STACK 
 ANNEX 
 
 5 
 
 a 84 
 
 466 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 0! 
 
 1 ! 
 
 2 i 
 9 i 
 
 9 
 2 
 2 
 
 o s o 
 o ^ -c 
 q S = 
 
 = 1 :; 
 
 •/ o 2 
 
 i i'1 1 
 
 ■(-I ^ c 
 
 !S o <^ 
 •S "3 ■- 
 
 8 ^£ 
 ^•5 o 
 
 -M O 
 
 5 o" 
 
 
 ^ rt 
 
 -2 < 
 
 >> ':2 
 
 
 15 rt 
 
 o „ 
 
 O t^ 
 
 •-/> -^ 
 
 ^^ ^-4 Um 
 
 "" "o .5 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 C i> 
 
 i4 :S 
 
 H^ 5 
 
 X5 >, 
 
 3 
 ^ 
 
 ,^^ g r 
 
 
 
 •yi 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 ClJ 
 
 c 
 '5 
 
 
 13 
 
 "^ 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 — ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 H 
 
 ■^ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 1— ( 
 
 > 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 eo 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 6 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 j;^ 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 rt 
 
 ^ 
 
 t;:; 
 
 '/-. 
 
 
 — * 
 
 .2 
 
 "" 
 
 < 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 :3 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 a, 
 
 rd 
 
 'Jl 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 53 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 1^ 
 
 C 
 
 •75 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 >, 
 
 Sc 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^-J 
 
 1) 
 
 •T^ 
 
 
 
 
 w> 
 
 1> 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 -*— » 
 
 ^ 
 
 rt 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 u 
 
 c3 
 
 '^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 s: 
 
 '-4—1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 = ./ ^ ^ '§ 
 
 ^ Si. -^ '-^ •^ 
 
 ._ ^ g CD O 
 
 y) rt r^ x t^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 .2 
 
 c 
 
 'rj 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 n! 
 
 
 X5 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ;:::; 
 
 
 <; 
 
 >, 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 >, 
 
 
 "2 
 
 I «* 
 
 I £ 
 
 - < 
 
 ^ o 
 
 -> o 
 
 
 ■-5 b 
 
 >, 
 
 ^ rf 
 
 o 
 
 r/5 ;2 
 
 o o 
 
 CM <S 
 
 .■£ > "Z 
 
 O o 
 
 •^ H 
 
 C^ ^3 -v* 1— I 
 
 Xi O 
 
 03 
 ;-• Co 
 
 .;2 «i 
 
 ■g CJ 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 J d 
 >.^ 
 
 •— 0^ 
 
 ■+-> '^ 
 •pi rt 
 
 03 
 
 O ^ 
 
 .2 ^ 
 
 c3 
 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 be 
 
 
 — "IS ^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 1:3 
 o 
 
 ^ (V) 
 
 3 
 
 Oh 
 O 
 
 J= d 
 
 3 5°^^ 
 
 o 
 
 Oh /:: 
 o 
 
 
 w ;2 > o 
 
 :-- --p > jz 
 
 p^ 
 
 ::) ■d 
 
 13 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 O _ rt 
 
 G rt o3 
 
 =5 -^ 
 
 p 
 
 5 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 CO 
 
 . H 6 
 
 O 0) 
 
 OJ '73 
 
 
 ^^ O t/5 
 
 n2 "H-i •'-' 
 
 r- rt 
 
 ^ tA t^ _U 
 
 c 
 
 (75 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 tic 
 
 03 
 
 O LT! 
 
 .2 ^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 a, JH 
 
 •- o 
 
 c o 
 
 OJ 
 
 g 
 
 < 
 
 
 o" 
 
 o 
 
 .1 
 
 •ti o 
 
 o3 
 
 .2 'r2 
 
 — rt 
 
 
 < 5 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 -t-l 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 '5 
 
 o3 
 
 
 ri 
 
 o5 
 
 S-i 
 
 -t-> 
 
 1— 1 
 
 \-t 
 
 
 
 «-*-! 
 
 ijc <: 
 
 (-H 
 
 o 
 
 o3 
 
 (D 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 
 <U 
 
 tjO 
 
 +J 
 
 o 
 
 o3 rt =! 
 
 .^ r^ a; 
 
 --I y c 
 rt - o 
 
 o3 1-1 
 
 Sue O 
 03 rt 
 
 ^^ 0) ;- 
 
 < 
 
 T: o ^ 
 
 -5 '73 
 
 ^ rd ^ 
 
 Pi •*-' i^ 
 
 P (U 1 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 ^ 
 
 
 > -^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 .S J5 "^ 
 
 in t/5 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 T3 . 
 " o3 -M 
 
 ^ V- CO 
 
 
 85 
 

 
 ^ 
 
 METHODICAL 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 WITHOUT POINTS; 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE USE OF LEARNERS, AND EVEN OF THOSE 
 WHO HAVE NOT THE BENEFIT OF A MASTER: 
 
 TO WHICH IS SUBJOINED, 
 
 THE HEBREW GRAMMAR AT ONE VIEW. 
 
 El iK TOO vofAOU ivrn'tf, >) fxia iufata,ov iraj£X8y«Tai,7r<»if av hfxiv it(T<pa\ti iirt^Bdivitv xai ra a-fjuKfarara, ; 
 
 " Ifonejol or one tittle shall not pass from the law, how can it be safe for us to neglect even the 
 smallest things ?" Basil Prooem. De Spiritu Sanclo,
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The ensuing Grammar being designed for the Use of Learners, and even 
 of those who are unacquainted with the very Rudiments of ail Grammar, I 
 have endeavoured to make it as plain and easy as possible. To this end I 
 have not only arranged the Rules and Observations in the clearest and most 
 natural method I could devise ; but have also taken care not to use a single 
 grammatical term, without explaining it, either by an Example or a Definition. 
 
 There is no difficulty in the Hebrezc Grammar worth mentioning, except 
 what relates to the Pronouns and to the Verbs ; and with regard to these it 
 will be sufficient for the adult Reader, if he only commit to memory the 
 Tables of Pronouns, which he will find § v. 4, 5, and the Example of a Re- 
 gular Verb in Kal, § vi. 12. A careful and attentive perusal of the other 
 parts of the Grammar in order, and a frequent consultation of them as occa- 
 sion may require, will soon enable a person of ordinary abilities and capacity 
 to analyse grammatically almost any word in the Hebrew Bible : I say af- 
 most, because there are some few words of uncommon forms, which are taken 
 notice of under their proper roots in the Lexicon. So easy is the task, so 
 short the labour of acquiring the Elements of the Sacred Language, even from 
 the larger Grammar here published ! But there is a still shorter and easier 
 Method, which I would rather recommend to the Learner, namely, at first to 
 concern himself only with The Hebrew Grammar at One View; for this 
 being properly attended to, according to the Note subjoined to it, I know, from 
 repeated and successful experience, will sufficiently enable him to enter upon 
 the Grammatical Praxis in § xi. of the larger Grammar; and after master- 
 ing this, he will be qualified to proceed in reading the Hebrew Bible with 
 the help of a Translation ; the larger Grammar being, at present, regarded 
 as a Comment on the smaller, and occasionally consulted on particular dif- 
 ficulties. 
 
 The learned Reader will indulge me in one reflection on the great facility 
 of the Hebrew Grammar — a reflection indisputably true, and which I would 
 especially recommend to the consideration of all those, who are intrusted with 
 that important charge, the education of Youth. It is this : Since the Hebrew 
 Grammar, unsophisticated by Rabbinical Points, is so veiy easy, simple, and 
 concise, and those of other languages, of the Greek and Latin in particular, 
 so difficult, complex, and tedious, so clogged with numerous Rules and Ex- 
 ceptions (as every School-boy to his sorrow knows), it is evident that the most 
 natural and rational method of teaching the learned languages would be to 
 begin with the Hebrew. I now argue only from the greater easiness of the 
 grammatical part, and do not urge, that Hebrew is certainly the common 
 Mother of Greek and Latin, if not of all other languages*. Those, at least, 
 of which [ have any knowledge, retain a manifest resemblance of their ori- 
 ginal Parent : and the nearer the fountain, the purer the stream ; the more 
 ancient and uncompoundcd the language, the more similar it is to the Hebrew, 
 
 * Sec Vilringa, Observat. Sacr. lib. i. cap. vi — viii. 
 C '2
 
 4 PREFACE. 
 
 And I beg it may be seriousli/ and impartially weighed on this occasion, 
 especially by the Instructors of our Youth, whether to begin with teaching 
 that Original and Sacred Language, and then to descend to the Greek and 
 Latin, would not be a most likely method of making those, who have the be- 
 nefit of a learned education, not only better Grammarians and better Scholars, 
 but, what is of infinitely greater consequence, sounder Divines and better 
 Christians. And though it be perhaps no easy matter to determine whether 
 of the two Languages, Greek or Latin, most resembles the Hebrew; yet it 
 will scarcely admit a doubt, with the rational and Christian Teacher, which 
 of these should be taught next after the Hebrew; since not only the Idiom 
 of Greek is much more similar to ilie English than that of Latin, but also the 
 liveli/ Oracles of the New Testament, were by the inspired Penmen, written 
 in the Greek lansfuase. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 L Of the Letters and Reading 
 
 II. Of the Division of Letters 
 
 III. Of IVords and their Division 
 
 IV. Of Nouns . 
 V. Of Pronouns 
 
 VI. Of Verbs 
 VII. Of Irregular Ferbs 
 VIII. Of Syntax 
 IX. Of the Use of the Serviles 
 X. Offnding the Root 
 XI. A Grammatical Praxis or Exercise on the First Chapter 
 Genesis 
 The Hebrew Grammar at Om View 
 
 of 
 
 Fage 
 5 
 
 7 
 ib. 
 
 9 
 11 
 16 
 19 
 22 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 .33
 
 METHODICAL 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 WITHOUT POINTS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Of the LETTERS and READING. 
 
 1. IHE Elements of all Languages are certain simple Sounds, which in 
 writing are expressed by certain Marks or Characters, called Letters. 
 
 2. The Letters in Hebrew are twenty-two, of which the following Table 
 
 Sound or Power. 
 
 a broad, as in all, war 
 
 b 
 
 g bard, as in give, get 
 
 d 
 
 e as in where, there 
 
 u, pronounced as oo, or as the 
 
 French ou, or (before a vowel) w 
 z 
 
 h hard, or guttural aspirate 
 th, Saxon ^, or Greek 6 
 1 French, or ee English, before a 
 
 consonant, y before a vowel 
 k, or c hard, as in come 
 1 
 
 m 
 n 
 sh 
 o X l^ng, as in whole, cold 
 
 j soft, as in the French jour, ja- 
 mais, or as the English s, in 
 treasure, pleasure 
 
 q or qu 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 • That is. Numeral Power or Import as an arithmetical mark. According to the abore scheme 
 n' should be used for 15, for which however the Jews write ia (which amounts to the same sum, 
 for o is 9 and i 6), and this thej do to avoid using one of the diviiie names, n", for a Xut/iber. 
 
 t Letters thus written at the eiid of a word. 
 
 } j; seems also to h.ive had in some words somewhat of the soond of the gottural u, or ng, like 
 ibe Preoch on. Sec Lexicon under yn IV. 
 
 shews 
 
 
 
 
 
 The ^'ame. 
 
 • Numbtr. 
 
 Form. 
 
 iFmals. 
 
 .Similari. 
 
 Aleph 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Beth 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 D 
 
 Gimel 
 
 3 
 
 :i 
 
 
 3 
 
 Daleth 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 He 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 
 nn 
 
 Van 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 'M 
 
 Zain 
 
 7 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 Heth 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 Teth 
 
 9 
 
 D 
 
 
 OD 
 
 Yod 
 
 10 
 
 > 
 
 N' 
 
 
 Caph 
 
 20 
 
 D 
 
 -|500 
 
 
 Lamed 
 
 30 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 Mem 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 0600 
 
 
 Nun 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 1700 
 
 
 Saniech 
 
 60 
 
 D 
 
 
 a 
 
 Gin 
 
 70 
 
 y 
 
 
 }tY 
 
 Pe 
 
 80 
 
 D 
 
 tl800 
 
 
 Jaddi 
 
 90 
 
 H 
 
 V900 
 
 
 KophorQuopli 
 
 100 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 Resh 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Shin or Sin 
 
 300 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Tau 
 
 400 
 
 n 
 
 > 

 
 6 A METHODICAL 
 
 3. The Order of the Ucbrerv Alphabet seems justifiable by Scripture, 
 especially by Ps. xxxiv. cxi. cxii.* cxix. cxlv. Lam. i — iv.f 
 
 4. IVridiig over the Characters several times, is the best way to make 
 them familiar to the Learner. See the manner fronting the first page of 
 Grammar. 
 
 5. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the left, and not from the left 
 to the right, as the Ens^lish and other western languages. 
 
 G. Of the Hebrew Letters five are Vowels^ namely K, n, 1, M^ ; all the 
 rest are Consonants. 
 
 7. When two Consonants occur without any of the five Vowels between 
 them, you mayX pronounce them as if a short e or a stood between them ; 
 as, n3"r, pronounce debtr or dabar; "ipD ptqtd (pequed) or pdqudd. 
 
 8. Always observe to pronounce the Textual Vowels long and strong; the 
 Supplied ones, short and ijuick ; as, Tii'X, pronounce user ; "lOl, debir. 
 
 {). A Full Stop is expressed tiius . as : N, a Colon thus .^ as N, a Semi- 
 colon thus : as X, a Comma thus * as K. 
 
 ](). The first only of these stops is used in most unpointed books. 
 
 1 1 . To exercise the Learner in reading \, here follows, in English cha- 
 racters, part of the first chapter of Genesis, which is printed in Hebrew at 
 the end of die Grammar. The Greek £ stands for the Supplied Vowel ; 
 the Textual ones are to be pronounced broad, like the French, as in the 
 Table of the Alphabet ; and when several Hebrew Vowels come together, 
 they are not to be run into Diphthongs, but sounded distinctly, as in3 pro- 
 nounce be — u in two syllables, not beu in one. 
 
 1 . B^rasit btra alcim at es^mim uat earej. 
 
 2. Uearfj e'ite teu ubeu, uhfsfk ol peni teum, uruh aleim nierhepet ol 
 
 ptni emim. 
 S. Uyamtr aleim yei aur, uyei aur. 
 
 4. Uira aleim at eaur ki tliub, uibtdtl aleim bin eaur ubin ehfSfk. 
 
 5. Uiqra aleim laur yum uUhtstk qra lile, uyei oreb uyei bfq£r yum ahcd. 
 
 6. Uyamer aleim yei reqio bctuk emim, uyei mebdil (o;- mebtdil) bin mini 
 
 Itmim. 
 
 7. Uyos aleim at ertqio, uibedel bin emim aser mftehct Isreqio ubin emim 
 
 as£r mol Utiqio, uyei ken. 
 
 8. Uiqra aleim hrtqio stmim, uyei oreb uyei beqer yum stui. 
 
 9. Uyamer aleim iquu {or iqwu) emim, Sfc. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Of the DIVISION of LETTERS. 
 
 1 . Besides diat common Division of Letters into Vowels and Consonants, 
 they are in Hebrew moreover distinguished into Radicals and Serviles. 
 
 2. A Radix or Root in Hebrew, is a simple word, consisting of two, or 
 
 • Observe that in 4he cxitli and cxiitli Psalms there are two, and sometimes three, Hebrew verses 
 in one of the E/i^'/w/i translation. See Bp. Lowth's Preliminary Dissertation to Isaiah, p. v. 
 
 t It is rcmarkHljJe, that in these three last chapters the initial letters j; and S are transposed. 
 
 t I do not say must ; because where two Consonants, if joined with a Vowel either preceding or 
 following, would form an easy sound, it may be most eligible (yea necessary in the poetic parts of 
 Scripture) to run th.m into one syllable; for instance, yoa may pronounce my into one syllable 
 orb ; and K-12, Urn : and indeed this is much the same as sounding the supplied Vowel very short. 
 
 $ I'he method of readii.g here recommended is the same as that proposed by Dr. Ilobertson, in 
 his True aud Anneut I\Iellwd of Reading Hebrew, &c. in which in-enions treatise may be found an 
 ample and satwfaclorj vindication of it from a comparison of the Hebrew with the uncAcni Greek 
 Alphabet.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 7 
 
 more usually of three , Letters, from which other words are formed hy the 
 grammatical inflections or variations ; as, npD, visit ; "im, speak. 
 
 3. J?o(/ita/ Letters are those, which always make part of a Radix or Root, 
 
 4. Servile Letters are those, which serve for the V ariation of the Root, by 
 Gender, Number, Person, ^c. and for Particles, 
 
 0. The servile Letters are eleven, and may be comprised in these three 
 technical words, n'?D1 r^Z'n \r\'i<. 
 
 6. The other eleven Letters are radical, 
 
 7. Except D when used for n, as in * § VL 25. 
 
 8. Observe, that although the radical Letters (except D, as in Rule 7.) 
 are never servile, yet the servile Letters are very often radical, or very often 
 make a part of the Root. 
 
 SECTION IIL 
 
 Of WORDS and their DIVISION. 
 
 1. Words in Hebrew may be divided into three kinds, Nouns or Names, 
 Verbs, and Particles. 
 
 2. A Noun is the Name of a Substance or Quality; as w>i< a man, 
 310 good. 
 
 3. A Verb denoteth the Action or State of a Being or Thing ; as, "lOKO 
 D'n^K, and God said; CZJ'n^x li'yo, and God made; CD'Dki'n )by), and 
 the heavens xsere finished. In these sentences said and made express the 
 Action ; were finished, the State. 
 
 4. Particles denote the Connexion, Relation, Distinction, Emphasis, 
 Opposition, ^c. or, in short, the Circumstances of one's Thoughts, or of the 
 Words expressive thereof; as, and, wilhf or, much, although, but, &c. 
 
 5. Many Particles in i/eirety are expressed by one or other of the servile 
 Letters, which may then be considered as Abbreviations or Parts of Roots 
 or Words. See Lexicon in 2, D, b, D. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Of NOVNS. 
 
 1 . Noiins or Names are of two kinds. Substantive and Adjective. 
 
 2. A Noun Substantive is the name of a Substance ; as ii^N a man, yy a 
 tree, npy Jacob : of a Quality, or of an Action, Passion, or Slate, con- 
 sidered abstractedly ; as, "in purity, KlflQ a coming forth, nO^D shame, 
 nr3n'?D rear. 
 
 " 3. An Adjective, so called because adjectitious, or added to a Substan- 
 tive, denotes some Quality or /Occident of the Substantive to which it is 
 joined ; as, 210 good, nnO (or linD) pure : so in the phrases, 2^D WH a good 
 man, mno 3nr /jwre gold, good and pwre are Adjectives. 
 
 4. Nouns in Hebrew, as in English, are not declined by Cases, or dif- 
 ferent Terminations, denoting the Particles o/", ^o, from, Sfc. as Nouns in 
 Greek and Latin are. 
 
 5. In Hebrew, Nouns are of two Genders, masculine and feminine ; as 
 ly'K « /na«, iTkt'K a woman : of two Numbers, singular, denoting one, as 
 ■]^D a king: and plural, denoting wore than one, as CD'jht^ kings, i. e. two 
 or more. 
 
 • N. B. This Mark ^ stands for SECTION in Ihe Grammar.
 
 8 A METHODICAL 
 
 G. Most Hebrew Nouns not ending in n orn servile, are masculine ; those 
 that ilo end in n or n servile, are most generally* feminine. D* is said to 
 be d feminine Termination+. 
 
