, first warden of the collegiate church after the Reformation; also Colonel Birch, of Birch, a commander in the Parliament army, and one of those who defended Manchester when besieged by James earl of Derby." This structure, built in the reign of Charles I., bears date 1641, and is in the style of architecture adopted in most of the mansions of that and the preceding reign. For a con- siderable time, it was the seat of the Rishtons, an ancient Lancashire famil}', who purchased the estate in 15/3, from Robert Worsley, Esq. of Bothes. Subsequently it came into the possession of the Dornings, and was afterwards the property and residence of Doming Rasbotham, Esq. (author of the tragedy of Codrus, &c.) an active m.igistrate of this county, who also served the office of High SherifT. From the late John Bentley Esq. (who pulled down and rebuilt a part of the house) it descended to his son, the present proprietor. LIVERPOOL, FROM THE MERSEY.— No. I. The Views which we have given under this title exhibit a series of objects peculiarly characteristic of this magnificent port. " Ships, colonies, and commerce," have furnished the means as well as the motive for the erection of those stupendous works which have been the basis of tlie town's prosperity. The river-wall, built in the most substantial manner, of large blocks of stone secured by wooden fenders, effectually defends the town and shipping from the violence of the wind and tide. When the additions now in progress are completed, this wall will extend about three miks in one continuous line, and will enclose an area of nearly ninety acres of dock-room, besides a greater space appropriated as quays, building-yards, and parades, all gained from the bed of the river.- In the " View of Liverpool as it appeared in 16.50," the tide is represented as flowing against the wall of the old church-yard of St. Nicliolas, up Water-street as far as the site of the Tower, and thence in a straight line to the lower end of More-street, unrestrained in its course by any artificial embankment. In 1/10, an act of parliament was obtained, authorizing the con- struction of a Dock " in or near a certain place called the Pool, on the south side of the Dtsxc Ijt Samue: LV^i "by Robert Eraiidaj^ CaMMli.XCTNC AT THI-; :. TffJK \OR.Tn. F.ngr3,-.ci t)' KwMn-ri...l 'y.r y>nR i^'^it-:"^)- \1E\VS AND ILLUSTll^VTIONS IN LiVNCASIIIRE. 15 said t()\ni of Livcrijool ;" and this Dock was the first of the kind built in England for keeping vessels afloat. The advantages derived from the accommodations afforded to shipping, soon became apparent in the increased trade of the port, and led to the forma- tion of other Docks at siibsecpient periods ; the total expense of which, up to June 1824, exceeded £2,500,000. The funds for the maintenance and extension of the Docks are derived from duties levied upon all vessels entering them. The amount of dock duties for the year 1824 was £130,911. Us. 6d. levied from 10,001 vessels. In the year 1724, or exactly a century before, the amount was £810. lis. 6d. The increase has occurred principally in the pre- sent century, as is evident from the account for 1799, in which year the dock duties were £14,049. 15s. Id. In the year 1828, they amounted to £141,369. 15s. 7d. levied from 10,703 vessels. — Notwithstanding the vast amount of these duties, the expenses incident to shipping in this port are very little more than half of those charged in London. The duties received at the Liverpool Custom-liouse, during the year 1828, were nearly three millions and a half sterling. The joint revenue of the Corporate and Dock estates is now not less than £250,000 per annum ; the wliole of which must be expended for the benefit of the town. — The postage revenue in Liverpool amounts to £93,000 per annum, and is on the increase. A number of salutary laws have been enacted, for preserving property, and directing the management of mercantile affairs, which tend to facilitate business and prevent acci- dents. Tliese regulations are enforced by dock-masters and their assistants ; and any infractions of them are punished by severe fines, inflicted, under the authority of an act of parliament, by the sitting magistrates at the Dock police-oflice. The causes of the vast extension of the trade and commerce of Liverpool resolve themselves into three: — first, tlie favourable situation of the port for American and Irish commerce ; second, the increase of the cotton manufacture in the interior districts of Lancashire ; and, third, the inland navigation. The trade with Africa (which scarcely existed here till the year 1723) has been a source of great wealth. Every year increased the number of ships engaged in the African trade; and in 1806, the year before the slave- trade was abolished, the number of ships from this port alone amounted to 111, and the burden to 25,949 tons. The abolition of so lucrative and extensive a branch of commerce, it was generally supposed, would have given a severe shock to Liverpool: but these gloomy forebodings were not realized ; the foreign trade of the port was rooted too deeply to be materially injured by lopping off one of its least desirable branches, and fresh channels soon presented themselves for the employment of all the shipping in the port. Two years after the abolition of that trade, commerce did, indeed, somewhat languish ; but in the year 1810 it obtained an elevation unexampled till that time in the history of the port. Tiie miscalculation of merchants and politicians was also strikingly illustrated with regard to the trade with America. While that country was a colony of England, the trade carried on from hence with our transatlantic possessions was considerable, and it was 16 \i r:\v.s and illustrations in lancasihrk. imagined tluil the loss of America would prove its death-blow: so far, however, was this from being the case, that in the year 1783, the very first year after our ancient possessions in North America were severed from the mother country, the commerce of Liverpool experienced a small augmentation: in the year 1785, it was nearly doubled; and the commercial transactions between the United States of America and Liverpool, at the present day, exceed in amount the trade carried on by this port with all the world, at the period of the declaration of American independence. Tiic stranger who may visit this second Tyre from sca-M'ard, will find in this, and the succeeding Views under the same title, a faithful and picturesque delineation of the most prominent features of the town. After passing the Light-house and Fort at the entrance of the river, a few minutes' sail will bring him to the North Docks, now in course of erec- tion on a gigantic scale. His attention will probably be first attracted to the framework of timber extending along the line of the future river- wall, and supporting a sort of wooden rail-way, along which are conveyed the vast blocks of stone that are intended to form a harrier against the inroads of the tide. A diving-bell of a cubical form, made of cast-iron and nearly resembling that employed by Mr. Smeaton in the erection of the Eddystone Light-house, is suspended (see the plate) to the stern of a barge, and enables the masons to proceed in their labours without interruption. Proceeding onwards, we arrive at the entrance to the Prince's Dock Basin, where a flag-sta(T indicates to the navigator when he is, or is not, at liberty to enter. This basin contains an area of four acres and a quarter, and is appropriated to the use of coasting-vessels and steam-packets. We proceed from it into the Prince's Dock, through a gut, or passage, having double locks, by means of which vessels may be admitted at half-tide. The foundation-stone of this fine Dock was laid in 1815, and it was opened on the day of his late Majesty's coronation, July 19, 1821. It is five hundred yards long, and one hundred and six broad, and covers an area of fifty-three thousand square yards. On the quays, which are very spacious, are erected cast-iron sheds, for the preservation of mer- chandise ; and it is enclosed by a lofty brick-wall, with gates at convenient distances, where sentinels are placed for the detection of thieves. The objects in tlie distance are chiefly ranges of warehouses recently erected, iibove which are seen the cupola of St. Paul's Church on the left, the dome of the Town-hall in the centre, and the spire of St. Nicholas on the right. LIVERPOOL FROM THE MERSEY— No. II. Between tlie wall which encloses the Prince's Dock, and the river, a spacious Terrace has been left for the accommodation of the public. At high-water the view from this parade is exceedingly interesting, as it embraces not only the scenery on the opposite shore, but a great variety of vessels of all dimensions, amounting sometimes to two or three hundred in number. y'QlCi, FIFiDM THE SaiBlRSifiT, H?XtI. — •rsv SATSS. Knro GSQRoes ndJuUiB . ■ Yrr. >t ^smcr' .\-slin. :.rj^nrc ! MEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. I7 The building which occupies nearly the central station in the plate, and from which smoke is seen to issue, was a Steam-engine house, for grinding the lime used in the con- struction of the Docks, and for setting in motion two cast-iron cranes, fixed at a very considerable distance on the margin of the quay. M. Dupin, in his elaborate work on the Commercial Institutions of Great Britain, has given minute descriptions and plans of one of these cranes, which he thought ingenious, and deserving the notice of his countrymen. The whole edifice has been removed since the taking of our sketch. That potent agent in mechanics — steam — is successfully applied in cleaning the docks from the accumulation of mud to which they are exposed. A dredging machine, worked by an engine of ten-horse power, performs the operation, and raises fifty tons of mud an hour, which is placed in proper barges, and deposited by them in situations where it is washed away by the current. This modern invention performs the duty of keeping the Docks at all times in a proper state for the reception of vessels, with more despatch, and at a less cost, than any other mode ever yet discovered. The forest of masts, whicli next presents itself, indicates the situation of George's Dock, one of the most convenient in the port. It was completed, according to the original plan, in the year 1771; hut has been since altered and enlarged. It now occupies a space of thirty-one thousand square yards, devoted chiefly to the accommodation of the smaller class of vessels employed in the foreign trade. It communicates by a basin with the Prince's Dock to the northward, and with the Dry Dock and the Salthouse Dock to the southward. On the east side of George's Dock stands a magnificent range of warehouses, on the site of the former Goree warehouses, which were destroyed by fire in 1802. On the west side stand the New Baths, opened to the public June 8th, 1830, occupying a portion of a most extensive quay, which is defended from the river by a pier-head very substantially built. A broad flight of stairs, of the hardest granite, occupies the site of a six-gun battery, which formerly terminated the line of river-wall northward. About the centre of this plate, and in the back-ground, is seen the elegant Spire of St. George's Church, " lifting its tall head" where once the Castle of Liverpool stood ; a happy substitution, and most characteristic of the progress of society. LIVERPOOL FROM THE MERSEY.— No. HI. COMMENCING AT THE NEW BATHS, ST. GEORGE's PARADE. At the quay, in front of the New Baths, which is the first object that presents itself in this plate, the steam-packets that ply to the opposite ferries, as well as those trading to North Wales, the Isle of Man, Ireland, &c. receive and disembark their passengers. They were first introduced into the Mersey in 1815, since which time they have become so F IS VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. minu'iDUs us to liavc almost entirely superseded sailing-vessels in the conveyance of pas- sengers. Ten years afterwards, the number was forty-five, including vessels of all sizes, from ninety tons to five hundred, employed in the carriage of goods and cattle, as well as of passengers. They afford facilities, which did not formerly exist, for the importation of horses, cows, sheep, pigs, poultry, &c. from the nearest ports of the sister kingdom, and the northern counties of England. Of pigs and sheep alone, the average weekly import from Ireland is several thousands, and that of other live stock in proportion. To give some idea of the accommodation afforded to the traveller in these moving palaces, we may state, that in one vessel of the largest class, trading to Dublin, the prin- cipal cabin is twenty-six feet by eighteen, lined with highly polished mahogany, profusely decorated with mirrors, silk draperies, &c. and furnished with ranges of elegant sofas. The ladies' cabin is eighteen feet by sixteen, and is fitted up like the former; while between these are two separate rooms for family parties, each eight feet and a half by si.x. The voyage to Dublin is performed generally in twelve or fourteen hours: the fares are very moderate ; and passengers are supplied with provisions on nearly the same terms as at respectable inns on shore. At least three packets sail for Dublin daily; one of which, the Post-ofScc packet, departs from George's Dock parade every evening. Our limits do not permit us to specify all the ports with which a regular communication is maintained by steam-navigation : it may suffice to state, that the coast from Cork to Londonderry on the one side of the Irish chaimel, and from Glasgow to Bristol on the other, is in a manner united to Liverpool by a series of these flying bridges. Leaving the Baths on our way southward, we pass a small basin appropriated to the flats of several companies of carriers; then the entrance to the Manchester Dock, belonging to the proprietors of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation ; and conclude this portion of the view at the entrance of the Dry and Salthouse Docks. LIVERPOOL FROM THE MERSEY.— No. IV. COMMENCING AT THE SHIP-UUILDING YARDS, AND ENDING AT THE HEBCULANEUM POTTERY. The ship-building yards which are exhibited in this plate, are situated between the river and the Salthouse Dock, and have long been occupied for their present uses. Notwith- standing the great quantity of shipping required to carry on the business of the port, the number of ships built in Liverpool was inconsiderable, when compared with the number annually lamiched at several insignificant towns on the north-east coast of England. This resulted more particularly from a combination among the journeymen shipwrights. Happily this confederacy no longer exists, and Liverpool may compete with other ports in naval architecture. The number of vessels belonging to the port in 1828 was '93, measuring 158,446 tons, and navigated by 8900 men. This statement, however, afifords no criterion of the quantity TO THE MAV ^ JPXiACJE, WIGAliT, ][,AUCi-- RGESSPS OP THIS ANCXKHT BOROI7GH.TBB PyBUSHI.- TO JiUIKS LIIIBSAY. EAKI IVUtOK Wir. ■ VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 19 of shipping actually employed here, as a great part of the trade is carried on by means of vessels belonging to other ports. The large warehouse, which occupies the centre of the plate, belongs to the estate of the late Duke of Bridgewater, who caused this building to be erected, and a dock, conti- guous to it, to be constructed, for the accommodation of the vessels employed in trading along his line of internal navigation. A branch of the Dock is beneath the roof of the building, by which arrangement goods may be warehoused without incurring any charge for cartage, or being subject to risk of injury from exposure to the weather. Farther south is shewn the King's Tobacco-warehouse, enclosing an area of three acres, one rood, and twenty-five perches, situated between the river and the King's Dock, erected by the Corporation, and rented by Government. All the tobacco imported is lodged here until the duties are paid, and the article examined. Whatever portion is damaged, so as to be unsaleable, is burnt within the premises, to prevent injury to the revenue. A gravelled terrace, extending the whole length of the King's Dock, lies between the ware- house and the river, and commands a fine view of the opposite shore. The entrance to the basin of the King and Queen's Docks immediately succeeds, and the view is terminated by the Herculaneum Pottery, which successfully competes with the great manufactories of Staffordshire, both in the quality and cheapness of its wares. We beg leave to add, that the series of Views now described, exhibits the most com- plete graphic delineation of Liverpool which has yet been presented to the public. WIGAN MARKET PLACE. Wigan, a market and borough town, situate eighteen miles west-north-west of Man- chester, and one hundred and ninety-nine miles north-west by north of London, is some- what irregularly constructed ; but the houses in the principal streets are substantial and well built, and admit a free circulation of air. It has long been famous for its manu- factures of cotton goods ; and several extensive brass, pewter, and iron-works exist in the neighbourhood. In common with many other towns of Lancashire, Wigan was the arena of the civil contest between Charles I. and his Parliament. The parish church, which is ancient beyond any traditionary account, is a large hand- some structure, composed of a nave, a spacious chancel, and two side aisles. The original chancel was taken aown, and rebuilt on a large scale, about the middle of the sixteenth century, by an ancestor of the present Lord Bradford, who is the patron of the living. The only monuments deserving notice are, one to the memory of Sir Roger Bradshaigh, who eminently distinguised himself by his zealous loyalty in the civil war of Charles I. ; and an ancient monument to the memory of Sir William and Lady Mabel Bradshaigh, of whom the following traditional story is told : — " That in Sir William Bradshage absence 20 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. (l)cinge ten years away in the lioly wars,) she married a Welsh knight. Sir William returning from the wars, eame in a palmer's liabitt, amongst the poor, to Haglie, who when she saw, and congetringe that he favoured her former husband, wept, for which the knight chastised her ; at which Sir William went, and made himself known to his tenants; in which space the knight fled, but ncare to Newton Parke, Sir William over- took him and slew him. The said Dame Mabel was enjoined by her confessor to doe penances by going onest every week barefoot and barelegged to a crosse ner Wigan from the Haghe, whilest she lived, and is called Mabel to this day ; and ther monument lyes in Wigan church, as you see them ther portry'd."* In the Market Place at Wigan, (see Engraving) stands the Commercial Hall, a com- modious brick structure, erected in the year 1816, whose area is thirty-four yards by twenty- two. Tlie apartments on the first and second floors consist of sixty-eight shops, and the third floor is occupied by a cloth-hall. There is a spacious news-room at the front of the buildiTig, which, during the fair, is appropriated to the sale of woollens. Wigan has two weekly markets, the first on Monday, and the last on Friday ; and three annual fairs. Immense quantities of very superior coal are sent by canal from the neighbourhood of this town to Liverpool : one peculiar kind, obtained in large quantities, called candel, or cannel, coal, gives a most brilliant light ; from which, also, ornamental boxes, trinkets, &c. are made. The beds of this coal are about three feet in thickness, the veins dip one yard in twenty, and are at considerable depths. HAIGH HALL, NEAR WIGAN. On an eminence in the township of Haigh stands Haigh Hall, the seat of Baron Wigan, and Earl of Balcarres in the peerage of Scotland. This ancient edifice was built at different times, and inhabited through a long succession of ages by a family of Saxon origin. It is delightfully situated in the vicinity of a manufacturing town ; and from a large mount in the park may be seen on a clear day thirteen counties of England and Wales, together with the Isle of Man. The gardens and pleasure-grounds are disposed with much taste. Sir John Bradshaw, or Bradshaigh, having been restored to his possessions by the Conqueror, his posterity, for five and twenty generations, remained lords of Haigh. On failure of male issue, the estate descended in the female line to John Edwin, Esq., whose only daughter married Charles Dalrymple, Esq. From this family it passed by marriage into the hands of Alexander Lindsay, sixth Earl of Balcarres, who was succeeded, in 1825, by the present Earl, James, Lord Lindsay. • See Roby's Traditions of Lancashire, p. 45, vol. i. I ^wz^a'tifji i*«f**««(y^ --v ipypsslh-J^! "rvn-s' dj^ td'w.s'K. '-A-VOASH;Hil VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 21 The exterior bc;iuties of Haigli Hall claim the attention of the antiquary and man of taste ; and the connoisseur in painting will derive much gratification from a survey of the portraits and other productions by eminent artists, which adorn the interior of the mansion. TURTON TOWER. Turton is a township five miles north of Bolton-le-moors, under which parish it has a chapel of ease. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of M. Green, Esq. In this chapelry is still existing an ancient Tower, consisting of four stories, with an embattled parapet, in which are deposited some curious relics of ancient armour. " In Camden's time, Turton Tower was the residence of the illustrious family of Orell ; subse- quently it has been inhabited by the Chethams and tlie Greens ; and is now occupied by a yeoman." This edifice is evidently of the period immediately preceding the union of tlie rival houses of York and Lancaster, and the small house of timber adjoining was, probablj', built in the reign of Elizabeth. ]\Iany houses exist in England with towers similar to the one under observation, which appear to have been formed with a view to the defence of the family, in case of a sudden surprise by any hostile force. HALL ITH' WOOD, NEAR BOLTON. Considerable obscurity invests the ancient history of this singular edifice. Of several dates, existing upon various parts of the building, the earliest is 1591. The first owner, on record, was Brownie}', Esq. ; but the period of his ownership cannot now be ascertained. It afterwards passed into the INIorris family, who built the stone front of the house, upon which is inscribed '"4" A A The Starkie family, the present proprietors, are said by some to have obtained possession of this property by marriage ; but the general opinion seems to be, that it passed from the Morrises through an informality in a mortgage, and that all the papers found in the house, concerning its early history, were destroyed. In 1770, part of this old mansion was occupied by Mr. Samuel Crompton, an inha- bitant of the parish of Bolton ; and it was here that he invented and constructed a machine, wliich, from its combining the principles of the spinning-jenny and the water-frame, was named a miile, or Hall i'th' JFood u'heels. The progressive improvements in the manu- facture of muslins and cambrics, that resulted from Mr. Crompton's scientific labours, occasioned the latter to be brought under the consideration of parliament, when a grant of £5000 was awarded to the inventor; and, a few years before his death, several of his towns- men raised a sum of money, amongst his friends in the neighbourhood, sufficient to purcliase him a comfortable annuity, which he was enjoying at the period of his decease. G 22 VIEWS AM) 11.1.1 STRATIONS IN LANCASIIIRK. Ill this ncighl)oiiilioo(l, blcacliiiig, of the bust quality in the kingdom, i.s ptTforiiicd. Holl, ill iiis Agricultural Survey, says M. Vallete, (an ingenious Freiiciiniaii,) introduced a more expcditiou8 mode of bleaching, " so much, that a piece of calico, which would have ro(|uiri'd, by the customary process, three weeks in the most favourable season, may now Ir- rendered perfectly white in the space of one hour; and that, as it is said, without the least injury sustained by the cloth." THE SESSIONS-HOUSE, CHAPEL-STREET, LIVERPOOL. 'i'iiis plain edifice, completed in J828, extends in length 1/4 feet, and in breadth, at the north end, 81 feet, and at the south end 59 feet. The principal front exhibited in the Plate is rusticated, and has two entrances, with lintels leading by winding staircases to a saloon of 23 feet in length, by \J feet in width, which forms the ante-room to that appro- priated for the court of quarter-sessions. This apartment is 61 feet long, and 39 feet wide; the upper end is devoted to the use of the magistrates, barristers, jurors, and officers of the court : the prisoners' bar is near the centre of the room, and a communication leads from it to the cells in Bridewell, by a passage under ground. About one-third of the room is allotted for the accommodation of spectators, and is floored with ranges of steps gradually ascending. At the other end of the building, another court, of much smaller dimensions, is fitted up in a similar maimer, for the examination of prisoners brought up before the sitting magistrates for offences against the peace. The ground-floor contains cells for the reception of prisoners while waiting for trial. The Quarter Sessions for the Borough of Liverpool commence on the same day in each successive quarter, as the General Quarter Sessions for the Hundred of Salford, held at the Court-house of the New Bailey, Manchester, viz. : On Monday, in the second whole week after the Epiphany; on Monday, in the second whole week after Easter Sunday; on Monday, in the second whole week after Thomas h Becket; and on Monday, after the second whole week after the lltli of October. The street in which this building is situated is named from the church of St. Nicholas, formerly a chapel of ease under Walton; the Churchyard of which was formerly the boun- dary of the river Mersey; and it is recorded, that a portion of it was washed away by a storm ill 15G5, an event not likely to occur again, as old Father Neptune is now kept at arm's length by a furlong of embankment. In the Churchyard there was once a statue of St. Nicholas, at whose shrine sailors formerly presented off"erings, to obtain from the saint a prosperous voyage and a safe return. Except in Portugal, modern seamen rely more on their own skill and intrepidity than on the intercession of St. Nicholas, or any other of the sainted brotherhood. In the records relative to this Church, is preserved a curious decree of the Reverend Father in God, John, Lord Bishop of this diocese, dated lG8o, ordering, " That no person, under the degree of an alderman, shall sit in the aldermen's seats, without license from DsaxTLoy G-& C-^ x^^aved 'ay W. Wa-iJcrs. SIStSTAHTS ITiOTirSE:, CaiAJPJE:'^. '!'''■ 1 0yG.kQ.yjn<: ro nin lUYoaac coMeoamosTiils i-i.atji is Hssi-ecrFi'tir nKnidin. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 23 Mr. Mayor and the chapelwardens ; that none under the degree of an aldeniiua"b wife shall sit in the seat next unto the alderman, without license ; that none but housekeepers shall sit in the seat on the north side 'twixt the pulpit and the north door, who are to be seated according to their quality and age ; and that all apprentices and servants shall sit or stand in the alleys, according to ancient custom." From this document, we are surely warranted in concluding, that how ignorant soever our ancestry may have been on subjects familiar to their more fortunate posterity, they at least understood and practised, with laudable decorum, the all-important science of etiquette! From about 1760 the rapid increase of the architectural improvements of the town may be deduced, of which the churches, and other religious structures, form no small part. St. Peter's, in Church-street, was built in 1704. St. George's, begun in 1715, «as finished in 1734. St. Thomas's, Park-lane, was opened in 1748. St. Paul's, in the Square, was opened in 1769. St. Anne's, in Great Richmond-street, was opened in 1773. St. James's, in Parliament- street, was opened in 1774- St. John's, in the Haymarket, built in 1784, and opened the next year. Trinity Church, in St. Anne's-street, consecrated in 1792. Christ Church, in Hunter-street, was opened in 1797- St. Mark's, in Duke-street, opened 1803. St. Luke's, in Berry-street, begun in 1811. St. Andrew's, in Renshaw-street, opened in 1815. St. Philip's, in Hardman-street, built in 1815. St. Michael's, in Upper Pitt-street, lately completed. The Church of the School for the Blind, opened in 1819. St. Stephen's, in Byrom-street, opened in 1722; St. Matthew's, opened in 1707, formerly Dissenting Meeting-houses, consecrated and opened for the service of the Established Church; the former in 1792, the latter in 1795. All Saints, in Grenville-street ; and the New Church, in Rodney-street, as a Scottish Kirk. To these may be added a numerous list of chapels and meeting-houses, of various sects and denominations, which, together, form a considerably larger extent of ecclesiastical structures, than have been raised within the same period in any provincial city or town in the British empire. ■ In addition to these structures, provided for the holy purposes of religion, the town of Liverpool has shewn no less charitable zeal in forming a proportionate number of bene- volent institutions, and in providing, at a vast expense, buildings suited to the respective objects for which they have been erected : a mere list of which would serve to shew their utility and extent, though a particular notice of each will accompany the engraved views of these buildings, as they appear in the work. THE TOWN HALL, LIVERPOOL. This magnificent structure from designs by the late Mr. Wood of Bath, is situate in a central and elevated situation, at the north end of Castle street. The basement is rusti- cated, and supports a range of Corinthian columns and pilasters, between which are win- dows with circular arches, also supported by Corinthian pilasters. The portico in front 21 VIEWS AND lUX'STIlATIONS IN LANCASUirtF.. was cri'ctcd very recently, and contains some of the most beautiful and richly ornamented pillars of w liicli the town can boast. The whole of the interior was destroyed by fire in 1/05, but has since been restored with very considerable improvements, at an expense of about .i!'110,000. The dome forms one of these improvements, and surmounts the Grand Staircase at an elevation of 106 feet from the floor. A colossal figure of Britannia, in a sitting posture, crowns it; and on the exterior is a circular gallery, which affords very interesting panoramic prospects of the town and neighbourhood. 'J'lic basement story contains a spacious kitchen, v/ith appropriate offices ; the ground Sitorv, a council-room, committee-rooms, town-clerk's, treasurer's, and surveyor's offices, &c. Of these, some have been rendered unnecessary by the erection of the New Sessions' House, and are now converted into apartments for the accommodation of the Mayor. The 2)rincipal story contains a splendid and magnificent suite of rooms communicating with each other. A noble saloon, most richly furnished, opens from the grand staircase, and contains a full-length portrait of King George the Third, painted by the late Sir Thomas Lawrence. There are also portraits of his late Majesty George the Fourth, when Prince of Wales, by Iloppner; of the late Duke of York, by Philips ; and of his present Majesty, when Duke of Clarence, by Shee. Two handsome drawing-rooms, running east and west, measure, the one, thirty feet by twenty-seven, and the other, (the west drawing-room,) thirty-two feet and a half, by twenty -si.K feet nine inches. The saloon and drawing-rooms are all of the same height, twenty-five feet. There are two ball-rooms, one towards the north, and the other in the east, both of which are fitted up in the most sumptuous style. That on the eastern side is sixty-one feet by twenty-eight, and twenty -five feet in height, lighted by three chandeliers of elegant construction. On the west side is a noble ban- queting-room, where the mayor holds his civic entertainments ; and in the centre of the v.Iiole suite is a delightful refectorj^ where, on public occasions, the tables groan beneath a luxurious load, from which may be selected viands suited to every palate. The Corporation of Liverpool is one of the most opulent corporate bodies in the king- dom, and its revenue is to a large extent made subservient to the public good. In the 23d and 25th years of Edward I. when this place M'as little better than a fishing village, the port sent burgesses to parliament: but after those returns, none other is found till the time of Edward VI. when the electors allowed their representatives 2s. per day each, for the maintenance of their rank and station. In the reign of Queen Mary, Sir Richard Sherburne was one of the members for Liverpool, and there is no reason to doubt that the worthy kniglit received this honourable stipend — honourable, because in this sense it is more commendable to receive than to give, and much more fitting that a representative should be paid by his constituents for his services, than that he should pay them for their votes. " I have bought you, and I'll sell you," was the frank avowal of a corrupt member to his complaining electors, and it is difficult to imagine what reasonable objection they could make to this appropriation of his purchase. Such a member is the true organ of JiJJ-^ 11-:/,. 'i^ .iK.iLU'l'il ie> B'il IHUIiJi'Jl', ■'-^ 'A '-i«\ ■»■.?; IE 'if, 11.11" VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LiVNCASIilRE. 