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AN ATTEMPT TO DISCRIMINATE 
 
 THE 
 
 STYLES OF ASCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 CONQUEST TO THE EEFOEMATION 
 
 WITH A SKETCH OP THE 
 
 (Brecian anb IRoman ©rber^. 
 
 BY THE LATE 
 
 THOMAS RICKMAN, F.S.A, 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION, 
 Witb consfOerable Bt>0(tfon6, cbletis Ibfstorfcal, 
 
 By JOHN HENRY i»AEKER, F.S.A . 
 
 'o-* » O >•' 
 
 » » J 
 
 PARKER AND CO. 
 
 OXFORD, AND 6 SOUTHAMPTON-STREET, 
 STRAND, LONDON. 
 
 M DCCC Lxxxr. 
 

 '^: 
 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 A NEW Edition being called for, Eickman's work has 
 again been thoroughly revised; still, however, retaining 
 \\hat he himself wrote entire, and the additional matter shewn 
 by a varied type, or by being placed between brackets. 
 
 The sheets of this new Edition have had the benefit of 
 supervision by the late Sir George Gilbert Scott. 
 
 Partly in consequence of the extension of the work, and 
 for other reasons, the short Appendix originally written by 
 Mr. Hickman as a paper in the Archceologia, but added to 
 some of the earlier editions, has been omitted. In the last 
 edition of Rickman this had been transposed from its original 
 place, and after being considerably extended, was made to 
 serve as an Introduction to the medieval styles. Although 
 the additions brought to bear upon the subject, included the 
 material which wider research and a closer attention to his- 
 torical data had provided from Rickman's days up to that 
 time, the further researches since then, and the grouping of 
 examples which the activity of local Architectural Societies 
 has rendered possible, would, if fairly treated, have involved 
 so large an extension, that it would have unduly increased 
 the bulk of the volume. It was therefore thought, in the 
 end, expedient to transfer this matter to another work. 
 
 It was hoped that this second work might have been pre- 
 pared so as to be issued simultaneously with the Rickman 
 \olume, and the latter was accordingly kept back for the 
 purpose; but the publishers, finding on the one hand that 
 Rickman's volume is much wanted, and on the other that 
 the difficulties of preparing the supplementary volume have 
 
 a2 
 
 267239 
 
iv ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 been greater than expected, have determined to issue Eick- 
 man's volume alone, without waiting for the new edition of 
 the Appendix. 
 
 In this Appendix, it is proposed to treat the style to 
 which Eickman, for want of a better name, affixed that of 
 the 'Anglo-Saxon,^ as a whole. First, in connection with 
 the history of this country from the Roman times to the 
 accession of Henry I. ; and, secondly, in connection with the 
 general history of the growth of the Romanesque style, for 
 which examples must be sought on the Continent. 
 
 This scarcely comes within the range of Rickman's plan, 
 and therefore it is no detriment to his work that it should be 
 treated separately. 
 
 The foreign examples of the medieval period introduced 
 by the Editor, have also been omitted from the seventh edi- 
 tion ; because, if inserted at all, they would require to have 
 considerable additions made to them, and then would be 
 sufficient to make a separate work. The task, however, of 
 comparing the French and other foreign architectural ex- 
 amples with those to which we can assign the dates in this 
 country, is one which the present Editor feels that he cannot 
 look forward to accomplishing in a manner in which he would 
 wish the work to be done. 
 
 The eminent French Antiquaries, M. De Cauraont and 
 M. Viollet-le-Duc, always recognised that the system generally 
 which Rickman applied to the English styles, was applicable 
 to French Gothic; but while this is the case, it is obvious 
 there are many questions of detail requiring very close atten- 
 tion and minute investigation, before it is possible to arrive at 
 correct conclusions as to the relative progress of the styles in 
 the two countries. 
 
 This work the Editor is afraid he must leave to others 
 younger than himself to take in hand. 
 
 The Ttjel, Oxford, 
 Jan. 1881. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION. 
 
 TN the present edition the text of Mr. Eickman is preserved 
 entire, all additional matter being inserted between brackets, 
 or else distinguished by smaller type ; the former where the 
 actual text required amplifying in consequence of the progress 
 of the study since Mr. Rickman's time, the latter where histo- 
 rical examples are introduced to illustrate and explain the text. 
 A beginner therefore wishing only to study the grammar of 
 the subject, may pass over the more close printing until he has 
 made some progress and wishes to investigate the history. 
 
 The additions now comprise a chronological series of English 
 examples of each style, with a selection of foreign examples 
 of the same period for comparison. A considerable part of this 
 chronological table of medieval architecture appeared in the 
 " Companion to the Glossary" in 1841 and 1846, but has been 
 out of print for many years, because the compiler was not 
 satisfied with it : he has now added largely to it from the 
 results of subsequent investigations, and although quite con- 
 scious that it is still very incomplete, he trusts that it will be 
 found useful ; and if he had deferred it much longer, his life 
 might perhaps not be spared to publish it at all, and no one 
 else could have made much use of his notes. 
 
 Mr. E/ickman was so accurate and careful an observer, and 
 was so ably assisted by Mr. W. Twopeny and others, and their 
 combined observations extended over so wide a field, that this 
 work can never in fact be superseded by any other. All subse- 
 quent writers on the subject have been largely indebted to it, 
 and many of their attempts are mere plagiaries from it, with 
 or without acknowledgment. His divisions of the styles and 
 
VI ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION. 
 
 his definitions and descriptions of their characteristic features 
 are so true, that those who have differed from him have only 
 departed from the facts. Others have quarrelled with his no- 
 menclature, and have endeavoured to change it, while retain- 
 ing his divisions and descriptions; but the great merit of 
 Mr. Rickman's nomenclature is its simplicity, and that it in- 
 volves no theory, consequently does not mislead the beginner, 
 which all others do. 
 
 !N"o one can deny that each country has an Early Gothic 
 style of its own, distinct from that of any other country : in 
 England this is the Early English style. The term Decorated 
 has been much cavilled at, but it is extremely clear and con- 
 venient : window tracery, which is the characteristic feature of 
 this style, is obviously a great decoration, and forms an essential 
 part of the structure, which cannot be removed without leaving 
 a blank ; this is not usually the case with other ornamentation, 
 and therefore this decoration is an excellent characteristic of the 
 style. There is less variation in this style in different countries , 
 and Dr. Whewell has called it the perfect Gothic, assuming it 
 to be the same in all countries, which perhaps to a certain 
 extent it is, but still there are decided national and provincial 
 characteristics in this style as in all others, though they are 
 less marked. The name of the Perpendicular style is so called 
 from the vertical lines of the tracery and the panelling, which 
 form the distinguishing features of this style ; and this name 
 is so obviously true that no one ever forgets it, which is 
 a great advantage. 
 
 An attempt was made some years since to introduce the 
 terms First Pointed, Middle Pointed, and Third Pointed, 
 for Mr. Rickman's three styles of Gothic, and from the in- 
 fluential persons who took it up this change was partially 
 and temporarily introduced, but has almost died out again, as 
 it was found to mislead people rather than guide or assist 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION. yii 
 
 them to a knowledge of the subject. No one can say what 
 was the First Pointed style, but the Early English Gothic 
 certainly was not; and as no one can say which will be the last 
 Pointed style, it is equally impossible to say which is the 
 Middle. The greatest objection to this proposed nomenclature 
 is, however, the manner in which it misleads beginners in the 
 study. Every round-headed doorway is set down for Roman- 
 esque or Norman, and every square-headed window for ''Third 
 Pointed,^' or Perpendicular, or Debased; and this is quite 
 natural for those who are taught to consider the form of the 
 arch as a guide to the age of a building. It is no guide what- 
 ever, the form of the arch was at all times dictated by conve- 
 nience quite as much as by fashion : round-headed doorways 
 and square- headed windows are of all periods, and may be found 
 in all the styles, common in some districts, rare in others ; this 
 is more especially the case in houses and castles, but it is very 
 frequent in church towers also, and not uncommon in other 
 parts of churches where convenience obviously required it. 
 
 A remarkable instance of this inattention to the form of the 
 arch may be mentioned ; the castle of the celebrated captain 
 of the English army under Edward III., John Chandos, in the 
 Cotentin in Normandy, of which the walls are nearly perfect, 
 has scarcely a pointed arch throughout the whole structure. 
 But it is not necessary to go abroad for examples, almost every 
 medieval house or castle in England shews the same thing, 
 though not to the same extent. 
 
 The term Gothic has so long been established, and is so 
 thoroughly well understood throughout Europe, that it is in 
 vain to attempt to change it; and whatever its origin may 
 have been, it is a very convenient term, which now misleads 
 no one but those who are grossly and wilfully ignorant. 
 
 Mr. Rickman's concise and clear description of Grecian and 
 Roman architecture has been retained in the present edition. 
 
Vlll ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION. 
 
 and carefully revised by Professor Donaldson, to whom, the 
 Editor begs thus publicly to express his cordial thanks; he has 
 greatly increased the value of this useful summary of a subject 
 which is in danger of being forgotten altogether, but of which 
 some knowledge is essential for the proper understanding of 
 the Medieval styles, which were gradually developed from the 
 Roman. 
 
 The chapter on Anglo-Saxon architecture, which was thrown 
 into an Appendix in the previous editions, has now been intro- 
 duced in its proper place, between the Eoman and the Norman 
 styles, with large additions. Mr. Rickman's " Tour in Nor- 
 mandy and Picardy in 1832," first published in the twenty- 
 fifth volume of the Archceologia^ and appended to some editions 
 of this work, has now been omitted as not necessary, the sub- 
 stance of his observations and large extracts being given in 
 the list of Foreign Examples. 
 
 The Tuel, Oxfojrd, 
 July 1, 1862. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 THE practical value of this work has now been so long 
 established, and is so well known, that it is only neces- 
 sary to mention the alterations which have been made in the 
 present edition. 
 
 The text of Mr. Rickman's last edition has been scrupulously 
 preserved, the additional matter being inserted between brackets 
 or as foot notes. Several years having elapsed since the last 
 edition was published, and those years having been remarkable 
 for a very great and rapid extension of the study of Gothic 
 Architecture, it might be expected that great changes would 
 have been required in this work, which was the first systematic 
 treatise on the subject in any language, and formed the original 
 basis and ground of the study. But notwithstanding the numer- 
 ous works which have appeared within the last five or six years, 
 it is surprising to observe how very little real information has 
 been added to that which Mr. Eickman collected and digested. 
 The general accuracy of his observations, and the acuteness with 
 which he made use of the facts he had collected, are really quite 
 wonderful, considering that he was the first to examine the 
 ground, and may be said to have invented a new science. 
 
 It would have been easy to have enlarged every chapter of 
 his work, but this would have added more to the bulk than to 
 the value, the real difficulty was to compress and digest the 
 multitude of instances, to take a general and comprehensive 
 view, without being deterred by a few exceptions. 
 
 The Editor of the present edition felt that what the work 
 really required to make it more intelligible to the public, was 
 a better set of engravings of the objects described ; an accurate 
 drawing of the object is worth more than a whole chapter of 
 description. He has accordingly turned his attention chiefly to 
 this point. In the present edition the illustrations are entirely 
 taken from old examples, while in the previous editions they 
 were chiefly from Mr. Hickman's own designs. By far the 
 
X ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 greater part are from original drawings made expressly for the 
 work by Mr. Mackenzie and Mr. Orlando Jewitt, whose ac- 
 curacy cannot be too highly praised. A portion of them have 
 been borrowed from other works when any could be found that 
 exactly suited the purpose. To have attempted to give the 
 whole from original sources, where so large a number was 
 required, would have greatly increased the price of the book, 
 without any equivalent advantage. 
 
 The Appendix to the former editions contained short notes 
 of a number of churches in different counties ; this part of the 
 work was found to require a thorough revision, in some cases 
 from imperfect information originally, in others from subse- 
 quent changes. The manuscript notes of Mr. Rickman himself 
 and those of many others who have kindly assisted in the work, 
 are in the hands of the Editor and preparing for publication. 
 They are altogether so numerous and important that he has 
 considered it best to make them into a separate work on " The 
 Ecclesiastical and Architectural Topography of England," which 
 he purposes to publish in separate counties, of which Bedford- 
 shire is ready for the press, and many others are in a state of 
 forwardness *. The plan which he has adopted is that of arrang- 
 ing the churches in Deaneries, by which those in each neigh- 
 bourhood can be most conveniently classed together. Some 
 notice will be given of every church, distinguishing those most 
 worthy of attention; the remains of the Monasteries, Castles, 
 and Houses of the Middle Ages will, as far as possible, be no- 
 ticed under the head of the parishes in which they are situated, 
 or to which they are proximate. Such a work must obviously 
 be one of great labour and difficulty, and requiring the assist- 
 ance of many hands, he will therefore be obliged by receiving 
 communications from any parties who have been in. the habit 
 of taking architectural notes. 
 
 The Turl, Oxford, March 18, 1848. 
 
 • Of this work seven counties were prising the following counties, — Ox- 
 published, completing the dioceses of ford, Berks., and Bucks. ; Cambridge, 
 Oxford and Ely, for the use of students Beds. , Huntingdon, and Suffolk, 
 at the two great Universities, and com- 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 A N outline of the present essay was written by tbe Author 
 for Smith's "Panorama of Science and Art/' and published 
 in that work many years ago, but having been frequently 
 requested to enlarge and republish it, he has performed that 
 task, and has subjoined a copious list of buildings for the 
 student's instruction. 
 
 The object of the present publication has been to furnish, 
 at a price which shall not present an obstacle to extensive 
 circulation, such a view of the principles of architecture, more 
 particularly that of the British Isles, as may not only be 
 placed with advantage in the hands of the rising generation, 
 but also afford the guardians of ecclesiastical edifices such 
 clear discriminative remarks on the buildings now existing, 
 as may enable them to judge with considerable accuracy of the 
 restorations necessary to be made in those venerable edifices 
 that are under their peculiar care ; and also, by leading them 
 to the study of such as still remain in a perfect state, to render 
 them more capable of deciding on the various designs for 
 churches in imitation of the English styles which may be 
 presented to their choice. 
 
 As a text-book for the architectural student little need be 
 said of this publication. The want of such a work, particu- 
 larly as it respects the English styles, is generally acknow- 
 ledged ; and it has been the aim of the Author, by a constant 
 reference to buildings, to instil the principles of practice rather 
 than mere theoretical knowledge. 
 
 This essay is by no means intended to supersede that more 
 
Xll , PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 detailed view of English architecture which the subject merits 
 and requires : an undertaking of this nature must necessarily 
 be expensive, from the requisite number of plates, without 
 which it is impossible to give a full view of this interesting 
 subject ; but if his life be preserved, and time and opportunity 
 be afforded him, the author may perhaps again intrude himself 
 on the public, with a more comprehensive view of Gothic 
 architecture in Europe. If he be not so permitted, it is a satis- 
 faction to him to know that he will now leave behind those 
 fully capable of investigating a subject which will richly re- 
 ward the philosophic investigator. 
 
 /g/9 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 
 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE 
 
 TUSCAN ORDER 
 
 DORIC 
 
 IONIC 
 
 CORINTHIAN 
 
 COMPOSITE . 
 
 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE 
 
 THE FIRST, OK NOKMAN STYLE 
 
 [examples or the time of EDWARD the CONFESSOR, A.D. 1065 
 
 „ ,, ,, WILLIAM I., A.D. 1066 1087 
 
 „ ,, „ WILLIAM II., A.D. 1087 1100 
 
 ,, „ ,, HENRY I., A.D. 1100 1135 
 
 „ ,, ,, STEPHEN, A.D. 1135 1154 
 
 TRANSITION FROM NORMAN TO EARLY ENGLISH, A.D. 1154 
 1190 ..... 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE TIME OF HENRY II., A.D. 1154 1189] 
 
 THE SECOND, OR EARLY ENGLISH STYLE 
 
 [transition FROM EARLY ENGLISH TO DECORATED . 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE TIME OF RICHARD I., A.D. 1189 1199 
 
 „ „ „ JOHN, A.D. 1199 1216 
 
 „ „ „ HENRY III., A.D. 1216 1272] 
 
 THE THIED, OR DECOEATED STYLE 
 
 [transition from DECORATED TO PERPENDICULAR, A.D. 1377 
 —1400 . . . 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE TIME OF EDWARD I., A.D. 1272 1307 
 
 „ „ ,, EDWARD II., A.D. 1307 1326 
 
 „ „ ,, EDWARD III., A.D. 1327 1377] 
 
 pAoa 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 13 
 16 
 22 
 27 
 31 
 35 
 46 
 79 
 82 
 85 
 89 
 97 
 
 100 
 103 
 112 
 156 
 158 
 161 
 164 
 176 
 
 227 
 230 
 236 
 239 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 THE FOUETH, OE PEEPENDICULAE STYLE 
 
 [examples of the time of eicharb II., A.D. 1377 — 1399 
 
 UNDEE THE HOUSE OF LANCASTEE, A.D. 1399 — 1460 
 
 XINDEE THE HOUSE OF TOEK, A.D. 1461 1483 
 
 UNDEE THE TUDOES, 1485 1547] 
 
 COUNTY INDEX . . . 
 GLOSSARIAL INDEX 
 TOPOGKAPHICAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 250 
 289 
 295 
 307 
 311 
 319 
 325 
 331 
 
LIST OP PLATES. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plan of Wells Cathedral . . . , 1 
 
 'oface 37 
 
 "Waltham Abbey Church .... 
 
 50 
 
 {Norman Arches.) 
 
 
 Korth Porch of Southwell Minster 
 
 72 
 
 {Norman Porch.) 
 
 
 East Front of St. Cross Church, Hampshire 
 
 „ 74 
 
 {Norman Front.) 
 
 
 West Entrance of Ketton Church, Eutlandshire 
 
 „ 100 
 
 {Transition.) 
 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral, Crypts .... 
 
 „ 106 
 
 Plan of Crypts 
 
 „ 107 
 
 {Norman and Transition.) 
 
 
 Durham Cathedral, Ground-plan 
 
 „ 110 
 
 West "Window of Eaunds Church, Northamptonshire 
 
 „ 118 
 
 {Early English.) 
 
 
 Polebrook Church, Korthamptonshire . 
 
 „ 142 
 
 {Early English Steeple,) 
 
 
 St. Mary's Church, Stamford .... 
 
 „ 143 
 
 {Early English Tower, with Decorated Spire.) 
 
 
 ]S"orth Transept, Beverley Minster 
 
 „ 147 
 
 {Early English Front.) 
 
 
 Western Doorway, Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire . 
 
 „ 150 
 
 {Early English Porch.) 
 
 
 Staircase in Beverley Minster .... 
 
 „ 151 
 
 {Early English Staircase.) 
 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral, Elevation of Two Bays 
 
 „ 153 
 
 {Early English, a.d. 1220.) 
 
 
 Queen Eleanor's Cross, Northampton . 
 
 „ 154 
 
 {Early Decorated NicJies, (&c.) 
 
 
 St. Mary's, Beverley, Arch and Screen, North Side of Choir 
 
 „ 194 
 
 {Decorated.) 
 
 
 Finedon Church, Northamptonshire 
 
 „ 214 
 
 {Decorated English Steeple.) 
 
XVI 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Bloxham Church, Oxfordshire .... 
 {Decorated English Steeple.) 
 
 Howden Church, Yorkshire .... 
 {Decorated English Front.) 
 
 Houghton-le-Dale Church, Norfolk 
 
 {Decorated English Front.) 
 
 South Porch of St. Mary's Church, Beverley 
 
 {Decorated English Porch.) 
 
 Hull Church, Yorkshire, Interior of Choir 
 
 {Decorated English Style.) 
 
 Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire, East Side of Gatehouse 
 {Transition from Decorated to Perpendicular.) 
 
 Merton College Chapel, Oxford, l^orth Side of Choir 
 {Early Decorated, a.d. 1274—1277.) 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, Elevation of Two Bays of Kave 
 {Decorated, a.d. 1331—1350.) 
 
 Ruined Chapel on the North Side of the Church of 
 St. Lawrence, Evesham .... 
 {Perpendicular Panelled Arch.) 
 
 Bocher's Arch, Rushden Church, Northamptonshire 
 {Perpendicular Arch and Screens.) 
 
 Kingsthorpe Church, Northamptonshire 
 
 {Perpendicular English Steeple.) 
 
 Perpendicular Roof of Wymondham Church, Norfolk . 
 
 Roof of St. Peter's Mancroft, Norwich ,, 
 
 Gallery and Eont in "Worstead 
 
 Church, Norfolk ..... 
 Entrance to the Chapter-house, Howden, Yorkshire 
 {Early Perpendicular, a.d. 1380—1407.) 
 
 Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire, "West Side of Gatehouse 
 
 {Transition from Decorated to Perpendicular, a.d. 1382 — 1386.) 
 
 The Divinity School, Oxford 
 
 {Perpendicular, rich Fan-Tracery Vaulting, a.d. 1445 — 1454.) 
 
 To fact 
 
 ?215 
 
 >> 
 
 220 
 
 >) 
 
 223 
 
 >> 
 
 224 
 
 j> 
 
 226 
 
 >j 
 
 229 
 
 if 
 
 231 
 
 )} 
 
 240 
 
 )i 
 
 258 
 
 >> 
 
 266 
 
 If 
 
 272 
 
 i> 
 
 277 
 
 !h„ 
 
 280 
 
 >» 
 
 284 
 
 )> 
 
 290 
 
 >) 
 
 292 
 
 J86.) 
 
 
 »> 
 
 304 
 
 J 6 
 
Irttrobuct0ts Imatks. 
 
 THE science of Architecture may be considered, in its most 
 extended application, to comprehend building of every 
 kind : but at present we must consider it in one much more 
 restricted; according to which. Architecture may be said to 
 treat of the planning and erection of edifices, which are com- 
 posed and embellished after two principal modes, 
 
 1st, the Antique, or Grrecian and Roman, [or Classic] ; 
 
 2nd, the English or Gothic, [or Mediaeval]. 
 
 We shall treat of these modes in distinct dissertations, be- 
 cause their principles are completely distinct, and indeed mostly 
 form direct contrasts. But before we proceed to treat of them, 
 it will be proper to make a few remarks on the distinction 
 between mere house- building, and that high character of com- 
 position in the Grecian and Roman orders which is properly 
 styled Architecture; for though we have now many nobly 
 architectural houses, we are much in danger of having our 
 public edifices debased, by a consideration of what is con- 
 venient as a house, rather than what is correct as an archi- 
 tectural design. 
 
 In order properly to examine this subject, we must consider 
 a little, what are the buildings regarded as our models for 
 working the orders, and in what climate, for what purposes, 
 and under what circumstances they were erected. This may, 
 perhaps, lead to some conclusions, which may serve to distin- 
 guish that description of work which, however rich or costly, 
 is still mere house-building, in point of its composition. 
 
 It is acknowledged on all hands that our best models, in 
 the three ancient unmixed orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corin- 
 thian, are the remains of Grecian temples. Most of them were 
 erected in a climate in which a covering from rain was by 
 no means necessary, and we shall find this circumstance very 
 influential ; for as the space within the walls was always par- 
 tially, and often wholly open, apertures in those walls for 
 light were not required; and we find also, in Grecian struc- 
 tures, very few, sometimes only one door. The purpose for 
 which these buildings were erected was the occasional reception 
 of a large body of people, and not the settled residence of any. 
 But, perhaps, the circumstances under which they were erected 
 have had more influence on the rules which have been handed 
 
*jj* " ' * '• ': . . • / XS^TRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 down to US as necessary to be observed in composing arcbitec- 
 tural designs, tban either tbe climate or their use. It is now- 
 pretty generally agreed, that the Greeks did not use the arch, 
 at least in the exterior of their public buildings, till it was 
 introduced by the Romans. Here then we see at once a limit- 
 ation of the intercolumniation, which must be restrained by 
 the necessity of finding stones of sufficient length to form the 
 architrave. Hence the smaller comparative intercolumniations 
 of the Grecian buildings, and the constant use of columns ; and 
 hence the propriety of avoiding arches in compositions of the 
 purer Grecian orders. 
 
 The Romans introduced the arch very extensively into build- 
 ings of almost every description, and made several alterations 
 in the mode of working the orders they found in Greece, to 
 which they added one order by mixing the Corinthian and 
 Ionic, and another by stripping the Doric of its ornaments. 
 Their climate, also, was so far different as to require more gen- 
 eral roofing ; but still, from the greater necessity of providing 
 a screen from the heat of the sun than apertures to admit 
 the light, it does not appear that large windows were in general 
 use, and hence an important difference in modern work. Al- 
 though, by roofs and arches, much more approximated to 
 modern necessities than the Grecian models, still those of 
 Rome, which can be regarded as models of composition, are 
 temples or other public edifices, and not domestic buildings; 
 which, whenever they have been found, appear unadapted to 
 modern wants, and therefore unfit for imitation. 
 
 In a few words we may sum up the grand distinctions 
 between mere building and architectural design : the former 
 looks for convenience, and though it will doubtless often use 
 architectural ornaments, and preserve their proportions, when 
 used as smaller parts, yet the general proportion may vary very 
 widely from the orders, and yet be pleasing, and perhaps not 
 incorrect. But all this is modern building, and not architecture 
 in its restricted sense : in this the columns are essential parts, 
 and to them and their proportions all other arrangements must 
 be made subservient. And here we may seek for models with 
 care and minuteness amongst the many remains yet left in 
 various parts, (and of which the best are familiar to most 
 architectural students, from valuable delineations by those 
 who have accurately examined them) ; and in selecting and 
 adopting these, the taste and abilities of the architect have 
 ample scope. 
 
 As an introduction to the dissertations, it may not be amiss 
 to take a hasty sketch of the progress of Architecture in 
 England. 
 
 Of the British architecture, before the arrival of the Romans 
 
TNTROBUCTOllY REMARKS. 3 
 
 in the island, we have no clear account ; but it is not likely 
 it differed much from the ordinary modes of uncivilized na- 
 tions. The hut of wood with a variety of coverings, and some- 
 times the cavities of the rock, were doubtless the domestic ha- 
 bitations of the aboriginal Britons ; and their stupendous public 
 edifices, such as Stonehenge and others, still remain to us. 
 
 The arrival of the Eomans was a new era. They introduced, 
 at least in some degree, their own architecture, of which a va- 
 riety of specimens have been found ; some few still remain, 
 of which, perhaps, the gate of Lincoln is the only one re- 
 taining its original use. Although some fine specimens of 
 workmanship have been dug up in parts, yet by far the 
 greatest part of the Roman work was rude, and by no means 
 comparable with the antiquities of Greece and Italy, though 
 executed by the Eomans. The age of purity in the Eoman 
 architecture reaches, down to several of the first emperors; 
 but very early, with a degree of purity of composition, there 
 was such a profusion of ornament made use of, as soon led 
 the way to something like debasement of composition. The 
 palace of Dioclesian, at Spalatro, has descended to us suffi- 
 ciently perfect to enable us to judge of the style of both com- 
 position and ornamental details ; and the date of this may be 
 considered from a.d. 290 to 300 ; and Constantino, who died 
 in A.D. 337, erected the church of St. Paul, without the walls 
 of Rome*, which in fact, in its composition, resembles a Norman 
 building. And it is curious to observe that the ornament 
 afterwards used so profusely in Norman work is used in the 
 buildings of Dioclesian, whose Corinthian modillions are capped 
 with a moulding cut in zigzag, and which only wants the en- 
 largement of the moulding to become a real Norman ornament. 
 
 When the Romans left the island, it was most likely that 
 the attempts of the Britons were still more rude; and en- 
 deavouring to imitate, but not executing on principle, the 
 Roman work, their architecture became debased into the Saxon, 
 and early Norman, intermixed with ornaments perhaps brought 
 in by the Danes ^. 
 
 After the Conquest, the rich Norman barons erecting very 
 magnificent castles and churches, the execution manifestly 
 improved, though still with much similarity to the Roman 
 
 ' The late Mr. Gaily Kniglit gives, and finished by his sons Arcadius and 
 in his work on The Ecclesiastical Honorius. " The rescript, addressed 
 Architecture of Italy, a view of the to the Praefect of Eome in the year 
 interior of this bmlding as it existed 386, which conveys the imperial corn- 
 previous to the fire in 1822. In the mands on this subject, has been pre- 
 present building there is no resem- served by Baronius," [vol. v. p. 607] . 
 blance to the Norman Style, it is a ^ [Mr. Eickman gives no example 
 fine Classical temple. He says it was of this, and no evidence has been 
 begun by the Emperor Theodosius, adduced by others for the statement.] 
 
 b2 
 
/ 
 
 4 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 mode debased ; but tbe introduction of shafts, instead of the 
 massive pier, first began to approach that lighter mode of 
 building which, by the introduction of the pointed arch, and 
 by an increased delicacy of execution and boldness of com- 
 position, ripened at the close of the twelfth century, into the 
 simple yet beautiful Early English style. 
 
 At the close of another century this style, from the alteration 
 of its windows by throwing them into large ones divided by 
 mullions, introducing tracery in the heads of windows, and 
 the general use of flowered ornaments, together with an im- 
 portant alteration in the piers, became the Decorated English 
 style, which may be considered as the perfection of the English 
 mode. This was very difl&cult to execute, from its requiring 
 flowing lines where straight ones were more easily combined ; 
 and at the close of the fourteenth century we find these flow- 
 ing lines giving way to perpendicular and horizontal ones, 
 the use of which continued to increase, till the arches were 
 almost lost in a continued series of panels, which at length 
 in one building — the chapel of Henry VII. — covered com- 
 pletely both the outside and inside ; and the eye, fatigued by 
 the constant repetition of small parts, sought in vain for the 
 bold grandeur of design which had been so nobly conspicuous 
 in the preceding style. 
 
 The Eeformation, occasioning the destruction of many of 
 the most celebrated buildings and the mutilation of others, 
 or the abstraction of funds necessary for their repair, seems 
 to have put an end to the working of the English styles on 
 principle. The square panelled and muUioned windows, with 
 the wooden panelled roofs and halls, of the great houses of 
 the tinie of Queen Elizabeth, seem rather a debased English 
 than anything else ; but during the reign of her successor, the 
 Italian architecture [then prevalent on the Continent] began 
 to be introduced, first only in columns of doors and other small 
 parts, and afterwards in larger portions, though still the gen- 
 eral style was this debased English ^. Of this introduction, 
 the most memorable is the celebrated tower of the Schools 
 at Oxford, where, into a building adorned with pinnacles and 
 having muUioned windows, the architect has crowded all the 
 five orders over each other. Some of the works of Inigo Jones 
 are little removed beyond this barbarism. Longieat, in -Wilt- 
 shire, is rather more advanced, and the banqueting-house, 
 Whitehall, seems to mark the complete introduction of Roman 
 [or Italian] workmanship. The close of the seventeenth century 
 
 " [Italian features certainly began Henry Vni., and more frequently in 
 
 to be introduced before the reign of buildings erected during the reigns 
 
 James I. They are occasionally to of Edward VI. and Elizabeth.] 
 be met with in work of the time of 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 5 
 
 produced Sir Christopher Wren, a man whose powers, con- 
 fessedly great, lead us to regret that he had not studied the 
 architecture of his English ancestors with the success he did 
 that of Rome; for while he has raised the most magnificent 
 modern building we possess, he seems to have been pleased to 
 disfigure the English edifices he had to complete. His works 
 at St. Mary Aldermary and St. Dunstan-in-the-East prove how 
 well he could execute imitated English buildings when he 
 chose, though even in them he has departed, in several respects, 
 from the true English principles. By the end of the seven- 
 teenth century the Roman architecture appears to have been 
 well established, and the works of Vitruvius and Palladio suc- 
 cessfully studied; but Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawks- 
 moor seem to have endeavoured to introduce a massiveness 
 of style which happily is peculiar to themselves. The works 
 of Palladio, as illustrated by some carpenters, appear to have 
 been the model for working the orders during the greatest 
 part of the eighteenth century ; but in the early and middle 
 part of it, a style of ornament borrowed from the French was 
 much introduced in interiors, the principal distinctions of 
 which were the absence of all straight lines, and almost of all 
 regular lines. The examples of this are now nearly extinct, 
 and seem to have been driven out by the natural operation 
 of the advance of good workmanship [and greater simplicity 
 of treatment] in the lower class of buildings. 
 
 All ornamental carvings were with difficulty executed in 
 wood, and were very expensive; but towards the latter end 
 of the eighteenth century the Adams' introduced a style of 
 ornament directly contrary to the heavy carving of their pre- 
 decessors. This was so flat as to be easily worked ia plaster 
 and other compositions, and [putty-]ornament was sold very 
 cheap, and profusely used in carpenters' work. This flatness 
 was more or less visible in many considerable buildings ; but 
 near the close of the century the magnificent works of Stuart 
 and Eevett, and the Ionian antiquities of the Dilletanti Society, 
 began to excite the public attention, and in a few years a great 
 alteration was visible : the massive Doric and the beautiful 
 plain Grecian Ionic began to be worked, and our ordinary 
 door-cases, &c. soon began to take a better character. The 
 use of the simple yet bold mouldings and ornaments of the 
 Grecian models is gradually spreading, and perhaps we may 
 hope, from the present general investigation of the principles 
 of science, that this will continue without danger of future 
 debasement, and that a day may come when we shall have 
 Grecian, Roman and English edifices erected on the princi- 
 ples of each. 
 
GRECIAN AEOHITECTUEE. 
 
 THE many valuable treatises and excellent delineations of 
 the Grecian and Roman buildings, and the details of their 
 parts, will render unnecessary in this dissertation that minute- 
 ness which, from the total absence of a previous system, it 
 will be proper to adopt in the description of the English styles. 
 But in this sketch a similar plan will be followed, of first 
 giving the name and grand distinctions of the orders ; then 
 describing the terms and names of parts necessary for those 
 who have not paid attention to the subject to understand ; and 
 a concise description of each order will follow. With respect 
 to the examples in England, it will be most proper to leave 
 the reader to select his own ; because in this country we have 
 not, as in the English architecture, the originals to study, but 
 a variety of copies, adapted to the climate, and to the conveni- 
 ence of modern times. 
 
 In dividing the Grecian and Roman architecture, the word 
 order is used, and much more properly than style ; the English 
 styles regard not a few parts, but the composition of the whole 
 building ^ : but a Grecian building is denominated Doric or 
 
 * [But the question naturally arises, 
 What is an order ? In architecture 
 the term ' order' signifies properly not 
 merely the column and its superin- 
 cumbent entablature, but rather a re- 
 cognised principle of decoration, a 
 systematic arrangement, a certain 
 characteristic proportion, which per- 
 vade not only the column and entabla- 
 ture, but also all the other accompani- 
 ments in a building, and all the minute 
 details of the several parts, as the 
 doors, windows, &c. 
 
 Now it is well known that there are 
 three distinct general divisions, under 
 which all objects in nature may be 
 classed : namely, 1st, the strong and 
 weak ; 2nd, the tall and short ; and 
 3rdly, the mean between these two : 
 by some compared with the robust- 
 ness of the man, the grace of the 
 virgin, and the maturer development 
 of the matron. Each of these moral 
 modifications is realised in the orders, 
 and received its physical and typical 
 realization in the three great divisions 
 of Greek architecture, known as the 
 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian : where 
 strength and robustness are retained 
 
 in the Doric, refined and modified in 
 the Ionic, and attenuated to greater 
 grace and elegance in the Corinthian. 
 These distinct quaUties exist not only 
 in the column of the order, but per- 
 vade all the parts of an edifice; so 
 that a Greek -Doric monument is 
 known at once by its simple, massive, 
 ponderous proportions; the Ionic by 
 its cahn but Hghter subdivisions ; the 
 Corinthian by the more intricate and 
 slender modifications of all the parts. 
 So that even without the prominent 
 characteristic of the column with its 
 capital and base, we may at one glance 
 decide to which order of architecture 
 the edifice may belong. Thus the 
 physical proportions of the building 
 decide its moral influence on the mind, 
 so that, if these two do not harmonize, 
 there must be some impropriety or 
 contradiction. 
 
 Let us then bear in mind these three 
 great physical distinctions embodied 
 in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian 
 orders : in the Doric, the idea of solid 
 supports, subdued ornament, and short 
 proportions; in its opposite, the Corin- 
 thian, elegance of form, lightness of 
 
GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 7 
 
 Ionic, merely from its ornaments ; and the number of columns, 
 windows, &c., may be the same in any order, only Taried in 
 their proportions. 
 
 The orders are generally considered to be five, and are 
 usually enumerated as follows : — 
 
 Tuscan,— Doric, — Ionic, — Corinthian,— Composite ^ 
 
 The Tuscan is without any ornament whatever. 
 
 Their origin will be treated of hereafter. Their prominent 
 distinctions are as follows : 
 
 The Doric is distinguished by the channels and projecting 
 intervals in the frieze, called triglypU, [and the Greek-Doric 
 column is usually without a base] . • ^ 
 
 The Ionic by the ornaments of its capital, which are spiral, 
 and are called volutes. 
 
 The Corinthian by the superior height of its capital, and 
 by its being ornamented with leaves, which support very small 
 volutes [at the angles and in the centre, the latter being 
 named €aulicoli~\. 
 
 The Composite has also a tall capital with leaves, but is dis- 
 tinguished from the Corinthian by having the large [angular] 
 volutes and enriched ovolo of the Ionic capital. 
 
 In a complete order there are three grand divisions, which 
 are occasionally executed separately, viz. 
 
 1. The column, including its base and capital; 
 
 2. The pedestal "", which supports the column ; 
 
 3. The entablature, or part above ^^^ o^^j^^^^ 
 supported by the column. 
 
 These are again subdivided into three 
 parts : — 
 
 The pedestal into 
 
 1. base, or lower mouldings ; 
 
 2. dado or die, the plain central space ; 
 
 3. surhase, or upper mouldings. Base. 
 The column into base, or lower mould- 
 ings ; shaft, or central space ; and capital, or upper mouldings. 
 
 The entablature, into architrave, or part immediately above 
 the column ; frieze, or central flat space ; and cornice, or upper 
 projecting mouldings. 
 
 These parts may be again divided thus : the lower por- 
 tions, viz. the base of the pedestal, base of the column, and the 
 
 proportions, rieliness of decoration ; ciation of the orders, divided them into 
 in the Ionic, the mean between these five, as did also the Itahan masters.] 
 two extremes, moderate strength, sub- ^ [The first and the last of these 
 dned embelUshment, proportions inter- being unknown in Greek art.] 
 mediate between the sturdiness of the *= [A pedestal can scarcely be con- 
 Doric and the lofty grace of the Corin- sidered necessary for the completeness 
 thian. The Komans, however, who were of an order. It is not found in the 
 less exact in their metaphysical appre- majority of ancient examples.] 
 
8 
 
 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 architrave, divide each into two parts; the first and second 
 into plinth and mouldings, the third into face or faces, and 
 upper mouldings or taenia ^. 
 
 Each central portion, as dado of the pedestal, shaft of the 
 column, and frieze, is undivided. 
 
 Each upper portion, as surbase of the pedestal, capital of the 
 column, cornice of the entablature, divides into three parts : the 
 first into hed-mouldf or the part under the corona; corona, or 
 plain face ; and c^matium, or upper moulding. 
 
 The capital into neck, or part below the ovolo ; ovolo, or pro- 
 jecting round moulding ; and abacus or tile, the flat upper 
 moulding, mostly nearly square. These divisions of the capital, 
 however, are less distinct than those of the other parts ®. 
 
 The cornice into bed-mould, or part 
 below the corona ; corona, or flat pro- 
 jecting face ; cymatium, or moulding 
 above the corona. 
 
 Besides these general divisions, it ^''^^'*'<'^^- b 
 will be proper to notice a few terms 
 often made use of. 
 
 The ornamental moulding running 
 round an arch [is called an archivolt j^^^^ 
 (b.)], or round doors and windows, is 
 called an architrave, 
 
 A horizontal moulding for an arch 
 to spring from is called an impost, (a.) 
 
 The [central] stone at the top of an 
 arch, which often projects, is called 
 a key-stone. 
 
 The small brackets 
 under the corona in the 
 cornice are called mu- 
 tules or modillions. If 
 they are square, or lon- 
 ger in front than in 
 depth, they are called 
 mutules, and are used 
 in the Doric order; if 
 they are less in front 
 than their depth, they 
 are called modillions. 
 
 Arcliivolt and Impost. 
 
 Mutule, 
 
 Modnnon. 
 
 Truss. 
 
 •^ [The term tsenia is usually con- 
 fined to the Doric order.] 
 
 ^ [In the Corinthian order, and in 
 many examples of the Ionic, these 
 divisions do not exist. In the Com- 
 posite order the part below the ovolo 
 
 is called the vase, hell, or body of the 
 capital. In fact, the vase is the cap 
 proper, round which the caulicoli and 
 leaves are grouped merely as a deco- 
 ration. In the vase-shaped Egyptian 
 capitals this is very evident.] 
 
GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 and in the Corinthian order have carved leaves spread under 
 them. 
 
 A truss is a modillion enlarged, and placed flat^ against 
 a wall, often used to support the cornice of doors and windows. 
 
 A console is an ornament like a truss carved on a key-stone. 
 
 Trusses, when used under modillions in the frieze, are called 
 canfalwers. 
 
 The space under the corona of the cornice is called a soffit, 
 as is also th^ under side of an arch s. - 
 
 Dentils are ornaments used in the bed- I i I 1 i i^ 
 mould of cornices ; they are parts of a small ^is^^M^mM^t 
 flat face, which is cut perpendicularly, and Dentus. 
 
 small intervals left between each, [and represent the ends of 
 ceiling joists]. 
 
 A flat column is called a pilaster ^ ; and those 
 which are used with columns and have a difierent 
 capital, are called antcE. (a.) 
 
 A small height of panelling above the cornice, 
 is called an attic ; and in their panels, and some- 
 times in other parts, are introduced small pillars, 
 swelling towards the bottom, called balustres, and 
 a series of them a balustrade. 
 
 The triangular portion over a series of columns 
 is called a pediment, and the plain [central] space 
 bounded by the horizontal and sloping cornices, 
 the tympanum; this is often ornamented with figures ^ or 
 other work in relief. 
 
 Pedestals and attics are far from settled as to their propor- 
 tions, or the mode of their execution, depending almost entirely 
 on circumstances connected with the particular design, rather 
 than the order, with which they are used. However, for 
 pedestals, about one-fifth of the whole height, (including 
 pedestal and entabla- 
 ture,) is a good pro- 
 portion, though it may 
 be often necessary to 
 alter it from local cir- 
 cumstances. In ffene- 
 ral, an order looks much "^^^^^ ^°^^' ^"^^^^°^- 
 better executed without pedestals. 
 
 Columns are- sometimes ornamented by channels, which are 
 called flutes. 
 
 AntsD. 
 
 Grecian Ionic, ErectlieTim. 
 
 * [It wonld be more correct to say, 
 placed upright against a wall.] 
 
 s [Soffit is a very general term for 
 horizontal under-surfaces ; it is applied 
 to the , under side of the architrave of 
 an entablature.] 
 
 ^ [Pilasters are usually attached to 
 the flat surface of the wall, and pro- 
 jecting very shghtly from it.] 
 
 * As a rule, the figures are in groups. 
 The typical example is on the Par- 
 thenon at Athens. 
 
10 
 
 GRECIAN AECHITECTURE. 
 
 These channels are sometimes partly filled by a lesser round 
 moulding ; this is called cabling the flutes ^. 
 
 If the joints of the masonry are channelled, 
 the work is called rustic ; this is often used on 
 the basement of an order. 
 
 For the better understanding the description 
 to be given of the orders, it will be proper first 
 to notice the mouldings which, by difi'erent com- 
 binations, form their parts \ 
 
 The most simple mouldings are : — 
 
 1st. The ovolOy or quarter round. 2nd. The 
 cavetto, or hollow. 3rd. The torus, or round. 
 
 Rustic-work. 
 
 TheCavetto. ■'^ff'mj The Torus. 
 
 From the composition of these ^I'e formed divers others, and 
 from the arrangement of them, 
 with plain flat 
 are formed 
 
 ornaments. A large flat space ^^®*- 
 
 is called a corona, if in the cornice ; a face or fascia in 
 
 spaces between, 
 cornices and other 
 
 li' 
 
 J 
 
 the 
 
 ^ [In the Doric order twenty flutes 
 are used on the column, and they are 
 worked without 
 fillets between 
 them. In the 
 Ionic, Corin- 
 thian, and Com- 
 posite orders 
 twenty-four flutes are used with small 
 fillets between. The Tuscan is the 
 only order in which the columns are 
 never fluted.] 
 
 ^ [They are the alphabet of archi- 
 tecture, as Mons. Eam^e observes: 
 they are the elements, the members 
 which serve to determine and give 
 expression to the different parts of 
 a monument. 
 
 It is to be observed, that the purer 
 monuments of Classic art are charac- 
 terized by the moderate use of mould- 
 ings, which are generally small in size 
 and few in number, as compared with 
 the plain faces. In the later periods, 
 however, the mouldings gradually in- 
 creased, and finally among the Komans 
 predominated, so as to leave hardly 
 any plain faces at aU. A moulding 
 may be considered to be, in the terms 
 of Quatremere de Quincy, " a small 
 body projecting more or less from the 
 wall, and having a rounded surface." 
 It may be remarked, that the angle of 
 inclination of the Greek mouldings is 
 never very great, but in the Roman mo- 
 numents they overhang much more.] 
 
GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 11 
 
 architrave ; and the frieze itself is only a flat space "^. A small 
 flat face is called a fillet, and is interposed between mouldings 
 to divide them. (See p. 15.) 
 
 A fillet is, in the bases of columns and some other parts, 
 joined to a face, or to the column itself, by a small hollow, 
 then called apophygea. 
 
 The torus, when very small, becomes an astragal (which 
 projects), or a head, which does not project. 
 
 Bead. 
 
 Apopliyges. 
 
 Compound mouldings are, 
 
 The cyma recta, which has the hollow uppermost and projecting. 
 
 The cyma reversa, which has the round uppermost and pro- 
 jecting. 
 
 Cyma recta. Cyma reversa. 
 
 The ogee"^, [which has the round uppermost and over- 
 hanging]. 
 
 The scotia, which is formed of two hollows**, one over the 
 other, and of different centres. 
 
 Scotia. 
 
 [The most complex of all mouldings is the Bird' s-beak, which 
 
 •" The frieze is not invariably 
 flat. 
 
 " Eickman employs the word ogee 
 as synonymous with cyma reversa. 
 
 " The upper and 
 lower hollows con- 
 trasted. 
 
 ^ 
 
12 
 
 GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 exists almost exclusively, if not quite so, in the Greek Doric 
 order. It was never em- 
 ployed, strange to say, by the 
 Romans. It disappears, even 
 in the Greek buildings them- 
 selves, after the classic period |jjI|j 
 of Athenian art. It may be '| 
 defined in its elementary form 
 
 as a cyma surmounted by Bird's-beak. 
 
 a projecting or overhanging ovolo, the uppermost moulding, 
 the ovolo, casting a deep shade on the whole of the cyma recta. 
 It is never carved, but was usually painted with a succession 
 of leaves placed vertically.] 
 
 In the Eoman works, the mouldings are generally worked of 
 equal projection to the height, and not bolder than the above 
 regular forms ; but the Grecian mouldings are often bolder, 
 and worked with a small return, technically called a quirky and 
 these are of various proportions. 
 
 The ogee and ovolo are most generally used with quirks. 
 
 Several beads placed together, or sunk in a flat face, are 
 called reedings. 
 
 wmm 
 
 auirked Ogee. 
 
 Reedings. 
 
 All these mouldings, except the fillet, may be occasionally 
 carved, and they are then called enriched mouldings. 
 
 From these few simple forms (by adding astragals and fillets, 
 and combining differently ornamented mouldings, faces, and 
 soffits) are all the cornices, panels, and other parts formed ; and 
 the modern compositions in joiners', plasterers', and masons' 
 work, are very numerous, and too well known to need de- 
 scribing. 
 
 There are several terms applied to large buildings, which 
 it is proper also to explain. 
 
 A series of columns of considerable length is called a 
 colonnade. 
 
 A series of columns at the end of a building, or projecting 
 from the side of a building, is called a portico. 
 
 A portico is called tetra-style, if of four columns ; hexa-stylBj 
 if of six ; octO' style f if of eight ; deca-style^ if of ten. 
 
TUSCAN ORDER. 13 
 
 TUSCAN ORDER. 
 
 Though this is not, perhaps, the most ancient of the orders p, 
 yet, from its plainness and simplicity, it is usually first noticed. 
 Its origin is evidently Italian, for the Grecian work, however 
 plain, has still some of the distinctive marks of massive Doric, 
 whilst the Tuscan always bears clear marks of its analogy to the 
 Roman Doric ^. 
 
 The pedestal, when used, is very plain, but the column is 
 more often set on a plain square block plinth, which suits the 
 character of the order better than the higher pedestal. This 
 block projects about half the height of the plinth of the base 
 beyond its face. 
 
 The [Tuscan] column, including the base and capital, is, 
 [according to the rules of the Italian masters,] about seven 
 diameters high. The column, in the Roman orders, is some- 
 times only diminished the upper two-thirds of its height. 
 This diminution is bounded by a curved line, which is variously 
 determined, but does not difier much from what an even spring 
 would assume, if one part of it were bound, in the direction 
 of the axis of the shaft, to the cylindrical third, and then, 
 by pressure at the top only, brought to the diminishing point. 
 The Grecian columns are mostly diminished from the bottom, 
 and conically. The quantity of diminution varies from one- 
 sixth to one-fourth of the diameter just above the base. 
 
 The Tuscan base is half a diameter in height^ and consists 
 of a plain torus with a fillet and apophyges. 
 
 This last is part of the shaft, and not of the base, as indeed 
 all apophygse are considered to be, and also all the astragals 
 underneath the capitals, as well as the upper fillet of the base 
 
 V [It is tlae most ancient of the diameter of the colunjn equal to three- 
 
 Roman orders.] fourths of the lower one. He divides 
 
 1 [Some examples of simple orders the capital into three parts, one for 
 
 in the lower stories of ancient theatres the hypotracheUum or neck, one for 
 
 and amphitheatres have induced the the echinus, and one for the abacus, 
 
 writers on architecture to consider which equals in width the lower di- 
 
 them as Tuscan. But if we are to ameter of the column. He describes 
 
 rely upon Vitruvius, the great master the architrave as being formed of 
 
 in the art, we shaU find the features coupled beams of wood, two inches 
 
 of the Tuscan entablature, as described apart ; over the beams are mutules, 
 
 by him, totally different from the ex- equalling in projection one-fourth of 
 
 amples above referred to, or those the height of the column ; over the 
 
 given by the ItaHan writers on archi- mutules come the corona and mould- 
 
 tecture. The best illustration of which ings. The columns of Trajan and 
 
 [in England] exists in the portico Antonine, with the exception of the 
 
 of Covent-garden Church, London. pedestals, may be considered, omit- 
 
 Vitruvius gives seven diameters to ting the sculptures, as the Vitruvian 
 
 the height of the column, the base type of the Tuscan column.] 
 half a diameter high, and the upper 
 
14 TUSOAJSr ORDER ACCORDDTG TO TBE ITALIAIT MASTERS. 
 
 The following engraving represents the Tuscan Order without a pedestal, 
 haying all its parts and their members drawn, with the names. 
 
 in all the richer orders, 
 and in masonry it 
 should be executed on 
 the shaft stones. 
 
 The capital of the 
 Tuscan order is (ex- 
 clusive of the astra- 
 gal) half a diameter 
 in height, and consists 
 of a neck on which 
 is an ovolo and fillet, 
 joined to the neck by 
 an apophyges, and 
 over the ovolo a square 
 tile [or abacus] , which 
 may or may not be 
 ornamented by a pro- 
 jecting fillet. 
 
 The shaft is never 
 fluted, but many ar- 
 chitects have given to 
 this order, and some 
 have even added to 
 the richer orders, large 
 square blocks, as parts 
 of the shaft, which 
 are called rustications, 
 and are sometimes 
 roughened. 
 
 The Tuscan enta- 
 blature [according to 
 the Italian masters] 
 should be quite plain, 
 having neither mu- 
 tules nor modillions. 
 The architrave has one 
 or sometimes two faces, 
 and a fillet ; the frieze 
 quite plain, and the 
 cornice consisting of 
 a cyma recta for cy- 
 matium, and the co- 
 rona with a fillet, and 
 a small channel for 
 drip in the soffit. The 
 bed-mould should con- 
 sist of an ovolo, fillet, 
 and cavetto. 
 
TtrSCAN ORDER AS DESCRIBED BT YITRTTVIITS, B. Iv. o. 7. 
 
 15 
 
 The Tuscan [given on p. 
 14] is that of Palladio ; some 
 other Italian architects have 
 varied in parts, and some 
 have given a sort of block 
 modillions like those used in 
 Covent-garden Church, but 
 these are of wood, and ought 
 not to be imitated in stone. 
 
 This order is little used, 
 and will most likely in future 
 be still less so, as the massive 
 Grecian Doric is an order 
 equally manageable, and far 
 more elegant ^. 
 
 Having explained the parts 
 of one order, it will be neces- 
 sary to make a few remarks 
 which could not so well be 
 previously introduced. If 
 pilasters and columns are 
 used together, and they are 
 of the same character, and 
 not antse, the pilasters should 
 be diminished like the co- 
 
 ' [It is sometimes adopted with the 
 bed-moulding or slightly projecting 
 mutules, where rustic orders are in- 
 troduced, as at the Yilla Papa Julia 
 at Eome by Vignola; at the Lux- 
 embourg palace by De Brosse at 
 Paris, and in the orangery at Ver- 
 sailles, by Mansard.] 
 
 T.U.OONALDS0N.a 
 
 O.JCWITT.St. 
 
16 DORIC ORDER. 
 
 lumns; but where pilasters are used alone, they may be un- 
 diminished. 
 
 The fillet and moulding under the cymatium, which in rich 
 orders is often an ogee, is part of the corona, and as such is 
 continued over the corona in the horizontal line of pediments, 
 where the cymatium is omitted ; and is also continued with 
 the corona in interior work, where the cymatium is often with 
 propriety omitted. 
 
 In pediments, whose cornices contain mutules, modillions, 
 or dentils, those in the raking cornice must be placed perpen- 
 dicularly over those in the horizontal cornice, and their sides 
 need not be perpendicular, though their under parts follow the 
 rake of the cornice. 
 
 DORIC OEDER. 
 
 The ancient Grecian Doric appears to have been an order 
 of peculiar grandeur ; simple and bold, its ornaments were 
 the remains of parts of real utility : and perhaps originally it 
 was worked with no moulding but the cymatium, to cover the 
 ends of the tiles, its triglyphs being the ends of the beams, and 
 its mutules those of the rafters. In after times, its proportions 
 were made rather less massive, and its mouldings and orna- 
 ments, though not numerous, were very beautiful. The Romans 
 considerably altered this order, and by the regulations they 
 introduced rendered it peculiarly diflB.cult to execute on large 
 buildings. As the examples of the two countries are very dif- 
 ferent, we shall treat of them separately, and therefore de- 
 scribe first the 
 
 Grecian Doric. 
 
 The columns of this order were, in Greece, generally placed 
 on the floor, without pedestal and without base; the capital, 
 which occupied a height of about half a diameter, had no astra- 
 gal, but a few plain fiUets, with channels between them, under 
 the ovolo, and a small channel below the fillets. The ovolo 
 is generally flat, and of great projection, with a quirk or return. 
 On this was laid the abacus, which was only a plain tile, with- 
 out fillet or ornament ^ 
 
 In the division of the entablature, the architrave and frieze 
 have each more than a third in height, and the cornice less. 
 The architrave has only a plain broad fillet ^ under which 
 
 « The abacus is worked on the same stone with the rest of the capital, and 
 is not separate from it. 
 
 ' [The tsBnia, along the top.] 
 
GREOIM DORIC. 
 
 17 
 
 ■iliiiB 
 
 /l.*M.SC. 
 
 Temple of Theseus, Athens. 
 ROMAlf DORIC. 
 
 ^^ ^^ 
 
 Temple of Apollo at Delos. 
 MODERIT DORIC. 
 
 Theatre of Marcellus, Rome. 
 
 T. Hickman. 
 
18 
 
 DORIC ORDER. 
 
 are placed the drops or guttse, which appear to hang from the 
 triglyphs^. 
 
 A triglyph, in Greece, appears to have been generally 
 placed at the angle '^j thus bringing the interior edge of the 
 triglyph nearly over the centre of the angular column, [and 
 consequently rendering the outer intercolumniations closer, 
 giving an appearance of greater strength to the angles]. The 
 metope, or space between the triglyphs, was nearly the square 
 of the height of the frieze, [and frequently, as in the Par- 
 thenon and Theseion at Athens, filled with sculptured groups] ; 
 and a mutule was placed not only over each triglyph, but also 
 over each metope. The cornice of this order, in Greece, con- 
 sisted of a plain face, under the mutule, which was measured 
 as part of the frieze, and then the mutule, which projected 
 sloping forward under the corona, so that the bottom of the 
 mutule in front was considerably lower than at the back. Over 
 the corona was commonly a small ovolo and fillet, and then 
 a larger ovolo and fillet for the cymatium ; and below the 
 corona a fillet about equal in height to the mutule. 
 The ornaments of this order, in Greece, were, — 
 1st, the flutings of the column, which are peculiar to the 
 order, and are twenty in number, shallow, and not with fillets 
 between them, but [arrises or] sharp edges. These flutes are 
 much less than a semicircle, and should be elliptic. 
 
 2nd, At the corner y, in the space formed in the soffit of 
 the corona, by the interval between the two angular mutules, 
 was sometimes placed a flower ; and the cymatium of the cornice 
 had often lions' heads % which appear to have been real spouts. 
 3rd, In addition to the drops under the triglyph, the mutules 
 also had three rows of drops of the same shape and size *. 
 
 This order appears in general to have been worked very 
 massively; in the best examples the columns are from five to 
 six diameters high, which is lower than the Italians usually 
 worked the Tuscan ; but this gave peculiar grandeur to the 
 temples in which it is thus employed. 
 
 Our present authorities for the Grecian orders are scattered 
 through a variety of very expensive works, and in them are 
 presented in very irregular succession, whether we regard their 
 supposed dates, their purity, or their orders ; and it would be 
 a valuable present to the architectural student, if the good 
 authorities of each^ order were collected, figured, and some ac- 
 count given of their variations. "With respect to the Doric 
 
 ™ [They are not attached to the ^ [Projecting from it at intervals.] 
 
 tsBnia, but to a small intervening fillet ^ [The tympanum of the pediment 
 
 on the underside of it.] and the metopes of the frieze were 
 
 ^ [When a building forms an angle.] often ornamented with sculpture in 
 
 r [Of a building.] relief.] 
 
■DORIC ORDER. 19 
 
 order, this has been ably done in a treatise by Edmund Aikin ^, 
 from which we shall take the liberty of extracting a few re- 
 marks. 
 
 "On viewing and comparing the examples of the Doric 
 order, the first emotion will probably be surprise at beholding 
 the diflPerent proportions, — a diversity so great, that scarcely 
 any two instances appear which do not materially diflfer in 
 the relative size of their parts, both in general and in detail : 
 they present difierences which cannot be reconciled upon any 
 system of calculation, whether the diameter, or the height of 
 the column, or the general height of the order be taken as the 
 element of proportion. At the same time, they all resemble 
 one another in certain characteristic marks, which denote the 
 order; the difierences are not generic but specific, and leave 
 unimpaired those plain and obvious marks, which enable us 
 to circumscribe the genuine Doric order within a simple and 
 easy definition. 
 
 "Interesting would be the investigation, could we trace 
 the history of the Doric order in its monuments^ and mark 
 what progressive improvements it may have received in the 
 course of time ; but of the monuments of antiquity few, com- 
 paratively, have survived the injuries of time, and the more 
 speedy and efiectual destruction of violence ; and of these still 
 fewer retain either inscriptions, or, in the records of history, the 
 dates of their erection." 
 
 The examples of Grecian Doric, of which we have accounts 
 and figures that may be depended on, are : — 
 
 ^ The temple of Minerva at Athens, called the Parthenon. 
 
 The temple of Theseus, at Athens. 
 
 The Propylsea, at Athens. 
 
 The temple of Minerva, at Sunium, [and one at Thoricum], 
 
 The temple of Apollo, at Delos. 
 
 The portico of Philip, at Delos. 
 
 The portico of the Agora, at Athens, [Roman period]. 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Nemaeus, between Argos and 
 Corinth, [Roman period, probably]. 
 ^ A temple at Corinth. 
 ^ The Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, in -^gina. 
 
 The temple of Minerva, at Syracuse. 
 
 The temple of Juno Lucina, at Agrigentum. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at Agrigentum. 
 -{ The temple of Jupiter, as Selinus. 
 
 A smaller temple at Selinus. 
 
 A temple at -^gesta. 
 
 [Temple of Metapontum, Calabria.] 
 L Three temples at Psestum. 
 
 ^ Essay on the Doric Order of Architecture. FoHo. Lond. 1810. 
 c2 
 
 
 
20 DORIC ORDER. 
 
 Our limits will not permit us to enter minutely into the 
 question, wliicli of these examples might be now considered 
 as the most valuable for imitation ; but one circumstance it 
 is requisite to notice, which is, that in the Athenian examples, 
 and many of the others, the architrave projects over the top 
 of the shaft, so as to be nearly perpendicular to the front of 
 the bottom of the shaft, an arrangement never seen at Rome, 
 but which contributes 'much to the boldness of the Grecian 
 temples: and it is curious to observe, that in the temple of 
 Apollo at Delos, of Concord at Agrigentum, and the temple 
 of ^gesta, this projection is very small compared with that 
 of the other examples ; and that in the portico of Philip, at 
 Delos, and all the temples at Psestum, there is no projection, 
 but the face of the architrave is set over the diminished part of 
 the shaft, the same as in Roman examples. 
 
 Two of the temples at Psestum have capitals, with some 
 trivial additions about the neck, and such a great projection 
 of the echinus and abacus, as well as some appearances in the 
 entablature, that take very much from their beauty '^. 
 
 The other temple at Paestum has (excepting the projection 
 above spoken of) all the characters of the Grecian examples. 
 
 On the whole, the temples of Minerva and Theseus at Athens, 
 and of Minerva at Sunium, appear to be those examples [of the 
 Attic type] which deserve the most attentive consideration, as 
 well from the general beauty of the composition as the excel- 
 lence of the details and execution. But in this order, as well 
 as in architecture generally, the duty of the architect is not 
 to be a servile copyist of any example, however fine ; but, by 
 seizing the principles and spirit of the age of his best models, 
 to form such a composition as, by its fitness for the purpose 
 to which it is applied, should appear that edifice which, for 
 a similar purpose, the great architects, whose works he seeks 
 rather to renew than imitate, would huve erected. 
 
 Roman Doric. 
 
 This differs from the Grecian in several important particulars : 
 which will appear from the following rules; from the strict- 
 ness of which follows that extreme difficulty of execution which 
 has been so often complained of in this order : 1st, the triglyphs 
 must be precisely over the centre of the columns; 2nd, the 
 metopes must be exact squares ; 3rd, the mutules also must be 
 exact squares ; [4th, it has the attic base ; 5th, the mutules 
 appear in the inclined cornice of the pediment as well as in the 
 horizontal cornice] . 
 
 As, therefore, the intercolumniation must be of a certain 
 number of triglyphs, it will be easily conceived how difficult 
 «= But give them a peculiar and striking character. 
 
DORIC ORDER. 21 
 
 it will be, in large buildings, where a triglyph is several feet, 
 to accommodate this order to the internal arrangements. 
 
 The Eoman Doric is sometimes set on a plinth, and some- 
 times on a pedestal, which should be of few and plain mould- 
 ings. The bases usually employed are either the attic base 
 of a plinth, lower torus, scotia, and upper torus, with fillets 
 between them, or the proper base of one torus and an astragal, 
 or in some instances, of a plinth and simple fillet. The shaft ^, 
 including the base and capital, each of which is half a diameter, 
 is generally eight diameters high, and is fluted like the Grecian. 
 The capital has an astragal and neck under the ovolo, which 
 has sometimes three small fillets projecting over each other % 
 and sometimes another astragal and fillet. The ovolo should 
 be a true quarter-round. The abacus has a small ogee and 
 fillet on its upper edge. 
 
 The architrave has less height than the Grecian ; [this con- 
 sequently gives it a weak appearance,] being only two-thirds of 
 the frieze, which is equal in height to the cornice. In a few 
 instances the architrave has two faces, but mostly only one. 
 
 The frieze has nothing peculiar to this mode; if plain, its 
 metopes being, as before observed, square. 
 
 The cornice difiers much from the Grecian, having its soffit 
 flat, and the mutules square, with a square interval between 
 them. The Grecian drops in the mutules generally appear in 
 front, below the mutules ; but the Roman do not, and are some- 
 times omitted; the drops also are of a difierent shape, being 
 more complete cones. 
 
 The cymatium [or crowning moulding] is often a cavetto, and 
 sometimes a cyma recta, with an ogee under it. The mutules 
 have a small ogee, which runs round them, and also round the 
 face they are formed of ^; and under the mutules are an ovolo 
 and small fillet, and the flat fillet which runs round the top of 
 the triglyphs here belongs to the cornice, and not, as in the 
 Grecian, to the frieze. [Sometimes dentils are introduced in the 
 bed of the cornice, representing the ends of the ceiling joists.] 
 
 The Roman Doric is susceptible of much ornament, for in 
 addition to the flutes, the guttse of the triglyphs, and the roses 
 in the soffit of the corona, the neck of the capital has some- 
 times eight flowers or husks placed round it, the ovolo carved, 
 and the metopes in the frieze filled with alternate ox-skulls, 
 paterae, or other [emblematic] ornaments. In interior decora- 
 tions, sometimes one or two of the mouldings of the cornice 
 are enriched; but with all this ornament, the Roman Doric 
 is far inferior [in grandeur of sentiment or] in real beauty 
 to the Grecian. 
 
 «* The column. ^ The fillets are placed under the oyoIo, above the neck. 
 
 ^ The face from which they project. 
 
22 
 
 IONIC ORDER. 
 
 The Doric we have now described, and its rules, should 
 rather be considered Italian than Roman ; for it is in fact the 
 Doric worked by [Yignola, Serlio, and other] modern Italian 
 architects, rather than the Doric of ancient Home, of which 
 we have only one example, which is far from giving such 
 a Doric as above described. 
 
 This example is the theatre of Marcellus, which has dentils 
 in the cornice, and of which the corona was so decayed even 
 near 150 years back, as to give no trace of anything but an 
 indication of a mutule, which appears a little like a Grecian 
 mutule. This theatre is considered to have been erected by 
 Augustus, and it appears most probable that the portico of the 
 Agora, at Athens, was erected about the same time ; if so, 
 it becomes a curious question how and why the order should 
 be so altered in Rome. 
 
 The first order of the Coliseum is a much later work, and 
 is extremely poor in its combinations, but has a capital very 
 much like the theatre of Marcellus, and its cornice has an uncut 
 dentil face ^. 
 
 IONIC ORDEE. 
 
 As the Greeks and Romans differed much in their model 
 of working the Doric Order, so 
 there was considerable difference 
 in their execution of the Ionic, 
 though by no means so great as 
 in the former. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of 
 this order is the capital, which 
 has four spiral projections called 
 volutes. These, in Greece, were 
 placed flat on the front and back 
 of the column, leaving the two 
 sides of a different character, and 
 forming a balustre. But as this 
 at the external angle produces 
 a disagreeable effect, an angular 
 volute was sometimes placed there, 
 shewing two volutes, one flat the 
 other angular, to each exterior 
 face, and a balustre [cusheon] to 
 each interior [as at the Erectheum 
 in the Acropolis at Athens ;] but 
 
 8 The parts and proportions given 
 by Sir W. Chambers to this order are 
 arranged in the most masterly and 
 
 Modern Ionic, Palladio. 
 
 graceful manner, and present the most 
 perfect example of the Boman Doric. 
 
IONIC ORDEB. 23 
 
 this not forming a good combination, a capital was invented 
 [by the Romans] with four angular volutes, and the abacus 
 with its sides hollowed out^. This is called the modern [or 
 angular] Ionic capital. In the ancient examples, the list or 
 spiral line of the volute runs along the face of the abacus, 
 straight under the ogee, but in the modern this list springs from 
 behind the ovolo ; and in the hollow of the abacus, which is an 
 ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, is generally placed a flower. The abacus 
 of the ancient capital has only a small ogee for its moulding. 
 
 There are examples at Athens of an astragal to the ancient 
 Ionic capital below the volutes, leaving a neck which is adorned 
 with carvings ; but these examples are rare. 
 
 The Ionic shaft, including the base, which is half a diameter, 
 and the capital to the bottom, of the volute generally a little 
 more, is about [eight and a half to] nine diameters high. 
 
 The pedestal is a little taller, and morei ornamented than 
 in the Doric. 
 
 The bases used to this order are very various : some of the 
 Grecian examples are of one torus and two scotise, with astra- 
 gals and fillets [as in the temples of Priene and Branchydae, 
 near Miletus] ; others of two large tori and a scotia of small 
 projection, [as in the Erectheum at Athens] ; but the attic base 
 is very often used, and with an astragal added above the upper 
 torus, makes a beautiful and appropriate base for the Ionic. 
 
 The cornices of this order may be divided into three divi- 
 sions : 1st, the plain Grecian [or Attic] cornice : 2nd, the dentil 
 cornice [of Ionia] ; 3rd, the modillion cornice [of Rome] . 
 
 In the first, the architrave is of one or two faces, the frieze 
 plain, and the cornice composed of a corona with a deep soffit \ 
 and the bedmould moulding hidden by the^ drip of the soffit, 
 or coming very little below it. The cymatium generally a cyma 
 recta, and ogee under it. ^ 
 
 The second has generally two [or three] faces in the archi- 
 trave, and the cornice, which is rather more than one-third 
 of the height of the entablature, has a corona with a cyma 
 recta and ogee for cymatium, and for bedmould a dentil face 
 between an ovolo and ogee. The soffit of the corona is some- 
 times ornamented. 
 
 The third, or modillion entablature, has the same architrave, 
 frieze, and cyiuatium of its cornice as the last, but under the 
 soffit of the corona are placed modillions, which are plain, and 
 surrounded by a small ogee ; one must be placed over the centre 
 of each column, and one being close to the return^, makes 
 a square panel in the soffit at the corner and between each 
 
 ^ At Eome the Temple of Fortuna Virilis and a capital in tlie Basilica of 
 S. Maria in Trasteyere are the best instances of these angular volutes. 
 ' Deeply sunk. ^ At an angle of a building. 
 
24 
 
 GEEOIAN lOBIO. 
 
 |i|l|'lllllilllllllllllllllllllllllHlllllllllllim,IIIIIIIIIIMIIIM |l| || l l l ,ll|iM l l ll i lllllllllll M llini : 
 
 Erectlieum, Athena. 
 
 Temple on the Ilissiis. 
 
 EOMAJJf IONIC. 
 
 Aqueduct of Hadrian, Athens. 
 
 Temple of Fortuna Virilis, 
 
IONIC OUDER. 25 
 
 modilllon, which is often filled with a flower. The bedmould 
 below is generally an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto. 
 
 This modillion cornice is, in fact, as well as the capital, rather 
 Italian than Roman, as the ancient examples have the dentil 
 cornice; and in point of time, there may be some doubt 
 whether the modern Ionic capital is not rather a deduction 
 from the Composite than the contrary ; for the angular volute 
 of Greece is not such an one as, if repeated, would make the 
 modern Ionic capital. The alteration of this order is in 
 many respects valuable, for although not equal in simplicity to 
 the Grecian Ionic, yet it is so manageable, especially with 
 a dentil cornice, as to be easily adapted to modern wants ; and 
 when executed on a large scale, the modillion cornice has 
 a bold effect. The great difficulty in the Grecian Ionic is the 
 return at the angle; it does not look well to have a column 
 sideways in a range with others fronting, and this arrangement 
 is so often wanted, and so ill-attained by the Greek angular 
 volute, that many times there is no alternative but the use of 
 the modern capital. 
 
 It was once the custom [in modern times] to work the Ionic 
 frieze projecting like a torus \ thus giving an awkward weight 
 to an order which ought to be light. The introduction of good 
 Grecian models has driven out this impropriety, and much 
 improved the present execution of the order, which is very 
 beautiful if well executed. 
 
 The Ionic shaft may be fluted in twenty-four flutes, with 
 fillets between them ; these flutes are semicircular. This order 
 may be much ornamented, if necessary, by carving the ovolo of 
 the capital, the ogee of the abacus, and one or two mouldings 
 of both architrave and cornice; but the ancient Ionic looks 
 extremely^well without any ornament whatever. 
 
 Our Ionic examples are not so numerous as the Doric, nor so 
 complete, several of them not being entirely figured without 
 conjecture. They are, — 
 
 g / The temple on the Ilissus, at Athens. 
 
 '^ J The temples in the Acropolis, [at Athens,] of Minerva 
 ^ i Polias, and Erectheus, [and the Propylea]. 
 ^3 V. The Aqueduct of Hadrian, at Athens. 
 
 '^ . The temple of Apollo Didymseus, at Miletus. 
 'S I The temple of Bacchus, at Teos. 
 A { The temple of Minerva Polias, at Priene. 
 ^ \ The temple of Fortuna Yirilis, at Rome. 
 
 Of these, for simplicity and elegance of composition, the now 
 destroyed temple on the Ilissus is pre-eminent ; its volutes were 
 
 1 When tlms formed it is called pulvinated. 
 
26 IONIC ORDER. 
 
 plain, but of excellent proportion, and it had an angular volute 
 to the external capital ; its base was, in mouldings, the attic, 
 but the tori were large, and the scotia flat ; there was a small 
 astragal above the upper torus, and that torus was cut into 
 small flutes. The entablature was very plain, having an archi- 
 trave of one face only, a frieze plain, but which there is some 
 reason to suppose was carved in some parts, and a corona with 
 deep soffit, and for bedmould only an ogee, with a fillet above 
 and astragal below. 
 
 The temples in the Acropolis are small, but extremely rich, 
 having many members carved. The cornice is the same as the 
 last example, but the architrave is of three faces. There are 
 three ranges of columns, and the capitals of each have minute 
 differences, but they may all be described together : they have 
 an ornamented neck and astragal below the volutes ; the fillets 
 of the volutes are double [and the mouldings richly carved], 
 thus making the volute much more elaborate, though not more 
 beautiful. [And it is to be observed that the large size of the 
 volutes give greater importance to the capital than in the 
 Roman examples, and still more majesty than in the examples 
 of the Italian masters.] The bases are enriched with carvings, 
 and the columns fluted ; the bases are nearly those of the last 
 example, but want the astragal. Of these examples, the archi- 
 traves have a small projection from the top of the column, 
 though not near so much as the Doric. 
 
 The aqueduct of Hadrian is plain, but of good composition ; 
 it has a good volute, an architrave of two faces, and a small 
 projection in front of the column ; a plain frieze, and a good 
 plain dentil cornice. 
 
 The temples of Minerva Polias at Priene, and Apollo at 
 Miletus, have a base which is curious, but by no means de- 
 serving of imitation ; it consists of a large torus, resting on two 
 scotise, which are divided from it, and from each other and the 
 plinth, by two astragals at each division. This base gives the 
 column so unsteady an appearance, that it spoils an otherwise 
 beautiful order. 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, at Teos, has an attic base with an 
 astragal added, and a cornice with dentils of greater projection 
 than usual. These three last examples have their volutes 
 smaller than those of Athens, which takes ^much from the 
 grandeur of the order. 
 
 The temple of Fortuna Virilis, at Eome. This example is 
 far inferior to those we have before noticed. The E/Omans seem 
 to have had a singular predilection, particularly in their de- 
 clining works, for very large fillets, and it is abundantly shewn 
 in this edifice, where the fillet of the taenia of the architrave is 
 very nearly as large as the ogee under it, and larger than one 
 face of the architrave ; this, though the capital is pretty good. 
 
CORINTHIAN ORDER. 27 
 
 spoils the order, and the cornice is poor from the trifling 
 appearance of the corona. The base is the attic, of very good 
 proportion. 
 
 The temple of Concord, at Rome, is figured by Besgodets, 
 but it is only remarkable for its deformity, and having an 
 appearance of the modern Ionic °^. The capitals have angular 
 volutes, but under the usual ovolo and astragal is a cyma recta, 
 enriched with leaves and a large astragal and fillet. The 
 entablature is of a very poor character, and has small dentils 
 and large plain modillions. The base is of two tori divided by 
 two scotiae, which are separated by a fillet. In this example 
 the fillet on the bottom of the shaft is nearly as large as the 
 upper torus. 
 
 CORINTHIAJN" OEDER. 
 
 This order originated in Greece, and the capital is said [by 
 Vitruvius] to have been suggested by observing a tile placed 
 on a basket left in a garden, and round which sprang up an 
 acanthus. All the other orders have, in various countries and 
 situations, much variety ; but the Corinthian, though not with- 
 out slight variations, even in the antique, is ^ much more settled 
 in its proportions, and its greater or less enrichment is the 
 principal source of variety. 
 
 The capital is the great distinction of this order ; its height 
 is more than a diameter, and consists of an astragal, fillet, and 
 apophyges, all of which are measured with the shaft, then 
 a bell and horned abacus. The bell is set round with two rows 
 of leaves, eight in each row, and a third row of leaves supports 
 [sixteen] small open volutes ; [the eight larger] of which are 
 under the four horns of the abacus, and the other [eight smaller 
 ones], which are sometimes interwoven, are under the central 
 recessed part of the abacus, and have over them a flower or 
 other ornament. These volutes spring out of small twisted 
 husks placed between the leaves of the second row, and which 
 are called [calices'] ^. The abacus consists of an ovolo, fillet, 
 and cavetto, like the modern Ionic. There are various modes of 
 indenting the leaves, which are called, from these variations, 
 acanthus^ olive, [^parsley, laurel,'] &c. The column, including 
 the base of half a diameter, and the capital, is about ten 
 diameters high. 
 
 Of the Corinthian capital, although the best examples have 
 all some trifling difierence, principally in the rafiliag of the 
 leaves and the connection of the central small volutes, yet 
 
 ™ It is introduced in Hanover-square Church, London, in the columns under 
 the gallery. " Caulicoles, Rickman. 
 
28 CORINTHIAN ORDER. 
 
 there is one capital so different from the others that it deserves 
 some remark, more especially as it has been lately introduced 
 into some considerable edifices. This capital is that of the 
 circular temple at Tivoli, called by some a temple of Vesta, by 
 others the Sybils' temple. In this capital the angular volutes 
 are large, so much so as to give the capital the air of a Com- 
 posite, till more minutely examined ; it is however a real Co- 
 rinthian, for it has central volutes, though they are small, and 
 formed out of the stalks [calices] themselves, and not, as in 
 the ordinary capital, rising from them. Its great beauty, 
 however, is the very bold manner of raffling the leaves, which 
 gives it a very different appearance from the other capitals, 
 and one which in particular circumstances may make it valu- 
 able. The flower over the centre volutes is very different 
 from the common one, and much larger. 
 
 If a pedestal is used, it should have several mouldings, some 
 of which may, if necessary, be enriched. The base may be 
 either an attic base, or with the addition of three astragals, one 
 over each torus, and one between the scotia and upper torus ; 
 or a base of two tori and two scotiae, which are divided by two 
 astragals, and this seems the most used in the best examples : 
 one or two other varieties sometimes occur. 
 
 The entablature of this order is very fine. The architrave 
 has mostly two or three faces, which have generally small ogees 
 or beads between them. 
 
 The frieze is [generally] flat, but is [occasionally curved, and] 
 often joined to the upper fillet of the architrave by an apo- 
 phyges. 
 
 The cornice has both modillions and dentils, and is usually 
 thus composed: above the corona is a cymatium, and small 
 ogee ; under it the modillions, whose disposition, like the Ionic, 
 must be one over the centre of the column, and one close to the 
 return of the cornice. 
 
 These modillions are carved with a small balustre front, and 
 a leaf under them ; they are surrounded at the upper part by 
 a small ogee and fillet, which also runs round the face they 
 spring from. Under the modillions is placed an ovolo, and then 
 a fillet and the dentil face, which is often left uncut in exterior 
 work. Under the dentils are a fillet and ogee. In some cases 
 this order is properly worked with a plain cornice, omitting the 
 modillions, and leaving the dentil face uncut [as at Tivoli]. 
 
 The enrichments of this order may be very considerable ; 
 some of the mouldings of the pedestal and base may be en- 
 riched ; the shaft may be fluted, as the Ionic, in twenty-four 
 flutes, which may be filled one-third high by staves, which is 
 called cabling the flutes ; the small mouldings of the architrave, 
 and even some of its faces, and several mouldings of the cornice, 
 
COBHrTHIAir. 
 
 29 
 
 OT?«U Ttitfi.! 
 
 Arch of Hadrian, Athens. 
 CORINTHIAir. 
 
 Temple of Vesta, Tivoli. 
 COMPOSITE. 
 
30 CORINTHIAN ORDER. 
 
 may be enricliecl, tlie squares in tlie soffit of the corona panelled 
 and flowered, and the frieze may be adorned with carvings. 
 But though the order will bear all this ornament without over- 
 loading it, yet, for exteriors, it seldom looks better than when 
 the capitals and the modillions are the only carvings, [and 
 but few of the mouldings enriched]. 
 
 The principal Corinthian examples are in Rome ; there are, 
 however, some Grecian examples, which we shall first notice : — 
 
 "The Choragic monument of Lysicrates,] ^ 
 
 The Stoa or] portico, > at Athens. 
 
 The arch of Hadrian, j 
 
 The Incantada, at Salonica. 
 
 A temple at Jackly, near Mylassa. 
 
 Of these, the arch of Hadrian at Athens has an entablature, 
 which is almost exactly that which has been generally used 
 for the Composite ; the others have all dentil cornices, without 
 modillions. In three examples, the horns of the abacus, 
 instead of being cut oflP as usual, are continued to a point, 
 which gives an appearance of weakness to the capital. The 
 bases are mostly attic with an additional astragal, and at 
 Jackly the tori are carved. 
 
 The temple of Vesta, at Tivoli, has the capital noticed above ; 
 its entablature is simple, with an uncut dentil face, and the 
 frieze carved in festoons [and boucrania]. The astragal, under 
 the capital, has a fillet above as well as below, and the base 
 has a fillet under the upper torus omitted. The flutes are 
 stopped square, and not, as usual, rounded at the ends. 
 
 The remain, called the frontispiece of Nero, has the com- 
 plete block entablature, usually called Composite. The capitals 
 good, with attic base, and the whole of good character. 
 
 The temple of Yesta. 'J 
 
 The Basilica of Antoninus, and > at Rome, 
 
 The temple of Mars the Avenger, j 
 are all incomplete : the first has pointed horns, and the first 
 two the attic base; [the capital of the last is simple and 
 magnificent in style]. 
 
 The temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and 
 
 The portico of Severus, 
 have both a cornice with dentil face only, and uncut ; the first 
 an attic base. 
 
 The baths of Dioclesian have a good entablature, and the 
 attic base ; some of the capitals are Composite. 
 
 The forum of Nerva, 
 
 The inner order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The outer order of the Pantheon, 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Tonans, and 
 
 The temple called Jupiter Stator, 
 
COMPOSITE ORDER. 31 
 
 are all excellent and beautiful in their proportions and execu- 
 tion ; the fillets small, and the order much enriched. The 
 forum of Nerva and the temple of Jupiter Tonans have no 
 bases visible ; the others have the real Corinthian base with two 
 scotise. The last may be considered the best existing model 
 of Corinthian ; it is one of the most enriched, and nothing can 
 better stamp its value than a minute and rigorous examination 
 of it with any of the other examples. 
 
 These are only a part of the antique remains of this order, 
 but they are the best known, and may be sufiicient to induce 
 the student to examine every example for himself. 
 
 It will not be right to quit this order without adverting 
 to two stupendous magazines of it, the ruins of Balbec and 
 Palmyra ; but although they are worth examining as matters 
 of curiosity, they are of comparatively little value ; however 
 rich, they contain much of the faulty and crowded detail of the 
 later Roman work [of the time of the Antonines] ; and to 
 what excess this was carried in very great Roman works [of the 
 decline of the Roman Empire], the best evidence is the palace 
 of Dioclesian, at Spalato, where, amidst a profusion of orna- 
 ment, we meet with great poverty of composition, and com- 
 binations of mouldings so barbarous as to lead to a degree of 
 astonishment how they could be executed by persons before 
 whose eyes were existing such examples as Rome even now 
 contains. In the decline of the Roman empire, it became 
 a fashion to remove columns [from other buildings] ; there are 
 therefore in Rome many edifices with a variety of valuable 
 columns erected without their own entablature ; and Con- 
 stantino, in the church of St. Paul without the walls, began the 
 Norman arrangement by springing arches off the columns 
 without an entablature, and carrying up the wall to the clere- 
 story windows with little or no projection ; thus annihilating 
 the leading feature of the orders — a bold cornice. 
 
 COMPOSITE ORDERS 
 
 The Romans are said to have formed this order by mixing 
 the Corinthian and Ionic capitals [for the sake of greater rich- 
 ness] ; like the Corinthian, the capital is its principal distinc- 
 tion. This is of the same height as the Corinthian, and it is 
 formed by setting, on the two lower rows of the leaves of the 
 Corinthian capital, the modern Ionic volutes, ovolo, and abacus. 
 The small space left of the bell is filled by caulicoles, with 
 fl.owers, and the upper list of the volute is often flowered. 
 
 From the great variety of capitals which are not Corinthian, 
 
 ° This order is principally fotind Trajan at Eome and Beneventum, and 
 in some triumphal arches, as those of the arch of Titus at Rome. 
 
32 COMPOSITE ORDER. 
 
 (for it seems most commodious to term those only Corinthian 
 which have four volutes in each face, or rather eight sets round 
 the capital, four at the angles and four in the centre,) it may 
 seem at first difficult to say what should he called Composite, and 
 what considered as merely a Composed order ; but there appears 
 an easy way of designating the real Composite capital, viz. that 
 of considering the Ionic volute, and the Ionic ovolo and astra- 
 gal under the abacus, as essential parts ; for this ovolo and 
 astragal not existing in Corinthian capitals, forms a regular 
 distinction between the two. 
 
 The column is of the same height as the Corinthian, and the 
 pedestal and base difier very little from those of that order, the 
 pedestal being sometimes a little plainer, and the base having 
 an astragal or two less. 
 
 The entablature mostly used with this order is plainer than 
 the Corinthian, having commonly only two faces to the archi- 
 trave, the upper mouldings being rather bolder; and the cor- 
 nice is difierent, in having, instead of the modillion and dentil, 
 a sort of plain double modillion, consisting of two faces, the 
 upper projecting farthest, and separated from the lower by 
 a small ogee ; under this modillion is commonly a large ogee, 
 astragal, and fillet. The assumption of this entablature for the 
 Composite is rather Italian than Roman, for the examples 
 of Composite capitals in Rome have other entablatures, and 
 this is found with Corinthian capitals ; but we must suppose 
 that Palladio and Scammozzi, who both give this cornice to the 
 Composite, had some authority on which they acted, and con- 
 sidering the great destruction of ancient buildings for their 
 columns, this is not improbable. 
 
 A plain cornice, nearly like that used to the Corinthian order, 
 is sometimes used to this order, and also a cornice with the 
 modillions bolder, and cantalivers under them in the frieze. 
 
 This order may be enriched in the same manner as the 
 Corinthian. 
 
 The Composite examples we have to notice are few, and 
 these are, — 
 
 The temple of Bacchus, 
 
 The arch of Septimius Severus, and 
 
 The arch of the Goldsmiths. 
 
 These are all at Rome, and all have an attic base ; they have 
 all large fillets. The first entablature is plain, and has no 
 dentil face ; the second has a dentil face cut, as has the third, 
 but the latter has an awkward addition of a second ogee under 
 the dentils, apparently taken out of the frieze, which is thus 
 made very small. 
 
 The baths of Dioclesian. — This example is placed in the same 
 room with Corinthian columns ; it has an attic base, and the 
 Corinthian entablature. 
 
COMPOSITE ORDER. 33 
 
 The arch of Titus. — This example has a real Corinthian base 
 and entablature; in short, it has nothing Composite but the 
 capital. 
 
 On the whole, an attentive examination of the subject will 
 lead us rather to discourage the use of this order than other- 
 wise ; it cannot be made so elegant an order as the Corinthian, 
 and can only be wanted when columns are to be in two ranges ; 
 and then the capital of the temple of Yesta, at Tivoli, affords 
 a sufficient alteration of the Corinthian. 
 
 Having gone through the forms and distinctions of the 
 orders, it is proper to say that, even in Greece and Rome, 
 we meet with specimens whose proportions and composition 
 do not agree with any of them. These are comprised under 
 the general name of Composed orders, and though, some are 
 beautiful as small works, scarcely any of the ancient ones are 
 worthy of imitation in large buildings. Of these Composed 
 orders we have two examples in the Pantheon, one in the 
 columns of an altar, and the other in the pilasters of the attic : 
 they have both dentil cornices, with an uncut face ; the first 
 has angular Corinthian volutes, and none in the centres, and 
 water leaves instead of raffled leaves under the volutes ; the 
 other has no real volutes, but a scroll-work gives the appearance 
 of them, and this capital is onl}^ fitted for pilasters. Modern 
 composition has run very wild, and produced scarcely anything 
 worth prolonging by description. 
 
 There are a few small buildings in and near Athens, which, 
 though not coming within any of the orders precisely, are yet 
 so beautiful in some of their parts as to require express notice. 
 These are, — 
 
 The Choragic monument of Thrasyllus, 
 
 The octagon tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, called the 
 Temple of the Winds, 
 
 The Choragic monument of Lysicrates, called the Lantern of 
 Demosthenes, and 
 
 The temple of Pandrosus. 
 
 The first is now merely a face, its intervals being walled up, 
 but was originally the front of a cavern, and consists of an 
 entablature supported by three antae, and covered by an attic 
 lowered in the middle, on which is a statue in a sitting 
 posture. The mouldings of the antae are such as are used 
 in Doric buildings, and the architrave is capped by a plain 
 fillet, with a small fillet, and guttae below ; the guttae are con- 
 tinued along with an interval about equal to each drop. The 
 frieze contains eleven wreaths of laurel [instead of triglyphs], 
 and the cornice and attic mouldings are plain, but very good. 
 
 The whole of this monument is so simple, yet possesses so 
 
 D 
 
84 COMPOSITE ORDER. 
 
 beautiful a character, as to render it worthy of very attentive 
 study. 
 
 The Temple of the Winds is chiefly valuable for its sculpture ; 
 it had two doorways of a Composed order, and in the interior 
 is a small order of a Doric, of very inferior proportions, which 
 rises to the support of the roof from a plain string, below which 
 are two cornices, or rather tablets. The roof is of marble cut 
 into the appearance of tiles. The outside w^alls are plain, with 
 an entablature, and a string below, forming a sort of frieze, on 
 which are the figures of the winds. On the whole, this monu- 
 ment is rather curious than beautiful. 
 