 7. The Feminine singular is formed from the Masculine, by postfixing 
 n ; as 21D gi>0(l, naitD feminine. 
 
 8. But "Nouns ending in > add n for the feminine instead of n ; as from 
 '■)jra an Egyptian man, nnVD an Egyptian woman : so when a letter is drop- 
 ped, the feminine ends in n ; as from \2 a son, nn a daughter, 3 being 
 dropped ; from nnK one, nnx feminine, 1 being dropped. 
 
 <). The plural of masculine Nouns is formed by adding D% and sometimes 
 only D, to the singular ; as from "blO a king, DQ^D, or DD^O, kings. 
 
 10. The plural masculine of Hebrezo Nouns is also often formed in % ]», 
 as vjbn kings, Prov. xxxi. 3 ; ybD words, Job iv. 2 ; ]»n lives. Job xxiv. 22. 
 
 11. The p/Mr«/ of feminine Nouns is formed by adding ni to the singular, 
 aspKrt /a/*c?, plural n"!mK lands; or by changing n or n into ni, as mm a 
 laze, plural nniD laros; mJi< fl /e/fer, plural nilJK letters; or n> or ni into 
 nv, as n'"i2j; a Hebrew woman, plural mn^y Hebrew women ; niD^D a 
 kingdom, plural nio'^D kingdoms: but in feminines plural, the "i is often 
 dropped, as in n2f~ix for niynx, in nnin for nnm, &c. &c. 
 
 12. Some feminine Nouns have moreover another plural, formed by 
 changing n into § D'n ; as from non") « damsel^ CDTlDm several damsels, 
 Jud. V. 30: from n'^Jfy idleness, CD^rb'ny, Eccles. x. 18. 
 
 13. Several masculine Nouns plural end in m, as DK a father, plural 
 nnx; nms //o/^^, l K. x. 19. 2 Chron, ix. 19 II; and many feminine Nouns 
 plur. in ^ CD', as C3''?nJ she-camels, O'lfJ wives, CD'itobD concubines, D>fy 
 she-s,oats (Gen. xxx. 35.), O'^m erces (Gen. xxxii. 15.), QOT she-hears 
 (2 k. ii. 24.) 
 
 14. A Noun is said to be in Regimine, or in Construction, when it is in a 
 particular relation to a Noun following it, or has a Pronoun Suffix (of which 
 see § V. 5.^ ; as, ^-ix -j'jo king of a country, n^Q his king : in these expres- 
 sions "I'po is said to be in Regimine, or Construction. 
 
 15. Nouns masculine singular in Regimine suffer no change, but plural ones 
 drop their D, as Dpbn kings ; px obo kings of a country; lia^Q our kings. 
 So Nouns feminine plural in D'n. Comp. Rule 12, and Note. 
 
 16. Nouns feminine singular ending in n, do, when in Regimine, change 
 
 * I say most generally, not aluays, for see Lexicon under nil X. 
 
 t And so it generally is, if both the " and the n be servile, as in ri'lVD (Rule 8.) from ^VD Egypt. 
 Nevertheless nna, from na to purify, ihou^h feminine in 2 Sam. xxiii. 5, comp. Deal. xxix. 20, or 
 21, is construed as a masc. N. Isa. xxviii. 18. If tbe n be radical, the N. may be either mascaline 
 or feminine ; Ibas no a House, from n3 capacity, though generally masc. is yet construed as a fem. 
 in Prov. ii. Hi, comp. 2 K. x. 26. In m the « is radical, so that word comes not under the latter 
 part of the Rule here given ; and in nm a Spear, from ri3n to pitch, the » is substituted for the radi- 
 cal, but mutable, n ; and accordingly the word forms its plural with D» 2 Chron. xxiii. 9, though in 
 Isa. ii. 4. Mic. iv. T., for the plur. in Kegim. it takes the^em. form -m- or -n- 
 
 t These are by many writers reckoned Chaldee or Si/riac forms ; but that they are also Hebrew ones 
 is snlhcienf ly manifest by their occurring so frequently in the Heb. books written before the Babvlonish 
 Captivity, and even before the Chaldee or Syriac language was heard of. ^-bD occurs no less than 
 thirteen limes in tlie Book of Job, in which cj'jD is also used ten times. See the Concordances, and 
 MaicleJ (Jramniat.IIeb. p. 213. 
 
 § Of this plural the grammarians in general have made a dual; aifd it mast be confessed, that in 
 the absolute form it often has a (/uu/ signihcation, as a>n:il' tuo years, Gen. xi. lO.xli. 1. 1 K. xvi. 8. 
 Jer. xxviii. 3. crnrjK tteo ctibits, Exod. xxv. 10. 17, & al. a^nav two measures, 1 K. xviii. 32 ; o-nt" 
 two sides, Exod. XXVI. 23; D>nKn two hundred, Gen. xi. 19. 32. But in the constnict form (comp. 
 Rule 1.5.) many such Nouns have a plural signification ; as rmvi his laws, Exod. xviii. 16, &c. 
 
 II So mns, .md ni ns Governors. 1 K. xx. 24. Jer. Ii. 23. Kzek. xxiii. 6. Neh. v. 15. But I do not 
 regard these as pure Hebrew words. See Lexicon under ns. 
 
 H See Lexicon in Root non 1.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 9 
 
 their n into n; as, mm a laiOy mn> mm the Imv of Jehovah, "|mm thy 
 law : but other feminine Nouns, as also Feniinines plural, except those in 
 Dm, suffer no change in Regimine. 
 
 17. Feniinines plural in m, when in Regimine, often postfix > (see Deut. 
 xxxii. 13. ^i Sam. i. 19. 25.), and those in am drop the a. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Of PROl^OVNS. 
 
 1. Under Nouns are comprehended Pronouns, so called because they 
 stand Pro nominibus, i. e. For, or instead of, Nouns or Names; as I, thou, 
 he; that; who, which; mine, his,^c. 
 
 2. Pronouns are by Grammarians distinguished into several kinds : thus, 
 /, thou, Ae, are caWed primitive Pronouns ; mine, thine, his^ possessive; this, 
 that, demonstrative ; who, zehich, relative. 
 
 3. In a Hebrew Grammar it is necessary particularly to consider only the 
 first of these, or the primitive Pronouns, under which the second, or powes- 
 sire, are included; the demonstrative and relative may be regarded nearly 
 as other Nouns. Conip. § VIII. 23, 24. 
 
 4. Primitive Pronouns are distinguished into three Persons. 
 
 The First, '3K, »33S, and mx, singular, / and me ; 13N, 13n3K, and I3m> 
 
 plural, zee and us. 
 The Second, njHK, nx, mx, and iriK, singular, thou and thee ; CDJIK 
 
 and DDDN, plural masculine ; \r\H, nmK,and ]DnN, plural feminine, 
 
 1/e and you. 
 The Third, Nin and K'n, singular, he, she, it : Dn and riDH plural, 
 
 (generally) masculine ; ]n and n3n plural, (generally) feminine, they 
 
 and them. 
 
 5. Parts of these primitive Pronouns are suffixed, i. e. postfixed, to Verbs 
 and Nouns as follows, and are called Pronoun Suffixes. 
 
 Of the 1st Person, From \ '^«' ''^^''Y' * ' """ '^' *"' '"^ '"^* 
 C 13N^ plural, 13, us and Oi/r. 
 
 + 1n^<, sing. "|, riD, and (fem.) J »d Mee awd thy. 
 
 Of the lid Person, From5+ °^^^';^''*^- P'"""' °^'^^^ and^^our, masc. 
 * T i^nS) 't^»i' P'nr. p, and *§n3D,^0M and yowr, 
 fem. 
 
 ^s- A w.,-, • 1 V % in, 13, H in3, ** 10, 
 
 f Nin and N'n, snigular, ^ ,'•" 1 ; • ' *, /. 
 i ' e> ' ^ fiiui antl //;s, n, n3 her. 
 
 OfUicIIIdPerson,From-r°''''"'^ an pi ur. masc. nan, CDH, CD, or 
 J 1D,TT //<em and their, masc. 
 
 / n3n and p, plur. fem. n3n, ^n, and \, them and 
 <^e?V, fem. 
 
 * When « is llms suffixed to a plural Noan, that Noun loses its owu -, or rather the two Yods 
 coalesce into one, as nit my tcnrds, for "nm. Coinp. § IV. 14, 15. 
 
 t nw in these words may b« considered as an independent Particle. See Lexicon under nriK VII. 1. 
 
 t 2 K. iv. 2. 7. 
 
 $ Rzek. xiii. lij. 20. xxiii. 43, 49. 
 
 II See Gen. xxxvii. 20. 
 
 i Exod. XV. 2. Dent, xxxii. 10. Jer. v. 2'^ : and observe that in i3, n3 and r\1, 3 seem.s added for 
 the sake of sound. 
 
 ** Gen. ix. 26, 27. Deut. xxxiii. 2. Isa. xliv. 1.5. liii. 8. Ps. xi. 7. 
 
 tt Also 1 (see $IX. under i 4) ; and 13 Jer. xxxi. 1.5j and in Exod. xiv. 25. Deot. xxxii. H.PsaJ. 
 Ixiii. 11.
 
 10 
 
 A METHODICAL 
 
 Of the 1st Persou, From i 
 
 13N 
 
 r 
 
 
 Of the lid Person, From •< 
 
 6. These Pronoun SuJHxes are also often postfixed to Nouns of Num- 
 ber, as CDn'Jtt', tfiei/ tKO, or both of them ; and to several Particles, as ^»n, 
 ]'n, nnn, 3, O, &,c. thus MVU not he, on in them, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 7. Parts of the primitive Pronouns prefixed or postfixed, form also the 
 Persons, and distinguish the Tenses of Verbs; thus, 
 
 r OK, K prefixed forms the First Person singular 
 future. 
 >nK, 'D postfixed, the First person singular pre- 
 ter or past. 
 
 prefixed forms the First person plu- 
 ral future, 
 postfixed, the First person plur. pret. 
 prefixed forms the Second person sin- 
 gular future, 
 postfixed, the Second person singular 
 preter. 
 f n postfixed is sometimes used for the 
 Second person fern. sing, preter. 
 is postfixed to the Second person fem. 
 singular future. 
 1 > postfixed forms the Second person 
 L fem. singular imperative. 
 Qn postfixed forms the Second per- 
 son masc. plural preter. 
 n is prefixed to the Second person 
 masc. plural future. 
 |n postfixed forms the Second person 
 
 fem. plural preter. 
 n prefixed, and n3 postfixed, from the 
 Second person fem. plural future, 
 n postfixed form the Third person fem. 
 
 singular preter. 
 > prefixed form the Third person masc. 
 singular, and, with i postfixed, plu- 
 ral future, 
 postfixed forms the Third person plural 
 preter, and, with ' prefixed, future, 
 postfixed to the Third person feminine 
 plural future. 
 
 8. A comparison of this latter table with the ensuing Example of a regular 
 Verb in Kal, § VI. 12, will remove any little difficulty, which may occur to 
 the Learner. 
 
 9. The Pronouns forming the Persons, &c. of Verbs, are called Personal 
 Affixes. 
 
 10. From the two tables above given, it appears that the former part of 
 Pronouns are generally prefixed, and the latter or middle parts of them post- 
 fixed ; thus of >3N and »nK, N is prefixed, and % and 'D, postfixed. 
 
 Of the Hid Person, From < 
 
 L 
 
 nx, n 
 
 'nx, i 
 
 *rDr)K' 
 * \r\iK 
 
 K'n 
 
 ID, ti 
 7Mr\s n3 
 
 • See Note f last page. 
 
 t But query, whctlier i postfixed to 3J Person jj^Mr. preter, and fatare, to 2d Person jilur. masc. 
 fut. and Iniperalive, should not rather be deduced from the Root T1, or rm to cotmectjoin together? 
 Comp. under nJN II. in Lexicon.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 11 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Of VERBS. 
 
 I. It hath been already remarked, § III. 3, that the Verb denoteth the 
 Action or State of a Being or Thing; now an Action may be considered 
 either as done, doing, or to be done ; so a State may be either past, present, 
 OT future. Hence 
 
 a. The most simple and natural Division of Time, or Tense (from the 
 Latin tempus, or French temps, time), is into past, present, and future. 
 
 3. Again, * " A Verb may either indicate, i. e. declare an action with cer- 
 tainty and positiveness, as the sun is set, setting, or shall set ; or it may carry 
 a command, as Sun, stand thou still; or a Verb may be indefinite as to 
 Number, Person, or Tense, and so used very much in the sense of a Noun, 
 as It is pleasant to see the sun, i. e. the sight of the sun is pleasant, for you, 
 or me, or them, now, at any time." 
 
 4. Hence arise the diflferent Moods (Modi significandi, Modes of signify- 
 ing) of a Verb, as the Grammarians call them. 
 
 5. A Being may eitherper/brm an action itself or the action may be per- 
 formed upon it ; it may either caicse another to perform the action, or be 
 
 caused itself to perform it ; or lastly, it may perjorm it on itself. 
 
 6. Hence in Hebrew^ exhs arise the three (or, as some choose to consider 
 them, xhefive) Conjugations, so called a conjugando, because all conjoined 
 or united in one Root. 
 
 7. Hebrezv Verbs then have three Conjugations, Kal, Hiphil, and Hith- 
 pael; three Moods, Indicative, Imperative (commanding), and Infinitive 
 (indefinite, see 3, and 4.) ; two Tenses, past and future — the past Tense or 
 ■f Participle active being often used for the present Tense (see l,and 2.), and 
 the future Tense supplying the place of the potential or subjunctive Mood of 
 other languages, and so it is frequently to be rendered in English by ma^, 
 can, might, would, should, ought, could ; all which words evidently imply 
 sovaewhzX future in their signitication. 
 
 8. Hebrew Verbs are varied by two Numbers, singular and plural, three 
 Persons (see § V. 4.) and two Genders, masculine and feminine. 
 
 9. The old example of a Hebrew Verb was ^j/D, whence are taken the 
 following grammatical terms, Niphal "^VDJ. Hiphil VyDH, Huphal, bjfDH, 
 Ilithpoel bVDHT], and Paoul ^lyD ; the Hebrew words being pronounced ac- 
 cording to the Masorelical Points. 
 
 10. The first Conjugation Kal (bp light, so called because in the preter it 
 is burdened with no letter at the beginning) is generally active, or signifies 
 simply to do, as npD to visit, n21 to speak. 
 
 I I. The Indicative preter and the Imperative postl^x the personal Affixes ; 
 the future prefixes them, and in some of its Persons postfixes part. 
 
 12. A regular Verb in Kal is declined thus, the Personal Affixes and other 
 Serviles being, for the assistance of the Learner, printed in hollow Letters;}:. 
 
 • See Dr. Bayly's Introduct. to Languages, Parti, p. 33. 
 
 t In Kal there are two Participles, active and passive, otherwise called Betwni (see Note • in Ihe 
 next page) and PuouL Other Conjogatiuns liave also Participles (as in the Example, Rale 17.) 
 Participles are so called ii participando, because they participate of the nature both of a Noun and of a 
 Verb, being declined by Gender and Number, like the former ; and denoting an Action or being acted 
 upon, as tiie latter. 
 
 t If the reader will take the trouble to colour the hollow letters with red ink, in this and the fol- 
 lowing examples, he will make the examples <till more clear and distinct ; and indeed ibis may be no 
 unprofitable exercise to a beginner.
 
 12 
 
 A METHODICAL 
 
 She 
 
 IpQ Visit. 
 
 KAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter or Past Tense. 
 
 m-p^ IPS He ^ 
 
 mp3 Thou 
 
 '^■^P3 L. \ visited. 
 
 Ye (fern.) ^nrp^ 
 
 She I'p^n 
 
 Thou (fern.) npsn 
 
 They (fern.) n^ipsn 
 Ye (fern.) HJipD/l 
 
 nps They 
 
 DnipS) Ye 
 
 13ip9 We ^ 
 
 Futui'e Tense. 
 
 •7p9'> He "^1 
 
 lp3n Thou 
 
 "'''^^. Jru I -5/ia/^ or w;i// t;m7. 
 
 1-rp9<> They ^ 
 
 npsn Ye 
 
 lpH)J We 
 
 J 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Thou (fern.) 
 Ye (fern.) 
 
 np9 
 n^Tps 
 
 lp9 
 
 1-rpH) 
 
 /^■^fi Thou 
 Ye 
 
 tern, 
 fern. plur. 
 
 fern, 
 fem. plur 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 lips and -Tp9 To Fz^zV. 
 
 Participle active, or Beiioni*. 
 
 mpIS lp13 masc. sing. 
 
 nilpIS enplB masc. plur. 
 
 Participle passive, or Paoul f . 
 
 mips "npS) masc. sing, 
 
 fillips enipB masc. plur. 
 
 Flsitin 
 
 b' 
 
 Visited. 
 
 • "TOa, tnfermeJiate or middle, because expressive of the intermediate time between tlie past and 
 future, i. c. of the present. 
 
 t The Participle Paoul in /iTaZ differs in sense and application from tbeParticiple Benoni in Niphal 
 (see Rule 13.) The former denotes that the action expressed by the Verb is done ; thelatter, that the 
 action is to he done or going to be done. Thus in Judg. vi. 28, "in that was or liad been built, aedifi- 
 catum, but 1 Chron. xxii. I'J, n:23 that is to be, or going to be, built, aedificandum ; Gen. ii. 9, nani 
 that is to be (icsired, now or hereafter; -in23 To be desired, Prov. xxii. 1 ; Gen. xlix. 29, tiDK3 going, 
 or about, to be gathered. In short the Participle Faoul in Kal nearlj answers to the Participle pre- 
 lerperfect passive in Latin, and the Participle jRfHoniin Nip/ia< to the Latin Participle future passive 
 in dus. See Dr. Jiayli/'s Introduction to Languages, 'part i. p. 71.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13 
 
 13. The passive of Kal is Niphal, which prefixes 3 to the past or preter 
 tense, and signifies to be done, as lpD3 he is visited. Comp. Rule 5. 
 
 14. The Second Conjugation is Hiphil, which is formed, in the preter, by 
 prefixing n to the preter of Kal, and by inserting » before the last radical 
 thus ipD in Hiphil forms TpDil. A Verb in Hiphil generally signifies * to 
 cause another person or thing to do, or to cause a thing to be done, as yr^^ri 
 he caused to visit t. The passive of Hiphil is Huphal, which is formed 
 from Hiphilhy generally dropping the characteristic >, and denotes to be caused 
 to do or to be done. 
 
 15. The Third Conjugation is Hithpael, which is formed, in the preter, 
 by prefixing nn to the preter of Kal, and generally signifies reflected action, 
 or to act up07i oneself: but is often used in a passive sense, as from ipD 
 IpDnr^, he visited himself, or was visited. Hithpael a\so often denotes to make 
 or pretend oneself to be what is denoted by the Root : hence it has by some 
 been called the hypocritical Conjugation. 
 
 16. To all these Conjugations the personal Affixes are joined nearly as in 
 Kal ; but these things will appear more clearly by the following — 
 
 • We have in some English Verbs something very like the Hebrew CoDJogation in Hiphil; thus 
 to set, is, as it were, the Hiphil of sit ; raise of rise ; fell of fall ; lay of lie. 
 
 t The Participle Hiphil often imports being about to dn a thing, or going to do it presently ; and 
 in such instances, nearly answers to the Latin Participle falore in rtis. See Gen. vi. 13. 17' 
 xix. 13, 14. Exod. X. 5. So the Heb. Participle in Huphal answers to the Latin one in dus. Ps. 
 xlviii. 1. Jer. xl. 1.
 
 14 
 
 
 A METHODICAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 fca ■ 
 0) 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 3 - 
 
 1 Preter Tense. | Future. 
 
 « 
 
 Persons. 
 