25 such constituents ; he represents even their corruptions. The elective franchise of this ancient borougii was vested in tlie free burgesses, amounting to about 4000, and a large proportion of whom were artisans, chiefly employed in the ship-yards. The returnino- officers were the Mayor and the two Bailiffs. Tiie Reform Act of Parliament, passed in 1832, has materially altered the constituency of this borough; the elective franchise is now vested in the Inhabitant householders, of £10 or upwards. ST. JOHN'S MARKET, GREAT CHARLOTTE STREET, LIVERPOOL. This extensive building, situate in the immediate neighbourhood of Queen-square, Clayton-square, and Williamson-square, was designed by Mr. Foster, and erected by the Corporation of Liverpool, at an expense of £35,000. The edifice was begun in August, 1820, and finished in the month of February, 1822. The principal front of the Market (shewn in the engraving) is in Great Charlotte- street, and faces the Amphitheatre. It is built of brick, with the exception of the founda- tions, entrances, and cornices, which are of massy stone. The roof consists of fi\e ranges, two of them being considerably elevated, to admit side-lights, that swing upon their centres, and afford a free circulation of air. There are 136 windows in the upper and lower tiers, taken together. The building measures 183 yards in length, and 45 yards in breadth j and occupies a space equal to nearly two statute acres. Eight spacious entrances, three in Great Charlotte-street, three in Market-street, and one at each end, lead into the interior of the structure. The principal support of the markets of Liverpool is from Ireland, Wales, and from tlie Isle of Man : from the former great quantities of horned cattle, swine, and butter are imported ; the Isle of Man, Anglesey, many parts of North Wales, and Cheshire, send great quantities of li\e poultry of all sorts, eggs innumerable, and large quantities of fresh butter in small pans, or crocks, intended for immediate use; this butter is not so salt as that from Ireland, being sometimes not a week old : an historian of Liverpool, in 1795, says, " A most iniquitous use is often made of this butter; it is worked, beat up, made into pounds, and printed at the top, in imitation of fresh butter, for which it is frequently sold ; these deceptions are sometimes discovered, but the magistrates are generally too lenient in their punishment, to prevent a continuance of the imposition." The demand for beef, live sheep, and pigs, for supply of the shipping, is here very great, and consequeTuly advances the price to the iidiabitants; poultry of all kinds is frequently in great demand for the same purpose: the beef, though not large, is for the most part of the ox, and, in general, not to be exceeded in flavour and fatness in any part of England: there is a pretty bi'eed of sheep in many parts of this country, with black faces and feet, that afford most excellent mutton. The markets are also plentifully supplied from Derbyshire and North Wales, with sheep that yield to none in goodness and flavour ; veal is fine and H 2(3 MI'WS AM) ILLUSTRATIONS IN IJiNCASIIIRE. well tasted, but not in general so white as in many other inirts of the kingdom ; pork is in n-eneral good, but tlie large country sort sold in the open market is firmer and better flavoured than what is killed in town, and sold at the shambles. In conclusion, it may be remarked, that the markets of Liverpool, for the most part, produce every thing for the luxuries and conveniences of life, equal to that of any other town in the kingdom. THE INTERIOR OF ST. JOHN'S MARKET, LIVERPOOL. Viewed from the inside, this Market appears to the amazed spectator as one large, well-formed, and liglitly-painted hall, in comparison with which most buildings of a similar character arc insignificant. The interior is divided into five avenues, supported by four rows of cast-iron pillars, twenty-five feet high. The walls are lined by fifty-eight shops and four offices ; the latter being for the use of the superintendent of the Market, the toll-collectors, and the weighers of provisions. About two hundred gas-lights illuminate the building by night. Four pumps, one of which supplies hot water, are dis- posed in different parts of the Market ; and every evening the place is thoroughly cleansed by twelve scavengers engaged for that purpose. After the gates are closed, two watchmen remain within, to guard the property from depredation. Tlie principal market-days are Wednesday and Saturday ; but there is a considerable market every day. The regulations are adapted for the equal protection of the buyer and seller ; and the rates of porterage being clearly understood, any exorbitant demand by the carriers is effectually prevented. The persons employed in the latter capacity, who have badges on their arms, are deemed most trust-worthy. " The rents charged in this Market are as follows : — Shops, £18 per annum ; cellars, (of which there are 29,) £5 ; butchers' stalls, £8 ; the corner ones, .-£"10 ; vegetable and fruit stalls, £6 ; potato-compartments, £3 ; the corner ones, £3. 4s. ; table-compartments, £1. 12s.; bench-compartments, 12s.; outer fish-standings, £8; the inner ones, £4. Occupiers of shops pay £2. 128. per annum each for a gas-light." Numerous market-places have been formed, and buildings erected for the accommoda- tion of persons attending them. Exclusive of the extensive edifice just described, there is St. James's market-house, for the accommodation of the south part of the town, and of Harrington; a similar building has also just been completed in Scotland road, for the convenience of the residents in Everton and Kirkdale. In addition to these are the old markets, in Cleveland Square, Islington, and Pownall Square; the cattle and hay markets, in Lime Street ; and the pig market, in Great Howard Street. The fairs are, July 25, and Nov. 11: ten days prior to each fair, a hand is displayed in front of the town-hall, and remains there for ten days after the conclusion, during which time, every person entering or leaving the town on business connected with the fairs, is free from arrest for debt on borough process, within the ancient liberties of the town. ^ M VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 2~ HORNBY CASTLE. This picturesque seat, late the residence of J. Marsden, Esq., Is delightfully situated on the banks of the romantic Lune. The late Mrs. Radclift'e thus notices Hornby and its adjacent scenery in her " Observa- tions on a Tour to the Lakes." " Leaving Lancaster, we commenced a beautiful ride in our way to Hornby." After passing Mr. Gibson's at Quernmore, and Mr. Hodgson's at Escowbeck, the road turned " into the sweetly retired vale of Caton, and by the village church-yard, in which there is not a single grave-stone,* to Hornby, a small straggling town, delightfully seated near the entrance of the vale of Lonsdale. Its thin toppling castle is seen among wood, at a con- siderable distance, with a dark hill rising over it. What remains of the old edifice is a square grey building with a slender watch-tovver, rising in one corner, like a feather in a hat, which joins the modern mansion of white stone, and gives it a singular appearance, by seeming to start from the centre of its roof. " In front, a steep lawn descends between avenues of old wood, and the park extends along the skirts of the craggy hill that towers above. At its foot, is a good stone bridge over the Wenning, now shrunk in its pebbly bed, and further on, near the castle, the church, shewing a handsome octagonal tower, crowned with battlements. The road then becomes extremely interesting, and at Melling, a village on a brow some miles further, the view opens over the whole vale of Lonsdale. The eye now passes, beneath the arching foliage of some trees in the foreground, to the sweeping valley, where meadows of the most vivid green, and dark woods, with white cottages and villages peeping from among them, mingle with surprising richness, and undulate from either bank of the Lune to the feet of the hills. Ingleborough, rising from elegantly swelling grounds, overlooked this vale, on the right, clouds rolling along its broken top, like smoke from a caldron, and its hoary tint forming a boundary to the soft verdure and rich woodlands of the slopes at its feet. The perspective was terminated by the tall peeping heads of the Westmorland fells, the nearer ones tinged with faintest purple, the more distant with light azure, and this is the general boundary to a scene, in the midst of which, enclosed between nearer and lower hills, lies the vale of Lonsdale, of a character mild, delicate, and reposing, like the coun- tenance of a Madona." Hornby Castle was founded by one of the baronial family of Montebegone ; the earliest upon record, of whom is Roger de Montebegone, who held several lordships in the county • This lady must have seen only one side of Caton church-yard, the north, which lies to the road ; from the opposite side, towards the east, there are many graves and tomb-stones — Gregson's Fragments. 28 VIEWS AM> ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASUIKL. of Lincoln, in tlic n-itjn of Stepiicii. In the reign of Edward tlic Third, one of this family was sinnnioned to parliament.* They were succeeded in the possession of this property by the Nevilles, and the Harringtons. Anne, daughter and coheiress to Sir John Har- rington, knt., conveyed the property to Edward Stanley, Lord Monteagle, a younger son of Thomas, the first Earl of Derby, who, in the fifth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, commanded the rear of the English army, at the battle of Flodden Field, and with his Lancashire archers was greatly instrumental in beating the Scots on that day. In allusicjn to his ancestors bearing the eagle in their crest, the king granted him the title of Lord Monteagle, and created him a Knight of the Garter. His son and heir, Thomas Stanley, Lord Monteagle, in the nineteenth of Henry VIII., attended Cardinal Wolsey in his embassy to the King of France, to induce him to join Henry the Eighth (then at Amiens) in a war in Italy. This nobleman had three sons and three daughters by one of his wives. His eldest son, William, succeeded as Lord Monteagle, and married first, Anne, daughter of Sir James Leybourne, Knt., by whom he had issue, one daughter and heir, called Elizabeth, wife to Edward, Lord Morley. Having no issue by his second wife, Anne, daughter to Sir John Spencer, of Allhorpe, in the county of Northampton, knt., Lord Morley, in right of his wife, became the owiier of Hornby. This Edward Lord Morley, by his wife Elizabeth Stanley, left issue three sons ; of whom William succeeded him. He had also three daughters, one married Sir Alexander Barlow, of Barlow, in Lancashire, knt. William bore the title of Lord Morley and Monteagle, and was the nobleman to whom the letter was addressed, that was the cause of the discovery of the gunpowder treason plot. He was succeeded b}^ the eldest of his three sons, Sir Henry Parker, Knight of the Bath ; at whose death, in 1655, succeeded Thomas Parker, the last Lord Morley and Monteagle, of this family. He married Mary, the daughter of Henry Martin, Esq., of Langworth, in the county of Berks, and was summoned to parliament from thirteenth Charles II. to James I. Dying without issue, the baronies of Morley and Monteagle are now in abeyance, or suspense, in female coheirs: from one of them descended George Pitt, of Strathfieldsaye, Hampshire. Hornb)' Castle, and the estates attached to it, after passing through several changes, came into the hands of the present possessor. Hornby is a small market town seated on the eastern banks of the river Lunc. The views down the valley are extremely fine, and the winding stream, with its wooded banks, present various highly picturesque features. The cotton manufactures constitute the principal business of the place. A fair or market is held here every alternate Tuesday for cattle, which, with an annual fair, occasions some bustle and trade in the town. A religious hospital, or priory of Prsemonstratensian canons, was founded here, and made subject to the abbey at Croxton, in Leicestershire. At the dissolution, it was granted to the Monteagle family, who possessed considerable estates in Hornby and its neighbourhood. • There is much discrepuncy in Dugdale's account of these barons, vide vol. i. p. 51S. MAJREET STREET, jPROM PICCABIliIiy, MAHCHESTS31. MAHS; rnw •i--nr:K HtAStlKBT ?U.ACS, »a*JNCK:!^i"5'r-"=:'R VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 29 MARKET STREET, FROM PICCADILLY, MANCHESTER. Market-street, the principal thoroughfare of Manchester, had long been inadequate to the vast traffic with which it was continually crowded, when, in 1821, an act of parliament was obtauied,with the general concurrence of the inhabitants, for the improvement and widening of this and other confined avenues. The commissioners instantly commenced operations, and, in the course of a few years, they have nearly completed the present Market-street, with handsome shops and duellings on each side, and descending by a regularly inclined plane from Piccadilly to the Exchange. The houses are erected in a plain but handsome style, having Doric pilasters supporting a cornice and attic story, and presenting a coup d'osil, not inferior to some of the most celebrated street erections in the meti-opolis. Indeed, to a stranger from London, some of the avenues in this town and in Liverpool pre- sent such elegant yet varied, mansions of modern architecture, as to instantly call to mind similar points of architectural and picturesque attraction in the western end of the metropolis. — This view is taken from the west end of Piccadilly ; a spot well chosen by the artist for picturesque effect. Manchester, by the reform bill, constitutes one of the new boroughs, sending two mem- bers to parliament. MARKET STREET, FROM THE MARKET PLACE, MANCHESTER. A few years since, the market accommodation in Manchester was not equal to the increasing trade of the town ; but, under the auspices of Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., the lord of the manor, the generally prevailing spirit of improvement soon manifested itself, in the erection of new shambles and other necessary accommodations for public business. The covered market, on the London road, was opened on the 14th February, 1824. Subse- quently to this, Smithfield Market at Shude Hill, and the market in Brown-street, for butchers' meat, have been opened. On the site of the " Old Shambles," a very convenient, and, for the purpose, an elegant building, has been erected, which in 1828 was opened as a fish-market. The abundance of provisions of every description exposed for sale, in the several markets on Saturdays, strikes a stranger with astonishment, both as to its collec- tion and probable sale. The quantity of meat sold on these days is almost beyond belief ; and the quality is allowed, on all hands, to be, at least, nothing inferior to that of any market in the United Kingdom. On Tuesdays, more particularly, Manchester presents a busy scene. A great number of manufacturers from the adjacent towns and neighbourhood, attend, for the sale of their cotton goods ; and when no adventitious circumstances throw a temporary gloom over the I 30 VIEWS AND IIXUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. trading interests, the value of goods sold in one day is frequently very considerable. A stranger notices the sales of cottons with peculiar admiration, as being a grand charac- teristic feature of Manchester, the chief seat of this, the staple manufacture of the kingdom. The Engraving is a faithful representation of Market-street, as seen from the old Market-place ; and it is here the spectator obtains an adequate view of this splendid avenue. The ground- floors of the buildings on the left are occupied by magnificent shops, the interior of which is arranged with great taste and elegance. Lofty pilasters separate the windows of the first and second stories ; and the first story window of the corner house is finished off" with a Doric pediment. The pilasters support an entablature, above which rises the attic story, crowned with a parapet. Though not similar throughout in point of archi- tecture, this street has a noble aspect, and bears strong testimony to the mercantile impor- tance and enterprising spirit of the town of Manchester. About the middle of the 1 7th century, we find the following curious description of Manchester: — " Manchester," says Dr. Kuerden, " is a fayrc and spacious town, adorned with many streets and a spacious market-place. It is wattered and almost surrounded with specious rivers, as with that of the Irk upon the north, and partly on the east with the Irwell, and upon the west with Medloc, and upon the south, and three miles from it, with the Mersey, the concurs of them all, (is) the boundary both of the parish of Man- ehestei-, and likewise of the county of Lancashire. The town is pleasantly situated, and, as Mr. Cambden sayth, excelleth all the towns about it, and it is the fayrest and most populous in all the county, hath many streets, and a spacious market-place; a church collegiate, with a Mr. Warden and fellows, two chaplains, organ, singing men and quorister boys, a colledg in it, with a sumpts library, and endo(wed) with a 1 001b. per ann. for ever by Mr. to replenish it with books, in hope a preparative to become in time a future university, a hospital for — poore children in blew coats, with a mr. to instruct them, and other necessarys provided for them, and fitt them better for the service of the nation by mathematical learning. Manchester is a fayre built town, more citty like than any other town or borow in the county of Lancaster, being of great antiquitj' amongst the Brigantes in the British time, and by them called Caer Manguid, as the learned and famous Archbishop Usher, of Armagh, conjectures, and of the most antient coppys of Ninius, his catalogue of cities remaining in Brittaine. So termed from the Britysh word main or man, signifying a rocky ground; and the Romans, after they had subjected this island under their government, did usually, in their proper idiome, either prefix or suffix some part of the antient British name in use, derived from the nature of the situation of the place, scil: (scilicet,) namely maine, upon a rocky ground, and there- upon called Man-cunium, sometimes Manucium, otherwhiltt Manucio, ever retaining part of its antient British name." Dr. Aikin, in bis " Description of Manchester," written in 1^94, thus notices the improvements in that town: — VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 31 " Manchester and Salford, in several streets, and the Market-place, bear great marks of antiquity, as there are still standing nearly whole streets of houses, built of wood, clay, and plaster. " The new streets built within these few years have nearly doubled the size of the town. Most of them are wide and spacious, with excellent and large houses, principally of brick made on the spot; but they have a flight of steps projecting nearly the breadth of the pavement, which makes it very inconvenient to foot-passengers. When two people meet, one must either go into the horse-road, or over the flight of steps, which, in the night-time, is particularly dangerous, as the lamps are not always lighted. In the first year after obtaining the act for lighting and paving the town, a considerable debt was incurred. On this account, Manchester was, as before the act, in total darkness; but by receiving the money and using no oil, the fund has recovered itself, and the town is now well lighted. But few of the streets are yet flagged, which makes the walking in them, to strangers, very disagreeable. There is little doubt that this will, in a short time, be remedied, and the great ugly projecting flight of steps to the houses taken do^vn. As Manchester may bear a comparison M'ith the metropolis itself in the rapidity with which whole new streets have been raised, and in its extension on every side towards the sur- rounding country; so it unfortunately vies with, or exceeds, the metropolis in the closeness with which the poor are crowded in offensive, dark, damp, and incommodious habitations, as too fertile sources of disease!"* ST. JAMES'S CEMETERY, LIVERPOOL. (looking west.) St. James's Cemetery owes its existence to a few public-spirited individuals, who, in common with the majority of their townsmen, deprecated the evils, both moral and medical, which have resulted from crowded cemeteries in the midst of populous cities and towns. These evils are abundantly obvious — the generation and diffusion of a pestiferous atmos- phere, the desecration of some of the most sacred ordinances of religion, and, above all, disgusting exhibitions of indecorum and indecency. If any regard is due to the feelings of surviving relatives; if the idea of death is in itself terrible enough, without any of those loathsome adjuncts with which it is too frequently attended; if, in short, the grave ought to be rendered, in appearance as well as in reality, a place of rest — the projectors of this Cemetery may justly lay claim to the gratitude of their fellow-townsmen. It is, indeed, matter of surprise, that the project was not at an earlier period carried into effect. The well-known Cemetery of Pere -la-Chaise has long been the theme of every tourist's admiration; while the Catacombs in Paris, those subterraneous quarries whence the city was built, and where the bones of millions of human beings are deposited, offer an im- pressive lesson to the curious visitor, and furnish an example worthy of universal imitation. • " Description of Manchester," 4to. 192. 32 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. Among the many interesting improvements made in this spirited town within tlie last few years, nothing lias heen effected possessing so much interest, as the establishment of this Cemetery, occupying as it does what is generally a void and nuisance in the neighbourhood. In the year 1825, a general Cemetery was formed at Low Hill, near Everton, for the inhumation of the dead, in consequence of the contracted space allotted to the burial grounds in Liverpool, and the frequent violation of public decency and feeling, arising from the disinterment of one corpse whilst preparing a grave for another. This institution was found insufficient to answer the designed purposes ; and, in 1829, St. James's Cemetery, the subject of the present description, was opened in Liverpool. This burial-ground, the foundation-stone of which was laid August 28th, 182/, is situated at the top of Duke-street, on the site of a delf or quarry, and comprises 44,000 square yards of land, surrounded with a stone wall and an iron railing. There are four entrances by gates, the principal one leading through an elegant archway to the lower part of the grounds. The width of this burial-ground is about 90 j'ards, and the greatest length 500 yards. The sides on the north, west, and south, are formed by sloping banks thickly planted with shrubs; and the lower part is disposed in much the same manner as the celebrated Ceme- tery of Pere-la-Chaise, at Paris. The Chapel or Oratory, a beautiful specimen of classic architecture, built under the direction of John Foster, Esq. occupies a prominent situation near the face of the perpen- dicular rock, at the top of Duke-street. It has the appearance of a temple, the portico is formed of six Doric columns, supporting an entablature and pediment. The interior is solemn, and well accords with the peculiar duties performed within it. The Minister's house, a handsome stone building, stands near the latter edifice ; and the Porter's lodge is situate on the high land at the south end. ST. JAMES'S CEMETERY, LIVERPOOL. (looking south.) The eastern side, 1,100 feet in length, and 52 feet in height, is nearly perpendicular, and faced with masonry. Two inclined roads extending north and south intersect each other; and through the point of intersection runs a horizontal road to each extremity of the wall. These roads are sufficiently wide to admit a carriage, and are protected by a course of masonry two feet sLx inches in height. The catacombs, making altogether upwards of one hundred, are formed in the sides of the horizontal and declined roads before described, and are entered by door-ways, four feet six inches wide, and seven feet high, finished at the sides, and round the arches, with rustic nvasonry. /lEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS JN LANCASHIRE. 33 In this view of the Cemetery, the reader will perceive the place of Mr. Huskisson's inter- ment, occupying a distant, but nearly central situation in the engraving, which, also, exhibits the inclined planes. The residence of the minister is another prominent object; it is a neat mansion of Grecian architecture, with wings and suitable grounds. The principal or lower entrance to this " city of the dead," as represented beneath this house, is flanked by luxuriant foliage, which, from its sombre cast, has a pleasing appearance on entering the grounds. SAINT GEORGE'S CHURCH, LIVERPOOL. Saint George's Church, situated westerly of a line formed by Castle-street and Pool- lane, has the Crescent, at the end of Lord-street, on the east. In the left-hand corner of the engraving is shewn a small portion of the Crescent, and the opening into Lord-street ; and the receding buildings on the right-hand side of the plate, occupy an angle formed bj' Cable-street and Pool-lane. The house, partly concealed by the Church, forms the termination of the Crescent, on the south. This edifice stands upon the site of the ancient castle of Liverpool, and was erected under the authority of an act of parliament passed in 1/15. It was much enlarged, and a new steeple built a few years ago. The body of this elegant structure is rusticated, and combines solidity with neatness. The windows are twelve in number, having circular heads, and architraves, with a chastely ornamented Doric entablature, from which rises an elegantly empanelled parapet. It is intended to embellish the east window with a representation of the Crucifixion, in stained glass, from a design by Hilton. An organ, of exceedingly rich and extensive power, occupies a considerable part of the organ-loft, and the decorations of its exterior contribute materially to the elegant appearance of the Church. The west-door, exhibited in the engraving, is ornamented, according to the Doric order, with pilasters, supporting an entablature and a pediment. The window above is remark- able for its unpretending neatness, and assimilates with the character of the masonry. The base of the steeple is rusticated, and surmounted with an entablature, similar in character to that which belongs to the main body of the building. From the cornice of the base springs a square pedestal, supporting the Ionic order, which consists of eight columns, disposed in an octangular form, each pillar measuring two feet six inches in diameter, and, including the base and cap, twenty-two feet six inches in height. Between the columns are the belfry windows, with their architrave and entabla- ture ; and over them are placed, in sunk panels, the dials of the clock. Perfectly detached from the Ionic, rises the Corinthian order, surrounding the circular base of the spire. It is composed of eight columns,, measuring two feet one inch in diameter, and, from cap to base, twenty-one feet in height. A balustrading, at the top of K 34 VIEWS AND ILLL'STKATIUNS IN LANCASUIIIK. tliis order, forms a passage round the springing of the octangular spire, furnished with oval openings for the admission of light, and terminated with a Composite cap. The several parts of the structure harmonize exceedingly well, and form a pleasing and consistent whole. The rustication of the main body judiciously subdues the floridness of architectural beaut) , and carries the eye, by an easy transition, to the regular orders, and the elegant spire whicii surmounts tliem. We regard this edifice as a happy production of architectural skill ;uul taste, alii.T. "bv iiarv,*ood PiU&T ©i" :: ■C-Jii. I>tvj- KJ'C&l. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATION'S IN LANCASIllUE. 39 below Liverpool unites with the sea. — Mr. B hick burn e, as lord of the manor, is entitled to levy a contribution of four-pence on every vessel that anchors on the northern shore of the river. In the centre of the modern building is a large and elegant room, appropriated for the Library and Museum, containing, besides many valuable books, an extensive collection of subjects of natural history, especially birds and insects,— and a cabinet of coins. The lawns and flower garden are immediately before the south front, and are laid out witli much taste. The latter, in a warm and sheltered situation, is enriched with the celebrated collection of plants formerly belonging to the Botanic Garden at Oxford : the exotics are particularly worthy of a visitor's attention. The stables and offices are near the west front, and about half a mile distant is a decoy pond for wild ducks, teal, widgeons, &c. In the chapelry of Hale was born, A.D. 1578, John Middleton, commonly called the " Ciiild of Hale,"' whose extraordinary size and strength have been rarely equalled since the period of the sons of Anak, when " there were giants in the land." His hand, from the wrist to the end of the middle finger, measured seventeen inches ; his palm eight inches and a half ; and his height was nine feet three inches, or, only six inches less than that of the Philistine champion Goliath. There is a full-length portrait of this " Child" (who lies buried in tlie church-yard of Hale) in the hall, M'ith a description painted underneath. Tradition relates, that he pos- sessed extraordinary strength, and that Sir Gilbert Ireland took him to London, and introduced him to the presence of King James I. in the very dress in which he appears in the picture at Hale Hall. The village is remarkable for its neatness and rural aspect, and forms a pleasing con- trast to tlie hamlets in the neighbourhood of manufacturing towns. PART OF LORD STREET, WITH ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH IN THE DISTANCE. Tliis Street was, until a recent period, very inconvenient for one of the principal avenues in the town. In 1825, an Act of Parliament was obtained for widening it; and so great were the industry and zeal exerted by the Corporation's agents on the occasion, that the alteration was effected in less than two years. The new houses on the south side are built of brick, covered with stucco, uniform in their elevation, but varying in plan. It is in contemplation to rebuild the houses on the north side in the same way ; and when this design shall have been accomplished. Lord Street will be, without exception, the most magnificent in Liverpool, and worthy of the " west end" in the metropolis. An unbroken line of spacious and elegant shops extends the whole lenirth of the Street, 40 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASlllUF,. and affords to the fair and tlic fasluonablo, at once, an excuse and a motive for a morning's lounge. Tiie view up Lord Street is terminated by St. George's Clmrcii, Mliicli (l)y a kind of fatality) is situated neither wholly in, nor wholly out of the line of vision. Doubtless if its erection Iiad been subsequent to the recent alterations, so disagreeable an obliquity would have been avoided ; but, like many of the human race who labour under disadvan- tages, it lias, at least, tiie comfort of possessing partners in aflliction. We need only allude to the Town Hall, and St. Luke's Church, as examples of beauty, " boin to blush unseen, And waste tlieir sweetness in the desert air." St. George's Church was commenced in 1715, but not consecrated till 1732. It has been recently rebuilt, with the exception of tlie roof and ceiling, and the frame-work of the pews, gallery, and pulpit, under the superintendence of Mr. Foster. The base of the steeple is thirty square feet, and its height about 214 feet. From the base springs a square pedestal for the support of a story of the Ionic order, of octangular form, with a column at each angle. The next story is of the Corinthian order, liaving eight detached columns surrounding tiie base of the spire. At this Church, the mayor, aldermen, and common-council usually attend divine service ; and in the vaults beneath it, lie interred the remains of many of the principal natives of the town. At the spot on which the spectator is supposed to stand in the engraved view, there was formerly a small tenement called the Boat-house, where a ferry-boat was stationed for the purpose of conveying passengers across the Pool (now no longer in existence) into the town ; and where, at a later date, Lord Molyneaux erected a bridge, to connect the pen- insula of Liverpool with the main land. The township and manor of Liverpool for- merly belonged to the Molyneaux family, and the corporation were only lessees; but about fifty years ago they purchased the reversion of the estate, together with the manorial and other rights. Tlie expense of the recent alterations in Lord Street exceeds £170,000, or rather more than one year's income of the corporation estate, forming part of a sum of £1,067,554 expended since 1786, in improvements, in the erection of churches, charity-scliools, markets, and other public buildings. In 1327 (the annals inform us) the castle and borough of Liverpool were estimated to be worth i'SO. 10s. per ann\nu. PART OF LORD STREET AND SOUTH JOHN STREET. Tlie latter Street, formerly denominated ALarshall Street, crosses Lord Street at right angles, and, when completed, will extend from Dale Street to the site of the New Custom House, (heretofore the Old Dock.) It is a wide and handsome avenue, and some of the houses, now in course of crection.are in a style of princely magnificence. The range of buildings which occupies the central place in the view, named the Clarendon ,.g Mil' i 1 a I ., iC®TT©H FACTOKaiES » TJHI®H STSiEZT, St.'.. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 4I Buildings, was erected by W. Statliam, Esq., town-clerk, the proprietor; and contains, besides comniercial oiSces, &c. rooms appropriated to the accommodation of the commis- sioners in cases of bankruptcy, and for the reception of a Law Library, Comparing together the two engravings given in this plate, the stranger should observe, that the station of the draughtsman in the second is rather more than half-way up Lord Street, as shewn in the first engraving — on the north side, or the side opposite to the Church — and with his view directed down the Street. COTTON FACTORIES, UNION STREET, MANCHESTER. In the time of Edward the Third, many of the manufacturers of the Netherlands having been induced to come over into England, settled themselves in the counties of Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Lancashire ; their fabrics being known by the name of " Kendal Cloth," " Halifax Cloths," and " Manchester Cottons." The cotton trade, the staple manufacture of Lancashire, had its origin in the East, where the cotton plant is indigenous. At the time when the Romans brought cotton fabrics from India, the manufacture had attained the same perfection which it possesses at the present day, in that country. The implements used by the Indians are now pre- cisely what they were two thousand years ago. It was not till the year 1760, that the cotton trade of this country found markets on the European continent, and in America ; subsequently, however, the supply became inadequate to the demand. This was owing principally to a want of weft, and partly to the limited capabilities of the machinery. At this juncture, Thomas Heys, a reed-maker, a native of Lancashire, projected a machine for the spinning of cotton with greater rapidity than had hitherto been done. He associated himself with one Kay, a clock-maker, in the same town ; but their efforts were at first unsuccessful, and the project was for a time abandoned. Heys afterwards took it up by himself, and brought it to completion. The new machine he called, after the name of his daughter, a Jenny. Mr. Crompton, in 1770, made much greater improve- ments in the spinning of cotton, by constructing a machine, which, combining the prin- ciples of the spinning-jenny and the water-frame, was named a Mule. In 1767j James Hargrave constructed a spinning Jenny of greater power, when the spinners, dreading the consequences of the discovery, destroyed the machanism, and drove its contriver out of the county. Sir Richard Arkwright, a native of Preston, having a mechanical genius, directed his attention to the improvement of the machinery used in the prevailing manufactures of Lancashire, and in 1768 removed into Nottinghamshire, where he built a factory for spinning cotton by the new process. From this era we may date the extension of the cotton trade. M 4-2 \ IKUS ANU ILLL'STIIATIONS IN LAN'CASUIUE. Every p.irt of the manufacture, from the importation of tlie raw material to its com- pletion, is carried on in .Manciiester, but tlie branch for whidi this town is principally tlistinguished, is the spinnini^. Our engraving exhibits a view of tlie cotton factories of Messrs. Murray and Co., and Messrs. M'Coiniel and Co., in Union Street, Manchester. In the external appearance of these buildings, we remark little else than their great height. It is the interior which is most interesting. The hundreds of persons employed in them, the various depart- ments of the art, and the regularity of the process, strike a spectator with astonishment, and impress him with a high opinion of the value and importance of the manufactures of Manchester. THE TWIST FACTORY, OXFORD STREET, MANCHESTER. So early as 1552, the manufacture of woollen goods was carried on in Manchester; but it was not till 1750 that the cotton trade assumed an important character. In 1/81, the quantity of cotton-wool imported amounted to 5,198,778 lbs.; but the improve- ment of machinery has more than trebled the extent of this importation. The estimated value of the cotton manufactures in the year 1821, was £30,000,000; at the present time it cannot be less than o£'C0,000,000. In 1825, there were, in the parish of Man- chester only, 20,000 steam -looms in motion ; and the number has since then considerably increased. The woollen, linen, and silk trades are by no means inconsiderable, though inferior to the cotton business. Hats are also a prominent feature in the manufactures of Manchester. The iron foundries are of great magnitude, and machine-making is executed to a very great extent. Some idea may be formed of the cotton trade, from the circumstance, that the raw material is brought to Manchester, and, when manufactured, returned to Eastern countries, from which it is again sent to England as a foreign production. The Pacha of Egypt is a regular trader in cottons, with this seat of industrious art. In the infancy of the cotton manufacture, the warp, which was made of linen yam, was prepared for the loom by being bound on pegs fastened to the wall ; but the invention of the warping mill, about 1760, introduced a better and more rapid method of perform- ing the operation ; and the subsequent improvements in spinning machinery produced cotton twist, which superseded the use of linen yarn. The difficulties of obtaining warp and weft being thus done away, still greater facilities were aflfordcd to the trade by the supplies of English yarn to the amount of several thousand tons per year. It is estimated, that the twist and weft spun in Great Britain amounts in weight to one hundred and ten million pounds per annum. Nearly one-tenth is used in the making of lace, thread, and VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIUE. 43 stockings; two-tenths are exported in twist, and the remaining seven-tenths are used in manufactures at lionie. The annexed engraving represents the Twist Factory of Messrs. Hyde, Wood, and Cooi<, in Oxford Street, Manchester. ESTHWAITE WATER. LOOKING TOWARDS HAWKSHEAD. This beautiful lake is about two miles in length, and half a mile in breadth. It is intersected by a promontory or peninsula on each side, jutting far into the water. These peninsulas are finely elevated, cultivated at top, and fringed with trees and brushwood on the sides and base. An excellent carriage road runs round the whole of the water, and over its outlet there is a narrow stone bridge. Gentle hills, green to their summits, rise round the margin ; plantations, and pastures spread alternately along the easy shores, and white forms pleasantly situated under woods, are scattered sparingly upon the slopes above : " The water," says Mrs. Radclifte, " seems to glide through the quiet privacy of pleasure- grounds ; so fine is the turf on its banks, so elegant its copses, and such an air of peace and retirement prevails over it. A neat white village lies at the feet of the hills, near the head of the lake ; beyond it is the grey town of Hawkshead, with its church and parson- age house on an eminence, commanding the whole valley. Steep hills rise over them, and, more distant, the tall heads of the Coniston fells, dark and awful, with a confusion of other mountains." Hawkshead, thus delightfully placed, is an ancient but small town, with a few good houses ; and a neat town-house, which was built by subscription about fifty years ago. There is a good free-school here, which was founded by Archbishop Sandys, a native of Hawkshead. Near the town are the remains of the house, where the Abbot of Furness " kept residence by one or more monks, who performed divine service and other parochial duties in the neighbourhood." There is still a court room over the gateway, " where the bailiff of Hawkshead held court, and distributed justice, in the name of the abbot." The coppice wood, of which there is great abundance in the neighbourhood of this lake, consists principally of hazel, that grows plentifully in the neighbourhood of all the lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland. Few districts, indeed, in the kingdom, are so well supplied with nuts, which are gathered by the poor people here for exportation. In a good year, this is far from being an unprofitable labour. Wordsworth thus com- memorates one of his juvenile nutting excursions in this neighbourhood : — 44 MKWS AM) ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. It seems a day, (I speak of one from many singled out,) One of those heavenly days which cannot die, M'hen forth I sallied from our cottage door, With a huge wallet o'er my shoulder slung, A nutting crook in hand, and turned my steps Towards tlie distant woods, a figure quaint. Tricked out in proud disguise of cast-off weeds, Which for that service had been husbanded. By exhortation of my frugal dame. Among the woods. And o'er the pathless rocks, I forced my way. Until at length I came to one dear nook Unvisited, where not a broken bough Drooped with its withered leaves, ungracious sign Of devastation, but the hazels rose Tall and erect, with milk-white clusters hung, A virgin scene !" Tlie fish found in this lake are perch, pike, eel, and troui, but the char has never been found in it, though its waters unite with those of Windermere, where that fish is plentiful. Perhaps this may be occasioned by the shallowness of Esthwaite Water, as, it is said, the char is only to be found in deep lakes. Near the head of this lake is an islet, containing about two perches of land, which has been probably detached from the banks, as it formerly floated about with the wind. It has been stationary for many years, and is now covered witli shrubs. Belmont, the seat of the Rev. Reginald Braithwaite, a neat modern edifice, is delight- fully situated on a gentle elevation. It is almost entirely surrounded with plantations, and grounds tastefully laid out, and commands some pleasing views of Esthwaite Lake and its environs. The interruption, which enclosed waters and pathless mountains give to the intercourse and business of ordinary life, renders the district, that contains the lakes of Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland, more thinly inhabited than is due to the healthiness of the climate, and, perhaps, to the richness of the valleys. The roads are always difficult from their steepness, and in winter are greatly obstructed by snow. That over Shopfell to Kendal was some years since entirely impassable, till the inhabitants of a few scattered to«Tis subscribed thirty pounds, and a way was cut wide enough for one horse, but so deep, tiiat the snow was, on each side, above the rider's head. It is not, in this age of communication and intelligence, that any person will be credulously eager to suppose the inhabitants of one part of the island considerably or generally distinguished in their characters from those of another ; yet, perhaps, none can immerge themselves in this country of the lakes, without being struck by the superior simplicity and modesty of the people. Secluded from great towns, and from examples of selfish splendour, their minds seem to act freely in the sphere of their own aflfairs, without ,,jX 7 T^--l ro rHi. i.jnr Mjivpitjiss. tob eiTai.tSHiiRs rgSL v VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 45 interruption from envy or triumph, as to those of others. They are obligin"-, without servility, and plain but not rude: so that, when, in accosting you, they omit the customary appellations, you perceive it to be the familiarity of kindness, not of disrespect; and they do not bend with meanness, or hypocrisy, but shew an independent well-meaning, without obtrusiveness, and without the hope of more than ordinary gain."* INTERIOR OF THE BALL ROOM, TOWN HALL, LIVERPOOL. The principal Ball Room, of which a beautiful representation is submitted in the annexed engraving, occupies the entire north front of the Town Hall. It is a room of magnificent dimensions, and all the delicate suggestions of art have been called into requi- sition for its completion. Three superb glass chandeliers, containing seventy-two gas burners, throw a flood of splendour on the fair and graceful assemblages which meet there, " to trip it on the light fantastic toe." Each chandelier weighs not less than eight hun- dred pounds. The ceilings are similar through the whole suite of apartments, being arched, and divided into square compartments, which enclose others of an octagonal shape, and terminating in a moulding of rich and massive construction. The sides of the Ball Rooms are ornamented with superb pilasters, made to represent Scagliola marble ; and so perfectly has art succeeded in copying the shade, polish, and variegated colour of the stone, that a stranger would scarcely distinguish between the imitation and reality. The pilasters in the large Ball Room are surmounted by richly executed capitals of the Corinthian order, in plaster. The windows, shewn on the left-hand side in the engraving, stand in elegant recesses, tastefully decorated with rich drapery. Those of the end windows are supported by Corinthian columns of chaste workmanship ; and, between each of these principal recesses, and the one adjoining, rise two of the pilasters before described, but between the ordinary recesses there is only one. On the right-hand side of the picture is shewn the massive mahogany doors fronting the principal windows. In the centre of this side is the orchestra for the accommodation of the band ; and between it and the doors are two richly ornamented stoves. The pilasters on this side are arranged uniformly with those on the other. The Room presents a magnificent coup d'aeil, and strikes the beholder with admiration. In this noble apartment, appropriated to the elegant amusement of dancing, the festive scene is not unfrequently devoted to the highest philanthropical and benevolent purposes. The loveliness which charmed every heart, while it swam in chaste and graceful attitude through the various evolutions of the dance, may be seen, in a softer and not less pleasing light, assisting the cause of sickness, infirmity, and distress. We wish not to rob the ladies of Lancashire of one iota of their "fair fame," when we say, that, whilst turning aside from elegant pleasures to promote the comforts of the poor and indigent, they throw the blaze of ball-room loveliness into comparative shade. • A Tour to the Lakes, 4to. 397. N 46 \1EWS AND ILLISTIIATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. INTERIOR OF THE EXCHANGE NEWS ROOiM, LIVERPOOL. The Exchange News Room, and the rooms connected with it, occupy nearly all the lower story of the eastern wing of the Exchange buildings. The interior of the Newa Room, shewn in the engraving, exhibits the magnificent dimensions of the apartment projected, with architectural correctness. The extreme length, from north to south, is ninety-four feet, three inches; and the width, from east to west, fifty-one feet, nine inches; the greatest lieight, from the centre of tlie arched ceiling, is thirty-one feet, four inches. The architecture and decorations of the room are of the Ionic order, and purity of style has been carefully preserved throughout. There is no order in which simplicity and elegance are so pleasingly combined as in the Ionic ; and the architect has fully availed himself, in the present instance, of the facilities it offers for the union of simple beauty with expressive grandeur. It was the best model that could be adopted for a public build- ing of this nature, on several accounts ; the characteristic feature of the Doric style, con- sisting almost entirely in unadorned massiveness and strength, while the Corinthian and Composite order have a floridness of detail that consists better with the ball-room and saloon, than with a building devoted to mercantile purposes. The ceiling of this apartment is supported by si.xteen columns, surmounted with volutes, and other distinguishing ornaments of the order. The shaft of each column con- sists of a single stone, without joint or fissure ; a peculiarity, if not unparalleled, at least, seldom observable in this species of architecture. These columns form a magnificent colonnade in the centre of the room, which has a most striking and commanding effect, wlien viewed from the north or soutli extremity. The height of the ceilings, on each side of the colonnade, is less by several feet than the coved one in the centre. They are flat, and divided into compartments ; and their architraves rest on sixteen pilasters, arranged to correspond with the pillars. The ceiling, which runs through the centre of the room, is laid in a beautiful curve, terminating in a massive architrave that rests on the sixteen columns before described. It is divided into a number of compartments, including lesser divisions or panels, some of which are decorated with the proper ornaments. From the centre of this coved ceiling is suspended a handsome chandelier, furnished with gas burners. On the east side of the room are six large arched windows, and five of similar propor- tions, with a door on the west. At the south end are two smaller windows. The accommodations which the Exchange News Room offers to mercantile gentlemen and others, who take an interest in the affairs of the day, are most complete. Tables, furnished with slopes, are provided for greater convenience of i-eading or making extracts, &c. A person is in attendance to supply the paper called for by any gentleman. Refreshments of coffee, &c. may also be had by the visitants, in an adjoining room. ■'sm cinuiscMi» MAHCi: rttlS Pt.A TB IS Kf. ■•;sr3£:K, VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 47 The Underwriters' Room, which is smaller than the News Room, occupies part of the second story of the Exchange buildings, and lies over the appendages of the latter room. It is seventy-two feet in length, and thirty-six feet wide; has a neat coved ceiling, and is furnished with a handsome chimney-piece of black marble. Six large windows overlook the area of the buildings, over four of which is an oval aperture, with an emblematical figure in stained glass. There are two other windows at the south end. The room is fitted up with boxes for the accommodation of persons transacting business ; and is well supplied with newspapers, and other means of mercantile information. It is conducted on a principle similar to that of Lloyd's in London. NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH, MANCHESTER. This structure, composed partly of brick and partly of stone, is situate in Peter Street, and was erected in I "93. The exterior of the building (see the engraving) has a peculiarly neat and uniform appearance, and the interior arrangements conduce to comfort, and are consistent with the sacred character of the edifice. The organ, composed of three distinct parts, with more than twenty stops, possesses great richness and variety of tone, and the vocal department of the service is conducted with much solemnity and chastened effect. Originally there was much singularity in the disposition of the pulpit ; but in the year 1826, it was removed to its present and more appropriate situation. A printed liturgy is made use of by the members of this Church ; and the Rev. Richard Jones, who has conducted the worship for many years, addresses his congregation in a simple yet impressive style of eloquence, distinguished bj^ all that ardour and energy which usually characterize extempore preaching. This amiable and disinterested minister has uniformly rejected all remuneration for his services, deeming the faithful discharge of his duty a better reward than " thousands of gold and silver." A small burial ground is annexed to this sacred edifice, which was opened for the inhumation of tlie mortal remains of those who die in communion with the Church, by the Rev. William Cowherd, and the Rev. Joseph Proud, on the 11th of April, 1/93. THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH, MANCHESTER. This beautiful and venerable relic of " olden time" assimilates very nearly, both in it.'^ constitution, and in the character of its architecture, to our cathedrals. Like those splendid erections of feudal days, this structure is characterized by the space of ground it occupies, by magnificence of design, and by luxuriance of decoration. Over this build- ing, also, as over them, the mist of half-forgotten ages has gathered ; and whilst we gaze tlirough the hallowed veil upon the labours of a race of men long since returned to their primitive dust, memory sheds her light upon the cloud, and invests the sacred pile with a gorgeous halo. 48 \'n:VVS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASIIlUi:. Tliis edifice was ori^iiiiilly erected by Thomas dc la Warrc, the eighlli Baron of Man- clieslcr, about a.d. 1422, and its noble founder procured the royal license, in the ninth year of Henry the Fifth, for the appropriation of the rectory, and the formation of the College, as originally endowed. The structure did not, however, reach completion in the hands of its pious projector : many enlargements and embellishments were added by successive M'ardens. The first of these, Sir John Huntingdon, it appears, built the choir of wood,* \\ iiicli was afterwards displaced by a stone fabric. In 148.5, Sir James Stanley becoming warden of the Collegiate Church, built the large Ciiapel on the north side, dedicated to St. John the Baptist. During his wardenship, the Church assumed very nearly the appearance which it presents in the present day. Amidst the confusion of the civil wars, and the barbarous efforts of puritanical zeal, this Collegiate Church remained uninjured. For this, several reasons have been assigned : the most probable of any is, the circumstance of Manchester, and the leading men in the neighbourhood, being devoted to the interests of the parliament. The several members of this Church, and their respective duties, appear to be the following : — The Warden is appointed by the Crown to superintend the Church as Collegiate, to see that the Fellows do their duty, and to preach to them four times in the course of the year ; he must likewise have tlie Collegiate part of the edifice kept in proper repair. He and the Fellows form a Chapter, for the management of all business connected with that divi- sion of the Church belonging exclusively to them. -The Fellows are elected in a Chapter, and are four in number. Their duties consist in reading the liturgy, morning and evening, every Sunday, and preaching twice during the day: this they do alternately. The Fellows of the College are the rectors of the parish. Two Chaplains (who are also Vicars of the parish) are appointed to read prayers on week-days ; to marry, baptize, and perform the other ordinary ceremonies of religion. From the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September, they are enjoined to read the litany, and preach a sermon every Sabbath morning at seven o'clock. There are two Clerks ; one of whom belongs to the College, and the other to the parish. The former of these is in effect a sinecure ; and the latter is an office so lucrative, that not less than £800 has, on the occurrence of a vacancy, been offered for the nomination, though all the fees of the situation are shared with the Clerk of the College.f • The whole edifice, as begun by the Lord de la Warre, was built of wood. t In 1823, the resister of the Collegiate Church of Manchester stated the number of baptisms during the year, at 4,103; and of marriages at 2,983. Frequently not less than one hundred infants are brought, on one day, to be baptized. In the confusion incident to such a scene, it sometimes happens that wrong names are given to children, to the great annoyance of their friends; and more than once a boy's name has been given to a girl, and tice rerai. On one occasion, the eccentric Chaplain, the late Rev. Joshua Brooks, christened an infant in direct opposition to the wishes of the parents. The circumstance occurred at the time when Buonaparte was in his first popularity. A child was brought to the Font : " Name this child ?" said the Chaplain.—" Buonaparte," eagerly replied the father. — " Buonaparte be hanged !" (peevishly rejoined the Minister ;) " Georoe ! I baptize thee in the name of the VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 49 The remaining members of the Church are, the Choristers and Organists, who differ in no respect from those of cathedrals. The Collegiate Church of Manchester includes also the parish church ; the former occupying the choir and parts adjacent, and the latter the body of the building. On Sun- days the service is restricted to the place commonly used in parish churches; but on week- days, every day at half-past ten in the morning, and at half-past three, or, in summer, at four, in the afternoon, it is performed, cathedral-like, in the choir, by the Chaplains and Choristers. Our limits will not permit an extended description of this magnificent structure, or an enumeration of the various chapels, and other subordinate erections ; a few general remarks will suffice to give it an interest in the estimation of every lover of the antique, but he must take an actual survey of the edifice, before he can form an accurate idea of its peculiar features. So far as the accompanying engraving extends, it exhibits, with much spirit and fidelity, the beautiful Gothic work of the exterior, and will enable those who are familiar with cathedrals, to form a tolerably just conception of the general character of the building. The exterior of the Church is comformable to the style of Gothic architecture, as it existed in the fifteenth century; and nearly all the subsequent alterations and additions have been executed with reference to the original design. The Chapels are now less interesting than they were formerly. They contain each a few monuments, possessing, however, no great merit as specimens of sculpture. The screens, leading into several of them, exhibit most exquisite workmanship. " The inside is solemnly grand." Between the nave and the choir rises a beautiful Gothic screen, which supported the magnificent organ, till the year 1829, when the latter was very judiciously removed to the west gallery: the small or choir organ being left in its original situation. " The windows in the choir have many remains of the painted glass vvitli which they were once ornamented. In some of them, very beautiful specimens of this long- neglected art are still visible. In the upper and smaller compartments, are still to be found the heads of (perhaps) several hundred saints, popes, monks, and benefactors to the Church. Some of these, when viewed with a good telescope from the inside, on a clear day, exhibit no little merit as specimens of early poi trait painting. " The choir, if those of cathedrals are excepted, is, without doubt, the finest, taken in all its parts, in the kingdom; and, in some particulars, few cathedrals excel it. The Father " " I have one George already !" shouted the man : '' I cannot help that," said IMr. Brook ; " this lad is George, however; we'll have none of your Jacobin names here." Marriages are solemnized by wholesale at this Church. It is not uncommon to see ten or more couples standing at the altar together, when once reading the service does for all. One day, when, as is often the case, some of the parties were drunk, immediately after the conclusion of the ceremony, one of the brides made her way up to tlie officiating Minister, and, in a whimpering tone, said, " You have married me to a wrong man !" " .Settle it among yourselves," was the hasty and only reply of the Chaplain. O 50 VIF.WS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. tabernacle work is perhaps uiirivalkd in tliis island." " The view from the communion steps, towards the body of the Church, is truly magnificent. It is from hence that the harmony of the design of the choir is most conspicuous. The organs contribute to the grandeur of the view, as much as the stalls, and the tabernacle work above them, do to the pieture(iue." * The height of the tower on the outside, including the pinnacles, is 120 feet ; the whole length of the building is 132 feet, and the breadth 147 feet. INFIRMARY, DISPENSARY, AND LUNATIC ASYLUM, MANCHESTER. This threefold establishment had its origin in 1/52. Several meetings had been held, to consider of the means by which an Infirmary might be established; but a number of difficulties seemed to threaten the entire failure of the project. Joseph Bancroft, Esq., a philanthropic character, thought, however, that an Infirmary only wanted a beginning, to ensure its ultimate success. He accordinglj' proposed to defray all the expenses for one year; and Charles White, Esq., a highly talented member of the surgical profession, volunteered his services for the furtherance of his object. A house was therefore engaged in Garden-street, Shude-hill, and, on the 24th of June, 1752, opened for out-patients; and, by the end of July, in-patients were admitted. In 1754, the advantages of the Institution became so manifest, that the trustees pur- chased land from Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., and the fo\mdation of a more suitable building was laid by James Massey, Esq., May 20th, 1754. The new Infirmary was opened in 1765. The subsequent additions are very consider- able, and, at this time, there are not less than one hundred and sixty beds appropriated to the use of patients. In the year 1765, the Lunatic Hospital and Asylum was founded, and, in the spring of the following year, a suitable erection was completed for the reception of patients. The establishment was rendered complete in 1792, by the addition of a Dispensarj'. A structure for the purpose was raised, adjoining the Infirmary, the expenses attending the erection of which were partly defrayed by sermons, preached in all the churches and chapels of the town and neighbourhood. The sums collected on these occasions amounted to £4297. 17s. 6d. The Infirmary has recently undergone considerable alteration, and it is in contempla- tion to remove the Lunatic Asylum to some retired situation. Tlie inside of the buildings is distinguished by cleanliness, and the arrangements are adapted to enhance every comfort of which the patient's case will admit. * For an elaborate description of the Collegiate Churcli of Manchester, see Aston's " Picture of Manchester S j'iiistTn " Da-ties. Z£> TSE PRESIDENT^ THE SJGKT SOK: TEE EjOtL OF STAZTFORT} .A2I.0 l^ZAJUtUfGTOlT.ASI) OFTICESS. TSIS FLATZ IS R£SP£CTTrZZy JXSCS-L3ZD SY TSE FVSLISEZRS. imSPECTFtruy DEDiaOTKD TO JOHN BKNTLFTY ESQ><' Ot VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 51 The Operation-room is upon, the higher story, and all its appurtenances are calculated to give confidence to the surgeons, and to abridge the suffering, as well as tend to the safety, of the sufferers who require their assistance. The Library is supplied with a good collection of books; and the Board-room is adorned with portraits of the benefactors to the Institution. " The cleanliness and comfort," says Mr. Aston, in his ' Picture of Manchester,' " which pervade every room, command applause ; and the being who can examine them, without sensations of pride that so much real charity is practised upon earth, must either be very superior, or much inferior, to man." THE NEW BAILEY PRISON, LYING-IN HOSPITAL, &c., SALFORD, Tlie New Bailey Prison, forming the principal feature of the annexed plate, was built after the plan of the celebrated John Howard, the philanthropist, and opened for the recep- tion of prisoners in April, 1790. A rusticated stone building forms the entrance to the structure, and contains apartments for the turnkey and his family, and rooms for the con- finement of suspected persons, previously to their committal by the magistrates. Over these is a large Sessions-room, in which the weekly and quarterly sessions are held. Adjoining this are withdrawing-rooms for the magistrates, council, jurors, &c., and a house for the governor of the prison. The Lying-in Hospital was instituted May 5, 1790, when the subscribers engaged a building at the north-west end of the Old Bridge. It was not till 1796 that the Charity was removed to the present hospital in Stanley-street, which had been purchased for a comparatively small sum. In the years 1825-6, considerably upward of 3,000 poor married women received the benefits of this Institution. The Deaf and Dumb School occupies part of the Hospital in Stanley-street. Twenty- four poor children, whose afflictions make them eligible objects for this charity, are here supported and educated. The expenses are defrayed by subscription ; and the master of the school is allowed to take other pupils, labouring under similar privations, from parents who are able to pay for their education. This Institution is of recent date, (1825,) but its benevolent effects are already very considerable. BIRKENHEAD ANT) THE CHESHIRE SHORE, FROM LIVERPOOL. The engraving presents the reader with a view of the village of Birkenhead — a place formerly of considerable fame on account of its venerable Priorj-, the remnants of which still remain— and the bold outline of the Cheshire shore, as seen from Liverpool. Taking in a foreground composed of interesting details connected with commercial life, the 52 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. spectator's eye is carried across the waters of the Mersey, presenting at intervals all the varieties of floating macliinery, either lying (luietly at anchor, spreading their canvass to the brec/c, or moving with tlie undulations of the tide. The surface of the stream bears witness to the arts and energies of industrious enterprise, which on every side seems to have imparted life to inanimate matter. On reaching the opposite shore, the erections of architecture arrest the attention of the beholder, whose eye thence wanders over an extent of fertile countrj', which cannot be surveyed without the most gratifying emotions. THE BLACK-ROCK FORT AND LIGHTHOUSE, LI\TRPOOL. Black-Rock Fort, standing on the Rock-point, presents not only an excellent structure of defence to the port and town of Liverpool, but is likewise a most pleasing and inter- esting object at the entrance of the river. It is built in the form of a trapezoid, covering a surface of between three and four thousand square yards. At each of the angles nearest to the main land is a circular tower, flanking the rear front. The external wall varies in height, partly owing to the general irregularity of the rock's surface. The west, or prin- cipal front, mounting six thirty-two pounders, exceeds two hundred feet in length, and is from twenty -five to twenty-seven feet high. The front between the north-west and north- east angles is upwards of one hundred and fifty feet long, and from twenty-nine to thirty- one feet high, and mounts four guns. The fourth side, fronting the main land, is well flanked by the two towers above mentioned, and has an escarp, varying from thirty-one to thirtj'-three feet in height. This front is occupied with barracks. The exterior wall of the barracks discovers twelve loop-holes for musketry, to fire upon the approach to the fort, which leads through a handsome gate-way of the Tuscan order. The entrance is by a stone bridge of three arches, connected with a wooden drawbridge, A large bomb-proof magazine, capable of containing many hundred barrels of powder, is built in the middle of the fort. This military structure was erected from the design and under the direction of Captain Kitson, of the Royal Engineers. Beyond the battery stands the Lighthouse, erected by the Corporation of Liverpool, at an expense of about £35,000. This admirable specimen of Mr. Foster's architectural skill rises to the height of ninety feet above the level of the rock, and is surmounted by a lantern, which, throwing its light to a great distance out at sea, affords considerable security to inward-bound vessels. The diameter of the building, at the base, is thirty-five feet^ diminishing upwards to the lantern. The masonrj- is perfectly solid to the height of thirty-two feet; then commences a spiral staircase, communicating with the room appro- priated to the use of the men who superintend the building. The engraving presents a faithful and picturesque representation of the subjects we have described, executed with much graphic talent. The outward-bound vessel and pilot-boat, ;R;©TAI, AHiyHITIEISATrKS, 12TEIR]P®®IL. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIKE. 53 the bold front of the battery, the lighthouse, the boat in the foreground, the broad masses of clouds, and the chafing waters — are noble details for the artist's use ; and it must be confessed, that both the limner and engraver have employed tliem to considerable advan- tage on the present occasion. ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE, LIVERPOOL. This noble and handsome structure, appropriated to dramatic and equestrian exhibi- tions, which is situate in Great Charlotte Street, in the immediate vicinity of St. John's Market, was erected in 1825. It was commenced in shares of £100 each, by Mr. Coolie, the equestrian, who occupied it for two seasons ; but it was then only partially completed. It afterwards came into the possession of the present spirited proprietor, Richard Armistead, Esq., and under his auspices it has been brought to its present state of con- venience and perfection. The total cost amounted to upwards of £18,500. It is said, by those who have had opportunities of forming an opinion on the subject, that it may claim the distinction of pre-eminence, both as to extent of accommodation and splendour of decoration, over every similar erection in the kingdom. It is capable of accommodating from 3,000 to 4,000 spectators. The total length of the building is 135 feet by 76 feet wide. The roof presents a remarkable specimen of skilful carpentr)-, being so constructed as to span the whole breadth of the building, without any interior siipport. The stage is 51 feet long by 41i feet, opening at the proscenium. It is opened during the winter months, when the patent Theatre Royal is closed ; and is at present rented under a lease by Mr. Ducrow, the proprietor of Astley's amphitheatre, London. Mr. Ducrow's extr.iordinary displays of elegant and daring skill, as the first equestrian of the age, aided by those of his numerous and very efficient company, form attractions for the public quite unprecedented in Liverpool. The audience part of the house is fitted up in the most convenient, tasteful, and brilliant style. The front of the three tiers of boxes, and of the galleries, presents to the eye a prevailing mass of crimson ground, enriched with burnished gold mouldings and ornaments. A large and splendid gas chandelier, suspended from the ceiling, and numerous subsidiary ones ranged round the front of the boxes, serve to shed over the whole place the glow and radiance of an Oriental palace. During one part of the evening's performance, while the various displays of horse- manship are exhibited in the circle, the whole opening of the proscenium is occupied by an admirably executed representation of the Death of Nelson, on the deck of the Victory, painted as a huge picture contained in a gigantic gilt frame, richly ornamented with emblematic nautical devices. At this period, the magnificent sweep of the body of the house, crowded with cheerful human faces, the rich and sparkling decorations so pro- P 54 VIEWS AND ILLUSTnATiONS IN LANCASIIIUE. fusely, yet tastefully, flung over every part ; and the graceful evolutions of the numerous equestrian corps, remind us of those days " When ancient chivalry displayed The pomp of her heroic Kaines, And crested chiefs and tissued dames Assembled" The building consists of three stories, of which the lower one is rusticated. Four Corinthian pilasters support the pediment of the front, which is adorned with the royal arms. The passages and entrances are judiciously contrived, and the avenue leading to the boxes is adorned with busts, paintings, and other appropriate ornaments. As a whole, for architectural beauty, and respectability of management, it forms one of the most creditable and conspicuous establishments in the town. The extensive stabling, required for the accommodation of the large stud of horses, is ingeniously formed under the side wings of the stage. LIVERPOOL, FROM THE TOWN HALL, LOOKING SOUTH. This beautiful panoramic view of Liverpool, embracing the most picturesque and interesting features of the town, concentrates many particulars which have been already exhibited in detail, and displays them in a light at once novel and commanding. The noble avenue in the centre, forming the principal object in the picture, is Castle- street ; at the extremity of which is seen the south wing of the Crescent. The classic tower and elegant spire of St. George's Church, are seen, rising to a magni- ficent height, above the dense mass of buildings which surrounds them, — Quantum Icnta talent inter ribwna cuinessi. — Virgil. As the talJ cypress lifts its head with pride, High o'er the shrub that shelters at his side. Translation. In the back-groimd of the view, and in a line with Castle-street, may be seen the tower of St. Thomas's Churcli ; while more to the left, the Church of St. Michael forms a con- spicuous, though distant object. The situation of the Docks, which are concealed from the spectator by intervening buildings, is pointed out by the masts and rigging of the vessels, resting, like liuge leviathans, within their spacious basins. Beyond these, the Mersey raises her urn of M'aters, across which numberless skiffs are stretching their white sails, and floating onward like insects in a summer's eve. JROBT Mi. LAW CASH EKE. TKt; SKAl or RJCUAflO KDWABBSESt. TO '.VUCM WAIR.miH'GTOH CELTUM.Cffi:, ^CASHSmiE. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 55 The reader, whilst surveying this bird's-eye view of Liverpool, will be struck with the almost metropolitan extent and character of the town. As respects those features which have rendered it " the stronghold of commerce," he must candidly confess, that our modern Rome can offer no competition. ROSY HALL. Roby Hall, a modern building, in the township of Roby, and the Hundred of West Derby, is situate about five miles and a half east of Liverpool. It has a central projection formed of three sides of an octagon, and is flanked by two small but neat green-houses, forming a pleasing termination to the line of the whole front. A light iron balustrade runs partly across the first story, aifording access to the French windows which open door-wise to the lawn. — This handsome structure is seated on the side of a fertile valley, which separates it from the beautiful village of Childwall, and the seat of the Marquis of Salisbury. The lawn in front is ornamented with shrubs and foliage, that form a rich and tasteful foreground to the magnificent scene, which spreads along the adjoining vale, and terminates in the distant hills of Cheshire. The occupant is Richard Edwards, Esq., an opulent merchant of Liverpool. During the second siege of Lathom, we find mention of a Captain Roby, who held a commission in the besieged garrison. His courage and heroic deeds are warmly eulogized in the extant accounts of that long-protracted warfare. He was the ancestor of the highly talented author of " The Traditions of Lancashire ;" a work to which we have occasionally referred in the course of our publication. This loyal defender of the house of Derby, is said to have been born in the township of Roby, in an old mansion long since destroyed. Roby Hall was built by the late John Williamson, Esq., of Liverpool, where, in 1761, he served the oflice of mayor. On his death, his co-heiresses were married, the one to John Dent, Esq., late member of parliament for Lancaster, and the other to General Gascoyne, member of parliament for Liverpool. The estate was sold a few years since to William Leigh, Esq., whose only son is now the owner. WARRINGTON CHURCH. Warrington, situate about eighteen miles west of Manchester, and the same distance east of Liverpool, is a large, populous, and thriving manufacturing town, occupying the northern bank of the river Mersey. Some authors have contended that a Roman station was formerly established at this place, as a guard to the ford ; but no particular remains or discoveries have been made, to justify this opinion. That a Roman road entered Lan- 56 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASIIIRF,. cashirc from Condate, in Cheshire, is extremely probable, and traces of it have been satis- factorily defined in some places. A bridge built by the Earl of Derby for the passage of Henry VII., crosses the river at this place. Lcland describes Warrington as " a paved town of pretty bigness," with a church " at the tail end" of it, and having a " better market than Manchester." Here was an Augustine Friary, founded before 13/9; but no remains of the building exist. A charter for a market and fairs was obtained in the reign of Edward the First, by a Sir Thomas lioteler, of Bewsey, near this town, where an ancient moated mansion still remains. The town of Warrington consists of four principal streets, which are mostly narrow, and inconvenient to passengers. They are chiefly composed of shops and small houscE, yet a few handsome modern buildings are interspersed. " The entrance into the town," says Mr. Pennant, " is unpromising, the streets long, narrow, ill-built, and crowded with carts and passengers ; but farther on are airy, and of a good width, yet afford a striking mixture of mean buildings and handsome houses, as is the case with most trading towns that experience a sudden rise."* The principal trade of the place consists in the manu- facture and sale of sail-cloth, or poldavy; but some coarse linens and checks are made in the town and vicinity. The former is chiefly composed of hemp and flax mixed, and some sorts are manufactured with flax alone. The raw materials are mostly brought from Russia, and imported into the town of Liverpool, whence to Warrington is a cheap and expeditious water carriage. Among other manufactures of this place, may be specified pin-making, glass-making, and iron-founding. " Warrington may, in some measure, be considered as a port town, the Mersey admitting, by the help of the tide, vessels of seventy or eighty tons burden to Bank Quay, a little below the town, where warehouses, cranes, and other conveniences for landing goods are erected. The spring-tides rise at the bridge to the height of nine feet. Upwards, the river communication extends to Manchester. Besides the parish church, here is a chapel of ease, and another chapel of the Establishment in the suburb over the bridge, belonging to the parish of Groppenhall. There are also places of worship for the Roman Catholics, Quakers, and the different denominations of dissenters. There is a very well-endowed free-school in the town ; and a charity for educating and maintaining poor children of both sexes. "f In J831, the parish of Warrington contained 19,155 persons. By the reform act of 1832, this place has obtained the privilege of sending one member to parliament. ITiere being no other bridge over the Mersey between this place and Liverpool, and for many miles east of it towards Manchester, has occasioned the pass here to be a place of repeated conflict in the civil commotions of this kingdom. The most memorable event of this kind occurred in 1648, when a large body of the fugitive Scotch army, under the Duke of Hamilton, was pursued from Ribbleton Moor ; and though they made an obstinate resistance, for some hours, at this bridge, yet above 1,000 were killed, and their Lieutenant- • Tour ID Sco'.land, 4to. p(. i. p. 9. | Description of the Country round Manchester, 4to. p. 306. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 57 General Biiyley, with 2,000 soldiers, were taken prisoners. Again, in 1651, General Lambert, who had commanded on the former occasion, fixed on this spot, to oppose and resist the Scotch army under the young king, who was here repulsed. In the year 1745, also, the middle arches of the bridge were broken down, to check the progress of the rebels, and again restored on the termination of the insurrection. The market-day is on Wednesday; and annual fairs are held July 18, and Nov. 30; the latter continuing for nearly a fortnight. The parish church of Warrington, exhibited in the engraving, is of Saxon origin, and existed at the period of the Conquest. It was originally dedicated to St. Elfin, and endowed with a carucate* of land. It has subsequently undergone great alterations, but without removal from the original site; the patron has, however, been changed to St. Helen. There are two other churches in Warrington, one in the centre of the town, and the other in the suburb, on the south side of the Mersey. The attention of a stranger is arrested by the brilliancy of the gas lamps, which are erected on handsome pillars in the most public parts of the town. One of these lamp- pillars occupies a prominent situation in the accompanying plate. TIVIOT'S DALE CHAPEL, STOCKPORT. Stockport, the chief part of which is in the county of Chester, appears to have been originally a Roman station. On the spot formerly occupied by the citadel, the Saxons erected a baronial castle, of which every vestige has long since disappeared, though the semblance of a fortress is still preserved in a castellated building, erected, on the site, by the late Sir George Warren, as a hall for the sale of muslin, for which article of manufac- ture it was his wish to make this town a mart; but since the failure of that project, the building has been converted into an inn. Though not mentioned in Domesday-book, it is of considerable antiquity, and, till the Conquest, was a military station of some importance, most probably one of those laid waste by the Normans on their conquest of England. In 1173, the castle of " Stokeport" was held by Geoflfrey de Costentyn, against Henry II. ; but whether in his own right, or not, is uncertain. There are few events of historical importance recorded respecting this town : during the civil war between Charles the First and the parliament, it was garrisoned for the latter ; but prince Rupert advancing against it with a party of the royal troops, expelled the garrison, and took possession of it for the king ; it was subsequently retaken by the parliamentarians, who retained it till the termi- nation of the war. In 1745, Stockport was twice visited by the troops under the pretender, on their approach to Derby ; and in their retreat on the latter occasion, the bridge over • A carucate was as much arable land as could be tilled and managed by one plough, and the beasts belonginR thereto, in a year; having meadow, pasture, and houses for the householders and cattle belonging to it. — Rees Eiicy. Q 58 VIEWS AND ILUSTllATKJNS IN LANCASHIRE. the Mersey was destroyed, and llio rebels, witli Prince Charles, were compelled to wade through the river, in order to eft'ecl tiieir escape. Stockport is romantically situated on elevated ground of irregular and precipitous ascent, on the south bank of the river Mersey, which here sweeps round its eastern and northern boundary, and is joined by the Thame : from the banks of the former the houses rise in successive tiers round the sides of the hill, from the base to the summit; and the numerous extensive factories, elevated above each other, and spreading over the extent of the town, present, when lighted during the winter months, an appearance strikingly impressive. The most ancient part surrounds the church and market-place, on the high ground overlooking the Mersey, from the bank of which several steep streets ascending the acclivity, lead into the market-place, whence various other streets diverge in different directions: many of the houses at the^ base of the hill have apartments excavated in the rock, which is of soft red sand-stone. The principal street here is called Under-Bank, and follows the course of the Roman road, leading southward to Buxton. It contains an ancient timber and brick mansion, formerly occupied by the family of Ardern, of Harden and Alvanley ; it is now converted into a banking-house. On the summit of the hill is a range of houses surrounding the market-place, and to the north of the church is the site of the ancient castle above described, and of the Roman military works. The winding and throwing of silk, for which mills were first established here upon the Italian plan, have been nearly superseded by the introduction of the cotton manufacture, which has for many years been the staple trade of the town : of the former, there are still some respectable factories ; but the latter, since its introduction, has been rapidly increasing, and has attained, both for its extent and the perfection to which it has been brought, a very high degree of celebrity. There are within the town, including Heaton, Norris, and Portwood, not less than fifty cotton factories, worked by nearly seventy steam-engines, of the aggregate power of three thousand horses, and by water-wheels ; and in the manufacture of the different cottons and calicoes, six thousand three hundred and fiftj' power-looms are con- stantly employed : the printing of calico is very extensively carried on ; and there are many large establishments and dye-houses in the vicinity. Of these, the most extensive, belonging to Messrs. Marsland and Son, which is also connected with the blue-dye works, has paid to government, duties, in one year, amounting to more than £100,000. Mr. Lewis says, " The weaving of calico has spread over all the neighbouring villages, which, in some instances, have become virtually a part of the town. The manufacture of hats has been long established, and is carried on to a very considerable extent, for the supply of the London, and miuiy of the principal country markets. The manufacture of a very superior kind of woollen cloth, equal, in the smoothness of its texture and the silky quality of its surface, to the best cloths of France, was established here by the late Peter Marsland, Esq. with much success ; there are also several extensive thread manufactories connected with the various branches of manufacture. The construction of machinery affords emploj'nient to a great number of persons, and of several additional steam-engines ; others again being jyp^r^ ^ VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 59 used in grinding corn, and for other purposes. The importance of Stockport, as a manu- facturing town, has been materially promoted by the facility and the abundance of its supply of coal from Poynton, Worth, and Norbury, and the neighbouring districts on the line of the Manchester and Ashton canal, which joins the Peak-forest canal, a branch of the latter extending to this town, and affords also a direct communication with the prin- cipal towns in the kingdom. Stockport was made a free borough in the time of Edward I. ; and about the same period a grant was obtained for holding an annual fair for seven days, and a weekly market on Friday. By the reform act of 1832, this town has obtained the right of sending one member to parliament. The parish church, dedicated to St. Mary, was erected on the site of the ancient edifice, which had become ruinous. Besides the parish church, there are also two others in this town. In 1831, Stockport township contained 25,469, and the entire parish 66,610 persons. Among the establishments of the Wesleyan Methodists, is Tiviot's Dale Chapel, opened in the year 1825. This substantial and handsome structure, situated in that part of the town which is built on the Lancashire bank of the river Mersey, forms the principal subject of our Engraving. Seated in the midst of a manufacturing district, Stockport has become a place of con- siderable trade ; and its modern buildings evince the spirit and enterprise which charac- terize its inhabitants. The attention which is here paid to the education of the children of the poor, confers a proud distinction on the town and neighbourhood. TO^\TSI-HALL, SALFORD, The noble structure represented in the annexed View, has recently been erected in Salford for various public purposes, by private subscription, in shares. The foundation- stone was laid August 30th, 1825, by Lord Bexley, at that time Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Possessing all the characters of the Doric order, chastely and effectively combined, it will compare advantageously with other edifices of a similar nature, both for solidity of structure and simplicity of style. It was built from designs by, and under the superintendence of, Richard Lane, Esq., at a cost of £12,000, and opened for its designed purposes on St. George's Day, 1827- The market is situate in the rear of the Town-hall. The inhabitants of Salford are mainly indebted, we understand, to the active exertions of their townsman, Mr. Thomas Peet, for the accommodation which this really valuable building affords. Salford, though a distinct township, a royal demesne, and governed by its own oflBcers, forms a part of the town of Manchester ; with which it has communication by one iron and four stone bridges. It has three churches: Trinity Chapel, built on the site of another church, founded in 1635; St. Stephen's Church, consecrated July 23, 1794; and St. Philip's Church, consecrated September 21, 1825. Salford has also two large Methodist 60 \'IF,\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. chapels ; two Iiulepciidi-iit cli;vpuls ; two cliapels where the doctrines of Emanuel Swcden- borg are tauglit ; and otic Unitarian ciiapel. Till 182", this townsiiip had no market. On Whit-Monday, and November 17tii, annual fairs are held ; the latter being for horses, cattle, and woollen clotli; and lasting for nearlj- the space of a fortnight. According to the census in 1831, Salford contained 7)206 houses, occupied by 8,50-1 families, .ind 40,786 inhabitants; of whom 19,475 were males, and 21,311 were females. Salford gives its name to the hundred in which it is situated. This place has now the right of returning one member to parliament. « MORE STRET." The picturesque Engraving which represents " More Stret," is submitted to the public as affording a specimen of the " good old towne of Lyrpul." The antiquated edifice on the left-hand is usually considered to be the most ancient building in the town. The modern erections in this street contrast very strongly with tlie other parts. Contiguous to the old building, on the left, stand extensive warehouses of very recent date. The street is inhabited principally by market-people and sutlers, and offers for the pencil of the artist all the interesting details of poultry, chicken coops, panniers, &c. From an ancient MS., bearing date 1667, written by Sir Edward Moore, who then possessed considerable property in Liverpool, and whose ancestors are supposed to have settled here sliortly after the Norman conquest, we learn, that " the ground whereon this stret and houses now stand was a small close of ground, called y' Castell-street-fild, ^ycu gd g]j J ^gj|. -£^^ Moore) and my anhest''' have for many hondreds of years injoyed." And, in another part, speaking of a well which he had sunk for the inhabitants of " More Stret," the author says — " Where-as many or most of y" wells in y' Watter-stret («re) at about twenty yards dipe, it pleased God to send me there watter at i4 yards." — In the same MS. occurs a singular piece of advice to his son, respecting one of his tenants in " More Stret." "I R , an arent knave, one y' grinds from my Mille very ofton. He haith plad me 20 slipery trickes : trust him not ; make him pay I"' rent, and ten pounds fine ; for he is but a poor knave, and mercy must be had to his children ; oneh', for being such a knave, make him to slate his house, as y° whole stret is besides him silfe. He pays at present 3 hens at Chrs', 3 days shiring. Ould rent 00 04 00." WATER STREET. Water-street is coeval with " More Stret ;" for, from the ancient manuscript before cited, it appears, that it formed part of the property of Sir Edward More, the author. In its present state it consists of extensive mercantile buildings. In the right-hand m ■£ VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. Gl corner of the Engraving is shewn one end of tlie Goree warehouses. A little higher up appears one extremity of another range of warehouses, called also Goree. This side of Water-street opens into Drury-lane, Charley-street, Fenwick-street, and Lower Castle- street. Tiie other side leads into Tower-gate, Covent-garden, Runiford-street, and Exchange-street. At the upper extremity of Water-street stands the Town-hall, not centrally situated witli respect to it, but inclining to the north. GARRET HALL, NEAR MANCHESTER. This ancient building, which is r.ow occupied by a number of families, was, in all probability, built on tlie site of one still more -yicient. The estate belonged to the Traffords so early as the time of Henry IH., and the present Hall was inhabited by George Trafford, Esq., in the reign of Henry VH. Subsequently to this, the possessions were, in 1590, demised with the adjoining Charlton Row estate, by Edmund Trafford, Esq. to Ralph Sorocold, a merchant in Manchester, for £320. Towards the latter end of the last century, the estates of Garret Hall were disposed of to different purchasers by Roger Aytone, Esq. who was at that time the possessor. THE FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSE, MANCHESTER. In the early part of the last century, the Society of Friends had a small Meeting House in Jackson Row, Dcansgatc, but their increasing numbers rendering further accommo- dation necessary, land was purchased in Dickenson Street, and a new place of worship erected in the year 1795. That structure in its turn being found too small, another, of increased dimensions and more imposing appearance, has been built on its site, from the design and under the superintendence of R. Lane, Esq., architect. This building, represented in the engraving, will be viewed \\ith interest by the members of the Society, as being of greater extent, and more convenient in its internal ai'rangements, than any other in tlic kingdom. The front of the building, whicli is of stone, has an Ionic portico, surmounted by a pediment after the manner of the temple of Ceres, on the Ilissus. It is exceedingly chaste and elegant, and its simplicity is perfectly accordant with tlie unostentatious character of the Society for whose use it was erected. A broad flight of steps ]e;'.ds to a spacious covered portico, from whicli three large folding doors give entrance to the corri- dors leading to the places of worship. The interior is fitted up in tlie same simple style as the exterior. It has galleries all round, supported by Doric columns, with the regular architrave, frieze, and cornice of the order ; and a plain but neat celling slightly coved. R 62 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. The house, which is admirably constructed for tlic conveyance of sound, is divided near the centre by sliding partitions extending the whole width of the building, forming two distinct meeting-houses, that may be thrown together at pleasure by means of machinery, which raises one half of the partition above the ceiling, whilst the other half descends below the floor. 'I'lie whole weight to be moved is nearly ten tons ; yet it is effected so quietly and speedily as almost to appear the effect of magic. The building includes also a large committee-room, a library or book -room, a cloak-room, and other conveniences ; and the keeper's dwelling-house is attached to it. The building is heated by a warm-air stove, on an improved principle, and ventilated by ten circular openings in the ceiling. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet six inches in length, and sixty-two feet six inches in width externally, and is capable of holding about 1,600 persons. It was begun in 1828, aud completed in 1830, at an expense of about ^/jOOO. THE PRINXE'S DOCK, LI\^RPOOL. An act of parliament for the construction of this fine Dock was obtained 51st Geo. III., and the foundation-stone laid in the year 1815. On the 19th of July, 1821, being the day of his late Majesty's (George IV.) coronation, it was opened with much ceremony. This Dock, yielding in extent to the Queen's Dock only, is 500 yards long, and 106 broad ; and covers an area of 53,854 yards. It has gates, 45 feet wide and 34 feet deep, with locks, at each end ; the latter being so constructed as to admit vessels in and out at half-tide. It is enclosed within a lofty brick wall; at the north end of which is a dwelling- house, with suitable offices, for the dock-master. The quays are spacious, and are provided with sheds, to shelter the merchandise from the effects of weather. Along the west side, nearest the river, runs the Marine Parade, 750 yards long and 11 yards broad; from which a delightful view of the shipping is obtained. At high tide, the Mersey is here about twelve hundred yards wide across ; but it soon widens, both above and below. Liverpool is well situated for shipping business, as the common neap tides rise fifteen feet, and the spring tides thirty feet. Camden traces the first existence of a town on this site to the period of William the Conqueror, when Roger of Poictiers, lord of the honour of Lancaster, built a castle here. Henry 1., in 1129, granted charters to the town; so did John, in 1203; and Henry III., in 1227, who also constituted it a perpetual corporation and free borough, with a merchant guild, and other privileges. Little is known of this ancient sea-port for many succeeding ages ; and even in the beginning of the sixteenth century, Leland, in his Tour, it is evident, found it of no great importance, as may plainly be inferred from his account : " Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, is a paved town, having only a chapel ; its parish church being Walton, four miles distant, .:WS FKIKCiS ^«fe; VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 63 near the sea. The King has a caslet,* and the Earl of Derby a stone house in it. Irish merchants resort thither as to a good haven, and much Irish yarn bought by Manchester men, and other merchandize, is sold there. The customs paid at Liverpool are small, which causes the resort of merchants." By the same authority we learn, that in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 15G5, there were in Liverpool only one hundred and tliirty- eight householders and cottagers ; and all the shipping of the place consisted of ten barks (the largest of forty tons burden) and two boats, the whole making two hundred and twenty-three tons, and navigated by seventy-five men : and at Wallasey, a creek opposite, were three barks and boats, making together thirty-six tons, and navigated by fourteen men. It is obvious that the town must have declined from its former state, compared with the times ; for, in a petition sent to this queen by the inhabitants of Liverpool, praying to be relieved from a subsidy, the petitioners subscribe themselves— Inhabitants of her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool. The first strong inference of its improving state may be drawn from the circumstance of its being able to emancipate itself from its parochial dependence on Walton, and to become a distinct parish. In the year 1699, an act was obtained, by which the inhabitants were empowered to build a new church, in addition to the former chapel. A rector was also appointed to each. Within ten years of this period, the increase of trade demanded the convenience of a dock, when an act was obtained for the purpose, and one was accordingly constructed. Prior to this time, the shipping lay before the town in open channel, there being no natural creek, or artificial inlet, to afford them shelter. Liverpool could now reckon, belonging to its own port, eighty-four vessels, averaging nearly seventy tons burden each, and navigated by eleven men at a medium : more than three times this number of ships, belonging to other places, frequented the port. About the year I7IO, the period of commencing the Docks, it is supposed Liverpool first commenced its trade with the West Indies; from whence the advances to general prosperity may be traced with sufficient accuracy, to follow its progress to its ultimate importance, as one of the first commercial towns in the world. In the year 1/30, the population had increased to twelve thousand ; and a few years afterward, the inhabitants amounted to eighteen thousand. Industry and enterprize increased with numbers, and all the attributes of civilization followed in their train. Public improvements were planned, and rapidly accomplished ; new docks and warehouses sprung up in aid of commerce ; halls were planned for every secular occasion ; whilst temples dedicated to the service of religion, charitable institutions, and structures for the rational amusement of the hours of leisure, spread new grandeur through the place, which rapidly approximated to its present splendour. • A small castle, pulled down in the early part of the last century. This was occupied, in the reign of Edward III., by Sir Thomas Latham, of Latham. 64 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. THE DUKE'S DOCK, AND WAREHOUSES, LIVERPOOL. The Dock, and contiguous Warehouses, shewn in tlie engraving, are the property of the executors of Francis Egerton, hite Duke of Bridgewater ; and were constructed for the use of tiie flat-bottomed boats which ply on the Duke's Canal, and for the reception of merchaiulise. Tlie Duke is said to have projected an extensive plan of canal navigation before he was of age ; which, on coming to his fortune, he began to put into execution, under the direc- tion of Mr. James Bi'iiidley ; who, having acquired considerable fame as an engineer, directed his fertile genius to the accomplishment of this great object. Happily for Mr. Brindley, and for his country, the Duke's patronage was sufficiently powerful to counteract the opposition which was raised against the undertaking ; otherwise the obstinate attach- ment of the public to established customs, might have rendered abortive one of the noblest projects that were ever contrived or executed. The Duke possessed an estate at Worsley, about seven miles from Manchester, rich in coal mines, which yielded but little advantage, owing to the great expense attending the removal of the product to a suitable market. Sensible of the utility of a canal from Worsley to Manchester, his Grace consulted Mr. Brindley on the subject, who, after a survey of the country, declared the scheme practicable. An act of parliament was there- fore obtained in the year 1758-9 for this purpose. When the canal had been completed as far as Barton, where the Irwell is navigable for large vessels, the engineer proposed to carry it across that river by means of an aqueduct, thirty-nine feet above the surface of the water. This project was much derided : but, in the course of ten months, the work was finished ; and the first boat sailed over it July 17th, l/tJl. The canal was then continued to Manchester. The Duke now extended his views to Liverpool, and obtained, in 1762, an act of parliament for branching his canal to the tide-way in the Mersey. The difficulties with which the engineer had to contend in the prosecution of this part of the work, and the ingenious expedients which he adopted to overcome them, impressed the public with a just sense of his extraordinary abilities, and gave a decisive impulse to the infant project of canal navigation. About the commencement of the present century, the Duke's Warehouses were con- structed for the use of merchandise brought into the Docks. These works (shewn in the engraving) form one of the bustling scenes of Liverpool, which strike a visitor with surprise and admiration. The fore-ground of the view is occupied by Wapping, the continuation of which, running north and south, extends, to a distance of nearly three miles, along the whole range of the Docks ; and is constantly crowded with all the noisy vehicles of commerce, and a moving tide of people. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 55 Further on in the engraving, are seen the Quays, laden with the rich treasures of the internal trade of the country. The ponderous building, on the left, includes the Ware- houses before-mentioned. A branch of the Dock runs under the large arch-way seen in the side of this structure; and affords vessels the convenience of taking in and discharging, without exposure to the weather. Duke's Dock, of whicli an end vievv only is presented in the plate, is situate about the centre of the line of the Corporation Docks. It is generally understood, that very liberal offers have been made, by the Liverpool-Dock Trustees, for the purchase of the Bridge- water property; but the proprietors are, it seems, too well aware of the value of their central situation, to part with it. So long as commerce shall continue to be the distinguishing feature of this country, the names of Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater, and James Brindley, will be held in grateful remembrance. ST. MATTHEW'S CHURCH, CAMP FIELD, MANCHESTER. This cliaste and elegant specimen of the modern style of English or early pointed ai'chitecture,* is one of the churches built under the direction of the parliamentary com- missioners. It was erected from the design and under the direction of Mr. Barry; of whose architectural genius and taste, it is a highly credible production. The edifice stands upon the site of tlie ancient 3Iancimmm ; and, perhaps, occupies the identical spot on which the first Christian temple tliat ^^-as erected in the town formerlj' stood. The style of archi- tecture is the early English or Lancet ; it consists of a body and tower at the west end, surmounted by a perforated spire. The front of the tower has a noble arched recess, and above it is a small arcade, with a neat clock-dial. The battlement is perforated, and at * It is much to be wished, that the word " Gothic" should no longer be used in speaking of the architecture of England from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. The term tends to give false ideas on tUe subject. It originated with tlie Italian writers of the fourteentli and fifteenth centuries ; who applied the expression of " La Maniera Gotica," in contempt to all the works of art of the middle ages. From these writers it was borrowed by Sir C. Wren, the first English author who applied it to English architecture. There is very little doubt that the light and elegant style of building, whose principal and characteristic feature is the high pointed arch struck from two centres, was inyented in this country ; it is certain that it was here brought to its highest state of perfection ; and the testimony of other countries, whose national traditions ascribe their most beautiful churches to English artists, adds great weight to this assertion, and peculiar propriety to the term " English," now proposed to be substi- tuted for the word " Gothic." The architecture used by the Saxons is very properly called " Saxon." The improvements introduced after the Norman conquest, justify the application of " Norman" to the edifices of that period. The nation assumed a new character about the time of Henry II. The language properly called English was then formed, and an architecture founded on the Norman and Saxon, but extremely ditferent from either, was invented by English artists. It surely is equally just and proper to distinguish this st)le by the honourable appellation of " English." — Account of Durham Catliedral, folio, 1802, p. 3. S (56 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASIIinE. the angles are rich crockpted pimiHcles. The side aisles are made with five divisions, by buttresses tcrniiiiatinjf also in crocketed pinnacles, and in each is a pointed window, with plain but well-execulctl tracery. Tiie interior is very cliastely fitted up, and excites the particular attention of strangers. Tiie following observations on this peculiarly elegant style of churcii architecture, is well deserving attention. Tlie Normans, says Dr. Miincr, vied with each other in the grandeur and beauty of their respective structures. For the former of these effects, grandeur, they gave to their churches the greatest length and height in their power ; for the latter, beauty, they enriclied them witli a variety of architectural ornaments. The most common of them was the arcade, or scries of arches, with which some of their buildings were covered over. Their arcades were diversified many ways, as may be particularly seen on the tower of St. Augustine's monastery in Canterbury. One of these peculiarities consisted in making the semi-circular arches intersect each other in the middle. The part tlius intersected formed a new kind of arch, of more graceful appearance, and far better calculated to give an idea of height than the semi-circular arch : for every one must be convinced, that a pyramid, or obelisk, from its aspiring form, appears to be better than the diameter of a semi-circle, when both are of the same measure. The tall, narrow windows, and sharp- pointed arcades, which superseded those of circular form, required that the pillars on which they rested should be proportionally light and lofty. The placing two windows together left an open space between their heads, which was afterwards filled up with trefoil lights, and other similar ornaments. The pointed arch, on the outside of a building, required a canopy of the same form ; which, in ornamental work, as in the tabernacle or statue, mounted up, decorated with leaves or crockets, and terminated in a finial. In the same manner, tlie buttresses, that were necessary for the strength of these buildings, could not finish, conformable to the general style of the building, without tapering up iuto orna- mented pinnacles. A pinnacle of a larger size became a spire ; accordingly, such were raised upon the towers of former ages, as at Salisbury. Thus we see how naturally the several gradations of the pointed, or English architecture, arose one out of another.* St. Matthew's Church contains 978 free sittings for the use of the poor, and 860 pew- scats. It was commenced in 1822, and opened, by the Bishop of Chester, in 1825. The architect's estimate amounted to £14,630. /s. ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH, HUL\rE, NEAR MANCHESTER. The hamlet of Hulme is separated from Manchester by the river Medlock, and is a place of considerable size. There are in tins township connnodious barracks, usually occupied by a squadron of horse. • Essay on Gothic Architecture, by the Rev. J. Milner, p. 131. MEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 67 St. George's Church is in the style of architecture prevalent in the sixteenth century ; it consists of a body, anil tower at the west end. The latter is panelled, and has elegant buttresses at the angles, terminating in octangular pinnacles, with crocketed caps. In noticing the pleasing tracery exhibited in the windows of the aisles of this church, the theory of Sir James Hall, that the origin of pointed architecture was to be traced to the imitation of ■^^■icker-work, or the interlacing of wands and twigs, peculiarly forces itself on the imagination. Sir Walter Scott, in describing a night scene in Melrose Abbey, thus alludes to this theory :— " Tlie moon on the east Oriel shone, Through slender shafts tn shapely stone, By foliaged tracery combined ; Thou would'st have thought some fairy's hand, 'Tnixt poplars straight, the ozier wand In many a freakish knot had twined; Tlien framed a spell, when the work was done. And changed the willow wreaths to stone." This church has free sittings for 1171 persons, and accommodation in pews for 831. The architect's estimate was £14,628, and it was opened in 1828. This edifice was built from the funds allowed by the parliamentary commissioners. HALTON HALL, NEAR LANCASTER, THE SKAT OF R. F. BRADSHAW, ESQ. This ancient edifice is delightfully situated on the banks of the river Lunc. The exterior of the mansion is a good specimen of Elizabethan architecture ; the interior is elegantly fitted up in modern taste, and the grounds are laid out so as to assimilate with the peaceful character of the adjacent scener)". The parish of Halton is situated in the Hundred of Lonsdale, south of the Sands ; and contains, with the chapelry of Aughton, 1027 inhabitants. The church of Halton is a small but ancient edifice, with an embattled tower at the west end. The benefice is a rectory in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of R. F. Bradshaw, Esq., lord of the manor. There is a small school in the village, to which Thomas Withers, Esq., in 17-17j bequeathed certain property, now producing about ,£14. 10s. per annum. About two miles from the Hall is Hestbank, where the traveller who visits Furness, must forsake the firm beaten road, for trackless Sands. These are fordable at low water, from the latter place, to a spot called the Carter, or Guides-House, a distance of about nine miles. From time immemorial it has been the custom to have a regular sort of es VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. chartered guide, called the Carter, to attend and conduct strangers across this roadless desert. He Is maintained by the public, says Mr. Pennant, " and obliged, in all weathers, to attend here from sun-rise to sun-set." For many centuries the priory of Cartmel was under the necessity of providing a proper person for this charge, and received synodals and peter-pcnce to reimburse their expenses; but since the dissolution of the monasteries, the duchy of Lancaster grants it by letters patent to a trusty man, whose yearly allowance from the receiver-general is twenty pounds. His salary is, however, increased by a small donation left by a gentleman of Cartmel. For want of this " Carter," many obstinate or careless people have lost their way, and their lives : for in case of darkness, fog, or unexpected tides, the situation is terrible, and the horrors of an overwhelming grave affright and astound the bewildered traveller. Some instances of this kind have been related, but none more impressively distressing than the following fact, which is recorded in Gray's Journal. " I crossed the river, and walked over the peninsula three miles, to the village of Poulton, which stands on the beach. An old fisherman mending his nets, (while I inquired about the danger of passing those Sands,) told me, in his dialect, a moving story; how a bi'other of the trade, a cockier,* as he styled him, driving a little cart, with his two daughters, (women grown) in it, and his wife on horseback following, set out one day to pass the seven-mile Sands, as they had been frequently used to do, (for nobody in the village knew them better than the old man did.) When they were about half way over, a thick fog arose, and as they advanced, they found the water much deeper than they expected : the old man was puzzled ; he stopped, and said he would go a little way to find some mark he was acquainted with ; they staid a while for him, but in vain ; they called aloud, but no reply : at last the young women pressed their mother to think where they were, and go on — she would not leave the place ; at length she wandered about for- lorn and amazed ; she would not quit her horse, and get into the cart with them : they determined, after much time wasted, to turn back, and give themselves up to the guidance of their horse. The old woman was soon washed off, and perished. The poor girls clung close to their cart, and the horse, sometimes wading, and sometimes swimming, brought them back to land alive, but senseless with terror and distress, and unable for many days to give any account of themselves. The bodies of the parents were found the next ebb ; that of the father a very few paces distant from the spot where he had left them." In the midst of these Sands is the channel of the Ken or Kent river, and in other places are several smaller rivulets. These abound with the flat fish called^^ooAr, also salmon. Sec, which are caught at proper seasons, by means of fixing nets across the channels, and these are examined at ebb tide. For a certain distance from shore, the right of fishing in these streams belongs to the Earl of Derby; but beyond his bounds, the sands and fords are common property, and are free to all the sons and daughters of industry. * It is a common practice for old women, children, &c. to follow the ebbing tide, and pick cockles out of the sand. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 69 To embank and bring under cultivation this wide tract of sands, has often been recom- mended, and its utility has been urged with laudable patriotic warmth by several ingenious writers : but the vast expense attending such an undertaking, with the precariousness of most of those plans that have been directed against the powerful and capricious waves, have hitherto prevented the adoption of this scheme. The large tract of Sands already described, with another similar plain, occupy a space which, in Ptolemy's time, bore the name of Moricambe, and is now called Morecamhe-hay . This is formed by the Irish Sea to the south, and the irriguous shores of Lower Furness to the north and west, with a part of Lancashire to the east. STORRS, WINDERMERE LAKE, THE SEAT OF COL. J. BOLTON. Storrs, the magnificent residence of Colonel John Bolton, an extensire ship-owner of Liverpool, stands in a beautiful and picturesque situation on the margin of AVindermere Lake. This structure is of modern date : yet, though we cannot carry back its history through ancient annals, or decorate it with gleanings of traditional lore, it derives a proud interest from its being the habitation of an active and enterprising Englishman ; and the occasional calm retreat of an English statesman, whose deeply-regretted decease left the vessel of our State unhelmed. Here, relieved for a time from the crushing weight of legislative occupations, the late Right Hon. George Canning recreated with his friend, the distinguished owner of the mansion ; here he restored, in some measure, the elasticity of a mind, whose lofty energies were ultimately, and, for our country, we may say prema- turely, exhausted in the preservation of a nation's welfare. Windermere, or Winandermcre, is a large lake on the eastern border of Lancashire, and divides the district of Furness from Westmoreland. The water, occupying an area of about fifteen miles in length by one in breadth, has been ascertained by soundings to be 201 feet in the greatest depth. The bottom of the lake in the middle of the stream, is a smooth rock ; and in many places the sides are perpendicular. This vast reservoir is formed by the junction of the rivers Brathay and Rothay, at the west corner of the lake. At the southern end it terminates at Newbj'-bridge, whence the waters usually fall with great rapidity through the channel of the Leven-river, and in their course form several cascades over the cragged rocks. ^Before leaving the subject, we may suggest to the English tourist, who travels " in search of the picturesque," whether a visit to the lakes of Westmoreland does not supersede the necessity of a journey to Switzerland. The taste of an Englisliman must be deemed rather outre, when he learns, for the first time, at Geneva, that the lakes of his own country are beautiful. T "•() VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. FURNESS ABBEY, IN THE VALE OF NIGHTSHADE. The ruins of Furncss Abbey, though exceedingly picturesque, arc comparatively but little known, owing to their peninsular situation, which obliges the tourist who visits them to leave the line of his route. Furness is a district twenty-five miles in length, and six miles in width, comprehend- ing the whole of that division of the county of Lancaster, called Lonsdale, north of the Sands, with the exception of the parish of Cartmel. It is divided into High and Low Furness ; though the line of demarcation cannot be very clearly defined. This district was awarded by the Conqueror to Roger de Poictou ; but it afterwards reverted to the crown, in consequence of the defection of the Norman baron. It was then given to Stephen, Earl of Mortaigne, (subsequently, King of England,) who conferred it on the Abbey of Furness; by which institution it was held till the dissolution of the monasteries, when it again returned to the crown, and became parcel of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1622, Charles II. bestowed this property on the Duke of Albemarle and his heirs, with all the rights, privileges, and jurisdictions appertaining thereto. The possessions of this nobleman descended by marriage to the Duke of Buccleuch and Lord Beaulieu, by whom the lordship of Furness is now held. The ancient glory of the district of Furness was the Abbey, situated in a valley, called Beka)isgill — " the glen of the deadly nightshade," at a distance of about a mile south of the town of Dalton. This building was founded in the nones (the 7th) of July, 1 127, by ^ body of Cistercian monks, with Ewan, the first Abbot, at their head, and dedicated to St. Mary. Ewan and his monks arrived in England in 1124, and seated themselves in the centre of the county of Lancaster, in a monastic building, already established at Tulket, near Preston. The Abbot having chosen a favourable site for the erection of his house, was enabled, from the abundance of materials, and through the patronage of Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, to construct a sanctuary, almost sufl5ciently stable to defy the ravages of time itself. At the dissolution, in the time of Henry VIII., Furness Abbey was endowed with a revenue of about £800 per annum, exclusive of other property. " The interval between .abandonment and ruin, in an edifice of this nature," Baines observes, "is generally short : soon after the appropriation of the funds to the use of the state, the building itself began to decay ; and a structure that would have weathered the storms of a thousand winters, if cherished and supported by monastic hospitality and timely reparations, soon sunk into a state of dilapidation." The following description, by Mrs. Radcliflfe, will furnish the reader with a lively and impressive idea of the ruins, and of the surrounding scenery : — " The deep retirement of its situation, the venerable grandeur of its gothic arches, and the luxuriant, yet ancient trees, that shadow this forsaken spot, are circumstances of picturesque, and, if the expression may be allowed, of sentimental beauty, which fill the mind with solemn, yet delightful emotion. This glen is called the Vale of Nightshade, or. \7E\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHinE. 71 more literally from its ancient title, Bekansgill — ' the glen of deadlj' nightshade,' that plant being abundantly found in the neighbourhood. Its romantic gloom, and sequestered privacy, particularly adapted it to the austerities of monastic life ; and in the most retired part of it, King Stephen, while Earl of Mortaign and Bulloign, founded, in the year 1 127, the magnificent monastery of Furness, and endowed it with princely wealth, and almost princely authority, in which it was second onlj' to Fountain's Abbey, in Yorkshire. The windings of the glen conceal these venerable ruins, till they are closely approached ; and the by-road that conducted us is margined with a few ancient oaks, which stretch tlieir broad branches entirely across it, and are fine preparatory objects to the scene beyond. A sudden bend in tliis road brought us within view of the northern gate of the Abbey, a beautiful gotliic arch, one side of which is luxuriantly festooned with nightshade. A thick grove of plane-trees, with some oak and beech, overshadow it on the right, and lead the eye onward to the ruins of the Abbey, seen through this dark arch in remote perspective, over rough but verdant ground. The principal features are the great northern window, and part of the eastern choir, with glimpses of shattered arches and stately walls beyond, caught between the gaping casements. On the left, the bank of the glen is broken into knolls, capped with oaks, which, in some places, spread downwards to a stream that winds round the ruin, and darken it witli their rich foliage. Through this gate is the entrance to the immediate precincts of the Abbey, an area said to contain 65 acres, now called the Deer-park. It is enclosed by a stone wall, on which the remains of many small buildings still appear ; such as the porter's lodge, mills, granaries, ovens, and kilns, that once supplied the monastery ; some of which, seen under the shade of the fine old trees that on every side adorn the broken steeps of this glen, have a very interesting effect." The Abbey is built of a pale red stone, dug from the neighbouring rocks, which time, however, has changed to a tint of dusky brown. The finest view of the ruins is on the east side, where, beyond the vast shattered frame that once contained a richly painted window, are seen the choir and distant arches, remains of the nave, closed by the woods. This perspective measures about 287 f^et in length, the choir part being thirty-eiglit feet wide inside, and the nave seventy feet. The walls, as now standing, are fifty-four feet high, and five feet in thickness. Soutliward of the choir are the remains of the chapter- house, cloisters, and school-house ; the latter building being the only part of the Abbey which still boasts a roof. Of the large quadrangular court on the west side of the church, little vestige now appears, except the foundation of a range of cloisters, under the shade of which the monks passed in procession on days of high solemnity. What was the belfry, is now a detached ruin, exhibiting an appearance of picturesque grandeur. The insulated situation of the monastery, and the deep forests which surrounded it, secured this institution from tlie depredations of the Scots, who were constantly harassing the borders. On a summit over the Abbey are the remains of a watch-tower, raised by the society for their further security. 72 ^•IIiVVS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN IjVNCASIHUE. Till- tciii[)onil power of the Abbot of Fiiriiess was very great; and the services he rt'iiilcrid (he IIoiiso of Lancaster ilurini; tlic civil wars, obtained for tlie monastery a con- siderable accession of wealth. JMr. Baincs concludes his description of the ruins of Furness Abbey with this nervous remark. — "The hand of decay is here continually at work, but, owing to the original strength of the erection, and to its seclusion from the busy haunts of men, the ruin Mill probably survive longer than the building stood in its pristine glory, when the Abbot was nionareii of Furness, and the Abbey was the school and the tomb of suc- cessive generations of the most elevated portion of the inhabitants." SAINT ANDREW'S SCOTCH KIRK, RODNEY STREET. It is an old observation, that the blood of martyrs is the seed of the church. It may as truly be said, that the dissensions of a sect arc the causes of its multiplication. Such, at least, ha's been the experience of the Scottish presbyterians in Liverpool. A few years ago, a difference of opinion arose, concerning the choice of a new minister for the original congregation, meeting in Oldham Street : the disappointed party seceded from the parent bodj', and having chosen their favourite, erected, for their own, and his accom- modation, this splendid chapel. Subsequent dissensions arose, and the seceders again divided, which second division was the prelude to the erection of a third edifice, in Bold Street, devoted to religious instruction. The Rodney Street Chapel is certainly an ornament to the town. The front is of stone ; and the remainder of the building, though originally of brick, has been recently covered with stucco, M'hich has given an appearance of congruity to the whole. Tlie columns and pilasters of the portico are of the Ionic order, much enriched, and surmounted by a balus- trade. Each turret is composed of a square tower, with a window on each side, sur- rounded by eight insulated Corinthian columns, with a full entablature, pediment, &c.; the whole terminating in a dome. This structure was biult in 1824, after a design of Mr. John Foster, jun., whose name stands imperishably associated with some of the most classical buildings recently erected in his native town. The cost, which, we understand, exceeded £14,000, was defrayed by subscriptions in shares. THE LYCEUM NEWS-ROOM AND LIBRARY, BOLD STREET. This very classical building includes two of those establishments devoted to literary purposes, which may be said to be characteristic of Liverpool. It contains, under one roof, a news-room and a library, which are not only distinct properties, but managed by distinct committees, officers, &c. The propi-ietors of the library are indeed only tenants, under a lease of 50 years, commencing in the year 1800. Previously to the erection of this building, they occupied rooms in Lord Street, from which they removed in December 1802. The room which they now occupy is circular, and surmounted by a dome, richly iJiav-ii "b/ G, S: L J >y Hc^rv^orden T. roinr FOSTER. E»Q TO WHOSE mSTlHGVISBED ARCHITECTURAL TALESTS LIVERFOOL IS INDEBTEB F: 0777/ ,' ' UBLIC aVlt-mUCS. TUTS fLATE IS RESPECTFULLY UrsCRTBES. Fuhir. SimSc C° Uiulnn.lBiS LAJ.XAi;/lI»£. MOST KESfECTPULLY JJ£OlC/iI££* TO i_-t:;cASK:Hx: VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 73 ornamented, through this is admitted the only light that the library enjoys. In winter, this is found insufficient to enable the librarians easily to read the titles, &c. of books in the recesses, but it very much enhances the beauty of the apartment itself. The number of volumes (which has lately been rapidly increasing,) amounts to nearly 30,000, which, with a few exceptions, are allowed to circulate freeljr among the proprietors. These are about 800 in number, and each pays an annual subscription of £1. Is. This is the oldest literary establishment in the town, as is proved by tlie existence of a regular list of its officers since May 7, IJOO. It is also one of the most useful, as its benefits are extended to many classes of people — who have no desire, or no aptitude, for the pursuits of science, or the cultivation of the fine arts, and who yet ought not to be left without the means of general information. We are not aware that a circulating library of such magnitude, and so easily accessible to the majority of the reading portion of the community, exists in any other provincial town. The news-room is very spacious, being 68 feet long, and 48 feet wide, with a coved ceiling 31 feet high from the floor. It is furnished with an ample supply of the principal London and Provincial Newspapers, Magazines, and Reviews. The expenses are defrayed by an annual subscription of one guinea from each subscriber. Mr. Harrison of Chester was the architect, and the cost of the whole structure amounted to £11,000. The front towards Church Street has been much admired for its chastened elegance ; and that towards Bold Street, for its simple grandeur, its massive Ionic columns, colonnade, &c. It is much to be regretted that this, like most of the public buildings of Liverpool, is so situated as to be incapable of being seen from the best points of view. This is a defect which must exist in all towns that are allowed to increase, without reference to any pre-conceived and pre-established plan. It is a defect, however, that might be easily guarded against in future; and in a town which is extending itself so rapidly as Liverpool, we may hope to find the foresight of the Corporation surveyors keeping pace with every enlargement. Proceeding up Bold Street, the next building on the left hand is the Rotunda, a circular edifice, intended originally for the exhibition of panoramic paintings, but afterwards con- verted into a billiard-room, &c. and occupied by a society, which in many particulars resembles the clubs of London. It has no pretensions to architectural beaut}'. So rapid have been the encroachments of trade, that Bold Street, which was very recently the residence of some of the principal merchants and most respectable families, is now almost an unbroken line of shops. CHILDWALL ABBEY, THE SEAT OF THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. This place, distant five miles E.S.E. from Liverpool, is protected from the N.W. winds by the intervening high grounds, which were enclosed by act of parliament in 1805, and U "4 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. have been since planted and laid out as an ornamental shrubbery. The Hall was built by the late proprietor, Raniljcr Gascoyne, Esq., after the designs of Mr. Nash, arehitect, London, and completed in 1813. It contains a suite of spacious apartments, consisting of a Great Hall, Dining-room, Drawing-room, Library, and octagonal Study. A circular Staircase leads from the Study to the summit of the Great Tower, whence the prospects are both extensive and beautiful. A populous and well-cultivated plain spreads itself out before the beholder, and impresses him with the cheerful emotions that naturally arise on contemplating the results of successful industry. Commencing at Aughton Hills, near Ormskirk, the view extends beyond Prescot and Farnworth, and terminates towards the south-east, at the ruins of Halton Castle, and Norton Priory, Cheshire, the elegant resi- dence of Sir R. Brooke, including within its range fifteen miles of rich land, and a large portion of the river Mersey. The beauty of its situation has rendered Childwall the favourite resort of Liverpool citizens on Sundays and holidays, and given to it a celebrity almost equal to that which Richmond possesses in tlie estimation of our metropolitan tourists. For the accommodation of those amateurs of the beautiful in scenery, a very good inn has been erected, about two hundred yards from the Hall. It is denominated the " Abbey," from a tradition that on this spot stood an ancient Abbey of Childwall : although, after diligent search, we have come to the conclusion, that no monastic establishment of the kind ever existed in this part of the country, and that the designation of the house has originated in a confusion of the terms " Chantry" and " Abbey." In Domesday-book, which contains a register of the state of the kingdom in 1080, we find mention made of a " priest" resident at Childwall, whose benefice consisted of half-a-carucate of land, or from thirty to fifty acres. In 1291, according to the valuation ordained by Pope Nicholas IV., the living of Childwall was estimated at £40 per annum ; no inconsiderable sum in those times, when the wages of a liarvest-man were two-pence per day, and -the rent of the lord mayor's house £1 per year. In the new arrangement of ecclesiastical jurisdiction-s conse- quent upon the Reformation, the rector's tithes of this, and five other parishes in Lancashire, were impropriated to the see of Chester. The tithes of Childwall parish are leased out to the family of Gerrard, of Garswood, and are reputed to be worth about ^600 per annum. Childwall Hall and estate came into possession of the Marquis of Salisbur)-, by his marriage with the daughter and heiress of the late Bamber Gascoyne, Esq., who was thrice member of parliament for the borough of Liverpool. He was succeeded in that honour- able station, A.D. 1796, by his brother, Gen. Isaac Gascoyne, who for a very long time con- tinued to be the representative of the town, but lost his seat by his opposition to the reform bill. Indeed, we may remark, th-at in perusing, the parliamentary annals of this " free borough," we find no evidence of the inconstancy usually attributed to popular elections. The historical records seem to us to establish the reverse proposition. TIEji. ■^-.^ MI A18,m.lE T FIiACIEs, 2j)EA*JS©ATE, IBiDlTSF. ;l' UHSSttS. n.OrawiLLL. MICK, : VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 75 WAVERTREE HALL, THE SEAT OF CHARLES LAWRENCE, ESQ. It appears that the manor of Waveitree is mentioned in Domesday-book. The present residence was built more than a century ago, by an ancestor of the present Colonel Plumbe Tempest, of Tonge Hall, Yorkshire. Without much pretension to architectural elegance, it exhibits a degree of quiet old-fashioned comfort and sober antiquity, which is almost peculiar to itself in the immediate neighbourhood of Liverpool, where every thing speaks of modern affluence and recent acquirement. Its rookery of venerable elms is, probably, the growth of many centuries ; and its sunny and sheltered situation has been peculiarly favourable to the cultivation and beauty of its trees, shrubs, and flowers of all kinds. The terrace appears to be a diminished copy of the noble one at Croxteth Hall, (the Earl of Sefton's.) THE OLD MARKET PLACE, DEANSGATE, BOLTON. Bolton is a large thriving manufacturing town ; and it is traditionally asserted, that the cotton manufacturing machinery originated here. Leland remarked, in the time of Henry the Eighth, that the market at this place " stondeth most by cottons and course yarne. Divers villages in the mores abowt Bolton do make cottons. Nother the site nor ground abowte Bolton is so good as it is abowt Byri, (Bury.) They burne at Bolton sum canale, but more Se cole, of the wich the pittes be not far of. They burne turfe also."