 The Lantern of Demosthenes, — is one of the most beautiful 
 little remains of antiquity existing. The whole height is but 
 thirty-four feet, and its diameter eight feet. It is a circular 
 temple, with six engaged Corinthian columns standing on 
 a basement, nearly as high as the columns, and nearly solid. 
 The capitals, though not like most Corinthian capitals [being 
 peculiar in the arrangement of the leaves and central honey- 
 suckle ornament] , are very beautiful. The frieze is sculptured, 
 and instead of a cymatium to the cornice, is an ornament of 
 honeysuckles ; and above that, on the roof, which is exquisitely 
 carved in leaves, is a line of a waved projecting ornament ; on 
 the top is a vase, or rather the base of a tripod. Our limits 
 will not admit of particularizing all the singularities of this 
 delicate building, but it well deserves study and imitation. 
 
 The temple of Pandrosus is a building with Caryatidse, or 
 figures instead of columns ; they have each a capital of an 
 ornamented square abacus, and ovolo carved. The entablature 
 has no frieze, but an architrave of three faces, the uppermost of 
 which has plain circles for ornament, and joins the cornice, 
 which is a dentil cornice, large, and of good mouldings. The 
 statues are good, and stand upon a continued pedestal of two- 
 thirds their own height ; and there are two antse, which de- 
 scend through the pedestal, and the entablature is rather pro- 
 portioned to these antse than the Caryatidae. Many of the 
 mouldings are enriched, and indeed the whole of this curious 
 building, which comprises the temples of Eryctheus, Minerva 
 Polias, and Pandrosus, is a fruitful source of most delicate 
 enrichment. 
 
 In this essay it has by no means been intended to mention 
 every valuable remaining example ; all that has been aimed at 
 is to give a general view of those remains, which must be con- 
 sidered as standards, and to excite in the pupil that persevering 
 attention to the best models, which is the only way of arriving 
 at a complete knowledge of these very interesting sources of 
 architectural science 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 In a work like the present there will be little propriety in 
 a lengthened disquisition on the origin of this mode of build- 
 ing, we shall therefore proceed to the detail of those distinc- 
 tions which, being once laid down with precision, will enable 
 persons of common observation to distinguish the difference of 
 age and style in these buildings as easily as the distinctions of 
 the Grecian and Roman orders. 
 
 It may, however, be proper here to offer a few remarks on 
 the use of the term English, as applied to that mode of building 
 usually called the Gothic, and by some the Pointed architec- 
 ture *. Although, perhaps, it might not be so difficult as it has 
 been supposed to be to shew that the English architects were, 
 in many instances, prior to their continental neighbours in those 
 advances of the styles about which so much has been written, 
 and so little concluded, it is not on that ground the term is now 
 used, but because, as far as the author has been able to collect 
 from plates, and many friends who have visited the Continent, 
 in the edifices there (more especially in those parts which have 
 not been at any time under the power of England) the archi- 
 tecture is of a very different character from that pure simplicity 
 and boldness of composition which marks the English buildings. 
 In every instance which has come under the author's notice, 
 a mixture, more or less exact or remote, according to circum- 
 stances, of Italian composition, in some parts or other is present ; 
 
 * [The name of Gothic, whatever its On the other hand, beginners who have 
 origin may have been, has been es- been taught to call the Gothic styles 
 tabUshed for nearly two centuries all Pointed, naturally conclude that when 
 over Europe, and is the only name by they find a round-headed doorway it is 
 which the Medieval style of building of the twelfth century or earHer, and 
 is known in all languages ; it is there- that all square-headed windows are of 
 fore quite useless to attempt to change the fifteenth, and they are often corn- 
 it, whether we think we could change pletely misled in this manner by a 
 it for the better or not. There is also name; the fact being that round-headed 
 this advantage in retaining it, that doorways and square-headed windows 
 the name does not mislead any one, may be found of all periods, especially 
 whereas ^the name of Pointed, which in castles and houses, 
 has been proposed as a substitute, does The form of the arch was at all 
 mislead many persons ; when they find periods dictated chiefly by convenience 
 a Pointed arch they naturally conclude or the necessity of the construction, 
 that the building is of the Pointed and can never be relied upon as a guide 
 style, forgetting that the Pointed arch to the date of any building ; this can 
 was used at all periods, and that it only be ascertained by careful attention 
 is impossible to say which is the first to the mouldings and details, as shewn 
 Pointed style, or what will bo the last. in the following chapters of this work.] 
 
 d2 
 
36 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 and he has little doubt that a very attentive observation of the 
 continental buildings called Gothic would enable an architect 
 to lay down the regulations of French, Flemish, Spanish, Ger- 
 man, and Italian styles, which were in use at the time when the 
 English flourished in England ^. 
 
 On the origin of the pointed arch, about which, perhaps, there 
 may be now more curiosity than ever, from the numerous ac- 
 counts given by travellers of apparently very ancient pointed 
 arches in Asia, Africa, and various parts of the Continent, it 
 will doubtless be expected that something should be said, and 
 what is necessary may be said in a few lines. To say nothing 
 on the impossibility, as far as at present appears, of fixing an 
 authentic date to those which, if dated, might be of the most 
 importance, there appears little difficulty in solving the problem, 
 if the practical part of building is considered at the same time 
 with the theoretical. Intersecting arches were most likely an 
 early, and certainly a very widely-spread, mode of embellishing 
 Norman buildings, and some of them were constructed in places, 
 and with stones, requiring centres to turn them on, and the 
 construction of these centres must have been by something 
 equivalent to compasses : thus, even supposing (which, could 
 hardly have been the case) that the arches were constructed 
 without a previous delineation, the centres would have led to 
 the construction of the pointed arch ; and, when once formed, 
 its superior lightness and applicability would be easily observed. 
 To this remark it may he added, that the arches necessarily 
 arising in some parts from Norman groining would be pointed. 
 
 A careful examination of a great number of Norman build- 
 ings will also lead to this conclusion — that the style was con- 
 stantly assuming a lighter character, and that the gradation is 
 so gentle into Early English, that it is difficult in some build- 
 ings to class them, so much have they of both styles : the same 
 may be said of every advance ; and this seems to be a convinc- 
 ing proof that the styles were the product of the gradual opera- 
 tions of a general improvement, guided by the hand of genius, 
 and not a foreign importation ^. 
 
 ^ [Mr. Bickman's observations on ' [The Early English Gothic is so 
 
 this subject are fully borne out by clearly distinct from the early Gothic 
 
 subsequent investigations ; the early of all other countries that it deserves 
 
 Gothic of all parts of the Continent and requires a distinct name, and as 
 
 has a mixture of Eoman details, the the early Gothic of each country has 
 
 Early EngUsh Gothic is the only one to a considerable extent a distinct na- 
 
 that is perfectly pure and unmixed. tional character, it is convenient to 
 
 Even in the buildings of the Domaine distinguish each by its own name : 
 
 Eoyale in France, which some think the Early French Gothic or the Early 
 
 earlier, but without sufficient evidence, German Gothic may dispute the pri- 
 
 in date than the Early Enghsh style, ority of date with the Early English 
 
 the square abacus, which is a classical Gothic, it may be difficult to prove 
 
 feature, is always retained.] that either one was derived from the 
 
f** _«- «ct 
 
 A^. PriThaipaZ WestDoor 
 B. B . We.?tem. Side, Doors . 
 G.C. W&st To-irers 
 D.D. Door irorn.. /yuqsel to ffx>isters. 
 
 Y..J7^ortfi, Torch,. 
 EP. WestAisl^o/" 7ran,septf. 
 Qc.Qr. JiastAisZs of Iran-septs . 
 
 a Vestiivde' ofOLopter Noios-a . 
 LI. £iLstem,Tra?isept.9 . 
 
 K..Ifv^k:Ahm- . 
 
 L. ^lutr ofXadi/ Chapel. 
 MMMM. rAapeZr. 
 In N MonumentaZ CPiapeLs . 
 0.0. Jtood Screen, or 
 Or^an- Screen, . 
 
 P. Jie^istjy or ZihroTy . 
 
 Scale o^Jeec. 
 
 WTt i2 Tnaisu7-ed,lnj SCaJtermole-. 
 
 W1EIL3L § GATEHEISIK-^vX 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 37 
 
 During the eighteenth century various attempts, under the 
 name of Gothic, have arisen in repairs and rebuilding ecclesias- 
 tical edifices, but these have been little more than making 
 clustered columns and pointed windows, every real principle 
 of English architecture being by the builders either unknown 
 or totally neglected. 
 
 English architecture may be divided into four distinct periods, 
 or styles, which may be named, 
 
 1st, the Norman style, 
 
 2nd, the Early English style, 
 
 3rd, the Decorated English style, and 
 
 4th, the Perpendicular English style. 
 
 The dates of these styles we shall state hereafter, and it may 
 be proper to notice, that the clear distinctions are now almost 
 entirely confined to churches ; for the destruction and altera- 
 tion of castellated buildings have been so great, from the 
 changes in the modes of warfare, &c., that in them we can 
 scarcely determine what is original and what addition ^. 
 
 Before we treat of the styles separately, it will be necessary 
 to explain a few terms which are employed in describing the 
 churches and other buildings which exemplify them. 
 
 Most of the ancient ecclesiastical edifices, when considered 
 complete, were built in the form of a cross, with a tower, lan- 
 tern, or spire erected at the intersection. The interior space 
 was usually thus divided : — 
 
 The space westward of the cross is called the nave ®. 
 
 The divisions outward of the piers are called aisles. 
 
 The space eastward of the cross is generally the choir. 
 
 other, bnt there can be no reasonable inflnence by its architecture in Eng- 
 
 objection to calling each by the name land, than the English provinces of 
 
 of the country in which it flourished. France, in the development of the 
 
 It must also be borne in mind that Gothic style. During the period of 
 in the reign of Henry II., when the transition, the French of the Eoyal 
 early Gothic style was developed, the Domain were in advance in some 
 whole of the western provinces of things, the EngHsh in other things^ 
 France were under the dominion of The progress was nearly simultaneous 
 the EngUsh Crown, and Normandy in both countries, and both were in 
 had been for more than a century part advance of any other country. 
 of the same kingdom, and a very in- ^ [Subsequent and more careful ob- 
 fluential part : some eminent French servations have removed this difficulty, 
 antiquaries caU this style Anglo-Nor- Castles and houses can now be as well 
 man, and not without reason ; there classed and arranged in chronological 
 is scarcely any difference of style in succession as churches. See "Do- 
 buildings of the same period in Nor- mestic Architecture of the Middle 
 mandy and in England, and Normandy Ages," by Turner and Parker.] Oxford, 
 is not at all in advance of England in 1851 — 69. 
 
 the development of the Early Gothic * [This name is appUed equally to 
 
 style.] the body of the church whether the 
 
 It is the opinion of Sir Gilbert Scott plan is cruciform or not, and whether 
 
 that the Eoyal Domain had a greater with or without aisles.] 
 
38 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The part running north and south is called the cross or 
 transept ^ 
 
 The choir is generally enclosed by a screen, on the western 
 part of which is usually placed the organ s. 
 
 The choir in cathedrals does not generally extend to the 
 eastern end of the building, but there is a space behind the 
 altar, usually called the Lady-chapel ^. 
 
 The choir is only between the piers, and does not include the 
 side aisles, which serve as passages to the Lady-chapel, altar, &c. 
 
 The transept has sometimes side aisles^, which are often sepa- 
 rated by screens for chapels. 
 
 Chapels are attached to all parts, and are frequently additions. 
 
 The aisles of the nave are mostly open to it, and in cathedrals 
 both are generally without pews. 
 
 In churches not collegiate the eastern space about the altar 
 is called the chancel. 
 
 To the sides are often attached small buildings over the 
 doors, called porches, which have sometimes vestries, schools, 
 &c., over them ^. 
 
 The/ow^ is generally placed in the western part of the nave, 
 but in small churches its situation is very various. In a few 
 churches a building like a chapel has been erected over the 
 font, or the font set in it ^ 
 
 In large churches the great doors are generally either at the 
 west end, or at the ends of the transepts, or both ; but in small 
 churches often at the sides ^. 
 
 To most cathedrals are attached a chapter-house and cloisters, 
 which are usually on the same side. 
 
 The chapter-house is often multangular. 
 
 ' [More commonly called the "north custom has crept in lately of building 
 
 and south transepts, which is often a room Hke a chapel on the side of 
 
 convenient, though not strictly cor- the church to contain it, and in some 
 
 rect. In some cathedrals a second cases the room over the porch has 
 
 smaller transept occurs, as at Canter- been appHed to that purpose.] 
 
 bury, Wells, Lincoln, &c.] ^ [In some of the larger collegiate 
 
 8 [This is, however, a modern cus- and cathedral churches there is a con- 
 
 tom ; the original use of the gallery siderable space eastward of the high 
 
 at the west end of the choir separating altar between the reredos screen and 
 
 it from the nave was to carry the holy the Lady-chapel, called the presbytery.] 
 
 rood, or crucifix, and it was called the ' [More frequently on the east side 
 
 rood-loft. The organ was a smaU in- only.] 
 
 strument at the time when Gothic ^ [The room over the porch is fre- 
 
 churches were originally built, and quently, but erroneously, called the 
 
 has only grown to such large dimen- parvise.] 
 
 sions in modern times. It is now a ' [As at Luton, Bedfordshire ; St. 
 
 serious obstruction to the view, and Margaret's, Norwich ; and Trunch, 
 
 encloses the choir more closely than Norfolk.] 
 
 was intended. The west end is the "» [A south door only, protected by 
 
 usual place for it in foreign churches, a porch, contributes materially to^ the 
 
 and either there or one of the tran- warmth of a small church, especially 
 
 septs appears to be a better place for in exposed situations.] 
 it than over the chancel- screen. A 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 89 
 
 The cloisters are generally a quadrangle, with an open space 
 in the centre ; the side to which is a series of arches, originally 
 often glazed, now mostly open. The other wall is generally 
 one side of the church or other buildings, with which the 
 cloisters communicate by various doors." The cloisters are 
 usually arched over, and formed the principal communication 
 between the different parts of the monastery, for most of the 
 large cross churches have been [attached to] monasteries. 
 
 The Lady-chapel is not always at the east end of the choir ; 
 at Durham it is at the west end of the nave, at Ely [and Oxford] 
 on the north side. 
 
 The choir sometimes advances westward of the cross, as at 
 Westminster ^. 
 
 The walls in the interior, between the arches, are piers. 
 
 Any building above the roof may be called a steeple. If it be 
 square-topped, it is called a tower ^. 
 
 A tower may be round, square, or multangular p. The tower 
 is often crowned with a spire, and sometimes with a short tower 
 of light work, which is called a Imitern. An opening into the 
 tower, in the interior, above the roof, is also called a lantern. 
 
 Towers of great height in proportion to their diameter [or 
 rather of small diameter for the height] are called turrets; 
 these often contain staircases, and are sometimes crowned 
 with small spires. 
 
 Large towers haye often turrets at their corners, and often 
 one larger than the others, containing a staircase ; sometimes 
 they have only that one. 
 
 The projections at the corners and between the windows are 
 called buttresses y and the mouldings and slopes which divide 
 them into stages are called set-offs. 
 
 The walls are crowned by a parapet, which is straight at the 
 top, or a battlement, which is indented ; both may be plain, or 
 sunk panelled, or pierced. 
 
 In castellated work the battlement sometimes projects, with 
 intervals for the purpose of discharging missiles on the heads of 
 assailants ; these openings are called machicolations, 
 
 ° [The choir properly so called, or by a screen or cancellus, from which 
 
 the place for the chorus for chanting the name of chancel was derived.] 
 
 the service, was very frequently con- " [There are also towers with saddle- 
 
 tinued westward beyond the crossing back roofs.] 
 
 of the transept, and occupied also the p [A singular instance occurs at 
 
 first bay or first and second bays of Malton in Essex of a triangular tower.] 
 the nave : it was originally enclosed 
 
40 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Arches are round, pointed, or mixed. 
 
 A semicircular arch has its centre in the 
 same line with its spring, [as in fig. 1.] 
 
 A segmental arch has its centre lower than 
 the spring, [as in fig. 2.] 
 
 A horse-shoe arch has its centre above the 
 spring, [as in fig. 3.] 
 
 Pointed arches are either equilateral, de- 
 scribed from two centres, which are the 
 whole breadth of the arch from each other, 
 and form the arch, about an equilateral 
 triangle, [as in fig. 4 ;] 
 
 Or drop arches, which have a radius shorter 
 than the breadth of the arch, and are de- 
 scribed about an obtuse- angled triangle, 
 [as in fig. 5 ;] 
 
 Or lancet arches, which, have a radius 
 longer than the breadth of the arch, and 
 are described about an acute-angled tri- 
 angle, [as in fig. 6.] 
 
 All these pointed arches may be of the nature of segmental 
 arches, and have their centres below their spring. 
 
 Mixed arches are of three centres, which 
 look nearly like elliptical arches, [as in 
 fig- 7;] 
 
 Or of four centres, commonly called the 
 Tudor arch; this is flat for its span, and 
 has two of its centres in or near the spring, 
 and the other two far below it, [as in 
 fig. 8.] 
 
 The ogee or contrasted arch has four cen- 
 tres; two in or near the spring, and two 
 above it and reversed, [as in fig. 9.] 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 41 
 
 The spaces included between the arch and 
 a square formed at the outside of it are 
 called spandrels^ and are often ornamented, 
 [as in fig. 10,] 
 
 Windows are divided into lights by 
 mulUons. 
 
 The ornaments of the divisions at the heads 
 of the windows, &c., are called tracery, 
 
 [A distinction is drawn by Professor "Willis betweeu such 
 elementary tracery, which has rather the appearance of a solid 
 space being pierced by openings of various forms, and that more 
 developed kind which has the appearance of an opening orna- 
 mented with lines of stonework. To the former he gave the ex- 
 pressive name of " Plate tracery ;'* to the latter, " Bar tracery.^'] 
 
 Tracery is either floicing ^, where the lines branch out into the 
 resemblance of leaves, arches, and other figures ; or perpendicu- 
 lar, where the muUions are continued through in straight lines. 
 
 ¥indo-ws, Higham Ferrers. 
 
 V The horizontal divisions of windows and panelling are called 
 transoms. 
 
 The parts of tracery are ornamented with small arches and 
 points, which are called featherings ov foliations, and the small 
 arches cwsps; and according to the number in immediate con- 
 nection they are called — 
 
 A 
 
 TREFOILS, 1 ; QUATREFOILS, 2 ; Or CINQUEFOILS, 3. 
 
 •1 [The earKer kinds of trace y con- 
 sist of circles and portions of circles, 
 
 and other geometrical figures, whicli 
 cannot strictly be called * flowing.'] 
 
42 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The cusps are sometimes again feathered, 
 and this is called double feathering^ [as in 
 fig. 4.] 
 
 Tablets are small projecting mouldings, or strings, mostly 
 horizontal. 
 
 The tablet at the top, under the battlement, is called a cornice, 
 and that at the bottom a basement, under which is generally 
 a thicker wall. 
 
 The tablet running round doors and windows is called a 
 dripstone ^, and if ornamented, a canopy. 
 
 Bands are either small strings round shafts, or a horizontal 
 line of square, round, or other panels, used to ornament towers, 
 spires, and other works. 
 
 Niches are small arches, mostly sunk in the wall, often orna- 
 mented very richly with buttresses and canopies, and frequently 
 containing statues ^ 
 
 A corbel is an ornamented projection from the wall, to sup- 
 port an arch, niche, beam, or other apparent weight, and is 
 often a head or part of a figure. 
 
 A pinnacle is a small spire, generally with four sides, and 
 ornamented ; it is usually placed on the tops of buttresses, both 
 external and internal. 
 
 The small [leaves or] bunches of foliage ornamenting cano- 
 pies and pinnacles are called crockets. 
 
 The larger bunches on the top are called finials, and this 
 term is sometimes applied to the whole pinnacle. 
 
 The seats for the dean, canons, and other dignitaries in the 
 choirs of collegiate churches are called stalls. 
 
 The bishop* s seat is called his throne. 
 
 The ornamented open-work over the stalls, and in general any 
 minute ornamental open-work, is called tabernacle-work. 
 
 In some churches not collegiate there yet remains a screen, 
 with a large projection at the top, between the nave and chan- 
 cel, on which were anciently placed certain images [the holy 
 rood, or crucifix, with images of St. Mary and St. John] ; this 
 was called the rood- loft. 
 
 Near the entrance door is sometimes found a small niche, 
 with a basin which held, in Roman Catholic times, their [ves- 
 sel for] holy water ; these are called stoups. 
 
 Near the altar, or at least where an altar has once been 
 
 ' [This term is not strictly appli- more strictly to be applied to square- 
 cable to the mouldings over windows headed windows.] 
 in the interior of a building, where * [They were always intended for 
 hoodmould is perhaps the best term : statues, but these have generally been 
 label is very commonly used, but is destroyed.] 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 43 
 
 placed, there is sometimes found another niche, distinguished 
 from the stoup by having a small hole at the bottom to carry 
 off water ; it is often double, [with a shelf : it is almost in- 
 variably on the south side, and is commonly called a piscina.] 
 
 On the south side, at the east end of some churches, are 
 found stone stalls, either one, two, three, or sometimes more, 
 of which the uses have been much contested*; [but they are 
 without doubt the seats for the officiating ministers, and are 
 called sediUa.~\ 
 
 Under several large churches, and some few small ones, are 
 certain vaulted chapels, these are called crypts. 
 
 In order to render the comparison of the different styles easy, 
 we shall divide the description of each into the following 
 sections : — 
 
 Doors, 
 
 Windows, 
 
 Arches, 
 
 Piers, 
 
 Buttresses, 
 
 Tablets, 
 
 Niches, and ornamental arches, or panels, 
 
 Ornamental carvings. 
 
 Steeples, and 
 
 Battlements, 
 
 Eoofs, 
 
 Fronts, and 
 
 Porches. 
 We shall first give, at one view, the date of the styles, and 
 their most prominent distinctions, and then proceed to the par- 
 ticular sections as described above. 
 
 1st. The Norman style, which prevailed to the reign of 
 Henry II. ; distinguished by its arches being generally semi- 
 circular ; though sometimes pointed, with bold and rude orna- 
 ments. This style seems to have commenced before the Con- 
 quest, but we have no remains really hnoivn to be more than 
 a very few years older ^. 
 
 * Seethe ArcJueologia, vols. x. and Abbey, consisting of the substructure of 
 xi., in which will be found a long con- the dormitory and the lower part of the 
 troversy on the subject of the original walls of the refectory, with the orna- 
 use of these seats, not without interest mental arcade. See Scott's " Glean - 
 from the number of examples cited on ings from Westminster Abbey," and 
 both sides. " Notes on the Abbey buildings of 
 
 * [The earhest examples of the Nor- Westminster, by J. T. Micklethwaite," 
 '*».an style in England are beUevedto be in the Archaeological Journal, 1876.] 
 
 he remains of the work of the time of The reign of Henry 11., 1154 — 1189, 
 
 .,dward the Confessor at Westminster was the cMef period of transition from 
 
44 ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 2nd. The Early English style, reaching to the reign of Ed- 
 ward I. ^ ; distinguished by pointed arches, and long narrow- 
 windows without muUions ; and a peculiar ornament, which, 
 from its resemblance to the teeth of a shark, we shall hereafter 
 call the toothed ornament. 
 
 3rd. Decorated English, reaching to the end of the reign of 
 Edward III., in 1377, and perhaps [sometimes] from ten to 
 fifteen years longer y. This style is distinguished by its large 
 windows, which have pointed arches divided by mullions and 
 the tracery in flowing lines [or] forming circles, arches, and 
 other figures, not running perpendicularly ; its ornaments nu- 
 merous, and very delicately carved. 
 
 Perpendicular English. This is the last style, and appears to 
 have been in use, though much debased, even as far as to 1630 
 or 1640, but only in additions. Probably the latest whole 
 building^ is not later than Henry VIII. The name clearly 
 designates this style, for the mullions of the windows and the 
 ornamental panellings run in perpendicular lines, and form 
 a complete distinction from the last stjde ; and many buildings 
 of this are so crowded with ornament, as to destroy the beauty 
 of the design. The carvings are generally very delicately 
 executed. 
 
 It may be necessary to state, that though many writers speak 
 of Saxon buildings, those which they describe as such are 
 
 the Norman to the Early Gotliic in work has very much the appearance 
 
 England, and in Normandy and the of the later style before the middle 
 
 other Enghsh Provinces of Gaul ; in of the fourteenth century, but the 
 
 France proper, that is, in the Eoyal mouldings are clearly Decorated ; this 
 
 Provinces, this change took place is, in fact, a transitional example, 
 
 chiefly in the reign of Phihp Angus- as are Edington Church, Wiltshire, 
 
 tus, 1180—1223.] and part of the west end of Win- 
 
 * [The reign of Edward I. was the Chester Cathedral. Examples of tran- 
 
 period of transition from the Early sitional work, or a mixture of these 
 
 English to the Decorated style : many two styles, are common.] 
 
 buildings of this reign belong to the * [Subsequent observation has 
 
 latter style ; for instance, of the Elea- brought to Hght several examples of 
 
 nor crosses, which were all erected whole buildings designed and exe- 
 
 between 1290 and 1300, the style is cuted in a debased Perpendicular 
 
 clearly Decorated. If all windows with style in the time of James I. and 
 
 mullions and with foliated circles in Charles I., as the Schools and Wad- 
 
 the head are to be considered as be- ham College, and the Chapels of 
 
 longing to the Decorated style, the di- Lincoln, Jesus, and Oriel Colleges, 
 
 vision must be placed at an earlier date, Oxford ; the Chapel of St. Peter's 
 
 as many buildings of this character are CoUege, Cambridge ; the hall of the 
 
 of the time of Henry III. ; for instance, Inner Temple, and the Chapel of 
 
 the chapter-house at Salisbury. See at Lincoln's Inn, London ; and several 
 
 the end of the Early Enghsh Style on country churches, as Low Ham 
 
 the transition to the Decorated.] j Church, Somersetshire ; Water Eaton 
 
 y [The change from the Decorated Chapel, Oxfordshire ; Apthorp Church, 
 
 to the Perpendicular style began to Northamptonshire; Arthuret Church, 
 
 come in occasionally at an earher Cumberland ; and Stanton Harold, 
 
 period, as at Gloucester, where the Leicestershire.] 
 
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. 45 
 
 either known to be Norman, or are so like them that there is 
 no real distinction. But it is most likely that in some obscure 
 country churches some real Saxon work of a much earlier date 
 may exist ; hitherto, however, none has been ascertained to be 
 of so p:reat an age *. 
 
 Without venturing" to fix a date to either, it will be proper 
 here to mention two towers which have hitherto been very little 
 noticed, and yet are of very singular construction ; the first is, 
 that of the old church, St. Peter's, at Barton on Humber, in 
 Lincolnshire. This is a short thick tower, with very thick walls, 
 originally of three stages, the two lower of which are ornamented 
 by perpendicular strips of stone, projecting from the face of the 
 wall, and near the top of each stage breaking into arches ; the 
 lower set of arches semicircular, and the perpendicular lines 
 springing from a stone set on the top of the arch ; the second set 
 are straight-lined arches, and run up to a flat string or tablet, 
 on which is the third plain stage, with only two small arches, 
 (if so they may be called,) as in the second stage. On the top 
 of these three stages is one evidently early Norman, having 
 a regular double Norman window in it, with a shaft and capital 
 in the middle ; this stage being clearly Norman, it is evident 
 the substructure must be of an earlier date ; and in the second 
 stage of the lower part is also a double window, with round 
 arches, and divided by something (evidently original, for there 
 are two) exactly resembling a rude balustre : all this arrange- 
 ment is so different from Norman work, that there seems a pro- 
 bability it may be real Saxon ; and it should be noted that the 
 other, or new church, St. Mary^s, stands within a hundred and 
 fifty yards of the old church, and is principally a Norman build- 
 ing, with an Early English tower, and a chancel of the same, 
 and a very early Decorated east window, which, of course, 
 renders it necessary to go back to the Conquest at least for 
 the date of the old one. The other tower is that of Clapham 
 Church, in Bedfordshire; and this is principally remarkable 
 for the extreme simplicity and rudeness of its construction. 
 It consists of a square tower, without buttress or tablet, about 
 three squares high, with a rude round-arched door, and above 
 it two heights of small round-arched windows ; above this 
 part of the tower, with a plain set-off, inwards is a Norman 
 portion, with a Norman window divided into two by a central 
 shaft, plain, and of early character ; this part is surmounted 
 by a cornice and battlement of later date. 
 
 * [These questions were more fully peared at the end as an Appendix, 
 
 treated of in an article "On Saxon It will be found in that place in the 
 
 Architecture," which first appeared present edition. In the sixth edi- 
 
 in the ArchcBologia, but was incor- tion it had been transferred to the 
 
 porated in the fourth edition of Mr. beginning of the EngUsh Style.] 
 Kickman's " Architecture," and ap- 
 
THE NOEMAN STYLE. 
 
 We shall now begin to trace the first or Norman style, and 
 first of 
 
 
 ! 4^ M\ I 
 
 ill--' 
 
 m"> t' 
 
 m 
 
 West Door, Iffley Churoli, OxfordsMre , c . 1100. 
 
 Norman Doors [or Doorways.] 
 
 Tliere seems to have been a desire in the architects who suc- 
 ceeded the Normans to preserve the doorways of their prede- 
 cessors, whence we have so many of these noble, though, in most 
 cases, rude efforts of skill remaining. In many small churches, 
 where all has been swept away, to make room for alterations, 
 even in tbe Perpendicular style, the Norman doorway has been 
 sufiered to remain. The arch is semicircular, and tbe mode of 
 increasing their richness was by increasing the number of 
 
\ NORMAN DOORS. 47 
 
 bands of motilding, and, of course, the depth of the arch. Shafts 
 are often used, but not always, and we find very frequently in 
 the same building one doorway with shafts and one without. 
 When shafts are used, there is coraraonly an impost- moulding 
 above them, before the arch-mouldings spring. These mould- 
 ings are generally much ornamented, and the wave or zig-zag 
 ornament, in some of its diversities, is almost universal, as is 
 a large round moulding, with heads on the outer edge, partly 
 projecting over this moulding [commonly called the cat's-head 
 ornament]. There are also mouldings with a series of figures 
 enclosed in a running ornament; and at one church, at York, 
 these figures are the zodiacal signs ^. The exterior moulding 
 often goes down no lower than the spring of the arch, thus 
 forming an apparent dripstone, though it does not always pro- 
 ject so as really to form one. The door is often square, and 
 the interval to the arch filled with carvings. Amongst the 
 great variety of these doorways in excellent preservation, 
 Iffley Church, near Oxford, is perhaps the best specimen, 
 as it contains three doorways, all of which are difierent; and 
 the south doorway is nearly unique, from the flowers in its 
 interior mouldings °. South Ockenden Church, in Essex, has 
 also a doorway of uncommon beauty of design and elegance of 
 execution. Ely, Durham, Rochester, Worcester, and Lincoln 
 cathedrals have also fine IN^orman doorways. In these door- 
 ways almost all the ornament is external, and the inside often 
 quite plain. 
 
 Almost every county in England contains many Norman 
 doorways; they are very often the only part which patching 
 and altering has left worth examining, and they are remarkably 
 varied, scarcely any two being alike. In delicacy of execution 
 and intricacy of design, the College Gateway at Bristol seems 
 equal, if not superior, to most ; and indeed is so well worked, 
 that some persons have been inclined to ascribe it to a later 
 date; but an attentive examination of many other Norman 
 works will shew designs as intricate where there can be no 
 doubt of the date. 
 
 [These rich and elaborately-worked Norman doorways all 
 belong to the latest division of the style, and are of the time 
 of King Stephen or Henry II. They have frequently been 
 inserted in earlier Norman work, as at Lincoln and Rochester. 
 These insertions can generally be distinguished without much 
 difficulty by the joints of the masonry: at Lincoln this is 
 especially the case, the early work being of the eleventh century, 
 with wide-jointed masonry, while the insertions have all fine- 
 jointed masonry.] 
 
 * [Other examples of this have since been observed, and on the Continent 
 it is frequently found at the same period. ] 
 
 « See illustration towai'ds the end of this chapter. 
 
48 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 Norman Windows. 
 
 The windows in this style are diminutive doorways as to 
 their ornaments, except that in large buildings shafts are 
 more frequent, and often with plain mouldings. The size of 
 these windows is generally small, except in very large build- 
 ings ; there are no mullions, but a double window divided by 
 a shaft is not uncommon [in belfries]. In small rich churches 
 the exterior is often a series of arches, of which a few are 
 pierced as windows, and the others left blank. The arch is 
 semicircular, and if the window is quite plain, has generally 
 sloped sides, either inside or out, or both. The proportions of 
 the Norman windows are generally those of a door, and very 
 rarely exceed two squares in height of the exterior proportions, 
 including the ornaments. 
 
 The existing Norman windows are mostly in buildings retain- 
 ing still the entire character of that 
 style ; for in most they have been 
 taken out, and others of later styles 
 put in, as at Durham, and many 
 other cathedrals. 
 
 There are still remaining traces 
 of a very few circular windows 
 of this style : the west window at 
 Iffley was circular, but it has been 
 taken out ; there is one in Canter- 
 bury Cathedral, which seems to be 
 Norman ; and there is one un- 
 doubtedly Norman at Barfreston '^, 
 rendered additionally singular by its being divided by grotesque 
 heads, and something like mullions, though very rude, into 
 eight parts. There seems to have been little, if any, attempt 
 at feathering or foliating the heads of Norman doors or 
 windows. 
 
 [^Early Norman windows are usually very small and narrow, 
 little more than loopholes; they have very commonly been 
 altered or enlarged, or replaced by larger windows, still many 
 early windows remain, especially in belfry towers, where there 
 was less need to alter them. Simultaneously with these early 
 loop-windows there was, however, another class, more in the 
 usual form of windows, that is, wider in proportion to their 
 height, as in the dormitory at Westminster. 
 
 Belfry windows had always a different character from other 
 
 Circular "Window, Cli. Cli. Catliedral. 
 
 ^ [See "Glossary of Architecture," 
 fifth edition, 1850, vol. iii. pi. 262. 
 It has since been restored ; but there 
 was not sufficient to be at all sure of 
 the original design. At the east end 
 of the Cathedral at Oxford, a great 
 
 many fragments of the old cu-cular 
 east window were found, and these 
 have given Sir George Gilbert Scott 
 evidence sufficient to reconstruct the 
 window.] 
 
NORMAN WINDOWS. 
 
 Window, Castle Rising, Iforfoli, c.1160. 
 
 Kalmesbory Abbey, c. 1140. 
 
 Soutli Window, Iffley, c. 1160. 
 
50 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 cliurcli windows, not being glazed, and having luffer or louvre 
 boards to keep out tlie birds, and were commonly of two lights 
 from the earliest period. After the balustre and midwall-shafts 
 the sub-arches were carried by a slip of wall with shafts on 
 the face of it, and in the angles or nooks, as at Bucknell, 
 Oxfordshire. In later Norman work the windows generally 
 are larger and the shafts and mouldings lighter, and in very 
 
 W W 
 
 
 
 
 c:! 
 
 
 ■l 
 
 ""'■"■ 
 
 
 Exteriors of Windows. 
 
 -~r:^jSW^^-^' 
 
 0/^ 
 
 Handborougli, Oxon, c. 1180. 
 
 Bucknell, Oxfordsliire, c. 1120. 
 
 late examples the head is pierced with a small round opening, 
 as at St. Maurice's, York ^. The openings of the triforium 
 arcade in the choir of Peterborough Cathedral have the head 
 also pierced, and, although not actual windows, only require 
 to be glazed to become so. This is the earliest step towards 
 tracery, that choir was consecrated in 1143 ; and these openings 
 are evidently part of the original construction.] 
 
 Norman Arches. 
 
 The early Norman arches are semicircular, and in many in- 
 stances this form of the arch seems to have continued to the 
 latest date, even when some of the parts were quite advanced 
 into the next style: of this the Temple Church is a curious 
 instance ; here are piers with some of the features of the next 
 style, and also pointed arches with a range of intersecting 
 arches, and over this the old round-headed Norman window. 
 But though the round arch thus continued to the very end of 
 
 See Glossary, vol. iii. pi. 230. 
 
SOUTH SIDE OF CHOIR. 
 
NORMAN ARCHES. 
 
 51 
 
 Malmestury Abbey, a.u. lil5-llby. 
 
 Kirkstall Abbey, a.d. 1152-1182. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 the style, the introduction of pointed arches must have been 
 much earlier, for we find intersectinof arches in buildinofs of the 
 purest Norman, and whoeyer constructed them, constructed 
 pointed arches ; but it appears as if the round and pointed 
 arches were, for nearly a century, used indiscriminately, as 
 was most consonant to the necessities of the work, or the 
 builder's ideas ^. Kirkstall and Buildwas Abbeys have all 
 their exterior round arches, but the nave has pointed arches 
 in the interior. There are some Norman arches so near a 
 semicircle as to be only just perceptibly pointed, and with the 
 rudely-carved Norman ornaments. 
 
 There are a few Norman arches of very curious shape, being 
 more than a semicircle, or what is called a horse-shoe, and in 
 a few instances a double arch. These arches are sometimes 
 plain, but are much oftener enriched with the zig-zag and 
 other ornaments peculiar to this style. 
 
 [The early Norman arches are usually square in section, 
 or profile, as in the old Palace, Westminster, and the chapel of 
 the White Tower, London, or merely recessed and still square- 
 edged, not moulded, as in St. Alban's and Malvern Abbey 
 Churches, and Winchester Cathedral.] 
 
 Norman Piers. 
 
 These are of four descriptions. 1st, The round massive 
 columnar pier, which has sometimes a round, sometimes a 
 square capital ; they are generally plain, but sometimes orna- 
 mented with channels in various forms, some plain zigzag, 
 some like net- work, and some spiral, [as at Durham, Lindis- 
 farne, &c.] They are sometimes met with but little more than 
 two diameters high, [as at Malmesbury,] and sometimes are six 
 or seven. 
 
 2nd. A multangular pier, much less massive, is sometimes 
 used, generally octagonal, and commonly with an arch more or 
 less pointed, [as at Oxford Cathedral]. 
 
 3rd. The common pier with shafts; these have sometimes 
 plain capitals, but are sometimes much ornamented with rude 
 foliage, and occasionally animals. The shafts are mostly set in 
 square recesses. 
 
 ' [This observation of so careful an middle of the twelfth century, and as 
 
 observer as Mr. Eickman deserves the piers, capitals, and mouldings of 
 
 more attention than it has received. the early examples of the pointed arch 
 
 It seems clear that the pointed arch are pure Norman, it was not neces- 
 
 was in common use in England and sarily connected with the change of 
 
 many other parts of Europe by the style.] 
 
' NORMAN PIERS. 
 
 63 
 
 Bt. Allan's AlW, a.d. 1100. 
 
 Wlncliester Catliedral, a.d. 1079-1093. 
 
 Oxford Catliedral, c. 1160. 
 
 St. Peter's, Northampton, c 1180. 
 
54 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 4th. A plain [square] pier, with perfectly plain round 
 arches, in two or three divisions, [as at Winchester]. 
 
 In some cases the shafts are divided by bands, [as at St. 
 Peter's, Northampton,] but the instances are not many. 
 
 Norman Buttresses. 
 
 These require little description ; they are [usually] plain, 
 broad faces, with but small projection, often only a few inches, 
 and running up only to the cornice tablet, and there finishing 
 under its projection. Sometimes they are finished with a plain 
 slope, and in a few instances are composed of several shafts. 
 Bands or tablets running along the walls often run round the 
 buttresses. There are, however, in rich buildings, buttresses 
 ornamented with shafts at the angles, and in addition to these 
 shafts, small series of arches are sometimes used ; occasionally 
 a second buttress, of less breadth, is placed on the outside of the 
 broad flat one, [as at St. Cross Church, Hampshire ; see Plate]. 
 
 [Occasionally in French churches, but rarely in English, the 
 buttresses are half rounds, as 
 at St. Eemi, Rheims ; and they 
 sometimes have capitals and 
 bases so as to appear like richly- 
 ornamented columns attached 
 to the wall : this is especially 
 the case on the exterior of some 
 of the French semicircular 
 apses. 
 
 The usual Norman buttress 
 in England is the plain flat 
 type, but a half- octagon is 
 sometimes used, as at Fountains 
 Abbey. The flat Norman but- 
 tress frequently terminates flush 
 with the parapet or corbel- 
 table, but is sometimes sloped 
 off at the top, as at Ifiley, and 
 in late examples it sometimes 
 terminates in a sort of pedi- 
 ment, as at Monk's Horton, 
 Kent. 
 
 The horizontal strings 
 along the wall are sometimes 
 carried round the buttresses, and in other instances are stopped 
 by them, and there does not appear to be any rule.] 
 
 Monk's Horton, Kent. c. 1180. 
 
NORMAN BUTTRESSES. 
 
 55 
 
 Iffley Clmrcli, Soutli Side, c. 1160. 
 
 , — ^ 
 
 Foimtains k^Mj, c. 1170. 
 
 ^ so 
 Fountains Abbey, c. 1160. 
 
 Iffiey Cliurcli, East End, c, 1230. 
 
56 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 Norman Tablets. 
 
 In treating of tablets, that which is usually called the cornice 
 is of the first consideration ; this is frequently only a plain face 
 of parapet, of the same projection as the buttresses ; but a row of 
 
 Cortel-taWe, Iffley, Oxfordsliire, c. 1160. 
 
 blocks is often placed under it, sometimes plain, sometimes 
 carved in grotesque heads, and in some instances the grotesque 
 heads support small arches, when it is called a corbel- table ^. 
 A plain string is also sometimes used as a cornice. 
 
 'rA-!jriU~^ 
 
 Cortel-table, Iffley, Oxfordsliire, c. 1160. 
 
 [As the carving was commonly executed after the stones were 
 placed in position, it is sometimes of much later date than the 
 construction of the masonry, and frequently in corbel- tables the 
 square blocks have been left plain and not carved at all : good 
 examples of this occur in the corbel-tables of Iffley Church.] 
 
 The next most important tablet is the dripstone, or outer 
 moulding of windows and doors; this is sometimes undistin- 
 
 « [The distinction which is here nices of the Norman style snpported 
 
 drawn between the cornice and the by blocks or corbels, corbel -tables, 
 
 corbel-table is not much attended to. and to confine the name of cornice 
 
 It is more usual to call all the cor- to the later styles.] 
 
NORMAN NICHES, &C. 
 
 67 
 
 guished, but often er a square string, frequently continued 
 horizontally from one window to another, 
 round the buttresses. [When not so con- 
 tinued, it is frequently terminated by 
 some grotesque ornament, especially in 
 the richer buildings, as at Malmesbury 
 Abbey ^, or with a kind of foliage, as 
 at Shoreham Church, Sussex.] 
 
 The tablets, under windows, are gene- 
 rally plain slopes above or below a flat 
 string. In the interior, and in some 
 instances on the exterior, these are much 
 carved in the various ornaments described 
 hereafter. 
 
 Dripstone termination, 
 Shoreliani, Sussex. 
 
 Norman Niches, &c. 
 
 There are a series of small arches with round and often with 
 intersecting arches, sometimes without, but oftener with shafts. 
 
 Some of these arches have 
 ^.^.^^ ._ their mouldings much orna- 
 
 mented. [These small orna- 
 mental arches are commonly 
 called wall-arcades. A rich 
 example is given on the 
 west front of Castle Rising 
 Church, as the engraving al- 
 ready given at p. 49 exhibits. 
 The exterior of Norman 
 buildings is sometimes nearly 
 covered with a series of shal- 
 low niches or arcades, as in 
 Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk ; 
 St. Peter's Church, North- 
 ampton ; the west end of 
 Iffley Church, Oxfordshire; 
 the towers of Norwich and 
 Ely Cathedrals; Castor 
 Church, Northamptonshire, 
 &c. The interior is orna- 
 mented in a similar manner.] 
 There are also other niches of various shapes over doors, 
 in which are placed figures ; they are generally of small depth, 
 and most of tliem retain the figures originally placed in them. 
 
 6!^3j» 
 
 Leigh, Worcestershire, c. 1120. 
 
 ^ See " Glossary of Architecture," vol. ii. plate 52. 
 
58 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 Norman Ornaments. 
 The ornaments of this style consist principally of the dif- 
 
 Btaircase, Canterbury, c. 1160. 
 
 ferent kinds of carved mouldings surrounding doors and win- 
 dows, or used as tablets. The first and most frequent of 
 
 staircase, Canterbury. 
 
 Malmesbury Abbey. 
 
 them is the zigzag or chevron moulding, which is generally 
 used in great profu- 
 The next most 
 door 
 
 sion 
 common 
 
 on 
 
 mouldings is the beak- 
 head moulding, con- 
 sisting of a hollow 
 and a large round ; in 
 the hollow are placed 
 heads of beasts or 
 birds, whose tongues 
 or beaks encircle the 
 round. 
 
 After these come 
 many varieties, almost 
 every specimen having some difference of composition ; a good 
 collection of them may be seen in the Archceologiay [vol. xvi.,] 
 
 Beak-heads, Iffley Clwircli, c. 1160. 
 
NORMAN ORNAMENTS. 
 
 59 
 
 VARIOUS OMAMENTAL NORMAIT MOULDINGS. 
 
 Malmesbury Atbey. 
 
 Cololiester Castle. 
 
 St. Ethelred'B, ITorwicli. 
 
 Romsey. 
 
 Durliain. 
 
 Ifev Slioreliam, Sussex. 
 
 Ifew Slioreham, Sussex. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 
 String-courses, Barfreston Churcli, Kent. 
 
60 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 King's Munimenta AntiqKay [and in the " Glossary of Archi- 
 tecture V' and a selection of them in the two preceding pages. 
 When the zigzag ornament is much used, it is a mark that 
 the building is late in the style, while the billet appears to be 
 
 (idfT^"^"i 
 
 JEWTI MMi. 
 
 Part of Soutli Door, Mey Cliurcli, Oxfordslilre, c. 1160. 
 
 one of the earliest ornaments used in the Norman style ; but 
 tbe periods at which particular ornaments were first introduced 
 is still open to much question.] 
 
 There is one moulding which deserves mention, from its 
 almost constant occurrence, 
 very nearly of the same 
 pattern and proportions over 
 every part of the kingdom ; 
 this is the moulding of the 
 square abacus, over the 
 flowered or cut part of the 
 capital; it consists of a broad 
 fillet and hollow, which are 
 
 St. Allan's Abbey. 
 
 separated by a little sunk channel, and it is sometimes con- 
 tinued as a tablet along the walls. 
 
 [A plain round moulding called a howtel is frequently used 
 as a horizontal string, or tablet, 
 in the Norman style, and com- 
 monly has over it a projecting 
 piece with the lower angle be- 
 villed or chamfered ofi", similar 
 to the usual Norman abacus, as 
 
 at Peterborough. 
 
 Peterborougli Cathedral, Transept, a.u. 1155. 
 ' Vol. ii. plates 76—82. 
 
NORMAN ORNAMENTS. 61 
 
 Some of the Norman buildings are exceedingly rich and 
 profusely covered with ornament in almost every part ; these 
 examples are generally late in the style, although the period 
 at which this profusion was adopted is still undecided. Some- 
 times, besides the interlacing arcades 
 already noticed, portions of the sur- 
 face of the wall are covered with a^kind 
 of hatched- work, or with interlaced 
 patterns or other enrichments, resem- 
 bling the diaper of a subsequent pe- 
 riod, as in Canterbury Cathedral, the 
 remains of the chapter-house at Ro- 
 chester, St. Alban's Abbey, Chichester 
 Cathedral, &c. Occasionally also a 
 
 kind of small round panels or paterae „ , 
 
 . , , 1 • ^1 • 1 ^1 /» Malmesbury Abbey. 
 
 are introduced in the jambs and sof- 
 fits of the arches for the sake of additional ornament, as at 
 Malmesbury Abbey. 
 
 As a general rule, early work is shallow and late work 
 deeply cut : early ornaments are also of simple forms, such 
 as the billet and zigzag, and the sunk star ; foliage either in 
 imitation of the ancient Gfreek foliage, or a conventional imi- 
 tation of natural leaves, comes next ; and figures, especially the 
 human figure, last, but no one feature must be relied on abso- 
 lutely as a test of date. The monk Gervase, in contrasting the 
 work of what he calls " the glorious choir of Conrad " at 
 Canterbury, consecrated in 1130, with the work of William of 
 Sens and William the Englishman, speaks of everything being 
 plain, or sculptured with an axe and not with a chisel ; and 
 the ornaments are all such as might very well be executed 
 with the axe or pick ; while those of the new work, with the 
 deep under-cutting, could only have been executed with the aid 
 of a chisel. Some of the capitals have been carved afterwards, 
 where they were within easy reach; and this was evidently 
 a common custom, as may be seen very distinctly in the early 
 capitals of the pillars in the vaulted substructure of the dor- 
 mitory at Westminster, and in numberless instances both in 
 England and France ; the difierence between the parts that are 
 within reach and those which are out of reach, and between 
 those which were seen and those which were not seen, makes 
 this very evident. 
 
 In a late Norman doorway at Castle Ashby Church, North- 
 amptonshire, one of the capitals has the pattern drawn in out- 
 line in incised lines with the chisel, but the carving was never 
 finished. Similar examples are not of rare occurrence when 
 they are looked for, especially when they are within reach 
 without requiring a scafibld. 
 
 The space formed over the head of the doorway between 
 
62 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 the flat head of the door itself and the semicircular arch over 
 it, called the tympanum, was frequently 
 used for the introduction of sculpture, 
 
 either of emble- 
 matical figures, or 
 
 other ornaments in 
 
 great variety, as in 
 
 Brinsop Church, 
 
 Herefordshire, &c. 
 
 Sometimes the 
 
 tympanum is only 
 
 faced with diaper 
 
 patterns, as at 
 
 Eynsford, Kent ; 
 
 Dinton, Bucks ; 
 
 and Dorchester, 
 
 Oxon. 
 
 The pillars are 
 
 also sometimes 
 
 subjected to orna- 
 mentation, being covered with a kind 
 of fluting, or with zigzags, as at Dur- 
 ham Cathedral, Waltham Abbey, the 
 crypt at Canterbury, or with other sculp- 
 tured ornament. Amongst these orna- 
 ments the interlaced figure called Bunic 
 — evidently an imitation of wicker-work 
 — is of frequent occurrence, and this Canterbury Cathedral, a.d. 1130. 
 
 ornament appears also on the fonts and crosses of this style ; 
 
 Capital in tlie Crypt, Oantertury. 
 
 Pillar In the Crypt, 
 
 Brinsop Churcli, HerefordsMre, c. 1150. 
 
 at what period this kind of ornament was first used is not 
 ascertained, but it certainly continued in use to the end of the 
 
^'ORMAN CAPITAL?. 
 
 63 
 
 Othery, Somerset. 
 
 St. (Jermam's. 
 
 Norraan style. Occasionally the surface of the pillars is en- 
 tirely covered with rich carving, as at Shobdon, Hereford- 
 shire ; but this is a very remarkable example, and from its 
 unusual character supposed to be of foreign origin ^. 
 
 A few examples 
 of Norman gable 
 crosses have been 
 preserved, as at St. 
 Margaret's, York, 
 St. Germain's, 
 in Cornwall, and 
 Othery, Somerset- 
 shire, but in gene- 
 ral these as well as 
 the parapets have 
 perished from ex- 
 posure to the wea- 
 ther.] 
 
 Norman Capitals. 
 
 The capitals of piers and shafts are often very rudely carved 
 in various grotesque devices of animals and leaves, but in all 
 the design is rude and the plants are unnatural. 
 
 [They are also at times left quite 
 plain, and in some cases appear to 
 have been ornamented with painting 
 only. The earliest form is a square 
 block, with the lower angles rounded 
 off, so as to resemble a common 
 wooden bowl, and frequently called 
 the cushion capital. 
 
 Nearly simultaneous with this, how- 
 ever, is a sort of rude Ionic capital, 
 with imperfect volutes at the angles, 
 and an attempt at imitating the Corin- 
 thian or Composite, a square project- 
 ing piece being left uncarved in the 
 middle between the volutes, as if for the 
 
 cauliculi ; these were probablv painted. North Transept, Wincliester Cathe- 
 
 Capitals with this peculiar feature occur ^^^' ^•°' ^o-^s-ioss. 
 
 in numerous instances in work of the latter part of the eleventh 
 
 century, as in the Chapel of the White Tower, London. 
 
 •' The design of these is so un- 
 English, that more than one theory 
 has been proposed to account for it. 
 One notion is that the figures repre- 
 sent Welshmen, but the history of the 
 Church shews that a certain OHver 
 de Merlemond, to whom the manor of 
 
 Shobdon was given, made a pilgriip- 
 age to S. James of Compostella, and 
 after his return he built the church 
 at Shobdon. It is possible, therefore, 
 that what he had seen in his journey 
 caused him to adopt so ornamental 
 a style. 
 
M 
 
 KORMAN ORNAMENTS. 
 
 J ^Je^, l6l 
 
 c^tA«l^7^c* hfaviside St 
 
 ■l.iiJj 
 
 BlioMo£ Cliurcli, Herefordflhire, a.d. 1141-1160. 
 
NORMAN CAPITALS. 
 
 65 
 
 igp^^^g^^H^H^g 
 
 White Tover, London, c. 1080. 
 
 Choir, Canterbury Cathedral, a.d. ii80. 
 
 Wootton, Gloucestershire, c. 1170. 
 
 Durham Cathedral, Galilee, a.i>. 1180—1197. 
 
66 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 The next capital is that commonly called the scolloped 
 capital, from the resemblance to the scollop -shell; this is the 
 
 Stanley St. Leonard, QloucestersMre, c. 1180- 
 
 capital commonly used in the time of Henry I. Both the 
 cushion and the scollop, capitals are, however, frequently 
 used afterwards, throughout nearly the whole of the twelfth 
 century. 
 
 The richly-carved capitals are all of the time of Stephen 
 and Henry II., or from 1135 to 1190. The carving gradually 
 becomes deeper and bolder as the style advances. The abacus 
 itself is generally plain, but in rich capitals it is sometimes 
 ornamented with sculpture. 
 
 When the carving becomes free and the foliage curls over 
 at the point, as in the later part of the choir at Canterbury, 
 the work is of transitional character, and not earlier than about 
 1180. Another capital, which also belongs to the period of 
 transition, will be better understood by the engraving from 
 the Galilee of Durham Cathedral (p. 65), than from any de- 
 scription. The same form — a kind of dying out of the form 
 of the caulicolus with the volutes — occurs frequently in Glou- 
 cestershire, as at Slymbridge. 
 
 There is no doubt that in internal work Norman capitals 
 were usually painted and gilt, and were intended to be so by 
 the original architects who designed them, as at Copford, 
 near Colchester, Essex. Originally the painting was on the 
 plain surface of the cushion capital, but it was soon fouud 
 more convenient, and to heighten the effect, to have them 
 partly carved and partly painted. 
 
NORMAN RASES. 
 
 67 
 
 Norman Bases. 
 
 The bases frequently resemble a plain capital reversed ; they 
 often appear to be rude imitations of the Tuscan, and in late 
 examples bear a close resemblance to the Attic base. 
 
 Jt pjd 
 
 Winchester Cathedral, a.d. 1079—1099. 
 
 Postlip, Iforthants, c. 1150. 
 
 Cross, Hampsliire, c. 1160. 
 
 Iflaey, Oxfordshire, c. 1160. 
 
 In early Norman work there is a singular variety in the 
 profiles of the bases : in the crypt of Worcester Cathedral 
 there are six. (See the woodcut, p. 85.) 
 
 The pedestal on which the pier stands being always square, 
 while the pier itself with its base-mouldings is often round, an 
 interval occurs at the angles which is frequently filled up with 
 an ornament consisting most commonly of rude foliage ; these 
 are usually called foot -ornaments, as at St. Cross, and Romsey 
 Abbey. 
 
 F 4i 
 
68 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 Norman Turrets. 
 
 There are some turrets crowned with large pinnacles, which 
 may be Norman : such is one at [Bishop's] Cleeve, in Glou- 
 cestershire, and one of the towers at 
 the side of the west front of Ro- 
 chester Cathedral. 
 
 [The turrets are generally very 
 characteristic features; they are 
 usually made to contain the stair- 
 cases, and are sometimes round from 
 the bottom to the roof, as at 
 Christ Church, Hampshire, which 
 is a very rich example, ornamented 
 with niches and intersecting arcades. 
 At Iffley the stair-turret is square 
 below and round above, and in the 
 round part there is an elegant kind 
 of large fluting with small shafts 
 in the recesses ; and the roof, which 
 is semi-pyramidal, but abutting 
 against the upper part of the 
 tower, is groined, to correspond 
 with the fluting below. 
 
 One also crowns a stair-turret at 
 St. Joseph's Chapel, Glastonbur3\ 
 The round pinnacles on the porch 
 at Southwell, Nottinghamshire, have been restored, and there- 
 fore cannot be depended on as examples.] 
 
 Iffley, Oxfordshire, c. 1160. 
 
 Norman Steeples. 
 
 The Norman steeple was mostly a massive tower, seldom 
 rising more than a square in height above the roof of the 
 building to which it belonged, and often not so much. They 
 are sometimes plain, but often ornamented by plain or in- 
 tersecting arches, and have generally the flat buttress, but 
 that of St. Alban's runs into a round turret at each corner of 
 the upper stage ; and at St. Peter's, Northampton, there is 
 a singular buttress of three parts of circles, but its date is un- 
 certain ^. The towers of Norwich and Winchester Cathedrals, 
 [Caistor, Northamptonshire,] and Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, 
 
 * [This tower has been rebuilt of old materials, and raised in the four- 
 teenth century.] 
 
NORMAN STEEPLES. 
 
 69 
 
 r TMQytPSO'i. " 
 
 Newliaven Cliurcli. Sussex. 
 
 Norman Pinnacles. 
 
 Bredon. Worcestershire, c. 1180. 
 
 Bishop's Cleeve, GlouceBterehire, c. 1180. 
 
70 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 are very fine specimens of the Norman tower. It does not seem 
 likely that we have any Norman spires, but they were pro- 
 bably terminated by wooden pyramids, [as at Newhaven;] 
 spires were not introduced until a later period. 
 
 Norman Battlements. 
 
 From exposure to weather, and various accidents, we find 
 very few roofs in their original state, and from the vicinity 
 of the battlement we find this part also very often not original. 
 It seems difiicult to ascertain what the Norman battlement was, 
 and there seems much reason to suppose it was only a plain 
 parapet : in some castellated Norman buildings a parapet, with 
 here and there a narrow interval cut in it, remains, and ap- 
 pears original ; and this, or the plain parapet, was most likely 
 the ecclesiastical battlement. Many Norman buildings have 
 battlements of much later date, or parapets evidently often 
 repaired. 
 
 Norman Roofs. 
 
 The Norman wooden roof was often open to the actual frame- 
 timbers, as we see some remaining to this day, as at Rochester 
 and AVinchester ™ ; but at Peterborough is a real flat-boarded 
 ceiling, which is in fine preservation, having been care- 
 fully repainted from the original. It consists of a sort of 
 rude mosaic, full of stiff lines ; and its general division is into 
 lozenges, with flowers of Norman character, and the whole 
 according in design with the ornaments of that style. This 
 kind of roof, particularly when the exterior was covered with 
 shingles, contributed much to spread those destructive fires we 
 so frequently read of in the history of early churches. 
 
 [This very remarkable Norman ceilmg at Peterborough is 
 flat in the transepts, but canted in the nave. It has there been 
 raised two or three feet in the fourteenth century, when the 
 central tower was rebuilt, and the tower-arches raised. The 
 strip of wall on each side between the original Norman cor- 
 nice-moulding and the Norman painted ceiling is also painted, 
 but in quite a different style, that is, in the style of the four- 
 teenth century, when the alteration was made, thus confirming 
 the genuineness of the earlier ceiling. This style of painted 
 ceiling seems the most appropriate finish to a Norman church. 
 A similar painted ceiling, but far more rich and elaborate, 
 has been restored in Ely Cathedral \ 
 
 "» [These have been destroyed since Styleman Le Strange ; but he died be- 
 
 Mr. Kickman wrote, and the framing fore he had finished his work, and his 
 
 of the roof at Peterborough above the friend Mr. Gmmbier Parry, also a ta- 
 
 ceiUng is modern.] lented amateur artist, completed the 
 
 n By the indefatigable zeal of Mr. task he had set himself. 
 
NORMAN ROOFS. 
 
 71" 
 
 It is evident, from the weather-mouldings which frequently 
 remain on Norman towers, that the outer roofs of this style 
 were frequently of a high pitch, but they were sometimes very 
 low, and they appear to have generally, if not always, had tie- 
 beams, placed very near together, on the under side of which, 
 a flat boarded ceiling was perhaps nailed. It may be doubted 
 whether any example of this period now remains, though we 
 
 f MIACi-ENtlE 
 
 Uorman Groined Eoof of Aisle, Peterborough Cathedral, a.d. 1117—1143. 
 
 have sufficient evidence to shew what they were in several 
 instances. Portions of some very remarkable wooden roofs of 
 this style remain in the bishop's palace at Hereford, and at 
 Oakham, Rutland.] 
 
 Of the Norman groined roof [or vault] we have very many 
 fine examples, principally in the roofs of crypts, and in small 
 churches; they consist of cross-springers, and sometimes, but 
 not always, of a rib from pier to pier ; they are sometimes 
 plain, but oftener ornamented with ribs of a few bold mouldings, 
 and sometimes with these mouldings enriched with zigzag and 
 other carved work of this style. The ruins of Lindisfarne, on. 
 the Northumberland coast, have long exhibited the great cross- 
 springer rib, over the intersection of the nave and transepts, 
 remaining while the rest of the roof is destroyed. 
 
 [The earliest Norman vaults are quite plain, and of the 
 
72 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 barrel form, as in the chapel of the White Tower, London ; in 
 the next stage they are then groined, they have flat arch- ribs 
 only, but still without groin ribs; these plain groined vaults 
 over the aisles are often contemporaneous with the barrel-vaults, 
 over the central space, and belong generally to the eleventh 
 century, but the Norman architects did not venture to throw 
 a vault over a wide space until very near the end of the style, 
 and the contrivances necessary for vaulting over spaces of un- 
 equal width seem to have led to the general use of the pointed 
 arch.] 
 
 Norman Porches. 
 
 There are many of these remaining to small churches ; they 
 are generally shal- 
 low, and the 
 mouldings of the 
 outer gate are 
 often richer than 
 those of the inner. 
 
 [Some Norman 
 porches are of 
 large dimensions, 
 and have arcades 
 on each side of 
 the interior, as at 
 Southwell Minster 
 (see Plate), Not- 
 tingham, and 
 Sherborne Abbey, 
 Dorsetshire. At 
 Malmesbury Ab- 
 bey is one of sur- 
 passing richness, 
 the profusion of 
 ornament used in 
 this porch exceeds 
 that of any other 
 part of the build- 
 ing. In many instances, however, the Norman porches are 
 so shallow as to have little more projection than the but- 
 tresses, and to make it almost difficult to say whether they 
 should be called shallow porches or deep doorways. At 
 Kelso in Scotland is a fine example of this kind of porch, 
 though this is much more decided than many others.] 
 
 Eelso, Scotland, a.d. 1150. 
 
PMackenne del. 
 
 W(!I>mTM 2'®IS.C:fC OW SSDHJ'E'lirWffilL.IL 
 
NORMAN FRONTS. 
 
 73 
 
 Norman Fronts. 
 
 The greatest part of the Norman west fronts have been much 
 changed by the introduction of windows of later date, (mostly 
 large Perpendicular windows). The ruins of Lindisfarne, how- 
 ever, present us with one nearly perfect. This consists of 
 a large door with a gallery or triforium over it, of which some 
 of the arches have been pierced through for windows ; and 
 above, one larger window. Eochester and Lincoln Cathedrals, 
 Castle Acre Priory, and Tewkesbury Church, all shew what the 
 Norman west fronts were, with the exception of the introduc- 
 tion of the large window. [The west front of the small church 
 in the castle at Porchester, Hampshire, is a very perfect and 
 good plain specimen.] 
 
 St. Mary'8 Cliurcli, Porchester, Hampsliire, a.d. 1133. 
 
 The east fronts much resembled the west, except the door; 
 and in small churches we have both east and west fronts 
 perfect. Peterborough and Winchester Cathedrals furnish fine 
 examples (except the insertion of tracery to the windows) of 
 transept ends ; these generally rose in three tiers of windows, 
 and had a fine efiect, both interiorly and exteriorly. [The 
 
74 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 east front of St. Cross Churcli, Hampshire, is also a fine ex- 
 ample ; see Plate.] There are a few large buildings, and 
 many small ones, with semicircular east ends ; and of these, 
 the east ends of Norwich and Peterborough Cathedrals are the 
 finest remaining, but in both, the windows are altered by the 
 insertion of tracery, and, in parts, of new windows. 
 
 ISToEMAN Fonts. 
 [N'oiman fonts are yery numerous, perhaps as much so as 
 
 Ancaster, Lincolnsliire, c. 1140. 
 
 Cliaddesley-Cortett, Worcestersliire, c. 1140. 
 
 Bolton, LincolnsMre, c 1160, 
 
 AsHbj Folvilie, Leicestershire, c. 1160. 
 
 Norman doorways, and some are very curious, from the rude 
 ness and intricacy of the decorations. 
 
EAST FKOS^T OW 8T CG^OSS CMURCH!^ 
 HAM PSHIRE. 
 
NORMAN FONTS. 75 
 
 [There are some fonts of lead, probably of the Norman style, 
 still extant, though some consider them to be of the thirteenth 
 century. They are cast in moulds, and the same moulds were 
 used more than once, as in Dorchester Cburch, Oxfordshire, 
 and some other churches in the same neighbourhood. There 
 are also some celebrated Norman fonts made of hard black 
 marble, with rich, but shallow sculpture, long supposed to have 
 been of a much earlier date, but now ascertained to be late 
 Norman, as in "Winchester Cathedral, and St. Michael's Church, 
 Southampton, and at East Meon, Hampshire. They occur also 
 in the north-eastern part of France, as at Laon and that neigh- 
 bourhood, and in Flanders; and there is said to have been a 
 manufactory for them in the latter country, where that material 
 is found.] 
 
 Norman Piscina. 
 
 [These are rare features of Norman ornament, but they are 
 met with occasionally ; one was found in East Hothby Church, 
 Sussex, in pulling down the chancel in 1855, and is given 
 in the Sussex Collections, vol. viii. p. 272. See also the ex- 
 amples given in the Glossary of Architecture, 1857, Plate 155.] 
 
 Norman Triforia. 
 
 The triforia are various ; some, as at Southwell and Waltham 
 Abbey, a large arch quite open, but oftener broken by small 
 shafts and arches, and the clerestory windows have often an 
 arch on each side of the window, forming a second gallery ; 
 of these galleries, which are partly pierced, the tower of 
 Norwich forms the best example. In many large churches 
 we find the Norman work remaining only to the string run- 
 ning over the arches, and later work above that; this is the 
 case at Canterbury and Hereford. The arrangement at Oxford 
 Cathedral is curious, as under the great arches, springing 
 from the piers, are other arches springing from corbels, and 
 between these two are shafts and arches as ornaments, but 
 not open as a gallery. In small churches the gallery is gene- 
 rally omitted. 
 
 [The same arrangement occurs in Romsey Abbey, Hamp- 
 shire, but it has not been observed elsewhere in England. It 
 occurs more frequently in France, and it is common in Italy 
 at a later period. The appearance is as if the capital had 
 been cut down the middle, and one half employed to carry 
 the ribs of the vaults in the aisle; the other half carried up 
 above on the other side, to support the ribs which stretch across 
 the central space.] 
 
76 
 
 THE NORMAN STYLE. 
 
 Of this style, it will be proper to remark two buildings tbat 
 deserve attention ; the one for its simplicity and beauty of 
 composition, the other from its being nearly unique, and being 
 at the same time a very fine specimen of ornament. The first 
 is the vestibule, or entrance to the chapter-house at Bristol, 
 
 O .'^.JTI Mi.. 
 
 Korman Staircase, Canterbnry, c. 1160. 
 
 and the other the staircase leading to the Registry at Canter- 
 bury Cathedral. With respect to ornaments, few surpass those 
 of a ruined tower at Canterbury, generally called Ethelbert's % 
 and those on the front of Castle Acre Priory. 
 
 « [This tower has been pulled 
 down since Kickman wrote. Fortu- 
 nately a very good view of it has 
 been preserved, which is engraved 
 
 in Britton's Cathedrals. It was pro- 
 bably part of the work of Ernulph, 
 as it agreed with some of the details 
 of the glorious choir of Conrad.] 
 
TRANSITION. 77 
 
 General Appearance. 
 
 The general appearance of Norman buildings is bold and 
 massive. Very few large buildings remain without much 
 alteration, and mixture with other styles ; perhaps the nave 
 of Peterborough and that of Rochester Cathedrals present as 
 little mixture as any, though in these the windows have been 
 altered; but of smaller churches, Barfreston in Kent, Stewk- 
 ley in Buckinghamshire, and Adel in Yorkshire, have had 
 very little alteration. Tickencote in Rutlandshire, till witliin 
 a few years, was one of the most valuable remains in the 
 kingdom ; but it has been rebuilt sufficiently near in its 
 likeness to the original to deceive many, and so far from it 
 as to render it not a copy, but an imitation ; yet it is still 
 curious, and the interior of the chancel is original. The 
 interior arrangement of large Norman buildings is consider- 
 ably varied : sometimes the large circular pier is used alone, 
 as at Gloucester Cathedral ; sometimes mixed with the pier 
 composed of shafts, as at Durham ; and sometimes of that 
 pier of shafts only, as at Peterborough, Norwich, &c. 
 
 There are many fine Norman castellated remains ; of these 
 it may be enough to mention those of Rochester in Kent, 
 Hedingham in Essex, Conisburgh in Yorkshire, and Guild- 
 ford in Surrey. 
 
 [There are also a few Norman houses remaining, as the 
 Jews' House, and St. Mary's Guild, at Lincoln ; Moyses Hall, 
 and another Norman house, but less perfect, at Bury St. Ed- 
 mund's, Sufiblk ; the old manor-house of Appleton, Berks. ; the 
 hall of Oakham Castle, Rutland ; two small houses at South- 
 ampton ; others at Christ Church, Hampshire; Minster in the 
 Isle of Thanet, Kent ; Boothby Pagnell, Lincolnshire p.] 
 
 p For engravings of these see the "Domestic Architecture of the Middle 
 Ages," vol. i. 
 
HISTOEICAL APPENDIX TO THE NORMAN STYLE, 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 [The object of this Chronological Table of buildings is to give 
 the evidence on which a certain number of buildings are dated, which 
 may be called Historical Types of each style, and so indirectly, 
 on the acknowledged principle of analogy, to shew the grounds on 
 which the dates of other buildings have been fixed. As there was 
 never any fixed line of division between the styles, but a gradual 
 change in the character of the buildings going on from the eleventh 
 century to the present time, so such comparison cannot be relied upon 
 by itself for fixing an exact date. For all practical purposes, if we 
 can arrive within twenty years of the actual date by the architectural 
 character only, that is as much as can be expected ; but in many cases 
 some written record, either directly affecting the structure itself, or 
 narrating circumstances which indirectly bear upon the general history 
 of the building, may be connected with the style of the architecture, 
 and a date may be fixed with great probability within narrower limits. 
 
 The dates of the foundations of the numerous abbeys and other 
 monasteries are a very useful guide in one respect ; we know that there 
 can be nothing there earlier than that date, but we must be careful 
 not to conclude that the existing buildings belong to the time of the 
 original foundation: this was a very common source of error with 
 writers of past generations, but it is obvious that the churches may 
 have been rebuilt many times, or not completed till long after the 
 time of the foundation, and a careful examination is necessary in 
 each particular case. Indeed, it may be said that very few abbeys 
 had, at their foundation, sufficient funds to build more than the neces- 
 sary buildings, and the plainest of churches. As wealth accrued by 
 gifts and legacies, the buildings were erected in accordance with the 
 style of the day, so that in many cases a century elapsed between the 
 foundation and the erection of buildings, which were substantial enough 
 to withstand the ravages of time, or sufficiently capacious and orna- 
 mental to be thought worthy of preservation by successive generations. 
 
 Especial care also is necessary in examining the buildings of monas- 
 teries founded in the middle or latter part of the eleventh century, 
 because the work of that period was sometimes so substantial, and at 
 the same time so plain, that the main structure has often been re- 
 tained, when the whole of the ornamentation has been entirely 
 changed, or added afterwards, the stonework having been carved 
 a long while after the building was complete. This practice prevailed 
 in Prance as much as in England, and although French churches 
 of this period are generally larger, more lofty, and better built than 
 the English, the difference in the art of construction or the style of 
 architecture is not so great as is commonly imagined. The intercourse 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICES, EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 79 
 
 between the people of the two countries was so close, that any im- 
 provement made in the one was very speedily followed in the other. 
 
 The character of the masonry, and especially the width of the joints 
 of mortar between the stones, are frequently valuable guides to dis- 
 tinguish the work of the eleventh century from that of the twelfth. 
 Some of the work after the Conquest has the masonry as rude as 
 before, but early in the twelfth century, from the time of Roger, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, the ashlar masonry is almost entirely fine jointed; 
 this, however, sometimes depends on the nature of the stone, as in 
 those districts where the soft sandstone almost makes wide joints 
 a necessity, and this stone is generally used in large blocks, often 
 in long- and- short work, at a comparatively late period. On the other 
 hand, at Bradford-on-Avon, the old church stands in a valley beneath 
 stone-quarries of excellent free-stone, and for that reason is fine-jointed. 
 At Caen, however, where the stone is of very similar quality, and the 
 same quarries were used throughout, both wide-jointed and fine-jointed 
 masonry was found to exist, the former belonging to the earlier work, 
 the latter to the later work *. 
 
 The reign of William Rufus may be said to represent the period 
 when the great building era in the Norman style in England began ; 
 but the style had already been introduced, since some of the work of 
 Edward the Confessor at Westminster has essentially ISTorman features. 
 
 It must be remembered that the division into styles is entirely arbi- 
 trary, made for convenience of study, just as the various classifications 
 adopted in other sciences are found to be necessary, although they do 
 not admit of exact definition. But a comparison of the dated examples, 
 of which there is substantial evidence to fix the dates, shews that 
 there was a gradual progress, or perhaps, to speak more truly, a con- 
 stant change going forward as a matter of fact, and that this change 
 was not confined to any one district, at a particular time, but when in- 
 troduced, rapidly spread over the whole country, though at certain 
 times, one particular district might be some few years in advance of 
 another in some special mode of ornamentation, or some peculiar detail 
 of construction. This variation, however, does not militate against 
 the acceptance of the results of the historical argument, but only en- 
 joins caution in applying the analogies which the dated examples 
 aff'ord. 
 
 KECORDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE TIME OF 
 
 EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. 
 
 Bearing in mind what has been said as to the general value of the 
 word style, the Norman style may well be said to have been intro- 
 duced into England in the time of Edward the Confessor ; the king 
 himself founded the great Abbey of Westminster, and many of the 
 
 * M. Bouet, in the history of St. Ste- they had been put on in the time of 
 
 phen's or the Abbaie aux homines, as- Henry II., although the building was 
 
 certained by this test that the vaults begun in the time of William the 
 
 did not belong to the early work; Conqueror, 
 and further inyestigation shewed that 
 
80 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 buildings composing it were erected in his time. Of the church he 
 had completed the choir and transepts, which were sufficient for the 
 performance of divine service, and it was then consecrated, Dec. 28, 
 
 Chapel of the Pyx, part of the Substructure of the Dormitory of Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1066. 
 
 1065, a few days only before his death. The dormitory was in all 
 probability building at the same time, as the monks who had to per- 
 
 Masonry from the early -work at 
 Westminster, a.d. 1066. 
 
 Window in the Dormitory, Westminster, a.d. 1066. 
 
UDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 
 
 81 
 
 form the service in the church must have required a place to sleep in. 
 Of this dormitory the walls and the vaulted substructure remain ; the 
 work is rude and clumsy Korman, with wide-jointed masonry, and 
 the capitals left plain, to be painted or carved afterwards. It is very 
 similar in style to the work in Normandy of the same period, and is 
 supposed to have been built by Norman workmen. 
 
 A considerable part of the walls of the refectory are also still stand- 
 ing, and although the ornamentation was entirely altered and windows 
 inserted by Abbot Litlington in the fourteenth century, the original 
 ornamental arcade in the refectory has been preserved ^. 
 
 It is remarkable that the stone used in the Confessor's work at "West- 
 minster was so good that the marks of the hammer are still distinctly 
 visible, notwithstanding the surface decay of many buildings produced 
 by the London smoke. The stone used in the fourteenth century, 
 
 '7 j£WITT. C^L ;,. Sr 
 
 Arcade of tlie Refectory, Westiniiister Abbey, a.». 1066. 
 
 when the wall of the refectory was altered and decorated afresh, is 
 quite of a different character, and has perished so much that it 
 crumbles with a touch. 
 
 '' This arcade had been built up with 
 rough stone for centuries in order to 
 receive the wainscoting ; it was first 
 noticed by the Eev. T. W. Weare and 
 Mr. J. H. Parker in the spring of 1861, 
 and two of the small arches were then 
 
 opened under the direction of G. G. 
 Scott, and the whole arcade may be 
 traced in the wall, though fiUed up. 
 See " Gleanings from Westminster Ab- 
 bey," by G. G. Scott and others. Se- 
 cond edition, enlarged, 8vo., 1861. 
 
82 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 RECOEDS OP BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 WILLIAM L, A.D. 1066—1087. 
 
 Although the Norman style was introduced in the eleventh century, 
 the previous rude style was continued side by side with it. "We have 
 very little work of the time of the Conqueror remaining, and what 
 we have, belongs mostly to the previous style, as will be seen in the 
 Appendix. 
 
 The buildings known to belong to this period, or the earliest build- 
 ings in the Norman style in England after "Westminster Abbey, are : — 
 
 A.D. 1070—1095. The abbey of Bury St. Edmund's, rebuilt by 
 Abbot Baldwin, assisted by the sacrists Thurstan and Tolin. " The 
 church of the monastery, consecrated in 1032, having been for the 
 most part, like its predecessor, built of wood, though not finished, was 
 still unworthy both of St. Edmund and of an establishment endowed 
 with such magnificent revenues as St. Edmund's Bury. Accordingly, 
 under the auspices of Abbot Baldwin, the sacrists Thurstan and 
 Tolin demolished the church which had been so recently constructed. 
 King William the Conqueror upon this occasion issued his precept to 
 the abbot of Peterborough, commanding that the abbot and convent of 
 St. Edmund should be permitted to take sufficient stone for the erection 
 of their church from the quarries of Bamack, in Northamptonshire, 
 granting at the same time an exemption from the usual tolls charge- 
 able upon its carriage from that place to Bury.'' Baldwin was 
 a monk of St. Denis at Paris, then Prior at Deerhurst, in Gloucester- 
 shire, a cell to St. Denis. Lydgate says he was '' greatly expert in 
 craft of medicine." King Edward the Confessor granted to him, 
 for his monastery, the privilege of a mint. He was also in great 
 favour with King "William the Conqueror, under a charter from whom 
 he made considerable acquisitions for his monastery ^. The new 
 edifice was completed in 1095, and the body of St. Edmund was trans- 
 lated into it in 1096 ^, It is now a ruin, but portions of the work of 
 this period remain. 
 
 A.D. 1078 — 1088. Lastingham, or Lestingham Church, Yorkshire. 
 Of the little monastery built by Cymbill in a.d. 660, and of the 
 church afterwards added to receive the body of his brother Ceda «, no 
 remains appear. Dugdale (quoting from early records) states that 
 Stephen, a monk of Whitby, was appointed abbot soon after 1078, 
 and obtained permission of the king to remove that abbey to Last- 
 ingham, on acount of the incursions of the pirates. The record quoted 
 by Dugdale adds that Stephen immediately began to *' restore the place, 
 and to build all things necessary for the monks;" but finding this new 
 site still too near the sea, and exposed to the pirates, he finally ob- - 
 tained permission to remove it to York in 1088. This seems to fix 
 the date of the crypt between 1078 and 1088 ^ 
 
 " See Mon. Aug., vol. iii. p. 101, and ^ MS. Harl., 447 ; ap. Mon. Aug., 
 
 the extract from the register of the vol. iii. p. 102. 
 
 abbey preserved in the office of the ^ Beda, lib. iii. cap. 23. 
 
 Duchy of Lancaster, fol. 84, ibid., ^ Mo7i. Aug., i. 342, and iii. 529. 
 
 P* 162. See Britton's Architectural 4ntiquities, 
 
WILLIAM I. 'S3 
 
 A.D. 1077 — 1107. The genuine works of Bishop Gundulf, the 
 great builder of his time, belong to the rude work of the previous 
 style, with little or no ashlar-work, and devoid of mouldings, much 
 less ornamentation : they consist of a small part of the crvpt and the 
 north transept tower at Rochester? ; some portions of Mailing Abbey, 
 Kent, founded by him about 1090, and dedicated in 1103; and the 
 early l^orman keep called St. Leonard's tower, at Mailing. These 
 will be referred to in the Appendix. The chapel, however, in the 
 White Tower, London, may fairly be said to be built in the Norman 
 style, and a charter, preserved in the Codex Roffensis, distinctly speaks 
 of Gundulf as superintending the works for William **. 
 
 The keep at Mailing has masonry of a very rude description, very 
 little better than rubble : but the stones are squared, and the masonry 
 
 Bubble Masonry, St. Leonard's Keep-tower, 
 Mailing, Kent, c a.u. 1077. 
 
 Wide-jointed Masonry, Chapel in the White 
 Tower, London, a.d. 1081. 
 
 good and regular of its kind, although the joints of mortar are ex- 
 ceedingly wide, shewing that the stones were in all probability 
 chipped, and not sawn or smoothed down in order to give an even 
 bearing. 
 
 A.D. 1077—1093. St. Alban's Abbey Church, built by Abbot Paul 
 of Caen. The original parts are rather of the rude early character 
 than Norman, but work of Norman character is introduced. The 
 masonry is wide-jointed, and a good deal of rubble walling is used; 
 with many Roman tiles, and balustre shafts *. 
 
 A.D. 1079 — 1093. The crypt and transepts of Winchester Cathe- 
 dral, built by Bishop WalkelynJ. The original parts are very plain, 
 of early masonry with wide joints. The early work also has the 
 
 vol. V. p. 169, for a fine engraving of 
 this crypt. The style is Early Norman. 
 
 e " Ecclesia nova, veteri destructa 
 incipitur." — Vita Gundulphi,ajp. Whar- 
 ton, p. 280, vol. ii. 
 
 ^ Eegistrum Eoffense, p. 32 ; Textus 
 Koffensis, c. 201. 
 
 •' . . . et thesaurum sanctorum Ee- 
 liquiarum ejus (S. Paulini) in novam 
 Ecclesiam transferri, et in loco decen- 
 ter ad hoc praeparato reponi fecit." — 
 Ibid. 
 
 '* . . . et faeminarum Coenobium in 
 possessioni sua quam Mellingus dicunt 
 vir Dei sedificare cm-avit." — Ibid. 287. 
 
 "... sed eos per plures annos pro- 
 pria cura regire curavit." — Ibid. 
 
 i Will. Malmesb. Gesta Pontif. s. 179, 
 B. 317, ed. Hanulton, 1870. 
 
 J Annal. Winton. ap. Mon. Ang., 
 vol. i. p. 208, and Willis's " Architec- 
 tural History of Winchester Cathedral," 
 in Proceedings of the Archaeological 
 Institute, 1845. 
 
 2 
 
M 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 plain cushion capital, and the arch square-edged, and not recessed, 
 both usually characteristic of the eleventh century, hut the general 
 character may be said to be distinctly 
 Norman. 
 
 Here we have an excellent oppor- 
 tunity of comparing the masonry of the 
 two periods side by side, the walls of 
 
 A.D. 1090. A.D. 1120. 
 
 Wincliester Cathedral, Transept. 
 the transepts have the joints of the 
 masonry almost as wide as those in 
 the "White Tower, whereas in the parts 
 rebuilt after the fall of the tower in 
 1107, we have fine-jointed masonry 
 as good as at any later period, 
 
 A.D. 1083— 1100. Ely. The founda- 
 tions (according to Dugdale) of a new 
 conventual church, were laid by Abbot 
 Symeon'', brother to Walkelyn, Bishop 
 ot Winchester. Abbot Sjmeon was 
 succeeded by Richard (the last abbot,) mterior of NortH Transept. Winchester^ 
 in 1100, and m 1106 the eastern a.d. 1079— 1093. 
 
 part of the church was so far finished as to receive the bodies of 
 St. Etheldreda and other saints K Parts of the nave and transepts 
 are of this date, and agree in character with the early parts of Win- 
 chester. The nave was continued in the same style, though not com- 
 pleted till near the end of the twelfth century. 
 
 A.D. 1084 — 1089. Worcester Cathedral, rebuilt on a new site 
 by Bishop Wolstan. The early Korman work remains here in 
 the walls of a considerable part of the upper church, as weU as 
 in the crypt; the arch which opens into a chapel on the east side 
 of the south transept, was opened out in July, 1862, after having 
 been long walled-up and entirely concealed. The early Norman shafts 
 also remain at the east end of the north aisle of the nave, and in 
 other places. The crypt of this time remains, and is almost iden- 
 tical with some work of the Conqueror at Caen™. It is remarkable 
 
 ^ Praecepta Regis Wilhelmil.,in the minntely recorded by Thomas of Ely. 
 
 Appendix to Bentham's •* History of Angl. Sacra, tom. i. p. 613. 
 Ely Cathedral." ««> There are several varieties of bases 
 
 ^ The ceremony of translation is in the crypt at Eochester also. 
 
WILLIAM II. 
 
 85 
 
 that no settled form of Base seems to have been agreed upon, though 
 the capitals are all alike ; 
 in this crypt of Wor- 
 cester there are six dif- 
 ferent forms of bases. 
 
 A.D. 1085. St. Peter's, 
 Hereford. Amongst the 
 notices of grants to the 
 monastery of St. Peter, 
 at Gloucester", is one 
 that *' This year, on the 
 6th Kalends of April, 
 died Walter de Lacy, the 
 founder of St. Peter's, 
 Hereford, whose body is 
 honorably buried in the 
 chapter-house of Glou- 
 cester." Erom another 
 account, it appears that 
 his death was caused by 
 a fall from the church 
 after its completion. In 
 1101, **Hugo de Lacy 
 gave to the monks of 
 
 St. Peter, at Gloucester, n * -nr * ^noA 
 
 ., , 'i x"cii.T»j. Crypt, Worcester, a.d. 1084- 
 
 the church of St. Peter, 
 
 Hereford, which his father Walter had built from the foundations." 
 Little of the original work remains, as the church was almost en- 
 tirely rebuilt in 1793. 
 
 A.D. 1085 — 1108. Thorney Abbey, Cambridgeshire, rebuilt by 
 Abbot Gunter °. Some of the pier-arches of the nave remain, though 
 much altered in appearance by the destruction of the aisles and clere- 
 story, and the insertion of Perpendicular windows P. 
 
 -1089. 
 
 KECORDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OF 
 WILLIAM IL, A.D. 1087—1100. 
 
 The second division of Norman comprises the reigns of William II. 
 and Henry I., and most of the buildings usually called early Nor- 
 man belong to this time. The peculiar features by which these divi- 
 sions may be readily distinguished have been described under the 
 head of doorways, windows, capitals, &c. ; it would cause too much 
 repetition to introduce them here. It will be suf&cient to say that 
 during this second period the masonry is better finished, and be- 
 comes fine-jointed, and the chisel comes into general use. 
 
 A.D. 1086—1095. St. John's Church, Chester. Peter, bishop of 
 
 " MS. Cotton, quoted in Dngdale, 
 vol. i. p. 547. 
 « Annates Monasterii de Thorney, 
 
 ap. Mon. Ang., vol. ii. p. 611. 
 
 p This church was restored by Blore 
 in 1841. 
 
8Q 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 Lichfield, who was consecrated in 1067, removed his episcopal see 
 to Chester, where he died and was buried in 1086. His successor, 
 Robert de Limesay, translated his see from Chester to Coventry in 
 1095. It is probable, therefore, that the early Norman part of this 
 church belongs to the period between 1067 and 1095 % The massive 
 piers and semicircular arches of the nave belong to this period, but 
 the triforium and clerestory built upon them are of transitional cha- 
 racter, and belong to quite the end of the twelfth century, (see Plate). 
 
 The piers are round, and extremely massive, with plain capitals, and 
 the arches merely recessed, with square edges, without any mouldings ; 
 — the four great arches which carried the central tower, have shafts 
 attached to the piers : and are of precisely the same character as those 
 of the nave ; — and one bay of the choir, with its aisles, remains. 
 
 On the north side, this bay of the aisle is turned into a modern 
 vestry, but over it is one of the arches of the triforium arcade, which 
 is of the same plain, early character as the nave. On the south side, 
 the first bay of the aisle is toler- 
 ably perfect, and is richer work, 
 of rather later date than the rest ; 
 this window is richly ornamented 
 with zigzags and shafts, and is 
 turned into a doorway. The tran- 
 septs were entirely destroyed at 
 the Reformation, when the size 
 of the church was reduced to 
 adapt it for parochial use only. 
 
 A.D. 1082—89. Hurley Priory, 
 Berkshire. The charter ^ speaks 
 of certain gifts made to the church 
 by Geoffrey of Mandeville on the 
 day he had the church dedicated 
 by Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury. 
 The church is of plain early Nor- 
 man work \ 
 
 A.D. 1087— 1092. Lincoln Ca- 
 thedral. The see having been 
 removed from Dorchester, the ca- 
 thedral was built on a new site 
 by Bisliop Remigius. Part of the 
 present west front is his work; 
 it has wide-jointed masonry, and 
 the original parts are of very early character, but of grand design, 
 with three lofty recessed arches, or shallow porches. In this work 
 
 Capital, Lincoln Cathedral, 
 
 1092. 
 
 1 The chapter of this church is 
 mentioned in the Domesday Survey 
 as holding property. 
 
 >• Ex Eegist. de Walden in MSS. 
 Harl., printed in Dugdale, vol. iii. 
 p. 433. The charter mentions certain 
 gifts being obtained from King Wil- 
 liam, and therefore must be before 
 1089 ; while the witnesses, Bishop 
 
 Osmund (1078—1107) and Gilbert, 
 Abbot of Westminster (1082—1118), 
 fix the date as after 1082. 
 
 ^ See Lysons' Berkshire, vol. i. p. 
 299 ; Gentleman's Magazine, 1839, vol. 
 i. p. 257, where there is an engraving 
 of the church ; and 3Ion. Aug., vol. iii. 
 p. 431. 
 
