ALVMNVS BOOK FVND 
 

 
THE 
 
 SCIENCE 
 
 or 
 
 DOUBLE-ENTRY BOOK-KEEPING, 
 
 SWJ.ULD jL 
 
 BY THE LYIYuiJUCTiON 
 - \ -' 
 
 OX, BR. AND OR. 
 
 .. 
 OF Al 
 
 INFALLIBLE 
 
 CALCULATED TO IWSU 
 
 ID TO INSURE -i '...H'LETE 
 
 KNOWLEDGE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 THEORY ATMH PRACTICE Ot\ ACCOUNTS. 
 
 fJY C. C. MARSH, ACCOUNTANT. 
 
 ' Men change u ith fortune, manners change with climes, 
 Tenets with books, and principles with times." 
 
 IMPROVED EDITION-REVISED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HOGAN & THOMPSON, 
 No. 30, NORTH FOURTH STREET. 
 
 1841. 
 
EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, to wit: 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the thirteenth day of August, in the fifty-fifth year of 
 the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1830, Christopher C. Marsh, of 
 the said district, has deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he 
 claims as Author, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 1 The Science of Double-Entry Book-Keeping, simplified by the Introduction of an 
 Infallible Rule for Dr. and Cr. Calculated to insure a Complete Knowledge of the 
 ^Theory and Practice of Accounts. By C. C. Marsh, Accountant. 
 
 'Men change with fortune, manners change with climes, 
 Tenets with books, and principles with times. 1 " 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, " An act for the 
 encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the 
 authors and proprietors of such copies,-during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to 
 the act entitled " An act supplementary to an act entitled, ' An act for the encouragement 
 of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprie- 
 tors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits there 
 of to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 
 
 D. CALDWELL, 
 Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THE Publishers of the present edition of Marsh's Book- 
 keeping, have thought proper to omit the Recommendations, 
 which were printed in the first edition ; for the work so easily 
 commends itself to its readers, and so fast does ks popularity 
 extend, that they consider such efforts weak and superfluous : 
 besides, the number of recommendatory notices is now much 
 greater, and in adding them to the volume they would either 
 augment the price or diminish the profit in a degree alike un- 
 pleasant to its purchasers or publishers. Their object is to make 
 the work cheap as well as useful ; for, among the popular works 
 on this subject, there is not one the price of which may be said 
 to be cheap or even reasonable in proportion to that of school 
 books in general. 
 
A CARD. 
 
 THOSE who wish to avail themselves of C. C. Marsh's course 
 of practical lessons, either as teachers or accountants, are informed 
 that he continues to give instruction at No. 72 Cedar St. New- York, 
 and will probably continue at or near that place. 
 
 (4) 
 
TO 
 
 STEPHEN GIRARD, ESQ. 
 
 THE FINANCIER AND PHILANTHROPIST 
 
 OP THE 
 
 WESTERN HEMISPHERE: 
 
 THE PATRON OF 
 
 COMMERCE AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT: 
 
 THE PROTECTOR OF 
 
 HONEST INDUSTRY: 
 
 WITH SENTIMENTS OF ESTEEM 
 THIS VOLUME IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HAVING devoted years to the study and practice of 
 accounts, I have, from various processes of experience 
 and observation, ascertained that the branch of know- 
 ledge called Book-keeping, is far in the rear of many 
 of less general importance. Few, indeed, are they 
 who possess more than a partial insight into this useful 
 branch of a common education the counsellors at law 
 seem scarcely aware that it belongs to their profession 
 and are often found ignorant of it ; merchants and clerks 
 are often but barely initiated into its theory or practice, 
 being confined by a monotonous routine of a contracted 
 business ; and the teachers, left entirely to the imper- 
 fections of books, have almost despaired of ever ren- 
 dering satisfaction in this department of literature. To 
 what cause must we attribute such a degree of igno- 
 rance in a science of daily importance to every man 
 in civilized society ? Shall we find an excuse for our- 
 selves in declaiming against this science as compli- 
 cated and abstruse ? No ! far from it. We are happy 
 in entertaining an opinion far more favorable to its 
 character we see this science from its foundation, 
 and can perceive no indication of abstruse ideas or 
 deep and hidden principles ; on the contrary, it is a 
 science, the theory of which teems with the simplest 
 truths ; and its practice consists of the common and 
 daily occurrences of life with which all must have some 
 intercourse. All the abstruseness attributed to Book- 
 keeping belongs entirely to the systems upon which it 
 has been exhibited, and not to the science itself. We 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 believe authors have mistaken the method of simplifi- 
 cation ; for they have directed their energies to formi 
 of books or their number, when they should have in- 
 vestigated its principles, erased superfluous or redun- 
 dant rules, amalgamated the many divisions into which 
 it has been divided, and thereby presented to the mind 
 something like unity. 
 
 Impressed with this view of circumstances, I re- 
 solved to produce a system of Book-keeping untram- 
 melled by division and subdivision ; real accounts and 
 unreal accounts; his account proper and improper; 
 rules first, second, and third, &c. ad infinitum ; and 
 instead of multiplying, reduce the science to such a 
 state of simplicity as will render it accessible and in- 
 teresting to the youthful capacity. 
 
 In completing this resolution, I have been aided by 
 a number of friends and a generous public, who have 
 encouraged me by an extensive list of subscribers ; 
 for which signal respect and favor it is pleasure to 
 acknowledge myself indebted. 
 
 In the prospectus of this work I promised that 
 " every difficulty in which the science of Book-keeping 
 is generally understood to involve the learner, should 
 be entirely obviated by the simplifying capacity of a 
 rule for debtor and creditor." In this assurance is 
 embraced all that can be reasonably desired of an art 
 or science : whether or not I have answered, to the 
 public satisfaction, the claims to which such an assu- 
 rance subjected me, is not in my province to decide 
 time most surely is the great distinguisher of merit 
 and demerit. But, to take time by the forelock and 
 anticipate his decision; to elicit the attention of the 
 sceptical, and give to the book an aspect worthy the 
 respect of all ; I have submitted my improvements to 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 a number of the best judges and highly respected citi- 
 zens, who in the most courtly manner made my book 
 the recipient of their approbation. 
 
 The arrangement of the matter in this work cannot 
 but prove acceptable to its readers ; for instead of 
 intermixing the explanations with the accounts, we 
 have them entirely separate making in the volume 
 two important divisions. The second consists of the 
 account books of six months' transactions of a part- 
 nership business ; commencing with the simplest kind 
 of occurrences, and advancing as gradually as possible 
 into the more extensive. The number of transactions 
 in the Day-Book is one hundred and twenty-five, of 
 which scarcely two can be found alike. The object of 
 such a variety is evidently to present the reader with 
 a very extended view of the subject, and to give an 
 opportunity of anticipating and disposing of every 
 difficult or singular transaction that may in probability 
 require attention, in a commercial house or elsewhere. 
 These transactions are of modern character ; extend- 
 ing into all the departments of commerce, and embra- 
 cing those which, though of common occurrence in 
 commercial life, are unmentioned in other works upon 
 Book-keeping. 
 
 The first part or division of this volume is wholly 
 devoted to the purpose of teaching. It contains lucid 
 explanations of almost every word in the other part 
 of the book ; and it is confidently believed that by an 
 attentive perusal of this part, a person of common 
 capacity can obtain a good practical knowledge of 
 accounts. 
 
 The avowed object of this work is to teach the 
 science of Book-keeping to the full extent of its theory 
 and practice ; not to teach a particular system of Book 
 
 2 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 keeping, but the whole science itself, which when once 
 understood can never be forgotten ; because such 
 knowledge must be founded upon a man's reason, and 
 not upon his memory. 
 
 To say a system of Book-keeping is adapted to all 
 kinds of business, is preposterous, (however often we 
 may see that sentence in the title-pages of books upon 
 this subject) ; for we consider it as impossible for one 
 system of accounts to answer the necessities and 
 peculiarities of every business, as it is for one key to 
 suit the wards of every lock in Christendom. This 
 work promises no such inconsistency. 
 
 To understand the science of Book-keeping is to be 
 able to adapt that science to any business. Every 
 business has its peculiarities, and no person is as 
 capable of forming a system of accounts to suit a 
 business as the person engaged in that business. Let 
 a person understand the contents of this work, and he 
 will not only understand Book-keeping, but also all 
 works upcn the subject at presentation of the same ; 
 for they are only contracted exhibitions of the subject 
 or parts of it : thus, if you show a person a smal) 
 piece of a beaver hat, who has never seen a whole 
 hat, he will not know what it is ; but show him the 
 whole hat before you show him the piece, and he will 
 not hesitate in recognising any part of the whole. 
 
 That this work will prove a valuable acquisition to 
 our schools, our counting-houses, and to the libraries 
 of those interested in the department of literature 
 upon which it tieats, is the sincere belief of the 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
 Philadelphia November, 1833. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Advertisement, - - 
 
 Dedication, - - - - 
 Preface, - - - - - 
 Directions to Teachers, 
 Vocabulary of Terms, - 
 
 Page 3 
 
 - - 5 
 
 - - 7 
 
 - - 13 
 
 - - 15 
 
 Infallible Rule, 20 
 
 Journalising, 21 to 26 
 
 Journalising, 29 to 42 
 
 Posting, ------ 27 to 29 
 
 Trial Balance, - - - - 42 & 48 
 
 Balance Sheet, 49 
 
 Closing Accounts, 52 
 
 Opening New Books, - - - - 53 
 
 Day-Book, 55 
 
 Journal, 81 
 
 Leger, 97 
 
 Cash-Book, 147 
 
 Invoije-Book, 151 
 
 Sales-Book, 155 
 
 Commission-Sales-Book, - - 159 
 Bill-Book, Rec'ble & Payable, 165 
 Account-Current-Book, - - - 171 
 
 Letter-Book, 175 
 
 Bills of Exchange, Notes, Drafts, 
 
 Orders, &c. 183 
 
 Calculations, Discount & Interest, 185 
 Equation of Payments, - - - 186 
 Questions and Answers, 189 to 197 
 Foreign Moneys, - - - - 199 
 
 The six months' Business, embraced 
 in the Day-Dook. 
 
 JANUARY 57. 
 
 Opening Partnership Accounts. 
 Buying and Selling. 
 Receiving and Paying Debts. 
 Loans on account and on Notes with 
 Interest. 
 
 FEBRUARY 58. 
 
 Paying Notes. 
 
 Paying Expenses. 
 
 Shipping on our Account. 
 
 Closing an Account. 
 
 Failures. 
 
 Delivering an Order for Goods. 
 
 Importing Goods. 
 
 Accepting Drafts. 
 
 Shipping on Account of Others. 
 
 Bartering. 
 
 Exchanging Notes. 
 
 Discounting Notes. 
 
 Order at Sight. 
 
 Issuing Bills of Exchange. 
 
 Shipping and Insuring. 
 
 MARCH 61. 
 
 Receiving and Selling Consignments 
 Refunding for Damages. 
 Paying Drafts. 
 Selling at Auction. 
 Closing Consignment Account 
 Receiving Account-Sales. 
 Company Property. 
 Buying Bills of Exchange. 
 Partner withdraws money. 
 Bartering. 
 
 Closing Account of Company Prop- 
 erty. 
 
 APRIL 65. 
 
 Receiving Returns. 
 Selling on Commission. 
 Renewing Notes. 
 Paying for Damages. 
 Cashing Notes in hand. 
 Closing Account. 
 Buying at Auction. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Selling Bills of Exchange. 
 
 Exchanging Money* at Discount. 
 
 Renewing Notes. 
 
 Drawing Prize. 
 
 Getting Money accidentally. 
 
 Receiving and buying a Consignment. 
 
 MAY 68. 
 
 Shipping in Company. 
 East-India Business. 
 Shipping Mdse. rec'd on Consignment. 
 Buying and Remitting Drafts. 
 Receiving Cash for Another. 
 Receiving Returns. 
 Selling Shipped Goods. 
 Buying in Company. 
 Receiving Consignments of which we 
 own a Part 
 
 JUNE 72. 
 Settling a Company Shipment Acct. 
 
 Buying Bank Stock. Buying Bank 
 Stock for Another. 
 
 Receiving Account-Sales and draw- 
 ing 1 tor net Proceeds. 
 
 Recovering of Insurance Company. 
 
 Buying of Spanish Dollars. 
 
 Paying Protested Bill. 
 
 Closing Account Company Property. 
 
 Lending on Bottomry. 
 
 Insuring for Another. 
 
 JULY 77. 
 
 Closing Account of Co. Property with 
 
 Part on Hand. 
 
 Partners' Interest on Capital. 
 Closing Entries of Property and 
 
 Debts. 
 
 Closing Entries of Profits and Losses. 
 Division of the Profits. 
 Closing of Balance Account. 
 
DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 THE Student may be possessed of three blank books of foolscap 
 size, ruled to correspond with the forms of the Day-book, Journal, and 
 Leger ; and a volume of this work. He may then transcribe the first 
 two months' transactions in the Day-book, inserting his own name in 
 place of " Thos. Blanchard," and leaving the small left hand column 
 in the Day-Book blank Next he may put those Day-Book entries into 
 his Journal, and next post the Journal entries into the Leger ; next take 
 a Trial-Balance and correct all his errors. Then again transcribe 
 from the Day -Book, &c. &c. It would be well when the months of 
 January, February, and March are posted, for the student to make out 
 a Balance Sheet, and close the accounts in the manner described under 
 the date of July 4th. 
 
 It is recommended that the Journal entries and closings be dwelt on, 
 that the student may think or reason, rather than remember. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 TERMS USED IN BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Day- Boole. The book in which is written a plain and concise history 
 of every transaction of the business. The Day-Book is the most 
 important book of a set of account books. 
 
 Journal. The book by which the debtors and creditors with their 
 amounts are conveyed from the Day-Book into the Leger. 
 
 Leger. From the Latin, " to gather up." The book exhibiting the 
 accounts of all our debtors and creditors. 
 
 Cash-Book. The book in which is written every sum of cash received 
 or paid. The entry should be made at, or as near the time of 
 paying or receiving as possible. The debtor and creditor pages 
 of this book should be added and subtracted, (in a brisk business) 
 at the close of evejy day, and the balance should be the amount 
 of cash at command. It is usual to make only one entry of all 
 cash received during the month, from the Cash-Book into the Day- 
 Book. 
 
 Invoice-Book. The book in which are copied all bills and invoices of 
 merchandise purchased or received into your possession. This 
 book is useful because it contains a minute description of the mer- 
 chandise with which you are concerned ; it is, however, a dupli- 
 cate of original Bills and Invoices which must be preserved. It 
 is usual to make only one entry of all the purchases during the 
 month, from the Invoice-Book into the Day-Book. 
 
 Sale-Books. The book containing a description of all the merchandise 
 you have sold or delivered. When a person purchases, a descrip- 
 tion of quantity, quality, and price of the goods should be made 
 in the Sales-Book, from which the bill for the purchaser should be 
 made out by which the power is preserved of rendering a second 
 or third bill exactly like the first. It is usual to make only one 
 entry of all the sales during the month, from the Sales-Book into 
 the Day-Book. 
 
 Commission- Sales-Book. The book exhibiting a description of sales 
 of merchandise sold by you for another. 
 
 Account- Sales-Book. When merchandise has been sold on commis 
 sion, the seller submits or transmits to the person for whom the 
 goods were sold, an account of the sales, and the particulars there- 
 to relating; this account is copied into the Account-Sales-Book. 
 It is the opinion of the author that the account-sa'cs might, be 
 copied into the Letter-Book. 
 
16 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Letter-Book. The book containing copies of all letters written by you 
 to persons concerning your business. 
 
 Account-Current-Book. When two parties have been for some time 
 transacting business by correspondence, &c. &c., it becomes ne- 
 cessary for them to forward to each other a description of the 
 relation the business has caused them to bear to each other ; this 
 description is entitled an " Account-Current," a copy of which is 
 taken in a book of the same name. 
 
 Bill-Book. The book in which are described all the Notes in ycur 
 favor or against you. The Notes being placed in a secure place, 
 all particulars relating to them are obtained by reference to the Bill- 
 Book. 
 
 Receipt-Book. The book containing written acknowledgments of pay- 
 ments. 
 
 Check-Book. The book containing blank orders on banks. 
 
 Book of Expenses. The book for entering incidental expenses ; the 
 amount of which is taken into the Day-Book monthly. The au 
 thor is of opinion that these expenses could be more conveniently 
 taken from the Cash-Book. 
 
 Account. A catalogue of debts between two parties. 
 
 Account- Sales. A description of the particulars attending the sale of 
 merchandise. 
 
 Account-Current. A catalogue of debts betireen two parties up to tho 
 present time. 
 
 Invoice. A description of merchandise, its quantity, quality, and 
 price. 
 
 Bill of Lading. A receipt received of the captain of a vessel for 
 freighted goods. 
 
 Bill of Exchange, or Set of Exchange. A draft or order drawn by 
 a person in one country on a person in another it receives the 
 title of " exchange," because it extends from one currency into 
 another and it receives the title of " set," because the Bill of 
 Exchange consists of three or four orders purporting exactly the 
 same upon one of them being paid, the remaining two or three 
 are of no value. 
 
 Draft. An order drawn by one person against another, for the pay- 
 ment of value. 
 
 An Order. A paper requesting the payment of value. 
 
 Bills Receivable. A title given to promissory Notes, and other papers, 
 in your favor. 
 
 Bills Payable. A title given to Notes, and other papers drawn against 
 you. 
 
 Rate of Exchange. The per centum above or below the par value of 
 a Bill of Exchange. 
 
 Grace. The time added to the specified time for the payment of Notes, 
 &c. In this country the grace is three days. 
 
 Sight. The time for paying Drafts, &c. A Draft at sight, is payable 
 on ks being presented, or upon the third day after. 
 
 Par. The specified value, without premium or discount. 
 
VOCABULARY. 17 
 
 Face. The amount for which a Note is drawn. 
 
 JFtonor a Draft. To pay a Draft. 
 
 Defalcation. Cutting off, diminution. 
 
 Acceptance. When a Draft is accepted, it is called an acceptance. 
 
 Accept. To endorse. In accepting a Draft, the endorser becomes re- 
 sponsible for the amount of its face. 
 
 Endorse. To write your name upon the back of a paper. 
 
 Special Endorsement. That endorsement which particularizes to whom 
 a within amount is to be paid. 
 
 Drawer. The author of a draft or order. 
 
 Payee. The person to whom money is payable. 
 
 Advance. An addition or per centum above a certain value. 
 
 Premium. A per centum above the par value of Notes, Money, &c. 
 
 Interest. An amount allowed for the use of money, &c. 
 
 Discount. An amount deducted for premature payment ; interest de- 
 ducted. 
 
 Renew. To give a new Note in payment of an old one. 
 
 Brokerage. The amount charged for transacting business. 
 
 Commission. The amount charged for transacting business. 
 
 Insurance. The amount charged for insuring property. 
 
 Underwriters. The officers whose names are attached to a policy of 
 insurance. 
 
 Policy. The document received of an Insurance company when 
 property is insured. 
 
 Duty. A tax imposed by law upon imported merchandise. 
 
 Ad valorem. Upon the invoice amount, or first cost. 
 
 Protest. A declaration through the office of a Notary Public of the 
 non-acceptance or non-payment of Drafts or Notes. 
 
 Per. By ; by the. 
 
 Per Cent. By the hundred. 
 
 Drawback. A return of duty. 
 
 Debenture. A certificate entitling the exporter of imported merchan 
 disc to a return of duty. 
 
 Advice. Information ; notification. 
 
 Consignment. Merchandise in state of transportation : merchandise 
 shipped. 
 
 Assignment. Property made over to another, or transferred. 
 
 Consignee. The person to whom merchandise is shipped. 
 
 Shipment. Merchandise that is shipped. 
 
 Total sales. The gross amount produced by the sale of property. 
 
 Net Proceeds. The gross amount, less all charges or expenses. 
 
 Bond. A Note with security. 
 
 Bottomry Bond. A mortgage upon a vessel. 
 
 Favor. A Note is in " favor" of the person to whom the amount is 
 payable. 
 
 On. A Note is " on" or against the person who is to pay it. 
 
 Capital. The clear amount advanced in a business. 
 
 Sundries. More than one. 
 
 Solvent. Competent to pay all just debts. 
 
 B2 3 
 
1 8 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Insolvent. Incompetent to pay all just debts. 
 
 Effects. Property and Debts in your favor or against you. 
 
 Inventory. A catalogue of goods. 
 
 Balance. The difference between the debtor and creditor amounts of 
 an account. 
 
 Trial-Balance. An attempt to balance. A collection of all the balances 
 in the Leger, to ascertain if the debtor balances equal the creditor 
 balances. 
 
 Balance- Sheet. An exhibition of all the balances of property and debts, 
 and profits and losses. 
 
 To Balance. To make the debtor and creditor sides of an account 
 equal. 
 
 Closing an Account. Balancing .an account. 
 
 Entry. A record made in an account book. 
 
 Journalise. To make entries in the Journal. 
 
 Post. To make entries from the Journal into, the Leger. 
 
 Legerise. To make entries from the Journal into the Leger 
 
 Debtor. The person or thing that owes. 
 
 To Debit. To make an entry on the debtor side of an account. 
 
 Creditor. The person or thing that is owed. 
 
 To Credit. To make an entry on the creditor side of an account. 
 
 Dollar. A name given to a certain quantity of value. 
 
 Profit and Loss. A title given to the business ; an account opened to 
 represent the business. 
 
 Cash. A species of merchandise ; money. Cash differs from other 
 merchandise only because it has a publicly acknowledged par 
 value ; therefore paper money (though only a sign of cash) is 
 called cash. 
 
 "Real Accounts." Accounts which represent property. 
 
 "Personal Accounts." Accounts which represent persons. 
 
 "Imaginary, or Fictitious Accounts." Accounts which represent the 
 business and its branches ; as, profit and loss, commission, store 
 expenses, &c. 
 
 The distinction of real personal, and fictitious accounts is useless in the 
 study or practice of Book-keeping, and in fact the distinction is 
 erroneous ; for every account is fictitious or imaginary ; they are 
 not the things themselves, they only represent the merchandise, 
 the persons, and the business the difference between these ac- 
 counts is nothing, they are all made debtor for the same cause, and 
 creditor for the same cause. 
 
 Stock Account. An account that represents the merchant or owner of 
 the books. There is no stock account opened in the Leger of this 
 book. The author perceives no propriety in substituting the word 
 " stock" for the name or names of the merchants or owners of the 
 books ; he has therefore dispensed with the account called stock, 
 and given the partners credit for the amount of their advancements. 
 Stock account has been classed among the fictitious accounts ; it 
 is, however, as much of a personal account as the account of John 
 Sims, for they both represent persons. 
 
VOCABULARY. 1ft 
 
 Profit. Gain. 
 
 Loss. ]>.s.s than no gain. % 
 
 Dividend. Amount for division : profit to be divided. 
 
 Duplicate. A copy. 
 
 Signature. The name of a person in his own writing. 
 
 Effected Insvrance. Accomplished the business of getting property 
 insured. 
 
 Instant. The present month. 
 
 Ultimo. The last month. 
 
 Proximo. The next month. 
 
 Contra. Opposite. 
 
 Double-Entry. Twice entered. Book-keeping by double-entry re- 
 quires every sum to be placed ^at two accounts in the Leger, on 
 the debtor side of one and on the creditor side of the other. 
 
 Single-Entry. Once entered. Single-entry Book-keeping is u sys- 
 tem of keeping accounts which enables its adopter to keep only 
 half of his accounts. 
 
 Waste- Book or Blotter. The book in which entries are made care- 
 lessly. 
 
 Alphabet or Index. The Index to the Leger is commonly in a sepa- 
 rate volume. As soon as an account is opened in the Leger, it 
 should be placed in the Index. 
 
 Italian Method of Book-keeping. Book-keeping by double-entry. It 
 is not improbable that the Italians invented this science, consider- 
 ing their commercial character and that of the Lombards who 
 were extensive capitalists and money-lenders. 
 
THE SCIENCE 
 
 OF 
 
 DOUBLE-ENTRY BOOK-KEEPING, 
 
 SIMPLIFIED. 
 
 ALL the explanations contained in this work will be found upon the 
 immediately following pages. The reader need not look into the Day- 
 book, Journal, nor Leger for any thing explanatory ; for the contents 
 of those books relate entirely to business, and not to teaching ; by which 
 arrangement the reader will derive the advantages of knowing which 
 part of the book is to serve as his teacher, and which he is to be taught. 
 
 INFALLIBLE RULE. 
 
 In order to render that division of the subject commonly considered 
 difficult simple, positive, and rational, and to conduct the mind with 
 ease into its own elements, securing at every degree of advancement a 
 clear understanding of whatever arises for consideration, I cannot re- 
 commend a too close observance of the one and only rule needful. 
 This rule originates thus 
 
 Book-keeping, or the science of accounts, is a systematic exhibition 
 of all that is owed us and all that we owe these are our credits and 
 those our debtors. Consequently the whole science is founded upon 
 the two words, Debtor and Creditor ; hence arises the one rule, infal- 
 lible in its application, and in its truth self-evident. 
 
 THE RULE. 
 
 Whoever or whatever owes us is Debtor 
 Whoever or whatever we owe is Creditor. 
 
 Or, in other words, 
 
 All persons or things that owe us are Debtor 
 All persons or things that we owe are Creditor. 
 
 Or briefly, 
 
 Debit whatever owe us, and 
 Credit whatever we owe. 
 
 The Day-book commences with a record of the situation of the party 
 or parties entering into business ; and It should exhibit a clear, plain 
 and concise history of the business not the slightest variation from 
 truth should be/permitted, upon the peril of losing the ability to prove 
 that book valid, and rendering it unimportant in the opinion of judicial 
 authority. In recording a transaction in the Day-book, we do not say 
 
JOURNALISING. 21 
 
 who is debtor nor who is creditor ; this is the contents of anolhet 
 book, the Journal. 
 
 The capital being advanced; the Cash deposited iiyjie banks, in tho 
 name of the firm, Blanchard & Marsh, the Notes described in the bills 
 receivable and payable books, the inventory of hardware copied into 
 the invoice book, and the articles of agreement signed and exchanged ; 
 the following is the entry made in the 
 
 Day -Book January 5, 1829. 
 
 Thos. Blanchard and C. C. Marsh having as per agreement dated 
 first instant entered into partnership, advanced the following capital : 
 Thos. Blanchard advances Cash 26,000$, and Notes 2,000$, amounting 
 to 28,000$. C. C. Marsh advances Cash 12,000$, Notes 2,670$, Hard- 
 ware 3,125$, and a claim on Charles Lawrence 140$, amounting to 
 17,935$ and jointly^to 45,935$. 
 
 THE RULE. 
 
 Whoever or whatever owes us is Debtor 
 Whoever or whatever we owe is Creditor. 
 
 The Journal commences with an entry formed from the first entry 
 in the Day-book, consisting of a deduction of all the debtors and cred- 
 itors ; for the purpose of conveying the same into the Leger. These 
 deductions or Journal entries are made by the application of THE RULE, 
 which will be found true in producing a correct result. 
 - The journal entry of the first Day-book entry is as follows : 
 Journal Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Cash, $38,000 
 
 Bills Receivable, 4,670 
 
 Hardware, 3,125 
 
 Charles Lawrence, 140 
 
 $45,935 
 
 To Thos. Blanchard, 28,000 
 
 " C. C. Marsh, /'. . . 17,935 
 
 45,935 
 
 Elucidation. This entry commences with a preface, viz ; " Sun- 
 dries Dr. to Sundries," signifying that it contains more than one debtor, 
 and also more than one creditor ; which immediately follow the preface. 
 
 Cash is debtor, because that species of property owes us a quantity of 
 value : the amount of that value is called $38,000, which is in 
 that kind of merchandise denominated cash, and for which sum 
 Cash is therefore <j^btor. 
 
 Bills Receivable are debtor, because the Notes advanced owe us for the 
 amount of value for which they are drawn, being $4,670. 
 
 Observe that the persons by whom those Notes are drawn do not owe 
 us, but that the notes themselves are responsible for the value, for 
 it is by possessing them that we can ask payment of the value. 
 
 The title of Bills Receivable is applicable to all species of paper claim, 
 but there is no occasion for giving anything a title until we have 
 determined whether that thing owes us, or whether we owe it. 
 
22 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Hardware is debtor, because that property owes us the amount of 
 $8,125. In this instance we open an account for hardware instead 
 of merchant ; se, because it is our wish to know the gain or loss on 
 that species of property. An account of merchandise will never- 
 theless be opened for other kinds of property. 
 
 Chas. Lawrence is debtor, because he owes us. 
 
 Thos. Blanchard is creditor, because he is owed he is owed individu- 
 ally by the firm, Blanchard & Marsh, for the amount he has ad- 
 vanced in the concern, being $28,000- 
 
 C. C. Marsh is creditor, for the same cause as is Blanchard. 
 
 In the Journal, a distinction is made between the debtors and credi- 
 tors by their position, and the word " To." The position of the debtors 
 is perpendicularly under the first word " Sundries." The position of 
 the creditors is about an inch in the rear of the debtors, and must 
 always have the word " To" before them. See the Journal entries. 
 The amount of the debtors should be ascertained and placed in the 
 column for dollars and cents, as also should the amount of the creditors ; 
 these amounts must correspond with each other. This correspondence 
 is an invariable consequence of the debtors and creditors being proper- 
 ly selected from the transaction. 
 
 NOTE. When an entry is made in the Journal, we place the page of the Journal against 
 the Day-book entry. 
 
 Dag-Book* Second entry of January 5. 
 
 Thos. Blanchard & C. C. Marsh are indebted to Notes in favor of 
 sundry persons, as per Bill Book on Thos. Blanchard for $1,080, and 
 on C. C. Marsh for $1,230 jointly amounting to $2,310. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Bills Payable. 
 
 Thos. Blanchard, " 1,080 
 
 C. C. Marsh, 1,230 
 
 $2,310 
 
 Elucidation. In this entry, as in the former, the debtors are pre- 
 faced with the term " Sundries," and as the transaction has in it only 
 one creditor, it follows without any preface ; thus, " To Bills Payable." 
 Immediately under the first " Sundries," are placed the two debtors, 
 being 
 
 Thos. Blanchard, who is debtor because he owes, individually owes, 
 the firm ; which is shown by his advancing a debt to be paid out 
 of the capital belonging to Blanchard & Marsh. 
 C. C. Marsh is also a debtor, and for the same cause. 
 
 Bills Payable are creditor, because the papers, to which it is the cus- 
 tom to give that title, hold us responsible ; therefore we owe them. An 
 amount for the creditor, Bills Payable, should be obtained by adding 
 the two debtor amounts, and if that amount be not what you owe to 
 Bills Payable, then the amounts from which it is obtained are incorrect. 
 Day-Boole. January 7. 
 
 Paid Cash for sundry Store Fixtures, bought of W. Wharton, 
 amounting to $300. 
 
JOURNALISING. 23 
 
 Journal. Store Fixtures Dr. 
 
 To Cash, $300 
 
 Elucidation. Store Fixtures are a species of property that has cost 
 as an amount of value, for which it is responsible, therefore the prop- 
 erty owes us. 
 
 Cash is creditor, because we owe the species of property called Cash, 
 for paying for the Fixtures for us. 
 
 - Observe that when we write " Store Fixtures Dr. to Cash," we do 
 not mean that the former owes the latter, but only that the former is 
 debtor, and the latter is creditor ; and that there are in such an entry 
 two distinct sentences, contracted or abbreviated. Thus, 
 
 Store Fixture are debtor to us for $300 
 
 We are debtor to Cash for $300 
 
 This is the Journal entry fully expressed or containing what is super- 
 perfluous when subjected to the scientific form ; for no one can suppose 
 the entry to mean that the Store Fixtures owe any other than ourselves, 
 or that Cash is owed by any other than ourselves ; for, if so, we would 
 be keeping the accounts of others instead of our own, which is adverse 
 to the purpose of book-keeping, in relation to us, viz. to furnish us 
 with " who owes us, and whom we owe." So then, if we strike out 
 the superfluous part of the above full entry, we shall strike out the 
 words in Italics. The reason why the Italics, " we are debtor for," in 
 the last line, aro useless, is because the sentence " we are debtor to 
 Cash," signifies that Cash is our creditor ; and knowing that there are 
 only two kinds, debtors and creditors, by declaring which is the debtor, 
 we at the same time declare which is the creditor, without using the 
 word creditor, or the words in Italics. As for instance, we would say of 
 two inkstands, red and black, this is the red ink ; by which all would 
 understand the other to be the black ink. 
 
 Day-Book. January 8. 
 
 Sold Hardware to Paul Harris at sixty days' credit, amounting to $325. 
 Journal. Paul Harris Dr. 
 
 To Hardware, $325 
 
 Elucidation. Harris is debtor, because he ones us he owes us 
 because he has not paid for the Hardware he purchased of us. 
 
 Hardware is creditor, because we owe that property for the value it 
 has produced us, for which Harris is responsible. 
 
 Bay -Book. January 10. 
 
 Sold Hardware to Wm. Biakely on his Note of thirty days, $500. 
 Journal. Bills Receivable Dr. 
 
 To Hardware, $500 
 
 Elucidation. The Note, to which the title of Bills Receivable is 
 given, owes us for the amount of value the Hardware has produced ; 
 therefore it is debtor. Hardware is creditor, because wt owe it for 
 producing that value. 
 
24 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Day-Book. January 12. 
 
 Sold Hardware for Cash to S. H. Lovell, amounting to $125. 
 Journal. Cash Dr. 
 
 To Hardware, $125 
 
 Elucidation. Cash is debtor, because it owes us for the amount of 
 value produced by the Hardware, for that value is in the Cash. Hard- 
 ware is creditor, because we owe it for producing the value it has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Day-Book. January 13. 
 
 Sold Hardware to Oliver Otis & Co., for which they are to pay, on 
 the 19th instant, one half in Cash and the other half in Note, &c. 
 $2,000. 
 
 Journal. Oliver Otis & Co. Dr. 
 
 To Hardware, $2,000 
 
 Elucidation. Otis & Co. are debtor, because they owe us for the 
 Hardware sold to them, they not having paid us for it. Hardware is 
 creditor, because we owe it for producing us the value for which Otis & 
 Co. are responsible. 
 
 Day -Book. January 14. 
 
 Bought Hardware of H. Austin at thirty days, $1,500. 
 Journal. Hardware, Dr. 
 
 To H. Austin, $1,500 
 
 Elucidation. The Hardware is debtor because it owes us, it having 
 cost us the amount of value for which we are responsible to Austin. 
 Austin is creditor, because we owe him. 
 
 Day-Book. January 16. 
 
 Bought Rice of C Barnard, &c. paid him Cash and Hardware. 
 Journal. Rice Dr. to Sundries : 
 
 To Cash, 2,000 
 
 " Hardware, 1,200 
 
 $3,200 
 
 Elucidation. Rice is debtor because it owes us, having cost us 
 $3,200. 
 