* These vague notices are curious, though not completely satisfactory. According to tradi- tion, some Flemings settled in Bolton in the year 1569, or 1570, and established a novel species of business here. Soon after the revocation of the edict of Nantz, A.D. 1685, some French protestants settled in this town and neighbourhood. Again, in the reign of Queen Anne, about the year 1709, some poor Palatine weavers carried on their profession here. Some large wooden-shoes, or sabbots, said to have belonged to these men, were preserved as objects of curiosity at Anderton, in the house of Alexander Shaw, Esq. From the kind communications of John Pilkington, and Samuel Oldknow, Esquires, I am enabled to record a few memorable events and circumstances respecting the manufactures of this place and its neighbourhood. What were called cotton goods, previous to the invention of the late Sir Richard Arkwright, were chiefly composed of Irish, Hamburgh, or Bremen linen, yarn warps, and cotton weft. Counterpanes, velvets, quiltings, India-jeans, ribs, some thicksets, and some strong jeans, were, however, then made solely of cotton. The warps of corded dimities were made of cotton and linen mixed. Cotton velvets were first made by Jeremiah Clarke in 1756; and cotton-quiltings by Joseph Shaw, of Bolton, in 1/63. British muslins were first manufactured at Anderton, in this county, in 1764. At this period Mr. Joseph Shaw manufactured plain, striped, and spotted muslins, and supplied his looms with yarns spun on the old spindle hand wheels. But he could not get • Itinerary, vol. vii. fol, 57. JCi VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. .1 quantity sufficiently cheap to cope with the East India Company's muslins, which he had to meet in tlie liomc market, and was under the necessity of abandoning the pursuit, witliout being rewarded for his meritorious labours. In the year 1/82, Mr. Samuel Oldknow commenced the manufacture of British muslins at Andcrton, on his native soil. At that time Sir Richard Arkwright's fine yarn, and other roller-drawn yarns, had become tolerably plentiful, which induced Mr. Thomas Ains- worth, of Bolton, Sir Ricliard Arkwriglit, and others, to begin to make this thin and deli- cate fabric : but it is generally admitted, that Mr. Oldknow was the first who produced the Balasorc handkerchiefs, the jacconot and japaned nmslins, in the style of India; and was the first person who realized £10,000 by the manufacture of British muslins. Bolton consists of two distinct towTiships, separated by a small rivulet — the one named Great Bolton, and the other Little Bolton. The entire parish, in 1831, contained 63,034 inhabitants. The market day is on Monday; and fairs are held on July 19, and Oct. 2. for cattle, horses, cheese, &c. For some years past, the spirit of public improvement has been making rapid strides in Bolton, by the erection of splendid buildings for commercial purposes, handsome squares, and elegant places of amusement. The gas and water works also are eminently deserving of notice. Bolton will long retain memorials of its numerous obligations to the superior genius, public exertions, and enterprising spirit of Mr. Benjamin Hick. The manufac- ture of cotton, which has now become a principal source of national wealth, originated in this place. Ainsworth, author of the Latin Dictionary, and Lempriere, author of the Classical Dictionary, were both at different periods masters of the Grammar-school at Bolton. Sir Richard Arkwright, also, lived in this town ; and during the time he was engaged in endeavouring to improve the machines for spinning cotton, he followed the humble occupation of a barber. By the Reform act, of 1832, Bolton-le-Moors returns two members to parliament. The Old Market-place at Bolton, derives very considerable interest from its exhibiting the spot where the brave and loyal James, Earl of Derby, suffered death on a public scaf- fold, October 1651. Opposite the building, distinguished by a number of crosses, is the place where he submitted to the executioner, for his attachment to an ungrateful prince. Blome, an ancient topographer, remarks, that — " Boulton, seated on the river Irwell, a fair well-built town, with broad streets, hath a market on Mondays, which is very good for clothing and provisions ; and it is a place of great trade {or fustians." STEAM-ENGINE MANUFACTORY, AND IRON-WORKS, BOLTON. The extensive Steam-engine Manufactory and Iron Works of Messrs. Rothwell, Hick, and Co. at Bolton, (represented in the engraving,) are employed not only in manufacturing and providing steam-engines and mill-work for the numerous spinning factories, bleach works, calico-printing establishments, collieries, &c. in the immediate neighbourhood, but also in the fabrication of steam-engines, sugar-mills, &c. for our sc:®T£H C2r,-: T Pl^iASAHT. :i;:s pLArr :3 fisspr- :iC3: «c:BiAyi:x kos5 st . VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 77 Colonies abroad, for the transit of which, the proprietors of these works have the greatest facilities. An extensive branch of the Bolton and Leigh rail-road is carried through their premises, by which means heavy castings, placed upon carriages constructed for the purpose, are removed from place to place by two or three men, with greater ease than in the ordinary way by as many horses. This rail-road, which is completed to the Leeds and Liverpool canal at Leigh, a distance of eight miles, and connected by a short branch to the Manchester and Liverpool rail-road, forms part of that grand national undertaking. A steam conveyance for goods and passengers will shortly be established between this town and Liverpool, several locomotive steam-engines for that purpose being now in progress. THE SCOTCH CHAPEL, MOUNT PLEASANT, was erected in the year 1827, for the accommodation of a congregation under the pastoral care of Dr. Stewart, that had previously assembled in a very inconvenient and almost unsafe chapel in Gloucester Street. They belong to a class of Christians now denominated the United Scottish Secession Church, composed of two sects formerly distinct, and but recently amalgamated — the Burghers and the Anti-Burghers. Their tenets are very similar to those maintained by the Presbyterian Established Church of Scotland ; but they lay claim to the reputation of greater strictness in discipline, and contend for an entire equality of privileges in the election of their ministers. This Chapel, built after designs by Mr. Rowland, at an expense of more than £6000, is advantageously situated. Its internal arrangements deserve notice, especially the pulpit, which is of singular construction, supported by a Corinthian pillar, and large enough to allow the preacher scope for displaying the graces of action. The architecture of the exterior is not sufficiently defined to rank under any of the five regular orders, but it approaches most nearly to the Doric. We are far from imputing blame either to the architect or the committee, when we express our dissatisfaction with this want of preci- sion, and especially with the overwhelming load of masonry laid upon the portico. We are perfectly aware, that it is a work of extreme difficulty to combine utility and beauty in the construction of any edifice — that the committee may have had difficulties to encounter, and favourite objects to accomplish, with which a casual spectator must necessarily be unacquainted — and that consequently imputations of bad taste or unskilfulness are totally unwarranted. All that we claim is, a liberty of criticizing the edifice, without refer- ence either to the contriver or approvers ; and in the exercise of that liberty, we must again object to the plan of supporting the whole upper story on four pillars. It is true, that those pillars, being Doric, are of the most substantial kind; but all the massiveness and strength characteristic of that order, cannot prevent the spectator from entertaining an apprehension of insecurity ; and we need not inform our readers, that this is the very last feeling which a well-planned building ought to excite. X -^ VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LjVNCASIHUE. BRUNSWICK CHAFEL, MOSS STREET, belonging to the Wesleyan Methodists, who have been established here almost ever since the orii^in of Methodism, is an elegant and classical modern structure, designed by Mr. Byrom, architect, and erected at a cost of nearly £8000. The portico in front, which is of the Ionic order, has a fine effect when viewed at some distance, and, together with the frieze and pediment, forms a good model of a correct and chaste style of architecture. Simplicity and harmony contribute, in this art, as in all others, to constitute true subli- mity, and to impress on the spectator a feeling of unmingled admiration. The interior is arranged in the form of an amphitheatre, without any gallery, except a small projection on the west side, which is appro2)riated to the organ and to the use of the singers, and the children of the schools attached to the chapel. At the centre of this side stands the pulpit ; and the successive tiers of pews, rising as they recede from it, present to the view, when they are filled, a sort of inclined plane of human countenances. The eflfect produced by this arrangement is very imposing ; and when aided by the pealing tones of the organ, and the voices of a multitude of worshippers, impresses the mind with sentiments favourable to the indulgence of religious feelings. Underneath the Chapel, sufficient space is afforded for school-rooms, which accom- modate 200 boys and 100 girls, as day-scholars ; and for vestry-rooms, and other usual appurtenances to places of worship. The whole space included within the external walls, is equal to 7^4 square yards; and the chapel affords sitting room to 1300 people. On account of the absence of a gallery, the audience is necessarily fewer than in some churches of smaller dimensions ; but this defect is, in our opinion, amply compensated by a greater degree of comfort, and a superior aspect of grandeur. Besides this, the AVesleyan Methodists possess several other chapels in Liverpool; some of which, exhibiting architectural beauties, may form subjects of future embellishment and description. HULME HALL, NEAR MANCHESTER. This singular specimen of ancient domestic architecture, situate a short distance west of Manchester, stands on the edge of a shelving bank of the Irwell, and, being now in the hands of several poor tenants, is fast approaching to decay. The exterior of this build- ing is romantic and picturesque ; and the interior is ornamented with a great variety of curious and ancient carved work, which is much admired by strangers. The manor of Hulme belonged, in the time of Edward I., to Adam de Rossindale ; afterwards, in tlie reign of Henry VI., it was held by the family of Prestwich. It con- tinued in the name of Prestwich till 16(30, when it was purchased by Sir Edward Mosely. In 176-1, it became the property of the Duke of Bridgewater. HUIiME- '^MCHESTEM. \1E\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 70 " Tlie dowager Lady Prestwich, in the civil war, encouraged her son to continue in the royal cause, saying, she had treasure to supply him with : tliis was supposed to he hid ahout Hulnie ; hut, on account of her heing taken speechless in her illness, it was never found." CHETHAM HOSPITAL, MANCHESTER. Manchester College was founded by Thomas de la Warre, Baron of Manchester, so early as the year 1422. Tlie various members of this ancient institution, and a detail of their respective duties, will be found in our description of the Collegiate Church, (see page 48.) In this place we have only to remark, that the original College was dissolved in the year 154/, when the house, and part of the lands, were sold to tiie Earl of Derby. After being several times refounded and dissolved, a final blow was struck at the institution by tlie parliamentary forces in 1649 ; wlio, (though they offered no violence to the collegiate edifices,) forcibly carried to London all the deeds and writings connected with its founda- tion ; and these were afterwards destroyed in the great fire of 1666. About this time the structure itself was purchased of the Earl of Derby by the executors of Mr. Chethani, who in his will had recommended the building as suitable for a charitable institution he had contemplated for some years previous to his death. Humphrey Chetham, born July 10th, 1580, appears, from the testimony of Fuller, to have been descended from a family of high antiquity ; his nobility, however, rests not on the length of his pedigree, but on those manly and christian virtues which adorned his whole life. Mr. Clietham was the third son of Henry Chethani, of Crumpsal, Esq., near Man- chester. Fuller* informs us, that " this family is thought (on just ground) to descend from Sir Jeffery Chetham, of Chetham, (a man of much remark in former days,) and some old writings in the hands of worshipful persons, not far remote from the place, (he adds) do evidence as much." It appears that Sir JefTery, " in troublesome times," had incurred the king's displeasure, by which the fortunes of his family were materially injured. His posterity, however, still continued to reside near the place where the family had so long been settled ; and upon the death of Henry Chetham above-mentioned, James, his eldest son, succeeded to the Crumpsal estate, while George, Humphrey, and Ralph, the younger sons, emb;u-ked in the trade for which Manchester had for some time been distinguished ; • Fuller briefly mentions Mr. Humphrey Chetham among his " Worthies of England," (and assuredly he deserves to rank high among them.) having received his information from Mr. Johnson, preacher of the Temple, ar.il one of the feoffees named in Mr. Chetham 's will. From this authority we are told, that he was a "diligent reader ff the scriptures, and of the works of sound divines, a respecter of such ministers as he accounted truly godly, upright, sober, discreet, and sincere. He was high sheriff of the county of Lancaster, A. D. ieS5, discharging that office with great honour, insomuch that very good gentlemen of birth and estate did wear his cloth at tlie assi/e, to testify their unfeigned affection to him ; and two of them, (John Hartley, of Strangeways-hall, and H.Wriglcy, Esqrs.) of the same profession with himself, were afterwards sheriffs of the county." 30 VIF.WS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN I^XNC.VSIIIRE. the chief branch of which was the niaiiufiicture of cottons. At this period Bolton was no less the principal market for fustians, which were brought thither from all parts of the surrounilin<: country. Of these last, especially, the Chethams were the principal buyers, and the London market was chiefly supplied by them with these materials of apparel, then in almost general use throughout the nation.* By this commerce, which was probably conducted on an extensive scale, Mr. Chetham acquired opulence, while his strict inte- grity, his piety, his works of charity and benevolence, secured him the respect and esteem of those around him. His chief residence was Clayton Hall, near Manchester, at that time surrounded by a moat, the traces of which are still easily perceived. Having never married, Mr. Chetham became a father of the fatherless and destitute ; and, during his life, " maintained fourteen poor boys of the town of Manchester, six of the town of Salford, and two of the town of Droylsden ; in all twenty-two." The charity of Mr. Chetham was not, however, fully to appear till after his death. On an examina- tion of his will, bearing date December 16th, 1651, it was found that he had directed the number of boys to be increased from twenty-two to forty, and had bequeathed the sum of £5000 for the purchase of a fee-simple estate, the profits of which should go to the support of the institution. The boys were to be clothed, fed, and instructed, from the age of six to fourteen years ; and afterwards bound, ?it the expense of the charity, to honest and useful trades. Nearly one-fourth of the boys are annually discharged at Easter, and others elected in their stead, by the feoffees, twenty-four in number, who have invariably been gentle- men of the first respectability in the neighbourhood. The feoffees are a body corporate by charter, dated November 20th, IJth of Charles H. (A. D. 1665.) Perhaps no institution of the kind has been more indebted to its guardians, for their judicious management of its resources, and attention to its interests, than this ; and they have found an ample reward for the anxiety which they have evinced for these objects, by having been enabled to enlarge the sphere of this benevolent institution, and to augment the number of boys upon the foundation to eighty. Mr. Chetham, by his will, bequeathed also the sums of £1000 for the purchase of books ; and £100 for a building, as the foundation of a public library ;t for the augmenta- tion of which he devises the residue of his personal estate, after the payment of certain legacies, and this is said to have amounted to more than £2000. He further be(iueathed • So early as the days of Chaucer, fustians appear to have been worn, even by persons of consideration, since he clothes his " Knight" in a fustian «/;»" or doublet : — " Of fustian he werid a gipon AUe besmottrid with his haburgeon." — Prolog. t A Catalogue of the books was published in 1791, in two volumes, 8vo., entitled " Bibllotheca Chethan\crsis," with an engraved portrait of the founder. The books, in this collection, now amount to upwards of fifteen thousand volumes. Among other curious MSS. arc, a " Visitation of Lancashire, in 1580," by Flower and Glover; " Smith's ditto, in 1599;" " Hoi ins worth's Mancuniensis;" " Kuerden's Collection for a History of Lancashire," &c. •n'ffiTis laii (J). WAS B©mH, OIL. ■ ■r 7-SS PES'. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. yi the sum of £200, to purchase godly English books, to be chained upon desks in the churches of Manchester and Bolton, and the chapels of Turton, Walmslej', and Gorton. The collegiate structure, thereafter and at this time known by the name of Chetham's Hospital, is divided into a refectory, kitchen, dormitory, feoffees' room, and various other domestic apartments, besides a large library, for which the benevolent testator had made distinct provision in his will. Perhaps there is no charitable institution, whose purposes have suffered less from innovation on its original design, than Chetham's Hospital. The feoffees, who are a body corporate by charter, seem to be guided by the same lofty principle which actuated the noble founder ; and if, as there is no cause to doubt, men of high integrity succeed to the execution of this sacred trust, the manna of Air. Chetham's bounty will continue for ages to feed the friendless and distressed. This munificent individual departed this life on the r2th of October, 1655, in the 7-ltb year of his age. THE HOUSE IN WHICH WILLIAM ROSCOE, ESQ. WAS BORN. This building, situated on Mount Pleasant, is now remarkable for nothing but having given birth, on the 8th of March, 1753, to the distinguished individual on whose account it is noticed. The case, however, was somewhat different at the period to which we refer. Erected on elevated ground, and at a distance from nearly all other edifices, it afforded a commanding view of " the good old town" of Liverpool, of the entrance into its majestic river, of Bootle Bay, of the ocean sparkling at a distance, of the remote hills in Wales, and, in various directions, of a scenery at once diversified and extended. The history of Mr. Roscoe's life, like that of Dr. Franklin, furnishes a splendid example of the benefits resulting, both to the individual and to society, from the union of studious ability with indefatigable industry. By the careful cultivation of his talents, and the judicious improvement of his opportunities, Mr. Roscoe has secured to himself a place among tlie classic authors of his native tongue ; and by liis public spirit, and unwearied attention to the literary and benevolent institutions of the town, he has guided the taste, and stimulated the humanity, of his fellow-citizens ; and has left behind him a name endeared to every lover of the arts and of his species. Mr. Roscoe was born of obscure parentage. His father and mother were both in the service of a bachelor, a gentleman of the most amiable and generous disposition, with whose consent they married, and who, dying without a heir, left the greater part, if not the entire of his property, to the subject of this notice. It does not appear that his patron paid any attention to his early education, and his father had no higher ambition than to make him acquainted with writing and arithmetic. Through an obstinacy of temper, which in some minds is the forerunner of genius, Roscoe Y H2 \IE\VS AND ILLUSTIfATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. could not be prevailed upon to submit to tbc drudgery of scholastic discipline ; and con- secjuently did not properly avail himself even of the small advantages of education which his parents were able to afford him. It was, however, his merit to discover in time the means of self-education. He early began to think for himself ; and his habits of thought and mental ajjplication soon gave evidence of that genius which afterwards shone forth witli so conspicuous a splendour. At the age of si.xteen, his poetical productions would have done credit to one uho had enjoyed every advantage of tuition ; and he was at that time found sufficiently qualified to be admitted as an articled clerk to Mr. Eyes, a respect- able attorney in Liverpool. While engaged in the duties of the office, he acquired a pro- ficiency in Latin, and afterwards in French and Italian. On the expiration of his articles, he etitercd into partnership with Mr. Aspinall ; when the entire management of an office, extensive in practice, and high in reputation, devolved upon him alone. In 1788, Mr. Roscoe published a work upon the Slave Trade, entitled "A Scriptural Refutation of a Pamphlet lately published by the Rev. Raymond Harris ;" and shortly afterwards his principal poem, " The Wrongs of Africa." Incited by the enthusiasm of the same train of feeling, he composed, about the commencement of the French revolution, two ballads, " The Vine-covered Hills," and " Millions, be free !" which were equally popular in France and at home. The great work on which Mr. Roscoe's fame chiefly rests, his " Life of Lorenzo de Medici," was commenced in 1790, and completed in 1796; and in 1805, appeared his second great work, " The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth," the son of Lorenzo de Medici. After the publication of his first historical work, Mr. Roscoe had retired from his practice as a solicitor, and had entered himself at Gray's Inn, with the intention of prac- tising at the bar. In 1805, however, he was induced to join the banking-house of his friends, Messrs. Clarke ; and in the following year he received a strong public testimonial to his talents, by being elected one of the members for his native town in parliament. His senatorial career was brief; but during its continuance he distinguished himself as a stedfast advocate of the principles he had alwaj-s professed, and as a warm partizan of the cause of abolition throughout the debates upon the Slave Trade. After the disso- lution in I8O7, distrusting the power of his friends to secure his re-election, he declined entering upon a new contest, and from that time interfered with politics only by means of occasional pamphlets. While Mr. Roscoe's mind was chiefly occupied with his literary and political studies, a series of unforeseen circumstances, particularly several other failures, obliged the bank- ing-house in which he was engaged to suspend payment. The creditors, however, had so much confidence in Mr. Roscoe's integrity, thiit time was given for the firm to recover from its embarrassments ; and Mr. Roscoe, on first entering the bank after this accommo- dation, was loudly greeted by the populace. The difficulties, however, in which the bank was placed, rendered it impossible for the proprietors to make good their engagements. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. §3 Mr. Roscoe did all that could be expected from an honest man ; he gave up the whole of his property, to satisfy his creditors.* Yet, upon the whole, Mr. Roscoe can scarcely be termed unfortunate. Distinguished through life by the friendship of the gifted and noble, his days were spent in a free inter- course with kindred minds, and his declining years were solaced by the affectionate atten- tions of justly and sincerely attached relations. He was regarded as the head of the literary and scientific circles of his native town ; and much of his time was spent in the promotion of many noble public institutions, which he had contributed to establish. He died June 30, 1831 ; and his funeral was attended by committees of the Royal Institution, the Philosophical Society, and the Athenaeum ; and by nearly two hundred gentlemen on foot, beside those in carriages. LIVERPOOL ROYAL INSTITUTION, COLQUITT STREET. This was formerly a gentleman's mansion, but, on being converted to its present uses, it has undergone great internal alterations. The stone portico at the entrance, erected by the late Mr. Edmund Aikin, which is much and justly admired, has formed the model of many similar structures since, annexed to the residences of the principal merchants. The cost of the original building, and the alterations, amounted to about £14,000, defrayed by subscriptions, in shares of £100 and £50 each. This Institution was formed in 1814, and incorporated by royal charter in 1822. Its object is declared to be " the promotion of literature, science, and the arts,' by academical schools ; by public lectures ; by the encouragement of societies that may asso- ciate for similar objects ; by collections of books, specimens of art, natural history, &c. ; and by providing a laboratory and philosophical apparatus. It was opened November 25, 181 7, by an inaugural discourse, " on the origin and vicissitudes of literature, science, and art, and their influence on the present state of society," delivered by the late President, William Roscoe, Esq. On the ground-floor is a public room, for the accommodation of the subscribers, amply supplied with periodical works on literary and scientific subjects ; a lecture-room, fifty feet in length, by thirty feet in breadth, capable of containing 500 auditors ; and several other apartments for the use of the Committee, and the mathematical and classical schools. One large room on this floor is devoted to the accommodation of the Literary and Philo- sophical Society of Liverpool, of which the late Mr. Roscoe was President, and to that of the Philomathic Society, more recently established. The first-floor contains a spacious exhibition-room, for the use of the members of the Liverpool Academy; another exhibi- tion-room for the casts of the Elgin and .Egina marbles ; and two other rooms, well • His library, which was verj- extensive, and consisted principally of Italian works, was the greatest sacrifice . the books were sold (at Liverpool) for £5,150, the prints for £1,S80, and the drawings for £738. A portrait of Leo the Tenth was purchased for £500 by Mr. Coke, of Holkham.— Gfwf.'s Mag. H4 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN L\NCASI1IRE. adapted for a drawing-school and a coniniittee-room. On the roof of the house a stone phitforni is hiid, for an Observatory ; and at the back, are additional buildings for a Laboratory, and for philosophical experiments, immediately connected with the lecture-room. SAINT MARY'S CHURCH, PRESCOT, NEAR LIVERPOOL. Prcscot is a market-town, eight miles distant from Liverpool, pleasantly situated on the great road between Liverpool and Manchester. Saint Mary's Church, represented in our Engraving, is a large edifice, and has a very lofty steeple. It is in the incumbency of the Rev. B. G. Driffield. By a valuation of church livings, made in 1/56, the rectory of Prescot was rated at £500 per annum. One circumstance, connected with the town of Prescot, demands our notice. John Philip Kemble, the Thespis of the English stage, was born at this place, in 1/57. The accompanying Wood-cut is a representation of the house, rendered famous as being the identical spot where he first drew breath : it is a building with the gable-end in front. Prescot is also the birth-place of the late Matthew Gregson, Esq., author of the " Antiquities of Lancashire." CHURCH OF ST. HELEN, SEPHTON, OR SEFTON, NEAR LR'ERPOOL. The parish of Sephton, or Sefton, distant about eight miles from Liverpool, is prin- cipally remarkable for its having formerly belonged to the Molyneanx family, who had a seat there. The Church, shewn in the Engraving, is a handsome building, said to have been erected in the time of Henry the Eighth ; it consists of a nave and side aisles, with a tower and steeple. The chancel contains sixteen elegantly carved stalls, and exhibits a great number of monumental memorials. ::fXi i mi^ ^'-=% *--^ -.'' TSIS FJjkTS JS MOST RESrEC'ryVl±Y DTSCJtISEl} TO THE COFS MSKCHMfTS OF ZIVEKPOOL BY TUB paBLlSSeRS VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 85 There is a considerable degree of touching interest in this View of Sephton Church. " The heaven-directed spire" — the mourners consigning the remains of a deceased friend to tlieir place of rest — and the numerous emblems of mortality, which appear in the fore- ground of the picture, distinctly characterize a spot, where — " Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." THE CORN EXCHANGE, Is a plain modern building, of ample dimensions. The architecture is of the Doric order, from the designs of Mr. J. Foster, sen. It was built in the year 1807> at an expense of £10,000, raised in shares of £100 each. However unpretending the appearance of the building, it deserves notice, on account of the immense extent of business transacted here. The intimate connexion existing between Liverpool and all parts of Ireland, renders this town the great northern dep6t of Irish agricultural produce, which is con- veyed into the interior manufacturing districts, in quantities proportioned to the demand. These districts are known to be the most populous portion of our domestic empire, and must consequently require vast importations of the necessaries of life. Accordingly we find, from authentic documents, that in the articles of grain and flour, the trade has been exceedingly great ; and its rapid and progressive increase may be gathered from the following statement. In the year ending on the 1st of October, 1809, being the first after the erection of the Corn Exchange — Wheat, qrs. Oats. qrs. Flour. bai*s and barrels. The quantity imported was .... 114,000 460,000 183,000 In the year ending 5th Jan. 1828. 352,298 605,968 189,465 laSO. 388,212 552,280 189,604 1831. 367,085 491,349 300,000 1832. 537,410 439,741 646,550 Of this produce, a large proportion is consumed in Manchester, and the other inland towns of Lancashire, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in Staffordshire, &c. The nuiuber of vessels entered in the Custom-house, laden with grain, &c., from Ireland, in the week ending Feb. 10th, 1829, was 72. If to this list be added the numerous coasting vessels from all parts of England, and those from Scotland, the aggregate will not be found less than 100 per week. In the managing of these vessels, and in discharg- ing their cargoes, it will be easy to imagine, how, from this single department of trade, many thousands of the industrious classes derive their daily bread. We have entered into this detail, principally with a view to the information of our country subscribers, who, having Z 86 VIKWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRK. witnessed witli surpiisc tlic astonishingly rapid increase of this port, and may have felt curious to investigate the causes of it. From the slight sketch which we have given, and which our limits precluded us from enlarging, they will be enabled to perceive the sources whence Liverpool derives its prob- perity, and to judge of the likelihood of its continuance. The monopoly which this town enjoys, of supplying with al; the luxuries, and a great part of the necessaries of life, so dense a population as that contained in the manufacturing and midland districts of Ent,'land — a population amounting to at least one-third of the whole kingdom— alTords a basis of conridencc, and an assurance of continued improvement, which may well counterbalance the gloomy presages of some saturnine observers, who imagine that in the rapid advance- ment of the port they see a prognostic of its speedy downfall. Such observers, if they examine more minutely the nature and foundations of this prosperity, will be convinced that it bids as fair for continuance, and even for progression, as ever, and that its decay can only be a consequence of national impoverishment. The interests of the commercial body are so bound up with those of all orders of the coninmnity, that they must advance or retrograde together ; and for the truth of this assertion, the experience of past years affords indubitable evidence. We could wish that all classes, especially the agricultural, were fully impressed with the conviction of its importance, as well as of its truth. Such a conviction would tend more than any thing else to advance the well-being of the community, and make the nation powerful, by rendering every individual in it prosperous. THE EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, AND NELSONS MONUMENT. Of the buildings dedicated to commercial pursuits, this is the most important. This magnificent pile (in the opinion of many travellers, the most beautiful commercial struc- ture in the world) was raised by a subscription of 800 shares, at £100 each share; but it is ascertained that the entire expense was not less than £110,848. The first stone was laid on the 30th of June, 1803, and the building was completed in about six years. The area, enclosed by the four fronts, is 197 feet by ITS; and is, consequently, double that of the London Exchange. This Building is formed by four facades, or fronts, of which three adjoin each other, and the fourth is formed by the north front of the Town Hall. The architecture consists of a rusticated basement, with a piazza, extending round the whole, and opening to the area by a series of rustic arches, between strong piers. Above^ are two stories ornamented with Corinthian pillars and pilasters, and surrounded with an enriched bold cornice and parapet. In the centre of the north side, resting on the base- ment, is a grand recessed portico, with eight handsome Corinthian columns. In the east wing is a coffee-room, 94 feet by 52, the roof of which is supported on large Ionic columns; and above this is another spacious room, appropriated to the under-writers. A public VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 87 sale-room, and counting-houses, occupy the other sides of this extensive range of buildings. Such are the dimensions, plan, and appearance of a structure, which may well be esteemed one of the finest specimens of Grecian architecture ever erected in this country, and, per- haps, the most splendid edifice raised in modern times, for purposes purely commercial. Hence, as from the heart of the commercial body, proceed those impulses which make themselves felt in all quarters of the globe. The bronze Monument to the memory of Lord Nelson, stands near the centre of the area of the Exchange Buildings. It is after a design of M. C. Wyatt, Esq., executed by Richard Westmacott, Esq., R. A., and was erected in the year 1812, at an expense of ^9,000, which was defrayed by public subscription. The bronze alone weighs twenty- two tons. The Admiral is placed in the centre of the group, and represented as in the moment of conquest, receiving on the point of his sword a fourth naval crown, in addition to three already obtained, emblematical of his decisive victories at St. Vincent, Copenhagen, and Aboukir. It is scarcely necessary to remind the reader, that the Trafalgar wreath was purchased at the price of the gallant Nelson's life. Having lost his right hand at the attack of Teneriffe, he receives this, his last trophy, in his left; while, at the same instant of triumph, Death, represented by a skeleton concealed under the enemy's flag, aims his weapon, which with too fatal certainty reaches his heart. — This part of the design has been much and severely criticized. It has been thought that the artist might have found some other, and more pleasing, symbolical representative of the last enemy, than a human skeleton ; if, indeed, any such representative were necessary. — The four captives in chains, at the foot of the pedestal, are also, it is asserted, a very unfair emblem of the usages of modern warfare, and seem to indicate a ferocity totally inconsistent with the well-known generous temper of Nelson. These objections have been made, and there is, perhaps, some founda- tion for them ; but, at the same time, it should be remembered, that, in allegorical repre- sentations, the fancy of the artist must be allowed greater scope than in those which are merely descriptive. Around the pedestal is inscribed, in capitals of enduring brass, the more enduring watch-word of the day — " England expects every man to do his duty," — a sentence destined in future ages to nerve the arm of patriotism in the hour of danger. In the back ground of the principal group, is a British sailor with a battle-axe in his hand, pressing forward to revenge the death of his gallant commander. These are the principal features of the Monument, as exhibited in the engraved view, while a nearer inspection discovers to the spectator bas-reliefs in bronze, surrounding the pedestal, and detailing some of the most interesting occurrences in Nelson's eventful life. Situated as this Monument is, in the very centre of business, of the second commercial town in the kingdom, it must force itself on the notice of all foreigners, and tend to impress upon them a conviction of the stability of that naval empire which Britain has so long, and by such transcendent exertions, been able to retain. 