 WIN — c^(N— «W — WO — 
 
 be ij 
 
 .S ^ 
 
 'in CI. 
 (N (N 
 
 
 
 bi i^ 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 .S 
 
 "5 
 
 u 
 
 in 
 
 Q m o in CI in 
 r r r r r r 
 
 •a- O 
 
 ^ rr 0- r ~ '^ 
 
 CI CI 1 CI CI 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 .a 
 
 c 
 'C 
 
 c 
 
 
 CI c\ 
 
 HZ c 
 
 CI CI CI CI 
 
 r r r r 
 
 HI HI 
 
 CI CI 
 
 in 
 
 
 CI CI 1 
 
 re 
 
 o 
 
 CI CI 
 Ci-O. 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 t£ 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 <u 
 
 o 
 
 |~^ /TT) a^ iTT) ZTTJ iTT] ^TTJ 
 
 H J S <• O 
 
 ciC^Bi^S 
 ri.ci CI r^a\ is" 
 
 Dim 
 
 CI CI 
 
 HI 
 CI 
 Ci- 
 
 r 
 
 CI CI 
 
 
 ca 
 
 .a 
 C 
 
 is 
 
 
 a 
 
 /Til /TTl 
 
 CI CI CI CI 
 
 r r r r 
 
 UIJJI 
 
 CI CI 
 
 1 
 
 CI CI 
 
 •Ec 
 
 o 
 
 
 "3 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 "5 
 
 CO 
 
 m CI m in in (H 
 ^ r r i:. r r 
 
 Billing, FIS 
 
 a— 
 
 Blill 
 CI CI 
 
 n. 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 o 
 •5 
 
 s; = I 
 
 !7 
 
 CI CI 
 
 CI CI CI CI 
 
 r r rr 
 
 JJIHI 
 
 niJi 
 
 CI CI 
 
 HI 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■S 
 
 ■e 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 (V 
 
 bO 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 " 1 
 Q i 
 
 8 < ^ 
 
 icffrifrininjr: 
 
 CI CI CI CI CI CI 
 
 r r r r r r 
 
 •0- a 
 
 s 
 
 IS 
 
 "IS; 
 
 e o 
 
 n! 
 tn 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 2 2 
 1 
 
 DO 
 
 a 
 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 
 K := 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 ur HI 
 
 CI CI 
 
 BZ flZ 
 
 oo 
 
 CI CI 
 
 l^p- 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 c 
 > 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 
 <5 J - 
 
 S ^ " 
 
 CI CI CI O CI CI 
 
 r r r r r r 
 
 cLci CI }^ci ff 
 
 iHiin 
 mm 
 
 HI 
 
 m 
 
 CI 
 
 rx 
 
 r 
 
 0«3 
 
 mm 
 
 CI CI 
 
 p-f- 
 
 O 
 
 mm 
 
 CI CI 
 
 5E 
 
 o 
 
 h 
 
 
 "a 
 
 is 
 
 c 
 
 'C 
 X 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 ui 
 
 < 
 
 C - .s 
 BS K -S 
 
 JJZ UI 
 
 CI CI 
 
 p- p- 
 
 
 
 CI CI CI CI 
 
 Eii 
 
 mm 
 mm 
 
 O CI 
 
 r r 
 
 HI 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 t>l 
 
 •sjiin.ri 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 E 
 
 HI 
 
 c 
 

 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 OBSER VAT IONS on the above Example of 
 a Regular Verb. 
 
 18. The final » of the first person singular preter is sometimes, though 
 rarely, dropped, as in inn'Ii*D, for liiTl'lZ^O I drew him outy Exod. ii. 10. So 
 in Hiph. inoin for "I'ri'Zinn / — multiply thee, Gen. xlviii. 4. But see 
 Dr. Kennicoti's Bible. 
 
 19. In Xa/ "I is often inserted before the last radical of the future and 
 Imperative, as mpDK, for "rpDK, nipD for npD. 
 
 20. The 1 in the Participle Benoni in Kal is frequently, and in the Par- 
 ticiple Paoul sometimes * omitted. 
 
 21. In the third person mascuUne plural future of Verbs, as \ paragogic is 
 often postfixed to the % so the i is sometimes dropped, and \ only retained, as 
 in \y'\* for pnn> they shall strive, Exod. xxi. 18 ; \'}f>W^* for \\j}>W\' they 
 shall condemn, Exod. xxii. 8 ; ]Dm<' for pDnK' they may be prolonged, 
 Deut. V. l6. So more rarely in the second person masculine plural future, 
 as in pnt<n for pDHND ye shall prolong, Deut iv. 26. 
 
 22. In the third person feminine plural future of any conjugation, the n 
 final is often dropped, as in \^b2n, Gen. xli. 24 ; pOKD, Exod. i. IQ. So in 
 irregular Verbs (see § VII.) as in ]>\)Wn, from nplt', Gen. xix. 33 ; ]nnn, 
 from mrt. Gen. xix. 36 ; Y>r\n, from rrn. Gen. xxvi. 35 ; yU'DD, from nriD, 
 Gen. xxvii. 1 ; \H'!in, from N3f>, Exod. xv. 20 : and more rarely in the second 
 person feminine plural future, as in |>»nn ye (women) have preserved alive, 
 from rrn, Exod. i. 18. 
 
 23. In the second person feminine plural Imperative the final n is some- 
 times omitted, as in ^yDi:; hear ye (women) Gen. iv. 23 ; \H}iDjindye {wo- 
 men) Ruth i. 9. 
 
 24. In Hiphil as the characteristic > is used only in three words of the 
 preter, so it is often omitted in all words of that conjugation. 
 
 25. In Hithpael the characteristic n is transposed and placed after the 
 first radical in Verbs beginning with i:; or D, as nonii^il he kept himself, for 
 lOtrrn, from naii; to keep; ^nnon he loaded himself, for ^nDJin, from 
 bio to load ; and in Verbs beginning with Jf, n is not only transposed, but 
 changed into ID, as pniD2f3 zoe will justify ourselves, for pnxn3, from ply to 
 
 justify. Gen. xliv. 16; n'DX» they tnade (or feigned) themselves Ambassa- 
 dors, for ITJ^D', from "I'S an Ambassador, Jos. ix. 4. 
 
 26. When the third person sing, feminine preter of any conjugation is 
 followed by a Pronoun suffix, its n is changed into n, as onilJJ, Gen. xxxi. 
 32, she stole them, not nniU ; inn^DN, Gen. xxxvii. 20, hath eaten him, 
 not inn!?DK; innanN, l Sam.xviii. 28, s^e/ored Am, not inrariN-, .CDnir^pD, 
 Hos. ii. 7, she seeks them, not Dn5:^p3. Comp. § IV. l6. 
 
 27. The second person masculine plural sometimes drops its O before 
 a suffix, as in >3nD2f ye have fasted to me ; for oanDV, Zech. vii. 5 ; 13n>^yn 
 ye have made us come up, for iJOrr'^yn, Num. xx. 5. 
 
 28. From the first person plural preter of Verbs the 1 is dropped before 
 tlie Pronoun suffix in him or it, as inini^DK we eat it, for ini3'?DN, 1 K. xvii. 
 12 ; in injury we have forsaken him, for ini33ry, 2 Chron. xiii. 10. So from 
 the third person plural preter, and future, as in impT they stab him, for 
 innpl, Zech. xiii. 3 ; ^m''2r^ they knew him, for innon, Job ii. 12 ; innyn' 
 they shall terrify, for ininy3>, Job iii. 5 ; and from the second person plural 
 future, as in injyn, for "iniJJ^n, 2 K. xviii. 36. Isa. xxxvi. 2J .
 
 16 A METHODICAL 
 
 29. In the farthest column to the left hand of the above Example, are 
 added the Paragogic * Letters, that is, such Letters as are sometimes post- 
 fixed to the respective persons of all conjugations against wiiich they stand, 
 and are always emp/iatical. 
 
 20. The above Fxample should be carefully perused by the Learner, and 
 continually consulted for the forms of Regular Verbs. 
 
 SECTION VIL 
 
 Of IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 1 . Tliose Verbs, which, in their formation, are not strictly reducible to the 
 above Example of npD, are called irregular. 
 
 2. But observe, that most irregular Verbs are also formed regularly. 
 
 S. Irregular Verbs may be comprehended under two kinds. Defective 
 and Reduplicate. 
 
 4. Dejective Verbs are such, as, in some forms, drop one or more of their 
 radical letters. 
 
 5. From the old Example b)/D (comp. § VI. 9.), those that drop their 
 first letter, were called defective in Pe, D ; those that were supposed to drop 
 their second, defective in Oin, y ; and those that drop their third, defective 
 in Lamed, b. 
 
 Of each of these in their order. 
 
 6. Defective Verbs, that sometimes drop their first letter, are chiefly 
 those that begin with > or 3, hence called defective Pe Yod, >D ; and defec- 
 tive Pe Nun, 3D. 
 
 7. Verbs defective Pe Yod, or with *for the first radical, often drop it in 
 the Future, Imperative and Infinitive of Kal, to which last they postfix P, 
 and in Niphal and Hiphil they change their » into 1. 
 
 8. Here follows an Example of a Verb defective Pe Yod, in which (as 
 likewise in the succeeding Examples) not only the servile letters, as in.'TpD, 
 but also those wherein it differs from that Verb, are, for the benefit of the 
 Learner, printed in hollow letters ; the first word only of each Tense, Mood, 
 &c. being given, whence the other words are formed regularly, as in HpD. 
 
 ytr To dwell. 
 
 HITHPAEL. 
 
 HUPHAL. 
 
 HIPHIL. 
 
 NIPHAL. 
 
 KAL. 
 
 nurnn 
 
 nii^in 
 
 I'^iyin 
 
 31:^13 
 
 yty^ 
 
 
 yij^^ 
 
 2!^^)^^ 
 
 2W 
 
 ym^ 
 
 regular 
 
 not used. 
 
 y^m^ 
 
 2.mn 
 
 
 throughout 
 
 
 
 
 
 ai:^in 
 
 ^.'^mn 
 
 yo'm 
 
 ni'iD 
 
 
 ni^^lQ 
 
 I'^mt^ 
 
 3m3 
 
 yw 
 
 Prefer. 
 Future. 
 
 IMPERAT. 
 
 INFINIT. 
 
 Benoni. 
 Paoul. 
 
 9. The formative 1 in Niphal and lliphil is sometimes omitted, as in )nV, 
 f«»r niV, Gen. vi. 1 ; in 'n3srn, for >r\2,wyr\, Jer. xxxii. 37. 
 
 • From the Greek ma^ayiuyma; additional.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 17 
 
 10. These tliree Verbs m>, VT, and nD', in Hithpael, change their > into 
 
 1, as minn, &.c. 
 
 11. npb To take or be taken, is in Kal formed like 2W. 
 
 12. Verbs defective Pe Nun, or with 3 for their first radical, drop it in 
 the Future, Imperative and Infinitive of Kal (to which last they also postfix 
 n), in the Preter of Niphal, and throughout Hiphal and Huphal. 
 
 13. An Example of a Verb defective Pe Nun. 
 
 *]DJ To pour. 
 
 HITHPAEL. 
 
 regular 
 throughout. 
 
 HUPHAL. 
 
 HIPHIL. 
 
 NIPHAL. 
 
 KAL. 
 
 ' 
 
 IDH 
 
 Ten 
 
 "ID^ 
 
 1D3 
 
 Preter. 
 
 ID'' 
 
 yu'^ 
 
 1D2^ 
 
 ID^ 
 
 Future. 
 
 not used. 
 
 ron 
 
 iD^n 
 
 "ID 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 TDH 
 
 ron 
 
 iD:n 
 
 nDD 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 •]DJS 
 
 roD 
 
 iw 
 
 TD1: 
 
 Benoni. 
 Paoul. 
 
 14. Verbs with n for their first radical often drop it, as "j^n, 13n : see 
 hexicon. 
 
 15. Verbs with K for their first radical* often drop it in the first person 
 singular future, as "JDX for *1DKX / will speak ; and sometimes in other forms, 
 as in finDD, for inDKH she baked it, 1 Sam. xxviii. 24; tnon, for nDND 
 ye shall say, 2 Sam. xix. 14 ; IJD^O, for '3d!7ND, teaching us, Job xxxv. 1 1 . 
 
 16. As for the second kind of defective Ferbs above mentioned (Rule 5.), 
 namely those that are supposed to drop their second radical i or > (hence called 
 defective Oin Vau, IV, and Oin Yod, y)? ^s CDlt:^, Dip, 3>K, ^a, the truth 
 seems to be this ; that the former sort have, properly speaking, only two ra- 
 dical letters, but sometimes take a \ before the last radical, being in other 
 respects (except that they are not used in the simple form in Hithpael, and in 
 Huphal assume a i before the first radical, as a\>'\r\i was set up, Exod. xl. 17.) 
 formed quite regularly ; and that the latter sort of Verbs, namely, those with 
 > Yod inserted, are either Verbs in which the > is radical, fixed, and immuta- 
 ble, as 3'N to infest; in which case they are declined regularly; or else they 
 are in Hiphil, the characteristic n being dropped, as CD'W for CD'li'n, from CD\L* 
 or tlDY^ to place ; ^O for ]>3n, from p to discern, distinguish. 
 
 17. Example of a defective Verb of two radical letters. 
 
 Dtfi^ or QW To place. 
 
 HUPHAL. 
 
 HIPHIL. 
 
 NIPHAL, 
 
 KAL. 
 
 
 onn 
 
 D'>i:^n 
 
 Dii!;j 
 
 Diy 
 
 Preter. 
 
 om'* 
 
 Q^liff 
 
 O]^^ 
 
 nS^'» 
 
 Future. 
 
 not used. 
 
 wrn 
 
 Qwn 
 
 D1^ 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 Dit^in 
 
 D*^ttrn 
 
 Dwn 
 
 QW 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 UV^lS 
 
 D'>iyQ 
 
 D1tt>J 
 
 Q1^ 
 
 Benoni. 
 Paoul. 
 
 * Not always. See Job xti. 5. 
 
 t Bat in the words marked tha.t t some of Dr. KennicoU's Codices supply tbc H. 
 
 d
 
 18 
 
 A METHODICAL 
 
 18. Verbs of this form frequently in Kai, and sometimes in ISiiphal^ drop 
 the 1 before the last radical. 
 
 19. Of the Ihird kind of defective Verbs, or of those which drop their third 
 radical, are the Verbs ending' in n, hence called defective Lamed He, rh, as 
 
 •20. Observe in general, lirst, that these Verbs usually either drop their n 
 before a servile, as from n'pj to reveal, I^J they revealed; or change it into 
 ' Yod, as n'^J, for nn'pj thou revealedst; nrVin, for n3n'7Jn they (women) 
 shall reveal: or before a servile n, into n, as nnbJl, for 7\rh^ she revealed: 
 secondly, that they often drop their n final in the Future, and sometin^es in 
 the Prefer and Imperative, as by, for n'i'J' ; ZTi nii'V', he shuU make; iy, 
 for niK he commanded, Deut. vi. 6. 24; bj for ph^ reveal. Psal. cxix. 18 ; 
 13^D /?a^^ co«s2/we(i us, for l3n^D. '2 Sam, xxi. 5. 
 
 21. Example of a Verb defective Lamed He. 
 
 HITH. IHUPHAL.LHIPH. 
 
 n'?:inn not used, nbjn 
 
 nbiJ Tb reveal. 
 
 NIPH. KAL. 
 
 n"?:)^ ^:i'? or rh:i'^ 
 
 nb:ih (fem.) ^b:) nb:i 
 
 nibiin ^j"?:! or fj";,:) n^i?:, 
 
 n'?:ij(fem.) nbi:i n'?i:j 
 
 Prefer. 
 Future. 
 IMPER. 
 INFJN. 
 
 Benoni. 
 
 •'l'?:!! Paoul. 
 
 22. Several Verbs, with N for their last radical, sometimes drop it, as S3, 
 sen, SK', N'7n (see Lexicon); and others of these Verbs form their Infinitive 
 in ni, like Verbs ending in n, as n"lN"ip to call, Jud. viii. 1 ; mx^O to ful- 
 fil, 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21. 
 
 23. Verbs ending in 3 sometimes drop their last radical before a 3 servile, 
 as nJDSn, they (fem.) s/^g// &e supported^ for n33DXn, from px ?o support, 
 Isa. Ix. 4. 
 
 24. So verbs ending in n sometimes drop their last radical before a D ser- 
 vile, as 'no, for »nno / die, Gen. xix. 19 ; 'n"iD, for >nm3 / /wre cut off", 
 Exod. xxxiv. 27. 
 
 25. Some Verbs are doubly defective, chiefly such as have > and 3 for their 
 first radical, and n for their last. Thus we have p'jn, second person mas- 
 culine plural future Ka/ (with ] paragogic), from m* to afflict. Job xix 2, ; 
 13nin, first person plural preter Hiphil, from nT to confess, Ps. Ixxv. 2. ; D', 
 third person masculine singular future Kal, from n03 to extend. Gen. xii. 8. ; 
 -jK, first person singular future Kal, from HDl «o smite, Exod. ix. 15. 
 
 2(3. The Verb ]n3, ^o give, is doubly defective in a peculiar manner, for it 
 not only drops its initial 3, as -[03 (Rule 12.) and its final one before another 
 3 (as in Rule 23.), but it also generally loses its final 3 before a servile n, as 
 »nn3 1 have given, for 'n3n3 ; Dnn3 ye have given, for Dn3n3; and generally 
 has in the Infinitive nn to give. 
 
 27. Reduplicate Verbs are such, as have the last or two last Radicals 
 
 * But comp. ti'Yn Dent. xi. 4, y»r Isa. Iviii, 5, TV Lam. ii. 1. ^^qs Nah. iii. 1, n3)3«nn Mic. ii. 
 12,TriK Isa. xvi. 9 ; from which forms it appears that Verbs endiDg iu a radical but omissible n 
 do in Hipli. insert n « between the Crst and second radical letter.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19 
 
 doubled; they are derived from simple Verbs, as from 'pj are derived ^Vj and 
 ^J^J; from bDH, ^^nx ; from ^D3, bbDi ; from -jDn, IDDDn ; from "IRD, -ininD. 
 
 28. But in Reduplicate Verbs derived from those with n for the last ra- 
 dical, the reduplication is made by doubling the letter, or ttvo letters pre- 
 ceding the n ; as from n^D to complete, bb'^ to complete entirely, and ^D^D 
 to nourish: from nVp <o be light, vile, \b^ to be exceedingli/ tile, and b^b^ 
 to be exceedingly light ; from nJfD to open, y^D to burst open. 
 
 29. Reduplicate Verbs are declined regularly. 
 
 30. Except that those of the form of !?^j sometimes use "i instead of the 
 last letter, as 'ni^J Josh. v. 9, for »n'?Vj; >nnD Eccles. ii. 20, for TOnD ; 
 and sometimes in Hithpael assume 1 after the first radical, as pnnn from ]33, 
 Isa. i. 3 ; and more rarely in other conjugations, asf]D1V' third person masculine 
 singular future in Kal, from ?]Dy, Gen. i. 2Q,.; lDDn> Job xxvi. 11, from 
 «]D"i *. Such Verbs also prefix O to the Participles both of Kal and Hith- 
 pael, as in DDHD lifting up, 1 Sam. ii 7. Ps. ix. 14; DDipnD raising up 
 himself. Job xxvii. 7. 
 
 31. Pluriliteral Verbs, or Verbs not reduplicate, but consisting of more 
 than three radical letters, as DD")D, b'yo, &.c. are, the few times they are 
 used, declined regularly, 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 Of SYNTAX. 
 
 1. Syntax, from the Greek Suvra^tc Composition, is that part of Gram- 
 mar which teaches to compose words properly in Sentences. 
 
 2. In Hebrew the Adjective generally agrees with its Substantive in 
 gender and number, as C2JU \'2 a wise son, nblJ niDD great strokes. 
 