 Cash and Hardware are creditors, because we owe them for paying 
 for the rice for us. 
 
 Although we have opened accounts for two kinds of merchandise, 
 Hardware and Rice, yet it does not follow that we shall not open an 
 account for merchandise ; our object in opening those accounts, is cer- 
 tainly to show the gain or loss accruing from tWbse articles. 
 
 NOTE. It may be well to inform the reader, that transactions expressed in the Journal 
 or Journal entries, can assume only four forms: that is, the debtors and creditors take no 
 more than four positions in that book. One of these forms is like the first Journal entry 
 on the 5th of January another is like the second Journal entry on the 5th of January 
 another is like the Journal entry on the 7th of January another and the last is like the 
 Journal entry on the 16th of January. By referring to these entries, it will be seen that 
 the difference in position is caused by the number of debtors or creditors which they pos- 
 sess thus, the first contains several debtors and creditors ; the second contains several 
 debtors and one creditor ; the third contains only one debtor and one creditor; and the 
 fourth contains one debtor and several creditors. A transaction, therefore, however com- 
 plicated always takes one of these forms when expressed in the Journal. 
 
JOURNALISING. 25 
 
 Day-Book. January 19. 
 
 Received of O. Otis & Co., in full for Hardware sold to them on 13tb 
 ..list., their Note at thirty days for $1,000, and Cash for $1,000. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Oliver Otis & Co. 
 
 Bills receivable, 1,000 
 
 Cash, 1,000 
 
 $2,000 
 
 Elucidation The word " Sundries" is the preface to the debtors, 
 which are under their preface. 
 
 Bills Receivable are debtor, because the Note, to which that name is 
 given, owes us for half of the amount that Otis & Co. owed us. 
 
 Cash is debtor, because it owes us for half of the amount that Otis & 
 Co. owed us. 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co. are creditor, because we owe them for paying us 
 the amount which they owed. Observe that Otis & Co. have not paid 
 us for the Hardware, but for what they themselves owed us, therefore 
 we must give them credit. 
 
 Day -Book. January 21. 
 Received of Paul Harris his Note at Sixty days, &c. for $325. 
 
 Journal. Bills Receivable Dr. 
 
 To Paul Harris, $325 
 
 Elucidation. The amount which Harris owed us, now is owed to 
 us by the Note, called Bills Receivable ; it is therefore debtor ; and 
 because Harris has paid us what he owed us, has brought us responsible 
 to him, therefore we owe him, and he is creditor. 
 
 Day-Book. January 22. 
 
 Delivered our Note to Henry Austin, at thirty days, in full for bal- 
 ance of account, for $1,500. 
 
 Journal. Henry Austin Dr. 
 
 To Bills Payable, $1,500 
 
 Elucidation. Austin is debtor, because he owes us, we having paid 
 him the amount that we owed him. Bills Payable are creditor, because 
 the Note to which that name is given, has paid Austin for us, there- 
 fore we owe it. 
 
 Observe It may appear absurd to some, to say that Austin, in the 
 above transaction, owes us. It is nevertheless true; and is proved thus 
 Before we paid him, we owed him $1,500. After we paid him, he 
 owes us $l,50^^Jf not,*then we still owe him ; and, as we do not still 
 owe him, he njj^By\ve us that amount ; and by his owing us the $1,500 
 which we owedlp him, he and we are upon an equality, or the account 
 between us is balanced. 
 
 Day-Book. January 24. 
 
 Sold Hardware to S. H. Lovell, $250, and for Cash, to sundry per- 
 sons, $160. 
 
 C 4 
 
26 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Hardware. 
 
 S. H. Lovell, 250 
 
 Cash, 160 
 
 Elucidation. The Sundries are debtor, because they owe us for the 
 amount of value that the Hardware has produced the production con- 
 sists in Lovell and Cash, who are the debtors. 
 
 Hardware is creditor, because we owe that article for producing $410. 
 
 Day-Book. January 28. 
 
 Lent Cash to Jas. Truman on his Note at twelve months, &c. amount 
 of principal $2000, interest for twelve months, 30 days each, and the 
 three days grace, $121. 
 
 Journal. Bills Receivable Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Cash, 2,000 
 
 " Interest, 121 
 
 $2,121 
 
 Elucidation. Having lent Cash upon interest, we hold the Note re- 
 sponsible for the whole it is the Note, and not J. Truman, that owes 
 us for both principal and interest, and to the Note we give the title of 
 Bills Receivable. 
 
 Cash is creditor, because we owe it for producing the Note responsi- 
 ble for $2,000. 
 
 Interest is creditor, because we owe that branch of our business call- 
 ed interest, for producing us $121, which value is in the Note. 
 
 Observe, that in this science, persons and things are alike susceptible 
 of responsibility : that is, we make a bag of coffee debtor or creditor 
 upon the same principle, or for the same cause that we would an indi- 
 vidual we make our business or a branch of it. (profit and loss, com- 
 mission and interest) debtor or creditor, for the same cause that we 
 would a John Sims, viz : that of his owing us, or our owing him. 
 Rule. 
 
 Day-Book. January 30. 
 
 Paid Cash to the Philadelphia Bank, for our Note on C. C. Marsh, 
 in favor of T. P. Cope & Sons, now due, for $1,230. 
 
 Journal. Bills Payable, Dr. 
 
 To Cash, $1,230. 
 
 Elucidation. The Note now taken up or paid is one that was ad- 
 vanced by Marsh at the commencement of this partnoj^iip, and which 
 he issued prior to that time, the cause of its being oiBRlarsh, and not 
 Blanchard & Marsh, and at which time he became erector, and Bills 
 Payable creditor. 
 
 Bills Payable are debtor, because the Note to which that title is given 
 owes us, we having paid the amount we owed it. Cash is creditor, be- 
 cause we owe that species of property for paying for the Note for us. 
 
 NOTE. Journalising is resumed at the end of Posting. 
 
POSTING. 27 
 
 POSTING. 
 
 THE transactions or Day-Book entries, from the commencement, 
 January 5th to January 30th, having been journalised, that is, prepared 
 for the Leger, we will now commence posting, which the reader will 
 discover to be very simple ; for posting or legerising is merely copying 
 the entries from the Journal into the Leger. This copying is for the 
 purpose of exhibiting at one place, all concerning one thing or person 
 that is to be found in the whole business. For instance, if we take the 
 subject of Cash, we will find that that article is concerned from the 
 beginning of our business to the end ; therefore, if we do not bring it 
 all to one place, we cannot, without much trouble, ascertain the amount 
 we have received and paid. By the aid of the Journal, or the principle 
 by which it is filled, we deduce from every transaction, all that oice us 
 and all that we owe, which is all that is to be conveyed into the Leger. 
 The Journal, therefore, operates as a mode of conveyance from the 
 Day-Book into the Leger. To the Leger belongs an index, which is 
 sometimes a part of the same volume ; but a more convenient way is 
 to have the index in a small book for the purpose. The manner in 
 which an entry is copied from the Journal, or posted, commencing wth 
 the first entry in the Journal, is as follows : 
 
 Journal. January 5, 1830. 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Sundries- 
 
 3. Cash, $38,000 
 
 5. Bills Receivable, 4,670 
 
 7. Hardware, 3,125 
 
 11. Charles Lawrence, 140 
 
 $45,935 
 
 1. To Thos. Blanchard, 28,000 
 
 1. " C. C. Marsh, 17,935 
 
 45,935 
 
 The first thing exhibited in the preceding entry is Cash 38,000$ ; 
 Sundries Dr. to Sundries being only a preface to what follows ; there- 
 fore Cash is the first account to be opened in the Leger. We will allot 
 for the Cash account in the Leger pages 3 and 4 commencing on 
 page 3, we write the word " Cash," and the abbreviations " Dr." and 
 " Cr." and then proceed to enter the amount for which that species of 
 property is debtor, viz : 38,000$ ; which is done by writing in the first 
 column* the yoar and month, in the second the day, in the third the pre- 
 face to the other part of the Journal entry (To Sundries,) in the fourth 
 the page of the Journal that the entry comes from, and in the fifth col- 
 umn the amount for which Cash is debtor, 38,000$. (See the Cash 
 account for a correspondence with this explanation.) When this is 
 done, we place the page of the Cash account in the Leger against the 
 Cash in the Journal ; which signifies that it has been posted ; and then 
 enter the Cash account in the index of the Leger. 
 
28 POSTING. 
 
 Thus far we have only posted the first debtor in the Journal entry : 
 the other three, Bills Receivable, Hardware, and Charles Lawrence, 
 are to be disposed of in the Leger in the same manner, upon other 
 pages. 
 
 Next we are to copy the creditors of the same journal entry into the 
 Leger ; the first is " Thos. Blanchard 28,000$ ;" for him we must open 
 an account ; a small portion of page 1 will, we suppose, answer for him, 
 by writing the name of " Thomas Blanchard," and the terms " Dr." and 
 " Cr." at the top of page 1 : and as he is, in this entry, a creditor for 
 28,000$, we must place that sum on the credit side of his account ; 
 which is done by writing in the first column the year and month, in the 
 second the day, in the third the preface, (By* Sundries) to the other half 
 of the Journal entry, in the fourth the page of the journal that the sum 
 is brought from. Then place against the name of Thomas Blanchard 
 in the Journal the page of his account in the Leger ; which is signifi- 
 cant of its being posted. All accounts opened in the Leger are to be 
 noticed in its index, at the time of opening. The other creditors are 
 posted in the same manner. 
 
 As the Journal presents only four forms or kinds of entry, there is 
 necessity for only four lucid explanations, in order to teach the reader 
 that part of the science called Posting or Legerising ; and having ex- 
 plained the first of these forms, we will now notice the next, being the 
 second entry in the Journal, dated January 5th. 
 
 Journal. January 5. 
 6. Sundries Dr. to Bills Payable. 
 
 1. Thos. Blanchard, 1,080 
 
 1. C. C. Marsh, 1,230 
 
 $2,310 
 
 Blanchard & Marsh being debtor for the amounts in line with their 
 names, we return to the page upon which their accounts were opened 
 (page 1) and write, on the debtor side, in the first two columns the date ; 
 in the third the opposite part of this entry (To Bills Payable ;) in the 
 fourth column the page of the Journal from which the amounts are 
 brought, and in the fifth the sums for which they, Blanchard & Marsh, 
 are debtor. 
 
 This done, we must allot a portion of the Leger, page 6, for the ac- 
 count of Bills Payable, which being creditor in the above entry for 
 2,310$, requires an entry of that sum upon the creditor side of the 
 account : thus, in the two first columns write the date ; in the third the 
 other part of the Journal entry, viz. " By Sundries ;" in the fourth the 
 
 * The word " By" is not found in the Journal entries, because the debtors are always 
 placed before the creditors, but in making our entry on the creditor side of an account, 
 we commence reading with the creditor account thus in the case of Thos. Blanchard 
 who is a creditor in the above entry, we say " Thos. Blanchard Cr. By Sundries ;" or 
 should we read with the debtor first, the word " By" would not be used ; thus, " Sundries 
 Dr. To Thos. Blanchard" which is the same in meaning. 
 
 Did custom sanction the usage, it would be equally correct always to place the creditors 
 before the debtors in the journal ^ we should not then see the words " To" and " Dr." in 
 every entry, but in their stead the -words "By" and "Cr." 
 
JOURNALISING. 29 
 
 page of the Journal the sum comes from ; and in the fifth column write the 
 amount for which Bills Payable are creditor. 
 
 Journal. January 7. 
 1. Store Fixtures Dr. 
 
 3. To Cash, $300 
 
 To post the above entry, (varying from the others, having but one 
 debtor and one creditor,) we open an account for that species, of prop- 
 erty called Store Fixtures, a small space upon page 1 will probably 
 do for it, and write on the debtor side of the account, because the prop- 
 erty is debtor, the date; the other part of the Journal entry, viz. " To 
 Cash ;" the page of the Journal that the entry is upon, and the amount 
 300$. 
 
 Cash in the above entry is a creditor, therefore write upon the creditor 
 side of the cash account, the date, " By Store Fixtures," the page of 
 the Journal, and the amount of $300 ; and that entry is then posted. 
 
 Another and the last Journal entry, of the posting of which it is 
 necessary to give an explanation, will be found in the Journal, dated 
 
 Journal. January 16. 
 7. Rice Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 3. To Cash, 2,000 
 
 7. " Hardware, 1,200 
 
 $3,200 
 
 To copy the above into the Legcr, we open an account for " Rice," 
 upon page 7, and write on the debtor side of that account, the date, the 
 preface of the other part of the Journal entry, " To Sundries /" and 
 carry out the whole amount, for which Rice is debtor, 3,200$. 
 
 The creditors in the above entry are Cash and Hardware ; they are 
 posted by writing upon the credit sides of their accounts in the Leger, 
 the date, the other part of this Journal entry, viz. " By Rice," and in 
 the columns the sums for which each is creditor. 
 
 In opening accounts we allow a reasonable space for each, accord- 
 ing with the supposed extent of business that may be performed with 
 the person or property ; and we use what endeavors we can to keep 
 those of a similiar kind in the same part of the Leger. 
 
 JOURNALISING. 
 
 THE RULE, 
 
 WHOEVER or whatever owes us is Debtor 
 Whoever or whatever we owe is Creditor. 
 
 Day-Book. February 2, 1829. 
 
 Paid Henry Austin for our Note, being Thos. Blanchard's accept- 
 ance, drawn by Joseph Eaton & Co., Boston, at 60 days sight, for 
 $1,080 ; in Hardware for $550, in Cash $525 32, and iri Interest, the 
 Note having 26 days to run, $4 68. 
 C2 
 
30 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Journal. Bills Payable Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Hardware, 550 00 
 
 " Cash, 525 32 
 
 " Interest, 4 68 
 
 $1,080 
 
 Elucidation. The Note now paid or taken up, was issued by Blan- 
 chard before this partnership commenced, therefore it was drawn on 
 him alone ; but as he advanced a description of it at the commencing 
 of these books, the firm assumed the debt, and consequently the note 
 became a creditor. This Note now is debtor, because we have paid 
 the amount we owed it, therefore it owes us, which makes the account 
 between us and the Bills payable balance so far, as that Note is con- 
 cerned. 
 
 Hardware and Cash are creditors, because we owe them for paying 
 for the Note for us. 
 
 Interest we open an account for Interest because we consider it a 
 branch of our business, and intend to treat it as we do a person, rsaking 
 it debtor whenever it owes us, and creditor whenever we owe it : in the 
 preceding transaction, the branch of business called Interest has paid 
 for us, towards the payment of the Note, the sum of $4 68 ; therefore 
 we owe it- 
 
 Day-Book. February 2, (second of this date.) 
 
 Paid Cash to sundry persons for expenses incurred last month, as per 
 Cash Book, 65$. 
 
 Journal. Store Expenses Dr. 
 
 To Cash, $65 
 
 Elucidation. The title of Store Expenses is given to a variety of 
 incidental expenses connected with our business, and forms a branch 
 of our business, which we make debtor and creditor according to the 
 rule. 
 
 Day-Book. February 4. 
 
 Shipped per brig Franklin, Kay, and consigned to Lockhart & Arrott, 
 New-Orleans, to be sold for our account, sundry articles of Hardware, 
 as per Sales Book, amounting to $1,722 22, and paid Cash for shipping, 
 &c. $100. 
 
 Journal. Shipment to New-Orleans Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Hardware, 1,722 22 
 
 Cash, 10000 
 
 $1,82222 
 
 Elucidation. The property shipped in the above transaction, owes 
 us for its whole amount $1,822 22, therefore it is debtor. The articles 
 of Hardware and Cash having changed their situation, require new titles, 
 therefore we give them a name significant of their situations. 
 
 Hardware and Cash are creditors, because we owe them for advanc- 
 ing the shipment for us. 
 
JOURNALISING. 31 
 
 Day-Book. February 6. 
 
 Oar intention being to discontinue the Hardware business, a closing 
 of the account would be proper, &c.; the gain is $277 22. 
 Journal. Hardware Dr. 
 
 To Profit and Loss, $277 22 
 
 Elucidation. Before the preceding Day-Book entry was made, all 
 concerning the Hardware was posted to that account ; which then ex- 
 hibited all that property owed us, and all we owed it : the difference or 
 balance between the two sides of the account would then be either 
 profit or loss if the creditor amount be the greater, then the balance 
 is profit ; if the debtor amount be greater, then the balance is loss ; 
 for the property being all sold, and at the same time owing us, 
 could pay or produce us nothing. But in this instance there has been 
 a profit, for the credit side of the account is the greater : this profit 
 was caused by the purchase or sale of the Hardware, therefore the 
 profit was caused by the business, which is called Profit and Loss, to 
 which account the gain $277 22 must be transferred, in order to close 
 the Hardware account. 
 
 Hardware is debtor, because the sum which we owed it must be owed 
 to Profit and Loss, and as we cannot owe two accounts one and the 
 same sum, Hardware owes us for the amount to be transferred to Profit 
 and Loss account. 
 
 Profit and Loss is creditor, because we have discovered by adding 
 and subtracting the Hardware account, that we owe our business for 
 producing us profit amounting to $277 22. 
 
 In posting a closing entry, we use red ink, which is significant at 
 first sight of the entry's being only a transfer. The red ink in the 
 above entry would be used only at Hardware account. 
 
 Day-Book. February 9. 
 
 Wm. Blakely has failed. The balance of his account in our favor 
 is $200, for which he has paid Cash $100, the balance is lost, $100. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. To Wm. Blakely. 
 
 Cash, 100 
 
 Profit and Loss, 100 
 
 $200 
 
 Elucidation. Profit and Loss are debtor, because our business owes 
 vs for the amount lost by Blakely's failure. 
 
 Wm. Blakely is creditor, because we owe him for paying us what he 
 owed us ; he has paid us all he owed, for we have taken half for the 
 whole. 
 
 Day-Boole. February 11. 
 
 Bought Dry-Goods of Haven & Smith, for which delivered to them 
 in payment, our Order at sight on Chas. Lawrence, for $140, Oliver 
 Otis's Note, due 22d instant for $1000, and Cash for $100. 
 Journal. Merchandise Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Chas. Lawrence, 140 
 
 " Bills Receivable, 1,000 
 
 " Cash, 100 
 
 $1,241) 
 
32 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Elucidation. Dry- Goods are debtor, because they owe us for the 
 amount of their cost. We give the title of merchandise to the Dry-Goods, 
 for we now intend to have a general account, to which we may place 
 any article we choose. 
 
 Chas. Lawrence is creditor, because we owe him for the amount of 
 the Order we have issued against him he will pay that sum for us ; if 
 not, then the Order will be returned to us, and another entry will be 
 made. The Order is not creditor, because we do not owe it it 
 does not hold us responsible, and will not until Lawrence refuses to 
 pay it. 
 
 The Note which we hold against Otis & Co. is creditor, because we 
 owe it for paying us the amount it owed. The Note paid us that sum, 
 because it produced us the goods. 
 
 Day-Boole. February 13. 
 
 Received per ship Delaware, Hamilton, consigned to us by Walter 
 Howard, London, pursuant to an order, and for our account, an invoice 
 of Dry-Goods, amounting to $4,888 89 ; signed three bonds to the Cus- 
 tom House for duties, 81,222 22, and paid Cash for freight, &c. 422$. 
 
 Journal. Merchandise Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Walter Howard, 4,888 89 
 
 " Bills Payable, 1,22222 
 
 " Cash, 422 00 
 
 $6,53311 
 
 Elucidation. The Dry-Goods are debtor, because they owe us for 
 the amount of cost. Walter Howard is creditor, because we owe him 
 for the amount of the invoice, having ordered the goods of him. The 
 Bonds, to which the title of Bills Payable is given, are creditor because 
 we owe them for paying for the duties for us. 
 
 Day-Book. February 13, (second of this date.) 
 Received of Wm. Blakely, in payment of his Note for $500 now 
 due, his Order on S. H. Lovell, which is accepted at thirty days sight, 
 with interest added ; face of the acceptance $251 37. The balance is 
 lost by Blakely's failure, $250. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 BiUs Receivable, 251 37 
 
 Profit and Loss, 250 00 
 
 $501 37 
 
 To Bills Receivable, 500 00 
 
 " Interest, 1 37 
 
 $501 37 
 
 Elucidation. The order accepted at thirty days sight by Lovell is 
 debtor, because it owes us for the amount for which it is drawn it owes 
 us for both the principal and interest ; for if it will not produce one, it 
 will not the other. Profit and Loss is debtor, because our business, 
 receiving that title, owes us for the loss it has caused. Bills Receivable 
 are creditor, because we owe the old Note, for paying us the amount 
 for which we held it responsible. There are two notes in this transac- 
 
JOURNALISING. 33 
 
 tion the order becomes Bills Receivable, because it is in our favor ; and 
 the old note was Bills Receivable for the same cause. 
 
 Interest is creditor, because we owe that branch of business for the 
 production of $1 37, which is in the order on Lovell. 
 
 Day-Book. February 16. 
 
 Accepted Walter Howard's Draft on us at twenty days sight in favor 
 of Lewis Clapier, for $4,444 44. 
 
 Journal. Walter Howard Dr. 
 
 To Bills Payable, 84,444 44 
 
 Elucidation. By accepting this Draft we become responsible for its 
 amount, therefore Howard owes us for agreeing to pay that sum accord- 
 ing to his order. Bills Payable is the name given to the Draft which 
 we have endorsed, and which is creditor because we owe it it holds us 
 responsible in the possession of Clapier. 
 
 Day-Book. February 17. 
 
 Delivered Dry-Goods to Henry Austin in payment of our Note now 
 due, for 1,500$. 
 
 Journal. Bills Payable Dr. 
 
 To Merchandise, $1,500 
 
 Elucidation. The Note held us responsible heretofore; now we 
 have paid it, it owes us ; therefore it is debtor. Merchandise is credit- 
 or, because that species of property paid the Note for us ; therefore we 
 owe it. 
 
 Day-Book. February 20. 
 
 Shipped per ship Thames, Robinson, and consigned to Walter 
 Howard, London, pursuant to his order, &c. 
 
 Journal. Walter Howard Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Rice, 1,470 00 
 
 " Wm. Evans, 1,26000 
 
 " Cash, 16015 
 
 " Commission, 84 14 
 
 $2,974 29 
 
 Elucidation. Howard is debtor, because he owes us ; we having 
 shipped merchandise to him as he directed. 
 
 Rice is creditor, because we owe it for advancing towards the ship- 
 ment the amount of 1,470$ we do not credit the account of merchan- 
 dise for that sum, because we have an account for the species of prop- 
 erty called Rice. Evans is creditor, because we oice him for the Ashes 
 now bought and shipped. Cash is creditor, because we owe it for pay- 
 ing sundry expenses for us towards the shipment. 
 
 Commission is creditor, because that branch of our business has pro- 
 duced us the amount of $84 14, therefore we owe it the amount it did 
 produce, because Howard is responsible for it. 
 
 Day-BooJc. February 21. 
 
 Bartered with C. Barnard, a quantity of Dry-Goods for the same 
 amount in Rice, 1 ,530$ and exchanged Notes, each for 800$. 
 
 5 
 
34 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Rice, 1,530 
 
 Bills Receivable, 800 
 
 $2,330 
 
 To Merchandise, 1,530 
 
 " Bills Payable, 800 
 
 2,330 
 
 Elucidation. " Sundries Dr." and " to Sundries," are two prefaces ; 
 
 the first to the debtors and the second to the creditors signifying that 
 the entry contains more than one of each kind. 
 
 Rice is debtor, because that species of property owes us the amount 
 it has cost. The Note we received of Barnard is called Bills Receiva- 
 ble, because it is a Note in our favor, and it owes us the sum of 800$, 
 therefore it is debtor. 
 
 Merchandise is creditor, because we owe it for producing 1,530$. 
 Bills Payable, the title given to the Note in the possession of Barnard, 
 is creditor because we owe it it holds us responsible for 800$. 
 
 There may be various objects for exchanging Notes : one, however, 
 is to obtain money by having them discounted. 
 
 Day-Boole. February 23. 
 
 In the transaction of this date, James Truman is debtor for 1,000$, 
 because he owes us until he fulfils his promise by giving us the accept- 
 ance. Truman does not become debtor for the whole purchase, because 
 he paid for part ; for that which he paid, Bills Receivable and Cash owe, 
 because the payment is in them. Merchandise is creditor for all it 
 produces. 
 
 Day -Book. February 23, (second of this date.) 
 Sold Dry-Goods to T. & A. Vinton on their Note at ninety days ; 
 which the Commercial Bank has discounted, at six per cent. Amount 
 of Cash received, 1,969$, discount allowed 31$. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Merchandise. 
 
 Cash, 1,969 
 
 Discount, 31 
 
 $2,OOC 
 
 Elucidation In the Journal entry of this transaction, nothing is 
 said of the Note which was received of T. & A. Vinton, because that 
 Note does not at this time owe us, nor do we owe it it is not in our 
 favor or against us. 
 
 Cash and Discount owe us for the amount that the merchandise pro- 
 duced Discount as a branch of our business, and Cash as a species 
 of property. Merchandise is creditor, because we owe it for the pro- 
 duction it has caused, 2,000$. 
 
 Day-Book. February 25. 
 
 Bought the schooner Josephine, of Capt. Caleb Davis ; delivered to 
 him in payment, at 8 per cent, advance, our Bill of Exchange at sixty 
 days sight, on Walter Howard, London, for $2,222 22. Advance 
 $177 78, and Cash for the balance, $2,600. 
 
JOURNALISING. 35 
 
 Journal. Schooner Josephine Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Walter Howard, 2,222 22 
 
 " Profit and Loss, 177 78 
 
 " Cash, 2,600 00 
 
 $5,000 00 
 
 Elucidation. The Schooner is debtor, because she owes us the 
 amount of her cost, 5,000$. 
 
 W. Howard is creditor, because we owe him for the amount of the 
 Draft which we have issued against him : we do not owe the Draft or 
 Bill of Exchange, for it is not drawn on r against us, it docs not hold 
 us responsible. Should Howard refuse to pay the Draft, he will of 
 course become debtor for the same when it is returned ; but until he 
 refuses, we owe him as though he had paid. 
 
 Profit and Loss, which is a name given to our business, is creditor, 
 because we owe our business for producing the amount of profit of 
 $177 78; for it was by an advantageous sale of the Draft that the 
 premium or advance .was obtained. 
 
 Day-Book. February 26. 
 
 Received of James Truman his Order at sight on Wm. Evans, 
 which is accepted, and considered in account for i ,000$. 
 Journal. William Evans Dr. 
 
 To James Truman, $1,000 
 
 Elucidation. Evans is debtor, because he owes us for the amount 
 of the Order for which he, by accepting, makes himself responsible. 
 Evans tells us to consider the Order in" account, because there is no 
 necessity for him to pay the amount to us, for we owe him by business 
 of former date. James Truman is creditor, because we owe him for 
 paying us the amount which he owed ; which he does by giving us the 
 Order. 
 
 Day '-Boole. -.^February 27. 
 
 Shipped per Schooner Josephine, Whipple, and consigned to H. B. 
 Walker, Port-au-Prince, to be sold for our account, &c. 
 
 Journal. Shipment to Port-au-Prince Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Merchandise, 1,200 
 
 " Bills Payable, 2,190 
 
 " Chas. Lawrence, 288 
 
 " Schooner Josephine, 230 
 
 $3,908 
 
 Elucidation. It becomes proper in this transaction to give to the 
 property shipped the title of Shipment to Port-au-Prince ; for in speak- 
 ing of things, we should call them as nearly as possible what they are. 
 This property owes us the amount of its cost in its present situation, 
 therefore it is debtor. The four creditors are creditor, because we owe 
 them individually for the amount that each advances in making up the 
 shipment. Our imported goods pay for the domestic goods that were 
 shipped our Note pays for the Candles and Soap, &c. We owe 
 Lawrence for the Cheese, and the Schooner for the freight. 
 
36 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Day-Book. February 28. 
 
 Insured at the Phoenix Insurance Office, our Shipment to Port-au 
 Prince, of 27th inst. : passed our Note to the said Company, at ninety 
 days for 2 per cent, premium on 3,908$ and 120$, making 4,028$, 
 the amount of said shipment, policy 1$; face of the Note $81 56. 
 Cash paid shipping expenses incurred on yesterday, 120$. Also, 
 insured at the Atlantic Insurance Office, our Schooner Josephine to the 
 amount of 5,000$, at % per cent. policy 1$, for which paid Cash 26$. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Shipment Jo Port-au-Prince, 201 56 
 
 Schooner Josephine, 26 00 
 
 $227 56 
 
 To Bills Payable, 81 56 
 
 " Cash, 146 00 
 
 $227 56 
 
 Elucidation. The Shipment to Port-au-Prince is debtor, because it 
 owes us for the additional charges of insurance and shipping expenses. 
 Our Schooner is debtor, because she owes us for the expense of insuring 
 her. Bills payable are creditor, because we owe the Note which we 
 gave to the Insurance Company, for paying the insurance ; and Cash is 
 creditor, for paying the Expenses, and for insuring the Schooner. 
 
 Day -Boole. March 2. 
 
 Sold Dry-Goods to Wm. Blakely ; received of him in payment, 
 Chas. Lawrence's Order on us at sight, for 288$. Also, sold to 0. 
 Otis & Co. on account, 500$. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Merchandise. 
 
 Charles Lawrence, 288 
 
 Oliver Otis &Co.... . 500 
 
 Elucidation. The great thing is always to find, according to the 
 rule, what owes us and what we owe, Lawrence draws an Order on 
 us, requesting us to deliver Goods to Blakely : Lawrence then wees us 
 for the Goods ; therefore he is debtor. The Order has no quality to 
 make it Bills Receivable, or Payable ; or if it had, it could not be debtor 
 unless it owed us, or creditor unless we owed it. 
 
 Otis & Co. owe us for their purchase we owe Merchandise for what 
 it sells for. 
 
 Day-Book. March 3. 
 
 Received per Brig Clio, Kirk, consigned to us by Joseph De Nones, 
 Cadiz, to be sold for his account, an invoice of Olives, Oranges and 
 Lemons, 2,700$. Paid Cash for freight and duties, 460$. 
 Journal. De Nones' Consignment Dr. 
 
 To Cash, $460 
 
 Elucidation. To the above Merchandise we give the name of De 
 Nones' Consignment, because they are his goods consigned to us ; and 
 we make them debtor, because they owe us only for the amount of 
 expenses incurred since in our care. Cash is creditor, because it pays 
 those expenses for us. 
 
JOURNALISING. 37 
 
 We cannot credit De Nones for the goods received of him, because 
 we do not owe him the goods are still his ; we cannot owe a person 
 for what belongs to that person. 
 
 Day-Book. March 3, (second of this date.) 
 Sold for Cash 152 boxes of De Nones' Lemons and Oranges, &c. 
 456$. 
 
 Journal. Cash Dr. 
 
 To De Nones' Consignment, $456 
 
 Elucidation. Cash is debtor, because it owes us for the amount that 
 the Lemons and Oranges have produced. 
 
 De Nones' Consignment is creditor, because we owe it for the pro- 
 duction it has caused. 
 
 Day-Book. March 4. 
 
 Those entries which are not explained, will require no explanation to 
 the student who has been attentive to all that precedes them. They 
 are, however, under their proper dates in the Journal. 
 
 Day-Book. March 5. 
 
 Received Cash of Oliver Otis & Co. for their acceptance, being T. 
 Perkins & Go's. Draft, in favor of C. C. Marsh, and advanced by 
 him at the commencement of this partnership, now due, for 2,670$. 
 And also, received of Otis & Co. their Note at sixty days for balance 
 of account 700$, with interest added $7 35 ; face of the Note, $707 35. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Cash, 2,670 00 
 
 Bills Receivable, 707 35 
 
 $3,377 35 
 
 To Bills Receivable, 2,670 00 
 
 " Oliver Otis & Co 700 00 
 
 " Interest, 7 35 
 
 $3,377 35 
 
 Elucidation. The Note or Draft owed us heretofore ; it has no\v 
 paid us, which payment consists in Cash, therefore Cash owes us for 
 the same sum ; and we owe the Note for producing it, which makes it 
 a creditor for the sum. 
 
 Besides the acceptance for which we received payment, Otis & Co. 
 owed on account 700$ ; and in paying for that, they give us their Note. 
 The payment being in the Note, it owes us for its principal and interest. 
 O. Otis & Co. are creditor, because we owe them for paying us the 
 amount which they owed. Interest, as a branch of our business, is 
 creditor for producing us the value of $7 35, which is in the Note. 
 
 Day-Book. March 9, (second entry of this date.) 
 Delivered to Lewis Clapier, in payment of our acceptance, being 
 Walter Howard's Draft ; now due for $4,444 44, &c. 
 Journal. Bills Payable Dr. 
 
 To Cash, $4,444 44 
 
 Elucidation. This Draft became a Note against us when we ac 
 D 
 
38 JOURNALISING. 
 
 cepted it, at which time it received the name of Bills Payable. It is 
 now debtor, because it owes us for the amount for which it held us 
 responsible. Cash is creditor, because that species of property pays 
 the Draft for us. Our Bank pass-book is an account between us and 
 the Bank ; so that we have no occasion for showing an account with 
 the Bank in the Leger ; therefore a check at sight or on demand is Cash. 
 
 Day-Book. March 10. 
 
 Sold at auction for Cash of De Nones' Consignment, &c. $1,233 27 ; 
 and received to our account 4,000 jars Olives, at 50 cts. 2,000$. 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to De Nones 5 Consignment. 
 
 Cash, 1,233 27 
 
 Merchandise, 2,000 00 
 
 $3,233 27 
 
 Elucidation. The Consignment is creditor, because we owe it for 
 producing $ 3,233 27 ; that production consists in Cash and Merchan- 
 dise ; therefore they owe us. The Olives, since they have become ours, 
 receive the title of Merchandise in common with our Dry-Goods, &c. 
 We say nothing of commission, because it neither costs nor produces us 
 anything. 
 
 Day -Book. March 14. 
 
 De Nones' Consignment is chargeable for 5 per cent. Commission 
 on $4,314 27 the amount of total sales, $215 71, and for Storage and 
 Advertising, $52 24. 
 
 Journal. De Nones' Consignment Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Commission, 215 71 
 
 " Store Expenses, 52 24 
 
 $267 95 
 
 Elucidation. Every amount in the Journal concerning De Nones' 
 Consignment must be posted to the. account in the Leger. The goods 
 consigned to us by De Nones having been sold, we proceed to close or 
 settle the account that was opened for them. The first object is to 
 obtain the gross amount of sales ; these are exhibited on the creditor 
 side of the account ; for the goods become creditor when we sell them, 
 because they then produce value. Each sum upon the creditor side of 
 the account should be examined in the Day -Book, in order to know 
 with certainty whether all are sales of the goods, for it is possible that 
 other sums may come upon that side of the account, errors or transfers, 
 upon which it would be wrong to calculate Commission. Having the 
 amount of total sales, we ascertain the Commission to be $215 71, and, 
 as we have neither stored nor advertised the goods, we make a suppo- 
 sition of those charges, and rate them at $52 24. 
 