88 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIIIE. HULTON HALL, LANCASHIRE. The parish of Dean, in tlie Hundred of Salford, contains ten townships, of wliich three have the same name : viz. Little-Hulton, Middle-Hulton, and Over-Hulton. In 1831, the latter place contained only five hundred and ninety-one persons, and the annual value was tlien estimated at £2,125. Hulton Park, situated in this township, is the residence of William Hulton, Esq., the sole proprietor of the soil, who is not only, by the intermarriages of his ancestors, collater- ally allied to the ancient nobility, but is also a lineal descendant from the First Edward. The decision and energy which this gentleman has brought to the discharge of his public duties as a magistrate, on the most trying occasions, have connected his name with the principal judicial concerns of the county. The illustrative engraving exhibits a faithful and spirited representation of the Hall, and surrounding shrubbery. During the many centuries that the " Hulton of the Park" (the ancient designation of the heads of the family) have resided here, several mansions must have fallen into decay, and been replaced by others, though we have not the means of ascertaining the particulars. Over-Hulton is four miles and a half south-south-west of Bolton, and twelve miles west-north-west of Manchester. TODMORDEN HALL, VALE OF TODMORDEN. Tormorden, a small but thriving town, situated towards the eastern limits of the county, stands partly in the parish of Rochdale and Hundred of Salford, and partly in the parish of Halifax in the West-Riding of the county of York, in a picturesque valley, called the Vale of Todmorden. " A branch of the family of Radcliffe, of Radcliffe Tower, was established at Tormor- den as early as the time of Edward III.," and continued to reside there occasionally for nearly four centuries, till, in 1700, the possessions were dissipated, and the estates con- signed to other hands. The .Manor House itself was rebuilt by Saville Radcliffe, Esq., about the beginning of the reign of Charles L, as appears from his arms yet remaining in one of the rooms, and from his impaling the coat of Katharine Hyde of Norbury, his last wife. The Tormorden Hall Estates, about the year 1796, were purchased by Anthony Crossley, who was then proprietor of Scaitcliffe, eldest son of John Crossley, of the same place. On purchasing the Todmorden property, he sold Scaitcliffe to his younger brother, the late John Crossley, Esq. Many years previous, under the direction of Anthony Crossley, Esq., the grandfather of the purchaser of Todmorden Hall Estate, the ancient Church had been rebuilt by subscription, at a cost of £606, a considerable share of M'hich expense was defrayed by himself. The Todmorton possessions now belong to ©H-aAl,!,. X^A.HfCASF.Hl!'!.!?. THE ji£SW/ii/Ts OF vmicn. IS KKSPXCTf r: j-.y iA.st/-.' \1E\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 89 Mrs. Ann Taylor, his only daughter, who resides in the Hall. The estate of ScaitclifFe, which has remained uninterruptedly in the same family from the time of the Saxons, was lately the property of tlie eldest representative, John Crossley, Esq. Todraorden Vale possesses the three great requisites for manufacturing prosperity — building materials, coal, and water communication. Upwards of 100,000 lbs. of cotton- yarn are spun weekly in the township and the vicinity ; and above 2,000 pieces of calico, not to mention other articles, are produced in the same space of time. The market is on Thursday ; there is a fair for cattle, held on the first Thursday in every month ; and two annual fairs for live stock and general traffic, held, the one on the Thursday before Easter, and the other on Michaelmas day. Baines, in his History of the County Palatine of Lancaster, has this concluding remark, in reference to Todmorden : — " Wealth has happily increased as fast as men ; unlike large towns, there is here room for expansion, and the valley of Todmorden is studded with cheerful habitations, equally distant from splendour on tlie one hand, and penury on the other." The Eagle-Crag, in the vale of Todmorden, is the site of an old tradition connected witli the house of Stanley; which has been wrought into a narrative of considerable interest by Mr. Roby, in his " Traditions of Lancashire." ABERCROxMBIE SQUARE, is the most spacious area of the kind in Liverpool, covering about three and a half acres of ground. On three sides it is enclosed by houses built in an elegant style, and on a regular plan : on the fourth, or eastern side, a church has recently been erected, named St. Katha- rine's, the property of which, in pursuance of an act of parliament obtained for this pur- pose, is vested in a company of proprietors. The space thus appropriated for the residence of the richer inhabitants, was formerly covered with water, and denominated Moss Lake. Great importance seems to have been formerly attached to the preservation of this lake by means of flood-gates— as it served the two-fold purpose of cleansing the old pool, and supplying tanners, dyers, &c. with the water required by their trades. In an ancient manuscript, bearing the date of 1667, written by Sir Edward Moore, and containing advice to his son relative to his property in Liver- pool, the following passage occurs :— " I am confident, that God Almighty, who makes nothing in vain, hath ordained this (the lake) to be the greatest good for this town. There- fore I hope the town will never lose the advantage of the water coming that way; for if they do, all they are worth cannot procure a stream to cleanse the pool, as above said." Wliat would be the surprise of the worthy knight, were he now to revisit his former haunts, and find the site of the pool converted into one of the busiest streets, and that of his favourite lake into the most fashionable square in Liverpool ; while the town continues to flourish, notwithstanding the annihilation of " its greatest good !" 2A 90 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. Oilier btrects and scjuures arc in the course of construction in the vicinity of A ber- cronibic Scjuare, and in a few years may be expected to cover the entire space between the town and the Botanic Gardens. THE STATUE OF GEORGE III. LONDON ROAD, was erected in September, 1822, by R. Westmacott, R.A., at an expense of nearly £4,000, raised by public subscription. The inscription, which occupies two sides of the pedestal, intimates that the Monument is intended to commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the accession of his Majesty George III. to the throne of these realms. On that occasion the national jubilee was celebrated, and the first stone of the pedestal was laid in Great George's Square, October 25, 1809. Subsequently the Committee decided upon the present site as more eligible, and their decision has been justified by the approbation of the public. The Statue is of bronze, after that of Marcus Aurelius at Rome. The Horse, which is a very fine specimen of sculpture, is represented in a spirited attitude, impatiently sub- mitting to the i-estraining hand of his rider. The figure of the King, which is clad in the ancient Roman costume, is a good resemblance of his Majesty when in the prime of life. The pedestal is of considerable elevation, and suiToundcd by a substantial iron railing, at the four corners of which are neat cast-iron pillars, supporting lamps lighted bj' gas. The whole work may be considered a successful eft'ort of the artist, and an ornament to the town ; while it serves as a durable memento of a Monarch, whose long reign of fifty- nine years witnessed the successive extinction of two generations of the inhabitants. The street on the left hand of the Monument leads into the great London road, along which all stage-coaches proceed that are destined for Manchester, Yorkshire, and the more southerly parts of the kingdom. FAIRFIELD, NEAR MANCHESTER. The Church of the United Brethren, (commonly called Moravians) was formed in the beginning of the I5th century, by some of the followers of John Huss, of Prague. Having obtained a retreat at Lititz, in the mountainous parts of Moravia, they were solicitous to receive and perpetuate episcopal ordination ; they, therefore, selected three of their ministers, who were consecrated bishops by Stephen, Bishop of the Waldenses, assisted by another prelate of that church. A violent decree ^^■as not long after issued against the Brethren, and commanded to be read from all the pulpits of Bohemia. The prisons were crowded with the members of their church : of these, many perished in dungeons ; and the remainder fled to thick forests, where they spent their hours in reading the scrip- tures and in prayer. n2JT/fCxxi 710 THE 3ISB0PS k XLDEKS CF TIU- -Z^NS, TSIS PI^TE IS SESFECTFZJLl.y DEDTCATED. mr TEE FnazisTmRS. \-IE\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 91 The Moravians appeared in England about the middle of the last century ; when their doctrines, discipline, character, and history, having been scrupulously examined in com- mittees of both houses of parliament, a bill was, in 1748, passed in their favour, with the unanimous consent of the Bishops, in which they were fully acknowledged by the British legislature to be, " an ancient Protestant Episcopal Church, which had been countenanced and relieved by the Kings of England, his Majesty's predecessors." The Brethren have now several settlements and congregations in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Their missions among the heathens, which were begun in the year 1732, have of late years attracted general attention. Fairfield, near Manchester, one of the settlements of the United Brethren, was built in the year 1784-5. It lies four miles east of jManchester, near the road from that town to Ashton. The ground-plot is laid out with much taste, and forms a commodious square. The front consists of several large well-built houses, with the Chapel in the centre. Rows of dwelling-houses complete the square, round which runs a broad paved street with flagged foot-paths. In the front there is a succession of well-cultivated gardens. The burial ground is opposite the Chapel. The number of inhabitants is upwards of 300. An academy for young gentlemen, and a seminary for young ladies, have long been established in this place, at which children of all denominations receive their education. Here is also an institution called the Sisters' House, the voluntary residence of unmarried females ; all of whom belong to the Church of the United Brethren. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in executing the celebrated Moravian needlework, for which a depository is established in the house. There is a good Inn in this settlement, for the accommodation of strangers. ASHTON-UNDER-LINE. The town of Ashton, in the hundred of Salford and deanery of Manchester, is situate on an eminence rising from the north bank of the river Tame. It has been greatly enlarged within the last twenty years, and the new erections are on a scale of elegance and usefulness ; but the old streets are inconveniently narrow. In 1831, the parish con- tained 33,597 inhabitants. Henry the Sixth granted to this town a patent for holding a weekly market, every Wednesday ; in 1762, however, it was discontinued, and the charter has never been revived. Ashton is well paved, is lighted with gas, and supplied with water by a company incorporated by act of parliament in 1825, and is rapidly improving, under the management of local commissioners, appointed under an act obtained in 1827. The principal branches of manufacture carried on in this town, are those of calico, gingham, and muslin ; and there are numerous mills for spinning the finer kinds of yarn : the various factories, which are principally worked by steam, contain upwards of 500,000 spindles, and about 400 power-looms. Tiie manufacture of hats is also carried on extensively in this populous district. 92 VIEWS AND ILLUSTIIATIONS IN LANCASIIIIIE. Ashton, according to the provisions of the new Reform act, will return one member to piirliament. It was anciently a borough, (though, until lately, disfranchised ;) and a power of life and death was formerly vested in tiie Assheton family, the lords of the manor. This house failing in the male line, tiie possessions passed by marriage, early in the sixteenth century, into the hands of Sir William Booth, an ancestor of the Earls of Warrington. The manor is now held by a descendant of that family, the Earl of Stamford and War- rington, who represents the families of Grey and Booth, and enjoys the honours and estates of those ancient houses.* On the 24th of October, 1821, the foundation of a magnificent Gothic church was laid by Dr. Law, bishop of the diocese ; which was completed under the direction of the parliamentary commissioners, at a cost of ^14,000. The Sunday-schools, connected with the various places of worship, are respectably conducted, and supported with great liberality. The followers of Johanna Southcote are very numerous in this town ; and the singularity of their appearance, being bearded like Polish Jews, renders them objects of curiosity to strangers. The canals in the neighbourhood of Ashton furnish ample conveyance for its natural products, coal and peat ; and also for its manufactured articles, calicoes, ginghams, and muslins. Two annual fairs are held by patent, granted by Henry the Si.\th ; and four others, of which the charters are more recent. On Easter-Monday, at Ashton, a singular ceremony takes place annually, which appears to be meant as an expression of popular abhorrence to the memory of Sir Ralph Assheton, who, in 1483, under the authority of being Vice-Constable of England, exercised great severity in this part of the kingdom. Its origin has been traced, by Dr. Hibbert, to a species of ancient manorial perambulation, called giild riding, the object of which Mas to extirpate the corn-marj-golds. On inspection of his grounds, every farmer was liable to forfeit a wether sheep for each stock of giild found amongst his corn. In the time of Henry VI., Sir Ralpli Assheton, a nobleman of great authority, was accustomed, on a certain day in the spring, to make his appearance in the manor, clad in black armour, mounted on a charger, and attended by a numerous retinue, in order to levy penalties on those who had not cleared their lands of the obnoxious weed. The tenants regarded this interference as a tyrannical intrusion ; and to this day a sentiment of horror attaches to the name of the Black Knight of Assheton. The subjoined traditional lines serve to shew the dread in which he was held by his tenantry : — " Sweet Jesu, for thy mercy's sake, And for thy bitter passion ; Save us from the axe of the Toner, And from Sir Ralph of Assheton." * The family of Assheton were settled here at an early period, and are said to have possessed peculiar privileges and powers in this manor, among which was that of life and death over their tenantry. In commemoration of this privilege, and its having been sometimes exercised, a field near the old heill is still called Gallows Meadow ; and ar, old building here also retains the name of the Dungeons. — Beauties of England and H'u/m. ST. Tj. ::i73&CE. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 93 On the death of the guld rider, a small sum of money (formerly 10s., now 5s.) was reserved from the estate, to perpetuate, in an annual ceremony, the yearly riding of the Black Knight. This annual custom, called riding (he black lad, is celebrated every Easter-Monday. The ceremony consists in making an effigy in the human form, of straw, which is placed on a horse, and exhibited through the streets. It is afterwards hung up at the cross in the market-place, and there shot at in the midst of a large concourse of spectators. Formerly the figure was cased in a coat of armour, and a sum of money was advanced by the court towards defraying the expense of the effigy. A traditional account of the origin of this now absurd custom, states, that Thomas Assheton, in the time of Edward the Third, was particularly distinguished in the battle of Neville's Cross, and bore awaj- the royal standard from the Scotch king's tent. For this, king Edward, on his return from France, where he had obtained a great victory, conferred on Assheton the honour of knighthood, who, on his return to his manor, instituted the custom already described. From this .singular legend, Mr. Roby has woven a tale of romantic interest, in his " Traditions of Lancashire." Ashton has a large old church, part of which appears to have been built by the lords of the manor, as their arms, impaling tliose of Stealy, are affixed in a shield on the south side of the steeple. In the church are some old carvings on the pews, or seats ; and in the windows are some figures painted on the glass. Many of the Assheton family lie interred here, and their arms were inscribed on the windows. Near the church is a curious ancient mansion, called the Old Hall, the oldest parts of which are said to have been built in 1483. Adjoining this, is a pile resembling a prison, and it was formerly used for that purpose. Its walls are thick, and at the extremities are two small round towers. Connected with Ashton are two hamlets, called Charlestown and Boston, from having been begun in the time of the American war. Manufactures of different kinds, a canal to Manchester, and an abundance of coal contiguous to the town, have conspired to render Ashton and its vicinage extremely populous and flourishing. On the western side of the town is Ashton Moss, which supplies the poor with peat-turf. This being dug away to about ten feet in depth, lays open a fine loam-soil, which, under cultivation, becomes good pasture. The diggers find many fir and oak trees among the peat. SAINT PAUL'S CHURCH, LIVERPOOL. This noble ecclesiastical structure stands in the north-west quarter of Liverpool, in the centre of a Square which takes its name from the building ; the western side of the Square, facing the principal entrance to the Church, being formed by Earle-street. St. Paul's Church, Liverpool, a miniature imitation of that architectural chef d'oeuvre erected by Sir Christopher Wren in the Metropolis, was built under the powers of an act, 2d George III, at the expense of the town, and consecrated to divine uses in 1769. 2B 94 VIEWS AND ILLUSTIUTIONS IN LANCASHIRE. It docs not display all that richness of detail which adorns the metropolitan edifice ; hut this circumstance is, perhaps, an evidence of the correct taste of the architect, who niii lOhD .':KKTMKIiSItALE CnAtMIAtf OP TaB OUAttTSH SKSSItiUH POU THK mf/flinKn OPWSH! --_iT CJEA'-PlBIi, PAIRABJISaa STaiSIKT. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 97 The prison was first occupied in 1819, but not entirely completed until 1821, when it was appointed the House of Correction for the Hundred of West Derby in this county. Previously to 1819, the prisoners for the Hundred were lodged in the Borough Gaol of Liverpool ; M'hich was found to be too small, and very inconvenient. The present establish- ment contains not only the conveniences already enumerated, but schools for juvenile offenders, and separate hospitals for invalids of both sexes. It was built under the direc- tion of Mr. Wright, the architect, of Manchester ; and is regularly inspected by the visit- ing magistrates, among whom the Rev. Jonathan Brooks has contributed most essentially, by his indefatigable exertions, to the efficiency of the institution. UNITARIAN CHAPEL, PARADISE STREET, LIVERPOOL. There are two Unitarian Chapels in Liverpool, one in Renshaw- street, and the other (shewn in the Engraving) in Paradise-street. The last mentioned structure is of an octagonal shape, uniting in the west with the main front, which occupies one face of the figure. Each side of the octagon exhibits two windows, and round the whole building runs an attic balustrade, ornamented with vases at the angular points. The centre of the edifice is occupied by a large octagonal lantern, having pilasters at the angles, surmounted with smaller vases. The structure is enclosed within a handsome railing and gateway, which contribute materially to its beauty and neat appearance. A pediment, of trifling projection, resting upon four half columns, gives a decorative and pleasing finish to the principal entrance. The arrangements in the interior of the building are deserving of notice. It is well lighted, and in every respect commodious. The pews are comfortably lined, and chastely ornamented; and the pulpit, supported by six columns, with a double flight of stairs, occupies a prominent and well-chosen situation. Over the gallery, which is richly inlaid and veneered with mahogany and satin-wood, stands a handsome and well-toned organ. The view, exhibited in the Engraving, is taken from the east end of Cable-street. The perspective traverses Paradise-street ; in a line with which the front of the Chapel is situated. The extremity of the house, in the left-hand corner of the plate, shews the continuation of Paradise-street, leading to Whitechapel. The direction of School-lane is pointed out by the carriage, &c. introduced in the same side of the Engraving. Passing the Unitarian Chapel, and the range of houses on the south, an opening occurs, leading to College-lane. The house on the right-hand stands partly in Paradise-street, and partly in Cable- street. The Chapel in Renshaw-street is a plain handsome building of brick, having a stone front. The windows are circular-headed, and the front is finished off" with a bold and handsome pediment. A fine-toned organ has been provided, to assist the choral services. Behind the Chapel is a spacious cemetery. 2C 98 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. WESLEYAN CHAPEL, STANHOPE STREET, LIVERPOOL. This spacious and elegant edifice is situated without the southern boundary of Liver- pool, formed by Parliament-street, in the suburban parts which pass under the general name of Harrington. This building has a stone front, with pediment, and a Doric por- tico supported by double columns. The whole structure is surrounded with palisadoes raised upon a high stone basement. The interior of the building is finished in a chaste Grecian style, that consists well with the exterior. A powerful fine-toned organ, by Bewsher and Fleetwood, gives solemnity to the services; and the " dim religious light" falling through an oval window of stained glass, executed by Messrs. Lyon and Son, imparts a sacred shade to the communion table. On the left-hand side of the Engraving, is shewn the side of the Chapel running parallel witii the Park Road. Passing over the front of the edifice, we notice the con- tinuation of Stanhope-street, out of which, on this side, is an opening into Graftou-street, and below that are timber-yards. In the extreme distance is she\m the noble Mersey with its forest of masts, and the line of the Cheshire shore. ENTRANCE TO THE TUNNEL OF THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAIL-WAY, EDGE HILL. This magnificent undertaking, the greatest of its kind hitherto attempted in this or any other country, has resulted from the dissatisfaction of the merchants and manufac- turers of Liverpool and Manchester with the management of the pre-established modes of conveyance — these are, the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation : with regard to both of them, allegations were made, which contiime still unimpeached — that they were not only inadequate to the accommodation of the merchant and carrier, but subject to such risks and charges as rendered it imperative to seek out some other channel of communication. Accordingly, the attention of the trading part of the community was called to the advantages of Rail-roads, and a deputation sent to inspect the Rail-ways and Steam-carriages already in active employment in the counties of Northumberland and Durham. The report of this deputation proving favourable, application was made to Parliament for an Act enabling the Subscribers to proceed with the undertaking. The first application was negatived, in consequence of the strenuous exertions and great parliamentary influence of the Canal Proprietors, who already pos- sessed a monopoly of the carrying trade in this district, the value of which may be estimated from the fact, that a share in the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, which originally cost £"0, had been recently sold for £1,250. In the ensuing session, however, the applicants were more successful, and, having obtained the requisite powers, commenced their proceedings in the year 1826. In consequence of the opposition experienced from the Select Vestry, and other inhabitants of Liverpool, to the passage of locomotive engines through some of the most frequented streets, the conductors determined to Drawn, by Ci fe Pjae. itvei :^_ :::!=. —.aTTie; RZSEECTJ'UZLT JITSCBXBZD TO T3E ^dXQVZSS OF ■■WVFroPn jpo OXSSi SSARESOZSSRS.^ ST TSE PTTBLJSKERS ^miik b^ Cfc iv,i^>&*. BmRElEHailEAJ!) IPIBIEK.Y, ©PFffiSITE MTSIEF' VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 99 construct a Tunnel, extending from the outskirts of the town to the neighbourhood of the Docks, where their warehouses are situated. From the report of the surveyor, Mr. George Stephenson, it appears, that this gigantic enterprise was commenced in January, 1827, and the excavation completed in September, 1828; and that the dimensions of the work are 16 feet high by 22 feet wide ; the length being 2200 yards, or nearly a mile and a quarter. Though inferior in length to the famous Tunnel of the Grand Trunk Canal, it is greatly superior in height and width ; and is, we believe, the most spacious subterranean passage hitherto constructed. At a short distance from the mouth of the Tunnel, a smaller one branches off from the main line, intended for the convenience of passengers, &c. who are set down in the suburbs, instead of being conveyed to the chief dep6t at Wapping. The depth of the floor-level at the lower end of the Tunnel, where the warehouses are situated, is 20 feet below the surface of the earth, and at the upper end, represented in the engraved plate, it is upwards of 50 feet, two-thirds of which is red sand-stone, and the remainder marl. The machinery erected at this spot, for the removal of earth, stone, &c. exhibits considerable ingenuity, and, at the period of forming the tunnel, daily attracted the attention of the curious. It appears, however, that a new tunnel is now to be formed, directly to the centre of the town in Lime Street. The funds for this important addition to the railway, which will cost about „£'120,000, are to be raised by way of loan, agreeably to the act of parliament obtained for that purpose. After leaving the Tunnel and adjoining excavation, the road proceeds but a very short distance on the level of the adjacent land, until it arrives at a considerable hill, called Olive Mount, composed entirely of rock, through which it has been found necessary to cut a passage of two miles in length, and, in some places, of /O feet in depth. The stone obtained here has been found sufficient to build all the necessary bridges and walls on this part of the line. Emerging from this deep enclosure, the road is conducted across a valley of consider- able depth and great extent, by means of an embankment nearly three miles long, and, for a distance of 400 yards, averaging 45 feet in height. The appearance of this embankment strikes the spectator with a sensation almost approaching to awe, when he contrasts the magnitude of the work with the diminutive size of the workmen. In this manner the engineer has proceeded along his line of operations, " exalting the valleys, and making the rough places plain," until, arriving at the Sankey Valley, where, in consequence of the insecurity of the foundation, he has been compelled to drive piles into the alluvial soil, and upon them to erect a viaduct, supported by nine arches, each 50 feet span, and from 60 to "0 feet in height. Thence the Rail-road crosses the main post-road, and also a small river, over a bridge of four arches ; so that the extraordinary spectacle will be exhibited, of vehicles, at dift'erent elevations, crossing each other's line of route. Then succeeds an excavation of 700,000 cubic yards, at Kenyon ; after which we arrive at Chat Moss, a mere bog and shaking morass, over which, a short time ago, no person was able to walk, except in the dryest weather. Upon the softest portion of ]00 VIFAVS AND II.LT'STUATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. this moss, the engineer has laid liiirdlcs, thickly interwoven with twisted heath, which forms a platform for a covering of sand and gravel, generally two or three feet thick ; and such has been the success of this plan, that the road will sustain, without shrinking, a weight of many tons. Tliis is certainly the weakest part of the whole work, and that to wliifh the most sedulous attention of the curators of the road must be hereafter directed, especially in seasons of unusual moisture. The gross receipts for the half year ending July 30, 1832, for passengers and goods, amounted to £7'i>704. 6s. Id. ; and the total of expenses incurred, to £46,658. lis. 4d. — being a net revenue of 28,045. 14s. 9d. Among the passengers thus accommodated with conveyance, we find horses, cows, pigs, sheep, poultry, &c. &c.; all comfortably riding to the markets and slaughter-houses of Manchester, to which their ancestors in former years travelled on foot. This novel spectacle would appear, to a foreigner, as one of the advan- tages of reform 1 The length of the Liverpool and Manchester Rail-way is about 33 miles, being considerably less than that of the shortest post-road ; it is laid with a double row of edge-raWs, and the greatest rise per yard, does not exceed one-twenty-third part of an inch. This very uncommon degree of equality in the level renders it peculiarly well adapted for the employment of locomotive steam-engines. By means of these, the velocity of travelling may be increased to any degree compatible with the safety of passengers ; and experience daily proves, that a rate of from fifteen to twenty miles per hour may be main- tained without reasonable apprehension of danger. BIRKENHEAD FERRY, OPPOSITE LIVERPOOL. Not many years have elapsed since the site of this Hotel formed part of one of the most picturesque scenes on the banks of the Mersey. A lawn, extending from the river- side to the front of an antique mansion, situated on the most elevated part of the grounds, was studded with majestic trees, of some centuries standing, and carpeted with a turf, whose verdure might vie with that of the " emerald isle." Across this lawn a winding footpath conducted the traveller to the ruins of the ancient Priory of Birkenhead, the chapel of which still remains entire — and the whole demesne was secured from the encroachment of the tide by a natural barrier of rock, over-hung by copse-wood. Altogether it formed a scene of rural beauty not often surpassed ; and peculiarly pleasing to the eye of the returning mariner, to whom green fields and luxuriant foliage present a delightful contrast to the unvarying monotony of the ocean. The alterations (we do not call them improvements) which have recently been made, in consequence principally of the establishment of steam-packets to and from Liverpool, have entirely changed the character of the scenery. The land in the neighbourhood of the Hotel is laid out for streets, several of which are already built upon, and a number of elegant houses are erected. This assemblage of buildings has obtained the name of Little Liverpool. The antiquarian, and the man of taste, will lament, that, in the ST. 2»HIIUF'S I" ^'hmTii' \^iZ\^jL^ m TS^hS" iEL&:?3I., gAJJj'OS.:!) . VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 101 arrangement of the plan, care was not taken to reserve a vacant space sufficient to secure a good view of the Priory, which is almost the sole surviving relic of " the olden time " in the immediate vicinity of Liverpool. They must feel offended also with the incongruity of the modern buildings, (some of which are of an order of architecture hitherto non- descript,) thrust into actual juxtaposition with the ivy-mantled walls of this ruined fane. From this censure we most willingly exempt the very beautiful church recently erected by R. F. Price, Esq. lord of the manor, after a design by iNIr. Rickman — an edifice in the Gothic style, which is universally admitted to be a chef d'ceuvre of the architect. The Priory, of which the remains are in the same enclosure with the church, was founded in the reign of Henry II., and endowed for the maintenance of sixteen monks of the Benedictine order. The prior had also the exclusive right of ferrying passengers to Liverpool ; and the fare at that time ^vas twopence for a man and horse, and one farthing for a person on foot. In 1818, an ancient grave-stone was dug up, having a Latin inscription in Saxon characters round the margin, and underneath it were found three skeletons in a very perfect state; the teeth in particular were in complete preservation. The date of the last burial Jias been partly effaced, but the name of the deceased, Thomas Rayneford, is perfectly legible; and in " Ormerod's Cheshire" this person is mentioned as having been inducted into the Priory in 1460 ; consequently the body must have lain there undecayed at least 350 years. The Hotel, of which a view is given in the Plate, is a recent erection, and, without exception, the most complete and commodious one on the banks of the river. It contains all the usual accommodations of sea-bathing establishments, as hot and cold water baths, &c. ; and has extensive grounds, surrounded with numerous alcoves, commanding a good view of the river and to^vn. The Quaj^ adjoining is extremely convenient for the landing and embarking of passengers, carriages, and cattle, at all times of the tide. From the upper windows of the Hotel, the prospects, in every direction, are peculiarly interesting. Southward, the river Mersey expands to the width of five or six miles, and being then suddenly bent in an easterly direction, appears rather like an extensive inland lake, than a salt-water stream — while immediately opposite to the Inn, are the South Docks, with their forests of masts, and a foreground varied by the arrival and departure of a never-ending succession of vessels of all sizes, from the portly Indiaman to the diminutive wherr}'. SAINT PHILIP'S CHURCH, SALFORD. This Church, (erected by order of parliament, at a cost of £14,000,) stands on the north side of Bank Parade, Salford. The foundation-stone of this unique Ionic structure was laid in November, 1822; and, on the 21st of September, 1825, the building was consecrated to divine uses. A great similarity exists between this edifice and the new Church at Camden Town, near London. 