 3. Yet we meet with such expressions as these, ^1'?^J C2*1)f great cities, 
 Deut. i. 28. vi. 10, & al. mblH CZD'nN great stones, Deut. xxvii. 2. Josh. x. 
 18. 27; nntO aoxn and my-| good and badfgs, Jer. xxiv. 2, 3.; niKDn 
 C3>^"fjn the great lights, Gen. i. l6. But as to the former phrases, it has 
 been observed, §. IV. 13, that the termination a* is not always masculine; 
 and perhaps in such expressions as CD'^lJn niKDH, the Adjective, with a 
 termination usually masculine, is joined with a feminine Substantive, as a 
 mark of dignity or excellency. 
 
 4. Participles follow the same Rules of Syntax as Adjectives. 
 
 5. When two Substantives of a different gender have the same Adjective, 
 that Adjective is commonly of the masculine gender, as Jobi. 13, vn32l V33 
 D'^DK His sons and his daughters eating. 
 
 a. When two Substantives have one Adjective, that Adjective s put in 
 the plural number, as 1 K. i. 21; O'NIDn no^i:^ '331 >3N / and my son 
 Solomon (shall be) sinful. 
 
 7. The same rules of Syntax hold good of Pronouns, Gen. i. 27, "13f 
 Dn« K"»3 n3p3l male arid female created he them, masc. 
 
 8. Collective Nouns, or Nouns of multitude, though singular, may have 
 an Adjective or Participle plural, as aan CZjyn the people (are) jnany, 
 Exod. V. 5 ; CZ3'Nnn min* !?D all Judah coming, Jer. vii. 2; CD'^^nD oyn 
 the people piping, J K. i. 40. 
 
 9- An Adjective singular is sometimes joined to a Noun plural, in a dis- 
 
 • This reduplicate form of Verbs with i inserted in Kal, the Hebrew Grntiimarians have called the 
 conjagation Poel, and Ihey add, that V^erbs defective ij? borrow their Hithpael from the conjogation 
 Poel. 
 
 d2
 
 00 A METHODICAL 
 
 tributke sense, asPsal. cxix. 137, TDDtro nii" right arethy judgmenls,\.e. 
 every one of them ; Gen. xxvii. 29, inH 7-nN they that curse thee (sire) 
 cursed, i. e. euch one of them. Comp. Gen. xlvii. 13. Exod.xvii. 12. 
 
 10. The Cardinal Nouns of Number (as one, two, three, &c.) from one 
 to ten, when masculine, ijave a feminine termination ; when feminine, a 
 masculine one. 
 
 11. 07;Yy///«/ Nouns of Number, which have a plural termination, are 
 7«05rMA7m//// joined to Substantives in the singular; but those that have a 
 singular termination, to Substantives in tiie plural: CD'ii'SX ntZ^Vii' Three {or a 
 trinity of ) wzew, Gen.xviii. 2; CD'D^n nynnx Four (or a quaternion of ) 
 kings, Gen, xiv. P ; n^ii? HIND it'DH, HTdf msn ^2Z* Five, — Seven hundreds 
 ofi/ears. Gen. v. 26. 32, are Examples of both these last Rules. Comp, 
 jobi. 2. ^ 
 
 12. The Cardinal Nouns oif Number are sometimes used for the Ordi- 
 nals, as one for frst, three for third, ten for te7ith, &c. See Gen. i. 5. Esth. 
 i. 3, Gen.viii.4, 2 Chron. i. 3. 
 
 13. The Plurals in a* — of Nouns of Number from three to nine in- 
 clusive signify ten times as much as the singular. Thus Z^bw is three, but 
 CD'Z'b'Z' thirty: i^2"ix/our, but CDy2'-\ii forty. 
 
 14. The Nominative or Noun to a Verb is known by asking the question 
 k7/o or zchat'^ with the Verb ; thus in the sentence, God created the heavens, 
 the word God answering the (Question xcho created^^ is the Noun to the 
 V^erb created: so in this sentence The sun shi)ies, the sun is the Noun to the 
 Verb shines. 
 
 15. All Nouns, whether singular or plural, are of the f/aVfi Person, ex- 
 cept when they are joined with tiie pronouns of the^Vsf and second Persons, 
 /, thou, zee or ye. 
 
 16. The Verb usually agrees with its Noun in gender, number, and 
 person, as i':'j3 JZD»n/Xn The Aleim were revealed. Gen. xxxv. 7 ; nn*n pKn 
 the earth teas, Gen. i. 2, 
 
 17. Yet we tind, Gen, i, 14, n"iNi3 >n> there shall be lights, where nnXD 
 feminine and plur. is joined with the Verb >n' masculine and singular. But 
 'n> seems here to be used impersonally, as in many other instances. 
 
 18. AVhen two Nouns of a different Geuder have or govern the same 
 Verb, that Verb is generally put in the masculine gender, as Gen. ii. 1, 
 V"ixni CD'Dli^n ^by) and the heavens and the earth were finished. Comp. 
 above Rule 5. 
 
 19. When several Nouns singular have the same Verb, that Verb is some- 
 times put in the p/.vra/ mii.iber, as Gen. xiv. 1,2; ^ynm — "1Dy'?mD — "JinK 
 nDH/D W^ — Arioch — Chederlaomer — and Tindal — made war. See Gen. 
 ix.23. Comp. above Rule 6, and 7. 
 
 20. Nouns of Multitude, tliough singular, may have a Verb plural, and 
 though feminine, a Verb masculine, as Gen. xli. 57, nnnifO I^^D pKn b3^ 
 and all the earth came to Fgypt ; Deut. ix. 28, pNn nDX' ]D lest the land 
 shall say ; Job xxx. 12, iDip'nniD the youth rose up. See Exod, xii. G. 47. 
 xvi. 1,2. xvii. 1. xxxv. 20. 1 Chron, xiii, 4. Comp. above Rule 8. 
 
 21. A Verb singular joined with a Noun plural, o.- a Verb plural with a 
 Noun singular, often signify distributively, as Joel i.20, jnyn niwn niDHi 
 the beasts (i. e. each of the beasts) of the fields shall cry; Prov. xxviii. 1, 
 ys:'-)— lDi the icicked (every xuiched man) fiee. See Gen.xliii. 22. Exod. 
 J. 10, Job xii. 7. Jer. ii. 13. xxxv. 14. Comp. above Rule 9. 
 
 22. 'I'he Noun masculine plural □•n'?K, when meaning the true God,
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 21 
 
 Jehovah the ever-blessed Trinity, is often joined with Verbs singular, to 
 express the Uniti/ of Essence and Operation, as Gen.i. I, CD♦^^^< N">;i The 
 Alelm created. But comp. Rule 16, and Lexicon, p. 19, col. 2. 
 
 23. The Pionoun relative T>i'i< loho, which, agrees with its Substantive 
 or Substantives in gender, number, and person, and governs its Verb ac- 
 cordingly, as Ezek. xiii. ly, n^nion ^^ Tii'x nv2'D3 r\'ryrh—to slay the souls 
 which should not die. Here "iii'X agrees with its Substantive feminine 
 plural nVki'Di, and accordingly nSDIDn the V^erb it governs, is put in the 
 
 feminine plural third person. So Isa.lx. 12, n3S> i<b "^Wi^ HD'rDQni 'Un 'D 
 M2i<>, for the nation and the kingdom, tvhich shall not serve thee, shall 
 
 perish. Here Tii'K having two Substantives, one mascuhne, and the other 
 feminine, its Verb n3y> is put in the masculine plural third person. See 
 Rule 18, 19. 
 
 24. The Pronoun relative lii'K tvho, which, is often understood, and that 
 not only when it is governed by the Verb or by a Particle (understood) as 
 in English, but also when itself governs the Verb ; Isa. xlii. l6, / will cause 
 the blind to go in a wai/ 1j;i> iO (which) theij kneio not; Exod. vi. 28, a/itZ 
 it was iJi the day nirt' "I3T (in which) Jehovah spake to Moses: Lam. iii. 1, 
 / am the man >i'^ nx"i (who) hath seen ajHiction. 
 
 25. When the connective Particle 1, and, is prefixed to a Verb in the 
 future tense, that Verb signifies future in respect to the Time o/ ("Ot to the 
 
 Time in) which the historian is writing, or the person speaking, as Gen. i. 1, 
 The Aleim ki3 created the heavens and the earth, ver. 3, "IDX'1 and then 
 the Aleim said, ver. 4, NT1 and the Aleim sazi.-, ik.c. Gen. ix. 27, The Aleim 
 nD» shall persuade Japhet, ]yZ") and then he * shall dice/l—*nn and then 
 Canaan shall be a servant to them. So that when a number of facts are 
 recorded or foretold, the 1 with the sign of the future prefixed to a series of 
 Ferbs denotes the successive order of the facts f, 
 
 2G. The future is sometimes used in this sense, even where the ) is not 
 immediately prefixed to the Verb, but other words come between, as 2 Sam. 
 xii. 31, nii'y pi And thus he afterwards did. 
 
 27. Yea where i doth not precede at all, as Job i. 5, ^D 3VX iTiI^y* HDD 
 D'D'n thus successively did Job all the days ; Isa. vi. 2, V3D riDD' DT'iiO ivith 
 two he then covered his face, Comp. Exod. xix. 19. Job i. 7. 1 1 . Eccles. 
 xi. 5. 
 
 28. 1 connective prefixed to Verbs often supplies the place of the signs of 
 Persons, Moods, Tenses, and Numbers, and makes them take in significa- 
 tion those of a preceding Verb, as and often dolh in Engrlish; thus Gen. i. 
 28, and M^br^fillye the earth, niiODI a7id subdue it, for nViia^ subdue ye it. 
 (Comp. Jud.iv. 6, 7. Ruth iii. 3.) Exod. xii. 23, mn' ")2yi arul Jehovah 
 shall pass — the tense of "iD;^ being here taken from the future iK^n i<b ye 
 shall 7iot go out, in the preceding verse, Jud.i. l6, and the so)is of Keni 
 l^y they came up, -jV'l and went, Dil'O and dwelt, for idV they went, and ntz;* 
 they dwelt. Comp. Josh. x. 4. 1 Sam. ii. 28, where nnni is for 'mnn, see 
 the preceding verse. 
 
 29- Verbs [nfnitive are often used as our English verbal Nouns in — ing ; 
 as Gen. ii. 4, § nirr DYzy DiO in the day of Jehovah's making, i.e. when 
 Jehovah made. 
 
 SO. Ferbs Infinitive thus applied admit the same Pronoun Suffixes as 
 Nouns (comp. § V. 5.), as Gen, iii. o, Dd'?DN DIO in the day of your eating. 
 
 • We haTe no one tense in English wbicb will ejfpres:« this Hebrew future. 
 t Thus the future is used after ^h then, Exod. xv. 1. Jesli. x. \".
 
 2-2 A METHODICAL 
 
 SI. Ferhs Jnfinitive admit before ihem the Particles D, D, ^, O, iri the 
 senses explained under these Particles in § IX. and more full)- in the Lexicon. 
 
 32. IleOrew Verbs are frequently joined with their infinitives, which latter 
 may then be rendered as Participles active, or as the Latin Gerunds in do. 
 This sort of expressions generally, if not always, denote succession or con- 
 tinuance, as Gen. xxii. 17, -|nt HN nniN nmm -]3-|3K "J-in blesshtg or 
 in blessing (Lat. benedicendo) I will bless thee, and in multiplying (Lat. 
 multiplicando) / will mid tiplij thij sttd, i. e. I xcill couimn^Wy bless thee, and 
 multipli/ thy seed; Isa. vi. y" i^^n ^Ki iK") ixni 13an bn) yiDt:; lyoi:' hear ye 
 in hearing, \. e. 6e continually hearing, and ye shall not j)erceive ; and see ye 
 in seeing, i. e. be continually seeing, and ye shall not knoiv. So Gen. ii. l6, 17, 
 of evert/ tree of the garden ^dkd ^DX thou shalt or mayest continually eat ; 
 but of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it ; for 
 in the day thou eatest thertof p^npi n^rj dying thou shalt die, i. e. thou 
 shalt begin to die, and so continue liable to death temporal and spiritual. 
 
 39. The Substantive Verb rtTl is, was, &.c. is often omitted in Hebrew, 
 as Gen. i. 2, &c. 
 
 34. Particles in Hebrew have often other Particles prefixed ; or several 
 Particles are joined together in one word. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Of the USE of the SERFILES. 
 
 1. K. 1. Prefixed, from '3K /, forms the first person singular future of all 
 
 Verbs, as ipDH Ixcill visit, from ipD. 
 
 2. Prefixed, forms many Nouns, as 3r3N a lie, from DtD to de- 
 ceive; nils a native tree, from n~ir to spread. 
 
 2. n. Prefixed only. In, for, &c. See Lexicon. 
 
 3. n. 1. Prefixed, denotes the conjugation Hiphil or Huphal. 
 
 2. is emphatical, The, this. 
 
 3. — is vocative or pathetic. 
 
 4. expresses a question or doubt. 
 
 For instances of the three last uses see the Lexicon in n. 
 
 5. Postfixed, is the sign of a feminine Noun, as TW^K a woman; 
 nmiO good (bona). Comp. § IV. 7. 
 
 G. Postfixed, denotes the third person feminine singular preter of 
 Verbs, as mpD she visited. 
 
 7. Postfixed to a Verb or Noun, from x»n, or Kin she, it denotes 
 her; as mpD he visited her, rtT her hand ; and sometimes to a Noun, 
 his, as Gen. xlix. 11. ni'V his foal, nmo his garment; Exod. xxii. 
 4, ni'yn his beast; ver. 26, nniDD his covering*. 
 
 8. Postfixed, to or towards, of place or time. See Lexicon 
 under n 7. 
 
 4. 1. 1. Prefixed, a connective particle, and, 8cc. See Lexicon. 
 
 2. Inserted after the first radical, it denotes the action signified by 
 the Root to be present and continued ; hence it forms the Parti- 
 ciple active, as npiD visiting, and many Nouns in which such action 
 is implied, as nniD a trader, or person trading; nn the spirit or 
 air breathing or in motion ; DV the day or light in agitation (namely 
 by being retlected from the earth) ; and this not only without, but often 
 ♦ Sec Ao/dii Aniiol. in rarlic. 1392.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 23 
 
 with other Serviles to the word; tlms nnxD Geu. i. 14, are instru- 
 ments or sconces of light, but miND, ver. 15, those sconces actually 
 giving light. 
 
 3. Inserted after the second radical, it denotes an action past, and 
 so forms the Participle passive, as mpD visited, and many Nouns m 
 \%hich such action is implied, as itMDn wealth acquired, from ]U'2'\ to 
 acquire. 
 
 4. Postfixed to a Noun, it signifies his, as nm his word ; to a 
 Verb, him, as nDT Ac remembered him. Also sometimes </?ejr or 
 Mew. See Exod. xxiii. 23. Deut. iv. 37- vii. 10. xxi. 10. Josh. u. 4. 
 Ps. xlvi. 4. Isa. V. 25. 
 
 5. Postfixed, denotes the third, or in the Imperative Mood, the 
 second, person plural of Verbs. 
 
 6. Postfixed, forms the collective^. Noun ID'H beasts, from H'H 
 (comp. "IT Ezek. i. 8, and iiD^ in -?Ki:Di for !?K'3D, Gen. xxxii. 31; 
 comp. ver. SO; and see Lexicon under niKll.); also some other 
 Nouns of a passive signification, as 13^ humble, meek, from njy ; in3 
 hollow, from n^ ; inn waste, from nn. 
 
 V. '. 1 . Prefixed to the third persons masc. future sing, and plur. of all 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 2. Prefixed, forms some appellative Nouns, and many proper 
 Names, as DIpV a scrip, from Dp^ to collect ; pnK> Isaac, from pnJf 
 to laugh; Dpy> Jacob, from npy ^o supplant. 
 
 3. Inserted, forms many Nouns ; and after the first radical, denotes 
 the ejf'ect or consequence of the Participle active of the Verb ; for m- 
 stance, from nn air breathing or in motion, comes, nn odour or ex- 
 halation (see n"i in the Lexicon). Inserted after the second radical, 
 denotes the effect or consequence of the Participle passive, as "i'2fp 
 harvest, from niVp cut doivn. 
 
 4. Inserted before the last radical, it denotes the Hiphil conjugation. 
 
 5. Postfixed, denotes a national name, as nny a Hebrew '3J^3D 
 a Canaanite. 
 
 6. the ordinal Numbers, >]D*bz^ third, '^an fourth, S)X. 
 
 And observe, that in these ordinal Nouns of Number, > is not only 
 postfixed, but frequently, as here, inserted also before the last radical. 
 
 7. the second person feminine future and imperative, as 
 
 '^pDn thou (woman) shalt visit; >*7pD visit thou (woman), and some- 
 times the second person fern, preter, as >nD2', and >nTT, Ruth ni. 3; 
 *ninb Jer. xiii. 21. Comp. Jer. xxii. 23. xxxi. 21. and Ezek. xvi. 
 19, 'nnJ ; ver. 20, >nib> ; ver. 37, 'nv^p and >n>b^ ; ver. 43, >mDr 
 and Ti'Ii'V; so ver. 47. 51. 
 
 8. is the sign of the masculine plural in regimine, as 
 
 yiHH 'D^D kings of the earth. Comp. § IV. 15. 
 
 9. is formative in some Nouns, both substantive, as >nK 
 
 Lord, nD fruit ; and adjective, as >WSn free, ntDK violent, oy af- 
 Jiicted, poor. 
 
 10. to a Noun, my, as nm my word: to a Verb, me, as 
 
 npD he visited me. 
 6. D. 1 . Prefixed, a particle of similitude like, as. See Lexicon. 
 
 •2. Postfixed to a Noun, thy, as ")13T thy word; to a Verb, thee, 
 as "jnpD he visited thee.
 
 24 A METHODICAL 
 
 7. b. Prefixed only, To, fur, &,c. See Lexicon. 
 
 8. D. 1. Prefixed, a particle. From, &c. See Lexicon. 
 
 C. Denotes the particple of Hiphiland Huphal (and with n added, 
 of Hithputl), whence 
 
 3. It forms many Nouns, signifying the instrument, or mean, or 
 place of action, as from p to protect, po a shield, instrument of pro- 
 tection ; from n^f to sacrifice; n2\D an altar; so with n or n post- 
 fixed, many feminine nouns, as rhz'^D instrument or mean of ruling. 
 
 4. Poslfixed to a noun, their , as D"Q1 their word; to a verb, 
 them, as CDipD he visited then. 
 
 5. Poslfixed with i, forms the noun CDinD redemption, from niD 
 to redeem. 
 
 6. Postfixed, forms some adverbs, as DQV hyday,ivoix\ C3V tffly; 
 Din gratis, from ]|n tfc i>e yiind^ gracious ; CiJDX ^rw/yj from \nn 
 truth; j^pn ro^///y, froiJi pnvain. 
 
 9.3. 1. Prefixed, forms the preter and participle of the conjugation 
 
 Niphal. 
 
 2. the first person plural future of all verbs. 
 
 3. some few appellative nouns, as n^D3 an ant, from 
 
 ^D to crop ; p")3 a mutterer, tvhispcrcr, from \T\ to whisper. 
 
 4. Postfixed, them and their, feminine. 
 
 5. forms many nouns, as \2,'\^ an offering, from mp 
 
 to approach ; especially w ith i preceding, as ]"i"i3? a memorial, from 
 "iDt ^0 remember ; \ny^ drunkejiness, from "iD'ii' ^o inebriate. 
 
 10. !i;. ]. Prefixed only, denotes the relative who, which. 
 
 2. the particle that, because. See Lexicon. 
 