WILLIAM II. 87 
 
 doorways and capitals were inserted by Bishop Alexander in 1146*. 
 The later work can be distinguished by the fine-jointed masonry, and 
 it is necessary to pay attention to this, for the capitals inserted in the 
 time of Bishop Alexander have been frequently mistaken for those 
 of Remigius, although when the two are compared they are very 
 different \ 
 
 A.D. 1089—1100. Gloucester Cathedral. The church of the mo- 
 nastery of St. Peter at Gloucester, had been removed by Aldred, 
 Bishop of Worcester, c. 1060, to a new site, nearer the walls. This 
 church, with the greater part of the city, was burnt in 1087, and 
 in 1089 the foundation-stone of a new church was laid by Robert, 
 Bishop of Hereford, in the presence of Abbot Serlo ''. On the ides of 
 July, 1100, the church was dedicated y. The crypt of this period re- 
 mains, with some alterations. The arches are segmental, remarkably 
 wide and flat ; and this seems to be a local peculiarity, as it occurs in 
 a chapel in the Deanery, of the twelfth century, and in some churches 
 of the neighbourhood, as at Bishop's Cleeve. The vaults are groined 
 without ribs, but the bays separated by the transverse arches, which 
 are square in section. Some of the capitals are of the cushion form, 
 others the rude Ionic. For engravings, see Britton, &c. 
 
 A.D. 1092 — 1101. Carlisle Cathedral was commenced by Walter, 
 a' ^N^orman priest, who was governor of the city ^ at the former date ; 
 but this consecration included the choir only, which was entirely re- 
 built in the thirteenth century. The south transept (excepting the 
 clerestory) and the pier- arches of the nave are early Norman work, 
 built in continuation of the choir soon after 1101. The triforium 
 and clerestory of the nave, and the clerestory of the south transept, 
 are rather late Norman. It was made a cathedral in 1133. 
 
 A.D. 1093. York Minster, the rebuilding /rom the foundation com- 
 menced by Thomas the first Korman Archbishop *. The crypt is of 
 this period. 
 
 A.D. 1093. The church of Lindisfame, on Holy Island, Durham, 
 rebuilt from the foundations. The ruins shew that it is constructed 
 partly of the red sandstone of the neighbouring coast, and partly of 
 the whinstone of the island, agreeing exactly with the minute de- 
 scription of Reginald of Durham '', who was living at the time. The 
 style is early Norman, with massive piers and cushion capitals. (See 
 an arch, p. 51.) 
 
 A.D. 1093 — 1099. The priory of Twinham, or Christ Church, in 
 Hampshire, built by Ralph Flambard, who was then made Bishop of 
 Durham. The nave and transepts are supposed to be his work, from 
 their close resemblance to Durham. But it is probable that the Bishop 
 retained the priory, and that these parts were not erected until the time 
 of Henry I., when the priory was richly endowed by Richard de 
 Redvers, Earl of Devon ". 
 
 * Eoger de Hoveden, Annal.., p. 280. 128, quoted by Dugdale, voL i, p. 544. 
 
 Fine engravings of this west front, from ^ Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 141. For 
 
 drawings by Carter, were published by engraving, see Billings' " Carlisle Ca- 
 
 the Society of Antiquaries. thedral," 4to., 1840. 
 
 " See later on, under the year 1146. " Stubbs, Act. Pontif. Ebor. 
 
 "^ Annales de Winchecomb in Bibl. ^ Keg. Dunelm., cap. xxi. p. 45. 
 
 Cotton., fol. 127 b. <= Carta EicardideKedveriissenioris, 
 
 y MS. Cotton, Domit. A. viii. fol. ap. Mon. Aug. , vol. vi. p. 304. 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1093—1096. Durham Cathedral. The choir built by Bishop 
 ■William Carileph. The first three stones were laid by the Bishop, 
 Malcolm King of the Scots, and Prior Turgot, on the 3rd of August, 
 1093, and the work was so far completed as to receive the body of 
 St. Cuthbert in 1104 ^. The transepts were completed by the monks 
 during the vacancy of the bishopric between 1128 and 1133 *. The 
 style is simple, grand, massive early Norman^. The style of this 
 choir is early J^Torman, and very characteristic, but rather in advance 
 of other buildings of the same period. It is hardly necessary to say 
 that Durham is on the whole the finest of the Norman cathedrals 
 architecturally, and it stands in a splendid situation. 
 
 A.D. 1096 — 1110. The choir of Canterbury entirely rebuilt, more 
 magnificently than before, by Prior Ernulph, who entirely destroyed 
 Lanfranc's work. A portion of the crypt of this period remains. 
 Ernulph was made Bishop of Eochester, and was succeeded by 
 Conrad in 1110 s. 
 
 A.n. 1096—1119. Norwich Ca- 
 thedral, built by Herbert Losinga 
 on a new site, the see having 
 been removed from Thetford by 
 him. The foundation of the 
 choir was laid in 1096^. The 
 style is early Norman ; most of 
 the capitals are of the cushion 
 shape, but some are scolloped. ' 
 and others are of the rude Ionic 
 form, as here shewn. These ca- 
 pitals are a good example of that 
 type which is usually character- 
 istic of the eleventh century. 
 The church was left unfinished 
 by Bishop Herbert, and was not 
 completed until 1200. 
 
 A.D. 1097. Westminster Hall, 
 built by William Rufus. The 
 original walls remain for the 
 most part, but cased over and 
 hidden, and the ornamentation 
 
 entirely altered. Some of the „ ,^ , „ . ^ „ .. . , ,«„«,,,« 
 original work was uncovered Capital. Jforwxch Cathedral, a... 1096-1119. 
 
 during the repairs made under the direction of Sir Robert Smirke, 
 and was carefully described by his brother, Mr. Sydney Smirke, 
 
 ^!sc. 
 
 ^ Eoger de Hoveden, Annales, -p. 265. 
 
 ^ Some curious particulars descrip- 
 tive of Durham Cathedral as it stood 
 in the middle of the twelfth century, 
 are given by Eeginald of Durham, 
 cap. Ixxxix. p. 190. 8vo., Surtees So- 
 ciety, 1835. See also Hist. Dunelm., 
 Script, iii., Surtees Soc, 1839. Mon. 
 Aug., vol. i. p. 219. 
 
 ' For engravings, see Britton, Car- 
 ter, &o. 
 
 s A full account of the rebuilding 
 of Canterbury Cathedral, at successive 
 periods, will be found m Professor 
 Willis's "Architectural History of Can- 
 terbury Cathedral," 8vo., 1845 ; the 
 most valuable work on the history of 
 architecture that exists in any lan- 
 guage. 
 
 '' Kegist. primum, ap. Mon. Aug., 
 vol. iv. p. 9. 
 
HENRY I. 89 
 
 in Archceologia, vols, xxvi., xxvii., where several engravings are given 
 from drawings by Mr. Smirke and Mr. Buckler. The masonry is 
 wide-jointed, and the capitals of the shafts are the plain cushion 
 capitals. Some sculptured capitals were also found built into the wall, 
 and are engraved in the Archceologia^ but these evidently belong to 
 a later period, towards the end of the twelfth century. (See an 
 arch from this palace, p. 51.) 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 HENRY I., A.D. 1100—1135. 
 
 A.D. 1103 — 1121. Tewkesbury Abbey Church, Gloucestershire, 
 founded by Robert Fitz Haimon, and consecrated in 1121 '. The grand 
 west front and the arches of the nave are quite early in the twelfth 
 century. The work is very plain ; the pier-arches are unusually small, 
 with very tall piers, more lofty than is usual at this period. The great 
 arch in the west front, extending the whole height of the building, is 
 believed to be unique, but the three great Norman arches recessed in 
 the west front of Lincoln convey the same idea. The grand western 
 porches in France are often half the height of the building, but not 
 so lofty as these. At Tewkesbury it is evident from the mass of 
 masonry in the south aisle, near the west end, that there either was 
 an inner wall forming an actual porch or Galilee, or else a tower. 
 The most genuine part of the early work is the apsidal chapel on the 
 east side of the south transept. The choir with its aisles and radiating 
 chapels is also of Norman construction, but entirely altered in ap- 
 pearance to the Decorated style of the ribs and windows. The 
 original plan was the same as at Christ Church, Oxford, Dunstable, 
 and part of Romsey, where the vaults of the aisles rest upon half- 
 capitals attached to the piers ; some of them have escaped unaltered, 
 but the greater part of them, and the whole of the upper capitals in 
 the choir, have been altered in the Decorated style. 
 
 A.D. 1103 — 1116. St. Botolph's Priory Church at Colchester, Essex. 
 Founded by Emulph, or Eynulph, a monk, afterwards abbot of Peter- 
 borough in 1102, and supposed to have been completed about 1116, 
 when a papal bull invested the priory with peculiar privileges ''. It 
 is built chiefly of Roman bricks, as are nearly all the churches of the 
 town and neighbourhood ; the Roman walls of the town having long 
 served as a convenient quarry in a district where stone is scarce. It 
 is ornamented with intersecting arcades, but the details are early, ex- 
 
 * Annales Winton., ap. Ang. Sac, see also Petit's History of Tewkes- 
 
 vol. i. p. 297, and the Chronica de bury : Oxford, 1848, 8vo., and Blunt's 
 
 Tewkesburye in Bibl. Cotton., printed 12mo., 1875, which contains a plan, 
 
 in Mon. Aug., vol. ii. p. 59 ; W. Mai- and photographic views, tombs, and 
 
 mesb., De Gestis Reg. Aug., p. 89 ; details. 
 
 Annales de Theokesberia, printed in '' Papal Bull of Pope Pascal II. 
 
 Luard's Annales Monastici; Regis- a.d. 1123, printed in Mon. Ang., vol. 
 
 trum Theok., MS. in the possession of vi. p. 106. 
 Sir John Isham, quoted by Blunt; 
 
90 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 cepting a rich doorway, which is evidently an insertion of a much 
 later date ^ 
 
 A.D. 1104 — 1133. Durham Cathedral. The nave and aisles were built 
 chiefly by Bishop Flambard, in the same style as the choir built by 
 his predecessor. See a.d. 1093 — 1096. 
 
 A.D. 1107. Fall of the central tower of Winchester Cathedral™. 
 The tower and part of the transepts were rebuilt soon after the fall, 
 and the difference in the character of the masonry marks the exact 
 points of junction, and affords a useful guide for the examination 
 of other buildings, as it is not an isolated example. In the old 
 walls the masonry is wide-jointed, in the new work it is fine-jointed, 
 shewing a considerable advance in the art of construction in a few 
 years. (Seethe woodcut, p. 84.) Yet the enormous mass of masonry 
 which was used to support the new tower, and ensure its not falling 
 again, shews that the art was far from having attained that degree 
 of perfection which it reached at the end of the century. 
 
 A.D. 1110 — 1139. Sherborne Castle, Dorsetshire, built by Roger, 
 Bishop of Salisbury ". It is now a mere ruin, but possesses many 
 of the original Norman features, and the masonry is fine-jointed. 
 Of the abbey of Sherborne, also, the greater part of the church 
 remains, although the !N"orman walls of the nave have been cased, 
 and the architectural character altered to the Perpendicular style, as 
 at Winchester. 
 
 A.D. 1115 — 1139. Malmesbury Abbey, founded by Bishop Eoger. 
 This, also, has fine-jointed masonry. 
 
 " He (Bishop Boger) was a prelate of great mind, and spared no expense 
 towards completing his designs, especially in buildings ; which may be seen 
 in other places, but more particularly at Salisbury and Malmesbury ; for there 
 fie erected extensive edifices at vast cost, and with surpassing beauty, the 
 courses of stone being so correctly laid that the joint deceives the eye, and leads 
 it to imagine that the whole wall is composed of a single block. He built anew 
 the church of Salisbury, and beautified it in such a manner that it yields to 
 none in England, but surpasses many**." 
 
 This passage of William of Malmesbury is worthy of particular 
 notice, as it seems that this mode of building with fine -jointed 
 masonry struck him as remarkable, from which we may infer that 
 it was not then in general use; and in confirmation of this it has 
 been observed, that the work of a previous date has generally wide 
 joints between the stones, as in the older parts of Winchester and 
 Canterbury. 
 
 A.D. 1112 — 1136. Exeter Cathedral. The transept towers are of 
 the time of Bishop Warelwast p ; the church was continued through 
 
 ' ^ For engravings, see the Monas- ° William of Malmesbury, Gestis 
 
 ticon, and Britton's "Architectural Reg. Aug., lib. y. 8. 4.08. Mon. Ang.^ 
 
 Antiquities," vol. i. p. 2. vol. i. p. 253, 
 
 '" Annal. Winton., p. 297. Willis's p Short Chronicle of Exeter MS. in 
 
 " Architectural History of Winchester the Archives of the Cathedral, and 
 
 Cathedral," in Proceedings of Archseol. quoted in Freeman's history of it. 
 
 Inst., p. 18. London, 1846. 8vo., Exeter, 1875. Mon. Ang.^ vol. 
 
 " Godwin's " Catalogue of the Bi- ii. p. 613. 
 
 shops," p. 273. . . 
 
HENRY T. 
 
 91 
 
 the whole of the twelfth century, and during the restorations in 1872 
 it was found that a great part of the present walla are of that period, 
 as was seen when the plaster was scarped off ; but the transepts and 
 the towers over them are the only part in which the Norman clia- 
 ractor is visible. The architectural character of the greater part is 
 pure Decorated. Sir George Gilbert Scott has here, as frequently in 
 many places, brought to light the original construction by stripping 
 off the plaster, and has thus explained the history of many build- 
 ings in a manner that is undeniable, although it could not be seen 
 before. 
 
 A.D. 1115 — 1130. Eochester Cathedral <l. Ernulf, who had been 
 Prior of Canterbury, and had begun to rebuild the choir there, was 
 made Bishop of Rochester, and carried on the work which had 
 been begun by Bishop Gundulf. His work at Rochester may be 
 traced by its exact resemblance to his work at Canterbury. Precisely 
 the same ornaments are used in both churches, especially a peculiar 
 kind of plain diaper pattern 
 on the walls, which occurs 
 in the passage leading from 
 the north transept to the 
 crypt at Canterbury ; and at 
 Rochester in the ruins of 
 the chapter-house and clois- 
 ters, and in the fragments 
 of the eastern bay of the 
 nave, which was rebuilt 
 in the thirteenth century, 
 but the old materials used 
 up in an internal buttress to 
 the central tower ; also at 
 the west end of the aisles : 
 the central part of the west 
 front is of later date, and 
 the different bays of the 
 nave each of a different date, 
 the work being continued 
 through nearly the whole of 
 the twelfth century ; the rich 
 central doorway of the west 
 front being part of the later work. The same peculiar diamond- 
 shaped pattern on the surface of the walls occurs also on the east 
 end wall of S, Peter's, Devizes, "Wilts. It was supposed to be 
 a special mark of the work of Ernulph, but may probably only be 
 one of the features of his time. 
 
 A.D. 1117 — 1143. Peterborough Cathedral having been burnt in 
 the preceding year, a new one was begun from the foundation by John 
 de Seez, who formed the plan of the whole, and in 1143 it was con- 
 secrated '. The style is good plain N^orman of rather early character. 
 The date of consecration only proves that the choir was ready for the 
 
 Diaper-work in Passage to Crypt. 
 
 1 S.Eeg. Ep. ap. Mon. Aug., vol. i. 
 p. 161. 
 
 ' Annal. Petriburg., Mon. Aug., vol. 
 i. p. 351. 
 
92 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 daily service. The nave was probably not completed until quite the 
 end of tbe century. The triforium arcade of the choir affords the 
 earliest example of plate tracery in its most primitive form, small 
 plain circular openings pierced in the flat head over the sub-arches in 
 one of the bays ^. 
 
 A.D. 1121. Reading Abbey, Berkshire, founded by King Heory I.* 
 The ruins which remain consist chiefly of enormous masses of rubble 
 and flint walls, the whole of the ashlar masonry having been stripped 
 off, but the extreme hardness and solidity of these massive walls have 
 defied the efforts of the destroyer. Some small portions of the orna- 
 mental stone-work have been dug up, and arranged. 
 
 The revenues of the churches of Cholsey, Berks., and Leominster, 
 Herefordshire, were granted by the king to Reading Abbey, and the 
 fabrics were probably soon after rebuilt by the Abbey. A consider- 
 able part of Leominster Church remains as rebuilt at this period. 
 At Cholsey the lower part of the central tower, with the early 
 transept-arches, and the foundations of the whole of the walls of 
 the church, are of early Norman character, and not long after the 
 grant to the Abbey, but the choir was not rebuilt till the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 A.D. 1121. Kirkham Priory, Yorkshire, founded by Sir Walter 
 Espee, and Adeline his wife, for Austin Canons'*. The principal 
 remains consist of a beautiful gateway, a fine Norman doorway, and 
 part of the cloisters. 
 
 A.D. 1121—1130. Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk. The gateway 
 tower of the Abbey (called St. James's tower) built by Radulphus 
 and Heraeus the sacrists^. It is fine and rich Norman work, but the 
 ornament is of early character, shallow and worked with the pick, 
 except the rich doorway, which is evidently an insertion of a much 
 later date. 
 
 A.D. 1122. Kenilworth Priory, "Warwickshire, founded for Austin 
 Canons by Geoffrey de Clinton, chamberlain and treasurer to Henry I.^ 
 
 The churches of Wotton, Warwickshire, Clinton, Oxfordshire, 
 and Barton, Northamptonshire, were given to it by the founder; 
 Hathe and Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, were given by King Henry I. ; 
 Packington, Leamington, Worm-Leighton, Herberbury, and Radford, 
 Warwickshire, Barton Seagrave, Northants ^, and Stewkley, Bucking- 
 hamshire, were given by Geoffrey, the son of the founder, about 1 150 ; 
 Hethe, Oxfordshire, by Lescelina, daughter of the founder, about 
 the same time ; Iffley, Oxfordshire, by Juliana de St. Remi, about 
 1 1 60 * ; and fifteen other churches by subsequent benefactors, which 
 it is not necessary to enumerate : but those mentioned are believed 
 all to have portions of the original work about the time of dona- 
 
 » For engravings, see Britten's "Ca- ^ Charter of Clinton, Reg. KeniL, 
 
 thedrals," or Storer's, or Murray's. ap. Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 220. 
 
 t Matt. Paris, p. 66 ; Mon. Ang., \ol. ' For engravings of Norman details 
 
 iv. p. 28. from this church see " Churches of 
 
 " Burton Annales,3Ion. Aug., Yol.yi. Northamptonshire," royal 8vo., 1849, 
 
 p. 207. p. 150. 
 
 ^ Burton Annales, Mon. Ang. ,yol. iii. " Iffley is not mentioned in the Con- 
 
 p. 98 ; Mon. Ang., vol. vi. p. 775. For firmation at the beginning of the reign 
 
 engravings, see Britton's " Architec- of Henry II., and was therefore given 
 
 tural Antiquities," vol. iii. p. 84. after that time. 
 
HENRY I, 
 
 93 
 
 tion, and they are Bupposod to have been built or rebuilt under 
 the direction of the canons of Kenilworth. They are all of rich 
 IS'orman work, and the church at Kenilworth itself has a rich Nor- 
 man doorway. 
 
 A.n. 1124. Caistor Church, Northamptonshire ^ A fine cruciform 
 church, with a central tower of rich but not late Norman work; 
 the external ornament is all shallow, and such as would not re- 
 quire the use of the chisel. Some of the capitals in the interior 
 are carved with groups of figures obviously requiring the use of 
 the chisel, but it is quite possible and probable that these were exe- 
 cuted afterwards. 
 
 Over the south door of the chancel there is a niche with a tre- 
 foil head, the upper part of which is cut out of one large stone, 
 bearing the following rude inscription. All the letters are raised 
 on the face of the stone, except those signifying xxiiii, which are 
 cut into it. 
 
 Inscription, Caistor Churcli, ITortliamptonslure. 
 
 The tower of this church is rich Norman work, with the square 
 billet, the hatchet, and scolloped ornaments. Other parts of the 
 church are of the same period, and there is another inscription cut in 
 wood on the south door of the nave, which is also of very early cha- 
 racter: but the chancel has been in a great degree rebuilt in the 
 thirteenth century, preserving, however, the Norman sedilia, and 
 other parts of the Norman work, among which is the inscription above 
 given, and probably the whole niche, for although the trefoil head is 
 not usual in Norman work, it is occasionally met with ; and this niche 
 appears ruder than the Early English doorway over which it is placed. 
 The edges are square and not moulded. 
 
 A.D. 1123—1133. The church of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, 
 
 •» Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1629. 
 
94 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 London '5. This was the church of the Angustinian priory founded in 
 1123 by Rahere, the king's jester or minstrel, and he obtained a 
 charter from the king in 1133, by which time it is probable that the 
 buildings were in an advanced state. It is recorded that three Greek 
 travellers of noble family were present at the foundation, and foretold 
 the future importance of the church. They were probably merchants 
 from Byzantium, and it has been conjectured that they were consulted 
 by the founder respecting the plan and architectural character of the 
 church. The aisle round the apse remained in a very genuine state 
 until 1860, and agreed with this period; it was of rather early Nor- 
 
 Capital of Apse. 
 
 Voussoirs of Choir. 
 
 St. £artIiolome'V7''s, Smithfleld, a.d. 1183. 
 
 man character, with transverse arches, which were of the horse-shoe 
 form, and the vaults were slightly domical, that is, the centre of each 
 bay was higher than the sides ^, The upper part of the choir is of 
 later date than this aisle ; the central tower is not square, and the 
 arches are transitional, two being round and two pointed, with mould- 
 ings and details of much later character than those of the aisle ; the 
 nave has been destroyed with the exception of one bay, and the vaults 
 of the aisles have parts of modern houses built upon them. Domes 
 are the peculiar feature of the Byzantine style, and buildings that are 
 partly derived from this style have their vaults of a domical form, 
 though not high enough to become actual domes. 
 
 A.D. 1127. St. Sepulchre's Church, Northampton, built by Simon 
 de St. Liz (Seynlyz, Senlis), the second Earl of Northampton, on his 
 return from the first crusade, and presented by him to the priory of 
 St. Andrew's in that town : the gift was confirmed by Hugh, Bishop 
 of Lincoln, and King Henry I. Earl Simon died in the year 1127 ^. 
 It is one of the round churches built in imitation of the church 
 of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. The original part of the work 
 is of rude and early Norman character, but the arches are acutely 
 
 '■ Carta fundationis, MS. in Bibl. 
 Cotton, ap. Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 294. 
 , ^ The three bays of the north aisle 
 had preserved their original vaults 
 until the restorations of 1860, when 
 
 they were destroyed ; that aisle was 
 the earhest part of the building. 
 
 *■' Carta Simonis fundatoris et con- 
 firmatio Eeg. Hen. I., ap. Mon. Ang.y 
 vol. V. p. 192. 
 
HENRY I. 90 
 
 pointed. There is, however, great doubt whether these arches are 
 original, the upper part of the wall is evidently late work, and these 
 arches appear to belong to the alteration made at that time rather 
 than to the original work. The outer wall was raised, and the win- 
 dows altered, when the inner row of arches was inserted, probably in 
 the time of Henry II. ^ 
 
 A.D. 1126 — 1138. The castle of Rochester was begun at the former 
 date by Archbishop William Corboil, and finished at the latter by 
 Geofirey de Mandevilles. 
 
 A.D. 1127. Furness Abbey, Lancashire, founded by Stephen, Count 
 of Boulogne and Mortain, afterwards King of England ^. The magni- 
 ficent ruins of this wealthy abbey are almost entirely of subsequent 
 periods, rebuilt or added in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 
 but there are some small portions of early I^orman work remaining. 
 
 A.D. 1127 — 1134. Cormac's Chapel, on the rock of Cashel, Ireland, 
 commenced in 1127 and consecrated in 1134 ^ This beautiful little 
 chapel is a very remarkable piece of work to be found in Ireland 
 at that date. It is good and rich Norman work, rather in advance of 
 anything in England at the same date, but its history is authenticated 
 by the inscription upon it. The round tower seems to have been 
 built at the same time as a belfry to it, though detached, and in 
 the thirteenth century the cathedral and castle were added, but the 
 chapel was not disturbed. 
 
 A.D. 1127—1144. The church of St. Eule (or St. Regulus), at 
 St. Andrews, Scotland, built by Bishop Robert. There is a re- 
 markably tall tower, closely resembling some of those in Ireland ^. 
 
 A.D. 1128—1152. The abbey church ofKelso*, Scotland, founded 
 and built by St. David, King of Scotland. The original parts are 
 good l^orman work, not of late character. The pier-arches of the 
 nave and the windows are round-headed, and the capitals are scol- 
 loped only ; there are intersecting arcades in the side walls, and the 
 tower-arches are pointed. 
 
 A.D. 1 130. The cathedrals of Canterbury ™ and Rochester were both 
 consecrated by Archbishop William Corboil, this year. These two 
 churches had been building simultaneously, and the choirs of both 
 were completed at the same time. At Canterbury the outer walls of 
 this choir remain; at Rochester it was rebuilt and much enlarged 
 about sixty years afterwards, but ruins of the chapter-house and 
 
 ^Forengravings, see Britten's Arch. 1183; Wythney, Ireland, 1188 ; Cork- 
 Ant., vol. i. p. 45. enrouth, or De Petra Fertili, Ireland, 
 8 Gervase. 1197; Eussyn, in the Isle of Man, 
 ^ Eegister de Furnesse in ofi&cio 1238 ; De Surio, in the diocese of 
 Ducatus Lancastriae, ap. Mon. Aug., Lismore, Ireland, 1249. 
 vol.v. p. 250; and Beck's "History and ' Inscription, ap. Petrie's ** Eccle- 
 Antiquities of the Abbey of Furness," siastical Architecture of Ireland," 
 pp. Ill, 112. The ceUs or daughter vol. i. p. 283. 
 
 churches to this important abbey ^ For engravings, see Billings' " An- 
 
 were^ — Oalder, Cumberland, founded tiquities of Scotland." 
 
 in 1134 ; Swyneseved, or Swineshed, ' See Walcot's Monasticon Scoti- 
 
 Lincolnshire, 1148 ; Fermoy, or De cum. For engravings, see Billings' 
 
 Castro Dei, Ireland, 1170 ; Inniscorthy, •' Scotland," and the " Porch," p. 146. 
 
 Ynes, or De Insula, in the diocese of '" G-ervase, Act. Pontif., p. 1664, 
 
 Down, Ireland, 1183 ; Holy Cross, ap. Willis's " Canterbury Cathedral," 
 
 in the diocese of Cashel, Ireland, p. 19. - 
 
96 HISTORICAL NOTICES. 
 
 cloisters of this period remain, Emulf, who had been prior of Canter- 
 bury, and had begun the choir there, was at this time Bishop of 
 Kochester, having succeeded Rodolf or Ralph, who was promoted 
 to Canterbury in 1114, (See a.d. 1115). 
 
 A.D. 1131 — 1140. Dover, S.Martin's Priory, rebuilt by Archbishop 
 Corboil. The work was begun in 1131, and the monks entered the 
 choir in 1140. The refectory of the building has been preserved, and 
 was long used as a bam ; it has been restored to better use, and is 
 a fine I^orman hall '*. 
 
 A.D. 1131. Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, founded by Walter Espee, 
 who placed here some monks sent by St. Bernard from the abbey of 
 Clairvaux. It was the earliest Cistercian abbey in Yorkshire °. 
 
 A.D. 1132. Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, was founded in this 
 year. The buildings were burnt in 1140. The church was rebuilt 
 by Abbot John of York, who laid the foundations in 1204, and 
 finished by the next abbot, John Pherd, a.d. 1245. There are con- 
 siderable remains of the early domestic buildings of the abbey of 
 a g<.od Norman style p, 
 
 A.D. 1132. Dunstable Priory, Bedfordshire^, founded by Henry I. 
 The west front has a fine I^orman doorway remaining, but the greater 
 part is of a later period. 
 
 A.D. 1133. Porchester Church, Hampshire'. A priory of canons of 
 the order of St. Augustine was founded by King Henry I. within the 
 walls of Porchester Castle. The establishment was removed about 
 twenty years afterwards to Southwick, but the church which they had 
 built in the castle remains. It is pure ]N"orman, and the west front is 
 a particularly good example of a small Korman west front, in good 
 preservation; (see p. 73). The font is of the same period, orna- 
 mented with intersecting arcades. 
 
 A.D. 1134. The Cistercian Abbey of Calder, Cumberland, founded 
 by Ranulf de Merchines, and confirmed by Henry III ». The ruins 
 of the church are of Noiman and transitional character *. 
 
 A.D. 1135 — 1142. Castle Acre Priory Church, IS'orfolk. Founded 
 by William de Warren '^ ; the front is fine rich Korman, with inter- 
 secting arcades. 
 
 A.D. 1135 — 1160. — Buildwas Abbey, Shropshire, founded by Roger, 
 Bishop of Chester^. There are considerable ruins of these buildings ; 
 nearly all the walls of the church remain ; the chancel has been 
 altered in the thirteenth century, but not rebuilt ; and the nave has 
 
 " Annal. S. Martini Dov., Cotton «■ MS. in Bibl. Cotton, ap. ilfon.-4n^., 
 
 MS., ap. Mon. Aug., vol. iv. p. 536. vol. vi. p. 243. 
 
 ° Historia fundationis MS. in Bibl. « Confirmatio, ii., iii., ap. Mon. Aug., 
 
 Cotton, ap. Mon. Aug., vol. v. p. 274. vol. v. p. 340. 
 
 For engravings, see the Wlon. Ang., ' » For engravings, see Buck'B"Views," 
 
 and Sharpe's "Parallels," Churton's and Mon. Ang., and Sharpe's " Cis- 
 
 •' Yorkshire Abbeys," &c. tercian Abbeys," 1875. 
 
 p For engravings, see " The Abbeys " Cartae Com. Wareniae, ap. 3Ion. 
 
 of Yorkshire," folio, Sunter, York: and Aug., vol. v. p. 46; and engravings in 
 
 •♦ Sharpe's Parallels," 1848, &c. ; see Mon. Ang., Britton's Archit. Ant., 
 
 also Churton's ' ' Abbeys of Yorkshire." &c. 
 
 1 Hist, fundat. et Carta Henrici I. ^ Chron.Petriburg.; and Mon. Ang., 
 
 ap. Mon. Ang., vol. vi. p. 239, where vol. v. p. 356. 
 an engraving of it is also given. 
 
STEPHEN. 9? 
 
 not been altered, the two sides of it are not quite of the same date. 
 It is evident that, as usual, the choir was built first, and the nave by- 
 degrees afterwards ; the nave has pointed arches, but the character of 
 the work is not late, probably about 1150. The arches are merely- 
 recessed and not moulded, and the capitals are scolloped only. The 
 clerestory windows are round-headed. There are considerable re- 
 mains of the original buildings although the greater part is a century- 
 later 3^. 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DUKING THE EEIGN OF 
 STEPHEIN", A.D. 1135—1154. 
 
 The reign of Stephen and the early part of that of Henry II. is the 
 period of the rich Norman style ; during the reign of Henry I., as we 
 have seen, the buildings were still of the class which we usually call 
 early Norman, massive and comparatively plain. We know from 
 Gervase that the chisel was not used in the " glorious choir of 
 Conrad" and Ernulf, and a careful examination of the remains of that 
 choir and of many other buildings of the same period shews that no 
 marks of it are to be found ; although a good deal of surface -ornament 
 began to be used in the time of Henry I., yet it is all shallow, and 
 such as might be executed with the pick, until quite the end of his 
 reign. In the time of Stephen the chisel began to be freely used, and 
 many capitals and other ornaments which had been erected before 
 were now carved, especially such as were within easy reach, as in the 
 crypt and on the wall-arcades at Canterbury, where some of the 
 capitals are still left in their original form, the plain cushion ; others 
 are elaborately carved, and some are left half finished. (See p. 105.) 
 
 The buildings known to have been erected in this reign are nume- 
 rous, but they are chiefly a carrying on of works begun in the two 
 preceding reigns. There were, however, a considerable number of 
 new foundations, especially of the Cistercians. 
 
 A.D. 1136. St. Cross Church and Hospital, near "Winchester, founded 
 by Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, brother to King Stephen". 
 This church has pointed arches throughout; the nave is evidently 
 of later date than the choir, and is considerably more advanced in 
 style, being quite of transitional character, but the choir is pure 
 Norman, and there seems no reason to doubt that this part was built 
 within twenty years of the foundation. The triforium arcade of 
 intersecting mouldings forming pointed arches was supposed by Dr. 
 Milner to have been the origin of the pointed arch. (See Plate.) 
 
 A.D. 1137. The city of Rochester burnt on the 7th of May in that 
 year, the king being a spectator; on the following day the new church 
 of St. Andrew was consecrated by Archbishop William [Corboil *.] 
 
 A.D. 1138. The Tower of London finished by Geoffrey de Man- 
 deville ^. 
 
 y For engravmgs, see Sharpe's " Pa- * [Gervase, Chronica, ap. Twisden; 
 
 rallelsof Architecture," and the "York- Willis's "Canterbury;" and Florence 
 
 shire Abbeys." of Worcester„ 
 
 » Beg. Ep. Winton, ap. Mon. Aug., ^ Gervase, ibid, 
 vol. vi. p. 721. 
 
98 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1 140. Dorcliester Abbey, Oxfordshire, refounded by Alexander, 
 Bishop of Lincoln, for Austin Canons <=. The church was rebuilt in the 
 time of Edward I., but there are portions of the Norman church re- 
 maining ; the chancel- 
 arch and a doorway from 
 the north aisle of the 
 choir into the cloister 
 are part of the original 
 work built soon after this 
 foundation. The north 
 wall of the nave, or at 
 least the lower part of it 
 where the cloister has 
 abutted against it, is also 
 of about the same period, 
 though Decorated win- 
 dows have been inserted 
 in the upper part of it. 
 
 A. D. 1141 —1150. 
 Shobdon Church, near 
 Leominster, Hereford- 
 shire, built by Oliver de 
 Merlemond, steward to 
 the Mortimers, of which 
 a minute history is pre- 
 served and printed in the 
 Monasticon ^, in the ori- 
 ginal Norman-French of 
 the period. It appears 
 that the founder went 
 on a pilgrimage to the 
 shrine of St. James of Compostella in Spain, during the progress of 
 the work, and on his return was hospitably entertained in the mo- 
 nastery of St. Victor at Paris, with which he was so much pleased, 
 that when his church was completed he sent for two monks from that 
 monastery to serve it. The unusual richness of the work makes it 
 a fair conjecture that he brought home with him from his travels 
 either drawings or a remembrance of what he had seen, and applied 
 this knowledge to his new building. It would be a curious matter of 
 research to ascertain where he found it: the monastery of St. Victor 
 has been entirely destroyed, but very similar work may be found in 
 Anjou and Poitou of the same period, and it is probable that he would 
 go through the English provinces in the west of Erance on his way to 
 Spain. The church of i^Totre Dame de Poitiers is equally rich, espe- 
 cially the west front, and is probably of about the same period. The 
 establishment was removed to Wigmore in 1179 by Hugh de Mortimer, 
 and so richly endowed that it became an important abbey of the 
 Austin Eriars. This shews that the buildings remaining at Shobdon 
 must be previous to that date. (For details see p. 64.) 
 
 Doorway, Dorcliester Abbey, Oxon, a.d. 1140— U50. 
 
 « Confirmationcharterof King John, 
 ap. Mon. Ang. , vol. vi. p. 324. 
 
 ^ French charter of Hugh de Mor- 
 timer, ap. Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 345. 
 
STEPHEN. 
 
 99 
 
 A.D. 1145. Lilliesball Abbey", Shropshire. An abbey of Augus- 
 tinian Canons was founded here about this date, by E-ichard and 
 Philip de Balmeis. There are considerable remains of the church 
 and other buildings of this abbey ; their style would give the idea 
 of an earlier date than this, as they appear to be rather early Norman. 
 The plan is very peculiar — a long narrow church without aisles, but 
 with transepts, no triforium, but a clerestory high up in the walls to 
 allow for the cloister and domestic buildings abutting against them ; 
 the nave is divided by transverse walls into three portions ; the choir 
 has chapels on the side ; the east window is Decorated, and the west 
 tower Perpendicular. There are considerable ruins also of the re- 
 fectory and the abbot's house. 
 
 A.D. 1146. Lincoln Cathedral, which had been much damaged by 
 a fire in 1141, was restored by Bishop Alexander^; the present rich 
 west doorways are the work of 
 Bishop Alexander inserted in 
 walls of earlier date. Some of 
 the capitals of the shafts of the 
 large arched recesses are also in- 
 sertions of the same period. The 
 original walls are of wide-jointed 
 masonry; the insertions are all 
 fine-jointed. 
 
 A.D. 1147. Roche Abbey, 
 Yorkshire. This abbey of the 
 Cistercian Order was founded by 
 Richard de Builli and Richard 
 Pitz Turgis, the owners of the 
 neighbouring soil^. There are 
 considerable ruins of the choir 
 and transept of the church, which 
 are in a style of early transition, 
 massive and plain, the arches 
 pointed, but the windows round- 
 headed. We have no date of 
 consecration, but the choir is not 
 likely to have been built more 
 than twenty years after the foundation of the abbey. The stone is of 
 a remarkably durable nature, and although much has been destroyed 
 by violence and exposed to the weather for centuries, the details 
 that remain are as perfect as the day they were carved. 
 
 A.D. 1148. St. Augustine's Priory, Bristol, founded by Robert Fitz- 
 Harding, Mayor of Bristol^. The chapter-house and the gateway of 
 this priory remain, their date may probably be twenty years after the 
 foundation of the priory ; they are late and rich Norman. 
 
 A.D. 1150. Birkenhead Priory, Cheshire, founded by Hamon de 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, c. 1100. 
 
 * Keg.de LiUieshaU, et Carta Henrici 
 I., ap. Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 262. 
 
 f Chron. Matth. Paris, fol., p. 261 ; 
 Eeg. Ep ap. 3Ion. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1270 ; 
 for engravings, see the various works 
 
 h2 
 
 on the Yorkshire abbeys. 
 
 s Carta de fundatione, ap. Mon. 
 Ang.f vol. v. p. 602. 
 
 ^ Carta de fundatione, ap. Mon. 
 Ang. , vol. vi. p. 365. 
 
100 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 Masii, third Baron of Dunham Massey^ The Norman chapel re- 
 mains. 
 
 A.n. 1152. Xirkstall Cluniac Abbey, in the West Riding of York- 
 shire, was removed to a new site by Henry de Laci, and the buildings 
 were completed before 1182^^. '^The founder laid the first stone 
 with his own hands, and lived to see the completion of it at his own 
 expense." The style is Norman, bat with pointed arches. (See an 
 arch from it, p. 51). 
 
 A.D. 1153. Davington, or Daunton Priory, Kent, (near Faversham,) 
 founded by Fulke de Newenham for nuns ^ The church and part of 
 the other buildings were restored by WiUiment the glass painter in 
 1850. There is a good Norman west front, with tower on south side, 
 and north aisle. The pillars are square and massive, and look older 
 than the date of foundation, but this probably arises from the building 
 material, which is flint. 
 
 TRANSITION. 
 
 The transition from Norman to Early English was gradual, 
 and it is sometimes very difficult to decide on the character 
 of some remains ; in. general, the square abacus to the capital 
 is the best mark, for the arch is none, many pure Norman 
 works having the pointed arch. The mouldings of later Nor- 
 man work approach very near to Early English. The [circular 
 part of the] Temple Church, London, is one of those buildings 
 which seems to belong as much to one style as the other ; and 
 two Lincolnshire buildings, not far distant from each other, 
 shew a curious crossing of the marks of these two styles : — one, 
 the front of the hospital of St. Leonard, at Stamford, presents 
 a semicircular arch with pure Norman mouldings, but the 
 shafts are in two rows, stand free, and have a round abacus 
 of several mouldings, which are quite Early English. The 
 other, part of Ketton Church, has the square Norman abacus 
 and semicircular arch with Norman mouldings, and another 
 pointed one on the side ; but both these have a dripstone filled 
 with the toothed ornament, which also runs down by the shafts, 
 which are banded, and have an Early English base. 
 
 [The west end of Iffley Church, Oxfordshire, is an early ex- 
 ample of the transition; it may be called Norman, but it is 
 very late in the style, and the pointed arches on each side of 
 the circular -headed doorway are quite transitional, (see the 
 Plate.) 
 
 ' Carta Hamonis, ap. Mon. Ang., written by an eye-witness. See also 
 
 vol. vi. p. 241. the engravmgs in the Yorkshire 
 
 ^ Fundationis Historia, MS. in Bibl. abbeys. 
 
 Bodl., ap. Mon. Ang., vol. v. p. 531. * Confirmation of Henry III., ap. 
 
 The history of the foundation was Mon. Aug., vol. iv. p. 289. 
 
THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION.' lO! ' 
 
 It IS quite necessary fo allow a period of Traksitton between 
 each of the styles. The most conspicuous of these is naturally the 
 time of change from the Romanesque, or Norman style, distinguished 
 by its massive character and the general use of the round arch, 
 and the Gothic distinguished by its lightness, its peculiar mould- 
 ings, and the general use of the pointed arch. But the pointed arch 
 alone is a very unsafe guide, and beginners are continually misled 
 by the name of the Pointed style : the pointed arch was used occa- 
 sionally at all periods, and was in xery common use long before the 
 Gothic style was established. It was used in some countries much 
 earlier than in others, and in the south of France it appears to have 
 been in common use at the end of the eleventh century, although 
 not accompanied by any other features of the Gothic style. The 
 building art had made very rapid progn ss there up to a certain point, 
 and then stood still for above a century. This probably arose from 
 the political circumstances of the countiy, into which it is not our 
 purpose to enter, as it would lead into too wide a field of discussion. 
 On the other hand, round-headed doorways and square-headed win- 
 dows were used at all periods when convenience called for them, 
 especially in houses and castles, and it is quite a mistake to suppose 
 that the Gothic styles were confined to churches; all buildings of 
 the same period were in the same style, only the churches have been 
 commonly preserved, because no one would be at the expense of re- 
 building them ; houses have generally been rebuilt again and again, 
 as the fashion changed, or the ideas of comfort and convenience 
 were altered. 
 
 The great divisions into styles are extremely convenient, and a 
 wonderful help to the memory of the student, as is proved by the 
 rapid progress which the art has made since Mr. Rickman first reduced 
 its history into a system and an intelligible classification ; but where 
 minute accuracy is required, and we wish to ascertain within a few 
 years the age of a building by its characteristic features, we must sub- 
 divide each of the styles into three parts — early, middle, and late. 
 
 Churches of the eleventh century and the early part of the twelfth 
 were usually terminated at the east end by a semicircular apse, and 
 the chancel was short; this was commonly lengthened at a subsequent 
 period, and a square east end substituted, so that the round east end 
 is a rare feature in England; while on the Continent the case is 
 reversed, the apse is the rule, the square east end the exception. 
 
 In endeavouring to ascertain the exact historical date of any build- 
 ing, there are many things to be considered ; no one feature separately 
 can be relied upon, and those who fancy that they can fix the exact 
 date to a year by the mouldings only on the principle of comparison, 
 deceive themselves. The mouldings are often the best guide to the 
 date, but not always; sometimes the same mouldings are used again 
 when the walls have been rebuilt, in other instances they are correctly 
 copied in restoration, or in continuation, l^either can the sculpture 
 of the capitals be relied upon separately, for they are often carved after 
 the building was completed, as in the crypt at Canterbury, and how 
 long after it is impossible to say. 
 
 Still there is no doubt that the received dates of the divisions of the 
 styles are substantially correct, and that experienced eyes can see at a 
 
lOS • ■ . . . ' THE "period of TRANSITION. 
 
 glance to what century, and what portion of each century, the different 
 parts of a building belong. The generation of men which built in that 
 fashion in that century is a thing that has been ascertained by long 
 observation, and a comparison of the observations of many careful 
 observers. Any theory of a special case, that is contrary to these 
 well-ascertained facts is sure to turn out to be erroneous. Those who 
 depend upon written history only for the dates of buildings, will make 
 far greater mistakes than those who rely chiefly on the buildings 
 themselves, and comparison with well-known dated examples, which 
 cannot be earlier than the date of foundation. Written history sel- 
 dom gives more than that date, and the consecration of an altar, or 
 the translation of the relics, which indicates the same thing. But 
 there is often a long interval between these two, and work of several 
 different periods is seen in the same building. 
 
 The exact meaning of particular words also often misleads. Many 
 words are used in two senses, one general, the other special ; this is 
 the case with the word ecclesia, which sometimes means the whole 
 church, and at other times the choir only, the place for the chorus 
 of singers, and where the high altar was placed. The nave was some- 
 times considered as the vestibule only, and was not built until long 
 after the choir ; the transept and central tower were the next to be 
 built, and then the nave, which was often begun at both ends, and the 
 interval not filled up till long afterwards, or not at all ™. 
 
 In a large cruciform church, the space occupied by the chorus does 
 rot extend to the east end, but to the altar-screen only, behind which, 
 and eastwards of it, there is a space, and then the Lady-chapel. The 
 choir was not always confined to the eastern limb of the church, but 
 went across the central space under the tower, into the nave, of which 
 the first bay was included in the choir. This bay was necessary 
 to support the central tower, and we often see that the stalls of the 
 chorus did extend under this central tower and include the first arch 
 of the nave ^. 
 
 During each of the periods of transition between the styles, which 
 lasted from twenty to thirty years, there was frequently what is called 
 an '* over-lapping of the styles," that is to say, some buildings belong 
 chiefly or entirely to the earlier style, others belong chiefly or entirely 
 to the new style then coming into fashion. There were old-fashioned 
 people and new-fashioned people at all periods of the world's history. 
 
 "> Of the latter, Cologne Cathedral is the custom very soon became general, 
 
 a well-known example ; the nave has almost constant, in England, to place 
 
 only been completed in the nineteenth the altar at the east end. In SaHsbm-y 
 
 century, though it was begun in the Cathedral, the high altar seems to have 
 
 thirteenth, and there are other in- been originally placed in the crossing 
 
 stances where the nave has been be- of the eastern transepts in the thir- 
 
 gun at both ends, and never completed. teenth century, but before the fifteenth 
 
 ° In foreign churches, the high altar it was moved to the east end, according 
 
 is usually placed under the tower, which, to the general custom of the coimtry. 
 
 when open as a lantern, is considered The founder's tomb is usually placed 
 
 as a canopy over the altar. In England, in front of the high altar, and this 
 
 this seems to have been also the case sometimes enables us to fix the site 
 
 originally, but at an early period only ; of it. 
 
103 
 
 KECORDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 HENRY IT., A.D. 1154—1189. 
 
 The early part of this reign is the period to which some of our 
 richest examples of the Norman style belong, such as Iffley and 
 Stewkeley. The naves of several of our finest Norman cathedrals 
 belong to this reign, but the work being gradually and quietly carried 
 on, we have comparatively little mention of it in history. All of 
 these are late Norman, and after the first twenty years of this reign 
 the approaching change becomes very evident. 
 
 The style which we in England properly call the Norman style, 
 and which our fathers called the Saxon style, is called by the French 
 antiquaries, with equal propriety, Anglo-Norman, for it prevailed 
 equally in Normandy as in England, and there is scarcely any dis- 
 tinction in style until after the time of Henry II. In considering 
 the history and progress of architecture, we should always remember 
 the extent of the dominions of Henry II., and the necessary inter- 
 course of the inhabitants of the different provinces of his dominions °. 
 
 It is chiefly to this long and peaceful reign of thirty-five years that 
 the very numerous examples of the Transitional period belong.] 
 
 A.D. 1155 — 1177. Peterborough Cathedral. Benedict, Prior of 
 Canterbury, is made abbot of Peterborough, and he caused to be con- 
 structed of stone and wood the whole of the nave, from the towers to 
 the west front, and the chapel at the gate of the monastery, in honour 
 of St. Thomas the Martyr. The transepts built by Abbot Waterville 
 in continuation of the previous work of the choir commenced in 1117, 
 and in exact conformity with it, in the pure Norman style P. 
 
 A.D. 1160. Iffley Church "J, Oxfordshire, nave and tower, and west 
 front, with the very rich doorways and tower-arches. 
 
 A.D. 1160—1180. Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, is a fine ex- 
 ample of late Norman and early transitional work. It was con- 
 secrated in 1180, and was probably building for about twenty years 
 previously : the confirmation, by Pope Adrian lY. ^, of the charters 
 granting the Saxon monastery of St. Frideswide to the Norman monks 
 was not obtained until 1158, and it is not probable that they began to 
 rebuild their church until their property was secured. The prior at 
 this period was Robert of Cricklade, called Canutus, a man of con- 
 siderable eminence, some of whose writings were in existence in the 
 time of Leland. Under his superintendence the church was entirely 
 rebuilt from the foundations, and without doubt on a larger scale than 
 
 ° The style of Anjou and Poitou is anno 1177. Mon. Aug., vol. i. p. 352. 
 
 very distinct from the Norman, and is For engravings, see Mon. ^w^., Britton, 
 
 called by some of the French anti- and other historians of the cathedral ; 
 
 quaries the Plantagenet style, which Sharpe's " Parallels," &c. 
 
 is not very correct ; it is now more ^ It was a cell to Kenilworth, see 
 
 commonly called the Angevine style, a.d. 1122, given to it by Juliana de 
 
 and although it is not confined to St. Kemi, in this reign. 
 
 Anjou, this is perhaps the best name ' Charter of Henry 11., Confirmatio 
 
 for it. PapsB Hadriani, ap. Mon. Ang.y vol. ii. 
 
 p Chron. Ang., Petriburgense sub p. 147. 
 
104 TRANSITION NORMAN. 
 
 before, as the Saxon church does not appear to have been destroyed 
 until this period. The design of the present structure is very re- 
 markable; the lofty arched recesses, which are carried up over the 
 actual arches and the triforium, giving the idea of a subsequent work 
 carried over the older work ; but an examination of the construction 
 shews that this is not the case, that it was all built at one time, and 
 that none of it is earlier than about 1160. Precisely the same design 
 occurs in a part of Romsey Abbey church, Hampshire, and very simi- 
 lar ones may be seen in other places : lofty arched recesses occur in 
 Dunstable Priory church, Bedfordshire, where Perpendicular windows 
 have been inserted in the trifoiium, but the original design was the 
 same ^. This design is common in Italy, both before and after that 
 period. The peculiarity is that the capitals give the idea of being cut 
 in half: one half used to carry the arch of the aisles, the other half to 
 carry the arch of the vault across the central space. 
 
 A.D. 1161 — 1191. Evesham Abbey. The nave of the church and 
 the cloister completed ; the bakehouse, the granary, the infirmary, and 
 a dormitory built by Abbot Adam Cluny *, who had been a monk of 
 Cluny, then prior of Bermondsey, and abbot of Evesham; ''he did 
 many good works towards the monastery, both in building and 
 adorning it." 
 
 A.D. 1165—1191. The hall of Oakham Castle, Rutlandshire, built 
 by "Walkelin de Ferrers ''j is an excellent specimen of transitional 
 work. It retains a great deal of the JSTorman character, but late and 
 rich : the capitals are very similar to some of those at Canterbury, 
 and more like French work than the usual English character; the 
 tooth-ornament is freely introduced ; the windows are round-headed 
 within and pointed without, with good shafts in the jambs, and the 
 tooth-ornament down each side of the shafts. 
 
 A.D. 1169. Lanercost Priory, Cumberland, was founded by Robert 
 de Vallebois, Lord of Gilsland, and the church was dedicated in 1169 
 by Bernard, Bishop of Carlisle ': The remains are considerable, and 
 although part has been rebuilt, the original part is a good example 
 of transitional work. 
 
 A.D. 1171 — 1200. Norwich Cathedral, burnt by an accidental fire, 
 and restored soon afterwards y, under Bishop John of Oxford. It is 
 one of our finest examples of the Norman style. 
 
 A.D. 1172. Repton Church, Derbyshire. The Saxon monastery here 
 was destroyed by the Danes about the year 1172. Maud, widow to 
 Ranulph, second earl of Chester, who had previously founded a priory 
 of Austin Canons eleven years before at Calke in this county, removed 
 the greater part of them here, having prepared a church and con- 
 
 ■ For engravings see Ingram's "Me- * Charter of the fonnder, MS., in 
 
 morials of Oxford," and details in the Naworth Castle ; confirmation of Ri- 
 
 *' Glossary of Architecture," and p. 53. chard II. ; ap. Mon. Ang., vol. vi. p. 
 
 t Harleian MS. 3673, fol. 180 b., ap. 237. For engravings, see the Mon. 
 
 Mon. Ang., vol. vi. p. 2. Ang., &c. 
 
 " Whatever documentary evidence is ^ Cotton, Annales Eccl. Norw., ap. 
 
 extant was collected by the Eev. G. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, vol. i. p. 397 ; 
 
 H. Hartshorne, and printed in the and Mon. Ang., vol. iv. pp. 1, 2. For 
 
 " Archaeological Journal," with en- engravings, see 3Ion. Ang., Britton, 
 
 gravings and plan, vol. v., 1848, Murray, &c. 
 pp. 124—142. 
 
HENRY TI. 
 
 105 
 
 ventual buildings for their reception, Calke becoming from that time 
 a cell to Repingdon, or Eepton, and so continuing till the dissolution '. 
 
 A.D. 1174. Chapel of Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. The original 
 foundations were within the walls of the castle, where the early Nor- 
 man chapel still remains. The establishment was removed to its pre- 
 sent site at this date, when an English yeoman had possession of the 
 castle. Style, transitional Norman and Early English; very good 
 and rich work *. 
 
 A.D. 1174 — 1189. The nave and west tower of Ely Abbey church, 
 now the cathedral, carried on and completed by Bishop Geoffrey, 
 called EideP. It is in continuation of the previous work, and in 
 pure Norman style. 
 
 A.D. 1175. Whitby Abbey. Yorkshire, destroyed during an incursion 
 of the Danes, and the present buildings commenced after this period «'. 
 
 A.D. 1175 — 1184. The choir of Canterbury Cathedral has long 
 been considered as the type par excellence of the transition in England, 
 
 A.D. 
 1110. 
 
 The 
 are. 
 
 Part of Arcade, Canterbury, siiewiag tiie junction of tlie old and new work. 
 
 and a better example could not be desired. The minute description of 
 the progress of the work by Gervase, an eye-witness of it, and the full 
 corroboration of his history afforded by a careful examination of the 
 building itself as demonstrated by Professor Willis, afford together 
 
 * Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 429. The 
 charter of Henry III. confirms the gift 
 of the church of St. Wistan at Eepton 
 by Eanulph, earl of Chester. 
 
 » For engravings, see Billings, &c. 
 
 ^ For the previous history, see a.d. 
 1083. "Novum opus usque occiden- 
 
 tem cum turre ad cumulum fere per- 
 fecit." Monast. Eliensis Hist. ap. Ang. 
 Sacr., vol. i. p. 631, et 3Ion. Aug., 
 vol. i. p. 462. For engravings, see 
 Bentham's and MiUer's Histories of 
 Ely. 
 
 " Mon. Ang., vol. i. p. 407. 
 
106 
 
 CANTERBURY. 
 
 such undeniable evidence as probably no other building possesses. 
 The portions of the old choir which have been preserved afford ex- 
 cellent opportunity for comparison and contrast with the new work, 
 and the descriptions of Gervase are borne out in every part. He ex- 
 
 A B. Pillar of old work. 
 
 C. Triforium passage, or 
 Clerestory gallery, in 
 old work. 
 
 D. Arch of old -v^ork. 
 
 E. Window of Crypt. 
 
 F. Window of Aisle. 
 
 G. Window of Triforium 
 in new work. 
 
 LL. Clerestory Window 
 
 of old work. 
 MM. Clerestory Window 
 
 of new work. 
 a b. Pillar of new work. 
 c. String-course. 
 de. Tabling of new work. 
 ef. Eaves of old woik. 
 ff. Roof of Aisle. 
 h i. Tabling under the 
 
 new Cleiestory. 
 * k. Top of the old wall. 
 
 Compartment of the Corona, a.d. 1184. 
 (From Willis's " Canterbury.") 
 
 pressly says that all the ornament of the old choir was executed with 
 the axe, and not with the chisel, and an examination of the ornameDtal 
 arcades still remaining proves this to be correct. And yet this choir 
 was called the *' Glorious Choir of Conrad," and was the finest work 
 that had been executed in England in its day. The great progress 
 that had been made in the art of construction and in sculpture during 
 the half century which intervened between the completion of that 
 
CAITTERBURX C ATTTEDRAJL 
 
 CKXPTS. JLTriTiity Chapel S.-c. B Choii' l-c. 
 
"'<! g/ > ft V le •'J" -v -V <" 
 
 C^Hai-JtrJ- ad. 
 
 r..T,f Kcui i;- 
 
 CAI3"TEIIBTTEY CATSEDRAI. CHURCS. 
 
 CUTTTS 
 
^CANTERBURY. 107 
 
 work and the great fire by which it was almost destroyed, is too evi- 
 dent to be questioned. The precise words of Gervase are important : — 
 
 " It has been stated that after the fire nearly all the old portions of the choir 
 were destroyed, and changed into somewhat new and of a more noble fashion ; 
 tiie difference between the two works may now be enumerated. The pillars 
 of the old and new work are alike in form and thickness, but different in 
 length ; for the new pillars were elongated by almost twelve feet. In the old 
 capitals the work was plain, in the new ones exquisite in sculpture. There the 
 circuit of the choir had twenty-two pillars, here are twenty-eight. There 
 the arches and everything else was plain, or sculptured with an axe and not 
 with a chisel ; but here, almost throughout, is appropriate sculpture. No 
 marble columns were there, but here are innumerable ones. There in the 
 circuit around the choir the vaults were plain, but here they are arch-ribbed, 
 and have key-stones. There a wall set upon pillars divided the crosses [tran- 
 septs] from the choir, but here the crosses are separated from the choir by no 
 such partition, and converge together in one key-stone, which is placed in the 
 middle of the great vault, which rests upon the four principal pillars. There, 
 lliere was a ceihng of wood decorated with excellent painting, but here is 
 a vault beautifully constructed of stone and light tufa. There was a single 
 triforium, but here are two in the choir, and a third in the aisle of the church. 
 All which will be better understood by inspection than by any description." 
 
 Kefeeences to the Plans of the Cetpt. 
 
 A. Yiew of the eastern part of the crypt, 1175 — 1184. 
 
 B. View of the western part of the crypt, 1073—1080. 
 
 Plan— Total length, 286 feet. 
 
 1, 1. Piers between the nave and aisles. 
 
 2, 3. Staircases from the north and south transepts of crypt to the church. 
 
 4. Stairs to the exterior of the building on the north side. 
 
 5. Niche or recess in the wall near these stairs. 
 
 6. Semicircular recess for an altar. 
 
 7. Chapel, said to be dedicated to the Virgin Mary, under the usual situation 
 
 of the liigh Altar. 
 
 8. Aisle round the chapel, within the original apse. 
 
 9. Tomb in a recess on south side. 
 
 10. Entrance to a dark chapel, or cell, on south side. 
 
 11. 11. Piers of modern masonry to support the floor above. 
 
 12. Doorway to a dark chapel, or cell, on north side. 
 
 13. Tomb of Archbishop Morton, between the piers of south aisle. 
 ] 4. Window in south transept. 
 
 15. Recessed altar on east side of south transept. 
 
 16, 17. Staircases in old towers, north and south of original apse. 
 
 18, 19. Aisle of crypt under Trinity Chapel. 
 
 20, 20. Massive piers at the original termination of the church, now between 
 
 the two crypts. 
 A B. Stairs from church to crypt at west end. 
 
 C. Nave of the original crypt, 163 feet in length. 
 
 D E. Aisles of the original crypt, 83 ft. 6 in. in width across nave and aisles 
 within the walls. 
 
 F. North transept. 
 
 G. South transept. 
 
 H I K. Cells or chapels north and south of original east end. 
 
 L. Entrance or passage between the two crypts. 
 
 M N O. Nave. and aisles of eastern crypt, 66 ft. 6 in. wide in widest part. 
 
 P. Vaulted room under Becket's crown. 
 
 Q. Eoundation of a chapel on north side. 
 
108 CANTERBURY. 
 
 The histoiy of Canterbury can hardly he understood without re- 
 ference to the views and plan of the crypt on the previous page, 
 in which the work of William the Englishman (1180 — 1184) is 
 printed in a lighter tint than the older part. 
 
 By Gervase's minute account of the work of each year, Professor 
 "Willis was enabled, on carefully examining the building itself, to find 
 the joints in the masonry w^here the cessation for the winter took 
 place, and so to date every arch of the building, and almost every 
 stone. It will be observed that the central part only was rebuilt, the 
 outer walls being preserved up to a certain height and raised. The 
 work began at the west end next the transept, in 1175, and these 
 arches are semicircular, their mouldings and capitals are still Norman 
 although late; but before the completion of the work in 1184, when 
 the corona or extreme eastern chapel was built, the arches have be- 
 come pointed, and the details almost pure Early English. In the be- 
 ginning of the fourth year from the commencement of the work, that 
 is, in 1179, the scaffolding gave way under the architect, William of 
 Sens, who fell from the height of fifty feet ; but, though much in- 
 jured, he was not killed, and he continued for some months to direct 
 the works from his bed, with the help of a young monk whom he had 
 selected for the purpose, and who afterwards carried on the work on 
 his own responsibility, with the help of such advice and instructions 
 as he had received from the master. The successor was called " Wil- 
 liam the Englishman." The change of style became more rapid after 
 this period, but there does not seem ground for supposing that it would 
 have been otherwise, had William of Sens been able himself to com- 
 plete the work he had so well begun. Much of the credit, however, 
 must belong to his successor, who is described by Gervase as ** William 
 by name, English by nation, small in body, but in workmanship of 
 many kinds acute and honest." As was frequently the case, the pupil 
 was in advance of his master; but William of Sens was much re- 
 stricted by the necessity of making his choir correspond with the old 
 work preserved in the aisles, whereas his successor was freed from 
 this restraint, the old work not extending to the eastern chapel, or 
 corona; and in the transepts, which were out of sight from the choir, 
 the newer style was more freely adopted. — It would be a mistake to 
 suppose that the style of the new work at Canterbury was at all 
 unique, or much in advance of other buildings of the same period. 
 It would appear from Gervase's account that when the monks in their 
 first consternation at the calamity which had befallen them called in 
 the most eminent architects of England and France ibr competition, 
 they preferred William of Sens rather because he was more conser- 
 vative than the rest, than because he was in advance of the age. The 
 general voice of the other architects recommended the entire pulling 
 down of the remains of the old building, and erecting a new one in its 
 place ; William of Sens undertook to preserve as much as possible of 
 the old work, and restore it. The monks having a great atiection for 
 their old '' Glorious Choir of Conrad," preferred this plan and adopted 
 it. He had previously rebuilt part of Sens Cathedral, the pier-arches 
 of the nave and vaulted side-aisles of which are almost identical 
 with Canterbury. 
 
RECORDS — HENRY II. 109 
 
 A.D. 1 1 76—1 1 86. Witham Friary Church, Somerset. The buildings 
 of this Carthusian Friary, the earliest in England of that order, were 
 erected by S. Hugh of Avalon, near Grenoble, in Burgundy, after- 
 wards Bishop of Lincoln. The present parish church was the church 
 of the lay brethren ; it is a simple parallelogram without aisles, with 
 a stone vault having ribs springing from corbels of transitional cha- 
 racter. The exterior has been spoiled in the time of George III., 
 and the windows, which were narrow lancets, have been widened to 
 give more light, giving them the look of earlier Norman windows. 
 The whole of the work is extremely plain; almost the only charac- 
 teristic feature consists of the corbels to the vault-ribs, the mould- 
 ings of which are transitional ^. 
 
 A.D. 1177. Byland Cistercian Abbey, Yorkshire. This abbey was 
 founded in 1143, but the site removed at this date*. The style is 
 late Norman and transitional ; the side windows are round-headed, the 
 west front has lancet windows and an Early English doorway. 
 
 "The monks having cleared a large tract of woodland, and drained 
 the marshes, removed again, on the eve of All Saints', a.d. 1177, 23 
 Hen. II., a little more to the eastward, where this abbey, dedicated to 
 the Blessed Virgin Mary, at length was settled, having a noble church 
 and monastery," which continued in a flourishing state to the dis- 
 solution ^ 
 
 Of the previous buildings the remains are slight, but on their final 
 site the west end and part of the nave remain, and afford a fine ex- 
 ample of the period of transition. 
 
 A.D. 1180— 1200. Churchof St. Thomas a Becket, Portsmouth g. It 
 appears that about the first date John de Gisors granted to the church 
 and canons of St. Mary of South wick, a place to erect a chapel in 
 honour of St. Thomas of Canterbury, on his land called Sudeweda, in 
 the island of Portsea, containing thirteen perches in length and twelve 
 in width. There is, beside, a charter of Eichard Toclyve, bishop of 
 Winchester, addressed to Godfrey, prior of Southwick, in which, 
 among other things, he confirms to the priory the chapel of St. Thomas 
 the Martyr, which they had begun to huild, with the consent and advice 
 of the said bishop, in their parish of Portsea. Bishop Richard Toclyve 
 was elected May 1, 1173, and died in 1189. 
 
 A.D. 1180 — 1197. Durham Cathedral, — the galilee at the west 
 end, into which women were not allowed to enter, built by Bishop 
 Hugh de Puiset, corruptly Pudsey ^. The style is of the latest and 
 lightest Norman, and is in fact transitional, but the arches are aU 
 round, not pointed. 
 
 ^ See Magna Vita S. Hugonis, Svc, of Thomas Thistlethwaite, Esq., of 
 
 1864, pp. 67, 82—219. Southwick Park, Hampshire. 
 
 « An extract from the register of ^ [Hugo episcopus] " novum ergo ad 
 
 the abbey to this effect is printed in orientalemhujus ecclesiaeplagam opus 
 
 Man. Ang. ,yol.Y.ip. 34:3. Forengrav- construere coepit misso itaque 
 
 ings, see the " Yorkshire Abbeys" and opere illius, aUud ad occidentem in- 
 
 Sharpe's "Parallels;" Hist. Will., choavit in quo muliebris licite fieret 
 
 Neubrigensis et CartsB, ap. Jfow. 4w^., introitus." Gaufridi de Coldingham 
 
 vol. V. p. 346. Hist. Dunelm., ap. Wharton, Anglia 
 
 * Burton's '* Hist, of Yorkshire," Sacra, vol. i. p. 722 ; Mon. Aug., 
 
 from the register of Byland. vol. i. p. 226. For engravings, see 
 
 K From records in the possession Carter, Britton, Man. Aug., &c. 
 
110 HISTORICAL NOTICES. 
 
 These large western porches are a commoii feature of this period, 
 both in England and France ; they are believed to have been for the 
 use of the pilgrims, who, being penitents, and ordered to make these 
 pilgrimages to particular shrines as a penance for their sins, were not 
 at first admitted within the church. The name given to these large 
 porches was the Galilee or the l^arthex ; they are frequently an addi- 
 tion to the original fabric, as at Ely and Durham. 
 
 This arrangement will be better understood by the annexed plan of 
 Durham : — 
 
 A. Galilee, or great western porch, (a.d. 1180 — 1197,) divided into five aisles 
 by four rows of pillars, three in each row. 
 
 B. Vestibule, or space at the west end, called also the atrium, or narthex, and 
 supposed by some to be the same as the " parvise." 
 
 C C. Two western towers, height 143 feet ; the space under these seems to 
 
 have formed part of the atrium, or parvise. 
 D D. Nave, length 203 feet ; breadth between the pillars 37 feet ; height 
 
 70 feet. (a.d. 1104—1133.) 
 E E. Aisles of nave ; breadth of nave and aisles together 82 feet. 
 
 F. North transept ; length 170 feet. 
 
 G. South transept ; breadth 59 feet. 
 H. Central tower ; height 210 feet. 
 1 1. Eastern aisle of transept. 
 
 K. Choir ; length 93 feet from organ-screen to altar-steps ; breadth, with 
 
 aisles, 79 feet ; height 70 feet. (a.d. 1093—1104.) 
 L. The High Altar. 
 M M. Aisles of the choir. 
 N. Modern vestry. 
 
 0. The chapel of the Nine Altars, or Lady-chapel. (a.d. 1220—1242.) 
 P. An apartment called by Mr. Carter the Parlour. 
 Q. The chapter-house. 
 
 R R R R. The cloisters ; length, interior, 145 feet, breadth the same. 
 S. Remains of a laver, or conduit. 
 T T T. Small rooms, probably store-rooms. 
 U. Passage from the cloisters to the deanery. 
 W. Hall of the deanery. 
 XXX. Buildings of the Priory. 
 Y. Crypt of the private chapel. 
 Z Z Z Z. Basement of the refectory. 
 a. Great kitchen of the monastery. 
 b b. Kitchen offices. 
 
 c d e f g h. Rooms under the large dormitory, 
 k k k. Prebeudal houses, grardens, &c. 
 
 ■'> o^ 
 
 Extreme length, 507 feet outside, 476 inside. Extreme breadth, 194 feet out- 
 side, 170 inside. 
 
 A.D. 1181—1197. The crypt of Glasgow Cathedral. The cathedral 
 was founded by Bishop Jocelin in 1181, and the crypt was consecrated 
 in 1197, but no great progress was made in the church itself until 
 after 1242, and as there is no apparent change of style nor break in 
 the work, some suppose that the crypt was rebuilt ; and the tomb of 
 Bishop Jocelin, who died in 1199, is in the same style. 
 
Fi-.un ;r Car 
 
 DURHAM CATFTF.DBAT. 
 
 GKOUNX) -BT./m 
 
HENRY IT, 
 
 111 
 
 A.D. 1185. The Temple Church, London ^ The round part of 
 
 the church was completed and dt;dicated in this year ; the style is en- 
 tirely transitional, with pointed arches, but Kormaa details, and not 
 very much advanced. Tiie choir is of later date, and in the Early 
 English style. The following inscription is preserved in the wall over 
 the west door ; — 
 
 pmiiiijij]] 
 
 TI0N€-D0MINI. (D-CLXXSV. 
 DeDICjps.M;C-ecCX€SJMN-t)ONO \ 
 R€Bg;K;L0ffiK^DNOGMCLIO;I)£IG^- 
 
 ^^^^^^^^ sccResTRecTioNis-eccLcsic- Stri .,? 
 
 A.D. 1185 — 1200. Glastonbury Abbey, Somersstshire, rebuilt after 
 the great fire which consumed all the previous buildings ^. The walls 
 of St. Joseph's Chapel are nearly perfect, and a fine example of ad- 
 vanced transition. The remains of the great church are in rather 
 a later style, and for the most part pure Early English. 
 
 It appears that the wooden church built by St. Dunstan remained 
 until the time of the great fire, as the early Norman buildings of stone 
 were always constructed in such a substantial manner that it was dif- 
 ficult to destroy them, and they certainly would not burn : and not a 
 vestige of any early ISTorman masonry or sculpture has ever been found at 
 Glastonbury, although the buildings have now been in ruins for three 
 centuries, and if any early Norman work had been used up as old 
 material, it must have come to light before this time. 
 
 A.D. 1187—1199. Chichester Cathedral. Destroyed by a fire, 
 which consumed the whole city. Bishop Seffrid the second ''modi- 
 fied the church and his own palace in very good sort. The church 
 was consecrated in 1199 K Several important donations to the church 
 at this period are recorded in the Monasticum Anglicum. 
 
 ' Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 815, where 
 is also an engraving of the interior. 
 Other engravings may be seen in 
 Britton, &c. 
 
 ^ Adami de Domersham, Monachi 
 Glaston. Hist. ap. Wharton, Ang. 
 
 Sacr., vol. i. p. 580; Johan. Glaston. ; 
 Gul. Malmesbury. For engravings, 
 see Vetusta Monumenta, vol. iv. 
 
 * Mon. Aug., vol. vi. pp. 1162 and 
 1169. 
 
OF THE SECOND 
 
 OE 
 
 EARLY ENGLISH STYLE, 
 
 Early English Doors. 
 
 As the Norman doors may be said to be all of semicircular 
 arches, these may be said to be all pointed % at least all the 
 exterior ornamented ones; for there are small interior doors 
 of this style with flat tops, and the sides of the top supported 
 by a quarter circle from each side. The large doors of this 
 style are often double, the two being divided by either one 
 shaft or several clustered, and a quatrefoil or other ornament 
 over them. The recess of these doors is often as deep as the 
 Norman, but the bands and shafts are more numerous, being 
 smaller; and in the hollow mouldings they are frequently 
 enriched with the peculiar ornament of this style — a singular 
 toothed projection, which, when well executed, has a fine effect. 
 But although this ornament is often used, (and sometimes a 
 still higher enriched moulding, or band of open-work flowers,) 
 there are many doors of this style perfectly plain ; of this kind 
 the door of Christchurch, Hants, is a fine specimen. 
 
 The dripstone is generally clearly marked, and often small, 
 and supported by a head. In many doors, a trefoil, and even 
 cinquefoil feathering is used, the points of which generally 
 finish with balls, roses, or some projecting ornament. The 
 principal moulding of these doors has generally an equilateral 
 arch, but from the depth and number of the mouldings, the ex- 
 terior becomes often nearly a semicircle. In interiors, and per- 
 haps sometimes too in the exterior, there are instances of doors 
 with a trefoil-headed arch. 
 
 The shafts attached to these doors are generally round, but 
 
 • [This is the general rale, but there south side of the chancel, commonly 
 
 are many exceptions ; in some dis- called the priest's door. The name of 
 
 tricts Early English doorways with square-headed trefoil has been given 
 
 semicular arches are extremely com- to this form, and is now generally 
 
 mon ; there is a good example with understood as describing it ; and it is 
 
 the original iron scroll-work on the sometimes called the shouldered arch, 
 
 wooden door at Faringdon, Berkshire. and this as a popular name is very 
 
 The doorways with flat tops, described expressive. The figure of a man with 
 
 by Mr. Kickman as confined to the in- his head cut off gives exactly the idea, 
 
 terior, are also frequently found in and often the proportions, of a smaU 
 
 small external doors, especially on the doorway of this form.] 
 
EARLY ENGLISH DOORS. 
 
 113 
 
 Faringdon, Berksliire, c. 1200. 
 
 Bt. Cross, Hampsliire. c. 1220. 
 
 Uflangton, Berkshire, c. 1220. 
 
 Great Milton, Oxfordshire, c. 1240. 
 
114 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 sometimes filleted, and they 
 generally, but not always, 
 stand quite free. They 
 have a variety of capitals, 
 many plain, but many with 
 delicate leaves running up 
 and curling round under 
 the cap -moulding, often 
 looking like Ionic volutes. 
 The bases are various, but 
 a plain round and fillet is 
 often used, and the reversed 
 ogee sometimes introduced. 
 The most prevalent base, 
 and what is used not only 
 to shafts, but sometimes 
 as a base tablet, is curi- 
 ous, from its likeness to 
 the Grecian attic base : like 
 that, it consists of two 
 rounds, with a hollow be- 
 tween, and that hollow is 
 often deepened, so that if 
 water gets into it the water 
 remains, and it is almost 
 the only instance of a _ 
 moulding used in English "^ 
 work which will hold water, 
 they being in general so 
 
 constructed as entirely to Winchester CatHedral, Bp. Lucy, a.d. 
 
 free themselves of rain, and in a great measure of snow. 
 
 1200. 
 
 Baae, South Door, Stanwick, Northamptonsliire, c. 1200. •> 
 
EARLY ENGLISH DOOBS. 
 
 115 
 
 All these mouldings are cut with great boldness, the hollows 
 form fine deep shadows, and the rich bands of open-work leaves 
 
 C.TEWITT, «i l<SC. 
 
 Open Foliage, Tombof Arolibisliop Walter Gray, York, a.d. 1265. 
 
 are as beautiful as those executed at any subsequent period, 
 being sometimes entirely hollow, and having no support but 
 the attachment at the sides and the connection of the leaves 
 themselves. These doors are not so 
 numerous as the Norman, yet many 
 still remain in perfect preserva- 
 tion : York, Lincoln, Chichester, 
 and Salisbury ^ have extremely fine 
 ones, and Beverley Minster one, of 
 which the mouldings are bolder than 
 most others. 
 
 The door of the transept at York, 
 and those of the choir-aisles at Lin- 
 coln, have bands of the richest exe- 
 cution, [these are at the west end 
 of the aisles of St. Hugh's choir in 
 the transepts, they were built after 
 the fall of the central tower about 
 1250] ; there is also a fine double 
 door at St. Cross. (See p. 113.) 
 
 [The west doorway of Higham 
 Ferrars Church, Northamptonshire, 
 is a very rich and fine example of 
 a double door : the smaller doors 
 have low segmental heads under 
 a lofty pointed arch, and the space 
 thus formed, called the tympan, is 
 filled with a series of small groups 
 of sculpture of great merit. (See Plate.)] 
 
 Doorway in Screen, Lincoln Cathedral, 
 0. 1200. 
 
 ** [We have had occasion to observe 
 the great variety of bases used in Nor- 
 man work even from the earliest pe- 
 riod, but in the Early English style 
 little variety is used, a pattern seems 
 to have been arrived at by common 
 consent, and very generally adhered 
 to : it occurs even in the earliest ex- 
 amples of this style, as in the transept 
 and eastern chapel of Canterbury in 
 
 1184, and in De Lucy's work at Win- 
 chester in 1200, (see the woodcut 
 above,) and continued in'use for nearly 
 half a century with little alteration ; 
 in the later examples the hollow be- 
 comes filled up by a third round 
 moulding, and gradually merges into 
 the following style. ] 
 " See Glossary, vol. ii, PI, 78. 
 
 i2 
 
lie 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Liclifield Catliedral presents a door curious for its resemblance 
 to some foreign cathedrals ^ ; it is placed in a shallow porch 
 formed in the thickness of the wall, the arch of which is richly 
 feathered, and otherwise ornamented ; the interior aperture is 
 divided into two doorways by a pier of shafts, and this pier, 
 as well as the side piers of both the apertures, has a statue 
 fixed against it, resting on a corbel and crowned with a canopy. 
 The recess is groined, and the whole is worked with great 
 delicacy, and full of rich ornament; the interior portion is in 
 tolerable preservation, the exterior much decayed ; the doors 
 appear original, and are covered with beautiful ramifications 
 of scroll-work, in iron. Indeed, there are many wooden doors, 
 both of this style and Norman, which seem to be of the same 
 age as the stone- work. 
 
 Early English "Windows ^ 
 
 <i 'r|(ii|iiri'' ■■ 
 
 I |l!|l|li'MliWiiPi"ii «h_ 
 
 't .. 
 
 / 
 
 
 Polebrook, Northamptoiisliire, c. 1220. 
 
 ^ See<Jlogsary, vol. ii. PI. 79. 
 
 « Ibid., Pis. 226, 229, 230, 231, 233, 237—240, 242, 243, 255, 258, 263. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 117 
 
 Breadsall, Derbyshire, c. 1200, 
 
 Oondle, Ifortliamptonsliire, o. 1200. 
 
 Eomsey Abbey, c. 1220. 
 
 Stanwick, Korthamptoiisliire, c. 1220. - 
 
118 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 These are, almost -universally, long, narrow, and lancet- 
 headed, generally without feathering, but in some instances 
 trefoiled. [These last generally belong to the later division of 
 the style.] 
 
 A variety of appearance results from the combination of this 
 single shape of window. At Salisbury, one of the earliest 
 complete buildings remaining, there are combinations of two, 
 three, five, and seven. 
 
 Where there are two, there is often a trefoil or quatrefoil 
 between the heads; and in large 
 buildings, where there are three or 
 more, the division is often so small 
 that they seem to be the lights of 
 a large window, but they are really 
 separate windows, having their heads 
 formed from individual centres, and, 
 in general, separate dripstones. This 
 is the case even at Westminster, 
 where they approach nearer to a 
 division by mullions, from having 
 a small triangle pierced beside the 
 quatrefoil, and a general dripstone 
 over all. It appears that the double 
 window, with a circle over it, some- 
 times pierced and sometimes not, 
 began to be used early in the style, 
 for we find it at Salisbury ; and 
 this continued the ornamented window till the latest period of 
 the style : it was indeed only making a double door into 
 a window. [Of this kind the west window of Raunds Church, 
 Northamptonshire, is a very fine example ; the lower part is 
 now blocked up, but enough remains to restore it perfectly in 
 the drawing. (See Plate.)] In the more advanced period it 
 was doubled into a four-light window — at Salisbury, in the 
 cloisters and chapter-house; and the east window of Lincoln 
 Cathedral is of eight lights, formed by doubling the four-light, 
 still making the circle the ornament. This window is, in fact, 
 a Decorated window f, but together with the whole of that part 
 of the choir is singularly and beautifully accommodated to the 
 style of the rest of the building. In small buildings, the 
 windows are generally plain, with the slope of the opening 
 considerable ; and in some small chapels they are very narrow 
 and long. In large buildings they are often ornamented with 
 
 ' [Its actual date belongs to the bar-tracery being fully developed, the 
 
 Early English period, but quite the general appearance of the window is 
 
 close of that style, at the end of the rather Decorated than Early English, 
 
 reign of Henry III, , when the Deco- but the mouldings still belong to the 
 
 rated style was fast coming in ; and earlier style.] 
 
 Barton Stacey, Nortliants, c. 1220. 
 
E-Mickenzie deL 
 
 EAST FROI^T OF ST CROSS CHUKCIHl, 
 HAMPSHIRE, 
 
EARLY ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 119 
 
 very long and slender shafts, which are frequently banded [as 
 at Polebrook, Northamptonshire, p. 116]. Most of our cathe- 
 drals contain traces of windows of this character, but some, as 
 at Durham, have tracery added since their original erection. 
 Salisbury, Chichester, Lincoln, 
 Beverley, and York, still re- 
 main pure and beautiful ; at York 
 north transept are windows nearly 
 fifty feet high, and about six or 
 eight wide, which have a very 
 fine efiect. 
 
 [Some windows of this style 
 are long and narrow, like the 
 usual lancet-shaped windows, but 
 with square tops, and worked 
 quite plain, as in the chancels of 
 Cowley Church, Oxfordshire, and 
 Tixover, Rutlandshire. The same 
 form occurs at Eingstead, North- 
 amptonshire, with an arched head 
 over it, trefoiled and ornamented, 
 but not pierced. Similar loop 
 windows, with square tops, occur 
 occasionally also in Norman work.] 
 
 Although the architects of this 
 style worked their ordinary win- 
 dows thus plain, they bestowed 
 much care on their circles. Be- 
 verley Minster, York and Lin- 
 coln, have all circles of this style 
 peculiarly fine ; that of the south 
 transept at York, usually called the marygold window, is ex- 
 tremely rich, but the tracery of the circles at Westminster is 
 of a much later date s. 
 
 There is in all the long windows of this style one almost 
 universal distinction : from the straight side of the window 
 opening, if a shaft is added, it is mostly insular, and has 
 seldom any connexion with this side, so as to break it into 
 faces, though the shafts are inserted into the sides of the 
 doors, so as to give great variety to the opening. [These 
 shafts are very frequently of the dark-coloured marble called 
 Purbeck, or Petworth, or Forest marble, which takes a high 
 polish, and is composed chiefly of shells, varying in size in 
 
 Window of Tower, Bingstead, Nortliants, 
 c. 1200. 
 
 i [Sir G. G. Scott found the pat- 
 tern of the original tracery of this 
 window on one of the tiles in the 
 chapter- house, (see *' Gleanings from 
 
 Westminster Abbey." PI. IX. Oxford, 
 1863, 8vo.). The present tracery is 
 much more recent, and compara- 
 tively poor.] 
 
120 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 fill 
 t&'il!ln''iiwiii«ii';imii|ill > 
 
 Feterborougli Cathedral, c. 1220. 
 
 Stirixton, ITortliaiiiptonsliire, c. 1250. Hargrave, Nortliamptonsliire, c. 1220. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH WINDOWS — ARCHES. 
 
 121 
 
 different specimens from the same quarry, but there is no real 
 distinction between these varieties.] 
 
 At Westminster Abbey there are a series of windows above 
 those of the aisles, which are formed in spherical equilateral 
 triangles. 
 
 [The clere-storey windows in small churches of this style 
 are sometimes plain circles, as at Acton Burnel, Shropshire, or 
 a plain early trefoil or quatrefoil, 
 often enclosed in a circle or a square 
 within, as at Hargrave, North- 
 amptonshire. They are common 
 
 D.jewiTT ilct,ar5.. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1250—1260. 
 
 in that county and in the northern 
 part of Oxfordshire, but in many 
 parts of the country such windows 
 are almost unknown, — the clere- 
 story being most frequently an addition of the Perpendicular 
 style. Small lancet-shaped windows may also be found in 
 clerestoreys, and spherical triangles similar to those at West- 
 minster, but plainer.] 
 
 York Cathedral, Soutli Transept, 
 A.D. 1227. 
 
 Early English Arches. 
 
 The window-arch of this style being generally a lancet-arch, 
 and some persons having considered the shape of the arch to 
 be a very distinguishing feature of the different styles, it may 
 be necessary in this place to say a few words on arches gene- 
 rally. If we examine with care the various remains of the 
 different styles, we shall see no such constancy of arch as has 
 been apprehended ; for there are composition lancet arches used 
 both at Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Westminster, and at Bath ; 
 and there are flat segmental arches in the Early English part 
 
122 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 of York ; and upon the whole it will appear, that the architect 
 was not confined to any particular description of arch. The 
 only arch precisely attached to one period is the four-centred 
 
 Triforiuin Arcade, Kortli Transept, Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1250—1260. 
 
 arch, which does not appear in windows, &c., if it does in 
 composition, before the Perpendicular style ^. 
 
 In large buildings, the nave-arches of the Early English 
 style were often lancet, but in some large and many small 
 ones, they are flatter, some of one- third drop, and perhaps 
 even more, and sometimes pointed segmental. 
 
 At Canterbury, in the choir, are some curious pointed horse- 
 shoe arches ; but these are not common. 
 
 The architraves of the large arches of rich buildings are 
 now beautifully moulded, like the doors, with deep hollow 
 mouldings, often enriched with the toothed ornaments Of 
 this description, York transepts, and the nave and transepts 
 of Lincoln, are beautiful specimens ; Salisbury is worked 
 plainer, but not less really beautiful ; and Westminster Abbey 
 is nearly plain, but with great boldness of moulding. 
 
 •» [There are a few rare exceptions to 
 this rule, as the doorway to the city 
 schools at Bristol, which has a four- 
 centred arch with pure Early English 
 mouldings. In the crypt of St. Joseph's 
 Chapel at Glastonbury, the Lady- 
 
 chapel at Christ Church, Oxford, and 
 the pier-arches at Stanwick in North- 
 amptonshire, are other early examples 
 of four-centred arches.] 
 
 > See Glossary, Pis. 121, 122. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH ARCHES. 
 
 123 
 
 j«'r*ft 
 
 Woodford, Northamptonshire, c. 1250. 
 
 ITorth Transept, Westminster Ahhey, a.d. 1250. Aisles, York Cathedral, a.d. 1227. 
 
124 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLTSH STYLE. 
 
 The arches of the gallery [the triforlum, or blind-storey,] 
 in this style are often with trefoiled heads, and the mould- 
 
 Triforium Arcade, Beverley Minster, c. 1230. 
 
 ings running round the trefoil, even to the dripstone. Chester 
 choir is a fine specimen ; and there are some plain arches 
 of this description in Winchester Cathedral which are very 
 beautiful. 
 
 Early English Piers. 
 
 Of the piers of large buildings of this style, there are two 
 distinguishing marks : first, the almost constant division, by 
 one or more bands, of the 
 shafts which compose them ; 
 and secondly, the arrangement 
 of these shafts for the most 
 part in a circle. In general 
 they are few, sometimes only 
 four, sometimes eight, set 
 round a large circular one: 
 such are the piers of Salis- 
 bury and of Westminster 
 Abbey. There are sometimes 
 so many as nearly to liide 
 the centre shaft, as at Lin- 
 coln and York; but the cir- 
 cular arrangement is still pre- 
 served, and there are some 
 few, as in the choir at Chester, 
 which come very near the ap- 
 pearance of Decorated piers. 
 
 While the circular central pil- ^^^t^ Transept, Westminster, A.D. 1250. 
 
 lar is the most common, with the detached shafts arranged round 
 
EARLY ENGLISH TIERS. 
 
 125 
 
 Choir, Lincoln Cathedral, a.d. 1193—1200. Choir, Westminster, a.d. 1245—1250. 
 
 Have, Selty, Yorkshire, o. 1220. 
 
 K&ie, St. John's, Cirencester, c. 1250. 
 
126 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Transept, Beverley, c. 1220. 
 
 it, many other forms besides the circle also occur, with the 
 shafts arranged round them in the same manner. 
 
 Amongst other piers, one not very 
 common deserves to be noticed ; it 
 is found at Beverley Minster, and 
 in a few other churches ; it consists 
 of shafts, some of which are plain 
 rounds, others filleted rounds, and 
 some whose plan is a spherical tri- 
 angle, with the edge outwards. At 
 Euncorn Church, Cheshire, is a pier 
 consisting of four of these triangular 
 shafts, with a handsome flowered 
 capital, which has altogether a very 
 fine efiect. 
 
 [Although the shafts were most 
 commonly arranged round a circular 
 pier, this is by no means always the 
 case, the pier, or central column, is 
 sometimes cruciform, as in Wells 
 Cathedral; in other instances octa- 
 gonal, as at Lichfield, or diamond-shaped, as in St. Hugh's 
 choir at Lincoln, in the original piers; and sometimes the 
 central column is of a form not easy to describe, but which 
 may be called polygonal, as in the nave of Selby Abbey Church, 
 and in St. John's, Cirencester, shewn in 
 the previous page (125). The shafts 
 were at first entirely detached from the 
 central column, and held to it by the 
 capital or base, and the bands only, as 
 in the north transept of Westminster, 
 and the choir at Lincoln, shewn in pp. 
 125 and 127. But they soon became 
 attached to the central column, and were 
 worked as mouldings, as at Beverley, the 
 choir of Westminster, and the church 
 of St. John, Cirencester (p. 125). Some 
 of the shafts also were pear-shaped, 
 as in the transept of Beverley (p. 127), 
 and the same at Selby (p. 125).] 
 
 [The responds of half pillars attached 
 to the wall at each end of an arcade fre- 
 quently differ from the other piers, and 
 the original Early English responds often 
 remain when the arches and the other 
 piers have been rebuilt in a subsequent 
 style. 
 
 Whitby Abbey, Torkshire, c 1220. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH PIERS. 
 
 127 
 
 Hetley Abbey, c. 1250. 
 
 ;;5' 
 
 (!) 
 
 Uortli Transept, Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1250. 
 
 Beverley Minster, c. 1220. 
 
 St. Hugh's Cboir, Lincoln Catbedral, 
 A.D. 1200. 
 