2D 102 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIUE. IRWELL STREET METHODIST CHAPEL, SALFORD. This building was opened for divine worship on the 13th of October, 1826. It is capable of accommodating about eighteen hundred persons. Four hundred of the sittings are free. The front of tiie Cliapel (see Engraving) is tinisiied off witli a noble cornice, two elegant wings, and a light Ionic portico surmounted by a pediment, and supported by four fluted columns. Sixty years since, the Methodists were not possessed of a single edifice in Manchester, or its environs, which would contain two hundred persons ; now, however, they are fur- nished with a number of neat, nay, even splendid erections, adapted to contain, at least, ten thousand. The year 1826 is memorable in the annals of Wesleyan Methodism, four very large and liandsonie Chapels having been opened at that auspicious era. SAINT GEORGES CHURCH, EVERTON. This building is placed in a very commanding situation, on a hill tliat overlooks the town, and a wide extent of sea and land. In clear weather, the distant luountains of Blackcomb, in Cumberland, and the Snowdonian range in Wales, may be distinctly seen from the summit of the tower, which is 80 feet high. The Church is built of stone, in the Gothic style, and is 119 feet in length, by 4/ feet in breadth. The roof is of cast- iron, covered with slate; the pillars under the gallery, the window-frames, some part of the pulpit, and many of the internal and external ornaments, are made of the same material. It was built in 1814, and the present chaplain is the Rev. R. P. Buddicom, M.A. F.S..\. Nearly on the site of the Church there formerly stood an ancient fire-beacon, supposed to have been erected by Randulph Blundeville, Earl of Chester, on his return from the Holy Land, in 1220. It consisted of a square tower of three stories, the lowest of which was used as a kitchen : the upper rooms were large enough to accommodate a small gar- rison. At one end of the angle of the building, a stone receptacle rose above the roof, in which were placed combustible materials, prepared for lighting, in case of alarm or inva- sion. This beacon was blown down by a storm in 1803. During the siege of Liverpool by Prince Rupert, in the wars of the Commonwealth, the encampment of the royal army was in the neighbourhood of this beacon, whence detachments were sent to man the lines of the besiegers, situated on the high ground now forming part of Seymour-street and Gloucester-street. The town was defended with great resolution during nearly a month, and was ultimately taken by storm, when, as tlie old registers certify, " a great companye of oure inhabitants were murthercd and slaine by Prince Ruperte forces." Tlic same event is noticed in Sir Edward Moore's instructions to his son, in the following terms : — " Prince Rupert tooke Leverpool, Whitsontid 1644, putting all to the sword for many houres, giving noe quarter, where Carill y' is now Lord Mullinex kiled seven or eight pore men with his owne hands. Good Lord, deliver us from the cruelty of bl\ul thersty papest ! Amen." W i. i S If. 5 g A7EWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 103 ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH, CHAPEL STREET. This is the oldest ecclesiastical foundation in the town, and was formerly a chapel of ease under Walton. Both the Church and Tower have been rebuilt since the date of their first erection. Till the year 1699, Liverpool was a chapelry of the parish of Walton-on-the- Hill, as it is called, in contradistinction to the parish of Walton-le-dale, in the centre of the county. On the 24th day of June, in that year, it was erected into a parish by act of parliament, and it has ever since existed as an integral parochial jurisdiction, though, for the purposes of police and internal regulation, it is formed into five divisions. By the act entitled, " An act to enable the town of Liverpool to build a chui-ch, and endow the same, and for making the said town and liberties thereof a parish of itself, distinct from Walton," it is provided that the corporation shall have a power to build a new church, and a house for the rector, and to raise the sum of £400 by an assessment on the inhabitants for that pur- pose; that two rectors shall be appointed, one for the church of St. Nicholas, and the other for the new church, (called St. Peter's,) by whom all ecclesiastical benefits and advantages within the said town and liberties shall be jointly enjoyed, in the same manner as they have hitherto been enjoyed by the rector and vicar of Walton ; that all parish dues, contri- butions, lands, and houses belonging to the said rectory, shall be equally divided between the two rectors ; and that the patronage of, and the presentation to the rectory, shall be vested in the mayor, aldermen, and common council of Liverpool for the time being. Since this period, other churches have risen in rapid succession, till, at the present day, Liverpool contains not fewer than two parish churches, and sixteen churches not parochial ; exclusive of one church, (All-Saints,) not consecrated. The church of St. Nicholas, usually called the Old Church, is a Gothic structure, situated on the banks of the Mersey, in front of the basin of George's dock. The early history of this edifice is involved in some obscurity. The church of St. Nicholas has undergone so many repairs, as almost to have lost its original identity; in 1/46, a new spire was added to the old tower, and in nine years afterwards a peal of six bells was for the first time introduced into the belfry. In 1749, the church-yard was enlarged ; in 1759, a battery mounted with fourteen guns was placed in the cemetery for the protection of the town, which was threatened by Thurot, the famous bucanier, in the interval between the German and the American war; and in 1774, the church was completely re-edified. Up to that period, the galleries were supported by massive Gothic pillars, which gave place to the present light supporters; and the interior of the edifice has been new-seated and modernized. The weight and the action of the bells, which had 1)ecn introduced into the tower of this church in the year 1755, had endangered the sta'nility of that part of the 101 VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN IJVNCASIIIIIE. structure, and in 1809, it was judged necessary to add to the security of the foutidations at the north-west angle of the tower. The passion for steeple music was not to be restrained by the insecurity of the building ; the bells must be rung while the repairs were proceed- ing, and on Sunday, the 11th of February, 1810, while the second peal was ringing for morning service, the tower gave way, and the spire was precipitated through the centre aisle of the church. At this unfortunate moment, the procession of children of the Moor- fields ciiarity school was entering the church. The girls, who lead the ranks, had partly entered the church, and eight and twenty of them were overwhelmed in the ruins ; of this number twenty-three were killed on the spot, or died immediately on being taken out of the ruins, and another of them died soon afterwards in the Infirmaiy. The boys, being the last in the order of the procession, all escaped unhurt, but a person of the name of Edmund Molyneux, and three women, out of about twenty adults then assembled in the church, fell victims to the calaniitj-. The ringers, admonished of their danger by a stone fall- ing upon one of the bells, escaped out of the church, the moment before the bells, beams, and upper floors fell to the bottom of the tower, but a boy that was in the belfry was killed dead upon the spot. The Rev. L. Pughe, the minister of the day, and the Rev. R. Rough- sedge, the rector, were both on the point of entering the church, and narrowly escaped the fatal disaster which they were doomed to witness. Since this dreadful occurrence, a new tower has been erected, at a cost of about £22,000, from a design of Mr. Harrison, of Chester. This tower is fort}' yards in height, sur- mounted by an extremely elegant lantern twenty yards in height, built in the ornamented Gothic style. On the rebuilding of the Church in 1774, it was ordered, that " the roof and Gothic pillars, with the old blue ceiling, black and white clouds, golden sun, moon, and a number of golden stars, of different sizes, painted cind gilt, should be taken down and removed. Sic transit gloria mundi." Among the monumuents in the interior of the Church, is one to the memory of Ann, wife of William Earle, elegantly sculptured by Gibson, a native of the town, a pupil of Canova, and a very eminent living artist. The church-yard was formerly the boundary of the river Mersey; and it is recorded, that a portion of it was washed away by a storm in 1565, an event not likely to occur again, as old father Neptune is now kept at arm's length by a furlong of embankment. In the church-yard there was once a statue of St. Nicholas, at whose shrine sailors formerly presented offerings, to obtain from the saint a prosperous voyage and a safe return. Except in Portugal, modern seamen rely more on their own skill and intrepidity than on the intercession of St. Nicholas, or anj- other of the sainted brotherhood. In the records relative to this Church, is preserved a curious decree of the reverend father in God, John, Lord Bishop of this diocese, dated 1685, ordering, " That no person, under the degree of an alderman, shall sit in the aldermen's seats, without license from Mr. Mayor and the chapehvardens; that none under the degree of an alderman's wife shall sit in the seat next uuto the aldermen, without license; that none but housekeepers ■;' ::.:; ii^^':?' '.'ivf^^ik-Hi. ^rno'vyr' \'IE\VS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 105 shall sit in the seat on the north side 'twixt the pulpit and the noi-th door, who are to be seated according to their qnality and age ; and that all apprentices and servants shall sit or stand in the alleys, according to ancient custom." From this document, we are surely warranted in concluding, that, how ignorant soever our ancestry may have been on subjects familiar to their more fortunate posterity, they at least understood and practised, with laudable decorum, the all-important science of etiquette! THE INFIRMARY, BROWNLOW STREET. During several years past, the Committee of this Institution had been strongly impressed with a conviction of the expediency of removing the establishment from the former site, at the top of Shaw's Brow, to some more open and elevated situation. Their choice was influenced by a consideration of the comparative advantages of ditferent localities, in reference to purity of atmosphere, seclusion from the noise and bustle of a populous town, and proximity to those districts where accidents are most frequent. Whilst it would be impossible to select a site which could more completely realize the wishes of the humane in the first two particulars, than the present, it must be confessed that great inconvenience is often experienced on account of the distance between the Infirmary and the Dochs. This defect might be remedied by the establishment of receiving-houses, with skilful medical attendants, at one or two stations in the heart of the town : and such an arrangement would render complete the system of charity, which has for its object the alleviation or cure of disease. The present building, which was opened for the reception of patients in September, 1824, possesses the strongest claims to attention, whether considered as an asylum for the diseased, or an architectural ornament. The colonnade or portico in front, is formed by six massive columns of the Ionic order, with corresponding pilasters in the angles, sup- porting a plain broad frieze and a bold projecting cornice. The wings recede from the front of the portico 82 feet, while the total breadth of the building is 204 feet. This arrangement of the ground-plan, which is somewhat novel, was adopted for the purpose of admitting a more free access of air than could have been obtained according to the more customary plan of withdrawing the centre. There are 138 windows in the front and wings, exclusive of those at the back, which look eastward. The great extent of masonry, the fine effect of the numerous windows, and the harmony of all the parts, combine to ren- der this edifice particularly worthy of a strangers notice, and eminently conducive to the well-earned reputation of the architect, Mr. John Foster, jun. Nor are the internal arrangements less deserving of approbation. The ground-floor is appropriated to purposes of domestic utility; the first floor contains a suite of twenty apartments, for the accommodation of Committees, Officers of the Institution, and the Household, except one long room in the left wing, which is fitted up as a ward for the reception of those patients whose situation requires prompt attention. 2E IOC VIEWS AND ILLUSTUATIONS IN LANCASHIRK. The wards for oilier patients, which occupy the second and tiiird stories, are both lofty and airy. Tiie elevated ceilings, cheerful light, and well-regulated temperature, of these apartments, impart a degree of comfort, wiiich, combined with the utmost degree of cleanliness, cannot fail to exhilarate the spirits of the patients, and conduce to their recovery. The whole building is warmed and ventilated upon the plan of the late philosopliical and estimable Mr. Sylvester. The kitchen is peculiarly worthy of inspec- tion. Here, without one of the moveable utensils in common use, the range is con- structed and supplied with fuel and steam, in such a manner, that articles of food may be cooked, in any way, whether by fire or steam, while scarcelj' a burning ember can be seen; and the compactness of the whole is such, that the room may be kept as clean and neat as a dining-room. The entire cost of this building, which ranks as one of the principal ornaments of the town, was upwards of £25,000. The income of the year 1828, exclusive of a donation of =£'1,600 from the Committee of the Musical Festival, was £4,676, derived from subscriptions, fees of pupils, and interest of property. The expenditure amounted to more than £7)tKX). The total number of in-patients, was 2,105, and of out-patients, 465. The weekly average number of patients is 205. There is accommodation for 230 patients in the house. THE WELLINGTON ROOMS, MOUNT PLEASANT. From the house of mourning and disease, we traverse but a short distance, till we arrive at the house of mirth and revelry. This extensive suite of assembly rooms was erected by public subscription, from the designs of the late amiable and lamented Edmund Aikin. The front, which is of stone, is in the Grecian style of architecture, without windows. At the western side of the building is an open porch for sedan chairs ; and at the eastern, a similar one for carriages to set down under cover. The circular portico in front was originally open ; but this plan, though much more conducive to archi- tectural beauty, was found practically inconvenient. In consequence, the spaces between the beautiful Corinthian columns have been closed up by a dead stone wall, and a door has been placed in front, the dimensions and appearance of which would be much more appro- priate to a house of correction. The interior of this building is very splendid. The Ball-room is eighty feet by thirty-seven ; the Card-room forty-four feet by twenty-five : and the Supper-room, which is used occasionally as a ball-room, is fifty feet by twenty-five. The whole are appro- priated to the amusements of the upper classes of society, as subscription balls, assemblies, and occasionally fancy-dress balls. These amusements are no where greater favourites than in Liverpool, where successful enterprise furnishes the means of splendour, and the disposition to display. VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 107 LOW HILL GENERAL CEMETERY. With A view to counteract the evils of crowded church-yards in closely populated towns, a piece of land, situated in one of the most retired spots in the immediate vicinity of Liverpool, was purchased, a few years ago, and surrounded by a wall, thirteen feet in height. By this plan, it is intended to provide against the attempts of those miscreants who make a trade of exhumatior. An additional security is afforded by the employment of a watchman, at all times of the night, to prevent depredations. These precautions will not be undervalued by those persons, who call to mind the extensive system of body-lifting, discovered not long since in this town, as well as the horrid atrocities which have so recently been perpetrated in Edinburgh and London. The Cemetery contains about 24,000 superficial square yards, or about five statute acres. The form of the enclosure is an oblong square. A border of ten feet wide, immediately adjoining the interior side of the wall, and surrounding the whole ground, is set apart for an arcade or colonnade, which, roofed with slate, and railed in, will be used for tombs and monumental inscriptions. This plan, however, as yet, is carried into effect only at the farthest end ; the remaining portion of the border being, in the mean time, occupied by beautiful shrubs, and the walls neatly lined with ivy. The centre of the ground is appropriated to vaults and graves, laid out in regular order ; and every corpse, when interred, is registered in the books of the institution. Among the regulations for the management of this Cemetery, perhaps the most remarkable is, the entire freedom which is granted to the relatives of the deceased, to bury their dead either with or without a religious service, and according to such forms and methods as they may severally approve. The services of the Chaplain are at all times at the command of such as are disposed to avail themselves of them. The burial service of the Church of England, with a few alterations, is used in all cases where it is desired. Ministers of the different sects are at liberty to attend and officiate for their respective friends. NEW BATHS, GEORGE'S PARADE. Since the year 1819, when the Old Baths belonging to the Corporation were taken down, no public accommodation of this kind has existed in Liverpool, except a Floating Bath belonging to a private individual, which has been moored in the stream of the Mersey, and has served, in some degree, as a substitute. This vessel is similar in con- struction to the Floating Baths on the Thames, but much larger and more commodious. The reservoir is eighty feet long by twenty-seven feet wide, and has a current of water continually flowing through it by mean.s of sluices at each end. The depth of water is graduated by the slope of the floor from seven feet to three feet and a hidf ; but swimmers, who prefer bathing in the river, may pass through a door in that side of the vessel which is not presented to the town. There are two convenient cabins, where refreshriients. 1().S VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASIIIKE. newspapers, ivc. are provided ; and the upper deek being neatly railed, fornib a most agreeable promenade. However convenient this establislunent may be, (and we think its proprietor deserving of a tribute of approbation for his pviblic spirit,) the Floating Bath never did, and never eould, adei[iiately aeconiniodate so large a population as that of Liverpool in the bathing season. Aecordingly, the New Baths have been constructed at the expense of the Corporation. V^iewed from the river at a small distance, the West Front (e.Khibited in the Plate) has an elegant appearance ; but at a great distance, the spectator feels dissatisfied with the disproportion between its length and height. This defect, however much to be lamented, was unavoidable I)y the architect, Mr. J. Foster, junior, whose attention was necessarily given to the primary object of relieving the foundations, which are laid on piles driven into the bed of the river. A building of more stories than one, and containing so great a mass of masonry, would have been altogether unsuitable for the present site. The external form of the structure is quadrangular, the length being two hundred and thirty-nine feet, and the breadth eighty-seven. The colonnade is composed of cast-iron pillars, coloured to resemble stone ; and so complete is the deception, that many inhabit- ants of the town are ignorant of the fact. The architecture (as may be supposed) is not regular, but approaches the Corinthian : on the East Front it is rusticated. The colonnade is extremely useful to passengers who may have occasion, in bad weather, to await the arrival of passage-boats and steam-packets. The northern end of this edifice is appropriated to the Gentlemen's Baths, the largest of which is quadrangular, ar.d is forty-five feet by twenty-seven. In the southern end are the Ladies' Baths, to which access is afforded by a separate entrance. The largest is thirty-nine feet by twenty-seven, having a covered gallery and dressing-rooms adjoining. In both divisions are warm and cold private Baths, with dressing-rooms containing fire- places. In the centre is a spacious reservoir, calculated to contain eight hundred tons of water, which is supplied from the river at high-water through tunnels. Here also is a small steam-engine, the power of which is applied to a great variety of useful purposes. Besides these and tlie Floating Bath, there are, on the north shore, other conveniences for bathers, generally called Bathing-machines. They are covered carts, similar to those used at fashionable watering-places ; but here they can only be used with safety at certain times of the tide. SAINT GEORGE'S CRESCENT, AND CASTLE-STREET, LIVERPOOL. The Engraving of Saint George's Crescent, and Castle -street, places before the reader the most magnificent improvements which tlie town of Liverpool has recently undergone. Space for the erection of the Crescent was obtained by the removal of the houses in ST, ©*^©iS.(&:s»s cms§c:EKT & castile stbset. LlVEaPOOL iJL i "1 ^S, (OISC>]%&S'S IDOCIC VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. 109 Castle-street, opposite Saint George's Churcli. In little more tluiii twelve months, the Crescent was completed, and very important alterations were effected in Lord-street. These great objects were accomplished by the Corporation at an expense exceeding ofl/OjOOO. The widening of James-street, leading to the docks, which has just been finished, will, on the removal of the warehouses and other buildings from Mann's Island, very materially improve the view from the north wing of the Crescent, and render it a still more desirable place of residence. Castle-street derives its name from the ancient Castle, the remains of which were taken down in 1715, when Saint George's Church was erected on its site. This street has been greatly improved by the removal of the buildings that have given place to the Crescent. The Town-hall, though not quite centrally situated with respect to Castle-street, renders the perspective view, as seen from Pool-lane, highly effective. The View, illustrative of our subject, is taken from Pool-lane, and embraces an interesting field of observation. Beginning at the right-hand corner of the Engraving, we first notice the south extremity of the Crescent, a small part only of which is visible till we pass the magnificent opening into Lord-street. The elegant character of the modern erections in this street will next engage the reader's attention. His observation will then be drawn to the north wing of the Crescent, which forms the most prominent feature of the Plate. Passing forward into the perspective, a curvature in the buildings denotes the commencement of Castle-street, and points out the opening into Harrington-street. In the extreme distance appears the west end of Dale-street ; and the line of perspective, con- tinuing its course, is seen traversing part of High-sy-eet, over which appears the dome of Saint Paul's Church. We then notice the south front of the Town-hall, which assumes a conspicuous station in the View ; and, in a line with this and Dale-street, runs Water- street. The west side of Castle-street is perceptible between the Town-hall and the east end of Saint George's Church, the latter forming the boundary of the picture on the left- hand. The market-woman and children in this corner, mark an opening which leads into Redcross-street, and thence to the Docks. The bustling appearance of this scene is calculated to give a stranger a favourable idea of the mercantile importance of Liverpool. A commingled crowd, including merchants, gay promenaders, and a motley assemblage of " the sons of art," fill the avenues with sounds of life and commerce, " Trade and Joy in every busy street, Mingling are heard." We congratulate the Town and Corporation of Liverpool on the happy issue of their recent exertions for its improvement, which have invested it with a grandeur and magnificence that will enable it to contest the palm of enterprise with the Metropolis itself. 2F IJO VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. THE GOREE WAREHOUSES, GEORGE'S DOCK The extensive range of Warehouses, called Goree, occupying Jhe site of those mercantile depositories which, in 1802, were entirely destroyed by fire, were loftier, by two stories, tlian the present buildings. The conflagration occurring at a time when the warehouses were stored with property, tlie consequences were most ruinous. This terrible visitation forms an epoch in the history of Liverpool ; and when determining the date of any remarkable occurrence, the inhabitants speak of it as being prior, or subsequent, to the Goree fire. Tlie devastation produced by the ignition of the Caxton Printing Offices, in 1821, which destroyed valuable property to a vast amount, awful and extensive as it was, will not com- pare with this dreadful calamity, the total loss of which, amounted to £323,000. The ruins continued burning for iqnvards of three months ; when preparations were made for clearing the ground, for the erection of the present Goree warehouses. The Docks and Commercial Offices of Liverpool form the grand features of this modern Carthage, and claim the first attention of the stranger. The warehouses, shown in our View, occupying a very considerable space of ground, rise to a great height ; and the spectator notices with admiration the facility with which goods are conveyed to all parts of the building. The illustrative Engraving commences in the right-hand corner with the south end of the Goree Warehouses, standing in a direct line with Moor-street ; and the perspective, beginning at this point, traverses the entire front, facing George's Dock, the entrance to which is shewn by the shipping on the left-hand side of the Plate. The tower and spire of St. Nicholas appear above an opening, which is Water-street; and between this and the south end, before mentioned, occurs the entrance to Brunswick -street. Arched piazzas lead underneath the warehouses, and form a covered walk, extending the whole length of the buildings. This View gives the reader a pleasing idea of the maritime importance of Liverpool, and marks it as a proud seat of Commerce, where people of all nations daily meet, and from whence many an ocean-palace sails to lands heretofore unknown. Long may she remain the Tyre of modern times — " Her merchants princes, and each deck a throne." SOUTH-EAST FRONT OF KNOWSLEY HALL. This ancient mansion, the principal seat of the Earls of Derby, is situated in the parish of Huyton, one mile and a half from Prescot. Before the visit of Henry VH. to his mother, then Countess of Thomas first Earl of Derbj', it was a house of inferior note. The more modern part was built principally by James tlic tenth Earl, who was an active public cha- racter during the reigns of William the Third, Queen .\nne, and George the First. He died Hre.-wa'bj C.C.IVne . Enrfravsi'by. JjB.AIlen.. ^OT^TTM EAST FIROH=]r OF MMOWSHi^'W W att.tt^ , Tin: RESWEJUCE OF TBE RTffHT SON". TSE BARL OF DERBY. TO WHtTU TJUS PUTS IS WITS OREAT JRESPKCT. DEprCtTED ^OIDTTIK FROrfT ©F KJKf©WSlUlET IfilAILH, VIEWS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN LANCASHIRE. m at Kiiowsley in 1736; and very recently, considerable additions, witli extensive internal improvements, have been made, under the superintendence of John Foster, Es{f It is wholly of dark freestone, and is embattled ; the basement is partly appropriated to the household, but the principal apartment is a spacious and handsome dining-room, very much admired. Over an entrance on the south side, the architect has judiciously inserted a frag- ment of the old edifice, which is sculptured with two of the family badges : the eagle's leg erased, derived from the Lathoms, and the three legs conjoined, armed and spurred, the well-known ensign of the Lords of Man ; over which island, the family of Stanley, from the reign of Henry IV. to that of George II. held absolute jurisdiction, under the crown, by the service of presenting two falcons to the King on his coronation day. The most ancient part had two round towers, and is said to have been raised by Thomas the first Earl of Derby, for the reception of his son-in-law. King Heniy the Seventh ; but, in the " History of the House of Stanley," it is stated, that the Earl only " enlarged his house at Knowslej', by the stone building, and repaired and beautified the other part ; and also that of Lathora." The preparations made by the Earl, in consequence of the Royal visit, were upon a grand scale ; for besides enlarging and decorating his mansion, " he purchased a road, from the cross-ways, leading from Sankey and Winwick, (now called Market Gate,) to the river through the field, now called Bridge-street, and at the bottom thereof erected a spacious stone bridge, and threw up a causeway across the marshes, to the rising ground on the Cheshire side, and kept the same in repair all his life, and his successor after him, to the time of William Earl of Derby." The Hall is situated on an elevated part of the park, which is extensive, and well wooded ; but from its proximity to the sea, and the prevalence of westerly winds, many of the largest trees are inclined considerably towards the north-east, and exhibit but a scanty foliage. SOUTH FRONT OF KNOWSLEY HALL. This front of Knowsley has a colonnade of double Doric columns, supporting an entablature, above which rises a similar frontage composed of Ionic pillars in pairs, with a ballustraded parapet in the centre, bearing the following inscription, commemorating the ingratitude of Charles II. in the following terms : — • " James Earl of Derby, Lord of Man and the Isles, grandson of James Earl of Derby, by Charlotte, daughter of Cloud Duke of Tremoville, was beheaded at Bolton, the 15th of October, 1651, for strenuously adhering to King Charles U., who refused a bill unani mously passed by both houses of parliament, for restoring to the family the estates which he had lost by his loyalty to him." Above are the armorial bearings of this noble house, viz. : j^rgent, on a bend azure, three bucks' heads caboshed, or. crest, on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, an eagle, wings expanded, or. preying on a child proper, in a cradle gules, laced or. Supporters on the JJ2 VIEWS AND ILU'STRATIONS IN L,\NCA.SI1IKF.. dexter side a griffin, M-iiigs elevated or. ducally collared, and line reflcxcd over the back azure. Sinister, a stag or. collared and lined as the dexter. Motto, Sana changer, i.e. ■without changing. The west front is a vast range of building, regularly disposed in three divisions of equal height, with the principal entrance in the centre, and the whole surmounted by balus- trades and scroll ornaments; this portion of the edifice is constructed of red brick, with stone quoins and dressing. Knowsley has to boast a choice collection of Paintings, by some of the first masters of the Italian and Flemish schools, principally selected abroad by Hamlet Winstanley, a native artist, under the patronage and at the cost of James, the tenth Earl of Derby. Some of the most valuable are : — A Holy Family, by Titian — The Feast of Belshazzar, by Kem- Ijiandt The Roman Augur, Banditti in a rocky Landscape, and Hagar and Ishmael with the Angel, by Salvator Rosa — The Angel driving Adam and Eve from Paradise, by Denis Calvert— A Wild Boar Hunt, by Snyders and Rubens — The Love of the Arts represented by a beautiful figure of Cupid leaning over rich Armour, musical Instruments, Pictures, and Pieces of Sculpture, attributed by Winstanley to Snyders and Vandyck — Nicodemus communing with our Saviour by Night, by Tintoret, &c. &c. In addition to these rare foreign productions of the pencil, the gallery of Family Portraits is interesting to antiquaries, and to all true lovers of their country, as serving to perpetuate the remembrance of persons eminent in all periods of our history. The present Earl, born September 18, 1752, succeeded to the title and estates on the death of his grandfather, 24th February, 1/76. His Lordship is Lord-Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county palatine of Lancaster ; of which his eldest son and heir, the Right Hon. Edward Smith, Lord Stanley, is one of the representatives in parliament ; and his grandson, the Hon. Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, is a Pri\7 Councillor, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and M. P. for Windsor. THB END. LONDON : H. FISHER, R. FISHKR, & P. J.\CKSON, NKWG.ATK srBhfcT. D 000 012 214 3 I