 11. n. 1. Prefixed, denotes a noun, as masc. TdVd a disciple or scholar, 
 
 from ID^ ^0 teach ; masculine plural D'D"in Teraphim, from riDI ^o 
 venerate; feminine ninn a prayer, means of obtaining favour, from 
 \n to be gracious : also a particle, as mn under, from Dn3 ^o c?e- 
 
 2. Prefixed to the second person future of both numbers and gen- 
 ders ; and to third person future feminine sing, and plur. 
 
 3. Postfixed, denotes the second person preter. sing, of all verbs. 
 
 4. in regimine for n fern. See § IV. l6. 
 
 5. forms many nouns feminine, as mtOp incense, from 
 
 ">Dp to fumigate. 
 
 12. The above Table of the Serviles should be carefully perused by the 
 learner, and continually consulted by him, when in words he meets with let- 
 ters for which he cannot account. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Rules for finding the ROOT in the ensuing * LEXICON. 
 1 . Reject all affixes, and letters acquired in forming ; if three letters re- 
 
 • A» I would wish the reader, who lias opjiortanity and abilities, to consult other works of this 
 kind, and particularly the highly valuable Lexicon and Concordance of Murius de Calaiio, I here 
 subjoin 
 
 Somesho)-t Rules fnr finding the Hoot in other Lexicons. 
 
 1. Reject all affixes, and letters ncquirod in forming ; if three letterH remain, that is the root.
 
 / 
 
 HEBRiRAMi GRAMMAR. 25 
 
 main, that is generally the root: tl futus in the word n»tt^K"»P^"' *• 1, 3 is a 
 particle or affix signifying in, § I]p, set 2. n» a termination /louns, see § IV. 
 Q, therefore 5i'K1 is the root. .i fen/ 
 
 2. But if, after rejecting the afi^r, fi>es and dative letters, the word hath ^ 
 or > inserted (unless before * n), ^pl must reject them also, and then you 
 will f gejierallu find it under the ' /remaining letters. (Comp. § VII. l6.) 
 Thus in TXn?, Gen. i. 17, ^ ia|^ particle to or jTor, § IX. 7. n is the sign 
 of conjugation Hiph. § IX. S. , TX then remaining, I also reject ', and look 
 for root -)S. jn 
 
 3. If, after rejecting the afl^res and formative letters, only two letters re- 
 main, that is frequently the re t. Thus in D'Dii'H, Gen. i. 1, n is a particle 
 emphatic, the, by § IX. 3. ff! is the termination of a noun masculine plural, 
 by § IV. 9. D'^ therefore rer/ ins for the root. 
 
 4. But if, in this case, youj tannc t find it as a two-Iettertd root, add » or 3 
 to the beginning of the word, ^nd to the df^-^^tions of npb to take, b (comp. 
 § VII. 7, 8. 1 1 — 13) or n, and more rarely k to the end. (Comp. § VII. 
 GO — 22.) Thus in nj/in Gen. ii. 9, n is emphatic, the, § IX. 3. n is a 
 feminine termination, § IX. 1 1 ; these then being rejected, j;t remains ; but 
 not finding this in a two-lettered form, I add > Yod to the beginning, and 
 find it under root yi'. Again, in npM and he took. Gen. ii. 15, 1 is a parti- 
 cle andy § IX. 4 ; > is the sign of the third person masculine future, § IX. 5; 
 np then remaining, I add b to the beginning, and look for npb. In OD, Gen. 
 i. 2, » is the sign of the N. masc. plur. in regimine, § IV. 15 ; this therefore 
 being rejected, and not finding the root \D in a two-lettered form, I add n to 
 the end, and look for nJD. 
 
 5. If, after rejecting the affixes and formative letters, only otie letter should 
 remain, add » or 3 to the beginning, and n to the end. Thus Gen. xiv. 15, in 
 DDM, 1 is a connective particle and, § IX. 4; 'the sign of the third person 
 masculine future, § IX. 5 ; and D a suffix, them, § V. 5, and IX. 8 ; there 
 remaing then only the letter D, prefix 3 to the beginning, and add n to the end, 
 and look for the root n33. Comp. § VII. 25. 
 
 6. Nouns or particles of two letters ending in » must usually be sought 
 under roots with n for the final letter, as for >D the mouth, see HD ; but for o 
 that, see nriD ; and sometimes such nouns belong to roots with i for the mid- 
 dle letter, as »D a burning to riD. 
 
 7. Reduplicate words must be sought under their simple ones ; thus, for 
 ^^3 and ^J^J see ^J, for -jDDDn see -]Dn. Comp. § VII. 28. 
 
 2. If only two, add » or 3 in the beginning (and in the deflections of np"? to take, ■?), ♦ or 1 in the 
 middle, n or K at the end, or doable the second radical letter — for instance, if the word 33D occurs, 
 30 is the root. 
 
 3. Observe • is to be added at the beginning, 1 in the middle, or n at the end, mnch more fre- 
 qaently than the other. 
 
 4. If, after rejecting the affixes and formative letters, only one letter shoald remain, add • or 3 to 
 the beginning, and n at the end. Thus for ynn, see m» ; for ^K, see n33. 
 
 * Obserre that vrhen i or 'is the middle, and n the final letter of the root, the i or < is retaibed, 
 as in ma, n'n, mi. 
 
 t In some Verbs the i in the middle is radical and immutable, as in mv, IP^.
 
 26 A METHWODL^ '^^ 
 
 SECTICL, ^^ XI. 
 
 J GRA^t:a^A'2i:^^.PS4^li^'^^or EXERCISE on the FirM 
 
 Vj!apferof\^^^;fiESJS. 
 
 Iieavens ibe of substance the i\'eim^c/y^, created beginning the In 
 
 D earth the ot substance the ano 
 as.<V"lNn JIKI 
 
 * -4 
 
 n'i:^«nn see § X. l. snn third person n\ ^^.uline singular preter in Kal 
 of the verb N13, and consequently the * vootV '^>lf, and joined with the noun 
 D>nbn, though plural, by ^ Vlil. C2. V'T^bnJ ^pun masculine plural, § IV. 
 9, from the root n^N, § X. 1. DK, a 'v^rti I^the, from root nPK, § X. 4. 
 D'Orn, see ^ X. 3. DNl, 1 aS;?r^i^/^5 iiX>. ns as before. pKH, n is 
 emphatic, px a noun witirwHtorH^alive ^, § jI^v-^1, from the root p. 
 faces the upon darkness and >hollow and unformed was earth the And 
 
 of faces the upon motion a causing Aleim the of spirit the and deep the of 
 
 ^:3 bv /isma wnbi^ nm Dinn 
 
 .waters the 
 
 1 and, ^nxn just explained, nri'n, third person feminine singular preter of 
 the verb n'n,§ V^H. 20, 21 ; and agreeiuvj with pK in gender, number, and 
 person, § Vlll. 15, iC. inn a noun adjective, § IX. 4. inm, 1 and, inn a 
 noun adjective, § IX. 4. ']Wn a noun from the root yVH. by a particle 
 from the root nby. >3D a noun masculine plural in r€gi?nine, from the root 
 n3D, see § X. 4. CZlinn a noun, § IX. 11, from the root J-jn, § X. 2. nil 
 a noun, ^ IX. 4, of the root n"i, § X. 2. nDHID a participle feminine in 
 Iliphil, from the root rjni, by § VI. 1?. 24, and agreeing in gender and num- 
 ber with nn, by § VIII. 2. 4; the verb substantive being omitted by § Vill. 
 33. O'On, CD'D a noun masculine plural, from the root a>. See Lexicon. 
 .Light was there then and ,Light be shall there Aleim the said then And 
 
 :-n^i ^m -nr* rv" w^nbii -idk''*) 3. 
 
 "IDNM, 1 and, "iDX' a verb third person masculine singular future in Kal, 
 ^ VI. 12, from root IDK § X. 1. see also § VIII. 25. >n' third person mas- 
 culine singular future, from root iTHj for n*ns § VII. 20, 21. niK a noun, 
 § IX. 4, from the root-iK, § X. 2. 
 
 Aleim the divided then and ,good that Light the Aleim the saw then And 
 
 .Darkness the between and Light the between 
 
 ir\> third person masculine singular, from root nx"), for nxiS § VII. 20, 
 21. O a particle, from the root nn3, § X. 6. niD a noun, § IX. 4, from 
 the root 3D, § X. 2. b'T2> third person masculine singular of the root bl'2, 
 § X. 1 . y2 a. particle of the root p, § X. 2. 
 
 Darkness the (to) and Day Light the (to) Aleim the called then And 
 .fust the Day Monmig was there and Evening was there and ; Night called he 
 
 iinik Dv ip2 M>i n-)jr >m nb'b ^i■^p 
 
 • N. B. The Graiomarian8 and Lexicop-apliers always consider the third person luasc. sing, pre- 
 ter in Kaf, as the root in such words as occur in a vpi Ijal form.
 
 HEBREW ^GRAMMAR. 27 
 
 Nnp' third person masculine singular future, from the root Kip, § X. 1. 
 "ilK^, b a particle following the verb K"ip, see Lexicon. Dv a noun, § IX. 
 4, from the root D', § X. 2. n^'^ a noun feminine, § IV. 6, from the root bb, 
 fj X. C. my a noun masculine singular, from the root mj;. npn a noun 
 masculine singular, from the root npn. nnx a noun masculine singular, from 
 the root in», § X. 4. 
 midst the in Expanse an be shall there Aleim the said then And 
 
 .waters to waters between division a causing be shall it and waters the of 
 
 ypl a noun masculine, § IX. 5, from the root j/pn, § X. 1 . "jira, D a 
 particle ?;j, ")in a noun, § IX. 4, from the root nn, § X. 2. ^nno a parti- 
 ciple masculine singular in Hiphil, from the root 713, § VI. 17. 
 
 waters the between divided he and Expanse the Aleim the made then And 
 above (at) which waters the between and , Expanse the (to) under (at) which 
 
 ^12 "W)^ D^Drr rai . T\rb, rinriD "wik 
 
 .(mechanized or) so was it and , Expanse the (to) 
 
 •li'V* third person masculine singular future, for n*ki'y>, from the root nti*y, 
 ^ VII. 20, 21. "l-rx the pronoun relative (see § V. '2.)ivhich, from the root 
 "12'N, O a particle, at, joined by ^ VIII, 34, which another particle nnn, 
 from the root nnJ, § IX. 11. So ^yD compounded of D, at, and "^y «j3o/j, 
 from the root n^y. p see Lexicon. 
 
 .(placers) Heavens expanse the (to) Aleim the called then And 
 
 WDV yp")'? D^^'?^< Nnp^i s. 
 
 .second the Day morning was there and evening was there and 
 
 ■ ^iu: Qv ipa ^rpi my ^n^i 
 
 ♦3*1:^ an ordinal noun of number, ^ IX. 5, from the root n3!£', § X. 4. 
 
 ,one place to * waters the tend shall Aleim the said then And 
 
 .so was it and ,(land) dry the appear shall then and 
 
 1ip' third person masculine plural future in Kal or Nipk, from the root mp, 
 § VII. 20, 21, agreeing with the noun masculine plural D'D- ^N a particle, 
 to, from the root bi<. DipQ a noun, § IX. 8, from the root Dp, § X. 2. 
 riNin third person feminine singular future in Nipha/, from the root nxi, 
 § VII. 21, agreeing with the feminine noun riti'l', with n emphatic prefixed, 
 from the root \V2*. 
 
 of place the (to) and ,earth (land) drvthe (to) Aleim the called then And 
 
 mpDbi .V-1^* rrbyb D^^'?^< Kip^i lo. 
 
 .good that Aleim the saw then and seas called he waters the of tending 
 :21D O D'nbi^ N-l^l D^D^ Kip D^DH 
 
 nipD^I, ^ a/jrf, b a particle, ^0, after the verb Nip, as in ver. 5. nipO, a 
 
 noun of place, § IX. 8, from the root mp, § X. 2, and note. D'D* a noun 
 
 masculine plural, § IV. 9, from the rootDS § X. 3. 
 
 • This stroke ^ ^ over several English and Hebrew words denotes thai yea must be- 
 gin lo read Ihe EnglUh word or words answering lolhose Hebrew ones, which are placed at the end 
 of the stroke towards the left hand ; as here, for iD)itaocc,the EngUih, tu make seBse, most be read, 
 (^« wateri shall tend.
 
 28 A METHODICAL 
 
 herb of bud the earth the forth shoot shall Aleim the said then And 
 
 ni^v i^^T yiNM i^unn u'ribi^ tdk^i h. 
 
 it in seed it's which ,kiiid its for fruit bearing fruit of tree the ,seed seeding 
 
 13 iviT ')^ii irQ"? ns) rwv ns) \v nr nta 
 
 .so was it and ,eartli the upon 
 
 Kl^TD third person feminine singular future in Kal, of the root ii]Dl, § X. 
 1, agreeing with the noun feminine y-\H. 3Ii'y, a noun, from the root 2\Ly. 
 V>nro a participle masculine singular, i.i Hiphil, from the root ynr, § VI. 17, 
 and § IX. H. nD a noun masculine singular, § IX. 5, from the root rnD, 
 § X. 4. TWy a participle masculine Benoiii, or active, in Kal, from the root 
 nit'jr, § VI. 17. 20. ^y^ob, b a particle, /or, 1 an affix, his, or iYs (masculine) 
 § IX. 4. ^'D a noun masculine singular, from root nJD, see § X. 4. n, "2 
 a particle, 2/t, prefixed to the pronoun suffix 1 him, or zY masculine, § V. 5, 6. — 
 O iy"if "^I^'X which its seed in it, a Hebraism for zvhose seed in it. 
 ,kind its for seed seeding herb of bud the earth the forth brought then And 
 
 saw then and kind its for it in seed its which fruit bearing tree the and 
 
 .good that A lean the 
 
 ••aiD o wrhr^ 
 
 KSm third person feminine singular future in Hiphil of the root S2f', see 
 § VII. 7, 8, and ^ VI. 24, agreeing with the noun feminine pN. irTl'O^. 
 ^'D^, before explained, "in a pronoun suffix, his, § V. 3. 
 
 .third the Day morning was there and evening was there And 
 
 •.'^'b^ Dv npn M^i niy ^rv^ 13. 
 
 >iy>^tZ^ an ordinal noun of number, § IX. 5, from the root \Db'\Vi § X. 1. 
 expanse the in light of instruments be shall there Aleim the said then And 
 
 ,nieht the betw een and day the between division a cause to for heavens the of 
 
 .years and days for and seasons for and signs for be shall they and 
 
 >n> See § VIII. 17, rrm:^ a noun feminine plural, § IV. 11, from the root 
 -IK, § X. 3, with D, denoting the instrument, § IX. 8. ^'T^nS bfor, pre- 
 fixed by § VIII. 31, to ^nnn, Infinitive Hiphil of the root b^^2, § VI. 17. 
 vm See § VIII. 28. nnxb , b for , nn^ feminine plural of DIN, from the 
 root nnN, § X. 4. DnyiD a noun masculine plural, § IV. 9, from the root 
 ny of the form of a participle Hiphil, see § VII. 7, 8, and § IX. 8. D'Q> 
 plural of DV, dropping the l. Comp. ^ IX. under l 2, and § VII. 16—18. 
 
 give to for heavens the of expanse the in lights for be shall they And 
 
 .so was it and ,earth the upon light 
 
 miNt3, see UX. 4. n>sn% bfor, joined by § VIII. 31, to TKH infinitive 
 Hiphil of the verb ix, ^ VII. 16. Comp. § X. 2. 
 
 the great light of instnuncnts two the Aleim the made then And
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 29 
 
 night the of rule the for little light the and ,day the of rule the for great light 
 
 7^b•b7^ rhTi^DDb lapn tindh dni dvh nb^Dnb T\:n -iij^Dn 
 
 •stars the and 
 
 >3tt> a noun masculine, from the root r\W § X. 4. D'^lJn, n is emphatic, 
 see § Vni. 3. mND a noun masculine, from the roofiN, ^ IX. 8. rhWDDb, b 
 for, n'Pti'DD a noun feminine singular in regimine, § IV. 16, from the root 
 btnn, \ IX. 8. DODD a noun masculine plural, from the root 333, § IX. 4. 
 
 for heavens the of expanse the in Aleim the them placed then And 
 
 D^Qurn rp"ii u^rbr^ DJ^^4 l-n^i . 1 7. 
 
 .earth the upon light give to 
 
 :Y"iJ^n bv "Tixrh 
 
 \r\* third person masculine singular future in Kalj from the verb ^n3, 
 § VII. 26. 
 division a cause to for and night the in and day the in rule to for And 
 
 ."^nnnbi rhhy) Dvn b^^b') is. 
 
 that Aleim the saw then and ,darkness the between and light the between 
 
 .good 
 
 bwr^ infinitive of the verb bwr^y with b prefixed, by § VIII. 31. 
 
 .fourth the Day morning was there and evening was there And 
 
 ••"irai Dv ")p2 ^n^*) yv ^n^ 19. 
 
 'yon an ordinal noun of number, § IX. 5, of the root yn^, §. X. 1. 
 
 reptile the waters the abundantly produce shall Aleim the said then And 
 
 of faces the upon earth the above flutter shall fowl and ,living a creature 
 
 ^:9 bv Y"l^*^ bv ^'sT ^^y\ rvn ^D^^ 
 
 .heavens the of expanse the 
 
 "I2f")ti" third person masculine plural future in Kal of the root ^nii>, agree- 
 ing with D>D, § VIII. 16. tr^Dl a noun feminine singular, from the root t^^DJ. 
 r[>n a noun adjective feminine singular, agreeing with li'Di, from the root 7\'n, 
 § X. 4. ^iDiy third person masculine singular future in Kal^ agreeing with 
 the noun r]iy, of the reduplicate verb rjDV, § VII, 30, from the root f]y, 
 §VII.27, and§X. 7. 
 
 every the and ,great M'hales the Aleim the created then And 
 
 b^ iiM D^^i:in D^'-jnn jin D^"^'?^* s"i2''i 21. 
 
 ,kind their for waters the abundantly produced which .creeping living creature 
 
 uny^i^b D^DH yrw "w^ rwni'ri mnn w^^ 
 
 I \ 
 
 .good that Aleim the saw then and ,kind his for wing of fowl every the and 
 
 D3'3n a noun masculine plural, § IV. 9, of the reduplicate word ^'3n from 
 the root n^D. See § VII. 28. ntt'Dnn, il emphatic, prefixed to ni:^D1, the 
 participle feminine Benoni in Kal, of the root \nry\, h VI. 17. See Lexicon 
 under n 3.
 
 30 A METHODICAL 
 
 and fruitful ye be (saying) say to Aleim the them blessed then And 
 
 i-iB ')Diib D^nbN DJ^^* "p^^i 22. 
 
 in multiply shall fowl the and ,sea the in waters the ye fill and ye multiply 
 
 .earth the 
 
 -|-|3> third person masculine singular future in Kal of the root "jia. 
 "1DN% b prefixed to an intinitive, lo,Jur to, see Lexicon. nD second per- 
 son masculine plural imperative in Kal, of the verb n")D, so 13") of n3~i, 
 § VII. CO. D'DQ, 3 a particle, in, prefixed to D'D* masc. plural of the noun 
 D». 31> third person masculine future in Kal of the root n^l, § VII. 20, 21, 
 agreeing with the masculine noun rjiy. 
 
 .fifth the Day morning was there and evening was there And 
 
 ■■'w^Dn Dv -ipa \Ti ny %-t>i 23. 
 
 »ti"Dn an ordinal noun of number, § IX. 5, from the root t^on, § X. 1. 
 
 living creature the earth the forth bring shall Aleim the said then And 
 
 rm . rE)j yiNrr K:iin Q'^nbik "idk^i 24. 
 