 De Nones' Consignment is debtor, because it owes us for the amount 
 of our Commission, Storage, and Advertising, $267 95. 
 
 Commission is creditor, because we owe that branch of our business 
 for producing us the amount of $215 71. 
 
 Store Expenses is creditor, because we owe it for the production of 
 $52 21. The account of Store Expenses is opened to represent a 
 
JOURNALISING. 39 
 
 branch of our business which regards incidental expenses connected 
 with the business ; this account will of course be debtor and creditor 
 for the same cause that any other account would be. 
 
 An account sales obtained from the Commission-Sales-Book should 
 be forwarded to Joseph De Nones. 
 
 Day -Book. March 14, (second entry of this date.) 
 
 De Nones' Consignment exhibits an amount of net proceeds of 
 $3,531 32. 
 
 Journal. De Nones' Consignment Dr. 
 
 To Joseph De Nones, $3,531 32 
 
 Elucidation. Having conveyed all the charges to the debtor side of 
 the account of the consignment, (having posted the previous entries,) 
 we have only to subtract one side of the account from the other, in 
 order to know the amount of net proceeds due to the owner of the 
 merchandise. The balance of the account is $3,531 32. 
 
 De Nones' Consignment is debtor, because it owes us for the amount 
 which we transfer from it to an account for De Nones. Since we 
 know that the balance on the creditor side of the consignment account 
 belongs to another place, we no longer owe that account, to show which 
 it becomes debtor and Joseph De Nones is creditor, because we owe 
 him for the amount of the net proceeds of the goods. 
 
 Day -Book. March 16. 
 
 Received of Lockhart & Arrott, New-Orleans, an account-sales of 
 our Shipment to them per Brig Franklin, February 4 ; net proceeds 
 2,020$. 
 
 Journal. Lockhart & Arrott Dr. 
 
 To Shipment to New-Orleans, $2,020 
 
 Elucidation. Lockhart & Arrott are debtor because they owe us 
 for the amount of net proceeds, having sold the goods and not sent us 
 returns. Shipment to New-Orleans was the title given to the goods when 
 they were shipped, and now in speaking of the same property we must 
 use the same name. The Shipment is creditor, because we owe it for 
 producing 2,020$, for which Lockhart & Arrott are responsible. 
 
 Day -Book. March 18. 
 
 Paul Harris has advanced, to be expended as his half in the concern 
 now existing between him and ourselves, &c. Cash 2,000$. 
 Journal. Cash Dr. 
 
 To Paul Harris, $2,000 
 
 Elucidation. Cash is debtor because it owes us for the amount of 
 value advanced by Harris. Harris is creditor, because we owe him for 
 the Cash he has advanced. We owe Harris for the Cash until we have 
 used it for the purpose for which it was given to us. 
 
 Day-Book. March 20. 
 
 Bought for Cash of Bunker & Starr, on account of the concern of 
 Company 1, 800 bbls. of Flour, at 5$ per bbl. 4," 
 
40 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Cash. 
 
 Company 1 Mdse 2,000 
 
 Paul Harris, 2,000 
 
 $4,000 
 
 Elucidation. The property purchased receives the title of Company 
 1 Merchandise, because it belongs to Harris and ourselves, being the 
 first Company we have entered into. This Merchandise is debtor, 
 because it owes us for the amount of our half, 2,000$ ; the property 
 does not owe us for any more than half, because it owes Paul Harris 
 for one-half it costs us only half. 
 
 Harris is debtor, because he owes us for paying for or advancing his 
 half for him. 
 
 Day -Book. March 21. 
 
 Received of Paul Harris to be sold for the concern of Company 
 1, &c. 
 
 Journal. Company 1 Mdse. Dr. 
 
 To Paul Harris, $1,187 50 
 
 Elucidation. The Flour has cost us only half of its whole cost, 
 and it owes us no more than it cost us, viz. $1,187 50, and therefore 
 can be debtor for no more. Harris is creditor, because we owe him for 
 the half that he advances for us. 
 
 Day-Boole. March 23. 
 
 Elucidation. In the transaction of this date, the Note which was 
 given to Rogers & Brothers, and which we pay before it is due, be- 
 comes debtor for the amount we owed it, 2,100$, because we have, by 
 paying $2,090 90 before the Note is due, brought it responsible to us 
 for 2,100$. If the Note does not owe us 2,100$, or if it is debtor for 
 only $2,090 90, then we shall still owe the Note $9 10, which we know 
 is not the case. 
 
 Company 1 Mdse. is creditor, because we owe it for producing 
 3,000$. 
 
 Observe the account of Company 1 Mdse. generally exhibits on 
 the debtor side half the cost of the property, and on the creditor side 
 the sales of the whole of it ; the cause is, that the property can ou-e us 
 only for what it cost us, and it cannot cost us for its whole amount, for 
 one-half is Harris's. But when we sell this property, it produces us the 
 whole amount for which it sold ; we therefore have authority to give it 
 credit for that whole. 
 
 Day-BooJc. March 26. 
 
 Bought of Thos. P. Cope & Sons, their Set of Exchange on William 
 & James Brown, Liverpool, at 20 days sight, &c. for $4,444 44 ; 
 premium or advance at 8 per cent. $355 56. Delivered, &c. 
 
 Elucidation. In the Journal entry of the transaction of this date, 
 the Bill of Exchange is debtor, because it owes us for the amount of 
 value it has cost us ; for which it is responsible. Observe, the Bill is 
 not responsible for the premium, because that is not included in its face. 
 
 Profit and Loss is the title given to our business, which owes us, 
 
JOURNALISING. 41 
 
 because oui business ha:r, in this transaction, cost us the sum of 
 $355 56 ; for, if is for the benefit of our business that we purchase the 
 Bill of Exchange, and pay such an amount above its par value. 
 
 Day-Book. March 30. 
 
 In closing the account of Company 1 Mdse. the following is the re- 
 sult, &c. 
 
 AH the entries relative to this should be posted .; after which each of 
 the amounts upon the creditor side of the account of Company 1 Mdse. 
 should be examined in the Day -Book, in order to know if each is brought 
 there by a sale of the property; if they are all sales, then the amount 
 of the creditor side is the amount of total sales, $7,850 00 
 
 [Jpon which we have 2 per cent, commission, ... 196 25 
 And Storage at 3 cents per bbl.; also other 
 
 charges if we have any, . 39 00 
 
 Total charges amount to 235 25 
 
 $7,614 75 
 
 Which when subtracted from the total sales, give the net pro- 
 ceeds, half of which belong to Paul Harris, 3,807 37 
 
 And half to us, $3,807 38 
 
 From which we subtract the first cost of our one- 
 half, 3,187 50 
 
 ascertained by reference to the debtor side of Com- 
 pany 1 Mdse. account; and we have the 
 amount of our gain, $619 88 
 
 From the preceding we make these deductions, viz. 
 
 We owe commission for producing us $196 25 
 
 We owe the branch of our business called Store Expenses, for 39 00 
 We owe Paul Harris for the amount of his half of net pro- 
 ceeds, 3,807 37 
 
 We owe our business entitled Profit and Loss, for the amount 
 of our gain, 619 88 
 
 We owe then in total, $4,662 50 
 
 Now obtain the balance of the Company 1 Mdse. account as it stands, 
 and it will correspond with the above total that we owe, $4,662 50. A 
 little reflection will enable the reader to understand why these sums are 
 alike. 
 
 Having explained the origin of the Day-Book entry of the 30th of 
 March, we will proceed to show its disposition in the Journal, thus ; 
 
 Journal. Company 1 Mdse. Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 To Commission, 196 25 
 
 " Store expenses, 39 00 
 
 " Paul Harris, 3,807 37 
 
 " Profit and Loss, 619 88 
 
 $4,66250 
 
 D2 6 
 
42 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Elucidation. Company 1 Mdse. is debtor, because it owes us for 
 the amount $4,662 50, which we transfer from its creditor side to the 
 creditor sides of other accounts. 
 
 It is necessary to make this transfer, because the property to which 
 the title of Company 1 Mdse. is given is sold, and by the above calcu- 
 lation, we ascertain that we owe the creditor balance of Company 1 
 Mdse. account to several other accounts : that is, that balance belongs 
 to other places ; viz. to Commission, to Store Expenses, to Paul Harris, 
 and to Profit and Loss : therefore we make the account of Company 
 1 Mdse. debtor for the amount we transfer, which entry closes that 
 account. 
 
 Post the closing entry in red ink this entry is the one at the Com- 
 pany 1 account. 
 
 The preceding three months' business having been journalised and 
 posted up to the 30th of March inclusive, the learner may next proceed 
 to make out a Trial Balance and a Balance Sheet ; the latter it is cus- 
 tomary to make out once a year, and the former monthly or quarterly. 
 
 TRIAL BALANCE. 
 
 A Trial Balance is a collection of all the balances in the Leger into 
 two amounts those balances that are on the debtor sides of the ac- 
 counts into one amount, and those that are on the creditor sides of the 
 accounts into one amount ; which two amounts will be alike, if the 
 postings and additions are correct. 
 
 Add the amounts upon the debtor and creditor sides of every account 
 in the Leger, and subtract the totals ; every account will then show its 
 balance either on the debtor side or creditor, if the two do not equal 
 each other. These additions and subtractions are always performed 
 with a lead-pencil. We next copy all the balances throughout the Le- 
 ger upon a sheet of paper ruled in form of debtor and creditor, placing 
 the debtor balances upon the debtor side of the paper, and the creditor 
 balances upon the creditor side of the paper, in the following manner : 
 
 Dr. Balances of March 30, 1829. Cr. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 
 14 
 17 
 
 
 $ 300 
 4,951 
 28,787 
 11,392 
 3,015 
 1,858 
 18 
 165 
 395 
 307 
 4,109 
 2,020 
 
 33 
 79 
 
 61 
 76 
 
 62 
 56 
 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 14 
 ,15 
 
 |n 
 
 Thomas Blanchard, 
 
 $26,920 
 16,405 
 4,293 
 369 
 112 
 4,994 
 197 
 4% 
 3,531 
 
 H 
 
 78 
 32 
 50 
 87 
 78 
 10 
 32 
 
 67 
 
 
 C C. Marsh, 
 
 
 Bills Payable, 
 
 
 
 Rice 
 
 Discount and Interest, 
 Paul Harris 
 
 
 
 Shipment to New-Orleans, . 
 
 
 S H Lovell 
 
 Joseph De Nones, 
 
 Walter Howard, 
 
 
 Shipment to Port-au-Prince, 
 
 
 $57,320 
 
 67 
 
 $57,320 
 
 
 
 Should the amounts of debtor and creditor balances not correspond 
 with each other, there are errors which may be found by referring to 
 
JOURNALISING. 43 
 
 the Journal, to see if the sundries in each entry equal, when added, the 
 amount carried into the outer column ; for if the debtors and creditors 
 do not equal in the Journal, they will not in the Leger. Next see that 
 every sum in the Journal is posted into the Leger correctly ; and lastly, 
 re-add and re-subtract the contents of the Leger, for the purpose of 
 obtaining correct balances ; and should the first examination not pro- 
 duce the result desired, a repetition is necessary. The Trial Balance 
 being completed, we preserve the totals of the lengthy columns in the 
 Leger, by writing them at the foot of the columns. See the Cash and 
 other accounts, at March 30. 
 
 When the Trial Balance is completed, proceed as described under 
 the date of July 4th, in making out a BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 JOURNALISING. 
 THE RULE. 
 
 Whoever or whatever owes us is Debtor 
 Whoever or whatever we owe is Creditor. 
 
 Day-Book. April 3, 
 
 Received of Irvine Fisher 300 bags Laguayra Coffee, &c. 
 Elucidation. In the transaction of this date there can be no Jour- 
 nal entry, because there is neither debtor nor creditor, that is, nothing 
 owes us and we owe nothing. The Coffee is Fisher's, therefore we do 
 not owe him for it. This transaction need not appear in the Day-Book 
 the invoice should be copied into the Invoice-Book, and Fisher is 
 entitled to a receipt for the quantity of Coffee. 
 
 Day-Book. April 7. 
 
 Renewed Christopher Barnard's Note now due for 2,000$. 
 
 Elucidation. In the Journal entry of this date we say nothing of 
 Bills Receivable, because the circumstances of the Note are not changed 
 it still owes us the 2,000$, for which sum it became debtor when it 
 began to owe us. We make a new entry of the new Note in the Bill- 
 Book and we make a Journal entry of the interest. 
 
 Day -Boole. April 10. 
 
 Paid Cash to persons for extraordinary defects, &c. 
 
 Elucidation. In the Journal entry of this date, J. ' De Nonea is 
 debtor, because he owe s tts for the amount of those damages ; we say 
 nothing of the consignment, because it has been closed or settled, and 
 the net proceeds transferred to his account. 
 
 Merchandise (the title we gave to the Olives when they became ours) 
 is creditor, because we oive it for the amount of the allowance which 
 has been made in the price of the Olives. 
 
 Day-Boole. April 11. 
 
 Received of S. H. Level 1, in payment for Fisher's Coffee sold to him 
 on the 6th instant, his Note at four months, &c. 
 
44 JOURNALISING. 
 
 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Bills Receivable, 1,350 00 
 
 Irvine Fisher, 1.350 00 
 
 $2.700 
 
 To S. II. Lovell, 1,350 00 
 
 " Cash, 1,322 33 
 
 " Discount, 27 67 
 
 82,700 
 
 Elucidation. I. Fisher is debtor, because he owes us for the amount 
 we have paid him we have paid him 1,350$, because the Cash $1,322 
 33, four months before it is due, is equal to 1 ,350$. 
 
 Bills Receivable are debtor, because the note received of Lovell owes 
 us for the sum which he owed. 
 
 Day-Book. April 16. 
 
 Presented Irvine Fisher with an account-sales of his Coffee, &c. 
 Elucidation. Before this entry can be made, all concerning the 
 Coffee should be posted to the account ; then by examining the nature 
 of each sum on the creditor side of the account, we ascertain them all 
 to be sales of the Coffee the total of which is 4,680$ from which 
 we take all the charges we have against it, commission, storage, &c. ; 
 giving a net proceeds of 4,545$. By these calculations, we perceive 
 that we owe the balance of the account, which is 4,680$, in portions to 
 three accounts, viz. we owe to that branch of our business called Com- 
 mission, 117$, to that branch called Store Expenses 18$, and we owe to 
 Irvine Fisher the amount of net proceeds, 4,545$ ; therefore, these 
 three accounts must be credited instead of the account of Fisher's Coffee, 
 which becomes debtor because it owes us for the amount transferred. 
 
 Let the entry on the Coffee account be made in red ink, in posting 
 the above, because it is a transfer or closing entry. 
 
 Day-Book. April 28. 
 
 Received per Schooner Josephine, Whipple, from H. B. Walker, &c. 
 
 Elucidation. In this entry, Merchandise owes us for the cost of the 
 Hides, 6,000$ ; it owes us for the cost of the Mahogany, 3,000$, and 
 also for the freight on the Hides, 200$, making Mdse. debtor for 9,200$. 
 
 The creditors are whatever we owe we owe then, Shipment to Port- 
 au-Prince for producing us 6,000$, we owe II. B. Walker for the net 
 proceeds of the Mahogany 2,650$, we owe our Schooner for all the 
 freight it produced, and Cash for paying expenses, and Commission for 
 its production. 
 
 Day-Book. May 1. 
 
 Elucidation. It is not a matter of necessity to enter in the Day- 
 Book a description of the agreement between Hornillos, Brown, and 
 ourselves ; for this agreement is shown in the letters and Letter-Book, 
 as it was formed by correspondence. 
 
 One third of the Cotton which is shipped by Aispurua, Hornillos & 
 Co. owes us for the amount it has cost, and we give it the title of Ship- 
 ment from New-Orleans to Liverpool, Co. 3. As the shipment is not 
 
JOURNALISING. 45 
 
 made from the place in which the hooks ;m> kept, the place it is from 
 forms a part of its title. 
 
 Aispurua, Hornillos & Co. an- CH- l^tor, because we owe them for 
 advancing for us our one-third of iLo Cotion. 
 
 Day-Boole. M'ay 5. 
 
 In the transaction of this date we make two shipments of Panquoqua's 
 Teas the first to be sold for ourselves, and the second to he sold as 
 Panquoqua's consignment in the first, the shipment to New-York owes 
 us 8,765$, that being the sum it has cost ; and in the shipment to 
 Boston, the Teas shipped are still Panquoqua's consignment, which has 
 incurred an additional expense of 250$ for shipping to a better market. 
 
 Day-Book. May 8. 
 
 Elucidation. Henry Austin, in paying for the Teas, gives us 1,100 
 bbls. Flour, which amounts to more than the Teas ; but as the Flour is 
 to be sold for the concern called Company 2, one-third of that Flour is 
 still his ; therefore he gives us only two-thirds of the Flour in payment 
 for the Teas amounting to 4,400$, he must then owe us the balance 
 1,360$. 
 
 Day-Book. May 11. 
 
 Elucidation. In this transaction we ship for the concern of Company 
 2 then we ship for ourselves two-thirds, and for Henry Austin one- 
 third ; he therefore owes us for the amount shipped for him ; but as he 
 advanced towards the shipment, we will make him debtor for the differ- 
 ence between the amount of his third and his advancement. The 
 properly shipped owes us for the amount of our two-thirds $4,966 12, 
 and to that property we give the title of Shipment to London Company 2. 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. is one of the creditors in this entry, but not for 
 3,300$ ; for we do not owe the Company 2 Mdse. that amount it does 
 not advance towards the shipment for us any more than 2,200$ the 
 other third is advanced for H. Austin. The 550 bbls. of Flour 
 belonging to Austin and ourselves ; we had claim on only two-thirds 
 of it. 
 
 Day- Book. May 23. 
 
 Elucidation. In this transaction we have shipped for the concern 
 of Company 3 ; then each party concerned in that company owes us 
 for their third advanced for them by us. We owe whatever advances 
 the whole shipment for us, and must credit the same. 
 
 Day-BooJc. May 27. 
 
 Elucidation. W. & J. Brown are creditor, because we owe them 
 for our one-third of the Wine consigned to us by their order to be sold 
 for themselves, Aispurua, Hornillos & Co., and ourselves. Company 
 3 Wines are creditor for paying its own expenses. 
 
 Day-Book. June 1. 
 
 Received from Fleming, Ross & Co. an account-sales, &c. 
 Elucidation. We will divide the transaction of this date into two 
 parts, and consider them separately the first, ending at " Henry Aus- 
 
46 JOURNALISING. 
 
 tin's one-third net proceeds," presents one debtor and two creditors , 
 thus 
 
 Flemming, Ross & Co. Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To shipment to Charleston Co. 2, 3,034 07 
 
 " Henry Austin, 1,505 93 
 
 84,540 00 
 
 Flemming, Ross & Co. are debtor, because they owe us for the 
 amount of net proceeds of the shipment. The Shipment to Charleston 
 Company 2 is creditor, because we owe it for the amount it has produced 
 us as we paid all of the 822 22 expenses at the time of shipping, we 
 have it deducted from the proceeds before dividing the amount into thirds ; 
 so that the shipment produces us 822 22 besides our two-thirds of the 
 net proceeds. 
 
 The second part of the Day-Book entry, commencing at " Sold to 
 H. Austin," gives a Journal entry of three debtors and one creditor, 
 thus 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Flemming, Ross & Co. 
 
 Henry Austin, 1,505 93 
 
 Cash, 3,011 48 
 
 Discount 22 58 
 
 84,540 00 
 
 The two Journal entries which are obtained by dividing the Day- 
 Book entry into two parts, may be condensed into one Journal entry 
 of only two debtors and one creditor ; thus, in the first entry, Flemming, 
 Ross & Co. are debtor and, in the second, they are creditor for the 
 same amount ; consequently we do not owe them, nor do they owe us ; 
 therefore they will form no part of the condensed entry. H. Austin is 
 both debtor and creditor in the two entries and for the same sum ; he 
 therefore should form no part of the Journal entry. Including all the 
 remaining debtors and creditors, our entry is 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Shipment to Charleston Co 2. 
 
 Cash, 3,011 48 
 
 Discount, .* 22 59 
 
 83,034 07 
 
 Shipment to Charleston Company 2 is creditor, because we owe it for 
 producing us the amount of net proceeds and the expenses which were 
 wholly paid by us. Cash and Discount are debtor, because they owe 
 us for the amount produced by the shipment. The discount is calcu- 
 lated on our two-thirds of net proceeds. 
 
 Note. Whenever a Day -Book entry includes many incidents and is 
 lengthy or complicated, the reader or student should divide the entry 
 into complete transactions, and consider each by itself, as in the prece- 
 ding instance. 
 
JOURNALISING. 47 
 
 Day-Book. June 5. 
 
 Elucidation In the Journal of this date we neither debit T. Per- 
 kins & Co. for Ihe amount of the net proceeds, nor credit them for the 
 amount of the draft that we have issued against them : they do not 
 owe us for the proceeds, because we have drawn on them for the 
 same. We do not owe them for the amount of the draft, because we 
 draw on them for the proceeds of Teas for which they have never been 
 charged. 
 
 Cash is debtor, because the specie to which we give that title owes us 
 for the amount of its par value. We cannot receive the Spanish dol- 
 lars responsible for any more than their par value. Panquoqua, for 
 whom we purchase them, owes us for the 2 per cent, premium ; he also 
 owes us for the commission, for they are bought for him. 
 
 Panquoqua's consignment is creditor, because we owe it for producing 
 us 20,000$, which production consists of Cash and Panquoqua's re- 
 sponsibility. Commission is creditor, because it has produced us 100$. 
 
 Note. When we purchase goods for another person, that person 
 owes us for the amount of purchase ; but if we purchase Specie, which 
 differs from other Merchandise by its having an acknowledged par value, 
 we take the Specie responsible for its par value, and the person for 
 whom it is purchased, for the amount of premium, &c. always choosing 
 the best object of responsibility of which the circumstances of the case 
 admit. 
 
 Day-Book. June 8. 
 
 Observation. In this transaction, owing to our having insured only 
 the amount of our third of the property shipped, we have lost the cost 
 of insurance, $69 33 ; we should have obtained insurance upon both 
 the third and cost of insurance ; which is commonly termed covering 
 the premium or insurance. 
 
 Day-Boole. June 13. 
 
 Observation. In the Journal entry of this date, as well as in many 
 others, it will be seen that the total of the Journal entry is not the same 
 as that of the Day-Book entry ; such a correspondence might be kept 
 if it were desired, but we consider it of no consequence we say that 
 the position of sums in the Day-Book is no criterion for their position 
 in the Journal. 
 
 Day-Book. June 18. 
 
 Elucidation. See May 5. 
 
 Day-Book. June 20. 
 
 Elucidation. Panquoqua is debtor, because he owes us for the 
 amount of the Ginseng purchased for him we cannot take the Ginseng 
 responsible for the amount of its cost, because it has no par value. 
 
 Discount is debtor, because that branch of business oices us the 
 amount we have lost on the draft we have not lost 27$, because half 
 of the Draft was H. Austin's, therefore we lose only half of the dis- 
 count. 
 
 Shipment to New- York is creditor, because we owe it for producing 
 
48 JOURNALISING. 
 
 us 5,400$ the property received that title when it was shipped. 
 Company 3 Wines are creditor, because we owe that property for 
 paying 2,782$ to H. Austin, towards the amount of his half of the 
 proceeds. 
 
 Day-Book. June 22. 
 
 Elucidation. In the Journal entry of this date, Company 3 Wines 
 is debtor, because that property owes us for the amount which we now 
 transfer to other accounts. We have ascertained by an investigation 
 of the account that we owe the balance of the account to certain other 
 accounts, viz. to Commission, to Store Expenses, to Hornillos & Co., 
 to Brown, and to Profit and Loss ; these then are creditors, instead of 
 Company 3 Wines. 
 
 Day -Book. June 27, (second entry of this date.) 
 
 Elucidation. The Bottomry Bond is responsible and owes us for 
 the amount of the premium as well as principal, 2,875$. 
 Day -Book. June 29. 
 
 Elucidation. Panquoqua is debtor, because it is by his order that 
 we deliver the 90 chests of Teas to J. Harman. We owe Panquoqua's 
 consignment, because it produces Panquoqua responsible to us for the 
 amount of 7,776$. 
 
 Day -Book. June 30. 
 
 Elucidation. Panquoqua is not debtor for the amount of the Gin- 
 seng shipped to him, because he does not at this time begin to owe us for 
 it he began to owe us for the Ginseng when it was purchased for him. 
 But not so with the specie, for when we purchased that, we took it 
 responsible for its par value, and him only for the amount paid above 
 its par value ; therefore he now begins to oioe us for the specie itself 
 now we send it to him. 
 
 Day-BooJc. July 4. 
 
 Elucidation. It. is proper to investigate the account of Company 2 
 Merchandise, although the whole of it is not sold, because the sales 
 have been extensive, and consequently the account involves debts and 
 profits or losses, all of which should be exhibited upon our Balance 
 Sheet ; to which we are now about to direct our attention. 
 
 The entry of this date, relative to Company 2 Merchandise, does not 
 close or balance that account, because the entry is a transfer of only 
 the result of the sales of the property, consequently the account still 
 exhibits our property remaining unsold, which is considered in a suc- 
 ceeding entry, and which succeeding entry will close the account. 
 
 CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 It is customary to close all the accounts in the Leger once a year ; 
 the purpose of so doing is to obtain a knowledge of the true state or 
 result of the business of which the Books are a history. Accounts, 
 However, are closed upon dissolution of partnership or cessation of 
 business, and upon the occasion of opening a new set of books. 
 
BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 The first object to which we direct our attention at the time of closing 
 our accounts is the Trial Balance, which is made out upon a sheet of 
 paper as described at the 30th of March. The following are the 
 balances of July 4. 
 
 Dr. Balances of July 4, 1829. Cr. 
 
 I - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 13 
 
 14 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 Store Fixtures, 
 
 $ 300 
 3,776 
 49,926 
 20,309 
 38 
 
 5,140 
 52 
 1,391 
 395 
 9,876 
 3,933 
 5,600 
 3,911 
 5,416 
 4,966 
 69 
 
 321 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 6] 
 
 00 
 68 
 56 
 
 86 
 55 
 00 
 40 
 48 
 12 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 ! 
 
 9 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 
 15 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 
 $ 22,058 
 16,405 
 11,975 
 38,795 
 353 
 5,960 
 654 
 2,131 
 197 
 1,890 
 7,620 
 6,612 
 
 767 
 
 85 
 
 78 
 82 
 75 
 05 
 87 
 27 
 78 
 44 
 14 
 97 
 
 55 
 
 Schooner Josephine, 
 
 C C Marsh 
 
 Cash 
 
 Panquoqua . . . 
 
 Bills Receivable, 
 
 Bills Payable, 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 Rice 
 
 Pennsylvania Life Insur- 
 ance Stock, 
 
 Profit and Loss . . 
 
 Paul Harris, 
 
 Discount and Interest, 
 Store Expenses, 
 
 
 Shipment to New-Orleans, . 
 Shipment to Port-au-Prince, 
 
 S H Lovell 
 
 Walter Howard, . 
 
 Shipment to Boston, 
 
 Wm. & Jas. Brown 
 
 Company 2 Mdse 
 
 Shipment from N. Orleans 
 to Liverpool Co. 3 . 
 
 Aispurua, Hornillos & Co.. . 
 Shipment to New- York, . . . 
 Shipment to London, Co. 2, 
 Shipment to Hamburg, Co. 3 
 Shipment to Charleston, 
 Co. 2, 
 
 
 
 $ 115,424 
 
 87 
 
 $115,424 
 
 87 
 
 BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 Our Trial Balance being perfect, we next proceed to make out what 
 is called a Balance Sheet ; this sheet is to show at one view the entire 
 result of the business, or the exact situation of< ourselves ; which em- 
 braces our Property and our Debts, our Profits and our Losses : con- 
 sequently, our net worth and the net gain of our business. 
 
 Note. When the books are not filled, the Balance Sheet suffices for 
 the closing of the accounts in the Leger, because all the information 
 which is obtained by closing every account in the Leger is obtained by 
 the Balance Sheet. But if the account books are filled, it is then proper 
 to bring every account to a close by Day-Book entries, &c., as in the 
 present instance, thereby rendering the volumes complete in themselves. 
 
 Dr. Balances of our Property and Debts. Cr. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 5 
 8 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 14 
 19 
 20 
 
 
 S 300 
 5,000 
 49,926 
 20,309 
 1,248 
 
 5,300 
 395 
 9,876 
 5,600 
 4.533 
 3,911 
 6,653 
 4,966 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 50 
 
 86 
 
 55 
 40 
 10 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 12 
 19 
 
 
 $ 11,975 
 38,795 
 654 
 2,131 
 6,612 
 31,751 
 26,097 
 
 78 
 82 
 87 
 27 
 97 
 72 
 89 
 
 Schooner Josephine, 
 Cash 
 
 Bills Payable 
 
 Paul Harris, 
 
 Bills Receivable 
 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 
 Pennsylvania Life Insur- 
 
 Thomas Blanchard, 
 
 C. C. Marsh 
 
 S. H. Lovell, 
 
 
 Walter Howard, 
 
 
 Shipment to Boston, .... 
 
 Aispurua Hornillos & Co. . 
 Shipment to N. York, 
 Shipment to London, Co. 2, 
 
 $ 118,020 
 
 33 
 
 $118,020 
 
 33 
 
 E 
 
50 BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 In the preceding account of balances of Property and Debts, the 
 amounts are obtained by reference to the Leger and to an Inventory of 
 goods, remaining unsold, taken at first cost. 
 
 The first entry upon the Balance Sheet is the amount of Store Fix- 
 tures at first cost, taken from page 1 in the Leger. 
 
 The amount of 5,0008 is the Schooner at first cost the balance of 
 this account is not the property on hand, therefore it is not used in the 
 present instance ; this account shows both property and profit we are 
 now taking only property and debts. 
 
 The balance of Panquoqua's account is a debt in his favor ; therefore 
 we place it upon the creditor side of the Balance Sheet. 
 
 The Cash account exhibits an amount on hand of $49,926 32 the 
 balance of this account is the amount of property on hand, because this 
 account shows but one thing, viz. Cash ; whereas, the Schooner's 
 account shows two things, viz. property and profit. 
 
 The balance of Bills Receivable account is the amount of that species 
 of property on hand. 
 
 The balance of Bills Payable account is a debt against us ; therefore 
 we place it on the creditor side of the Balance Sheet. 
 
 Say nothing of Hardware, for that account exhibits nothing, being 
 closed. 
 
 Rice account has a balance of $353 75 ; this balance is profit, 
 because our inventory of goods in store informs us that there is no Rice 
 on hand leave this balance until we take an account of profits and 
 losses. 
 
 The Merchandise account shows both property and profit, and to 
 know the quantity of property on hand we must refer to the inventory 
 which gives 227 bbls. Mackerel on hand, at $1,248 50. 
 
 Profit and Loss account represents our business ; therefore it shows 
 no property. 
 
 Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock first cost, as shown by the entry 
 of its purchase, Day-Book, June 3d, is 5,300$ ; that none is sold, we 
 know by the entry on the credit side of the account. 
 
 The accounts of. Discount and Interest and Store Expenses are 
 branches of the bu^iess, and show nothing but profit and loss. 
 
 Lawrence's account shows that he neither owes us nor we him, 
 being equal. 
 
 Harris's account shows a balance in his favor. 
 
 Shipment to New-Orleans did show property, but being sold it shows 
 only profit the Day-Book entries of February 4th and March 16th 
 describe this account. 
 
 The account of shipment to Boston shows the amount of two ship- 
 ments, the first of which has been sold, as appears by the Day-Book 
 entry of May 18th; the other, being unsold, is now taken at cost 
 $4,533 55. 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. account shows a balance of 5,600$ ; this balance 
 is the amount of our two-thirds of Company 2 property on hand : 
 cur Day-Book entry of July 4, transfers from that account everything 
 but the property on hand. 
 
BALANCE SHEET. 51 
 
 At the shipment to New- York account we find that one of the ship- 
 ments has been sold, and that the other shipped on the 1st of July is 
 unsold the latter we consider as property on hand, and which cost 
 $6,653 10. 
 
 This account now exhibits upon the debtor side all that is due us, by 
 property or persons ; and upon the creditor side all that we owe : 
 the difference is the amount of our worth or net capital at this date. 
 
 The Balance Sheet should also show the profits and losses of the 
 business ; thus, 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Balances of our Profits and Losses. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 Discount and Interest, 
 Store Expenses, 
 
 $ 52 
 1,391 
 69 
 
 321 
 
 9,692 
 9,692 
 
 08 
 56 
 33 
 
 48 
 H8 
 89 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 20 
 
 
 $ 1,224 
 353 
 1,209 
 
 5,960 
 
 75 
 89 
 65 
 
 78 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 C.'J 
 
 Rice 
 
 Shipment to Hamburg, Co- 
 Shipment to Charleston, 
 Co. 2, 
 
 Merchandise . . . 
 
 Profit and Loss, 
 
 Penn. Life Insurance Stock, 
 Shipment to New-Orleans, . 
 Shipment to Port-au-Prince, 
 Shipment to Boston, 
 
 160 
 197 
 1,890 
 600 
 7,620 
 
 767 
 1,236 
 
 To Thomas Blanchard, .... 
 " C. C. Marsh 
 
 
 
 Shipment from New-Or- 
 leans to Liverpool, Co. 3, 
 Shipment to N. York, 
 
 $21,220 
 
 82 
 
 $21,220 
 
 S2 
 
 
 i 
 
 The first entry upon the part of the Balance Sheet headed Profits 
 and Losses is a profit shown at the account of the Schooner Josephine ; 
 thus, the schooner has produced us 1,405$; and cost 181$, giving a 
 gain of 1,224$ leaving out the 5000$,. because that is the property. 
 
 Rice account shows a gain of $353 75 all sold and a credit ba- 
 lance. 
 
 The gain upon the Merchandise is obtained thus its whole cost, the 
 total of the debtor side, $22,541 61 ; its whole sales, 22,503$ ; that 
 remaining on hand cost $1,248 50, which subtracted from the cost of 
 the whole, leaves the cost of what is sold, and that from what it sold 
 for, is the gain, $1,209 89. 
 
 The Profit and Loss account shows a gain of $5,960 65. 
 
 Life Insurance Stock shows a gain of 160$. 
 
 Discount and Interest shows a loss of $52 68. 
 
 Store Expenses shows a loss of $1,391 56. 
 
 Shipment to Boston shows a gain upon the first shipment of 600$. 
 The last shipment is not sold. 
 
 Shipments to Hamburg and Charleston show losses. 
 
 This account now exhibits all the losses and all the gains from the 
 beginning of the business up to this date ; the gains upon the creditor 
 side and the losses upon the debtor the difference is of course the net 
 gain of the business. 
 