128 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 The vaulting- shafts or half pillars attached to the wall and 
 carrying either the ribs of the vault, or the side posts of the 
 open timber roof, are very characteristic 
 features of this style. They sometimes 
 spring from the ground, and in such cases 
 the lower part of them is attached to the 
 face of the pier, often united in one base 
 with it. In other instances they spring 
 from corbels projecting from the face of the 
 wall, as at Whitby ; these are often placed 
 in the spandrel formed by the springing 
 of two arches immediately above the capi- 
 tal, as at Netley. When they spring from 
 corbels it is usually in order to allow room 
 for the canopies of the stalls, and indicates 
 the length of the choir of the monks or 
 canons, which was often extended to the 
 second or third bay of the nave. In other 
 cases the vaulting-shaft is usually carried 
 up from the ground, and is sometimes in- 
 troduced in front of older pillars. It does 
 not follow that because there are vaulting- 
 shafts there was originally a stone vault; jsreUey AbbeyTHampshire, 
 these shafts are often used to carry a wooden c 1250. 
 
 ceiling only, and these ceilings are sometimes in the form of 
 vaults, as at Warmington, Northamptonshire, and in Chester 
 Cathedral.] 
 
 The capitals of these shafts are various. In many, perhaps 
 
 Btanwick, Nortliainptoiisliire, c. 1240. Uorth Aisle of Choir, Westminster, a.d. 1250. 
 
 the greater number of buildings, they are plain, consisting of 
 a bell with a moulding under it, and a sort of capping^ with 
 
EARLY ENGLISH CAPITALS. 
 
 129 
 
 East Transept, Lincoln Catliedral, a.d. 1192—1200. Nortli Transept, Romsey, Hants, c. 1240. 
 
 ToaUb of Abp. "Walter Gray, York, a.d. 1255. Kortli Transept, Tork Cathedral, a.d. 1260. 
 
 K 
 
130 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, a.d. 1200. 
 
 more mouldings above ; and these mouldings are often con- 
 tinued round the centre pier, so 
 as to form a general capital, [as 
 at Stanwick, Northamptonshire, 
 "Westminster, and Beverley]. The 
 dividing bands are formed of an- 
 nulets and fillets, and are often 
 continued under windows, &c., as 
 tablets, and are, like the capitals, 
 sometimes continued round the 
 centre shaft. Another and richer 
 capital is sometimes used, which 
 has leaves like those in the capi- 
 tals of the door shafts. This 
 kind of capital is generally used 
 where the shafts entirely encompass the centre one, as at York 
 and Lincoln, and has 
 a very fine effect, the 
 leaves being generally 
 extremely well exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 [Occasionally heads, 
 or birds, or animals, 
 are introduced among 
 the foliage, as in the 
 beautiful tomb of Arch- 
 bishop Walter Gray, 
 in York Cathedral. In 
 this instance and at 
 Romsey the foliage is 
 allowed to creep up 
 over the abacus, but in 
 general the abacus is 
 allowed to stand clear 
 with its deep undercut 
 mouldings.] 
 
 The bases used are 
 frequently near ap- 
 proaches in contour to 
 the Grecian attic base, 
 but the reversed ogee 
 is sometimes employed. 
 There is another pier, 
 in buildings that ap- 
 pear to be of this style, 
 which is at times very StHugh'sOhoir, Lincoln Cathedral, a. d. 1200. 
 
 confusing, as the same kind of pier seems to be used in small 
 
 Beverley Minster, c. 1220. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH BUTTRESSES. 
 
 131 
 
 churches, even to a very late date ; this is the plain multangular 
 (generally octagonal) pier, with a plain capital of a few very 
 simple mouldings, and with a plain sloped arch. Piers of this 
 description are very frequent, and it requires great nicety of 
 observation and discrimination to refer them to their proper 
 date; but a minute examination will often, by some small 
 matter, detect their age, though it is impossible to describe the 
 minutiae without many figures. In general the capitals and 
 bases will carry in their character sufficient marks to deter- 
 mine their date, except in the transition from Early English 
 to Decorated. 
 
 Early English Buttresses. 
 
 These are of four descriptions : — 
 
 1st. A flat buttress is often used, but it is not always so 
 broad as the Norman ; its tablets are more delicate, and it has 
 often the small shaft at the angle, like the Norman. [This kind 
 of buttress generally terminates in a slope under the cornice, 
 as at Ensham.] 
 
 Ensliam, Oxon, c. 1230. 
 
 WMtby Abl)ey, TorksWre, c. 1220. 
 
 2nd. A buttress not so broad as the flat one, but nearly of 
 the same projection as breadth, and carried up, sometimes 
 with only one set-off", and sometimes without any, and these 
 have often their edges chamfered from the window tablet. 
 
 k2 
 
132 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 They sometimes have a shaft at the corner, and in large rich 
 
 buildings are occasionally 
 
 panelled. These buttresses 
 
 have also, at times, much 
 
 more projection than 
 
 breadth, and are sometimes, 
 
 as at Salisbury, filled with 
 
 niches and other ornaments. 
 
 [They frequently stand up 
 
 clear above the parapet, as 
 
 at Whitby.] 
 
 3rd. A long slender but- 
 tress, of narrow face and 
 
 great projection in few 
 
 stages, is used in some 
 
 towers, but is not very com- 
 mon. 
 
 4th. Towards the latter 
 part of this style, the but- 
 tress in stages was used, 
 but it is not very common, 
 and is sufficiently distin- 
 guished by its triangular 
 head, the usual finish of 
 this style, which can hardly 
 be called a pinnacle, though 
 sometimes it slopes off from 
 the front to a point. From 
 the buttresses of the aisles 
 to those of the nave, choir, 
 &c., now began to be used 
 the flying buttress, of which 
 Salisbury and Chichester 
 Cathedrals present various 
 fine examples. 
 
 [Westminster Abbey 
 affords a remarkable ex- 
 ample, with the flying arch 
 broken into two by an in- 
 termediate pinnacle. This 
 arrangement is common in 
 France, but very rare in 
 England. In France it is 
 often carried to such an 
 extent as to have the ap- 
 pearance of scaffolding in 
 8 one.J Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1250. 
 
EAELY ENGLISH TABLETS. 
 
 ISS 
 
 Early English Tablets. 
 
 
 The cornice is sometimes rich in mouldings, and often with 
 
 an upper slope, making the 
 
 face of the parapet perpen- :_ ^^^^^ _ „„„ ,_;z':;,' 
 
 dicular to the wall below. 
 
 There are cornices of this 
 
 style still resembling the .v 
 
 Norman projecting parapet, ^^ 
 
 but they consist of seve- ; 
 
 ral mouldings. The hollow | 
 
 moulding of the cornice is 
 
 generally plain, seldom con- "" ff 
 
 taining flowers or carvings, 
 
 except the toothed ornament, 
 
 , , -^ , , , , , . ' Cornice, Tori, a.d. 1250. 
 
 but under the mouldings 
 
 there is often a series of small arches resembling the corbel- 
 table. 
 
 ^1 
 
 Hi 
 
 P 
 
 m 
 
 Cortel-taWe on Tower, Stanwlok, IfortliamptonBliire, c. 1220. 
 
 The dripstone of this style is various, sometimes of several 
 mouldings, sometimes only a round with 
 a small hollow. It is, in the interior, 
 occasionally ornamented with the toothed 
 ornament, and with flowers. In some 
 buildings, the dripstone is returned, and 
 as a tablet along the walls. It 
 
 runs 
 
 is in general narrow, and supported 
 by a corbel, either of a head or a 
 flower ; [or a clump of characteristic fo- 
 liage, as at Swaton, Lincolnshire, or it 
 is sometimes merely curled round with- 
 out any corbel.] 
 
 Dripstone Termination, Swaton, 
 Linoolnsliire. 
 
134 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 There are frequently, in large buildings, in the ornamented 
 parts, [horizontal] bands of trefoils, quatrefoils, &c., some of 
 them very rich. 
 
 Although a sort of straight canopy is used over some of the 
 niches of this style, yet it does not appear to have been used 
 over windows or doorways. In some buildings where they are 
 found, they appear to be additions. 
 
 ISTortli Door, Kldlington, c. 1220. 
 
 Aich of tlie Ifave, Milton, Oxon, c. 1250. 
 
 The tablets forming the base-mouldings are sometimes a mere 
 slope, at others, in large buildings, are of several sets of mould- 
 ings, each face projecting farther than the one above it, [as 
 at Salisbury] ; but the reversed 
 ogee is very seldom used, at least 
 at large and singly. 
 
 [The arch-mouldings of this 
 style, whether of the pier-arches 
 or of doorways or windows, are 
 generally very bold and deeply 
 cut, and form a very character- 
 istic feature ; they consist prin- 
 cipally of plain rounds, separated 
 by deep hollows : in very rich 
 examples these hollows are some- 
 times filled with the tooth-ornament, or with foliage, and the 
 rounds are often filleted ; the keel or pear-shaped moulding is 
 also frequently used.] 
 
 Base-moulding, Salisbury, a,d. 1220. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH MOULDINGS, 
 
 ililiiiiir 
 
 135 
 
 liliiite 
 
 Section of Poreli, Higliain Ferrers, c. 1220. 
 
 Arcli of tlie Nortli Doorway, Milton, Oxon, 
 c. 1220. 
 
 Moulding of Doorway, Woodford, Uortliantj, 
 c. 1250. 
 
136 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Early English Niches. 
 
 The most important niclies are those found in chancels, in 
 the walls of the south side, and of which the uses do not yet 
 appear to be decided^. Of these there are many of all stages 
 of Early English ; there are sometimes two, but oftener three, 
 and they are generally sunk in the wall, and adapted for a 
 seat ; the easternmost one is often higher in the seat than the 
 others. They have sometimes a plain trefoil head, and are 
 sometimes ornamented with shafts ; they are generally straight- 
 sided \ 
 
 The statuary niches, and ornamented interior niches, mostly 
 
 Sedile, Stanwick, Kortliaiits, c. 1220. 
 
 O.JEWITT.SC 
 
 Uiclie, West Front, Peterborough Cathedral, a,d. 1200. 
 
 consist of a series of arches, some of them slope-sided, and 
 some with a small but not very visible pedestal for the statue. 
 [On the west front of Peterborough Cathedral is a series of 
 trefoil-headed arches, which are alternately filled with statues 
 and windows.] They are often grouped two under one arch, 
 
 ^ The sedilia, see p. 43. 
 
 » At Uffington, Berks., is a fine example ; See Glossary, PI. 189. 
 
fiARLY ENGLISH NICHES. 
 
 , :]l;:i;^!|ll|lillli|i|lP^ 
 
 137 
 
 
 Piscina, Polebrook, Bfortliamptoiisliire, o. 1220. 
 
 BtallB in Cliancel, Denford, Kortliamptonsliire, c. 1250. 
 
138 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH ^YLE. 
 
 with an ornamental opening between the small arches and the 
 large one, like the double doors ; a straight-sided canopy is 
 sometimes used, and a plain finial. These niches, except* the 
 chancel stalls, and the stoup and water-drain, are seldom single, 
 except in buttresses, but mostly in ranges. 
 
 Early English Ornaments. 
 
 The first ornament to be described is that already noticed 
 as the peculiar distinction of this style, to which it seems 
 nearly, if not exclusively confined ; it is the regular progres- 
 sion from the JNTorman zigzag to the delicate four-leaved flowers 
 so common in Decorated English buildings. Like the zigzag, 
 
 Tootli-Onianieiit and Dripstone Termination, Piscina, If ortli Transept, York Cathedral, a.d. 1245. 
 
 it is generally straight-sided, and not round like the leaves of 
 a flower, though at a distance, in front, it looks much like 
 a small flower. It is very diflScult to describe it, and still 
 more so to draw it accurately ; it may perhaps be understood 
 by considering it a succession of low, square, pierced pyramids, 
 set on the edges of a hollow moulding. This ornament is 
 used very profusely in the buildings of this style, in York- 
 shire and Lincolnshire, and frequently in those of other coun- 
 ties. [It is now generally known by the name of the tooth- 
 ornament. See above, and the capitals from York and Romsey.] 
 Another ornament, which though not peculiar, in small 
 works, to this style, was seldom, but during its continuance, 
 practised to so large an extent, is the filling of the spaces above 
 the choir-arches with squares, enclosing four-leaved flowers. 
 
EARIjr ENGLISH ORNAMENTS. 
 
 139 
 
 [or other leaves, and usually called diaper-work]. This is 
 done at Westminster, at Chichester, and in the screen at 
 Lincoln, in all which the workmanship is extremely good, and 
 it has a very rich effect. 
 
 
 
 Choir and Transept, Westminster Atbey, 1240 -1250. 
 
 Higham Ferrers, Kortliants, c. 1220. 
 
 mm:^ 
 
 
 Clioir-Screen, Selby, TorksMre, c. 1250. 
 
 "llPHX) Ml 
 
 Cboir-Screen, Lincoln Cathedral, c 1260. 
 
140 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Foliage, Cloisters, Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1250. 
 
 Foliage, Eomsey Cliurcli, Hampshire, c. 1220. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH ORNAMENTS. 
 
 141 
 
 f..,,^.u..l!.'!|f,ffi11l|i^ 
 
 ^^j^^^r^^t^isif.igi^sa^^fei^ 
 
 lM.LA-*^;-L.i^ 
 
 Kotley Abbey, Buckinghamsliire, c. 1220. 
 
 In many parts, as in the spandrels of door-arches, and other 
 spaces, circles filled with 
 trefoils and qua trefoils, with 
 flowered points, are often 
 introduced [as at Raunds]. 
 These are of small depth, 
 and are used in many 
 buildings very freely. 
 Sometimes instead of sunk 
 panels a sort of boss of 
 leaves and flowers is used, 
 of which there are some 
 fine examples in the Early 
 English part of York 
 Minster, [and in the ruins 
 of Notley Abbey. Elegant 
 scrolls of foliage of a very 
 marked character are also Sunk Panel, Raunds, Northants, c. 1220. 
 
 frequently used as ornaments in this style, as in the beautiful 
 
 Foliage, Toml) of Abp. Walter Gray, Tork, a.d. 1255, 
 
142 
 
 THE EAKLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 tomb of Abp. Walter Gray, at York ; and at Westminster, 
 Bomsey, &c.] 
 
 In the early period of 
 the style, crockets were 
 not used, and the finial 
 "was a plain bunch of 
 three or more leaves, or 
 sometimes only a sort of 
 knob ; but in small rich 
 works, towards the end 
 of the style, beautiful 
 finials and crockets were 
 introduced. [A peculiar 
 sort of knob or lobe on 
 the leaf is very charac- 
 teristic of the foliage in 
 this style, and often con- 
 spicuous on the crockets. 
 Gable crosses of this 
 style are not very com- Crockets, Tomb of Atp. Waiter Gray, a. d. 1255, 
 
 mon : when found, they partake of the usual character of the 
 foliage.] 
 
 Cross, Morton, Lincolnsliiie. 
 
 Cross, Little Ponton, Lincolnshire. 
 
 Early English Steeples. 
 
 The Norman towers were short and thick ; the Early English, 
 rose to a much greater height, and on the tower they placed 
 that beautiful addition, the spire. 
 
 Some of our finest spires are of this age, and the proportions 
 observed between the tower and spire are generally very good. 
 Chichester was clearly of this style ; and Salisbury, though 
 not erected till within the period of the Decorated style, is 
 yet in its composition so completely of Early English cha- 
 racter that it should be considered as such, notwithstanding 
 
N^^^^^^^^^^^^i-iir^^^ 
 
 T "Vlackeuzit 
 
 ®3^ ©Si^mSIS: _ ^03l'irSIi\5:£2'^®ES3Bi2:EIS o 
 
EMaciBuzie , oLaL. 
 
 ■W.E Starlmsr sc. 
 
 SJPE3E.IE (DIF 'S?' SfO^JR-Vs SHTSHR-CHL _S IT AMIS' ©ISJ©. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH STEEPLES. 
 
 143 
 
 the date and the advance of its ornaments : in beauty of pro- 
 portion it is unrivalled. The towers of Lincoln and Lichfield, 
 though perhaps not finished within the date 
 of the style, are yet of its composition ; the 
 spires of Lichfield are of much later date. 
 Wakefield steeple is finely proportioned, though 
 plain, and it is singular for its machicolations 
 in the top of the tower. The towers are flanked 
 by octagonal turrets, square flat buttresses, or, 
 in a few instances, with small long buttresses ; 
 and generally there is one large octagonal 
 pinnacle at the corners, or a collection of small 
 niches. 
 
 [Fine examples of pinnacles and turrets occur 
 at Peterborough Cathedral, some of which have 
 the tooth-ornament, and others have their arches 
 supported by clustered shafts ™.] 
 
 When there is no parapet, the slope of the 
 spire runs down to the edge of the wall of 
 the tower, and finishes there with a tablet; 
 and there is a double slope to connect the 
 corners with the intermediate faces. The spire 
 is often ornamented by ribs at the angles, 
 sometimes with crockets on the ribs, and 
 bands of squares filled with quatrefoils, &c., 
 surrounding the spire at difierent heights. 
 There are many good spires of this stNde in 
 country churches. [Northamptonshire is espe- Pinnacle, Peterborough, 
 cially celebrated for them, generally of the class 
 called broach spires, which have no parapet : Polebrook is 
 a good example of the usual character of these spires, (see 
 Plate) ; at E,aunds perhaps the spire is rather disproportionate 
 to the tower, but it is a very fine specimen, and the panelling 
 of the tower is very remarkable ^ St. Mary's, at Stamford, in 
 Lincolnshire, is another celebrated example : the spire is of 
 somewhat later date than the tower, but the general character 
 is well preserved and the proportions are good. It is not un- 
 usual to find Decorated spires added to Early English towers. 
 (See Plate.)] [Warmington, Northants, and Frampton, near 
 I3oston, Lincolnshire, are beautiful examples of Early English 
 
 ■ i.—G. G. S.] 
 
 style rising from the towers at the in- 
 tersection of cruciform churches, which 
 gives them great elevation, and a fine 
 effect ; at Bampton, figures of angels 
 are used as pinnacles. The spire- 
 lights both here and at Oxford are 
 good and characteristic, with open tre- 
 foils in the head.] 
 
 
 •n See Glossary, Plate 154. 
 
 n [Oxford Cathedral has one of the 
 earhest examples in England of a spire 
 which is short, with pinnacles at the 
 angles of the tower : these and the up- 
 per part of the spire have been -clumsily 
 rebuilt. Witney and Bampton, Oxford- 
 shire, have very fine spires of this 
 
144 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Early English Battlements. 
 
 During nearly the whole of this style, the parapet, in many 
 places plain, in others ornamented, continued to be used ; at 
 Salisbury it has a series of 
 arches and panels °, and at 
 Lincoln quatrefoils in sunk 
 panels [in some parts, in 
 other parts plain, with a 
 rich cornice under it]. Per- 
 haps some of the earliest 
 battlement is that at the 
 west end of Salisbury Ca- 
 thedral, plain, of nearly 
 equal intervals, and with a 
 plain capping moulding : but it may be doubted if even this is 
 original. In small ornamented works, of the latter part of this 
 style, a small battlement of equal intervals occurs. [In some 
 instances the parapet is pierced with trefoils or quatrefoils, or 
 open panels with trefoil heads similar to the sunk panels at 
 Salisbury : the latter occur at Bayeux. Sir G. G. Scott thinks 
 that the plain parapet at Salisbury is original.] 
 
 "^^ — ' — "" - i 
 
 
 Ji;i|lil 
 
 Mt^-T-^ ?,i ^-ri| 
 
 .,.iilii!!!!i!ll[lilllili.v. ; 'oii;i,r''""- "'1 
 
 ill 
 
 "i^^^^Sf^St^if^^s^i^iii^^S^^m 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral. 
 
 ] 
 
 Early English Roofs. 
 
 The roof of the nave of Salisbury Cathedral p presents the 
 best specimen of an Early English groined roof; it has cross 
 springers, and the rib from pier to pier, but it has no rib 
 running longitudinally or across at the point of the arches. 
 Another description of groining, also peculiar to Early English 
 works, is one with an additional rib between the cross springer 
 and the wall, and between the cross springer and the pier rib ; 
 this has a longitudinal and cross rib at the point of the arches, 
 but it does not run to the wall, being stopped by the interme- 
 diate rib. The old groining, in a passage out of the cloisters, at 
 Chester, is a very good specimen of this roof. Another variety 
 is found at Lichfield, where there is no pier rib, but the two 
 intermediate ribs are brought nearer together, and the longi- 
 tudinal rib runs between them. 
 
 •> See Glossary, Plate 139. 
 
 p [See Glossary, Plate 220. Strictly 
 speaking, the inner covering of a clmrch, 
 whether of stone, or wood, or plaster, 
 is a ceiling, protected from the weather 
 by an external roof ; and even what are 
 called open timber roofs are often in 
 
 reality only another kind of ornamen- 
 tal ceihng, as these also are commonly 
 protected by an external roof, and are 
 seldom open to the actual external 
 timbers, excepting in modern copies 
 of old roofs. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH ROOFS. 
 
 145 
 
 WortlL Aisle of Nave, Liiiuom Cathedral, 
 c. 1250. 
 
 The rib-mouldings of these groins are not very large, and 
 consist of rounds and hollows, 
 and often have the toothed orna- 
 ment in them, and at Lichfield 
 a sort of leaf. The bosses in 
 these roofs are not many or 
 very large, the intersections be- 
 ing frequently plain, but some 
 of the bosses are very well 
 worked. Those in Lincoln Ca- 
 thedral are very beautil'ul spe- 
 cimens. 
 
 There do not appear to be any 
 Early English wooden roofs [re- 
 maining entire] which ^can clearly be distinguished to be 
 such. 
 
 [But there is reason to believe that a few do still remain in 
 our country churches, especially in Sussex, though they are 
 usually plain and without any very marked character ; they 
 are of steep pitch, and either canted, or of a circular form like 
 a barrel- vault, and had generally tie-beams. The nave of Hales 
 Owen Church, Shropshire, is an example of this kind. One of 
 the aisles of Rochester Cathedral has a lean-to roof with moulded 
 beams of clear Early English character ; and at Old Shoreham 
 in Sussex is a 
 tie-beam with 
 the tooth-orna- 
 ment cut on the 
 angles of it. 
 Portions of 
 roofs of this 
 style occur 
 more frequent- 
 ly, and tnough 
 generally mu- 
 tilated yet re- 
 tain enough of 
 their original character to 
 mark their date. In South 
 Moreton Church, Berk- 
 shire, the tie-beams and 
 braces remain ; and in 
 Pamber Church, Hump- 
 shire, the original circular 
 braces remain. 
 
 At Bradfield, Berkshire, 
 and Upmarden, Sussex, the ^^^ °^ ^°°^' ^^^^ '^y^^^°' Acgiesey, c iz-zo. 
 wall-plate has mouldings of this style ; the other timbers are 
 
 L 
 
 zj^j<nfmmmmm 
 
 TJpmarden, Sussex, c. 1220- 
 
146 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 plain, canted, and probably of the same date. At Llan Tysilio 
 in the Isle of Anglesey is a very ^ood small Early Engflish 
 roof, with the nail-head 
 ornament cut at intervals 
 upon the beams. 
 
 At Warmington, North- 
 amptonshire, is a very Springer of the Eoof, Llan TysiUo. 
 beautiful wooden ceiling, in imitation of a stone vault, all the 
 details of which are of Early English character, very rich and 
 late in the style, approaching fast to the Decorated : it may 
 indeed be called transitional. 
 
 There is reason to believe, from vestiges remaining here and 
 there, that Decorated modern ceilings in imitation of stone- 
 
 Wooden Groined Eoof, or Ceiling, Warmington, IforthamptonsMre, c. 1260. 
 
 vaulting were not uncommon, the corbels and springers being 
 of stone, although always intended to be carried out in wood, 
 which has either been destroyed or never completed. Those 
 in the cloister at Lincoln have very much the same charac- 
 ter, but are rather later, and belong to the Decorated style.] 
 
r Mackenzie id 
 
 yr.t. Stazlm^ : 
 
 M^I^'irill ITSLAMSSIPT-JBE'^STSIEXJE'Sr SOS'S STIEJS. < 
 
EARLY ENGLISH FRONTS. 
 
 147 
 
 Early English Fronts. 
 
 Strixton, Ifortliainptonsliire, c. 1220. 
 
 There is, perhaps, a greater variety in the Early English 
 fronts than in those of any other style. The west front of 
 Salisbury is, no doubt, the finest ; but the transept ends of 
 Salisbury, York, and Beverley (see Plate), are very fine, and 
 all different in composition. The ruins of Tynemouth Priory, 
 Valle Crucis Abbey, Byland Abbey, and Whitby Abbey, all 
 exhibit the remains of excellent work. Of the smaller works 
 the east end of the Lady-chapel at Salisbury, the extreme 
 east end of Hereford Cathedral, and the north transept of 
 Headon Church, near Hull, deserve attention. In general, 
 the west fronts and transept ends have a door, and one, two, 
 three, or even four ranges of niches, windows, and arches over 
 them. The transepts of Westminster Abbey are very fine, but 
 
 l2 
 
148 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 mucli of the work is not original. The west front of Lincoln 
 Minster deserves minute examination for its details : the old 
 Norman front is encompassed by Early English, the workman- 
 ship of which is very superior ; and a large feathered circle 
 over the great door is nearly unique, from the exquisite work- 
 manship of its mouldings, which consist of open-work bands of 
 flowers. The west front of Peterborough Cathedral is different 
 from all the rest; it consists of three large arches, forming 
 a sort of screen to the front. These arches have piers of many 
 shafts, and fine architraves, and the gables enriched with much 
 small work of circles and arches, and a profusion of the toothed 
 ornament over the whole. 
 
 [The west front of Wells Cathedral is one of the richest ex- 
 amples of this style in existence, being covered with a profusion 
 of sculpture from the basement to the coping. Although on a 
 small scale compared to some of the large foreign cathedrals, 
 such as Amiens, &c., it affords an excellent example of the Eng- 
 lish style as contrasted with that of all foreign countries ; in 
 place of the large and rich French doorways or porches, with 
 comparatively plain work above, we have here unimportant 
 doorways, with the ornament carried regularly over the whole 
 front. The west front of Salisbury was nearly equally rich, but 
 the sculpture had been destroyed 9, as is unfortunately the case 
 in most English churches. 
 
 Many small parish churches of this style have east or west 
 fronts deserving attention : in the east front there is most fre- 
 quently a triplet of lancet- lights ; and the same arrangement 
 is usual in the fronts of the north and south transepts, and at 
 the west end also when there is no tower. Sometimes the 
 lancets are small, and have a small window over them in the 
 gable, as at Strixton, Northamptonshire (p. 147), which is a 
 valuable specimen of plain Early English work throughout. In 
 later examples, the window is usually of three or more lights, 
 separated only by mullions, with circles in the head, either with 
 or without foliation, as at Raunds, Northamptonshire, and Ac- 
 ton Burnell, Shropshire'^". The west front of Nun-Monkton 
 Church, Yorkshire % affords a very singular example of the 
 combination of a small tower with the west gable, over a fine 
 triple lancet window, and a rich doorway or shallow porch ot 
 
 •5 The sculpture in the west front of ' [Sir G. G. Scott observes, that in 
 
 Salisbury has been restored under the plain circles like these, there is usually 
 
 direction of Sir G. G. Scott. At Wells a groove cut on the edge of the circle, 
 
 the niches and other details, which in which the cusps had formerly been 
 
 were much decayed, have been very fixed.] 
 
 carefully restored under Sir G. G. Scott * See an engraving of this front, with 
 
 and Mr. Ferrey, the sculpture has been details, in the Archaeological Journal, 
 
 preserved, but some of it is of the Per- vol. iv. 
 pendicular character. 
 
EARLY ENGLISH FRONTS. 
 
 149 
 
 transitional character. New Shoreham Church, Sussex, has 
 a fine east front of good design, very early in this style ; the 
 
 
 Acton Burnell, Sliropsliire, c. 1260. 
 
 west front of St. Edmund's Chapel, Gateshead, Durham, is an- 
 other fine example.] 
 
 Early English Porches. 
 
 Of these, which are in general larger than the Norman 
 porches, it will be sufficient to mention two ; one the north 
 porch of Salisbury Cathedral, and the other the south porch at 
 Lincoln. The first is attached to the north side of the nave. 
 
150 
 
 THE EARLY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 of which it occupies one division, rising as high as the aisles. 
 It consists of a noble plain arched entrance, over which are two 
 double windows, close together, resting on a tablet; and quite 
 in the peak of the gable, two small niches close together resting 
 on another string. The interior is groined in two divisions, 
 and its walls ornamented with sunk panelling. The porch at 
 Lincoln is placed in a singular situation, running westerly 
 from the west side of the south transept. The lower part is 
 a rich piece of groined work, with three entrances — north, 
 south, and west, over which is a small room ; the whole of 
 this porch, both interior and exterior, is well worked, and 
 richly ornamented. 
 
 Soutli Porcli and Door, Woodford, Mortliamptonsliire, c. 1220. 
 
 [There are also fine Early English porches at Barnack, 
 Northamptonshire, "West Walton, Norfolk, and Skelton, York- 
 shire*, and at Woodford, Northamptonshire, both the outer 
 and inner doorways of which are richly moulded, and have nu- 
 merous banded shafts in the jambs; the outer arch is rather 
 acutely pointed, the inner one is of the rounded trefoil form. 
 The shallow west porch of Higham Ferrars Church, Northamp- 
 
 ' See Glossary, PL 162. 
 

 .».»-»• »' 
 
 TME ■wiESTEiES' m)(S)®m.wA:)r ^mE&m.Aj£. FsmmiEms cmuymciar 
 
i'. '.••:•.. ;:..:,•.■.,...• 
 
BAKLY ENGLISH PORCHES. 
 
 151 
 
 tonshire, (see Plate,) is also deserving of especial mention from 
 its extreme ricliness, the whole surface of the wall being covered 
 with sculpture and diaper-work, except where the crucifix has 
 been removed. The west porch of St. Alban's Abbey Church is 
 another very fine example, though the outer arch is Decorated, 
 and the two porches of the aisles (now closed) were equally fine ; 
 but perhaps the most gorgeous porch of this style in existence 
 is the galilee at the west end of Ely Cathedral : this magnificent 
 specimen of the Early English style must be seen to be duly 
 appreciated ; it combines the most elegant general forms with 
 the richest detail. A very happy effect is produced by the 
 double arcade on each side, one in front of the other, with de- 
 tached shafts, not opposite but alternate.] 
 
 Early English staircases (except round ones in towers) are 
 not common; it is proper therefore to remark a small one, of 
 rich character, at Beverley Minster : it leads from the north 
 aisle of the choir to some adjacent building, and consists of 
 a series of arches rising each higher than the former, with 
 elegant shafts and mouldings. (See Plate.) There is another 
 in the Refectory (now a grammar-school) at Chester, leading 
 up to a large niche or sort of pulpit for the reader. 
 
 [This kind of staircase, let into the thickness of the wall, and 
 leading up to a rostrum or reading-pulpit on one side of the 
 refectory, is a feature generally found in the remains of monas- 
 teries of this period. The well-known beautiful example at 
 Beaulieu, Hampshire, belongs to the transition from this style 
 to the next. Other examples occur at Walsingham Priory, 
 I^orfolk ; St. Mary's Abbey, Shrewsbury ; Fountains and Eie- 
 vaulx Abbeys, Yorkshire, &c. There is a very elegant staircase 
 of this period in the refectory of St. Martin des Pres, in Paris, 
 (now a public library,) perhaps one of the lightest buildings 
 ever executed in stone.] 
 
 Early English Fonts. 
 
 There appear to be fewer Fonts of this style remaining than 
 of any other, at least of such as can be clearly marked as be- 
 longing to the style. [But there are many plain, square, and 
 circular fonts, of which it is diiB&cult to say whether they be- 
 long to the commencement of this or the end of the preceding 
 style 'I. The richer fonts are usually ornamented with the 
 characteristic foliage in high relief, or with the tooth-ornament, 
 and the stem is frequently surrounded by detached shafts.] 
 
 " [See Mr. Twopeny's Preface to shire. It is a valuable work, the ac- 
 Simpson's Series of Ancient Baptismal curacy of which may always be de- 
 Fonts, chronologically arranged (1828, pended on, and contains a Ust of 
 royal 8vo.) The examples are chiefly sixty-five Early EngHsh Fonts.] 
 from Lincolnshire and Northampton- 
 
152 
 
 F-ARr,Y ENGLISH FONTS. 
 
 TEWITT. SC. 
 
 Twyford, Leicestershire, c. 1200, 
 
 Hexliain, Bortliuniberlaiid, c. 1220. 
 
 St. George's, Canterbury, c. 1250 
 
 Bajnack, Ifortliamptonsliire, c. 1250. 
 
 Bnrrougli, Leicesterslilre, c. 1250. 
 
 Wellow, Somerset, c. 1270. 
 
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 A B 
 
 A. ELEVATION OF EXTERIOR. 
 
 a. T/ie panelled Parapet of Nave. 
 
 b. The Cornice of ditto. 
 
 c. Buttress of Clear-story. 
 
 d. The Triforium. 
 
 c. Clear-story Window. 
 
 f. Roof of Aisle. 
 
 g. Parapet and Cornice of Aisle. 
 h. Aisle Buttress. 
 
 i. Wall of Aisle. 
 
 k. Basement Mouldings, or Toilets. 
 
 B. SEOTIOH OF INTERIOR. 
 
 a a. Shell of Vault. 
 
 b. Boss of Vault. 
 
 c. Clear-story Window. 
 
 d. r>i^ Triforium. 
 
 e. Doorway. 
 
 f. Roof of Aisle. 
 
 g. Steps from Porch. 
 h. Interior of ditto. 
 
 i. Basement Mouldings, 
 k. Vault of Aisle. 
 
the early english style. 153 
 
 General Appearance. 
 
 The general appearance of an Early. English building is 
 magnificent, and rich rather from the number of parts than 
 from its details. In those buildings where very long windows 
 are used, there is a grandeur arising from the height of the 
 divisions ; in smaller buildings there is much simplicity of 
 appearance, and there is a remarkable evenness in the value of 
 the workmanship. There is much of the other styles which 
 appears evidently to be the copy by an inferior hand of better 
 workmanship elsewhere ; this is remarkably the- case in Per- 
 pendicular work, but is hardly anywhere to be found in Early 
 English work : all appears well designed and carefully executed. 
 
 Of this style we have the great advantage of one building 
 remaining, worked in its best manner, of great size and in 
 excellent preservation ; this is Salisbury Cathedral, and it 
 gives a very high idea of the great improvement of this 
 style on the Norman. Magnificent without rudeness, and 
 rich, though simple, it is one uniform whole. The west front 
 is ornamented, but by no means loaded, and the appearance 
 of the north side is perhaps equal to the side of any cathedral 
 in England. (See Plate of one Compartment, exterior and 
 interior.) The west front of Lincoln is fine, but the old 
 Norman space is too visible not to break it into parts. Peter- 
 borough and Ely have perhaps the most ornamented fronts 
 of this style. As interiors, after Salisbury, the transepts of 
 York are perhaps the best specimens, though there are parts 
 of many other buildings deserving much attention. 
 
 In the interior arrangement of large buildings we find the 
 triforium a very prominent feature ; it is large in proportion 
 to the work above and below it, and is generally the most 
 ornamented part of the work. In small churches the tri- 
 forium is generally omitted. Among the greatest beauties of 
 this style are some of the chapter-houses, of which Lincoln 
 and Lichfield, both decagons, bat of very different arrange- 
 ment, and those of Chester and Oxford, both parallelograms, 
 deserve particular attention ; but that of Salisbury, a regular 
 octagon, and of a character quite late in the style, is one of 
 the most beautiful buildings remaining. Its composition is 
 peculiarly elegant, and its execution not excelled by any. 
 
 Not much has been done in either restoring or imitating 
 this style ^ ; it is certainly not easy to do either well, but it 
 deserves attention, as in many places it would be peculiarly 
 appropriate, and perhaps is better fitted than any for small 
 country churches. It may be worked almost entirely plain, 
 
 "^ [Since this was written many at- this style, but very few have been at 
 tempts have been made at imitating all successful.] -■ 
 
154 
 
 THE EAULY ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 yet if ornament is used, it should be well executed ; for the 
 ornaments of this style are in general as well executed as 
 any of later date, and the toothed ornament and hollow bands 
 equal, in difficulty of execution, the most elaborate Perpen- 
 dicular ornaments. 
 
 Compartment of the Cloisters, Westminster, c. 1260. 
 
 In this style ought to be noticed those beautiful monuments 
 of conjugal affection, the crosses of Queen Eleanor y. Of these, 
 three remain sufficiently perfect to be restored, if required, and 
 to do which little would be wanted to two of them. One at 
 Geddington, in JSTorthamptonshire, is comparatively plain, but 
 those of Northampton and "Waltham are peculiarly rich, and 
 of elegant composition ; there is enough of Early English cha- 
 racter in them to mark their date, and enough of Decorated 
 richness to entitle them to be ranked as buildings of that 
 style ; that of Northampton is the most perfect (see Plate), 
 but that at Waltham is, on the whole, the most beautiful in 
 its details. 
 
 If the transition from Norman to Early English was gradual, 
 much more so was that from Early English to Decorated ; and 
 we have several curious examples of this transition on a large 
 
 y [They are generally considered to 
 belong rather to the Decorated than 
 the Early English style, and this is 
 
 the opinion of Sir G. G. Scott ; that 
 at Geddington has more of the Early 
 EngUsh character than the others.] 
 
^^TBTEEK'S C^®S§ _ HffilS.TELeiMIP'E'iISJKSMKlEE c 
 
GENERAL APPEARANCE. 165 
 
 scale. Westminster Abbey, though carried on for a long time% 
 appears to have been carefully continued on the original de- 
 sign ; and except a very few parts, some of which are quite 
 modern, may be considered good Early English throughout ; 
 but in the cloisters there is much gradation. 
 
 Ely Cathedral presents Early English of several dates, from 
 just clear of Norman to almost Decorated character. The nave 
 of Lichfield, though clearly Early English in composition, has 
 the windows of the aisles as clearly Decorated. Perhaps the 
 finest piece of accommodation between the styles is the Lady- 
 chapel at Lincoln, which is evidently Decorated, but executed 
 so as beautifully to harmonize with the work about it ^ 
 
 [There is a large class of windows of which the style is much 
 disputed : they consist of two, three, or more lights, with mul- 
 lions, and with circles in the head, sometimes plain, in other 
 instances cuspated ; they are often clearly Early English in 
 date, having precisely the same mouldings as the lancet-shaped 
 windows in the same church, but the construction does not 
 agree with the strict definition of the Early English style; 
 each light does not form a separate window, and the use of 
 mullions as well as foliation belongs rather to the Decorated 
 style. Perhaps they are best classed as transitional specimens, 
 belonging to the earlier style in actual date, but to the later 
 one in the principle of construction. 
 
 The cusps in these early examples are formed in a different 
 manner from those of later periods ; they 
 are not generally cut out of the same 
 stone, but are let into the tracery in sepa- 
 rate small pieces, and they spring from 
 the flat soffit, not from the outer mould- 
 ings. This will be better understood by 
 the annexed example from Kaunds Church, 
 Northamptonshire, which has the grooves 
 for the cusps remaining in the circles, 
 the detached cusps are generally found 
 in the circles only ; in the heads of the 
 lights they are solid. Such cusps have often been cut out by 
 the glaziers to save trouble in fixing the glass ; this may have 
 been the case in the head of the window at Acton Burnell, 
 but in the earlier examples the circles were not cuspated. 
 
 Another class of windows, which may also be considered as 
 transitional specimens, consist of three or five lancet-shaped 
 lights, divided by actual mullions, not by mere strips of wall, 
 
 ^ [The nave was not built nntil tlie * Its date corresponds to the period 
 
 fifteenth century, and although the of transition between these two styles, 
 
 general appearance of the Early Eng- It was built between 1256 and 1280, 
 
 lish style is very well preserved, the and forms the present east end of the 
 
 mouldings are Perpendicular.] cathedral. 
 
156 
 
 the early english style. 
 Transitional to Decorated. 
 
 East "Window, Eaunds, KorUiainptoiisMre, c 1270. 
 
 Acton Buraell, ShropsMre, c. 1270. 
 
 IrthJingborougli, Nortliamptonsliire, c 1270. 
 
GENERAL APPEARANCE. 157 
 
 as in the earlier examples ; and with, the spandrels in the head 
 pierced, instead of being left solid ; and the whole comprised 
 under one common arch, not merely surmounted by a dripstone. 
 A comparison of the window at Oundie, engraved on page 117, 
 with that at Irthlingborough, page 156, will clearly explain 
 this distinction. 
 
 The general appearance of the early Gothic styles, whether 
 English, French, or German, — the glorious buildings of the 
 thirteenth centui^, — is truly magnificent, and this is generally 
 known and acknowledged to be the finest period of the build- 
 ing art that the world has ever seen. The marvellous skill of 
 the construction of the vaults, and the piers and buttresses to 
 carry them, has long been admired as quite wonderful. A mere 
 skeleton is built, and the wall between the buttresses may be 
 as thin as possible, and even may be entirely of glass, as was 
 discovered afterwards in the large windows of the Decorated and 
 Perpendicular styles. Although there are local characteristics 
 in each country and each district, the general style of the 
 thirteenth century is the same all over the north and west of 
 Europe. One place may be a generation in advance of another 
 in the introduction of the new st3'le, but it spread very rapidly 
 in England and France ; in Germany the fine Romanesque 
 style of the Rhine churches lingered for half a century, but in 
 general the progress was nearly simultaneous. 
 
 That St. Hugh's choir at Lincoln is the earliest pure Gothic 
 building in the world may be said to be now a matter of de- 
 monstration ; the course of St. Hugh has been traced from his 
 birth to his death, and all the buildings with which he was 
 connected have been examined, and it is now clear that he was 
 not an architect, and did not bring either architect or masons 
 with him from Grenoble, which was, on the contrary, very 
 much behind England at that period ^. The name of the archi- 
 tect is French, but his family came over to England with Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, and settled in Lincolnshire, where it is 
 still one of the county families, and there is little doubt that 
 Geofirey de Noyers (now called Dunoyer) was a Lincolnshire 
 man, and that district was then in advance of any other either 
 in England or France. Of the present building, the south 
 aisle was built first, and in the eastern ba}^ of that is the 
 only vestige of Norman work in the whole building ; the billet 
 ornament occurs on the rib-mouldings of the vault in that 
 bay only, the side wall is the one where the outer wall was 
 erected first, and the inner wall built up against it, which 
 can be distinctly traced, as before mentioned.] 
 
 ^ See the " English Origin of Gothic Archaologia, vol. xliii. p. 73. London, 
 Architecture," by J. H. Paxker, in the 1871. 
 
HISTORICAL APPENDIX TO THE EARLY 
 ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OF 
 EICHARD L, A.D. 1189—1199. 
 
 [a.d. 1190 — 1199. Chichester Cathedral, eastern part of choir. The 
 church was much injured by a fire in 1186, and restored by Bishop 
 Seffrid the Second, and reconsecrated in 1199. The vaulting of the 
 nave and choir, with the clerestory, and the vaulting shafts from the 
 ground, and horizontal string-mouldings inserted in the Norman walls, 
 are of this period ». 
 
 A.D. 1192. Clee Church, Lincolnshire, was consecrated by St. Hugh, 
 as recorded in the following inscription : — 
 
 ftecerT/i dcdjcata £{t jn^omkz 
 
 TepOl\ERTC/lRD/Ke(JIS 
 
 " This church is dedicated in honour of the Holy Trinity and the Blessed 
 Mary, on the seventh of March, by the lord Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, in the 
 year from the incarnation of our Lord mcxcii., the third of the reign of 
 king Eichard." 
 
 This inscription is inserted in one of the western pillars of the nave, 
 which is early Norman, and this was long considered as evidence of 
 the late continuance of the Norman style. But the small square 
 stone on which the inscription is cut has evidently been inserted in an 
 earlier pillar, and the part of the church rebuilt at that time was the 
 chancel with the transepts, whicli are of transitional character, closely 
 approaching to Early English, and very much resembling St. Hugh's 
 work at Lincoln. 
 
 A.D. 1192 — 1200. Lincoln Cathedral. Choir and north transept, 
 and part of the south, built by St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln. 
 
 "His church of Lincoln he caused to be new built from the foundation; 
 a great and memorable worke, and not possible to be performed by him 
 without infinite helpe. ... He died at London on November 17th, in the year 
 1200. . . . His body was presently conveyed to Lincohie . . . and buried in the 
 body of the east part of the church, above the high aulter ^" 
 
 It is therefore plain that this portion of the building was completed, 
 
 » Mon. Aug., vi. 1162 ; Godwin, p. For engravings, see Willis's work. 
 385 ; Willis's " Architectural History ^ Magna Vita S. Hugonis, ed. Di- 
 
 of Chichester Cathedral," 4to., 1861. mock, Lond.', 1864, p. 377. 
 
HISTORICAL NOTICES, RICHARD I. 
 
 159 
 
 and a careful examination enables us to distinguisli clearly the work 
 completed in the time of Bishop Hugh, which comprises the choir 
 from the great transept to the smaller eastern transept. This belongs 
 to it, with the chapels on the east side : also part of the east wall of 
 the great transept, but a part only, the ends are later. The central tower 
 fell down in 1240, and was restored in the same style with so much 
 care that the junctions of the work can only be seen by careful ex- 
 amination. The vault of St. Hugh's choir was either added or rebuilt 
 after the fall of the tower. The nave is a subsequent work continued 
 in the same style, and the presbytery east- 
 ward of the choir is still later, and in a later 
 style, (see a.d. 1260—1280). This agrees 
 with the recorded history of the building, and 
 therefore leaves no doubt of the genuineness 
 of the work ascribed to St. Hugh. ^Nothing 
 can well exceed the freedom, delicacy, and 
 beauty of this work; indeed, "there is an ex- 
 uberance of fancy which leads us almost to 
 think that the workmen ran wild with de- 
 light, and it became necessary to sober them 
 down and chasten the character of the work 
 afterwards : for instance, in the double arcade 
 which covers the lower part of the walls there 
 is a waste of labour, which is avoided in the 
 subsequent work of the nave, without mate- 
 rial injury to the effect. In the early work 
 there is not only a double arcade, one in front 
 of the other, but in some paits there are ac- 
 tually three shafts in a line, one in front of 
 the other, so as only to be seen sideways and 
 with difficulty : this arises from the vaulting- 
 shafts being brought in front of the double 
 arcade. The foliage of the capitals is exqui- 
 sitely beautiful, (see p. 129,) and though dis- 
 tinguished technically by the name of stiff- 
 leaf foliage, because there are stiff stalks to 
 the leaves rising from the ring of the capital, 
 the leaves themselves curl over in the most 
 graceful manner, with a freedom and elegance not exceeded at any 
 subsequent period. The mouldings are also as bold and as deep as 
 possible, and there is scarcely a vestige of Norman character remain- 
 ing in any part of the work. The crockets arranged vertically one 
 over the other behind the detached marble shafts of the pillars, are 
 a remarkable and an uncommon feature, which seems to have been in 
 use for a very few years : it occurs also in the west front of Wells Ca- 
 thedral, the work of Bishop Joceline, a few years after this at Lincoln*'. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, a.d. liyo— 
 1200. Pillar of Choir. 
 
 « Joceline was Bishop of Wells from 
 1205 to 1244, and Hugh, who had 
 been Archdeacon of Wells, and was 
 hence called "Hugh de Wells," was 
 Bishop of Lincoln from 1209 to 1235. 
 He was an intimate friend of Bishop 
 
 Joceline, as is shewn by Godwin, p. 
 296, who ascertained that they founded 
 a hospital together at Wells ; this pro- 
 bably accounts for the similarity in 
 the details of the two cathedrals. 
 
160 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICE^. 
 
 St. Hugh has long had the reputation of having been a great huilder 
 of churches, and it is recorded that he assisted in the work of hia 
 cathedral with his own hands, probably in order to excite the enthu- 
 siasm of the people ; but it is certain that he M-as not the architect of 
 his cathedral. The name of the architect, *' constructor ecclesise," 
 was Geoffrey de Noyers ^. It appears, however, that St. Hugh in- 
 sisted on having a stone vault in each of his churches, and that the 
 
 tuuuiai' wiuaow, iiiiiCOiii Cailitdial, c. liiaOe. 
 
 English builders, not being accustomed to stone vaults, did not build 
 the walls strong enough to carry them. At Witham the present church 
 was originally one of the two chapels which the rule of the Cistercian 
 order required, and as this was the one appropriated to the people and 
 not to the monks, it became a parish church, and as such was retained 
 when the priory was dissolved and pulled down. It has a stone 
 vault, but is very plain work, and the walls are only rubble, but very 
 massive to carry the vault ; the windows being splayed on the outside 
 
 ^ See Magna Vita S. Hugonis, and 
 the Metrical Life of St. Hugh, " Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine," vol. ccix. (Nov. 
 1860), p. 459; and Archceologia, vol. 
 xliii. for 1871. 
 
 « There is a window exactly similar 
 
 to this at Laon, the date of which is 
 considered by M. Viollet-le-Duc and 
 by the best local antiquaries, to be 
 A.D. 1220, and this is the most proba- 
 ble date for the one at Lincoln also. 
 
JOH^^ 161 
 
 as well as tlie inside to a greater extent than is usual, still the spread 
 of the vault was too great for them to boar, and in the restoration of 
 1876 it was found necessary to add buttresses to support this, and 
 they have been judiciously copied from those of the chapter-house 
 at Lincoln, a sort of flying buttresses, which bad there been added 
 to carry the vault. In the choir of St. Hugh another wall was added 
 on the inside for the same purpose ; the arcade in the outer wall is 
 quite perfect, with the ornamental mouldings and capitals, even 
 where it could not be seen after the inner wall was built. On the 
 other hand, the inner wall is quite flat, and not moulded at all on 
 the side next the arcade of the outer wall. External buttresses were 
 also added to carry the vault. 
 
 The large circular window of plate tracery at the end of the north 
 transept is believed to be quite unique in England, whereas windows 
 of a similar character are common in France in work of the early part 
 of the thirteenth century, but not earlier than a.d. 1220. M. Yiollet- 
 le-Duc, a very high authority on such a question, says that the work 
 at Lincoln is purely English, that there is nothing French about it, 
 and he does not believe that the architect was a Frenchman. The 
 evidence that St. Hugh did build a choir here is too strong to be con- 
 troverted, it rests on the recorded testimony of eye-witnesses, and his 
 own testamentary directions respecting his burial in it. That this choir 
 was not entirely destroyed and rebuilt twenty years after his death, 
 appears also to be proved by the repairs and the new vault of the choir. 
 
 A.D. 1195 — 1204. Winchester Cathedral. The presbytery and 
 Lady-chapel, built by Bishop Godfrey de Lucy. The style is pure 
 Early English ^, and quite as advanced as Lincoln. 
 
 A.D. 1195 — 1214. St. Alban's Abbey, Western responds of the 
 nave and part of the west porch, built by Abbot John de Celles. The 
 style is pure Early English ^, and very fine work. 
 
 A.D. 1198 — 1215. Ely Cathedral. The galilee, or large western 
 porch, built by Bishop Eustace''. The style is pure Early English, with 
 the double wall-arcade, similar to those in St. Hugh's choir at Lincoln. 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE EEIGN OF 
 
 JOHN, A.D. 1199—1216. 
 
 Befoue the time of John the Early English style had been fully 
 established, and the buildings of this reign belong entirely to the ear- 
 lier division of that style, with lancet- windows, and shafts often 
 detached and banded. It is remarkable that popular tradition assigns 
 more of our older castles and domestic buildings to King John than 
 to any other monarch. It is difficult to account for this tradition, for 
 we have very few buildings recorded as being erected in this reign, 
 and the number of monastic foundations is very small. There is, 
 however, no doubt that many buildings commenced in the latter half 
 of the twelfth century were carrying on at this period. Numerous 
 
 ' For engravings, see Britten, &c,, " History of St. Alban's," &c. 
 and a doorway from it, p. 185. ^ Anglia Sacra, torn. i. p. 634. For 
 
 K For engravings, see Buckler's engravings, see Bentham, &c. 
 
 M 
 
162 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 castles are attributed to this pericd, but we have very little real his- 
 torical evidence relating to them. St. Briavel's Castle, Monmouth- 
 shire, is one of those said to have been rebuilt in this reign, and is 
 pure Early English in style : it was the residence of one of the lords 
 marchers of the Welsh borders, and partakes as much of the domestic 
 as of the military character, having fireplaces and chimneys to almost 
 every room : the gatehouse is the only part perfect, the rest is in ruins. 
 
 A.D. 1200 . The Augustinian Priory of Haverfordwest, Pem- 
 brokeshire, founded. This monastery is now a ruin, but St. Mona's 
 Church belonged to it, and was probably built within twenty years 
 after the foundation. The church is a large and fine one ; the chancel 
 and other original parts are pure and good Early English ; the nave 
 has been much altered, and has a' clerestory and roof of Perpen- 
 dicular work. 
 
 A.D. 1202. The tomb of Abbot Allan in Tewkesbury Abbey Church 
 is a fine example of Early English work. The coffin-slab has a flori- 
 ated cross upon it, with the name Alanus Abbas at the head. This 
 coffin is placed in a sepulchral recess, which has a trefoil-arch richly 
 moulded with pure Early English mouldings ^ 
 
 A.D. 1203—1218—1250. The choir of the cathedral of Worcester, 
 which had been burnt down in 1202, was rebuilt at this period. The 
 dedication took place on June 7, 1218, in the presence of the young 
 king, Henry III., five bishops, and many abbots and barons J. The 
 style is pure Early English, very light and elegant ; the windows are 
 lancets with detached banded shafts. 
 
 The eastern part, called the Lady-chapel, is of this period, and is 
 perhaps the finest part of this very fine cathedral church, which has 
 been carefully restored in 1874 — 75^. In this part there are wall 
 arcades, triforium, clere- storey, and vaults. • In the eastern transepts 
 there is no triforium, but eighteen lancet windows in each transept 
 arranged in triplets, two at the end, and two on each side, making 
 quite an elegant lantern of it. The choir differs slightly from the 
 more eastern part ; in this the tooth-ornament is used in the mould- 
 ings of the triforium arcade, which is not used in the more eastern 
 portion. The foliage of the capitals is also somewhat crumpled^ ap- 
 proaching to the Decorated style. The clere-storey windows have 
 detached shafts in a double plane, and very beautiful work. The nave 
 does not belong to this period ; the outer walls of it are Gorman up 
 to a certain height from the ground, the foundations having been lain 
 for the whole length, but carried on slowly for want of funds, as was 
 very frequently the case. At the west end two bays of transitional 
 Norman work remain, shewing that the West end was begun next 
 after the transepts, but had been suspended until after the change of 
 style had come in. This mode of proceeding may frequently be seen. 
 
 * Inscription, ap. Mon. Ang., vol. ii. years in our old cathedrals might as 
 
 p. 54. properly be called repairs as restora- 
 
 ^ Chronicon Petriburgense ; Anglia tions. By scraping off the plaster and 
 
 Sacra, torn. i. p. 484 ; Mon. Aug., whitewash, he enables archaeologists 
 
 vol. i. p. 578. to see the different periods of the con- 
 
 ^ This careful kind of restoration is struction, which cannot be done when 
 
 more properly called repair, and most it ie all plastered over. 
 of Sir Gilbert Scott's works of late 
 
JOHN. 163 
 
 A.D. 1204 — 1244. Chichester Cathedral. The choir {ecclesia) had 
 been consecrated in 1199, under Bishop Seffrid II., but the work 
 was soon resumed, and continued by his successors, Simon de Wells 
 and Richard Poore, who was translated to Salisbury in 1217, and 
 was a great builder there. In 1207 King John granted a licence for 
 the importation of Purbeck marble to Chichester for the repairs of 
 the church. Bishop Ralph Neville, who died in 1244, bequeathed 
 130 marks towards the fabric of the church, and many ornaments for 
 his chapel'. In 1232 the dean and chapter gave the twentieth part 
 of the income of every dignitary and prebendary for five years to- 
 wards the fabric of the church; in 1249 Bishop Richard de "Wich 
 extended the contributions to half the revenue of every prebend on 
 promotion, and ordered the payment of pentecostal offerings to the 
 cathedral throughout .the diocese, whilst every new residentiary was 
 to give twenty-five marks to the fabric fund. The presbytery be- 
 tween the reredos-wall of the high altar and the lady-chapel is very 
 fine Early English work, and early in the style, and is of this period ; 
 it was probably the place for the shrine, as at Canterbury. The fine 
 western porch, or galilee, seems to be also of the same period. 
 
 A.D. 1204 . The abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire, founded by 
 
 King John". The church has been destroyed, and the refectory 
 turned into a parish church : this contains the celebrated pulpit of 
 very elegant Early English work corbelled out from the wall, with 
 a staircase and passage to it in the thickness of the wall, as usual in 
 monastic refectories of this period: the windows are simple lancets; 
 but the date of this refectory may be fifty years later than the 
 foundation °. 
 
 A.T). 1205—1246. Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire. The choir of the 
 church rebuilt. Abbot John of York laid the foundations and began 
 the fabric, raising some of the pillars of it. John Pheed, the next abbot, 
 carried on the work ; and John of Kent, his successor, finished the 
 structure. The style of these ruins is pure and fine Early English «. 
 
 A.n. 1213 . Dunstable Priory Church, Bedfordshire, conse- 
 crated by Hugh II., Bishop of Lincoln p. All that now remains of 
 this church is the nave with its aisles, and west front ; these are 
 chiefly Korman, but a part of the west front is Early English and very 
 fine ; one of the doorways is remarkably rich, equal to anything 
 that we have in this style ; an enriched tooth-ornament is particularly 
 worthy of notice. 
 
 A.D. 1215. Hales Owen Abbey, Shropshire, founded by King John 9. 
 There are considerable remains of the chapter-house and other 
 buildings, of fine Early English character, with lancet windows, &c. 
 
 • Mnniments in. the possession of ° For engravings, see Weale's 
 
 the chapter, lib. y. Extracts from " Quarterly Papers," vol. ii. 4to. , Lon- 
 
 these are printed by the Precentor, don, 1844. 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie Walcott, in the "Me- " Carta ap. Mon. Ang.^ vol. v. 
 
 morials of Chichester," 8vo. 1876, p. 286. For engravings, see ibid, 
 
 pp. 12 — 14. and the " Yorkshire Abbeys." 
 
 ™ In his sixth year King John gave p Annal. de Dunstapl. ; Mon. Ang. , 
 
 100 marks towards the construction vol, vi. p. 241. 
 
 of this abbey. Close Eolls, 6th John ; i Breve Eegis Johannis, ap. Mon. 
 
 Chron. Petriburg., and Mon. Aug., J!n^., vol. vi. p. 926. 
 vol. V. p. 680. 
 
 m2 
 
164 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 KECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 HENEY III., A.D. 1216—1272. 
 
 During this long reign, of which, the architectural remains form the 
 chief glory, great progress was made in the art of construction, and 
 towards the close of it the highest point of perfection to which it 
 has ever attained was reached. Window tracery, which is perhaps 
 of all others the most distinguishing feature of Gothic architecture, 
 was worked out and brought to perfection in this reign, and by this 
 means the large windows which are a blot and a deformity in all the 
 Classical styles, (not being suited to the climate of the countries in 
 which those styles were developed,) are made the most conspicuous 
 and ornamental features of the Gothic. At the beginning of this reign 
 the windows were still, in general, merely of the lancet shape, and 
 the only approach to tracery consisted of small round or trefoil open- 
 ings pierced through the flat plates of stone which formed the head 
 of a window of two or more lights under one common arch or dripstone. 
 These openings had begun to be used nearly a century before, as in 
 the triforium of the choir of Peterborough in a.d. 1140, but the effect 
 which they were ultimately to produce was not at all foreseen, and 
 they crept into more general use almost imperceptibly both in England 
 and France. The openings were gradually enlarged and made more 
 numerous, and the substance of the stone between them was more and 
 more cut away, until the result was a mere bar, often not thicker than 
 a bar of iron might have been ; and when these were fully developed, 
 the Decorated style came in, of which bar- tracery is the special cha- 
 racteristic. This change took place quite at the close of the reign of 
 Henry III. : the earliest examples of bai*- tracery when it consists only 
 of circles in the head, with or without cusps, are considered as still 
 belonging to the Early English style, and the mouldings were not ma- 
 terially altered until a further change of tracery had come in, which 
 was not until the time of Edward I. 
 
 A.D. 1220 — 1258. The most celebrated example of the Early Eng- 
 lish style is Salisbury Cathedral, which is undoubtedly the most com- 
 plete and perfect in all its parts, and therefore the finest as a whole ; 
 although, if the different parts are taken separately and compared with 
 other examples, they are by no means so fine. The west fronts of 
 Peterborough and Wells, the east ends of Lincoln and Durham, the 
 transepts of York and Beverley, the porches of Ely and Lincoln, are 
 all finer than the corresponding parts of Salisbury ; but none of these 
 are complete examples of the style as a whole, and although Salisbury 
 is not on so grand a scale nor so rich as some of them, the style is re- 
 markably pure and unmixed with any other, audit gives the best general 
 idea of an English cathedral of this period. It was commenced by 
 Bishop Richard Poore in 1220, who finished the choir and was buried 
 in it in 1237. The work was completed by his successor. Bishop Giles 
 de Bridport, and consecrated in 1258. 
 
HENRY III. 
 
 165 
 
 A.D. 1222 — 1235. The King's Hall afWinch ester rebuilt'. This 
 hall remains nearly per- 
 fect, and is still the 
 King's Hall of Justice, 
 but the interior is badly- 
 disfigured by the ar- 
 rangements for the mo- 
 dem Law Courts. The 
 outer walls are entire, 
 and the style is good 
 andpure Early English; 
 the windows are of two 
 lights with a pierced 
 quatrefoil of plate-tra- 
 cery in the head, and 
 small sunk panels of 
 lancet shape between 
 the windows on the ex- 
 terior ; the buttresses 
 die into the wall under 
 the corbel-table. This 
 fine hall was carefully 
 restored in 1873, and 
 the modern encum- 
 brances removed. 
 
 A.D. 1222 — 1224. 
 Chichester Cathedral. 
 The spire, built by 
 Bishop Ralph JS'eville «. This very fine spire fell down in 1861. 
 The whole tower from the ground, and the spire, fell in a very 
 remarkable manner, straight down without injuring the outer 
 walls on either side, it having been built upon the early Nor- 
 man work of rubble only : the upper part of the north-west tower 
 had fallen in 1634*. This spire has been carefully rebuilt by Sir 
 Gilbert Scott. 
 
 A.D. 1223 — 1239. Pershore Abbey, Worcestershire, was destroyed 
 by fire in 1223". In the same year there are mandates from the 
 King for timber from the forests of Alweston, Pecham, and Kenefare, 
 towards the restoration of the church'', &c. The church was dedi- 
 cated in 1239 *. It was again nearly destroyed by fire in 1288 y. The 
 beautiful ruins contain portions of both these periods. The north 
 aisle is believed to be of this period. 
 
 A.D. 1224 . JN'uttley, or Notley Abbey, Bucks. There is a man- 
 date from the King to allow timber to be carried through Windsor 
 forest for the fabric of this church*. There are some ruins of the 
 
 Castle Hall, Wincliester, a.d. 1222—1235. 
 
 ' See the Pipe Kolls of the period, 
 and the extracts from them given by 
 Mr. E. Smirke in the Proceedings of 
 the Archaeological Institute at Win- 
 chester in 1845. 
 
 Mon. Ang., vol. vi. p. 1162. 
 
 See Walcot's " Memorials of Chi- 
 
 chester," 1876, p. 16. 
 
 « Worcester Annals ; Anglia Sacra, 
 tom. i. p. 486. 
 
 ^ Bot. Lit. Claus., p. 554. 
 
 ' Ang. Sac. , tom. i. p. 491. 
 
 y Ibid. , p. 509. 
 
 » Rot. Lit. eiaus. , p. 595. 
 
166 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 church, with very beautiful and rich details, now converted into a barn. 
 (See a fine corbel-table from it, p. 141.) ^ ^, , on, 
 
 ^D. 1224—1244. The cathedral of Elgin, Scotland, was founded 
 by Bishop Andrew de Moravia in 1224, and partly ruined in 1244. 
 The western doorway belongs to this period, and is very fine rich 
 Early English work. The front of the south transept also appears to 
 be of this date ^ ,-,.,, 
 
 A.D. 1224 — 1244. Exeter Cathedral. The chapter-house, built by 
 Bishop Bruere, or Brewer ^. 
 
 A.D. 1225—1239. Wells Cathedral, partly rebuilt by Bishop Joce- 
 line de "Welles, who was buried in the choir in 1242. He also built 
 the Bishop's Palace adjoining, which is still the residence of the 
 
 jt . J^ .a i 
 
 
 JEV/ITV 
 
 Exterior. Interior. 
 
 Window, Bishop's Palace, Wells, a.d. 1225—1239. 
 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells, and has remarkably beautiful windows, and 
 a substructure with groined stone vaults of this period. The cathedral 
 was consecrated in 1239*', and although that ceremony usually took 
 place as soon as the choir was ready for divine service, it would seem 
 in this instance that nearly the whole of the cathedral was completed 
 by that time. The whole of the foundation must have been laid at 
 once, for there is no break or junction in the masonry throughout the 
 nave and the west front, up to the height of about ten or twelve feet 
 from the ground : above that level a change takes place, as if the work 
 
 * "Walcot's Monasticon Seoticum. Archdeacon Freeman's " History of 
 
 For engravings, see Billings' " Scot- the Cathedral,'.' 4to. 1873. 
 land." c ]^i(.^ Trivet. Annal., Anglia Sacra^ 
 
 ^ Chron. brev. Exon. Fabric EoUs pars i. p. 564 ; Mon. Ang. , vol. ii. 
 
 in the Registry of the Cathedral, p. 277 ; Godwin's '• Catalogue of the 
 
 ap. Mon. Jng., vol. v. p. 516, and Bishops,*' 4to., p. 296. 
 
HENRY III. 167 
 
 had been suspended for a time, probably from lack of funds. The 
 evidence quoted by Godwin from a contemporary MS. is remarkably 
 distinct, and as Godwin was himself a prebendary of Wells, he had 
 every opportunity of verifying it : — 
 
 "Moreover in building he bestowed inestimable summes of money. He 
 built a stately chappell in his palace at Welles, and another at Owky •*, as also 
 many other edifices in the same liouses : and lastly, the church of Welles it- 
 selfe being now ready to fall to the ground, notwithstanding the great cost 
 bestowed upon it by Bishop Robert, he pulled down the greater part of it, to 
 witte, all the west ende, and built it a-new from the very foundation, and 
 hallowed or dedicated it October 23rd, 1239. Having continued in this 
 bishopricke 37 yeeres, he died at last November 19, 1242, and was buried 
 in the middle of the quier that he had built, under a marble tombe, of late 
 yeeres monsterously defaced S" 
 
 This leaves no doubt that the west front was at least begun by him, 
 but there are some appearances in the building which seem to shew 
 a change of plan during the progress of the work, as if it had been 
 commenced on too ambitious a scale, and the design afterwards re- 
 duced and modified ; the nave is remarkably plain as compared with 
 the very rich west front, and at first sight looks earlier, and quite 
 transitional, but it must in fact have been built a few years later, and 
 not all at once, but at short intervals ; there are changes in the work, 
 but very slight. As usual, it was begun at both ends, and the central 
 bays are the latest ; the junction and change in the character can be 
 distinctly seen in the triforium gallery on the south side, although in 
 the nave itself it is hardly perceptible. The east end of the choir 
 was rebuilt under Bishop Button, a.d. 1247 — 1264, (who is buried in 
 the middle of the choir,) in order to lengthen it, and add the beautiful 
 Lady- chapel and chapter-house ; and the work was carried on till near 
 the end of this century^, under Bishop Burnell, a.d. 1274 — 1292. 
 
 The celebrated west front of this cathedral was carefully restored 
 under the direction of Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr. Ferrey, in 1872 — 1874. 
 At the same time the plaster was scraped off the walls in the interior 
 of the nave and choir, and the actual construction carefully examined 
 by the clerk of the works, Mr. Irvine, and to the surprise of every- 
 body it was found that the walls are for the most part the Norman 
 walls of Bishops Robert and Fitz-Joceline, a.d. 1136 — 1192, and only 
 the apparent or visible construction and the ornamental character 
 were altered in the thirteenth century. The west front was cer- 
 tainly rebuilt at this time by Joceline de Wells as stated, and he built 
 the Bishop's palace, in which there are no Norman walls. 
 
 A.D. 1225 — 1239. Rochester Cathedral. " The choir from the north 
 and south wings" was rebuilt by William de Hoo, Sacrist, afterwards 
 Prior, ** with the offerings made at St. William's shrine «." The style 
 
 ^ There are some fragments of the by Professor Cockerell, 4to., 1851. 
 
 palace of Owky, or Wokey, still re- Fine photographs of them have also 
 
 maining, and these agree in character been taken. 
 
 with the work at Wells. * Registrum Roffense, Bibl. Cotton, 
 
 e Godwin, p. 297. Vespasian, A. 22, quoted in Mon. Aug., 
 
 * For engravings, see Britton, &c., vol.i. p. 158, and Hasted' s Kent, vol. ii. 
 
 and a fine set of lithographic drawings p. 23. The new choir was sufficiently 
 
 of the sculpture, with his explanation, advanced for the Introitm of the monks 
 
168 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 of this part of the church is pure and fine Early English ; the tran- 
 septs and central tower are in the same style, but later, and the two 
 eastern bays of the nave were rebuilt along with the tower, and a 
 large internal buttress is built up at the north-west angle of the 
 tower, of the old materials of the Norman work, the ornamental sur- 
 face of which is exposed in some of the stones and not in others, as if 
 this buttress had been built very hastily, probably because the tower 
 was in danger of falling. It would seem from the entry in the re- 
 gister that this part had been rebuilt before the choir ; in either case it 
 is a continuation of the same work, and there is no difi'erence of style. 
 
 A.D. 1227—1240. The south transept of York Cathedral, built by 
 Archbishop Walter Grey ''. The style is very fine Early English, 
 the windows lancet-shaped, the celebrated Eive Sisters, with their 
 original glass, being at the end of it ; the glass is of the colourless, or 
 grey kind, called by the Erench grisaille^ which seems to have been 
 commonly used at this period, and is well suited for this style of 
 building. The mouldings of the windows and arches are very fine, 
 and the tooth-ornament is abundantly used. 
 
 A.D. 1228. The church of St. Mary-le-Wigford, at Lincoln, was 
 building at this time, as appears from the Liberate Roll of 11th 
 Henry III. It is a good plain Early English parish church, and 
 the east end in particular is an excellent example of a small east 
 front of this style. 
 
 A.D. 1227 — 1232. Hinton Charterhouse, Somersetshire, a Carthusian 
 Priory founded by Ela Longespee, Countess of Salisbury ^ This is 
 now in ruins, but the remains are considerable and interesting. The 
 chapel, of two storeys, is perfect ; it is unusually small, and more 
 like a domestic chapel of the same period than the chapel of 
 a monasteiy. There are remains of other buildings attached to it ; 
 the style is pure Early English. The present Manor-house is built 
 out of the ruins, which probably served as a quarry, and only so 
 much was pulled down as was required for the purpose. 
 
 A.D. 1232—1238. Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, also founded by Ela 
 Longespee, Countess of Salisbury ^, who was afterwards abbess of it, 
 and was buried in the church in 1263. The remains of this nunnery 
 are considerable, and part of them belong to the original structure, 
 probably built soon after the foundation. It has been converted into 
 an Elizabethan family mansion. 
 
 A.D. 1232—1250. Ketton Church, Eutland. Hugh de Welles, 
 Bishop of Lincoln, by a deed dated on the 9th of August of this 
 year, granted an indulgence, a release of twenty days' penance, to 
 all those who should contribute anything to the building or reparation 
 of the church of the Blessed Mary at Ketton, at that time ruinous ^ 
 The general style of the church is Early English, but with a curious 
 mixture of Norman forms and details. It is probable that parts of 
 
 to take place in 1227. (Aug. Sac, \ol. vol. vi. p. 3. 
 
 i. p. 347.) The dedication took place ^ TrivetiAnnaleSy-p.lSi; Mon.Ang., 
 
 in 1240. {Ibid., p. 349.) vol. vi. p. 500. 
 
 •> Fabric Kolls of York Minster, pub- ' KoU of Hugh de Welles in the 
 
 Ushed by the Smtees Society, 8vo., Eegistry at Lincoln, quoted in Blore's 
 
 Durham, 1859, p. 10. History of Eutland, p. 183. 
 
 * Triveti Annates, p. 182 ; Mon. Ang„ 
 
HENRY III. 169 
 
 the previous building were retained, and the old materials used again 
 when this rebuilding or reparation took place. 
 
 A.D. 1232 . The churches of All Saints, Northampton, and 
 
 Alington, near Northampton, were building at this time, as is men- 
 tioned in the bishop's register, and an indulgence was granted by 
 Bishop Hugh of Wells ™. 
 
 A.D. 1233 — 1235. Part of the nave of Lincoln Cathedral. Bishop 
 Hugh de "Welles leaves by his will to the cathedral a hundred marks, 
 and all the timber which he might possess at his death throughout the 
 whole of his diocese ". It appears from this that the roof of the nave 
 was then in progress, or at least in preparation. The style is fine 
 Early English, in close imitation of the choir. 
 
 A.D. 1233 — 1294. Southwell Minster, Notts.; the choir, &c. Funds 
 being required for the completion of the fabric of the church, begun 
 some time before. Archbishop Walter Grey granted an indulgence to 
 all contributors, a like indulgence having been previously granted by 
 the Pope 0. This must relate to the fine Early English choir. There 
 are several later notices, proving that building was going 'on till to- 
 wards the end of this century ; some of these probably relate to the 
 chapel on the east side of the north transept, now used as a library. 
 This chapel is intermediate in date between the choir and the chapter- 
 house ; the latter is mentioned in 1294, when certain fines are as- 
 signed '* ad fabricam novi capituli." This choir and chapter-house 
 contain gome of the richest and most beautiful details of Early Eng- 
 lish and early Decorated work that we have remaining anywhere p. 
 
 A.D. 1233 . Eipon Minster, Yorkshire. Archbishop Walter 
 
 Grey granted an indulgence in this year to all contributors to the 
 funds for the fabric of this church i. Other indulgences were granted 
 in 1284 by Archbishop Wickwarre, and in 1287 by Archbishop Ro- 
 maine, and again in 1354 '. The west end, and the western towers 
 are in the Early English style. The work was then being carried 
 on : a considerable part of the fabric belongs to an earlier period, and 
 is of the Transitional character. The lancet windows of the west 
 front had been partially filled up with Decorated tracery in the four- 
 teenth century, probably by Wykeham ; but these being much decayed 
 when Sir Gilbert Scott was called upon to restore the building, about 
 1860, he thought it better not to replace the tracery, but restored the 
 original lancet windows. 
 
 A.D. 1235—1252. The presbytery of Ely Cathedral, built by Bishop 
 Hugh Northwold ». 
 
 " This man is much commended for his house keeping and hberality unto 
 the poore, which may well seeme strange, considering the infinite deale of 
 
 " Bishop's Kegister at Lincoln. of the Archasological Institute at Lin- 
 
 n This will is preserved in the Ar- coin, 1848, accompanied by a plan and 
 
 chives of the Dean and Chapter at engravings. 
 Lincoln. •» Rot. Maj. of Archbishop Grey, 
 
 ° Rot. Maj. of Archbishop Grey, York Archives, § 276. 
 York Archives, § 276. ' See Walbran's Guide to Eipon, 
 
 p See Mr. Dimock's history of this Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1368, &c. 
 church in the Journal of the Archaeo- • Mon. Aug., vol. i. p. 463 ; Ben- 
 logical Association, January, 1853 ; and tham's History of Ely, p. 148. 
 Mr. Petit's Memoir, in the Proceedings 
 
170 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 money spent by him in building of his church and houses. The presbytery 
 of the cathedrall church he raised from the very foundation, and built a 
 steeple of wood towards the galilee at the west end of the church. This noble 
 worke he finished in seventeene yeeres, with the charge of 5,350/. I8s. 8d.; 
 and the seventeene dale of September, 1253, he dedicated it in the presence 
 of the King, and his sonne Prince ^dward, &c., &c.* " 
 
 The sum expended on this building is very large, being equal to about 
 80,000/. "of our money, and the result is certainly a very rich and 
 magnificent piece of work, forming the present east end and presbytery 
 of the cathedral, the style of which is pure Early English. 
 
 A.n. 1235 — 1241. Ashbourne Church, Derbyshire (restored). The 
 date of dedication was recorded on a brass plate in this church. 
 
 W^^jiiMmMmmnmkcMiii 
 
 m'hocimMe-m$mR^VM^rt:fia 
 
 mmmms'^miiMeis: ^iiwmsi 
 
 KJS-ymmmBiumrmmnr^ o- 
 
 |fiV6'0N6:tfl:PJ(5|$m-C0VenTR€Hg[ , 
 
 Inscription in Ashboum Cliurcli, Derbyshire, a.d. 1241. 
 
 Hugh de Patishull was consecrated Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield 
 July 1, 1240, and died Dec. 8, 1241. The style of the original parts 
 is Early English, with triple lancet windows ; but there are considerable 
 alterations of later periods, and the church has been restored. 
 
 A.D. 1237. Peterborough Cathedral, consecrated by two bishops, 
 Bobert [Grossetete] of Lincoln and William [Bruere] of Exeter'*. 
 The part then consecrated was probably the fine west front, the de- 
 tails of which are fine examples of this period. 
 
 A.D. 1237. At the Council of London it was ordered that all 
 churches not yet consecrated must be so within two years. Many 
 churches were consecrated according to this order, some of which had 
 been built long before, especially in the enormous diocese of Lincoln. 
 Amongst these were Peterborough Cathedral, Ramsey Abbey church, 
 Huntingdonshire ^, and Sawtrey Church, Lincolnshire. 
 
 A.D. 1239. l^etley Abbey, Hampshire, was begun this year by the 
 executors of Peter de Roche, Bishop of Winchester, who had be- 
 
 * Godwin's Catalogue of the Bishops, Britton, plates v. and ix. 
 
 p. 208. * Regist. de Ramsey, ap. Mon. Aug., 
 
 " " Item quarto nonarum Oct. de- vol. ii. p. 680 ; Matt. Paris, ed. 1684, 
 
 dicata est Ecclesia de Burgo Sancti p. 407. 
 Petri," etc, Chron. Petriburg. ; see 
 
HENRY III. 
 
 171 
 
 queathcd funds for this purpose y. These beautiful ruins are chiefly 
 in the Early English style, — choir probably begun at this time. 
 
 1240. The new choir of the Temple Church, London, being 
 
 A.D. 
 
 finished, the whole was re-consecrated in the presence of the King and 
 many of the chief nobility*. This part of the church consists of three 
 
 Maaldings from tlie Choir of tlie Temple Cliurcli, London, a.d. 1240. 
 
 parallel aisles of equal height, with groined vaults and rib-mouldings, 
 carried on pillars of Purbeck marble ; the windows are triple lancets. 
 It was restored, including the painting of the vaults and the painted 
 glass, about 1850. 
 
 A.D. 1240 — 1253. Lincoln Cathedral restored, (after the fall of the 
 central tower in 1237) ; a part of the nave and of the great transept, 
 with the vaults and the vaulting-shafts to carry them in the nave and 
 transept, and perhaps these also in S. Hugh's choir, are of this date *. 
 
 A.D. 1242—1265. Einchale Prior}^, Durham. The new church 
 was begun in 1242, and was probably finished about 1265 ^. The 
 ruins are fine Early English, but quite plain work. 
 
 A.D. 1242 — 1290. The chapel of the Nine Altars at the east end of 
 Durham Cathedral was built during this period, as appears from the 
 accounts and contracts still preserved among the archives of the cathe- 
 dral. The design was probably given by Bishop Poore, who issued 
 indulgences to raise money for it in 1237^; the style is of the finest 
 Early English, with lancet windows ; the vault of the nave is also of 
 this period. Thomas de Melsonby was Prior during the early part 
 of the work. 
 
 7 Waverley Annals, sub anno. 
 
 « Matt. Paris, Hist. , p. 236 ; Carta 
 Hen. ni. ap. Mon. Aug., vi. 844; 
 Stow's Survey of London, p. 754. 
 
 * Chronicon Petriburgense, a.d. 1237. 
 Kuina, &c., &c. 
 
 •> See Charters of Finchale Priory, 
 published by the Surtees Society, 8vo., 
 Durham, 1839. 
 
 ' Hist. Dunelm. Scriptores tres, 8vo., 
 Surtees Society, p. 41 ; Godwin's Cata- 
 logue of Bishops, p. 519 ; Eaine's His- 
 tory of Durham Cathedral, and Pro- 
 ceedings of the Archaeological Institute 
 at Newcastle in 1852, vol. i. p. 238 : 
 and for engravings see Billings' Dur- 
 ham Cathedral, 4to. 
 
172 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 a.b: 1242 — 1258. Glasgow Cathedral, choir. In the Provincial 
 Council of the Scottish Church held at Perth in 1242, it was ordered 
 that the indulgence for raising funds for this cathedral should be 
 hung up in every church, and the people exhorted to contribute 
 annually during Lent ; the money to be paid, through the rural deans, 
 and no money to be collected for any other purpose during the same 
 period*^. In 1277 materials were collected for building a campanile 
 and a treasury, shewing that the main fabric of the church was then 
 completed. The style of the whole church is pure Early English, with 
 lancet windows, and might perhaps be an imitation of Salisbury, as 
 Bishop Burdington introduced the Salisbury Use into Glasgow at the 
 same time ^. 
 
 A.n. 1244 . Chetwode Church, Buckinghamshire. The 
 
 Austin Priory, of which this was the conventual church, was founded 
 in 1244, by Sir Ralph de Norwich ^ The chancel remains in a 
 tolerably perfect state, and is a fine specimen of the Early English 
 style^ with lancet windows, five at the east end and triplets at the 
 sides, good sedilia and piscina, and some of the original painted 
 glass g. 
 
 A.D. 1244. St. Bartholomew's Hospital, without the town of Sand- 
 wich, in Kent, rebuilt and enlarged by Sir Henry de Sandwich ^. The 
 chapel is beautiful Early English work, and contains the tomb of 
 Sir Henry with his effigy in ring armour. 
 
 A.D. 1245—1253. Chichester Cathedral— Chapel of St. Edmund. 
 The north-eastern chapel of the nave built by Bishop de la "Wich ; 
 this bishop was afterwards canonized as St. Richard, and translated 
 June 25, 1276, into a shrine, at which ofi'erings were made by pil- 
 grims, and indulgences were granted to them. A watch-loft for this 
 shrine was also erected on the reredos, as at York. 
 
 A.D. 1245 — 1269. "Westminster Abbey Church. The choir and tran- 
 septs rebuilt on a larger scale and a more elegant form by order of King 
 Henry III., and at his own expense ^ The Lady-chapel had previously 
 been added in 1220 — 1240, but was entirely rebuilt by Henry YII. The 
 work executed in the time of Henry III. may be distinguished on exami- 
 nation, although it was so well copied that at first sight the whole ap- 
 pears to be one piece of building, and the original design was faith- 
 fully carried out. The parts erected at this period were the choir and 
 transepts and the chapter-house. The latter has windows of four 
 lights divided by regular mullions, with bar-tracery in the head, and 
 this is believed to be the earliest example in England of the use of 
 this peculiar feature, which then came rapidly into fashion. (An 
 ancient Roll of the date of 1253 preserved in the Public Record Office, 
 and printed in the " Gleanings," p. 92, mentions canvas for covering 
 the windows of the chapter-house, which shews that they were then 
 finished and waiting for the glass. The first service in the new 
 
 ^ Chart. Aberdeen ; Wilkins' Con- ^ Hasted's History of Kent, vol. iv. 
 
 cilia. p. 270. 
 
 . For engravings, see BiUings, &c. ^^.^tiX^X'^^LZ 'ap^ud 
 
 Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 498. jj^^^ ^,^^_^ ^ol^ ^ ^ 273 ; Gleanings 
 
 » For engravings, seeLysons' ilfasrntz from Westminster Abbey, by G. G. 
 
 Britannia, ' Scott and others, 8vo., 1861. 
 
HENRY 7TT. 173 
 
 church was in 1269, when the relics of Edward the Confessor were 
 translated into the new shrine J.) 
 
 A.D. 1246. Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire. The structure of the 
 church completed, the cloister with the nine altars and the mosaic 
 pavement, the infirmary, and an apartment for the entertainment of 
 the poor, built by Abbot John, of Kent ^, in the entrance of the first 
 area towards the south. From this it appears evident that the in- 
 firmary is the building of which the fine ruins remain near the north- 
 east comer of the choir, in the most secluded situation, as usual for 
 the infirmary ; and that the other fine ruins on the southern side of the 
 entrance-court at the west end of the great church are the Xenodochiuniy 
 or house for receiving strangers and pilgrims, often called the abbot's 
 house ; this was naturally placed at the entrance to the abbey. 
 
 A.D. 1247. Skelton Church, Yorkshire. *' There is a tradition 
 
 in the parish that this church was built with the stones that remained 
 after the south transept of York Minster was completed." The cha- 
 racter of the work corresponds very closely, and in 1247 there is an 
 entry on the KoU of Archbishop Walter Grey, confirming a donation 
 from '* Master E. Hageton, treasurer of York, to John de Ledes, clerk 
 of the chapel of Skelton," which shews that the chapel was completed 
 at that time. 
 
 A.D. 1248—1264. The Lady-chapel of Wells Cathedral, built by 
 Bishop William Bitton, who died in 1266 and was buried in it^. 
 The style of the earliest part is Early English, but late in the style, 
 with bar-tracery and very rich : part of it is evidently of later date, 
 and as Godwin also states that the chapter-house was built in the time 
 of Bishop William de Marchia, 1292 — 1302, and the two works are 
 clearly of the same period, the probability is that both were begun in 
 the time of Bishop Bitton, or Button, and completed in the time of 
 Bishop de Marchia: the lower part of the chapter-house belongs 
 distinctly to the earlier period, and is some years earlier than the 
 upper part. 
 
 A.D. 1250—1260. The north transept of York Cathedral, built by 
 Johannes Eomanus, treasurer of the church "'. The style is pure 
 Early English, but rather more advanced than the south transept, 
 and the triforium arcade has foliated circles in the heads of the arches ; 
 these are of plate-tracery, but the round window in the gable at the 
 end has bar-tracery, though thick and early looking, whereas the 
 lancet windows of the north transept are separated by strips of wall 
 not yet reduced to muUions. 
 
 A.D. 1253—1258. The tomb of Bishop Robert Grosse-teste, erected 
 in Lincoln Cathedral. The style is pure Early English, with shafts 
 and capitals corresponding with the nave, and the panels ornamented 
 with quatrefoils. 
 
 J Wikes' Chron. snb anno. For en- lectanea, yoI. ii. p. 311, or Editio altera, 
 
 gravings of details, see Arches, pp. 122, vol. iii. p. 358; Mon. Ang., vol. v. 
 
 123, Piers 125, 127, Capital 128, But- p. 286. 
 
 tress 132, Diaper 139, Foliage 140. * Mon. Aug., vol. ii. p. 277 ; Godwin's 
 
 ^ " Ex libro fratris Hugonis Mo- Catalogue of the Bishops, 4to., p. 298. 
 
 nachi de Kirkstal de fundatione Eon- "» Godwin, p. 470 ; Mon. Aug., vol. 
 
 tanensis monasterii ab Joannem Abba- vi. p. 1175 ; Browne's History of York 
 
 tum de Fontibus." — Ap. Lelandi Col- Minster ; Britton, &c. 
 
174 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1254—1260. The tomb of Bishop Hugh de Northwold, 
 erected in the south aisle of Ely Cathedral. The style is very rich 
 Early English; the shafts have capitals of foliage interspersed with 
 heads of ecclesiastics and birds. 
 
 A.D. 1255—1260. The tomb of Archbishop "Walter Grey in York 
 Cathedral. The style is fine and rich Early English, with trefoil 
 arches, foliated capitals, crockets and finials ^. 
 
 A.D. 1255 — 1281. Crowland Abbey, Lincolnshire. Part of the 
 west front having been blown down in a storm, was repaired by Abbot 
 Kalph de Marche "*. The very beautiful Early English sculpture in the 
 west front belongs to this period, and though mutilated, a good deal of 
 it remains. The character of the work is much like that of the 
 eastern part of Lincoln. It was in imminent danger of falling in 
 1860, but was skilfully repaired by Sir G. G. Scott. 
 
 A.D. 1257. St. Alban's Abbey Church. The east end taken down 
 and rebuilt this year, and the relics of St. Alban found in it in a stone 
 coffin, according to Matthew Paris p. The style of this part of the 
 church is fine Early English, rather late in the style, agreeing well 
 with this date, or somewhat later. 
 
 A.D. 1260— 1280. The presbytery or eastern part of Lincoln Cathedral 
 built. In the year 1256 the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln obtained 
 permission from King Henry III. to take down part of the city wall 
 and enlarge the church eastwards ; this work was begun soon after- 
 wards, and completed before 1280, when the relics of St. Hugh were 
 translated to his new shrine in this part of the church, built to receive 
 them^. The style is Early English, but of the richest and latest 
 work consistent with that style ; the windows have bar-tracery : the 
 mouldings and sculpture also are still of this style, though approaching 
 to the next. It is one of the most beautiful examples of the best 
 period of English art '. 
 
 A.D. 1263. The tomb of Bishop Giles de Bridport in Salisbury 
 Cathedral is a fine example of the later division of this style, with 
 foliated circles in the heads of the arches. The style of the chapter- 
 house and the details of the workmanship correspond so exactly 
 with this tomb, that there can be no doubt it was building at 
 the same time ". 
 
 " For engravings of some of these name — the end of the Early English 
 
 details, see pp. 129, 141, 142. or the beginning of the Decorated 
 
 *» Crowland Annals, MS. Vespasian, style. The end of the first and begin- 
 
 bk. xi. ning of the second great division of 
 
 p Matt. Paris, ed. Wats., p. 809 ; Gothic architecture coincides gene- 
 
 Mon. Afig., vol. ii. p. 194. rally with the reign of Edward I. in 
 
 1 Pat. 40 Hen. III., m. 22 in dorso; England: this is the period of the 
 
 Mon. Ang. , vol. vi. p. 1278. most perfect and beautiful Gothic 
 
 ^ Mr. Eickman himself has classed buildings, when English art attained 
 this east front of Lincoln among his to the highest eminence it has ever 
 Decorated fronts, but this is hardly yet reached. For a fine series of en- 
 consistent with his .definition of the gravings of the sculpture, see Pro- 
 styles in other respects, and not at aU fessor Cockerell's paper in the Pro- 
 consistent with the dates in his chro- ceedings of the Archaeological Institute 
 nological table. There is, however, no at Lincoln, 1848, 
 
 real break or line of distinction between ^ There are good engravings of the 
 
 the styles, they run into each other chapter - house and of this tomb in 
 
 and overlap frequently. Such build- Britton's " Cathedrals." The tomb is 
 
 ings as this maybe called by either Plate XXVI., and ia erroneously let- 
 
HENRY III. 175 
 
 A.D. 1263 — 1284. Salisbury. The chapter-house and cloister, com- 
 menced by Bp. Walter de la "Wyk, and completed nnder his succes- 
 sor Robert de Wickhampton. The style is still Early English, but 
 late in that style, with lancet windows having foliated circles in the 
 head, and there is an elegant wall- arcade with foliated arches. 
 