 ,kind its for earth the of beasts wild and reptile and cattle ,kind its for 
 
 .so was it and 
 
 nVO^, ^'D^ above explained, n a pronoun suffix, /ler or aVs, feminine, 
 § IX. 3. nmn a noun fem. of the root Dn3. li^D^I, 1 a?Z(/, ti'D") a noun 
 n)asculine singular of the root W01. 1jn>m, 1 and, inTF a collective noun 
 singular from the root irn, see § IX. 4. 
 
 the and ,kind its for earth the of beast wild the Aleim the made then And 
 then and ,kind its for ground the of reptile every the and ,kind its for cattle 
 
 .good that Aleim the saw 
 
 DTT a noun feminine singular wt regimine^ § IV. l6, of the root irn, § X. 4. 
 our according to image our in man make will we Aleim the said then And 
 
 ^1rm1'2 ^:d7'n Dii^ nm^ w^rh^ '^D^*^') 26. 
 
 of fowl the over and sea the offish the over rule shall they and jlikeness 
 
 every over and earth the all over and cattle the over and heavens the 
 73m Y"i>*^ '^sm r\t2T\2y) D^Dttril 
 
 .earth the upon creeping reptile the 
 
 :V-ixrr b:j ttTDin t^D-irr 
 
 niyyi first person plural future in Kal, from the root r^WjJ. DIN a noun 
 masculine singular, from the root iiDT, § X. 4. 13D^Jf3, 1 in, 13 a pronoun 
 suffix, our, \ V. 5. D'?Jf a noun masculine singular, from the root ub^t. 
 MmonD, D a particle as, according to, 13 a pronoun suffix our, niDl a noun 
 feminine singular, see § IV. 6, from root non, § X. 4, see Lexicon. HTl, 1 
 awe?, m> third person masculine plural future in Kal, of the root riTI, 
 § X. 4. njl3, 3 in, r\T\ a collective noun feminine singular in regimine, 
 \ IV. 16, from the root ji, ^ X. 3. 
 
 of image the in ,image his in man the Aleim the created then And 
 
 DTsn My)ii ui\xr\ n^< D^n'?« \r)y\ 27. 
 
 .them created he female and male ,him created he Aleim the
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 31 
 
 iriN from the particle nK, and i, him. "iDT a noun inascnline from the 
 root -)Dr. n3p3 a noun feminine from the root np3. DJIS from nx and D 
 Mew. See § VIll. 7. 
 Aleim the them to said then and Aleim the them blessed then And 
 
 wrb\k urh ■^D^*''1 wrb^ Dn«. tii''\ . 28. 
 
 rule and ,it subdue and earth the ve fill and ye multiply and fruitful ye be 
 every over and heavens the of fowl the over and sea the of fish the over ye 
 
 .earth the upon moving beast 
 
 : yii^n bv rwr2T\ rvn 
 
 CDii^, b a particle to, % IX. 7, prefixed to CDH them. nti'DD, n iV femi- 
 nine. See § VIII. 28. 
 
 herb every the you to given have I behold Aleim the said then And 
 which tree every the and ,earth the all of faces the upon which seed seeding 
 
 '^^tk YJ^n b:i n'i^^ yiKn bD •'JHj bv "ii£^k v^\ v^y 
 
 .food for be shall it you to ,seed seeding tree a of fruit the it in 
 
 n3n a particle from the root niH. 'DPi first person preter of the verb ]n3, 
 § VII. 26. Dd% ^ ^0, prefixed to DD yoif, § V. 5. n^DK a noun feminine, 
 § IV. 6, from the root ^dk, § X. 1 . 
 and heavens the of fowl everv to and earth the of beast every to And 
 
 D\:)ti^n e)iy . 'b:b^ '^^r^ rm . '?d'?i so. 
 
 the .life of breath the it in which earth the upon creeping (thing) every to 
 
 n« rvn tt^si n -wi^ x^^r^ byi ^uv^ ^5Vi 
 
 .so was it and ,food for herb green every 
 
 :p \-n rh'2'i'h 2^ pn^ b^ 
 
 p-\* a noun from the root p"i>. 
 behold and made bad he which whole the Aleim the saw then And 
 
 njrn rwv . "w^ bD r\\k d^h'^k kh^i 31. 
 
 .sixth the Day morning was there and evening was there and very good 
 
 -.•^^D^T} DV -ip2 ^n^i :r\v ^n^i ikd aiia 
 
 *TXD a particle from the root *1KQ, >ti^tt?rr, n emphatic prefixed to ''il}]!} an 
 ordinal noun of number, § IX. 5.
 
 ^WKW^ . I JL «. .
 
 w 
 
 The Hebi-ew Grammar at One View. 
 
 I. OF THE LETTERS AND READING. 
 
 III. OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 N.m,. 
 
 F»i.. 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 AIcpli 
 
 K 
 
 ■ 
 
 Belli 
 
 3 
 
 
 Ciiutl 
 Daltlli 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rr 
 
 
 Z«m 
 
 t 
 
 
 Helh 
 
 n 
 
 
 Tell. 
 
 m 
 
 
 Vod 
 
 
 
 C.|,l. 
 Lrniied 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 Mem 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 Nun 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Kunech 
 
 n 
 
 
 OiD 
 
 V 
 
 
 P> 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 Jiildi 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 Kopb 
 Rc.li 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Shin 
 
 v; 
 
 
 Tmi 
 
 n 
 
 
 I (BS 00) « 
 
 . Hebrew n read from the right band i >• P' 
 
 Movt-cU long and tirontf, ibe aup- 
 
 ulicd Olios ihorl aud quick. 
 i. A Hooior Radix is a wonl ui«ally 
 
 flf (Aree Lcttcn, whoncu othvrs art 
 
 formed. 
 (. The etrvcn k-Hon formiug the 
 
 words 3^31 TWO 1/1'N arc Krrifr, 
 
 or terve titr the grammBltcal Ib- 
 
 llcclionR, Particles, ^. 
 
 oonM 
 
 Illd. Nirr.N'nsiiig- Hc.s/,e,vh 
 
 II. OF NOUNS. 
 
 Vouiii or Samet are of two kinds : Suliiltmtive, which denote a nlHance 
 r fAinc-, aa tC^^H " Man, 13 Puritif ; aud Adjective, which denote i 
 |uart(y of the &*6rtantMe, as 31H p"'"', 71J ff^w. 
 
 3. Afoit fominine Noi 
 
 5. The plural mafculine is formed by adding D^,='nd souielimcs only D to 
 •iDgular; as ^'?0 « *'"&, pl'"- Q'370 o^ 07712 ki»gt. 
 
 e. 'I'he plaral femioinc is formed by adding /ll *<» "ic singular, as TpH a lana, 
 Tll^M /ond* ; or by changing H t /I into jyi. as mi/l a /aw. /Illl/I Aiw* ; 
 or /l*inlo/ll\asJnnSD,plur. /IVISO; but in feminine plurals the lis often 
 
 7 Feminine Nouns have another plural foriDod by changing H intoO''Jl< 
 nom o rfowwei, jilur. Q^nom ■■ This plural halh often a dual signiecatio 
 
 8. Konns feminine singular m Rt^minc change n inio J1. as rPllil 
 
 O. Nouns masculine plural in, W^pmine drop their D, »' DObo *'»¥?'. O^O 
 pN Ai»p» o/"fAe ear(A, 'iJ'a'jD oiar hingt. So Nouns fern. plnr. in UTI, when 
 
 stand intUad o/.Voutu, and i 
 
 Isl*3U. */lK sing- '■ whence }« prefixed 
 ■Tpostfixed 
 '3 |.ostfixcd 
 f 3t.refi"cdr 
 U poslGxed first p 
 
 13M[.lur. HV. whc 
 
 •/I pnstGxcd first per»oii sing, prcter. 
 
 3t>reliKcd forms flrat person plur. ful. 
 I3 poslGxed first person plur, preter. 
 13 pAstfixed iM and itiir. 
 
 lid. /IN. 'il«.s 
 
 OriN luasi . |.lur. IV, 
 
 e /I prefixed fonns second perFOO sing. fut. 
 n □osllixcd second person sing, preter. 
 jullixed to second person fem. ung. fut. 
 
 }r) postlixcd second p 
 
 plur. you, whence CDD poslfixcd you and your, masc 
 
 ]3/lH fcni. plur. You, whence p poslfixcd you and your.fcm. 
 
 ?nrc, ^ prefixed formsthird person masc. sing. fut, 
 1il< 13 postfixcd Attn and Air. 
 
 ri postfixcd forms third person fem. sing. 
 
 on. ia n 
 
 . The Ports of Pronouns forming the PersoTU, &c. of Verba, a 
 N. B. Compare 1 
 
 IV. OP VERBS. 
 
 2. In HebTeto they have llirce Conjugations, Kal, Hiphil, aud Htlhpacl. 
 
 ast radical, and aignilies to cause another t 
 : its passive HupAal generally drops the >. 
 rcfixing /IPI in the Preter. and signifies (. 
 
 vitited himielf; but is often pattive 
 
 plied for the i)uA. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 I'ictcr or I'ait Tense. 
 
 Plur. ^">g- 
 
 ■npn Thev I She n— ipS He 
 Fem. p— Bmp3 Ye | mps Thou2. J- Pers. 
 
 13ip3 We I 'nTp3 I 
 
 33 
 
 12. Esceiil Ihtl Ihoie reimliling IjS] in lomc rornis u«e 1 inilcd of Iho U.l 
 
 ' ■•myo. f™ '7020; uid m Hii*. „,d .omcllnios to olhcr Coojog.. 
 
 " "" " i" warn from la. in tlSUP rroni 
 
 ■, take 1 alUr the fini 1 
 
 Fem. n3— n TIpB' They 1 She — rni>S> He 
 Fem.nS— niTpsnYe j Fern* — mp3nThou2. 
 Tpsa We I TpsK I 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 °"^:l 
 '\\' 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sim 
 
 Fem. nj — np3 Ye | Fem. *— TpS Visit thou, 2d Pers. 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 lips andTpsTo visit. 
 
 Participle active, or Benoni. 
 Plur, Sing. 
 
 Fem, m — D*!?^ ] Fem. fl — and H— Tp^s Visiting, 
 
 Participle passive, or Paou), 
 Plur. Sing. 
 
 Fem. m— snips I Fem. n— and H—iipD Visited. 
 
 Thninghaul all the Conjugations the Personal Affixes arc added, and tb( 
 
 Participles declined, as in Kal. 
 
 In Niphnl tUc^ is prefixed only to (he Preter and to the Participle, but n't 
 
 thelmp^Tativi- and IntinJIivc. 
 
 In Hip/i. Hiipli. and Hitfi. Htc Formative ri ts always dropt after another 
 
 servile, m. llifoiishi.iil llie ftilure, and fj i« prefixed to the Pari" ' ' ' ' 
 
 Huph. is llie same aa Hiph. the Formative * being dropt, as 
 
 in hiph. 
 
 In the Hith. of Verbs beginning with It' or D. 71 i* transposed 
 
 -. with S. /I is ' 
 
 : changed ii 
 
 n nonitfn 
 
 V. OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 whirl, t 
 
 Defectivei\wi6 cither hut two Radicals, 
 fur their last. 
 Verbs of butt' 
 
 c Rodic 
 
 L'S drop a radical Letti 
 their first Radical, or 
 helntltr. as DH^* from 
 
 fur their lai 
 
 Verbs of b 
 
 □K;, and in Hupk. before the former, as Qpin _, 
 
 Verbs with* for the first Hadirat. often drop it in the Fulure. Imperative, and 
 
 Infinitive of AV, to h hieb lahl they pustOx 71 (np?!" taJu follows this form), 
 
 iVi)(A. and " ' " " '" .■-:-»:-'-• 
 Verbs with J Ibr 
 
 and in fiiph. and Hiph. they ebat 
 
 in the Fulure, Impcrali 
 
 infinitive oiKal (to which last they postfix n), and in Ihc Preter of A'ipA. 
 
 and throughout HipA. and Hupk. 
 
 In Hith. the two latter kinds of verbs ore generally regular. 
 
 Verbs with 77 for their last Radical, often drop it, or change it 
 
 before a n servile into /I, and generally form the Infinitive by changing H 
 
 into/11. 
 
 Verbs that have * 
 
 i 71, before 3 and /l 
 
 verb 1/13 to gioe. often drops both its 3'*- 
 
 10. In verbs M is often dropt after a servile H ; and 3 a 
 
 11. Reduplicate Verbs are declined regularly. 
 
 VI. OF SYNTAX. 
 
 . The AAirctivc generaUif ■(rtccs willi its Rubstantivt 
 
 rrniyn3nM, 
 
 a genacr, i 
 
 
 , M,.M, prcQxcd to Verbs in the Future, denotes nie«J»iOTi. 
 
 ^aTul, prefixed to Voths, often suppliet the signs of the Rrammalical In- 
 
 fleeiions. as rWMl md ndidut (ye) U. Gen. t. -^ 
 
 p\HSrse?( vS. rs.""" '^^ ''""''" ^' =■ ^' °- '""'''■ ''^«*''^" 
 
 VII. OF THE USE OF THE SERVILES. 
 
 H prefixed, forms first person singular Future of Verbs, also Nouns. 
 2, 3 prefixed. In, ite. 
 
 n prefixed, sign of Conjugalion Hiph. or ffi^iA. 
 
 also emphatical, palhelie, or interrogative, 
 postfixcd, denotes a Noun Icminine; also third person feminine l*i 
 
 (I. 3 prefixed, like. 
 
 ) plural in Regimin 
 
 second person feminine Future and Imperative of Verbs. 
 
 postfixcd, ihee, Ikine. 
 
 Nouns; a\ao frotn 
 
 , ._ first person Futui 
 
 uiuial of Verbs, and Nouns. 
 poslGxed, them, their, feminine. 
 
 10. 1^ prefixed, icAo, which, also the particle thai. 
 
 11. /I prefixed, denotes second persons Future singular and plural of Verbs 
 
 also forms Noun*, 
 postfixcd. second person singular Prcter of Verbs, also used in Regimit 
 for 7T (see ^ II. S.); and forms Nouns. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Iteject all Affixes i 
 
 OF FINDING THE ROOT. 
 
 id fbrmalivo Letters. If (Aw Letters r( 
 
 3. If after rejecting the Affixes and fo 
 that \i frequently the Koot. 
 
 4. Rut if you find it not in Ibis (wo-Ig - 
 
 (and to the defiections of pm? to take. ?|, or n to the end. 
 
 6. If only OM Letter reum" 
 
 Letters, only two Letters rem 
 
 form, add * or 3 to the begini 
 
 rginning, and il to Ibe end. 
 
 Tkii Epitome not only sfietcs in how narrow a Compau the most necessary Rules 
 of the Hebrew Language may be eomprited, bit alto may well stmt as a 
 Grammar to be learned by bcarl (except % III. and VII, wAieA however should 
 be attentively perjued. and continually consulted) by the younger Hcbrcans, 
 and perhaps may not be unprofitable as a constant Companion to more advanrtd
 
 3 
 
 A SHORT 
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR, 
 
 WITHOUT POINTS; 
 
 DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF THOSE WHO ALREADY UNDERSTAND HEBREW. 
 
 •Sane Chaldseam aut Syriacam Lingaam etiam nutic eiperimur omniam minimi ab Hebitei (Jngai 
 diffenre, ita ut Dialectns potius el rariata Elocutio, quam lingua, ab Hebraed diTersa, hahenda iit. 
 
 " In truth we even now find that of all Languages the Chaldee or Syrian differs the Uast from the 
 Hebrew, so that it is rather to be esteemed a Dialect or varied Pronunciation than a different Lau- 
 gaage." C. Vitringa, ObserFat. Sacr. lib. i. cap. 5. J v. edit. 4t«6.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The want of a Ckaldee Grammar, in the first Edition of this Work, 
 seemed a real deficiency. This I have now endeavoured to supply in the 
 following pages; with which however I would by no means advise the 
 Learner to concern himself, till, in his course of reading the Original Scrip- 
 tures, he comes to such parts of them as are written in Chaldee; or, at soon- 
 est, till he has well mastered the Hebrew ; and then he may be assured that 
 the ensuing Grammar will be found, though concise, yet extremely easy, and 
 sufficiently copious to instruct him in the Grammatical Itifiections of the 
 Chaldee, as extant in the sacred writings, and even (speaking generally) in 
 the earliest Targums or Chaldee Paraphrases; I mean those of Oukelos 
 and Jonathan. For the Biblical and more ancient Chaldee (as to its 
 external form) differs not more from the Hebrew than the modern Spanish 
 from the Latin, or even than the Doric from the Jtttic or Ionic Dialect in 
 Greek. 
 
 In composing this little Tract, 1 have been chiefly indebted to Masclef's 
 Grammatica Chaldsea ; but as, upon a close inspection, that work appeared 
 not to have been drawn up with the accuracy that might have been wished, 
 such mistakes and oversights as were observed in it, have been carefully 
 corrected. 
 
 Besides some Chaldee Words, occasionally inserted in the historical and 
 prophetical Books, after the Israelites became acquainted with the Assyrians 
 and Babylonians, the following Parts of Scripture are written in the 
 Chaldee Dialect : namely, 
 Jeremiah, chap. x. ver. 11. 
 
 Daniel, from ver. 4 of the second to the end of the seventh chapter. 
 Ezra, chap. iv. from ver. 8 to chap. vi. ver. 19, and chap. vii. fiom 
 ver. 12 to ver. 27. 
 
 I 
 
 e 'i
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Sect. Page 
 
 I. Of the Letters and Reading 39 
 
 II. Of the Words in Chaldee ib. 
 
 III. Of the Divisio7i of WordSf and first of Nouns . . , 41 
 
 IV. Of Pronoujis 42 
 
 V. Of FerbSf and frst of the Conjugation Kal . . . ib. 
 
 VI. Of the Conjugation Aphel ...... 45 
 
 VII. Of the Conjugation Ithpehal, Saphel, and Ishthapal . . ib, 
 
 VIII. Of Defective and Reduplicate Verbs .... 46 
 
 IX. Of the Changes made in Verbs on account of Pronoun Suffixes 50 
 
 X. Of Syntax, of the Use of the Serviles, and of finding the Root 51 
 Xt. A short Grammatical Praxis on the Chaldee of Jeremiah 
 
 and Daniel ib.
 
 \ 
 
 A SHORT 
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Of the LETTERS and READING. 
 
 1. 1 HE Letters and Manner of Reading are the same as in Hebrew. 
 
 2. There is the same Distinction of the Chaldee Letters as of the Hebrew, 
 into Radicals and Serviles. 
 
 3. But observe that i, which in Hebrew is radical, is in Chaldee servile ; 
 and, vice versa, W, which is in Hebrew servile, is in Chaldee radical. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Of the WORDS in CHALDEE. 
 
 1. Many of the Words in Chaldee are exactly the same as in Hebrew. 
 
 2. Many others are formed either by adding some letter at the beginning of 
 a Hebrew word, as 
 
 ■p 5 Heb. CDT Blood, Chald. tznx, 
 ^•"^^ i Heb. I2y to serve, Ch. nnyu; ; 
 
 or at the end, as 
 
 P C Heb. C3K a mother, Ch. nok, 
 ^"■^"^ I Heb. Dy peop/e, Ch. kdj^ ; 
 
 or even in the middle, as 
 
 /-Heb. nnK thou, Ch. rrnJK, 
 p. \ Heb. NDD a throne, Ch. SD"I3, 
 ^^°™) Heb. p3D <o delight, Ch. pnD, 
 
 vHeb. D^t:? a sceptre, Ch. Dintt^ ; 
 
 or both in the middle and at the end, as 
 
 ■P r Heb. T a hand, Ch. KTN, 
 ^'''^"' IHeb. -)p> glory, Ch. N-ip'«. 
 
 3. Some Chaldee words are formed by rfroppewg a letter from the Hebrew, 
 
 as 
 
 ^ f Heb. ins owe, Ch. m, 
 ^'"""^[Heh. WZK a man, Ch.Wi. 
 