 CLOSING THE BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 The balance of the Profits and Losses being the net gain accruing 
 from the business, we close that part of the Balance Sheet by making 
 
52 CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 the two last entries that are upon its debtor side : these entries signifv 
 a division of the profits or net gain, of which the partners receive an 
 equal share. 
 
 The balance of the Property and Debts is our net worth or capital, 
 and it is closed by the two last entries upon the creditor side : viz, 
 "Thos. Blanchard $31,751 73," and " C. C. Marsh $26,09789." 
 These two amounts are obtained thus ; the balance of Thos. Blan- 
 chard's account is the amount advanced by him in the course of the 
 business, to which we add his half of the net gain, making the amount 
 owed him individually by the concern, or his share of the current net 
 capital. 
 
 CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Were the account books not filled, the Day-Book entries commencing 
 at the fourth entry of July 4th would be omitted, because the same 
 matter is contained upon the Balance Sheet ; but under the supposition 
 that the books are full, we will proceed in making a complete closing 
 of all the accounts by regular Day-Book and Journal entries. 
 
 Day-Book. July 4, (eigliteen entries under this date.) 
 Elucidation. The entries under this date, beginning at the fourth up 
 to the twenty-first inclusive, are taken from that part of the Balance Sheet 
 entitled " Property and Debts," with such particulars as each item ad- 
 mits of. 
 
 The Journal entries of these Day-Book entries, transfer the amounts 
 of property and debts from the many accounts at which they stood, to 
 one account, called " Balance, July 4, 1829 :" this account is to repre- 
 sent the balances of property and debts just as they were represented ; 
 that is, the debtor balances must be upon the debtor side of the Balance 
 account, and the creditor balances upon the creditor side of the account : 
 for instance, the Journal entry of this Day-Book entry, viz : " Store 
 Fixtures on hand, first cost $30(T," is 
 
 Balance Dr. 
 
 To Store Fixtures 300$ 
 
 Balance is debtor, because it owes us for the amount which we trans- 
 fer to it. Store Fixtures are creditor, because we owe them for the 
 amount transferred to the Balance account. 
 
 Note. In posting these entries we use red ink at all the accounts 
 from which amounts are transferred, being closing entries. 
 Day-Book. July 4, (twenty-second and twenty-third entries of this 
 
 date.) 
 
 These two entries are taken from the part of the Balance Sheet en- 
 titled " Profits and Losses," for the purpose of conveying them to the 
 Profit and Loss account in a single amount. Profit and Loss is debtor 
 in the first, because our business owes us for the losses arising from it. 
 The Sundries are creditor, because we owe them for the amounts trans- 
 ferred from them to the Profit and Loss account. and in the second 
 entry, the case is vice versa. 
 
OPENING NEW BOOKS. 53 
 
 Day-Book. July 4, (twenty-fourth entry of this date.) 
 
 The amount of net gain in this entry is the balance of Profit and 
 Loss account after all the gain and all the losses throughout the books 
 have been taken to that account, which was done in the entries imme- 
 diately preceding this. 
 
 In the Journal entry of this date, Profit and Loss is debtor in this 
 entry, because it owes us for the amount we transfer from its creditor side. 
 The Partners are creditor, because the^rm owes each individually for 
 his half of the* profit. 
 
 Day -Book. July 4, (twenty -ffth entry of this date.) 
 
 This entry closes the three and only unclosed accounts ; Balance, 
 Blanchard, and Marsh. The result of every account in the Leger is 
 now shown at these three accounts : thus, all the property and debts 
 have been brought to the balance account, and all the profits and losses 
 to the Profit and Loss account, from thence to the creditor side of the 
 Partners' account. It is now that Blanchard's account shows the amount 
 due him of the 'firm, which amount he would be entitled to in case the 
 partnership should now end. 
 
 A little reflection will enable the reader to perceive that the balance 
 of the Balance account and the amount of the two balances of the 
 Partners' accounts must of necessity be equal. We know that all the 
 Partners possess is shown on the Balance account, and we also know 
 that what they had at the commencement of the business, and what the 
 business gained them, is at their accounts ; what they now possess must 
 be equal to what they possessed at January 5, and what they added to 
 it by successful business. 
 
 The Journal entry of this transaction is made merely for the purpose 
 of closing the said three accounts ; therefore let each posting be made 
 in red ink. These accounts are closed only because they are to be re- 
 opened in the new Books. 
 
 Blanchard is debtor because he owes us, (the Firm.) He cannot be 
 a creditor for his portion of the capital in the new books without having 
 his account balance in the old books. The same with Marsh. 
 
 Balance is creditor because we owe it. 
 
 OPENING NEW BOOKS. 
 
 The Day-Book entry for the opening of a set of new books from the 
 set just closed, may be after the following manner. 
 
 Day-Book. July 4, 1829. 
 
 Inventory of the Property and Debts of the firm of Thomas Blan- 
 chard & Christr. C. Marsh, as per Balance account of this date. 
 
 Store Fixtures, amount of cost, $300 00 
 
 Schooner Josephine, amount of cost, 5,000 00 
 
 Cash deposited as per Bank Books, 49,920 32 
 
 Notes in our favor, as per Bill Book, 20,309 48 
 
 227 Rbls. No. 1 Mackerel, 1,248 50 
 
 E2 
 
54 OPENING NEW BOOKS. 
 
 200 Shares Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock, 5,300 00 
 
 S. H. Lovell, balance of account in our favor, 395 00 
 
 Walter Howard, " " " " 9,876 80 
 
 Aispurua, Hornillos & Co. " " " 3,911 40 
 
 Shipment to Boston, of July 1, 4,533 55 
 
 " " New- York, of July 1, 6,653 10 
 
 " London, Co. 2, of May 11, 4,966 12 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. our two-thirds of 1,400 bbls. Flour, . . . 5,600 00 
 
 Amounting to 8118,020 33 
 
 Panquoqua balance of account in his favor, 811,875 78 
 Paul Harris, " " " " 654 87 
 
 Henry Austin, " " " " 2,131 27 
 
 Wm. & Jas. Brown, " " " 6,612 97 
 
 Notes, outstanding as per Bill Book, 38,895 82 
 
 Amounting to $60,170 71 
 
 Amount of net capital, $57,849 62 
 
 Of which Thos. Blanchard's share is $31,751 73 
 
 C. C. Marsh's share is 26,097 89 
 
 $57,849 62 
 
 The Journal entry of the above would be such as to make Sundries 
 Dr. to Sundries. the debtors are the property and debts that ,owe us, 
 and the creditors are those that we owe ; for the balance of the two, 
 which is the net capital, let the partners be credited thus, 
 Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 Store Fixtures, $ 300 00 
 
 Schooner Josephine, 5,000 00 
 
 Cash, 49,926 32 
 
 Bills Receivable, 20,309 48 
 
 Merchandise, 1,248 50 
 
 Penn. Life Insurance Stock, 5,300 00 
 
 S. H. Lovell, 395 00 
 
 Walter Howard, 9,876 86 
 
 Aispurua Hornillos & Co 3,911 40 
 
 Shipment to Boston, 4,533 55 
 
 Shipment to New- York, 6,653 10 
 
 Shipment to London, Co. 2, 4,966 12 
 
 Company 2 Mdse 5,600 00 
 
 $118,02033 
 
 To Panquoqua, $11,875 78 
 
 " Paul Harris, 65487 
 
 " H. Austin, 2,131 27 
 
 " Wm. & Jas. Brown, 6,612 97 
 
 Bills Payable, 38,895 82 
 
 Thos. Blanchard, 31,751 73 
 
 " Christopher C. Marsh, 26,097 89 
 
 $118,020 33 
 
DAY-BOOK 
 
 B. &M. 
 1829. 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY 5, 1829. 
 
 Thomas Blanchard and Christ. C. Marsh, having as per articles 
 of agreement, dated 1st inst., entered into partnership; ad- 
 vance the following capital : 
 
 Thos. Blanchard advances 
 
 Cash, deposited in N. America Bank, $26,000 00 
 
 Notes, in his favor, as per Bill Book, 2,000 00 
 
 Amounting to 
 
 C. C. Marsh advances 
 
 Cash deposited in U. S. Bank, $12,000 00 
 
 Hardware, as per Invoice Book, 3,125 00 
 
 Notes in his favor, as per Bill Book, 2,670 00 
 
 Chas. Lawrence, balance of Account, 140 00 
 
 Amounting to 
 
 Thos. Blanchard and C. C. Marsh are indebted to Notes in favor 
 of sundry persons, as per Bill Book, 
 
 On Thos. Blanchard for $1,080 00 
 
 " C. C. Marsh, 1,230 00 
 
 Amounting to 
 
 7 
 
 Paid Cash for sundry Store Fixtures, bought of W. Wharton 
 amounting to 
 
 8 
 
 Sold Hardware to Paul Harris at sixty days credit, Sales Book,. 
 10 
 
 Sold Hardware to William Blakely on his Note at thirty days, 
 
 Sales Book, 
 
 12 
 
 Sold Hardware for Cash to S. H. Lovell, Sales Book, 
 13 
 
 Sold Hardware to Oliver Otis & Co., for which they are to pay 
 on the 19th instant, one-half in Cash and the other half in 
 Note at thirty days, S. Book, 
 
 . : 14 
 
 Bought Hardware of Henry Austin, at thirty days credit, Invoice 
 
 Book, amounting to 
 
 1 15 
 
 Bought Hardware for Cash of Rodgers & Brothers, Invoice Book, 
 amounting to 
 
 : 10 
 
 Bought Hardware of Rodgers & Brothers on our Note at ninety 
 days, Invoice Book, 
 
 Bought Rice of Christr. Barnard, amounting to, as per Invoice 
 
 Book, 3,2008, and paid him in Cash, amounting to $2,000 00 
 
 In Hardware, amounting to 1,200 DO 
 
 17 
 
 Lent Cash to James Truman, which he is to return on the 22d 
 
 instant, amounting to 
 
 57 8 
 
 $ 28,00000 
 
 17,935 
 45,935 
 
 2,310 
 
 300 
 
 325 
 
 500 
 125 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 2,000 00 
 1,50000 
 
 01) 
 
 soo 
 
 2,100 
 
 3,200 00 
 
 1,000 
 
 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY 19, 1829. 
 
 Received of Oliver Otis & Co. in full for Hardware sold them on 
 
 the 13th instant, their Note at thirty days for. . . $1,000 00 
 
 ash for the balance, 1,000 00 
 
 19 
 
 )ld Hardware for Cash to sundry persons, S. B., amounting to 
 21 
 
 Received of Paul Harris his Note at sixty days, dated the 8th 
 instant, in full for balance of account, 
 
 22 
 
 Received Cash of James Truman in full, 
 
 Delivered our Note to Henry Austin, at thirty days, for amount 
 of his Bill of 14th instant, 
 
 24 
 
 Id Hardware, as follows ; Sales Book 
 
 'o S. H. Lovell, on account, amounting to $250 00 
 
 For Cash to Sundry persons, 160 00 
 
 26 
 
 (Sold Hardware to the following persons on account : 
 "o Willkm Blakely, amounting to, as per Sales Book, $200 00 
 Oliver Otis & Co. do. do. do. . 200 00 
 
 28 
 
 Cash to Ja. Truman, for his Note, at twelve^ months, en- 
 dorsed by Paul Harris, amounting to $2,000 00 
 
 Interest added at 6 per cent, for 363 days, 121 00 
 
 30 
 
 Paid Cash to the Philadelphia Bank for our Note on C. C. Marsh, 
 
 in favor of Thos. P. Cope & Sons, and now due, for 
 
 February 2 
 
 id Henry Austin for our Note, being Thomas Blanchard's Ac- 
 ceptance, drawn by Joseph Eaton & Co., Boston, at 60 days 
 sight, for 1,080$. 
 
 In Hardware Sales Book, amounting to $550 00 
 
 " Cash, amounting to 525 32 
 
 " Discount, the Note having 26 days to run, 4 68 
 
 Cash paid to sundry persons during last month, for expenses in- 
 curred as per Cash Book, amounting to 
 
 4 
 
 Shipped per brig Franklin, Kay, and consigned to Lockhart & 
 Arrott, New-Orleans, to be sold for our account, sundry arti- 
 cles of Hardware, amounting per Invoice to $1,722 22 
 
 paid for insuring & shipping expenses 100 00 
 
 58 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 6, 1829. 
 
 Sold the remainder of Hardware to Christr. Barnard on his Note, 
 
 at six months, Sales Book, $320 00 
 
 6 
 
 Our intention being to discontinue the Hardware business for the 
 present, a closing of the account would be proper, the gain 
 
 thereon, as appears by the account, is 277 22 
 
 9 
 
 William Blakely has failed ; the balance of his account in our 
 favor is 200$, for which he has paid Cash, amounting to 
 
 $100 00 
 The balance is lost, 100 00 200 00 
 
 11 
 
 Bought Dry-Goods of Haven & Smith, as per Invoice Book ; for 
 which -delivered to them in payment our Order at sight on 
 
 Charles Lawrence for balance of his account, $140 00 
 
 O. Otis & Co.'s Note, due the 22d inst , 1,000 00 
 
 And Cash for the balance, 100 00 
 
 1,240 Of' 
 13 
 
 Received per ship Delaware, Hamilton, consigned to us by Wal- 
 ter Howard, London, pursuant to our order and for our account, 
 an invoice of Dry-Goods ; amounting to 1,100 stg. $4,888 89 
 Signed bonds to the Custom-House for amount of duties, 
 
 at 8, 10 & 12 months 1,222 22 
 
 Cash paid Freight and Charges, 422 00 
 
 6,53317 
 
 Received of William Blakely, in payment of his Note for 500$, 
 now due, his order on S. H. Lovell, which is accepted at thirty 
 days sight, for $250 00 
 
 Interest for 33 days at 6 per cent, added, 1 37 
 
 Face of the acceptance, 251 37 
 
 Blakely having failed, the balance is lost, 250 00 
 
 501 37 
 
 16 
 Accepted Walter Howard's Draft on us at twenty days sight, hi 
 
 favor of Lewis Clapier, for l ,000 stg. equal to 4,444 44 
 
 17 
 
 Delivered Dry-Goods to Henry Austin, in payment of our Note 
 
 now due, Sales Book, for 1,500 00 
 
 20 
 
 Shipped per ship Thames, Robinson, and consigned to Walter 
 Howard, London, pursuant to his order, dated January 2, 1829 : 
 viz. 
 
 120 Tierces Rice, 420 cwt. at $3 50 per cwt $1,470 00 
 
 Amount carried forward, 
 50 
 
 1,470 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 20, 1829. 
 
 Amount brought forward $1,470 00 
 12 Tons Pearl Ashes, bought of Wm. Evans on ac- 
 count, at 105$ per ton, , 1,260 00 
 
 Cash paid shipping Expenses, $75 00 
 
 Cash paid the Phoenix Insurance Co. for 3 per 
 
 cent, premium on 2,805$, policy 1$ 85 15 
 
 Our commission for Shipping, 2^ per cent.. . ,$70 12 
 Do. do. do. effecting Insurance, 
 
 \ per cent 14 02 
 
 160 15 
 
 84 14 
 
 21 
 
 Bartered with Christr. Barnard, a quantity of Dry-Goods, Sales 
 Book, for the same amount in Rice, Invoice Book, amounting* 
 to $1,530 00 
 
 Also, delivered to him our Note at sixty days in ex- 
 change for his, same amount and time, 800 00 
 
 23 
 
 Sold Dry-Goods to James Truman, for which received payment 
 
 as follows : 
 
 His Note at sixty days for $500 00 
 
 Cash amounting to 120 00 
 
 The balance he is to pay in an acceptance receivable 
 
 on the 26th instant, for 1,000 00 
 
 11 
 
 Sold Dry-Goods, as per Sales Book, to T. & A. Vinton, on their 
 Note at ninety days for 2,000$ ; which the Commercial Bank 
 has discounted at six per cent, its face, $2,000 00 
 
 Discount allowed, 93 days, 31 00 
 
 Amount of Cash received, . 
 
 25 
 
 Bought the Schooner Josephine of capt. Caleb Davis ; delivered 
 to him in payment, at 8 per -cent, advance, our Bill of Ex- 
 change at sixtv days sight, on Walter Howard, London, for 
 
 500 stg. . . .". $2,222 22 
 
 Advance, , 177 78 
 
 Cash for the balance, 2,600 00 
 
 26 
 
 Received of James Truman his Order at sight on William Evans, 
 which is accepted, and considered in account for . . ". 
 
 Cash paid for sundry rigging and repairs for our Schooner Jose- 
 phine, as per Receipt, . . . 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 27, 1829. 
 
 Shipped per schooner Josephine, Whipplc, & consigned to II. 15. 
 Walker & Co. Port-au-princc, to be sold for our account ; a 
 quantity of Domestic Goods, received of I. Fisher in cxchan 
 for Imported, amounting to $1,200 00 
 
 200 Boxes of Soap, $300 00 
 
 200 do Candles, Sperm, 1,890 00 
 
 2,190 00 
 
 Bought of J. R. Dallett & Co, for our Note at sixty 
 days. 
 
 144 Cheeses, bought of Chas. Lawrence on account, 
 
 amounting to 288 00 
 
 Freight due the schooner Josephine 230 00 
 
 28 
 
 Insured at the Phoenix Insurance Office, our shipment to Port-au- 
 Prince, of 27th inst.: passed our Note to the said Company, at 
 ninety days for 2 .per cent, premium on 4,0288 tlu; amount of 
 
 said shipment, and policy 1$ $81 56 
 
 ash paid for shipping expenses incurred on the 27th inst. 
 
 120 00 
 
 201 56 
 
 Effected Insurance with the Atlantic Insurance Com- 
 pany on our schooner Josephine, to the amount of 
 5,000$ at one-half per cent, premium, policy 1$, for 
 which paid cash, amounting to 26 00 
 
 March 2 
 
 Sold Dry-Goods to Wm. Blakely ; received of him in payment, 
 Charles Lawrence's order on us at sight, which we consider 
 in account for $288 00 
 
 Also, sold to Oliver Otis & Co. as per Sales Book, on 
 
 account, amounting to 500 00 
 
 Amount of Cash paid for sundry expenses, incurred last month 
 as per Cash Book, is 
 
 3 _ 
 
 deceived per brig Clio, Kirk, consigned to us by Joseph De Nones, 
 Cadiz, to be sold for his account, an invoice of Olives, Oranges, 
 and Lemons, amounting to 2,700$. 
 
 2ash paid for Freight and Duties, amounting to 
 
 Sold for Cash 152 Boxes of De Nones' Lemons and Oranges, to 
 sundry persons, as per Commission Sales Book, amounting to 
 
 F (>1 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 4, 1829. 
 
 Sold of De Nones' consignment, as follows : to Charles Lawrence 
 on account, 
 
 25 Boxes of Oranges at 3$, amounting to $75 00 
 
 200 Jars of Olives at 50 cts. amounting to 100 00 
 
 175 00 
 To Thomas Milton for Cash, 100 boxes of Oranges at 
 
 3$, amounting to 300 00 
 
 5 _ 
 
 Received Cash of Oliver Otis & Co. for their acceptance, being 
 T. Perkins & Co.'s draft at sixty days sight in favor of C. C. 
 Marsh, and now due for $2,670 00 
 
 Also, received of them their note at sixty days, for bal- 
 ance of account, 700 00 
 
 Interest for 63 days, at 6 per cent, added, 7 35 
 
 7 
 
 Paid Cash to sundry persons for damages extraordinary in De 
 Nones' Oranges and Lemons, sold on the 3d and 4th instant, 
 
 $45 00 
 Made allowance to Charles Lawrence on account 10 00 
 
 ....... *.. 
 
 9 
 
 Sold to S. H. Lovell on account, as follows : 
 
 20 Tierces of Rice, Sates Book, amounting to $245 00 
 
 50 boxes of Lemons and Oranges of De Nones' con- 
 signment, Commission Sales Book, 150 00 
 
 395 00 
 Received of him Cash in full for balance of account of 
 
 January 24, . . . 250 00 
 
 
 
 Delivered to Lewis Clapier, in payment of our acceptance, being 
 Walter Howard's draft at twenty days sight, now due for 
 $4,444 44. 
 
 Cash amounting to $2,500 00 
 
 Check on the United States Bank for 1,944 44 
 
 10 
 
 Sold at auction for Cash, of De Nones' consignment, as follows : 
 
 150 Boxes of Lemons, at $5 per box, $750 00 
 
 110 do. Oranges, at 3 80 per box, 418 00 
 
 220 Jars of Olives at 50 cts. per jar, 110 OjO 
 
 Amount carried forward, 1,278 00 
 62 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 11, 1829. 
 
 Amount brought forward, $1,278 00 
 Auctioneer's commission, &c. 3 per cent 44 73 
 
 Net, 1,233 27 
 
 Received to our account of Mdse. the remainder of De 
 Nones' consignment, 
 
 4,000 Jars Olives, at market price, 50 cts 2,000 00 
 
 $3,23327 
 11 
 
 Received Cash of Paul Harris, for his Note now due, for $325 00 
 Received, also, of him, for 1 ,000 jars of Olives, at 52 cts. per 
 
 jar, Cash amounting to 525 00 
 
 85000 
 14 
 
 De Nones' consignment is chargeable for 5 per cent, commission 
 
 on $4,314 27 the amount of total sales, $215 71 
 
 For Storage and Advertising, 52 24 
 
 26795 
 
 De Nones' consignment account which we now close, exhibits an 
 
 amount of net proceeds of I 3,531 32 
 
 16 
 
 Received from Lockhart & Arrott, New-Orleans, an account 
 sales of our shipment to them, per brig Franklin, February 4th 
 net proceeds | 2,020 00 
 
 u 
 
 Received Cash of S. H. Lovell, in full for his acceptance, drawn 
 
 in our favor by Wm. Blakely, and now due for 251 37 
 
 18 
 
 3 aul Harris has advanced to us to be expended as his half hi the 
 concern now existing between him and ourselves, for the pur- 
 pose of buying and selling merchandise on joint account, Cash 
 
 amounting to . . . . : 2,000 00 
 
 The title of Company 1 Mdse. will be given to property belong- 
 ing to Paul Harris and ourselves. 
 
 20 
 
 Bought for Cash of Bunker & Starr, on account of the concern 
 of Company 1, 800 barrels of Flour at 5$ per barrel, amount- 
 ing to 4,000$; of which our one-half is $2,000 00 
 
 Paul Harris's one-half is 2,000 00 
 
 4,000 00 
 21 
 
 deceived of Paul Harris, to be sold for the concern of Company 
 1, 500 barrels of Flour, at $4 75 per barrel, amounting to 
 2,375$ ; of which amount our one-half is 1,187 50 
 
 63 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 23, 1829, 
 
 Sold to E. N. Bridges, 500 barrels of Company 1 Flour, at 6$ 
 
 per bbl., amounting to $3,000. 
 Received of him in payment our Note to Rodgers & Brothers, 
 
 due the 19th of April next, for $2,100 00 
 
 [nterest for 26 days, at 6 per cent, allowed, 9 10 
 
 2,090 90 
 Received of him Cash for the balance, 909 10 
 
 24 
 
 Paid Cash to C. C. Marsh on account, amounting to 
 
 26 
 
 Bought of Thos. P. Cope & Sons, their Set of Exchange on 
 
 William & James Brown, Liverpool, at 20 days sight, in our 
 
 favor, for 1,000 sterling, $4,444 44 
 
 Advance at 8 per cent 355 56 
 
 Delivered to them in payment 400 barrels Company 1 Flour, at 
 
 6$ per barrel, amounting to $2,400 00 
 
 Cash for the balance, * - 2,400 00 
 
 27 
 
 Sold to Oliver Otis & Co. 200 barrels of Company 1 Flour, 
 
 at $6 per barrel, amounting to 1 ,200$. 
 Received of them in payment, as follows 
 Their Order at sight on William Evans, which we consider in 
 
 account for $260 00 
 
 Their Note at sixty days for 500 00 
 
 ash for the balance, 440 00 
 
 28 
 
 Bartered with Haven & Smith the remaining 200 barrels of Com 
 pany 1 Flour, at $6 25 per barrel, amounting to 1,250$. For 
 which received 227 barrels No. 1 Mackerel, at $5 50 per bar 
 
 rel, amounting to $1,248 50 
 
 And Cash for the balance, 1 50 
 
 : so 
 
 In closing the account of Company 1 Mdse. the following is the 
 resu lt total sales amount to 7,850$, on which our Comrnis 
 
 sion, at 2 per cent, is $196 25 
 
 Storage chargeable on 1,300 barrels of Flour at 3 cents 
 
 per barrel, per month, 39 00 
 
 The net proceeds amount to $7,614 75, of which Paul 
 
 Harris's one-half is 3,807 37 
 
 Our one-half of net proceeds is $3,807 38 
 
 Our one-half of first cost is 3,187 50 
 
 Our net gain is 619 88 
 
 64 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 1, 1829. 
 
 Paid Cash for sundry expenses incurred last month as per Cash 
 
 Book, amounting to $162 00 
 
 To Stephen Girard for three months rent of warehouse, 300 00 
 
 Received per ship Missouri, Rodgers, consigned to us by Lock- 
 hart & Arrott, New-Orleans, pursuant to our order and for our 
 account, in full for net proceeds of Hardware, account-sales 
 were received on 16th ult.; 230 bales Louisiana Cotton, amount- 
 ing to $2,020 00 
 
 Paid Cash for Freight and Charges, 300 00 
 
 3 
 
 Received of Irvine Fisher, 300 bags Laguayra Coffee, 27,000 
 pounds, to be sold for him, on commission, as per invoice, at 
 
 12-|- cents per pound, amounting to. , . . . 
 
 6 
 
 Sold of Fisher's Coffee, as follows 
 
 To S. H. Lovell, at four months credit, 75 bags, 6,750 pounds, 
 at 20 cents, amounting to $1,350 00 
 
 To Oliver Otis & Co. on account, 50 bags, 4,500 
 
 pounds, at 18 cents per pound, 810 00 
 
 7 
 
 Renewed Christopher Barnard's Note now due for 2,000$; re- 
 ceived his Note endorsed by Paul Beck, at sixty days, for the 
 same amount 
 
 Interest, paid in Cash, for 63 days, 
 
 8 
 
 Sold for Cash to Mayer & Lohman, 100 bags of Fisher's Coffee, 
 9,000 pounds, at 16 cents, amounting to 1,440$ ; which amount 
 
 we have paid to Irvine Fisher, 
 
 10 _ 
 
 Paid Cash to sundry persons for extraordinary defects found in 
 De Nones' consignment, $22 00 
 
 Amount of damages found in the 4,000 jars of Olives 
 received to our account from said consignment, is con- 
 sidered at 40 00 
 
 1 1 
 
 Received of S. H. Lovell, in payment for Fisher's Coffee sold to 
 him on the 6th instant, his Note at four months for 1,350$; 
 which we have Cashed at 6 per cent, discount, and paid to Ir- 
 vine Fisher, $1,322 33 
 
 Discount, 27 67 
 
 65 
 
 F2 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 13, 1829. 
 
 Shipped per brig Pilot, Milton, and consigned to Joseph Eaton & 
 
 Co. Boston, to be sold for our account 
 
 115 bales Louisiana Cotton, amounting to $2,160 00 
 
 1000 jars Olives, at 50 cents, do 500 00 
 
 50 bags Fisher's Coffee, 4,500 pounds, at 16 cents, 720 00 
 Cash paid for shipping expenses, 120 00 
 
 14 , 
 
 Received of Oliver Otis & Co. for amount of their bill for Fish- 
 er's Coffee, sold to them on the 6th instant, their Order at sight 
 
 on Irvine Fisher for $310 00 
 
 And Cash for the balance, 500 00 
 
 15 
 
 Delivered to Thomas Blanchard on account, viz : 3 bags Fisher's 
 
 Coffee, 270 pounds, at 16 cents, $43 20 
 
 Cash, amounting to 500 00 
 
 16 
 
 Sold for Cash to Paul Harris the remaining 22 bags of Fisher's 
 Coffee, 1,980 pounds, at 16 cents, amounting to 
 
 _______^^_______________ tt 
 
 Presented to Irvine Fisher an account-sales of his Coffee ; from 
 which the following result is obtained 
 
 Total sales amount to 4,680$, on which our commis- 
 sion at 2 per cent, is $117 00 
 
 Charges for Storage, Advertising, and Repairs, 18 00 
 
 Irvine Frsher's net proceeds amount to .............. 4,545 00 
 
 18 
 
 Sold to Mayer & Lohman 150 tierces of Rice, 595'cwt. at $3 50, 
 
 amounting to $1,837 50. 
 Received of them in payment, Irvine Fisher's Note, due the 20th 
 
 instant, for $1,200 00 
 
 And Cash for the balance, 637 50 
 
 Delivered to Irvine Fisher, in full for balance of account, his, the 
 
 above, Note for $1,200 00 
 
 And Cash, amounting to 245 00 
 
 20 
 
 Bought at Lippincott & Co.'s auction, in joint account with Henry 
 Austin, his proportion to be one-third, 500 dozen Madeira Wine, 
 at 10$ per dozen, amounting to $5,000. 
 
 Delivered in payment our Note at four months, for. . $2,033 33 
 Christr. Barnard's Note, due 24th instant, for 800 00 
 
 Amount carried forward 
 66 
 
 2,833 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 20, 1829. 
 
 Amount brought forward, $2,833 33 
 
 James Truman's Note, due 26th instant, for . . 500 00 
 
 The amount of our two-thirds, , 3,333 33 
 
 Henry Austin's one-third was paid for by himself, 
 
 amounting to 1,686 67 
 
 The property belonging to Austin and ourselves, will receive 
 the title of Company 2 Mdse. 
 
 21 
 
 Bought for Cash of Robinson & Little, 12 Union Canal Lottery 
 Tickets, at 10$ each, amounting to $120 00 
 
 And also exchanged 475$ in uncurrent Bank Bills, at If 
 
 per cent, discount, . 8 31 
 
 23 
 
 Sold, through Beers, Booth & St. John, Thos. P. Cope & Sons' 
 Set of Exchange, at 20 days sight on William & James Brown, 
 Liverpool, in our favor, for l,000 sterling, $4,444 44 
 
 Premium at 8 per cent, amounting to 377 78 
 
 Brokerage at one-fourth per cent. 
 
 4,822 22 
 12 06 
 
 Received in payment our Note to J. R. Dallett & Co. due the 
 
 30th instant, for $2,190 00 
 
 [nterest for 7 days allowed, 2 55 
 
 $2,187 45 
 
 And Cash for amount of the balance, 2,622 71 
 
 The above Premium, $377 78 
 Do. Brokerage, 12 06 
 
 Balance $365 72 
 
 24 
 
 Renewed our Note passed to Christr. Barnard, February 21st, 
 for 800$, and discounted at the Commercial Bank. Delivered 
 to the Bank a new Note at sixty days, endorsed by Davis & 
 Desauque, for the same amount, and paid Cash for 63 days 
 
 interest, at 6 per cent 
 
 27 
 
 Bought at Graham & Mandeville's auction, for Cash, 50 chests 
 Young Hyson Tea, 4,500 pounds, at $1 05 per pound, amount- 
 ing to 4,725$. 
 
 Sold the same for Cash to J. Percival, at 3 per cent, advance 
 gained thereby 
 
 Received Cash of Robinson & Little, being the net amount of 
 prize money accruing from the tickets bought on the 21st in 
 stant, 
 
 67 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 27, 1829. 
 
 Received, inclosed in an anonymous letter, addressed to us, Cash 
 amounting to 
 
 . 28 
 
 Received per schooner Josephine, W hippie, from H. B. Wr.lker 
 & Co. Port-au-Prince, 37 tons St. Domingo Hides, being in 
 full for net proceeds of our shipment to them of February 27th, 
 sales now rendered, amounting to $6,000 00 
 
 Amount of Freight on our Hides, per schooner 200 00 
 
 Received, also, to be sold for their account, 20,000 feet of Maho- 
 gany, amounting per invoice to 2,4008 ; which we have taken 
 to our account at the market price of 15 cents per foot, $3,000 00 
 
 Amount of Freight on the Mahogany, $125 00 
 
 Expenses paid in Cash on mahogany, 75 00 
 
 Our commission at 5 per cent is, ,.....,. 150 00 
 
 350 00 
 
 Amount of H. B. Walker & Co.'s net proceeds 2,650 00 
 
 29 
 
 Received Cash of Captain W hippie for amount of Freight ac 
 cruing from schooner Josephine, by her voyage to Port-au 
 Prince > > 
 
 . . 30 . 
 
 Cash paid for sundry expenses incurred this month, as per Cash 
 Book, 
 
 May I 
 
 An agreement exists between Aispu-rua Hornillos & Co. Havana, 
 William & James Brown, Liverpool, and ourselves; stipulating 
 an intention of the partners to make consignments to each 
 other (regulated therein by their best knowledge of the mar- 
 kets) in which each will be equally concerned in the amounts, 
 the p-ofits, and losses; and Commission will be allowed on the 
 purchases and sales. 
 
 A-ispurua Hornillos & Co. advise us (per letter 25th ult.) that 
 they have shipped, in accordance with the said agreement, 
 from New-Orleans, per barque Hercules, Pelaskie, to William 
 & James Brown, Liverpool, 1,500 bales Sea Island Cotton, 
 amounting, per invoice, to 12,900$, of which our one-third 
 
 The property of this concern will receive the title of Company 3. 
 
 ~ 4 
 
 Received per ship Caledonia, Barr, consigned to us by Panquo- 
 qua, Canton, to be sold for his account, 1,000 chests of Teas, 
 amounting to 33,600$. 
 
 Passed bonds to the Custom-House for duties on the above Teas, 
 at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months, amounting to $28,800 00 
 
 Freight and Charges paid in Cash, 5,090 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 5, 1829. 
 
 Shipped per schooner Josephine, \Vhlpple, and consigned to Fran- 
 cis H. Nicoll & Co. New-York, to be sold for our account, 100 
 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, at market price, amounting 
 
 to $8,640 00 
 
 Cash paid for shipping expenses, 75 00 
 
 Freight due our schooner Josephine, 50 00 
 
 Also, shipped in the same vessel, consigned to T. Perkins & Co. 
 