 A.D. 1265 ■■. Burnham Abbey, Buckinghamshire, founded by 
 Richard, King of the Romans*. There are some ruins only of the 
 abbey ; the windows are lancet-shaped, but the mouldings are late 
 and approaching to the Decorated style. 
 
 A.D. 1268. The tomb of Bishop Peter de Aquablanca, in Hereford 
 Cathedral. The style is of the richest Early English, with foliated 
 circles of bar-tracery. 
 
 A.D. 1271—1292. St. Mary's Abbey at York. The first stone 
 in the foundation of a new choir was laid in 1271 ^ at a depth of 
 nine feet; in places the foundation was twenty-four or twenty-six 
 feet deep. The first stone of the columns was not laid until 127§. 
 The campanile threatening to fall, was taken down in 1278. The 
 whole church was completed within twenty -four years by Simon 
 de Warwick, who died in 1296. This very beautiful ruin is fine and 
 rich Early English, late in the style. 
 
 A.D. 1292 — 1302. Wells. The chapter-house was added under 
 Bishop William de Marchia. 
 
 There is a very common popular delusion that Gothic architecture 
 was used for churches and chapels and monasteries only ; but this is 
 altogether a mistake, arising from the fact that our houses have gene- 
 rally been rebuilt by each succeeding generation according to their 
 own ideas of comfort and convenience, while our churches have re- 
 mained as they were built, to a great extent. In consequence of this 
 error, whenever a Gothic window is seen in any old building or ruins, 
 it is immediately called a church or chapel window, although it 
 is quite as often the window of the hall ; there is, in fact, no differ- 
 ence externally between the window of a church and of a hall of the 
 same period. Internally there are usually seats in the recess of the hall 
 window, for ladies to sit and work at their tapestry ; this is often the 
 only distinction between a hall and a chapel when the traces of the 
 altar have been destroyed. Within the precincts of the great mo- 
 nastery of Peterborough, in the most retired part, close to the east 
 end of the infirmary chapel, there still remains a small Early English 
 house of about 1220, nearly perfect, with windows having remarkable 
 plate-tracery in the heads. It is supposed by Professor Willis to have 
 been the " House of Honour," or the guests' house ; or it may have 
 been the house of the Infirmarer, who was an important officer in 
 the larger abbeys. The house is divided into two parts by a partition 
 wall, on one side of which is the hall, which is the whole height of the 
 building ; the other half is divided into two storeys by a floor, and this 
 is part of the original design, as shewn by the doors and windows. 
 
 tered as Bishop Bingham's ; the error " Carta de fundatione, ap. Mon. Ang.y 
 
 is corrected in the letterpress. vol. iii. p. 544 ; MS. Chronicle of St. 
 
 * Carta de fundatione ap. Mon. Aug., Mary's, York, in Bodleian, fol. 127, 131, 
 
 vol. vi. p. 645. and 163. 
 
OF THE THIRD 
 
 OE 
 
 DECOEATED ENGLISH STYLE, 
 
 Decobated English Doorways. 
 
 The large doorways of the last style are mostly double, and 
 there are some fine ones of this, but they are not so common, 
 there being more single doorways, which are often nearly as 
 large as the Early English double ones, and indeed but for the 
 ornaments they are much alike, having shafts and fine hollow 
 mouldings. The small doorways are frequently without shafts, 
 but the arch-mouldings run down the side, and almost to the 
 ground, without a base, [as at Kislingbury, p. 177, and Bamp- 
 ton, p. 179,] — the mouldings being set upon a slope, and fre- 
 quently, when the base-tablets consist of two sets of mouldings 
 with a face between, it is only the lower one which runs into 
 the architrave to stop the mouldings. The shafts do not in 
 this style generally stand free, but are parts of the sweep of 
 mouldings; and instead of being cut and set up lengthways, 
 all the mouldings and shafts are cut on the arch-stone, thus 
 combining great strength with all the appearance of lightness, 
 [as at North Mimms, p. 177]. The capitals of these shafts 
 difier from the Early English, in being formed of a woven 
 foliage, and not upright leaves ; this, in small shafts, generally 
 has an apparent neck, but in larger ones often appears like 
 a round ball of open foliage, [as at York and Finedon, p. 199]. 
 There are also, in many good buildings, plain capitals without 
 foliage ; these have an increased number of mouldings from 
 those of the last style, and they generally consist of three sets, 
 — one which may be considered the abacus, then a hollow and 
 another set, then the bell of the capital, and then the mould- 
 ings forming the astragal ; and both in plain and flowered 
 capitals, where the shaft is filleted, it is common for the 
 fillet to run through the astragal, and appear to die into the 
 bell. Of these plain capitals, the cathedral of Exeter [p. 198] 
 and the cloisters of Norwich [p. 199] furnish very fine spe- 
 cimens. The bases to these shafts mostly consist of the re- 
 versed ogee, but other mouldings are often added, and the 
 ogee made in faces. Although the doorways in general are 
 not so deeply recessed as the Norman and Early English, yet 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH DOORWAYS, 
 
 177 
 
 Doorways, KiBlingbury, ITortliants, c. 1320. 
 
 JSioTth. Mimms> Eertfordsliiie, c. 1300. 
 N 
 
178 
 
 THE DKCORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 in many large buildings they are very deep. The west door- 
 ways of York are of the richest execution, and very deep. 
 
 To the open-work bands of the last st^de succeeds an orna- 
 ment equally beautiful, and not so fragile; this is the flowered 
 moulding, [as at Kislingbury] ; there are often three or four 
 in one doorway, and to the toothed-ornament succeeds a flower 
 of four leaves, in a deep moulding, with considerable intervals 
 between, [see p. 177]. This flower in some buildings is used 
 in great profusion to good efiect. Over these doorways there 
 are several sorts of canopies; the dripstone is generally sup- 
 ported by a corbel, which is commonly a head; in some in- 
 
 Mackwortli, DerbysMre, c. 1320. 
 
 Cloisters, Nor-wicli, c. 1320. 
 
 Btances a plain return is used, but that return seldom runs 
 horizontally. The canopy is sometimes connected with the 
 dripstone, and sometimes distinct. The common canopy is 
 a triangle, the space between it and the dripstone is filled with 
 tracery, and the exterior ornamented with crockets and crowned 
 with a finial. The second canopy is the ogee, which runs about 
 half up the dripstone, and then is turned the contrary way, 
 and is finished in a straight line running up into a finial, [as 
 at the very beautiful entrance to the chapter- house at Howden, 
 Yorkshire, (see Plate)]. This has its intermediate space filled 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH DOORWAYS. 
 
 1*79 
 
 West Door, Bampton, Oxfordsliire, c. 1320. 
 
 Christ Cliurcli, York, c. 132f. 
 
 n2 
 
180 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Little Addington, ITortliamptoiislilre, c. 1350. 
 
 AynliOi ITortliamptonsIilre, o. 1350. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 18t 
 
 with tracery, &c., and is generally crocketed, [as at Norwich, 
 p. 178]. Another sort of canopy is an arch running over the 
 doorway, and unconnected with it, which is doubly foliated; 
 it has a good effect, but is not common. On the side of 
 the doorways small buttresses or niches are sometimes placed, 
 [as at Christ Church, York, and at Howden (see Plate)]. 
 
 In small churches there are often nearly plain doorways, 
 having only a dripstone and a round moulding on the interior 
 edge, and the rest of the wall a straight line or bold hollow, 
 and in some instances a straight sloping side only. In some 
 doorways of this style a series of niches with statues are carried 
 up like a hollow moulding; and in others, doubly foliated 
 tracery, hanging free from one of the outer mouldings, gives 
 a richness superior to any other decoration. The south door- 
 way of the choir at Lincoln is perhaps hardly anywhere 
 equalled of the first kind, and a doorway in the cloisters of 
 Norwich of the other. 
 
 Decorated English Windows. 
 
 In these the clearest marks of the style are to be found, and 
 they are very various, yet all on one principle. An arch is 
 divided, by one or more mullions, into two or more lights, and 
 these mullions branch into tracery of various figures, but do 
 not run in perpendicular lines through the head. In small 
 churches, windows of two or three lights are common, but in 
 larger, four or five lights for the aisles and clerestory windows, 
 five or six for transepts and the end of the aisles, and in the 
 east and west windows seven, eight, and even nine lights, are 
 used. Nine lights seem to be the extent, but there may be 
 windows of this style containing more. The west window of 
 York and the east window of Lincoln Cathedrals are of eight 
 lights each; the west window of Exeter Cathedral and the 
 east window of Carlisle Cathedral 
 are of nine, and these are nearly, 
 if not quite, the largest windows 
 remaining. 
 
 There may be observed two de- 
 scriptions of tracery, and although, 
 in different parts, they may have 
 been worked at the same time, yet 
 the first is generally the oldest. 
 In this first division, the figures, 
 such as circles, trefoils, quatrefoils, 
 &c., are all worked with the same 
 moulding, and do not always re- 
 gularly join each other, but touch only at points. This may 
 
 Little Addington, Fortliaiits, c. 1280. 
 
182 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 leading to tlie Cliapter-liouse, York, c. 1280. 
 
 Chartham, Kent, c. 1280. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 il8d 
 
 Meopham, Kent, c. 1280. 
 
 CJiaddesden, Derbyshire, c. 1280. 
 
 ll!iiig^^ig« 
 
 Dorchester, Oxon, c. 130C. 
 
 Leominster, Herefordsliire, c. 1820. 
 
184 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 imrv'—- >"'■ -o,iJ'Kqiqi||i'ii^iii(iii;irMii|ji|ii|iiilllll|iini^!i.'" 
 
 Iforthmoor, Oxfordshire, c. 1280. 
 
 Piddington, Oxfordshire, c 1280. 
 
 Bampton, UxfordsMre, c. 1280. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 185 
 
 he called p;eoraetrical tracery ; of this description are the win- 
 dows of the nave of York, the eastern choir of Lincoln, and 
 some of the tracery in the cloisters at Westminster Abbey, 
 as well as most of the windows at Exeter. 
 
 [In Kent a peculiar description of tracery is used, the trefoils 
 and quatrefoils being doubly foliated, and the cusps often ter- 
 minated by knobs forminj» a sort of crocket. This peculiarity, 
 called Kentish tracery, will be better understood from the ex- 
 ample at Chartham, p. 182, than by any description.] 
 
 The second division consists of what may be truly called 
 flowing tracery. Of this description, York Minster, the Minster 
 and St. Mary*8, at Be- 
 verley, Newark Church, 
 and many northern 
 churches, as well as some 
 southern churches, contain 
 most beautiful specimens. 
 The great west window at 
 York and the east window 
 at Carlisle are perhaps the 
 most elaborate. In the 
 richer windows of this 
 style, and in both di- 
 visions, the principal 
 moulding of the muUion 
 has sometimes a capital 
 and base, and thus be- 
 comes a shaft. One great 
 cause of the beauty of fine 
 flowing tracery is the in- 
 tricacy and delicacy of 
 the mouldings ; the prin- 
 cipal moulding often run- 
 ning up only one or two 
 mullions, and forming 
 only a part of the larger 
 design, and all the small 
 fio-ures beiriff formed "^^^^^^ Addington, Ifortliamptoiisliire, c. 1320. 
 
 in mouldings which spring from the sides of the principal. 
 The architraves of windows of this stj^le are much ornamented 
 with mouldings, which are sometimes made into shafts. The 
 dripstones and canopies of windows are the same as in the 
 doors, and have been described under that head. Wherever 
 windows of this style remain, an artist should copy them ; the 
 varieties are much greater than might be supposed, for it is 
 very difficult to find two alike in different buildings \ 
 
 • [A large collection of examples has in his work on Grothic Window Tracery 
 been published by Mr. E. A. Freeman, 8vo., 1851.] 
 
 Amport, BampsiniB, c. l<j^u. 
 
186 
 
 THE DKCORATE]) ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Eling, Hampsliire, c. 1320. 
 
 St. Maiy B, Beverley, c. 13.20. 
 
 Beverley Minster, c. 1360. 
 
 IrtlUiiigborougli, Jfortliamptoiisliire^^ o. 1350. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 187 
 
 'i %3|i 
 
 ni'i|i,i'l|n(il'l 
 The Jesse Window, Dorchester, Oxfordshire, c. 1320. 
 
188 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 [There are some examples of flowing tracery without cusps, 
 and with the ogee arch as at Finedon, Northants., (see Plate)]. 
 
 It does not appear that the straight horizontal transom was 
 much, if at all, used in windows of this style; wherever it is 
 found there is generally some mark of the window originating 
 after the introduction of the Perpendicular style; but it may 
 have been used in some places, and tbere are a very few in- 
 stances of a ligbt being divided in height by a kind of canopy 
 or quatrefoil breaking the muUion; the church of Dorchester, 
 in Oxfordshire, has a very curious window of this kind, (p. 187). 
 
 p?fr 
 
 mmmr 
 
 Dorcliester, Oxon, c. 1350. 
 
 Over, Camtridgeslilre, c. 1350. 
 
 In some counties, where flint and chalk are used, the dripstone 
 is sometimes omitted. The heads of the windows of this style 
 are most commonly the equilateral arch, though there are many 
 examples both of lancet and drop arches ; but the lancet arches 
 are not very sharp. There are a few windows of this style with 
 square heads, (as at Dorchester) ; but they are not very com- 
 mon; [except in particular districts, especially in Leicester- 
 shire. Examples not unfrequently occur of windows with seg- 
 mental heads, as at Over, Cambridgeshire.] 
 
 The circular windows of this style are some of them very 
 fine; there are several very good ones in composition at Exeter 
 and Chichester, and the east window of old St. Paul's was 
 a very fine one ; but perhaps the richest remaining is that 
 of the south transept at Lincoln^ which is completely flow- 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 189 
 
 ing. [There is also a very fine example in the old church 
 at Cheltenham.] 
 
 _„.,„^__ iriiijiMii^''" 
 
 St. Mary's, Clieltenliam, c. 1350. 
 
 wn 
 
 m%M 
 
 Ferlngton St. Jolin's, Iforfolk, c. 1320. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon, c. 1350. 
 
 [The windows of the clere-storey in this style offer some pecu- 
 liarities, for though in large buildings they are frequently very 
 large and fine, and of similar character to those of the body of 
 
roo' 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 the church, yet in ordinary parish churches they are frequently 
 very small, and appear little more than openings pierced 
 through the wall. The general forms of these are the spherical 
 triangle, the circle and square ; these are sometimes filled with, 
 tracery, but more frequently only trefoiled or quatrefoiled. The 
 label is frequently carried all round the opening. The inside is 
 generally deeply and widely splayed, and frequently of a dif- 
 ferent form from the outer opening. 
 
 Exterior. 
 
 ''''''■'T'fi;ii;;;;';!';;':i'Tli!;il!;!i:i;;:';;::'.Hii'''' 
 Great Milton, Oxfordslilre, c. 1300. Interior. 
 
 ^^^^^^•^^^(Eyo . y '■ 
 
 Cranford St. Andrew, Nortliamptonsliire, c.1320. Barton Segrave, Northamptonshire, c. 1330. 
 
DECORATRD ENGLISH WINDOWS. " 
 
 191 
 
 [Belfry windows, and other windows in towers, have usually 
 a distinct character, and 
 are frequently partially 
 filled up with stonework, 
 as at Aynho, Northamp- 
 tonshire. Sometimes they 
 may be called twin- win- 
 dows, consisting of two 
 single lights coupled to- 
 gether, with a niche for an 
 image between them, as at 
 Irtlilingborough, and at 
 Bloxham, Oxfordshire, 
 (see Plate). The open- 
 ings filled with tracery, 
 but not glazed, which are 
 found in some distiicts, 
 especially in Norfolk, 
 (and there commonly 
 called Sound-holes,) 
 sometimes occur in this 
 style, as at Great Ad- 
 din gton, though they are 
 more common in Perpen- 
 dicular work. 
 
 Aynlio, Ifortliamptonsliire, c. 1350. 
 
 Irtlilingborougli, Ifortliamptonshire, c. 1350. Great Addingrton, Northamptonsliire, c. 1350. 
 
192 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 [Thename of Sound- 
 holes is not very ap- 
 plicable, as they are 
 more strictly air- 
 holes ; they are not 
 used in the bell- 
 chamber, but in the 
 ringing-loft, to give 
 air to the ringers. 
 Those belonging to 
 this style are gene- 
 rally smaller than in 
 the next. They are 
 sometimes diamond 
 shaped, but more fre- 
 quently square. 
 
 Triangular win- 
 dows are likewise fre- 
 quently used in the 
 points of gables over 
 large windows. Some- 
 times the common 
 straight-sided tri- 
 angle, more often the 
 spherical triangle, as 
 at Alberbury, Shrop- 
 shire, and the Maison 
 Dieu at Dover. In 
 the later examples 
 these openings are 
 filled with bar-tra- 
 cery, the same as in 
 windows of other 
 forms and sizes. 
 
 A tendency to the 
 Flamboyant style of 
 tracery is frequently 
 observable in the tra- 
 cery of Decorated win- 
 dows, in the later pe- 
 riod of the style, as 
 in Bolton Abbey, and 
 at Beverley Minster, 
 Irthlingborough, and 
 Eling, (p. 186). 
 
 Alberbury, Shropshire, c. 130a 
 
 Maison Dieu, Dover, c. 1300. 
 
 yt '^' ''^1 
 
 Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, c. 1350. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 193 
 
 [Windows in spires, or spire-lights, as they are usually called, 
 are moKe frequent in this style than in any 
 other. The broach-spires of Northamptonshire 
 and some other districts 
 are generally ornamented 
 in this manner, as at Pole- 
 brook, (see Plate,) and more 
 commonly belong to this 
 style, though they are fre- 
 quently Early English, and 
 occasionally Perpendicular. 
 Windows in staircases, or 
 stair-lights, are also of a 
 distinct character in all I 
 styles. They are frequently h 
 mere loops or small open- ' 
 ings of various forms, and i' 
 not glazed, but in this style | 
 they are more usually orna- 
 mented with foliation, and 
 sometimes have tracery, as 
 at St. Mary's, Beverley.] 
 
 Irciiester, Ijorthants, 
 c. 1320. 
 
 Towards the end of this style, and per- 
 haps after the commencement of the next, 
 
 we find windows of most beautiful COmpo- St Marys, Beverley, 
 
 sition, with parts like the Perpendicular c.im. 
 
 windows, and sometimes a building has one end Decorated, the 
 other Perpendicular; such is Melrose abbey ^, whose windows 
 have been extremely fine ; and indeed the great east window 
 of York, which, is the finest Perpendicular window in England, 
 has still s( me traces of flowing lines in its head. 
 
 This window has also its architrave full of shafts and mould- 
 ings, which kind of architrave for windows is seldom continued 
 far into the Perpendicular style ; and therefore when a Perpen- 
 dicular window has its architraves so filled with mouldings, it 
 may be considered early in the style. [The fine east window of 
 Merton College Chapel, Oxford, is a remarkable and rare ex- 
 ample of having architectural features introduced in the tra- 
 cery ; tall pyramids with crockets and finials are introduced 
 under the small arches of the lights; this feature is believed to 
 be unique, and the efiect is rich.] 
 
 *» [Melrose Abbey is a fine example 
 of Scottish architecture as distinct 
 from either English or French, and 
 consisting in some degree of a mix- 
 ture of the two : some of the windows 
 
 are a curious combination of the 
 French Flamboyant with the EngHsh 
 Perpendicular : most of this work is 
 late. See the Gentleman's Magazine, 
 March, 1862.] 
 
194 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Decorated English Arches. 
 
 Though the arch most commonly used for general purposes 
 in this style is the equilateral one, yet this is by no means 
 constant. At York, [and at St. Mary's, Beverley (see Plate),] 
 this arch is used, but at Ely a drop-arch. 
 
 Ely Cathedral, c. 1350. 
 
 Selby kloloej Clmrcli, c. 1350. 
 
 The architrave mouldings of interior arches do not differ 
 much from those of the last style, except that they are, per- 
 haps, more frequently continued down the pier without being 
 stopped at the liije of capitals, and that the mouldings com- 
 posing them are of larger size and bolder character, though in 
 large buildings still consisting of many mouldings ; of this, one 
 of the finest examples is the architrave of the choir-arches at 
 Lichfield, which is one of the best specimens of the different 
 combinations of mouldings in this style. 
 
 The distinction between the Early English small multi- 
 plied mouldings and the bold Decorated ones may be well ob- 
 
>HCH g, SCREEN-NORTH SIDE OF CHOlR. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH ARCHES. 
 
 195 
 
 Xriforitun Arcade, Guistorougli, Yorkshire, c. 1350. 
 
 served at Chester, where the arch between the choir and Lady- 
 chapel is very good 
 Early English, and the 
 arches of the nave as 
 good Decorated work ; 
 and these two also shew 
 the difference of cha- 
 racter of the two de- 
 scriptions of pier. 
 
 The dripstones are of 
 delicate mouldings, ge- 
 nerally supported by | 
 heads. The arches of^'^ 
 the [triforium] galle- 
 ries are often beautifully 1 
 ornamented with foli- -^ 
 ated heads and fine ca- ^ 
 nopies ; and in these 
 arches the ogee arch is 
 sometimes used, as it is 
 freely in composition in 
 the heads of windows. 
 [The same features oc- 
 cur in the arcades along 
 the side walls of the 
 aisles, as in Beverley 
 Minster, many of which 
 have very rich work.] 
 
 Arcade, Beverley Minster, c. 1350. 
 
 o2 
 
196 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Decorated English Piers. 
 
 A new disposition of shafts marks very 
 decidedly this style in large buildings, 
 they being arranged diamond wise, with 
 straight sides, often containing as many 
 shafts as will stand close to each other 
 at the capital, and 
 only a fillet or 
 small hollow be- 
 tween them. The 
 capitals and bases 
 of these shafts are 
 much the same as 
 those described in 
 the section on door- 
 ways. Another pier 
 of the richest effect, 
 but seldom executed, 
 is that at York 
 Minster, where the 
 ■ ■III u.^1111111 1 centre shaft is larger 
 Itflillliira^i rBl If "^^^^ those on each \ 
 Ilii^i^^^SBIi side, and the three 
 1 "^^PSBUbB ll ^11 I'un through to 
 ' A'r^^S^^Milll!! lY^Q spring of the 
 
 roof. Three also 
 
 support the side of 
 
 the arch; these 
 
 shafts are larger in 
 
 proportion than 
 
 those of Exeter, &c., 
 
 and stand nearly 
 close without any moulding between. The 
 shaft which runs up to support the roof 
 often springs from a rich corbel between 
 the outer architrave mouldings of the 
 arches ; Exeter and Ely are fine examples. 
 Another pier, common towards the end 
 of this style and the beginning of the 
 next, is composed of four shafts, about 
 two-fifths engaged, and a fillet and bold 
 hollow half as large as the shafts between ^^^^i^s-siia^t.Exeter/c. 1300. 
 each ; this makes a very light and beautiful pier, and is much 
 used in small churches, [as at Silk "Willoughby, p. 197.] 
 
 All these kinds of piers have their shafts sometimes filleted, 
 and the architrave mouldings are often large ogees. 
 
 Dorchester, Oxon, c. 1300. 
 
 '^^- 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH PIERS. 
 
 197 
 
 Little Addington, Northants, c. 1320. 
 
 SUk Willougliby, c. 1300. 
 
 Dorchester, Oxfordshire, c. 1300. 
 
198 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 In small country 
 churclies. the multan- 
 gular flat - faced pier 
 seems to have been 
 used, [as at Long Comp- 
 ton]. 
 
 Long Compton, Warwicksliire, c. 1350, 
 
 1111 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, c. 1300. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, o. 1300. 
 
 O.JEWITT je 
 
 Guisljorough, Torkeliire, c. 1300. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH PIERS. 
 
 199 
 
 York Cathedral, o. 1320. 
 
 DorcJiester, OxfordsMre, c. 1300. 
 
 ^\ili*\|Wp*l| 
 
 CIoiBters, Uorwicli, o. 1300. 
 
 Finedon, lortliamptonsliire, o. 1320. 
 
 York Minster, c l&M* 
 
200 
 
 th:b decorated English style. 
 
 Decorated English Buttresses. 
 
 These, though very various, are all more or less worked in 
 stages, and the set-offs variously ornamented, some plain, some 
 moulded slopes, some with triangular heads, [in a padiment 
 just under the parapet, as at Over, Cambridgeshire ;] and some 
 with panels ; some with niches in them [as at Great Milton, 
 
 Oyer, Camtridgesliire, c. 1300. 
 
 Beaulieu, Hampsliire, c. 1300. 
 
 Oxfordshire, p. 201], and with all the various degrees of orna- 
 ment. The corner buttresses of this style are often set dia- 
 gonally. In some few instances small turrets are used as but- 
 tresses. The buttresses are variously finished ; some slope 
 under the cornice [as at Beaulieu, Hampshire], some just 
 through it ; some run up through the battlement, [as at Brid- 
 lington, Yorkshire]; and [others] are finished with pinnacles 
 of various kinds. 
 
 Of rich buttresses there are three examples which deserve 
 great attention ; the first is in the west front of York Minster, 
 and may be considered in itself as a magazine of the style; 
 its lower part, to which it ascends without set-off, consists of 
 four series of niches and panelling of most delicate execution ; 
 above this part it rises as a buttress to the tower, in four stages 
 of panels, with triangular crocketed set-offs. The first of these 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH BUTTRESSES. 
 
 201 
 
 stages contains a series of statuary niches, the rest are only 
 panelled. This buttress finishes under the cornice with an or- 
 namented panel and crocketed head ; the projection of the 
 lower part of this buttress is very great, and gives to the 
 whole great boldness as well as richness. The second is a ruin 
 — the east end of Howden Church, Yorkshire ; it has also some 
 niches, but not so many as that at York. The third is also 
 a ruin — the east end of the priory at Walsingham, in Norfolk ; 
 this is very late, and perhaps may be considered as almost a 
 Perpendicular work, but it has so much of the rich magnificence 
 of the Decorated style, that from its great plain spaces it de- 
 serves noticing as such; it is, in fact, a flat buttress set up 
 against one face of an octagonal turret, and terminates in a fine 
 triangular head richly crocketed. The buttresses of the aisles 
 of the nave of York Minster are small compared with those at 
 
 BridlingtoE, TorksMre, o. 1300. 
 
 Qreat llCilton, Oxfordshire, c 1320. 
 
 the west end, but their composition is singular, and of very fine 
 effect ; they run high above the parapet, as a stay for the fly- 
 ing buttresses, and are finished by rich pinnacles. 
 
 [The buttresses with niches to the south aisle of St. Mary 
 Magdalen Church in Oxford, said to have been built by order 
 of Edward II., are well-known examples, and justly admired; 
 those at Great Milton are very similar.] 
 
202 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Decorated English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is very regular, and thougli in some large 
 buildings it has several mouldings, it principally consists of 
 a slope above, and a deep 
 sunk hollow, with an astra- 
 gal under it; in these hol- 
 lows, flowers at regular dis- 
 tances are often placed, and 
 in some large buildings, and 
 
 in towers, &c., there are fre- „ . „ ,, „ . . ^. 
 
 ^^ -r J J i u Cornice, Souldern, Oifordsliire, c. 1300. 
 
 quently heads, and the cor- 
 nice almost filled with them, [as at Dorchester, Oxfordshire, 
 and Merton College Chapel]. 
 
 Oomice, Ircliester, ITortliainptonslilre, e. 1320. 
 
 Cornice, Merton College Cliapel, a.d. 1277. 
 
 ^1 im 
 
 Cornice, aueen's Cross, BTortlianipton, a.d. 1295. 
 
 The dripstone is of the same description of mouldings, but 
 smaller, and this too is sometimes enriched with flowers. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH TABLETS. 203 
 
 The small tablet running under the window has nearly the 
 
 iiwifl ni iii i ii i i i iiiMii:; 
 
 strings, Dorcliester, OxfordsMre, 1300. 
 
 Dripstone Termination, Brandon, 
 Suffolk, 0. 1300. 
 
 same mouldings, and this sometimes runs round the but- 
 tress also. 
 
 The dripstone very seldom, if 
 ever, runs horizontally, though in 
 a few instances a return is used 
 instead of the common corbel- 
 head. And here another singu- 
 larity with respect to tablets may 
 be mentioned; it is common in 
 Early English work for the drip- 
 stone to be carried horizontally 
 after the return at the spring of 
 the arch, till stopped by a but- 
 tress, &c., and sometimes it is even 
 carried round the buttress : — and 
 the same arrangement is common 
 in Perpendicular work, but very 
 rarely, if ever, is it so used in the 
 Decorated style. 
 
 The general base- tablet of this 
 style is an ogee, under which 
 is a plain face, then a slope and 
 another plain face ; and it is not 
 common to find real Decorated 
 buildings with more tablets, al- 
 though both in the Early En- 
 glish and Perpendicular styles, 
 three, four, and even five are 
 sometimes used. [There are, how- 
 ever, many examples of good De- 
 corated basements which have 
 more numerous members.] 
 
 Basement, Ewerby, o. 1300. 
 
204 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Decorated English Niches. 
 
 These form one of the greatest beauties of the style, and are 
 very various, but may be divided into two grand divisions, 
 which, if necessary, might be again variously divided, such is 
 their diversity ; but these two may be sufficient. 
 
 The first are panelled niches, the fronts of whose canopies 
 are even with the face of the wall or buttress they are set in, 
 [as at Peterborough, and Piddington, Oxfordshire]. These 
 
 c u..,.,,|,M,j;^.j(,,,,,^,,,.p,,.,: 
 
 Piscina, Peterborougli Cathedral, o. 1208. 
 
 iriclie, Piddington, Oxfordshire, o. 130O. 
 
 have their interiors either square with a sloping side, or are 
 regular semi-hexagons, &c. In the first case, if not very deep, 
 the roof is a plain arch ; but in the latter case, the roof is often 
 most delicately groined, and sometimes a little shaft is set in 
 the an^rles, or the ribs of the roof are supported by small cor- 
 bels. The pedestals are often high and much ornamented. 
 
 The other division of niches has projecting canopies ; these 
 are of various shapes, some conical like a spire, some like 
 several triangular canopies joined at the edges, and some with 
 ogee heads ; and in some very rich buildings are niches with 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH NICHES. 
 
 205 
 
 the canopy bending forwards in a slight ogee, as well as its 
 contour being an ogee ; these are generally crowned with very 
 large rich finials, and very 
 highly enriched, [as at Lich- 
 field Cathedral, and at Dor- 
 chester, Oxfordshire, (p. 
 206)]. There were also, at 
 the latter part of this style, 
 some instances of the niche 
 with a flat -headed canopy, 
 which became so common in 
 the next style, [as at Graf- 
 ton Underwood, Northants., 
 (p. 206)]. These projecting 
 niches have all some project- 
 ing base, either a large cor- 
 bel, or a basement pedestal 
 carried up from the next 
 projecting face below. All 
 these niches are occasionally 
 flanked by small buttresses 
 and pinnacles; those of the 
 first kind have very often 
 beautiful shafts. 
 
 The chancel-stalls of this 
 style are many of them un- 
 commonly rich, their whole 
 faces being often covered 
 with ornamental carving. 
 
 [The sedilia, or seats for 
 the officiating ministers, — usually three, for the priest, deacon, 
 and sub-deacon, — which we very frequently find on the south 
 side of the altar in our old churches, are commonly placed 
 in niches or under canopies, as at Dorchester, (p. 206). The 
 piscina, or water-drain, is also commonly placed in a niche, 
 as at Peterborough, &c.] 
 
 Piscina, Kortli Moreton, BerksMre, c. 1320. 
 
 Decorated English Screens. 
 
 Under this head, though not strictly niches, may be men- 
 tioned what appears to be very rare*', some wood-carvings of 
 a screen of this style; they consist of ten or more divisions 
 
 « [Subsequent researcli has brought 
 to light many examples of Decorated 
 screen-work. The very beautiful work 
 now in the church at Lancaster is said 
 
 to have been brought from Cartmael 
 Abbey ; it evidently does not belong 
 to the church in which it stands, and 
 is of earher date.] 
 
206 
 
 DECORATED ENGLISH SEDILTA. 
 
 Sedilia, Dorchester Abbey (Jhurcli, Oifordsliire, c 1320. 
 
 Sedilia, Grafton Underwood, Iforthamptonsliire, c. 1350. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH SCREENS. 
 
 207 
 
 of panelling in the church of Lancaster ; part form at present 
 a screen for a vestry, &c., and part are in a gallery as a lining 
 to the wall ; their composition is alike and simple, being an 
 arched head panel with a triangular canopy between two but- 
 tresses crowned with pinnacles ; they are, however, extremely 
 rich, and varied in their details ; the buttresses are panelled 
 with diversified tracery, and the arch is an ogee canopy doubly 
 feathered, and filled with tracery, as is the space between the 
 ogee canopy and the triangular one, and both canopies are 
 crocketed and crowned by rich finials; though they may be 
 
 Screen, St. Jolm's, Wincliester, c. 1350. 
 
 late in the style, yet the diversity of tracery and boldness of 
 character, combined with simplicity of composition, so difierent 
 from the elaborate and gorgeous screen-work of Perpendicular 
 date, seem to mark them clearly as of the Decorated style. 
 
 Decorated English Ornaments. 
 
 As the word Decorated is used to designate this style, and 
 particularly as the next has been called Florid, as if it were 
 richer in ornament than this, it will be necessary to state, that 
 though ornament is often profusely used in this style, yet 
 these ornaments are like Grecian enrichments, and may be left 
 out without destroying the grand design of the building, while 
 
208 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 the ornaments of the next are more often a minute division of 
 parts of the building, as panels, buttresses, &c., than the 
 carved ornaments used in this style. In some of the more 
 magnificent works, a variety of flowered carvings are used 
 all over, and yet the building does not appear overloaded ; 
 while some of the late Perpendicular buildings have much 
 less flowered carvings, yet look overloaded with ornaments, 
 from the fatiguing recurrence of minute parts, which prevent 
 the comprehension of the general design. 
 
 The flower of four leaves in a hollow moulding has already 
 been spoken of, and in these hollow mould- 
 ings various other flowers are introduced, 
 as well as heads and figures, some of them 
 very grotesque; and the capitals are very 
 seldom found two alike. The foliage form- 
 ing the crockets and finials is also ex- 
 tremely rich, and the pinnacle, in its va- 
 
 / -1 i. X xi J mu Four-leaved Flower. 
 
 nous lorms, is almost constantly used. The 
 
 spandrels of ornamental arches are sometimes filled with beau- 
 tiful foliage. 
 
 An ornament almost as peculiar to the 
 Decorated style as the toothed ornament 
 to the Early English, is a small round bud 
 of three or four leaves, which open just 
 enough to shew a ball in the centre; this 
 is generally placed in a hollow moulding, 
 and has a beautiful effect, [and is com- 
 monly called the ball-flower]. 
 
 On the steeple of Salisbury, knobs are used very profusely in 
 many parts as crockets; these are plain, but are so most likely 
 on account of the distance from the eye ; these and some other 
 details shew the Decorated date of this steeple, though its com- 
 position is assimilated to the Early English building it is raised 
 upon. It is seldom safe to judge of date solely by the character 
 of the ornamental carvings, yet in many instances these will be 
 very clear distinctions. 
 
 It is extremely difficult to describe, in words, the different 
 characters of Early English and Decorated foliage, yet any 
 one who attentively examines a few examples of each style 
 will seldom afterwards be mistaken, unless in buildings so 
 completely transitional as to have almost every mark of both 
 styles. There is in the Early English a certain unnatural 
 character in the foliage, which is extremely stiff", when com- 
 pared with the graceful and easy combinations, and the natural 
 appearance of most of the well-executed Decorated foliage ; in 
 no place can this be examined with better effect than at the 
 cathedrals of York and Ely, both of which contain very ex- 
 cellent examples of each style. 
 
DECX)RATED ENGLISH ORNAMENTS — MOULDIJJGS. 200 
 
 \0 yJ^' 
 
 iMl 
 
 Finedon, irortliainpton8lilre,'c. 1320. 
 
 Dorcliester, Oxfordshire, c. 1300. 
 
 Bray, Berkshire, o. 1300. 
 
 Great Addington, irorthamptonsliire, c. 1300. 
 
 I If iiiifpp 
 
 Dorchester, Ozfordshire, c. 1300. 
 P 
 
2JL0' ,",'. ' : , DECORATED ENGLISH ORNAMENTS. 
 
 ^JI4ilii,iiiii''''i,;i!';ift,iii,'/i'ii^ 
 
 Raunds, Uorthamptonsliire, c. 1320. 
 
 Dorchester, OxfordsMre, c. 1300. 
 
 St. Augustine's, Canterbury, c. 1320. 
 
 FT'p!f!i!!!?i!j'ii!7!'!R 
 
 Cornice, or Wall Plate of Roof, Beckley, 
 Oxfordsliire, c 1320. 
 
 Kingstliorpe, Nortliamptonsliire, c. 1350. 
 
 Wooden Screen, Dorchester, Oxfordshire, c. 1320. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH ORNAMENTS DlAPEJl. 
 
 2>l 
 
 Geddlngton Cross. NortliaiuptoiiBliire, c. 1295. 
 
 p2 
 
212 «\.^ ": DEOORATED ENGLISH ORNAMENTS — DIAPER, 
 
 g'«?'M:(^t)f«; 
 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, c. 129Q. 
 
 St. Alban's Abbey, c 1300. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, o. 1290. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, c. 1300. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral, c. 1320. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH ORNAMENTS — CROCKETS. 213 
 
 Cathedral, c. 1320. 
 
 Kidlington. Oxfordshire, c. 1320. 
 
 Winchester Cathedral, c. 1320. 
 
 Cathedral, c. 1300. 
 
 Beverley Minster, c. 1320. 
 
214 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Wincliester Cathedral, c. 1320. 
 
 Debenliain, Suffolk, c. 1320. 
 
 Decorated English Steeples. 
 
 At the commencement of this style, several fine spires were 
 added to towers then existing, and in after times many very 
 fine towers and spires were erected. Grantham, N^ewark, and 
 several other Lincolnshire spires are very fine. These are gene- 
 rally flanked with buttresses, many of which are diagonal, and 
 are generally crowned with fine pinnacles. 
 
 Of these spires, Newark deserves peculiar attention ; it rises 
 engaged in the west end of the church, and the lower parts 
 are Early English, but it is the upper story of the tower and 
 the spire which are its principal beauties. This story rises 
 from a band (which completely surrounds the tower) of sunk 
 panels. The story consists of a flat buttress of not much pro- 
 jection on each side, thus making eight round the tower ; 
 these are in three stages, the two lower plain, with small plain 
 set-ofis, the upper panelled with an ogee head, and an ogee 
 canopy — above which is a triangular head to the buttress richly 
 crocketed, which finishes the buttress under the cornice. Be- 
 tween these buttresses are two beautiful two-light windows, 
 with rich canopies on the dripstone, and a general canopy over 
 both, crocketed, and finishing in a rich finial ; in the point 
 of this canopy, between the heads of the windows, is a statue 
 in a small plain niche, and on each side of the windows are 
 other statues in niches with ogee crocketed canopies. The 
 tracery of these windows is very good, and the architraves 
 
• > ****.*.*' 
 
 E'SH'SSffiXSKT QM13MXM. -SS^'MTM-'SLAIMTE :, 
 

 I 
 
 J.HieKsrar, 
 
 IBKidPSaiAKffi (DBnUMCIHL, ia)S]F®]SJn)SIE[LmE,IE.= 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH BATTLEMENTS. 
 
 215 
 
 both of windows and niches are composed of shafts. The 
 cornice is filled with flowers and other ornaments at small 
 intervals, and from the corners rise short octagonal pedestals, 
 on which are beautiful pinnacles finishing in statues for finials. 
 The parapet is enriched with sunk quatrefoil panels, and the 
 spire has plain ribs and additional slopes on the alternate 
 sides ; there are four heights of windows in alternate faces, all, 
 except the top row, richly crocketed. On the whole, perhaps 
 there are no specimens superior in composition and execution, 
 and few equal. [St. Mary's Church at Stamford is another fine 
 example of a Decorated spire on an Early English tower, 
 (see Plate.)] Tliere are many small towers and spires which 
 appear to be Decorated ; but there are so many of them altered, 
 and with appearances so much like the next style, that they 
 require more than common examination before they are pro- 
 nounced absolutely Decorated ; and there does not appear (as 
 far as the author has been able to examine) any rich ornamented 
 tower of large size remaining that is a pure Decorated build- 
 ing. The west towers of York Minster come the nearest to 
 purity, though the tracery of the belfry windows and battle- 
 ments are decidedly Perpendicular. 
 
 Decorated English Battlements. 
 
 A parapet continues frequently to be used in the Deco- 
 rated style, but it is often pierced in various shapes, of which 
 quatrefoils in circles or without that inclosure are very com- 
 
 M 
 
 mm 
 
 W(m\SX<P^<^l<^ 
 
 Dorcliester, OxfordsMre, c. 1300. 
 
 Great Addington, ITortliamptonsliire, o. 1300. 
 
 mon, but another not so common is more beautiful; this 
 is a waved line, the spaces of which are trefoiled; it is well 
 executed at the small church of St. Mary Magdalen, at Oxford ^. 
 Pierced battlements are become very common ; of these the 
 nave of York presents a fine specimen ; the battlement is an 
 arch trefoiled or cinquefoiled, and the interval a quatrefoil 
 in a circle, the whole covered with a running tablet which 
 
 •* [See Glossary, Plate 139.] 
 
216 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 runs both horizontally and vertically. This round quatrefoil 
 is sometimea exchanged for a square quatrefoil, as at Melrose 
 Abbey. The plain battlement most in use in this style is 
 one with small intervals, and the capping - moulding only 
 horizontal; but there may be some battlement perhaps of this 
 date with the capping running both vertically and horizon- 
 tally. In some small works of this style a flower is occasion- 
 ally used as a finish above the cornice, but it is by no means 
 common. 
 
 Decorated English Roofs. 
 
 The Decorated groined roof [or vault] has an increase on 
 the last style in the number of ribs ; those of the simplest kind 
 consisted of the longitudinal and crossing rib at the point of 
 the arches, with the cross-springers and pier-rib, with also 
 an intermediate rib between the cross-springers and the pier- 
 rib and the wall-arch ; and these intermediate ribs, increased in. 
 number and adorned with small ribs forming stars and other 
 figures by their inter- 
 sections, give a variety 
 to the groining almost 
 equal to the tracery 
 of windows. In this 
 style, the rib-mould- 
 ings are generally an 
 ogee for the exterior, 
 and hollows and rounds, 
 with difierent fillets, 
 towards the ceiling ; in 
 some few instances a 
 principal and second- 
 ary rib are employed. 
 The bosses are placed 
 at all the intersections, 
 and are often most 
 beautifully carved. 
 Exeter Cathedral is a 
 fine example of the 
 plain roof, and the nave of York of the richer description, 
 as is also the chapter-house of York. 
 
 There are buildings in which, though the upper roof is 
 shewn, there is a preparation for an inner roof ; such is Chester 
 Cathedral, where only the Lady-chapel and the aisles of the 
 choir are groined, and the whole of the rest of the church is 
 open; but on the top of the shafts is the commencement 
 
 Boss, Cloisters, Uorwidi, c. 1320. 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH ROOFS. 
 
 217 
 
 Roof of IfaYG, Raunds, ITortliainptoiisliire, c. 1350. 
 
 I.ICICll^lG.OII 
 
 •Twn T se 
 
 .EoofofGliaiioel, Polel)rook,irortliamptonsliire, c. 1320. 
 
218 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 springing of a stone roof. There is a chapel [or vestry] in 
 a church in Cambridgeshire, Willingham, between Ely and 
 
 Willinghain, Cambridgesliire, c. 1320. 
 
 Cambridge, which has a very singular roof; stone ribs rise like 
 the timber ones, the intervals are pierced, and the slope of the 
 roof is of stone : it is high pitched, and the whole appears of 
 Decorated character. 
 
 There remain, a few roofs, which appear to be of Decorated 
 character, that are open to the roof framing, and have a sort 
 of panelled work in. ogee quatrefoils in timber, between the 
 principals, which have arched ornamental work ; of this kind 
 is the roof of Eltham Palace. These are getting very scarce, 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH ROOFS. 
 
 219 
 
 as they are hardly eve/ repaired but by new work, of a totally 
 different kind ^ 
 
 Wr',^ 
 
 Bradenstoke Priory, or Clack Abtey, "Wiltsliire, c. 1320. 
 
 * [Decorated timber roofs are not so 
 tmcommon as they were supposed to 
 be when Mr. Kickman wrote. Many 
 examples have been found in parish 
 churches, as well as in monastic and 
 domestic buildings. The example from 
 Clack Abbey is perhaps one of the 
 best remaining of the class described 
 by Mr. Eickman. Another very fine 
 one at Malvern has been wantonly de- 
 stroyed, but fortunately a drawing of 
 
 it was preserved by Mr.Blore, and 
 engraved in the Glossary of Archi- 
 tecture. The example from Kaunds 
 is late in the style, and there are 
 several specimens in the same part of 
 Northamptonshire of roofs very simi- 
 lar to this, which are of transition or 
 early Perpendicular character. See 
 Glossary of Architecture, vol. i. p. 399, 
 and vol. ii. PL 173—176.] 
 
220 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Decorated English Fronts. 
 
 The east fronts of Decorated buildings consist so often of 
 one large window for the chancel or choir, and two smaller 
 ones for the aisles, if there be any, that little need be said 
 of their composition, as all its variation in general depends 
 on the variety of buttresses, &c., used as finishings. Of these 
 it may be sufficient to mention three, the east ends of Lincoln 
 and Carlisle Cathedrals, and Howden Church, [see Plate]. The 
 first consists of a centre, and side aisles divided, and flanked by 
 tall buttresses without set-offs, but panelled, with canopy heads 
 and small corbels, the angles finished with shafts, and the 
 tops of the buttresses with a triangular crocketed head ; under 
 the windows, along the whole front, runs a line of panels 
 divided by small shafts, and above them a tablet. The great 
 centre window has been described before ; it has eight lights, 
 has over it one of five lights, flanked by arch-headed panels, 
 and the gable has an ornamented crocketed capping, and 
 a cross ; behind the buttresses rise octagonal pinnacles with 
 rich finials : the windows of the aisles are of three lights,, and 
 over them the gables are filled with three tiers, of panels and 
 a circle, plain capping, and a cross at the point. This front 
 has a very fine effect, and is almost the only east front of 
 a cathedral which can be seen at a proper distance. The 
 east end of Carlisle is evidently a Decorated wall added to 
 an Early English building; its aisles are different from each 
 other, but all the buttresses are rich ; its great beauty is the 
 east window, which is of nine lights, and in the composition 
 of the tracery is superior even to the west window of York, 
 to which the centre mullion gives a stiffness not visible at 
 Carlisle. At Howden, the tracery of the great window is 
 destroyed, and the whole in ruins; but enough remains to 
 shew the symmetry of the composition and the richness and 
 delicacy of the execution. 
 
 The east end of Lichfield Cathedral is a semi-hexagon, with 
 very fine long windows of rich tracery ; this is late in the 
 style, and seems to have been much repaired at a still later 
 date. Of west fronts one only need be mentioned, but that 
 must be allowed to be nearly, if not quite, the finest west front 
 in the kingdom ; it is that of York : its towers and buttresses 
 have already been spoken of, and it only remains to say, that 
 the three doorways are the finest specimens of Decorated door- 
 ways in the kingdom ; its great window is only excelled by 
 that of Carlisle. The central part over the window finishes 
 by a horizontal cornice and battlement, above which rises the 
 pierced canopy of the window, and at some distance behind the 
 
THE WEST FRONT . 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH FRONTS. 
 
 221 
 
 gable of the roof rises with a front of fine tracery and a pierced 
 battlement. It is to be regretted that this beautiful front is 
 surrounded by buildings so near that no good view can be 
 obtained of it, as, from the eye being brought too near, the 
 fine elevation of the towers is almost lost. Of smaller churches, 
 the east end of Trinity Church, Hull, deserves attention ; the 
 windows are very fine, but the centre one has a trace of Per- 
 pendicular work in it : [see Plate]. 
 
 [The west front of Lichfield Cathedral, with its two spires, 
 central window, and series of niches, is one of the richest 
 
 West Front of Liclifield Cathedral, c. 1320. 
 
 specimens of this style in existence. The spire-lights are so 
 numerous and so close to each other as to give nearly the efiect 
 of panelling. The pinnacles clustering round the base of the 
 spire are a very elegant feature of this style, and the three 
 
222 
 
 THE DECOUATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 R.C h.iil 
 
 Merrov, Surrey, c, 1350. 
 
 Over, Cambridgeshire, c. 1320. 
 
E ^fH.cJseaale,79^9/^'^ 
 
 M®Uy(S-3S[T®M 2*IE ]E)AILIE v3iai!JmcaH _ ST®®.!? (JJ)3LIS. - 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH PORCHES. 223 
 
 sunk porches, with the double doorway in the centre, add much 
 to the richness of the composition. 
 
 Perhaps one of the most elegant examples of a Decorated 
 English front to a small building that we have remaining is 
 the west front of the chapel at Haughton-in-the-Dale, Nor- 
 folk: (see Plate).] 
 
 Decorated English Porches. 
 
 There are not many of these remaining, but under this head 
 should be noticed three beautiful gate- houses, which are in 
 some degree assimilated to porches ; these are the gates of the 
 abbey at Bury St. Edmund's, of Thornton Abbey ® in Lincoln- 
 shire, [see Plate,] and of St. Augustine's monastery at Canter- 
 bury ; they have all rich and beautifully ornamented gateways, 
 with rooms over them, and their fronts ornamented with niches, 
 windows, &c., and at St. Augustine's, two fine octagonal towers 
 rise above the roof. These three are of very varied compo- 
 sition, but all contain very valuable details. 
 
 [The St. Ethelbert's gateway to the Close at Norwich is also 
 a fine example of this style, and afibrds an early and beau- 
 tiful specimen of flint and stone panelling, with rich sculpture, 
 and a good series of niches with pedimental canopies (see p. 230.) 
 
 Decorated English porches, though comparatively uncommon, 
 are not so rare as Mr. Rickman appears to have supposed. 
 Some fine examples remain, both of stone and wood : at Over, 
 Cambridgeshire, is a very remarkable one, of stone ; the whole 
 of the church to which this is attached is worthy of attentive 
 study : at Horsemonden, Kent, is a very fine one of wood, with 
 rich barge-boards : at Binfield, Berkshire, is one worthy of 
 notice, and some other examples are given in the " Glossary 
 of Architecture.^' At Merrow, Surrey, is a stone porch with 
 wooden barge-boards belonging to this style. The west porch 
 of E-ushden Church belongs also to this style, and the manner 
 in which the canopy is connected witb the buttresses of the 
 tower is very remarkable : there are other examples of porches 
 of similar general arrangement, though few more elegant. 
 The south porch of St. Mary's, Beverley, is another fine 
 example, with buttresses and pinnacles, and a very rich door- 
 way with ogee canopy, crockets, and finials, and hanging 
 foliation : (see Plate).] 
 
 « [The gate-house of Thornton Abbey a series of ornamental niches, and the 
 is very late in this style, and partly inner front has a very fine oriel win- 
 transition to the next ; the two sides dow, (see p. 228) : for other details of 
 of it are very different, though of the it, see the " Archaeological Journal," 
 same date, and both are good in their vol. ii. p. 357.] 
 way ; the exterior is fortified, but has 
 
224 
 
 THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Eorsemonden, Kent, c. 1350. 
 
S®UT3i IPOIECSL ®]F ^? MJlJ^TS ^DMl^BJSTK ^TS.IEWSEIBJL^'^ , 
 
DECORATED ENGLISH FONTS. 
 
 225 
 
 Decorated English Fonts. 
 
 Thougli not so numerous as the Norman or Perpendicular 
 fonts, yet there are many good fonts of this style remaining, 
 and at Luton, in Bedfordshire, is erected round the font a beau- 
 tiful chapel or baptistery, of very fine composition. 
 
 Bliiplake, Oxfordshire, c. 1320. 
 
 Blozham, Oxfordshire, c. 1350. 
 
 Cotterstock, Northants, c. 1350. 
 
 St. Peter's, Iforthampton, c. la20. 
 
22d THE DECORATED ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 GENERAL APPEARANCE. 
 
 The general appearance of Decorated buildinpfs is at once 
 simple and magnificent ; simple from the small number of 
 parts, and magnificent from the size of the windows, and 
 easy flow of the lines of tracery. In the interior of large 
 buildings we find great breadth, and an enlargement of the. 
 clere-story windows, with a corresponding ditninution of the 
 triforium, which is now rather a part of the clere-story opening 
 than a distinct member of the division. The roofing, from 
 the increased richness of the groining, becomes an object of 
 attention. 
 
 Though we have not the advantage of any one large build- 
 ing of this style in its pure state, like Salisbury in the last 
 style, yet we have, besides many detached parts, the advan- 
 tage of four most beautiful models, which are in the highest 
 preservation. Tbese are at Lincoln, Exeter, York, and Ely ; 
 and though differently worked, are all of excellent execution. 
 Of these, Exeter and York are far tbe largest, and York, 
 from the uncommon grandeur and simplicity of the design, 
 is certainly the finest ; ornament is nowhere spared, yet there 
 is a simplicity which is peculiarly pleasing. Lincoln has already 
 been spoken of as assimilated to the Earlj^ English work 
 around it ; and Ely has, from the same necessity of assimila- 
 tion to former work, a larger triforium arrangement than com- 
 mon : though not so bold in its composition as the nave of 
 York, tbe work at Ely is highly valuable for the beauty and 
 delicacy of its details. 
 
 Amongst the many smaller churches. Trinity Church, at 
 Hull, deserves peculiar notice, as its Decorated part is of 
 a character which could better than any be imitated in modern 
 work, from the great height of its piers, and the small- 
 ness of their size, [see Plate]. The remains of Melrose Abbey 
 are extremely rich, and though in ruins, its parts are yet 
 very distinguishable. [But comparatively a small portion of 
 them belongs to this style ; the greater part is later, and has 
 the same mixture of the English Perpendicular and the French 
 Flamboyant which is usual in Scotland.] 
 
THE CHAHCEL. 
 
THE TRANSITION FROM DECORATED TO PEUpJENDIC'VIAR: ' 28?^ ;'» 
 
 » » 11 
 » », 
 » » " 
 
 Hiomton Abbey Gatehouse, c. 1360. 
 
 Sandford, Oxfordsliire, c. 1360. 
 
 Clere-story of Presbytery, Tork, 
 A.D. 1371-1382. 
 
 South Aisle of Choir, York, 
 A.D. 1382-1405, 
 
 q2 
 
'2^5' *'' ' " Tftfe' 'tr'ansition from the decorated 
 
 Oriel Window in GateliouBe, Tliornton Abbey, c. 1360. 
 
 Door, King's Sutton, NortlLamptonsJiire, c. 1360. 
 
» 
 
TO THE PERPENDICULAR STYLE. 229 
 
 In imitations of this 8t5'le, great delicacy is required to 
 prevent its runninj* uito the next, which, from its straight 
 perpendicular and horizontal lines, is so much easier worked ; 
 whatever ornaments are used should be very cleanly executed 
 and highly finished. 
 
 As an example of transition from this style to the next, the 
 choir of York mav be cited ; the piers and arches retain the 
 same form as in the Decorated work in the nave, but the 
 window [see p. 227], the screens, and, above all, the east end, 
 are clearly Perpendicular, and of very excellent character and 
 execution. The windows still retain shafts and mouldings in 
 the architraves, and the east window has a band of statuary 
 niches as part of its architrave. 
 
 [The transition from the Decorated to the Perpendicular 
 style is less obvious than in the earlier styles, but examples 
 of it are perhaps quite as numerous, though more frequent 
 in some districts than in others. In Norfolk they are especially 
 abundant, some of the finest churches in that county, as Wor- 
 stead, Ingham, &c., having been built just at the period when 
 this change was taking place, — the latter half of the fourteenth 
 century : in Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire numerous ex- 
 amples may also be found. The tower and spire, and some 
 other parts of King^s Sutton Church, Northamptonshire, afford 
 a good specimen of this transition : the north door is Perpen- 
 dicular in form with Decorated details. In many of these cases 
 the tracery partakes a good deal of the French Flamboyant 
 character.] 
 
 There are many fine castellated remains of this style; of 
 these, it may be enough to mention Caernarvon Castle, and 
 the noble gateway to Lancaster Castle. 
 
 [Castles of the Edwardian period are very numerous, and all 
 belong to this style ; most of the Welsh castles begun by Ed- 
 ward I. were not completed until the time of Edward II., and 
 sometimes later. There are also numerous remains of monastic 
 buildings of this period, especially gatehouses. The gatehouse 
 of Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire, is a remarkably fine example 
 of the transition from the Decorated to the Perpendicular style ; 
 the two sides are quite different in design, though of the same 
 date; the exterior is fortified; in the interior there is a re- 
 markably fine oriel window; (see Plate).] 
 
HISTOEICAL APPENDIX TO THE DECOEATED 
 ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE EEIGN OF 
 EDWARD I., A.1). 1272—1307. 
 
 Head of Edward L, from his coins. 
 
 Arms of Edward I. 
 
 [a.d. 1273—1278. 
 also part of the walls 
 and the cathedral re- 
 paired, after the riots 
 in which they had 
 been seriously dam- 
 aged. This gate- 
 house is a fine ex- 
 ample of early Deco- 
 rated, with flint and 
 stone- panelliDg in 
 geometrical pat- 
 terns ". 
 
 A.p. 1275—1282. 
 Hereford Cathedral'^. 
 The north transept, 
 the ' chapter - house, 
 and part of the clois- 
 ters are attributed to 
 Bishop Cantilupe, 
 and agree in charac- 
 ter with his tomb, 
 or shrine, which is 
 Early English, but 
 very rich, and late 
 in the style. . The 
 arcades of the shrine 
 have trefoil and 
 
 • Bartholomew de Cotton in Anglia 
 Sacra; Godwin, p. 347; Mon, Aug., 
 vol. iv. p. 5. 
 
 St. Ethelbert's Gatehouse at Norwich built, 
 
 St. Ethelbert's Gatehouse, ITorwich, a.d. 1273-1278. 
 
 ^ Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1211, and 
 see Coney's etchings there. 
 
HTSTORTCAL NOTICES, EDWARD I. 
 
 231 
 
 cinquefoil arches; the arches of the transept are straight - sided, 
 and enriched with the tooth-ornament ; the windows have tracery 
 consisting of foliated circles and quatrefoils. It is in style rather 
 behind other buildings of the same period. 
 
 A.D. 1275—1290. The church of Stoke Golding, or Goldingham, 
 in Leicestershire, built, as recorded by an inscription on the wall of 
 the north aisle : — 
 
 Robert . de . Campania . miles . et . Marqareta . uxor . ejus . 
 piLiA . RoGEiii . de . Stoke . militis . fundaverunt . hanc . eccleslam . 
 
 IN . HON ORE . S. MaRGARETAE . ViRGINIS . TEMP. Ed. I. 
 
 This Robert de Champaign e was witness to a charter of Edward L 
 in 1275. A fac-simile of the inscription is given in Pegge's Sylloge, 
 and engravings of it in Weale's ** Quarterly Papers," vol. i. The 
 style is early Decorated, with geometrical tracery. 
 
 A.D. 1275—1291. The tomb of King Henry III., in "Westminster 
 Abbey, executed by *' Master William Torel." This effigy, and that 
 of his queen, Eleanor, are among the most beautiful that we have 
 remaining. The inscription round the verge of the tomb is also re- 
 markable for the elegant form of the letters, which have been gene- 
 
 rally received as the best model for an alphabet of the thirteenth 
 century ^. 
 
 A.D. 1274—1300. Merton College Chapel, Oxford The choir and 
 arches of the transept built by Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester 
 and Lord High Chancellor of England, the founder of the college **, 
 who had also been chaplain to Richard King of the Romans, and 
 probably accompanied him to Cologne at the time the cathedral was 
 building there. The style is early Decorated, with geometrical tracery. 
 (See Plate.) 
 
 A.D. 1279—1291. Exeter Cathedral. Part of the choir and 
 transepts commenced under Bishop Peter Quivil^, continued under 
 
 <^ The tomb is engraved in Gough's 
 ** Sepulchral Monuments" and Blore's 
 " Monumental Remains." 
 
 ^ The College Records, see ** Arch. 
 Journ.," vol. ii. p. 137 ; Walcott's 
 "Memorials of Chichester," from the 
 Chapter Records; and " Gent. Mag.," 
 
 vol. COY. January, 1858, vol. ceviii. 
 January, 1860, and the authorities 
 there cited. 
 
 « The Fabric EoUs are preserved, 
 and are quoted in Mon. Aug., vol. ii. 
 p. 616 ; see also Freeman's " Archi- 
 tectural History of Exeter Cathedral.'* 
 
232 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 Bishop Button, and finished 
 under Bishop Stapledon in 1318. 
 The windows were glazed be- 
 tween 1317 and 1320. The 
 style is Decorated, with geo- 
 metrical tracery. 
 
 A.D. 1280 — 1292. The hall 
 of the Bishop's Palace at Wells 
 and Acton Burn ell Castle, 
 Shropshire, built by Bishop 
 Robert Burnell f. The style is 
 fine early Decorated, with geo- 
 metrical tracery. 
 
 i ^Viiiliiii iiiMiiii 
 
 Window from tlie Hall of tlie Bishop's Palace at Wells, a.d. 1280—1293. 
 
 c. 1280—1300. Dorchester Abbey Church, 
 choir and aisles are of this period, although no 
 distinct record of their construction has been 
 found : the armorial bearings found in the win- 
 dows, with the form of the shields, indicate 
 this date; among the arms are those of Ed- 
 M'ard I. and Queen Eleanor, Edmund Earl of 
 Cornwall, the Earl of Lancaster, and most of 
 the principal barons of that time ^. 
 
 A.D. 1281. Somerton Castle, Lincolnshire, 
 built by Antony Beck, who obtained the licence 
 
 Oxfordshire. The 
 
 Arms of Edmund, Earl 
 of Cornwall. 
 
 ' Godwin's '* Catalogue of the Bi- 
 shops," p. 299 ; ♦' Dom. Archit.," vol. 
 i. p. 354. 
 
 K For further particulars see the ac- 
 
 count of this church, with numerous 
 engravings, published by the Oxford 
 Architectural Society, in 1845, 8vo. 
 
EDWARD I. 
 
 233 
 
 to fortify it in this year : the remains of it agree with this period ; 
 one of the corner towers has a good groined vault with a central 
 pillar," like a chapter-hou^e ^\ 
 
 A.D. 1288 — 1304. The Lady-chapel of Chichester Cathedral huilt 
 hy Bishop Gilbert de Sancto Leofardo*. The style is early Decorated. 
 It was lengthened after the original construction. 
 
 "It deserves careful study, not only for its excellent details and the varied 
 tracery of its windows, but because it is one of the very fe\y dated examples 
 that we possess. From the phrase employed in lleade's Register, * construxit 
 a fundameutis capellam Beatae Marise m Ecclesia Cicestr.,' it must be inferred 
 the work was executed during his official life ''.*' 
 
 A.D. 1291 — 1294. The Eleanor crosses, and the tomb of Queen 
 Eleanor in "Westminster Abbey. 
 The accounts of the executors of 
 Queen Eleanor have been printed 
 in the volume on the *' Manners 
 and Household Expenses of Eng- 
 land in the Thirteenth and Fif- 
 teenth Centuries/* presented to the 
 Roxburgh Club by Beriah Botfield, 
 in 1841, and very carefully edited 
 by Hudson Turner. The accounts 
 leave no room for doubt as to the 
 
 Head and Arms of ftueen Eleanor, from her 
 Tomb in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 dates of these structures and that 
 they were chiefly the work of Eng- 
 lish artists. Master William Torel, 
 the head sculptor, was conjectured 
 by Mr. Turner to be the same with 
 William the Florentine, a painter 
 much employed in England towards 
 the end of the reign of Henry III., 
 but there is no distinct evidence 
 of this; and the names of other 
 artists are plainly English, and one is from Ireland 
 
 ftueen Eleanor, from tbe Cross, 
 
 Oeddington, Northamptonsliire, 
 
 A.D. 1294. 
 
 The Irish 
 
 ^ See " Domestic Architecture," vol. 
 i, p. 172, and vol. ii. p. 238. 
 
 * Bishop Reade's Register, quoted 
 by Willis, p. 31; Dallaway's History, 
 
 p. 51 ; Godwin, p. 387 ; Mon. Ang.t 
 vol. vi. p. 1162. 
 
 ^ Willis's " Chichester Cathedi-al." 
 
234 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 appear to have been always stilfiil sculptors, and are so io the pre- 
 sent day. Nine crosses are mentioned in the accounts — at Lincoln, 
 *]S'orthampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St. Alban's, 
 *Waltham, Cheap and Charing in London. Of these the only two 
 Remaining are Waltham and Northampton, (see Plate,) but there is 
 another, at Geddington, which is in more perfect preservation than 
 either of the others, and although this is not mentioned in the ac- 
 counts, it is most probable that part of these are missing. The crosses 
 were erected at all the places where the body rested for the night, 
 and the distance from Lincoln to Northampton is more than double 
 that of any of the other stations, and Geddington is on the direct 
 line between the two. 
 
 A.D. 1291 . Stoke Say Castle, Shropshire, built by Laurence 
 
 de Ludlow ; the licence tocrenellate, or fortify, it was obtained in this 
 year ; it remains nearly perfect and a beautiful example of a house of 
 this period, just so far fortified as the necessities of the time required, 
 but evidently intended for a dwelling-house, and not a mere fortress ^. 
 A.D. 1291 — 1345. The nave of York Cathedral, commenced under 
 Archbishop John le Eomain, and finished under John de Thoresby. 
 The Fabric Rolls are preserved, and have been published by the 
 Surtees Society in 1859, carefully edited by the Rev. James Raine, jun. 
 The Architectural History of this cathedral, by Professor Willis, was 
 published by the Archaeological Institute in the volume of their 
 Proceedings at York, 1846. There is also a very elaborate history of 
 the cathedral, with a fine series of engravings, by John Browne, 
 2 vols., 4to., 1847™. 
 
 A.D. 1292. A great fire occurred at Carlisle, in which the cathedral 
 was burnt ; this destroyed the timber roof over the central space of 
 the choir, but the vaulted roofs of the aisles preserved the outer walls 
 from injury: the burning timbers of the roof, in f .lling, damaged the 
 piers so much that they were obliged to be rebuilt ; this was skilfully 
 done without disturbing the arches or the vaults, and the consequence 
 of this is that Early English arches and vaults now rest on Decorated 
 piers. The eastern wall is evidently an addition, and the magnificent 
 east window, generally allowed to be the finest in England, belongs to 
 this small portion, which was probably added towards the middle of 
 the fourteenth century °. 
 
 A.D. 1292 . The Redcliffe Church, "Bristol, commenced. The 
 
 beautiful south porch is the only part remaining of this period". 
 
 A.D. 1292. The tomb of Archbishop John Peckham in Canterbury 
 Cathedral is a fine example of early Decorated, of geometrical cha- 
 racter, and has the four-leaved flower in the mouldings p. 
 
 I For engravings, see " Domestic the general effect. (See capitals, p. 
 
 Architecture," vol. i. 199, and windows, p. 182.) 
 
 '» It is contained also in Britton's, " Charter of Edward I., Mon. Ang.y 
 
 Murray's, and other series of " Cathe- vol. vi. p. 144 ; for engravings, see 
 
 drals," and a large number of other Billing's " CarUsle Cathedral." 
 
 works relating to it have appeared « For engravings, see Britton's 
 
 from time to time; the bold etch- "History of the Kedcliffe Church." 
 
 ings of Halfpenny, pubhshed at the p For engravings, see Britton's " Ca- 
 
 end of the last century, are very thedrals," and Blore's " Monumental 
 
 fine, and still unsurpassed for giving Eemains.*' 
 
EDWARD I. 
 
 235 
 
 A.D. 1293 — '■ — . Bray Church, Berkshire, rebuilt at this period, as 
 appears by the Court Eqlls still preserved, an extract from which is 
 entered, by the Rev. G. C. Gorham, Yiear in 1836, at the beginning 
 of the parish register ; an example well worthy of imitation. Con- 
 siderable part of the church is in the early Decorated style, but parts 
 are Early English, as if the rebuilding had been partial only; and 
 the tower is an addition of the fifteenth century. 
 
 A.D. 1296. The tomb of Robert de Vere, fifth Earl of Oxford, in 
 Earl's Colne Church, Essex. The style is Decorated, its sides are 
 richly ornamented with sculpture, figures in niches, and it is sur- 
 mounted by a cornice and battlement. 
 
 A.D. 1296. Lincoln Cloister: the south side was finished and the 
 other parts were in progress at this time, as appears from Bishop 
 Sutton's Memorandum ^. The style is Decorated, with a wooden ceil- 
 ing in imitation of a stone groined vault, and with stone springers ; 
 the whole of original work. 
 
 A.D. 1302. Hitchin 
 Church, Hertfordshire, 
 is mentioned as newly 
 built in Bishop D'Alder- 
 by's Memoranda'. The 
 piers and arches of this 
 date remain ; the exterior 
 is Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1303. Peter- 
 borough, the gatehouse to 
 the bishop's palace, for- 
 merly to the abbot's house, 
 was built in this year by 
 Abbot Godfrey de Croy- 
 land 8. The style is De- 
 corated, but early in the 
 style: the mouldings of 
 several windows in the 
 cathedral correspond ex- l|||j || 
 actly with this gate- 
 house. 
 
 A.D. 1304—5. In Can- 
 terbury Cathedral the fol- 
 lowing works were done 
 under Prior Henry de 
 Eastry : — '' Reparatio to- 
 tius chori, cum tribus no- 
 vis ostiis, et novo pulpito, 
 et reparatio capituli, cum 
 duobus novis gabulis*." 
 The pulpttum means the rood-loft, now the organ-gallery, which is of 
 
 ^V^^ 
 
 Choir-screen, Canterbury, a.b. 1304. 
 
 1 In the Bishop's Registry at Lin- 
 coln, fol. 154 b. 
 
 ■• Fol. U b, in the Bishop's Registry 
 
 at Lincoln. 
 
 " Mon. Aug., vol. i. p. 358. 
 
 t MS. Cotton. Galba, E. iv. fol. 103. 
 
236 HISTORTCAL NOTICES, 
 
 this period. The style of all these works is pure Decorated ; the 
 screer. and the doorways in it ore good examples of the style "*. 
 
 A.D. 1305 — 1336. Chichester Cathedral. The southern transept 
 lengthened and partly rebuilt by Bishop John de Langton'^: — 
 
 "This south wall contains a magnificent flowering Decorated window of 
 enormous magnitude, surmounted by an elegant rose of the same date. . . . 
 The tomb of Langton, as usual with founders or benefactors, is placed in the 
 interior, within a handsome monumental arch and canopy, forming part of his 
 own wall, beneath the window at the south-eastern corner of the transept y." 
 
 Godwin says (p. 387) that he also **bnilded a costly window in the 
 south part of the church." 
 
 A.D. 1306 — 1311. Lincoln Cathedral. The register of Bishop 
 D'Alderby records some new work going on at this time ; the precise 
 part of the building is not mentioned, but it has been conjectured to 
 apply to the completion of the central tower and the cloister. As he 
 was buried in the south transept, it is probable that the south end 
 with the great rose window is of this period. This window has 
 Decorated tracery. The lower part of the central tower had been 
 rebuilt long before, but it may have been finished at this time % 
 
 RECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OF 
 EDWAED IL, A.D. 1307—1326. 
 
 A.D. 1308—1326. St. Alban's Abbey. The Lady-chapel built by 
 Abbot Hugh de Eversdon*. The style is Decorated, with flowing 
 tracery. 
 
 A.D. 1310—1321. Lichfield Cathedral. The Lady-chapel was built 
 by Bishop Walter de Langton, who laid the foundations about 1310: 
 he died in 1321, before it was completed, and bequeathed a sum of 
 money for its completion^. It is very rich and beautiful Deco- 
 rated work c. 
 
 A.D. 1310 — 1325. St. John's Chapel (now the school-house) at 
 Norwich, built by John Salmon, Bishop of Norwich ^. The style is 
 Decorated, with geometrical tracery, and some very rich iron-work 
 remains on the door. 
 
 A.D. 1310 . Markingfield Hall, Yorkshire. This house remains 
 
 nearly perfect, and a remai kable example of this period ®. 
 
 ° For further particulars see Willis's in the Bishop's Eegistry at Lincoln. 
 "Architectural History of Canterbury " Tbo.Walsingham, His*, ^n^., edit. 
 
 Cathedral," ch. vi., and Britton, pp. 1674, p. 79; Mon.Ang., vol. ii. p. 195. 
 38—51. b Godwin, p. 261. 
 
 ^ Mon. Ang , vol. vi. p. 1268. «^ For engravings, see Britton. 
 
 y Willis's " Chichester," p. 32 ; and ^ Godwin, p. 348 ; Britton, p. 39, 
 
 Walcott's " Memorials," and Plates 21, 22. 
 
 ^ Bp. D'Alderby's Memoranda, folio « For engravings, see " Domestic 
 
 101, and Chapter Acts, 1805 to 1320, Architecture,*' vol. ii. p. 231. 
 
Ei)WARD II. 
 
 237 
 
 A.D. 1310. The vestry of Merton College Chapel, Oxford, (now the 
 brewhouse,) was built in this 
 year, as appears by the BuTsars' 
 Eolls still preserved in the 
 Treasury of the College '. The 
 style is Decorated, with flow- 
 ing tracery ; the mouldings of 
 the windows of this building 
 are precisely the same as those 
 of the chapel itself, although 
 it is evidently an addition, 
 being built against the ori- 
 ginal buttresses on the south 
 side of the altar. 
 
 A.D. 1311—1332. The Ab- I, 
 bey Church (now the Cathe- 
 dral) of Bristol, or a consider- 
 able part of it, was built in 
 the time of Abbot Edmund 
 Knowle. ** During his gov- 
 ernment he built the church 
 which is now standing from the 
 ground, with the vestry, &c., 
 and furthermore procured of 
 the King a confirmation of all the possessions of the monastery, dated 
 10 Edw. 11. g" The choir with its aisles, and the vestry, are evi- 
 dently of this date, fine and rich Decorated work. The nave had 
 been destroyed, but has been rebuilt in 1870 — 76 by the Bristol 
 merchants, actuated with the same Christian spirit as their prede- 
 cessor Canninge. 
 
 A.D. 1315 . Meopham Church, Kent, built by Simon de 
 
 Meopham, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury : it was repaired 
 by Archbishop WiUiam Courtenay, 1318—13961^. The style of the 
 original parts is early Decorated, with the peculiar Kentish tracery, 
 but a considerable part is Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1316 . The house or castle of Aymer de Yalence at 
 
 Bampton, Oxfordshire*. 
 
 A.D. 1317. Little Kimble Church, Buckinghamshire, consecrated 
 by licence of Bishop D' Alder by ^. It is a small church in the Deco- 
 rated style. 
 
 A.D. 1318—1329, Oloucester Cathedral. The south aisle of the 
 nave buUt by Abbot John Thokey^ The style is Decorated, with 
 geometrical tracery, very richly ornamented with a profusion of the 
 ball-flower. A great profusion of this ornament generally indicates 
 the time of Edward II. or the beginning of Edward III. It is also 
 rather characteristic of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. 
 
 Window of Vestry, Merton College, 
 Oxford, A.D. 1310. 
 
 ' " ArchiaBological Journal," vol. ii. 
 p. 141. 
 
 s Abbot Newland's EoU, quoted in 
 Willis's " Mitred Abbeys," vol. i. p. 
 227 ; Britton, p. 48. 
 
 h Hasted's '* History of Kent," vol. 
 iv. pp. 716—724. 
 
 ' There are some small remains of 
 
 this house engraved in " Domestic 
 Architecture," vol. ii. p. 260. 
 
 *• Memoranda, fol. 331 b, in the Ke- 
 gistry at Lincoln. 
 
 ' Carter's "Account of Gloucester 
 Cathedral," p. 4 ; Britton, p. 20 ; Mon. 
 Aug. , vol. i. p. 534. 
 
238 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1318—1337. The south aisle, or the Lady-chapel, of St. Mary 
 Magdalen Chiirch, Oxford, is said to have been built by Edward II. as 
 the chapel of the Carmelites, to whom he had given his palace of Beau- 
 mont, near to this church. It is mentioned in 1337 as "the new 
 chapel™." The style is good Decorated, with rich buttresses and an 
 open parapet of the wavy line pattern ; the windows 
 have flowing tracery. The south aisle of St. Aldate's 
 Church, in the same city, was probably copied from 
 this, or built by the same architect. It was also a 
 chantry chapel, built by Sir John de Ducklington in 
 the 9th Edward III., 1335". This Sir John was a 
 wealthy fishmonger, and several times Mayor of Ox- 
 ford ; he probably built the very rich north aisle, or 
 chapel, in Ducklington Church, Oxfordshire, a re- 
 markably fine example of the Decorated style, with Cortei in the South 
 a number of small groups of figures, well sculptured, -^^^'^ ch^cli*^^^'^ 
 let into the wall in panels. 
 
 A.D. 1320—1337. The central tower of Wells Cathedral raised 
 upon the old piers, and the straining-arches introduced at the latter 
 date to save the tower from falling. All this part is in the Decorated 
 style °. 
 
 A.D. 1321 — 1349. The Lady-chapel of Ely Cathedral was begun 
 under Bishop Hot ham, and finished during the episcopate of Simon 
 de MontacuteP. The style is very fine and rich Decorated, with 
 a beautiful series of sculptures. 
 
 A.D. 1323 — 1336. The octagonal central tower, or lantern, of Ely 
 Cathedral, built from the design of Alan de Walsingham, sacristan, 
 and afterwards prior. The old square Norman tower fell down in 
 1322, and he took advantage of the opportunity to erect the present 
 elegant structure, the upper part of which is of wood 9. 
 
 A.D. 1323 . Part of the south aisle of the nave of St. Alban's 
 
 Abbey Church fell down in this year, and made it necessary to rebuild 
 five bays in the middle of the south side, in the Decorated style, as 
 thej^ now appear. 
 
 A.D. 1324. The tomb of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, in 
 Westminster Abbey ; a very beautiful example of the Decorated style, 
 with rich pyramidal canopy and pinnacles'. 
 
 "' Wood's "History of the City of 
 Oxford," by PeshaU, 4to. ; and In- 
 gram's "Memorials." 
 
 n PeshaU, p. 146. This aisle has 
 been lengthened eastwards in the re- 
 storation of 1875, but the original part 
 is not materially altered. For en- 
 gravings of Ducklington Church, see 
 Skelton's " Oxfordshire." 
 
 " Anglia Sacra, vol. i. p. 568 ; " In- 
 dulgentia xl. dierum concessa contri- 
 
 buentibus ad novum opus ad cathedr. 
 Wells." Harl. MSS. 6964; Mon. Ang.^ 
 vol. ii. p. 278. For engravings, see 
 Coney, Britton, &c. 
 
 p Mon. Ang. , vol. i. p. 464. 
 
 1 Godwin, p. 212 ; Bentham*s " Ely," 
 p. 221, &c. 
 
 "" For engravings, see Neale's " West- 
 minster Abbey," Blore's " MonumentqJ 
 Kemains," No, 4, &c. 
 
EDWARD ITI. 
 
 239 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE EEIGN OF 
 EDWARD III., A.D. 1327—1377. 
 
 Arms of Edward III. 
 
 IB'^iiil'iil J ' ^ 
 
 Arms of John of (Jaunt. 
 
 The buildings of the time of Edward III. "belong for the most part 
 to the later division of the Decorated style, with flowing tracery, and 
 many of them are of transitional character, having a considerable mix- 
 ture of the following style, which was pretty well established by the 
 end of this reign, though many buildings of the time of Richard II. 
 still have considerable mixture of the earlier style. On the other 
 hand, some few buildings of the earlier part of the reign of Ed- 
 ward III. shew considerable tendency to the following style ; for in- 
 stance, the vault and panelling of the choir of Gloucester Cathedral, 
 built before the middle of this reign, have quite the principle and 
 the look of the Perpendicular style, although the mouldings are 
 Decorated. 
 
 A.D. 1327 . The abbey gatehouse at Bury St. Edmund's, 
 
 Suffolk, rebuilt after the destruction of the old gatehouse by the 
 townsmen *. It is a very remarkable and beautiful specimen of the 
 Decorated style, combining ornament with a very ingenious system 
 of defence. 
 
 A.D. 1327 — 1399. Melrose Abbey rebuilt during this period. 
 A grant was made by Eobert Bruce for the fabric 
 of the new church of £2,000, the whole of which, 
 however, was not made even so late as 1399*, 
 and a considerable part of the present fabric be- 
 longs to the fifteenth century and the beginning 
 of the sixteenth. 
 
 A.D. 1329—1334. The tomb of Edward II. in 
 Gloucester Cathedral has a very rich, light, and 
 elegant canopy of the Decorated style ". 
 
 A.D. 1331. The central tower and spire of 
 Salisbury Cathedral built upon the old piers; it Head of Edward ll., from 
 was in danger of falling in 1387, when the strain- l^is tomb at Gloucester. 
 ing-arches were introduced to strengthen it, and several other con- 
 
 * Begister Werkestone, MS. Harl., 
 638 ; apud Mon.Ang., vol. iii. p. 108. 
 
 ' Mr. Kobertson in {* Quarterly Ee- 
 view," No. 169 ; and Wade's " History 
 
 of Melrose Abbey," 8vo., 1861. 
 
 " For engravings of it, see Car- 
 ter's " Gloucester Cathedral," Plates 16 
 and 17. 
 
240 HISTORICAL "NOTICES, 
 
 irivances were added subsequently to give additional security ; this 
 was done with much ingenuity and judgment, and without offending 
 the eye. 
 
 A.D. 1331 — 1350. Exeter Cathedral. The nave built by Bishop 
 John de Grandison, in the Decorated style, with great variety of 
 tracery and ornjiment : the rich screen of the west front, filled with 
 sculpture, is of somewhat later date "". 
 
 A.D. 1335. I^aworth Castle, Cumberland, built by Ralph de Dacre, 
 who obtained the licence to crenellate it in this year. Some of the 
 towers and outer walls of this period remain. 
 
 A.D. 1337. Shottesbrooke Church, Berkshire, built by Sir William 
 Trussel y. It is a fine example of a cruciform church without aisles, 
 with a central tower and spire, and in a very perfect state. The 
 tombs of the founder and his wife are in sepulchral recesses under 
 the window at the end of the north transept. They are altar-tombs, 
 with rich canopies ^. 
 
 A.D. 1338. York Cathedral. The great west window completed 
 and glazed ^ : it is one of the finest Decorated windows that we have 
 remaining. The window in the gable and two other windows were 
 glazed the same year. A great deal of the beautiful painted glass of 
 this period has escaped destruction, notwithstanding all the perils to 
 which it has been exposed. Several of the parish churches of York 
 have also very fine painted glass of this time. The chapter-house 
 must have been building at the same period as the nave ; for on the 
 parapet of it are several bears, the device of Francis Fitz-TJrse, who 
 became treasurer in 1337 ^. 
 
 A.D. 1339 . Battle Abbey, Sussex. The abbot obtained a 
 
 licence to fortify and embattle the monastery in this year. The 
 gatehouse and adjoining building, and the outer walls, remain 
 perfect, and the architectural character agrees with this date. See 
 A.D. 1392. 
 
 A.D. 1340 . The gatehouse and wall of enclosure of the 
 
 bishop's palace at "Wells built by Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury; the 
 licence to crenellate it is dated in this year. It is a good plain ex- 
 ample of a gatehouse of this period, and remains quite perfect. 
 
 A.D. 1341 . The hall of Penshurst, Kent, built by John de 
 
 Pulteney. The licence to crenellate it is of this date, but most of 
 the present buildings are later. It is a very fine example of a 
 baronial hall of the period ; the windows have the peculiar tracery 
 known as Kentish tracery. See A.D. 1392. 
 
 A.D. 1341. Great Bookham Church, Surrey, built by John de 
 Rutherwyke, abbot of Chertsey, as appears from the following in- 
 scription given by Pegge in his Syllogey PI. xvi., who says it was 
 
 * Fabric Eolls, quoted by Britten, published by the Oxford Architectural 
 
 p. 93 ; and in Freeman's " Architec- Society in 1845. 
 
 tural History," p. 51, where a trans- » Melton's Kegister, ap. Fabric Eolls 
 
 lation is given of this valuable docu- of York, p. xii. 
 
 ment. ^ For engravings, see Mon. Aug. ; 
 
 y Lysons' " Berkshire," p. 362. Britton's " York Cathedral ;" Browne's 
 
 ^- A set of engravings of this church, " History of York Minster," &c. 
 
 from drawings by Mr. Butterfield, was 
 
EXETER CATHEDRAL. 
 
 iliilippa 
 
 C. Elevation of Exterior of one com- D. Section of Interior of otte compari- 
 partment of the Nave. ment of the Nave. 
 
 a. UpperpartofRoofshewingtJieCrest. a. Frame-work of Roof . 
 
 b. Pinnacle. b. Vault. 
 
 c. Embattled Parapet. c. Clear-story. 
 
 6.. Porch. d. Triforium and Music Gallery. 
 
 e. Staircase Turret. e. Aisle. 
 
 f. Clear-story Window. i. A Pillar of tJte Nave. 
 
EDWARD III. 
 
 241 
 
 " on a plain free-stone, inserted on the wall at the east end of the 
 chancel:" — 
 
 
 jimimMMmfii 
 
 EJMmjmnm£m:mfs^iaimj^Mimimm 
 
 ' VRicfioxf^' ^ 1 Tyngp feind:'/^t>gm jifguigi 
 
 A.D. 1341 — 1374. The great west window in Durham Cathedral, 
 built by Prior John Fossor *'. 
 
 A.D. 1342 — 1396. St. Cuthbert's screen, in St. Alban's Abbey 
 Church, erected by Abbot Thomas de la Mare, who new-paved the 
 nave with tiles, of which a few still remain, and adorned the church 
 more richly than any of his predecessors. He was buried before the 
 steps of the altar, and a splendid brass laid down to his memory, 
 which is still preserved, though removed from its place, and now 
 built up against a blank wall in the presbytery ^. 
 
 A.D. 1345. Maxstoke Castle, "Warwickshire, built by William de 
 Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon, for his nephew John, as mentioned in 
 the royal licence to crenellate it at this date. There are considerable 
 remains of this period, though parts are later ^. 
 
 A.D. 1346. St. Peter's Church at Ingoldmels, Lincolnshire. Money 
 was bequeathed in this year by Thomas Beck, Bishop of Lincoln, for 
 the repairs of the rectory-house, the chancel, and nave, and bell -tower 
 of the church ^. The chancel is destroyed, and the arches of the nave 
 are Norman, but the aisles, the south doorway and porch, the tower, 
 and the font are late Decorated. 
 
 A.D. 1348. Whalley Abbey, Lancashire. The royal licence to 
 crenellate the church and close was obtained in this year. There 
 are considerable ruins, part of which belong to this period. 
 
 A.D. 1348. York Cathedral. Thomas Sampson, canon, in this year 
 bequeathed twenty pounds to the fabric, on condition that the work 
 should be efficiently begun within one year of the bequests. This 
 seems to shew that the work had been suspended for a time from want 
 of funds. 
 
 A.D. 1348. Buckland Church, Hertfordshire, built by Mcholas de 
 Buckland, as recorded by the following inscription, under the figure of 
 a knight, in the north window near the pulpit : — *' Nicholai de Boke- 
 
 LAND, QUI ISTAM ECCLESIAM CUM CAPELLA BeAT^ MaEI-^: CONSTRUXIT, 
 AlfNO DOM. MCCCXLVIII ^." 
 
 A.D. 1349 — 1364. St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, rebuilt. It 
 appears from the Patent Eoll of 22 Edward III. that the foundations 
 
 •^ Historic Dunelm. Scriptores Tres, 
 p. 131 ; and Mon. Aug., vol. i. p. 230. 
 
 ^ Carter's " Account of St. Alban's 
 Abbey," p. 13, PI. xvi. 
 
 « See "Domestic Architecture," vol. 
 ii. T- 246. 
 
 ' Test. Ebor., Surtees Society, 1836. 
 
 ir Ibid. 
 
 ^ Pegge's Sylloge, p. 41 ; and Sal, 
 mon's "Hist, of Hertfordshire^'* pp. 
 804, 305. 
 
242 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 of the new chapel were laid in that year,— '* De fundatione capellee 
 S. Stephani in palatio Westmonasterii," — and it seems to have been 
 completed in about fifteen years, as another Roll of the 37th of the 
 same king gives directions for the painting of it. The crypt of this 
 
 Mouldings, St. Stephen's Cliapel, ■Westminster, a.d. 1360. 
 
 period is still preserved amidst all the new buildings. A beautiful 
 series of engravings, and a complete restoration of this chapel, most 
 carefully and conscientiously made out by Mackenzie, was published 
 by the Government in 1844, royal folio. Mackenzie was the best 
 architectural draughtsman of his day, and some of his drawings are 
 as accurate as photographs. 
 
 A.D. 1350—1386. Lincoln Cathedral. The vaults of the three 
 towers built by John de Welbum, treasurer \ 
 
 A.D. 1351. Part of Donnington Church, Lincolnshire. Henry, Lord 
 Percy, bequeathed 8^. in this year to the works then going on in this 
 church ^. The nave and aisles are of about this time, and a fine 
 example of the Decorated style, with lofty arches and large clerestory 
 windows ; the aisles, which are the later part, are transitional. 
 
 A.D. 1352. Chatteris Church, Cambridgeshire, consecrated. The 
 convent was destroyed by fire in 1310, and entirely rebuilt; the 
 church was completed about this time. The style is Decorated 
 throughout nearly the whole of the church, but the south aisle, which 
 is one of the later parts, is transitional to the Perpendicular ^ 
 
 A.D. 1352 — 1361. Edington Church, "Wiltshire. A small monastery 
 was founded here by "William de Edington, Bishop of Winchester; 
 the first stone of the church was laid in 1352, and the church was 
 dedicated in 1361. Bishop Edington died in 1366". It is a valu- 
 able specimen of the transition from the Decorated to the Perpen- 
 
 ' Eegister of bis charters in the 
 Eecord-room of the Dean and Chapter. 
 