 4. Some by transposing a letter, as 
 
 From Heb. pbn a portion, as of land, Ch. b\>n ajield.
 
 40 A SHORT 
 
 5. Many by changing some letter : thus 
 
 :i in Heb. is in Chald. changed into d '■ as 
 
 {Heb. bn2 iron, Oh. bnD. 
 Heb. ypn to break, Ch. ypD. 
 Heb. nvp^ « tal/ei/, Ch. *xr)pD ; 
 
 jf into y, as 
 THeb. pK ^Ae earM, Ch. ynx, 
 From < Heb. iNif sAeep, Ch. |Ny, 
 
 (.Heb. HKO an egg, Ch. Nyn ; 
 
 •ii* into D, as 
 
 iHeb. -lOt:' to keep, Ch. -)Dd, 
 Heb. '■\'Z'lJie'ih, Ch. ion, 
 Heb. -iii7 ten, Ch. noj/. 
 
 6. But the most frequent changes of Letters are of the Heb. sibilant or 
 hissing Letters into the Chaldee Dentals or Teeth-letters ; thus 
 
 o 
 
 f is often changed into 1, as 
 
 !Heb. Z7^\ gold, Ch. nm, 
 Heb. nix to sacrifice, Ch. nm, 
 Heb. -iDr ^0 remember, Ch. nDl ; 
 
 y into ID, as 
 i Heb, ^'p summer, Ch. iD'p, 
 From < Heb. ^j^> ^o consult, Ch. tDy>, 
 
 IHeb. OK aw antelope, Ch. t^aCD; 
 
 t:^ into n, as 
 
 {Heb. 2)W to return, Ch. nin, 
 Heb. -13^' ^0 6rgaA', Ch. inn, 
 Heb. itr^j; fo be rich, Ch. nny. 
 
 7. There are some other, but less usual, changes of the Consonants m 
 Chaldee Words derived from the Hebrew, as of j into d, 1 into O, D into 
 p, ^ into -|, &,€. 
 
 8. Of the Vowels, k is often changed into >, as 
 
 r Heb. -il'Nn a Agac?, Ch. ivn, 
 From s Heb. ^ini:' the grave, Ch. bvxD, 
 \ Heb. nnsQ a wort?, Ch. -|D'0 ; 
 
 n into K, as 
 in forming nouns feminine and the Aphel (Hiphil) and Ithpehal (Hithpael), 
 Conjugations of Verbs ; 
 
 n into > or K, as 
 in Chaldee verbs derived from Hebrew ones ending in n, thus from Heb. 
 nax to be willing, Ch. >3K and NlN; 
 
 1 into K, as 
 From Heb. 310 goorf, Ch. nsD, &c. 
 
 1 into >, as 
 in the Pehil or participle passive of verbs. 
 
 * Tliis word moreoTer drops the j?.
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 41 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Of the DinSION of IVORDS, andfrst of i^OUNS. 
 
 I. Words in Chaldee, as in Hebrew, may be divided into ^ouns or 
 Names, Verbs and Particles. 
 
 '2. Chaldee Nouns are likewise distinguished into Substantives and 
 Adjectives; and have two Genders, masculine and feminitie ; and two 
 Numbers, singular and plural. 
 
 3. The Gender of Chaldee Nouns is known either by their signification, 
 as in Hebrew and other Languages ; or by their Termination. 
 
 4. * Chaldee nouns ending in s, 1 and > servile ave feminine ; most others 
 are masculine. 
 
 5. Chaldee nouns feminine ending in h, are plainly formed by imitation 
 of Hebrew ones ending in n, as Ch. SDDn icisdom, of Heb. nDDn. 
 
 6. Those in 1 or > are formed from the Hebrew ones by dropping a final 
 servile n, as iD/D a kingdom, from niD^D ; *~\ni< another (feni.) from n-inx. 
 
 7. The plural of masculine nouns is formed by adding ]> to the singular, 
 as "i^D a king, plur. y2bD kings. 
 
 8. The plural o( feminine nouns is formed by adding ] to the singular, as 
 y-iX a land, plur. ]yiK lands; or by changing k final into ], as XI'Dli' fern. 
 beautiful, plur. p'Di:' ; or an, into \n, as xmOD a uatch plur. ^KTiDQ 
 Hatches. 
 
 9. The above are the most' usual forms o{ plural nouns both masculine 
 and feminine ; but there are also others, w hich may be better learned by use 
 and observation in reading, than by having the memory loaded with a mul- 
 tiplicity of rules. 
 
 Of NOUNS in REGIMINE or CONSTRICTION. 
 
 10. Nouns masculine singular in remmine sufl^r no change, but nouns 
 masculine plural in regimine drop their final \, as ]>:2 sons ; K*ki'3K 03 sons of 
 man, Dan. ii. 38. Comp. Heb. Grammar, § IV. lo. 
 
 I I . Nouns feminine singular in regimine change their final s into n, as 
 no moy the work of the house, for xnay, Ezra vi. 7; those ending in nn 
 drop the H, as kd^O nVo the word of the king, for nd^D ; comp. Heb. 
 Gram, h IV. l6. 
 
 12. Feminines plural in \, do when in regimine change their final \ inton, 
 as wb:r\ nynifX the toes of the feet, for ]y2JfS, Dan.ii. 42. 
 
 ] 3. Thus far may be observed a great resemblance between the Chaldee 
 and Hebrczc nouns ; we must now take notice of a circumstance wherein 
 they differ, namely. 
 
 Of the EMPHATIC Form of Chaldee Nouns. 
 
 1 4. As n prefixed to a Hebrew noun often denotes the emphatic or defi- 
 nitive article, The, so does N postfixed to a Chaldee noun, as "j^O a king, 
 
 * I consider the feminine nouns in Daniel and Ezra, wliicli end in n, as Hebrew ones.
 
 42 A SHORT 
 
 X3^oThe king; but in Dan. and Ezra n is often postfixed instead of K^ as 
 riD^D The king, Dan. ii. 11. Conip. Ezra v. 1,2. 
 
 15. Nouns masculine singular emphatic only postfix N ; but nouns mascu- 
 line plural emphatic moreover drop their ], as |ot'0 kings, emphat. NO'?Q The 
 kings. 
 
 16. Nouns feminine singular ending in s do in the emphatic form change 
 K into nn ; as NDDn wisdom, emphat. NjDD'pn The tvisdom (or in Dan. into 
 nn) ; but nouns feminine singular in NP suffer no change when emphatic. 
 
 17. In nouns feminine plural the emphatic form is made from the abso- 
 lute by changing \ into Kn, as from ^y3KK toes, emphat. Kny^J^N The toes, 
 Dao. ii. 41. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 Of PRONOUNS. 
 
 1 . The primitive Pronouns in Chaldee are. 
 
 Of the First Person, N3K, and n3K singular, /; KjnJS, and N3n3, and some- 
 times naniK and n3n3, and sometimes even px and pn plural. We; 
 
 Of the Second, riN, DIK, and nn3K singular. Thou; pns and pnDN (masc.) 
 and ]>nK and ]'n3N (fem.) plural, Fe; 
 
 Of the Third, Nin He, and x'n 5^e, singular ; p3K, and sometimes p3% p3n, 
 on, Din and pDn plural masc. They ; ]'3M and sometimes p3>N and ]»3n 
 plural fem. They. 
 
 2. The Pronoun Suffixes to nouns and verbs in Chaldee are very like those 
 in Hebrew ; thus we have, 
 
 Of the First Person \ '^"§"1"'"' '' '"' PP'^^^"^ ^° ^ ^"'"^' ' ^^' *^ ^ "^""' 
 f plural, N3 us and our. 
 
 i singular, -j thee and #//y, generally masc. y and >D* 
 Of the Second -? ^Aee and M//, generally fem. 
 
 ^ plural, ]D3/0M and ?/ot//', masc. p yoM and yowr, fem. 
 
 ^ singular, n> him and Ais, n her and /iers. 
 Of the Third -? plural, p3 them, masc. and fem. pn their, masc. ]n 
 
 ^ ^Aeir, fem. 
 
 3. The above are the most usual Pronoun Suffixes; but observe, that for > 
 my, IS sometimes used x, as Targ. Josh. ii. 13, XQN D'T NDK D* my father and 
 my mother ; for K3 our, often p and \ ; for pD sometimes CDID and tZDD ; for 
 ]3 often pD ; for n> very often n, >n, >ni, and >l ; for n sometimes Kn ; for pn 
 often niDin and on, and sometimes p, and \. 
 
 4. The Personal Jffixes to verbs have a great resemblance to those in 
 Hebrew, as will be evident from the Example of a Regular Verb in the 
 ensuing Section. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Of VERBS, and first of the Conjugation KAL. 
 
 1 . Verbs in Chaldee have three Conjugations, Kal, Hiphil or j4phel, and 
 Hithpael or Ithpehal. 
 
 2. Kal denotes simply to do, as ipD he visited, p^D he went up. 
 
 5. Jphel generally signifies to cause to do, or to cause to be done, like
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 43 
 
 Hiphil in Heb. as *ipDN he caused to visit ; but sometimes Aphel retains only 
 the simple signification of the Verb. 
 
 4. Ithpehal is passive, or signifies to be done, as IpDDK he was visited ; 
 but //ApeAfl/ sometimes denotes reflected action as in Hebrew. Here follows, 
 
 5. An Example of a Regular Chaldee Verb in Kal, with i\\t Personal 
 Affixes and other Serviles printed in hollow letters. 
 
 IpS Visit, 
 
 KAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter or Pcist Tense. 
 Sing. 
 
 She nrp'Q TpS) He '^ 
 
 Thou (fern.) j=np3 ^fnpS) Thou > visited. 
 
 nnp9 I ) 
 
 Plur. 
 
 lips They) 
 Ye (fem.) |''nip3 X]m\>'^ Ye > visited. 
 
 ^J1p3 We 3 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 1pm TpS'^ He ■) 
 
 Thou (fem.) ^"ipsfl Ip^H Thou > shall or zi;/// t'w/V. 
 
 IPB^ I 3 
 
 Plur. 
 
 They (fem.) |Tp3<> pips'* Theyl 
 Ye (fem.) pp^n ppSfl Ye > *Aa// or will visit. 
 
 IpSj We 3 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Thou (fem.) <>-Tp9 -fpg ^^z7 Thou 
 
 Ye (fem.) mip^ 1"fpS) Ye 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 ipsQ 
 Participle active, or Benoni. 
 fem. sing. g^ipg ip3 masc. sing. Visiting. 
 
 fem. plur. ppE) |np9 masc. plur.
 
 44 A SHORT 
 
 Participle passive, or Pehil. 
 
 fern. sing. t^TpS) Tp3 masc. sing. Visited. 
 
 masc. plur. t"^p3 |^Tp9 masc. plur. 
 Comp. § VII. 9. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on the above Example of a J^egw/ar Ferb in K«/, 
 and first on the Prefer Tense. 
 
 6. In the third Person masc. sing. > is often inserted before the last radical, 
 as TpD for IpD. 
 
 7. The third person fein. sing, sometimes postfixes rr, frequently k, and 
 in Dan. and Ezra the Heb. n, instead of n. 
 
 8. The second person sing. masc. in Dan. and Ezra often postfixes nn 
 and n instead of KD. 
 
 9. The second person sing. fem. sometimes postfixes n> for ji. 
 
 10. The first person sing. fem. often postfixes only n for rr, particularly 
 in Dan. and Ezra ; and sometimes >n after the Hebrew form. 
 
 11. The third person plur. often assumes ] paragogic after 1, and some- 
 times dropping i retains only the ] ; and in Dan. often ends in ]» *. 
 
 12. The third person plur. fem. sometimes postfixes N instead of i. 
 
 13. The second person plur. masc. as also all others regularly ending in |, 
 drop that letter before a Pronoun Suffix. 
 
 14. The second person plur. fem. sometimes ends in pn or \r\ instead of |>n. 
 
 15. The first person plural sometimes postfixes p (from ]3n) instead of K3, 
 and before pronoun affixes drops its N, or changes it into i or >. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on the Future Tense. 
 
 16. In the future tense of verbs, l is often inserted before the last radical, 
 as in Hebrew. 
 
 17. The third person plur. fem. instead of the affix > sometimes assumes n. 
 
 18. The second person fem. sing, often ends in \>, and sometimes dropping 
 the > in ]. 
 
 19. The third person masc, plur. sometimes ends in y instead of p. 
 
 20. The second and third person plur. fem. often end like the masc. in ]i, 
 especially in Dan. and Ezra, and, with Pronoun Suffixes following, in 1. 
 
 21. After K of the first person sing. fut. > is often inserted. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on the IMPERATIVE. 
 
 22. In the sing. fem. k is sometimes postfixed instead of >. 
 
 23. The plur. fem. sometimes drops its final N, and ends in \. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on the INFINITIVE. 
 
 24. In Dan. Ezra and theTargums we meet with several Infinitives with- 
 out the formative O prefixed. 
 
 25. In Infinitives 1 is sometimes inserted before the last radical. 
 
 26. K is often postfixed to the Infinitive, and in Dan. and Ezra, n. 
 
 * If words of this form slionid not rather be regarded as Participles Benoni, masc. plur. nsed for 
 > crbs, as in Itli. 1»"7I3pnD Dan. ii. 13.
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 45 
 
 27. Some Infinitives as well of regular as of defective verbs are formed in 
 m, or the 1 being dropped, in n. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on the PARTICIPLE PASSIVE or PEHIL. 
 
 28. This Participle often inserts i before the last radical, like the Hebrew 
 Participle Passive or Paoul, as fern. KJii^MKn abominable, Ezra iv. 12. 
 
 SECTION VJ. 
 
 Of the Conjugation APHEL. 
 
 1 . The Conjugation Aphel prefixes K to the preter, imperative, and in- 
 finitive, and D to the participle. 
 
 2. The persons of Aphel are formed, and the participle declined, in the 
 same manner as in Kul. 
 
 3. It will be sufficient therefore to set down 
 
 The first word of every tense and mood in the conjugation Aphel, 
 
 IpS)^ Fret. He caused to visit. 
 -rp3'> Fut. 
 ipm IMPERJT. 
 
 m\>m INFINIT. 
 
 "Tp3Q Participle Benoni. 
 
 4. Aphel sometimes inserts ' before the last radical, as Hiphil in Hebrew. 
 
 5. In Dan. and Ezra the Hebrew characteristic n is generally used for x, 
 both in Aphel and Ithpehal. 
 
 6. This characteristic n is sometimes in Chaldee retained after a servile, 
 both in the Future and in the Participle, as in bDWil* he shall humble, Dan. 
 vii. 24; nD^nnD urging, Dan. ii. 15. 
 
 7. The infinitive often occurs without the final K. 
 
 8. In Dan. and Ezra n is often both prefixed and postfixed to infinitives 
 in Aphel and Ithpehal, as in mQii'n^ for to destroy, Dan. vii. 26; npD^nb 
 
 for to bring up, Dan. vi. 23, or 24. 
 
 9. Sometimes the infinitive of Aphel ends in m, as of Kal. Comp. 
 § V.27. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 Of the Conjugation ITHPEHAL. 
 
 1. The Conjugation Ithpehal prefixes nx to the Preter, Imperative, and 
 Infinitive, no to the Participle, and in the Future the formative x is dropped. 
 
 2. The persons are formed, and the participle declined as in Kal. 
 
 lp3D^ Pret. He ivas visited. 
 •^\)^n'' Fut. 
 ipsn^ IMPERAT. 
 
 m\>^r\'^ INFINIT. 
 
 "ipSnD Participle.
 
 46 A SHORT 
 
 3. In Ithpehal the characteristic n is generally transposed and placed after 
 the first radical in verbs beginning with w and D, as in nDDIi'K he teas found, 
 for nDSlTlK, from HDi:' to Jind ; ")3nDK he was shut, for IDDDN, from HDD 
 to shut. 
 
 4. In the Ithpehal of xerhs beginning with t, the n is not only transposed, 
 but changed into T ; so in those beginning with K into D ; as in pniDltil 
 (Marg. and Complut.) from |0?, Dan. ii. 9 ; pyfj/lf thci/ shall be moved, 
 from yryi, Targ. Isa. xxviii. l6; ynD2f> he shall be wetted, from ynif, Dan. 
 iv. 12. 
 
 5. In the Ithpehal of verbs beginning with n, tD or l, the characteristic n 
 is generally dropped. 
 
 6. In Ithpehal ri'K is often prefixed instead of ns, as in npyri'K (Wal- 
 ton, &c.) were plucked up, Dan. vii. §. Comp. ^ V. 21. 
 
 7. In Dan. and Ezra the Hebrezo nn is more frequently used than DN for 
 the characteristic of Ithpehal. 
 
 8. In Dan. and Ezra occur many passive verbs exactly of the same form 
 as the Hebrew Niphal and Huphal. 
 
 Q. In Dan. and Ezra there is also another passive verb, formed as it were 
 from the participle passive Pehil, as follows : 
 
 She m'^^)^ T>p3 He \ 
 
 Thou (fern.) nTpS) ^m'^pQ TYiouy was visited. 
 
 nn'^ps) I y 
 
 ITpS) Theyl 
 Ye (fern.) fflTpS pfn'^pS) Ye > were visited. 
 
 §^J"r'>p9 We 3 
 
 10. The characteristic of this conjugation is » inserted before the last 
 radical. 
 
 11. This > is sometimes dropped, as ininDD they were bound, Dan.iii. 21. 
 
 12. Besides the above stated conjugations of Chaldee verbs, there are two 
 others used in the Targums, which have been denominated Shaphel and 
 Ishthapal; the former prefixes W, the latter DWH, to the simple verb, as nny*^, 
 mVni^'N, from iny to serve. 
 
 13. Shaphel is nearly of the same import as the Heb. Hiphil, as 12^W he 
 caused to serve; Ishthapal is its passive ^:lynlt*N he was caused to serve. 
 
 14. The persons, infinitives and participles in Shaphel and Ishthapal, are 
 formed as in Aphel and Ithpehal; the formative K in Ishthapal being 
 dropped after another servile. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 Of DEFECTIVE and REDUPLICATE VERBS. 
 
 1. Defective Verbs in C/sa/^ce greatly resemble those in Hebrew. 
 
 2. Verbs defective in the first radical are those beginning with ', 3 or
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 47 
 
 K; hence called, as in Hebrew, defective Pe Yod, — Pe Nun, or — Pe 
 Aleph. 
 
 3. An Example of a Verb defective Pe Yod. 
 
 ITHPEHAL. 
 
 ^^^ To know. 
 
 APHEL. 
 
 KAL. 
 
 jn<> Preter. 
 jn^ Future. 
 in IMPERATIVE. 
 :rn3& yr^Q INFINITIFE. 
 Vfl^ Benoni. 
 y<>T Pehil. 
 
 4. Observe, that in this, and likewise in the following examples of defec- 
 tive Verbs, the first word only of each mood, tense, &,c. is given, whence the 
 other wordis are formed regularly, as in ipo, after the Chaldee manner. 
 
 5. Verbs defective Pe Yod, in Aphel or Hiphil, generally change their » 
 into 1, but not always ; thus in Ezra v. 14, we have ^n'H he carried away ; in 
 Ezra vii. lo, rh'^^rh for to carry away. Comp, §. VI. 5. 8. 
 
 6. The infinitive of these verbs is often formed in m or n, as myin^ to 
 show, Dan. ii. 26. 
 
 7. Throughout the Ithpehal of these verbs the > is generally changed into 
 1, but not always ; thus in Ezra iv. 20, we have 3n'no given ; and in Targ. 
 Deut. xxiii. 8, p"i^'n» were born. 
 
 8. An Example of a Verb defective Pe Nun. 
 
 3DJ To take. 
 
 ITHPEHAL. 
 
 regular throughout, 
 retaining the j. 
 