 Boston, to be sold for account of Panquoqua, 200 chests of 
 
 Panquoqua's Teas, amounting to 17,200$. 
 Paid shipping expenses in Cash, amounting to. ...... $150 00 
 
 Freight due our schooner Josephine, 100 00 
 
 6 
 
 Sold of Panquoqua's Teas, as follows 
 
 To John Godard, on his Note at four months, 20 chests, 1,920 
 
 pounds, at $1 per pound, amounting to $1,920 00 
 
 To Hamilton & Hood, on their Note at six months, 30 
 
 chests, 2,880 pounds, at $1, amounting to 2,880 00 
 
 To Joshua Percival, on his Note at four months, 25 
 
 chests. 2,400 pounds, at 1$, amounting to 2,400 00 
 
 To Paul Harris, on account, 40 chests, 3,840 pounds, 
 
 at 1$ per pound, amounting to 3,840 00 
 
 8 
 
 Sold to Henry Austin, 60 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, amount 
 
 ing to 5,760$. 
 Received in payment, and to be sold for the concern of Company 
 
 2, 1,100 barrels of Flour, at 6$ per barrel, amounting to 
 
 6,600$, of which our two-thirds are, $4,400 OG 
 
 The balance to account, 1,360 00 
 
 11 
 
 Shipped per Red Rover, Wilder, and consigned to Walter How 
 ard, London, to be sold for the concern of Company 2 ; as 
 follows 
 125 Tierces Rice, amounting to, per Sales Book, . . . .$1,531 25 
 
 115 bales Louisiana Cotton, do. do 2,160 00 
 
 550 barrels Company 2 Flour, at 6$ 3,300 00 
 
 rlenry Austin paid the shipping expenses. . . $240 00 
 And, also, passed his Note to the Phoenix In- 
 surance Company, for amount of 3 per 
 cent, premium on $7,231 25, policy 1$,. . 217 94 
 
 457 94 
 
 Of which total amount our two-thirds are, $4,966 12 
 
 And Henry Austin's one-third is $2,483 07 
 
 Amounts carried forward, 
 69 
 
 2,483 07 4,966 12 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 12, 1829. 
 
 Amounts brought forward, $2,483 07 4,966 12 
 Elenry Austin advanced towards his one- 
 third, the above expenses 8457 94, and 
 one-third of the above Flour $1,1 00, mall 1,557 94 
 
 Balance, 8925 13 
 
 $5,891 25 
 12 
 
 Shipped per brig Langdon Cheves, Baker, and consigned to 
 Flemming, Ross & Co. Charleston, to be sold for the concern 
 of Company 2, 500 dozen Madeira Wine, at 10$ per dozen, 
 amounting to 5,000$, of which our two-thirds are $3,333 33 
 
 Cash paid the amount of shipping expenses 22 22 
 
 3,35555 
 14 
 
 Bought for Cash of Lewis Clapier, his Set of Exchange at 15 
 days sight, on R. W. Meade, Cadiz, in favor of Joseph De 
 Nones, to whom, by his order, we have remitted said Bill, per 
 
 brig Clio, Kirk, amounting per face to $3,469 32 
 
 Discount at 1^ per cent, allowed, 52 04 
 
 3,417 28 
 16 
 
 Received Cash of Benjamin Wilcox, Esq. on account of Panquo- 
 qua, Canton, being in full for amount of his Draft at sight, re- 
 mitted to us for collection, amounting to $12,000 00 
 
 Our one-half per cent, commission, 60 00 
 
 11,94000 
 18 
 
 Received from Joseph Eaton & Co. Boston, an account-sales of 
 our shipment to them of April 13th; net proceeds amount to 
 4,100$ ; for which they have remitted to us their Bill at sight 
 
 on Eldridge & Brick, which is paid in Cash, I 4,100 00 
 
 19 
 
 Sold to Henry Austin on account, one-half of our shipment to 
 New- York, of the 5th instant, at 5 per cent, advance. Amount 
 
 of shipment 8,765$, one-half of which is $4,382 50 
 
 Advance, 219 12 
 
 4,601 62 
 20 
 
 Bought of Bunker & Starr for the concern of Company 2, 2,500 
 barrels of Flour at 6$ per barrel, amounting to. .$15,000 00 
 To which Henry Austin has advanced 500 barrels 
 
 at 6$ per barrel, amounting to 3,000 00 
 
 18,00000 
 
 Our two-thirds of which total amount are , . . .$12,000 00 
 
 Henry Austin's one-third is 6,000 00 
 
 18,000 00 
 Delivered to Bunker & Starr in payment, 125 chests of Panquo- 
 
 qua's Teas, amounting to $12,000 00 
 
 Henry Austin paid the balance, 3,000 00 15,000 00 
 
 70 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 22, 1829. 
 
 Sold to Henry Austin for Cash, 60 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, 
 amounting to $4,032 00 
 
 Received of him Cash for the balance of account of 
 
 the 8th instant, 1 ,360 00 
 
 Also, delivered him our receipt for the balance of 
 Charles Lawrence's account, received of him in 
 
 Cash, amounting to 165 00 
 
 $5,557 00 
 23 
 
 Shipped per ship Ruth & Mary, Tubbs, and consigned to Menge 
 & Meriman, Hamburg, to be sold for account of Company 3, 
 as follows : 
 
 20,000 feet of Mahogany, at 20 cents per foot, amounting, per 
 Sales Book, to $4,000 00 
 
 550 barrels of Company 2 Flour, at $7, 3,850 00 
 
 Cash paid shipping expenses 150 00 
 
 Our Commission at 2 per cent, for shipping 200 00 
 
 8,200 00 
 
 Aispurua, Hornillos & Co.'s one-third of the above total is 2,733 33 
 
 William & James Brown's do. do. do.. 2,733 33 
 
 And our one-third is 2,733 34 
 
 8,200 00 
 25 
 
 Received of Henry Austin, his Note at sixty days, for amount of 
 his half of shipment to New- York, sold to him on the 19th 
 instant, amounting to $4,601 62 
 
 Also, received Cash of him on account 925 13 
 
 5,526 75 
 27 " 
 
 Received per ship Brilliant, Bosquet, from Lewis Blain, Mar- 
 seilles, consigned to us by order of William & James Brown, 
 Liverpool, to be sold for the concern of Company 3, 60 pipes 
 of Wines, amounting to, per invoice | 11,340 00 
 
 Our one-third of said Wine is $3,780 00 
 
 Delivered our Bonds to the Custom-House, for the 
 
 amount of duties, at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months 6,000 00 
 
 Sold in payment for Freight, 225 gallons of the above 
 
 Wine, at $2 25, 506 25 
 
 Paid Charges, &c. in Cash, amounting to 13 75 
 
 10,30000 
 
 29 
 
 Sold to Oliver Otis & Co. 5 pipes of Company 3 Wines, 630 
 gallons, at $2 25 per gallon, amounting to $1,417 50 
 
 And delivered to them their Note, due the 8th inst. for 707 35 
 
 Interest for 21 days from the 8th instant, 2 48 
 
 $2,127 33 
 For which total amount, received their Note at 90 
 
 days, with interest at 6 per cent, amounting to ... 34 53 
 
 71 
 
 2,161 
 
 86 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 30, 1829. 
 
 deceived Cash of Oliver Otis & Co. in payment for their Note 
 
 now due, amounting to 
 
 31 
 
 D aid Cash to the Phoenix Insurance Company, as follows : 
 
 ?or our Note to them now due, for $81 56 
 
 \nd for 2 per cent. Insurance on $2,733 34, being 
 the amount of our one-third of shipment to Ham- 
 burg of Company 3, on the 23d inst. insured by 
 the Company, policy $1 69 33 
 
 a 
 
 Dash paid for sundry expenses incurred this month, as per Cash 
 
 Book, amou nting to 
 
 June 1 
 
 deceived of Flemming, Ross & Co. Charleston, an account-sales 
 
 of our shipment of Company 2 Wines, for the concern of 
 
 Company 2, of the 12th ultimo, proceeds amount to $4,540 00 
 Amount of expenses incurred on the 12th ultimo. ... 22 22 
 
 Do. net proceeds, 
 
 Of which last amount our two-thirds are $3,011 85 
 
 To which add the amount of expenses paid by us on 
 
 the 12th ultimo, 22 22 
 
 Our share of the returns, $3,034 07 
 
 lenry Austin's one-third of net proceeds, 1,505 93 
 
 Sold to Henry Austin for Cash, our Draft at 10* days sight, on 
 
 Flemming, Ross & Co. for amount of proceeds, being $4,540 00 
 
 Allowed him f per cent, discount on our two-thirds of 
 
 said Draft, being $3,011 85, amounting to 22 59 
 
 $4,517 41 
 iustin's one-third of said Draft is 1,505 93 
 
 3 
 
 Bought of William Patton, Jr. 200 shares of Pennsylvania Life 
 Insurance Stock, at $26 50 per share, (par value 20$) amount 
 ing to 5,300$. 
 
 Sold to him in payment, 1,270 gallons of Company 3 Wines, at 
 
 $3 50 per gallon, amounting to $4,445 00 
 
 ash for the balance, . 855 00 
 
 Bought of F. H. Barker on account of Thomas Blanchard, 50 
 shares of New- York Merchants Bank Stock, at 8 per cent 
 discount, (par value 100$ per share) amounting to 4,600$ 
 Carried forward, 
 72 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 4, 1829. 
 
 Brought forward, 
 Sold to them in payment our Bill of Exchange at sixty days 
 sight, on Walter Howard, London, for 1,000 stg. $4,444 44 
 Allowed them per cent, discount on account of B. 22 22 
 
 Cash for the balance, amounting to . 
 
 $4,422 22 
 177 78 
 
 T. Perkins & Co. Boston, advise us that they have made cash 
 sales of our consignment to them of the 5th ultimo, consisting 
 of Panquoqua's Teas, to be sold for Panquoqua's account, and 
 that the net proceeds amount to 20,000$ ; to which amount 
 we are directed to draw on them at sight. 
 
 Bought on account of Panquoqua, of United States Bank, 
 19,607 84-100 Spanish Dollars, at 2 per cent, premium, 
 amounting to 20,000$. 
 
 Delivered in payment, our Draii at sight on T. Perkins & Co. 
 for the amount, $20,000 00 
 
 Amount of our Commission at per cent. . $1CO 00 
 
 Do. Premium on the Spanish Dollars . . 392 16 
 
 492 16 
 
 8 
 
 The Phoenix Insurance Company have paid us for the policy re- 
 ceived of them on the 31st ultimo, for insurance effected on 
 our one-third of shipment to Hamburg, in the concern of Com 
 pany 3, which was burnt to the water's euge, 10 miles east of 
 
 the Capes. Received Cash, amounting to 
 
 10 
 
 Delivered to Christopher Barnard, in payment of Walter How 
 ard's Bill of Exchange on us at sight, for l,500 sterling 
 $6,666 67, as follows 
 
 His Note, now due, for $2,000 00 
 
 His Note, due the 9th of next August, for. . .$320 00 
 
 Allowed him discount for 59 days, 315 
 
 316 85 
 
 $2,316 85 
 
 900 gallons of Company 3 Wines, at $4, 3,600 00 
 
 100 barrels of Company 2 Flour, at $7 50, less 18 
 
 cents, 749 82 
 
 12 
 
 Bought of Stephen Girard, (Banker,) on account of Panquoqua, 
 Canton, 10,392 16-100 of Spanish Dollars, at 1$ per cent, 
 premium, amounting to $10,548 04. 
 
 Carried forward, 
 G 73 10 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 12, 1829. 
 
 Brought forward, 
 Sold to him in payment, 15 pipes Company 3 Wines, 2,152 gal- 
 lons, at $3 25, amounting to $6,994 00 
 
 500 barrels Company 2 Flour, at 87, 3,500 00 
 
 Cash for the balance, 54 04 
 
 Our one-half per cent. Commission is $52 74 
 
 Amount of Premium on Spanish Dollars, 155 88 
 
 Total, 
 
 13 
 
 Received Cash of Stephen Girard for amount of under-gauged 
 Wine, sold him on account of Company 3, $75 00 
 
 Paid Cash to William Patton, Jr. for amount of over- 
 gauged Wine, sold to him on account of Company 3, 25 00 
 
 15 
 
 Sold to A. Van Amringe & Co. as follows 
 
 252 gallons of Company 3 Wines, at $3 50, $882 00 
 
 50 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, amounting to 3,360 00 
 
 Received of them in payment, and for the honor of Walter How- 
 ard, London, a Bill of Exchange drawn by him on Waver- 
 ing & Co. and protested for non-payment ; Bill and Pro- 
 test, $2,223 72 
 
 Their Order at sight on Paul Harris, which we consi- 
 der in account for 500 00 
 
 And Cash for the balance, 1,518 28 
 
 toward is chargeable for our 
 
 per cent, commission, amounting to 
 
 16 -- 
 
 Received Cash of Captain Whipple for amount of Freight by the 
 schooner Josephine, accruing from her last trip, amounting to 
 
 18 
 
 Shipped per ship Washington, Brown, and consigned by order, 
 and for the account of Aispurua, Homilies & Co. to their 
 house in New-Orleans, as follows 
 
 100 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, 9,600 pounds, at 
 
 70 cents, $6,720 00 
 
 10 pipes Company 3 Wines, 1,260 gallons, at $3,. . 3,780 00 
 
 Cash paid for shipping expenses, 275 00 
 
 Our Commission for shipping, at 2| per cent 269 37 
 
 Also, shipped on board the same vessel, and consigned to Lock- 
 hart & Arrott, to be sold on account of Panquoqua, 100 chests 
 of Panquoqua's Teas, amounting to 7,200$, on which we have 
 effected insurance at the Phoenix Insurance Office, at 2 per 
 cent, premium, policy 1$. for which paid in Cash,. . $145 00 
 
 Cash paid for shipping expenses, 100 00 
 
 24500 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 20, 1829. 
 
 Sold to Henry Pratt our Draft at 90 days sight, on Francis H. ! 
 Nicoll & Co. New-York, for amount of net proceeds of ou-r 
 shipment to them on the 5th ultimo, to be sold for our account ; 
 one-half of which shipment we sold, on the 19th ultimo, to 
 Henry Austin. Account-sales now rendered, net proceeds 
 
 amount to - $1 0,800 00 
 
 Allowed on the Draft one-quarter per cent, discount, 27 00 
 
 $10,77300 
 
 Bought of Henry Pratt in payment, and for the account of Pan- 
 quoqua, 35,000 pounds of Ginseng, at 25 cents per pound, 
 
 amounting to . $8,750 00 
 
 Received Cash for the balance, 2,023 00 
 
 10,77300 
 
 Henry Austin's one-half of the above net .proceeds is $5,386 50, 
 for which delivered to him the remaining 856 gallons of Com- 
 pany 3 Wines, at $3 25 per gallon, amounting to $2,782 00 
 
 The balance to account, 2,604 50 
 
 5,38650 
 20 
 
 Panquoqua is chargeable for 2 per cent. Commission on 8,750$, 
 the amount of Ginseng bought on his account, this day, amount- 
 ing to 21875 
 
 22 
 
 Investigated the account of Company 3 Wines, from which the 
 following result is obtained 
 
 Total sales amount to $24,456 75 
 
 Do. amount of charges posted 6,520 00 
 
 17,93675 
 
 Our Commission at 5 per cent, on sales, $1,222 84 
 
 Do. Storage, at 25 cents per pipe, 15 00 
 
 Net proceeds amount to $16,698 91, of which Aispu- 
 
 rua, Hornillos & Co.'s one-third is 5,566 30 
 
 William & James Brown's one-third is 5,566 80 
 
 $12,370 44 
 
 Our one-third is $5,566 31 
 
 Our one-third of first cost is 3,780 00 
 
 Our net gain amounts to 1,786 31 
 
 14,15675 
 
 24 
 
 Received Cash of the Pennsylvania Life Insurance Company, 
 being the amount of our four per cent, dividend, declared on 
 
 the 15th instant, for the last six months, amounting to 160 00 
 
 25 
 
 Sold to Henry Austin, at 5 per cent, advance, the shipment of 
 100 chests of Panquoqua's Teas, per ship Washington, on the 
 
 Carried forward, 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 25, 1829. 
 
 Brought forward, 
 
 18th instant, consigned to Lockhart & Arrott, to be sold for 
 account of Panquoqua, amounting to $7,447 00 
 
 Amount of 5 per cent, advance, ; 372 35 
 
 $7,81935 
 
 Received of him in payment of H. B. Walker & Co.'s Draft on 
 us at 20 days sight, for amount of net proceeds of consign- 
 ment of Mahogany, account-sales of which was rendered to 
 them, dated the 30th of April last, . $2,650 00 
 
 Deduct 23 days Discount allowed us, 10 15 
 
 2,639 85 
 And his Receipt for amount of balance of account, in 
 
 his favor,, $2,604 50 
 
 The balance to account, 2,,^75 00 5,179 50 
 
 7,81935 
 
 27 
 
 Paid Cash to the Commercial Bank for our Note now due for. . . 800 00 
 
 u 
 
 Lent Cash to John C. Crumpton, for his Bottomry Bond on the 
 ship Napoleon, at 15 per cent, premium, to be paid in full to 
 Walter Howard, London, 15 days after the arrival of that ves- 
 sel in said port, amounting to $2,500 00 
 
 Amount of the Premium, ,...,. 375 00 
 
 2,875 00 
 29 
 
 Delivered to J. Harman, Jr. pursuant to Panquoqua's order, the 
 remaining 90 chests of his Teas on consignment, of which the 
 
 current price is ,.... | 7,776 00 
 
 cc 
 
 Investigated the account of Panquoqua's consignment, the result 
 thereof is as follows, viz. 
 
 Total amount of Sales, $79,371 35 
 
 Amount transferred to J. Harman, Jr. . . , 7,776 00 
 
 7,147 35 
 
 Total amount of Charges posted, 34,385 00 | 52,762 35 
 
 Amount of Storage for one month and a half, 40 20 
 
 Amount of our Commission on sales at 5 per cent, and 
 
 on the transferred at 2 per cent 4,162 97 
 
 Panquoqua's net proceeds amount to 48,559 18 
 
 52,76235 
 
 30 
 
 Shipped }>er ship Asia, Sheed, and consigned to Panquoqua, Can- 
 ton, pursuant to his order, and on account of returns for his 
 consignment of Teas, Spanish Dollars, bought at sundry times 
 on his account, amounting to $30,000 00 
 
 Amount carried forward, 
 76 
 
 30,000 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 30, 1829. 
 
 Brought forward, $30,000 00 
 
 35,000 pounds of Ginseng, bought on the 20th inst., 
 
 for said Panquoqua, amounting to 8,750 00 
 
 Paid shipping expenses in Cash, .,.,.... 200 00 
 
 July 1 
 
 Shipped per schooner Josephine, Foster, and consigned to H. C. 
 Perley, New- York, to be sold for our account, 1,000 barrels 
 of Company 2 Flour, at $6 50 .per barrel, amounting 
 to $6,500 00 
 
 Paid shipping expenses in Cash^ 120 00 
 
 Shipped also on board the same vessel, consigned to T. Perkins 
 & Co. Boston, to be sold for our account, 20 tons St. Domingo 
 Hides, at 10 cents per pound, amounting to. $4,480 00 
 
 Paid expenses in Cash, . , , . , . 30 00 
 
 Delivered our Notes to the North American, the Phoenix, anc 
 Atlantic Insurance Companies, for premium of insurance 
 effected on the following amounts 
 
 38,950$, amount of shipment per Asia, Sheed, on account ol 
 Panquoqua, Canton, at If per cent., policy 2$, at 10 
 months, $683 
 
 6,620$, amount of shipment per schooner Josephine, for 
 New York, on our account, at percent, at four months, 
 policy 1$, 33 
 
 4,510$, amount of shipment per schooner Josephine, for 
 Boston, on our account, at per cent, at four months, 
 policy 1$, 23 
 
 62 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 *anquoqua is chargeable for one-half per cent, for our effecting 
 insurance on 38,950$, the amount shipped on his account on 
 the 30th ultimo, 
 
 deceived from William & James Brown, Liverpool, advice, that 
 they have made sales of the 1,500 bales of Sea-Island Cotton, 
 consigned to them by Aispurua, Hornillos & Co, from New- 
 Orleans, on account of the concern of Company 3, as per en- 
 try of May 1st. Amount of net proceeds 3,420 12*. ster- 
 ling ; our one-third of which they have remitted, by our order, 
 to Walter Howard London, amounting to 
 
 3 aid Cash for sundry expenses incurred last month, as per Cash 
 Book, 
 
 $38,950 
 
 6,620 00 
 
 4,51000 
 
 740 
 
 194 
 
 5,067 55 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 )0 
 
 G2 
 
 77 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JULY 4, 1829. 
 
 
 Investigated the account of Company 2 Mdse., from which the 
 following result is obtained, viz. 1,400 barrels of Flour on 
 hand, at $6, 8,400$ : our two-thirds are 
 
 $5,600 
 
 00 
 
 
 Total sales amount to $14,599 82, on which our Commission at 
 2^ per cent, is $35 00 
 
 
 
 
 Storage as per Commission Sales Book, . . . 116 00 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Henry Austin's one-third of net proceeds, .4,706 27 
 
 
 
 
 Our two-thirds net proceeds amount to. . $9,412 55 
 
 
 
 
 Our do. first cost, do. do 8,600 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Our net gain is -..... , . . . . 812 55 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 5,999 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 Balances of interest due the following, viz. 
 To Thos. Blanchard, for 6 per cent, on advancement, -and amounts 
 withdrawn, -$800 42 
 
 
 
 
 To C. C. Marsh, do. do. do 496 15 
 
 
 
 
 The amount of balance in favor of T. Btanchard,. 
 
 304 
 
 9,7 
 
 
 (C 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Balance of interest up to the first instant, in our favor, as per 
 Walter Howard's account current, 
 
 44 
 
 69! 
 
 
 (C 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Store Fixtures on hand, first cost, . . , 
 
 300 
 
 00 
 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Balance of Cash on hand, 
 
 49,926 
 
 391 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Notes on hand, amountincr to. .,..........>. , .... 
 
 20,309 
 
 4ft 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Merchandise, 227 barrels No. 1 Mackerel, first cost, 
 
 1,248 
 
 50 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock, 200 Shares, first cost, . . 
 
 5,300 
 
 00 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 S. H. Lovell's account, balance in our favor, 
 
 395 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Walter Howard's account, balance in our favor, . 
 
 9,876 
 
 86 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. 1,400 barrels of Flour, first cost of our two- 
 thirds, amounts to 
 
 5,600 
 
 00 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Shipment to Boston, no returns received, 
 
 4,533 
 
 55 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Aispurua, Horn.illos & Co.'s account, balance in our favor, 
 it 
 
 3,911 
 
 40 
 
 14 
 
 Shipment to New-York, no returns received, 
 
 6,653 
 
 10 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Shipment to London, Company 2, no returns recoived, 
 
 4,966 
 
 19! 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JULY 4, 1829. 
 
 Panquoqua's account, balance in his favor, $11,975 78 
 
 4 
 
 Notes outstanding to the amount of 38,795 82 
 
 Paul Harris's account, balance in his favor, 654 87 
 
 Henry Austin's account, balance in his favor, 2,131 27 
 
 (C 
 
 William & James Brown's account, balance in their favor, 6,612 97 
 
 M 
 
 Profit and Loss account must be debited for amount of the fol- 
 lowing balances, being losses, 
 
 Discount and Interest, $52 68 
 
 Store Expenses, 1,391 56 
 
 Shipment to Hamburg, Company 3, 69 33 
 
 Do. do. Charleston, Company 2, 321 48 
 
 1,83505 
 it 
 
 Profit and Loss account must be credited for the amount of the 
 following balances, being gains, &c. 
 
 Schooner Josephine, $1,224 00 
 
 Rice, 353 75 
 
 Merchandise, 1,209 89 
 
 D ennsylvania Life Insurance Stock, 160 00 
 
 Shipment to New-Orleans, 197 78 
 
 Do. do. Port-au-Prince, 1,890 44 
 
 Do. do. Boston, 600 00 
 
 Commission, 7,620 14 
 
 Shipment from New-Orleans to Liverpool, Company 3, 767 55 
 
 Shipment to New- York, 1,236 62 
 
 15,260 17 
 
 H 
 
 The Profit and Loss account exhibits an amount of net gain, ac- 
 cruing from the business these last six months, of $19,385 77, 
 of which 
 
 Thomas Blanchard's one-half is $9,692 88 
 
 C. C. Marsh's one-half is 9,692 89 
 
 19,38577 
 
 The Balance account of this date, exhibits the amount of our 
 worth this day, being $57,849 62, of which Thomas Blan- 
 chard's share, as appears by his account, is $31,751 72 
 
 C. C. Marsh's share, as appears by his account, is 26,097 89 
 
 57,84962 
 
 79 
 
JOURNAL. 
 
 B. &M. 
 
 1829. 
 
 11 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY 5, 1829. 
 
 
 8 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Sundries. 
 Cash, $38,000 00 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Bills Receivable, 4 670 00 
 
 - 
 
 
 7 
 
 Hardware, 3,125 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 Charles Lawrence, 140 00 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 To Thomas Blanchard, 28,000 00 
 
 $45,9 
 
 
 1 
 
 " Christr. C. Marsh, 17,935 00 
 
 45,9 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Bills Payable. 
 Thos. Blanchard, .$1,080 00 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Christr. C. Marsh, 1,230 00 
 
 2,3 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 Store Fixtures Dr. 
 To Cash 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 Paul Harris Dr. 
 To Hardware, 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 Bills Receivable Dr. 
 To Hardware, . 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 Cash, Dr. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co. Dr. 
 
 2,0 
 
 
 
 U. 
 
 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 Hardware, Dr. 
 To Henry Austin, 
 
 1,5 
 
 
 
 l ^ 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Hardware, Dr. 
 To Cash, 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 fi 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Rice Dr. to Sundries. 
 To Cash, $2,000 00 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 " Hardware . 1,200 00 
 
 3,2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 Hardware, Dr. 
 To Bills Payable, 
 
 2,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 James Truman Dr. 
 To Cash 
 
 1,0 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Oliver Otis & Co. 
 Bills Receivable, $1,000 00{ 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Cash,. 1,000 00 
 
 2,0 
 
 83 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY 19, 1829. 
 
 3 Cash Dr, 
 
 7 To Hardware 
 
 21 
 
 5 Bills Receivable Dr. 
 
 11 To Paul Harris, 
 
 22 
 
 3 Cash Dr. 
 
 12 To James Truman, 
 
 12 Henry Austin Dr. 
 
 6 To Bills Payable, 
 
 24 
 
 7 Sundries Dr. To Hardware, 
 
 13 S. H. Lovell, 8250 00 
 
 3 Cash, 16000 
 
 7 Sundries Dr. To Hardware, 
 12 William Blakely, 82CO 00 
 
 11 Oliver Otis & Co 200 QO 
 
 28 
 
 5 Bills Receivable Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 3 To Cash,.... 82,000 00 
 
 10 " Interest, 121 00 
 
 6 Bills Payable Dr. 
 
 3 To Cash, 
 
 February 2. 
 
 6 Bills Payable Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 7 To Hardware, 8550 00 
 
 3 " Cash, 525 32 
 
 10 " Discount, 4 68 
 
 . a 
 
 10 Store Expenses Dr. 
 3 To Cash, 
 
 4 
 
 14 Shipment to New-Orleans Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 7 To Hardware, 81,722 22 
 
 3 " Cash, 10000 
 
 6 
 
 5 Bills Receivable Dr. 
 
 7 To Hardware, 
 
 7 Hardware Dr. 
 
 9 To Profit and Loss, 
 
 9 
 
 12 Sundries Dr. To William Blakely. 
 
 3 Cash, , 8100 00 
 
 9 Profit and Loss, . . 100 00 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 11, 1829. 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 6 
 8 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 7 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 9 
 3 
 
 Merchandise Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Charles Lawrence, $140 00 
 
 " Bills Receivable, 1,000 00 
 
 " Cash, 100 00 
 
 Merchandise Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Walter Howard, 84,888 89 
 
 " Bills Payable, 1,222 22 
 
 " Cash, 422 00 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Bills Receivable, .$251 37 
 
 Profit and Loss, 250 00 
 
 To Bills Receivable, 500 00 
 
 " Interest, 1 37 
 
 16 
 
 Walter Howard Dr. 
 To Bills Payable,.. 
 
 17 
 
 Bills Payable Dr. 
 
 To Merchandise, . . 
 
 20 
 
 Walter Howard Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Rice, $1,470 00 
 
 " William Evans, 1,260 00 
 
 " Cash, 160 15 
 
 " Commission, 84 14 
 
 21 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Rice, $1,530 00 
 
 Bills Receivable, 800 00 
 
 To Merchandise, $1,530 00 
 
 " Bills Payable, 800 00 
 
 23 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Merchandise, 
 
 Bills Receivable, $500 00 
 
 ^ash, 120 00 
 
 ames Truman, 1,000 00 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Merchandise. 
 
 Cash, $1,969 00 
 
 Discount, 31 00 
 
 25 
 
 Schooner Josephine Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Walter Howard, $2,222 22 
 
 " Profit and Loss, 177 78 
 
 Cash, 2,600 00 
 
 H 85 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY 26, 1829. 
 
 13 William Evans Dr. 
 
 12 To James Truman, 
 
 ^ t( ____________________ 
 
 2 Schooner Josephine Dr. 
 
 3 To Cash, 
 
 , 27 
 
 14 Shipment to Port-au-Prince Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 8 To Merchandise, $1,200 00 
 
 6 " Bills Payable, 2,190 00 
 
 11 " Charles Lawrence, 288 00 
 
 2 " Schooner Josephine, ' 230 00 
 
 28 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 14 Shipment to Port-au-Prince, 8201 56 
 
 2 Schooner Josephine, 26 00 
 
 6 To Bills Payable, 81 56 
 
 3 " Cash, 146 00 
 
 March 2. 
 
 8 Sundries Dr. To Merchandise. 
 11 Charles Lawrence, $288 00 
 
 11 Oliver Otis & Co 500 00 
 
 a 
 
 10 Store Expenses Dr. 
 
 3 To Cash, 
 
 3 
 
 16 De Nones' consignment Dr. 
 3 To Cash, 
 
 n 
 
 3 Cash Dr. 
 16 To De Nones' Consignment, 
 
 4 ; ; 
 
 16 Sundries Dr. to De Nones' Consignment. 
 
 11 Charles Lawrence, $175 00 
 
 3 Cash, 300 00 
 
 5 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 3 Cash, $2,670 00 
 
 5 Bills Receivable, 707 35 
 
 5 To Bills Receivable, 2,670 00 
 
 11 " Oliver Otis & Co 700 00 
 
 10 " Interest, 7 35 
 
 7 : 
 
 16 De Nones' Consignment Dr. to Sundries. 
 3 To Cash, . . $45 00 
 
 11 " Charles Lawrence, 10 00 
 
 80 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 9, 1826. 
 
 
 13 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 S. H. Lovcll, 
 
 &3Q5 00 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Cash, 
 
 250 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tfbf,r 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 To De Nones' Consignment, 
 
 $150 00 
 
 JPO'-IO 
 
 Ull 
 
 
 7 
 
 " Rice, 
 
 245 00 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 S. H. Lovell, 
 
 250 00 
 
 4.p> 
 
 i u i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 Bills Payable Dr. 
 To Cash, 
 
 
 4 444 
 
 -14 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 a 
 
 Sundries Dr. to De Nones' Consignment. 
 Cash, 
 
 $1,233 27 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 2 000 00 
 
 3 233 
 
 k >7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o / 
 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 Cash Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Bills Receivable, 
 
 $325 00 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 " Merchandise, 
 
 525 00 
 
 -.")( 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L'U 
 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 De Nones' Consignment Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 $215 71 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 " Store Expenses, 
 
 52 24 
 
 9fi7 
 
 On 
 
 
 
 <t 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 De Nones' Consignment Dr. 
 
 
 3 531 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 Ifi 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 14 
 
 Lockhart & Arrott Dr. 
 To Shipment to New-Orleans, 
 
 
 2 020 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 To Bills Receivable, 
 
 
 251 
 
 QT 
 
 
 
 1 R 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 To Paul Harris, 
 
 
 2 000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Cash. 
 
 . $2,000 00 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Paul Harris, 
 
 . . . 2,000 00 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 11 
 
 Company 1 Mdse. Dr. 
 To Paul Harris, 
 
 
 1,187 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 9? 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 Bills Payable, 
 
 . . .$2,100 00 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Cash 
 
 909 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3000 
 
 i o 
 
 
 16 
 
 To Company 1 Mdse 
 
 . . .$3,000 00 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 " Interest, 
 
 9 10 
 
 3,009 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 24, 1829. 
 
 
 1 
 
 9, 
 
 Christr. C. Marsh Dr. 
 To Cash 
 
 
 $300 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 Bills Receivable, 
 
 . . . $4,444 44 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Profit and Loss, 
 
 355 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4QAA 
 
 
 16 
 
 To Company 1 Mdse 
 
 . . .$2,400 00 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 " Cash, 
 
 . . . 2,400 00 
 
 4,800 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 13 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Company 1 Mdse. 
 William Evans, 
 
 $260 00 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 500 00 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Cash, 
 
 440 00 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 Sundries. Dr. To Company 1 Mdse. 
 
 $1,248 50 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Cash, 
 
 1 50 
 
 1 250 
 
 
 
 Qf) 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 Company 1 Mdse. Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Commission, 
 
 $196 25 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 " Store Expenses, 
 
 39 00 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 " Paul Harris, 
 
 3,807 37 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 " Profit and Loss, 
 
 619 88 
 
 4 662 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 April 1. 
 Store Expenses Dr. 
 To Cash, 
 
 
 
 462 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 17 
 
 Merchandise Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Lockhart & Arrott, 
 
 .. .$2,020 00 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Cash, 
 
 300 00 
 
 2,320 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 13 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Fisher's Coffee. 
 S. H. Lovell, 
 
 $] 350 00 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co. 
 
 810 00 
 
 2 160 
 
 
 
 7 _ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 To Interest, 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 Irvine Fisher Dr. 
 To Fisher's Coffee, 
 
 
 1 440 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 Joseph De Nones Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Cash, 
 
 $22 00 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 " Merchandise, 
 
 40 00 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 11, 1829. 
 