 ^ Test. Ebor. 
 
 ^ See Mon. Aug., vol. ii. p. 614. 
 
 "> Leland, Itin,, vol. vi. fol. 51; Mon. 
 Aug., vi. 636. The bishop obtained 
 
 a pardon from Edw. HI. for the Eec- 
 tor and brethren for having fortified 
 their house without having previously 
 obtained the royal licence to crenel- 
 late it. (See "Domestic Architectuie," 
 vol. iii. p. 416.) 
 
EDWARD III. 
 
 243 
 
 dicular style, a fine cruciform church, and one of the cailiest dated 
 examples of this transition. 
 
 West Front of Edington AMey Cliurch, Wilts., a.d. 1361. 
 
 A.D. 1352 — 1395. Carlisle Cathedral »i. The east end of the choir, 
 the tiiforium, and the clerestory huilt by Bishops de Wilton and 
 Thomas de Appleby. The eastern bay of each of the choir-aisles is 
 a curious mixture of the Early English and Decorated styles, evidently 
 added on to the original Early English choir after the fire in 1292; 
 the lower part of the great east window is also of that time, but 
 the upper part with the tracery is considerably later — not earlier than 
 1360, and probably the work of Bishop Appleby after 1363. The 
 painted glass in the head, and what remains in the clerestory, is 
 dated, by the arms of Eichard II. and his queen, Ann of Bohemia ; 
 between 1382 and 1394. (See p. 234.) 
 
 A.D. 1354 — 1378. Merton College Library, Oxford, built, as ap- 
 pears from the Bursars' Rolls, preserved in the college. In the former 
 year, 28th Edward III., is an entry, '' Pro uno carpentario ad facien- 
 dum Palatiam Librarise, et alia necessaria Ebdm, xs." The masonry 
 of the lower part of the wall to the height of about ten feet from the 
 ground, that is, the wall of the chambers under the library, is evidently 
 of earlier character than the upper part, and the work appears to have 
 been suspended for several years. It is most probable that the lower 
 parts of the walls of the whole of this original quadrangle (of which 
 the library forms two sides of the upper story) were built by the 
 founder, whose sudden death caused the suspension of this work as 
 well as of the chapel, and that the college gradually completed them 
 as they could obtain funds. The library is usually attributed to 
 
 " Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 143. 
 
 r2 
 
244 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 William Eeade, who was a fellow of the college at that period, and 
 became Bishop of Chichester in 1369. It is probahle that he con- 
 tributed to the fund for this purpose. 
 Godwin (p. 388) says that 
 
 " He was sometime Fellow of Merton College in Oxford, where he gave 
 himself most part to the study of mathematikes, and that to so good purpose, 
 as he hath the reputation of the most excellent mathematician of his age. In 
 his riper years he fell to divinity, and proceeded Doctor in that faculty. He 
 built the castle of Amberly from the ground, left his pictures, many tables, 
 and astronomical instruments to Merton College, where (I hear) they are 
 yet kept." 
 
 The style is transitional from Decorated to Perpendicular ; the win- 
 dows are single lights, with trefoil heads and a square sunk panel 
 over. Some of them contain the original painted glass of the four- 
 teenth century, and some of the ornamented paving-tiles are still in 
 use. The two wings of the library are of different dates; the later 
 one A.D. 1377-8, — it was much altered in the time of James I. 
 
 A.D. 1355. The wooden vaulted ceiling or roof of the nave of 
 York Minster given by Abp. Thoresby ; the walls had been completed 
 in 1345 0. 
 
 A.D. 1355. The tomb ofHaymo de Heathe, (now Hy the,) Bishop 
 of Rochester in Rochester Cathedral p. 
 
 A.D. 1355. The tomb of Lady Elizabeth de Montacute in Christ 
 Church Cathedral, Oxford. She died '' on Tuesday after the Peast 
 
 O JEWITT.OELt^c 
 
 Panel, from the Tomb of Lady Elizabetli de Montacute, Christ Cliurcli, Oxford, a.d. 1355. 
 
 of the Blessed Virgin, 1355 1." The chapel in which this tomb is 
 situated is in the same style and was built by this lady ; it is a fine 
 
 " Eaine's " Fabric Eolls,** p. xiv. •* Dugdale's 
 
 p See Gough's " Sepulchral Menu- 410, 727. 
 ments," vol. i. p. 103, PL xxxvii. 
 
 Baronage," vol. i pp. 
 
EDWARD III. 
 
 245* 
 
 example of a Decorated chapel, with a groined vault, the hosses of 
 which are beautifully carved. The buttresses and parapet and the 
 
 Bosses from Lady Montacute's Chapel, Clirist Clmrcli, Oxford, a.d. 1355. 
 
 side windows also remain perfect, but the east window has been long 
 destroyed, and had been replaced by an ugly window of the time of 
 Charles II. ; this was removed in 
 1860, and replaced by one in the 
 style of the Gothic of the north 
 of Italy. It is doubtful whether 
 this was any improvement, as the 
 new window does not harmonize with 
 the old work any better than the one 
 which it has replaced, and this defers 
 to the next generation the task of 
 restoring the east window of this beau- 
 tiful chapel to its original form, which 
 will, however, be easy so long as the 
 side windows are suffered to remain 
 as models to copy from. 
 
 A.D. 1356— 1369. Norwich Cathe- 
 dral. The spire built by Bishop Percy 
 in 1463. It was struck by lightning, 
 and was repaired by Bishop Lehart, 
 or Lyhart '. 
 
 A.D. 1356. Korborough Hall, 
 Northamptonshire, built by Geoffrey 
 de la Mare about this date. It is one 
 of the most beautiful examples of do- 
 mestic architecture in the Decorated 
 stvle that we have remaining: ^, and Cliimney, ifortorongli Hall, Uortliampton- 
 V "^ 1 11 -i- 1 • r sliire, c. 1356. 
 
 has a very remarkable chimney, which 
 
 might serve as a model to modem builders. 
 
 ' Mon. Aug., vol. iv. pp. 1 — 24 ; 
 Murray's " Eastern Cathe^-als," 1862, 
 p. 110. 
 
 » See Bridges' "Northamptonshire," 
 vol. ii. p. 627 ; and ' * Domestic Archi- 
 tecture," vol. ii. p. 254. 
 
246 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1359 — 1373. "Windsor Castle. A considerable part of the build- 
 ings in the upper ward are of this period, built under the direction of 
 William of Wykeham, as clerk of the works ; this clearly appears from 
 the Public Eecords, both in the great Roll of the Pipe and the Close 
 Rolls, and many of the builders' accounts are preserved. The parts 
 which remain most perfect are the gatehouse of the upper ward, com- 
 monly called the !N'orman Gate, and the range of vaulted chambers 
 underneath the royal apartments. These probably always were, as 
 they still are, the servants' rooms ; the same arrangement being also 
 preserved in Warwick Castle, and other medieval houses. At Windsor 
 the exterior has been cased, but the interior is comparatively little 
 altered, and the long series of vaulted rooms agrees with the other 
 works of Wykeham. The vaults are groined, and have ribs of simple 
 character, and bosses of roses or other foliage. 
 
 A.D. 1360 — 1366. The first two windows on the north side of the 
 west end of Winchester Cathedral, and the first window on the south 
 side of the same, with their corresponding buttresses, &c., built by 
 Bishop William of Edington *. The 
 
 great west window is also part of the | ||i|| i|i|l|S^^ IHIj | 
 
 same work, although the parapet and ' ■iiililillilimiliilllillillillliiillilllllll Mill 
 
 pinnacle over it were added by 
 Wykeham ; the difference may be 
 distinguished by the mouldings, and 
 by the flowered points to the cusps, 
 which are not found in Wykeham' s 
 work at Winchester, though they do 
 occur at ^ew College. 
 
 A.D. 1361—1372. York Cathe- 
 dral. The presbytery or Lady-chapel 
 built by Archbishop John de Thores- 
 by, and the Percy chantry begun 
 in 1362 by his permission «. He 
 TPfm hnriprl hpfnrp tViP nlfnr of fhp A Panel irom tlie worJc or iip. i!,aing:ion, at 
 was Duriea oeiore tne aitar oi tne tHe west end of Wincliester CatHedral. 
 chapel which he had built, according 
 
 to the usual custom of the period. The choir proper was commenced 
 as soon as the presbytery, or eastern portion, was completed, and the 
 work was carried on until 1405, when the roof was finished. The 
 style is early and rich PerpendiculaT-, and the arch- mouldings are 
 transitional from Decorated to Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1362 — 1386. The college hall, and part of the abbot's house, 
 now the deanery, of Westminster Abbey built by Abbot Nicholas 
 Litlington, who likewise finished the south and west sides of the great 
 cloister^. The Jerusalem Chamber was also part of his work, but this 
 has been so much altered that it can hardly be recognised. 
 
 A.D. 1363 . Ely, Holy Cross. The new parish church, on the 
 
 north side of the Minster, was dedicated in this year by Bishop Lang- 
 
 * Mon. Aug., vol. i. p. 197 ; Murray's 
 *' Handbook," 1861, vol. i. p. 3 ; Wil- 
 lis's "Architectural History of Win- 
 chester Cathedral," 1846, p. 54. 
 
 ^ Baine's " Fabric Rolls," p. xxiv. ; 
 Godwin, p. 474 ; Browne, p. 148. 
 
 "^ Archives of the Church; Smith's 
 " History of Westminster Abbey,*' 
 vol. i. pp. 199, 200 ; and Monasticon, 
 vol. i. p. 275 ; Scott's " Gleanings 
 from Westminster Abbey." 
 
EDWARD III. 247 
 
 ham y. This appears to be the very beautiful church on the north 
 side of the choir, still used as a parish church, and now called Trinity- 
 Church, but long supposed to have been the Lady-chapel. 
 
 A.D. 1363 . Wells. The Vicar's Close founded by Ralph of 
 
 Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and "Wells '. The only portions remain- 
 ing of this period are part of the gatehouse with the hall over it, the 
 kitchen, and the porch of the staircase *. The rest of the buildings 
 of this Close were almost rebuilt by Bishop Beckington and his 
 executors in the fifteenth century, and the hall was considerably 
 altered in the time of Henry VIII. 
 
 A.D. 1363. Winscomb Church, Somerset, built by Bishop Ralfe of 
 Shrewsbury ^. It is a good example of the fine Perpendicular churches 
 of Somerset, early in the style, but still distinctly Perpendicular. It 
 is another instance of the overlapping of the styles occasionally, which 
 has been before mentioned ; — in Gloucester Cathedral, and other in- 
 stances also, this style began to come in about the middle of the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 A.D. 1366—1386. Wells Cathedral; the south-west tower built by 
 Bishop John de Harewell, who also gave 100 marcs to the glazing of 
 the west window '^. The upper part of this tower is early Perpen- 
 dicular, and there is a Perpendicular open parapet on the sill of the 
 west window within. 
 
 A.D. 1367. Hull, Trinity Church. The tomb of the founder, 
 
 Sir William de la Pole, is of this date, and the church was probably 
 finished about this time. (See Plate, p. 226.) 
 
 " It is a large and fine building ; its east end to the street is Decorated, and 
 of good composition : it is a cross church, and in the centre has a very lofty 
 and beautiful tower : the western part is Perpendicular, of good character, 
 remarkably light and with very small piers. The transepts are of very early 
 Decorated work, and the great window of the south transept is very curious 
 from its tracery and mouldings. The chancel is open, and has a very fine 
 effect ; there is in it a Decorated monument [of Sir W. de la Pole] with 
 rich canopy and buttresses, and some niches and stalls ; there is also some 
 wood screen-work. The font is large and much enriched." 
 
 There is a fine engraving of the tomb in Blore's " Monumental 
 Remains." 
 
 A.D. 1367 — 1373. Ely Cathedral. Bishop John de Barnet made 
 three windows on the south side of the presbytery and two on the 
 north ^. These windows are in the Decorated styl.e. 
 
 A.D. 1368 . Poynings Church, Sussex. Michael, Lord Poy- 
 
 nings, by his will dated this year gave 200 marcs towards the build- 
 ing of the new church, and the same sum was given in the following 
 
 y Ely History, in Anglia Sacra, vol. ^ Godwin's " Lives of the Bishops," 
 
 i. p. 663. p. 302. 
 
 ^ Pegge's Sylloge, p. 72; Britton, •= Wells History, in Anglia Sacra, 
 
 p. 39, &c. vol. i. p. 670. 
 
 '■ There is a curious little muni- ^ Ely History, in Anglia Sacra, 
 
 ment-room over this porch, but it be- vol. i. p. 664. 
 longs to the later period. 
 
248 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 year by Joan, his widow «. This churcli is a mixture of the De- 
 corated and Perpendicu- 
 lar styles, the latter pre- 
 ponderating. 
 
 A.D. 1368—1371. Pa- 
 trington Church, York- 
 shire, probably built by 
 Eobert de Patrington, 
 treasurer of York Min- 
 ster^. *'It is a large 
 cross church, with a fine 
 spire. Many portions of 
 this church are fine De- 
 corated work, and others 
 good Perpendicular^" 
 
 A.D. 1368—1380. The 
 prior's kitchen at Dur- "~T 
 ham was commenced in 
 the former year, as ap- 
 pears from the Fabric 
 Eolls, and was probably 
 finished before the latter 
 year. The very remark- 
 able groined vault with Window. Poynings, Sussex, a.d. 1368. 
 
 its louvre is probably the finest thing of the kind now remaining. The 
 building is nearly perfect, the internal fittings only being modern e. 
 
 A.D. 1369 . The prior and convent of Worcester obtained the 
 
 royal licence to crenellate their priory and the adjacent buildings. 
 Several of these buildings still remain ; the beautiful guests' hall of 
 this period was pulled down in 1862. 
 
 A.D. 1369. The tomb of Philippa, queen of Edward III., in West- 
 minster Abbey ^. Her effigy lies recumbent under 
 a canopy upon an altar-tomb or high tomb, sur- 
 rounded by niches for the weepers; the figures 
 have been destroyed, but the canopy and the 
 niches are very beautiful Decorated work; the 
 panels for the shields of arms under the figures 
 are placed on quatrefoils. The costume and head- 
 dress of the efQ.gy are very characteristic of the 
 period. 
 
 A.D, 1369. The tomb of Lewis Charlton, Bishop 
 of Hereford, in his cathedral '. 
 
 A.D. 1370—1390. Wimington Church, Bedford- 
 shire, built by John Curteys, lord of the manor, as appears by the 
 following inscription in brass on his tomb; he died in 1391: — 
 
 Head of aueen Philippa, 
 from lier tomb. 
 
 « Dugdale*s " Baronage," voj. ii. p, 
 134. See also an account of this church, 
 with a plan and elevation, by the Eev. 
 J. L. Petit, in the *' AjrchaBological 
 JournaV vol. vii. p. 143. 
 
 ' Baine's " Fabric Eolls," p. xix. 
 
 « See Billing's " Durham ;" and 
 
 " Domestic Architecture," vol. ii. 
 
 *» See Blore's " Monumental Ee- 
 mains," 1826, 4to., No. 7. 
 
 ' See Gough's " Sepulchral Monu- 
 ments," vol. i. p, 123, PI. xlvii., 1826, 
 4to. No. 7. 
 
EDWARD III. 249 
 
 "Hic JACET Johannes Cueteys dominijs de Wtmtngton quondam 
 MAioR staple lanarii Calesii et Albeedi ux. ej. qui istam eccle- 
 
 SIAM DE NOVO CONSTRUXERUNT, " &C. 
 
 The style is Decorated, but late in the style''. 
 
 A.D. 1371—1379. The chapel of St. Nicholas, at Lynn, Norfolk, 
 built K The heads of Edward III. and Philippa, and their armorial 
 supporters, are there used as ornaments. 
 
 A.D. 1372. The tomb of Nicholas, Lord Cantilupe, in Lincoln Ca- 
 thedral ™. 
 
 A.D. 1373. Nunney Castle, Somerset, built by Sir John de la Mare, 
 who obtained the royal licence in this year. The walls are nearly 
 perfect, and it is a regular fortress of the period, surrounded by the 
 moat. The style is transitional from Decorated 
 to Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1375. Selby Abbey, Yorkshire. The royal 
 licence was obtained this year to fortify and cre- 
 nellute their church, cloister, and manse ^. This 
 probably gives the date of the completion of the 
 very beautiful Decorated choir. 
 
 A.D. 1376. The tomb of Edward the Black 
 Prince, in Canterbury Cathedral °. His effigy is 
 recumbent on an altar- tomb under a flat canopy ; 
 the side of the tomb is panelled for shields of Head of Edward the Black 
 arms, which retain the heraldic colouriDg; the I'ri^ce, from his tomD. 
 figure is in plate armour, with the helmet of the period, and chain- 
 mail on the neck, and his coat of arms on his jupon. These details of 
 costume are useful for comparison. 
 
 ^ See Lysons* Magna Britannica, "> See Gough*s •* Sepulchral Monu- 
 
 vol. i. p. 151; Architectural Topo- ments," and Wild's "Lincoln Ca- 
 
 graphy — Bedfordshire, No. 35 ; and thedral," p. 36, PI. xv. 
 
 Brandon's " Parish Churches." " Rot. Orig., Eecord Commission, 
 
 ' Parkins' "History of Norfolk," p. 341. 
 
 p. 595 ; and Britton's " Architectural ° See Blore's " Monumental Ee- 
 
 Antiquities," vol. iii. p. 70. mains," Nos. 10 and 11. 
 
OF THE FOTJETH 
 PERPENDICULAE STYLE 
 
 Perpendicular English Doorways. 
 
 The great distinction of Perpendicular doorways from those 
 of the last style is the almost constant square head over the 
 arch, which is surrounded by the outer moulding of the archi- 
 trave, and the span- " 
 drel filled with some 
 ornament, and over 
 all a dripstone is 
 generally placed. 
 This ornamented 
 
 spandrel in a square head occurs in the porch 
 to Westminster Hall, one of the earliest Per- 
 pendicular buildings, and is continued to the 
 latest period of good execution, and in a rough 
 way much later. In large, very rich door- 
 ways, a canopy is sometimes included in this 
 square head, and sometimes niches are added 
 at the sides, as at King's College Chapel, christSSlWord. 
 Cambridge, ihis square head is not always 
 used interiorly, for an ogee canopy is sometimes used, or panels 
 down to the arch, as at St. George's, Windsor ; and there are 
 some small exterior doorways without the square head. The 
 shafts used in these doorways are small, and have mostly plain 
 capitals, which are often octagonal, and the bases made so, 
 below the first astragal. But there are still, in the early part 
 of the style, some flowered capitals ; and in those to the shafts 
 of piers, in small churches, it is common for the capital to have 
 in its hollow one or two square flowers. 
 
 The mouldings of the capitals often contain (more par- 
 ticularly in the later dates of this style) a member which is 
 precisely the cyma recta of Grecian work. In small works, 
 the bases of shafts have many mouldings, repetitions of ogees 
 are mostly used, intermixed with hollows or straight slopes. 
 The architraves of these doorways have generally one or more 
 large hollows, sometimes filled with statuary niches, but more 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH DOORWAYS. 
 
 251 
 
 Warkton, Northamptonsliire, c. 1459. 
 
 St John's College, Oxford, a.d. 1437. 
 
252 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 .^' 
 
 Kenton, Devonshire, c. 1500. 
 
 Oirlst Oliurch Hall Staircase, a.d. 1523. 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 253 
 
 often plain ; this large hollow, in the architraves of both door- 
 ways and windows, is one of the best marks of this style. 
 
 [The gateway of St. John's College, Oxford, p. 251, is re- 
 markable from having the dripstone carried on shafts which 
 
 Westminster Abtey, a.d. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, c. 1450. 
 
 project from the face of the wall, and are not recessed, as is 
 usually the case in Gothic work. 
 
 Several of the colleges in Oxford and Cambridge have good 
 doorways and gateways of this style.] 
 
 Perpendicular English Windows. 
 
 These are easily distinguished by their mullions running 
 in perpendicular lines, and the transoms, which are now gene- 
 ral. The varieties of the last style were in the disposition 
 of the principal lines of the tracery ; in this, they are rather 
 in the disposition of the minute parts : a window of four or 
 more lights is generally divided into two or three parts, by 
 strong mullions running quite up, and the portion of arch be- 
 tween them doubled from the centre of the side division. In 
 large windows the centre one is again sometimes made an 
 arch, and often in windows of seven or nine lights the arches 
 spring across, making two of four or five lights, and the 
 
254 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Clerestory, York Cathedral, a.d. 1405. 
 
 ini"'i"iiii»in'" ""-"ii "i;iin'r 
 
 Beaucliamp Chapel, Warwick, 
 A.D. 1439. 
 
 Clerestory, Henry VII.'s Chapel, WeBtminster, 
 A.D. 1608. 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH WINDOWS. 
 
 255 
 
 I 
 
 Eusliden, Northamptonshire, c. 1500. 
 
 Minster LoTell, Oxfordshire, c. 1450. 
 
256 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 centre belonging to each. The heads of windows, instead of 
 being filled with flowing ramifications, have slender muUions 
 running from the heads of the lights, between each prin- 
 cipal mullion, and these have small transoms till the window 
 is divided into a series of small panels ; and the heads being 
 arched, are trefoiled or cinquefoiled. Sometimes these small 
 mullion s are crossed over each other in small arches ; leaving 
 minute quatrefoils, and these are carried across in straight 
 lines. IJnder the transom is generally an arch ; but in 
 Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire, and perhaps 
 in some other parts, there is a different mode of foliating 
 the straight line without an arch, which has a singular ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 In the later windows of this style, the transoms are often 
 ornamented with small battlements, and sometimes with flowers, 
 which, when well executed, have a very fine effect. Amidst 
 so great a variety of windows, (for perhaps full half the win- 
 dows in English edifices over the kingdom are of this style,) 
 it is difficult to particularize ; but St. George's, Windsor, for 
 four lights, and the clerestory windows of Henry the Seventh's 
 Chapel for five, are some of the best executed. For a large 
 window, the east window of York has no equal, and by taking 
 its parts, a window of any size may be formed. 
 
 There are some good windows of which the heads have the 
 mullions alternate, that is, the perpendicular line rises from the 
 top of the arch of the panel below it. The windows of the 
 Abbey Church at Bath are of this description. The east win- 
 dow of the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick is extremely rich, 
 and has, both within and without, many singularities. (See 
 p. 254.) The mullions which divide it into three parts have 
 a part of the great hollow for their moulding, which on the 
 inside is filled with very rich statuary niches ; the centre 
 part of this window is divided into very minute panellings 
 in the upper part. 
 
 It is necessary here to say a little of a window which may 
 be mistaken for a Decorated window; this is one of three 
 lights, used in many country churches ; the mullions simply 
 cross each other, and are cinquefoiled in the heads, and quatre- 
 foiled in the three upper spaces ; but to distinguish this from 
 a Decorated window, it will generally be necessary to examine 
 its arch, its mullion mouldings, and its dripstone, as well as its 
 being (as it often is) accompanied by a clearly Perpendicular 
 window at the end, or connected with it so as to be evidently of 
 that time. Its arch is very often four-centred, which at once 
 decides its date; its mullion mouldings are often small, and 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH WINDOWS. 257 
 
 very delicately worked ; its dripstone in many instances has 
 some clear mark, and when the Decorated tracery is become 
 familiar, it will be distinguished from it by its being a mere 
 foliation of a space, and not a flowing quatrefoil with the 
 mouldings carried round it. 
 
 Large circular windows do not appear to have been in use 
 m this style ; but the tracery of the circles in the transepts of 
 Westminster Abbey appears to have been renewed during this 
 period. At Henry the Seventh's Chapel a window is used in the 
 aisles which seems to have led the way to that wretched sub- 
 stitute for fine tracery, the square-headed windows of Queen 
 Elizabeth and King James the First's time. This window is 
 a series of small panels forming a square head, and it is not 
 flat but in projections, and these, with the octagonal towers 
 used for buttresses, throw the exterior of the building into 
 fritter, ill- assorting with the boldness of the clerestory win- 
 dows. In most of the later buildings of this style, the window 
 and its architrave completely fill up the space between the 
 buttresses, and the east and west windows are often very 
 large : the west window of St. George's, Windsor, has fifteen 
 lights in three divisions, and is a grand series of panels, 
 from the floor to the roof; the door is amongst the lower 
 ones, and all above the next to the door is pierced for the 
 window. The east window at Gloucester is also very large, 
 but that is of three distinct parts, not in the same line 
 of plan. 
 
 When canopies are used, which is not so often as in the last 
 style, they are generally of the ogee character, beautifully 
 crocketed. 
 
 [When a Perpendicular window is of five lights, which in 
 the larger windows is very frequently the case, the central 
 light is a continuous panel from top to bottom, and from the 
 mullions of this the sub-arches spring on either side, as in 
 the clerestory of York and in Henry the Seventh's Chapel. 
 This arrangement does not occur in any other style. In de- 
 based Perpendicular work the window -arch often becomes 
 round, or the point is scarcely perceptible. 
 
 The cusps in the tracery of Perpendicular windows are 
 formed in rather a different manner from those used in the 
 earlier styles; they seem to grow more naturally out of the 
 mullions, and are not so much like insertions ; while in some 
 examples of the Early English style they actually are worked 
 on separate pieces and let into a groove in the mullion ; this 
 would be impossible with the Perpendicular cusps. The points 
 of the cusps are sometimes ornamented with roses or Ibliage, as 
 in the west front of Winchester Cathedral, and in a few of the 
 original windows at New College, Oxford. In Perpendicular 
 
 s 
 
258 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 screens, and other wood- work, this sort of floriated cusp is 
 very common. 
 
 Not only the transoms, as already mentioned, but the sills 
 also of windows of this style are often battlemented, as in the 
 west window of Merton College Chapel, Oxford. This is one 
 of the instances of the abuse of the battlement by using it too 
 profusely as an ornament in this style. The Tudor- flower 
 ornament is almost equally abused in the later examples of 
 this style ; it is used on the transoms of windows, and instances 
 may probably be found of its use on the sills also.] 
 
 Perpendicular English Arches. 
 
 Although the four-centred arch is much used, particularly 
 in the latter part of the style, yet, as in all the other styles, we 
 have in this also arches of almost all sorts amongst the orna- 
 mental parts of niches, &c., and in the composition lines of 
 panels are arches from a very flue thin lancet to an almost flat 
 segment. Yet, with all this variety, the foui>eeatred arch 
 is the one most used in large buildings, and the arches of 
 other character, used in the division of the aisles, begin to 
 have what is one of the great distinctions of this style, — the 
 almost constant use of mouldings running from the base all 
 round the arch, without any stop horizontally, by way of 
 capital ; sometimes with one shaft and capital, and the rest 
 of the lines running; the shafts in front running up with- 
 out stop to the roof, and from their capitals springing the 
 groins. In window-arches, shafts are now very seldom used, 
 the architrave running all round, and both window- arches 
 and the arches of the interior are often inclosed in squares, 
 with ornamented spandrels, either like the doors, or of panel- 
 ling. Interior arches have seldom any dripstone when the 
 square is used. 
 
 Another great distinction of these arches, in large build- 
 ings, is the absence of the triforium or gallery, between the 
 arches of the nave and the clerestory windows; their place 
 is now supplied by panels, as at St. George's, Windsor, [and 
 the nave of Canterbury,] or statuary niches, as at Henry the 
 Seventh's Chapel ; or they are entirely removed, as at Bath, 
 and Manchester Old Church, &c. 
 
 [The ogee arch, although used in the Decorated style, is per- 
 haps more common in the Perpendicular, especially in the heads 
 of niches and in canopies over sedilia, &c. The elliptical arch 
 is also occasionally, but rarely, used.] 
 
lit'&.'^-j'^'^''' 
 
 
 1 'fcw HHutchin s 0.1 
 
 OJ: THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE CHURCH OF S'^ LAWRENCE _EYESH.AM . 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH ARCHES. 
 
 259 
 
 Wincliester Cathedral, a.d. 1394. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedra', a.d. 1410. 
 
 sa 
 
260 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Perpendicular English Piers. 
 
 The massive Norman round pier, lessened in size and ex- 
 tended in length, with shafts set round it, became the Early 
 English pier ; the shafts were multiplied, and set into the face 
 of the pier, which became, in its plan, lozenge, and formed the 
 Decorated pier. We now find the pier again altering in shape, 
 becoming much thinner between the arches, and its proportion 
 the other way, from the nave to the aisle, increased, by having 
 those shafts which run to the roof, to support the springers of 
 the groins, added in front, and not forming a part of the mould- 
 ings of the arch, but having a bold hollow between them : this 
 is particularly apparent at King's College Chapel, Cambridge, 
 St. George's, Windsor, and Henry the Seventh's Chapel, the 
 three great models of enriched Perpendicular style ; but it is 
 observable in a less degree in many others. In small churches, 
 the pier mentioned in the last style, of four shafts and four 
 hollows, is still much used, [as at Eushden, Northants.]; but 
 many small churches have humble imitations of the magni- 
 ficent arrangement of shafts and mouldings spoken of above. 
 There are still some plain octagonal, &c., piers, in small 
 churches, which may belong to this age. 
 
 Though filleted shafts are not so much used as in the last 
 style, the exterior moulding of the architrave of interior arches 
 is sometimes a filleted round, which has a good effect, [as at 
 St. Andrew's, Plymouth] ; and in general the mouldings and 
 parts of piers, architraves, &c., are much smaller than those 
 used in the last style, except the large hollows before men- 
 tioned, [as at Plymstock, Devon.] 
 
 [The shallowness of the mouldings, which is generally one 
 of the characteristics of the Perpendicular style, is perhaps 
 more conspicuous in the piers than anywhere else ; the deep 
 cutting of the earlier styles is quite lost, (excepting the one 
 wide and deep hollow, as at Plymstock,) and the surface of the 
 pier is often worked in a wavy line, forming a sort of shallow 
 ogee, as at Totnes.] 
 
 Perpendicular English Buttresses. 
 
 These differ very little from those of the last style, except 
 that triangular heads to the stages are much less used, the set- 
 offs being much more often bold projections of plain slopes ; 
 yet many fine buildings have the triangular heads. In the 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH PIERS. 
 
 261 
 
 Totnes, Devonsliire. 
 
 Bushden, Korthamptonsliiri 
 
 Bt. Andrew, Plymouth, Devonsliire. 
 
 Flymstock, Devonshire. 
 
262 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 upper story, the buttresses are often very thin, and have 
 diagonal faces. There are few large buildings of this stjde 
 without flying buttresses, and these are often pierced; at 
 Henry the Seventh's Chapel they are of rich tracery, and 
 the buttresses are octagonal turrets. At King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge, which has only one height within, the 
 projection of the buttresses is so great as to allow chapels 
 between the wall of the nave, and another level with the 
 
 Kenton, Devon. 
 
 South Moreton, Berks. 
 
 front of the buttress. At Gloucester, and perhaps at some 
 other places, an arch or half-arch is pierced in the lower part 
 of the buttresses. There are a few buildings of this style 
 without any buttresses. All the kinds are occasionally orna- 
 mented with statuary niches, and canopies of various descrip- 
 tions, and 'the diagonal corner buttress is not so common as 
 in the last style ; but the two buttresses often leave a square, 
 which runs up, and sometimes, as at the tower of the Old 
 Church at Manchester, is crowned with a third pinnacle. 
 
 [The buttresses and pinnacles to the aisles of the nave at 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH BUTTRESSES. 
 
 263 
 
 Winchester Cathedral, a.d. 1360 and 1394. 
 
264 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Winchester are good examples of this style, and the change 
 hetween the one at the angle, built by Bishop 
 Edington in 1360, which is almost Decorated, 
 and those built by Wykeham in 1394, shews 
 the gradual progress that was then going on ; 
 but after this time it is often difficult to find 
 any distinction between early and late Perpen- 
 dicular work.] 
 
 Although pinnacles are used very freely in 
 this stj^e, yet there are some buildings whose 
 buttresses run up and finish square without 
 any; of this description is St. George's, Wind- 
 sor, and the Beauchamp Chapel. The but- 
 tresses of the small eastern addition at Peter- 
 borough Cathedral are curious, having statues 
 of saints for pinnacles. 
 
 In interior ornaments, the buttresses used 
 are sometimes small octagons, sometimes pa- 
 nelled, sometimes plain, and then, as well 
 as the small buttresses of niches, are often 
 banded with a band difierent from the Early 
 English, and much broader. Such are the 
 buttresses between the doors of Henry the 
 Seventh's Chapel. 
 
 The small buttresses of this style attached 
 to screen - work, stall - work, and niches, are 
 difierent from any before used, and they form 
 a good mark of the style. The square pedes- 
 tal of the pinnacle being set with an angle 
 to the front, is continued down, and on each 
 side is set a small buttress of a smaller face 
 than this pedestal, thus leaving a small staff 
 between them ; these buttresses have set-offs, 
 and this small stafi' at each set-off' has the 
 moulding to it, which being generally two 
 long hollows, and a fillet between, has on 
 the staff an appearance of a spear-head. It 
 is not easy to describe this buttress in words, 
 but w'hen once seen, it will be easily re- 
 cognised ; and as almost every screen and 
 tabernacle niche is ornamented with them in 
 this style, they need not be long sought. The 
 niches in front of Westminster Hall, (one 
 of the best and earliest Perpendicular ex- 
 amples,) and the niches under the clerestory 
 windows of Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Westminster. 
 (one of the latest,) have them almost exactly similar. 
 
 Henry VII. 's Chapel, 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH TABLETS. 
 
 265 
 
 Perpendicular English Tablets. 
 
 The cornice is now, in large buildings, often composed of 
 several small mouldings, sometimes divided by one or two 
 
 Cornice, Eushden, ITortliaiiiptoiisliire. 
 
 Cornice, Kenton, Seronshire. 
 
 considerable hollows, not very deep ; yet still, in plain build- 
 ings, the old cornice mouldings are much adhered to; but 
 it is more often ornamented in the hollow with flowers, &c., 
 
 ^^xjiisiiii^, 
 
 Dripstone termination, 
 Tackley, Oxon. 
 
 String, Oundle, irorthamptonslure. 
 
 and sometimes with grotesque animals : of this the churches 
 of Gresford and Mold, in Flintshire, are curious examples, 
 being a complete chase of cats, rats, mice, dogs, and a va- 
 riety of imaginary figures, amongst which various grotesque 
 
266 
 
 THE PERPENDTCULAK ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 monkeys are^ very conspicuous. In the latter end of the 
 
 style something very analogous to an 
 
 ornamented frieze is perceived, of which 
 
 the canopies to the niches in various 
 
 works are examples, and the angels so 
 
 profusely introduced in the later rich 
 
 works are a sort of cornice ornaments. 
 
 These are very conspicuous at St. George's, 
 
 Windsor, and Henry the Seventh's Chapel. 
 
 At Bath is a cornice of two hollows, and 
 
 a round between with fillets, both upper 
 
 and under surface nearly alike. 
 
 The dripstone of this style is, in the 
 heads of doors and some windows, much 
 the same as in the last style, and it most 
 generally finishes by a plain return; 
 though corbels are sometimes used, this 
 return is frequently continued horizon- 
 tally. [These corbels are frequently 
 heads, see p. 271.] 
 
 Tablets under the windows are like the 
 dripstone, and sometimes fine bands are carried round as 
 tablets. Of these there are some fine remains at the cathe- 
 dral, and at the tower of St. John's, Chester. 
 
 The basement mouldings ordinarily used are not materially 
 difierent from the last style, reversed ogees and hollows, 
 variously disposed, being the principal mouldings ; but in rich 
 buildings several mouldings and alternate faces are used. 
 
 Basement, Bolton AblQj, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Perpendicular English Niches [and Screens]. 
 
 These are very numerous, as amongst them we must in- 
 clude nearly all the stall, tabernacle, and screen-work in the 
 English churches ; for there appears little wood- work of an 
 older date, and it is probable that much screen- work was 
 defaced at the Reformation, but restored in Queen Mary's 
 time, and not again destroyed ; at least the execution of much 
 of it would lead to such a supposition, being very full of minute 
 tracery, and much attempt at stiffly ornamented friezes. 
 
 The remains of oak screen- work and tracery are much greater 
 than would be conceived possible, considering the varied de- 
 structions of the Reformation and Civil War. Most of our cathe- 
 drals, and very many smaller churches, contain tabernacle and 
 screen- work in excellent condition, and of beautiful execution ; 
 and amongst this kind of work should be reckoned the great 
 
:D'33!:3S31S Ji^SS-CIET _ J^^gMIDI^Se" CSLlHRCSLc 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH NICHES. 
 
 267 
 
 number of stalls with turn-up seats and benches ; these, though 
 many of them are of abominable composition, are by no means 
 all so ; the ceremonies of the Church, legends, and, above all, 
 figures of animals, flowers, and foliage, admirably designed 
 and executed, make up by far the greater number. At St. 
 Michael's Church, Coventry, are many of the best character. 
 The benches before these stalls present, in their ends and 
 fronts, combinations of panelling and flower- work of great 
 beauty. As an instance how late wood- work was executed in 
 a good style, there is some screen- work in the church at 
 Huyton in Lancashire, in which the date is cut in such a way 
 as to preclude any doubt of its being done at the time; 
 and the date is corroborated by armorial bearings carved 
 on the same work; this date is 1663, a time at which all 
 idea of executing good English work in stone seems to have 
 been lost. 
 
 St. Mary Magdalen Church, Oxford. 
 
 Cerne Abhas, Dorset. 
 
 Many niches are simple recesses, with rich ogee canopies, 
 and others have over-hanging square-headed canopies, with 
 many minute buttresses and pinnacles, crowned with battle- 
 
268 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 ments ; or, in the latter part of the style, with what has been 
 called the Tudor flower, an ornament used instead of battlement 
 as an upper finish, and profusely strewed over the roofs, &c. of 
 rich late buildings. Of these niclies those in Henry the Seventh's 
 Chapel, between the arches and clerestory windows, are perhaps 
 as good a specimen as any. Of the plain recesses, with ogee 
 canopies, there are some fine ones at Windsor. 
 
 The whole interior of the richer buildings of this style is 
 more or less a series of panels ; and therefore, as every panel 
 may, on occasion, become a niche, we find great variety of shape 
 and size ; but like those of the last style, they may generally be 
 reduced to one or other of these divisions. 
 
 Perpendicular English Ornaments. 
 
 The grand source of ornament, in this style, is panelling; 
 indeed, the interior of 
 most rich buildings is 
 only a general series of 
 it ; for example. King's 
 College Chapel, Cam- 
 bridge, is all panel, ex- 
 cept the floor ; for the 
 doors and windows are 
 nothing but pierced pa- 
 nels, included in the 
 general design, and the 
 very roof is a series of 
 them of different shapes. 
 The same may be said 
 of the interior of St. 
 George's, Windsor ; and 
 still further, Henry the 
 Seventh's Chapel is so 
 both within and with- 
 out, there being no 
 plain wall all over the 
 chapel, except the ex- 
 terior from below the 
 base moulding; all 
 above is ornamental 
 panel. All the small 
 chapels of late erection 
 in this style, such as those at Winchester, and several at 
 Windsor, are thus all pierced panel. 
 
 Panelling, Telvertoft, Wortiiamptonslure, c. 1500. 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH ORNAMENTS. 
 
 269 
 
 St. Michael Coslaney, Norwich, may be noticed as a very 
 fine specimen of Norfolk building in flint and stone, which 
 prevails in a great number of the churches in that district ; 
 and at a short distance the effect is good. 
 
 liiiw^MH^gilPiP^"'^:: 
 
 mfm.^v'^^mT; 
 
 UELAMOrxt 
 
 
 y>mT< 
 
 nv 
 
 St. Michael Coslaney, Borwicli, c. 1500. 
 
 The tracery mouldings, some real, some apparent, and the 
 ornaments, small battlements, Tudor flowers, and other embel- 
 lishments, are cut in stone, and the interstices representing 
 the sunken parts filled up with flint. 
 
 In this church a portion of the chancel is built in this way, 
 and the work being well executed and very minute, its effect 
 is very curious. This portion of the church is Perpendicular, 
 and the design very good. It may be well to state, that in 
 
270 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Tudor Flower, Henry tlie Seventli's Cliapel. 
 
 some churches this mixture is found of* Decorated character, 
 with the elegant forms of that style beautifully made out, 
 and it is possible there may be some of it of a still earlier 
 date ^ 
 
 Exclusive of this general source of ornament, there are a few 
 peculiar to it ; one, the battlement to transoms of windows, 
 has already been mentioned ; 
 this, in works of late date, 
 is very frequent, sometimes 
 extending to small transoms 
 in the head of the window, 
 as well as the general divi- 
 sion of the lights. Another, 
 the Tudor flower, is, in rich 
 work, equally common, and 
 forms a most beautiful en- 
 riched battlement, and is 
 also sometimes used on the transoms of windows in small work. 
 Another peculiar ornament of this style is the angel-cornice, 
 used at Windsor and in Henry the 
 Seventh^s Chapel ; but though ac- 
 cord iug with the character of those 
 buildings, it is by no means fit for 
 general use. These angels have 
 been much diffused, as supporters 
 of shields, and as corbels to support 
 roof-beams, &c. Plain as the Ab- 
 bey Church at Bath is in its gene- 
 ral execution, it has a variet}^ of 
 angels as corbels, for different pur- 
 poses. 
 
 A great number of edifices of this 
 style appear to have been executed 
 in the reign of Henry the Seventh 
 [and Eighth], as the angels so pro- 
 fusely introduced into his own works, and also his badges, — the 
 rose and portcullis, — and sometimes his more rare cognizances, 
 are abundantly scattered in buildings of this style. 
 
 Flowers of various kinds continue to ornament cornices, 
 &c., and crockets were variously formed : towards the end of 
 the style those of pinnacles were otten very much projected, 
 which has a disagreeable effect; there are many of these 
 pinnacles at Oxford, principally worked in the decline of the 
 style. 
 
 [The corbels used to terminate the dripstones in the early 
 
 Angel Bracket, Henry VII. 's "Cliapel, 
 "Westminster. 
 
 * [These remarks of Mr. Bickman on flint and stone panelling were in 
 the Appendix of the third edition, but seem to come more appropriately here.] 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH ORNAMENTS. 
 
 271 
 
 part of this style are frequently heads, those of a king and 
 a bishop being the most common. They are generally well 
 carved, and the costume of these heads is often useful as 
 a guide to the date of the building. The tall mitre of the 
 
 Crocket, Soliliull. 
 
 Crocket, Lavenliam, Sufifoli. 
 
 Ante-Chapel, Merton College, 
 Oxford, A. D. 1424. 
 
 bishop especially is in general a safe and easy guide ; early 
 mitres are always low : it is not until the fifteenth century 
 that they become tall. The heads of kings are supposed to 
 be intended to represent the reigning sovereign, and those of 
 bishops the bishop of the diocese of the time ; these heads 
 certainly vary considerably at different periods, and a sort of 
 rude resemblance to the heads on the coins or the great seal 
 of particular kings may be found; but there is the same 
 conventional character at each period, and it is doubtful 
 whether the heads of bishops have any pretence to being 
 portraits.] 
 
 [The capitals of pillars in this style are most commonl}'' 
 formed of mouldings only, but in rich buildings they are 
 frequently ornamented with sculpture, either of foliage or 
 figures, generally angels. Devonshire especially abounds with 
 these enriched capitals. The mouldings are more of an an- 
 gular character than those of the previous styles, and the 
 foliage is also very different, more shallow, and less natural, 
 without either the freedom and boldness of the Early English, 
 or the peculiar crumpled character of the Decorated, and with 
 a certain squareness of outline, which the eye soon detects. 
 The capitals are sometimes formed separately for each shaft, 
 in which case they scarcely differ from those of the shafts 
 of doorways before mentioned. In other cases, and especially 
 in Devonshire, the capitals are continued round the whole 
 cluster of shafts, as at Kenton, so that there is only one large 
 capital to each pillar, instead of four small ones separated by 
 
272 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH SLYLE. 
 
 hollows, as is more commonly the practice in this style. 
 When figures are used they are sometimes lying horizontally 
 
 Kenton, DeYonsMre, c. 1500. 
 
 Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devonsliire, c. 1500. 
 
 in hollow mouldings, in other cases erect, and these some- 
 times have canopies over them, as at Stoke-in-Teignhead.] 
 
 Perpendicular English Steeples. 
 
 Of these there remain specimens of almost every description, 
 from the plain short tower of a country church to the elaborate 
 and gorgeous towers of Gloucester and Wrexham. There are 
 various fine spires of this style, which have little distinction 
 from those of the last, but their age may be generally known 
 by their ornaments, or the towers supporting them. Almost 
 every conceivable variation of buttress, battlement, and pin- 
 nacle is used, and the appearance of many of the towers 
 combines in a very eminent degree extraordinary richness of 
 execution and grandeur of design. Few counties in England 
 are without some good examples ; besides the two already 
 mentioned, Boston in Lincolnshire, All Saints in Derb}^ 
 St. Mary's at Taunton (see. p. 275), St. George's, Doncaster, 
 are celebrated ; and the plain but excellently proportioned 
 tower of Magdalen College, Oxford, deserves much attention. 
 
 Amongst the smaller churches there are many towers of 
 uncommon beauty, but few exceed Gresford, between Chester 
 and Wrexham; indeed, the whole of this church, both in- 
 
J.H.Ls-Ifcux. 
 
 KES'iSS^MOiE.FE SiSKJIE Jlfil _ ^^vy-ja-ESIAKiIPircDSTSISEiaJE - 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STEEPLES. 
 
 273 
 
 tenor and exterior, is worth attentive examination. Paunton, 
 near Grantham, has also a tower curious for its excellent 
 masonry. There are of this style some small churches with 
 fine octap^onal lanterns, of which description are two in the 
 city of York ; and of this style is that most beautiful com- 
 position, the steeple of St. Nicholas, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 — a piece of composition equally remarkable for its simplicity, 
 delicacy, and excellent masonic arrangement. Early in this 
 style also is the steeple of St. Michael at Coventry, which, 
 but for the extreme destruction of its ornaments, in conse- 
 quence of the nature of the stone, would be nearly unequalled. 
 To notice all the magnificent towers of this style would take 
 a volume, but the cathedrals at Canterbury and York must 
 not be omitted. At Canterbury the central tower, which 
 has octagonal turrets at the corners, is a very fine one ; and 
 the south-west tower, which has buttresses and fine pinnacles, 
 though in a difierent style, is little inferior. At York, the 
 centre tower is a most magnificent lantern ; its exterior looks 
 rather flat, from its not having pinnacles, which seem to have 
 been intended by the mode in which the buttresses are fin- 
 ished ; but its interior gives, from the flood of light it pours 
 into the nave and transepts, a brilliancy of appearance equalled 
 by very few, if any, of the other cathedrals. 
 
 [In many towers of this style we find in the middle story, 
 where the ringers' loft is usually situated, an opening for 
 air, which can hardly be considered as a window, since it 
 is often so much filled up with tracery as to give little light, 
 and is not glazed. These 
 have been already men- 
 tioned as found occasion- 
 ally in the Decorated 
 style, and called in Nor- 
 folk " sound-holes ;'' but 
 this name is modern, 
 and seems not so appro- 
 priate as air-holes, or 
 tower - lights. They are 
 particularly abundant in 
 the east of England, and 
 much more frequent in 
 the Perpendicular style 
 than in the Decorated, 
 although the tracery is 
 often so much of the 
 flowing character as to Tower-ligM, Cromer, Norfolk. 
 
 appear at first sight like Decorated work. The patterns are, 
 in fact, quite Decorated, and in some cases it is only by the 
 mouldings that their real date can be ascertained.] 
 
274 
 
 THE rERPENDTCULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 New College, Oxford, a.d. 1400. 
 
 Magdalen Cliurcli, Oxford, a.d. 1517. 
 
 Hulsli Episcopi 
 
 c. 1460. 
 
 CMpping Campden, OloucestersMre, o. 1500. 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STEEPLES. 
 
 275 
 
 St. Mary's, Taunton, Somerset, c. 1500. 
 
 t2 
 
276 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Perpendicular English Battlements. 
 
 Tower, Merton College, Ozford. 
 
 Parapets still continue to be used occasionally. The trefoiled 
 panel with serpentine line is still used, but the dividing line is 
 oftener straight, making the divisions regular triangles. 
 
 Of panelled parapets, one of the finest is that of the Beau- 
 champ Chapel, which consists 
 of quatrefoils in squares, with 
 shields and flowers. [See tbe 
 window, p. 254.] 
 
 Of pierced battlements there 
 are many varieties, but the early 
 ones frequently have quatrefoils, 
 either for the lower compart- 
 ments, or on the top of the 
 panels of the lower, to form 
 the higher ; the later have often 
 two heights of panels, one range 
 for the lower, and another over 
 them forming the upper; and 
 at Loughborough is a fine battle- 
 ment of rich pierced quatrefoils, 
 in two heights, forming an indented battlement, 
 ments have generally a running cap-moulding 
 and generally following 
 the line of battlement. 
 There are a few late 
 buildings which have 
 pierced battlements, not 
 with straight tops, but 
 variously ornamented ; 
 such is the tomb-house 
 at Windsor, with pointed 
 upper compartments ; 
 and such is the battle- 
 ment of the eastern ad- 
 dition at Peterborough, 
 and the great battle- 
 ment of King's College 
 
 Chapel, Cambridge, and Parapet, Cromer, Norfolk. 
 
 also that most delicate battlement over the lower side-chapels ; 
 this is perhaps the most elegant of the kind. Sometimes on 
 the outside, and often within, the Tudor flower is used as 
 a battlement, and there are a few instances of the the use of 
 
 These battle- 
 carried round. 
 
 nrinnr 
 
El^dieazM &^m a Sketof^ iyP.HDelamoi 
 
 E.i3!)®]F ©5" l*\fYM®MDIILMaL SMTDORSIEI-SfC'IS.l'OILS^ » 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH BATTLEMENTS. 
 
 277 
 
 IP 
 
 Bishopstone, "WiltsMre. 
 
 a battlement analogous to it in small works long before ; such 
 is that at Waltbam Cross. 
 
 Of plain battlements there 
 are many descriptions : — 
 
 1st. That of nearly equal 
 intervals, with a plain cap- 
 ping running round with 
 the outline. 
 
 2nd. The castellated bat- 
 tlement, of nearly equal 
 intervals, and sometimes 
 with large battlements and 
 small intervals, with the 
 cap-moulding running only 
 horizontally, and the sides 
 cut plain. 
 
 3rd. A battlement like 
 the last, with the addition 
 of a moulding which runs 
 round the outline, and has 
 the horizontal capping set 
 upon it. 
 
 4th. The most common, 
 late battlement, with the 
 cap-moulding broad, of seve- 
 ral mouldings, and running 
 round the outline, and thus 
 often narrowing the inter- 
 vals, and enlarging the bat- 
 tlement. To one or other 
 of these varieties most bat- 
 tlements may be reduced ; 
 but they are never to be depended on alone, in determining 
 the age of a building, from the very frequent alterations they 
 are liable to. 
 
 St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 
 
 Perpendicular English Roofs. 
 
 These may be divided into three kinds ; first, those open to 
 the roof framing, as at Trunch ; second, those ceiled flat or 
 nearly so ; and thirdly, the regular groined roof. 
 
 Of the first kind are those magnificent timber roofs, of 
 which Westminster Hall is one of the finest specimens. The 
 beams, technically called principals, are here made into a sort 
 of trefoil arch, and the interstices of the framing filled with 
 pierced panellings ; there are also arches from one principal 
 
278 
 
 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 to anotlier. Crosby Hall, in Bishopsgate- street, is another 
 roof of this description, as is the hall of Christ Church, 
 
 Roof, Truncli, Norfolk, c 1500. 
 
 Oxford, and many others; this roof is not often found in 
 churches. 
 
 The second is common in churches, and is the Perpendicu- 
 lar ordinary style of ceiling, rich, though easily constructed ; 
 a rib crossed above the pier, with a small flat arch, and this 
 was crossed by another in the centre of the nave, and the 
 spaces thus formed were again divided by cross ribs, till re- 
 duced to squares of two or three feet : and at each inter- 
 section, a flower, shield, or other ornament was placed. This 
 roof was sometimes in the aisles made sloping, and occa- 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH ROOFS. 
 
 279 
 
 sioiially coved. In a few instances, the squares were filled 
 with fans, &c., of small tracery. A variety of this roof, 
 which is very seldom met with, is a real flat ceiling, like 
 the ordinary domestic ceiling of the present day ; of this, 
 the post room at Lambeth Palace offers one specimen, and 
 
 Rusliden, irortliamptoiisliire, c. 1500. 
 
 a room attached to St. Mary's Hall, at Coventry, another; 
 both these have small ribs crossing the ceiling, and dividing 
 it into several parts. At Coventry, the intersection of these 
 ribs in the centie, and their spring from the moulding, which 
 runs round from the side walls, are ornamented with carvings. 
 
 The third, or groined roof, is of several kinds. Of this 
 it may be well to notice, that the ribs in this style are fre- 
 quently of fewer mouldings than before, often only a fillet 
 and two hollows, like a plain mullion. We see in the groined 
 roofs of this style almost every possible variety of disposition 
 of the ribs, and in the upper part of the arch they are in 
 many instances feathered ; and these ribs are increased in 
 the later roofs, till the whole is one series of net- work, of 
 which the roof of the choir at Gloucester is one of the most 
 complicated specimens. The late monumental chapels and 
 statuary niches mostly present in their roofs, very complicated 
 tracer}'-. 
 
280 
 
 THE PKRPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 We now come to a new and most delicate description of 
 roof, that oi fan tracery, of which probably the earliest, and 
 certainly one of the most elegant, is that of the cloisters at 
 Gloucester. In these roofs, from the top of the shaft springs 
 a small fan of ribs, which doubling out from the points of the 
 panels, ramify on the roof, and a quarter or half-circular rib 
 forms the fan, and the lozenge interval is formed by some of 
 
 Christ Churcli Hall, Oxford, a.d, 1528. 
 
 the ribs of the fan running through it, and dividing it into 
 portions, which are filled with ornament. King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge, Henry the Seventh's Chapel, and the 
 Abbey Church at Bath, are the best specimens, after the 
 Gloucester cloisters; and to these may be added the aisles of 
 St. George's, Windsor, and that of the eastern addition to 
 Peterborough. To some of these roofs are attached pendants, 
 which, in Henry the Seventh's Chapel, and the Divinity 
 School at Oxford [see Plate], come down as low as the spring - 
 ing-line of the fans. 
 
 The roof of the nave and choir of St. George's, Windsor, 
 is very singular and perhaps unique. The ordinary propor- 
 tion of the arches and piers is half the breadth of the nave ; 
 this makes the roof compartments two squares, but at Windsor 
 the breadth of the nave is nearly three times that of the aisles, 
 and this makes a figure of about three squares. The two ex- 
 terior parts are such as, if joined, would make a very rich, 
 ribbed roof; and the central compartment, which runs as 
 a flat arch, is filled with tracery panels, of various shapes, 
 ornamented with quatrefoils, and forming two halves of a 
 star ; in the choir, the centre of the star is a pendant. This 
 roof is certainly the most singular, and perhaps the richest 
 in effect of any we have; it is profusely adorned with bosses, 
 shields, &c. 
 
EJV[ackrai:j! irom. a. .Sktbh. frj/JB-EUelamocre. 
 
 S? IPETBrnS SfflAHCS.®]Fir_H©IE."WI[<SM< 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH FRONTS. 281 
 
 There still remains one more description of roof, which is 
 used in small chapels, but not common in large buildings. 
 This is the arch-roof; in a few instances it is found plain, 
 with a simple ornament at the spring and the point, and 
 this is generally a moulding with, flowers, &c., but it is 
 mostly panelled. Of this roof, the nave of the Abbey Church 
 at Bath is a most beautiful specimen. The arch is very flat, 
 and is composed of a series of small rich panels, with a few 
 large ones at the centre of the compartments formed by the 
 piers. The roofs of the small chapels, on the north side of 
 the Beauchamp Chapel, at Warwick, are also good examples; 
 and another beautiful roof of this kind is the porch to Henry 
 the Seventh's Chapel ; but this is so hidden, from the want 
 of light, as to be seldom noticed. 
 
 The ribbed roofs are often formed of timber and plaster, but 
 are generally coloured to represent stone-work. 
 
 There may be some roofs of difierent arrangements from any 
 of these ; but in general they may be referred to one or other 
 of the above heads. 
 
 Perpendicular English Fronts. 
 
 The first to be noticed of these, and by far the finest west 
 front, is that of Beverley Minster, a building much less known 
 than its great value merits it should be. What the west front 
 of York is to the Decorated style, this is to the Perpendicular, 
 with this addition, that in this front nothing but one style is 
 seen — all is harmonious. Like York Minster, it consists of 
 a very large west window to the nave, and two towers for 
 the end of the aisles. This window is of nine lights, and the 
 tower windows of three lights. The windows in the tower 
 correspond in range nearly with those of the aisles and clere- 
 story windows of the nave ; the upper windows of the tower 
 are belfry windows. Each tower has four large and eight 
 small pinnacles, and a very beautiful battlement. The whole 
 front is panelled, and the buttresses, which have a very bold 
 projection, are ornamented with various tiers of niche-work, 
 of excellent composition and most delicate execution. The 
 doors are uncommonly rich, and have the hanging feathered 
 ornament ; the canopy of the great centre door runs up above 
 the sill of the window, and stands free in the centre light, with 
 a very fine efiect. The gable has a real tympanum, which is 
 filled with fine tracery. The east front is fine, but mixed with 
 Early English. The west fronts of Winchester, Gloucester, 
 Chester, Bath, and Windsor, are all of this style, and all of 
 
282 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 nearly the same parts, — a great window and two side ones, 
 with a large door and sometimes side ones ; Chester has only- 
 one side window. Though in some respects much alike, they 
 are really very different. Winchester has three rich porches 
 to its doors ; Gloucester a very rich battlement, with the 
 canopy of the great window running through it ; Chester 
 a very fine door with niches on each side ; Bath, a curious 
 representation of Jacob's dream, the ladders forming a sort 
 of buttresses, and anjyels filling the space about the head of 
 the great window; Windsor is plain, except its noble window 
 and beautiful pierced parapet and battlements : but it is cu- 
 rious that in all these examples the nave is flanked by octa- 
 gonal towers ; at Winchester and Gloucester, crowned with 
 pinnacles ; at Chester and Windsor with ogee heads, and at 
 Bath, by an open battlement. The ends of King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge, are nearly alike, but that one has a door 
 and the other not ; these also are flanked with octagonal 
 towers, which are finished with buttresses, pinnacles, and an 
 ogee top. Of east ends, York is almost the only one which 
 preserves the whole elevation, and this is the richest of all ; 
 it is highly ornamented with niches in the buttresses, and 
 has octagonal turrets which finish in very tall pinnacles, of 
 a size equal to small spires, but which, from the great eleva- 
 tion of the front, do not appear at all too large. Of small 
 churches, the west end of St. George's, Doncaster, and Trinity 
 Church, Hull, are fine examples ; as are the east ends of Louth 
 Church in Lincolnshire, and Warwick Church, as well as its 
 beautiful companion the Beauchamp Chapel. 
 
 [It is remarkable that scarcely any distinction can be drawn 
 between the fronts of the earliest and the latest examples of 
 this style. The west front of Winchester Cathedral, and the 
 east front of Warwick Church mentioned here amongst the 
 last, are in actual date among the earliest, being built in 
 the time of Richard the Second, as recorded, and as farther 
 shewn, in the instance of Warwick, by the tomb of the founder 
 standing in the middle of the chancel, the details of which 
 agree with those of the east front. The Beauchamp Chapel 
 follows this a few years later in actual date, but scarcely later 
 in style, for the east front of the chancel is one continual 
 series of panels. The west front of St. George's, Windsor, is 
 of the time of Edward the Fourth. The west fronts of Bath 
 Abbey Church, and King's College Chapel, are of the time 
 of Henry the Eighth, yet the design of all of them is to 
 a great extent the same, a continual series of panels.] 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH PORCHES. 283 
 
 Perpendicular English Porches. 
 
 Of these there are so many that it is no easy matter to 
 choose examples, but three may be noticed : first, tbat at- 
 tached to the soutb-west tower of Canterbury Cathedral, which 
 is covered with fine niches ; secondly, the south porch at 
 Gloucester, which has more variety of outline, and is nearly 
 as rich in niches; the third is the north porch at Beverley, 
 and this is, as a panelled front, perhaps unequalled. The door 
 has a double canopy, the inner an ogee, and the outer a tri- 
 angle, with beautiful crockets and tracery, and is flanked 
 by fine buttresses breaking into niches, and the space above 
 the canopy to the cornice is panelled ; the battlement is com- 
 posed of rich niches, and the buttresses crowned by a group 
 of four pinnacles. The small porches of this style are many 
 of them very fine, but few equal those of King's College 
 Chapel, Cambridge. 
 
 [The west porches of Winchester Cathedral are very remark- 
 able, especially on account of their early date for this style; 
 they are said to be part of the work of Bishop Edington, and 
 the vaulting is rather of transitional detail, though the general 
 aspect is decidedly Perpendicular. 
 
 There is frequently a room over the porch, the use and name 
 of which is much disputed ; it is now commonly called the 
 Parvise, but this is entirely a modern and erroneous applica- 
 tion of that name ; the parvis in French is a term still in use 
 for the open space around the principal entrance of a cathedral 
 or large church ; for instance, the space in front of the north 
 transept at Rouen is called the Parvis. 
 
 The original use of this chamber is not clear; in some cases 
 it seems to have been intended and used for the parish muni- 
 ment-room, and in the time of James I. it was often converted 
 into the place for a parish library ; in some instances there is 
 an original fire-place and chimney to this chamber, and it is 
 supposed to have been the residence of a recluse — a purpose 
 to which the room over the vestry on the north side of the 
 chancel was also applied. 
 
 Many fine gatehouses of this style have been preserved in 
 various parts of the country. The gatehouse is the portion 
 most commonly preserved of our ancient abbeys or other mo- 
 nastic establishments, and also of the houses of the nobility 
 and gentry of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.] 
 
284 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 Perpendicular English Fonts. 
 
 The fonts of this style are very numerous, and of all sorts of 
 workmanship, from the roughest description to that most ela- 
 borate specimen at Walsingham Church in IN^orfolk. To some 
 of these remain font-covers of wood, of which a few are com- 
 posed of very good tabernacle- work. 
 
 [The fonts are generally raised upon steps, when in their 
 original position, and these steps are sometimes richly orna- 
 mented with panelling. The fonts themselves are also most 
 commonly panelled, and the panels are often filled with sculp- 
 ture, representing the Evangelistic symbols, the seven sacra- 
 ments of the Roman Catholic Church, the emblems of the 
 Passion, angels bearing shields, heraldic and other devices. 
 The bowl is frequently supported by angels, and round the 
 stone are figures under canopies, or lions. 
 
 These rich Perpendicular fonts are particularly abundant 
 in Norfolk and Suffolk, but they are also common in other 
 parts of England, especially in Somersetshire and Devonshire. 
 At Trunch in Norfolk the font is placed in a kind of baptistery 
 of rich Perpendicular wood-work; and at St. Peter Man croft, 
 Norwich, is another example, similar but not so fine, and much 
 mutilated.] 
 
 It must not be supposed from the rich examples given on the 
 opposite page, that Perpendicular fonts are usually of this rich 
 character; they are very numerous, and many of them are 
 as plain as possible. But fonts form a distinct subject, on 
 which two valuable works have been written: the first ^ with 
 numerous copper-plate engravings. The other *^ published some 
 years afterwards, chiefly under the direction of Mr. Thomas 
 Combe, has a large number of very fine woodcuts by Orlando 
 Jewitt, by whom most of the woodcuts in this work were also 
 executed, and who was quite unrivalled as a wood-engraver: 
 nor is it probable that we shall ever again have such wood- 
 cuts. Photography and photo-engravings now take their place 
 in public estimation, but these good woodcuts often give a 
 better idea of the originals than the photograph does. 
 
 ^ A series of Ancient Baptismal '' Illustration of Baptismal Fonts, 
 
 Fonts chronologically arranged, drawn with an Introduction by F. A. Paley, 
 
 by F. Simpson, junr., engraved by London, 1844, 8vo. 
 E. BobertSjLondou, 1828, royal 8yo. 
 
©JvJLK.3E5E.ir & 3r®K'2C 2M ■W^mSTTEE) C!MWm.©3E_^®3aS'®E.lKo 
 
PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH FONTS. 
 
 285 
 
 ^■H^Eu; 
 
 '"OTTE.M, 
 
 ■Wymondliam, Iforfolk, c. 1500. 
 
 0,IEW"' 
 
 East Dereliain, Norfolk, c. 1500. 
 
2s6 the perpexdicular english style. 
 
 Of the Perpendecular English Style. 
 
 The appearance of Perpendicular buildings is very various, 
 so much depends on the length to which panelling, the great 
 source of ornament, is carried. The triforium is almost en- 
 tirely lost, the clerestory windows resting often on a string 
 W'hich bounds the ornaments in the spandrels of the arches, 
 but there is not unfrequently under these windows, in large 
 buildings, a band of sunk or pierced panelling of great 
 richness. 
 
 Of this style so many buildings are in the finest preserva- 
 tion, that it is difficult to select ; but, on various accounts, 
 several claim particular attention. The choir at York is one 
 of the earliest buildings ; indeed it is, in general arrange- 
 ment, like the nave, but its ornamental parts, the gallery 
 under the windows, the windows themselves, and much of 
 its panelling in the interior, are completely of Perpendicular 
 character, though the simple grandeur of the piers is the same 
 as the nave. The choir of Gloucester is also of this style, and 
 most completely so, for the whole interior is one series of 
 open-work panels laid on the Norman work, parts of which 
 are cut away to receive them; it forms a very ornamental 
 whole, but by no means a model for imitation. 
 
 Of the later character are three most beautiful specimens, 
 King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Henry the Seventh's 
 Chapel, and St. George's, Windsor ; in these, richness of or- 
 nament is lavished on every part, and they are particularly 
 valuable for being extremely different from each other, though 
 in many respects alike. Of these, undoubtedly St. George's, 
 Windsor, is the most valuable, from the great variety of com- 
 position arising from its plan; but the roof and single line 
 of wall of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, deserves great 
 attention, and the details of Henry the Seventh's Cliapel will 
 always command it, from the great delicacy of their execution. 
 
 Of small churches, there are many excellent models for imi- 
 tation, so that in this style, with some care and examination, 
 scarcely anything need be executed but from absolute au- 
 thority. The monumental chapels of this style are peculiarly 
 deserving attention, and often of the most elaborate work- 
 manship. ' 
 
 The castellated remains of this style are generally much 
 altered, to render them habitable : parts of Windsor Castle 
 are good; the exterior of Tattershall Castle, in Lincolnshire, 
 remains nearly unaltered. 
 
 [The houses of this style which remain to us in a nearly 
 perfect state, so far, at least, as the exterior is concerned, are 
 still numerous, though they are disappearing every year ; these 
 
THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 2S7 
 
 houses are in general very slightly fortified, and in the late 
 examples the fortifications appear to be intended more for show 
 than for use. Somersetshire is the richest county for houses 
 of this class ; Dorsetshire and Wiltshire also are rich in them, 
 and they are scattered about in other parts of the country. 
 A number of them are engraved in the third volume of the 
 " Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages ^/' and detailed 
 drawings, with plans of several of them, are contained in 
 Pugin and Walker's "Examples of Gothic Architecture." 
 
 Oeorge Inn, Qlaston1)ar7. 
 
 The "George" Inn at Glastonbury is a well-known example 
 of a Domestic building of this style, with a panelled front, and 
 
 ^ Some account of Domestic Archi- 
 tecture in England, from the Conquest 
 to the end of the thirteenth century, 
 with numerous illustrations from ex- 
 isting remains from original di-awings, 
 
 by T. Hudson Turner, second edition, 
 Oxford, 1877, 8vo. With an Introduc- 
 tion from Edward I., to Henry VHI., 
 by the Editor of the Glossary of Archi- 
 tecture, in three volumes, Svo. 
 
288 THE PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 a bay-window of two stories resting on a substructure. There 
 is also a fine inn, or hostelry, of this style at Grantham, in 
 Lincolnshire ; indeed, the old hostelries of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury are not uncommon in many parts of England. The houses 
 of the abbots and priors of the monasteries have frequently 
 been preserved and turned into gentlemen's houses, now gene- 
 rally degenerated into farm-houses. 
 
 The Deanery at Wells is a very fine house of this style ; the 
 exterior is nearly perfect, and the interior only disguised by 
 modern partitions, which could easily be removed. 
 
 At Muchelney, the abbot's house is nearly perfect, and a fine 
 example of a nobleman's house of the time of Henry VII. and 
 VIII. In the same parish is a small vicarage-house of the 
 same period, quite complete, with the hall, the cellar, and the 
 solar, and on the opposite side of the passage, or screens, 
 the kitchen and ojffices, but all on a small scale — a diminutive 
 gentleman's house. 
 
 At South Petherton is a fine manor-house of the time of 
 Henry VI., in which the arrangement is more in accordance 
 with modern usages, having a dining-room with a drawing- 
 room over it, with a magnificent baj^-window of two stories ; 
 it is quite complete, even to the timbers, but these are in 
 a very dilapidated state from neglect. 
 
 Crosby Hall is a well-known example of a merchant's house 
 of this style, and St. Mary's Hall at Coventry is another, re- 
 markably complete, with its kitchen and offices, and small 
 apartments, as well as the great hall. The Guildhall in 
 London retains its original walls and lower chamber of this 
 style, but the great hall was long spoiled by a modern roof. 
 It has been restored in very good taste. 
 
 The abbot's house at Wenlock, in Shropshire, is a very 
 complete and curious example ; the arrangement here also is 
 more like the modern custom — a house of two stories without 
 any great hall. 
 
 Most of the engravings of Medieval Houses in the work 
 mentioned on the previous page, are from the excellent draw- 
 ings of Mr. William Twopeny, who was not only one of the 
 best architectural draughtsmen of his time, but also one of the 
 best-informed antiquaries, particularly on this special Sjubject. 
 He was the first person to call attention to the peculiar class 
 of early churches now commonly called Anglo-Saxon, but he 
 always said, that the more numerous they are, the less likely 
 they are to be earlier than 1000, and he considered them 
 to be almost entirely of the eleventh century, and belonging 
 as much to the Danish settlers, as to the Anglo-Saxons, or 
 English as we are taught to call them. 
 
HISTOEICAL APPENDIX TO THE PEEPENDICULAE 
 ENGLISH STYLE. 
 
 RECORDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 RICHAED II., A.D. 1377—1399. 
 
 :5^ 
 
 Arms and Badges of Richard II. 
 
 A.D. 1377. The tomb of Edward III. in Westminster Abbey. The 
 style is Perpendicular, but early in the style ; 
 the canopy has a panelled parapet surmounted 
 by a row of the Tudor-flower ornament*. 
 
 A.D. 1377. Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire, built 
 by Martin de I'Isle. The outer walls are nearly 
 perfect, and are early Perpendicular; the in- 
 terior is entirely modernized. 
 
 A.D. 1378— 1411. Canterbury Cathedral; the 
 nave and western transepts rebuilt in the Per- 
 pendicular style, with panelling ^. (See one bay 
 ofit, p. 259.) 
 
 A.D. 1380. Bolton Castle, in "Wensleydale, 
 Yorkshire, built by Richard le Scrope, Lord Chancellor, who ob- 
 tained the royal licence to crenellate it in this year. The walls 
 are nearly perfect, and it is a very fine and lofty building in 
 a mixed style. 
 
 A.D. 1380. Couling Castle, Kent, built by John de Cobham, who 
 obtained the royal licence to crenellate his manor-house {mansum 
 
 Head of Edward III., 
 from liis Tomb. 
 
 * For engravings, seeBlore's " Monii- 
 mental Kemains," Neale's "Westmin- 
 ster Abbey," &c. 
 
 *» See Professor Willis's "Architec- 
 
 tural History," pp. 117—123 ; and for 
 engrayings, Britten's " Cathedrals," 
 Murray's " Handbook," &c. 
 
290 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 manerii) at this date. The walls of the gatehouse remain nearly- 
 perfect. 
 
 A.D. 1380 . Canterbury. — Holy Cross Church, rebuilt on a new- 
 site *'. This church contains a mixture of the Decorated and Perpen- 
 dicular styles. 
 
 A.D. 1380 — 1407. The chapter-house of Ho wden, Yorkshire. Henry 
 Smith, clerk, prebendary of this church, bequeaths in this year lol. 
 to the fabric of the chapter-house ^. This work and the tower were 
 carried on from 1389 to 1407 by Walter Skirlawe, Eishop of Durham ^ 
 This chapter-house is octagonal, of Perpendicular date, but early in 
 the style ; it is unroofed, but the walls and details are nearly perfect. 
 (See Plate.) 
 
 A.D. 1380. A column in the south aisle of Ropsley Church, near 
 Grantham, in Lincolnshire, has this inscription on it : — 
 
 5Esta coluna facta atf ^bm. 5t{ jl^icljis anno IBni i^". (3^.®. CD.". X. XXX. tX nomc 
 factoris ®i)omas 3£tttle tie ©orbp. 
 
 The details of this column are Decorated, but it is inserted under an 
 Early English arch. 
 
 A.D. 1380—1386. New College, Oxford, built by William of 
 Wykeham, ''laying the first stone of the same himself, March 5, 
 1379 [1380J, and dedicating it unto the honor of God and the 
 blessed virgin Mary. Being finished, the first warden and fellowes 
 all together took possession of it April 14, 1386, at the third hour 
 [i.e. nine o'clock] in the morning^." 
 
 A.D. 1380 — 1401. The choir of Campden Church, in Gloucester- 
 shire, rebuilt by William Greville, woolstapler, who is buried in the 
 chancel, where a fine brass representing him and his wife is still to 
 be seen. The nave and tower are later. 
 
 A.D. 1381. The tomb of Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham, in 
 his cathedral ^. 
 
 A.D. 1381 — 1396. Mephnm or Meopham Church, in Kent, repaired 
 and in a great degree rebuilt by William Courtenay, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury ^. 
 
 A.D. 1381—1396. Saltwood Castle, Kent, enlarged by William 
 Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury i. The fine gatehouse is of 
 this period. 
 
 A.D. 1381—1391. St. Mary's Church at Warwick rebuilt by 
 Thomas Beauchamp II., Earl of Warwick, in execution of the will 
 of Thomas I,, his father. The chancel of this period remains, and is 
 
 '= Somner's "Canterbury," p. 168; conjunctam, construxit." — Hist. Du- 
 
 and Appendix, p. 87. nelm. Script, tres, p. 144, 
 
 ^ Test. Ebor. Surtees Society. ^ Godwin's "Catalogue of the Bi- 
 
 ^ "Construxit etiam Campanile de shopsof England," p. 186 ; and Lowth's 
 
 Houldon in comitatu Eboracensi, sum- "Life of William of Wykeham," pp. 
 
 mae magnitudinis, quod quidam pro 181, 182. 
 
 incolis ejusdem loci de Houldon, si s See Blore's "Monumental Ee- 
 
 fortuito aquarum inundatio eveniret, mains," No. 14. 
 
 tanquam refugium fecit, magnos sump- *■ Godwin's "Catalogue of the Bi- 
 
 tus in reparatione predictae ecclesias ef- shops of England," p. 106. 
 
 fundebat; ubi quoque domum capi- ' Hasted's " Hist, of Kent," iii. 405. 
 
 tularem perpulchram, eidem ecclesiee 
 
TSSfHTTBlAS^Gia T'D TME OiaA]?' TEFi ]SI®1USIS-3I©WE>E;S5' 
 
RICHARD II. 
 
 291 
 
 early Perpendicular '^ ; and the tomb of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of 
 "Warwick, and his Countess, remain in the middle of the choir \ 
 
 East Window of Chancel, St. Mary's Cliurcli, Warwick. 
 
 
 t 
 
 Section of Mouldings. 
 
 ^ Dngdale's" Warwickshire," p. 288; > See Dugdale's "Warwickshire," 
 
 "Notices of the Churches of Warwick- p. 283; Gough's "Sepulchral Monu- 
 shire;" and " ArchaBol. Journ.," ii. ments;" and Blore's "Monumental 
 109—112. Remains." 
 
 u2 
 
292 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1381 — 1412. The cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, completed 
 within this period by Abbot Walter Froucester. They had been 
 commenced, and carried as far as the door of the chapter-house, by 
 his predecessor Thomas de Horton, who resigned his office in 1377, 
 and died soon afterwards ^. 
 
 A.D. ■ 1381. Gisburne Priory, Yorkshire. "William Lord Lati- 
 mer in this year directs his executors to complete the vaulting of the 
 north aisle of this church as he had begun it, and bequeaths 500 
 marcs to build a bell-tower". The ruins of this priory are chiefly 
 Decorated «. 
 
 A.D. 1382—1388. Thornton Abbey, Lincolnshire. The abbot and 
 convent obtained this year the royal licence to crenellate *'a certain 
 new house" there in 1382; without doubt the beautiful gatehouse, 
 which still remains quite perfect, and of which we have given en- 
 gravings and some account of the architectural details at pp. 227, 228. 
 The licence is repeated on the EoUs six years afterwards, probably 
 when it was completed. (See Plate.) 
 
 A.D. 1385. Bodiam, or Bodyam Castle, Sussex, built by Sir Edward 
 Dalynrigge, who obtained the royal licence this year. It is described 
 in the Eoll, both as the family manor-house and as a castle for defence 
 of the coast against invaders. The walls are nearly perfect, and it is 
 a fine example of a castle in the early Perpendicular style, with most 
 of the offices remaining. 
 
 A.D. 1385. Donington Castle, Berksliire, built by Eichard Alber- 
 bury, as shewn by the licence to crenellate it. The shell of the gate- 
 house remains, and is fine early Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1386. Etchingham Church, Sussex, built by William, first 
 Baron of Etchingham p. **It is a curious church with a tower in 
 the centre, partly Decorated, with some good windows, and partly 
 Perpendicular." 
 
 A.D. 1387—1393. Winchester College, built by Bishop AVilliam of 
 Wykeham. The foundation-stone was laid on the 26th of March, 1387, 
 and on the 28th of March, 1393, the warden and society made their 
 solemn entrance into the buildings^. 
 
 A.D. 1389 — 1407. The central tower or lantern of York Cathedral, 
 built by Walter Skirlawe, Bishop of Durham ^ It is fine early 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1390—1392. The great east window of Exeter Cathedral 
 reconstructed by Bishop Bitton, who remodelled the Norman work in 
 the choir at this time, and changed entirely the apparent style to the 
 Decorated, though the Norman walls remained. This window is 
 Perpendicular ^. 
 
 " 3Ionasticon, vol. i. p. 542 ; and >■ *• Hio etiam magnam partem cam- 
 
 Britton's " Hist, of Gloucester Cath.," paniUs vulgo Lantern Minsterii Ebo- 
 
 pp. 26, 27, PL xiv. racensis coustruxit, in medio cujus 
 
 " Test.Ehor., Surtees Society. operis arma sua posuit." — Hist. Du- 
 
 " The east end is engraved in Mon. nelrn. Script, tres, p. 144. 
 
 Ang., vol. vi. " Britten's " Hist, of Exeter Cathe- 
 
 V " Ecclesiologist," Oct. 1857. dral," p. 95; and Freeman's "Archi- 
 
 1 Godwin's "Catalogue of the Bi- tectural History" of this cathedral, 
 
 BhopsofEngland,"p.l86; andLowth's from the Fabric KoUs and the Acts of 
 
 •• Life of William of Wykeham," p. 191. the Chapter. 
 

 
 1^ 
 
RICHAKD II. 
 
 293 
 
 A.D. 1390—1400. The chancel of Balsham Church, in Cambiidge- 
 phire, built and ** stalled with twenty-one stalls of good oak," by- 
 John Sleford, rector, who died in 1400, and was buried in the middle 
 of it, under a slab with his figure, and the following inscription en- 
 graved on a brass plate : — 
 
 Sol^anncs SIcfortj Dictus rtclor ntuntioq. rclictus, 
 ISursa non strictns, jacct \)k sub marmorc pictits, 
 .-fTautor iustorum constnns, ultor ftidorum, 
 ^ucm ret ^titoartms tiiUierat, atf mala tartJus. 
 SarOrobam rrxtt (llius trum bene bixit, 
 lEccUsiam atruxit banc, nunquam postea luiit. 
 T^ec fecit stalla, large funtfcnsque metalla*. 
 
 This church is a mixture of the Decorated and Perpendicular styles ". 
 
 A.D. 1391 — 1411. The chapter-house at Canterbury repaired and 
 partly rebuilt by Prior Thomas Chillenden, with the assistance of 
 the Archbishops William Courtenay and Thomas Arundel^. The 
 name of Prior Chillenden is on the great western window, which 
 was probably constructed by him. The arms of Archbishops Courte- 
 nay and Arundel are also in some parts of the stone-work. 
 
 A.D. 1392. Penshurst, Kent. A licence to crenellate the manor- 
 house was granted in this year to John Devereux. Another licence 
 had previously been granted in 1341 to John de Pulteney, and there 
 is some doubt as to which period belongs the fine baronial hall, which 
 remains perfect, and is by far the finest part of the house ; the style 
 seems rather to belong to the former period y. 
 
 A.D. 1392. Wardour Castle, Wiltshire, built by John Lord Lovell, 
 as his manor-house. The walls are nearly perfect, and very fine early 
 Perpendicular; they are unusually lofty, and quite contradict the 
 popular idea that medieval houses were always low. 
 
 A.D. 1394. The tomb of Sir John Hawkwood, in Sible Hedingham 
 Church, Essex 2. 
 
 Heads of Eicliaxd II. and ftueen Anne of Boliemia, from tlieir Tomb. 
 
 A.D. 1394. The tomb of King Eichard IL, and Anne his queen, 
 in Westminster Abbey Church, erected for both by Eichard himself 
 
 * Pegge's " Sylloge," p. 109 ; Blome- 
 field's Collect. Cantab., p. 202 ; and 
 Lysons' Magna Britannia, vol. ii. pt. i. 
 p. 85. Lysons says he died in 1401. 
 
 "^ See '• Archit. Topography, Camb.," 
 No. 144. 
 
 ^ Britton's "Hist, of Canterbury 
 Cathedral," p. 38, PI. xv. 
 
 y For an engraving of this haU see 
 "Dom, Arch.," vol. ii. p. 378, and the 
 interior as the frontispiece to the 
 same volume ; see also Nash's " Man- 
 sions of the Olden Time.'* 
 
 ^ Cough's " Sepul. Monum.," vol. i. 
 p. 153. 
 
294 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 at the death of his wife. The gilding alone of the two bronze figures 
 placed upon it is recorded to have cost upwards of four hundred 
 marcs *. 
 
 A.D. 1394 — 1410. The nave and aisles of Winchester Cathedral 
 remodelled, (with the exception of the portion begun by Bishop 
 Edington, as mentioned under a.d. 1360,) by Eishop "William of 
 "Wykeham, who dying in 1404, before the works were entirely finished, 
 left a large sum of money to be applied for their completion ^. 
 
 A.D. 1395 . Maidstone College and Church, in Kent, built by 
 
 "William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury, on the site of the old 
 hospital founded there in 1260 by Archbishop Boniface*'. 
 
 A.D. 1396. Colmouth Church, Bedfordshire, built by Gerard 
 
 Braybrook, knight, Lord of Woodhull, described as just finished and 
 ready for consecration in Bishop Buckingham's Memoranda, fol. 430, 
 in the bishop's registry at Lincoln. The church is in the Perpendicular 
 style, consisting of chancel and nave without aisles, and west tower 
 with a lofty spire, and an original vestry on the north side of the 
 chancel. 
 
 A.D. 1397 — 1399. Westminster Hall repaired. The walls were 
 carried up two feet higher ; the windows altered ; a stately porch 
 and a new roof constructed, according to the design of Master Henry 
 Zeneley ^. 
 
 A.D. 1396 and 1398. Penrith Castle, Cumberland. A licence to 
 crenellate his house here was granted to William Strickland in the 
 former year, and to make additions to it in the latter. It is described 
 as in the marches of Scotland. There are some ruins of it, but not 
 very important. 
 
 A.D. 1398. The abbot and convent of Chester obtain the royal 
 licence to crenellate their manor-houses of Ince, Saighton, and Sutton. 
 Of the first there are considerable remains ; the walls of the hall are 
 perfect. Of the second there are also portions of this date, but part 
 is earlier, including a very elegant gatehouse. At Sutton there are 
 also some remains, now a farm-house. This licence is repeated in 
 the 11th Henry I Y., a.d. 1410, probably when the buildings were 
 completed. 
 
 " Smith's " History of Westminster vi. p. 1394; and Hasted's "Hist, of 
 
 Abbey, " vol. i. p. 206. Kent," vol. ii. p. 214, and vol. iv. 
 
 ^ Lowth's " Life of William of Wyke- p. 724. 
 
 ham," pp.210— 214. ''Smith's "Antiquities of West- 
 
 •= Godwin's "Catal. of the Bishops minster," p. 53. 
 of England," p. 106 ; Moiiasticon, vol. 
 
HENRY IV. 295 
 
 HOUSE OF LANCASTER, a.d. 1399—1460. 
 
 Arms and Badge of Jolin of Gaunt. 
 
 Collar of Henry IV. 
 
 KECORDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OFi 
 Henry IV., a.d. 1399—1413. 
 
 The central tower 
 
 ^111 i|ii 
 
 A.D. 1399—1401. Headon Church, Yorkshire, 
 built by Hugh de Hedon, 
 treasurer of York Minster *. 
 It is a lofty and fine Per- 
 pendicular tower. 
 
 A.D. 1401—1411. Tong 
 Church, Shropshire, rebuilt 
 by Isabel, wi4ow of Sir 
 Fulke Penbrugge^ It is 
 a fine cruciform church, 
 with a central tower and 
 spire, the whole of early 
 Perpendicular character, 
 except a small portion of 
 the south aisle of the nave, 
 which belongs to an earlier 
 church. The chancel re- 
 tains the fine early wood- 
 work. 
 
 A.D. 1401. Carlisle Ca- 
 thedral. The north tran- 
 sept rebuilt by Bishop 
 Strickland in the Perpen- 
 dicular style. 
 
 A.D. 1401—1414. St. 
 Mary's Hall, Coventry. It 
 is now the Town-hall, but 
 was originally the hall of 
 St. Mary's Guild, and is 
 a very perfect house of the period, with its kitchen and offices, and 
 cellars and small apartments, as well as the great hall itself; all fine 
 early Perpendicular. The date is ascertained from the city records. 
 
 A.D. 1403 . The tower of Howden Church, Yorkshire, com- 
 
 Soutli Aisle, Tong Cliurcli, a.d. 1401—1411. 
 
 « Kaine's *' Fabric EoUs," p.xix. 
 * See "Archaeological Journal," vol. 
 
 ii. pp. 1 — 13, and the authorities there 
 cited. 
 
296 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 pleted soon after this date; Walter Skirlawe, Bishop of Durham, 
 bequeathed ''40/. in fabricatione campanilis ecclesiae de Howden^.'* 
 (See A.D. 1380.) This tower is fine early Perpendicular work. 
 
 A.D. 1403. Sleaford Church, Lincolnshire, partly rebuilt at this 
 date, as appears from an inscription at the east end, engraved in 
 Pegge's Sylloge^ p. 73. The style of this part of the church is Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1404. The shrine or monumental chapel of "William of "Wyke- 
 ham, Bishop of Winchester, erected in his cathedral. Godwin^ says 
 that "this tomb had been long before provided for him." It is fine 
 and rich Perpendicular, carved with panelling ^ 
 
 A.D. 1404 — 1447. Winchester Cathedral continued by Bishop Beau- 
 fort, whose bust and armorial bearings are carved on the bosses of 
 the nave. 
 
 A.D. 1405 — 1408. The great east window of York Cathedral set 
 up with painted glass by John Thornton of Coventry, glazier, as 
 appears by the indenture preserved among the Chapter Records, and 
 transcribed among Torre's MSS. ^ This magnificent window is well 
 known as one of our finest examples of the Perpendicular style. The 
 mutilated body of Archbishop Scrope was buried in the choir in this 
 year. 
 
 A.D. 1408. The tomb of John Gower in St. Saviour's Church, 
 Southwark, in the Perpendicular styled 
 
 A.D. 1411. Little Chart Church, Kent. 
 
 ** John Darell bought Calehill in this parish in 12 Hen. lY., beautified and 
 glazed the north part of the church. The eastern part of the north aisle was 
 parted off by a screen, and formed a chapel, which was the burial-place of 
 the family from this period for two or three centuries. The steeple is said 
 to have been built by Sir John Darell in the reign of Henry VII. "" " 
 
 A.D. 1410—1427. The rebuilding of St. Michael's Chapel in Can- 
 terbury Cathedral, begun by Prior 
 Thomas Chillenden, and finished by 
 his successor John Wodnesberg *". On 
 the bosses of the vault of an apart- 
 ment above this chapel are three 
 heads, with the names of the persons 
 represented, inscribed on labels; the 
 eastern one has Thomas Chill .... 
 Peioe ; the middle one Johns Wod- 
 NUSBERGH Peioe ; the western one 
 WiLLMs s MoLASCH DisciPFLus. Wil- 
 liam Molasch, who, in 1427, suc- 
 ceeded John Wodnesberg, had pro- 
 bably under this prior the super- 
 intendence of the work. 
 
 Boss in tlie vault of a chapel at Cantertury. 
 
 « Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1473. 
 
 ^ " Catalogue of Bishops," p. 187. 
 
 ' For engravings, see Blore's" Monu- 
 mental Eemains," Lowth's "Life of 
 Wykeham," &c. 
 
 ^ This indenture is printed by Eaine, 
 *' Fabric EoUs," p. 29 : and in Mon. 
 
 Aug., vol. vi. p. 1175; and Britton, 
 p. 81. 
 
 ' It is engraved in Blore's *♦ Monu- 
 mental Eemains." 
 
 ™ Hasted' s ** Hist, of Kent," vol. iv. 
 pp. 224—226. 
 
 " Leland'B *' Itin.," vol. vi. fol. 3. 
 
HENRY V. 
 
 297 
 
 A.D. 1411 . The Guildhall, London, commenced. It is a fine 
 
 building in the Perpendicular style, of two stories, the great hall on 
 the upper story, with the usual vaulted chamber below, which is very 
 little altered. The hall itself was long spoiled by a vile modem roof, 
 but has been admirably restored to its pristine beauty, much to the 
 credit of the citizens of London. 
 
 A.D. 1412. Catterick Church, Yorkshire, built: the contract for 
 building it was published by the Eev. J. Raine, 4to., 1834. 
 
 EECORDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OF 
 Henry Y., a.d. 1413—1422. 
 
 Badge of Henry Y. 
 
 A.D. 1413. The tomb of Henry lY. in Canterbury Cathedral, in 
 the Perpendicular style, with a flat canopy surmounted by a promi- 
 nent row of the Tudor-flower o. 
 
 Henry IV., from Ms tomb at Canterbury. 
 
 Joan of Mavarre, aueen of Henry IV. 
 
 A.D. 1415. The tomb of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, in 
 Arundel Church, Sussex. A fine Perpendicular tomb p. 
 
 A.D. 1420 — 1431. The church of St. Laurence, at Ipswich, built 
 by John Bottold, as recorded in the following inscription on a stone 
 over his grave : — 
 
 Stjbjacet hoc lapide John Bottold, vie, probus ipse-. 
 Ipsius ecclesi^ primus inceptor fuit iste : 
 Cujus ANiM^ Domine misererts ttj bone Christe. 
 Obiit m.cccc.xxxi. litera Dominicalis G.^ 
 
 o It is engraved in Blore's " Monu- 
 mental Kemains," Britton, &c. 
 p Engraved in Blore's " Monumental 
 
 Eemains." 
 q Pegge's Sylloge, p. 47. 
 
298 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1420—1437. The west front and south porch of Gloucester 
 Cathedral, built by Abbot John Morwent'. 
 
 "He built the west part of the church, and made the porch and west 
 frontispiece from the ground, designing, if he had Uved, to have made the 
 whole body of the church of like work \" 
 
 ^ A.D. 1420 — 1440. The ceiling of the choir, the windows of the 
 aisles, and a rich monumental chapel in St. Alban's Abbey, built by 
 Abbot John de Wheathamsted *. 
 
 A.D. 1422 . The college at Higham Ferrars, in Northampton- 
 shire, founded by Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury \ The 
 chapel and several parts of the domestic buildings remain. 
 
 A.D. 1422 . The collegiate church, now the cathedral, at 
 
 Manchester, founded by Thomas West, Lord de la Warre. It is 
 a fine Perpendicular church ^. 
 
 RECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE EEIGN OF 
 Henry VL, a.d. 1422—1461. 
 
 Head of Henry VI. 
 From Ms Great Seal. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, 
 
 From painted glass of the period, 
 
 now in a "window in tlie 
 
 Bodleian Library. 
 
 A.D. 1424. The transepts of Merton College Chapel being finished, 
 the church was re-dedicated in tiiis year. The style of this part is 
 fine Perpendicular. The tower was added in 1448 — 1450, built upon 
 the old arches; the builder's account is preserved among the college 
 archives *. 
 
 ' Willis's " Mitred Abbeys," vol. i. 
 p. 116 ; and Carter's " Account of the 
 Cath. of Gloucester," p. 9. PI. v. 
 
 « MS. Cotton, fol. 139, ap. Mon. 
 Aug., i. 535. 
 
 ^ Carter's "Account of the Abbey 
 Church of St. Alban," pp. 3, 4. 
 
 « 3Ion. Ang., vol. vi. pp. 1424, 1425. 
 
 ' Licentia Eegia pro fundationis 
 Gurdene, Pat. of Hen. V., part i. m. 
 13 ; Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 1424. 
 
 ^ Wood's Hist, by Gutch, p. 18 ; 
 for engravings, see Ingram's ** Me- 
 morials of Oxford," vol. i., &c. 
 
HENRY VI. 299 
 
 A.D. 1424—1433. The church of St. Mary, at Bury St. Edmund's, 
 Suffolk, rebuilt ^ 
 
 "It is a Perpendicular building, not so rich outside as St. James's, but 
 some portions of the interior are fully equal, and the wood roof of the nave 
 is a very rich and fine one. The tower is low and massive ; it stands partly 
 in the north aisle, and the lower part seems of earlier date. There is a fine 
 Decorated north door, and a porch of later date with a singular and beauti- 
 ful roof." 
 
 A.D. 1427 — 1455. The upper part of the chapter-house of Exeter 
 Cathedral rebuilt by Bishop Edmund de Lacy. The panelled ceiling, 
 which is of wood, and still retains the original painting, has, besides 
 the arms of this prelate, those also of Bishop Bothe, who occupied 
 that see from 1465 to 1478, and is very likely the work of the 
 latter ^. 
 
 A.D. 1430. The cloisters of !N"orwich Cathedral, completed by 
 Bishop William Alnwyk^. 
 
 A.D. 1430 — 1440. The chancel of Luton Church, Bedfordshire, 
 built by John de Wheathamsted, Abbot of St. Alban's^. 
 
 A.D. 1430, vel circa. The tower of Iron Acton Church, Gloucester- 
 shire, built by Robert Poyntz, as appears from the following inscrip- 
 tion round his monumental brass in the same church : — 
 
 ICortf of Ertnacton antt tl)»s stcpnl |ere ma^ctf, tulio tieptJe 
 
 t^e fuftcne trau of Junnc 
 
 t^e peer of otore UlarU m coco xx .... of toljos soule goD fiabe mereg ?(mcn. 
 
 He died in 1437 '^. This church is of Perpendicular character. 
 
 A.D. 1431. The west part of Balliol College Libraiy, Oxford, built 
 by Thomas Chace, Master of the college ^. 
 
 A.D. 1433 — 1455. Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, built also by 
 the Lord Treasurer Cromwell, whose arms occur in several places in 
 the work. It is a fine tower-built house of brick «. A considerable 
 part of the church adjoining is of the same period. In his will ', 
 dated Dec. 1451, he gives directions for his body to be removed to 
 the chancel, when the new church was built. In a codicil dated 
 Michaelmas-day, 1454, he leaves directions for the new edifying and 
 constructing the body of the church and the collegiate buildings, 
 which shews that the choir was then finished. This interesting 
 church remains much in the same state as it was left by him and his 
 executors. 
 
 y See a Monograph of this church, with Britannica, vol. iv. 
 numerous engravings, by S. Tymms, •= Atkins' " History of Gloucester- 
 
 1854. shire," p. 105. 
 
 ^ Britton's"Hist. of Exeter Cath.," '^ Wood's "History of the Colleges 
 
 pp. 97, 98, PI. xviii. ; and Freeman's and Halls in the University of Ox- 
 
 " Architectural History" of the same. ford," p. 89. 
 
 =* Blomefield's "Hist, of Norfolk," ^ See " Domestic Architecture," vol. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 3. iii. pp. 10 and 229. 
 
 *» Hist, oi Luion, in Bibl. Topogra]}h. ^ Test. Ebor., vol. ii. pp. 197, &o. 
 
300 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 Porcli and Window of the Cliapel (?), South Wingfleld. 
 
 Fotheringhay Church, Iforthants, a.d. 1435. 
 
 ^^^^*^*^^5>^ 
 
HENRY VI. 301 
 
 A.D. 1433 — 1455. South Wingfield Manor-house, Derbyshire, built 
 by Ralph Lord Cromwell, Lord Hi<»h Treasurer of England under 
 Henry VI. It remains nearly perfect, and is a fine example of a 
 nobleman's house in the Perpendicular style s. Lord Cromwell's 
 badge, a bag or purse, was carved in stone over the gateway, and 
 in some of the wood- work ^. 
 
 A.D. 1434. The south aisle of the abbey church of Pershore, 
 Worcestershire, built by Abbot "William de Kewynton, as recorded 
 by the following inscriptions carved upon some old wood-work which, 
 a century ago, formed a partition between the chancel end of the 
 church, and a small chapel on the north side : — 
 
 J^ c bis ftino. triplex x. atitiere quarto 
 ^nno aSEtillms trni Jietonton ftc* abbas. 
 
 1 . UE . ^°. XM.m.l^.'^°. XXEF.» 
 
 A.D. 1435 . Totheringhay Church, ^Northamptonshire, built. 
 
 The contract entered into in this year for building the nave, aisles, 
 and tower, to correspond with the chancel previously erected in 1415 
 is extant ''. 
 
 A.D. 1435 — 1440. Warkworth Castle, Northumberland. The keep 
 was rebuilt at this time by Henry Percy, on the foundations of the 
 Norman keep. It is a fine and remarkable example of a nobleman's 
 mansion of the period ^. 
 
 A.D. 1435. The west tower of the church of St. Andrew at Wan- 
 borough, Wiltshire, built by Thomas Polton and Edith his wife, as 
 appears by the following inscription on a brass plate in the tower: — 
 
 ©rate p. 'Srboma polton ct lEtjftl^a uxore tfus tftfunctis JWagtstro pbilippo 
 ^rcbitiiacano ffiloucestris '^gneti ct xib. ajitscor' lib>=' Ifno lRobt° lEbcratti 
 bicario tt orb. I;us pocf)ian(s q' i)oc capanile scipert ^. Dni £a.(S:Q^iS^&.XXX¥. 
 
 There is also an inscription on a brass plate in the south aisle to the 
 memory of this Thomas Polton and Edith his w^ife, who were buried 
 there. The tower is Perpendicular ; and there are similar western 
 towers added on to the church of Purton, and some others in the same 
 neighbourhood, the character of which is so similar that they are pro- 
 bably the work of the same builder. 
 
 A.D. 1437. St. Bernard's College, now St. John's, Oxford, founded 
 by Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury ™. The gateway 
 tower, and some other parts of the first quadrangle, are of this 
 
 B See " Domestic Architecture," vol. Society, 8vo., 1841, with woodcuts of 
 
 iii. pp. 89 and 222. the details corresponding with the 
 
 ^ See " The History of South Wing- contract, 
 
 field," by T. Blore, (4to. Loudon, 1793,) i See Hartshorne's " Castles of North- 
 
 p. 86 ; Camden's Britannia ; Leland's umberland," in the Newcastle volume 
 
 " Itinerary," vol. i. p. 25, and vol. vi. of the Ai-chaeological Institute; and 
 
 p. 31 ; Lysons' " Derbyshire." " Domestic Architecture," vol. iii. p. 
 
 ■ Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 75, 76, PI. 203, for engravings and plans, 
 
 xviii. ; and Jfonasiicon, vol. ii. p. 412. ™ Rot. Pat., 15 Hen. VI. ; Regist. 
 
 ^ It is printed in the Monasticon, Z7^^^i;. b. 200 ; J/on. ^n*/., v. 746; In- 
 
 vol. vi. p. 1414, and re-printed se- gram's " Memorials of Oxford." 
 parately by the Oxford Architectural 
 
302 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 period. The entrance gateway is very peculiar, the mouldings and 
 shafts standing out beyond the face of the wall. In the upper part 
 of the tower the figure of a saint still remains in a niche. 
 
 A.D. 1437. Ewelme Hospital, or God's House, in Oxfordshire, 
 founded by William de la Pole, Earl fand afterwards Duke) of 
 Suffolk. In the adjoining church, on the south side of the altar, 
 the founder's wife is buried, under a rich tomb of alabaster, with 
 her image thereon, and in Leland's time with this epitaph, since 
 destroyed : — 
 
 " Orate pro anima serenissimse principissge Alicise 
 Ducissse SufFolcia5, hujus ecclesise patronse, et primse 
 Pundatricis hujus elemosynariae ; quae obiit xx. die 
 Mensis Maii, an. mcccclxxv, litera dominicali A." 
 
 The merit of founding this hospital is here attributed to her, but 
 belongs really to her husband, as appears from the charter of Henry VL, 
 granting to him the licence for its foundation''. 
 
 A.D. 1437. St. Maitin's Church in Conyng- street, York. The 
 tower was built at this date by Robert Semer, minister of this church, 
 according to an inscription in a window which remained in Drake's 
 time °. The church is good, but late Perpendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1437—1442. All Souls College, Oxford, founded by Arch- 
 bishop Chicheley. The foundation-st(me was laid in February, 1437, 
 and the chapel was consecrated in 1442 P. 
 
 A.D. 1439. The Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick begun, and also 
 the tomb of Pichard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, by whose last 
 will they were erected. The contract entered into in this year for the 
 building of this chapel in accordance with the will of the ^founder, 
 is reprinted, from Dugdale's " Warwickshire," in Blore's ** Monu- 
 mental Pemains." The tomb is the work of John Borde of Corfe, 
 marbler ^. 
 
 A.D. 1439. Wolverhampton Church. There is an order from the 
 King in this year in the Patent Polls (17 Hen. YL, fol. 2) to furnish 
 sufficient stone for building this church. Part of it is of this date, but 
 part of the interior is earlier, and part of the exterior later. It was 
 not finished in 1457, when John Bemingham, treasurer of York Ca- 
 thedral, bequeathed 100 shillings to the fabric of the church of Wol- 
 verhampton '. 
 
 " See Monasticon, vol. vi. pp. 716, that the same master of the . works 
 
 717 ; Leland's " Itinerary," vol. ii. superintended the erection of both 
 
 pp. 5 — 7 ; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 51 ; these churches, as there are peculi- 
 
 " Historical Notices of the Parishes arities belonging to the churches in 
 
 of Swyncombe and Ewelme," by the Suffolk observable at Ewelme, (par- 
 
 Hon. and Kev. H. A. Napier, 4to. ticularly in the arrangement of the 
 
 Oxford, 1858, p. 54. This work con- fiint-and-stone work,) which are not 
 
 tains numerous lithographic plates of generally adopted in ecclesiastical 
 
 the hospital and church of Ewelme, buildings in Oxfordshire." — p. 56. 
 
 and of the church of Wingfield, in ° Drake's " York,*' p. 329. 
 
 Suffolk, for comparison, drawn by p College Eecords ; Ingram's *' Me- 
 
 Joseph Clarke, F.S.A. Wingfield was morials of Oxford." 
 
 the family seat of the De la Poles, 'i For engravings, see Britton's "Ar- 
 
 and Mr. Clarke considers that Ewelme chitectural Antiquities,*' vol. iv. ; see 
 
 clmrch is copied from the church of also a window from it, p. 264. 
 
 Wingfield. "It is also his opinion ' Test. Ebor., vol. ii. 
 
HENRY VI. 303 
 
 A.D. 1440. King's College Chapel, Cambridge, begun". 
 
 A.D. 1440 — 1500. The three low chapels at the east end of Peter- 
 borough Cathedral, called the new building, commenced b}' Abbot 
 Richard Ashton, and completed by Abbot Robert Kirton *. They are 
 rich and late in the style, with fan-tracery, vaulting, &c. Among 
 the ornamental carvings at the entrance are the Tudor roses, the 
 pomegranate of Catherine of Aragon, the fleur-de-lis, the rebus of 
 Kirton (a **kirk" on a tun), and some other armorial bearings. 
 
 A.D. 1441 — 1522. Eton College. The buildings appear to have 
 been actually commenced in the former year, but were interrupted in 
 consequence of the death of the founder, Henry YI., and a dispute 
 with the dean and canons of Windsor, which was not settled until 
 1476. The works were then re-assumed, and at last, in 1522, tlie 
 college was finished \ The chapel is a good specimen of the style 
 of Henry the Seventh's time, and is one of the chapels of two stories ; 
 but the lower part seems never to have been used as a crypt, consist- 
 ing mainly of cellars to keep the chapel itself clear above the floods, 
 to which the situation is liable. 
 
 A.D. 1442. Crumwell Church, IS'ottingh am shire. By will this year, 
 William Walter bequeaths forty shillings towards the building of the 
 campanile of this church ^ It is a good specimen of a Perpendicular 
 village tower. 
 
 A.D. 1442. The RedclifFe Church, Bristol, repaired and partly 
 re- edified by William Canninge, merchant, and sometime mayor of 
 Bristol y. 
 
 A.D. 1443. Staverdale Priory Church, Somersetshire. JN'ave, choir, 
 and chantry-chapel, consecrated ^ 
 
 A.D. 1443—1445. The chancel of St. Mary's Church, Oxford, built 
 by Walter Lyhart, or Hart, then Provost of Oriel College, afterwards 
 Bishop of J^orwich : he died in 1472 ^ 
 
 A.D. 1444. The south transept of Melrose Abbey completed. On 
 one of the bosses of the vault are the arms of Andrew Hunter, abbot, 
 and confessor to King James II. of Scotland — three horns, a crozier, 
 and his initials A. H. ^ 
 
 A.D. 1445 — 1449. Sherborne Abbey Church, Dorsetshire. The 
 eastern part of this church was rebuilt by Abbot William Bradford, 
 who died in 1449 ; the previous church had been burnt in 1445, in 
 a tumult between the abbey and the townsmen. The western part 
 of the church was rebuilt from the foundations by Abbut Peter Ramp- 
 
 s It was not finished until the time 1443. Commissio Job. nuper Olen. 
 
 of Henry VlII. See a.d, 1508, episcopo ad dedicand. navem cum choro 
 
 » Britten's " History of Peterborough et cancello 'Ecclesiss ConventuaLis de 
 
 Cathedral," pp. 26 and 57. In Murray's Staverdale quos Johannes Stourton re- 
 
 " Cathedrals," 1862, p. 82, there is a sedificare et construi fecit." MS. Harl. 
 
 fine engraving of it. 6066, p. 55 ; Mutton's Collect. The 
 
 " College Kecords. For engravings, word cancello here means a chantry- 
 see Britten's "Architectural Antiqui- chapel, 
 ties," vol. ii. pp. 95 — 98. * University Kegister ; College Ee- 
 
 * Eegister of Wills, York. cords; Ingram's "Memorials of Ox- 
 
 y See Britten's Essay relating to ford." 
 
 Kedcliffe Church, with plans, views, '' For engravings, see Billing's " Scot- 
 
 and architectui-al details. land," and Wade's " Melrose Abbey," 
 
 ^ Mon. Aug., vol. vi. p. 460. "4 Jiin. 8vo., 1861. 
 
304 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 isham, 1475 — 1509. He built also a chapel adjoining to the south 
 side of the old Lady- chapel. The nave of the abbey church was the 
 parish church until 1445, after which a separate parish church, dedi- 
 cated to All Saints, was built to the west of the abbey church, but 
 after the dissolution this was destroyed, and the abbey church again 
 became the parish churchy It is a magnificent structure, vaulted 
 throughout, the walls, arches, and pillars covered with panelling, 
 which is continued even to the ground without any break; but 
 in a great part of the building the panelling is only a casing over 
 !N'orman walls. This church has been restored with much taste* and 
 skill, including the colouring of the vault of the choir, which is 
 eminently successful. 
 
 A.D. 1445—1454. The Divinity School, Oxford, built. One of the 
 principal benefactors was the good Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, 
 who also built the public library over it, afterwards enlarged by Sir 
 Thomas Bodley. The ground was obtained so early as 1427, but the 
 work does not appear to have been begun before 1445 ^. In the very 
 rich vault of fan-tracery the arms of the principal benefactors are 
 carved on the bosses, a list of which is given in the ''Handbook for 
 Oxford," p. 100, (8vo. 1858). Amongst them are those of John 
 Kempe, Archbishop of Canterbury 1452 — 1454, several times re- 
 peated, shewing that the work was done in his time. (See Plate.) 
 
 A.D. 1446. The tomb of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in St. 
 Alban's Abbey Church «. 
 
 A.D. 1446. York. — The Guildhall, in Conyng-street, built in this 
 year, as appears from the city records^. It is a fine Perpendicular 
 room, divided into a nave and aisles by two rows of octagonal wooden 
 pillars, with moulded caps and bases and four-centred arches. The 
 roof is of good open timber-work, with arches across both nave and 
 aisles ; the walls are of stone, and the windows good plain Per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 A.D. 1446 — 1490. Bosslyn Chapel, Scotland, commenced by William 
 St. Clair, Earl of Orkney, in 1446, but not completed in his lifetime : 
 he died in 1479. His successors made some additions to the building?. 
 This very remarkable building is in the richest and latest style of 
 Gothic, and quite of foreign character, more resembling the Spanish 
 Flamboyant than any other. The founder is said to have travelled 
 much, and resided long abroad. Part of the work is of the sixteenth 
 century, as shewn by an inscription. 
 
 A.D. 1447 — 1486. Winchester Cathedral continued by Bishop 
 Waynflete ; his well-known device, the lily, occurs on the bosses 
 of the nave. 
 
 A.D. 1448 — 1450. The tower of Merton College, Oxford, built upon 
 the old arches, as appears from the builders' accounts preserved in the 
 treasury of the college. 
 
 <= Pat. 24 Hen. VI., fol. 1 ; Tanner; « See Blore's "Monumental Ee- 
 
 Leland, "Itinerary," ii. 47, and iii. mains," No. 26. 
 
 90 ; Mon. Aug., i. 335. ^ Drake's " York," p. 339. 
 
 ^ Antony Wood's "Annals of Ox- '^ Britton's "Architectural Antiqui- 
 
 ford;" Ingram's "Memorials of Ox- ties," vol. iii. p. 51. 
 ford," vol. iii. p. 19. 
 
HENRY VI. 
 
 305 
 
 A.D. 1449 — 1468. The Lady-chapel, now called the Dean's chapel, 
 ill Canterbury Cathedral, built by Prior Thomas Goldstone ^. 
 
 A.D. 1450. St. George's, Stamford. By will this year William 
 Burgess, Garter King of Arms, directs his executors to complete this 
 church in leading, glazing, paving, and furniture ^ The chancel is 
 of this period, together with the eastern bay of the nave and the 
 clerestory. 
 
 A.D. 1450 — 1465. "Wells. The west side of the cloister, with the 
 school and master's house 
 and the exchequer over it, 
 also the walls and gatehouse 
 of the Close, built by Bishop 
 Beckington, and his own 
 monumental chapel in the 
 cathedral. He also be- 
 queathed a large sum to be 
 employed in building by his 
 executors, who built houses 
 for the vicars-choral and the 
 chapel in the Yicar's Close. 
 All these works are good 
 examples of the Perpen- 
 dicular of Somersetshire. 
 These executors also built or 
 rebuilt the parsonage-house 
 of Congresbury, Somerset, in 
 the porch of which is a cu- 
 rious example of an imitation 
 of the Early English tooth- 
 ornament. The arms of Bishop Beckington and his executors are 
 carved on this porch, and on the houses in the Yicar's Close ^. 
 
 A.D. 1450 — 1472. Norwich Cathedral. The roof of the nave and 
 the roodloft-screen built by Bishop Walter Lyhart, whose rebus 
 appears in several parts of the work ^ 
 
 A.D. 1450. Kyarsh, Kent. The church tower built, as appears by 
 the will of W. Wyxy, vicar, who bequeathed money in this year to 
 the campanile. It is a fair specimen of the Kentish Perpendicular, 
 with a pyramidal wooden spire covered with oak shingle ". 
 
 A.D. 1451. St. John's, Stamford, completed before this year, as 
 proved by inscriptions remuining in the windows in Peck's time. It 
 is a fine Perpendicular church, with a good screen, and roofs, and 
 font, all of the same period. 
 
 Details of Porch, Congresbury. 
 
 ^ "Willis's " Architectural History of 
 Canterbury Cathedral," p. 123. 
 
 * Peck's " Stamford : " this will con- 
 tains many curious particulars. 
 
 ^ See " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. 
 OCX. (1861), p. 496. 
 
 * Godwin's "Catalogue of the Bi- 
 shops of England," p. 354 ; and Brit- 
 
 ton's " History of Norwich Cathedral," 
 p. 64. 
 
 "" This wiU is preserved in the Be- 
 gistry at Kochester ; it is dated Feb. 
 8, .1450-1, in which he bequeaths 
 3s. 4d. , and a reversion of 6s, 8d. , and 
 the residue of his personal estate, " ad 
 opus Campanil de Eeiersh. " This re- 
 ference was supplied by the Kev. Lam- 
 bert B. Larking. 
 
306 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1454. The tomb of Archbishop John Kempe in Canterbury 
 Cathedral. 
 
 A.D. 1454 — 1457. The central tower of Gloucester Cathedral, built 
 by Abbot Thomas Seabroke, the finishing of which he committed, on 
 his death, to Robert TuUy, one of the monks, and afterwards Bishop 
 of St. David's. The fact is perpetuated in the following lines within 
 the choir, oyer the great arch : — 
 
 TBot qnoti trigcstum spctularis opusquc politum 
 ©ullfi I)eec tx oncte ^eabrofee abbatc jubcntc. 
 
 The name, motto, and arms of this abbot are still remaining on many 
 of the tiles which formed the old pavement of the choir °. 
 A.D. 1456 — 1474. Winchcombe Parish Church. Leland says, — 
 
 " In King Henry Y. tyme, the paroch chyreh of the toune was kept in the 
 body of the church of the monastery. But in King Henry VI. tyme one 
 William Winchcombe, abbot, began with the consent of the toune a paroche 
 church at the west ende of the abbey, . . . and made the east ende of the 
 church. The parishioners had gathered 200^. and began the body of the 
 church : but that sum me being not able to performe so costly a work, Bafe 
 Boteler, Lord Sudeley, helped them, and finished the worke **." 
 
 It is a fine Perpendicular church, with some peculiarities. This 
 Ralph Butler was the builder of Sudeley Castle, a considerable part 
 of which remains perfect, and is a fine example of a nobleman's house 
 of this period P. 
 
 A.D. 1457 — 1498. The Lady-chapel in Gloucester Cathedral, begun 
 by Abbot Richard Hanley, and finished by his successor. Abbot 
 William Farleigh. 
 
 "Claustrum illud magnificura et chorus una cum sacello illo spatioso dei- 
 parse virgin! dedicato, a Ricardo Hanleus hie etiam abbate fundato, navi 
 ecclesise adjunguntur ^." 
 
 A.D. 1458. The nave of Korthleach Church, in Gloucestershire, 
 built by John Eortey, wool- merchant, who died this year. The roof 
 was constructed after his decease, as appears from the inscription on 
 his tomb in the same church ^ The south chapel, and perhaps the 
 porch also, were built by William Bicknel in 1489. It is a fine Per- 
 pendicular church, with very large clerestory windows. 
 
 A.D. 1459. Ripon Minster ; the central tower. An indulgence was 
 granted this year by Abbot Booth for rebuilding the central tower ". 
 
 A.D. 1460. The sepulchral chapel of Abbot Wheathamsted, in 
 St. Alban's Abbey Church. 
 
 A.D. 1460 vel circa. The chapel on the Dorth side of Luton Church, 
 Bedfordshire, built by Sir John Wenlock, as appears from the follow- 
 
 " Monasticon, vol. i. p. 536 ; and i Memoriale Eccl. Cath. Glouc. Com- 
 
 Carter's "Account of Gloucester Ca- pendiariiimex codd. MSS.penes Decan. 
 
 thedral," p. 6. Eccl. Cath. Glouc; a,nd Monasticon, 
 
 ° Leland, " Itinerary," vol. iv. p. 74 ; vol. i. pp. 564 and 536. 
 Man. Aug., vol. ii. p. 299. ' Lysons' " Gloucestershire Antiqui- 
 
 p See "Domestic Architecture," vol. ties," p. 15, PI. xli. 
 iii. p. 262. » Walbran's "Kipon." 
 
HENRY Vr. 
 
 307 
 
 ing inscription, preserved in a MS. in the British Museum, (Harl, 
 MSS. No. 1531):— 
 
 " Jesu Christ most of myght, 
 Have mercy on John Le Wenlock knight. 
 And on his wife Elizabeth, 
 Wlio out of this world is past by death, 
 Which founded this chapel here. 
 Help them with your hearty prayer, 
 That they may come to that place. 
 Which ever is joy and solace." 
 
 This inscription and the portrait of Sir John, afterwards Lord Wenlock, 
 were formerly in the east window, but are no longer there. 
 
 A.D. 1460 — 1470. Crowland Abbey; the north-west tower. 
 Towards the close of his life, (he died in January, 1470,) Abbot 
 John Litlyngton bought five bells for this tower, then newly buUt *. 
 This is the Perpendicular tower still standing. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF YORK, a.d. 1461—1483. 
 
 EECORDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE REIGN OF 
 Edward IY., a.d. 1461—1483. 
 
 badges of the house of york. 
 
 Falcon and Fetterlock. 
 
 Plume of Featliera. 
 
 Edward IV., from his Great Seal. 
 
 Arms of Edward IT. 
 
 t "Crowland History," Gale, i. 540. 
 X 2 
 
308 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1461 — 1490. The church and tower of Ashford, in Kent, 
 rebuilt by Sir John Fogge ^. 
 
 A.D. 1462. Tenterden Steeple, Kent. Ey will this year Thomas 
 Petlesden bequeathed 100 marcs to the steeple of this church, at that 
 time building^. 
 
 A.D. 1465. Bishop Beckington's monumental chapel in Wells 
 Cathedral y. 
 
 A.D. 1465 — 1491. The choir of the church of Stratford-on-Avon, 
 "Warwickshire, built by Thomas Balsall, D.D., dean of the collegiate 
 church ^. 
 
 A.D. 1470. Crosby Hall, London, built by Sir John Crosby, who 
 obtained a lease of the ground in 1466, aad died in 1475. The hall 
 has a fine open timber roof ^. 
 
 A.D. 1470-— 1486. The vestry of Lavenham Church, in Suffolk, 
 built by Thomas Spring, as recorded in the following inscription, 
 placed on a monument in the vestry itself : — 
 
 Grate puo animabus Thom^ Spuing, qui hoc vestibulum fieri 
 
 FECIT IN VITA SUA, ET MaRGAHET^ UXOKIS EJUS ; QUI QUIUEM ThO.MAS 
 OBIIT SEPTIMO DIE MENSIS SePTEMBRIS, A.D. MiLLIMO CCCC LXXXVI. ET 
 PRJilDICTA MaRGARETA OBIIT. . .DIE . . . A.D. MiLLIMO CCCC LXXX. . . QUOR' 
 ANIMABUS PROPICIETUR DeUS. AmEN ^. 
 
 The family of the De Yeres, earls of Oxford, were connected with this 
 parish, and a porch was added about 1529 by John, the fourteenth 
 earl, as shewn by the quarterings of the coat of arms carved upon it^. 
 
 A.D. 1470 — 1524. The Lady-chapel of Winchester Cathedral, re- 
 built by Th. Hunton and Th. Silkstede ^. Their rebus is carved on 
 the bosses of the vault. 
 
 A.D. 1472. The restoration of York Minster was completed and the 
 church re-dedicated in this year ^. The screen was erected by William 
 Hyndeley, treasurer, and not completed till some years alter this de- 
 dication ; his badge, a hind lodged, occurs among the carving. 
 
 A.D. 1472 — 1499. !N'orwich Cathedral. The clere-story and vault 
 of the choir, with the flying buttresses, built by Bishop Gold well in 
 the Perpendicular style upon the old Norman pier-arches and tri- 
 forium. The windows are peculiar, being a sort of return to the 
 wavy lines of the Decorated style ^ 
 
 A.D. 1473. Tuxford Church, Nottinghamshire. This parish church 
 
 « Hasted's " History of Kent,*' vol. this church was published in 1796, 
 
 iii. p. 264 ; and Pegge s Sylloge, p. 52. under the title of " Specimens of Gothic 
 
 ^ Hasted's " History of Kent," vol. Ornaments selected from the Parish 
 
 iii. p. 100. Chm-ch of Lavenham, Suffolk," on 
 
 y For engravings of the tomb, see forty plates, quarto size. Of the 
 
 Gough's ' ' Sepulchral Monuments." whole of Lavenham Church there is 
 
 == Dugdale's "Warwickshire," p. 478. a good plan in the "Gentleman's 
 
 For engravings, see Neale s " Views of Magazine," May, 1787, vol. Ivii. p. 378. 
 
 Churches." =^ Milner's " History of Winchester," 
 
 * A full account, with a series of vol. ii. pp. 63, 64. 
 
 engravings of this fine house, was " Raine's "Fabric Eolls," pp. 77 
 
 published by H. J. Hammon, Archi- and xx. 
 
 tect, 4to., 1844. ^ See Murray's ** Handbook" for 
 
 •» Pegge's Sylloge, p. 114. good engravings of these, p. 122. 
 
 e A series of engravings of details of 
 
EDWARD IV. 309 
 
 was building at this time, as appears from the will of John Smyth, 
 dated Sept. 1, 1473 s. The chancel was built by Thomas Gunthorp, 
 Prior of Newstead in 1495, according to an inscription in a window 
 in Thoroton's time**. 
 
 A.D. 1475. Yatton Church, Somerset, completed by Emulf de "Wyk, 
 married to Ninton-Cradock, whose altar-tomb is placed in the north 
 transept. It was founded about a century before by Angelina de Wyk, 
 who built the nave and aisles ^ 
 
 A.D. 1475 — 1480. Magdalen College, Oxford, built by "William of 
 "Waynfleet, Bishop of Winchester. The contracts between the founder 
 and his master mason, William Orchyerde, are still preserved in the 
 college archives ^. The chapel, the tower-gatehouse, and a part of 
 the cloister are of this period ; the tower is some years later, 
 see A.D. 1492. 
 
 A.D. 1476 — 1484. The altar- screen in St. Alban's Abbey Church, 
 most probably the work of Abbot Wheathamsted, whose arms are 
 upon it ^ Yery rich work. 
 
 A.D- 1478 — 1519. Great St. Mary's Church, Cambridge, rebuilt n^. 
 The walls are covered with panelling. 
 
 A.D. 1479 — 1515. Charing Church, Kent. The tower was begun 
 this year, but not finished before 1545. The chapel on the south side 
 of the chancel was built, or building, in 1501 ". Both are in the 
 Perpendicular style. 
 
 A.D. 1480. The gatehouse at Knowle, Kent, which is now between 
 the two quadrangles of the Earl of Dorset, 1603 — 1612, was originally 
 the gatehouse of the archbishop's palace, built by Archbishop Bourchier 
 {c. 1460), and it is fortified with machicoulis, evidently intended not 
 merely for show, but for use in case of need, to enable the defendants 
 to throw down missiles on the heads of assailants trying to force 
 the gate ; but twenty years afterwards, c. 1500, Archbishop Morton 
 threw out an oriel window, which renders the machicoulis perfectly 
 useless, shewing that all idea of such fortification was then at an end. 
 
 A.D. 1481 — 1508. St. George's Chapel, Windsor, begun by Ed- 
 ward lY. and finished by Henry YII. 
 
 " King Edward lY., (whose inclination to and kindness for this place was 
 extraordinary,) finding upon survey that the former foundations and walls of 
 the chapel of St. George were in his time very much decayed and consumed, 
 and esteeming the fabrick not large or stately enough, designed to build one 
 more noble and excellent ; to this purpose he constituted Richard Beauchamp, 
 Bishop of Salisbury, master and surveyor of the work. With what dihgence 
 and sedulity, and how well the Bishop performed this office and employment, 
 appears from the testimony given him by the Kmg, in the preamble of the 
 patent by which he shortly after constituted him Chancellor of the Garter ; 
 'That out of meer love towards the order, he had given himself the leisure 
 daily to attend the advancement and progress of the goodly fabrick ".' " 
 
 8 York Eegister of Wills. ^ Carter's " Account of St. Alban's 
 
 ^ Thoroton's " Nottinghajnshire," Abbey Church," p. 5, and PI. xvii. 
 
 p. 383. "" Cooper's " Annals of Cambridge," 
 
 i See Jackson's " Visitor's Hand- vol. i. p. 224. 
 
 book to Weston-super-Mare," 12mo. ° Hasted's " Kent," vol. iii. pp. 214 
 
 1876. —218. 
 
 ^ CoUege Eeeords ; Ingram's «' Me- » Pete's " Hist, of Windsor Castle," 
 
 morials of Oxford. " p. 50. 
 
310 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGNS OF 
 Edward Y., a.d. 1483. 
 
 Arms of Edward V. 
 
 ElCHARD III., A.D. 1483—1485. 
 
 Richard m., from Ms Great Seal. 
 
 Arms of Eicliard III. 
 
 Badge of Ricliard m. 
 
 A.D. 1483 . Hawton, near Newark, Notts. The tower of the 
 
 church was building in this year, as appears from the will of Henry 
 Sutton p. It is a good specimen of the Nottinghamshire Perpendicular 
 tower, though hardly equal to the magnificent Decorated chancel. 
 
 p York Eegister of Wills. 
 
HENRY VII. 
 
 311 
 
 THE TUDOES, a.d. 1485—1547. 
 
 RECOKDS OF BUILDINGS DUEING THE EEIGN OF 
 Henry VIL, a.d. 1485—1509. 
 
 Head of Henry VII. 
 
 Elizabeth of York, aueen of Henry VII. 
 
 Arms of Henry VII. 
 
 A.D. 1486. The south porch of Eopsley Church, Lincolnshire, 
 built, as appears from this inscription therein : — 
 
 ^.° ©ni i«." ©.©.©.©.« lEXXXlirE.o ista porta fa fult. 
 
 A.D. 1487. The chancel of Stratton St. Michael's, Norfolk, rebuilt 
 by John Cowal, rector, as recorded in the inscription on brass, on 
 his tombstone in the middle thereof *i. 
 
 A.D. 1488. The nave and aisles of St. Mary's Church, Oxford, 
 built by public subscription. The arms of the principal benefactors, 
 including King Henry YII. and most of the bishops, as well as the 
 chief nobility of the period, were emblazoned in the church, and 
 a list of them has been preserved by Wood : no less than eighty-one 
 different shields are enumerated. 
 
 "The architect was Sir Reginald Bray, then High Steward of the Uni- 
 versity : the arms of John Russel, Bishop of Lincoln, Chancellor of England, 
 and first perpetual Chancellor of this University, are still to be seen in the 
 spandrels of the doorway under the great west window '." 
 
 ^ Weever's " Funeral Monuments," 
 p. 814 ; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 65. 
 ' '* Hist, of the City of Oxford,'' edit. 
 
 by Peshall, pp. 63-66 ; Ingram's 
 mortals of Oxford." 
 
 Me- 
 
312 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1489 . Chelmsford, Essex. The church repaired or re- 
 built at this time^. It is a large Perpendicular church, with a 
 tower and spire, and a large south porch. 
 
 A.D. 1490—1500. Bishop Alcocke's Chapel, in Ely Cathedral. 
 
 "He lyeth in a chapell of his owne building, on the north side of the pres- 
 bytery, where is to be scene a very goodly and sumptuous tombe, erected in 
 memory of him '." 
 
 A.D. 1490 — 1517. The central tower, or Angel Steeple, of Canter- 
 bury Cathedral, built by Thomas Goldstone the second, who was 
 appointed prior in the year 1495, and died in 1517. 
 
 "Turrim satis excelsam, Angyll Stepyll vulgariter nuncupatam, testudine 
 pulcherrima concameratam, ac opere decenti artificiose undique sculptam et 
 deauratam, cum lenestris vitreatis satis amplis et ferramentis, ope et auxilio 
 . . . Rev. Patris J. Morton Cardinalis, necnon et Dom W. Sellyug Prioris, in 
 medio ecclesia;, videlicet inter chorum et navem ecclesiae, egregie erexit, et 
 magnifice consummavit. Duos etiam arcus, sive fornices, opere lapideo sub- 
 tiliter incisos cum quatuor aliis minoribus ad sustentationem dictse turris co- 
 lumnis eandem turrim supportantibus satis industriee et prudenter annexit "." 
 
 "Ey erecting this tower is plainly meant only that part which rises above 
 the roof, for the fact that he added the buttressing arches to the piers 
 shews that the piers were there before *." 
 
 On the cornice over the arches stretching from the south-west pillar 
 to two others north and west of it, is this inscription : — 
 
 NON NOBIS DOMINE NGN NOBIS— SED NOMINI TUO DA GLOBIAM. 
 
 And in the middle of the line after the second nohisy between the 
 letters T.P. in gold, signifying Thomas Prior, is a shield charged 
 with three gold stones, indicating his surname, Goldstone : from which 
 it appears that this work was finished when he was jQrior, The fol- 
 lowing is a specimen of the inscription : — 
 
 
 A.D. 1492—1505. Magdalen College tower, Oxford. The first 
 stone was laid on the 9th of August, 1492, by Eichard Mayew, then 
 President, and the college accounts shew that sums of money were 
 constantly expended upon it until 1505. Wolsey, afterwards the cele- 
 brated Cardinal, was bursar in 1498, and tradition has given him the 
 credit of the design. It was originally intended to stand alone, de- 
 tached from the other buildiu" s on the east and west of it ^, 
 
 • Weever, p. 641. « Angl. Sac, t. i. p. 147. 
 
 * Godwin's " Catalogue of the Eng- * Willis's "Archil. Hist, of Canter- 
 lish Bishops," p. 222. See also Ben- bury Cath.," p. 126. 
 
 tham's " Hist, of Ely Cathedral," p. 183, y Ingram's '* Memorials of Oxford," 
 
 PI. xxi. vol. i. 
 
HENRY VII. 313 
 
 A.D. 1493. Hillesdon Church, Buckinghamshire, built ^ A fine 
 and rich specimen of the Perpendicular style. 
 
 A.D. 1500 — 1503. The hall, or manor-house, and chapel of Athel- 
 hampton, corruptly Admiston, in Dorsetshire, built by Sir William 
 Martin, who died in 1503, and was buried in the chapel*. A good 
 specimen of the domestic work of this date. 
 
 A.D. 1500 — 1539. Bath Abbey Church built. It was commenced by- 
 Bishop Oliver King, who died in 1503 ; Priors Bird and Gibbs carried 
 on the works, and the church was nearly finished, when the dissolu- 
 tion of the abbey took place, in 1539 ''. 
 
 A.D. 1501 — 1515. The steeple of Louth Church, Lincolnshire, built. 
 The parish accounts for building this steeple and repairing the church 
 are printed by the Society of Antiquaries ". 
 
 A.D. 1502 — 1504. The sepulchral monument of Arthur Tudor, 
 Prince of Wahs, son of Henry VIL, in Worcester Cathedral ^. 
 
 A.D. 1503 — 1520. Henry the Seventh's Chapel in Westminster 
 Abbey, built on the site of the Lady-chapel of Henry III. ^ The will 
 of King Henry YIL, who died in 1509, contains minute directions for 
 the completion of this building, which were carried into effect by his 
 executors under the superintendence of William Bolton, Prior of 
 St. Bartholomew, appointed master of the works by the King himself. 
 The very rich panelling and ornamentation of this celebrated chapel 
 are well known, and have been published repeatedly. Some of the 
 best representations of them are in Burges's second part of Scott's 
 ** Gleanings," with full details of the history also^. 
 
 A.D. 1505. Piddleton Church, Dorsetshire, completed at this date, 
 as stated by an inscription which is pieserved in it. 
 
 A.D. 1505 . The hospital of the Savoy, in the Strand, London, 
 
 rebuilt and endowed by King Henry YII.s The chapel, built at 
 this period, and converted into a parish church and royal chapel by 
 Queen Elizabeth, remains in a tolerably perfect state. Its ceiling is 
 very rich : the east end has been ornamented with tabernacle- work, 
 of which one original niche remains. It has been well restored, and 
 with the colouring. 
 
 A.D. 1505. The nave of Melrose Abbey Church, Scotland. This 
 date is cut on the south-western buttress, with the arms of James lY. 
 of Scotland : the west end has never been completed, as the toothing- 
 stones remain perfect; the style of this part of the church is more 
 like the English Perpendicular than any other. The eastern part is 
 
 ' Lysons' *' Buckingham," 1806, 4to. ^ Wyld's " Illustration of Worcester 
 
 p. 487. Cathedral," p. 24, PI. x. ; and Britton's 
 
 • Hutchins's '• Hist, of the County History of the same cathedral, p. 19, 
 
 of Dorset," vol. ii. p. 180 ; and " Dom. PL x. 
 
 Arch.," vol. iii. p, 194. ^ Ackermann's "Hist, of Westmin- 
 
 '' See the account of this church, ster Abbey," vol. i. pp. 218 — 221 ; and 
 
 prefixed to the Plan, Elevation, Sec- vol. ii. pp. 135 — 149. For engravings, 
 
 tions, &G., of the same, published by see Cottingham's "Henry the Seventh's 
 
 the Society of Antiquaries, London, Chapel," foho. 
 
 1798. ' See Scott's " Gleanings from West- 
 
 « ArchcBologia, vol. x. pp. 70 — 98, minster Abbey," second edition, Svo., 
 
 and reprinted in Britton's " Architec- 1863. 
 
 tural Antiquities,'* vol. iv. pp.1— 7, ^ Mon. ^ngr., vol. vi. p. 726. 
 with engravings. 
 
314 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 more like tlie French Flamboyant style, and it appears that the 
 architect was a Frenchman; see a.d. 1444. 
 
 A.D. 1506. Bablake Hospital at Coventry, founded by Thomas 
 Bond, a wealthy citizen; and often called Bond's Hospital. It is 
 a fine example of rich Perpendicular wood-work. 
 
 A.D. 1507 — ^^1520. The groined vault of the choir of St. George's 
 Chapel, "Windsor, constructed. John Hylmer and "William Yertue, 
 freemasons, agreed by indenture dated June 5, 1507, to construct this 
 vaulting for 700^., and to complete it by Christmas, 1508 : it appears, 
 however, that part of the works were not finished in 1519, when 
 a subscription among the Knights of the Garter was entered into to 
 defray the expense of their completion. 
 
 A.D. 1508 — 1515. The stone vaulting of King's College Chapel, 
 at Cambridge, with its exterior towers, turrets, finials, &c., built by 
 Henry YII. and his executors. The indentures for the different parts 
 of the work are preserved in the college ^. 
 
 The Perpendicular style is frequently assumed to terminate with 
 the reign of Henry the Seventh, but this is an error, though a very 
 common one. Buildings assigned to Henry YII., on account of their 
 being Gothic are very often really of the time of Henry YIII. ; although 
 the Renaissance style had begun to come in, it went on very slowly 
 at first, and many very good examples of the Perpendicular English 
 Gothic are preserved both in churches and in houses, not only of the 
 time of Henry YIII., but later also, and many large buildings begun 
 under Henry YII., were not finished until Henry YIII., or later, 
 as at "Windsor, at Oxford, and in Cambridge, and Somersetshire to a re- 
 markable extent, and in many other counties. It appears that when 
 the monks saw the probability of the abolition of their tenure, they 
 spent as much as possible in building, and ran into debt largely in 
 doing so, in order to evade the loss of property, in the expectation 
 that the storm would blow over, and that their successors would 
 benefit by the sacrifice they made. "When the Eoyal Commissioners 
 took possession of the monasteries, they frequently found a large num- 
 ber of buildings only half finished, and heavy debts to be paid off 
 before any residue could be found for the Commissioners to sell. 
 
 ^ They are printed in Britten's "Architectural Antiquities," vol. i. pp. 27 — 36, 
 with seyeral engravings. 
 
HENRY VIII. 
 
 315 
 
 EECOEDS OF BUILDINGS DURING THE EEIGN OF 
 Henry YIII., a.d. 1509—1547. 
 
 Henry YIII., from his Great Seal. 
 
 Arms of Henry YIII. 
 
 BADGES. 
 
 Catharine Parr. 
 
 Ctueen Mary. 
 
 A.D. 1509 — 1532. The cathedral of Bangor (with the exception 
 of the choir) built by Bishop Thomas Skevyngton. On the outside 
 of the tower is the following inscription : — 
 
 Vipomas Sliebpngton ©piscopus ISangortc ^oc campanile tt tccUaiam fieri fecit 
 
 Pegge's Sylloge, p. 62. 
 
316 HISTORICAL NOTICES, 
 
 A.D. 1510 — 1528. The chapel on the south side of Collurapton 
 Church, Devon, built by John Lane, merchant, as appears from the 
 inscription on his tomb therein''. 
 
 A.D. 1511 — 1522. Thornbury Castle, Gloucestershire, built by 
 Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, as appears from an inscrip- 
 tion over the entrance gate, but left incomplete at his death in 1522, 
 in which state it still remains. The walls are for the most part in 
 a perfect state, but without a roof, which appears never to have been 
 put on. It is a fine specimen of the baronial mansions of that age, 
 built for magnificent display rather than for defence. 
 
 A.D. 1512 — 1521. JBrasenose College, Oxf)rd, the hall and gate- 
 way-tower included, built by William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and 
 Sir Robert Sutton ^ 
 
 A.D. 1513 — 1517. The quadrangle of Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, built by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester". The build- 
 ings of this college remain nearly in their original state. The 
 founder's chamber, a room over the entrance gateway, is particularly 
 worthy of attention, still retaining the wainscoting and very rich 
 plaster ceiling and cornice of the time of the founder; it was in- 
 tended for the Head of the college. 
 
 A.D. 1517. The chancel of Darton Church, in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, rebuilt, and at this date finished by Thomas Tykyll, 
 Prior of Monk Bretton monastery in the same county, and patron of 
 the church, as recorded by the following inscription round the wall- 
 plate of the choir ° : — 
 
 j50PaaB5is&et*»a;fflB(i;a;i.ii3L^;DeBoao 
 
 CCOBSSBttSIS CBO^a^CS^BI-L-PBXOB 
 
 *'Ad laudem Dei et omnium sanctorum, istam cancellam de novo 
 construxit Thomas Tykyll Prior monasterii Monk Britannie et hujus 
 ecclesie patronus et eundem complete finivit anno Domini milleno 
 quintengeno decimo septimo." 
 
 A.D. 1517. The church of Barton under Need wood in Staffordshire, 
 built by John Taylor, Archdeacon of Derby and Buckingham, and 
 Master of the Rolls temp, Henry YIII., as appears from the inscrip- 
 
 ^ Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 92, 93. "• Ibid. 
 
 1 College Archives ; Ingram's " Me- " Pegge's Sylloge, pp. 89, 90. 
 
 morials of Oxford." 
 
HENRY VIII. 317 
 
 tiotis ovor every other pillar of the north and south sides of the 
 nave°. The windows are mostly square-headed p. 
 
 A.D. 1519 vel circa. Great Ponton, or Pounton Church, in Lincoln- 
 shire, completed at the expense of Anthony Ellis, merchant, who lies 
 interred in the north side of the chancel <i : — 
 
 " Pounton Church has a very large fair tower steeple, strong and very well 
 lay'd ; built, as the inhabitants liave received by tradition, by one Ellys, mer- 
 chant of the staple at Calais ; who, as they also report, built Basingthorpe- 
 hall, Swinshead-hall, Holland : and the hall at Pounton. Mr. Ellys, the 
 builder, is reported to have sent his wife a cask inscribed 'Calais Sand,' 
 witliout any further mention of its contents : at his return to Pounton, he 
 asked what she had done with it, and found she had put it in the cellar. He 
 then acquainted her that it contained the bulk of his riches ; with which 
 (being issueless) they mutually agreed to build a church, in thanksgiving to 
 God for having prospered them in trade. The arms of Ellys, and the motto 
 Thynke and Thanke God for all, are carved in various parts of the 
 tower." 
 
 A.D. 1520. Westenhanger Church, in Kent, built hy Sir Edward 
 Poynings, Knight of the Garter, as recorded in an inscription given 
 in Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, vol. ii. p. 132, and reprinted in 
 Pegge's Sylloge, p. 61. 
 
 A.D. 1520 vel circa. Layer Marney Hall, Essex, built hy Sir Henry, 
 afterwards Baron Marney^. A good specimen of the mansion of this 
 period, and of the beginning of the style of the Kenaissance in 
 England. 
 
 A.D. 1520 vel circa. Compton Winy ate House, Warwickshire, built 
 by Sir William Compton, who was keeper of Eulbroke Castle, which 
 heing demolished, many of the materials were appropriated to this 
 new building^. This splendid mansion is in fine preservation, and 
 affords an excellent specimen of the style of that age. *' Over the 
 arch of the entrance porch are the royal arras of England, beneath 
 a crown, supported by a greyhound and griffin, and on each side is 
 a rose and crown in panels." These are the arms of Henry YIT., 
 but were also used by Henry YIII. during the early part of his 
 reign. The chimney-shafts are variously ornamented, and the gables 
 have good barge-boards. 
 
 A.D. 1520 vel circa. The south side chancel or chapel of St. Mildred's 
 Church, Canterbury, built by Thomas Atwood, *'for a peculiar place 
 of sepulture for himself and his family*," 
 
 A.D. 1525—1538. Hengrave Hall, in Suffolk, built by Sir Thomas 
 Kytson, sometime Sheriff of London ^. 
 
 A.D. 1529. The hall of Christ Church, Oxford, built by Cardinal 
 Wolsey, and finished at this date *. 
 
 •» Plot's "Natural History of Staf- » Britton's "Architectural Antiqui- 
 
 fordsbire," p. 296. ties," vol. ii. p. 104. 
 
 P Engravings of the inscriptions, ' Somner's " Antiquities of Canter- 
 
 and a view of the church, are given bury," p. 166; and Pegge's Sylloge, 
 
 in Pegge's Sijlloge, Plates xii. and xiii. pp. 62, 63. 
 
 1 Tm-nor's "Hist, of Grantham," » Gage's "History and Antiquities 
 
 p. 127. of Hengrave," p. 15. 
 
 ' Salmon's " Hist, of Essex," p. 448. ^ Ingram's " Memorials of Oxford," 
 
 For engravings, see "Domestic Archi- vol. i. p. 51. 
 tecture," vol. iii. 
 
318 HISTORICAL NOTICES. 
 
 A.D. 1530 — 1541. The monumental chapel of Margaret Planfa- 
 genet, Countess of Salisbury, in the church of Christ Church, Hants,, 
 erected in her lifetime. She was beheaded at the age of seventy 
 years, by order of Henry YIII., in 1541 y. A rich and beautiful 
 specimen of the Perpendicular style. 
 
 A.D. 1532. The tomb of Archbishop "William Warham in Canter- 
 bury Cathedral 2. Late Perpendicular, but rich and fine. 
 
 A.D. 1534. Whiston Church, in Northamptonshire, built by Antony 
 Catesby, Esq., lord of the manor, Isabel his wife, and John their son, 
 as may be gathered from the following remains of an inscription on 
 one of the windows therein : — 
 
 ©rate pro . . . '^ntonit Catesbn '^rmtgcri ct Isabella ttxorfs ejus IBominC . . . 
 3oliannis Sanioris gcncrosi cjustfcm "antonii ... qui quiticm '^Intonius, Irsabclla 
 ct 3IoI)anncs i^anc lEccUsiam conTjftJcruut . . quingcntcsimo ttictsimo quarto ...» 
 
 A small but perfect specimen of the Tudor style. 
 
 A.D. 1536. The steeple of Aughton Church, near Howden in Yorlv- 
 shire, erected by Christopher, the second son of Sir Eobert Ask, as 
 appears from an inscription on the south side of the same, placed 
 under the armorial bearings of the Ask family, Or, three bars azure ''. 
 
 During the reign of Elizabeth and James the Eirst, the mixture 
 of styles called the ''Elizabethan style" prevailed generally, but very 
 good Gothic buildings were also erected, and the mixture of the 
 Classic columns is often slight. They do not harmonize well in 
 theory, but the effect is often picturesque and popular. Sometimes 
 in the same building is found good Gothic, such as AYadham College 
 Chapel, where the choir might be a century earlier, whilst the tran- 
 sept or outer chapel and the hall are bad examples of the Jacobean 
 style; Jesus College chapel is a curious mixture; and the east win- 
 dow in the Turl is good Perpendicular. Lincoln College chapel is 
 not bad Gothic, with good painted glass ; the Schools and Bodleian 
 are curious mixtures, but so convenient that it is all to be reproduced 
 in the new Schools. This style is very convenient for domestic build- 
 ings, more so than the modern style miscalled Italian, and better 
 in every way. 
 
 y See Blore's •'Monumental Ee- * Bridges' "Hist, of Northampton- 
 mains." shire," vol. i. pp. 389, 390. 
 
 = See Blore's "Monumental Ee- k ,,/-, .1 , tv*- • „» -,„,-> 
 
 mains ;" and Britton's " Hist, of Can- " Gentleman's Magazme" for 1754, 
 
 terbury Cath.," p. 69, Plates viii. and p. 359; and Pegge's Sylloge, p. 63. 
 xxiv. 
 
COUNTY INDEX.- 
 
 The following Churches are given as Good Examples 
 OF THE Various Styles. 
 
 Bedfoedshiee. — Norman: Churches of Dunstable; St. John's and 
 St. Peter's, Bedford; Everton. Early English: Felmersham, 
 Leigh ton Buzzard. Perpendicular : Eton Socon, Great Bardford, 
 Biggleswade, Marston Mortaine, Maulden, Potton, Tillbrook, 
 Toddington, Willington, Woburn, Cople. 
 
 Beekshiee. — Norman : Avington Church. Early English : Old 
 Windsor, Uffington, Ardington, Buckland, Faringdon. Decorated: 
 Shottisbroke, Warfield, Aid worth. Perpendicular : St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor; Newbury, Wallingford, Wokingham; Abing- 
 don Abbey-gate. 
 
 BucKiNGHAMSHiEE. — Norman : Stewkley Church ; Portions of Denton, 
 Hitchenden, Stanton Bury, Water Stratford. Decorated: Por- 
 tions of Astwood, Chetwode, Haversham. Perpendicular : Eton 
 College Chapel. 
 
 Cambeidgeshiee. — Norman : St. Sepulchre's Church : St. Mary's 
 Chapel, Sturbridge. Early English: Barnwell, Cherry Hinton. 
 Decorated: Trumpington, Bottisham. Perpendicular: Trinity Col- 
 lege Chapel, St. John's, Great St. Mary's, and Trinity Churches, 
 Cambridge; Burwell. 
 
 Cheshiee. — Norman: Portions of Erodsham Church, Ince, Lawton, 
 Shocklach, Shotwick. Perpendicular: St. Mary's, St. Peter's, and 
 Trinity, Chester; Astbury. 
 
 CoENwALL. — Norman : Morvinstow Church, Perpendicular: Bodmin, 
 Cambourne, Falmouth, Fowey, Padstow, Probus, Bedruth, St. 
 Blazey, St. Bieaze, St. Buryen, St. Gluvian's, St. Just-in-Pen- 
 with, St. Kew, St. Neot's, Sennen. 
 
 Cumbeeland. — Perpendicular : Churches of Crosthwaite, Bolton 
 Gate, Distington, Weatherall, Wythbum. 
 
 Deebyshiee. — Norman : Melbourne Church ; Steetley Chapel. Early 
 English: Bredsall, Doveridge, Ilkeston, Marston -on-Dove. Deco- 
 rated: Dronfield, Norbury, Dadlington, Mackworth, Spondon, 
 Tideswell. Perpendicular: All Saints', St. Peter's, St. Alk- 
 mund's, St. Michael's, Saint Werburg, Derby; Alfreton, Barl- 
 borough, Baslow, Castleton, Chelbaston, Hathersage, Hope, Mat- 
 lock, Shirland, Staveley. 
 
 Devonshiee. — Norman : Bishop's Teignton Church. Early English : 
 Ottery St. Mary, Aveton Giffard, Bucklastleigh, Plymstock, 
 Yealmpton, Frithelstock Priory ; Bishop's Palace Chapel, Exeter. 
 
320 COUNTY INDEX. 
 
 ^Perpendicular : Broad Clist, Collumpton, Tiverton, Totnes; 
 Dartington Hall. 
 
 DoESETSHiKE. — Norman : Churches of Corfe Castle, Maiden Newton, 
 Pimperne, Studland. l^arly English : Buckland Newton, Chettle, 
 Combe Keynes. Decorated: Hampreston, Lyme Eegis, Piddle- 
 ton, Wareham. Perpendicular : Abbotshury, Beaminster, Bland- 
 ford, Bridport, Cerne Abbas, Charmouth, Chidesck, Cranborne, 
 Great Pontmel, Litton Cheyney, Loders, Melbury Bubb, Nether- 
 bury, Shaftesbury. 
 
 Durham. — Norman: Portions of Aycliff Church, Billingh am; Durham, 
 St. Margaret, and St. Giles ; Easington, Hart, Heighington, Mer- 
 rington. Redmarshall, Seaham, Jarrow. JEarly English: Conis- 
 cliff'e; Durham, St. Nicholas; Lantchester, Medomsley, Sockburn, 
 Byton, Auckland, St. Andrew, Hartlepool. Decorated : Kellow, 
 Sedgefield. Perpendicular : Auckland St. Helen's ; Durham, St. 
 Mary-le-Bow ; Egglescliffe. 
 
 Essex. — Norman : Dedham Church ; "Waltham Abbey ; Braxted, 
 Cop ford. Great Bentley, Hadleigh, Hadstock, Hatfield Peverell, 
 Middleton, Rainham. Early English : South Ockenden, Braintree, 
 Little Chesterford, Maiden All Saints, Quendon, TJgley, Widford. 
 Decorated: Little Maplestead Church, Tiltey, Bradfield. Eer- 
 pendicular : Newport, Saffron Walden, Thaxted; Trinity, Col- 
 chester; Barking, Becking, Brentwood, Canewden, Chelmsford, 
 Chingford, Coggeshall, Great Oakley, Layer Marney, Little 
 Chishall, North Weald. 
 
 Glotjcesteeshiee. — Norman: Churches of Amney St. Mary's, Ash- 
 church, Avening, Bamwood, Bibury, Bishop's Cleve, Bully, 
 Churcham, Eastleach St. Martin, English Bicknor, Kempley, 
 Lower Guiting, Lower Swell, Maisemore, Michleton, Oddington, 
 Ozleworth, Pauntley, Quenington, Rangeworthy, Rudford, St. 
 Briavel's, Saintbury, Siddington St. Mary, South Cerney, Up- 
 leadon. Upper Swell, Upton St. Leonard, Welford, Withington, 
 "Woolaston. Early English: Henbury, Almondsbury, Bever- 
 stone, Bitton, Down Amney ; Gloucester, St. Mary-de-lode, and 
 St. Nicholas ; Horfield, Kemmerton, Maisey Hampton, Minchin 
 Hampton, Newnham, Stanley St. Leonard, Stone, Temple Guiting. 
 Decorated: Arlingham, Ashelworth, Badgworth, Cor^e, Filton, 
 Erampton - on - Severn, Pucklechurch, Ruardene, Shui dington, 
 Standish, Tirley. Eerpendicular : Fairford, Bisley, Buckland, 
 Campden, Ched worth, Cold Ashton, Didbrook, Dyrham, Edge- 
 worth; Gloucester, St. Mary de Crypt; Hawksbury, Iron Acton, 
 Lechlade, Marshfield, North Cerney, North Leach, Norton, Pains- 
 wick, Thornbury, "Westbury-on-Trim, Westerleigh, Winchcombe, 
 "Woodchester. 
 
 Hampshibe. — Norman: Churches of Corhampton, East Meon, Por- 
 chester ; Southampton, St. Michael ; Shalfleet, Warneford, Whip- 
 pingham ; Wooton and Yaverland, Isle of Wight. Early English : 
 Exton, Fareham, Itchen Stoke, Hambleden, Selbourne; Sil- 
 chester and Calbourne, Isle of Wight. Decorated: Compton, 
 
' COUNTY INDEX. 321 
 
 Soberton. Perpendicular : Alton, Basingstoke ; Chapel of the 
 Holy Ghost, and Bramshot ; Carisbrooke, Motteston, Isle of Wight. 
 
 Herefordshire. — JEarly English: Ewyas Harrold Church. Deco- 
 rated: Madley. 
 
 Hertfordshire. — Norman : Churches of Bengeo, Great Wymondley, 
 Hemel Hempstead, Weston. Early English : Aldenham, Hert- 
 ingfordbury, Royston, Stevenage, Wormley. Decorated : Burley, 
 Hatfield, Widford. Perpendicular : Hitchen, Abbot's Langley, 
 Aldbury, Bishop's Stortford, Braughing, Broxbourn, Chipping 
 Barnett ; Hertford, St. Andrew ; Little Munden. 
 
 Huntingdonshire. — Norman: Churches of Hartford, Hemingford Grey, 
 Eamsey. Earlg English : Alconbury, Great Catworth, Hunting- 
 don, All Saints'; Keyston, Leighton Bromswold, Warboys, Wooton. 
 Decorated: Bythorne, Elton, Eynesbury, Eenny Stanton, Great 
 Stewkley, Hemingford Abbots, Kimbolton, Spaldwick, Yaxley. 
 Perpendicular : St. I^eot's, Bluntisham, Conington, Ellington, 
 Godmanchester ; Huntingdon, St. Mary's ; Little Stewkley, St. 
 Ives, Stilton. 
 
 Kent. — Norman : Barfreston Church ; Portions of Banning, Brabourne 
 Bridge, Davington; Dover, St. Mary; Nackington, Patricksbourne; 
 Sandwich, St. Clement; and Smeeth. Early English: Chelsfield, 
 Adisham, Aldington, Alpham, Beaksbourne, Bexley, Bobbing, 
 Chalk, Cheriton, St. Martin, Chislet, Darenth, Deal, Denton, 
 Doddicgton, Eastry, Elham, Eynesford, Eythorne, Eolkstone, 
 Goodneston, Graveney, Great Hardress, Guston, Hailing, Har- 
 rietsham, Hinkshill, Hoath, Hougham, Ickham, Littlebourne, 
 Milstead, Mongham, JS'ewington, J^^ewnham, Norton, OfiTiam, 
 Old Eomney, Paddlesworth, Preston, Reculver, Eiver, Stelling, 
 Stodmarsh, Sturry, Sutton near Dover, Teynham, "Westwell. 
 Decorated: Chartham, Boughton Aluph, Buckland; Canterbury, 
 Holy Cross ; St. George's, St. Stephen's, and St. Paul's, Chartham ; 
 Dartford, Eastfield, Frittenden, Eordwich, Hawkhurst, Hoo 
 St. Margaret, Kingston, Leigh, Meopham, Milton next Gravesend, 
 Milton next Sittingbourn, Newington with Cheriton, N^orthfleet, 
 Otford, Sheldwick, South Elect, Sutton at Hone, Sittingbourn, 
 St. Lawrence in Thanet, Thornham, Upchurch, Willesborough, 
 "Woodnesborough, Yalding. Perpendicular : Ashford, Benenden, 
 Biddenden, Birchington; Canterbury, St. Mary ; Breton, Chiding- 
 stone, Cranbrook, East Peckham, Headcorn, Hearnhill ; Hoo, 
 All Saints* ; Lydd, Maidstone, Nettlestead ; Eochester, St. !N^i- 
 cholas; Eolvenden, Sandhurst, Sevenoaks, Stone, Sandridge, 
 Sutton Yalence, Tenterden, Tunstall, TJllcombe, Westerham. 
 
 Lancashire. — Norman : Stidd Church, near Eibch ester. Perpendicular : 
 Brindle, Bolton - le - Moors, Burnley, Chorley, Clithero, Colne, 
 Eccles ; Excett Chapel ; Farnworth, Hallsall, Huyton, Lan- 
 caster; Lango Chapel; Padiham, Prestvvich, Preston; Salmes- 
 bury Chapel ; Sefton, Walton-le-Dale, Wigan. 
 
 Leicestershire. — Norman: St. Nicholas Church, Leicester. Ea/rly 
 English : Examples must be sought for in the mixed Churches. 
 
322 COUNT r index. 
 
 Decorated: Burton Lazars, Kegworth, Loughborough, Osga- 
 thorpe. Perpendicular : Ashby- de-la -Zouch, Hoton, Kothely, 
 Tilton, Withcote. 
 
 LiNcoLNSHiEE. — JVormau : Churches of Clee ; St. Peter's, Middle Raisin ; 
 Sempringham, Stow. £Jarl^ English : Grayingham, Hibalstow, 
 Lessingham. Decorated: Heckington, Ripingale, Caythorpe, 
 Great Hale, Haydor, Helpringham, I^avenby, Silk Willoughby, 
 Walcot. Perpendicular: St. John's, Lincoln; Crowland, As- 
 warby, Baston, Burton, Folkingham, Gosberton, Kirton, Lang- 
 loft, Morton, Pinchbeck, Great Ponton, Spalding, Stoke, Rochford, 
 Tattershall, Thurlby. 
 
 London. — Norman : The Chapel in the White Tower. Perpendicular : 
 St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Middlesex. — Norman : Portions of Bedfunt, Harlington, Hayes, 
 Hendon, Harrow. 
 
 MoNMOiiTHSHiEE. — Normau : Chepstow Church. 
 
 iNoEFOLS". — Norman : Churches of Castle Rising, Chedgrave, Fram- 
 lingham Earl, Gillingham, Hadiscoe, Hillington, Keninghall, 
 South Lopham, Thwaite. Early English : West Walton Church ; 
 Other good examples may be found in the mixed Churches. 
 Decorated: Attleborough, Gresham, Hingham, Houghton-le-Dale. 
 Perpendicular : St. Andrew's, St. George Colegate, St. Giles's, 
 St. John Sepulchre, St. Lawrence, St. Michael-at-Plea, St. Saviour, 
 St. Stephen's, Norwich; Burnham Thorpe, Cawston, Catfield, 
 Cromer, Deepham, Ingham, Loddon, Outwell, Redenhall, Sale, 
 Swaffham, Terrington St. Clement, Walpole St. Andrew, Walpole 
 St. Peter, Wicklewood, Wiggenhall St. Mary. 
 
 IToETHAMPTONSHiEE. — Norman : Churches of Burton Sea grave, Caistor, 
 Hinton, Moulton, Peakirk, Stowe, Twywell, Upton. Early 
 English: Brackley, St. Peter; Dallington, Dean, Denford, Duston, 
 Great Addington, Gretworth, Guilsborough, Hardingstone, Ring- 
 stead, Rothwell, Spratton, Strixton. Decorated: Braughton, 
 Crick, East Haddon, Everdon, Flore, Great Addington, Kings- 
 lingbury, Little Addington, Longthorpe, West Haddon. Per- 
 pendicular : Aldwinkle All Saints', Ashby Ledgers, Easton, 
 Eydon, Fotheringhay, Glinton, Kettering, King's Sutton, Middle- 
 ton Cheney, Tichmarsh, Welton, Wilby. 
 
 NoTTiNGHAMSHiEE. — Norman : Churches of Balderton, Hovingham, 
 Worksop. Early English : Upton St. Peter ; Coddington. Deco- 
 rated : A verb am. Perpendicular : Carlton-in-Lindrick, Kelham- 
 Gamston, Kingston ; St. Mary's, Nottingham. 
 
 OxFOEDSHiEE. — Normau : Churches of Barton, Begbrooke, Cassington, 
 Great Barford, Handborough; Iffley; St. Peter's -in -the -East, 
 Oxford. Early English : Charlbury, Clifton, Tackley. Deco- 
 rated : Ducklington, Kidlington. Perpendicular : Chadlington, 
 Ewelme. 
 
 SoMEESETSHiEE. Norman : Portions of Christen Church, Comptou. 
 Martin, Flax Bourton, Lullington, Uphill. Early English : Por- 
 
"county index. 323 
 
 tions of Doulting, Pawlet, Shepton Mallet. Decorated: Chelvy. 
 Perpendicular: Axbridge, Bishop Hull, Brislington ; Bristol, 
 St. Augustin, St. John, St. Peter, St. Thomas, Temple ; Bur- 
 rington, Cheddar, Chew Magna, Congresbury, Cross Combe, 
 Prome, Hutton, llminster, Key ii sham, Litton Lympsham, I^orton 
 St. Philip, North Petherton, Portishead ; Taunton, St. James ; 
 Wolverton, Long Ashton, Banwell. 
 
 .Staffoedshihe. — Norman: Portions of Abbot's Bromley Church, 
 Codsal. Early English : Eccleshall ; St. Michael's, Lichfield. 
 Decorated : Cheadle, Ashley, Blimhill, Blithfield. Ferpendicular : 
 Hanbury, Barton-under-Needwood, Broughton, Muckleston. 
 
 Suffolk. — Norman : Portions of Braysworth Church, Holton, Wisset, 
 Wiston. Early English: Ickworth. Decorated: Bradfield, 
 Kentford. Perpendicular: St. James's, Hadleigh, Lavenham, 
 Lowestoffe, Southwold, Stoke - by -Kay land; All Saints', St. 
 Gregory, and St. Peter, Sudbury; Boxford, Blithburgh, East 
 Bergholt, Eye, Ingham, Letheringham, Stratford St. Mary, Wor- 
 lingworth. 
 
 SuEKEY. — Norman : Examples must be sought for in the mixed 
 Churches. Early English: Churches of Sheer, Abinger, Capell, 
 Chiddingford, Chelsham, Chesindon, East and West Clandon, 
 East Horsley, Merrow, Merton, Mickleham, !N'ewdigate, Ock- 
 wood, Send, Tattersfield, Warlingham, Witley. Decorated : Cran- 
 ley, Dunsfold, Leatherhead. Perpendicular: Stoke, Beddington, 
 Croydon, Dorking, Earnham, Lingfield, Mitcham, East Moulsey, 
 Byegate. 
 
 Sussex. — Norman: Portions of Alciston Church, Amberley, Beding, 
 Bishopstone, Bramber, Burpham, Elsted, Iping, Jevington, I^ew- 
 haven. North Marden, Telscombe, Treyford, Wilmington. Early 
 English : Eastbourne, Aldingbourn, Appledram, Barcombe, Bar- 
 lavington, Barnham, Bepton, South Bersted, West Bletchington, 
 Bodiham, Bolney, Bottolphs, Bury, Chailey, Chiltington, Chit- 
 hurst, Coates, Didling, Donnington, Eairlight, Earnhurst, Eer- 
 ring, Eishboum, Eletching, Goring, Greetham, Hangleton, 
 Hardham, Hellingley, Hove, Hollington, East Hoathly, Hors- 
 ham, Hunston, Hurstmonceaux, West Itchenor, Icklesham, 
 Iford, Keymer, Mid Lavant, Linchmere, Ludgershall, Madehurst, 
 North Stoke, Ovingdean, Pagham, Paching, Peasemarsh, Pe- 
 vensey, Playden, Pidinghoe, Plumpton, Portslade, Preston, Bagate, 
 Bottingdean, Busper, Bustington, Sellham, Selmeston, Sidlesham, 
 Slindon, Stedham, South Stoke, West Stoke, Stoughton, Tang- 
 mere, Tarring Neville, West Tarring, Terwick, West Thomey, 
 Tortington, TJdimere, Washington, Westfield, Westmeston, AVis- 
 borough Green, West Wittering, Wivelsfield, Yapton. Deco- 
 rated : Kingston, Ardinglej^, Ashburnham, Berwick, Chalvington, 
 Eord, Isfield, North Chapel, Nuthurst, Petworth, Seaford, 
 Slaugham, Tillington, Trotton, Cold Waltham, Wiston. Per- 
 pendicular : East Angmering, Billinghurst, West Bourne, Brede, 
 Brightling ; St. Andrew's, and St. Peter the Great, Chichester ; 
 
 y2 
 
324 couNxr index. 
 
 Crowhurst, Cuckfield, Darlington, Gestling, Hailsham, Henfield, 
 Hooe, Mayfield, North Mundham, Ore, Parham, Penhurst, Pole- 
 ing, Pyecombe, Eingmer, Singleton, Ticehurst, IJckfield, Wig- 
 genhall, "Westham, Withy am. 
 
 "Waewickshiee. — Norman : Churches of Arrow, Beaudesert, Corley, 
 Cubbington, Curdworth, Lillington, Eyton, Wyken. Tlarly 
 English : Earton, Great Wolford, Offchurch. Decorated : Al- 
 lesley, Bilton, Fillongley, Long Compton, Temple Ealsall, Shuck- 
 borough, Shustock, Wroxhall. Perpendicular: Church Eicken- 
 hill, Coughton, Hatton, Henley-in-Arden, Knowle. 
 
 "W^iLTSHinE. — Norman : Churches of Codford St. Peter ; Devizes, St. 
 Mary ; Great Durnford, Kingston St. Michael, Little Langford, 
 Nether Avon, Stapleford, Tilshead, Winterbourne Stoke. JEarly 
 English : Bradford, Pifield, Pisherton Delamere, Heytesbury, 
 Leigh Delamere, Pottem, South Newton, Stanton St. Quinton, 
 "Wilsford. Decorated: Bemerton, Ditton, Poulshot. Perpen- 
 dicular : Atworth, Great Chatfield ; Devizes, St. James ; Marl- 
 borough St. Mary and St. Peter ; Teffont Ewias, Trowbridge, 
 "Warminster, Westport. 
 
 WoECESTEESHiEE. — Normau : Elmbridge, Feckenham, Hartlebury, 
 Holt, Martley, Pedraore ; Worcester, St. Clement. Early English, 
 Elmly Lovett, Hanbuiy, Stoke Prior, Tidmington. Decorated: 
 Alvechurch, Hagley, Whitford. Perpendicular : Great Hampton, 
 Kidderminster, Upton Warren. 
 
 ToEKSHiRE, East Eiding. — Norman : Churches of Goodmanham, New- 
 bold. Early English : Bilton, Headon. Perpendicular : Barm- 
 ston, Beeford, Hemingborough, Paul. 
 
 NoETH Eiding. — Norman: St. Michael's Church, New 
 
 Malton. Perpendicular : Eichmond, Thirsk. 
 
 West Eiding. — Norman: Churches of Adel, Silkstone. 
 
 Early English : Ilkley. Perpendicular : Doncaster, Crofton, 
 Ecclesfield, Hemsworth, Tickhill, Worsborough. 
 
GLOSSAEIAL AND GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 refers to Woodcuts. 
 
 Abacus, the flat member on the top of 
 a capital, originally a square tile, 
 and in the Classical styles always 
 square, 8 ; this form is retained in 
 the Norman, 60*, and in French 
 Gothic, but in English Gothic it is 
 usually round and sometimes octa- 
 gonal : Early English, 128* ; Deco- 
 rated, 198* ; Perpendicular, 272*. 
 
 Adams', the style of the, 5. 
 
 Air-hole, Perpendicular, 273*. 
 
 Aisles, the, 37. 
 
 Angel-corbels, 270*. 
 
 Angel-cornice, peculiar to Perpendi- 
 cular, 270. 
 
 Anne of Bohemia, Queen, head of, 
 293*. 
 
 Apophyges, 11*. 
 
 Appendix of Churches given as Good 
 Examples of the Various Styles, 319. 
 
 Akcade, a series of arches, usually 
 applied to the small ornamental 
 arches only : early Norman, 81* ; 
 late Norman, 58*; intersecting, 72*, 
 74*; A.D. 1128, pp. 94, 95; Early 
 English, 124* ; Decorated, 195*. 
 
 Arches, diagrams of various forms, 
 40 ; early Norman, 81*, 84* ; Nor- 
 man semicircular, 50*, 51* ; horse- 
 shoe, 50 ; pointed, 51* ; segmental 
 a Gloucestershire feature, 87 ; inter- 
 secting, 36 ; pointed, 35 ; form of, 
 no guide to date or style, note, 35 ; 
 pointed at St. Cross in 1136, p. 97 ; 
 Boche Abbey in 1147, p. 99 ; Kirk- 
 stall in 1152, p. 100 ; Early EngUsh, 
 122, 123* ; segmental, Early Eng- 
 lish, 121 ; Decorated, 194* ; of De- 
 corated windows, 188* ; Perpendi- 
 cular, 258, 259* ; ogee, Perpendi- 
 cular, 258 ; four-centred, Perpendi- 
 cular, 258. 
 
 Architecture defined, 1. 
 
 Architrave, 7, 8 ; Early EngHsh, 122 ; 
 Decorated, 194 ; Perpendicular, 250. 
 
 Archivolt, 8. 
 
 Arms of Edward I., 230* ; Edmund 
 Earl of Cornwall, 232* ; Queen 
 Eleanor of Castile, 233*; Edward 
 in., 239*; John of Gaunt, 239*, 
 295*; Eichard H., 289*; Henry 
 VI., 298*; Edward IV., 307*; Ed- 
 ward v., 310* ; Eichard IH., 310* ; 
 
 Henry VH., 311* ; Henry VIII., 
 
 315*. 
 Astragal, or bead, 11*. 
 Attic, 9. 
 
 Ball-flower ornament, 178*, 179*, 183*, 
 208*, 210*. 
 
 Baluster, 9. 
 
 Balustrade, 9. 
 
 Bands, 42 ; Norman, 53*. 
 
 Base, 7 ; Tuscan, 13 ; Ionic, 23 ; early 
 Norman, 85* ; Norman, 67* ; Early 
 English, 114*, 130*; Decorated, 
 198*, 203*. 
 
 Basement mouldings, Decorated, 203* ; 
 Perpendicular, 266*. 
 
 Battlement, 39 ; Norman, 70 ; Early 
 English, 144 ; Decorated, 215* ; Per- 
 pendicular, 276* ; pierced, 276 ; va- 
 rieties of, 277* ; on transoms, pecu- 
 liar to Perpendicular, 270. 
 
 Bead, a small round moulding, 11* ; 
 also used for an ornament resem- 
 bhng a row of beads, as at Shobdon, 
 64* ; and Wootton, 65*. 
 
 Beak-head ornament, 58*. 
 
 Bed-mould, 8. 
 
 BeU of the capital, 8. 
 
 Billet, an ornament much used in the 
 Norman style, as at Malmesbury, 
 59* ; there are several varieties of 
 it. 
 
 Birds'-beak moulding, 12*. 
 
 Bhnd-story, the triforium, as con- 
 trasted with the clearstory above it, 
 as at Salisbury, 164*. 
 
 Boss, a projecting ornament : Early 
 Enghsh, 141, 145* ; Decorated, 216* ; 
 Perpendicular, a.d. 1410, p. 296*. 
 
 Bosses and panel, Decorated, a.d. 1355, 
 p. 245*. 
 
 Bowtel, Norman, 60*. 
 
 Brackets, 8. 
 
 Bricks, Eoman, used at Colchester, 89. 
 
 British architecture, 2. 
 
 Broach, a spire without a parapet at 
 its base, shewing the junction of 
 the octagonal spire to the square 
 tower, as at Stamford, 143*. 
 
 Buckle, or Mask, a kind of corbel, as 
 at Stanwick, 133*. 
 
 Buttresses, supports to the wall, 39 ; 
 Norman, 54, 55* ; Early EngUsh, 
 
326 
 
 GLOSS AHIAL AND GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 131*, 164*, 165* ; Decorated, 200*, 
 201*; Perpendicular, 262*, 263*, 
 264*. 
 
 Cabling the flutes, 10. 
 
 Canopy, 42 ; the ornamental moulding 
 over a door, as at Norwich, 178* ; 
 or window, as at Howden, 220* ; or 
 tomb, usually enriched with crockets 
 and a finial, as at Beverley, 223* ; 
 Early English, 134 ; Decorated, 178. 
 
 Cantallver, 9. 
 
 Capitals, 7 ; Composite, 31 ; Corin- 
 thian, 27 ; divisions of, 8 ; scalloped, 
 94* ; Tuscan, 14 ; cushion-shape, 87, 
 88, 97 ; early Norman, 65*, 80*, 81*, 
 85*, 86*, 88*, 105* ; late Norman, 
 65*, 94* ; often inserted in early 
 Norman walls, as at Lincoln, 87 ; 
 often carved long after their erec- 
 tion, as at Canterbury, 97; Early 
 English, 114, 128*, 129*; Deco- 
 rated, 113*, 114* ; their difference 
 from Early English, 176; Perpen- 
 dicular, 272*. 
 
 Castles, Norman, 77 ; Decorated, 229 ; 
 Perpendicular, 286. 
 
 Caulicoli, 7. 
 
 Cavetto, 10. 
 
 Ceilings, Norman, 70 ; of wooden groin- 
 ing. Early English, 146* ; Perpen- 
 dicular, 279*. 
 
 Chancel, 38. 
 
 Chapel of two storeys, 168. 
 
 Chapels, 38. 
 
 Chapter-house, 38; Early English, 153. 
 
 Chimney, Decorated, a.d. 1356, p. 245*. 
 
 Choir, the, 39. 
 
 Cinquefoil, 41*. 
 
 Classical style, 4. 
 
 Clerestory, or Clearstory, the upper 
 story of a church, as distinguished 
 from the blind-story, or triforium, 
 as at SaUsbury, 164* ; Early Eng- 
 Hsh, 164* ; Decorated, 190*, 240*. 
 
 Cloisters, 39. 
 
 Colonnade, 12. 
 
 Column, 7 ; Tuscan, 13 ; Doric, 16 ; 
 Composite, 32. 
 
 Composed orders, 33. 
 
 Composite order, 7, 8, 31 — 34 ; arch 
 of Septimius Severus, 29*. 
 
 Console, 9. 
 
 Contrasted arch, 40*. 
 
 CoEBEL, a projection to carry a weight, 
 usually carved, 42 ; a row of corbels 
 carrying the projecting eaves of the 
 roof is called a corbel-table : Nor- 
 man, 56* ; Early Enghsh, 128, 133, 
 141* ; Decorated, 214* ; Perpendi- 
 cular, 271*. 
 
 Corbel-heads, a.d. 1279, p. 232* ; a.d. 
 1355, p. 238*. 
 
 CoKiNTHiAN order, 27—31 ; Greek, 6, 
 7 ; *Arch of Hadrian, Athens, 29 ; 
 *Temple of Vesta, Tivoli, 29 ; *Tem- 
 ple of Jupiter Olympius, Athens, 29 ; 
 modillion, 8*. 
 
 Cornice, 8, 42 ; Ionic, 23 ; Corinthian, 
 28 ; Composite, 32 ; Early English, 
 133*, 164* ; Decorated, 202* ; Per- 
 pendicular, 265*. 
 
 Corona, 8, 10. 
 
 Crest, Decorated, 240*. 
 
 Crocket, an ornament peculiar to the 
 Gothic styles, usually resembling a 
 leaf half -opened projecting from the 
 upper edge of a canopy or pyramidal 
 covering, 42 ; sometimes a series of 
 crockets are connected by a running 
 stem ; the form generally resembles 
 a shepherd's crook, which is sup- 
 posed to be the origin of the name : 
 Early Enghsh, 142* ; Decorated, 
 213* ; Perpendicular, 271*. 
 
 Cross, or transept, 38. 
 
 Crosses, Norman, 63* ; Early Eng- 
 lish, 142*. 
 
 Crypt, 43, a vault beneath a church, 
 generally under the chancel only, 
 and frequently the altar platform 
 only ; it was sometimes used for the 
 exhibition of reHcs, and had two 
 staircases from the church, for the 
 descent and ascent of worshippers : 
 at Canterbury, 105*. 
 
 Cusp, an ornament used in the tracery 
 of windows, screens, <fec., to form 
 foUation, 42* ; it was at first solid, 
 then pierced, 155*, sometimes en- 
 riched with carving ; Early English, 
 155. 
 
 Cyma recta, 11*. 
 
 Cyma reversa, 11*. 
 
 Cymatium, 8. 
 
 Dado, 7*. 
 
 Deca style portico, 12. 
 
 Decorated style, beginning of, 4 ; the 
 second Gothic style, 44 ; general ap- 
 pearance of, 226. 
 
 Dentils, 9*. 
 
 Diaper, ornamental work cut on the 
 surface of the wall, originally paint- 
 ed in imitation of hangings; Nor- 
 man, 91*, 98* ; Early English, 139* ; 
 Decorated, 211*, 212*. 
 
 Die, 7. 
 
 Dioclesian's Palace, 3. 
 
 Domestic Buildings, examples of, see 
 the Topographical Index. 
 
 DooBWAYs, Norman, 46*, 98* ; Early 
 English, 112 ; Decorated, 176, 235* ; 
 
GLOSSAEIAL AND GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 327 
 
 examples of Decorated, 177*, 178*, 
 179*, 180* ; Perpendicular, 250, 
 251*, 252*, 253*; Perpendicular, 
 A.D. 1380, p. 290*. 
 
 Doric Order, 16 — 22 ; Grecian, 6 ; 
 from the Temples of Theseus at 
 Athens, and of Apollo at Delos, 
 17* ; EoMAN, 20 ; from the Theatre 
 of Marcellus at Kome, and Modern, 
 T. Eickman, 17*. 
 
 Dripstone, 42, the projecting moulding 
 over a door or a window, to throw 
 off the wet; but it is also used in 
 the interior over arches, and is 
 sometimes called the hoodmould, 
 or, when it is square, the label : 
 Norman, 57* ; Early English, 133* ; 
 Decorated, 195, 203* ; Perpendicu- 
 lar, 265*. 
 
 *Drop arch, 40. 
 
 Early Enghsh style, the first Gothic 
 style, beginning of, 4, 44 ; general 
 appearance of, 153. 
 
 Edward the Confessor, examples in 
 his time of the early Norman style, 
 as at Westminster, 80*. 
 
 Edward I., the Queen Eleanor crosses 
 built by, 233 ; the early division of 
 the Decorated style, with geome- 
 trical tracery, prevailed throughout 
 his reign, 230—236. 
 
 Edward 11., the later division of the 
 Decorated style, with flowing tra- 
 cery, prevailed in his reign, 236 — 
 238 ; head of, 239*. 
 
 Edward III., the later division of 
 the Decorated style, with flowing 
 tracery, continued throughout the 
 greater part of this reign. Exam- 
 ples, 239—249. But the Perpendi- 
 cular style was gradually coming in 
 during this reign, 242 ; head of, 
 289* ; arms of, 239*. 
 
 Edward IV., head, badges, and arms 
 of, 307*. 
 
 Edward V., arms of, 310*. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince, head of, 
 249*. 
 
 Eleanor Crosses, 154* ; history of, 
 233. 
 
 Eleanor, Queen, image of, 233*. 
 
 Ehzabeth of York, Queen, head of, 
 311*. 
 
 EHzabethan style, 4. 
 
 EUiptical arch, 40. 
 
 English Gothic, 35 ; divisions of, 37. 
 
 Enriched mouldings, 12. 
 
 Entablature, 7; the Tuscan, 14; Co- 
 rinthian, 28 ; Composite, 32. 
 
 Equilateral arch, 40*. 
 
 Fan-tracery vaulting, a rich kind of 
 vaulting much used in the Perpen- 
 dicular style, and peculiar to Eng- 
 land, 280*. 
 
 Fascia, 10*. 
 
 Feathering, or foliation, 41. 
 
 Fillet, a small square band on the 
 face of a moulding, 10*. 
 
 Finial, the ornament which finishes 
 the top of a pinnacle, a canopy, or 
 a spire, usually carved into a bunch 
 of foliage, 42. 
 
 FHnt and stone panelling. Decorated, 
 230* ; Perpendicular, 268. 
 
 Flower of four leaves, 208* ; ball- 
 flower ornament, ib. 
 
 Flowers, Perpendicular, 270. 
 
 Flowing tracery, 41. 
 
 Flutes, 9 ; 
 
 Foils, 41. 
 
 Foliage, sculptured ornament in imita- 
 tion of the leaves of plants : Early 
 Enghsh, 140* ; Decorated, 213*,' 
 214*. 
 
 Fohated, this term is applied to win- 
 dow tracery, &c., which has cusps, 
 41. 
 
 circles, at York in 1250, 
 
 p. 173. 
 
 Foliation, 41. 
 
 Font, baptismal, 38 ; Norman, 74* ; 
 Early English, 152* ; Decorated, 
 225* ; Perpendicular, 285*. 
 
 Frieze, 7, 11 ; Corinthian, 28. 
 
 Fronts, Norman, 73* ; Early English, 
 147* ; Decorated, 220*, 221* ; Per- 
 pendicular, 281. 
 
 Galilee, or western porch, at Durham 
 
 and Ely, 109, 
 Galleries, Decorated, 195. 
 Gatehouse, Decorated, 229*, 230* ; 
 
 early Perpendicular, a.d. 1382, p. 
 
 292*. 
 Gothic, name of, defended, note, 35. 
 Grecian architecture, 1, 6, 7. 
 Groined roof, Norman, 71*. 
 Groining, Early Enghsh, 144. 
 
 Hawksmoor, Nicholas, style of, 5. 
 
 Henry IV., head of, 297*. 
 
 Henry V., badge of, 297*. 
 
 Henry VI., head of, 298*; arms of, 
 
 298*. 
 Henry VH., head of, 311* ; arms of, 
 
 311*. 
 Henry VHI., head, badges, and arms 
 
 of, 315*. 
 Hexa style portico, 12. 
 Horse-shoe arch, 40*, 52. 
 Houses, Perpendicular, 286. 
 
328 
 
 GLOSS AEIAL AND GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Impost, the point from which an arch 
 springs, 8 ; Norman, 60*. 
 
 Ionic order, 22 — 27; Greek, 6, 7; 
 *capital after Palladio, 22 ; Erec- 
 theum, Athens, 24* ; Temple on 
 the IHssus, ib.; Eoman Aqueduct 
 of Hadrian, Athens, ib. ; Temple of 
 Fortuna Virilis, Kome, ib. 
 
 Jesse window, 187*. 
 
 Joan of Navarre, Queen, head of, 297*. 
 
 Jones, Inigo, style of, 4. 
 
 Kentish tracery, 182*, 185. 
 Key-stone, 8. 
 
 Label, 42, note. 
 Lady-chapel, 38. 
 
 *Lancet-arch, 40 ; windows, 117*. 
 Lantern, 39 ; Perpendicular, a.d. 1435, 
 p. 300*. 
 
 Machicolations, 39. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, Queen, head of, 
 298*. 
 
 Mask, or Buckle, an ornament used 
 on corbels in the thirteenth and 
 fourteenth centuries : when looked 
 at in front it resembles a buckle, 
 but the shadow of it on the wall is 
 the profile of a human face, 133*. 
 
 Masonry, rubble, 83* ; wide- jointed, 
 83* ; Lincoln, 86* ; "Westminster 
 Hall, 88 ; Winchester, 90. 
 
 Metope, Doric, 18. 
 
 *Mixed arch, 40. 
 
 ModiUion, 8*. 
 
 Mouldings, 8, 10—12, 41, 42 ; Eoman, 
 mode of working, 12 ; Grecian, mode 
 of working, 12 ; enriched, 12 ; Nor- 
 man, 59* ; Early EngHsh, 115, 134*, 
 135*; Temple Church, 171*; of 
 arches. Decorated, 194 ; Decorated, 
 209*, 210*, 242 ; flowered, 177 ; of 
 Perpendicular capitals, 253 ; large 
 hollow, Perpendicular, ib.; Perpen- 
 dicular, A.D. 1381, p. 291*. 
 
 Mullions, the vertical bars of a win- 
 dow, 41 ; Perpendicular, 256. 
 
 Mutules, 8*. 
 
 Nave, the, 37. 
 
 Neck of a capital, 8. 
 
 Niche, or tabernacle, a recess for an 
 
 image, with a canopy over it, 42 ; 
 
 Norman, 57* ; Early English, 136 ; 
 
 Decorated, 204*, 205*, 206*, 233* ; 
 
 Perpendicular, 266, 267*. 
 Norman castles, 3. 
 NoBMAN Style, 43 ; described, 46 — 
 
 77 ; historical examples of, 78 — 111. 
 
 Octo style portico, 12. 
 
 Ogee, moulding, 11* ; arch, 40* ; ca- 
 nopy, 178 ; arch, Perpendicular, 258. 
 
 Order, 7 ; Tuscan, according to Pal- 
 ladio, 15* ; according to Vitruvius, 
 15*. 
 
 Oriel window, 228. 
 
 Ornamentation, change of, at Lincoln, 
 86; Westminster Hall, 88 ; Norman, 
 58*, 59*; Early English, 138*, 
 140*; Decorated, 208*; Perpendi- 
 cular, 268*, 272*. 
 
 Ovolo, the Greek, 10 ; the Eoman, ib. 
 
 Palladio, style of, 5. 
 
 Panel and bosses. Decorated, a.d. 1355, 
 p. 244*, 245* ; early Perpendicular, 
 A.D. 1366, p. 246* ; Perpendicular, 
 268*. 
 
 Panelled parapets, 276. 
 
 Panelling, Early English, 154* ; of 
 flint and stone. Decorated, 230* ; 
 Perpendicular, 268*, 269*. 
 
 Parapet, the low wall at the top of 
 a building, 39 ; Early Enghsh, 164* ; 
 Decorated, 215*, 240* ; Perpendicu- 
 lar, 276*. 
 
 PateraB, Norman, 61. 
 
 Pedestal, 7 ; proportions of, 9; Tuscan, 
 13 ; Ionic, 23 : Corinthian, 28. 
 
 Pediment, 9. 
 
 Perpendicular Style, beginning of, 
 4 ; tracery, 41 ; the latest English 
 style, 44 ; described, 250—288 ; ge- 
 neral appearance, 286 ; examples of, 
 289—318. 
 
 PhiHppa, Queen, head of, 248*. 
 
 Piers, or pillars, 39 ; Early Norman, 
 80*, 85* ; Norman, 53*, 62* ; Trans- 
 itional, 105* ; Early EngHsh, 124*, 
 125*; Decorated, 196*— 199*; Per- 
 pendicular, 260, 261*. 
 
 Pilaster, 9*. 
 
 Pillars. See Piers. 
 
 Pinnacle, a small spire usually termi- 
 nating a buttress, 42 ; Norman, 69* ; 
 Early Enghsh, 143; Decorated, 240* ; 
 Perpendicular, 263*. 
 
 Piscina, or water-drain, 43 ; Early Eng- 
 lish, 137* ; Decorated, 204*. 
 
 Plan, Wells, 37*; LilHeshall Abbey, 
 pecuHar, 99 ; Canterbury, 107* ; 
 Durham, 110*. 
 
 Plate-tracery, the earhest kind of tra- 
 cery, 160*, 161. 
 
 Plinth, the projecting member form- 
 ing the lower part of a base, or of 
 a wall, 8. 
 
 Porches, 38 ; Norman, 72* ; at Lincoln, 
 86 ; at Tewkesbury, 89 ; Early Eng- 
 lish, 150* ; Decorated, 222* — 224*, 
 
GLOSSARIAL JLND GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 329 
 
 240* ; Perpendicular, 283 ; a.d. 1133, 
 
 p. 300*. 
 Portico, 12. 
 Presbytery, Ely, 169 ; Lincoln, 174. 
 
 Quatrefoil, 41*. 
 Quirk, 12. 
 Quirked ogee, 12. 
 
 Eeading-pulpit, Early English, 151. 
 
 Keedings, 12. 
 
 Respond, a half -pillar against a wall : 
 
 Early EngUsh, 126. 
 Eib, a band or moulding projecting 
 
 from the surface of a vault : Early 
 
 EngHsh, 144 ; Decorated, 216. 
 Eichard 11., examples in his reign, 289 
 
 —294 ; arms and badge of, 289* ; 
 
 head of, 298*. 
 Eichard III., head, badge, and arms 
 
 of, 310*. 
 Eoman architecture, 2, 6 ; buildings in 
 
 England, 3. 
 Eoodloft, 42. 
 
 Eoof-shafts, Decorated, 196. 
 Eoofs, Norman, 70; Early Enghsh, 
 
 144 ; wooden, Early English, 145 ; 
 
 Decorated, 216 — 219* ; Perpendicu- 
 lar, 278*, 279*. 
 Eubble-work, 83*. 
 Eunic Ornament, 62, 64*. 
 Eustic-work, 10. 
 
 Scotia, 11*. 
 
 Screen, 38 ; Decorated, 207*, 235* ; 
 
 Perpendicular, 266*. 
 Sections of piers. Decorated, 197* ; 
 
 Perpendicular, 261*. 
 Sediha, the seats for the ofl&ciating 
 
 priests, on the north side of the 
 
 altar, 43 ; Early Enghsh, 137* ; 
 
 Decorated, 206*. 
 
 * Segmental arch, 40, 122. 
 
 * Semicircular arch, 40. 
 Set-offs, 39. 
 
 Shafts, 7; Ionic, 23 ; Norman, 49*, 
 51*, 53*, 80*, 81*, 84*, 85* ; Early 
 Enghsh, 114*; filleted, 124, 260; 
 triangular, 124 ; clustered, 125* ; 
 round, 125* ; vaulting, 128* ; Deco- 
 rated, 196 ; Perpendicular, 258, 264*. 
 
 Soffit, 9. 
 
 Sound-holes, 191 ; Perpendicular, 273*. 
 
 * Spandrels, 41 ; Early Enghsh, 141* ; 
 
 Perpendicular, 250*. 
 
 Spherical triangle, 121*, 126. 
 
 Spire-hghts, Decorated, 193*. 
 
 Spires, 39 ; Early Enghsh, 142 ; Deco- 
 rated, 214* ; Perpendicular, 272*. 
 
 Staircase. Norman, 76* ; Early Eng- 
 hsh, 151*. 
 
 Stalls, 42 ; Decorated, 205. 
 
 Statue, Early English, 136*. 
 
 Steeples, 39 ; Norman, 68 ; Early Eng- 
 lish, 142 ; Decorated, 214, 215* ; 
 Perpendicular, 272*. 
 
 Stiff-leaf fohage, 159. 
 
 Stoup, a basin for holy water, 42. 
 
 String, a horizontal moulding : Perpen- 
 dicular, 265*. 
 
 Style, 6 ; defined, 43 ; Anglo-Norman, 
 103. 
 
 Sunk panels. Early Enghsh, 141. 
 
 Surbase, 7. 
 
 Tabernacle-work, 42. 
 
 Tablets, 42 ; Norman, 56* ; Early Eng- 
 hsh, 133 ; Decorated, 202* ; Perpen- 
 dicular, 265*. 
 
 Tetra style portico, 12. 
 
 Throne, 42. 
 
 Tile, 8. 
 
 Tooth-ornament, an ornament resem- 
 bling a row of teeth, sometimes 
 called dog's tooth and shark's tooth, 
 105*, 133, 138*. 
 
 Torus, 10*. 
 
 Tower, 39 ; Norman, 69* ; Early Eng- 
 lish, 142 ; Decorated, 214 ; Perpen- 
 dicular, 272— 275* ; a. n. 1435, p.300*. 
 
 Tower-hght, Perpendicular, 273*. 
 
 Tracery, 41 ; plate, 161 ; plate, at 
 Winchester, a.d. 1222, p. 165* ; plate, 
 at WeUs, A.D. 1230, p. 166* ; earliest 
 beginning of, 164 ; bar, 164 ; two de- 
 scriptions of, 181 ; geometrical, 181* ; 
 geometrical, a.d. 1274, p. 231* ; geo- 
 metrical, A.D. 1280, p. 232* ; fiowing, 
 185*; Kentish, 182*, 185*; Per- 
 pendicular, 253 ; fan, 280* ; Flam- 
 boyant, 192*. 
 
 Transept, or cross, 38 ; Early Eng- 
 hsh at York, 173. 
 
 Transition, from Norman to Early 
 Enghsh, 44, 100*, 105*, 106* ; from 
 Norman to Gothic, 103, 104 ; at Can- 
 terbury in 1175—1184, p. 106 ; at 
 the Temple Church, London, in 
 1185, p. 111 ; arches, pecuhar at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, 104; from 
 Early English to Decorated, 155 ; 
 from Decorated to Perpendicular, 
 227*, 228* ; a.d. 1352, p. 242. 
 
 Transom, the horizontal bar across a 
 window, 41 ; Decorated, 188 ; Per- 
 pendicular, 253. 
 
 Trefoil, 41* ; Early Enghsh, 141*. 
 
 Triforium, or bhnd story, the middle 
 story in a church, over the pier- 
 arches and under the clearstory : 
 Early Enghsh, 122*, 153, 164* ; ab- 
 sent in the Perpendicular style, 258. 
 
 Triglyphs, 7 ; Doric, 16. 
 
 Truss, 8*. 
 
330 
 
 GLOSSAEIAL AJS^D GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Tudor arch, 40*. 
 
 Tudor-flower, 268, 270*. 
 
 Turrets, 39 ; Norman, 68* ; Early 
 
 English, 143. 
 Tuscan order, 7, 13—16. 
 Tympanum, 9 ; Norman, 62*. 
 
 Vanbrugh, Sir J., style of, 5. 
 
 Vase of the capital, 8. 
 
 Vault, early Norman, 80* ; Norman, 
 71* ; groined without ribs an early 
 form, 87 j Perpendicular, a.d. 1454, 
 p. 304*. 
 
 Vaulting-shafts, Early English, 128*. 
 
 Vitruvian type, 13. 
 
 Vitruvius, 13. 
 
 Volutes, Ionic, 7. 
 
 "Wheel window, Early English, 120*. 
 
 Windows, Norman, 48*, 49*, 50*, 80* ; 
 Early English, 116* ; lancet, 117* ; 
 with square top, 119* ; of hall, have 
 seats, 175 ; Jesse, 187* ; circular, 
 160*, 161, 189* ; Decorated, 181 ; 
 examples of, 182*, 183*, 184*, 188* ; 
 segmental - headed, 188 ; square - 
 headed, ib. ; clearstory, 189 ; tri- 
 angular, 192* ; of spires, 193 ; of 
 towers, 193* ; with flowing tracery, 
 A.D. 1310, p. 237* ; transition from 
 Decoratedto Perpendicular, A.D. 1386, 
 p. 248* ; Perpendicular, 253, 254*, 
 255*. 
 
 "Wren, Sir C, style of, 5. 
 
 Zigzag ornament, 60*; from Diocle- 
 siau's palace, 3. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 
 
 WITH REFERENCE TO ENGRAVINGS DENOTED BY AN ASTERISK. 
 
 Acton Burnel Church, clearstory 
 
 window, 121 ; front, 149* ; window, 
 
 148, 155, 156*. 
 
 Castle, A.D. 1280—1292, p. 232. 
 
 Addington (Great) Church, sound-hole, 
 
 191*; moulding, 209*; parapet, 215*. 
 (Little) Church, doorway, 180*; 
 
 window-head, 181*, 185*; section of 
 
 pier, 197*. 
 Adel Church, 77. 
 ^gesta. Temple at, 19. 
 iEgina, Temple of Jupiter Panhelle- 
 
 nius, 19. 
 Agrigentum, Temples of Concord and 
 
 Juno Lucina, 19. 
 Alberbury, triangular window, 192*. 
 Alington Church, a.d. 1232, p. 169. 
 Amiens Cathedral, 148. 
 Amport, window-head, 185*. 
 Ancaster, font, 74*. 
 Appleton, Manor-house, 77. 
 Apthorp Church, 44. 
 Arthuret Church, 44. 
 Arundel Church, tomb of Thomas Fitz- 
 
 alan, a.d. 1415, p. 297. 
 Ashbourne Church, inscription, a.d. 
 
 1235—1241, p. 170*. 
 Ashby Folville, font, 74*. 
 Ashf ord Church, a.d. 1461—1490, p.308. 
 Athelhampton, manor-house, a.d. 1500 
 
 —1503, p. 313. 
 Athens, Agora portico, 19, 22. 
 Aqueduct of Hadrian, column, 
 
 24*, 25, 26. 
 
 Arch of Hadrian, column, 29*, 
 
 30. 
 
 Choragic monuments of Lysi- 
 
 crates and Thrasyllus, 33. 
 
 Erectheum, columns, 9*, 22, 
 
 24* 
 
 Parthenon, column, 9*, 19, 20. 
 
 PropylaBa, 19. 
 
 Stoa, or portico, at, 30. 
 
 Temples, in the Acropolis, 25 ; 
 
 Jupiter Olympius, column, 29* ; on 
 the nissus, column, 24* ; of Pan- 
 drosus, 34; of Theseus, columns, 
 17*, 19, 20; of the Winds, 33. 
 
 Aughton Church, steeple, a.d. 1536, 
 p. 318. 
 
 Aynho Church, doorway, 180* ; belfry- 
 window, 191*. 
 
 Balsham Church, chancel, a.d. 1390 — 
 1400, p. 293. 
 
 Bampton Church, spire, 143 ; door- 
 way, 176 ; west door, 179* ; window, 
 184*. 
 
 House of Aymer de Valence, 
 
 A.D. 1316, p. 237. 
 
 Bangor Cathedral, a.d. 1509—1532, 
 p. 315. 
 
 Barfreston Church, 77 ; circular win- 
 dow, 48 ; string, 59*. 
 
 Barnack, quarries, 82 ; porch, 150 ; 
 font, 152*. 
 
 Barton Church, a.d. 1122, p. 92. 
 
 Barton-on-Humber, St. Peter's, 45. 
 
 Barton Segrave Church, a.d. 1150, p. 
 92 ; clearstory window, 190*. 
 
 Barton Stacey, window, 118*. 
 
 Barton-under-Needwood Church, a.d. 
 1517, p. 316. 
 
 Bath Abbey Church, lancet - arches, 
 121 ; windows, 256 ; cornice, 266 ; 
 angels, 270; roof, 280, 281; west 
 front, 282; built, a.d. 1500—1539, 
 p. 313. 
 
 Battle Abbey, a.d. 1339, p. 240. 
 
 Bayeux Cathedral, a.d. 1077—1087, 
 parapet, 144. 
 
 Beaulieu Abbey, founded a.d. 1204, p. 
 163; staircase, 151 ; buttress, 200*. 
 
 Beckley, cornice, 210*. 
 
 Beneventum, Arch of Trajan, 31. 
 
 Beverley Minster, door, 115 ; windows, 
 119, 186* ; triforium arcade, 124* ; 
 section of pier, 126* ; pillar, 127* ; 
 capital, 201; base, 130*, 201*; tran- 
 sept ends, 147 ; staircase, 151 ; tran- 
 septs, 164 ; flowing tracery, 185 ; 
 window, 186*, 193* ; arcade, 195* ; 
 capital, 199* ; crocket, 213* ; west 
 front, 281. 
 
 St. Mary's, flowing tracery, 185 ; 
 
 window, 186*; spire -light, 193*; 
 arch, 194 ; porch, 223. 
 
 Binfield, porch, 223. 
 
 Birkenhead Priory, founded a.d. 1150, 
 p. 99. 
 
332 
 
 TOPOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Bishop's Cleeve, turret, 68, 69* ; arches, 
 
 87. 
 Bishopstone, battlement, 277*. 
 Bloxham, belfry- window, 191 ; font, 
 
 225*. 
 Bodyam Castle, a.d. 1385, p. 292. 
 Bolton Abbey, font, 74* ; tracery, 192* ; 
 
 basement, 266*. 
 
 Castle, A.D. 1380, p. 289. 
 
 Bookham (Great) Church, inscription, 
 
 A.D. 1341, p. 240, 241*. 
 Boothby Pagnel, 77. 
 Boston, tower, 272. 
 Bradenstoke Priory, roof, 219*. 
 Bradfield, roof, 145. 
 Bradford-on-Avon Church, 79. 
 Brandon, dripstone termination, 203*. 
 Bray Church, moulding, 209* ; rebuilt 
 
 A.D. 1293, p. 235. 
 Breadsall, window, 117*. 
 Bredon, turret, 69*. 
 Bridlington, buttress, 201*. 
 Brinsop Church, tympanum, 62*. 
 Bristol Abbey Church, a.d. 1311—1332, 
 
 p. 237 ; chapter-house, 76. 
 
 City Schools, doorway, 122. 
 
 College gateway, 47. 
 
 Eedchffe Church, porch, a.d. 
 
 1292, p. 234; repaired a.d. 1442, 
 
 p. 303. 
 
 St. Augustine's Priory, founded 
 
 A.D. 1148, p. 99. 
 Buckland Church, a.d. 1348, p. 241. 
 BuckneU Church, window, 50*. 
 Buildwas Abbey, arches, 52; founded 
 
 a.d. 1135—1160, p. 96. 
 Burnham Abbey, founded a.d. 1265, 
 
 p. 175. 
 Burrough, font, 152*. 
 Bury St. Edmund's, Abbey of, a.d. 1070 
 
 —1095, p. 82 ; gatehouse, a.d. 1327, 
 
 pp. 223, 239 ; tower, a.d. 1121—1130, 
 
 p. 92. 
 
 Moyses' Hall, 77. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, a.d. 1424— 
 
 1433, p. 299. 
 Byland Abbey, a.d. 1177, p. 109 ; ruins, 
 
 147. 
 
 Caen, St. Stephen's Church, or Abbaie 
 aux hommes, a.d. 1070 — 1078, p. 79. 
 
 Caernarvon Castle, 229. 
 
 Caistor Church, tower, 68 ; inscription, 
 A.D. 1124, p. 93*. 
 
 Calder Abbey Church, a.d. 1134, pp. 95, 
 96. 
 
 Cambridge, Great St. Mary's Church, 
 A.D. 1478—1519, p. 309. 
 
 ■ King's College Chapel, door- 
 way, 250 ; piers, 260 ; buttresses, 
 262 ; panelling, 268 ; battlement, 
 276 ; roof, 280 ; ends, 282 ; porch. 
 
 283 ; roof, &c., 286 ; begun a.d. 1440, 
 p. 303 ; vaulting, a.d. 1508—1515, 
 p. 314. 
 
 Cambridge, St. Peter's College, 44. 
 
 Campden Church, choir, a.d. 1380 — 
 1401, p. 290. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral, transept, 38; 
 circular window, 48 ; Norman orna- 
 ments, 58* ; choir of Conrad, 61 ; 
 crypt, 62 ; pillars in, 62* ; choir, 
 A.D. 1096—1110, pp. 66, 68 ; diaper- 
 work, crypt, 91 ; choir, a.d, 1175 — 
 1184, p. 105 ; crypt and aisles of 
 choir, A.D. 1130, p. 95 ; capital, 65* ; 
 St. Ethelbert's tower, 76 ; Norman 
 staircase, 76* ; diaper- work, 91,212* ; 
 part of arcade, 105* ; compartment 
 of corona, 106* ; ground-plan, 107 ; 
 arches, 122, 259* ; tomb of Abp. 
 Peckham, a.d. 1292, p. 234 ; doorway 
 in choir screen, a.d. 1304 — 1305, 
 p. 235* ; head of Edward the Black 
 Prince, from his tomb, a.d. 1376, 
 p. 249* ; panels, nave, 258 ; central 
 tower, 273 ; porch, 283 ; nave and 
 west transepts, a.d. 1378 — 1411, p. 
 289 ; chapter-house, a.d. 1391—1411, 
 p.293 ; St.Michael's Chapel, a.d.1410 
 —1427, p. 296 ; boss, 296* ; heads 
 of Henry IV. and Joan of Navarre, 
 from their tomb, a.d. 1413, p. 297* ; 
 Lady-chapel, a. d. 1449— 1468, p. 305 ; 
 tomb of Abp. Kemp, a.d. 1454, p. 306 ; 
 angel steeple, a.d. 1490— 1517, p. 312 ; 
 tomb of Abp. Warham, a.d. 1532, 
 p. 318. 
 
 Holy Cross Church, a.d. 1380, 
 
 p. 290. 
 
 St. Augustine's, moulding, 210*; 
 
 porch, 223. 
 
 St. George's, font, 152 *. 
 
 St. MHdred's Church, a.d. 1520, 
 
 p. 317. 
 
 CarUsle Cathedral, nave, a.d. 1092 — 
 1101, p. 87 ; east window, 181, 185 ; 
 east end, a.d. 1352—1395, pp.220, 
 243; burnt, a.d. 1292, p. 234 ; north 
 transept, a.d. 1401, p. 295. 
 
 Cashel, Cormac's Chapel, a.d. 1127 — 
 1134, p. 95. 
 
 Castle Acre Priory, 57, 73, 76 ; founded, 
 A.D.1135— 1142,p. 96. 
 
 Castle Ashby Church, doorway, 61. 
 
 Castle Eising, west window, 49*, 57. 
 
 Castor Church, 57. 
 
 Catterick Church, a.d. 1412, p. 297. 
 
 Cerne Abbas, niche, 267*. 
 
 Chaddesden, window, 183*. 
 
 Chaddesley Corbett, font, 74*. 
 
 Charing Church,A.D.1479— 1515, p. 309. 
 
 Chart (Little) Church, a.d. 1411, p. 296. 
 
 Chartham, window, 182*. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Chatteris Church, a.d. 1352, p. 242. 
 Chelmsford Church, rebuilt a.d. 1489, 
 
 p. 312. 
 Cheltenham, St. Mary's, circular win- 
 dow, 189*. 
 Chester Cathedral, choir, 124, 144 ; 
 
 roof, 144, 216 ; staircase, refectory, 
 
 151 ; chapter-house, 153 ; arch, 195 ; 
 
 crocket, 213 ; roof, 216 ; west front, 
 
 281, 282. 
 ■ St. John 8 Church, a.d. 1086— 
 
 1095, p. 85 ; tablet, 266. 
 Chetwode Church, choir, a.d. 1244, 
 
 p. 172. 
 Chichester Cathedral, 61 ; burnt, and 
 
 re-consecrated, a.d. 1187 — 1199, p. 
 
 Ill ; doors, 115 ; windows, 119 ; 
 
 flying buttress, 132 ; diaper-work, 
 
 139 ; spire, 142 ; eastern part, a.d. 
 
 1190—1199, p. 158 ; A.D. 1204— 
 
 1244, p. 163 ; spire, a.d. 1222—1224, 
 
 p. 165 ; Chapel of St. Edmund, 1245 
 
 — 1253,p.l72 ; circular window, 188 ; 
 
 Lady-chapel, a.d. 1288— 1304, p. 233 ; 
 
 south transept, a.d. 1305 — 1336, 
 
 p. 236. 
 Chipping Campden, tower, 274*. 
 Cholsey Church, a.d. 1123—1130, p. 92. 
 Christ Church, Priory of, turret, 68 ; 
 
 nave, a.d. 1093—1099, p. 87 ; door, 
 
 112. 
 
 Norman House at, 77. 
 
 monumental chapel of Mar- 
 garet Plantagenet, a.d. 1530 — 1541, 
 
 p. 318. 
 Cirencester, section of pier, 125*. 
 Clack Abbey : see BradenstoTce Priory. 
 Clapham Church, tower, 45. 
 Clee Church, inscription, a.d. 1192, 
 
 p. 158*. 
 Clinton Church, a.d. 1122, p. 92. 
 Colchester Castle, moulding, 59*. 
 St. Botolph's Priory, a.d. 1103 
 
 —1116, p. 89. 
 Collumpton Church, a.d. 1510—1528, 
 
 p. 316. 
 Colmouth Church, a.d. 1396, p. 294. 
 Cologne Cathedral, 102. 
 Compton Winyate House, a.d. 1520, 
 
 p. 317. 
 Congresbury, details of porch, a.d. 1460 
 
 —1465, p. 305*. 
 Conisburgh Castle, 77. 
 Copford, capital, 66. 
 Corinth, temple at, 19. 
 Corkenrouth Church, a.d. 1197, p. 95. 
 Cotterstock, font, 225*. 
 Couling Castle, a.d. 1380, p. 289. 
 Coventry, Bablake Hospital, a.d. 1506, 
 
 p. 314. 
 St. Mary's HaU, a.d. 1401 — 
 
 1414, pp. 279, 288, 295. 
 
 Coventry,St.Michaers,267;steeple,278. 
 
 Cowley Church, window, 1 19. 
 
 Cranford St. Andrew, clearstory win- 
 dow, 190*. 
 
 Cromer, tower-light, 273* ; parapet, 
 276*. 
 
 Crowland Abbey, west front, a.d. 1255 
 —1281, p. 174 ; tower, a.d. 1460— 
 1470, p. 307. 
 
 Crumwell Church, a.d. 1442, p. 303. 
 
 Davington Priory, founded a.d. 1153, 
 
 p. 100. 
 Darton Church, inscription, a.d. 1517, 
 
 316*. 
 Debenham, Decorated ornament, 214*. 
 Delos, column of temple, 17*. 
 
 Portico of Philip, 19. 
 
 Temple of Apollo, 19. 
 
 Denford, stalls in chancel, 137*. 
 Derby, All Saints, tower, 272. 
 De Surio Church, a.d. 1249, p. 95. 
 Devizes, St. Peter's, diaper -work, 91. 
 Dinton, tympanum, 62. 
 
 Domestic Buildings. 
 
 Norman. 
 1065. Westminster Abbey, refec- 
 
 tory and dormitory ,80 ,81 . 
 Westminster Hall, 88. 
 1097. Lincoln, Jews' House, 77. 
 
 Bury St.Edmund's, Moyses 
 
 Hall, 77. 
 Appleton, Berks., manor- 
 house, 77. 
 Southampton, two houses, 
 
 77. 
 Christ Church, Hants, 77. 
 Minster, Isle of Thanet,77. 
 Boothby Pagnel, Lincoln- 
 shire, 77. 
 1110-39. Sherborne Castle, Dorset, 
 
 90. 
 1145. LilHeshall Abbey, Shrop- 
 
 sliii*G 99 
 1165-91. Oakham Castle, hall, 104. 
 Early English. 
 
 Staircases at Beverley Min- 
 ster, refectory at Chester, 
 &c., 151. 
 1215. Hales Owen Abbey, 163. 
 
 1220. Prebendal House, Peter- 
 
 borough, 175. 
 1222-35. King's Hall at Winchester, 
 
 165*. 
 1225-39. Bishop's Palace at Wells, 
 
 166*. 
 1227-32. HintonCharterhouse,Som- 
 
 erset, 168. 
 1232-38. Lacock Abbey, Wilts., 168. 
 1265. Burnham Abbey, Bucks., 
 
 175. 
 
334 
 
 TOPOGEArHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Decorated, 229. 
 1273-78. Norwich, St. Ethelbert's 
 gatehouse, 230*. 
 
 Hall of Bishop's Palace, 
 WeUs, 232*. 
 
 Somerton Castle, Lincoln- 
 shire, 232. 
 
 Stoke Say Castle, Shrop- 
 shire 234 
 
 Markingfield Hall, York- 
 shire, 236. 
 
 Bampton,Oxfordshire,237. 
 
 Bury St. Edmund's, gate- 
 house, 239. 
 
 Wells, gatehouse, 240. 
 
 Penshurst, Kent, hall, 240. 
 
 Oxford, Merton College 
 Library, 243. 
 
 Norborough Hall, North- 
 amptonshire, 245. 
 
 Windsor Castle, servants' 
 apartments, 246. 
 
 Westminster College Hall, 
 246. 
 
 Wells, hall of Vicars' Close, 
 247. 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Houses in Somerset, Dor- 
 set, and Wilts, 287. 
 
 Wells, deanery, 288. 
 
 Muchelney, abbot's house, 
 288. 
 
 South Petherton, manor- 
 house, 288. 
 
 Wenlock, abbot's house, 
 288. 
 
 Glastonbury, George Lin, 
 287*. 
 
 Shirburn Castle, Oxford- 
 shire, 289. 
 
 Bolton Castle, Yorkshire, 
 
 1280-92. 
 1281. 
 
 1291. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1316. 
 1827. 
 
 1340. 
 1341. 
 1354-78. 
 
 1356. 
 
 1859-73. 
 
 1362-86. 
 
 1363. 
 
 1377. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1380. Couling Castle, Kent, 289. 
 
 1380-86. Oxford, New CoUege, 290. 
 
 1381-96. Saltwood Castle, Kent, 290. 
 
 1382-88. Thornton Abbey, Lincoln- 
 shire, gatehouse, 292*. 
 
 1385. BodyamCastle,Sussex,292. 
 
 1385. Donington Castle, Berks., 
 
 292. 
 
 1387-98. WinchesterCollege,Hants., 
 292. 
 
 1392. Penshurst Castle, Kent, 
 
 293 
 
 1392. Wardour Castle, Wilts, 293. 
 
 1395. Maidstone College, Kent, 
 
 294. 
 
 1397-99. Westminster Hall, 294. 
 
 1398. Ince Manor-house, Che- 
 
 shire, 294. 
 
 1401-14. Coventry, St. Mary's Hall, 
 295. 
 
 1422. Higham Ferrars, North- 
 
 amptonshire,college,298. 
 
 1431. Oxford, Balliol College Li- 
 
 brary, 299. 
 
 1438-55. South Wingfield Manor- 
 house, Derbyshire, 300*, 
 301. 
 
 1433-55. TattershallCastle,Lincoln- 
 shire, 299. 
 
 1437. Oxford, St. Bernard's, now 
 
 St. John's College, 301. 
 
 1437. Ewelme Hospital, Oxford- 
 
 shire, 302. 
 
 1437-42. Oxford, All Souls' College, 
 302. 
 
 1441-1522. Eton College, Bucks., 303. 
 
 1446. York, Guildhall, 304. 
 
 1450-65. Wells, Vicars' Close, 305. 
 
 1450-65. Congresbury, Somerset,Vi- 
 carage-house, 305*. 
 
 1470. Crosby Hall, London, 308. 
 
 1475-80. Oxford, Magdalen College, 
 309. 
 
 1480. Knowle, Kent, gatehouse, 
 
 309. 
 
 1500-1508. Athelhampton Hall, Dor- 
 set, 313. 
 
 1506. Bablake Hospital, Cov- 
 
 entry, 314. 
 
 1511-22. ThornburyCastle,Glouces- 
 tershire, 316. 
 
 1520. Compton Winyate House, 
 
 Warwickshire, 317. 
 
 1520. Layer Marney Hall, Essex, 
 
 317. 
 
 Doncaster, St. George's, tower, 272 ; 
 west end, 282. 
 
 Donington Castle, a.d. 1385, p. 292. 
 
 Donnington Church, part of, a.d. 1351, 
 p. 242. 
 
 Dorchester Abbey, font, 75 ; refounded 
 A.D. 1140, p. 98 ; doorway, 98* ; win- 
 dows, 183*, 188* ; Jesse window,187* ; 
 vaulting - shaft, 193* ; sections of 
 piers, 197* ; capital, 199* ; cornice, 
 202 ; string, 203* ; niche, 205 ; se- 
 dilia,206*; mouldings, 209* ; screen, 
 210*; parapet, 215* ; choir and aisles, 
 A.D. 1280—1300, p. 232. 
 
 Dover, Maison Dieu, triangular win- 
 dow, 192*. 
 
 St. Martin's Priory, a.d. 1131— 
 
 1140, p. 96. 
 
 Duckhngton Church, north aisle, 238. 
 
 Dunstable, Eleanor cross, 234. 
 
 Priory Church, founded a.d. 
 
 1132, p. 96 ; windows, 104 ; a.d. 1213, 
 p. 163. 
 
 Durham Castle, capital, 65*. 
 
 Cathedral, doorways, 47 ; win- 
 dow, 49, 119 ; pillars, 52, 62 ; abacus 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 and string, 59* ; dripstone, 59* ; 
 Galilee, 66 ; capital, 65* ; pier, 77 ; 
 choir, A.D. 1093—1096, p. 88 ; nave, 
 A.D. 1104—1133, p. 90 ; ground-plan, 
 A.D. 1180—1197, p. 109 ; east end, 
 164 ; Chapel of Nine Altars, a.d. 1242 
 — 1290, p. 171 ; west window, a.d. 
 1341—1374, p. 241 ; tomb of Thomas 
 Hatfield, A.D. 1381, p. 290. 
 
 Prior's kitchen, a.d.1368— 1380, 
 
 p. 248. 
 
 Earl's Colne Church, tomb of Robert 
 de Vere, a.d. 1296, p. 235. 
 
 East Dereham, font, 285*. 
 
 East Hothby, piscina, 75. 
 
 East Meon, font, 75. 
 
 Edinburgh, Holyrood Palace, chapel, 
 A.D. 1174, p. 105. 
 
 Edington Church, a.d. 1352—1361, p. 
 44, 242 ; west front, 243*. 
 
 Elgin Cathedral, a.d. 1224—1244, p. 
 166. 
 
 Eling, window, 186*, 192. 
 
 Eltham Palace, roof, 218. 
 
 Ely Cathedral, Lady-chapel, a.d. 1321 
 —1349, pp. 39, 238 ; doorway, 47 ; 
 painted ceiling, 70 ; nave, a.d. 1170 
 —1189, p. 105 ; GalHee, a.d. 1198— 
 1215, pp. 151, 161 ; front, 153 ; Early 
 English of several dates, 155 ; porch, 
 
 , 164 ; presbytery, a.d. 1235—1252, 
 p. 169 ; tomb of Bishop Northwold, 
 A.D. 1254—1260, p. 174 ; arch, 194* ; 
 vaulting-shafts, 196 ; foliage, 208 ; 
 triforium, 226; central tower, a.d. 
 1323—1336, pp.57,238; part of pres- 
 bytery, A.D. 1367—1373, p. 247 ; Bi- 
 shop Alcocke's Chapel, a.d. 1490 — 
 1500, p. 312. 
 
 Ely Conventual Church, a.d. 1083 — 
 1100, p. 84. 
 
 Trinity Church, a.d. 1363, p. 
 
 246. 
 
 Ensham Abbey, buttress, 131*. 
 
 Etchingham Church, a.d. 1386, p. 292. 
 
 Eton College, a.d. 1441—1522, p. 303. 
 
 Evesham Abbey, nave, a.d. 1161 — 1191, 
 p. 104. 
 
 Ewelme Hospital, a.d. 1437, p. 302. 
 
 Ewerby, basement, 203*. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, 226; a.d. 1112— 
 1136, p. 90 ; chapter-house, a.d. 1224 
 —1244, p. 166 ; capitals, 176 ; west 
 window, 181 ; windows, 185 ; circu- 
 lar window, 188 ; vaulting - shaft, 
 196* ; piers, 198* ; crocket, 213* ; 
 roof, 216 ; choir and transepts, a.d. 
 1279—1291, p. 231; corbel-heads, 
 232* ; nave, a.d. 1331—1350, p. 240 ; 
 .east window, a.d. 1390—1392, p. 292 ; 
 
 chapter-house, a.d. 1427—1455, p. 
 299. 
 Eynsford, tympanum, 62. 
 
 Faringdon Church, door, 112, 113*. 
 Ferington, St. John's, circular window, 
 
 189*. 
 Fermoy Church, a.d. 1170, p. 96. 
 Finchale Priory, a.d. 1242—1265, p. 
 
 171. 
 Finedon Church, flowing tracery, 188 ; 
 
 sections of piers, 197* ; capital, 199*; 
 
 moulding, 209*. 
 Fotheringhay Church, a.d. 1435, p. 
 
 300*, 301. 
 Fountains Abbey, buttresses, 54, 55* ; 
 
 founded a.d. 1132, p. 96 ; staircase, 
 
 151 ; choir, a.d. 1205—1246, p. 163; 
 
 completed a.d. 1246, p. 173. 
 Frampton, spire, 143. 
 Furness Abbey, founded a.d. 1127, 
 
 p. 95. 
 
 Gateshead, St. Edmund's Chapel, west 
 front, 149. 
 
 Geddington, Eleanor Cross, 154 ; dia- 
 per, 211* ; statue of Queen Eleanor, 
 from the cross, 233*, 234*. 
 
 Gisburne Priory, a.d. 1381, p. 292. 
 
 Glasgow Cathedral, crypt, a.d. 1181 — 
 1197, p. 110 ; choir, a.d. 1242—1258, 
 p. 172. 
 
 Glastonbury Abbey, a.d. 1185—1200, 
 p. 111. 
 
 George Inn, 287*. 
 
 St. Joseph's Chapel, 68, 111 ; 
 
 crypt, 122. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral, pier, 77; built 
 A.D. 1089—1100, p. 87 ; south aisle, 
 A.D. 1318—1329, p. 237 ; choir, 239, 
 286 ; head of Edw. H., from his 
 tomb, A.D. 1329—1334, p. 239* ; east 
 window, 257 ; fan-tracery, cloisters, 
 280; west front, a.d. 1420—1437, 
 pp. 281, 282, 298 ; cloisters, a.d. 1381 
 — 1412, p. 292 ; central tower, a.d. 
 1454—1457, p. 306; Lady-chapel, 
 A.D. 1457—1498, p. 306. 
 
 Deanery Chapel, arches, 87. 
 
 Grafton-Underwood, niche, 205 ; se- 
 dilia, 206*. 
 
 Grantham, spire, 214 ; inn at, 288. 
 
 Gresford, cornice, 265 ; tower, 272. 
 
 Guildford Castle, 77. 
 
 Guisborough, triforium arcade, 195* ; 
 pier, 198*. 
 
 Hales Owen Abbey, founded a.d. 1215, 
 p. 163. 
 
 Church, roof, 145. 
 
 Handborough Church, window, 50*. 
 Hargrave, circular window, 120*, 121. 
 
836 
 
 TOPOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Hathe Church, a.d. 1122, p. 92. 
 
 Haughton-in-the-Dale, west front, 223. 
 
 Haverfordwest, Augustinian Priory, 
 A.D. 1200, p. 162. 
 
 Hawton Church, tower, a.d. 1483, p. 
 310. 
 
 Headon Church, north transept, 147 ; 
 centraltower,A.D.1399— 1401,p.295. 
 
 Hedingham Castle, 77. 
 
 Hengrave HaU, a.d. 1525—1538, p. 317. 
 
 Herberbury Church, a.d. 1150, p. 92. 
 
 Hereford, Bishop's Palace, 71. 
 
 Cathedral, 75 ; east end, 147 ; 
 
 tomb of Bp. Aquablanca, a.d. 1268, 
 p. 175 ; north transept, a.d. 1275 — 
 1282, p. 230 ; tomb of Lewis Charl- 
 ton, A.D. 1369, p. 248. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, a.d. 1085, 
 
 p. 85. 
 
 Hethe Church, a.d. 1150, p. 92. 
 
 Hexham, font, 152*. 
 
 Higham Ferrers Church, windows, 41 ; 
 west door, 115 ; section of porch, 
 135*; diaper- work, 139*; westporch, 
 150. 
 
 College, A.D. 1422, p. 298. 
 
 Hillesdon Church, a.d. 1493, p. 313. 
 
 Hinton Charterhouse, a.d. 1227—1232, 
 p. 168. 
 
 Hitchin Church, a.d. 1302, p. 235. 
 
 Holy Cross Church, a.d. 1183, p. 95. 
 
 Horsemonden, porch, 223, 224*. 
 
 Howden Church, canopy, 178 ; but- 
 tress, 201 ; west front, 220 ; tracery, 
 220 ; chapter-house, a.d. 1380—1407, 
 p. 290; tower, a.d. 1403, p. 295. 
 
 Huish Episcopi, tower, 274*. 
 
 Hull, Trinity Church, 226 ; east end, 
 221 ; tomb of Sir William de la Pole, 
 A.D. 1367, p. 247 ; west end, 282. 
 
 Hurley Priory, a.d. 1082—1089, p. 86. 
 
 Huyton, screen-work, 267. 
 
 Iffley Church, west door, 46*, 47* 
 south window, 49* ; buttresses, 55* 
 corbel-tables, 56* ; beak-heads, 58* 
 part of south door, 60* ; west end 
 67 ; base, 67* ; stair-turret, 68* 
 west end, 100 ; a.d. 1160, p. 92 ; rich 
 Norman, 103. 
 Ince, manor-house, a.d. 1398, p. 294. 
 Ingham Church, 229. 
 Ingoldmels, St. Peter's Church, a.d. 
 
 1346, p. 241. 
 Inniscorthy Church, a.d. 1183, p. 95. 
 Inscriptions : — 
 
 A.D. 1124 Caistor, 93*. 
 „ 1185 London, Temple, 111*. 
 „ 1192 Clee, 158*. 
 „ 1241 Ashbourne, 170*. 
 „ 1275 Stoke Golding, 231. 
 „ „ Tombof Henry m., 231*. 
 
 Inscbiptions : — 
 A.D. 1341 Great Bookham, 241*. 
 „ 1348 Buckland, 241. 
 „ 1386 Eopsley, 290. 
 „ 1390 Balsham, 293. 
 „ 1420 Ipswich, 297. 
 „ 1430 Iron Acton, 299. 
 „ 1434 Pershore, 301. 
 „ 1435 Wanborough, 301. 
 „ 1437 Ewelme, 302. 
 „ 1454 Gloucester, 306. 
 „ 1460 Luton, 307. 
 „ 1470 Lavenham, 308. 
 „ 1486 Eopsley, 311. 
 „ 1500 Canterbury, 312*. 
 „ 1509 Bangor, 315. 
 „ 1517 Darton, 316*. 
 „ 1534 Winston, 318. 
 Ipswich, St. Laurence Church, a.d. 
 
 1420—1431, p. 297. 
 Irchester, spire-light, 193* ; cornice, 
 
 202*. 
 Iron Acton Church, tower, a.d. 1430, 
 
 p. 299. 
 Irthhngborough, window, 156*, 186* ; 
 
 tracery, 192 ; belfry- window, 191*. 
 Isle of Man, Eussyn Church, a.d. 1238, 
 p. 95. 
 
 Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepul- 
 chre, 94. 
 
 Kelso Abbey Church, porch, 72* ; a.d. 
 1128—1152, p. 95. 
 
 Kenilworth Priory, a.d. 1122, p. 92. 
 
 Kenton Church, doorway, 252* ; but- 
 tress, 262* ; cornice, 265* ; capital, 
 271, 272*. 
 
 Ketton Church, doorway, 100 ; re- 
 paired A.D. 1232—1250, p. 168. 
 
 Kidlington Church, moulding, 134* ; 
 crocket, 213* ; window, 255*. 
 
 Kimble (Little) Church, A.D.1317,p. 237. 
 
 King's Sutton, door, 228* ; tower and 
 spire, 229. 
 
 Kingsthorpe, moulding, 210*. 
 
 Kirkham Priory, a.d. 1121, 92. 
 
 Kirkstall Abbey, 52 ; arch, 61* ; a.d. 
 1152—1182, p. 100. 
 
 KisUngbury, doorways, 177*. 
 
 Knowle, gatehouse, a.d. 1480, p. 309. 
 
 Lacock Abbey, a.d. 1232—1238, p. 168. 
 
 Lambeth Palace, roof, 279. 
 
 Lancaster Church, screen, 207. 
 
 Castle, gateway, 229. 
 
 Laon Cathedral, font, 75 ; window, 160. 
 
 Lastingham Church, a.d. 1078—1088, 
 p. 82. 
 
 Lavenham Church, crocket, 271* ; ves- 
 try, A.D. 1470—1486, p. 308. 
 
 Layer Marney Hall, a.d. 1520, p. 317. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 337 
 
 Leamington Church, 92. 
 
 Leigh, tabernacle with figure, 57*. 
 
 Leominster Church, a.d. 1123—1130, 
 
 p. 92 ; window, 183*. 
 Lestingham Church, 82. 
 Lichfield Cathedral, door, 116 ; pier, 
 126; spires, 143; roof, 144, 145; 
 chapter-house, 153; nave, 155; ar- 
 chitrave, 194 ; niches, 205 ; east end, 
 220; west front, 221* ; Lady-chapel, 
 A.D. 1310—1321, p. 236. 
 
 Lillieshall Abbey, founded a.d. 1145, 
 p. 99. 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, transept, 38 ; door- 
 way, 47 ; west front, 73 ; built a.d. 
 1087—1092, p. 86 ; capital 86*, 99* ; 
 restored a.d. 1146, p. 99 ; doorway, 
 115* ; east window, 118 ; windows, 
 119 ; nave and transepts, 122 ; pier, 
 124 ; section of pier, 125* ; pillar, 
 127* ; capitals, 129*, 130* ; base, 
 130*; diaper -work, 139*; towers, 
 143 ; parapet, 144* ; boss, 145* ; 
 wooden ceiling, 146 ; west front, 89, 
 148, 153 ; south porch, 149 ; chap- 
 ter-house, 153 ; Lady -chapel, 155; 
 choir and transepts, a.d. 1192 — 1200, 
 158 ; pillar of choir, 159* ; circular 
 window, 160*, 188* ; east end and 
 porch, 164 ; part of nave, a.d. 1232 
 —1235, p. 169 ; restored, a.d. 1240 
 —1253, p. 171 ; presbytery, a.d. 1260 
 —1280, p. 174; tomb of Bishop 
 Grosse-teste, a.d. 1253—1258, p. 173 ; 
 south doorway, choir, 181 ; windows, 
 choir, 185 ; east window, 181 ; dia- 
 per-work, 212* ; east end, 220 ; clois- 
 ter, A.D. 1296, p. 235; tower (?), 
 A.D. 1306—1311, p. 236; vaults of 
 tower, A.D. 1350—1386, p. 242 ; tomb 
 of Nicholas Lord Cantilupe, a.d. 
 1372, p. 249 ; doorway, 253*. 
 
 Lincoln, Eleanor Cross, 234. 
 
 Jews' house, 77. 
 
 • Koman gate, 3. 
 
 St. Mary's Guild, 77. 
 
 St. Mary le Wigford, church of, 
 
 A.D. 1228, p. 168. 
 
 Lindisfarne Priory, arch, 51* ; pier, 
 52 ; ruins, 71, 73. 
 
 Church, rebuilt a.d. 1093, p. 87. 
 
 Llanercost Priory, a.d. 1169, p. 104. 
 
 Llan Tysilio, parts of roof, 145*, 146*. 
 
 London, Covent-garden Church, 13, 15. 
 
 Crosby Hall, a.d. 1470, pp. 278, 
 
 288, 308. 
 
 Eleanor Cross, 234, 
 
 Guildhall, a.d. 1411, pp. 288, 
 
 London, Old St. Paul's, east window, 
 
 188. 
 Savoy Hospital Chapel, a.d, 
 
 1505, p. 313. 
 St. Bartholomew's Church, 
 
 Smithfield, apse, a.d. 1123—1133, 
 
 pp.93, 94*. 
 
 St. Dunstan's, 5. 
 
 St. Mary Aldermary, 5. 
 
 Temple Church, 50, 100 ; in- 
 
 scription, A.D. 1185, p. Ill* ; mould- 
 ings of choir, A.D. 1240, p. 171*. 
 
 Tower of, finished a.d. 1138, 
 
 p. 97. 
 
 297. 
 
 Hanover-square Church, 27. 
 Liner Temple, 44. 
 Lincoln's Inn, 44. 
 
 Whitehall, 4. 
 White Tower, a.d. 1081, pp. 52, 
 
 63,72,83 ; masonry, 83*; capital,65*. 
 Long Compton, pier, 198*. 
 Longleat House, 4." 
 Loughborough, battlement, 276. 
 Louth Church, east end, 282 ; steeple, 
 
 A.D. 1501—1515, p. 313. • 
 Low Ham Church, 44. 
 Luton Church, 38 ; baptistery, 225 ; 
 
 chancel, a.d. 1430 — 1440, p. 299 ; 
 
 chapel, A.D. 1460, p. 306. 
 Lynn, St. Nicholas Chapel, a.d. 1371 — 
 
 1379, p. 249. 
 
 Mackworth, doorway, 178*. 
 Maidstone College and Church, a.d. 
 
 1395, p. 294. 
 
 Mailing Abbey, keep at, 83; rubble 
 masonry at, 83*. 
 
 Malmesbury , Abbey, window, 49* ; arch, 
 51* ; piers, 52 ; dripstone, 57 ; mould- 
 ings,58*,59*; Norman ornament, 61*; 
 porch, 72 ; a.d. 1115—1139, p. 90. 
 
 Malton, tower, 39. 
 
 Malvern Abbey Church, 62. 
 
 Manchester Cathedral, a.d. 1422, p. 298. 
 
 Old Church, 258, 262. 
 
 Markingfield Hall, a.d. 1310, p. 236. 
 
 Maxstoke Castle, built a.d. 1345, p. 241. 
 
 Melrose Abbey, windows, 193; para- 
 pet, 216 ; remains, 226 ; rebuilt a.d. 
 1327—1399, p. 239 ; south transept, 
 A.D. 1444, p. 303 ; nave, a.d. 1505, 
 p. 313. 
 
 Meopham Church, window, 183* ; a.d. 
 1315, p. 237 ; repaired a.d. 1381— 
 
 1396, p. 290. 
 
 Merrow Church, porch, 222*. 
 
 Metapontum, Temple of, 19. 
 
 Miletus, Temples of Apollo Didymaeus, 
 25, 26 ; Priene and Branchyd®, 23. 
 
 Milton (Great) Church, door, 113* ; 
 sections of arch, 134*, 135* ; clear- 
 story window, 190* ; buttress, 201*. 
 
 Minster, Isle of Thanet, 77. 
 
 Lovell, window, 255*. 
 
 Mold Church, cornice, 265. 
 
338 
 
 TOPOGKAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Monk's Horton, buttress, 54*. 
 Morton Church, cross, 142*. 
 Muchelney, Abbot's house, 288. 
 Mylassa, Temple at Jackly, near, 30. 
 
 Naworth Castle, a.d. 1335, p. 240. 
 
 Netley Abbey, pillar, 127* ; vaulting- 
 shaft, 128* ; choir, a.d. 1239, p. 170. 
 
 Newark, flowing tracery, 185 ; spire, 
 214. 
 
 Newcastle - upon - Tyne, St. Nicholas, 
 steeple, 273. 
 
 Newhaven Church, 69*, 70*. 
 
 Norborough Hall, a.d. 1356, chimney, 
 p. 245*. 
 
 Northampton, All Saints Church, A.D. 
 1232, p. 169. 
 
 Eleanor Cross, 154, 234 ; cor- 
 nice, 202*. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, 54, 57, 68 ; 
 
 piUar, 53* ; font, 225*. 
 
 St. Sepulchre's Church, a.i>. 
 
 1127, p. 94. 
 
 Northleach Church, a.d. 1458, p. 306. 
 
 North Mimms Church, doorway, 176, 
 177*. 
 
 Northmoor, windows, 184*. 
 
 North Moreton, piscina, 205*. 
 
 Norwich Cathedral, tower, a.d. 1096 — 
 1119, pp. 57, 68 ; east end, 74 ; piers, 
 75; capital, 88*, 176; burnt, and 
 restored, a.d. 1171—1200, p. 104 ; 
 doorway, 178* ; capital, cloisters, 
 199* ; boss, 216* ; spire, a.d. 1356— 
 1369, p. 245 ; cloisters, a.d. 1430, p. 
 299; roof of nave and roodloft- screen, 
 A.D. 1450—1472, p. 305 ; vaulting, 
 A.D. 1472—1499, p. 308. 
 
 St. Ethelbert's gatehouse, a.d. 
 
 1273— 1278, pp. 223, 230*. 
 
 St. Ethelred's, moulding, 59*. 
 
 St. John's Chapel, a.d. 1310— 
 
 1325, p. 236. 
 
 St. Margaret's, 38. 
 
 St.Michael Coslaney, panelling. 
 
 269*. 
 
 St. Peter Mancroft, font, 284. 
 
 Notley Abbey, corbel-table, 141* ; a.d. 
 
 1224, p. 165. 
 Nun-Monkton Church, west front, 148. 
 Nunney Castle, a.d. 1373, p. 249. 
 Nuttley Abbey : see Notley. 
 
 Oakham Castle, hall, a.d. 1165—1191, 
 
 pp. 77, 104 ; roof, 71. 
 Othery Church, cross, 63*. 
 Oundle Church, window, 117*, 157 ; 
 
 string, 265*. 
 Over Church, window, 188* ; buttress, 
 
 200* ; porch, 222*, 223. 
 Oxford, AU Souls' College, a.d. 1437— 
 
 1442, p. 302. 
 
 Oxford, Balliol College, library, a.d. 
 
 1431, p. 299*. 
 Bodleian Library, 318 ; head 
 
 of Margaret of Anjou, p. 298*. 
 
 Brasenose College, a.d. 1512 — 
 
 1521, p. 316. 
 
 Cathedral, circular window, 
 
 48* ; Lady Chapel, 39, 122 ; pillars, 
 52, 53* ; bmlt a.d. 1160—1180, p. 
 103 ; spire, 143 ; chapter-house, 153 ; 
 panel and bosses from tomb of Lady 
 Montacute, a.d. 1355, p. 244*, 245* ; 
 spandrel, 250*. 
 
 Christ Church, hall, doorway, 
 
 252* ; roof, 278 ; springing of fan- 
 tracery, 280* ; finished a.d. 1529, p. 
 317. 
 
 Corpus Christi College, a.d. 
 
 1513— 1517, p. 316. 
 
 Divinity School, 44 ; pendant, 
 
 280 ; built a.d. 1445—1454, p. 304. 
 
 Jesus College, 44, 318. 
 
 Lincoln College, 44, 318. 
 
 Magdalen College, built a.d. 
 
 1475—1480, p. 309 ; tower, a.d. 1492 
 —1505, pp. 272, 312. 
 
 Merton College Chapel, east 
 
 window, 193 ; cornice, 202* ; choir, 
 A.D. 1274—1300, p. 231 ; vestry win- 
 dow, A.D. 1310, p. 237* ; west win- 
 dow, 258 ; corbel, 271* ; parapet, 
 276* ; transepts, a.d. 1424, p. 298 ; 
 tower, A.D. 1448—1450, p. 304. 
 
 Merton College library, a.d. 
 
 1354—1378, p. 243. 
 
 New College, built a.d. 1380— 
 
 1386, p. 290 ; windows, 257 ; tower, 
 
 274*. 
 
 Oriel College, 44. 
 
 Schools, 4, 44, 318. 
 
 St. Aldate's Church, south aisle, 
 
 A.D. 1335 ; corbel, 238*. 
 
 St. Bernard's College, a.d. 1487, 
 
 p. 301. 
 
 St. John's College gateway. 
 
 251*, 253. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, chancel, a.d. 
 
 1443—1445, p. 303 ; nave, a.d. 1488, 
 p. 311. 
 
 St. Mary Magdalen Church, 
 
 buttresses, 201 ; parapet, 215 ; south 
 aisle, A.D. 1318—1337, p. 238 ; niche, 
 267* ; tower, 274*. 
 Wadham CoUege, 44, 318. 
 
 Packington Church, a.d. 1150, p. 92. 
 
 Psestum, Temples at, 19, 20. 
 
 Pamber Church, Early English braces, 
 
 145. 
 Paris, Luxembourg, 14. 
 monastery of St. Victor, 98. 
 
TOPOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 339 
 
 Paris, St. Martin des Pr^s, staircase, 
 151. 
 
 Patrington Church, a.d. 1368—1371, 
 p. 248. 
 
 Paunton, tower, 273. 
 
 Penrith Castle, a.d. 1396—1398, p. 294. 
 
 Penshurst Hall, a.d. 1341, p. 240 ; a.d. 
 1392, p. 293. 
 
 Pershore Abbey, a.d. 1223—1239, p. 
 165. 
 
 Church, south aisle, a.d. 1434, 
 
 p. 301. 
 
 Peterborough Cathedral, triforium ar- 
 cade, 50 ; moulding, 60* ; ceiHng, 
 70 ; groined roof, 71* ; east end, 73, 
 74 ; nave, 77 ; choir, a.d. 1117 — 
 1143, p. 91 ; transepts, a.d. 1155 — 
 1177, p. 103 ; curcular window, 120* ; 
 niche, 136* ; pinnacle, 143* ; front, 
 153 ; triforium, a.d. 1140, 164 ; Pre- 
 bendal house, 175 ; west front, 148, 
 164 ; consecrated a.d. 1237, p. 170 ; 
 piscina, 204* ; battlement, 276 ; east 
 end, A.D. 1440—1500, p. 303. 
 
 gatehouse to Bishop's Palace, 
 
 A.D. 1303, p. 235. 
 
 Piddington Church, window, 184* ; 
 niche, 204*. 
 
 Piddleton Church, a.d. 1505, p. 313. 
 
 Plymouth, St. Andrew's, section of pier, 
 261*. 
 
 Poitiers, Church of Notre Dame, 98. 
 
 Polebrook Church, window, 116*, 119; 
 piscina, 137* ; spire, 143 ; spire- 
 Ughts, 193 ; roof, 217*. 
 
 Ponton (Little) Church, cross, 142* ; 
 completed a.d. 1519, p. 317. 
 
 Porchester Church, Norman front, 73* ; 
 founded a.d. 1133, p. 96. 
 
 Portsmouth, St. Thomas Church, a.d. 
 1180—1200, p. 109. 
 
 Postlip Church, base, 67*. 
 
 Pounton Church, a.d. 1519, p. 317. 
 
 Poynings Church, window, a.d. 1368, 
 pp. 247, 248*. 
 
 Priene, Temple of Minerva Polias, 25, 
 26. 
 
 Badford Church, a.d. 1150, p. 92. 
 Eamsey Church, consecrated a. d. 1237, 
 
 p. 170. 
 Eaunds Church, west window, 118 ; 
 
 section of west porch, 135* ; sunk 
 
 panel, 141* ; spire, 143 ; window, 
 
 148 ; cusp, 155* ; east window, 156* ; 
 
 moulding, 210* ; roof, 217*. 
 Beading Abbey, founded a.d. 1121, p. 
 
 92. 
 Bepton Church, a.d. 1172, p. 104. 
 Bheims, St. Eemi's Church, buttress, 
 
 54. 
 
 Bievaulx Abbey, founded a.d. 1131, p. 
 
 96 ; staircase, 151. 
 Bingstead Church, window, 119*. 
 Bipon Minster, a.d. 1233, p. 169; tower, 
 
 A.D. 1459, p. 306. 
 Boche Abbey, founded a.d. 1147, p. 99. 
 Bochester Castle, 77, 83 ; a.d. 1126— 
 
 1138, p. 95. 
 Cathedral, 47 ; chapter-house, 
 
 61 ; roof, 70 ; west front, 68, 73 ; 
 
 nave, 77; Gundulph's crypt, 83 ; Er- 
 
 nulf 's work, a.d. 1115—1130, p. 91 ; 
 
 diaper-work, 91* ; consecrated, 95 ; 
 
 roof, 145 ; choir, a.d. 1225—1239, 
 
 p. 167 ; tomb of Haymo de Heathe, 
 
 A.D. 1355, p.244. 
 
 St. Andrew's Church, conse- 
 
 crated A.D. 1137, p. 97. 
 Bome, arches, of the Goldsmiths, 32 ; 
 
 Septimius Sever us, 32 ; column from, 
 
 29* ; Titus, 33 ; Trajan, 31. 
 
 Basilica of Antoninus, 30. 
 
 Basihca of S. Maria in Traste- 
 
 vere, 23. 
 
 Baths of Dioclesian, 30, 32. 
 
 Columns of Trajan and Anto- 
 
 nine, 13. 
 
 Forum of Nerva, 30. 
 
 Pantheon, 30. 
 
 Portico of Severus, 30. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, 3, 31. 
 
 Temples of Antoninus andFaus- 
 
 tina, 30 ; Bacchus, 32 ; Concord, 27 
 Fortuna Virilis, 23, 26 ; columns, 
 ibid., 24*, 25; Jupiter Stator, 30; 
 Jupiter Tonans, 30 ; Mars the Aven- 
 ger, 30 ; Vesta, 30. 
 
 Theatre of Marcellus, column, 
 
 17*, 22. 
 
 Villa Papa Juha, 15. 
 
 Bomsey Abbey Church, moulding, 59*; 
 foot-ornaments, 67 ; triforium, 75 ; 
 design of, 104 ; window, 117* ; ca- 
 pital, 129* ; tooth-ornament, 138 ; 
 foHage, 130, 140*, 142. 
 
 Bopsley Church, a.d. 1380, p. 290 ; 
 south porch, a.d. 1486, p. 311. 
 
 Bosslyn Chapel, a.d. 1446 — 1490, p. 
 304. 
 
 Bouen Cathedral, north transept, 283. 
 
 Buncorn Church, pier, 126. 
 
 Bushden Church, west porch, 223, 
 224* ; window, 255* ; section of pier, 
 261* ; cornice, 265* ; roof, 279*. 
 
 Byarsh Church, tower, a.d. 1450, p. 305. 
 
 Saighton, Manor-house, a.d. 1398, p. 
 
 294. 
 SaUsbury Cathedral, 102, 153 ; window, 
 
 118,119; arches, 122; piers, 124; 
 
 buttress, 132 ; base-moulding, 134* ; 
 
 spire, 142 ; parapet, 144 ; roof, 144 ; 
 
340 
 
 TOPOaEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 . west front, 147, 148, 153 ; Lady- 
 chapel, 147 ; north porch, 149 ; chap- 
 ter-house, 153 ; A.D. 1220—1258, p. 
 164 ; tomb of Bp. Bridport, a.d. 1263, 
 p. 174 ; chapter-house and cloister, 
 
 . A.D. 1263—1284, p. 175 ; crockets, 
 208 ; tower and spire, a.d. 1331, p. 
 239. 
 
 Salonica, Incantada, 30. 
 
 Saltwood Castle, a.d. 1381—1396, p. 
 290. 
 
 Sandford, window, 227*. 
 
 Sandwich, St. BartholomeVs Hospital, 
 A.D. 1244, p. 172. 
 
 Sawtrey Church, consecrated a.d. 1237, 
 p. 170. 
 
 Selby Abbey Church, section of pier, 
 125* ; pier, 126 ; diaper-work, 139* ; 
 arch, 194* ; choir, a.d. 1375, p. 249. 
 
 Selinus, Temple of Jupiter, 19. 
 
 Sens Cathedral, 108. 
 
 Sherborne Abbey Church, porch, 72 ; 
 eastern part, a.d. 1445 — 1449, p. 303 ; 
 western part, a.d. 1475 — 1509, ib. 
 
 ■ Castle, A.D. 1110—1139, p. 90. 
 
 ■Shiplake, font, 225*. 
 
 Shir burn Castle, a.d. 1377, p. 289. 
 
 Shobdon Church, carving, 63, 64* ; 
 built A.D. 1141—1150, p. 98. 
 
 Shoreham, dripstone termination, 57*. 
 
 (New) Church, mouldings, 59* ; 
 
 east front, 149. 
 
 (Old), tie-beam, 145. 
 
 Shottesbrooke Church, a.d. 1337, p. 
 
 240. 
 Shrewsbury, St. Mary's Abbey, 151. 
 Sible Hedingham Church, tomb of Sir 
 
 John Hawkwood, a.d. 1394, p. 293. 
 Silk Willoughby, section of pier, 197*. 
 Skelton Chm-ch, a.d. 1247, p. 173; 
 
 porch, 150. 
 Sleaford Church, a.d. 1403, p. 296. 
 Slymbridge, capital, 66. 
 Solihull, crocket, 271*. 
 Somerton Castle, a.d. 1281, p. 232. 
 Souldern, cornice, 202*. 
 Southampton, houses at, 77. 
 
 • St. Michael's Church, font, 75. 
 
 South Moreton Church, tie-beams, 145 ; 
 
 buttress, 262*. 
 South Ockenden Church, 47. 
 South Petherton, Manor-house, 288. 
 Southwark, tomb of John Gower in 
 
 St. Saviour's Church, a.d. 1408, p. 
 
 296. 
 Southwell Minster, pinnacles, 68 ; 
 • porch, 72 ; triforium, 75 ; choir, 
 
 &c., A.D. 1233—1294, p. 169. 
 South "Wingfield, porch, a.d. 1433 — 
 
 1455, p. 300*, 301. 
 Spain, shrine of St. James of Com- 
 
 postella, 98. 
 
 Spalatro, Palace of Dioclesian, 3, 31. 
 
 St. Alban's Abbey Church, arch, 52 ; 
 A.D. 1077—1093, p. 83 ; pillar, 53* ; 
 moulding, 60* ; steeple, 68 ; west 
 porch, 151 ; east end, a.d, 1257, p. 
 174 ; part of nave, a.d. 1195 — 1214, 
 p. 161 ; diaper- work, 212* ; Lady- 
 chapel, A.D. 1308 — 1326, p. 236; 
 south aisle, a.d. 1323, p. 238 ; screen, 
 A.D. 1342—1396, p. 241 ; ceiHng of 
 choir, A.D. 1420—1440, p. 298 ; tomb 
 of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 
 A.D. 1446, p. 304 ; sepulchral chapel 
 of Abbot Wheathamsted, a.d. 1460, 
 pp. 298, 306 ; altar-screen, a.d. 1476 
 —1484, p. 309. 
 
 St. Alban's, Eleanor Cross, 234. 
 
 Stamford, Hospital of St. Leonard, 
 100. 
 
 St. George's, a.d. 1450, p. 305. 
 
 St. John's, A.D. 1451, p. 305. 
 
 St. Mary's spire, 143, 215. 
 
 St. Andrews, St. Eule's Church, a.d. 
 1127—1144, p. 95. 
 
 Stanley St. Leonard's, capital, 66*. 
 
 Stanton Harold, debased church, 44. 
 
 Stanwick Church, base, 114* ; win- 
 dow, 117* ; pier-arches, 122 ; capital, 
 128*; corbel - table, 133*; sedile, 
 136*. 
 
 Staverdale Priory Church, a.d. 1443, 
 p. 303. 
 
 St. Briavel's Castle, 162. 
 
 St. Cross Church, buttress, 54; base, 
 67* ; east front, 74 ; founded a.d. 
 1136, p. 97; door, 113*, 115. 
 
 Stewkley Church, a.d. 1160, pp. 77, 92, 
 103. 
 
 St. Germain's, cross, 63*. 
 
 Stoke Golding Church, a.d. 1275—1290, 
 p. 231. 
 
 Stoke-in-Teignhead, capital, 272*. 
 
 Stoke Say Castle, a.d. 1291, p. 234. 
 
 Stonehenge, circle of stones, 3. 
 
 Stoneleigh Church, a.d. 1122, p. 92. 
 
 Stony Stratford, Eleanor Cross, 234. 
 
 Stourbridge, capital, 65*. 
 
 Stratford -on -Avon, circular window, 
 189* ; choir, a.d. 1465—1491, p. 
 308. 
 
 Stratton St. Michael, chancel, a.d. 
 1487, p. 311. 
 
 Strixton Church, circular window, 
 120* ; front, 147*, 148. 
 
 Sunium, Temple of Minerva, 19, 20. 
 
 Sutton, Manor-house, a.d. 1398, p. 294. 
 
 Swaton, dripstone termination, 133*. 
 
 Swineshead Church, a.d. 1148, p. 95. 
 
 Syracuse, Temple of Minerva, 19. 
 
 Tackley, dripstone termination, 266*. 
 
TOPOGEAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 341 
 
 Tattershall Castle, a.d. 1433—1455, 
 pp. 286, 299. 
 
 Taunton, St. Mary's, tower, 272, 275*. 
 
 Tenterden, steeple, a.d. 1462, p. 308. 
 
 Teos, Temple of Bacchus, 25, 26. 
 
 Tewkesbury Abbey Church, tower, 68 ; 
 A.D. 1103—1121, p. 89; tomb of 
 Abbot Alan, a.d. 1202, p. 162. 
 
 Thoricum, Temple of Minerva, 19. 
 
 Thornbury Castle, a.d. 1511—1522, p. 
 316. 
 
 Thomey Abbey, a.d. 10:5—1108, p. 85. 
 
 Thornton Abbey, porch, 223 ; window, 
 227* ; oriel window, 228* ; gate- 
 house, 229 ; A.D. 1382—1388, p. 292. 
 
 Tickencote Church, 77. 
 
 Tivoli, columns. Temple of Vesta, 28, 
 29*, 30, 33. 
 
 Tixover Church, window, 119. 
 
 Tong Church, south aisle, a.d. 1401 — 
 1411, p. 295*. 
 
 Totnes, section of pier, 261*. 
 
 Trunch Church, font, 38, 284; roof, 
 278*. 
 
 Tuxford Church, a.d. 1473, p. 308. 
 
 Twyford, font, 152*. 
 
 Tynemouth Priory, ruins, 147. 
 
 Uffington Church, door, 113* ; niche, 
 
 136. 
 Upmarden, part of roof, 145*. 
 
 Valle Crucis Abbey, ruins, 147. 
 Versailles, orangery, 15. 
 
 Wakefield, steeple, 143. 
 
 Walsingham Church, font, 284. 
 
 ■ Priory, staircase, 151 ; buttress, 
 
 201. 
 
 Waltham Abbey Church, piers, 62 ; 
 triforium, 75. 
 
 Eleanor Cross, 154, 234 ; bat- 
 tlement, 277. 
 
 Walton (West), porch, 150. 
 
 Wanborough, St. Andrew's Church, 
 west tower, a.d. 1435, p. 301, 
 
 Wardour Castle, a.d. 1392, p. 293. 
 
 Warkton, doorway, 251*. 
 
 Warkworth Castle, a.d. 1435—1446, 
 p. 301. 
 
 Warmington Church, ceiUng, 128, 146*; 
 spire, 143. 
 
 Warwick, Beauchamp Chapel, win- 
 dow, 254*, 256 ; pinnacles, 264 ; 
 east end, 282 ; panelled parapet, 276 ; 
 tomb of Eichard de Beauchamp, a.d. 
 1439, p. 302. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, east end, 
 
 282 ; A.D. 1381—1391, p. 290 ; east 
 window, and section of mouldings, 
 291*. 
 
 Water-Eaton Chapel, 44. 
 
 Wellow, font, 152*. 
 
 Wells, Bishop's Palace, a.d. 1225— 
 1239, window, 166* ; window of the 
 hall, a.d. 1280—1292, p. 232* ; gate- 
 house, A.D. 1340, p. 240. 
 
 Cathedral, transept, 38 ; pier, 
 
 126 ; west front, 148, 159, 161 ; nave, 
 A.D. 1225—1239, p. 166 ; west front, 
 164 ; Lady-chapel, a.d. 1248—1264, 
 p. 173 ; chapter-house, a.d. 1292 — 
 1302, p. 175 ; central tower, a.d. 
 1320-1337, p. 238; south-west 
 tower, A.D. 1366—1386, p. 247 ; clois- 
 ter, A.D. 1450—1465, p. 305; Bp. 
 Beckington's Monumental Chapel, 
 A.D. 1465, p. 308. 
 
 Deanery, 288. 
 
 Vicars' Close, a.d. 1363, p. 247. 
 
 Wenlock, Abbot's house, 288. 
 
 Westenhanger Church, a.d. 1520, p. 31 7. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, choir,39 ; masonry 
 and window, 80* ; Chapel of the 
 Pyx, A.D. 1065, p. 80* ; arcade, 81* ; 
 dormitory, 48,61 ; window, 118, 121*; 
 triforium arcade, 122* ; arch, 123* ; 
 architrave, 122 ; sections of pier, 
 124*, 125*; pillar, 127*; capital, 
 128* ; flying buttresses, 132* ; dia- 
 per-work, 139* ; foliage, 140*, 142 ; 
 transepts, 147 ; compartment of the 
 cloisters, 154* ; choir, a.d. 1245 — 
 1269, p. 172 ; cloisters, 185 : diaper- 
 work, 212*; tomb of Henry lU., 
 inscription, a.d. 1275—1291, p. 231* ; 
 tomb of Queen Eleanor, head and 
 arms, a.d. 1291—1294, p. 233* ; tomb 
 of Aymer de Valence, a.d. 1324, p. 
 238 ; Litlington's work, a.d. 1362— 
 1386, p. 246 ; head of Queen PhiUppa, 
 from her tomb, a.d. 1369, p. 248* ; 
 doorway, 253* ; windows, 256, 257 ; 
 head of Edward III., from his tomb, 
 A.D. 1377, p. 289* ; heads of Eichard 
 n. and Queen Anne of Bohemia, 
 from their tomb, a.d. 1394, p. 293*. 
 
 Hail, A.D. 1097, p. 88 ; niche, 
 
 264 J repaired a.d. 1397—1399, p. 
 294 ; spandrel, 250 ; roof, 277. 
 
 Henry the Seventh's Chapel, 
 
 4, 121, 254*, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 
 286 ; A.D. 1503— 1520,p.313 ; buttress, 
 264* ; cornice, 266 ; niches, 268 ; 
 panelling, 268 ; Tudor flower, 270* ; 
 angel-bracket, 270* ; roof, 280. 
 
 Palace, arch, 51*. 
 
 St. Stephen's Chapel, a.d. 1349 
 
 —1364, p. 241 ; mouldings, 242*. 
 
 Whalley Abbey, a.d. 1348, p. 241. 
 
 Whiston Church, a.d. 1534, p. 318. 
 
 Whitby Abbey, destroyed a.d. 1175, p. 
 105 ; vaulting-shafts, 126* ; buttress, 
 131*, 132 ; ruins, 147. 
 
342 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 
 
 Whitehall, banqueting-house, 4. 
 
 Wigmore Abbey, 98. 
 
 Wiilingham, roof, 218*. 
 
 Wimington Church, a.d. 1370 — 1390, 
 p. 248. 
 
 Winchcombe Church, a.d. 1456 — 1474, 
 p. 306. 
 
 Winchester, Castle hall, a.d. 1222 — 
 1235, p. 165*. 
 
 Cathedral, arch, 52 ; interior, 
 
 north transept, a.d, 1079 — 1095, p. 
 83, 84* ; masonry, 84* ; pillar, 53*, 
 54 ; capital, 63* ; base, 67* ; tower, 
 68 ; roof, 70 ; font, 75 ; fall of tower, 
 A.D.1107, p. 90; arch, 114*; arches, 
 124; presbytery, a.d. 1195—1204, 
 p. 161 ; crockets, 213* ; Decorated 
 ornament, 214* ; part of nave, a.d. 
 1360—1366, p. 246 ; panel, 246*, 281, 
 282 ; west front, 257 ; arch, 259* ; 
 buttresses, 263* ; west porches, 283 ; 
 nave and aisles, a.d. 1394 — 1410, p. 
 294 ; shrine of William of Wykeham, 
 A.D. 1404, p. 296 ; continued a.d. 1404 
 — 1447, p. 296 ; nave continued a.d. 
 1447—1486, p. 304; Lady-chapel, 
 rebuilt a.d. 1470—1524, p. 308. 
 
 College, A.D. 1387—1393, p.292. 
 
 St. John's, screen, 207*. 
 
 Windsor Castle, 286 ; part of upper 
 ward, A.D. 1359—1373, p. 246. 
 
 St. George's, 250, 256 ; west 
 
 window, 257 ; panels, 258, 260 ; but- 
 tress, 264 ; cornice ornaments, 266 ; 
 panelling, 268 ; angel-cornice, 270 
 tomb-house, 276 ; battlement, 277* 
 roof, 280 ; west front, 281, 282, 286 
 chapel, A.D. 1481—1508, p. 309 ; vault 
 of choir, chapel, a.d. 1507 — 1520, 
 p. 314. 
 
 Winscombe Church, a.d. 1363, p. 247. 
 
 Witham Friary Church, a.d. 1176 — 
 1186, p. 109. 
 
 Witney, spire, 143. 
 
 Woburn, Eleanor Cross, 234. 
 
 Wolverhampton Church, a.d. 1439, p. 
 302. 
 
 Woodford Church, arches,123* ; mould- 
 ing of door, 135* ; south porch, 150*. 
 
 Wootton Church, capital, 65*. 
 
 Worcester Cathedral, rebuilt, a.d. 1084 
 —1089, p. 84 ; pillar, crypt, 85* ; 
 doorway, 47 ; crypt, 67 ; choir, a.d. 
 
 1203—1250, p. 162; monument of 
 Arthur Tudor, a.d. 1502—1504, p. 
 313. 
 
 Worcester Priory, a.d. 1369, p. 248. 
 
 Worm-LeightonChurch, A.D. 1150, p.92. 
 
 Wor stead Church, 229. 
 
 Wotton Church, a.d. 1122, 92. 
 
 Wrexham, tower, 272. 
 
 Wymondham, font, 285*. 
 
 Wythney Church, a.d. 1188, p. 95. 
 
 Yatton Church, completed a.d. 1475, 
 p. 309. 
 
 Yelvertoft, panelling, 268*. 
 
 York Cathedral, a.d. 1093, p. 87 ; cir- 
 cular window, 119 ; windows, 121*, 
 182*, 193, 227* ; arches, 123* ; tran- 
 septs, 122 ; piers, 124, 196 ; capitals, 
 129* ; cornice, 133* ; tooth - orna- 
 ment, 138* ; foliage, 130, 141* ; 
 transept ends, 147 ; south transept, 
 A.D. 1227—1240, p. 168 ; north tran- 
 sept, A.D. 1250—1260, p. 173 ; tomb 
 of Abp. Gray, a.d. 1255—1260, p. 
 174 ; crockets on tomb of Abp. Gray, 
 142* ; open foliage, tomb of Abp. 
 Gray, 115* ; west doorways, 178 ; 
 west window, a.d. 1338, pp. 181, 185, 
 240 ; windows in passage, 182* ; 
 windows of nave, 185, 240 ; flowing 
 tracery, 185 ; arch, 194 ; pier, 196 ; 
 capitals, 199* ; buttress,200 ; foliage, 
 208 ; west towers, 215 ; roof, 216 ; 
 west front, 220 ; choir, 229 ; nave, 
 AD. 1291—1345, pp. 215, 234 ; part, 
 A.D. 1348, p. 241 ; wooden ceiling, 
 A.D. 1355, p. 244 ; Lady-chapel, a.d. 
 1361—1372, p. 246 ; east window, 
 A.D. 1405—1408, pp. 256, 296 ; clear- 
 story window, 254*, 257 ; east end, 
 282 ; choir, 286 ; central tower, a.d. 
 1389—1407, pp. 273, 292 ; screen.A.D. 
 1472, p. 308. 
 
 Christ Church, door, 179*. 
 
 Guildhall, a.d. 1446, p. 304. 
 
 St. Margaret's Church, 63. 
 
 St. Martin's Church, a.d. 1437, 
 
 p. 302. 
 
 St. Mary's Abbey, a.d. 1271— 
 
 1292, p. 175. 
 
 St. Maurice's Church, 50. 
 
 St. Michael, Spurrier-gate, bat- 
 
 tlement, 277*. 
 
 EIS'GLISH COUIS^TIES. 
 
 Bedfordshiee, vide Clapham, Col- 
 mouth, Dunstable, Luton, Wiming- 
 ton, Woburn. 
 
 Berkshibe, vide Appleton, Binfield, 
 Bradfield, Bray, Cholsey, Donington, 
 Faringdon, Hurley, North Moreton, 
 
 Beading, Shottesbrooke, South More- 
 ton, Uffington, Windsor. 
 Buckinghamshire, vide Burnham, 
 Chetwode, Dinton, Eton, Hillesdon, 
 Kimble, Notley, Stewkley, Stony 
 Stratford. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 343 
 
 Cambbidoeshire, vide Balsham, Cam- 
 bridge, Chatteria, Ely, Over, Stour- 
 bridge, Thomey, Willingham. 
 
 Cheshire, vide Birkenhead, Chester, 
 Ince, Kuncorn, Saighton, Sutton. 
 
 Cornwall, vide St. Germain's. 
 
 Cumberland, vide Arthuret, Calder, 
 Carlisle, Llanercost, Naworth, Pen- 
 rith. 
 
 Derbyshire, vide Ashbourn, Bread- 
 sail, Chaddesden, Derby, Mackworth, 
 Repton, South Wingfield. 
 
 Devonshire, vide Collumpton, Exeter, 
 Kenton, Plymouth, Stoke-in-Teign- 
 head, Totnes. 
 
 Dorsetshire, vide Athelhampton, Ceme 
 Abbas, Piddleton, Sherborne. 
 
 Durham, vide Durham, Finchale, Gates- 
 head, Lindisfarne. 
 
 Essex, vide Chelmsford, Colchester, 
 Earl's Colne, Copford, Hedingham, 
 Layer Marney, Malton, Sible He- 
 dingham, South Ockenden,Waltham. 
 
 Flintshire, vide Gresford, Mold. 
 
 Gloucestershire, vide Bishop'sCleeve, 
 Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, Ci- 
 rencester, Gloucester, Iron Acton, 
 Northleach, Slymbridge, Stanley St. 
 Leonards, Tewkesbury, Thornbury, 
 Winchcombe, Wootton. 
 
 Hampshire, vide Amport, Beaulieu, 
 Christchurch, East Meon, Eling, 
 Netley, Pamber, Porchester, Ports- 
 mouth, Eomsey, Southampton, St. 
 Cross, Winchester. 
 
 Herefordshire, vide Brinsop, Here- 
 ford, Leominster, Shobdon, Wigmore. 
 
 Hertfordshire, v.Buckland, Hitchin, 
 North Mimms, St. Alban's. 
 
 Kent, vide Ashford, Barfreston, Can- 
 terbury, Charing, Chartham, Chart, 
 Couling, Davington, Dover, Eltham, 
 Eynesford, Horsemonden, Knowle, 
 Maidstone, Mailing, Meopham, Min- 
 ster, Monk's Horton, Penshurst, Eo- 
 chester, Ryarsh, Saltwood, Sand- 
 wich, Tenterden, Westenhanger. 
 
 Lancashire, vide Furness, Huyton, 
 Lancaster, Manchester, Whalley. 
 
 Leicestershire, vide Ashby Folville, 
 Burrough, Loughborough, Stanton 
 Harold, Stoke Golding, Twyford. 
 
 Lincolnshire, vide Ancaster, Barton- 
 on-Humber, Bolton, BoothbyPagnel, 
 Boston, Clee, Crowland, Donning- 
 
 ton, Ewerby, Frampton, Grantham, 
 Ingoldmels, Lincoln, Louth, Morton, 
 Paunton, Ponton, Pounton, Ramsey, 
 Ropsley, Sawtrey, Silk Willoughby, 
 Sleaford, Somerton, Stamford, Swa- 
 ton, Swineshead, Tattershall, Thorn- 
 ton. 
 
 Middlesex, vide London , Westminster. 
 Monmouthshire, vide St. Briavel's. 
 
 Norfolk, vide Castle Acre, Castle Ri- 
 sing, Cromer, East Dereham, Fering- 
 ton, Haughton-in-the-Dale, Ingham, 
 Lynn, Norwich, Stratton St. Michael, 
 Trunch, Walsingham, West Walton, 
 Worstead, Wymondham. 
 
 Northamptonshire, vide Addington 
 (great), Addington (little), Alington, 
 Apthorp, Aynho, Barnack, Barton, 
 Barton Segrave, Barton Stacey, Cais- 
 tor. Castle Ashby, Castor, Cotter- 
 stock, Cranford St. Andrew, Denford, 
 Finedon, Fotheringhay, Gedding- 
 ton, Grafton Underwood, Hargrave, 
 Higham Ferrers, Irchester, Irthling- 
 borough, King's Sutton, Kings- 
 thorpe, Kislingbury, Norborough, 
 Northampton , Oundle , Peterborough , 
 Polebrook, Postlip, Eaunds, Ring- 
 stead, Rushden, Stanwick, Strixton, 
 Warkton, Warmington, Whiston, 
 Woodford, Yelvertoft. 
 
 Northumberland, vide Hexham, New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne,Tynemouth,Wark- 
 worth. 
 
 Nottinghamshire, vtdeCrum well. Haw- 
 ton, Newark, Southwell, Tuxford. 
 
 Oxfordshire, vide Bampton, Beckley, 
 Bloxham, Bucknell, Clinton, Cowley, 
 Dorchester, Ducklington, Ensham, 
 Ewelme, Handborough, Hethe,Iffley, 
 Kidlington, Milton, Minster Lovell, 
 Northmoor, Oxford, Piddington, 
 Sandford, Shiplake, Shirburn, Soul- 
 dern, Tackley, Water-Eaton, Witney. 
 
 Rutlandshire, vide Ketton, Oakham, 
 Tickencote, Tixover. 
 
 Shropshire, vide Acton Bumel, Alber- 
 bury, Buildwas, Hales Owen, Lil- 
 lieshall, Shrewsbury, Stoke Say, 
 Tong, Wenlock. 
 
 Somersetshire, vide Bath, Bristol, 
 Congresbury, Glastonbury, Hinton, 
 Huish Episcopi, Low Ham, Muchel- 
 ney, Nunney, Othery, South Pether- 
 ton, Staverdale, Taunton, Wellow, 
 Wells, Winscombe, Witham, Yatton. 
 
 Staffordshire, vide Barton-under- 
 
844 
 
 TOPOGHAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 Needwood, Lichfield, Wolverhamp- 
 ton. 
 
 Suffolk, vide Brandon, Bury St. Ed- 
 mund's, Debenham, Hengrave, Ips- 
 wich, Lavenham. 
 
 SuRBEY, vide Compton, Great Book- 
 ham, Guildford, Lambeth, Merrow, 
 Sonthwark. 
 
 Sussex, vide Arundel, Battle, Bishop- 
 stone, Bodyam, Chichester, East 
 Hothby, Etchingham, Newhaven, 
 Poynings, Shoreham, Upmarden. 
 
 Wabwickshibe, vide Compton-Win- 
 yate, Coventry, Hathe, Herberbury, 
 Kenilworth,Leamington,LongComp- 
 ton. Max stoke, Packington, Eadford, 
 Solihull, Stoneleigh, Stratford-on- 
 Avon, Warwick, Worm - Leighton, 
 Wotton. 
 
 WiLTSHiBE, vide Bradenstoke, Brad- 
 ford-on-Avon, Devizes, Edington, 
 Lacock, Longleat, Malmesbury, Sa- 
 lisbury, Stonehenge, Wanborough, 
 Wardour. 
 
 WoBCESTEBSHiBE, vide Brcdon, Chad- 
 desley Corbett, Evesham, Leigh, 
 Malvern, Pershore, Worcester. 
 
 YoBKSHiRE, vide Adel, Aughton, Be- 
 verley, Bridlington, Byland, Cat- 
 terick, Conisburgh, Darton, Don- 
 caster. Fountains, Gisbnrne, Guis- 
 borough, Headon, Howden, Hull, 
 Kirkham, Kirkstall, Lastingham, 
 Markingfield, Nun-Monkton, Pa- 
 trington, Kievaulx, Ripon, Eoche, 
 Selby, Skelton, Wakefield, Whitby, 
 York.. 
 
 WALES, vide Bangor, Caernarvon, Haverfordwest, Llan Tysilio, Wrexham. 
 
 SCOTLAND, vide Edinburgh, Elgin, Glasgow, Kelso, Mehose, Eosslyn, 
 St. Andrew's. 
 
 lEELAND, vide Cashel, Corkenrouth, De Surio, Fermoy, Holy Cross, Linis- 
 corthy, Lismore, Wythney. 
 
 ISLE OF MAN, vide Eussyn. 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTEIES. 
 
 Asia Minob, vide Miletus, Mylassa. 
 
 Fbance, vide Amiens, Bayeux, Caen, 
 Laon, Paris, Poitiers, Eheims, 
 Eouen, Sens, Versailles. 
 
 Gebmany, vide Cologne. 
 
 Greece, vide ^gina, Athens, Corinth, 
 
 Delos, Priene, Salonica, Sunium, 
 
 Teos. 
 
 IsTBiA, vide Spalatro. 
 Italy, vide Beneventum, Metapontmn, 
 PsBstum, Eome, Tivoli. 
 
 Palestine, vide Jerusalem. 
 
 Sicily, vide JEgesta, Agrigentam, Se- 
 hnus, Syracuse. 
 
 PEINTED BY PAKKER AND CO., CROWN YARD, OXFORD. 
 
WORKS ON 
 
 K^^iiFlial 2£rr$ifprfuFP anb 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 MESSRS. PARKER AND CO. 
 
 OXFORD, 
 
 AND 6 SOUTHAMPTON-ST., STRATO, LONDON, 
 
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