 APHEL. 
 
 2DD 
 
 KAL. 
 
 20i Preter. 
 
 ^D** Future. 
 
 ID IMPERATIVE. 
 
 3DQ INFINITIFE. 
 
 2D2 Benoni. 
 
 2^DJ PehiL 
 
 9. In these verbs 3 is sometimes retained in the future and infinitive of 
 Kal, as in ]nj' he shall give, Dan.ii. 16; in nDD3^ /or to pour out, Dan. 
 ii. 46 ; and in Jphel, as in ip'DJn they had brought out, Dan. v. 3 ; pD3n he 
 had brought out, Ezrsiv. \ 4. 
 
 10. In Ithpehal, the 3 is sometimes dropped, as in Targ. Gen. xxxviii. 25, 
 KpDnO N'n she (was) brought out, for xpDJnD. 
 
 11. Verbs with N for the first radical are in Chaldee much more fre-
 
 48 
 
 A SHORT 
 
 quently defective than in Hebrew. (Comp. Hebrew Grammar, § VII. 15.) 
 Here follows, therefore, 
 
 12. An Example of a Verb defective Pe Aleph. 
 
 IDK To destroy. 
 
 ITHPEHAL. 
 
 APHEL 
 
 
 -ra^^ 
 
 regular throughout. 
 
 iai'> 
 
 retaining the i*. 
 
 mils 
 
 
 ^Tll^ 
 
 
 HID 
 
 KAL. 
 
 12^9 Future. 
 -rn^< IMPERATIVE. 
 ■n<>D INFINITIVE. 
 
 12i^ Benoni. 
 T'l^< Pehil. 
 
 13. In the future and infinitive in Kal of these verbs k is generally 
 changed into *, but not always ; thus we have "IDN' he shall speak, or let him 
 speaA;, Dan. ii. 7; "IDN3 we will speak, Dan. ii. 36 ; "^DUDb for to speak, 
 Dan. ii. 9. 
 
 14. In Dan. and Ezra n is often used for the formative N of Aphel, as in 
 miin^yor to destroy, Dan. ii. 12. 
 
 15. From the root ]0K to be steady is formed in Hiph. or Aph. VOTf. 
 
 16. Verbs of but two radical letters, commonly called defective Oin Vauy 
 and Oin Yod, are thus declined : 
 
 DD To stand. 
 
 ITHPEHAL. 
 
 Dpn§§ 
 Dpn^ 
 Dpns 
 
 APHEL. 
 
 a'^p^ 
 
 D^'p'^ 
 
 ^Dp^ 
 D*'pD 
 
 KAL. 
 
 Dp 
 
 Dip or Dp 
 
 DIpD or DpD 
 
 Dp 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Future. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Benoni. 
 
 D'^p Pehil. 
 
 17. The participle Benoni in Kal of these verbs sometimes inserts n and 
 sometimes >, as tzisp or m'\>, see Dan. ii. 31 . iv. 23. 
 
 18. These Verbs sometimes take > after the formative O of the infinitive 
 Kal, as Targ. Gen. viii. 21, Db'Db for to curse, from JD^ to curse. 
 
 19. The verbs called defective Oin Yod, are such as sometimes assume a 
 > before the second radical, in all fornis where the preceding Example has a 1. 
 
 20. Verbs which have K, n, and > for the last radical, and are called defec- 
 ti-ce Lamed Aleph, — Lamed He, and — Lamed Yod, often interchange those 
 letters without at all varying the signification, as «^j, n^j, and >b>J, to migrate.
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 49 
 
 2 1 . They are generally declined as in the following 
 
 Example of a Verb defective Lamed Aleph. 
 
 j<np To call. 
 
 KAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter or Past Tense. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 She TDp i<")p He ")^ 
 
 Thou (fem.) n'>"ip ^finp Thou > called. 
 
 n-'-ip I 3 
 
 Plur. 
 
 1'*-)p They ~) 
 Ye (fem.) fti'-y-p "{"StT^? Ye > called. 
 
 ^^''ip We ) 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 She '^-ipn l^-lp'' He ) 
 
 Thou (fem.) ppn ^*■lpn Thou \ shall or will call. 
 
 J^IP^ I 
 Plur. 
 
 S 
 
 They (fem.) t^pfl |'np<' They '^ 
 Ye (fem.) V^VTS llipn Ye > shall or ?i;i7/ ca//. 
 
 K"lpJ We ) 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Thou (fem.) 'ip np Ca// Thou 
 
 Ye (fem.) ^T\\> Up Ca// Ye. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 h*-|pD 
 
 Participle active, or Benoni. 
 
 fem. sing. ^^"Ip ^"'P masc. sing. Calling. 
 
 fem. plur. |np f-|p masc. plur. 
 
 The Participle passive, or Pehil, diflfers not from Benoni. 
 
 22. The third person sing. fem. preter of these verbs often ends in «, as
 
 50 A SHORT 
 
 N"ip she called, Targ. Gen. xxxviii. 3 ; sometimes in n', as n>n3 was dark- 
 ened, Targ. Job xvii. 7. So in Ithpehal, nnSDN it (fern.) tvas grieved, 
 Dan. vii. 15. 
 
 23. The second person sing. masc. preter sometimes ends in D*, as n'ln 
 thou wast, Dan. ii. 31 ; noi thou wast grown, Dan. iv. ip. 
 
 24. The first person sing, preter often ends in >n, as >nS"l3 1 have created, 
 Targ. Gen. vi. 7 ; 'fl'in / was, Targ. Gen. xxviii.lG. 
 
 25. The third person plur. preter sometimes has only i postfixed, as I3li/ 
 were changed, Dan. iii. 27 ; and sometimes ends in ik>, as 1N'^3, grew old, 
 Targ. Isa. Ixiv. 4 ; iK'"in thei/ rejoiced. 
 
 26. The third person plur. preter, when construed with a noun fem. 
 sometimes ends in ]k ; as in ]Ntn have seen (fem.) Deut. iv.3. 
 
 27. The third person lui*^. masc. sing, is terminated indifferently in N, n, 
 or > ; and so the participle Beuoni. 
 
 28. The infinitive in Kal of these verbs are not only of the form S"ip?3, 
 but also of N")p, npl^, np and riKHp (as riNDN^ Targ. Hos. v. 13.), and 
 sometimes they end in n>, as Dan. iii. IQj n'tO^ to heat; (Qu.) so in Hiph. 
 or Aph. Dan. ii. 10, ri'inn^ to tell. 
 
 29. APHEL. 
 
 ■^•^p^^ Preter. 
 ^Ip'^ Future. 
 ^ipi§ IMPERAT. 
 n^-ipg^ INFINIT. 
 ^Ip^ Benoni. 
 
 SO. Ithpehal is declined as Kal, prefixing its characteristic riK as in ipD, 
 §V1I. 2. 
 
 31. Verbs doubly defective are such as have ', 3 or K for their first 
 radical letter, and K, n or > for their last. 
 
 32. These verbs, as to their first radical, follow the rules of xerhs defective 
 Pe Yod, — Pe Nun, and — Pe Aleph, above given ; and as to their last, those 
 of verbs defective Lamed Aleph, — Lamed He, and — Lamed Yod. Comp. 
 Hebrew Grammar, § VII. 25. 
 
 33. Reduplicate verbs, or such as double their second radical, take ^ after 
 their first radical in Kal and Ithpehal, after the manner of the reduplicate 
 Hebrew verbs. Comp. Hebrezc Grammar, § VII. 30. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Of the CHANGES made in Verbs on account of the PRONOUN 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 1 . The persons of verbs ending in p often drop the i before the pronoun 
 suffix, as Dan. ii. 9, osyiinDj/e shall cause me to know, or tell me, for 
 >33iyninn, as it is w.itten ver. 5; Dan. iv. 3, >33V*lin' they might tell me, for 
 Oiiyiirr ; so v^r. 2, >33^rQ»; and ver. 16, n3^nD>. Comp. Hebrew Gram- 
 mar, § VI. 28. 
 
 2. Verbs defective Lamed Aleph, — Lamed He, and — Lamed Yod, gene-
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 51 
 
 rally drop their last letter before a pronoun suffix, as Targ. Gen. \X\\\. Q, pjrrr 
 he saw them ; C Sam. i. 7, 'Z"n he sate me ; Isa. xlv. 18, n"»3 he createdit. 
 
 3. 3 or ]» are frequently inserted between a verb future and the pronoun 
 suffix, and more rarely between a verb preter and the suffix ; as pD3Iirit" he 
 shall deliver i/ou, Dan. iii. 15; "jiDfi" he zcill deliver ihee, Dan. vi. 16', or 
 17, pD3^K"ii" he ahull ask of you, Ezra vii. 21. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Of SYNTAX, of the VSE of the SERFILES, and off riding 
 
 the ROOT. 
 
 The rules relating to each of these plirticulars in Chaldee are so nearly the 
 same as in llebrerc, that it seems sufficient to refer the Reader, who has 
 carefully perused the preceding part of this Grammar, to what is said on 
 these points in the Hebrew Grammar, § VIII. IX. X. 1 proceed there- 
 fore to remove such remaining difficulties as may be most apt to puzzle the 
 Learner, by 
 
 SECTION. XI. 
 
 A Short GRAMMATICAL PRAXIS on the CHALDEE of 
 
 Jeremiah and Daniel. 
 
 JER. X. 11. 
 earth the and heavens the who Aleim the them to say shall ye Tlius 
 
 .these heavens under from and earth the from perisii shall made liave not 
 
 :r6ji iX'^v ryynn ]dt nj^ind ^la^*> m2V vh 
 
 nnD Thus, a compound particle from D lihe, as, and mi this, pinxn, a 
 verb second person nuisc. plur. fut. from root "ir^s by ^ V. 5, and VIII. 13. 
 CDin^, b a particle to, and CD^n a pronoun suffix them, by § IV. 3. N'n'bN a 
 noun masc. plur. emphatic by § III. 15, from root rt/X. n the pron. rela- 
 tive zcho. X'Dii* a noun masc. plur. emphatic. xp^X the earth, a noun fem. 
 sing, emphatic by §111. 14. See Lexicon. n^X' shall perish, after the 
 Heb. form, xynxo, D from, xy~ix a noun. fem. sing, emphatic. See 
 Lexicon. 
 
 DANIEL, Chap. n. 
 
 Ver. 4. Then spake the Chaldeans to the king n'D"lX (in) Aramitlsh 
 or Chaldee, 
 interpretation the and ,servants thy to dream the tell ;live ages for kin? O 
 
 i^^Ln^") Ti^vh i^Dbn -iQh> ^n ]V2bvb ii^b:^ 
 
 .siiew will we 
 
 XD^Q a noun masc. sing, emphatic, the postHxed x being here used as a sign 
 of the vocative, as n prefixed in Heb. ]>l^bi;b, b f>r, ]'D"^y a noun masc. plur. 
 by § III. 7, from root db)}. "n a verb second person masc. sing, imperat. 
 in Kal, from root n'H or X'H by § VIII. 21. XiD7n a noun masc. sing, cm- 
 
 f
 
 5i A SHORT 
 
 phatic, from root obn. Kin3 a verb first person masc. plur. fut. in Kal, from 
 root mn or Kin, by § VIII. ^J. 
 
 is me from tliins; the , Chaldeans the to said and kingf the Answered 
 
 ye pieces ,inlerpretation its and dream the nie tell shall ve not If : gone 
 
 VDin TW')^') KDbn ^j:iyiinH vh ]n NlT^* 
 
 .made be shall contiscate houses your and ,made be shall 
 
 jpDi^^m "h): ]')y^i2^ \n2vnr) 
 
 nn^O a noun fern, emphatic for unbl^ (see ^ III. 14, and comp. ver. 8.) 
 fiom root bo to speak, so properly a loord, nsed for a things as Htb. 
 "im. X1?N a verb third person sing, preter by ^ V. 7, from root nr^. Oiiyiinn, '3 
 a pronoun suffix me by § IV. 2. p3;"rinn a verb second person masc. plur. 
 fut. in Hiph. or Aph. from root ]}i> by § V. 5. VI. G. VIII. 3. niy"iD, n a 
 pronoun suffix its (masc. for the more usual n> by § IV. 3. ]>Oin a noun 
 masc. plur. by § III. 7. ]nii;^nn a verb second person masc. plur. fut. in 
 Ith. from root nny. pD'n3, 'n^ a noun masc. plur. in Reg. by § III. 10. 
 ]1D a pronoun suffix masc. plur. t/out by § IV. 2. >^13 a noun fern, by § III. 4. 
 See Lexcion. ]iDii>n' a verb third person masc. plur. fut. in Ith. from the 
 rqot C2Z*, and observe this is an instance where p and nare not transposed, 
 as they usually are according to § VII. 3. 
 
 reward a and gifts ,tell shall ye interpretation its and dream the if And 
 
 f > 
 
 dream the therefore ,me before from receive shall ye great honour and 
 
 no'?!! r> »Dip ]o ]^b:lpn . N^:ii:r , ip*) 
 
 .me ye tell interpretation its and 
 
 ]innn a verb sepond person masc. plur. fut. in Hiph. or Aph. from roqt 
 Kin or mn by § Vi, 6. VIII. 21, for ]linnn, the two I's coalescing into one, 
 as in '3inn at the end of the verse. \inD a noun fern. plur. from sing. ]nQ 
 by § III. 8, of root ]n3. nnDJ a noun fem. after the Heb. form. See 
 Note on § III. 4, and Lexicon. >3inn, *i a pronoun suffix me mn a verb 
 second person plur. imperat. in Hiph. or Aph. from root nir| or Kin, for 
 linn, the two I's coalescing into one. 
 
 tell will dream the kinjr the ,said and (time) second a answered They 
 
 nDN> No'^n i^Dbo lnQ^i•) m^n^ w 7. 
 
 .tell will we interpretation its and ,servants his to 
 
 :mnm n^hsi ^nnav"? 
 
 ]nnK third person masc. plur. preter, or rather the participle Benoni 
 masc. plur. used for the verb, from root -)QX, see § V. 1 1, and note, 'nnny^, b 
 to, >TVn'2)J his servants, Ml here denoting both the noun masc. plur. and tlie 
 pronoun his. 
 
 (are) yc time (Imt I know truth a of ,said aud king the Answered 
 
 .the thing me from gone is that see ye as for as much gaining 
 
 : t^rvr^ ^yo ^^■Tm n pn^in n b2\> b^ x^2\ 
 
 VT a participle masc. sing. Benoni in Kal of root yT ubed for the present
 
 CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 53 
 
 tenee. See Hebrew Grammar, § VI. 7. wry a noun feni. ]in'tn a verb 
 second person niasc. plur. preter in Kal, from root NTH or mn, l>> ^ VIII. 21. 
 
 Vcr. 9. »33j;ninn ye shall tell me, for »33iyninn by § IX. 1. .13^3 nbn ci 
 deceitful zeord. See note on § III. 4. ^IDlDtn ye have prepared, a verb 
 second person masc. pliir. preter in Hipb. or Apn. from root p?. "^DND? 
 for to speak, bfor^ n?3ND a verb infinitive in Kal, from root HDK by § VIII. 
 
 13. N3nJi'> should be cliauged, a verb third person masc. sing. fat. in lib. 
 from root nrii' or N3ii», ]D and n being transposed by § VII. 3. V^3N 1 shall 
 kuozc. See Lexicon in yT Vll. 
 
 Ver. 10. >n'K is, are, a verb impersonal, like Hebrew 'iU>, see Lexicon 
 under JT II. HTi^a* the dry land, a noun fem. sing, emphatic by § III. iG. 
 rbn the Tcord, a noun feni. sing, in Keg. after the Hebrew form. 
 
 Ver. 1 1. iiD^O the king, a noun masc. sing, emphatic, for nd!?0 by § III. 
 
 14. 'mri'N it is, from the impersonal verb, D'K and >n) posttixed him, 
 comp. >n>N ver. 10. 
 
 Ver. 12. mnin^ybr to destroy, b a particle for, mmn, a verb infinitive 
 Hiph. or A ph. from root l^N by § V. 26, and Vlll. 14. ^d!? all, b is often 
 expletive in Chaldee, as it is sometimes in Hebrew, or it may be regarded 
 only as the sign of the accusative case. 
 
 Ver. 13. yb^^pBD slain, a participle masc. plur. Ith. from root ^Dp, for 
 third person plur. preter zcere slain. n^Dpnn'?, bfor, n^Dpnn to be slain, a 
 verb infinitive Ith. for N'^IDpnN by § IV. 5. 8. 
 
 Ver. 14. \nn:i then, from n in and yiH then. 3'nn caused to return, a 
 verb third person sing, preter in Hiph. or Aph. by § Vlll. l6. VI. 5. 
 
 Ver. 15. HDVnnD urging, a participle fem. sing, in Aph. or Hiph. by 
 § VI. 6, with n postfixed, after the Hebrew form, for N, from root F|2fn. 
 
 Ver. 16. nnnn^, an infinitive verb by § VIII. 28, with b used elliptically, 
 spe Lexicon under ^21. 
 
 Ver. 18. ]nn"in>, a verb third person masc. plur. fut. in Hiph. or Aph. 
 from root n3K, see § VIII. 12. VI. 5, 6. 
 
 Ver. 20. KDODn n for, or on account of, the wisdom, for this seems the 
 force of n in this place. 
 
 Ver. 22. xnp'Oy the deep things, a participial noun fem. plur. emphatic 
 by § III. 17. So NhnDO. 
 
 Ver. 23. >nn2K of my fathers, nniK a noun masc. plur. with a fem. He- 
 brew termination, like the Hebrew nOK or n3K and the radical n retained 
 from root niX to desire. N3'V3, a verb first person plur. preter in Kal, from 
 root Kya or nyn by ^ VIII. 21. 
 
 Ver. 25. n^n^nra, n in, n!?nDnn hastening; which word may be consi- 
 dered either as a verb infinitive in Ith. or as a noun fem. sing, from root b7\'2 
 to hasten, ^xon^ Daniel, uith the b redundant, as very usual in Chaldee. 
 Comp. ver. 12. 48, and nd'?^^ ver. 35, and Lexicon under '^ 22. 
 
 Ver. 26. onynin^/or to tell me, nvnin a verb infinitive Hiph. or Aph. 
 from root yT by ^ VI. 5. VIII. G. 
 
 Ver. 31. pi this. See Lexicon in ii. DNp a participle Benoni wasc. 
 sing, in Kal, from root Dp by ^ Vlll. 17. 
 
 Vcr. 34. Vf3n them, by \ IV . 1.
 
 54 A SHORT CHALDEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 Ver. 35. H'DDZ'n was found, a verb third person masc. sing, preter in Ith. 
 from root nDii*, ID and n being transposed by § VII. 3. 
 
 Ver. 39. nnx 1d'?D, two fern, nouns sing, by § III. 4. 6. 
 
 Ver. 41. nrrjn a verb second person masc. sing, from root Kfrr or T]\rt to 
 see, by § VIII. ^21, and V. 8. Kny32fK the toes, a noun fem. plur. emphaticy 
 from sing. ynifK by § III. 17. H)r\b for, to be, Nin a verb infinitive from 
 root Xin by § VIII. 28. 
 
 Ver. 43. pn^, ^for, ] them, and in to be, infinitive, from Kin or mil by 
 § VIII. 28. IX. 2. Comp. also Lexicon under ^21. HD from 3 /i/ce, as, 
 and n that, 
 
 Ver. 45. ]D'nQ faithful, a participial noun in the Hiph. or Aph. form, 
 from the root px to be steady, by § VI. G. VIII. 15. 
 
 THE END OfF THE GRAMMAR.
 
 ■ ^/. /v//////y^/^v//////^ //;^ ///A,u /////;//^. /////^/y. 
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 ^> or "• 
 
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 linal V 
 
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 53 
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