 
 5 
 17 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 16 
 4 
 
 11 
 17 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 4 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 16 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 
 4 
 17 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 18 
 6 
 5 
 
 4 
 9 
 10 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 Bills Receivable, $1 350 00 
 
 $2,700 
 2,700 
 
 3,500 
 810 
 
 543 
 316 
 
 4,680 
 
 2,082 
 2,082 
 
 3,333 
 128 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 33 
 31 
 
 Irvine Fisher, 1 350 00 
 
 
 To S. H. Lovell, $1 350 00 
 
 " Cash, 1 322 33 
 
 " Discount, 27 67 
 
 l 9 
 
 Shipment to Boston Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Merchandise, . . $2 660 00 
 
 " Fisher's Coffee, 720 00 
 
 " Cash, 120 00 
 
 11 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Oliver Otis & Co. 
 hvine Fisher, $810 00 
 
 Cash, 500 00 
 
 1 =) 
 
 Thos. Blanchard Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Fisher's Coffee, $43 20 
 
 Cash, 500 00 
 
 16 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 To Fisher's Coffee, 
 
 a 
 
 Fisher's Coffee Dr. To Sundries* 
 To Commission, $117 00 
 
 " Store Expenses 18 00 
 
 " Irvine Fisher, 4,545 00 
 
 IP 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 Cash 8637 50 
 
 Irvine Fisher, ' 1,445 00 
 
 
 To Rice, 1,8 ; 37 50 
 
 Cash 245 00 
 
 on 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Bills Payable, $2,033 33 
 
 " Bills Receivable, 1,300 00 
 
 01 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Cash. 
 Profit and Loss, $12 ( 
 
 
 H 2 39 12 
 
PHILADELPHIA, APRIL 23, 1829. 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 6 Bills Payable, $2,190 00 
 
 4 Cash, 2,622 71 
 
 5 To Bills Receivable, 4,444 44 
 
 9 " Profit and Loss, 365 72 
 
 10 " Interest, 2 55 
 
 24 
 
 10 Interest Dr. 
 
 4 To Cash, 
 
 27 
 
 4 Cash, Dr. $141 75 
 
 9 To Profit and Loss, 1,700 00 
 
 530 00 
 
 28 
 
 8 Merchandise Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 14 To Shipment to Port-au-Prince, $6,000 00 
 
 19 H. B. Walker, 2,650 00 
 
 2 " Schooner Josephine, 325 00 
 
 4 Cash, ' 7500 
 
 15 " Commission, 150 00 
 
 29 
 
 4 Cash Dr. 
 
 2 To Schooner Josephine, 
 
 30 
 
 10 Store Expenses Dr. 
 
 4 To Cash, 
 
 May 1. 
 
 20 Shipment from New-Orleans to Liverpool, Co. 3, Dr. 
 
 19 To Aispurua, Hornillos & Co 
 
 4 
 
 21 Panquoqua's Consignment Dr. to Sundries. 
 
 6 To Bills Payable, $28,800 00 
 
 4 Cash, 5,090 00 
 
 5 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 20 Shipment to New- York, $8,765 00 
 
 21 Panquoqua's Consignment, 250 00 
 
 21 To Panquoqua's Consignment, $8,640 00 
 
 4 " Cash, 225 00 
 
 2 Schooner Josephine, 150 00 
 
 6 
 
 21 Sundries Dr. to Panqucqua's Consignment. 
 
 5 Bills Receivable, $7,200 00 
 
 11 Paul Harris, 3,840 00 
 
 90 
 
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 8, 1829. 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 12 
 
 20 
 12 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 4 
 2 
 15 
 
 4 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 4 
 21 
 12 
 11 
 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 
 8 
 18 
 4 
 15 
 
 Sundries Dr. Panquoqua's Consignment. 
 Company 2 Mdse 
 
 $4 400 00 
 
 $5,760 
 
 5,891 
 5,891 
 
 3,355 
 3,469 
 
 12,000 
 4,100 
 4,601 
 12,000 
 
 5,557 
 
 8,200 
 8,200 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 55 
 32 
 
 00 
 00 
 62 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 Henry Austin... . 
 
 1 360 00 
 
 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 Shipment to London Company 2, 
 
 84 966 12 
 
 Henry Austin, 
 
 005 i Q 
 
 To Rice, 
 
 
 $1 531 5 
 
 " Merchandise, 
 
 2 160 00 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 . 2,200 00 
 
 
 
 Shipment to Charleston Co. 2, Dr. to Sundries. 
 To Company 2 Mdse 
 
 $3 333 33 
 
 " Cash, 
 
 22 22 
 
 
 
 Joseph De Nones' Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Cash, 
 
 .$3,417 28 
 
 " Discount, 
 
 52 04 
 
 16 
 
 
 Cash Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Panquoqua, , 
 
 $11,940 00 
 60 00 
 
 " Commission, 
 
 18 
 
 Cash, Dr. 
 To Shipment to Boston, 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Henry Austin Dr. 
 To Shipment to New- York, 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 Company 2 Mdse. Dr. 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 Cash Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 .$4,032 00 
 
 
 . 1,360 00 
 
 " Charles Lawrence, 
 
 165 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 .$2,733 33 
 
 
 . 2,733 33 
 
 
 . 2,733 34 
 
 
 
 . 4,000 00 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 . 3,850 00 
 
 " Cash . 
 
 . 150 00 
 
 
 200 00 
 
 91 
 
 
10 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, MAY 25, 1829. 
 
 12 
 5 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Henry Austin. 
 
 Bills Receivable, $4,601 62 
 
 Cash, 925 13 
 
 27 
 
 Bills Receivable Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Company 3 Wines, $1,417 50 
 
 " Bills Receivable, 707 35 
 
 " Interest, 37 01 
 
 30 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Cash. 
 
 Bills Payable, $91 56 
 
 Shipment to Hamburg Co. 3, 69 33 
 
 21 
 
 Company 3 Wines Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To Wm. & Jas. Brown, .$3,780 00 
 
 Bills Payable, , 6,000 00 
 
 " Company 3 Wines, 506 25 
 
 " Cash, 13 75 
 
 29 
 
 Cash, Dr. 
 
 To Bills Receivable, 
 
 31 
 
 Store Expenses 
 To Cash, . 
 
 Dr. 
 
 June 1 . 
 Sundries Dr. To Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2. 
 
 ?ash, $3,011 48 
 
 Discount, *........... 22 59 
 
 Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock Dr. 
 
 To Company 3 Wines, $4,445 00 
 
 " Cash, 855 00 
 
 4 
 
 Thos. Blanchard Dr. To Sundries, 
 
 To Walter Howard, $4,444 44 
 
 Cash, 17778 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Panquoqua, 
 
 ,$19,607 84 
 492 16 
 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment, $20,000 00 
 
 " Commission, 100 00 
 
 8 
 
 Cash 
 
 Dr. 
 
 21 ' To Shipment to Hamburg Co. 3 , 
 
 92 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 10, 1829. 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 21 
 15 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 19 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 12 
 
 Sundries Div To Sundries. 
 
 Walter Howard, , $6,666 67 
 
 Interest, 315 
 
 To Bills Receivable, $2,320 00 
 
 " Company 3 Wines, 3,600 00 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse , 749 Q2 
 
 12 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Cash, $10,392 16 
 
 Panquoqua, 208 62 
 
 To Company 3 Wines, $6,994 00 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 3,500 00 
 
 " Cash, . . . , 54 04 
 
 " Commission, 52 
 
 13 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 
 To Company 3 Wines, 
 
 15 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Walter Howard, . , $2,234 84 
 
 Paul Harris, 500 00 
 
 Cash, 1,518 28 
 
 To Company 3 Wines, $882 00 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment, 3,360 00 
 
 " Commission, 11 12 
 
 16 
 
 Cash, Dr. 
 
 To Schooner Josephine, 
 
 18 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 Aispurua, Hornillos & Co $11,044 37 
 
 Panquoqua's Consignment, , 245 00 
 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment, $6,720 00 
 
 " Company 3 Wines, 3,780 00 
 
 " Cash, 520 00 
 
 " Commission, 269 37 
 
 20 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 D anquoqua, $8,750 00 
 
 ash, 2,023 00 
 
 Discount, .,... - 13 50 
 
 To Shipment to New-York, $5,400 00 
 
 " Company 3 Wines, 2,782 00 
 
 " Henry Austin, 2,604 50 
 
 93 
 
12 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 20, 1829. 
 
 
 2 
 15 
 
 18 
 15 
 10 
 19 
 19 
 9 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 19 
 12 
 
 21 
 10 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 
 2 
 21 
 
 21 
 10 
 15 
 2 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 20 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 5 anquoqua Dr. 
 To Commissionj 
 
 
 $218 
 
 14,156 
 160 
 
 5,829 
 7,829 
 
 800 
 
 2,875 
 7,776 
 
 52,762 
 30,200 
 
 11,130 
 11,130 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 50 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 35 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 Company 3 Wines Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Commission, 
 
 ..$1,222 84 
 
 " Store Expenses, 
 
 15 00 
 
 " Aispurua, Hornillos & Co 
 
 . . . 5,566 30 
 
 " Wm. & Jas. Brown, 
 
 5 566 30 
 
 
 1 786 31 
 
 1 
 
 
 Cash, Dr. 
 To Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock, 
 05 
 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 H. B. Walker, 
 
 $2 650 00 
 
 
 5 179 50 
 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment, 
 
 
 . 87 819 35 
 
 
 10 15 
 
 07 
 
 
 Bills Payable Dr. 
 To Cash, 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 Bills Receivable Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Cash 
 
 $2 500 00 
 
 " Profit and Loss, 
 
 375 00 
 
 9 
 
 
 Panquoqua Dr. 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment, 
 
 
 si 
 
 
 Panquoqua's Consignment Dr. to Sundries. 
 To Store Expenses, 
 
 $40 20 
 
 
 . . . 4,162 97 
 
 
 . ..48,559 18 
 
 30 
 
 
 Panquoqua Dr. 
 Tr> Cash 
 
 
 
 
 July 1. 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 ...$6,620 00 
 
 
 . .. 4,510 00 
 
 
 
 ...$6,500 00 
 
 
 . . . 4,480 00 
 
 " Cash 
 
 . .. 150 00 
 
 94 
 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JULY 2, 1829. 
 
 13 
 
 6 Sundries Dr. To Bills Payable. 
 
 2 Panquoqua, $683 62 
 
 20 Shipment to New-York, 33 10 
 
 14 Shipment to Boston, 23 55 
 
 _____ __^ ___ __ _ ** __ __ _ ___ _____ _______ ________ 
 
 2 Panquoqua Dr. 
 
 15 To Commission, 
 
 3 
 
 13 Walter Howard Dr. 
 
 20 To Shipment from New-Orleans to Liverpool Com- 
 pany 3, 
 
 (i _ 
 
 10 Store Expenses Dr. 
 4 To Cash, 
 
 4 
 
 18 Company 2 Mdse. Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 15 To Commission, $365 00 
 
 10 " Store Expenses, 116 00 
 
 12 " Henry Austin, 4,706 27 
 
 9 " Profit and Loss, 812 55 
 
 a 
 
 10 Interest Dr. 
 1 To Thomas Blanchard, 
 
 u 
 
 13 Walter Howard Dr. 
 
 10 To Interest, 
 
 ___ _ ___ _____ _ ** _________________________ 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 1 To Store Fixtures, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 2 To Schooner Josephine, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 4 To Cash, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 5 To Bills Receivable, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 8 To Merchandise, '. 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 9 To Pennsylvania Life Insurance Stock, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 13 To S. H. Lovell, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 13 To Walter Howard, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 18 To Company 2 Mdse 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 14 To Shipment to Boston, 
 
 22 Balance Dr. 
 
 19 To Aiepurua, Hornillos & Co 
 
 95 
 
4 PHILADELPHIA, JULY 4, 1829. 
 
 
 22 
 20 
 22 
 20 
 2 
 22 
 6 
 22 
 11 
 22 
 12 
 22 
 19 
 22 
 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 21 
 22 
 
 9 
 2 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 
 9 
 1 
 1 
 
 22 
 1 
 1 
 
 Balance Dr. 
 To Shipment to New-York, 
 
 $6,653 
 4,966 
 11,975 
 38,795 
 654 
 2,131 
 6,612 
 
 1,835 
 
 15,260 
 19,385 
 57,849 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 78 
 82 
 87 
 21 
 97 
 
 05 
 
 17 
 
 77 
 62 
 
 Balance Dr. 
 To Shipment to London Company 2, 
 
 Panquoqua Dr. 
 To Balance, 
 
 Bills Payable _ Dr. 
 To Balance, 
 
 Paul Harris Dr. 
 
 Henry Austin Dr. 
 To Balance, 
 
 Wm. & Jas. Brown Dr. 
 
 
 
 Profit and Loss Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Discount and Interest, $52 68 
 
 " Store Expenses, . 1 891 56 
 
 " Shipment to Hamburg Co. 3, 69 33 
 
 " Charleston Co. 2, 321 48 
 
 u 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Profit and Loss. 
 Schooner Josephine, $1,224 00 
 
 Rice 353 75 
 
 Merchandise, 1,209 89 
 
 Penna. Life Insurance Stock, 160 00 
 
 Shipment to New-Orleans, 197 78 
 
 " " Port-au-Prince, 1,890 44 
 
 " " Boston, 600 00 
 
 
 Shipment from New-Orleans to Liverpool, Co. 3, 767 55 
 Shipment to New- York, 1,236 62 
 
 u 
 
 Profit and Loss Dr. To Sundries. 
 To Thomas Blanchard, .... $9,692 88 
 
 " C. C. Marsh, 9,692 89 
 
 (C 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Balance. 
 Thomas Blanchard, $31,751 73 
 
 C C. Marsh 26,097 89 
 
 
 ; 
 
 96 
 
L E G E R. 
 
 B. &M. 
 1829. 
 
 13 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. Austin, Henry 12 
 
 E. Evans, William ....,..., .13 
 
 B. Blanchard, Thomas 1 
 
 Bills Receivable 5 
 
 Bills Payable 6 
 
 Blakely, William 12 
 
 Brown, Wm. & Jas. Liverpool. . 19 
 Balance of July 4, 1829 22 
 
 F. 
 
 Fisher's Coffee. 
 Fisher, Irvine.. 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 C. Cash 3,2 
 
 Commission 15 
 
 Co. 1 Mdse 16 
 
 Co. 2 Mdse 18 
 
 Co. 3 Wines.. . 18 
 
 D. Discount and Interest 10 
 
 De Nones' Consignment 16 
 
 De Nones, Joseph, Cadiz 17 
 
 H. Hardware 
 
 Harris, Paul 
 
 Howard, Walter, London . 
 Hornillos & Co.., Aispurua, 
 Havana 
 
 7 
 11 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 99 
 
I.J. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 N. 
 
 K. 
 
 O. Oliver Otis & Co. .. .11 
 
 L. Lawrence, Charles 11 
 
 Lovell, S. H 13 
 
 Lockhart & Arrott, N. Orleans . 17 
 
 P. Profit and Loss 9 
 
 Panquoqua's Consignment 21 
 
 Panquoqua, Canton 2 
 
 Penna. Life Insurance Stock . 9 
 
 M. Marsh, C. C 1 
 
 Merchandise . 8 
 
 Q. 
 
 100 
 
R. Rice, 
 
 INDEX. 
 . 7 V. 
 
 S. 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Store Expenses , 
 
 Schooner Josephine 
 
 Shipment to Port-au-Prince . 
 Shipment to New-Orleans . , 
 Shipment to Boston 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 Continued at X. 
 
 W. Walker & Co. H. B. Port-au- 
 Prince .19 
 
 T. Truman James . . 12 
 
 U. 
 
 (X.) S. Continued. 
 
 Shipment from New-Orleans to 
 
 Liverpool, Co. 3 20 
 
 Shipment to New- York 20 
 
 Shipment to London, Co. 2 20 
 
 Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2 ... 22 
 Shipment to Hamburg, Co. 3 21 
 
 Y, Z. 
 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
DR. 
 
 THOMAS 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 April 
 June 
 July 
 
 5 
 15 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 To Bills Payable 
 
 1 
 7 
 10 
 14 
 
 $1,080 
 543 
 4,622 
 31,751 
 
 00 
 20 
 22 
 73 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 ii 
 
 To Balance 
 
 
 37,997 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 CHRISTR. C. 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 
 5 
 
 To Bills Payable 
 
 1 
 
 $1 230 
 
 00 
 
 March 
 
 4 
 
 " Cash 
 
 6 
 
 300 
 
 00 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 26 097 
 
 ^9 
 
 .uijr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,627 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 STORE 
 
 To Cash 
 
 102 
 
 8300 00 
 
BLANCHARD 
 
 CK. 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 July 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 u 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 1 
 13 
 14 
 
 $28,000 
 304 
 9,692 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 88 
 
 " Interest 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 
 37,997 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 MARSH 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 July 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 $17,935 
 9,692 
 
 00 
 
 89 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 i . . i i .. i ii 
 
 27,627 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 FIXTURES 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 By Balance 
 
 1 
 
 $300 
 
 00 
 
 '*"/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 103 
 
DR. 
 
 SCHOONER 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 July 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 28 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 14 
 
 85,000 
 155 
 26 
 1,224 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 Cash 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 
 wi^. 
 
 
 6,405 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 DR. PANQUOQUA. 
 
 1829. 
 June 
 a 
 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 <i 
 
 July 
 u 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 20 
 
 u 
 
 29 
 30 
 2 
 cc 
 
 4 
 cc 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 10 
 U 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 $492 
 208 
 8,750 
 218 
 7,776 
 30,200 
 683 
 194 
 
 16 
 
 62 
 00 
 75 
 00 
 00 
 62 
 25 
 
 <C CC 
 
 CC It 
 
 " Commission 
 
 " Panquoqua's -Consignment 
 
 Cash 
 
 " Bills Payable 
 
 " Commission 
 
 Amount 
 
 48,523 
 11,975 
 
 40 
 
 78 
 
 " Balance f 
 
 
 60,499 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 104 
 
JOSEPHINE 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 April 
 
 u 
 
 May 
 June 
 July 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 5 
 16 
 4 
 
 By Shipment to Port-au-Prince 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 13 
 
 8230 
 325 
 500 
 150 
 200 
 5,000 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 " Merchandise . 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 6,405 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 June 
 
 16 
 29 
 
 'By Cash 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment 
 
 105 
 
DR. 
 
 CASH 
 
 5 To Sundries 1 
 
 12 " Hardware 1 
 
 19 " Oliver Otis & Co 1 
 
 " Hardware 2 
 
 22 " James Truman 2 
 
 24 " Hardware 2 
 
 February 9 " William Blakely 2 
 
 23 " Merchandise 3 
 
 ; 3 
 
 3 " De Nones' Consignment 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 " Sundries 4 
 
 9 " " 5 
 
 10 " De Nones' Consignment 5 
 
 11 " Sundries 5 
 
 16 " Bills Receivable 5 
 
 18 " Paul Harris 5 
 
 23 " Sundries .., 5 
 
 27 " Company 1 6 
 
 28 " 6 
 
 30 Amount 
 
 7 To Interest 6 
 
 106 
 
CR. 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 u 
 ci 
 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 February 
 li 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 II 
 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 March 
 
 u 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 April 
 si 
 
 (C 
 
 7 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 28 
 30 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 4 
 11 
 13 
 20 
 25 
 26 
 28 
 2 
 3 
 7 
 9 
 20 
 24 
 26 
 
 1 
 2 
 10 
 
 By Store Fixtures 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 $300 
 800 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 1/J30 
 525 
 65 
 100 
 100 
 422 
 160 
 2,600 
 155 
 146 
 45 
 460 
 45 
 4,444 
 4,COO 
 300 
 2,400 
 
 (K) 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 3-J 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 15 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 14 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Hardware 
 
 " Rice 
 
 " James Truman 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Bills Payable 
 
 It 11 11 
 
 " Store Expenses 
 
 " Shipment to New-Orleans 
 
 " Merchandise 
 
 it U 
 
 " Walter Howard 
 
 " Schooner Josephine 
 
 a u it 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Store Expenses 
 
 " De Nones' Consignment 
 
 tl It U 
 
 " Bills Payable 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Christr. C. Marsh 
 
 
 
 23,297 
 462 
 300 
 28,046 
 
 91 
 00 
 00 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 52,106 
 
 J4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
DH, 
 
 CASH 
 
 1829. 
 
 kpril 
 u 
 a 
 (i 
 it 
 
 (C 
 
 <( 
 
 Kay 
 
 I* 
 M 
 (t 
 If 
 
 r une 
 it 
 u 
 <( 
 
 u 
 (i 
 
 
 
 uly 
 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 23 
 27 
 29 
 16 
 18 
 22 
 25 
 30 
 1 
 5 
 8 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 
 $28,046 
 500 
 316 
 637 
 2,622 
 2,371 
 500 
 12,000 
 4,100 
 5,557 
 925 
 500 
 3,011 
 19,607 
 2,733 
 10,392 
 50 
 1,518 
 200 
 2,023 
 160 
 
 33 
 00 
 80 
 50 
 71 
 75 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 13 
 00 
 48 
 84 
 34 
 16 
 00 
 28 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 To Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 " Fisher's Coffee 
 
 " Sundries i 
 
 u 
 
 " Profit and Loss. 
 
 " Schooner Josephine 
 
 
 " Shipment to Boston, 
 
 " Sundries. 
 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 
 " Sundries ' 
 
 " Company 3 Wines 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Schooner Josephine 
 
 
 " Penna. Life Insurance Stock 
 
 Amount 
 
 97,773 
 
 32 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 97,773 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
CR, 
 
 1829. 
 
 April 
 
 tt 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 May 
 
 u 
 II 
 
 (C 
 
 tt 
 It 
 tl 
 tt 
 
 June 
 
 M 
 
 (C 
 
 (C 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 July 
 u 
 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 
 18 
 21 
 24 
 28 
 29 
 4 
 5 
 12 
 14 
 23 
 27 
 31 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 4 
 12 
 
 18 
 27 
 
 " 
 
 30 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 By Joseph De Nones 
 
 6 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 $22 
 1,322 
 120 
 500 
 245 
 128 
 8 
 75 
 200 
 5,090 
 225 
 22 
 3,417 
 150 
 13 
 150 
 400 
 855 
 177 
 54 
 520 
 800 
 2,500 
 30,200 
 150 
 500 
 
 00 
 33 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 31 
 40 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 22 
 28 
 00 
 75 
 89 
 00 
 00 
 78 
 04 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Shipment to Boston 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 a it 
 
 " Interest 
 
 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment 
 
 
 " Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2 
 
 " Joseph De Nones 
 
 
 " Company 3 Wines 
 
 
 
 " Penna. Life Insurance Stock 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard 
 
 tt tt it 
 
 it it it 
 
 " Bills Payable 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 
 
 
 
 47,847 
 49,926 
 
 00 
 32 
 
 
 
 49,926 
 
 32 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 109 
 
DR. 
 
 BILLS 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 u 
 
 u 
 u 
 II 
 
 February 
 (< 
 
 u 
 (I 
 
 March 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 June 
 July 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 19 
 21 
 28 
 6 
 13 
 21 
 23 
 5 
 26 
 27 
 
 30 
 11 
 6 
 25 
 29 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 $4,670 
 500 
 1,000 
 325 
 2,121 
 320 
 251 
 800 
 500 
 707 
 4,444 
 500 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 37 
 00 
 00 
 35 
 44 
 00 
 
 
 ' " Oliver Otis <fe Co 
 
 " Paul Harris 
 
 " Sundries . 
 
 " Hardware 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 a a 
 
 " Merchandise 
 
 
 u u 
 
 " Company 1 , 
 
 Amount 
 
 16,139 
 1,350 
 7,200 
 4,601 
 2,161 
 2,875 
 
 16 
 00 
 
 00 
 62 
 86 
 00 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 *' Panquoqua's Consignment 
 
 
 f< Sundries 
 
 u a 
 
 
 34,327 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RECEIVABLE 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 5 
 11 
 16 
 20 
 23 
 29 
 30 
 10 
 
 By Merchandise. 
 " Sundries . . 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 Amount 
 By Balance 
 
 111 
 
6 DR. BILLS 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 a 
 
 March 
 (t 
 
 u 
 
 April 
 May 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 M 
 
 30 
 2 
 17 
 9 
 23 
 
 30 
 23 
 31 
 27 
 
 4 
 ( 
 
 To Cash 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 5 
 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 $1,230 
 1,080 
 1,500 
 4,444 
 2,100 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 " Cash w . . . 
 
 
 
 10,354 
 2,190 
 
 81 
 800 
 
 44 
 00 
 56 
 00 
 
 
 " Cash . 
 
 it a 
 
 
 13,426 
 38,795 
 
 00 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 52,221 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 ' 
 
PAYABLE 
 
 CH. 
 
 N 
 
 February 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 $2 310 
 
 00 
 
 16 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 100 
 
 00 
 
 22 
 
 " Henry Austin 
 
 2 
 
 1 500 
 
 00 
 
 13 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 222 
 
 99 
 
 16 
 
 " Walter Howard . 
 
 3 
 
 i,xixi,xi 
 
 4 444 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 
 3 
 
 800 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 " Shipment to Port-au-Prince 
 
 4 
 
 2 190 
 
 00 
 
 28 
 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 14 648 
 
 99 
 
 2Q 
 
 By Company 2 Mdse 
 
 7 
 
 2 033 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 28 800 
 
 00 
 
 97 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 740 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 221 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 15 
 
HARDWARE 
 
 To Sundries. 
 
 Henry Austin 
 Cash 
 
 Bills Payable, 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 DR. 
 
 RICE 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 July 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 u 
 
 " Profit and Loss. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 53,200 
 
 1,530 
 
 353 
 
 5,083 
 
 75 
 
 114 
 
CH, 
 
 - 1829. 
 January 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 (( 
 ( 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 (C 
 
 February 
 a 
 n 
 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 19 
 24 
 26 
 2 
 4 
 6 
 
 By Paul Harris, .... . ,....,.. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 $325 
 500 
 125 
 2,000 
 1,200 
 250 
 410 
 400 
 550 
 1,722 
 320 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 22 
 00 
 
 22 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Cash . 
 
 " Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 Rice 
 
 " Cash 
 
 
 a a 
 
 " Bills Payable ". 
 
 
 
 
 7,802 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CB. 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 March 
 April 
 May 
 
 20 
 9 
 18 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 ($1,470 
 245 
 1,837 
 1,531 
 
 00 
 00 
 50 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,083 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
DR. 
 
 MERCHANDISE 
 
 " De Nones' Consignment 
 Company 1 Mdse 
 Sundries 
 
CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 <( 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 N 
 
 March 
 t( 
 
 ft 
 
 April 
 
 a 
 
 May 
 
 M 
 
 July 
 
 M 
 
 (4 
 
 17 
 21 
 23 
 
 t( 
 
 27 
 2 
 11 
 
 30 
 10 
 13 
 11 
 23 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 By Bills Payable, 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 $1,500 
 1,530 
 1,620 
 2,000 
 1,200 
 788 
 525 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 tl U 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 " Cash . , , , 
 
 
 9,103 
 40 
 2,660 
 2,160 
 4,000 
 4,480 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 it n .... 
 
 
 
 
 22,503 
 
 1,248 
 
 00 
 50 
 
 
 
 23,751 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
DR. 
 
 PROFIT AND 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 26 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 To William Blakely 
 
 " Sundries 
 a n 
 
 " Cash. . . 
 " Sundries 
 " Sundries 
 
 $100 
 250 
 
 35556 
 
 120 
 1,835 
 19,38577 
 
 22,046 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 38 
 
 DR. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3 To Sundries 
 
 4 " Profit and Loss., 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 85,300 
 160 
 
 5,460 
 
 118 
 
LOSS 
 
 CK. 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 
 M 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 u 
 
 June 
 
 M 
 
 July 
 
 M 
 
 ({ 
 
 6 
 25 
 30 
 23 
 27 
 22 
 27 
 4 
 
 
 
 By Hardware 
 
 2 
 3 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 $277 
 177 
 619 
 365 
 2,371 
 1,786 
 375 
 812 
 
 22 
 78 
 88 
 72 
 75 
 31 
 00 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Company 3 Wines 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 
 6,786 
 15,260 
 
 21 
 17 
 
 
 
 22,046 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE STOCK CR. 
 
 1829. 
 June 
 July 
 
 24 
 4 
 
 By Cash 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 $160 
 5,300 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 5,460 
 
 00 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 119 
 
10 
 
 DR. 
 
 DISCOUNT 
 
 23 
 21 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 To Merchandise 
 
 " Cash .., 
 
 u cc 
 
 " Shipment to Charleston, Co 
 " Sundries 
 
 u it 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard . 
 
 3 
 7 
 8 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 C( 
 
 13 
 
 DR. 
 
 STORE 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 2 
 
 To Cash 
 
 2 
 
 $65 
 
 00 
 
 March 
 
 2 
 
 (( U 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
 Aoril 
 
 1 
 
 (( CC 
 
 6 
 
 462 
 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 30 
 
 cc cc 
 
 8 
 
 200 
 
 00 
 
 May 
 
 31 
 
 cc cc 
 
 10 
 
 400 
 
 00 
 
 July 
 
 3 
 
 cc cc 
 
 13 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,672 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
AND INTEREST 
 
 CK. 
 
 10 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 February 
 
 (C 
 
 March 
 
 (C 
 
 April 
 
 28 By Bills Receivable 2 
 
 4 " " Payable 2 
 
 13 " Sundries 3 
 
 5 " " 4 
 
 23 " " 5 
 
 7 " Cash 6 
 
 11 Sundries 7 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 " Joseph De Nones 9 
 
 29 " Bills Receivable 10 
 
 25 " Sundries 12 
 
 4 " Walter Howard 13 
 
 " " Profit and Loss 14 
 
 EXPENSES CR 
 
 14 By De Nones' Consignment 5 
 
 30 " Company 1 6 
 
 16 " Fisher's Coffee 7 
 
 22 " Company 3 Wines 12 
 
 29 " Panquoqua's Consignment 12 
 
 4 " Company 2 Mdse 13 
 
 " " Profit and Loss 
 
 121 
 
11 
 
 DR. 
 
 CHARLES 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 March 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 . 4 
 
 $140 
 
 288 
 175 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Merchandise 
 
 " De Nones' Consignment 
 
 
 603 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 PAUL 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 March 
 May 
 June 
 July 
 
 8 
 20 
 6 
 15 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 
 $325 
 2,000 
 3,840 
 500 
 654 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 87 
 
 87 
 
 Cash 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment 
 
 " Sundries < 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 7,319 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 OLIVER 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 
 u 
 
 March 
 April 
 
 13 
 26 
 2 
 10 
 
 To Hardware 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 6 
 
 82,000 
 200 
 500 
 810 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 t( (( 
 
 u 
 
 " Fisher's Coffee 
 
 
 3,510 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
LAWRENCE CR. li 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 March 
 May 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 7 
 22 
 
 By Merchandise 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 9 
 
 $140 
 288 
 10 
 165 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Shipment to Port-au-Prince 
 
 " De Nones' Consignment 
 
 " Cash 
 
 
 603 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 HARRIS CR. 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 
 March 
 a 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 21 
 30 
 
 By Bills Receivable 
 
 2 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 
 $325 
 2,000 
 1,187 
 3,807 
 
 00 
 00 
 50 
 37 
 
 " Cash \ 
 
 " Company 1 Merchandise 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 7,319 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OTIS & CO. CR. 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 March 
 April 
 
 19 
 5 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 $2,000 
 700 
 810 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 (C (( 
 
 
 3,510 
 
 00 
 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 1 
 
12 
 
 DR. 
 
 HENRY 
 
 1829. 
 tanuary 
 Vfay 
 ti 
 
 it 
 
 fane 
 Fuly 
 
 22 
 8 
 11 
 19 
 25 
 4 
 
 To Bills Payable 
 
 2 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 12 
 14 
 
 $1,500 
 1,360 
 925 
 4,601 
 5,179 
 2,131 
 
 00 
 00 
 13 
 62 
 50 
 27 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Shipment to New-York 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 Balance 
 
 
 15,697 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR 
 
 JAMES 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 
 17 
 
 To Cash 
 
 1 
 
 $1,000 
 
 00 
 
 February 
 
 93 
 
 " Merchandise 
 
 3 
 
 1,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 WILLIAM 
 
 26 
 
 To Hardware, 
 
 124 
 
 00 
 
AUSTIN 
 
 CR, 
 
 12 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 14 By Hardware 1 $1,500 00 
 
 May 22 "Cash 9 1,36000 
 
 " 25 "Sundries 10 5,52675 
 
 June 20 " " 11 2,604 50 
 
 July 4 " Company 2 Mdse 13 4,70627 
 
 15,69752 
 
 TRUMAN CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 22 By Cash 2 $1,000 00 
 
 February 26 " William Evans 4 1,000 00 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 BLAKELY 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 L2 
 
 125 
 
 $20000 
 
13 DR. S. H. 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 March 
 April 
 
 24 
 9 
 6 
 
 To Hardware 
 
 2 
 5 
 6 
 
 $250 
 395 
 1,350 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 " Fisher's Coffee ...'.. v ... 
 
 
 2,995 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 DR. WALTER 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 
 n 
 
 June 
 it 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 16 
 20 
 10 
 15 
 3 
 4 
 
 To Bills Payable 
 
 3 
 3 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 13 
 
 $4,444 
 2,974 
 6,666 
 2,234 
 5,067 
 44 
 
 44 
 29 
 
 67 
 84 
 55 
 62 
 
 41 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 a c 
 
 (t u 
 
 " Shipment fm. N. Orleans to Liverpool, Co. 3 
 Interest 
 
 
 21,432 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. WILLIAM 
 
 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 March 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 To James Truman ^. 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 $1,000 
 260 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Company 1 .. .... 
 
 
 1,260 
 
 00 
 
 
 126 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
LOVELL 
 
 CR. 
 
 13 
 
 1829. 
 March 
 April 
 July 
 
 9 
 11 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 13 
 
 8250 
 1,350 
 395 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 U it 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 2,995 
 
 00 
 
 HOWARD CR. 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 13 
 25 
 3 
 4 
 
 By Merchandise 
 
 3 
 3 
 10 
 13 
 
 $4,888 
 2,222 
 4,444 
 9,876 
 
 89 
 22 
 44 
 
 86 
 
 41 
 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 21,432 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EVANS CR. 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 20 
 
 By Walter Howard 
 
 3 
 
 81,260 
 
 . 
 
 00 
 
 
 1,260 
 
 
 
 
 
 127 
 
14 
 
 DR. 
 
 SHIPMENT TO 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 July 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 2 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 $1,822 
 197 
 
 22 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 2,020 
 
 00 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 SHIPMENT TO 
 
 1829. 
 February 
 
 9,7 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 4 
 
 $3,908 
 
 00 
 
 ( 
 
 ?R 
 
 <t 
 
 4 
 
 201 
 
 50 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 14 
 
 1,890 
 
 44 
 
 r "V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 SHIPMENT 
 
 1829. 
 April 
 July 
 
 13 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 7 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 $3,500 
 4,510 
 23 
 600 
 
 00 
 00 
 55 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 <( u 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 
 8,633 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 128 
 
NEW-ORLEANS 
 
 CK. 
 
 14 
 
 1829. 
 March 
 
 16 
 
 By LocKnart & Arrott 
 
 5 
 
 $2,020 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 2,020 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PORT-AU-PRINCE 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 April 
 
 28 
 
 By Merchandise 
 
 $6,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 TO BOSTON 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 July 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 By Cash . . , 
 " Balance 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 4,10000 
 4,53355 
 
 8,6C355 
 
 129 
 
 17 
 
COMMISSION 
 
 130 
 
CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 u 
 
 April 
 
 M 
 
 May 
 
 M 
 
 June 
 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 
 July 
 
 cc 
 
 (C 
 
 20 
 14 
 30 
 16 
 28 
 16 
 23 
 5 
 12 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 29 
 2 
 4 
 <( 
 
 By Walter Howard 
 
 3 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 
 $84 
 215 
 196 
 117 
 150 
 60 
 200 
 100 
 52 
 11 
 269 
 218 
 1,222 
 4,162 
 194 
 365 
 
 14 
 71 
 25 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 74 
 12 
 
 :n 
 
 7f> 
 
 84 
 97 
 25 
 00 
 
 " De Nones' Consignment 
 
 
 " Fisher's CoFee 
 
 
 Cash 
 
 
 n ti 
 
 u n 
 
 cc 
 
 cc cc 
 
 
 " Company 3 Wines 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,620 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
16 
 
 DR. 
 
 DE NONES' 
 
 1829. 
 
 March 
 a 
 
 n 
 u 
 
 3 
 7 
 14 
 14 
 
 To Cash 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 
 8460 
 55 
 267 
 3,531 
 
 00 
 00 
 95 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 
 a a 
 
 " Joseph De Nones 
 
 
 4,314 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DK. 
 
 COMPANY 1 
 
 1829. 
 larch 
 
 90 
 
 To Cash 
 
 5 
 
 $2,000 
 
 00 
 
 tt 
 
 21 
 
 " Paul Harris, 
 
 5 
 
 1,187 
 
 50 
 
 cc 
 
 30 
 
 
 6 
 
 4,662 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,850 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FISHER'S 
 
 132 
 
CONSIGNMENT 
 
 CR. 
 
 16 
 
 1829. 
 
 March 
 (( 
 
 u 
 (4 
 
 3 
 4 
 9 
 10 
 
 By Cash 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 
 $450 
 475 
 150 
 3,233 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 27 
 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 
 4,314 
 
 ,7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MDSE. CR. 
 
 1829. 
 March 
 
 (C 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 G 
 
 $3,OOC 
 2,400 
 1,200 
 1,250 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 a a 
 
 n u 
 
 u 
 
 
 7,850 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 COFFEE CR. 
 
 1829. 
 April 
 
 M 
 
 U 
 
 {( 
 
 
 6 
 8 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 $2,160 
 1,440 
 720 
 34 
 316 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 " Irvine Fisher 
 
 " Shipment to Boston, 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard 
 
 " Cash 
 
 
 4,680 
 
 00 
 
 
 M i as 
 
 
 
 
17 
 
 DR. 
 
 JOSEPH 
 
 1829. 
 April 
 May 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 $62 
 3,469 
 
 00 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 u 
 
 
 3,531 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 LOCKHART 
 
 1829. 
 Mai-ch 
 
 16 
 
 To Shipment to New-Orleans 
 
 5 
 
 $2,020 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. 
 
 IRVINE 
 
 1829. 
 
 April 
 t( 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 To Fisher's Coffee 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 81,440 
 1,350 
 310 
 1,445 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 " Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 
 
 4,545 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 
DE NONES 
 
 CR. 
 
 17 
 
 1829. 
 
 March 
 
 14 
 
 By De Nones' Consignment 
 
 5 
 
 $3,531 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & ARROTT 
 
 CB. 
 
 1829. 
 A.pril 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 $2,020 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FISHER 
 
 $4,54500 
 
18 
 
 DR. 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 20 
 8 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 To Sundries , 
 
 " Panquoqua's Consignment , 
 
 cc , " 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 83,33333 
 4,400 00 
 
 12,000 
 5,999 
 
 25,73315 
 
 COMPANY 3 
 
MDSE. 
 
 CR, 
 
 18 
 
 1829. 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 June 
 
 M 
 
 July 
 <( 
 
 11 
 12 
 23 
 10 
 12 
 1 
 4 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 9 
 
 1) 
 
 g 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 82,200 
 3,333 
 3,850 
 749 
 3,500 
 6,500 
 5,600 
 
 00 
 33 
 00 
 
 82 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 (C (C 
 
 a u 
 
 U (C 
 
 " Balance 
 
 
 25,733 
 
 ir> 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 WINES 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 May 
 
 
 June 
 
 
 M 
 
 it 
 
 M 
 II 
 
 27 
 29 
 3 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 
 By Company'3 Wines , 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 $506 
 1,417 
 . 4,445 
 3,600 
 6,994 
 5 
 882 
 - 3,780 
 2,782 
 
 L>3 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Bills Receivable 
 
 " Penna. Life Insurance Stock 
 
 it U U 11 It 
 
 tt 11 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Sundries . 
 
 u u 
 
 n tt 
 
 
 24,456 
 
 7f> 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 18 
 
19 
 
 DR. 
 
 H. B. 
 
 
 1829. 
 June 
 
 25 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 12 
 
 $2,650 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. AISPURUA, 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 June 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 $2,733 
 11,044 
 
 33 
 37 
 
 U tl 
 
 
 13,777 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 DR. WILLIAM & JAS. 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 July 
 
 23 
 4 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 $2,733 
 6,612 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 11 Balance -. 
 
 
 9,346 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 , 
 
 'v 
 
WALKER & CO. 
 
 CR. 
 
 19 
 
 1829. 
 April 
 
 28 
 
 By Merchandise 
 
 8 
 
 $2,650 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HORNILLOS <fo CO. 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 1 
 
 By Shipment fm. N. Orleans to Liverpool, Co. 3 
 
 8 
 
 $4,300 
 
 00 
 
 June 
 
 9,9, 
 
 11 Company 3 Wines 
 
 12 
 
 5,566 
 
 30 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 " Balance 
 
 13 
 
 3,911 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 13,777 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BROWN 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 June 
 
 27 
 22 
 
 By Company 3 Wines 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 $3,780 
 5,566 
 
 00 
 30 
 
 (( U 
 
 
 9,346 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 139 
 
\ 
 
 
 20 DR. SHIPMENT FROM N. ORLEANS 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 1 
 
 To Aispurua, Hornillos & Co 
 
 8 
 
 $4,300 
 
 on 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 14 
 
 767 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,067 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. SHIPMENT TO 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 5 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 8 
 
 $8,765 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 1 
 
 <( a 
 
 12 
 
 6 620 
 
 00 
 
 it 
 
 2 
 
 11 Bills Payable 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 14 
 
 ] 236 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,654 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DR. SHIPMENT TO 
 
 X 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 11 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 9 
 
 $4,966 
 
 19, 
 
 T *"v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
TO LIVERPOOL, CO. 3 
 
 CE. 
 
 20 
 
 1829: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 20 
 
 By Walter Howard 
 
 13 
 
 $5,067 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,067 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NEW YORK CB. 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 19 
 
 
 9 
 
 $4 601 
 
 62 
 
 June 
 
 20 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 11 
 
 5,400 
 
 00 
 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 " Balance 
 
 13 
 
 6 653 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,654 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LONDON, CO. 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 By Balance 
 
 13 
 
 84,966 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 141 
 
PANQUOQUA'S 
 
 DR. 
 
 SHIPMENT TO 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 
 93 
 
 To Sundries 
 
 9 
 
 $2 733 
 
 31 
 
 u 
 
 31 
 
 " Cash e . . 
 
 10 
 
 fiQ 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,802 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 142 
 
CONSIGNMENT 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 May 
 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 H 
 
 June 
 
 M 
 
 ll 
 U 
 
 (( 
 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 20 
 21 
 5 
 15 
 18 
 25 
 29 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 s 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 
 $8,640 
 11,040 
 5,760 
 13,000 
 4,032 
 20,000 
 3,360 
 6,720 
 7,819 
 7,776 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 35 
 00 
 
 u u 
 
 U it 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 " Cash 
 
 ** Sundries 
 
 (C (( 
 
 (( <C 
 
 (( 
 
 " Panquoqua 
 
 
 87,147 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HAMBURG, Co. 3 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 une 
 Fuly 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 By Cash' > 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 $2,733 
 69 
 
 34 
 33 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 
 2,802 
 
 67 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 143 
 
22 
 
 DR. 
 
 SHIPMENT TO 
 
 1829. 
 May 
 
 12 
 
 To Sundries . . . ... . 
 
 9 
 
 $3,355 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 DH. BALANCE 
 
 1829. 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 (C 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 4 
 u 
 
 M 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 M 
 M 
 
 (C 
 
 To Store Fixtures 
 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 
 $300 
 5,000 
 49,926 
 20,309 
 1,248 
 5,300 
 395 
 9,876 
 5,600 
 4,533 
 3,911 
 6,653 
 4,966 
 
 00 
 00 
 32 
 48 
 50 
 00 
 00 
 86 
 00 
 55 
 40 
 10 
 12 
 
 
 " Cash 
 
 " Bills Receivable , 
 
 
 " Penna. Life Insurance Stock 
 
 " S. H. Lovell ~. 
 
 " Walter Howard 
 
 " Company 2 Mdse 
 
 
 " Aispurua, Hornillos & Co 
 
 " Shipment to New- York 
 
 London, Co. 2 
 
 
 118,020 
 
 33 
 
 144 
 
CHARLESTON, CO. 
 
 CR. 
 
 22 
 
 1829. 
 June 
 July 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 By Sundries 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 $3,034 
 321 
 
 07 
 14 
 
 " Profit and Loss 
 
 
 3,355 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JULY 4ra, 1829 
 
 CR. 
 
 4 By Panquoqua 
 
 " ! " Bills Payable, 
 
 " Paul Harris, 
 
 " Henry Austin 
 
 " Wm. & James Brown 
 
 " Sundries 
 
 145 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 
 $11,97578 
 
 38,795 
 
 654 
 
 2,131 
 
 6,612 
 
 57,849 62 
 
 118,020 
 
 33 
 
 
CASH-BOOK 
 
 B.&M. 
 1829. 
 
DR. 
 
 CASH 
 
 1829. 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 (4 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 u 
 
 22 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 (C 
 
 To Blanchard & Marsh, deposited in Bank of North 
 
 America 
 
 " " " " in U. S. Bank. . . 
 
 " Hardware, rec'd of S. H. Lovell 
 
 " Oliver Otis & Co. rec'd on acct 
 
 " Hardware, rec'd of sundry persons 
 
 " James Truman, rec'd on acct 
 
 " Hardware, received of sundry persons 
 
 To amount in Banks, &c 
 
 " William Blakely, rec'd of him in full 
 
 " Merchandise, rec'd of James Truman 
 
 " " on T. & A. Vmton's 
 
 discounted, 
 
 Note 
 
 $26,000 
 12,000 
 
 00 
 00 
 12500 
 1,00000 
 25000 
 1,00000 
 16000 
 
 40,435 00 
 
 833,040 00 
 10000 
 12000 
 
 1,969 
 
 35,229 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 148 
 
JANUARY FEBRUARY 
 
 CR. 
 
 1829. 
 
 January 
 n 
 
 
 <( 
 u 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 44 
 II 
 
 February 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 (4 
 (I 
 U 
 
 (1 
 (4 
 
 (( 
 (4 
 
 (i 
 
 C 
 
 (( 
 
 7 
 15 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 30 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 By Store Fixtures, paid W. Wharton's bill 
 
 $300 
 800 
 2,000 
 35 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 
 1,230 
 30 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 " Hardware, paid Rogers & Brothers' bill 
 
 " Rice, paid Christr. Barnard's bill 
 
 " Store Expenses paid Hyde for Stationary 
 
 ** James Truman, lent to him 
 
 u Bills Receivable paid to James Truman . . . 
 
 " Bills Payable, paid to Philadelphia Bank for our 
 Note to Cope & Sons . . 
 
 '* Store Expenses paid Jas. Stephens, clerk 
 
 
 7,395 
 33,040 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 40,435 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 ." 
 (i 
 
 11 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 M 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 n 
 31 
 
 By Bills Payable paid H Austin for our Note 
 
 $525 
 15 
 20 
 25 
 
 54 
 100 
 422 
 85 
 75 
 2,600 
 155 
 30 
 
 120 
 26 
 
 32 
 00 
 33 
 60 
 
 07 
 00 
 00 
 15 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 u Store Expenses paid B. West for Si^n, &c 
 
 
 11 " " " Packinf Boxes 
 
 " " " " paid Phoenix Insurance 
 Co for 3 per cent, and Policy. . .... 
 
 " Merchandise paid to Haven & Smith 
 
 " " paid Freight pr. ship Hamilton .... 
 " Walter Howard, paid P. Insurance Co 
 
 
 
 n paid Forten's bill 
 
 " Store Expenses paid West for Painting 
 
 " Shipment to Port-au-Prince, paid Shipping Ex- 
 
 
 
 4,253 
 30,975 
 
 47 
 53 
 
 
 35,229 
 
 00 
 
 
 N2 149 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
INVOICE-BOOK 
 
 B. &M. 
 1829. 
 
Inventory of Hardware advanced by C. C. Marsh into the concern of Blanchard 
 
 Marsh. 
 
 
 
 20 doz. Snyder's Shovels, 
 
 .$7 50 
 
 $150 00 
 150 00 
 162 50 
 480 00 
 260 00 
 600 00 
 125 00 
 125 00 
 20 00 
 95 00 
 60 00 
 60 00 
 62 50 
 250 00 
 120 00 
 400 00 
 5 00 
 
 83,125 
 
 20 " Spades, 
 
 . 7 50 
 
 50 boxes Derby Scythe Stones, 
 
 . 3 25 
 
 40 doz. Wilson's Grass Scythes, 
 
 .12 00 
 
 20 " " Corn " 
 
 .13 00 
 
 60 Porter's Patent Balances, 
 
 .10 00 
 
 200 doz. common Curry-Combs, 
 
 62| 
 
 25 gro. Allison's Tutania Table Spoons 
 10 " Allison's Tutania Tea Spoons,. 
 20 Roland's 6 feet Mill Saws, 
 
 , 5 00 
 . 2 00 
 . 4 75 
 
 20 " 6i " Cross-Cut Saws, . . . 
 30 doz. Duff's Razor Straps, 
 
 . 3 00 
 . 2 00 
 
 100 pr. Lewis's Waffle Irons, 
 
 62 
 
 50 doz. Patent Coffee Mills, 
 
 . 5 00 
 
 2000 qrs. Can's Steel Augers, 
 
 6 
 
 20 doz. Collins's Kentucky Axes, 
 
 .20 00 
 
 
 
 Philada. January 1st, 1829. 
 (Signed) 
 
 
 C. C. MARSH. 
 
 Philada. January 
 Messrs. Blanchard & Marsh, 
 Bought of He 
 
 at thirty days' credit, 
 1 crate common Curry-Combs, 100 doz. 62 1 
 1 " Patent Curry-Combs, 100 doz. 87 
 20 doz. Goodyear's Patent Pitch Forks, 5 50 
 10 " Goodyear's Manure Pitch Forks, 9 50 
 5 " Crott's long Shovels, 7 50 
 
 15', 1829. 
 
 nry Austin, 
 
 862 50 
 87 50 
 110 00 
 95 CO 
 37 50 
 210 00 
 60 00 
 
 670 50 
 
 
 
 .14 00 
 
 6 " real Steyre Scythes, 
 
 .10 00 
 
 Carried 
 
 forward 
 
 152 
 
Amount brought forward, 
 
 6 doz. common German Scythes, 5 00 
 
 40 " Jack Saws, 2 75 
 
 20 boxes Lewis's Iron Mills, 1 doz. ea 6 00 
 
 1 cask, 50 pair Waffle Irons, 7 50 
 
 1 " Cutlery, 
 
 $670 50 
 
 30 00 
 
 110 00 
 
 120 00 
 
 37 50 
 
 500 00 
 
 Philada. January 15, 1829. 
 Messrs. Blanchard & Marsh, 
 
 Bought of Rogers & Brothers, 
 
 10 boxes Whitmore's Cotton Cards, 4 
 
 doz. ea 85 50 $220 00 
 
 5 boxes Whitmore's Wool Cards, 4 doz. ea. 4 00 80 00 
 20 boxes best Ink, 2 00 40 00 
 
 6 cwt. American Blister Steel, 6 50 39 00 
 
 250 Ibs. Halback's German '< 15 00 37 50 
 
 100" Hasenclever's " 1400 1400 
 
 3 Mousehole Anvils, ea. 100, 200, and 
 
 300 lbs. = 600 Ibs 12$ 75 00 
 
 3 Birmingham Anvils, ea. 100, 150, 250, 
 
 =500 Ibs 7 35 00 
 
 20 gross gilt Vest Buttons, 75 15 00 
 
 40 " " Coat " 1 50 60 00 
 
 10 " Steel " " 4 50 45 00 
 
 10 " " Vest " 2 00 20 00 
 
 2 Braces and Bitts, 
 
 $2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 4.00, 
 
 ea. 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 bitts, ' 3000 
 6 doz. Knives and Forks, 
 
 .50, .62, .75, .87, 100 
 
 ea. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 22 50 
 
 C Rodger's Pen Knives, $5 00 30 00 
 
 1 Knob Locks, 10 00 10 00 
 
 2 Griffin's Grass Scythes, 42 inch. 13 50 27 00 
 
 Received payment, for Rogers & Brothers, 
 
 Tuos. BUNTING. 
 
 r * 20 
 
Invoice of 5 Cases of Dry Goods, shipped per ship Delaware, Hamilton, for Philadel- 
 phia, consigned to Messrs. Blanchard & Marsh, on their account, and at their risk, 
 pursuant to their orders. 
 
 B.&M. 
 
 Phila. 
 
 W. H. 
 
 5 Cases containing 
 
 No. 1, 12 ps. 340 yds. super Blue Cloth, 30s. stg. 
 
 " 2, 11 " 325 " " Black " .... 30s. 
 " 3, 9 " 275 " Brown and Drab 
 
 Cassimeres, 10s. 
 
 " 4, 75 " 2500 yds. Ginghams, Is. 
 
 24" 244 " 6-4 Cambric Muslin,. Is. 2d. 
 " 5 20" 300 " 4-4 Cambric Muslin,. Is. 
 
 Charges. 
 
 5 Cases stg. 3152 
 
 Duty and Entry 12 15 6 
 
 Cartage, Wharfage, and Litterage, 19 12 6^ 
 
 Insurance and Policy, 22 46 
 
 Commission on stg. 1047 12 4, at 5 
 
 per -cent., 52 77] 
 
 Sterling, 
 London, December 31, 1828. 
 
 (Signed) WALTER HOWARD. 
 
 210 
 
 487 
 
 137 
 
 125 
 
 14 
 
 1500 
 
 989 
 
 11015 
 
 1,10000 
 
 00 
 
 154 
 
SALES-BOOK. 
 
 B.&M. 
 1829. 
 
PHILADELPHIA, JANUARY FEBRUARY, 1829. 
 
 Sold to Paul Harris, at sixty days credit, viz : 
 
 20 doz. common Curry-Combs, at 68 cts. $136 00 
 
 10 gro. Allison's Tutania Tea Spoons, $2 12 21 20 
 
 30 doz. Duff's Razor Straps, 212 63 60 
 
 1000 qrs. Can's Steel Augers, 7 70 00 
 
 10 Sold to William Blakely on his Note at thirty days, viz : 
 
 1000 qrs. Can's Augers, 7 $70 00 
 
 1 crate patent Curry-Combs, 100 doz. 87 i 87 50 
 
 20 doz. Goodyear's patent Pitch-forks, 5 50 110 00 
 
 10 " " " Manure forks, 9 50 95 00 
 
 5 " Crott's long Shovels 7 50 37 50 
 
 5 boxes Whitmor's Wool Cards, 4 doz. 
 
 each, 4 00 80 00 
 
 10 gro. gilt Vest Buttons, . . . -. 78 7 80 
 
 487 80 
 2 per cent, advance, 12 20 
 
 4 Invoice of Hardware shipped per brig Franklin, Kay, con- 
 signed to Lock hart and Arrott, to be sold on our account, 
 viz: 
 
 , 20 doz. Snyder's Shovels,.. 87 50 $150 00 
 
 j 20 " " Spades, 7 50 150 00 
 
 j 50 boxes Darby's Scythe Stones, 3 25 162 50 
 
 40 doz.. Wilson's Grass Scythes, 12 00 480 00 
 
 20 ". " Corn " 13 00 126 00 
 
 30 Porter's Patent Balances, 10 00 300 00 
 
 20 Roland's Mill Saws, 6 feet, 4 75 95 00 
 
 20 " Cross-Cut, 6| feet, 3 00 60 00 
 
 20 doz. Goodyear's patent Pitch-forks,. , 5 50 110 00 
 
 Carried forward, 1,633 50 
 
 1 "G 
 
PHILADELPHIA, FEBRUARY, 1829. 
 
 Brought forward, 81,633 50 
 
 10 doz. patent Coffee Mills, $5 00 50 00 
 
 55 pair Lewis's Waffle Irons, 62 34 47 
 
 1 ream Hardware Paper, 4 25 
 
 Charges Cartage and Bills of Lading, 20 33 
 
 Packing Boxes, ^.25 60 
 
 Insurance 3 per cent, and Policy, 54 7 
 
 Philadelphia, February 4*7*, 1829. 
 
 $1,722 
 
 100 
 
 22 
 
 00 
 
 157 
 
 
 
COMMISSION-SALES. 
 
 B. &M. 
 1829. 
 
 
DR. 
 
 Sales of Oranges, Olives, and Lemons ; 
 
 14 
 
 (C 
 
 To Cash, paid duty, freight, and primage,. 
 " " " Cartage, &c '. 
 
 " " refunded to Sundries for damages, . . 
 
 " Charles Lawrence, allowed for damages, . . 
 
 " Storage and advertising, 
 
 " Commission on $4,314, at 5 per cent 
 
 " Joseph De Nones, for amount of net proceeds 
 
 $448 00 
 12 00 
 
 45 00 
 10 00 
 
 52 00 
 215 71 
 
 $460 
 
 55 
 
 267 
 3,531 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 32 
 
 4,314 
 
 27 
 
 160 
 
Sold by order, and at the risk of Joseph De Nones, Cddiz, CR. 1 
 
 1829. 
 March 
 
 3 
 
 By Cash, Sold to Sundries, viz : 
 100 boxes Lemons, at 3$, 
 
 $300 00 
 
 
 
 
 52 " Oranges, " 3, 
 
 156 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <UM^ 
 
 (C 
 
 4 
 
 " Charles Lawrence, 
 25 boxes Oranges, at 3$, 
 
 75 00 
 
 
 
 
 200 jars Olives, " 50 cts 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 7^ 
 
 cc 
 
 4 
 
 " Cash, to Thos. Milton, 
 100 boxes Oranges, at 3$, 
 
 
 300 
 
 (( 
 
 9 
 
 S. H. Lovell, 
 25 boxes Lemons, at 3$, 
 
 75 00 
 
 
 
 
 25 " Oranges, " 3, '..'.... 
 
 75 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ^n 
 
 (C 
 
 10 
 
 " Cash, sold at Auction, 
 150 boxes Lemons, at 5$, 
 
 750 00 
 
 
 
 
 110 " Oranges, " 3 80, 
 
 418 00 
 
 
 
 
 220 jars Olives, " 50, 
 
 110 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Auctioneer's Commission, &c. 3^ per cent .... 
 
 1,277 00 
 44 73 
 
 1 2^ 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 By Mdse. 4,000 jars Olives, at 50 cts 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4,314 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 21 
 
DR. 
 
 Sales Company 2 Merchandise, on account of 
 
 [829. 
 
 tyril 
 
 20 
 
 To Sundries, for 500 dozen Madeira Wine, at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10$, =5,000$ ; our two-thirds amount to,. . 
 
 
 dbo oo* 
 5pO,o3o 
 
 33 
 
 tfay 
 
 8 
 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment, for 1,100 bis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flour, at 6$,= 6,600$ j our two-thirds, 
 
 
 4,400 
 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 20 
 
 To Panquoqua's Consignment ; for 3,000 bis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flour, at 6$, =18,000 ; our two-thirds, 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 00 
 
 fulv 
 
 4 
 
 To Storage on 1,700 bis. 1 month, 3 cts 
 
 $51 00 
 
 
 
 uiy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " " 1,000 " 2 " " . . 
 
 60 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " . " 500 dozen Madeira Wine, 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 00 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 To Commission, for 2 per ct. on $14,599 82, 
 
 365 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-81 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 To Henry Austin, for amount of his one-third 
 
 
 *xO J 
 
 \J \J 
 
 
 
 of net proceeds, - 
 
 4,706 27 
 
 
 
 (C 
 
 ti 
 
 To Profit and Loss, for amount of our gain, . . 
 
 812 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e: ci Q 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 O,*JJL O 
 
 O*w 
 
 
 
 
 
 25,733 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 162 
 
Henry Austin one-third, and ourselves two-thirds. 
 
 CR. 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 By Shipment to London, Co. 2, for 550 brls. at 
 
 6$,= 3,300$ ; our two-thirds, 
 
 By Shipment to Charleston, Co. 2, for amount 
 
 of 500 doz. Madeira Wine, at 10$,=5,000$; 
 
 our two-thirds, 
 
 By Sundries, for 550 brls. at $7, 
 
 By Sundries, for 100 brls. at $7 50, 
 
 By Sundries, for 500 brls. at $7, 
 
 By Sundries, for 1,000 brls. at $6 50, 
 
 By Balance, for 1,400 brls. of Flour in store, 
 
 at 6$,= 8,400$ ; our two-thirds, 
 
 163 
 
Account-Sales of Lemons, Oranges and Olives, sold by order, for account, and at 
 the risk of JOSEPH DE NONES, Cadiz, received per Clio. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 By Cash, sold to sundry persons, viz : 
 
 100 boxes Lemons, at 3$, 300 00 
 
 52 " Oranges, " 3, 15600 
 
 By Cash, to Charles Lawrence, 
 
 25 boxes Oranges, at 3$ 75 00 
 
 200 jars Olives, " 50 cts 100 00 
 
 By Cash, to Thos. Milton, 100 bxs. Oranges, at 3$ 
 
 By S. H. Lovell, on account, 
 
 25 boxes Lemons, at 3$, 75 00 
 
 25 " Oranges, "3, 75 00 
 
 By Cash, sold at auction, viz : 
 
 150 boxes Lemons, at 5$, 750 00 
 
 110 - " Oranges, "3 80, 418 00 
 
 200 jars Olives, " 50, 110 00 
 
 1,278 00 
 Auctioneer's Commission, &c. at 3|, 44 73 
 
 By Mdse. 4,000 jars Olives, at 50 cts. 
 
 To Charges. 
 
 Duty, freight, and primage, 448 00 
 
 Cartage, &c 12 00 
 
 Refunded to Sundries, 45 00 
 
 Allowed to Charles Lawrence, 10 00 
 
 Storage and Advertising, 52 24 
 
 Commission on $4,314 27 cts. at 5 per 
 
 cent. . . .215 71 
 
 Amount of net proceeds when collected, 
 
 Philada. March 14th, 1829. 
 
 BLANCHABD & MARSH. 
 
 164 
 
 $456 
 
 175 
 
 300 
 
 150 
 
 1,233 
 2,000 
 
 4,314 
 
 782 
 
 3,532 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 00 
 
 27 
 
BILL-BOOK. 
 
 B. &M. 
 1829. 
 
 
 
BILLS 
 
 NO. 
 
 DRAWN AT 
 
 DATE. 
 
 DRAWN BY 
 
 ON WHOM 
 
 1 
 
 Philada. 
 
 1829. 
 January 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Boston 
 
 " 2 
 
 Perkins & Co 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 
 Philada. 
 
 " 10 
 
 William Blakely 
 
 
 4 
 
 CI 
 
 " 19 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 
 5 
 
 u 
 
 " 8 
 
 Paul Harris 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 February 6 
 
 Christopher Barnard . . . 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 M 
 
 WiUiam Blakely 
 
 S. H. Lovell 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Christopher Barnard . . . 
 
 
 10 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 James Truman 
 
 
 
 
 JVlarch 5 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Thos. P. Cope & Sons . 
 
 Wm. & Jas. Brown, 
 Liverpool 
 
 13 
 
 
 '" 27 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co 
 
 
 
 
 April 7 
 
 Christopher Barnard. . . 
 
 
 15 
 
 (C 
 
 " 6 
 
 S. H. Lovell 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 May 6 
 
 John Godard 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 " 6 
 
 Hamilton & Hood 
 
 
 10 
 
 (C 
 
 " 6 
 
 
 
 1 Q 
 
 (C 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Oft 
 
 (C 
 
 
 Oliver Otis & Co. 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 Tunp 27 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 166 
 
RECEIVABLE. 
 
 WHOSE FAVOR 
 
 TIME 
 
 DUE 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 DAY-BOOK. 
 
 PAID. 
 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 Thos. Blanchard. . . : . 
 
 90 days 
 
 April 7 
 
 $2,000 
 
 00 
 
 January 5 
 
 Renewed 
 
 C. C. Marsh 
 
 60 " 
 
 March 5 
 
 2,670 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 March 5 
 
 Blanchard & Marsh .... 
 
 30 " 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 u 
 
 30 " 
 
 22 
 
 1,000 
 
 00 
 
 19 
 
 " 11 
 
 a ; 
 
 60 " 
 
 March 11 
 
 325 
 
 00 
 
 " 21 
 
 March 11 
 
 
 
 1830. 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 12 mos. 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 2,121 
 
 00 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 1829. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (C 
 
 6 " 
 
 August 9 
 
 320 
 
 00 
 
 Feb. 6 
 
 June 10 
 
 ( 
 
 30 days 
 
 March 16 
 
 251 
 
 37 
 
 " 13 
 
 Ma/chl6 
 
 a u 
 
 60 " 
 
 April 24 
 
 800 
 
 00 
 
 21 
 
 April 20 
 
 (( (C 
 
 60 " 
 
 " 26 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 " 23 
 
 " 20 
 
 a 
 
 60 " 
 
 May 8 
 
 707 
 
 35 
 
 March 5 
 
 May 29 
 
 a 
 
 20 ds. st 
 
 
 4,444 
 
 44 
 
 26 
 
 April 23 
 
 u 
 
 60 days 
 
 May 30 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 Jr 
 
 May 30 
 
 
 
 60 " 
 
 June 10 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 April 7 
 
 June 10 
 
 < 
 
 4 mos.' 
 
 August 9 
 
 1,350 
 
 00 
 
 11 
 
 
 a 
 
 4 " 
 
 Sept. 9 
 
 1,920 
 
 00 
 
 May 6 
 
 
 a u 
 
 6 " 
 
 Nov. 9 
 
 2,880 
 
 00 
 
 " 6 
 
 
 << 
 
 4 
 
 Sept. 9 
 
 2,400 
 
 00 
 
 " 6 
 
 
 " " 
 
 60 days 
 
 July 28 
 
 4,601 
 
 62 
 
 25 
 
 
 (( U 
 
 90 " 
 
 Sept. 2 
 
 2,161 
 
 86 
 
 29 
 
 
 Walter Howard, London 
 
 
 
 2,875 
 
 00 
 
 June 27 
 
 
 
 
 167 
 
BILLS 
 
 DRAWN AT 
 
 DATE. 
 
 DRAWN BY 
 
 ON WHOM 
 
 Boston 
 Philada. 
 
 London 
 Philada. 
 
 1828. 
 Dec. 25 
 
 October 27 
 
 1829. 
 January 1 6 
 
 14 
 
 February 13 
 " 13 
 
 " 13 
 
 " 16 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 27 
 
 " 28 
 
 April 20 
 
 " 24 
 
 Joseph Eaton & Co. 
 C. C. Marsh 
 
 Blanchard & Marsh 
 
 May 
 
 
 July 
 
 Walter Howard 
 Blanchard & Marsh 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Thos. Blanchard 
 
 Blanchard & Marsh 
 
 168 
 
PAYABLE. 
 
 WHOSE FAVOR 
 
 TIME 
 
 DUE 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 DAY-BOOK. 
 
 PAID. 
 
 Henry Austin 
 
 60 days 
 90 
 
 90 " 
 30 " 
 8 mos. 
 10 
 
 12 " 
 
 20 ds. st. 
 60 days 
 
 1829. 
 Feb. 28 
 
 Jan. 30 
 
 April 19 
 Feb. 17 
 Oct. 16 
 
 Dec. 16 
 1830. 
 Feb. 16 
 1829. 
 
 March 9 
 
 April 24 
 
 $1,080 
 1,230 
 2,000 
 1,500 
 407 
 407 
 
 407 
 
 4,444 
 800 
 
 )0 
 JO 
 )0 
 00 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 00 
 
 Jan. 5 
 " 5 
 
 " 16 
 " 22 
 Feb. 13 
 " 13 
 
 " 13 
 
 " 16 
 " 21 
 
 Feb. 2 
 Jan. 30 
 
 Mar. 23 
 Feb. 17 
 
 Mar. 9 
 Renewed 
 
 Thos. P. Cope & Sons.. 
 Rogers & Brothers 
 
 
 United States 
 
 (( CC 
 
 Lewis* Clapier 
 
 Christopher Barnard 
 
 J. R. Dallett & Co 
 
 60 " 
 
 30 
 
 2,190 
 
 00 
 
 " 27 
 
 April 23 
 
 Phoenix Insurance Co. . . 
 Lippincott & Co 
 
 90 " 
 /Jf mos. 
 60 days 
 
 8 mos. 
 10 " 
 
 May 31 
 
 Aug. 23 
 
 June 27 
 1830. 
 Jan. 7 
 
 March 7 
 
 81 
 2,033 
 800 
 
 4,800 
 4,800 
 
 56 
 
 33 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 " 28 
 April 20 
 " 24 
 May 4 
 4 
 
 May 31 
 June 27 
 
 Commercial Bank 
 United States 
 
 
 (C (( 
 
 12 " 
 
 May 7 
 
 4,800 
 
 00 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 CC CC 
 
 14 " 
 
 July 7 
 
 4,800 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 
 CC 
 
 16 " 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 4,800 
 
 00 
 
 " 4 
 
 
 CC CC 
 CC <C 
 
 18 " 
 6 " 
 
 Nov. 7 
 1829. 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 4,800 
 1,500 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 " 4 
 27 
 
 J 
 
 CC CC 
 
 8 " 
 
 Jan. 30 
 
 1,500 
 
 00 
 
 " 27 
 
 
 CC CC 
 
 10 
 
 March 30 
 
 1,500 
 
 00 
 
 " 27 
 
 
 C, 
 
 12 " 
 
 May 30 
 
 1,500 
 
 00 
 
 27 
 
 
 N. Am. Insurance Co. . , 
 Phosnix . . . 
 
 10 
 10 
 4 " 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 Nov. 5 
 169 
 
 351 
 332 
 56 
 
 00 
 62 
 65 
 
 July 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 22 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
ACCJOUNT-CURRENT-BOOK. 
 B. &M. 
 
 1829. 
 
DR. 
 
 WALTER HOWARD, LONDON, IN ACCOUNT 
 
 16 To Bills Payable, accepted your draft, at 20 
 
 days' sight, to Lewis Clapier, for 
 
 Interest from March 9 to June 30, 
 
 20 To Sundries, for amount of Invoice of Mdse. 
 
 shipped per ship Thames, by your order, 
 
 Interest for 130 days, 6 per cent 
 
 10 To Sundries, for amount of your draft on us 
 
 at sight, to Christr. Barnard, 
 
 Interest for 20 days, 
 
 15 To Sundries, for amount of your draft on 
 
 Wavering & Co. to F. H. Barker & Co. 
 
 and protested for non-payment, 
 
 Interest for 15 days, 
 
 To Shipment from New-Orleans, for amount 
 
 of remittance to you by Wm. and James 
 
 Brown, Liverpool, June 1, 
 
 Interest for 30 days, 
 
 Amount of debits, 
 
 " " credits, 
 
 64 44 
 
 22 22 
 
 5 59 
 
 25 34 
 
 199 81 
 155 19 
 
 t,444 
 
 2,974 29 
 
 6,666 67 
 
 2,234 
 
 5,067 
 
 21,432 
 
 44 
 
 84 
 
 00 
 
 4462 
 
 41 
 
 172 
 
WITH BLANCHARD & MARSH 
 
 CR. 
 
 13 
 
 By Mdse. for amount of Invoice dated Jan- 
 uary 10, received per ship Delaware, our 
 
 order, 
 
 Interest for 170 days, 
 
 By Schooner, for amount of our draft, at 60 
 
 days' sight, to Caleb Davis, 
 
 Interest for 45 days, as per your advice, 
 
 By Sundries, for amount of our draft, 60 days' 
 sight, to F. H. Barker & Co 
 
 Amount of credits, 
 
 By Balance, due us this date, 
 
 Errors, &c. excepted, 
 Philadelphia, July 4, 1829. 
 
 BLANCHARD & MARSH. 
 
 $138 52 
 
 16 67 
 
 155 19 
 
 $4,888 
 
 2,222 
 
 4,444 
 
 9,876 
 
 44 
 
 80 
 
 21,432 
 
 41 
 
 173 
 
LETTER-BOOK. 
 
 B.&M. 
 1829. 
 
Philadelphia, December 1, 1829. 
 WALTER HOWARD, ESQ. 
 
 Dear Sir, Please to accept our order for shipping to us by 
 the first vessel that leaves your port, the annexed named articles of 
 Dry-Goods, of various patterns, and of the best quality ; for the amount 
 of which we shall be pleased to honor your draft at twenty days' sight, 
 whenever it suits you to draw on us, with prompt acceptance and pay- 
 ment. 
 
 We contemplate consigning to you, about the first or middle of Feb- 
 ruary next, the articles of Rice and Pearl Ashes, relative to which we 
 solicit your advice. 
 
 Having commenced an extensive wholesale and commission business, 
 we beg leave to ask your favors in whatever form your kindness will 
 confer them ; and pledge our honors, as merchants and gentlemen, 
 for the strict observance of your commands. Authorized to refer you 
 to our friends and correspondents, William & Jas. Brown, Liverpool 
 
 We remain your obedient servants, 
 
 BLANCH ARD & MARSH. 
 
 177 
 
Philadelphia, February 4, 1829. 
 Messrs. LOCKHART & ARROTT : 
 
 . Gentlemen, We have consigned to you, per Brig Franklin, 
 Captain Kay, (sails to-morrow,) a quantity of Hardware, amounting, as 
 per invoice annexed, to $1,822 22, of which we desire you to make 
 advantageous sales, as usual ; and with all possible dispatch furnish us 
 with an account-sales of the same. And, 
 
 For the net proceeds of which you will please make returns in the 
 best Sea Islands Cotton, which we hope will be at as low rate as your 
 knowledge of business will permit you to purchase. 
 
 Be so kind as to favor us with information as to the state of the New- 
 Orleans market ; we expect much business hi that direction, and, from 
 the high esteem in which we hold your house, shall place as much in 
 your way as its nature will allow, expecting no less of you. 
 
 With the greatest respect, 
 
 We are your oledient servants, 
 
 BLANCHARD &; MARSH. 
 
 178 
 
(5) 
 
 Philadelphia, March 15, 1829. 
 JOSEPH DE NONES ESQ. 
 
 Dear Sir, We have the pleasure of transmitting to you ar; 
 account-sales of your consignment of Fruit, per Brig Clio ; by which 
 you will perceive that the net proceeds amount to $3,531 32 cts. Upon 
 the arrival of your fruit the price of that article was quite low, as ap- 
 pears by our first sales, but a sudden demand arose, and we think we 
 studied your interest by disposing of the remainder at auction. 
 
 We wait your further orders, with grateful acknowledgments for those 
 received, and remain, 
 
 Respectfully and truly, 
 
 Your servants, 
 
 BLANCIIAKD & MARSH. 
 
 179 
 
Philadelphia, June 16, 1829. 
 WALTER HOWARD, ESQ. 
 
 Dear Sir, We deeply regret that our duty to you has imposed 
 upon us the unpleasant, though necessary, task of informing you that 
 your draft, dated May 1st, to F. H. Barker & Co. on the firm of Wa- 
 vering & Co. due yesterday, has been protested for non-payment. But 
 sir, as we, actuated by the desire of serving you, have paid the said 
 bill, and expenses, you need not give yourself any trouble about it. 
 
 The amount of the bill, $2,222 22 
 
 " " " " protest, 1 50 
 
 " " " our commission, l per cent 11 12 
 
 * " at your account, 2,234 84 
 
 At this late date we advise you that your bill to Christopher Barnard, 
 dated May 9th, on us at sight, for $6,666 67 cts. was presented on the 
 10th inst. and pr.icl impromptu. 
 
 It is expected that Wavering & Co. wi'l stop payment in a few days : 
 we hope you are not extensively concerned with them ; and be assured 
 .hat our services, to the greatest extent of our ability, are at your com- 
 mand. 
 
 We remain your friends, 
 
 BLANCHARD & MARSH 
 P S. Your account-current will be made out by the first proximo 
 
 180 
 
(7) 
 
 Philadelphia, July 4, 1829. 
 
 WALTER HOWARD, ESQ. 
 
 Dear Sir, We have the pleasure of submitting to you your 
 account-current up to this date, (interest calculated to the 30th ult.) ex- 
 hibiting a balance in our favor of $9,876 86 cts. which we hope will 
 meet with your approbation : if not, you know we are always ready 
 to rectify. 
 
 You may expect a draft from us about the first of next month for 
 5,000$, which you will please honor, though you should receive no 
 further advice from us. We have been waiting in vain for a rise in 
 the rate of exchange, which has been gradually falling since our last. 
 
 The Philadelphia market is completely stocked with English goods, 
 we therefore do not recommend you to ship to this place on your own 
 account we are of opinion, however, that the Boston market presents 
 an aspect worthy of an adventure in your line ; and should you want 
 a correspondent in that place, we do not hesitate in assuring you of the 
 unquestionable credit and extensive business of the house of T. Perkins 
 & Co. in whom you may safely repose confidence. 
 
 With the greatest respect, 
 
 We remain your servants, 
 
 BLANCH ARD & MARSH. 
 
 181 
 
DOCUMENTS. 
 
 RECEIPT FOR THE PAYMENT OF A BILL. 
 
 Philadelphia, January 7, 1629. 
 
 Received of Blanchard & Marsh, throe hundred dollars, in full for 
 amount of my bill for store-fixtures, &c. of this date. 
 
 $300 00. GEORGE W. WHARTON. 
 
 AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF DEBT. 
 
 Philadelphia, January 4, 1829. 
 
 On demand, I promise to pay C. C. Marsh, or order, one hundred 
 and forty dollars, for value received. 
 
 $140 00. CHARLES LAWRANCE. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTE. 
 
 Philadelphia, January 10, 1829. 
 
 Thirty days after date, I promise to pay to Blanchard & Marsh, or 
 order, five hundred dollars, without defalcation, for value received. 
 $500 00. WILLIABJ BLAKELY. 
 
 RECEIPT FOR A NOTE. 
 
 Philadelphia, January 22, 1829. 
 
 Received of Blanchard & Marsh, their Note, at thirty days, for fifteen 
 hundred dollars, dated 14th inst. 
 
 $1,500 00. HENRY AUSTIN. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTE, WITH INTEREST. 
 
 Philadelphia, January 28, 1829. 
 
 Twelve months after date, I promise to pay to Blanchard & Marsh, 
 with interest at 6 per cent, two thousand dollars, value received. 
 
 JAMES TRUMAN. 
 
 Amount of principal, $2,000 00 
 
 interest, 121 00 $2,121 00. 
 
 Q 183 
 
BILL OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 Philadelphia, February 25, 1829. 
 Exch. for $500 sterling. 
 
 At sixty days after sight of this, our first of exchange, (second, third, 
 and fourth, of same tenor and date unpaid) pay to the order of Capt. 
 Caleb Davis, five hundred pounds sterling, for value received ; which 
 place to the account of 
 
 BLANCHARD & MARSH. 
 To WALTER HOWARD, Esa. London. 
 
 COMMON INLAND DRAFT. 
 
 Philadelphia, June 1, 1829. 
 $4,540 00. 
 
 Ten days after sight of this, pay to the order of Henry Austin, four 
 thousand five hundred and forty dollars, value received, and place the 
 same to the account of 
 
 BLANCHARD & MARSH. 
 
 To FLEMMING, Ross & Co. Charleston. 
 
 AN ORDER. 
 
 Philadelphia, February 26, 1829. 
 
 Williams Evans will please pay to Blanchard & Marsh, or order, 
 one thousand dollars, and place the same to my account. 
 
 JAMES TRUMAN. 
 $1,000 00. 
 
 ANOTHER. 
 
 Philadelphia, March 2, 1829. 
 
 Messrs. Blanchard & Marsh will please deliver to William Blakely, 
 or order, two hundred and eighty-eight dollars' worth of dry-goods, as 
 he may choose, and place the same to my account. 
 
 CHARLES LAWRENCE. 
 
 184 
 
DISCOUNT AND INTEREST. 
 
 Example 1. 
 
 Lent Cash to James Truman on his Note at 12 months, with inter- 
 est at 6 per cent., amounting to 2,000$. 
 
 Multiply the amount by the number of days, and divide the product 
 by 6,000.* 
 
 363 
 
 6|000)726|000 
 
 121$ interest for 363, being 12 months of 30 
 days, and 3 days grace. 
 
 Another Method. 
 
 6 per cent per annum is 1 per cent, for 2 months ; 
 Therefore, the interest for 2 months is $20 00 
 The interest for 12 months is six times 
 
 as much, 6 
 
 $120 00 
 Of 60 days, or 2 months, 3 is J 1 00 
 
 $121 00 interest for 363 days. 
 
 * This divisor is found from the interest of one dollar for one day ; thus : 
 
 As 100 : 6 : : 1 : and 
 
 50 
 3 3 X! 1 1 
 
 As 360 : : : 1 : = therefore 6,000 is the divisor at 6 per cent, per annum 
 
 50 18,000 6,000 
 
 It is customary for Merchants and Banking Institutions to calculate each month through 
 the year at 30 days. 
 
 Q 2 185 24 
 
Example 2. 
 
 Paid II. Austin for our Note for 1,080$, it having 26 days to run 
 the interest is, thus, 
 
 $1080 
 26 
 
 6480 
 2160 
 
 6000)28080(^4 68 interest. 
 24000 
 
 4080.00 
 3600.0 
 
 48000 
 48000 
 
 Another Method. 
 Interest for 60 days $10 00 
 
 20 days is | 3 60 interest for 20 days 
 
 6 " T V 1 08 " " 6 " 
 
 4 68 interest for 26 days. 
 
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 
 
 Sold Merchandise to John Sims at the following credits; in whai 
 time must he pay for the whole at one payment ? 
 $500 at 2 months credit, 1000 
 300 " 3 " " 900 
 
 600 " 6 " " 3600 
 1000 9 " " 9000 
 
 2400 24|00)1 45 100(6 mos. and 1 day. 
 
 J44 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 30 
 24 
 
 186 
 
 - 
 
The amounts are multiplied by their time, and the total of the pro- 
 ducts are divided by the amount of purchases ; giving an average time 
 for the payment of 2,400$, of 6 months and 1 day. In giving a Note 
 for the amount, deduct one day's interest from the amount and draw 
 the Note at six months. - 
 
 Example 3. 
 
 Sold merchandise to John Sims at the following dates and credits ; 
 for what time must a Note, given at the 20th of July, be drawn for the 
 amount of the whole? 
 
 July 1 $400 at 3 mos. = 70 days 28000 
 
 5 500 "4 " =105 " 52500 
 
 10 500 " 4 " = 110 " 55000 
 
 20 1500 "6 " =180 " 270000 
 
 2900 29|00)4055|00(139 say 140 ds. 
 
 29 
 
 115 
 
 87 
 
 385 
 261 
 
 24 
 
 The average time for the payment of the purchases in the preceding 
 is 4 months and 20 days, at which time the Note may be drawn, or add 
 the interest on 2,900$ for 10 days, and draw the Note at 5 months. 
 
 The 70 days is the credit of the 400$ from the time we average 
 from, viz: 20th of July on the 1st of July the 400$ had a credit of 
 90 days, but on the 20th it must be 20 days less, equal to 70 days. 
 
 187 
 
Example 4. 
 
 Sold merchandise at the following dates, each sale at six months 
 credit : the purchaser is to give a note at six months for the amount of 
 the whole ; what should be the date of the note ? 
 
 March 1 8120.00 X by 1 = 120.00 
 
 10 200.00 X " 10 == 2000.00 
 
 April 10 300.00 X " 40 = 12000.00 
 
 " 20 100.00 X " 50 = 5000.00 
 
 72JOOO )1912|0.00(26, say 27, days fiom 
 
 144 the first sale. 
 
 472 
 422 
 
 50 
 
 In the above each sum is multiplied by its number of days from the 
 first sale ; and the amount of the products divided by the amount of the 
 sales the result is, 27 days from March 1st should be the date of the 
 note drawn at six months for the 720$. 
 
 188 
 
EXPLANATORY 
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 OPENING, CONDUCTING, AND CLOSING ACCOUNTS 
 
 (As this volume is designed to instruct its readers, the Author deems it his duty to an 
 swer all questions, simple or complex, which he propounds.) 
 
 OPENING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Question. What is meant by opening Accounts 1 
 
 Answer. Commencing the records of a business in a scientific man. 
 ner. 
 
 Ques. With what does the history of a business commonly com- 
 mence 1 
 
 Ans. With the circumstances or situation of the party entering into 
 business. 
 
 Ques. When a business is commenced without capital, what will be 
 the first entry in the books ? 
 
 Ans. The first transaction that occurs ; a purchase, or aught else. 
 
 Ques. When a person commences business with no capital, and 
 owes to J. Sims 1,000$; what would be his journal entry? 
 
 Ans. Supposing his name Thos. Blanchard, and the person whom 
 he owed J. Sims the journal entry should be, 
 Thos. Blanchard Dr. 
 
 ToJ. Sims, $1,000 00 
 
 Ques. What should be your journal entry, if the first transaction in 
 the Books be the purchase of 50 bales of Cotton of John Sims, on ac- 
 count, amount 2,000$ ? 
 
 Ans. Merchandise Dr. 
 
 * To John Sims, $2,000 00 
 
 Ques. Why is that your journal entry ? 
 
 Ans. Because that entry shows all the debtors and creditors in tho 
 transaction. 
 
 189 
 
OPENING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Qties. Why is Mdse. debtor, and Sims creditor ? 
 
 Ans. Mdse. is debtor because it owes me, and it owes me because it 
 cost me 2,000$. Sims is creditor because I owe him, I owe him because 
 I have not paid him for the Cotton. 
 
 Ques. What would be your journal entry, if you borrow at the com- 
 mencement of business $3,000 of J. Sims ? 
 
 Arts. Cash Dr. 
 
 To J. Sims, 83,000 00 
 
 Ques. What is your journal entry, if you commence business with 
 10,000$ cash, for which you owed no person? 
 
 Ans. Supposing my name to be Thos. Blanchard 
 Cash Dr. 
 
 To Thos. Blanchard, $10,000 00 
 
 Ques. Explain that entry. 
 
 Ans. Cash is debtor, because that species of property owes me the 
 amount of value called 10,000$. I am creditor, because I am owed 
 the amount of value that is in the cash, and do not, as in the preceding 
 entry, owe any thing for it. 
 
 Ques. Why do you not, in opening your books, credit an account 
 called " Stock" for the capital ? 
 
 Ans. Because I cannot perceive any reason to authorize me to nick- 
 name myself" Stock ;" and I am impressed with a belief that my name 
 will appear much better credited with the total capital. 
 
 Ques. When a number of persons commence a partnership, and all 
 do not advance their proportions to be invested how is your journal 
 entry ? 
 
 Ans. Those who advance, shall have credit ; and those who do not, 
 shall not have credit. 
 
 Ques. Do you know of any rhyming lines referring to the opening 
 of the accounts ? 
 
 Ans* Yes, these 
 
 " Stock for my debts must debtor be, 
 " And creditor my property." 
 
 Ques. Is that rule or rhyme of any use ? 
 
 Ans. It is of no use, because there are always more than one account 
 to be opened, and this rule directs us to open only one. 
 
 Ques. Imagine for me a regular Day-book entry of the commence- 
 ment of a single concern, let the party owe and be owed. Suppose 
 your name Thomas Blanchard. 
 
 .4.715. I, Thomas Blanchard, commence business, effected in the fol 
 lowing manner, viz : 
 
 I have Cash, deposited in U. S. Bank, $1,000 00 
 
 I owe to J. Sims, on account, 100 00 
 
CONDUCTING ACCOUNTS. 
 Qucs. How would be your journal entry 1 
 Ans. Cash Dr. To Sundries. 
 
 To J. Sims, $100 00 
 
 " Thos. Blanchard, 900 00 
 
 81 000 00 
 
 CONDUCTING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Question. Which is the most valuable book of a set of Account 
 Books? 
 
 Answer. The Day-book is ; because it should show a perfect history 
 of the business, wMch is not expected of either of the other books. 
 
 Ques. To what should we be particularly attentive in making Day- 
 book entries ? 
 
 Ans. We should be careful to compose our Day-book records with 
 the utmost clearness, and so constructing our sentences that other per- 
 sons may understand them as we do. 
 
 Ques. For what purpose is the journal ? 
 
 A?is. It is to show the debtors and creditors of every transaction se- 
 parate from the particulars of the transaction, that they may be taken 
 into the leger free from error. 
 
 Ques. By what principle or rule are journal entries made? 
 
 Ans. Whatever owes us is debtor 
 Whatever we owe is creditor. 
 
 Ques. Of what must the journal entries always consist ? 
 
 Ans. Debtors and Creditors, by which I mean both persons and 
 things ; for in the science of double-entry book-keeping, responsibility 
 is alike applied to things and persons. 
 
 Ques. For what sum must a debtor be debited ? 
 
 Ans. For the amount he or it owes, no more or less. 
 
 Ques. Why are the two amounts carried into the dollars column, in 
 '.he first entry in the journal of this work ? 
 
 A?is. Because we wish to show that the debtors and creditors equal. 
 
 Ques. Why must the debtors and creditors equal in amount ? 
 
 Ans. When a person owes you, you owe something for his owing 
 you ; which is the case in business transactions, therefore, the said 
 amounts must equal. 
 
 Ques. How would you dispose of this A friend makes to you a 
 compliment of 1,000$ cash? 
 
 Ans. My journal entry would be, supposing my name Thos. Blanchard : 
 
 Cash Dr. 
 
 To Thos. Bianchard, $1,000 00 
 
 Cash is debtor, because it is a species of property that owes me for the 
 value in it, called 1,000$. I am creditor for that 1,000$, because I 
 owe nothing for it it becomes an addition to my capital. 
 
 191 
 
CONDUCTING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Ques. I have known persons and systems that have credited Profit 
 and Loss account in such a transaction Why would it be wrong? 
 
 Ans. It would be wrong, because the Profit and Loss account repre- 
 sents the business, and should show the gains and losses caused by the 
 business in the instance alluded to, we do not owe our business for 
 the 1,000$, because our business did not produce that sum if, there- 
 fore, we should take that sum to that account, the object for which it is, 
 would be frustrated. 
 
 Ques. Are the debtors or creditors placed first in a journal entry ? 
 
 Ans. It is universally the custom to place the debtors before the 
 creditors in journal entries. I cannot tell why that is the custom, unless 
 it be that people in general think more of their debtors than of their 
 creditors. 
 
 Ques. Why is it that we never see the word Cr. in the journal en- 
 tries ? 
 
 Ans. It is because the word Dr. distinguishes the debtors from the 
 creditors ; therefore, both are shown without the word Cr. 
 
 Ques. Who or what do the " Sundries" owe in the journal entry of 
 January 19th? 
 
 Ans. The " Sundries" in that entry owe the owners of the books, 
 Blanchard & Marsh. 
 
 Ques. The entry says " Sundries Dr. to O. Otis & Co." Why do 
 you say otherwise ? 
 
 Ans. Because there is a sentence that is understood to succeed the 
 debtors, and another that is understood to precede the creditors, in every 
 journal entry. 
 
 Ques. What are those sentences ? 
 
 Ans. The sentence that succeeds the debtors is, to us for $ ; and 
 the sentence that precedes the creditors is, we are Dr. 
 
 Ques. Why need not those sentences be expressed in each journal 
 entry? 
 
 Ans. These sentences are superfluous, because the writing a thing 
 or person Dr. in our books, is enough to signify that, that thing or per- 
 son is our debtor. 
 
 Ques. What relation does the journal bear to the day-book and 
 leger ? 
 
 Ans. An intermediate relation, and operates as a mode of conveyance 
 from the day-book to the leger. 
 
 Ques. Is it necessary in making journal entries, that the sums placed 
 in the outer columns in the day-book, be also placed in the outer col- 
 umns in the journal ? 
 
 Ans. No not in the slightest respect ; the position of amounts in the 
 day-book is no criterion for the position of amounts in the journal. 
 
 192 
 
CONDUCTING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Ques. Have you ever heard of a rule for journalising, founded on 
 he words receive and deliver 1 
 
 Ans. Yes, it is commonly expressed in these lines 
 " By journal laws, what I receive, 
 "Is debtor made, to what I give." 
 
 Ques. How does it apply, and how not apply ? 
 
 Ans. This rule originated in the accidental coincidence of a thing 
 being received and debtor at the same time, which often happens. The 
 transactions to which it will not apply and produce a correct result are 
 very numerous ; on April 3d in this volume, is one. However, even 
 if the property received was always debtor, and that delivered always 
 creditor, then, also, would the rule be unworthy of the science ; for, to 
 admit this rule to be true, we must admit that " receive" signifies debtor, 
 and that " deliver" signifies creditor. 
 
 Ques. What is the purpose of the leger 1 
 
 Ans. The purpose of the leger is to show all our debtors and cred- 
 itors, and the amounts that each owes and is owed. 
 
 Ques. What do we understand by posting or legerising ? 
 
 Ans. The conveying of the debtors from the transaction's in the day- 
 book into the leger. 
 
 Ques. How often is it proper to post our accounts ? 
 
 Ans. There can be no objection to keep our accounts always posted 
 I think, however, that accounts ought not to remain unposted longer 
 than a week ; it is common to post monthly. 
 
 Ques. What are the names of what are termed Auxiliary Books ? 
 
 Ans. Cash Book, Invoice Book, Sales Book, Bills Receivable and 
 Payable Book, &c. &c.; these are the principal, and appear indispensa- 
 ble in almost any business. 
 
 Ques. What is the use of the Cash Book ? 
 
 Ans. It is used to show every sum of Cash received and paid ; it is a 
 check against cheating and error ; because the balance of the debtor 
 and creditor sides of the book should be the amount of cash on hand, 
 or at command- 
 
 Ques. When do you balance the Cash Book ? 
 
 Ans. We balance our Cash Book every evening, when the business 
 of the day is over the operation is performed thus : add the amounts 
 on the debtor side, and add those on the creditor side obtain the differ- 
 ence between the two, which add to the smaller side, and the book is 
 balanced. 
 
 Ques. When should entries be made in the Invoice Book 1 
 
 Ans. Immediately upon receiving the goods or property, the bill of 
 the same should be pasted or copied into the Invoice Book ? 
 
 Ques. Why should entries be made in the Sales Book ? 
 
 R 193 25 
 
CONDUCTING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Ans. At the time Merchandise is selected or ordered by the buyer, a 
 description of its quantity, quality and price should be made in the Sales 
 Book. 
 
 Ques. When and how do you make Day-book entries from the In- 
 voice and Sales Books ? 
 
 Ans. Single purchases and sales may be shown in separate Day- 
 book entries, if of worthy amounts ; or, we may with propriety con- 
 vey the purchases of the month into the Day-book in one entry, and 
 the sales of the month from the Sales Book, into the Day-book, in one 
 entry. 
 
 Ques. Allow me to see a specimen of a monthly entry of Sales of 
 Merchandise, suitable for the Day-book ? 
 
 Ans. Sold Merchandise to the following persons on account, on Notes, 
 and for Cash ; during this month, as per Sales Book. 
 
 To Chas. Lawrence on account, amounting to $100 00 
 
 " Paul Harris, " " " 300 00 
 
 For Note at 60 days, to John Sims, " $500 00 
 
 " Note at 90 days, to H. Austin, " 1,000 00 
 
 1,500 00 
 
 " Cash to sundry persons, amounting to 600 00 
 
 $2,500 00 
 Ques. What is your journal entry of this ? 
 
 Ans. 
 
 Sundries Dr. To Merchandise. 
 
 C. Lawrence, $100 00 
 
 P. Harris, 300 00 
 
 Bills Receivable, 1,500 00 
 
 Cash, 600 00 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 Ques. In what respect is the monthly method of making entries 
 of sales preferable to that of singly entering each sale? 
 
 Ans. Much labor and space are saved, for instead of taking every item 
 separately to the merchandise account, the purchases and sales are 
 posted in totals. 
 
 Ques. When should entries be made in the Bills Receivable and Pay- 
 able Book? 
 
 AJIS. In the Bills Receivable Book immediately on obtaining posses- 
 sion of a Note and in the Bills Payable Book, previous to giving pos- 
 session of a Note 
 
 Ques. We have he/ird that some persons posted direct from the Cash 
 Book, Invoice Book, and Sales Book ; what is objectionable in this 
 method ? 
 
 Ans. By such a plan there is no Book of all the set, that shows a 
 
 194 
 
 
CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 complete history of the business ; this I consider a great deficiency 
 no one hook of the set can contain that history if it he not embraced 
 in the Day -Book ; therefore, it is necessary that every debtor and every 
 creditor should be mentioned in the Day-Book. 
 
 Ques. What is meant by Trial Balance ? 
 
 Ans. It is a collection of all the balances in the Leger. 
 
 Ques. What is the object of the Trial Balance? 
 
 Ans. The detection of errors ; for the total of the debtor balances, 
 and the total of the creditor balances, should be the same in amount ; 
 their not being equal, is a sure evidence of error. 
 
 Ques. You say that the Trial Balance informs you that error exists ; 
 in what way do you discover where error exists, that you may correct 1 
 
 Ans. First, we see if the debtors and creditors in each journal en- 
 try equal, for if they do not equal in the journal, they cannot in the 
 Leger : Second, examine the postings, and re-add and subtract each 
 account; and so proceed in the same manner until the -errors are 
 found. 
 
 Ques. How often is it proper to make out a Trial Balance ? 
 
 Ans. Once a month, or quarterly, at the discretion of the book-keeper, 
 who possessing unqualified confidence in himself, might reserve it for a 
 yearly operation. 
 
 CLOSING ACCOUNTS- 
 
 Ques. What is meant by closing accounts or books? 
 
 Ans. By closing accounts, we mean the act of rendering the debtor 
 ard creditor sides of every account equal this is done by transferring 
 the balances of the various accounts to two accounts ; and thereby 
 showing the result of the business so condensed, as to be seen at one 
 
 . 
 view. 
 
 Ques. To what do we first direct our attention upon closing ac- 
 counts ? 
 
 Ans. To the Trial Balance, for our entries must be correct, or our 
 accounts cannot be closed. 
 
 Ques. What next receives our attention ? 
 
 Ans. The Balance Sheet this sheet is for the purpose of exhibit- 
 ing the closing of the accounts out of the book, instead of in the 
 hooks. 
 
 Ques. Why is it necessary to close the accounts in the books, when 
 the Balance Sheet exhibits the same information ? 
 
 Ans. A Balance Sheet ought to suffice for the closing of the accounts 
 in the books, when the records of the business are to be continued in 
 the same books ; but when new books arc to be taken into use, then all 
 the accounts should be brought to a close by regular Day-books, Jour- 
 
 195 
 
CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 nal, and Leger entries, by which each ,yolume will show the beginning 
 and ending of the business. 
 
 Ques. What does the Balance Sheet exhibit? 
 
 Ans. All the property and debts of the concern ; consequently, the 
 net capital ; all the profits and losses, therefore the gain. 
 
 Ques. There is a large engraving in Mr. Bennett's Book-keeping : for 
 what purpose is it ? 
 
 Ans. That is a " Balance Chart :" the design of it is to explain the 
 closing of the accounts, and to compare their closing " to the flowing 
 of rivulets into rivers, and rivers into seas, &c." This Balance Chart 
 is often or commonly mistaken for a Balance Sheet, by persons partial- 
 ly acquainted with the subject ; they are, however, intended for quite 
 different purposes. * 
 
 Ques. What follows the completion of the Balance Sheet ? 
 
 Ans. If the business is to be continued in the same books, nothing 
 but the usual entries of the transactions, as they occur in the busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Ques. But, suppose the books are to be changed, and the accounts 
 opened in a set of new books ; what then follows the completion of the 
 Balance Sheet? 
 
 A?is. When the accounts are to be opened in a set of new books, we 
 consider it proper that the old books should be perfect volumes, and 
 therefore we proceed to show all the closing entries in the Day-book, 
 Journal, and Leger. 
 
 Ques. Why may a Balance Sheet suffice for the full closing of the 
 accounts ? 
 
 Ans. Because every particular relating to the business or the cir- 
 cumstances of the concern, is shown with the same precision as though 
 the accounts were all closed. 
 
 Ques. Which side of the Cash account can exceed ? 
 
 Ans. The debtor side, which can never be less than the creditor, if 
 the account be correct. 
 
 Ques. Why is it that the debtor side is generally the greater of the 
 two sides, when the account is not closed? 
 
 Ans. It is generally greater and never less than the creditor side, be- 
 cause that species of property having a par value comes into our pos- 
 session, and goes out of our possession at the same price or value ; and 
 we can never pay out more cash than we have received. 
 
 Ques. To what place must the balances of property on hand be 
 transferred at the closing the accounts ? 
 
 Ans. To the balance account, and on the debtor side ; because the 
 property owes you. 
 
 Ques. To what place do we transfer the balances of the accounts of 
 persons who owe us ? 
 
 Ans. To the debtor side of the Balance account. 
 
CLOSING ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Ques,. To what place do you transfer the balances of accounts of 
 persons that you owe ? 
 
 Ans. To the creditor side of the Balance account. 
 
 Ques. To what place do you take the amounts of profits that may be 
 shown at many of the accounts in the Leger 1 
 
 A?is. To the creditor side of the Profit and Loss account, because 
 we owe the business for producing all the gains. And all the amounts 
 of losses at the closing of the accounts, are taken from the various 
 places in the Leger, and put on the debtor side of the business, Profit 
 and Loss. 
 
 Ques. In closing the Profit and Loss account, to what place do you 
 transfer its balance 1 
 
 Ans. To the account representing the owner of the books, for he 
 should be credited for the gain in the business, or debited for the loss ; 
 because he was the cause of either. 
 
 R2 
 
 197 
 
 

 
FOREIGN MONEYS, 
 
 (FROM J. D. GEORGE & C. TREICHEL'S TARIF.) 
 AS ESTIMATED AT THE CUSTOM-HOUSE IN PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Aux Cayes, 8j Livres to the Dollar. 
 
 Antigua, pound of 
 
 Bremen Rix Dollar 
 
 Brazil Millreas, to be fixed in refer- 
 
 ence to the rate of exchange. Aver- 
 
 ages 
 
 Bermuda, Pound of 
 
 Barbadocs, 
 
 Bengal, Rupee of 
 
 Bombay, 
 
 Cayenne, 8 Livres and 5 Sols to the 
 
 Dollar. 
 
 Calcutta Rupee 
 
 Star Pagoda 
 
 China, Tale of 
 
 Crefelt, Guilder 
 
 Denmark Rix Dollar 
 
 Blue or Current Dollar of Denmark, 
 
 fixed according to the exchange on 
 
 London. 
 
 France, Livre 
 
 Franc 18i cts. and 1$ pr. ct. 
 
 Frankfort and other Guilder in the 24 
 
 Florin rate 
 
 Great Britain, Pound sterling* 
 
 Guadaloupe, 8 Livres and 5 Sols to 
 
 the Dollar. 
 Genoa, 6^ Livres to the Dollar. 
 
 Geneva Livre 
 
 Halifax Pound Sterling 
 
 Holland Guilder 
 
 Hamburg Me. Banco 
 
 cts. 
 
 222 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 320 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 184 
 148 
 
 40 
 100 
 
 40 
 444 
 
 Hamburg Rix Dollar 
 
 Ireland Pound sterling 
 
 Jamaica do. do 
 
 Leghorn Pezza, 90 76-100 cts. 
 
 Livre, 6 to the Dollar 
 
 Louis'd'or Rix Dollar 
 
 Madeira Millrea 
 
 Madras Rupees, 108 equal to 100 
 Sicca Rupees, or 4C 3-10 cts. 
 
 New-Providence Pound sterling. 
 
 Naples Ducat 
 
 Nuremburg and other Guilder in 
 24 Florin rate 
 
 Prussian Rix Dollar, 68 29-1 00 cts 
 
 Portugal Millrea 
 
 Russia Ruble, according to the Ex- 
 change between London and St 
 Petersburg. Averages . 
 
 St. Kitts, 9s. to the Dollar. 
 
 St Bartholomew's, 8s. 3d. to the 
 Dollar. 
 
 Saxon Rix Dollar 
 
 St. Gall-Guilder, 40 36-100 cts. 
 
 Spain, Ryal Plate 
 
 Real Valoon 
 
 cts. 
 100 
 444 
 300 
 
 Sicily, Ounce of 
 
 Sicca Rupee 
 
 Sweden Rix Dollar 
 
 29 Trieste Florin 
 
 400 Turkey Piastre, according to the 
 40 rale of Exchange on London 
 
 33 J Averages 
 
 * Not exact, $4 44.4. 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 250 
 80 
 
 40 
 124 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 246 
 
 50 
 100 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 And all other denominations of money in value as nearly as may be to the said 
 rates, or to the intrinsic value thereof, compared with money of the United States. 
 
 Extract of an Act of Congress, passed 3d March, 1801. 
 
 Invoices of all goods imported into the United States, and subject to a duty ad 
 valorem, shall be made out in the currency of the place or country from whence 
 the importation shall be made, and shall contain a true statement of the actual cost 
 of such goods in such foreign currency or currencies, without any respect to the 
 value of the coins of the United States or foreign coins which now are or shall be 
 by law made current within the United States in such foreign place or country. 
 
 199 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
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 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY