NRLF 
 
 DDT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIKT OK 
 
 Received 
 Accession No. fX 3 ...<6. 
 
 No. 
 
(t) ^ 
 
 PATENTED 
 

 T **-{ 
 
 * _ 
 
 V j^ ~<*<>l>-- 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE MORRIN "CLIMAX" 
 
 WATER TUBE 
 
 SAFETY BOILER 
 
 (PATENTED.) 
 
 " UNIVERSITY 
 
 by 
 
 General Offices and Works: 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y, 
 
 1896. 
 
iler <?ompai?y, 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
 
 GENERAL AGENTS AND 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 The |V]orrin 
 
 Water Tube 
 
 (Patented) 
 
 For the United States. 
 
 THOMAS MORRIN, 
 
 JVlills Building, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL 
 
 For the States of WASHINGTON, OREGON, 
 CALIFORNIA and NEVADA. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, DRAWINGS, &e., FURNISHED. 
 
250 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 
The Morrin "Climax" 
 Water Tube Safety Boiler 
 
 IS ESPECIALLY ADAPTED 
 
 FOR THE UTILIZATION OF 
 
 Waste Heat from Cylinder Boilers, 
 Blast Furnaces and Forges, 
 
 AND FOR 
 
 Green Begasse. 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 CALIFO5 
 

\Y/E take pleasure in presenting to you 
 the accompanying cuts, description and 
 partial list of installations, also valuable testi- 
 monials, which are fair illustrations of the 
 estimate made of the Morrin "Climax" Steam 
 Boiler, by some of the prominent parties 
 using it. 
 
 Brooklyn, Nov. 15, 1896. 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
Fig. 1. 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 -OF- 
 
 THE MORRIN "CLIMAX" 
 WATER TUBE SAFETY BOILER 
 
 A CASUAL glance may give the impression that this generator is very 
 complicated, but a close examination will reveal it to be of very 
 simple construction ; and when its construction is understood, it will 
 also be apparent that with the ordinary amount of care, such as is 
 usually bestowed upon common boilers, it is not liable to get out of 
 order, and when, through constant use repairs are demanded they can 
 be easily and quickly made. 
 
 The boiler consists of a vertical cylinder and loop-like tubes, ex- 
 tending the entire height of the generator, which comprise the principal 
 heating surface, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 The main cylinder (shell) A is constructed similar to any cylindrical 
 boiler shell, and is made perfectly steam-tight, also strong enough to 
 resist internal pressure, and is provided on top with a man-hole plate. 
 A perfect idea of the loop-like tubes may be obtained by referring to the 
 shaded tubes in Fig. 2. The extremities of these tubes extend and are 
 expanded into the cylinder A, forming a steam-tight connection. Their 
 ends are in higher planes to each other as will be seen by referring to 
 the lower shaded tube in Fig. 1. The heads are bumped to a radius 
 equal to the diameter of the shell and require no braces. The tubes are 
 \y 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and 280 to 1,000 in number, according to 
 the size of the boiler, and their aggregated length varies with the size 
 of the boilers from 1,000 to 12,000 feet, or equal to about two and a 
 quarter miles in the largest size. 
 
 These tubes are bent as shown in Fig. 2, and re-enter the cylinder 
 about eighteen inches higher than their initial entrance. 
 
 The central drum below the fire level affords a settling space for 
 sediment. Access to this drum is obtained by a full sized man-hole. 
 It is simple in construction, presents a plain surface without braces and 
 can be readily cleaned. 
 
 In the main cylinder a short distance above the water level, a 
 
 23 
 
deflector plate is inserted, which tends to throw back any water that 
 may be carried by the steam, and a series of diaphragms divide the 
 upper portion of the cylinder forming a series of superheating chambers, 
 through which the steam is successively compelled to circulate by 
 the connecting loop-like tubes, thus becoming thoroughly dried and 
 superheated. The steam thus generated passes into a reservoir, which 
 is provided for above the top row of tubes. This is made perfectly 
 clear to the reader by referring to Fig. 1. As the boiler increases in 
 size so also do the water and steam spaces in the same ratio. The same 
 cannot be said of any other boiler on the market. 
 
 Above the central shell, resting on the row of tubes, is a coil 100 to 
 300 feet in length, according to the size of the boiler, of 1^ to 3 inch pipe. 
 This coil is welded and without screw joints. The feed water flows 
 through this coil or economizer before entering the boiler, and thus 
 absorbs considerable heat from the waste gases ; it then passes to the 
 main cylinder, thence into the curved tubes, in which a rapid circulation 
 is maintained by reason of their upward course and the intense heat by 
 which they are surrounded. 
 
 The fire box surrounds the large vertical cylinder, and is annular 
 in form. It is enclosed in a casing of iron, which is bolted together in 
 sections, and lined with a patent fire brick. It may be said of this 
 brick that wherever used it has met with the greatest appreciation and 
 praise from the parties having charge of the boiler plant. The height 
 of fire chamber adds largely to perfect combustion. Ordinarily three 
 or four fire doors are provided, according to the size of the boiler. 
 
 The construction of the cylindrical shell into which the tubes are 
 inserted is the same as that of any boiler shell, with the exception that 
 it is welded longitudinally instead of riveted, allowing of a uniform 
 spacing of the holes for the tubes. The tubes are bent to a template 
 and expanded into the shell in the usual manner. The heating surface 
 is efficient, and evaporates with a rate of combustion of 12.5 pounds of 
 coal per square foot of grate per hour, 6 pounds of water per square 
 foot of heating surface per hour, requiring less than 5 square feet of 
 heating surface per horse power, on'a basis of 30 pounds of water per 
 horse power per hour. The ratio of grate to heating surface is very 
 effective, consequently steam is rapidly formed and a high economy of 
 fuel obtained. 
 
 Since the largest diameter exposed to bursting pressure is the 
 small, vertical cylindrical shell, these generators can be of large power 
 and still be entirely safe under any pressure desired. The factor of 
 safety in this boiler is very high. 
 
 One of these boilers has been under steam day and night for eight 
 years, and shows no sign of failure anywhere ; a tube which was cut 
 out for examination during the season of 1894 was in as good condition 
 as when first put in. A tube more recently removed from the same 
 boiler thoroughly substantiates the foregoing claim. 
 
 24 
 
SCIENTIFIC CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 It is more compact than any other boiler in use. The bent tubes 
 and the main shell are filled with water, and the heat circulates amongst 
 the tubes, around the outer shell and thence to the flue. No other 
 possible arrangement of the same amount of material could give as 
 much heating surface in so small a space. The heat is almost entirely 
 absorbed before it reaches the stack, and the loss from radiation is very 
 slight. The water and steam heating surfaces are in proper proportion 
 to each other, thus making it possible to generate dry steam in a very 
 short time. 
 
 The patent smoke preventing fire brick in the furnace add largely 
 to the item of economy by promptly igniting the gases of combustion. 
 
 SAFETY. 
 
 The alarming loss of life and property resulting from the explosion 
 of steam boilers calls imperatively for a construction that shall, as far as 
 possible, be absolutely safe under all ordinary conditions of use. To 
 meet this demand, the parts exposed to steam pressure must be of such 
 a form and dimensions as to give a factor of safety large enough to 
 remove all likelihood of their failure, even if temporarily subjected to 
 pressure materially in excess of that ordinarily employed. 
 
 If from carelessness there should be a heavy fire in the furnace and 
 low water in the boiler, the worst that could happen would be the 
 rupture of one of the tubes ; this would release the pressure immediately 
 without serious injury or disaster. 
 
 ECONOMY. 
 
 In considering the economy of a Steam Boiler several things must 
 be taken into account. For example, Economy of Space calls for the 
 maximum effect of a given amount of room occupied. This is often of 
 great importance, and is always deserving of careful attention. Again, 
 economy with the least consumption of fuel. Neither of these con- 
 siderations should be lost sight of, although their relative importance 
 may alter under different circumstances. 
 
 All steam users should remember that a small saving each day will 
 amount to a considerable sum in a year, and, therefore, those who 
 contemplate putting in a new boiler or changing their old plant should 
 seriously consider the item of economy in fuel. More judgment and 
 consideration are needed in selecting a boiler that will combine high 
 efficiency with economy in fuel than in the selecting of an engine. 
 
 The Morrin ' ' Climax" is specially designed to meet this requirement. 
 
 25 
 
DURABILITY. 
 
 Of almost equal importance to the fuel economy of a boiler is the 
 question of durability. Liability of all parts to fail, rendering frequent 
 stoppage for repairs necessary must be carefully considered. While 
 such repairs are costly in themselves, the loss caused by the enforced 
 stoppage is often greater. 
 
 Though the strength and compactness of the "Climax" boiler 
 reduces its liability to accident and necessity for repairs to a minimum, 
 yet it has been constructed so that every part of it is accessible. 
 
 The joints are protected from injury, being under water and 
 removed from the action of the flame. The tubes being expanded in 
 the main shell allows for unequal expansion and contraction, and the 
 bends provide for unequal expansion in the individual tubes. They are 
 not only less liable to injury, but any tube can be replaced easier, at 
 less expense and in less time than in any other boiler. 
 
 Another great element of safety and durability in the "Climax" 
 Boiler lies in the fact that only the best materials and workmanship are 
 employed in its construction. No cast metals are used (which are liable 
 to give way at any moment) but only the best quality of steel and 
 wrought iron. 
 
 EVAPORATION. 
 
 This boiler under equal conditions will evaporate more water per 
 pound of fuel than any other boiler in the market ; over one hundred 
 tests have demonstrated this. A great saving results from the heating 
 surface being always clean, and arranged so as to receive the best 
 possible effect of the heat ; in addition to this the steam and water 
 spaces are so ample that bad water and almost any kind of fuel can be 
 used successfully. 
 
 STEADINESS OF WATER LEVEL. 
 
 The ample passages for circulation secure steadiness of water level 
 unsurpassed by any other boiler on the market. 
 
 STEAMING QUALITIES. 
 
 The steaming qualities of this boiler place it beyond comparison 
 with any other type of boiler. This has been demonstrated by 
 innumerable tests. In some instances we have raised one hundred and 
 twenty-five pounds of steam from cold water in ten minutes. This 
 record has never been reached by any other type of boiler. The 
 "Climax" has been subjected to some of the severest tests known; 
 for instance, in a rolling mill, where the load varies from ten to five 
 
 26 
 
hundred horse power, this boiler has withstood the sudden call for 
 power without the pressure varying one pound. In most boilers, when 
 the lires are cleaned, the pressure invariably falls, and it is only with 
 great exertion on the part of the fireman that steam can be raised to the 
 point at which it was originally before the fires were drawn. In the 
 "Climax" this is very different; fires can be cleaned and furnace door 
 left open for any reasonable time without pulling down the steam. 
 
 This should be carefully considered before the selection of boilers 
 is made. Steam from this boiler is not only absolutely dry, but is 
 superheated to over eighty degrees. 
 
 Recent tests made by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and 
 others prove this claim. 
 
 ACCESSIBILITY. 
 
 The boiler is constructed with man-hole plates at the top head and 
 in the lower shell. Each section of the outside casing "of the boiler is 
 provided with a cleaning door, through which the ashes and soot may 
 be blown off the tubes by means of a steam hose. A tube may be 
 readily removed and another substituted. The outside casing of the 
 boiler being sectional and simply bolted together can be easily removed 
 for this purpose. The operation of removing and substituting a tube 
 can be performed in one and one-half hours. By opening one man-hole 
 access is gained to every part of the interior of the shell, to both ends 
 of the tubes and to the interior of each tube. 
 
 CLEANLINESS. 
 
 The "Climax" being a vertical boiler, is admirably constructed so 
 that all sediment settles to the mud-drum, from which it can be readily 
 and frequently blown out. The interior of the boiler is, therefore, 
 almost self-cleaning. 
 
 DRAFT. 
 
 As thin, clean tubes receive the first, the best and the last attack of 
 the heat, the draft is always good and not impeded by soot. The 
 outside shell is not in contact with the heat, therefore no blistering of 
 plates nor deposit on the heating surfaces. 
 
 ECONOMY OF FLOOR SPACE. 
 
 The boiler occupies less floor space than any other type of boiler 
 on the market. A 1,000 horse power "Climax" Boiler occupies a 
 diameter of only seventeen feet, smaller units less in proportion. 
 
 27 
 
REPAIRS. 
 
 The construction of this boiler is such as to require very few 
 repairs ; but should it be found necessary to make them, they can 
 easily and readily be done by a good mechanic with the tools usually 
 found in the store room. 
 
 The necessary tools to make any repairs are an ordinary expander 
 tool, hammer and cape chisel and a tackle for removing any upper 
 sectional casing above the furnace. 
 
 ERECTION. 
 
 In erecting this boiler, the central or main shell is stood upon the 
 cast iron foundation plate, which is set upon the masonry. The foot 
 castings attached to the main shell are then secured to the foundation 
 plate by means of tap bolts. After this operation, the work of placing 
 the tubes in the shell is commenced. After all the tubes have been 
 properly expanded, the whole is subjected to a hydrostatic test of 300 
 Ibs. to the square inch. 
 
 Should it be necessary to remove one or more tubes from the boiler 
 after the test has been made on account of a pin hole or sand spot, the 
 water is run out of the boiler and a new tube inserted, which is done in 
 a very few minutes. The tubes are again tested to see that those 
 inserted have been properly expanded. This operation completed, the 
 work of placing the casings, which have been lined with the porous fire 
 brick during the period of placing and testing the tubes, are then placed 
 in position and securely bolted. The canopy or bonnet is next placed, 
 and thus the work of completion goes on until every part is in its 
 proper position. 
 
 The time consumed in the erection of any one of these boilers 
 averages about three weeks, so that a person ordering a boiler can have 
 steam on his plant within six weeks from date of placing the order. The 
 same cannot be said of any other type of boiler now on the market. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The "Climax" is very easily handled, all parts being sectional. 
 The heaviest of the sections does not weigh over 500 Ibs., while the main 
 shell varies in weight from two to eight tons according to the size of 
 the boiler. 
 
 The tubes are packed in bundles of six to eight, the casings and 
 furnace sections crated. All fittings, bolts and minor parts are boxed 
 so that they can be conveniently and easily handled. 
 
 We have on file some very strong letters from our foreign cus- 
 tomers, testifying to the very easy manner in which the "Climax" can 
 be transported from the steamer to the plantation. 
 
 28 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 THE "CLIMAX" BOILER 
 
 Is constructed with especial reference to fulfilling all the requirements 
 afore named. As to safety, there are no large diameters exposed to 
 pressure, hence the ultimate strength is far in excess of the strain to 
 which the metal is subjected. Only the best material is used, and the 
 workmanship is the best. For economy, the disposition of the heating 
 surface is such as to utilize the maximum of heat from the fuel burned, 
 preventing loss of heat and providing large power in small space. 
 
 In truth it can be justly claimed that it embodies all the absolutely 
 essential features now required and demanded by engineers and steam 
 users. 
 
 Its record wherever used, in rolling mills, flour mills, cotton mills, 
 sugar refineries, rope walks, electric light and power plants, and for 
 heat and power in some of the largest manufacturing plants in the 
 United States, is the best proof of its superiority, and of the justice and 
 value of our claims. 
 
 As it is superior to all other boilers on the market, and as it will 
 reduce expense largely and remove danger to life and property, your 
 interests will be materially enhanced and profits increased by adopting 
 the "Climax." 
 
 The "CLIMAX" has no Screw Joints, no Metallic Joints, 
 no Ground Joints, no Packing Joints, no Cast Iron Pipes, 
 Manifolds or Headers to cause trouble from unequal expansion 
 and contraction. 
 
 The "CLIMAX" is made in sizes from 50 to 1,000 horse-power. 
 
 Having thus briefly noted a few of the principal features of our 
 boiler, your personal investigation and examination of every claim made 
 is solicited. Any information desired will be cheerfully given. 
 
A Great Invention. 
 
 From THE MERCANTILE TIMES, New York, May 23d, 1891. 
 
 It seems to be generally agreed by those who are looked upon as really 
 competent authorities upon such matters, that the Morrin "Climax" Steam 
 Generator is one of the really great inventions of the age. It is safe, durable 
 and economical to a really remarkable extent and never fails to give the most 
 complete satisfaction to those who use it. It is made in sizes from 50 to 1,000 
 h. p., and is adapted to every kind of work within those limits. It has no screw 
 joints, no metallic joints, no packing joints, no cast iron pipes, manifolds or 
 headers to cause trouble frdm unequal expansion and contraction. If we had 
 space we would like to print an engraving of this generator, and at some future 
 time will probably do so. At present, however, it must suffice to say that the 
 "Climax" is constructed with a special view to fulfilling all the requirements of 
 safety, economy and durability. As to the safety, there are no large diameters 
 exposed to pressure, hence the ultimate strength is so far in excess of the strains 
 to which the metal is subjected as to meet every requirement. None but the 
 best of material is used and the workmanship is of high standard. Regarding 
 economy, the disposition of the heating surface is such as to utilize the maximum 
 of heat from the fuel burned, thereby avoiding loss of heat and providing large 
 power in small space. With reference to durability, the construction is such as 
 to issue a rapid circulation, which is one of the most important requisites and 
 there are no parts subject to undue strains, or that are restrained from freely 
 expanding and contracting as they must do when in use. There are no joints to 
 cause trouble by leaking, and in all respects the construction is simple and 
 without complication. The closest scrutiny of every claim made for this boiler 
 is requested, and any information desired will be cheerfully given at the works of 
 the makers, or at any of the branch offices. 
 
 The "Climax" has been on the market for several years, and from the first 
 it has more than justified all the claims that have been made on its behalf. 
 The demand for it keeps on growing very steadily from year to year, and that the 
 outlook ahead could not well be better than it is. 
 
 The Morrin "Climax" Steam Generator is the invention of Mr. Thomas F. 
 Morrin, a thoroughly practical man of many years' experience, and is built at the 
 Clonbrock Steam Boiler Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. These extensive works, in 
 which a force of over 500 hands is employed, are under the active management 
 of a very able and popular gentleman long identified with this line of business. 
 At the works, Marine and Stationary Engines and Boilers of every description 
 are built and repaired. 
 
 The Morrin "Climax" Steam Generator is one of many specialties, and for 
 which there is a continually growing demand. 
 
 31 
 
The Largest Boiler in the World. 
 
 From THE STREET RAILWAY REVIEW, November, 18'.'3. 
 
 To the west of the big boiler plant at the World's Fair, described several 
 months ago in the Review, is another array of power producers hardly less 
 interesting. This subsidiary plant was necessitated by the amount of power used. 
 
 Chief of interest in this above mentioned subsidiary plant was a pair of 
 gigantic vertical water-tube Boilers, made by the Clonbrock Steam Boiler Works, 
 of Brooklyn, N. Y., on the Morrin Climax System. A faint idea of the 
 immensity of these generators may be gleaned from the engraving presented, but 
 they must be seen to be realized. 
 
 This Climax display represented 3,000 h. p. One boiler was 1,500 h. p. 
 capacity, the two were 700. The whole battery contained 20,000 square feet of 
 heating surface. The two seven hundreds have 500 tubes each of 3" diameter, 
 \\Y-2 feet long. The large generator holds 1,000 tubes, of 3" diameter, 12 feet 
 long, which if placed in a continuous line, would reach two and a half miles. 
 
 The three boilers installed by the Climax people are guaranteed to evaporate 
 60,000 pounds of water into dry steam, under actual, not ideal, conditions. 
 The 1,500 h. p. boiler weighs, when ready for service, 181,000, and smaller, 
 131,000 pounds each. The large boiler occupies 198 square feet of floor space, 
 while the smaller ones require 130 feet each. This type of boiler has been in 
 service night and day for eight years, and on the general market for five years. 
 
 In street railway fields it has been particularly adaptable to trying conditions, 
 and the number now in use in street railway power stations may be taken as 
 representative of the future prospects of this generator. 
 
 Col. Jones, who has been in constant attendance and in charge of the 
 exhibit, is a mechanical engineer of many years' experience, and has been untiring 
 in his attention to visiting brethren, with all of whom he is very popular. 
 
 32 
 
T+oSafttyValm. 
 
 500 H. P. MORRIN -'CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 
Utilization of Waste Heat from Cylinder 
 Boilers. 
 
 Within the past two years the problem of how to utilize the waste heat from 
 Cylinder Boilers has presented itself before the Mining Engineers of Pennsylvania, 
 in such a positive manner as to cause several to take up the subject in earnest, 
 and it may be of interest to the readers of this Catalogue to know just what steps 
 have been taken, and what results have been obtained on this important subject. 
 
 The first gentleman to experiment in this line was Mr. Irving A. Stearns, 
 General Manager of the Susquehanna Coal Co., and the several other companies 
 controlled by the Penna. R. E , and the place selected for the experiment was 
 in the rear of twelve cylinder boilers 30" in diameter, and 30 feet long, located 
 at number two shaft boiler house of the Susquehanna Coal Co., Nanticoke, Pa. 
 
 By the means of the pyrometer, Mr. Stearns found the temperature of the 
 gases going to waste in the stacks ranged from 1,500 to #,000: 1,500 with the 
 blowers off ; and 2,000 when on. This warranted him in seeing just how much 
 of this waste heat could be utilized in making more steam, without altering the 
 existing conditions of firing or using an ounce more coal. With this object in 
 view he placed a 400 h. p. Morrin "Climax" Steam Generator (a vertical boiler, 
 nothing more nor less than a large smoke-stack, 11 feet, 2" in diameter, and 26 
 feet 6" high, containing a heating surface of 3,940 square feet, made up of loop- 
 like tubes, expanded into cylindrical shell, 42" diameter, by which a rapid and 
 continuous circulation of water is maintained) between the two stacks that 
 carried off the waste gases from the twelve cylinder boilers. Two brick flues 
 conducted the gases to the Climax boiler. Entering at the base diametrically 
 opposite to each other, the old stacks being temporarily cut off by iron doors, 
 and the waste gases thus compelled to seek an outlet through the Climax 
 Generator. The entrance to the Climax was also provided with iron doors in case 
 it became necessary to clean it, which case the door leading to the stacks could 
 be raised and the Climax Generator shut off. 
 
 The results of tests on Climax Steam Generator, made on Feb. 21st, from 
 waste heat alone, burning No. 2 buckwheat coal under cylinder boilers, is as 
 follows : 
 
 Temperature of Feedwater, . . 150 
 
 " " Feed Flue, . .- . 520 
 
 Steam Pressure, .... . 85 Ibs. 
 
 Pounds of water Evaporated per Hour, 16,513 Ibs. 
 
 " from and at 212 18,171 Ibs. 
 Horse-Power, Developed, Boilers Working 
 
 under Blast, ... . 526.7 H. P. 
 
 Horse-Power based on evaporation of 34 Ibs. water per hour ; from and at 
 212 30 Ibs. ; from 100 feed to 70 Ibs. steam. 
 
 The above results obtained by actual test afford some idea of the amount of 
 heat going to waste and at the same time prove the value of the Climax Steam 
 Generator for the utilization of same, for it can now be confidently asserted that 
 where cylinder boilers are used it is possible to double the horse-power capacity 
 without having to use an ounce more coal or employ another hand. 
 
 We will furnish upon application to the Mining Engineers of Coal Producing 
 States, blue prints and specifications showing the system adapted for utilizing 
 waste heat from Cylinder Boilers and Blast Furnaces. 
 
 34 
 
TWO 250 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS, BUILT FOR THE BRONX GAS AND ELECTRIC CO. 
 
 WESTCHESTER, N. Y. 
 
MOEBIN "CLIMAX" BUiLEKS AT THK WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, ILL., 1893. 
 
CLIMAX BOILERS. 
 
 IN COURSE OF ERECTION AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 
 CHICAGO, ILL., 1893. 
 
TESTIMONIALS 
 
 The Westinghouse Electric Company. 
 
 PITTSBURGH, PA., U. S. A., 
 
 November 27th, 1889. 
 THE CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : I have your favor of the 25th inst. The tube has arrived, 
 and I have had it cut up, and find it in excellent condition. I note that 
 Mr. Morrin would like to have the tube returned to you, but I would not like 
 to part with the whole of it, and will send him a couple of pieces from it of 
 pretty good size, if he desires the same. If you would send me the address of 
 the parties, I will have the pieces sent from here to Wheeling, W. Va., instead 
 of sending it to New York and back again. If this will accommodate Mr. 
 Morrin, please send me the address. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 FRED'K A. SCHEFFLER, 
 
 Acting Gen'l Supt. 
 
 The Essex County Electric Company. 
 
 ORANGE, N. J., December 21st, 1889. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: We have been using a 200 h. p. Climax Boiler, furnished by 
 your Works, since October 15th, and are much pleased so far with its workings. 
 We have been taking at least 250 h. p. out of it since the middle of last month. 
 We are particularly pleased with the dryness of steam furnished. We are also 
 very favorably impressed with the mechanical style and workmanlike manner in 
 which the boiler and its accompaniments were installed. 
 
 We think that this style of boiler is destined to become popular in 
 proportion to the knowledge acquired by the public as to its peculiar merits. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 EDWARD E. SAGE, 
 
 President. 
 WM. B. BOULTON, 
 
 Vice- President. 
 STEWART LINDSLEY, 
 
 General Manager. 
 
 39 
 
The Brush Electric Co., of Baltimore City. 
 
 BALTIMORE, August 22d, 1891. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: I have your favor of the 21st inst., relating to the test of 
 our boiler. 
 
 I beg to state to you that we made a test of our boiler, which proved very 
 satisfactory to the Brush Company. We evaporated 224,461 Ibs. of water, and 
 used 20,064 Ibs. of slack soft coal in a test of 10 hoars. The average steam 
 pressure was 96^ Ibs. ; the temperature of steam 335 ; the draft in the stack 
 was -f$ inches; the temperature of the feed water was 152; the temperature 
 of the city water was 75. We took out from beneath the boiler 3,161 Ibs. of 
 ashes. The boiler was tested during the actual working conditions of our 
 Station. The test was made by disinterested parties Mr. Robert Naysmith 
 and William Hunker, of the Allegheny County Light Company, and under 
 the direction of the writer. I was there the entire night watching the process 
 of the test, and can verify all the above statements as to the actual water and 
 coal, etc., of the test. I might state that if we were to make the test over 
 again, I have no doubt that we could evaporate much more water with the same 
 amount of coal. 
 
 I would suggest to you that this be not made public just at present, for 
 reasons which I will explain to you later on. I will get up a statement, if you 
 so desire, to be made public, and will also furnish you some information relating 
 to the Brush Electric Station of Baltimore City, to be published in any of the 
 Electrical or Engineering papers. 
 
 I have a list of the test worked out, which was given to me by Mr. Blaxter, 
 of the Allegheny County Light Company, which corresponds with yours, only I 
 think he gives you a little bit more than you do yourself. 
 
 We had some difficulty in keeping the water at a certain point in the 
 boiler during this test, but nothing serious. I am going to make some 
 alterations in regard to water column in glass gauges, which I think will be an 
 improvement in a general working way to the boiler. 
 
 With kind regards, I remain, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THE BRCTSH ELECTRIC COMPANY, 
 
 E. F. BAKER, 
 
 Oen'l Supt. 
 
 40 
 
VIEW OP ONE 400 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILER, BUILT FOR THE SUSQUEHANNA COAL CO., 
 
 NANTICOKE, PA., 1893, AND USINO WASTE HEAT PROM 12 CYLINDEB BOILERS, 
 
 80 IN. DIA. X 30 FT. LONG. 
 
The Mount Morris Electric Light Co. 
 
 NEW YORK, October 23d, 1892. 
 CLONE ROCK STEAM BOILEK WORKS, 
 
 Smith Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to yours of the 22d inst., am pleased to say that 
 the five (5) two-hundred-and-fifty (250) h. p. boilers of your make are giving 
 very satisfactory results to us. 
 
 One of them has been running constantly for almost three years, two of 
 them for over two years, and two for one year. 
 
 We find them very rapid steamers, and very economical on fuel. 
 
 In a recent test we made, we found that they developed from 33 to 45 per 
 cent, above their rated capacity. 
 
 By a recent examination of one of the tubes located on the water-line, we 
 found it to be perfectly clean and free from scale, which indicates a very rapid 
 circulation of water. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 MOUNT MORRIS ELECTRIC LIGHT Co., 
 GEO. FULTON, EDWARD MAY, 
 
 Chief Engineer. President. 
 
 The Newark Electric Light and Power Company. 
 
 NEWARK, N. J., March 7th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Replying to your inquiry of the 6th inst., would say that 
 having used your boilers for nearly two (2) years without interruption, we are 
 very much pleased with the results obtained from them. As you know, our 
 first installation consisted of three 500 horse-power boilers, and after using 
 these somewhat over a year, when we were in need of additional boiler capacity, 
 we investigated at considerable length as to the actual condition of these boilers 
 after that length of time in actual service. Having removed several of the 
 tubes from different sections of the boiler which had the most constant use, 
 for the purpose of examination, we found these tubes practically as clean inside 
 as when the boilers were first started. We have since put in two more of the 
 same size, which are working equally well. We have not made any scientific 
 test of late to show actual results in the consumption of coal for the amount 
 of horse-power produced, but figuring the output of this station with the total 
 cost of our coal at same place, we find that we are running more economically 
 than we have been able to do at any of our other stations, of which we have 
 had three, with as many different makes of boilers. We have no hesitancy in 
 recommending your boiler, and particularly so for our line of business. 
 
 These boilers are quick steamers, and the steam obtained from same is 
 very dry. 
 
 Wishing you every success which this boiler well merits, we beg to remain, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 DUDLEY FARRAND, 
 
 Assistant Secretary. 
 
 42 
 
VIEW SHOWING 400 H. P. MO REIN " CLIMAX" BOILER IN COURSE OF ERECTION FOR THE 
 SUSQUEHANNA COAL CO., NANTICOKE, PA. 
 
The Manufacturers' Electric Company. 
 
 S. E. CORNER AMERICAN AND SOMERSET STREETS, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, April 19th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your inquiry respecting the 300 h. p. boiler we 
 bought from you, as to its' working, our experience with it, which has been 
 about one year, has been very satisfactory. We have not had to replace any of 
 the tubes and no other repairs have been required. We had it opened up a few 
 days ago and inspected, and find it in good condition. 
 
 Comparing consumption of coal with Return Tubular Boilers we have in use, 
 we find it more economical, and the steam is very dry. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 JAS. RITCHIE, 
 
 Oen'l Manager. 
 
 JERSEY CITY, April 24th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your inquiry, will say that we have one of your 
 500 h. p. boilers in use since September last, and it is doing first class work in 
 every way. As far as my experience goes, I think it is the best boiler made. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 D. SEA RLE, 
 Chief Engineer COLGATE & Co. 
 
 WJLMINGTOV, DEL., April 24th, 1894. 
 CLONBKOCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your request of this date as to the efficiency of 
 the Climax Boiler, I would respectfully state that I have had charge of three of 
 your boilers since 1886. I can cheerfully recommend them for economy, free 
 steamers and trifling cost of repairs, giving me little or no trouble in that time, 
 plying in both Northern and Southern waters and under all conditions. Your 
 boiler that I am at present in charge of, after three years' service, has just stood 
 a pressure of 400 Ibs. per square inch, thereby allowing me a pressure of 200 
 pounds of steam. Taking it in all, I am well pleased with your boiler, 
 the " Climax. " I am much gratified to state that up to this time it has given 
 the best possible results. I remain, 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 J. G. MORAN, 
 
 Chief Engineer P. Lorillard's Yacht "Caiman." 
 At Wilmington, Del. 
 
 44 
 
VIEW OF 400 H. P. MORRIN " CLIMAX " BOILER, COMPLETED AND READY FOR SERVICE, SHOWING FLUES 
 
 FOR CONDUCTING THE WASTE HEAT FROM CYLINDER BOILERS TO THE "CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 
 THIS BOILER DEVELOPED OVER 600 H. P. 
 
FROM THE LABORATORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ORANGE, N. J., February 6th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: Your letter of 30th ultimo is received. I have a 
 Climax boiler and it is giving great satisfaction. Taking everything 
 in consideration it is, in my opinion, practically and theoretically, the 
 best boiler so far invented. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THOMAS A. EDISON. 
 
Chicago Edison Company. 
 
 CHICAGO, April 20th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMRN : In reply to your inquiry as to our experience and opinion of 
 the "Climax" Boiler, will say that the first of these that we purchased was 
 installed and fired in November of 1892. This boiler is rated at 500 h. p., and 
 has been doing considerably more than that amount of work since that date. 
 
 We installed a second similar boiler a year later ; and two more are being 
 erected at the present time. 
 
 We have found these boilers to be extremely quick steamers, to be capable 
 of generating considerably more than their rated capacity, to be very economical 
 in the matter of fuel, and, so far. to require practically no repairs. 
 
 We are extremely well pleased with them. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. H. WlLMlRDING, 
 
 Gen'l Supt. 
 
 Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Brooklyn. 
 
 BROOKLYN, April 23rd, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your favor of April lith, in regard to our opinion 
 of the Climax Boilers, I would say that we have experienced nothing but the 
 most genuine satisfaction since their introduction. We, as you know, first used 
 the boiler in connection with our Third District >tation, and have had them in 
 continual use for the past eighteen months, the pressure ranging from 160 to 200 
 pounds. We find that the boilers carry out in actual practice all the theoretical 
 claims made for them, and not only have they proved most efficient and reliable, 
 but since starting have cost us nothing for repairs. 
 
 After a trial of a year in this station, we adopted them in our Second 
 District plant, where they have been in use for about eight months. We are now 
 erecting two in our Buffalo Bill "Wild West" annex station, and are already 
 making plans to install 3,600 h. p. of them in our First District, Pearl Street 
 plant. The boilers have shown no tendency to scale, and I do not anticipate 
 any trouble in this direction. 
 
 Trusting your boilers will meet with the same success in other stations, 
 I remain, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 W. S. BARSTOW, 
 
 Gen'l Supt. 
 
 48 
 
' L 
 
 POWER STATION OF THE UNITED ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CO., EAST 29TH ST., N. Y. CITY. 
 
 THIS PLANT CONTAINS SEVEN 600 H. P. AND TWO 500 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS. 
 
 WHEN COMPLETED WILL CONTAIN THIRTEEN 600 H. P. AND TWO 500 H. P. 
 
 MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS. 
 
1,000 H. p. MOEBIN "CLIMAX" BOILER FOR THE EAST 60TH ST. STATION 
 
 OF THE NEW YORK STEAM CO., NEW YORK CITY. 
 
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Coney Island & Brooklyn R. R. Co. 
 
 SMITH AND NINTH STEEETS, 
 
 BROOKLYN, Dec. 18th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Replying to yours of the 30th ult., we installed two (2) 
 Climax Boilers of 350 h. p. each in July, 1892, and one (1) in May, 1893. 
 
 The said Climax Boilers have been in active service night and day since. 
 They have never cost us one cent for repairs, and I do not hesitate to recommend 
 them. I expect to have a copy of tests made by Columbia College within a day 
 or so when I will be pleased to send you a copy of same. 
 
 H. JVf. NASH, Chief Engineer, 
 Coney Island & Brooklyn \\. K. Co. 
 
 The Colonial Company, Limited. 
 
 TRINIDAD, Jan. 7th, IS'Jo 
 To the Directors of 
 
 THE CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your memorandum of the llth ultimo, asking for 
 an expression of opinion as to the merits of the "Climax" Boiler as applied to 
 sugar house work, we may state that two of these boilers of 600 horse power each 
 have now run through two campaigns at the Usine Ste. Madeleine. 
 
 Last year two more of 1,000 horse power each were erected, and we under- 
 stand from our Manager that the installation has given great satisfaction. 
 We are. gentlemen, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THE COLONIAL COMPANY, Limited. 
 per ANDKE BERNARD. 
 
 52 
 
Merrimack Manufacturing Co. 
 
 LOWELL, MASS., May 22d, 1896. 
 MR. GEO. P. FLINN, 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 DEAR SIR: Yours of the 21st at hand and contents noted. In looking 
 over the test of the No. 7 1,000 horse power "Climax" Boiler, I find that the 
 average actual evaporation corrected for moisture from and at 2 1 2 degrees is 
 
 12.79 the 1st test, Ibs. of water per Ib. combustible. 
 12.44 " 2d " " " 
 12.37 " 3d " 
 
 CORRECTED FOR SUPER-HEAT AND MOISTURE IT is 
 
 13.16 Ibs. of water per Ib. combustible on 1st test. 
 12.54 " " " " 2d " 
 
 12.80 " " 3d " 
 
 THE PERCENTAGES OF SUPER-HKAT ARE AS FOLLOWS : 
 5.30$ on the 1st test. 
 8.90$ " 2d " 
 6.77$ " 3d " 
 
 THE MAXIMUM DEGREES OF SUPER-HEAT WERE AS FOLLOWS : 
 37 on the 1st test for one hour. 
 49 " 2d 
 44 " 3d " 
 
 Coal used, George's Creek, fired by Wilkinson stokers; this speaks well 
 for the boiler. Our readings were taken every fifteen minutes, and coal and 
 water weighed on the scales. 
 
 The draft on the 1st test was .755" 
 " 2d " .738" 
 
 " 3d 1.25" 
 
 Average temperature feed water, 1st test, 45.2 
 
 2d " 46.8 
 3d " 33.5 
 
 Hoping that this may interest you, I am, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 (Signed) D. J. LEWIS, JR., 
 
 Chief Engineer. 
 
 54 
 
TREMONT BUILDING, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 EQUIPPED WITH FOUR 150 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS. 
 
Buchanan & Lyall Tobacco Factory. 
 
 346 CARROLL ST., 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y., Nov. 8th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 'Smith St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Your letter of the 23rd October was handed me to reply to. 
 Regarding the celebrated Morrin Climax Steam Generator, I would say that we 
 have had a 250 h. p. boiler in constant use night and day for three years, and 
 under my care for nearly a year. 
 
 I am free to say that it is all that you represent it to be. It is a great Steam 
 Generator. We open it up once a month, and find it to be as clean as a whistle, 
 which proves that the circulation of water must be good, if not perfect. 
 
 I consider the boiler second to none, and should we ever need another boiler, 
 I am prepared to advise the putting in of a Climax. 
 I remain, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 WM. K. AUSTIN, Engineer, 
 At Buchanan & Lyall Tobacco Factory. 
 
 The Central Railway and Electric Co. 
 
 NEW BRITAIN, CONN., Dec. 1st, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Answering yours of October 23rd, will say that we have two 
 500 h. p. Climax Boilers that have cost us very little expense for repairs, and 
 have given us good satisfaction. When we make another increase we expect to 
 do it with the same style of boiler. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 E. S. BREED, Supt. 
 
 The New York Biscuit Company. 
 
 TENTH AVENUE, FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH STREETS, 
 
 NEW YORK, Dec. 5th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Replying to your esteemed favor of the 30th ultimo, we take 
 pleasure in stating that we have used your "Climax" boilers continuously for 
 three years and found them good steamers, and satisfactory in all respects. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 THE NEW YORK BISCUIT Co., 
 
 per Jos. LAMER. 
 
 56 
 
FEED WATER HEATER FOE MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 E. H. IRON PIPE. 
 
 SHIPMENT OF FEED WATER HEATERS FOR MORRIN "CLIMAX' 
 AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, ILL., 1893. 
 
 BOILERS 
 
New York Dredging Company. 
 
 WORLD BUILDING, 
 
 NEW YORK, April 30th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 564 Smith Street, South Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In January, 1893, we installed on our dredge boat "Florida" 
 a 400 horse power "Climax" boiler of your manufacture, since which time it has 
 been in constant use night and day, and it gives us pleasure to say that on the 
 whole it has been satisfactory. 
 
 We remain, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 NEW YORK DREDGING Co. 
 
 By GEO. W. CATT, Pres. 
 
 Thomson-Houston Electric Co. of New York. 
 
 425 EAST 24TH STREET. 
 
 II. W. GRAY, Receiver. 
 
 NEW YORK, Oct. 26th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Our experience with the "Climax" Steam Generator is that 
 we cannot find its equal in efficiency, handiness and general results in the 
 market. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 THOMSON-HOUSTON EL. Co. OF N. Y. 
 P. E. LEAHY, Chief Eng. and Supt. 
 
 Mt. Jessup Coal Company, Limited. 
 
 ELI T. CONNER, Supt. 
 
 WINTON, PA., Nov. 7th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Your favor of the 27th October received. In reply, will say 
 that the 300 h. p. "Climax" Boiler we purchased from you has enabled us to 
 dispense with the use of five Cylinder Boilers, and to make more steam than 
 formerly. The "Climax" takes waste gases of eight Cylinder Boilers and steams 
 fully up to rated capacity, and we think with a few changes in grate bars and 
 blowers will exceed that horse power. The boiler has been in use about four 
 months, and so far has given entire satisfaction. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 ELI T. CONNER, Supt. 
 58 
 
Colgate & Company, 
 
 53 & 55 JOHN ST., 
 
 NEW YORK, Dec. 6th, 1894. 
 CLONBBOCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : Your favor of Nov. 30th is at hand. We take pleasure in 
 stating that the 500 h. p. Climax Boiler, which you placed at our works about a 
 year ago, has proved satisfactory to us in every respect, and has accomplished all 
 that you stated it would. 
 
 We have already recommended it to several parties as being one of the best 
 boilers with which we are acquainted. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 COLGATE & Co. 
 
 F. W. Wurster & Co. 
 
 Rolling Mill, Spring and Axle Works. 
 
 BROOKLYN, Dec. 12th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to yours of the 12th inst., we are pleased to say that 
 after using your Climax Boiler for the past three years that it has given entire 
 satisfaction. As used in connection with our heating furnaces, we have been 
 able to run one 500 h. p. engine from the surplus heat without the use of coal 
 under the boiler. We also find that it consumes most of the smoke that comes 
 from using soft coal in the furnaces. 
 
 The only expense that we have had in the three years that we have used the 
 boiler has been for new fire brick. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 F. W. WURSTER & Co. 
 
 Baltimore Traction Company. 
 
 BALTIMORE, Mn., Dec. 17th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 29 Broadway, New York City. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : We have ordered Climax Boilers four times on account of 
 our own experience with them. Some in use two years. No leaky tubes. They 
 are doing their work admirably. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 BALTIMORE TRACTION Co., 
 
 F. H. HAMBLETON, C. E. 
 
 59 
 
Brooklyn City and Newtown Railroad Co. 
 
 BROOKLYN", N. Y., January 5th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In answer to the inquiries from your firm, we beg to say that 
 on December 3d, 1892, we commenced operating the first of the four boilers 
 erected under our original order. 
 
 We have been very well satisfied with the results attained, so much so that 
 on October 3d last, we ordered a fifth boiler similar to the first four, our business 
 having increased so that we required more power. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 JOHN N. PARTRIDGE, 
 
 President. 
 
 D. H. Burnham, Director of Works, 
 World's Columbia Exposition. 
 
 JACKSON PARK, CHICAGO, November 18th, 1893. 
 THE CLONBROCK BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : It gives me pleasure to state that your boilers in the Power 
 Plant of the World's Columbian Exposition have given exceedingly good 
 satisfaction, and have always responded promptly to any call made upon them. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 GEO. Boss GREEN, 
 
 %d Asst. Mechanical Engineer. 
 Supt. Boiler Plant. 
 
 American Ring Company. 
 
 WATERS URY, CONN., April 17th, 1894. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to yours of the 14th, would say that we have had 
 your Climax Boiler in use nearly two years, and it has given us the utmost satis- 
 faction. We consider it an economical boiler, and it most certainly is a rapid 
 steam maker. We can get pressure up to 80 Ibs. on the Climax Boiler in less 
 than half the time it takes to get up a pressure on our Horizontal Boilers. When 
 we first put in your Climax Boiler we were using water that had a good deal of 
 lime in it, and scale formed in our Horizontal Boilers to a very considerable 
 extent, whereas in the Climax Boilers there was almost no deposit of scale, and 
 we attributed the difference to the rapid circulation of water through the tubes of 
 the Climax Boiler. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 AMERICAN KING Co., 
 
 D. N. PLUME, Sec'y. 
 60 
 
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Riverside Iron Works. 
 
 September 20th, 1895. 
 COLCHESTER KUBBER Co., 
 
 Colchester, Ct. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : We duly received your favor of the 14th inst., and referred 
 same for report to the Superintendent of our Steel Department, who has special 
 charge of the "Climax" boiler that we have in use. He reports as follows : 
 
 "Riverside Iron Works have five Morrin ' Climax' Boilers in use, the 
 oldest one having been in use five years and some months. During that period 
 we have replaced in the five boilers, containing 2375 tubes, about 100 tubes. 
 As you may be aware the water used here is very bad, and we have forced the 
 boilers very hard. We regard this an excellent report, and far better than 
 results we are obtaining from our old Cylinder Boilers. The tubes are readily 
 replaced, the work being done by our own boiler house men, and no boiler- 
 maker has done an hour's work on the 'Climax' Boilers since they were started. 
 The expense of repairs on our Horizontal Tube Boilers has been very much in 
 excess of the cost of repairs on the ' Climax.' This Company is now installing 
 three more of the 'Climax' Boilers in the different departments of their works." 
 
 We trust the information given will be of service to you, and awaiting 
 your further advice, we are, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 RIVERSIDE IRON WORKS. 
 
 The L. Candee & Co. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN., May 19th, 1896. 
 E. LTMAN, ESQ., 
 
 DEAR SIR : Your letter has been mislaid, and just been found to-day. 
 We have an 800 horse power Morrin "Climax" Boiler. This boiler has proved 
 very satisfactory to us. We do not contemplate putting in more at present, as 
 this furnishes us all the power which we need at present. 
 
 We have used this boiler since last November, and we get a very dry steam 
 from it. In regard to the power which we get from it, would say that we have 
 been getting double what it is rated at. Our engineer speaks very highly of 
 this boiler. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 (Signed) C. G. AMES, 
 
 Superintendent. 
 
 62 
 
SHIPMENT OF TWO 350 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX," BOILERS FOR THE CENTRAL ANSONIA SUGAR 
 
 PLANTATION, AZUA, CUBA, 1894. 
 
Usine Ste. Madeleine. 
 
 TRINIDAD, W. I., January 27th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : The boilers have been at work for over a week and I am glad 
 to say are doing very well. 
 
 The feed pipe is, however, found to be too small. Before the specification 
 was completed, you will renumber, I pointed out that this would be the case, 
 and I would therefore ask if you cannot see your way to supply a set of 3-inch 
 fesd and retaining valves for each boiler. 
 
 Possibly you would, under the circumstances, also supply 3-inch coils, 
 which we could let in when opportunity occurred. 
 
 I am, dear sir, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 P. ABEL. 
 
 Usine Ste. Madeleine. 
 
 TRINIDAD, W. I., February llth, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : 1 confirm my letter of January 27th, and now beg to enclose 
 a memorandum (No. 33, dated February 10th,) on the lines indicated, in which 
 I would be glad if you would kindly furnish, per return of S. 8. "Burnley" 
 or other early opportunity, a specification of a Climax Boiler of 1,000 h. p. 
 
 1 may mention that the boilers had from you in Augu&t last have row been 
 at work several weeks and are giving great satisfaction. 
 
 I send copy of this to Mr. Fogarty, and now enclose you a copy of what 
 I am writing him. 
 
 I am, dear sir, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 PETEK ABEL. 
 
 Coney Island and Brooklyn R. R. Co. 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y., January 31st, 1893. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: In reply to yours of 28th inst., I am instructed by the 
 President of our Company, General H. W. Slocum, to say that the officers, 
 without exceptioo, unite with him in expressions of entire satisfaction with the 
 boiler work done by your firm for this Company, and known as the (. lonbrock 
 Steam Boiler Works. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 ED. F. DRAYTON, 
 
 Sec.' and Treas., 
 CONEY ISLAND & BROOKLYN R. R. Co. 
 
 64 
 
BOILER BOOM OF THE " USINE STE. MADELEINE" SUGAR PLANTATION, TRINIDAD, B. W. I., 
 CONTAINING TWO 1,000 H. P. AND TWO 600 H. P. MORRIN " CLIMAX" 
 BOILERS, USING BEGASSE FUEL. 
 
Usine Ste. Madeleine. 
 
 TRINIDAD, W. I., March 6th, 1894. 
 
 CLONBROCK BOILEK WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: You must have expected long ere this to hear something 
 about the boilers and I must express regret at the disappointment. We have 
 been so occupied shirting other new things that writing has been next to 
 impossible. 
 
 I need hardly say the boilers are doing magnificent work. We have not 
 yet been able to make any tests of their evaporation capacity, but it must be 
 very great. 
 
 The furnaces are worked the pair of 600 horse power boilers, with double 
 crusher megass, the pair of 1,000 horse power with single crusher, the descending 
 flue in the latter case being eight feet longer than the other, of which I sent 
 Mr. Kogarty the drawing. 
 
 The mean of the analysis of flue gases up to date is given you on the 
 enclosed certificate by the chemist of the establishment. 
 
 Mr. Scurd, of Demerara, and I expect to be in New York, via Cuba, early 
 in May. We shall be glad to say a word in favor of the boilers in Cuba, and 
 if you could send ns a line of introduction to any of your friends there it 
 might facilitate matters. 
 
 We shall go to the Hotel Pasaje, but meanwhile you might send me a line 
 to Central de Canovanas, San Juan, Porto Rico, where AVC expect to be up to 
 the middle of April. 
 
 From Porto Rico, the Marquis de las Claras writes me enquiring about 
 the boilers, furnaces, etc. I shall see him when we get there ; meanwhile I 
 have told him I shall bring him all the particulars about setting and furnace 
 that he requires. 
 
 With kind regards, I am, 
 
 Faithfully yours, 
 
 P. ABEL. 
 
 U. S. M. 
 
 Average composition of flue gases burning producer gas to date. 
 
 CO, 
 
 0. 
 
 C. 0. 
 
 N. 
 
 Multiple of theo. 
 rest G. 
 
 Temp, at Dome. 
 
 Draught ft. per 
 second. 
 
 10.8 
 
 8.7 
 
 o.a 
 
 80.2 
 
 1.74 
 
 440 
 
 28.0 
 
 W. J. FULTON, 
 
 March 6th, 1894. 
 
 Chemist. 
 
 66- 
 
The Colonial Company, Limited. 
 
 LONDON, E. C., April 29th, 1893. 
 
 Messrs. THE CLON BROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 South Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : We have to thank you for your letter of llth inst., and in 
 accordance with your suggestion we. on 27th inst., telegraphed you the Avord 
 "Yes," meaning that we had determined to order for our Usine Ste. Madeleine 
 in Trinidad, two more Climax Boilers of 1,000 American h. p. each, and wished 
 you to proceed at once to order the material and get the work under way, which 
 we now confirm. 
 
 We expect Mr. P. Abel, Manager of said Usine, will shortly be in New York, 
 and as we are anxious that he should be free to arrange with you with regard to 
 any details of construction and fitting, we are sending to him one copy of your 
 estimate, signed by us under the following condition : 
 
 "We confirm the above contract subject to any alterations which maybe 
 agreed upon between yourselves and Mr. P. Abel, of Trinidad. " 
 
 In consequence of these boilers not being fired with coal, there are some 
 small items which would in the ordinary course be included in the price given, 
 such as grate bars, which we shall not require, and as to which we think you 
 might make us some little allowance, but we must leave this to be arranged 
 between yourselves and Mr. Abel. 
 
 We are, dear sirs, 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 THE COLONIAL COMPANY, Limited. 
 J. WEFFORD, 
 
 Managing Director. 
 
 The World's Fair, Jackson Park. 
 
 CHICAGO, July 8th, 1893. 
 Mr. F. SARGENT, 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR : Mr. Jones, of the Climax Boilers, tells me that a mutual 
 acquaintance has been to you and spoken disparagingly of the Climax Boilers, or 
 their burners, etc., now at the World's Fair, and given me as authority. I wish 
 to state emphatically that I have not had anything but the highest opinion of this 
 boiler and the burners. The 500 h. p. boiler has been developing a large 
 percentage above its rating, and as a steamer it would be hard to surpass. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 GEO. Eoss GREEN. 
 
 68 
 
The Edison Electric Illuminating Co. 
 
 E ASTON, PA., February 1st, 1893. 
 THE CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER Co. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : The Board of Directors at a meeting yesterday decided to 
 put in another 600 h. p. boiler of your make. Before giving you the order 
 for same, I desire to advise with Mr. Vail as to some details in connection 
 with it. 
 
 The fact that we are increasing our steam capacity, and adding another 
 of your type of boiler, is evidence that the type of boiler has given us entire 
 satisfaction. We have been doing much work with it, and that in view of the 
 fact that the boiler has not been cleaned for over a year. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 (Dictated.) HOWARD RINEK. 
 
 Edison General Electric Company. 
 
 NEW YORK, January 31st, 1803. 
 THE CLONBKOCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 564 Smith St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: As we have just opened one of our 1,000 h. p. Climax 
 Boilers in the Cincinnati Station, after a continuous nin of over two months, 
 I beg to say that I am more than pleased with the report of Engineer Turner 
 on the same. Although we are using the condensed water from the engines 
 through the boilers over and over again, which makes it naturally liable to 
 deposit more or less grease in the boilers, I take pleasure in informing you that 
 it showed no signs of any such deposit. There was but very little dirt in the 
 mud-pit of the boiler (if I may thus call it,) due principally to the falling off 
 of the mill scale ; the tubes were absolutely clean, and the boiler has never 
 leaked a drop since started, which I may say is the same with the other two 
 boilers belonging to the battery. The three boilers have now been in operation 
 for a year, and show no sign of either wear or destructive action from gases 
 outside or the use of the re-condensed water internally. The only trouble we 
 did have was in placing the water-line too high, which was excusable with such 
 a new and large-sized boiler, and since the water-line is lowered we have no 
 possible fault to find with them. As a rapid steam-producer, for electric 
 plants either lighting or railway so as to take care of any sudden load that 
 may be called for, I do not know any type of boiler to equal it. The ease of 
 access in cleaning is another great point in its favor, which can be readily seen 
 from the above-mentioned boilers being constantly under steam for over two 
 months. Another point is the want of bricks in its construction, thus doing 
 away with a large expense for renewals and repairs. In a single story-station 
 its small floor space makes it very valuable, as the horse-power can be more 
 than quadrupled per foot of floor by using it. I understand that Mr. T. A. 
 Edison, after looking closely into it, thinks that there is no boiler like it. I 
 am highly satisfied with them not only in Cincinnati, but at all other locations 
 you have installed them for us. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 J. C. HENDERSON, 
 
 Engineer-in- Chief. 
 
 69 
 
The Cincinnati Edison Electric Company. 
 
 CINCINNATI, February 4th, 1893. 
 THE CLONBROCK BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In regard to your inquiry as to the operation and efficiency 
 of the three boilers now in use in this Station, I beg to state that these boilers 
 have been in use since November 4th, 1891, and since that time have given 
 perfect satisfaction. They are easy to steam, are economical with fuel, and I 
 have never found any trouble about keeping the tubes clean. We run the 
 boilers about four weeks before cleaning them, running day and night, and 
 never find any dirt of any account in the tubes. They have never cost us 
 anything for repairs since we have started, and I think, with ordinary care, 
 the repairs of these boilers will be very li>:ht. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 JOHN TURNER, 
 
 Superintendent and Engineer. 
 
 Chicago Arc-Light and Power Company. 
 
 CHICAGO, February 18th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 No. 29 Broadway, New York City. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: I wrote you a few days ago stating that we were holding 
 payment on your account for the returns from a test on the boiler. We found 
 the results very satisfactory and mailed you check a day or two ago. 
 
 In reference to your test will state for your information that the results 
 were about as follows : The coal used was a very inferior grade of Illinois lump 
 and showed a very large percentage of ash, viz : 24^ per cent. With this coal 
 and with the average temperature of feed water at 167 T 8 o degrees, the actual 
 evaporation was 7 T 4 o 3 ^ pounds of water to a pound of coal, or 8 T f 5 from and at 
 212 degrees. The evaporation per pound of combustible from and at 212 
 degrees was Wj\\ pounds. During the test we burned 25 T \ pounds of coal 
 per foot of grate surface and developed 515 horse-power on a basis of 34*/2 
 pounds of water per horse-power hour. 
 
 I am very well pleased with these results and am confident that with the 
 new grate bars and with an average grade of coal, very satisfactory results will 
 be obtained. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. II. WlLMKRDING, 
 
 General Manager. 
 
 70 
 
THREE 350 H. P. MORRIN " CLIMAX" BOILERS ERECTED AT THE POWER STATION OF THE JERSEY CITY, HOBOKEN 
 AND RUTHERFORD ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO., SECAUCUS, N. J. 
 
Brooklyn City and Newtown Railroad Co. 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y., July 6th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 564-566 Smith St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In reply to your inquiry about the working of our boilers 
 which you erected for us last Fall, I will say that we fired up the first one the 
 3d of December. Since that time we have increased our work, and since about 
 the middle of February we have had two of the four boilers at work all the time, 
 and sometimes three. We have not yet been at work under the most favorable 
 circumstances, owing to our work of Construction not yet being complete, but so 
 far it appears, according to reports made me by our engineer, that we are 
 consuming about three pound of coal (not more) per horse-power per hour. 
 
 We are feeding these boilers with water from a driven well upon the premises. 
 After operating about four months, we made a careful examination of the boilers, 
 and found the tubes free from scale. There was scale in the lower part of the 
 shell. \Ve have not used any boiler compound of any kind. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 JOHN N. PARTRIDGE, 
 
 President. 
 
 Edison Electric Illuminating: Company of Brooklyn. 
 
 BROOKLYN, October 18th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : Our Third District Williamsburg Station has been in active 
 operation now for about eight months, and has developed a higher economy than 
 anticipated. We have been able to deliver current in small quantities (small on 
 account of capacity of our conductors) from this station to our First District 
 Station, the delivered current actually costing us 25 per cent, less than current 
 generated in the latter plant. 
 
 This low cost of production is due to economy in labor and machinery, and 
 is readily ascribed to the employment of direct connected generators, triple 
 expansion condensing engines, and Climax boilers. 
 
 We are very much pleased with the boilers on account of their steaming 
 powers, economy, and low cost of repairs, and we are now putting the same type 
 in our second district. 
 
 Trusting you find the Climax meeting with the same welcome in other 
 places, I am, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 W. S. BARSTOW, 
 
 Gen'l Supt. 
 
 72 
 
The Essex County Electric Company. 
 
 ORANGE, N. J., March 14th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Yours of the 6th inst., at hand, and in reply to same would 
 say, we have been using one of your boilers for almost four years, and last 
 Spring we placed a second order, which is about the best recommendation that 
 they are entirely satisfactory. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 THE ESSEX COUNTY ELECTRIC COMPANY, 
 
 WALTER A. HUSTON, 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Riverside Iron Works. 
 
 WHEELING, W. VA., March 13th, 189S. 
 CLONE ROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Replying to your favor of 6th inst., wherein you state that 
 you are contemplating the issue of a new circular with testimonials, we desire 
 to say that we wish to be recorded as an ardent friend, admirer and user of 
 the Climax Boiler. 
 
 Our No. 1, 550 horse-power was put in service June 18th, 1890, and has 
 been in continuous operation, double turn, ever since. No. 2 was started in 
 September, 1890; No. 3 has been in operation since April, 1892, and No. 4 
 will be fired in about two weeks from this time. 
 
 All of our boilers are of the same design and capacity, and have been 
 worked steadily to their full capacity under very trying conditions, with water 
 strongly impregnated with carbonate of lime, and at times carrying large quan- 
 tities of alluvial soil in suspension. The steam has been supplied to engines 
 doing the heaviest class of rolling-mill work, with constantly varying loads, re- 
 sulting at first in serious priming, but this was quickly corrected by alterations 
 made by Mr. Morrin, the patentee, who visited our works for that purpose, 
 since which we have at all times had an abundant supply of perfectly dry steam. 
 
 The boilers steam quickly and are economical in consumption of fuel. 
 
 They are easily fired and cleaned, the fire-box extending entirely around 
 the boiler, which stands on end. The tubes are easily accessible by removing 
 section of the iron casing, and repairs can be quickly made. 
 
 They occupy far less floor space for equal capacity than any boiler within 
 our knowledge. 
 
 One of the above boilers was furnished with charcoal iron tubes, some of 
 which have been replaced ; but the others, equipped with steel tubes, made 
 from Riverside steel, have required very slight repairs, if any. 
 
 We are pleased to add that these boilers are doing very satisfactory service, 
 both as regards steaming capacity and the extent of repairs required. 
 
 "We unreservedly recommend them to users of steam, and our four times 
 repeated orders with you will fully attest our sincerity. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 RIVERSIDE IRON WORKS. 
 Dictated by 
 
 F. J. HEARN, General Manager. 
 
 73 
 
Tuxedo Club. 
 
 TUXEDO PARK, March 10th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Smith Street, Brooklyn, N\ Y. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Your letter of the 6th inst., received. We beg to state that 
 the Climax Boiler gives entire satisfaction. 
 
 It is unique in design, perfect in construction, and we believe the best 
 high-pressure and rapid steam generator on the market for power and electric 
 plants. We run our plant night and day. 
 
 The Climax has been in this service about two years, making a saving in 
 our coal bills about 37 per cent, over our old boilers, thus the saving for one 
 year is more than enough to pay the entire cost of Climax Boiler and con- 
 nections. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 EDWARD I. WILBUR, 
 
 Chief Engineer Tuxedo Club. 
 
 Riverside Iron Works. 
 
 WHEELING, W. VA., November 27th, 1893. 
 CLONBROCK STEAM BOILER WORKS, 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIRS: We are just in receipt of your favor of 25th inst., and note 
 your inquiry, and have to say in reply that we have made diligent inquiry at the 
 works to ascertain, if possible, the foundation for report in the newspaper 
 notice referred to, but fail to find the slightest trace of any boiler explosion 
 having taken place in any department of our works, and can therefore only 
 conclude that ihe story had its origin in the fertile imagination of some 
 newspaper reporter. 
 
 We have had to answer a number of letters on the subject, received from 
 different parts of the country, but in reply to these have taken occasion to say 
 that if we were in the market for an additional steam-making plant, we would 
 certainly give the Climax the preference. 
 
 We regret that such an unfounded report should have been put in cir- 
 culation, and hope it will not work any injury to your good selves. 
 
 We are, yours truly, 
 
 RIVERSIDE IRON WORKS. 
 
 74 
 
Bureau of Paper Clippings, from WHEELING (W. Va.) REGISTER, 
 October 13th, 1893. 
 
 An upright Climax boiler at the Riverside Tube Works bursted a few days 
 ago, but no one was injured. The boiler will be repaired by to-morrow. 
 
 THE SAFETY VALVE, November 15th, 1893. 
 
 An upright "Climax" boiler exploded at the Riverside Tube Works, W. 
 Va., on the 13th ult. No one was injured. 
 
 An Unfouddcd Report. 
 
 AMERICAN MACHINIST December 28th, 
 
 A report has been circulated to the effect that a "Climax" boiler had 
 exploded at Wheeling, W. Va. Inquiry shows this report to be utterly without 
 foundation, and at the Clonbrock Steam Hoiler Works, in Brooklyn, where 
 these boilers are built, there is indignation which may yet find vigorous and 
 unpleasant expression. There has been no mishap to any of the "Climax" 
 boilers at the works where this one is said to be located. A letter which we 
 have seen from an official at the works, not only confirms this, but says that if 
 more boilers were needed they should place the "Climax." We are not 
 surprised at a report of the kind named being started by a daily paper, although 
 published near the scene of the alleged explosion ; but it is strange that a 
 technical journal, printed in New York, when a few minutes' investigation 
 would have shown the report to be unfounded, should have published it without 
 confirmation. 
 
 SAFETY VALVE, December 15th, 1893. 
 
 In our issue of November loth, there appeared an item under the caption 
 "BOILER EXPLOSIONS," to the effect that "an upright Climax boiler 
 exploded at the Riverside Tube Works, Wheeling, W. Va., on October 13th." 
 The item was taken from a local paper, and the information was naturally 
 presumed to be true, bince then, however, the Riverside Company has denied 
 the truth of the report, stating that no explosion whatever has taken place at its 
 works during the last two years, and that the Climax Boilers are doing good 
 work. 
 
 A Correction. 
 
 WHEELING REGISTER, March 30th, 1894. 
 
 In our issue of October 13th, 1893, an item appeared which read as follows : 
 "An upright Climax boiler at the Riverside Tube Works bursted a few days 
 ago and no one was injured. The boiler will be repaired to-morrow. " 
 
 The Clonbrock Steam Boiler Works, the makers of the said Climax boiler, 
 shortly after the article appeared, denied the truth of the article, claiming that 
 their boiler would not explode, and requesting that we make an investigation ; we 
 have done so and find that there was no explosion of a Climax boiler at the works 
 of the Riverside Iron Works, or elsewhere, so far as we are able to learn. We 
 make this correction cheerfully in order to prevent any ill effects resulting to the 
 makers of the Climax boilers from the publication of the said item. 
 
TEST OF THE MORRIN CLIMAX STEAM GENERATOR. 
 Made at P. Lorillard & Go's Tobacco Factory, Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 April 26, 1888. 
 
 Rated capacity, . . . . . . . . . 325 h. p. 
 
 Duration of test, ........ 10 hrs. 
 
 Kind of fuel used, ) ...... soft coal and dust. 
 
 Proportions, ) . . . . . . 1 of soft to 2 of dust. 
 
 Average steam pressure, ........ 78 Ibs. 
 
 Temperature of steam, ....... 330 deg. 
 
 Average temperature of feedwater, ...... 168 deg. 
 
 Pounds of coal consumed, ....... 9,925 Ibs. 
 
 " refuse (ash), 1,360 Ibs. 
 
 " combustible, ....... 8,565 Ibs. 
 
 Percentage of ash, . . . . . . . . . 14 per cent. 
 
 Total water evaporated, actual conditions, .... 106,400 Ibs. 
 
 " " from and at 212, ... . 114,784 Ibs. 
 
 Horse-power developed, actual conditions, .... 355 h. p. 
 
 " " from and at 212, 383 h. p. 
 
 "Water evaporated per Ib. coal, actual conditions, . . . 10.72 Ibs. 
 
 " from and at 212, . . . 11.56 Ibs. 
 
 " " " " combustible, .... 12.42 Ibs. 
 
 " " " " " at 212 . . . 13.40 Ibs. 
 
 9. 10 Ibs. fuel for ........ one cent. 
 
 Ibs. water evaporated for ... . . . . . one cent. 
 
 76 
 
BOILKR TEST MORRIN CLIMAX BOILER No. 2. 
 
 Test made at P. Lorillard & Co's, Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 By John Doyle, P. Griffin and P. Driscoll. 
 
 September 18, 1890. 
 
 Heating surface, ...... 
 
 Grate surface, ...... 
 
 Katio of heating to grate surface, 
 
 Kind of fuel used (subject to rainy weather), 
 
 Duration of test, ...... 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 
 
 " temperature of feed, .... 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, .... 
 
 " refuse, 
 
 " combustible, .... 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 
 
 Coal burned per square foot grate per hour, 
 
 Total water evaporated, 
 
 Water evaporated per hour, 
 " " " sq. ft. h. s. per hour, 
 
 " " " Ib. coal, actual conditions, 
 
 ' " " " " from and at 212, 
 
 Rated horse-power, 
 
 Horse power developed, actual conditions, 
 
 from 212, 
 
 Water evaporated per Ib. combustible, 
 Pounds of fuel for 1 cent, . 
 
 " water evaporated for 1 cent, 
 
 3,100 sq. ft. 
 60 sq. ft. 
 51.7 to 1 
 pea coal. 
 10 hours. 
 
 90.5 Ibs. 
 
 164.5 deg. 
 9,400 Ibs. 
 1,519 Ibs. 
 
 7,781 Ibs. 
 1C per cent. 
 
 15.6 Ibs. 
 101,430 Ibs. 
 
 10,143 Ibs. 
 
 3. 27 Ibs. 
 10.79 Ibs. 
 11.98 Ibs. 
 
 325 h. p. 
 
 338 h. p. 
 
 367.6 h. p. 
 12.88 Ibs. 
 
 11.2 Ibs. 
 120.85 Ibs. 
 
 77 
 
BOILER TEST MORRIN CLIMAX BOILER No. 2. 
 
 Test made at P. Lorillard & Co's, Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 By John Doyle, P. Griffin and P. Driscoll. 
 
 September 20, 1890. 
 
 Heating surface, ..... 
 
 Grate surface, ...... 
 
 Ratio of heating to grate surface, 
 
 Kind of fuel used, ..... 
 
 Duration of test, ..... 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 
 
 " temperature of feed, 
 Pounds of coal burned, 
 
 " refuse burned, 
 
 " combustible, .... 
 
 Per cent, of ash, ..... 
 Coal burned per square foot grate per hour, 
 Total water evaporated, .... 
 Water evaporated per hour, .... 
 " " " sq. ft., h. s per hour, 
 
 " " " Ib. coal, actual conditions, 
 
 from and at 212, 
 
 Rated horse-power, ..... 
 Horse-power developed, actual conditions, 
 
 from 212, 
 
 Water evaporated per Ib combustible, 
 Pounds of fuel for one cent, 
 
 " " water evaporated for one cent, 
 
 . 3,10()sq. ft. 
 
 60 sq. ft. 
 
 . 51.7 to 1 ft. 
 
 Lehigh egg. 
 
 10 hrs. 
 
 93.6 Ibs. 
 
 148.5 deg. 
 
 14,700 Ibs. 
 
 1,610 Ibs. 
 
 13,090 Ibs. 
 
 . 10.9 per ct. 
 
 24.5 Ibs. 
 
 . 157,780 Ibs. 
 
 15,778 Ibs. 
 
 5.09 Ibs. 
 
 10. 73 Ibs. 
 
 11.89 Ibs. 
 
 325 h. p. 
 
 . 525.9 h. p. 
 
 580.5 h. p. 
 
 12.05 Ibs. 
 
 4.44 Ibs. 
 
 47.64 Ibs. 
 
 78 
 
BOILER TEST MORUIN CLIMAX BOILER No. 2. 
 
 /" 
 Test made at P. Lorillard & Go's, Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 By John Doyle, P. Griffin and P. Driscoll. 
 September 22, 1890. 
 
 Heating surface, ......... 3,100 sq. ft. 
 
 Grate surface, . . . . . . . . . 60 sq. ft. 
 
 Ratio of heating to grate surface, ...... 51.7 to 1. 
 
 Kinds of fuel used, .... dust and soft coal mixture, 3 to 1. 
 
 Duration of test, ......... 10 hours. 
 
 Average steam pressure, ....... 94.5 Ibs. 
 
 " temperature of feed, . . . . . . .162.3 deg. 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, ....... 12,300 Ibs. 
 
 refuse, 1,628 Ibs. 
 
 combustible, 10,672 Ibs. 
 
 Percentage of ash, . . . . . . . . .13.2 per ct. 
 
 Coal burned per sq. ft. grate per hour, ..... 20.5 Ibs. 
 
 Total water evaporated, ........ 129,605 Ibs. 
 
 Water evaporated per hour, ....... 1,296.05 Ibs. 
 
 " " " sq. ft. h. s. per hour, .... 4.17 Ibs. 
 
 " " " Ib. coal actual conditions, . . . 10.53 Ibs. 
 
 from and at 212, . . . 11. 48 Ibs. 
 
 Rated horse-power, ........ 325 h. p. 
 
 Horse-power developed, actual conditions, ..... 432 h. p. 
 
 from 212, 470.8 h. p. 
 
 Water evaporated per Ib. combustible, ..... 12.14 Ibs. 
 
 Pounds of fuel for 1 cent, ....... 10.2 Ibs. 
 
 " " water, evaporated for 1 cent, . . . . . 107.4 Ibs. 
 
 79 
 
TEST OF CLIMAX BOILER No. 1. 
 
 At the Mount Morris Electric Light Co. 
 
 Greenwich and Vandam Streets, New York City. 
 
 February 21, 1891. 
 
 Rated capacity, .... 
 
 Kind of fuel consumed, 
 Duration of test, .... 
 Average steam pressure, 
 
 " temperature of steam, . 
 
 " " feed water, 
 
 Water evaporated, actual conditions, 
 from and at 212, 
 Total horse-power developed, 
 
 " " " " per hour, . 
 
 Percentage over rated capacity, 
 
 250 h. p. 
 
 buckwheat. 
 
 4 hours. 
 
 116.0 Ibs. 
 
 350.4 deg. 
 
 64 deg. 
 
 . 40,104 Ibs. 
 
 48,080.69 Ibs. 
 
 . 1, 602. 69 h. p. 
 
 356.16 h. p. 
 
 . 42.5 per ct. 
 
 TEST OF CLIMAX BOILER No. 2. 
 At the Mount Morris Electric Light Co. 
 
 Greenwich and Vandam Streets, New York City. 
 February 24, 1891. 
 
 Rated capacity, .... 
 
 Kind of fuel consumed, 
 Duration of test, .... 
 Average steam pressure, 
 
 " temperature of steam, . 
 
 " " feedwater, 
 
 Water evaporated, actual conditions, 
 
 " " from and at 212, 
 
 Total horse-power developed, 
 
 " " " per hour, . 
 
 Percentage over rated capacity, 
 
 250 h. p. 
 
 buckwheat. 
 
 5 hours. 
 
 115.33 Ibs. 
 
 not taken. 
 
 68.66 deg. 
 
 42,249 Ibs. 
 
 50,403.3 Ibs. 
 
 1,680 h. p. 
 
 336 h. p. 
 
 35.4 per ct. 
 
 80 
 
TEST OF CLIMAX BOILER No. 5. 
 
 At the Mount Morris Electric Light Co. 
 
 GREENWICH AND VANDAM STREETS, NEW YORK CITY. 
 February 25, 1891. 
 
 Rated capacity, 
 
 Kind of fuel consumed, 
 
 Duration of test, 
 
 Average steam pressure, 
 
 " temperature of steam, 
 " " " feedwater, 
 
 Water evaporated, actual conditions, 
 from and at 212, 
 
 Total horse-power developed, 
 
 " " " per hour, 
 
 Percentage over rated capacity, 
 
 250 h. p. 
 
 buckwheat. 
 
 5 hrs. 
 
 114 Ibs. 
 
 not taken. 
 
 58 deg. 
 
 . 43,465 Ibs. 
 
 52,245 Ibs. 
 
 1,741.5 h. p. 
 
 348.2 h. p. 
 
 39.4 per cent. 
 
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TWO 350 H. P. BOILERS ERECTED FOR THE LONG ISLAND AND BROOKLYN R. R. CO. 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
 THIS PLANT CONTAINS NOW, FIVE 350 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS. 
 
SUMMARY OF DAILY RUNS. No. 7 CLIMAX BOILER. 
 
 Date. 
 
 HP 
 
 Developed. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Amount 
 Dry Coal 
 Burned. 
 
 Water 
 Evaporated 
 per Ib. 
 Dry Coal. 
 
 Coal 
 Burned 
 per HP 
 per Hour. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Ash 
 in 
 Dry Coal. 
 
 Nov. llth. 
 
 1079.3 
 
 Georges Creek. 
 
 36,480 
 
 11.73 
 
 2.94 
 
 8.35 
 
 " 12th. 
 
 1191.8 
 
 " 
 
 38,752 
 
 12.2 
 
 2.82 9.54 
 
 " 13th. 
 
 1134.4 
 
 
 
 40,327 
 
 11.16 
 
 3.09 
 
 8.15 
 
 " 14th. 
 
 1167.7 
 
 
 
 41,217 
 
 11.24 
 
 3.06 
 
 8.59 
 
 " 15th. 
 
 1101.3 
 
 i 
 
 34,655 
 
 12.06 
 
 2.73 
 
 7.28 
 
 " 16th. 
 
 868.00 
 
 j Screenings and ) 
 "1 Georges Creek. ) 
 
 14,773 
 
 11.15 
 
 3.09 
 
 18.55 
 
 Average HP for Five Days' Georges Creek Coal, 1134.9 
 
 " " One Day's Screenings " " 868.0 
 
 " Ibs. Coal per HP per Hour, . . 2.92 
 
 " Mixed " " " 3.09 
 
 Summary of Tests, Two 1000 H. P. Climax Boilers, 
 
 MERRIMAC MILLS, LOWELL, MASS. 
 
 SUMMARY OF DAILY RUNS. No. 8 CLIMAX BOILER. 
 
 Date. 
 
 HP 
 
 Developed. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Amount 
 Dry Coal 
 Burned. 
 
 Water 
 Evaporated 
 per Ib. 
 Dry Coal. 
 
 Coal 
 Burned 
 per HP 
 per Hour. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Ash 
 in 
 Dry Coal. 
 
 Oct. 30th. 
 
 942.2 
 
 Georges Creek. 
 
 31,626 
 
 11.80 
 
 2.91 
 
 8.49 
 
 " 31st. 
 
 1011.4 
 
 1C 
 
 33,103 
 
 12.12 
 
 2.84 
 
 9.63 
 
 Nov. 1st. 
 
 1085.4 
 
 
 
 37,128 
 
 11.59 
 
 2.97 
 
 6.91 
 
 " 2nd. 
 
 633.4 
 
 j Screenings and | 
 | Georges Creek. j 
 
 10,804 
 
 11.12 
 
 3.10 
 
 14.5 
 
 " 4th. 
 
 1030.9 
 
 Georges Creek. 
 
 36,864 
 
 11.09 
 
 3.10 
 
 6.46 
 
 " 5th. 
 
 954.1 
 
 
 
 30,244 
 
 12.51 
 
 2.75 
 
 9.27 
 
 " 6th. 
 
 952.4 
 
 
 
 33,640 
 
 11.23 
 
 3.07 
 
 8.22 
 
 " 7th. 
 
 931.7 
 
 ' 
 
 32,130 
 
 11.50 
 
 2.99 
 
 7.64 
 
 " 8th. 
 
 890.0 
 
 " 
 
 30,868 
 
 11.44 
 
 3.01 
 
 7.95 
 
 " 9th. 
 
 875.3 
 
 .< 
 
 14,620 
 
 11.36 
 
 3.03 
 
 8.78 
 
 Average HP for Nine Days' Georges Creek Coal, 963.7 
 
 " " One Day's Screenings " " 633.4 
 
 Ibs. Coal per HP per Hour, . . 2.96 
 
 " " Mixed " " " 3.09 
 
 86 
 
The Clonbrock Steam Boiler Company, 
 
 Smith, Lorraine, Creamer and Court Streets, 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
 
 Partial List of Morrin Climax Boilers Installed. 
 
 Number Total 
 
 of H. P. H. P. LOCATION. 
 
 One 400 400 American Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 One 500 500 " " " " " 
 
 One 200 200 American Ring Co., Waterbury, Conn. 
 
 One 500 500 Atlantic White Lead and Linseed Oil Works, Brooklyn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 One 400 400 Atlantic White Lead and Linseed Oil Works, Brooklyn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Two 300 600 Baltimore Traction Co., The, Baltimore, Mil. 
 Two 500 1,000 " 2d order. 
 
 One GOO 600 " " " " " 3d order. 
 
 One 600 600 " " " " 4th order. 
 
 Two 250 500 Bronx Gas and Electric Co., The, Westchester, N. Y. 
 
 Four 350 1,400 Brooklyn City & Newtown 11. R. Co., The, Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 One 350 350 " " " " " " 
 
 2d order. 
 
 One 350 350 Brooklyn City & Newtown R. R, Co., The, Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 3d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 Brush Electric Co., The, Baltimore, Md. 
 Three 500 1,500 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 " 3d order. 
 
 One ' 250 250 Buchanan & Lyall Tobacco Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 One 600 600 " Planet Mills, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 One 800 800 Candee & Co., The L., New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Two 350 700 Central Ansonia Sugar Co., Azua, Cuba. 
 
 One 500 500 Chicago Arc-Light and Power Co., Chicago, 111. 
 One 500 500 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 " " " " " 3d order. 
 
 Three 400 1,200 Clearfield Traction Co., Clearneld, Pa. 
 
 One 500 500 Cleveland Electric 111. Co., The, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Three 800 2,400 
 
 One 300 300 Coatsworth Elevator, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 One 300 300 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 500 500 Colgate & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 87 
 
 R 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
Number 
 of H. P. 
 
 Total 
 H. P. 
 
 Two 
 
 600 
 
 1,200 
 
 Two 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Two 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 Two 
 
 350 
 
 700 
 
 One 
 
 350 
 
 350 
 
 Two 
 
 350 
 
 700 
 
 Four 
 
 150 
 
 600 
 
 Two 
 
 600 
 
 1,200 
 
 One 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 One 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 Three 
 
 300 
 
 900 
 
 Two 
 
 250 
 
 500 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 Two 
 
 300 
 
 600 
 
 Two 
 
 250 
 
 500 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 One 
 
 350 
 
 350 
 
 Three 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 Three 
 
 250 
 
 750 
 
 One 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 One 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 Two 
 
 250 
 
 500 
 
 One 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 One 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 One 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 One 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 One 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 Two 
 
 600 
 
 1,200 
 
 One 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 Three 
 
 350 
 
 1,050 
 
 One 350 
 
 One 350 
 
 One 500 
 
 One 250 
 
 One 300 
 
 One 275 
 
 One 350 
 
 One 500 
 
 One 150 
 
 One 50 
 
 One 90 
 
 350 
 
 350 
 500 
 250 
 300 
 275 
 350 
 500 
 150 
 50 
 90 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Colonial Co., The, Trinidad, W. I. 
 
 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 " " " San Juan, Porto Rico, 3d order. 
 Coney Island & Brooklyn R. R. Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 2d order. 
 
 " " " 3d order. 
 
 Getting, Chas. E., Trustee, Tremont B'ld'g, Boston, Mass. 
 Craven Supply Co., The, for Edison Electric Light Co., 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 Dieckerkoff, Raffloer & Co., Havana, Cuba. 
 Eagle Brewing Co., The, Jersey City, N. J. 
 Economy Light, Heat and Power Co., Scran ton, Pa. 
 Edison Electric 111. Co., The, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 2d order. 
 
 3d order. 
 
 " 4th order. 
 
 '/ (Pearl Street Station,) Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., 5th order. 
 
 Edison Electric 111. Co., The, Easton, Pa. 
 
 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Edison Electric Power and Illuminating Co., Lebanon, Pa. 
 Edison General Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 " Newport, R. I. 
 Essex County Electric Co., The, Orange, N. J. 
 
 2d order. 
 
 Ewa Plantation, Kealia Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. 
 Fowler Hermanos, Cuba. 
 Gloucester Mfg. Co., The, Gloucester City, N. J. 
 
 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Haverhill Gas Light Co., Haverhill, Mass. 
 Hazelton Steam Heating Co., Hazelton, Pa. 
 Hind & Harrison Plush Co., The, Clark's Mills, Oneida 
 
 Co., N. Y. 
 
 Jersey City Elec. Light and Power Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Jersey City, Hoboken and Rutherford Electric R. R. Co., 
 
 Secaucus, N. J. 
 Jersey City, Hoboken and Rutherford Electric R. R. Co., 
 
 Secaucus, N. J., 2d order. 
 Jewell Milling Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 " " " 2d order. 
 
 Latimir & Fernandaz, St. Johns, Porto Rico. 
 Leisenring & Co., Minersville, Pa. 
 Lorillard Co., P., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 " " " " 3d order. 
 
 Lorillard Yacht "Reva." 
 
 " " Lillian/' 2d order. 
 " "Caimen," 3d order. 
 88 
 
SHIPMENT OF THREE 80CT*H. P. AND ONE 500 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILERS FO 
 
 
 FIRST SHIPMENT OF THREE 800 H. P. AND ONE 500 H. P. MORRIN " CLIMAX " BOILERS, 
 FOR THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 VIEWS SHOWING BOILERS LOADED ON LIGHTERS FROM OUR A ' 
 
CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO, NOVEMBER, 1894. 
 
 SECOND SHIPMENT OF THE THREE 800 H. P. AND ONE 500 H. P. MORRIN " CLIMAX " BOILERS, 
 FOR THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO, 1894. 
 
 CS AND READY FOR TRANSFERRING TO RAILROAD STATION. 
 
Number Total 
 
 Of H. P. H. P. LOCATION. 
 
 One 300 300 Lutgardita Estate, Cuba, 2d order. 
 
 One 350 350 Madison Square Electric Light Co., East 24th St., New 
 
 York City, 3d order. 
 
 One 350 350 Makee Sugar Co., Kealia Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 One 300 300 Manufacturers' Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 One 300 300 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 500 500 Markle & Co., G. B., Jeddo, Pa. 
 
 One 150 150 Marshall Paper Co.. Turner's Falls, Mass. 
 
 One 200 200 McNab & Harlin Mfg. Co., Paterson, N. J. 
 
 Two 350 700 Mellor, Santiago W., Santiago, Cuba. 
 
 Two 1,000 2,000 Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 One 300 300 Mt. Jessup Coal Co., Winton, Pa. 
 
 Five 250 1,250 Mt. Morris Electric Light Co., The, New York City, 1st, 
 
 2d and 3d orders. 
 
 One 600 600 Mt. Morris Electric Light Co., The, New York City, 4th 
 order. 
 
 Four 450 1,800 Municipal Electric Light Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 One 250 250 National Starch Company, The, Glen Cove, L. I. 
 
 Three 500 1,500 Newark Electric Light & Power Co., The, Newark, N. J. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 " " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 " " " " " " 3d order. 
 
 Two 600 1,200 Newark Electric Light & Power Co., The, Newark, N. J. 
 
 4th order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 New Britain Electric Light Co., New Britain, Conn. 
 
 One 500 500 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 250 250 New Jersey & Penna. Concentrating Works, Edison, N. J. 
 
 One 250 250 Newport Illuminating Co., Newport, R. I., 2d order. 
 
 One 600 600 New York Belting & Packing Co., Passaic, N. J. 
 
 One 50 50 New York Biscuit Co., The, Newark, N. J. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 " " " " New York City, 2d order. 
 
 One 1,000 1,000 New York Steam Heating Co., Station B.,New York City. 
 
 One 1,000 1,000 " " " " Station A., " " 
 
 2d order. 
 
 Two 1,000 2,000 New York Steam Heating Co., New Station, 59th Street 
 
 and East River, New York City, 3d order. 
 
 One 500 500 New York Tartar Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Two 300 600 Nichols, W. P., Experanza Plantation. 
 
 One 500 500 Pardee & Co., A., Hazelton, Pa. 
 
 One 300 300 Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Mt. Holly, N. J. 
 
 Two 600 1,200 People's Light & Power Co., Orange, N. J. 
 
 One 200 200 Piedmont Electric 111. Co., Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 One 200 200 Providence Gas Co., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Two 550 1,100 Riverside Iron Works, Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 One 550 550 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 550 550 " " " " 3d order. 
 
 One 550 550 " " " " 4th order. 
 
 One 550 550 " " " " 5th order. 
 
 Two 550 1,100 " " " " 6th order. 
 
 One 550 550 " " Steubenville, Ohio, 7th order. 
 
 89 
 
Number Total 
 
 of H. P. H. P. LOCATION. 
 
 Two 600 1,200 Safety Electric Light Co., West 24th St., New York City. 
 
 One 400 400 San Francisco Bridge Co., New Dredge. 
 
 One 250 250 Schenectady Street Railway Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 One 250 250 " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 400 400 Summit Branch Railroad Co., The,Williamstown, Pa. 
 
 One 400 400 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 400 400 Susquehanna Coal Co., The, Nanticoke, Pa. 
 
 One 400 400 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 400 400 " " " " 3d order. 
 
 Two 400 800 " ." " " 4th order. 
 
 One 500 500 Terro Haute Electric Railway Co., Terre Haute, Ind. 
 
 One 500 500 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 350 350 Thomson-Houston Electric Co., East 24th Street, New 
 
 York City. 
 
 One 500 500 Thomson-Houston Electric Co., East 24th Street, New 
 
 York City, 2d order. 
 
 One 50 50 Tuxedo Park Association, Tuxedo, N. Y. 
 
 One 100 100 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 United Electric Light and Power Co., The, East 29th St., 
 
 New York City. 
 
 One 600 600 United Electric Light and Power Co., The, East 29th St., 
 
 New York City, 2d order. 
 
 Twelve 600 7,200 United Electric Light and Power Co., The, Foot East 29th 
 
 St., New York City, 3d order. 
 
 One 400 400 Upper Lehigh Coal Co., The, Upper Lehigh, Pa, 
 
 One 200 200 Van Wickle, A. S., Beaver Meadow, Pa. 
 
 One 250 250 " " " " " 2d order. 
 
 One 250 250 Water Department, North Attleboro, Mass. 
 
 One 250 250 Watkinson, Geo., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 One 300 300 " " " " 2d order. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Two 350 700 Wilmington City Electric Co., The, Wilmington, Del. 
 
 One 300 300 Wolseley, W. A., Trinidad, W. I. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 World's Columbian Exposition, Jackson Park, Chicago. 111. 
 
 One 1,000 1,000 " " " " 
 
 One 500 500 Wurster & Co., Kent Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Three 300 900 Yngenio Lutgardita, Cuba. 
 
 One 250 250 Yngenio Santa Ana, Cuba. 
 
 Two 500 1,000 Yngenio Tinguaro, Cuba. 
 
 One 500 500 Yngenio Victoria, Cuba. 
 
 90 
 
100 H. P. MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 

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 93 
 
RULES 
 
 FOR MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF 
 
 THE MORRIN "CLIMAX" BOILER. 
 
 Lotv Water. 
 
 In case of low water, immediately bank or cover the fires with ashes or if 110 
 ashes are at hand, use fresh coal and check draft. Don't turn on the feed under 
 any circumstances, nor tamper with or open the safety valve. Let the steam 
 outlets remain as they are, even if engines are running. 
 
 In Cases of Foaming. 
 
 Close the throttle and keep closed long enough to show true level of water. 
 If that level is sufficiently high, feeding and blowing out will usually suffice to 
 correct the evil. In cases of violent foaming caused by dirty water, or change 
 from salt to fresh or vice versa, in addition to the action before stated, check 
 draft and cover fires with fresh coal. A little kerosene added to feed water will 
 usually settle the water at once. 
 
 Safety Valves. 
 
 Raise the safety valves cautiously at least once in twenty-four hours, as they 
 are liable to become fast in their seats, and useless for the purpose intended. 
 
 Safety Valve and Pressure Gauge. 
 
 Should the gauge at any time indicate the limit of pressure allowed, see 
 that the safety valves are blowing off. In case of difference, find out which is 
 wrong and rectify it. 
 
 Gauge Cocks. Glass Gauge. 
 
 Keep gauge cocks clear and in constant use. Do not open them too 
 suddenly. Glass gauges should not be relied on altogether. 
 
 Leaks. 
 
 When leaks are discovered they should be repaired as soon as possible. 
 
 Clean Sheets. 
 
 Particular care should be taken to keep sheets and parts of boilers exposed 
 to the fire perfectly clean. Keep all tubes clean, particularly when wood or soft 
 coal is used for fuel. 
 
 94 
 
Blowing Off. 
 
 Blow off at least once in two weeks, every Saturday night would be better. 
 In case the feed water is muddy, blow down a few inches every day. Boilers 
 should never be blown out while hot, as the furnace walls retain sufficient heat 
 to bake the deposits of mud into a hard scale that becomes firmly attached. 
 Furnace should always be allowed to cool down before the water is run out ; the 
 deposit of mud will then be quite soft and can be easily washed out with a hose. 
 Many engineers suppose that blowing out a boiler under pressure has a tendency 
 to remove these deposits from a boiler, but experience has shown this to be a 
 very grave mistake. 
 
 Filling up the Boiler. 
 
 Cold water pumped into hot boilers is very injurious, causing severe 
 contraction of the seams which very often causes fracture or leakage in the 
 seams and tubes. Many boilers, well constructed and of good material, have 
 been ruined by being blown out under a high pressure of steam and then 
 suddenly filled with cold water. This treatment is so highly productive of 
 strained and leaky tubes, since being of thinner material than the shell, they cool 
 and contract sooner. 
 
 Removing Deposit and Sediment. 
 
 In the " Climax " the bottom plate should be removed once in four weeks, 
 for the removal of heavy sediment. 
 
 Prevention of Scale. 
 
 There are many compounds used for prevention of scale, some are good and 
 others are not so good Each engineer will have to judge for himself as to 
 methods of meeting conditions to suit each particular case. Kerosene intelligent- 
 ly used however, seems to give uniformly good results. 
 
 General Care of Boilers and Connections. 
 
 In firing with coal keep your grates well covered with a thin fire Do not 
 feed your fire with large lumps or throw in too much fresh coal at one time. A 
 thin fire lightly and frequently renewed is the most economical. No coal should 
 be allowed to accumulate on dead plates in front of fire doors. 
 
 If your boiler steams too fast close your dampers and shut off the draft. 
 Never open your fire doors when it can be avoided. To keep them open longer 
 than is absolutely necessary, is injurious to the boiler and wasteful of fuel. 
 
 Keep gauges, cocks, etc., clean and in good order at all times and gauge 
 your pump so that the feed may be constant. 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. 
 
 STEAM BOILERS. 
 
 This is not a new subject, but it is most certainly a topic that ought to be of interest 
 to the whole community, as well as of vital importance to manufacturers and engineers. 
 " What is a steam boiler and what is its use?" Generally speaking, it is a closed metallic 
 vessel, both strong and tight, in which steam is generated from water by the application 
 of heat, for the purpose of giving motion to machinery or supplying heat in a more con- 
 venient manner to places where it is needed. 
 
 But a boiler is not complete without certain fixtures, appendages and accessories. 
 There must be a feed pump or injector, with a supply pipe, feed pipe, feed valve, safety 
 feed valve and check valve, in order to supply water 'properly to the boiler ; gauge cocks 
 and glass water gauge, to show the height of the water in the boiler, or water level as it is 
 more commonly called ; a heater, to assimilate the temperature of the feed water as nearly as 
 possible to that of the water in the boiler ; a blow pipe with its valve, to reduce the height 
 of the water in the boiler or to empty it entirely ; a safety valve, to allow the steam to 
 escape from the boiler when it exceeds a fixed pressure, in order to prevent strains or rup- 
 ture ; a steam pipe, to convey the steam to the place where it is wanted ; a reverse or 
 atmospheric valve, to prevent the formation of a vacuum in the boiler, and thus avoid 
 collapsing strains ; manhole and handholes, with plates and guards, for examination and 
 cleaning ; a steam gauge, to indicate at all times the pressure in the boiler, and a fusible 
 plug to give warning in case of "low water," although this last is not absolutely a necessity ; 
 all flat surfaces should be well braced. All these are attachments to the boiler proper, 
 having direct reference to its internal functions ; but in addition there are lugs or brackets 
 which support the boiler ; the masonry in which it is set, with its binders, rods and 
 wall plates ; the boiler front, with doors, anchors, bolts, etc. ; the arch plates, bearer 
 bars, grate-bars and dampers ; and last, but not least, the chimney or stack and its topping. 
 These are all equally necessary to enable the boiler to perform its duty properly ; and besides 
 there are required fire tools, tube brushes and scrapers, coal shovel and scaling tools, and 
 hose to wash-out with, and hammer, chisels and wrenches. Thus we see that in speaking 
 of the boiler, not only the boiler proper is meant, but also the whole of its fixtures append- 
 ages and belongings, making quite an assemblage of different parts and pieces, each and 
 all of which must be kept in good condition at all times, in order to insure safety and 
 obtain the best results possible as regards the generation of steam. 
 
 It is proved by experience that a furnace may consume a large quantity of fuel with- 
 out perfect combustion taking place, and when it does take place, a comparatively small 
 portion of it may be usefully employed. One pound of coal can be made to evaporate 14 
 to 15 Ibs. of water, but in practice 10 Ibs. is seldom exceeded, showing that even when at 
 its best, the efficiency of the boiler is comparatively small, but if there is either an excess 
 or an insufficient supply of air admitted, or there is a bad draught or bad stoking, the 
 efficiency is still further reduced. When combustion has been completed in the combustion 
 chamber, the evaporative power of that portion of the boiler is high, and it is the most 
 efficient for transmitting heat to the water. 
 
 The internal efficiency of the boiler depends, to a great extent, on the circulation of 
 the water to and from the heating surfaces, it being a well-known fact that a boiler with a 
 bad circulation is not nearly so efficient as one having a good circulation. 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 There is often required for use of boilers nearly twice as much fuel as would be neces- 
 sary if the plant were of different type and more skilfully managed ; the reason for this 
 is that : 
 
 ( 1 ) The engines use too much steam to develop the power required by being either 
 under or over-loaded, generally the latter. 
 
 (2) Boilers are badly designed, improperly set or too small. 
 
 ( 3 ) Coal is poor quality or improperly housed (coal loses from ten to forty per cent, 
 of its evaporative effect being exposed to the weather). 
 
 ( 4 ) The firemen are ignorant or careless. 
 
 Two and one-half pounds of good dry wood is equivalent in evaporative effect to one 
 pound of coal. 
 
 The usual waste of Anthracite coal is about 16 per cent. , while that from Cumberland 
 coal is only about one-half so much. 
 
 In buying Anthracite coal, that quality should be selected which has a bright appear- 
 ance and a conchoidal fracture. If of dull appearance and shows seams or cracks it will fly 
 into fragments in the furnace and not prove economical. 
 
 With bituminous coal, if the fractures show a whitish film or rusty stains, they are 
 indications of sulphur and iron Pyrites and should be rejected for furnace use. 
 
 Fuel is often wasted from the grate bars not being properly spaced. 
 
 96 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Wood as Fuel. 
 
 It is generally conceded that 2i Ibs. of good dry wood are equivalent in evaporative 
 effect, to 1 Ib. of good coal, but it must be remembered that wood requires a roomier 
 furnace than coal and also that the spaces between the grate bars must be larger. 
 
 The fuel value of the same weight of different woods is very nearly the same ; that is, 
 a pound of hickory is worth no more for fuel than a pound of pine, assuming both to be 
 dry. If the value be measured by weight it is important that the wood be dry, as each ten 
 per centum of moisture in the wood will detract about 12 per centum from its value as a 
 fuel. 
 
 The weights of one cord of different woods (air dried) as well as the fuel value in com- 
 parison with coal, is as follows : 
 
 One cord of hickory or hard maple weighs 4500 Ibs. and is equivalent to 2000 Ibs. of coal. 
 
 One cord of white oak weighs 3850 Ibs. and is equivalent to 1715 Ibs. of coal. 
 
 One cord of beech, red oak or black oak weighs 3250 Ibs. and is equivalent to 1450 Ibs. 
 of coal. 
 
 One cord of poplar (white wood), chestnut or elm weighs 2350 Ibs. and is equivalent to 
 1050 Ibs of coal. 
 
 One cord of the average pine weighs 2000 Ibs. and is equivalent to 925 Ibs. of coal. 
 
 Air space in grate-bars to burn wood is from three-quarters to one inch. 
 
 One cord of wood equals 128 cubic feet. 
 
 One ton of Anthracite coal about 42 cubic feet. 
 
 Foreign Matter in Water. 
 
 It may be as well to show how an engineer can ascertain for himself what foreign 
 matters are present in the water he feeds into his boilers. Below is a list of what is 
 required : 
 
 One-half pint bottle of Soap Solution. 
 One 2 oz. bottle of Lime Water. 
 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 One 2 
 
 Chloride of Barium. 
 Ferrocyanide of Potassium. 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 Nitric Acid. 
 Tincture of Cochineal. 
 Metallic Mercury. 
 Carbonate of Ammonia 
 (crystals). 
 
 One 1 oz. bottle of Oxalic Acid (crystals). 
 One 1 " " Phosphate of soda 
 
 (crystals). 
 
 Slips of Blue and Red Litmus Paper. 
 One 4 oz. Flat Bottom Clear Glass Bottle. 
 One Wooden Test Tube Holder. 
 One small Spirit Lamp. 
 One-half pint of Alcohol. 
 One Test Tube Brush. 
 One-half dozen of Test Tubes. 
 
 These can be supplied by any chemist. Then take a clean bottle and fill it with the 
 water you desire to test and proceed as follows : 
 
 To see whether the water is hard or soft : Take a clean test tube and pour into it about 
 three-quarters of an inch in depth of the soap solution, then pour into it three or four 
 drops only of the water ; if it becomes milky or curdy the water is hard. 
 
 To see if the water is alkaline or acid : Dip into a test tube half filled with the water 
 a strip of red litmus paper ; if it does not turn blue, the water is not alkaline ; now dip a 
 strip of the blue litmus into the water, if it does not turn red the water is not acid. 
 
 To see if there is carbonic acid : Fill about three-quarters of an inch of water into a 
 test tube, and then pour in just as much lime water ; if there is carbonic acid, the water 
 will become milky, and on adding a little hydrochloric acid the water will become clear 
 again. 
 
 TEST FOR SULPHATE OF LIME (GYPSUM).- Fill in the water to the depth of one and one- 
 half inches in a test tube and then add a little chloride of barium ; if a white precipitate is 
 formed and it will not re dissolve when you add a little nitric acid, sulphate of lime is 
 present. 
 
 TEST FOR MAGNESIA. Fill a test tube one-fourth or one-third full with the water; hold 
 it with tube holder and bring it to a boil over th^ spirit lamp ; then add the point of a 
 knife full of carbonate of ammonia, and a very little phosphate of soda ; if magnesia is 
 present it will form a white precipitate ; but as it may not do so at once it is best to set it 
 one side for a few moments. 
 
 TEST FOR LEAD. Fill a test tube one-fourth full of water, and add one or two drops 
 only of tincture of cochineal. If there be only a trace of lead in the water it will be 
 colored blue instead of pink. 
 
 TEST FOR COPPER. Add to some water in a test tube, a little filing dust of soft iron and 
 a few drops of chloride of ammonia, a blue colorization denotes the presence of copper. 
 
 TEST FOR IRON. To some water, in a test tube, add one drop of ferrocyanide of potas- 
 sium ; it will color it blue if iron be present. 
 
 97 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 What is Steam? 
 
 We might say steam is a vapor formed from water by heat, but that is not sufficient. 
 
 The passage of any liquid into the gaseous state is called vaporization ; the term evapo- 
 ration especially refers to the slow production of vapor at the free surface of a liquid, and 
 boiling to its rapid production in the mass of the liquid itself the term vapor js confined to 
 evaporation without boiling or ebullition, which is commonly understood to take place at 
 a temperature of 212 Fahr. or above it. 
 
 The experiments of Araa;o, Dulong, Regnault and others have long since determined 
 that the boiling point of fresh water at the sea level, under the pressure of the atmosphere 
 corresponding to a height of 22.92 inches of the mercurial barometer is 212 Fahr. or 100 
 centigrade, and also that if the water is confined in a vessel under pressure, the temperature 
 of the boiling point of the water rises when the pressure is increased, though not in the 
 same ratio ; but the same amount of pressure always corresponds to the same temperature 
 of the boiling point in the same liquid. 
 
 And again, if the water is not pure or nearly so, but holds various salts in solution, the 
 temperature of the boiling point is thereby increased for the same pressure. For instance, 
 the boiling point of sea water which contains salts of lime, magnesia and sodium is 2l3.4 
 Fahr. under the pressure of the atmosphere. 
 
 It will be well also to recollect that on the top of a high mountain the pressure of the 
 atmosphere is less than at the sea level, and of course there will be less pressure on the 
 surface of a body of water there, and consequently it will boil at a lower temperature and 
 its steam will have less tension. 
 
 A liquid boils when the tension of its vapor is equal to the pressure it supports. 
 
 The particles of water are strongly cohesive ; but the particles of steam are repellant. 
 It takes a certain amount of fuel to raise the temperature of a cubic foot of water from 
 60 Fahr. to the boiling point 212 Fahr. ; but to further raise the water into steam the 
 same identical temperature would require a still further expenditure of fuel. 
 
 Now what becomes of the extra amount of heat developed by this additional amount 
 of fuel? It is not shown by the thermometer ; it is absorbed in driving apart the particles 
 of water and keeping them apart in the gaseous state as steam, and it is called "latent 
 heat " while thus employed ; but when the steam is condensed it manifests itself by increas- 
 ing the temperature of the water used for its condensation. 
 
 The amount of heat thus absorbed varies with the temperature, and has been very 
 thoroughly investigated by Regnault who has tabulated his results, completely overthrow- 
 ing the old idea that the sum of the sensible and latent heats was always a constant at all 
 pressures. 
 
 In order to generate steam in a boiler it is necessary to fill it with water to the proper 
 height, then to start a fire in the furnace to produce ebullition of the water, and to have 
 the safety valve weighted to the tension required of the steam ; that all seems easy enough 
 to do, and it really is when you know how to do it. 
 
 Boilers may be divided into three divisions or classes those having internal furnaces, 
 those which are externally fired, and those having detached furnaces or ovens. And again 
 these classes comprise two divisions those in which the heated gases pass from the furnace 
 through flues or tubes surrounded with water on their way to the chimney, and those in 
 which the gases pass between and among tubes filled with water. The latter are called 
 "Water Tube" boilers; there are also various patented boilers composed almost entirely 
 of tubes filled with water which are generally known by the names of the patentees, but 
 they are all classed as tubulous boilers. 
 
 The kinds more generally used in this country are " shell" boilers as the " fire" and 
 " water tube" boilers are often called to distinguish them from the "tubulous" or "pipe" 
 boilers, and they are : the Plain Cylinder, Flue, Drop Flue, Return Tubular, Double Cylin- 
 der, Union, Sullivan, Locomotive or Fire Box, Cornish, Lancashire, Galloway, Upright 
 Tubular, Hog Nosed, etc. Besides these there are many patented " shell" boilers, some of 
 them possessing considerable merit. 
 
 Weight of Water. 
 
 1 Cubic in .03617 
 
 12 " .434 
 
 1 Cubic ft. (salt) 64.3 
 
 1 " 62.5 
 
 1 Cylindrical in .02842 
 
 12 " " .341 
 
 1 "ft 49.10 
 
 1 Imperial gal 10. 
 
 1 U. S. . . . . 8.355 
 
 268.8 " " 2240. 
 
 1 Cubic foot of water equals 7.48052 U. S. gallons. 
 1 Cylindrical foot " 6.0 " " 
 
 98 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Webster's Definition of Tensile Strength Capable of Extension Boilers. 
 
 All material things are subject to tension and compression, and those of fibrous con- 
 stitution we may conceive to be held together by the attraction of cohesion. We use these 
 terms the better to illustrate our subject Tensile Strength of Boilers. 
 
 Suppose we suspend a rope or wire that will carry say 100 Ibs no more, no less ; now 
 any number of such ropes or wires sustaining 100 Ibs each. The absolute cohesive strength 
 of all together would be expressed by the number of weights equaling their combined 
 strength. In a similar manner let us experiment with square bars of iron each having a 
 square inch of section, or one incli each way. Suppose nine of these be separately suspended, 
 or suppose they be united together in one row forming a bar nine inches wide by one inch 
 thick, or suppose they be united in a square measuring three inches each way, there can 
 be no difference in their combined strength or weight. Then knowing the weight each 
 particular rope, wire, or rod sustains, having a sectional area of one square inch, we can 
 estimate the weight of any other dimensions of similar material by calculating the number 
 of square inches, or fractions thereof, in its sectional area. Then suppose we find by 
 experiment the average strength of a bar of wrought iron one square inch in section to be 
 30 gross tons equal to 67.200 Ibs., what will be the strength of a bar ten inches wide and ten 
 inches thick? The sectional area will be 10 X 10 = 100 square inches X by 30 tons = 3.000 
 tons, and 67.200 Ibs. X by 100 square inches = 6.720.000 Ibs. And the strength of a round bar 
 one inch diameter, and area .7854x30 tons=23^ tons plus; and 67.200 Ibs X 0.7854 =52. 780 Ibs. 
 This mode of calculation proceeds on the simple principle that every row of fibers or 
 particles acts equally in resisting strain. So far the theoretical principle of cohesive 
 strength is simple and easily applied. But let us see how the practical agrees. A round 
 bar one inch diameter is as to a square bar one inch in section as .7854 is to one square inch. 
 
 EXAMPLE : A round bar sustains 17 tons, what will a square bar sustain ? As .7854 is 
 to one square inch so is 17 tons to 21.645 and vice versa, so it is with any other dimensions. 
 Practice and theory unite in stating that the form of all vessels destined to sustain very 
 high pressures should be circular or globula in shape, because with a square or rectangle 
 or other angular form the pressure naturally inclines to a circle by pressing out the flat 
 sides in the direction of a circle up to the point of separation. Let us take a cylindrical 
 boiler the effect of internal pressure acting equally on its whole surface, if it exceeds the 
 strength of the material, will doubtless rend it apart at some one point, and possibly two 
 opposite points, and force one-half away from the other; if the material was of uniform 
 consistency and strength, we have no reason to suppose a separation at any particular 
 point more than another, except the fact that material, like human beings, is not perfect. 
 But let us try to trace the influence of the pressure to effect a separation, and present proof 
 that there is undoubtedly double the strain on the seams of a boiler running lengthwise, as 
 to the strain transversely. Suppose the whole shell to be filled with solid matter except a 
 thin film for fluid pressure in the middle running the whole |length of the boiler and 
 exerting a pressure on every point of the flat sides of the solid portion exposed to it, we 
 should involve no change in the conditions because the two opposite sides of the cir- 
 cumference that terminate the film of fluid would have to resist exactly the same bursting 
 strain as though the rest of the casing were filled with fluid instead of solid matter. And 
 as this section of fluid would apply at any part of the length of the boiler, let us take a belt 
 of its length one inch wide and trace the effect, which effect would be repeated equally on 
 every such belt one inch wide throughout the whole length of the boiler, provided the 
 material were homogeneous. The bursting pressure on a belt one inch wide is measured 
 by the pressure on a surface having for its length the diameter and one inch wide. Suppose 
 the pressure burst the casing at any one point in the circumference so as to turn one-half 
 around an opposite point as a fulcrum. Then by the well-known principle in mechanics, 
 that a uniform pressure on a lever acting equally at every point of its length has the same 
 effect to turn it around its fulcrum as if it were all collected into one force and acting at the 
 middle point. Therefore we reason that the bursting pressure is equivalent to the whole 
 force on the middle or the radius of the diameter, while the resistance " or cohesive force" 
 of the cylindrical shell acts at the circumference or end of the arm of the lever, and double 
 the distance from the fulcrum. Hence we have the best reason to conclude that the burst- 
 ing force as resisted at one point of the circumference is just half the pressure on the 
 diameter, or the radius. 
 
 To Avoid Tearing Manhole Gaskets. 
 
 Put a little white lead on the surface of the gasket which rests on the manhole plate 
 and chalk the other surface heavily and also the part of the manhole frame with which it 
 comes into contact. Upon opening the boiler afterwards the gasket will generally be found 
 to adhere firmly to the plate and to separate from the frame without tearing. 
 
 The centre of pressure of a body of water is at two-thirds of the depth from the 
 surface. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply 
 the height of the column by .434 ; every foot elevation is called, (approximately) equal to 
 one-half pound pressure per square inch. 
 
 99 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 BOILERS. 
 
 Force required to punch a hole in wrought iron, is the circumference of the hole multi- 
 plied by the thickness and the resisting force equal to the tensile strength of the plate 
 having a sectional area equal to the surface of separation. What is the force required to 
 punch a circular hole 1 inch diameter through a plate inch thick? The circumference of 
 1 inch diameter is 3.1416xi =2.3562 square inches, the area of surface of separation. By 
 experiment it is found that the weight to tear asunder a bar of iron 1 square inch sectional 
 area is 26 tons gross near 58.240 Ibs. ; therefore we multiply 2.3562 square inches by 26 
 tons, which gives 61.2612 tons, this X 2240 Ibs. =137,225 Ibs. From this we infer that all 
 rivet holes in boilers should be drilled, and the extra cost should not forbid the best methods 
 in so important a factor of power and product. 
 
 Find the mean pressure without an indicator, also the horse power of an engine 
 whose cylinder is 25 inches diameter ; stroke, 5 feet ; cut-off T 8 ff and an assumed clear- 
 ance about 3 per cent. ; 50 revolutions per minute ; 72 Ibs. initial pressure in steam chest ; 
 counter pressure l Ibs. above atmosphere. 
 
 Operation, 25 s X. 7854=490-875. Multiply this by piston speed, 50x10=500 feet per 
 minute =245437.500H-33 00=7.437 factor for one Ib. of steam, this multiplied by the mean 
 pressure when found will be the dividend to the divisor 33.000 jj^jjj 
 
 Then the area 490 875x60 inch stroke = 29452.5 cubic inches piston displacement. Then 
 suppose the clearance, including the piston clearance, also the area of steam and exhaust 
 parts =981.75 cubic inches (equal to 4j gallons of water); this is contained 30 times in the 
 piston displacement, and 30 in 100 is 3 33 plus or 03.33 per cent., and 60 inches X by 03.33= 
 1.998. say 2 inches. Then T 8 ff of 60 inches is 18 inches, point of cut off. 
 
 Then by rule. Divide length of stroke of piston, 60 inches added to the clearance in 
 the cylinder at one end, by the length of the stroke at which the steam is cut off added to 
 the clearance at that end, and the quotient will express the relative expansion. Then 
 find in the table of logarithms the number nearest to that of the quotient, to which add 
 one ; the sum is the ratio of gain. Then multiply this ratio by the pressure of steam 
 added to the pressure of the atmosphere, which at the level of the sea is 14.7 " absolute," 
 as it enters the cylinder. Then divide the product by the relative expansion, and the 
 quotient will be the mean pressure on the piston, minus the absolute back pressure. 
 
 Then to the length of stroke, 60 inches, add 2=62 inches and to 18, the point of cut off, 
 add 2=20 inches. Then divide 62 by 20=3.1, and the logarithm of 3.1 is 1.131, to which 
 add 1=2.131. Then to 72 Ibs initial pressure add the atmospheric pressure 14.7=86.7; 
 multiply this by 2.131 = 184.7577. Divide this by the relative expansion 3.1=59.599, deduct 
 the absolute back pressure 14. 7+1^= 16.2, the result is 43.399 Ibs. (43|) mean pressure 
 required. Then multiply the above factor for 1 Ib. of steam, 7.437 by 43.399=322.75 horse 
 power (322| indicated). When the mean pressure "as per card" is known, multiply the 
 area by speed of piston per minute and the mean pressure, then divide the result by 33.000 ; 
 the quotient will be the horse power. When many cards are taken under varied condi- 
 tions of load, the factor of the engine for 1 Ib. of steam should be "posted up" ready to 
 multiply by the different pressures. 
 
 The differences that exist for the calculation of the safe working pressures so far as 
 the diminished strength is concerned by the punched holes, and the different percentages 
 between single and double riveting, are a source of confusion to the student in steam 
 engineering who would much prefer a single factor that could be applied to all new boilers. 
 And we know no reason why such single factor of safety should not exist. In reviewing 
 the past forty years, and an eye witness, first as a rivet heater, thence through the various 
 grades that prevail in the profession, and with the progress made both in the material and 
 workmanship, I think it time to adopt rules more in accord with the progress of the times, 
 and strike from the record the percentages of Sir Wm. Fairbarn with all credit due him. 
 
 To ILLUSTRATE. A boiler 48 inches diameter, plate f thick ; heads double the thick- 
 ness ; tensile strength of plate, 65.000 Ibs. per square inch of section, what is the burbting 
 pressure, and safe working pressure in accordance with the rule adopted by the super- 
 vising inspectors of the United States? 
 
 EXAMPLE l. 65 ' ^ =1015.625 Ibs. bursting pressure without joints; divide this by 
 =169.271 safe working pressure. Again 7 ^ ra -*| r6 169.271. 
 
 T?-c-., n O 65.000 xSx. 70 142.1875 ,, 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. -- ^^5= D-R lbs - 
 
 EXAMPLE S.-ff.lbs. per square inch. 
 
 To Ascertain the Safe Working Pressure on a Boiler. 
 
 Multiply twice the thickness of the shell by the tensile strength, and divide the pro- 
 duct by the diameter of the shell in inches. 
 
 100 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 To Find the Strength of a Boiler. 
 
 RULE : Multiply the tensile strength of the plate in Ibs. by the thickness in decimals of 
 an inch ; divide by diameter of the boiler in inches and multiply the product by 2 : the 
 answer will be the bursting pressure. 
 
 EXAMPLE : If a boiler is 48 inches in diameter and made of i inch steel, having a 
 tensile (or tearing) strength of 60.000 to the square inch, then 
 
 60.000 
 Thickness, .25 
 
 "soooToo 
 
 12000.0 
 
 Diameter, 48)15. 000.00 ( 312. 5 
 144 X 2 
 
 60 625 Ibs. strength to the 
 
 48 square inch. 
 
 120 
 96 
 240 
 
 1*_ 
 
 
 NOTE. In practice, if the boiler is single riveted, only of the above would be allowed 
 as safe, or 104^^ Ibs. on the steam gauge. With double rows of rivets, and rivet holes 
 drilled instead of punched, a working pressure of 125 Ibs. would be allowed. 
 
 EXAMPLE : If a boiler is 44 inches in diameter and made of / 5 inch steel, having a 
 tensile (or tearing) strength of 60.000 to the square inch, then 
 .32) 9000 (.281 
 
 64 
 
 260 
 
 256 
 
 40 
 32 
 
 Thickness, .281 
 
 60.000 
 
 Diameter, 44)1 6850. UUO 
 132 383 
 366 
 352 
 
 140 
 132 
 
 383 
 
 2 
 
 6)766 strength to square inch. 
 Safe load on boiler, 127f 
 
 Weights of Boiler Iron. 
 
 A cubic foot of iron weighs 480 Ibs. , consequently a piece one foot square and one inch 
 thich weighs one-twelfth of 480 Ibs. , or 40 Ibs. , and a plate one foot square and one-sixteenth 
 of an inch thick weighs 2| Ibs., consequently we have the following rule : Multiply the 
 thickness in sixteenths of an inch by 2 J ; the result is the weight in pounds per square foot. 
 5 X 2^ Ibs. = 12| Ibs., the weight required. 
 3.6 cubic inches weigh 1 Ib. 
 
 To find the weight per foot in length of round iron : Take the diameter in quart' r 
 inches, square it and divide by 6. Example : What is the weight per foot of 2 inch round 
 iron? 
 
 2 inch = 8 quarter inches. 
 8 squared = 8 X 8 = 64. 
 64 divided by 6 =10$ Ibs., the required weight. 
 
 Wrought Iron Welded Pipe. 
 
 One inch and below are butt-welded and proved to 300 Ibs. per square inch, hydraulic 
 pressure. 
 
 1J inch and above are lap-welded and proved to 500 Ibs. per square inch, hydraulic 
 pressure. 
 
 101 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 To Find the Horse Power of a Boiler. 
 
 Horse power at the best is but a relative term, used for convenience, and this is especially 
 the case where it is applied to boilers. 
 
 It is found by dividing the square feet of heating surface in a return tubular boiler by 
 15 or that of a flue or cylinder boiler by 12. 
 
 The heating surface of a return tubular boiler consists of the superficial area of all the 
 tubes and the bottom half of the shell, but in a flue boiler the superficial area of five-eighths 
 of the shell and that of the flues is taken as heating surface. (If something more accurate 
 is required, the area of the heads below the water line, less the area of the tube holes should 
 be added). 
 
 Ex AMPLE j A horizontal tubular boiler is 4 feet in diameter by 13 feet in length with 
 45 tubes 3 inches in diameter by 13 feet long. What is its horse power? 
 
 If of 4 feet in diameter it will have 12,566 feet circumference, half of which is 6.28 feet. 
 This multiplied by 13 feet, gives 81.64 feet for half the shell area. Each tube has a diameter 
 of 3 inches, giving 9 42 inches for its circumference, this multiplied by 156 (its length in 
 inches) gives 1469.5 inches or (divided by 144) 10 2 square feet for the area of one tube. 
 Multiplying by 45 we have 469 square feet as the area of all the tubes, this added to 81.64 
 gives 550.94 square feet for the area or heating surface. Dividing this by 15 we have for 
 its horse power 36.7. 
 
 To Find the Horse Power of an Engine. 
 
 Multiply the area of the piston in square inches (A) by the average pressure of steam 
 exerted on the piston throughout its stroke, (called the mean effective pressure (B) ; multiply 
 this result by the number of feet the piston travels per minute (C) and divide by 33,000, and 
 the answer will be the horse power. 
 
 (A) the area of the piston in square inches is found by multiplying the square of its 
 diameter by .7854. 
 
 (B) the pressure per square inch throughout the stroke can only be accurately deter- 
 mined by the use of the indicator. An approximate result may be obtained without it by 
 using the boiler pressure and deducting 6u$> for engine below 20 h. p., 50$ for those up to 
 100 h p., 40$ for those above. 
 
 If the point of cut-off of the engine is known (that part of the stroke which has been 
 gone over when the steam valve closes) the mean effective pressure may be quite accurately 
 ascertained by the following table at 
 
 stroke = the boiler pressure X . 597 
 
 .670 
 .740 
 
 .847 
 
 stroke = the boiler pressure X .919 
 
 " .937 
 .1 966 
 
 " .992 
 
 (C) the piston speed or travel is found by multiplying twice the length of the stroke in 
 feet, by the number of revolutions per minute. 
 
 An easy way to remember this rule is to use the following equation : P. A. (Piston 
 Area) P. S. (Piston Speed) M. E. P. (Mean Effective Pressure,) H. P. (Horse Power). 
 
 H. A. X P. S. X M. E. P. 
 
 33,000 -H. P. 
 
 Grate Areas, and to Find Centre of Gravity. 
 
 To find the area of safety valve for a certain grate area : 
 
 Formula p^j^* G = area of valve. (A, area ; G, grate area ; P, pressure.) 
 
 Grate area, 36 square feet X22.5=810.=9.14 square inches valve. 
 
 Pressure on boiler, 80 lbs.-j-8. 62=88.62. 
 
 Grate area 42 square feet, press. 80 Ibs. ; then 22.5x42=945.00=10.66 area of valve. 
 
 And 80 Ibs. +8.62= 88.62 
 
 What is the weight of a safety valve lever or any other lever ? Multiply width by the 
 thickness, the product by the length, and divide by .2816, the weight of a cubic inch. 
 
 A lever 2 inches wide, i inch thick, and 36 inches long, what is its weight? 2x.5= 
 1.0x36=36 cubic inches X. 2816=10.137 Ibs., or 10 Ibs. 2i ozs. 
 
 To find the centre of gravity of a tapered lever, weigh the two ends separately, the 
 opposite end resting : thus a lever is 36 inches long, weighs at large end 10 Ibs., at small 
 end 4 Ibs. ^^ = 14J inches centre of gravity from fulcrum. 
 
 Again, divide length of lever by 2, and by 6 multiply the latter quotient by width of 
 large end of lever, less the width of small end, divided by width of large end, plus the width 
 of small end ; subtract this from the first quotient and the remainder will be the distance 
 of centre of gravity from f ulc. A lever is 4 feet long 3 inches wide at one end and 2 inches 
 at the other, and of uniform thickness \ 9 inches =24, and Y inches =8. Then 2 inches 
 divided by 3 inches, the large end =.666, to which add the width of small end making 
 2.666; subtract this from large end 3 inches, will leave .334: multiply this by 8, equals 
 2.672, this from 24 inches =21.328 or 21 T \-j-from fulc. to centre of gravity. 
 
 102 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 PROPORTION OF SAFETY VALVE AREA TO GRATE SURFACE. 
 
 UNITED STATES RULE. Allow one square inch of area of valve for two square feet of 
 area of grate in the case of a common lever valve. 
 
 Allow one square inch of area of valve for every three square feet of area of grate in 
 spring loaded safety valves. 
 
 ENGLISH RULE. For boilers with natural draft allow half a square inch of area of 
 safety valve for each square foot of grate surface. 
 
 PROFESSOR RANKIN'S RULE. Allow a valve T^th of an inch for each pound of water 
 evaporated per hour. 
 
 FRENCH RULE. Adopted by the Philadelphia Boiler Inspection Department. 
 
 1. Multiply the area of the grate in square feet by the number 22.5. 
 
 2. Add the number 8.62 to the pressure that is allowed per square inch. 
 
 3. Divide (1) by (2) and the quotient is the area of the valve in square inches. 
 
 Safety valves are of three kinds, known as " common lever," "dead weight," and 
 "spring." The common lever valve is in more general use than the others, but it is im- 
 perfect in its action as it does not always seat itself until the steam pressure is reduced to 
 several Ibs. below what it is set to blow at. 
 
 To find the weight to be placed on the end of a safety valve lever : 
 
 1. Square the diameter of valve and multiply by .7854, which will give the area. 
 
 2. Multiply the area by the pressure per square inch. 
 
 3. From the product take the effective weight of the valve and stem. 
 
 4. Multiply the remainder by the "distance from the fulcrum to the valve." 
 
 5. Then subtract the effective weight of the lever. 
 
 6. Then divide by the distance from the fulcrum to the end of lever (or centre of 
 
 weight). 
 
 EXAMPLE : Required, the weight to be placed on the end of a safety valve lever to be 
 equal to 20 Ibs. per square inch on the valve, the diameter of valve being 5 inches, the 
 distance from the fulcrum to the valve being 6 inches, and from the centre of weight to 
 valve 10 inches ; the effective weight of the lever is 80 Ibs., and the weight of the valve 
 and stem is 12 Ibs. 
 
 .7854 
 
 25 diameter squared. 
 3.9270 
 15.708 
 
 19.6350 area of valve. 
 
 20 Ibs. pressure per square inch. 
 
 392.7000 total pressure on valve. 
 12. weight of valve and stem. 
 
 380.7 
 
 6 distance from fulcrum to valve. 
 
 80. effective weight of lever. 
 
 4)2204.2 ) divide by 16 inches the full 
 4) 651.05 ~ ) length of lever. 
 
 ~137.7625 
 
 Answer : Weight required, 137} Ibs., nearly. 
 
 Economy of Engines. 
 
 Steam engines vary in economy, requiring the evaporation of from 15 to 60 pounds of 
 water per horse power per hour, depending upon the compounding and general economy 
 of the machine. 
 
 Boilers well set, with good draught will evaporate from 7 to 10 pounds of water per 
 pound of first-class coal though the average result is from 30 to 60 per cent, below this. 
 
 One square foot of grate surface will consume on an average 12 pounds of coal per 
 hour. The heating surface in a boiler should be about 30 times the grate surface. By 
 referring to the above and noting the amount of feed water evaporation required by an 
 engine, the size of a boiler necessary to furnish steam for it may be determined. 
 
 103 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Rule for Fixing the Proper Sectional Area of a Chimney of a Land 
 Boiler when its Height is Determined. 
 
 RULE : Multiply the number of pounds of coal consumed under the boiler per hour 
 by 12 and divide the product by the square root of the height of the chimney in feet ; the 
 quotient is the proper area of the chimney in square inches at the smallest part. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the proper sectional area of a factory chimney 80 feet high and 
 with a consumption of coal in the furnace of 300 Ibs. per hour ? 
 
 Here 300x12=3600 and divide by 9 the square root of the height nearly, we get 400, 
 which is the proper sectional area of the chimney in square inches ; if therefore the chim- 
 ney be square it will measure 20 inches each way. 
 
 Rule for fixing the proper height of the chimney : Multiply the number of pounds of 
 coal consumed under the boiler per hour by 12 and divide the product by the sectional area 
 of the chimney in square inches ; square the quotient thus obtained which will give the 
 proper height of the chimney in feet. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the proper height in feet of the chimney of a boiler which burns 
 300 Ibs. of coal per hour, the sectional area of the chimney being 400 square inches? 
 
 Here 300X12=3600 which divided by 400 (the sectional area) 9, the square of which is 
 81 feet, and this is the proper height in feet. 
 
 To determine the dimensions of the cold water pump : 
 
 RULE : Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches by the length of 
 the stroke in feet and divide the product by 4.400 ; the quotient is the proper capacity of 
 cold water pump in cubic feet. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the proper capacity of the cold water pump in an engine having 
 a 60 inch cylinder and a 5| ft. stroke ? 
 
 Here 60x60=3.600, which multiplied by 5 is 19.800, and this divided by 4.400 is 4.5, 
 which is the proper capacity of the cold water pump in cubic feet. 
 
 Fly-wheel. Find the sectional area of the fly-wheel rim as follows : 
 
 RULE : Multiply 44.000 times the length of the stroke in feet by the square of the 
 diameter of the cylinders in inches, and divide the product by the square of the number of 
 revolution* per minute multiplied by the cube of the diameter of the fly-wheel in feet. 
 The resulting number will be the proper sectional area of the fly-wheel rim in square inches. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What will be the proper sectional area of the fly-wheel rim in square 
 inches in the case of an engine with a cylinder 24 inches diameter and 5 feet stroke, the 
 fly wheel being 20 feet diameter? 
 
 Here 44.000 multiplied by 5, which is the length of the stroke in feet, is 22.COO. The 
 square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches is 576, and 22.000X576=126,720,000. The 
 engine will make about 21 revolutions, the square of which is 441, and the cube of the 
 diameter of the fly-wheel in feet is 8.000, which multiplied by 441 is 3,528,000. Finally, 
 126,720,000 divided by 3,528,000 is 35.8, which is the proper area in square inches of the 
 section of the fly-wheel rim. 
 
 To find the area of the steam pipe leading to each cylinder : 
 
 RULE : Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches by the speed of 
 the piston in feet per minute and by the decimal .02, and divide the product by 170 ; the 
 quotient is the proper area of the steam pipe leading to the cylinder in inches. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the proper area of the branch steam pipe leading to each cylinder 
 in an engine with a cylinder 74J inches in diameter and with the piston moving at a speed 
 of 220 feet per minute? 
 
 Here 74.5x74.5=5.550.25, which multiplied by 220=1.221.055, and this multiplied by 
 .02=24 421.1, which divided by 170=144 square inches nearly. The diameter of a circle of 
 144 square inches area is a little over 13| inches, so that 13 inches would be the proper 
 internal diameter of each branch steam pipe in such an engine. The main steam pipe will 
 require to have nearly but not quite double the area of each of the branch steam pipes. It 
 would require to have exactly double the area, only the friction in a large pipe is relatively 
 less than in a small one, and as the engines work at right angles, so that one piston is at 
 the end of its stroke when the other is at the beginning and therefore moving slowly, it 
 will follow that when one engine is making the greatest demand for steam the other is 
 making very little, so that the area of the main steam pipe will not require to be as large 
 as if the two engines were making their greatest demand at the same time. 
 
 To Glue Leather to Iron. 
 
 To glue leather to iron, paint the iron with some kind of lead color, say white lead and 
 lamp black. When dry cover with a cement made as follows : Take the best glue, soak 
 it in cold water until soft, then dissolve in vinegar with a moderate heat ; then add one- 
 third of its bulk of white pine turpentine, thoroughly mix, and by means of the vinegar 
 make it of the proper consistency to be spread with a brush, and apply it while hot ; draw 
 the leather on quickly and press it tightly in place. If a pulley, draw the leather around 
 tightly as possible, lap and clamp. 
 
 104 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 To Find the Proper Diameter of a Safety Valve that will let off all the 
 Steam from a Low Pressure.. 
 
 RULE : Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches by the speed of 
 the piston in feet per minute, and divide the product by 14 000 ; the quotient is the proper 
 area of the safety valve in square inches. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the diameter of the safety valve of a boiler that supplies an engine 
 with steam having a 64 inch cylinder, and with the piston travelling 220 feet per minute? 
 
 Here 64x64=4.096 which multiplied by 220=901,120, and this divided by 14.000=64.3 
 which is the proper area of the safety valve in square inches. 
 
 To find the proper capacity of the feed pump : 
 
 RULE : Multiply the capacity of the cylinder in cubic inches by the total pressure of 
 the steam in the boiler on each square inch (or by the load on each square inch of the safety 
 valve, plus 15 Ibs. on each square inch for the pressure of the atmosphere), and divide the 
 product by 4.000 ; the quotient is the proper capacity of the feed pump in cubic inches 
 when the pump is single acting and the engine is double acting. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What is the proper volume of the working part of the plunger of a loco- 
 motive feed pump having cylinders 18 inches diameter and 2 feet stroke, working with a 
 pressure of 85 Ibs. above the atmosphere? The area of a circle 18 inches diameter, is 254 5 
 square inches which multiplied by 24 inches, which is the length of the stroke, givts 6.108 
 cubic inches, as the capacity of the cylinder. If the steam be 85 Ibs. above the atmosphere, 
 then the total pressure must be 100 Ibs. per square inch, and 6.108 X 100 = 610,800, which 
 divided by 4.000 gives 152.7 as the capacity of the feed pump in cubic inches. 
 
 INJECTORS. 
 
 The capacities of injectors are denoted by the diameters of their throats in millimeters 
 which is -nsVffth of a meter or .0394 inches. No. 4 equals .1576 inches. Haswell. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION. To find the diameter of throat and mean volume of discharge: .077 
 4/ ^- v -=d f^-,,8* P pressure, V volume of water in cubic feet per hour, ft diameter. 
 
 The pressure is 85 Ibs. and the volume required per hour is 62 cubic feet. The square 
 root, of 85 Ibs. is 9*2195, and the volume is 62 cubic feet divided by square root of pressure 
 9.2195=6.7357, and the square root of this is 2.595 X .077 = .1998 +- .0394 = 5.07 say No. 5 
 plus, and the square root of the pressure multiplied by 6.7357 = 62.0997 cubic feet of water 
 p^r hour. The injector, when viewed in the light of economy, is not the equal of a well 
 proportioned pump for boiler feeding, but without a good feed water heater it is the 
 superior of a pump, inasmuch as it will not inject into the boiler cold water, although the 
 heat was taken from and returned to the boiler. It is within the memory of the living that 
 to have advanced the theory upon which the injector acts would have been ample cause 
 for a commission lunatico inquirendo. To-day we may view it with surprise that so useful, 
 simple and powerful an instrument remained so long unknown to mechanical science, as 
 the primary adjuncts had long been in use in the lapidary, the fire nozzle, the locomotive 
 blast pipe, the bellows, etc. It is a noble adjunct in every steam plant. The mechanical 
 press is furnished with a fixed spindle whose function is to concentrate the steam, but the 
 principle of its merit is the combining nozzle which is split from the throat backwards 
 f of its length, one-half being united in solid form, the other half hinged to permit freedom 
 of action, and to enlarge or contract the area of opening in accordance with local condi- 
 tions ; the germ of its power being the velocity of steam at atmospheric pressure flowing 
 into a more or less perfect vacuum, etc. 
 
 The mechanical press has contributed very much to a proper understanding of its 
 operation. They are all types of the one family, and resemble each other inwardly and 
 outwardly, though not of equal merit. The parent of all is the Giffard, who doubtless 
 builded better than he knew. The principal causes that enable this useful instrument to 
 return to the boiler the issuing steam with which it operates, " and which could not again 
 return without such device placed between the education of steam and induction of water," 
 is the different relative velocities of steam and water under equal conditions. The decrease 
 in the volume of steam by condensation in the ratio of volume to density at 30 Ibs. absolute, 
 883 to 1, and velocity about 1428 feet per second. In brief, by the combinations utilized in 
 its operation, a superior force is obtained, enabling it not only to overcome its own pres- 
 sure, but to penetrate a boiler of more than double the pressure of the steam that operates 
 it. By a well-known law in mechanics a momentum, or "impetus," is produced in due 
 proportion to the weight of water multiplied by velocity of steam. The injector which is 
 operated by the exhaust steam of the engine at about 14.7 Ibs. absolute, forcing water 
 against a pressure of 80 Ibs. "gauge," is but little different from the rest in its construc- 
 tion, is a steam-combining and delivery nozzle, the latter is furnished, etc. 
 
 105 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Comparative Efficiency of Different Machines for Raising Water HO. 
 
 Of the different pumps experimented upon by General Morin, the result of eight 
 experiments made with pumps draining mines showed that the effect utilized 66 per cent, 
 of the power expended. But in these cases there was considerable loss from leakage from 
 the pipes. At the salt works of Drenze the useful effect was 52.3 per cent, of the power 
 expended. In fire-engine pumps employed to deliver the water pumped at a height of 
 from 12 to 20 feet, the proportion of the water delivered to the capacity of the pump was 
 in the pumps of the following makes Merryweather, Tylor, Perry, Carl-Metz, Letestu, 
 FJand and Perrin, respectively, as follows : .920, .887, .910, .974, .910, .920 and .900, while 
 the percentage of the useful effect relatively with the power expended was 39.7, 39.1, 30.2, 
 28.7, 27.1, 19.4 and 15.5, respectively. With a higher pressure the efficiency of the whole 
 of the pumps increased, and when employed in throwing water with a spout-pipe the 
 delivery of water relatively with the effective capacity, or space described by the piston, 
 was, when the names as arranged as follows : Carl-Metz, Merryweather, Tylor, Letestu, 
 Perry, Fland, Perrin and Lamoine, respectively, .950, .810, .565, .870, .910, .912, .950 and 
 .900 ; while the proportion of useful effect, or percentage of work done relatively with the 
 power expended, was 80, 57.3, 54.5, 45.2, 37.8, 33.4, 28.8 and 17.5, in the respective cases. 
 In the membrane pump of M. Brule the efficiency was found to be 40 to 45 per cent, of the 
 power expended. In the water-works pumps of Ivey, constructed by Cave, the efficiency 
 was found to be 53 per cent, of the power expended, and in the water-works of St. Onen, 
 by the same maker, 73 per cent. It is desirable that the buckets of the pumps of water- 
 works should move slowly, otherwise the water will go off with considerable velocity, in- 
 volving a corresponding loss of power. The area through the valves should be half the 
 area of the pump, and the area of the suction and forcing pipes ought to be equal to three- 
 fourths of the area of the body of the pump. The loss of water through the valves before 
 they shut, is, in good pumps, about 10 per cent. 
 
 In a chain pump the efficiency was found to be 38 per cent., but in many chain pumps 
 the efficiency is much more than this. The efficiency of the Persian wheel was found to in- 
 crease very much with the height to which the water was raised. For heights of one yard 
 it was 4S per cent , for two yards 57 per cent. , for three yards 63 per cent. , for four yards 
 66 per cent. , and for six yards and upwards 70 per cent, of the power consumed. For a 
 wheel of pots the efficiency is 60 per cent , Archimedes screw 65 per cent. , scoop wheel with 
 flat boards moving in a circular channel 70 per cent., improved bucket wheel 82 per cent., 
 and tympan wheel, or, as it is sometimes called, Uirtz's Zwich machine 88 per cent. This 
 machine should dip at least a foot into the water to give the best results. In the belt pump 
 the efficiency was found to be 43 per cent. , in Appold's centrifugal pump 65 per cent. , in 
 the centrifugal pump with inclined vanes 42 per cent. , and with radial vanes 24 per cent. 
 In Gwynn's pump the efficiency was 30 per cent. 
 
 In the Archimedes screw the diameter is usually one -twelfth of the length, and the 
 diameter of the newel or central drum should be one-third of the diameter of the screw. 
 It ought to have at least three convolutions, and the line traced by the screw on the envelop- 
 ing cylinder should have an angle of 67 to 70 with the axis. The axis itself should make 
 an angle of from 30 to 45 with the horizon. There is a sensible advantage obtained from 
 working hand pumps by a crank instead of a lever. 
 
 Table showing the Pressure of Water at Different Elevations. 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch. 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch. 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch. 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch. 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch, 
 
 Feet Head. 
 
 Equals 
 Pressure per 
 Square Inch. 
 
 1.. 
 
 . . . .43 
 
 65 
 70. 
 75. 
 80. 
 85. 
 90 
 95. 
 100. 
 105. 
 110 
 115. 
 120. 
 125. 
 
 ...28.15 
 ...30.32 
 ...32.48 
 . . 34.65 
 ...36.82 
 . . 38.98 
 ...41.15 
 ...43.31 
 . . .45.48 
 ...47.64 
 ...4981 
 ...51.98 
 ...54.15 
 
 130.. 
 135.. 
 140.. 
 145.. 
 150.. 
 155.. 
 160.. 
 165.. 
 170.. 
 17).. 
 180.. 
 185.. 
 190.. 
 
 ..56.31 
 . .58.48 
 . .60.64 
 ..62.81 
 . 64.97 
 ..67.14 
 ..69.31 
 ..71.47 
 ..7364 
 . .75.80 
 ..77.97 
 ..80.14 
 ..82.30 
 
 195 
 200. 
 205. 
 210. 
 215. 
 220. 
 225. 
 230. 
 235. 
 240. 
 245. 
 250 
 255. 
 
 . 84.47 
 . 86.63 
 . 88.80 
 . 90.96 
 . 93.14 
 . 95.30 
 . 97.49 
 . 99.63 
 .101.79 
 .103.96 
 .106.13 
 .108.29 
 .110.46 
 
 260... 
 265... 
 270... 
 275. . 
 280 .. 
 285 .. 
 290. . . 
 295... 
 800... 
 310. . 
 320. . . 
 330. . . 
 340. . . 
 
 112.62 
 114.79 
 116.96 
 119.12 
 121.29 
 123.45 
 125.62 
 127.78 
 129.95 
 134.28 
 138.62 
 142.95 
 14728 
 
 350. 
 360. 
 370. 
 380. 
 390. 
 400. 
 500. 
 600. 
 700. 
 800. 
 900. 
 1000. 
 
 . .. 151.61 
 . . . 155.94 
 . . . 160.27 
 . . . 164.61 
 . . . 168.94 
 . . . 173 27 
 . . . 216.58 
 . 259.90 
 . . . 303.22 
 . . . 346.54 
 . . . 389.86 
 ..433.18 
 
 5... 
 
 . . . 2.16 
 
 10 
 
 ... 4.33 
 
 15... 
 
 ... 6.49 
 
 20... 
 
 ... 8.66 
 
 25... 
 
 ...10.82 
 
 30 
 
 ...12.99 
 
 35... 
 
 ...15.16 
 
 40... 
 45... 
 
 . 17.32 
 ...19.49 
 
 50... 
 
 . . .21.65 
 
 55... 
 
 . . .23.82 
 
 60 .. 
 
 . . .25.99 
 
 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Table showing Dimensions and Capacity of Standard Water Tanks. 
 
 1HAMETKR. 
 
 HEIGHT. 
 
 CAPACITY. 
 
 6 Feet, Inches. 
 
 5 Feet, 11 Inches. 
 
 1,000 Galls. 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 2,500 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 7.500 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 TABLE OF AMERICAN COALS. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 THEORETICAL VALUE. 
 
 
 
 
 In Heat. 
 
 In Pounds 
 
 State 
 
 Kind of Coal. 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 Units 
 
 of Water 
 
 
 
 of Ash. 
 
 per Pound. 
 
 Evaporation. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Anthracite, 
 
 3.49 
 
 14.199 
 
 14.70 
 
 
 i< 
 
 6.13 
 
 13.535 
 
 14.01 
 
 
 ii 
 
 2.90 
 
 14.221 
 
 14.72 
 
 
 Cannel, 
 
 15.02 
 
 13.143 
 
 13 60 
 
 
 Connelsville, 
 
 6.50 
 
 13.368 . 
 
 13.84 
 
 
 Semi bituminous, 
 
 10.77 
 
 13.155 
 
 13.62 
 
 
 Stone's Gas, 
 
 5.00 
 
 14.021 
 
 14.51 
 
 
 Youghiogheny, 
 
 5.60 
 
 14.265 
 
 14.76 
 
 
 Brown, 
 
 9.50 
 
 12.324 
 
 12.75 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 Caking, 
 
 2.75 
 
 14.391 
 
 14.89 
 
 
 
 Cannel, 
 
 2.00 
 
 15.198 
 
 16.76 
 
 
 
 Cannel, 
 
 14.80 
 
 13.360 
 
 13.84 
 
 ii 
 
 Lignite, 
 
 7.00 
 
 9.326 
 
 9.65 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 Bureau Co. , 
 
 5.20 
 
 13.025 
 
 13.48 
 
 (i 
 
 Mercer Co. , 
 
 5.60 
 
 13.123 
 
 13.58 
 
 
 
 Montauk, 
 
 5.50 
 
 12.659 
 
 13.10 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 Block, 
 
 2.50 
 
 13.588 
 
 14.38 
 
 ' 
 
 Caking, 
 
 5.66 
 
 14.146 
 
 14.64 
 
 " 
 
 Cannel, 
 
 6.00 
 
 13.097 
 
 13.56 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 13.98 
 
 12.226 
 
 12.65 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 Lignite, 
 
 5.00 
 
 9.215 
 
 9.54 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 " 
 
 9.25 
 
 13.562 
 
 14.04 
 
 11 
 
 ii 
 
 4.50 
 
 13.866 
 
 14.35 
 
 Texas, 
 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 12.962 
 
 13.41 
 
 Washington, 
 
 i< 
 
 3.40 
 
 11.551 
 
 11.96 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Petroleum, 
 
 
 
 20.746 
 
 21.47 
 
 Air Spaces Between Grates. 
 
 Lehigh Pea Coal i of an inch. 
 
 Schuylkill Pea f 
 
 Lehigh Chestnut Coal 
 
 " Stove i 
 
 " Broken " I 
 
 Cumberland " ..... 1 
 
 Wood f to 1 
 
 Sawdust A to i 
 
 To find pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water : Multiply the height 
 of the column in feet by .434. 
 
 Every foot of elevation is called (approximately) equal to one-half pound pressure per 
 square inch. 
 
 107 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Testing Coal to Determine its Fuel Value. 
 
 Mr. Eckley B Coxe, President of the Society of Mechanical Engineers, in his address 
 at one of the meetings of that organization referred to the subject of testing coal in a 
 manner to give large consumers a practical idea of its value as a fuel. The following 
 extracts from his remarks are interesting. 
 
 PRICES AND SIZES In the early days of mining all sizes below stove coal were con- 
 sidered of no value, and chestnut coal, although used to some extent at the collieries for 
 steam purposes, was generally wasted. Finally, it became a domestic coal, aud the pea 
 coal took its place for steam purposes. Now pea coal is supplanted by buckwheat coal, 
 and has become a domestic coal, and even buckwheat coal is competing for steam genera- 
 tion with what are called rice and barley coal. These coals are graded on the accompany- 
 ing scale as to cost and size. 
 
 Trade Name Wholesale Price Limits of Size, 
 
 of Size. at Mines. Upper. Lower. 
 
 Chestnut, $2.75 | f 
 
 Pea, 1.25 i, I T V 
 
 Buckwheat, .75 At 
 
 Rice, ...... .25 * A 
 
 Barley, .10 & & 
 
 FREIGHTS. In addition to the saving in first cost, freight rates are less on the smaller 
 sizes. Freight to sidewater is 30 cents H ton less on pea than on the domestic sizes, and 50 
 cents less on sizes smaller than pea. Originally but little attention was paid to these sizes, 
 and no special preparation of furnace beyond a slight change in grate-bars was made by the 
 parties using them. A large amount of culm was used when it could be obtained cheaply, 
 and it then contained the buckwheat, rice and barley coal ; but since these have become 
 marketable, and are taken out, the present culm is of slight value. 
 
 LACK OF UNIFORMITY. As coal only burns on the surface, the sizing is of great value. 
 If not uniform, the smaller particles clog the passages between the larger, and impede 
 combustion. To this lack of uniformity are attributable many failures in the use of these 
 smaller sizes for steam, as well as the lack of uniformity in results. The latter may be due 
 to bad sizing, or to an undue amount of impurities. Their experiments have shown it is 
 the percentage of carbon in small sizes rather than the sizing which determines the amount 
 of water evaporated per pound of coal ; but the water evaporated per square foot of heat- 
 ing surface decreases with the size of coal. 
 
 DEFINITE PERCENTAGES. If I was in charge of a large steam plant burning, say, 
 100,000 tons of rice coal per year, I would try to make a contract which would require the 
 coal to contain not over a certain percentage of water, and not less than a certain per- 
 centage of carbon, or, what is practically the same thing for anthracite, not over a certain 
 percentage of ash, and that a certain percentage of the average daily sample of the coal 
 would pass through a mesh of a certain size and over a mesh of another size, and that the 
 coal should not contain more than a certain percentage of dust dust being what would 
 pass through a mesh of, say, ^ inch in diameter. 
 
 DETERMINING COAL VALUES. The method of determining in a rapid, simple, and 
 effective manner the actual commercial value of small-sized coal, and which required no 
 scientific work except for analysis, was next described. The foundation of it was the 
 obtaining of fair average samples. This was done by taking samples of these four sizes 
 from the loading tips several times a day, and putting each size in a separate bin. After a 
 week, the coal in each bin is thoroughly mixed and quartered down till 30 Ibs. is obtained, 
 which is sent to the laboratory. These samples may be used for any of the five following 
 purposes : 
 
 1. Determination of size. 
 
 2. Determination of the slate. 
 
 3. Determination of the ash, involving in some cases an analysis of the ash. 
 
 4. Determination of the water. 
 
 5 Rapid commercial determination of the specific gravity of the coal. 
 
 DETERMINATIONS. The object of the determination of size is to determine the exact 
 size of coal which makes up the sample, as distinguished from its nominal size. As to 
 determination of slate, in large coal it is easy to determine the percentage of slate by 
 average samples, but in small coal a magnifying glass would be needed. So they resorted 
 to a method depending on the difference in the specific gravity of coal and slate, which in 
 coal increases with the amount of ash the coal proper contains, and also with the amount 
 of bone or slate attached to it. 
 
 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY. The specific gravity is measured in a rough 
 way by the following apparatus : A sheet-iron bucket holding 25 Ibs., a wash-tub, a Fair- 
 bank's market beam scale, and a cylindrical pan, 14 inches in diameter by 7 inches deep, 
 are required. The weighing beam is attached to the post by means of a small crane, which 
 throws it out from the post. The ordinary hook used for suspending material to be weighed 
 carries a yoke, from which the tin pan is suspended by two wires. The bucket is also hung 
 on the same hook. The tub is then filled with water until the tin pan is covered, and the 
 whole is then balanced by means of a weight hung on the outer end of the beam, which 
 
 108 
 
R A 
 
 OF THK 
 
 USEFUL INFORMATION.-CONTINUED. I UNIVERSITY 
 
 weight remains constant. The poise used for weighing moves along thebefflffiffne ordi- 
 nary way. The beam is divided into pounds and quarter pounds, each notch representing 
 i Ib. when the ordinary poise is used. In order to weigh to T ^ ff lb., a little rider made of 
 sheet metal, and of such a weight that each notch represents T J ff lb., is used ; so that by 
 placing the poise in ihe notch corresponding to the even pound, which is just less than the 
 actual weight, and then moving the rider until the beam balances, and reading off the 
 number of notches, the actual weight in pounds and T J ff lb. is obtained. If. for example, 
 the rider is in the second notch to the right hand of the 10 lb. notch, it would read T V lb. ; 
 that is, the 10 lb. would represent 40 notches, which, with the other two, would make 42. 
 
 AVERAGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY. When the average specific gravity of a shipment of coal 
 is to be determined, specimens are taken from all parts until a fair average sample is 
 obtained. This is spread on a platform and quartered down until the material is reduced 
 to about 20 Ibs . which is then put into the bucket. If we know the average specific gravity 
 of the sizes below egg coal from a certain colliery, and their average percentage of ash, by 
 merely getting the specific gravity of the coal in a number of cars, we can determine 
 satisfactorily (we are inclined to think) the percentage of ash by the following formula : 
 y' = y -f- (a;' x) X a ; in which x = the standard specific gravity, y = the standard percent- 
 age of ash, x'= the specific gravity of coal determined by our apparatus, y'= the percentage 
 of ash to be determined, a = a constant for coal from same mine. 
 
 We have become so thoroughly impressed with the importance of having the specific 
 gravity of all samples of coal which we analyze that, whenever the sample sent to the 
 office is large enough, we obtain the specific gravity in a rough way given above, and find 
 that it adds very materially to the value of the data obtained by analysis. 
 
 THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE. It seems to me that in all important boiler tests, not only 
 the coal used should be analyzed, and a special determination made of the amount of 
 moisture in the coal when it is actually fired, but also that the ashes should he carefully 
 analyzed. The sample for both the analyses should be obtained by quartering down all the 
 coal to be used, and quartering down all the ashes made. 
 
 RELATING TO CLINKERS. The temperature at which the coal burns, and the compo- 
 sition of the ash. The fact that a coal does not clinker may b due to its impurity ; that 
 is to say, the coal may be so impure that it will not make a fire hot enough to melt the 
 ash, although the composition of the ash may be such that were it contained in a pure coal 
 it would melt easily. On the other hand, the coal may clinker because it is very pure and 
 burns at a very high temperature. 
 
 METHODS SOMETIMES GUESSES. The value of the various methods of testing coal as 
 well as the evaporative efficiency of boilers has been questioned for some time. The labora- 
 tory test of coals which give what is termed the theoretical value in pounds of water 
 capable of being evaporated per pound of coal may be accepted as mere approximations. 
 In fact, sometimes they are not far removed from guesses. 
 
 EQUALLY MISLEADING. Methods of testing the evaporative efficiency of steam boilers 
 are similarly as approximate and equally misleading. What is termed the "standard" 
 method consists of seeing how long a certain quantity of wood will take to start the fire 
 and get the coal ignited at the start of the test, and then seeing how much coal has been 
 left to burn to ash at the end of the test. Another method is to clean the fire at the begin- 
 ning of the test and observe how long it will take the fire to recover itself and then toward 
 the end of the test let the fire burn low to about the condition of the fire after cleaning at 
 the beginning of the test. The information, if any, gained at the beginning and ending of 
 such tests are of no earthly use to the steam user. The operations at the starting and 
 finishing destroy any possible claims as to the evaporative value of the coal, because the 
 coal is burned under the most adverse conditions. 
 
 A METHOD PROPOSED. A method recently proposed for testing boilers is : Use an 
 hour or more to get the fire into the very best condition, noting the water evaporated, 
 when the water is being evaporated at a certain rate, that is, horse power, for half an hour 
 or so, and note the quantity and condition of the fire. At that time clean out the ash pits 
 and start the test, weighing in coal and water, and developing not less than the horse 
 power observed at the starting. Continue the test for eight or ten hours and stop the test 
 when the evaporation is the same as at starting, and the condition of the fire should also be 
 about the same. These conditions can be checked by noting the operation for a half hour 
 after stopping the test and comparing it with the half hour previous to starting the test. 
 
 THE INFORMATION NEEDED. The results of such a test give the evaporation of water 
 per hour when the boiler is v* orking at a definite capacity, and the exact amount of coal 
 used per hour when the boiler is working at a definite capacity. . Each pound of coal 
 burned has charged to it a definite quantity of water. This is the information the steam 
 users need. It is of little consequence to them how much wood or time it takes to reheat 
 a cooled-down boiler, or to know how much water is evaporated by a lot of half-burned 
 coals after the work is done which coals have usually accumulated on the grate through 
 bad firing clean out ash pit when test is stopped and weigh refuse. The methods of test- 
 ing coal and boilers now in vogue need improvements, as they are of little value except 
 for comparison. 
 
 109 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Water Requirements for Steam Power. 
 
 Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. Friction of liquids 
 in pipes increases as the square of the velocity. 
 
 The mean pressure of the atmosphere at tide level is usually estimated at 14.7 Ibs. per 
 square inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it will sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inch, 
 or column of water 33.9 feet high. In oi'dinary practice we recommend Pumps be placed 
 not over 20 feet above water supply, and even nearer, where possible. 
 
 To find the capacity of any single-acting cylinder, square the diameter (in inches of 
 the cylinder), multiply this by .7854, and the result (which is the area of the circle of 
 cylinder) by the length of stroke in inches. This gives the capacity in cubic inches per 
 stroke. Multiply this by the number of strokes per minute and divide the product by 231, 
 (the number of cubic inches in a gallon of water). The result will be capacity or gallons 
 of water the cylinder will discharge per minute. 
 
 A two-cylinder or double-acting cylinder has double the capacity of a single-acting 
 cylinder. 
 
 To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the 
 height of the column in feet by .434. Approximately, we say that every foot elevation is 
 equal to ^ Ib. pressure per square inch ; this allows for ordinary friction. 
 
 To find the horse power necessary to elevate water to a given height, multiply the 
 number of gallons per minute by 8.35, weight of one gallon, and this result by total number 
 of feet water is raised (that is, from surface of the water to the highest point to which the 
 water is raised), and you have the power in foot pounds. Divide by 33,000 and you have 
 the horse power. One horse power is equal to about five men. To the theoretical power 
 a liberal allowance for friction, etc., always should be added. 
 
 WEIGHT AND CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT STANDARD GALLONS OF WATER. 
 
 
 Cubic Inches in a 
 Gallon. 
 
 Weight, of a Gallon 
 in Pounds. 
 
 Gallons in Cubic 
 Foot. 
 
 Weight of a cubic foot 
 of water, English 
 standard, 62.321 Ibs. 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Imperial or English 
 United States 
 
 277.274 
 231 
 
 10.00 
 8.33111 
 
 6.232102 
 7.470519 
 
 
 A miner's inch is a measure for now of water, and is an opening 1 inch square in plank, 
 2 inches thick, under a head of 6 inches of water to upper edge of opening. 
 
 Steam Requirements. 
 
 A good automatic non-condensing engine requires from 3 to 4 Ibs. of coal per horse 
 power per hour, according to the quality of the coal. 
 
 An automatic condensing engine requires from 2^ to 3% Ibs. of coal per horse power 
 per hour. 
 
 A steam jacketed compound condensing engine of the most improved construction 
 may reduce the consumption of coal as low as 1% to 2 Ibs. of coal per horse power per hour. 
 
 The average amount of feed-water required for a good, economical engine, is 30 pounds 
 per indicated horse power per hour ; engines of high economy will use less than this 
 amount, and those more wasteful will use more. A high piston speed, together with a 
 high rotative speed, is very desirable, as great power may thus be obtained from moderate 
 sized engines, and also the evil of internal condensation is corrected to a great extent, but 
 these are somewhat limited by practical considerations. 
 
 A good condenser increases the economical efficiency of an engine from 25 to 40 per 
 centum, and the amount of injection water required is about 25 times the quantity fed into 
 the boilers. 
 
 Table of Decimal Equivalents of Sths, I6ths, 32ds and 64ths of an Inch. 
 
 Sths. 
 
 9 
 
 = 
 
 .5625 ' 
 
 17 
 
 = .53125 i 
 
 g 
 ft ~ 
 
 .140625 
 
 f t = 
 
 .578125 
 
 i = 
 
 .125 
 
 II 
 
 = 
 
 .6875 
 
 ll 
 
 = .59375 I 
 
 ft = 
 
 .171875 
 
 
 .609375 
 
 l 
 
 .250 
 
 i* 
 
 = 
 
 .8125 i 
 
 Ii 
 
 = .65625 ! 
 
 
 .203125 
 
 Ii = 
 
 .640625 
 
 f = 
 
 .375 
 
 H 
 
 = 
 
 .9375 ! 
 
 II 
 
 = .71875 
 
 1! = 
 
 .234375 
 
 If 
 
 .671875 
 
 i = 
 
 .500 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 = .78125 
 
 17 _ 
 
 .265625 
 
 45 
 
 .703125 
 
 1 = 
 
 .625 
 
 32ds. 
 
 ii 
 
 = .84375 
 
 I! = 
 
 .296875 
 
 fl = 
 
 .734375 
 
 * = 
 
 .750 
 
 82 
 
 = 
 
 .03125 
 
 it 
 
 = .90625 
 
 ii - 
 
 .328125 
 
 II = 
 
 .765625 
 
 i = 
 
 .875 
 
 8 
 8? 
 
 
 
 .09375 
 
 H 
 
 = .96875 
 
 ii = 
 
 .359375 
 
 Bl 
 ffT 
 
 .796875 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 __ 
 
 .15625 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 .390625 
 
 II = 
 
 .828125 
 
 isths. 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 .21875 
 
 
 64ths. 
 
 II = 
 
 .421875 
 
 55 
 T5T 
 
 .859375 
 
 Tff ~ 
 
 .0625 
 
 " 
 
 = 
 
 .28125 
 
 uV 
 
 = .015625 
 
 If = 
 
 .453125 
 
 57 
 
 .890625 
 
 8 
 
 Tff 
 
 .1875 
 
 1 I 
 
 = 
 
 .34375 
 
 A 
 
 = .046875 
 
 n - 
 
 .484375 
 
 59 - 
 
 .921875 
 
 5 
 
 .3125 
 
 18 
 
 = 
 
 .40625 
 
 5 
 
 = .078125 
 
 if = 
 
 .515625 
 
 ff? = 
 
 .953125 
 
 s = 
 
 .4375 
 
 i! 
 
 = 
 
 .46875 I 
 
 A 
 
 = .109375 | 
 
 if = 
 
 .546875 
 
 II = 
 
 .984375 
 
 110 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Points about Steam Pipes. 
 
 Extract from a paper on Steam Piping and Efficiency of Steam Plants. By WILLIAM A. PIKE, of the 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 
 
 POINTS IN DESIGN. The following are, perhaps, the points that should be most partic- 
 ularly looked out for in the design of a system of piping : 
 
 ( 1 ) The piping and accessories should be so arranged that practically dry steam shall 
 always be delivered to the engine. 
 
 ( 2 ) The steam should r^ach the engine with very little " drop" in pressure. 
 
 (3) The piping should be RO planned and valves so placed that water cannot under 
 any circumstances collect anywhere, except in places especially arranged for that purpose. 
 
 ( 4 ) Wherever practicable, and especially where more than one engine is supplied 
 from one battery of boilers, the piping and valves should be arranged so that in case of 
 accident to any part, it can be shut off without shutting down the whole plant. 
 
 FALSE ECONOMY. The first requirement given above, viz : that the steam should reach 
 the engine dry, is one often neglected, and the writer has in mind plans of considerable 
 magnitude where absolutely no provision is made for drawing off condensed or entrained 
 water except through the engine itself, and the not uncommon cases of broken cylinder 
 heads and pistons testify as to the effect of such designs. In these days of efficient pipe 
 coverings, of separators, steam loops and traps, there is no excuse, but false economy, for 
 allowing water to reach the engine. 
 
 (2) Steam should reach the engine with but little drop in pressure. The effect that 
 an improper arrangement of piping has on the pressure with which the steam reaches the 
 engine is probably not as well known as it should be. 
 
 (3) The danger that may arise from having piping and valves so arranged that water 
 can collect anywhere except in places specially provided. 
 
 (4) The necessity of arranging piping so that in case of accident only a part of the 
 plant need be shut down needs no argument, as the loss and annoyance due to shutting 
 down a large plant, especially one on which the public in any way depends, as in the case 
 of a lighting or street-railway plant, is much greater than the expense involved in making 
 such a thing impossible. 
 
 DESIGNS OF PIPING NECESSARY. The necessity of properly designed and arranged 
 systems of pipes is only in recent years being recognized. Any system of steam piping 
 should be designed and laid out previous to erection. Pipe systems to be satisfactory can- 
 not be put up according to thumb rule. Instructions to Bill or Tom to connect boiler to 
 engine with 6 inch pipe should never again be heard of. Plans, elevations and details of 
 pipe systems should be made with as much care as similar drawings of engines, boilers and 
 buildings, if not more. 
 
 STEAM EXTRACTION. Independent of a main separator or steam extractor, a steam 
 extractor should be placed on vertical pipes near each engine and pump. The necessary 
 traps should be used so that there will be no waste in the sewer, as the water of condensa- 
 tion from all points should be returned into the feed water supply or directly into the 
 boiler. 
 
 STORAGE OR CONVEYER. By the proper proportioning and arrangement of pipes the 
 steam pressure at the engine should be practically the same as in the boiler ; that is, the 
 reduction in pressure at the engine should be very small, almost fractional of one pound. 
 Relatively large main pipes with branch pipe openings on upper side of main pipe are one 
 of the means of attaining this result. Uniform pressure branch pipes from main pipe to 
 engine should be considered more in the sense of steam receptacles or storage drums than 
 as mere conveyers of passages for steam from boiler to engine. 
 
 When the conditions of the surroundings necessitate complications in the piping, such 
 as dips, drops, extra bends, etc., great care should be taken so as to thoroughly drain all 
 points where water of condensation is liable to collect. Large "pockets" of the same 
 diameter as the pipes should be used with pipes of proper size to convey the water of con- 
 densation to the trap. The area of the conveying pipe to trap should be such as to allow 
 some space for scale, as these pipes, if too small, sometime close up in a short time, accord- 
 ing to the quality of the water used. If the "pockets" are at the lower end of vertical 
 steam pipes, the depth of the " pockets" should be greater than when on the under side of 
 horizontal pipes. 
 
 All steam pipes, and, in fact, all pipes between steam pipes, and traps and boilers 
 should be well covered, so as to prevent loss of heat as well as reduce the condensation. 
 As few pipes as possible should be located above the boilers; the pipe from each boiler 
 should extend beyond the front, back or sides to main steam pipe. High-pressure steam- 
 regulating valves are a desirable adjunct to high pressure steam plants, by means of which 
 a uniform high pressure is continuously maintained on the steam pipes to the engines. 
 
 In all large steam plants, so as to be fully prepared for an accidental break-down, the 
 boiler plant and pipe system should be duplicated ; this duplication should be complete and 
 not partial. 
 
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 AND CAPACITY PER STROKE 
 WITH GIVEN DIAMETER. 
 
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 Ot'l'Xt' XX 
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 OXCOX 'NTtiiO'* NXCO XXl^'* *t^X XOIX O^OJX t^OJ 
 
 O01OO 1^-tOt-H rH^COil XOH-rt t^lfl'* ^(10 1-05 CO X >S O 0! Ci 55 C> 03 NO 
 
 rH^rfO! 0-ICO^O t~XO: OOlCOi.O l^XOOJ -*XO COOCOir; XOU~-< COO!-**OOl 
 
 OOOO OOOO OOOO rHi-iiHiH rHiHOlOf CJC10ICO rf'V^i.'S X03iH iffl>Nt~ 
 
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 01 CO 1C CO I"- X O5 O i-H CO iC i^- X O 0? ^ CC C5 
 iHrHrHrHrHiHrH^UDJIUWCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 i.COiCOlCOlCOOOOOlCOOOOO 
 
 ic o a i> i> x x cj c; c r-i ?i ?> n * ic co i> 
 
 oicoicoicoico 
 
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 cx 
 
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 co' i a oc d o) * * x' rH co t i-i co' d *' os" co t 
 
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 rHrHiHi-H-HiHrHrHiH 
 
 coi~ocoi~gccogccopcc33ro!C5ic 
 
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 rHiH WWW CO **! 
 
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 114 
 
 Gallons per Minute. 
 
 ta 2i58lS8;S2;299!! 5 2'5'- n '^ 
 
 rHrHC^OJCOCO^^iCCOt^-OS 
 
 ic o o o 
 i-oiooi 
 
 rl Cl CM CO 
 
 1C p 1C O 1C O iO p i.C p O iC O O iC O 1C O p O O O p 
 
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 _cct>r- cqpi.oa cc ?! i ic oq i> cs i-; co ic x otcopj> 
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 i-l iH rH 0) Of CO CO * 
 
 t~ 1C ?! O t> 1C OJ O !> 1C O CM 1C O t^ 1C 0) O 1C O 1C O O 
 CO >> i-i iC X ?! CO CO t> iC p t> in CO 9 -H p t~ 1C Of C iC 
 
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 rH i-H rH i-H ?l ?} CO CO 
 
 rH ?J * 1C C t- 3: O -H ?( i(7 S5 >' iC r-l(~ -H^ C ?) 1C l^ O iC 
 
 cc cq os e* in ac i-j i c oq i-j r>; ? i x s: c i- 1- x p i) 
 " i-i IH IH ?! ?(' ?j co * ic s; t-' o: o ?! ic od ' ic 
 
 1C O 1C O iC O 1C O 1C p O 1C O O 1C O >C O O O CD C 
 
 OS <- CO .C * C? rH o 35 i> 1C rH C~ .C O5 ?7 CO O t^ 1C O> O iC 
 
 IH co io t> cs I-H co ic co x M xco i^pco >c ic co s>ii-jpt> 
 Oj oi co co' *' ic coV 05 r-i co' ic x 
 
 CM 10 t~ O V 1C t- O W 1C O t^ 1C O CJ 1C t^ O 1C O 1C O O 
 i-H ?! CO l-C CO l> X p rH O) i C X N l C rH !> CO O ?} l C t> O i C 
 
 ' H i-i i-i r-i i-l w si co co' *' ic CD" t> x' d ci 
 
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 J W CO * 1C CD t^ OS p K : p p ? I X CO ~. i C ; l>- X_ p W 
 
 ' t-i rH T-i r-i N CJ N CO' CO' *' >C CO t~' OS' rH 
 
 co i> x_ a i-j * cc x co x in^ cc p o >c co 
 
 ' rH T-i rH r-i N 01 CO' CO' -*' 1C CO t-' OS 
 
 t^lCWOt~iCC)Ot~iCO<NiOCt~iCO!OlOOiCOO 
 O rH W CO CC T? 1C CO --O l^ O! rH CO O X 0) 55 C {^ 1C ?5 O 1C 
 
 * rH O) CO CC *_ l-C 1 C CO I> 05 rH Of 1 C X rH I C rH i> CO p N 
 ' rH i-i i-i i-i ? ) S>i CO CO' * 1C CO' 
 
 j rH rH N C) CO CO T? 1C 1C CO X O rH * CO O5_ ?( W CO OS l-C CO 
 *i-l H r-i rH i-i N 0) CO" ' *' 1C 
 
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 O rH rH Ol Jl CO CO 'T * i-C CC l^ CJ O 0( iC l^- O i-C O i.C O O 
 
 rHrHi-HrHNJ!COCO'*lC 
 
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 XpCOiCi--rHpl.CCO 
 
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 t~ rH 1C X O! C 
 
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 co co ~. ?! ic x JH ic x rH !- S cb V'5 x co c> ic co i^ x o w 
 
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 'i-irHi-ii-i?j?l'co' 
 
 iCOOOiCOlCOOOOiCOOiCOlCOOOOOO 
 C! 1C t- O W 1C t- O CN! 1C O t- i.C O 0) 1C t> O iC C O O S 
 
 o o o IH rH rH i-i w w w co co * ic i> x ooi ic j> pin 
 
 'rHr-ii-ii-ilM'w' 
 
 OOOOOrHrHrHrHrHOtWCOCO-^iCOl^CSrHCOiCX 
 
 ?1 1C t- O W 1C l O CM 1C O t- 1C O ?f 1C t~ O 1C O 1C O ^> 
 
 rH ?! CO 1C CO i^ X O rH ?! 1C X ?! .0 rH i- CO O W iC t^ C 1C 
 Oo66OOOrHrHr-rHrH?!?!CO_COTj<iCpI>XON 
 
 O r-J S Of CC CO ^ 1C 'C CO (^ OS iH ?f i~C X rH 1C ri I> CO O ?'f 
 
 OOOOOOOCOOOO-^i-HrHrHOtOJCOCO^l-CCO 
 
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si cjcotcoecoeo eoict-QC7o 
 
 c ooo o>'*?es5coioooio<?c < >oO'-'oao 
 
 O OO OOO OOO 1-1 OJ 1O OQOO >* O 5DCOO 
 
 i 1-1 <?} eo ** co a as o >-> 
 
 115 
 
AREA OF CIRCLES FROM 1-64 TO 26 INCHES. 
 
 ADVANCING BY AN EIGHTH. 
 
 The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their respective diameters. In other 
 words, doubling the diameter of a pipe or cylinder increases its capacity (area of circle) four times. 
 
 Every foot of height in a column of water represents .434 pounds pressure to the square inch ; in 
 common practice, however, it is estimated that every toot in height represents one-half pound pressure 
 to the square inch. 
 
 A cubic inch of water weighs .03617 Ibs. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.46 Ibs. 
 
 A gallon of water weighs 8 355 Ibs. A gallon of water contains 231 cubic inches. 
 
 A cubic foot of water contains 1728 cubic inches. A cubic foot of water contains 7.4805 gallons. 
 
 Diam. Area. 
 ,I T 000192 
 
 Diam. Area. 
 5 19.635 
 
 Diam. Area. 
 12 ..113.098 
 
 Diam. Area. 
 19 283.529 
 
 Js .000767 
 
 y. 20.629 
 
 y z 115.466 
 
 y & 287.272 
 
 i 003068 
 
 J 21.6476 
 
 i| 117.859 
 
 1^ 291.04 
 
 019979 
 
 % 22.6C07 
 
 % 120.277 
 
 % 294.832 
 
 
 y z 23.7583 
 
 Y 2 122.719 
 
 y, 298.648 
 
 
 5 24.8505 
 
 5 ^ 125.185 
 
 % . .302.489 
 
 % 049087 
 
 % 25 9673 
 
 ax 127 677 
 
 % 306 355 
 
 W 076699 
 
 ,% 27.1086 
 
 y^ 130 192 
 
 % 310 245 
 
 % 110447 
 
 6 28 2744 
 
 13 132 733 
 
 20 314 16 
 
 T V.. .15033 
 
 y 8 29.4648 
 
 y & 135.297 
 
 Y K .. ..318.099 
 
 % 19635 
 
 ^ 30.6797 
 
 i 137.887 
 
 J 322.063 
 
 9 948^0*5 
 
 % 31.9191 
 
 % 140.501 
 
 % 326.051 
 
 
 i| 33.1831 
 
 Y z 143.139 
 
 y, 330.064 
 
 
 % 34.4717 
 
 % 145.802 
 
 % 334.102 
 
 TS 371224 
 
 3 35.7848 
 
 3 148.49 
 
 s| 338.164 
 
 % 441787 
 
 y & 37 1224 
 
 jjg 151 202 
 
 y% 342 25 
 
 |f 518487 
 
 7 38 4846 
 
 14 153 938 
 
 21 346.361 
 
 ,% 601322 
 
 y & 39.8713 
 
 Y 8 ... .156.7 
 
 y & 350.497 
 
 |f . 690292 
 
 % 41.2826 
 
 i 159485 
 
 i| 354.657 
 
 
 % 42.7184 
 
 % 162.296 
 
 % 358.842 
 
 1 78^4 
 
 % 44.1787 
 
 X 165.13 
 
 % 363.051 
 
 I/ QQ4ft9 
 
 % 45.6636 
 
 % 167.99 
 
 % 367.285 
 
 1 9979 
 
 3| 47.1731 
 
 % 170.874 
 
 3| 371.543 
 
 %1 AQ4Q 
 
 y & 48.7071 
 
 % 173.782 
 
 y 8 375.826 
 
 I/ i 7R71 
 
 8 50.2656 
 
 15 176.715 
 
 22 380.134 
 
 5X 9 ft73Q 
 
 % 51.8487 
 
 Y 8 179.673 
 
 Y 8 384.466 
 
 3X 9 4ft 'V-* 
 
 % 53.4563 
 
 % 182.655 
 
 % 388.822 
 
 7/ O 7A19 
 
 % 55.0884 
 
 % 185.661 
 
 % 393.203 
 
 /8 9*t9U 
 
 % 56.7451 
 
 j| 188.692 
 
 % 397609 
 
 
 % 58.4264 
 
 5^ 191.748 
 
 sx. 402.038 
 
 2 3.1416 
 X 3.5466 
 % 3.9761 
 % 4.4301 
 IX 4 Q087 
 
 % 60.1322 
 % 61.8625 
 9 636174 
 Y 8 65.3968 
 
 % 194.828 
 % 197.933 
 16 201.062 
 Y 8 204216 
 
 s| 406.494 
 %, 410.973 
 23 415.477 
 y 8 420004 
 
 % 5.4119 
 % 5.9396 
 %, 6.4918 
 
 i| 67.2008 
 % 69.0293 
 Yz 70.8823 
 % 72.7599 
 %. . 74.6621 
 
 % 207.395 
 % 210.598 
 y z 213.825 
 % 217.077 
 %... 220.354 
 
 % 424.558 
 % 429135 
 y> 433.737 
 % 438 364 
 3| 443.015 
 
 3 .... 7.0686 
 
 % 76 5888 
 
 y% 223.655 
 
 % . . .447 69 
 
 % 7.6699 
 
 10 78.54 
 
 17 226.981 
 
 24 . . .452 39 
 
 J 8.2958 
 
 Y 8 80.5158 
 
 Y 8 230 331 
 
 y s 457.115 
 
 % 8.9462 
 
 i^ 82 5161 
 
 % 233 706 
 
 J 461.864 
 
 % 9.6211 
 
 % 84.5409 
 
 % 237 105 
 
 % 466 638 
 
 % 103206 
 
 Y 2 86.5903 
 
 Y z 240 529 
 
 Y 2 471.436 
 
 4? 11.0447 
 
 % . . 88.6643 
 
 % .243.977 
 
 5^ 476.259 
 
 % 11.7933 
 
 % 90 7628 
 
 % 247.45 
 
 % . ...481.107 
 
 
 y & 92.8858 
 
 y 250.948 
 
 % 485.979 
 
 4 ...12.5664 
 
 11 95.0334 
 
 18 254.47 
 
 25 490.875 
 
 t 13.3641 
 
 Y 8 97.2055 
 
 U 258.016 
 
 U 495.796 
 
 i| 14.1863 
 
 % . 99.4022 
 
 % 261.587 
 
 i| 500.742 
 
 % 15.033 
 
 % 101.6234 
 
 % . 265.183 
 
 % 505.712 
 
 j| 15.9043 
 
 Y 2 103.8691 
 
 Y 2 ... 268.803 
 
 y z 510.706 
 
 % 16.8002 
 
 5 ^... .106.1394 
 
 5 272.448 
 
 % 515.726 
 
 % 17.7206 
 
 %. 108.4343 
 
 % 276.117 
 
 s| 520.769 
 
 y & 18.6655 
 
 \ 110 7537 
 
 y 8 279.811 
 
 %. 525.838 
 
 
 
 
 26 530.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 116 
 
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. Continued. 
 
 = .= 
 
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 1 
 
 102.0 
 
 1145.0 
 
 102.1 
 
 .0030 
 
 20620 
 
 60 
 
 292.5 
 
 1203.2 
 
 294.9 
 
 .1457 
 
 428.5 
 
 2 
 
 126.3 
 
 1152.5 
 
 KM5.-1 
 
 .0058 
 
 10720 
 
 61 
 
 293.6 
 
 1203.5 
 
 296 
 
 .1479 
 
 422 
 
 3 
 
 141.6 
 
 1157.1 
 
 141.9 
 
 .0085 
 
 7326 
 
 62 
 
 294.7 
 
 1203.8 
 
 297.1 
 
 .1502 
 
 415.6 
 
 4 
 
 153.1 
 
 1160.6 
 
 153.4 
 
 .0112 
 
 5600 
 
 63 
 
 295.7 
 
 1204.1 
 
 298.2 
 
 .1525 
 
 409.4 
 
 5 
 
 162.3 
 
 1163.4 
 
 162.7 
 
 .0137 
 
 4535 
 
 64 
 
 296.8 
 
 1204.5 
 
 299.2 
 
 .1547 
 
 403.5 
 
 6 
 
 170.1 
 
 1165.8 
 
 170.6 
 
 .0163 
 
 3814 
 
 65 
 
 297.8 
 
 1204.8 
 
 300.3 
 
 .1570 
 
 397.7 
 
 7 
 
 176.9 
 
 1167.9 
 
 177.4 
 
 .0189 
 
 3300 
 
 66 
 
 298.8 
 
 1205.1 
 
 301.3 
 
 .1592 
 
 392.1 
 
 8 
 
 182.9 
 
 1169.7 
 
 183.5 
 
 .0214 
 
 2910 
 
 67 
 
 299.8 
 
 1205.4 
 
 302.4 
 
 .1615 
 
 386.6 
 
 9 
 
 188.3 
 
 1171.4 
 
 188.9 
 
 .0239 
 
 2607 
 
 68 
 
 300.8 
 
 1205.7 
 
 303.4 
 
 .1637 
 
 381.3 
 
 10 
 
 193.2 
 
 1172.9 
 
 193.9 
 
 .0264 
 
 2360 
 
 69 
 
 301.8 
 
 1206 
 
 804.4 
 
 .1660 
 
 376.1 
 
 11 
 
 197.8 
 
 1174.2 
 
 198.5 
 
 .0289 
 
 2157 
 
 70 
 
 302.7 
 
 1206.3 
 
 305.4 
 
 .1682 
 
 371.2 
 
 12 
 
 202 
 
 1175.5 
 
 202.7 
 
 .0313 
 
 1988 
 
 71 
 
 303.7 
 
 1206.6 
 
 306.4 
 
 .1704 
 
 366.4 
 
 13 
 
 205.9 
 
 1176.7 
 
 206.7 
 
 .0337 
 
 1846 
 
 72 
 
 304.6 
 
 1206.9 
 
 307.3 
 
 .1726 
 
 361.7 
 
 14 
 
 209.6 
 
 1177.9 
 
 210.4 
 
 .0362 
 
 1722 
 
 73 
 
 305.6 
 
 1207.1 
 
 308.3 
 
 .1748 
 
 357.1 
 
 14.7 
 
 212 
 
 1178.6 
 
 212.9 
 
 .0380 
 
 1644 
 
 74 
 
 306.5 
 
 1207.4 
 
 309.3 
 
 .1770 
 
 352.6 
 
 15 
 
 213.1 
 
 1178.9 
 
 213.9 
 
 .0387 
 
 1612 
 
 75 
 
 307.4 
 
 1207.7 
 
 310.2 
 
 .1792 
 
 348.3 
 
 16 
 
 216.3 
 
 1179.9 
 
 217.2 
 
 .0413 
 
 1514 
 
 76 
 
 308.3 
 
 1208 
 
 311.1 
 
 .1814 
 
 344.1 
 
 17 
 
 219.4 
 
 1180.9 
 
 220.4 
 
 .0437 
 
 1427 
 
 77 
 
 309.2 
 
 1208.2 
 
 312 
 
 .1836 
 
 340 
 
 18 
 
 222.4 
 
 1181.8 
 
 223.4 
 
 .0462 
 
 1351 
 
 78 
 
 310.1 
 
 1208.5 
 
 313 
 
 .1858 
 
 336 
 
 19 
 
 225.2 
 
 1182.6 
 
 226.3 
 
 .0487 
 
 1282.1 
 
 79 
 
 310.9 
 
 1208.8 
 
 313 8 
 
 .1880 
 
 332.1 
 
 20 
 
 227.9 
 
 1183.5 
 
 229 
 
 .0511 
 
 1220.3 
 
 80 
 
 311.8 
 
 1209 
 
 314.7 
 
 .1901 
 
 328.3 
 
 21 
 
 230.5 
 
 1184.2 
 
 231.7 
 
 .0536 
 
 1164.4 
 
 81 
 
 312.7 
 
 1209.3 
 
 315.6 
 
 .1923 
 
 324.6 
 
 22 
 
 233 
 
 1185 
 
 234.2 
 
 .0561 
 
 1113.5 
 
 82 
 
 313.5 
 
 1209.6 
 
 316.5 
 
 .1945 
 
 320.9 
 
 23 
 
 235.4 
 
 1185.7 
 
 236.7 
 
 .0585 
 
 1066.9 
 
 83 
 
 314.4 
 
 1209.8 
 
 317.3 
 
 .1967 
 
 317.3 
 
 24 
 
 237.7 
 
 1186.5 
 
 239 
 
 .0610 
 
 1024.1 
 
 84 
 
 315.2 
 
 1210 
 
 318.2 
 
 .1989 
 
 313.9 
 
 25 
 
 240. 
 
 1187.1 
 
 241.3 
 
 .0634 
 
 984.8 
 
 85 
 
 316 
 
 1210.3 
 
 319 
 
 .2010 
 
 310.5 
 
 26 
 
 242.2 
 
 1187.8 
 
 243.5 
 
 .0658 
 
 948.4 
 
 86 
 
 316.8 
 
 1210.6 
 
 319.9 
 
 .2032 
 
 307.2 
 
 27 
 
 244.3 
 
 1188.5 
 
 245.7 
 
 .0683 
 
 914.6 
 
 87 
 
 317.6 
 
 1210.8 
 
 320.7 
 
 .2053 
 
 304 
 
 28 
 
 246.3 
 
 1189 
 
 247.7 
 
 .0707 
 
 t-83.2 
 
 88 
 
 318.5 
 
 1211 
 
 321.5 
 
 .2075 
 
 300.8 
 
 29 
 
 248.3 
 
 1189.7 
 
 249.8 
 
 .0731 
 
 854 
 
 89 
 
 319.3 
 
 1211.3 
 
 322.4 
 
 .2097 
 
 297.7 
 
 30 
 
 250.2 
 
 1190.3 
 
 251.7 
 
 .0755 
 
 826.8 
 
 90 
 
 320 
 
 1211.6 
 
 323.2 
 
 .2118 
 
 294.7 
 
 31 
 
 252.1 
 
 1190.8 
 
 253.6 
 
 .0779 
 
 801.2 
 
 91 
 
 320.8 
 
 1211.8 
 
 324 
 
 .2139 
 
 291.8 
 
 32 
 
 254 
 
 1191.4 
 
 255.5 
 
 .0803 
 
 777.2 
 
 92 
 
 321.6 
 
 1212 
 
 324.8 
 
 .2161 
 
 288.9 
 
 33 
 
 255.7 
 
 1191.9 
 
 257.3 
 
 .0827 
 
 754.7 
 
 93 
 
 322.4 
 
 1212.3 
 
 325.6 
 
 .2183 
 
 286.1 
 
 34 
 
 257.5 
 
 1192.5 
 
 259.1 
 
 .0851 
 
 733.5 
 
 94 
 
 323.1 
 
 1212.5 
 
 326.4 
 
 .2204 
 
 283.3 
 
 35 
 
 259.2 
 
 1193 
 
 260.8 
 
 .0875 
 
 713.4 
 
 95 
 
 323.9 
 
 1212.7 
 
 327.1 
 
 .2225 
 
 280.6 
 
 36 
 
 260.9 
 
 1193.5 
 
 262.5 
 
 .0899 
 
 694.5 
 
 96 
 
 324.6 
 
 1213 
 
 327.9 
 
 .2245 
 
 278 
 
 37 
 
 262.5 
 
 1194 
 
 264.2 
 
 .0922 
 
 676 6 
 
 97 
 
 325.4 
 
 1213.2 
 
 328.7 
 
 .2267 
 
 275.4 
 
 38 
 
 264 
 
 1194.5 
 
 265.8 
 
 .0946 
 
 659.7 
 
 98 
 
 326.1 
 
 1213.4 
 
 329.4 
 
 .2288 
 
 272.8 
 
 39 
 
 265.6 
 
 1195 
 
 267.4 
 
 .0970 
 
 643.6 
 
 99 
 
 326.8 
 
 1213.6 
 
 330.2 
 
 .2309 
 
 270.3 
 
 40 
 
 267.1 
 
 1195.4 
 
 268.9 
 
 .0994 
 
 628.2 
 
 100 
 
 327.6 
 
 1213.8 
 
 331 
 
 .2330 
 
 267.9 
 
 41 
 
 264.6 
 
 1195.9 
 
 270.5 
 
 .1017 
 
 613.4 
 
 101 
 
 328.3 
 
 1214 
 
 331.7 
 
 .2351 
 
 265.5 
 
 42 
 
 270.1 
 
 1196.3 
 
 272 
 
 .1041 
 
 599.3 
 
 102 
 
 329 
 
 1214.3 
 
 332.4 
 
 .2372 
 
 263.2 
 
 43 
 
 271.5 
 
 1196.7 
 
 273.4 
 
 .1064 
 
 586.1 
 
 103 
 
 329.7 
 
 1214.5 
 
 333.1 
 
 .2392 
 
 260.9 
 
 44 
 
 272.9 
 
 1197.2 
 
 274.9 
 
 .1088 
 
 573.7 
 
 104 
 
 330.4 
 
 1214.7 
 
 333.9 
 
 .2413 
 
 258.7 
 
 45 
 
 274.3 
 
 1197.6 
 
 276.3 
 
 .1111 
 
 561.8 
 
 105 
 
 331.1 
 
 1214.9 
 
 334.6 
 
 .2434 
 
 256.5 
 
 46 
 
 275.7 
 
 1198 
 
 277.7 
 
 .1134 
 
 550.4 
 
 106 
 
 331.8 
 
 1215.1 
 
 335.3 
 
 .2455 
 
 254.3 
 
 47 
 
 277 
 
 1198.4 
 
 279 
 
 .1158 
 
 539.5 
 
 107 
 
 332.2 
 
 1215.3 
 
 336 
 
 .2475 
 
 252.2 
 
 48 
 
 278.3 
 
 1198.8 
 
 280.4 
 
 .1181 
 
 529 
 
 108 
 
 332.5 
 
 1215.6 
 
 336.7 
 
 .2496 
 
 250.1 
 
 49 
 
 279.6 
 
 1199.2 
 
 281 7 
 
 .1204 
 
 518.6 
 
 109 
 
 333.2 
 
 1215.8 
 
 337.4 
 
 .2517 
 
 248 
 
 50 
 
 280.9 
 
 1199.6 
 
 283 
 
 .1227 
 
 508.5 
 
 110 
 
 334.5 
 
 1216 
 
 338.1 
 
 .2538 
 
 246 
 
 51 
 
 282.1 
 
 1200 
 
 284.2 
 
 .1251 
 
 499.1 
 
 111 
 
 335.2 
 
 1216.2 
 
 338.8 
 
 .2558 
 
 244 
 
 52 
 
 283.3 
 
 1200.4 
 
 285.5 
 
 .1274 
 
 490.1 
 
 112 
 
 335.9 
 
 1216.4 
 
 339.5 
 
 .2579 
 
 242 
 
 53 
 
 284.5 
 
 1200.7 
 
 286.7 
 
 1 .1297 
 
 481.4 
 
 113 
 
 336.5 
 
 1216 6 
 
 340.2 
 
 .2599 
 
 240.1 
 
 54 
 
 285.7 
 
 1201.1 
 
 288 
 
 .1320 
 
 472.9 
 
 114 
 
 337.2 
 
 1216.8 
 
 340.8 
 
 .2620 
 
 238.2 
 
 55 
 
 286.9 
 
 1201.4 
 
 289.2 
 
 .1343 
 
 464.7 
 
 115 
 
 I 337.8 
 
 1217 
 
 341.5 
 
 .2640 
 
 236.3 
 
 56 
 
 288.1 
 
 1201.8 
 
 290.3 
 
 .1366 
 
 457 
 
 116 
 
 338.5 
 
 1217.2 
 
 342.2 
 
 .2661 
 
 234.5 
 
 57 
 
 289.1 
 
 1202.1 
 
 291.5 
 
 .1388 
 
 449.6 
 
 117 
 
 339.1 
 
 1217.4 
 
 342.8 
 
 .2682 
 
 232.7 
 
 58 
 
 290.3 
 
 1202.5 
 
 292.7 
 
 .1411 
 
 442.4 
 
 118 
 
 339.7 
 
 1217.6 
 
 343.5 
 
 .2702 
 
 231 
 
 59 
 
 291.4 
 
 1202.8 
 
 293.8 
 
 .1434 
 
 435.3 
 
 119 
 
 340.4 
 
 1217.8 
 
 344.2 
 
 .2722 
 
 229.3 
 
 117 
 
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. Continued. 
 
 Eja 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 G a 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^6 
 
 
 
 
 e| 
 
 .si 
 
 4i 
 
 5 
 
 ja 
 
 Is, 
 
 d 
 
 P 
 
 si 
 
 r | 
 
 T-o 
 
 sL 
 
 0} 
 
 &j * 
 
 C 
 
 - - 
 
 o** 
 
 .5 ^* * 
 
 S 
 
 55 
 
 0>g 
 
 o S ' 53"t^ 
 
 .5 p-^i 
 
 
 f\ 33 
 
 M ?" 
 
 & o 
 
 * 
 
 *>" 
 
 3 
 
 CD c 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 *""-" 
 
 g-oo 
 
 3 
 
 P.& 
 
 
 
 
 1 & 
 
 * QJ 
 
 ft 
 11 
 
 CC^ Q) 
 IP 
 
 "" 
 
 sgl 
 
 "3 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 Mb 
 
 KS 
 
 G $ 
 ^ 
 
 cc ^ 
 
 00 "d 
 
 "1 s "S 
 
 ts^ 
 
 o c 
 
 |8 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 |l 
 
 H & 
 
 1 
 
 V* 
 
 ft 
 
 ji 
 
 'ml-l 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 02 
 
 ll 
 
 EH si 
 O 
 
 Hi 
 
 So 
 ft w 
 
 |-S 
 
 02 
 
 120 
 
 341 
 
 1217.9 
 
 344.8 
 
 .2743 
 
 227.6 
 
 156 
 
 361.2 1224.1 
 
 365.8 
 
 .3448 
 
 181.3 
 
 121 
 
 341.6 
 
 1218.1 
 
 345.4 
 
 .2763 
 
 226 
 
 157 
 
 361.8 1224.3 
 
 366.3 
 
 .3467 
 
 180.3 
 
 122 
 
 342.2 
 
 1218.3 
 
 346.1 
 
 .2783 
 
 224.4 
 
 158 
 
 362.3 1224.4 
 
 366.8 
 
 .3485 
 
 179.3 
 
 123 
 
 342.9 
 
 1218.5 
 
 346.7 
 
 .2803 
 
 222.8 
 
 159 
 
 362.8 1224.6 
 
 367.3 
 
 .3503 
 
 178.3 
 
 124 
 
 343.5 
 
 1218.7 
 
 347.3 
 
 .2823 
 
 221.2 
 
 160 
 
 363.3 1224.8 
 
 367.9 
 
 .3521 
 
 177.3 
 
 125 
 
 344.1 
 
 1218.9 
 
 348 
 
 .2843 
 
 219.7 
 
 161 
 
 363.8 1224.9 
 
 368.4 
 
 .3540 
 
 176.4 
 
 126 
 
 344.7 
 
 1219.1 
 
 348.6 
 
 .2862 
 
 219.2 
 
 162 
 
 364.3 1225 
 
 368.9 
 
 .3558 
 
 175.5 
 
 127 
 
 345.3 
 
 1219.3 
 
 349.2 
 
 .2882 
 
 216.7 
 
 163 
 
 364.8 1225.2 
 
 369 4 
 
 .3577 
 
 174.6 
 
 128 
 
 345.9 
 
 1219.4 
 
 349.8 
 
 .2902 
 
 215.2 
 
 164 
 
 365.2 
 
 1225.3 
 
 369.9 
 
 .3596 
 
 173.7 
 
 129 
 
 346.5 
 
 1219.6 
 
 350.4 
 
 .2922 
 
 213.7 
 
 165 
 
 365.7 
 
 1225.5 
 
 370.4 
 
 .3615 
 
 172.8 
 
 130 
 
 347.1 
 
 1219.8 
 
 351.1 
 
 .2942 
 
 212.3 
 
 166 
 
 366.2 
 
 1225.6 
 
 370.9 
 
 .3634 
 
 171.9 
 
 131 
 
 347.6 
 
 1220 
 
 351.7 
 
 .2962 
 
 210.9 
 
 167 
 
 366.7 
 
 1225.8 
 
 371.4 
 
 .3652 
 
 171 
 
 132 
 
 348.2 
 
 1220.2 
 
 352.3 
 
 .2982 
 
 209.5 
 
 168 
 
 367.2 
 
 1225.9 
 
 371.9 
 
 .3671 
 
 170.1 
 
 133 
 
 348.8 
 
 1220.4 
 
 352.9 
 
 .3001 
 
 208.1 
 
 169 
 
 367.7 
 
 1226.1 
 
 372.4 
 
 .3690 
 
 169.2 
 
 134 
 
 349.4 
 
 1220.5 
 
 353.5 
 
 .3021 
 
 206.7 
 
 170 
 
 368.2 
 
 1226.2 
 
 372.9 
 
 .3709 
 
 168.4 
 
 135 
 
 350 
 
 1220.7 
 
 354.1 
 
 .3040 
 
 205.4 
 
 171 
 
 368.6 
 
 1226.4 
 
 373.4 
 
 .3727 
 
 167.6 
 
 136 
 
 350.5 
 
 1220.9 
 
 354.6 
 
 .3060 
 
 204.1 
 
 172 
 
 369.1 
 
 1226.5 
 
 373.9 
 
 .3745 
 
 166.8 
 
 137 
 
 351.1 
 
 1221 
 
 355.2 
 
 .3080 
 
 202.8 
 
 173 
 
 369.6 
 
 1226.7 374.4 
 
 .3763 
 
 166 
 
 138 
 
 351.7 
 
 1221.2 
 
 355.8 
 
 .3099 
 
 201.5 
 
 174 
 
 370 
 
 1226.8 
 
 374.9 
 
 .3781 
 
 165.2 
 
 139 
 
 352.2 
 
 1221.4 
 
 356.4 
 
 .3119 
 
 200.2 
 
 175 
 
 370.5 
 
 1226.9 
 
 375.4 
 
 .3799 
 
 164.4 
 
 140 
 
 352.8 
 
 1221.5 
 
 357 
 
 .3139 
 
 199 
 
 176 
 
 371 
 
 1227.1 
 
 375.9 
 
 .3817 
 
 163.6 
 
 141 
 
 353.3 
 
 1221.7 
 
 357.5 
 
 .3159 
 
 197.8 
 
 177 
 
 371.4 
 
 1227.2 
 
 376.3 
 
 .3835 
 
 162.8 
 
 142 
 
 353.9 
 
 1221.9 358.1 
 
 .3179 
 
 196.6 
 
 178 
 
 371.9 
 
 1227.4 
 
 376.8 
 
 .3853 
 
 162 
 
 143 
 
 354.4 
 
 1222 
 
 358.7 
 
 .3199 
 
 195.4 
 
 179 
 
 372.4 
 
 1227.5 
 
 377.3 
 
 .3871 
 
 161.2 
 
 144 
 
 355 
 
 1222.2 
 
 359.2 
 
 .3219 
 
 194.2 
 
 180 
 
 372.8 
 
 1227.7 
 
 377.8 
 
 .3889 
 
 160.4 
 
 145 
 
 355.5 
 
 1222.4 359.8 
 
 .3239 
 
 193 
 
 181 
 
 373.3 
 
 1227.8 
 
 378.3 
 
 .3908 
 
 159.7 
 
 146 
 
 356 
 
 1222.5 360.4 
 
 3259 
 
 191.9 
 
 182 
 
 373.7 
 
 1227.9 
 
 378.7 
 
 .3926 
 
 159 
 
 147 
 
 356.6 
 
 1222.7 360.9 
 
 .3279 
 
 190.8 
 
 183 
 
 374.2 
 
 1228.1 
 
 379.2 
 
 .3944 
 
 158.3 
 
 148 
 
 357.1 
 
 1222.9 361.5 
 
 .3299 
 
 189.7 
 
 184 
 
 b74.6 
 
 1228.2 
 
 379.7 
 
 .3962 
 
 157.6 
 
 149 
 
 357.6 
 
 1223 362 
 
 .3326 
 
 188.6 
 
 185 
 
 375.1 1228.3 
 
 380.1 
 
 .3981 
 
 156.9 
 
 150 
 
 358.1 
 
 1223.2 
 
 362.6 
 
 .3340 
 
 187.5 
 
 186 
 
 375.5 , 1228.5 
 
 380.6 
 
 .3999 
 
 156.2 
 
 151 
 
 358.7 
 
 1223.3 
 
 363.1 
 
 .3358 
 
 186.4 
 
 187 
 
 376 
 
 1228.6 
 
 381.1 
 
 .4017 
 
 155.5 
 
 152 
 
 359.2 
 
 1223.5 
 
 363.6 
 
 .3376 
 
 185.3 
 
 188 
 
 376.4 
 
 1228.7 
 
 381.5 
 
 .4036 
 
 154.8 
 
 153 
 
 359.7 
 
 1223.7 
 
 364.2 
 
 .3394 
 
 184 3 
 
 189 
 
 376 9 
 
 1228.9 
 
 382 
 
 .4054 
 
 154.1 
 
 154 
 
 360.2 
 
 1223.9 
 
 364.7 
 
 .3412 
 
 183.3 
 
 190 
 
 377.3 
 
 1229 
 
 382.4 
 
 .4072 
 
 154.4 
 
 155 
 
 360.7 
 
 1224 
 
 365.2 
 
 .3430 
 
 1 
 
 182.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rule for Steam Heating. 
 
 Allow one square foot heating surface in a boiler for every 200 cubic feet of space in a 
 church or hall. In a dwelling-house every 50 cubic feet of space requires one square foot 
 of boiler heating surface. The radiators should have one square foot of superficial to every 
 six square feet of glass in windows, and one square foot for every 80 cubic feet of space to 
 be heated. One horse power in a boiler is generally sufficient for 40,000 cubic feet of space 
 for a temperature of 70 Fahr. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 X sq. of Dia. by 
 
 X cir. by 
 
 X Dia. by 
 
 X sq. of Dia. by 
 
 X cube of Dia. by 
 
 .7854 
 
 .31831 
 
 3.1416 
 
 3.1416 
 
 .5236 
 
 .8862 
 
 For the Area of a Circle 
 
 Dia. " " 
 
 Cir. 
 
 Surface of a Ball 
 
 Cu. in. in a " 
 
 Side of an Equal Sq. X Dia. by 
 In calculating horse powers of steam boilers, consider for : 
 Tubular boilers 15 sq. ft. of heating surface equivalent to one horse power. 
 Flue boilers 12 sq. ft. of heating surface equivalent to one horse power. 
 According to experiments conducted by Mr. Sherwood, U. S. N., the best proportion 
 for the draft of a chimney is of the area of grate surface. 
 
 118 
 
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diam. 
 Ins. 
 
 Circum. Area. 
 
 Ins. Sq. ins. 
 
 . .19635 00307 
 
 . .3927 0122 
 
 . .7854 0490 
 
 . 1.1781 1104 
 
 . 1.5708 1903 
 
 . 1.0635 3068 
 
 . 2.3562 4417 
 
 . 2.7489 6013 
 
 . 3.1416 7854 
 
 . 3.5343 9940 
 
 . 3.9270 1.2271 
 
 . 4.3197 1.4848 
 
 . 4.7124 1.7671 
 
 . 5.1051 2.0739 
 
 . 54978 2.4052 
 
 . 5.8905 .. .. 2.7611 
 
 2 6.2832 3.1416 
 
 ... 6.6759 3.5465 
 
 ... 7.0686 3.9760 
 
 ... 7.4613 4.4302 
 
 ... 7.8540 4.9087 
 
 ... 8.2467 5.4119 
 
 ... 8.6394 5.9395 
 
 ... 9.0321 6.4918 
 
 3 . .. 9.4248 .. .. 7.0686 
 
 Y* 9.8175 76699 
 
 YA 10.210 82957 
 
 96 10.602 8.9462 
 
 ^ 10.995 9.6211 
 
 % 11.388 10.320 
 
 94 11.781 11.044 
 
 % 12.173 11.793 
 
 4 . ...12.566 . ...12.566 
 
 Y* 12.959 13.364 
 
 U 13.351 14.186 
 
 96 13.744 15.033 
 
 j| 14.137 15.904 
 
 % 14.529 16.800 
 
 94 14.922 17.720 
 
 % 15.315 18.665 
 
 5 15.708 19.635 
 
 % 16.100 'A).629 
 
 Y\ 16.493 21.647 
 
 96 16.886 22.690 
 
 U 17.278 23.758 
 
 % 17.671 24.850 
 
 94 18064 25.967 
 
 % 18.457 27.108 
 
 . ...18.849 . ...28.274 
 
 ...19.242 29.464 
 
 [ 19.635 30.679 
 
 \ 20.027 31.919 
 
 ...20.420 33.183 
 
 \ 20.813 34.471 
 
 ...21.205 35.784 
 
 \ 21.598 37.122 
 
 ...21.991 ...38.484 
 
 22.383 39.871 
 
 22.776 41.282 
 
 23.169 42.718 
 
 23562 44.178 
 
 23.954 45.663 
 
 24.347 47.173 
 
 24.740 48.707 
 
 8 . ...25.132 . ...50265 
 
 ...25.515 51.848 
 
 i 25.918 53.456 
 
 | 26.310 55.088 
 
 ...26.703 56.745 
 
 i 27.096 58.426 
 
 ...27.489 60.132 
 
 ...27.881 61.862 
 
 9 . ...28.274 , ...63.617 
 
 ...28.667 65.396 
 
 1 29.059 67.200 
 
 ...29.452 69.029 
 
 ...29.845 70.882 
 
 ...30.237 72.759 
 
 ...30.630 74.662 
 
 \ 31,023 76.588 
 
 Diam. Circum. Area. 
 
 Ins. Ins. Sq. ins. 
 
 10 31.416 78.540 
 
 U 31.808 80.515 
 
 Y\ 32.201...... 82.516 
 
 % 32.594 84.540 
 
 U 32986 86590 
 
 % 33.379 88.664 
 
 II .33.772 90.762 
 
 % 34.164 92.885 
 
 11 
 
 34.557. 
 
 % 34.950. 
 
 J4 35.343. 
 
 96 35.735. 
 
 U 36.128. 
 
 36.521. 
 
 94 36.913. 
 
 H 37.306. 
 
 12 ... .37.699. 
 
 *6 38.091. 
 
 ^ 38.484. 
 
 9s 38.877. 
 
 U 39.270. 
 
 % 39662. 
 
 94 40.055. 
 
 % 40.448. 
 
 18 
 
 .40.840. 
 41.233. 
 .41.626. 
 .42.018. 
 .42.411. 
 
 .42.804. 
 .43.197. 
 .43.589. 
 
 . 95.033 
 . 97.205 
 . 99.402 
 .101.623 
 .103.869 
 .106.139 
 .108.434 
 .110.753 
 
 .113.097 
 .115.466 
 .117.859 
 .120.276 
 .122.718 
 .125.184 
 .127.676 
 .130.192 
 
 ....132.732 
 ....135.297 
 ....137.886 
 ....140.500 
 ....143.139 
 ....145802 
 ....148.489 
 . . . 151.201 
 
 14 43.982 153.938 
 
 J6 44.375 156 699 
 
 Y\ 44.767 159485 
 
 96 45.160 162.295 
 
 Y* 45.553 165.130 
 
 % 45945 167.989 
 
 94 46.338 170.873 
 
 j| 46.731 173.782 
 
 15 . ...47.124 176.715 
 
 J6 47.516 179.672 
 
 14 47.909 182.654 
 
 96 48.302 185.661 
 
 Y* 48.694 188.692 
 
 % 49.087 191.748 
 
 94 49.480 194.828 
 
 % 49.872 197.933 
 
 16 . ...50.265 201.062 
 
 % 50.658 204.216 
 
 W 51.051 207.394 
 
 96 51.443 210.597 
 
 U 51.836 213.825 
 
 % 52.229 217.077 
 
 94 52.621 220.353 
 
 % 53.014 223.654 
 
 17 . ...53.407 226.980 
 
 Y 53.799 230.330 
 
 YJL 54.192 233.705 
 
 96 54.585 237.104 
 
 U 54.978 240.529 
 
 % 55.370 243.977 
 
 94 55.763 247.450 
 
 j| 56.156 250.947 
 
 18 . ... 56.548 254.469 
 
 U 56.941 258.016 
 
 YA 57.334 261.587 
 
 % 57.726 265.182 
 
 U 58.119 268.803 
 
 % 58.512 272.447 
 
 94 58.905 276.117 
 
 IA 59.297 279.811 
 
 19 . ...59.690 283.529 
 
 5 60.083 287.272 
 
 ...60.475 291.039 
 
 ...60.868 294.831 
 
 ...61.261 298.648 
 
 \ 61.663 302.489 
 
 62.046 306.355 
 
 ...62.430 310.245 
 
 Diam. 
 Ins. 
 20 . 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 ..62.832.. 
 .63.224.. 
 
 '.'I 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 ..63.611 
 
 ..64.010.. 
 
 ..64.402.. 
 
 ..64.795.. 
 
 ..65.188.. 
 
 ..65.580.. 
 
 ..65.973., 
 ..66.366.. 
 ..66759.. 
 
 Area. 
 Sq. ins. 
 .314.160 
 
 .31805(9 
 
 .67.151. 
 .67544. 
 .67.937. 
 .68.329. 
 .68.722. 
 
 .69.115. 
 .69.507. 
 .69.900. 
 .70293. 
 .70.686. 
 .71.07. 
 .71.471. 
 .71.864. 
 
 .72.256. 
 .72.649. 
 .73.042. 
 .73.434. 
 .73.827. 
 .74.220. 
 .74.613. 
 .75.005. 
 
 .330.064 
 .3.-J4.101 
 .338.163 
 .342.250 
 
 .346.361 
 .350.497 
 ..354.057 
 ..358.841 
 .363.051 
 .367.284 
 .371.543 
 .375.826 
 
 ..380.133 
 . .384.465 
 ,.388.822 
 . .3!C.203 
 ..397.608 
 . .402.038 
 . .40(5.493 
 . .410.972 
 
 . .415.476 
 . .420.004 
 . .424.557 
 . .429.135 
 ..433.731 
 . .438.363 
 . .443.014 
 . .447.099 
 
 24 75.398 452.390 
 
 J6 75.791 457.115 
 
 J4 76.183 461.864 
 
 96 76.576 466.638 
 
 Yz 76.969 471.436 
 
 % 77.361 476.259 
 
 94 77.754 481.106 
 
 H 78.147 485.978 
 
 25 78.540 490.875 
 
 Y* 78 932 495.79(5 
 
 U 79.325 500.741 
 
 % 79.718 505.711 
 
 Yi 80.110 510.706 
 
 % 80.503 515.725 
 
 94 80.896 520.769 
 
 % 81.288 525.837 
 
 26 . ...81.681 530.930 
 
 Ys 82.074 536.047 
 
 M 82.467 541.189 
 
 92 82 859 546.356 
 
 M 83.252 551.547 
 
 % 83.645 556.762 
 
 94 84.037 562.002 
 
 H 84.430 567.267 
 
 27 . ...84.823 572.556 
 
 Y* 85.215. ...... .577.870 
 
 W 85.608 583.208 
 
 96 86.001 588 571 
 
 YV 86.394 593.958 
 
 % 86.786 599 370 
 
 94 87. 1 79 604.807 
 
 % 87.572 010.268 
 
 28 . ...87.964 615.753 
 
 J6 88.357 621.263 
 
 Y\ 88.750 626.798 
 
 % 89.142 (J32.357 
 
 % 89.535 637.941 
 
 % 89 928. ...... .643.594 
 
 94 90.321 649.182 
 
 % 90.713 654.839 
 
 29 . ...91.106 660.521 
 
 Y* 91.499 666.277 
 
 4 91.891 671.958 
 
 % 92.284 677.714 
 
 U 92.677 683.494 
 
 % 93.069 689.298 
 
 94 93.462 695.128 
 
 % 93.855 700.981 
 
 119 
 
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES continued. 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Circum. Area. 
 
 Ins. Sq. iris. 
 
 .. 94.248 706.860 
 
 .. 94.640 712.762 
 
 .. 95.033 718.690 
 
 .. 95.426 724.641 
 
 .. 95.818 730.618 
 
 .. 96.211 736.619 
 
 ,. 96.604 742.644 
 
 .. 96.996 748.694 
 
 .. 97.389 754.769 
 
 . 97.782 760.868 
 
 . 98.175 766.992 
 
 . 98.567 773.140 
 
 . 98.968 779.313 
 
 ,. 99.353 785.510 
 
 . 99.745 791.732 
 
 .300.138 797.978 
 
 .100.531 804.249 
 
 .100.924 810.545 
 
 .101.316 816.863 
 
 .101.709 823.209 
 
 .102.102 829.578 
 
 .102.494 835.972 
 
 .102887 842.390 
 
 .103.280 848.833 
 
 .103.672 855.30 
 
 .104.055 861.79 
 
 .104.458 868.30 
 
 .104.850 874.84 
 
 .105.243 881.41 
 
 .105.636 888.00 
 
 .106.029 894.61 
 
 .106.421 901.25 
 
 .106.814 907.92 
 
 .107.207 914.61 
 
 .107.599 921.32 
 
 .107.992 928.06 
 
 .108.385 934.82 
 
 .108.777 941.60 
 
 .109.170 948.41 
 
 .109.563 955.25 
 
 .109.956 962.11 
 
 .110.348 968.99 
 
 .110.741 975.90 
 
 .111.134 982.84 
 
 .111.526 989.80 
 
 .111.919 996.78 
 
 .112.312 1003.78 
 
 .112.704 1010.82 
 
 .113.097 1017.87 
 
 .113.490 1024.95 
 
 .113.883 1032.06 
 
 .114.275 1039.19 
 
 .114.668 1046.35 
 
 .115.061 1053.52 
 
 .115.453 1060.73 
 
 .115.846 1067.95 
 
 .116.239 1075.21 
 
 .116.631 1082.48 
 
 .117.024 1089.79 
 
 .117.417 1097.11 
 
 .117.810 1104.46 
 
 .118202 1111.84 
 
 .118.595 1119.24 
 
 .118.988 1126.66 
 
 .119.380 1134.11 
 
 .119.773 1141.59 
 
 .120.166 114908 
 
 .120.558 1156.61 
 
 .120.951 1164.15 
 
 .121.344 1171.73 
 
 .121.737 1179.32 
 
 .122.129 1186.94 
 
 .122.522 1194.59 
 
 .122.915 120226 
 
 .123.307 1209.95 
 
 .123.700 1217.67 
 
 .124.093 122542 
 
 .124.485 1233.18 
 
 .124878 1240.98 
 
 .125.271 1248.79 
 
 Diam. Circum. Area. 
 
 Ins. Ins. Sq. ins. 
 
 40 125.664 1256.64 
 
 Ys 126.056 1264.50 
 
 M 126.449 1272.39 
 
 % 126.842 1280.31 
 
 Yz 127.234 1288.25 
 
 % 127.627 1296.21 
 
 94 128.020 1304.20 
 
 % 128.412 1312.21 
 
 41 . ...128.805 1320.25 
 
 Y 129.198 1328.32 
 
 M 129.591 1336.40 
 
 % 129.983 1344.51 
 
 Yi, 130.376 1352.65 
 
 % 130.769 1360.81 
 
 94 131.161 1369.00 
 
 % 131.554 1377.21 
 
 42 131.947 1385.44 
 
 Ys 132.339 1393.70 
 
 J4 132.732 1401.98 
 
 % 133.125 1410.29 
 
 Yz 133.518 1418.62 
 
 % 133.910 1426.98 
 
 94 134.303 1435.36 
 
 % 134.696 1443.77 
 
 43 . ... 135.088 1452.20 
 
 YB 135.481 1460.65 
 
 J4 135.874 1469.13 
 
 % 136.266 1477.63 
 
 Yz 136.659 1486.17 
 
 % 137.052 1494.72 
 
 94 137.445 1503.30 
 
 % 137.827 1511.90 
 
 44 . ... 138.230 1520.53 
 
 Ys 138.623 1529.18 
 
 YA 139.015 1537.86 
 
 5| 139.408 1546.55 
 
 Yz 139.801 1555.28 
 
 % 140.193 1564.03 
 
 94 140.586 1572.81 
 
 % 140.979 1581.61 
 
 45 . ...141.372 1590.43 
 
 Ys 141.764 1599.28 
 
 M 142.157 1608.15 
 
 % 142.550 1617.04 
 
 Yz 142.942 1625.97 
 
 % 143.335 1634.92 
 
 94 143.728 1643.89 
 
 % 144.120 1652.88 
 
 46 . ...144.513 1661.90 
 
 Ys 144.906 1670.95 
 
 Y4, 145.299 1680.01 
 
 % 145.691 1689.10 
 
 Yz 146.084 1698.23 
 
 % 146.477 1707.37 
 
 94 146.869 1716.54 
 
 % 147.262 1725.73 
 
 47 . ... 147.655 1734.94 
 
 Ys 148.047 1744.18 
 
 Y 148.440 1753.45 
 
 % 148.833 1762.73 
 
 Ya. 149.226 1772.05 
 
 % 149.618 1781.39 
 
 94 150.011 1790.76 
 
 % 150.404 1800.14 
 
 48 . ...150.796 1809.56 
 
 Ya 151.189 1818.99 
 
 M 151.582 1828.46 
 
 % 151.974 1837.93 
 
 Yz 152.367 1847.45 
 
 % 152.760 1856.99 
 
 % 153.153 1866.55 
 
 % 153.545 1876.13 
 
 49 . ...153.938 1885.74 
 
 Ya 154.331 1895.37 
 
 Y 154.723 1905.03 
 
 % 155.116 1914.70 
 
 Ys 155.509 1924.42 
 
 % 155.901 1934.15 
 
 94 356.294 1943.91 
 
 ...156.687 1953.69 
 
 Diam. Circum. Area. 
 
 Ins. Ins. Ins. 
 
 50 157.080 1963.50 
 
 J4 157.865 1983 18 
 
 Ys 158.650 2002.96 
 
 94 159.436 2022.84 
 
 51 . ...160.221 2042.82 
 
 YA 161.007 2062.90 
 
 Y* 161.792 2083.07 
 
 94 162.577 2103.35 
 
 52 . ...163.363 2123.72 
 
 J4 164.148 2144.19 
 
 Yz 164.934 2164.75 
 
 94 165.719 2185.42 
 
 53 . ...166.504 2206.18 
 
 % 167.290 2227.05 
 
 Yi 168.075 2248.01 
 
 94 168.861 2269.06 
 
 54 . ...169.646 2290.22 
 
 >4 170.431 2311.48 
 
 Yz 171.217 2332.83 
 
 94 172.002 2354.28 
 
 55 . ...172.788 2375.83 
 
 J4 173.573 2397.48 
 
 Y 174.358 2419.22 
 
 94 175.144 2441.07 
 
 56 . ...175.929 2463.01 
 
 M 176.715 2485.05 
 
 J| 177.500 2507.19 
 
 94 178.285 2529.42 
 
 57 . ...179.071 2551.76 
 
 J4 179.856 2574.19 
 
 Yz 180.642 2596.72 
 
 94 181.427 2619.35 
 
 58 . ...182.212 2642.08 
 
 M 182.998 2664.91 
 
 Yz 183.783 2687.83 
 
 94 184.569 2710.85 
 
 59 . ...185.354 2733.97 
 
 M 186.139 2757.19 
 
 Yz 186 925 2780.51 
 
 94 187.710 2803.92 
 
 60 . ...188.496 2827.44 
 
 M 189.281 2851.05 
 
 Yz 190.066 2874.76 
 
 94 190.852 2898.56 
 
 61 . ...191.637 2922.47 
 
 J4 192.423 2946.47 
 
 Yz 193.208 2970.57 
 
 94 193.993 2994.77 
 
 62 . ...194.779 3019.07 
 
 J4 195.564 .3043.47 
 
 Yz 196.350 3067.96 
 
 94 197.135 3092.56 
 
 63 . ...197.920 3117.25 
 
 J4 198.706 3142.04 
 
 Yz 199.491 3166 92 
 
 94 200.277 3191.91 
 
 64 . ...201.062 3216.99 
 
 J4 201.847 3242.17 
 
 Y 202.683 3267.46 
 
 94 203.418 3292.83 
 
 65 . ...204.204 a318.31 
 
 Y 204.989 3343.88 
 
 U 205.774 3369.56 
 
 94 206.560 3395.33 
 
 66 . ...207.345 3421.20 
 
 Y\ 208.131 3447.16 
 
 Y> 208.916 3473.23 
 
 94 209.701 3499.39 
 
 67 . ...210487 3525.66 
 
 YA 211.272 3552.01 
 
 % 212.058 3578.47 
 
 94 212.843 3605.03 
 
 120 
 
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES continued. 
 
 Diam. 
 Ins. 
 88 ... 
 
 Clrcum. 
 Ins. 
 ..213.628... 
 
 Area. 
 Sq. ins. 
 ...3631.08 
 
 Diam. 
 Ins. 
 
 76 ... 
 
 Circnm. 
 Ins. 
 ...238.761... 
 
 Area. 
 Sq. ins. 
 ...4536.37 
 
 Diam. 
 Ins. 
 
 87 
 
 Circum. 
 Ins. 
 273 319 
 
 Area. 
 Sq. Ins. 
 5944 00 
 
 
 ..214.414... 
 
 ...3058.44 
 
 IX 
 
 ...239.547... 
 
 ...4566.36 
 
 ^.... 
 
 ...274 890 
 
 601321 
 
 12 
 
 . .215 199 
 
 3685 29 
 
 i2 
 
 240 332 
 
 4596 35 
 
 
 
 
 9a 
 
 ..215.985... 
 
 ...3712.24 
 
 H 
 
 ...241.117... 
 
 ...4026.44 
 
 88 
 
 270400 
 
 6082 13 
 
 69 ... 
 
 ..216.770... 
 
 ...373928 
 
 77 ... 
 54... 
 
 ...241.903... 
 ...242.688... 
 
 . . .4656.63 
 ...4686.92 
 
 .... 
 89 . 
 
 ...278.031.... 
 279 602 
 
 ....6151.44 
 6221 15 
 
 Si" 
 
 ..218.341... 
 
 f>19 JOQ 
 
 ...3793.67 
 381 0" 
 
 I:: 
 
 ...243.474... 
 ...244.259... 
 
 . . .4717.30 
 . . .4747.79 
 
 ^.... 
 
 ...281.173.... 
 
 ....6291.25 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 245 044 
 
 4778 37 
 
 90 . 
 X.... 
 
 ....282.744... 
 . . .284.314. . . . 
 
 . . . .6361.74 
 ....6432.62 
 
 70 ... 
 
 L 
 
 ..219.912... 
 ..220.697... 
 221 482 
 
 ...3848.40 
 ...387.5.99 
 ...3903(53 
 
 M- 
 
 ...245830... 
 ...246.615... 
 47 401 
 
 . . .4809 05 
 ...4839.83 
 4870 70 
 
 91 . 
 *$.... 
 
 ...285.885... 
 ...287.456.... 
 
 ...6503.89 
 . . . .6573.56 
 
 *"' 
 
 ..222.268... 
 
 ...3931.36 
 
 79 . 
 
 ...248.186... 
 
 ...4901.68 
 
 92 
 Hi.. 
 
 ....289.027... 
 . 290 598 
 
 ...6047.62 
 6720 07 
 
 71 ... 
 
 ..223.053... 
 
 ...3959.20 
 
 M... 
 
 ...248.971... 
 
 ...4932.75 
 
 
 
 
 M- 
 
 ..223.839... 
 
 ...3987.13 
 
 (2 . 
 
 . . 249 757... 
 
 .. 49(5392 
 
 93 . 
 
 ...292.168... 
 
 ...6792.92 
 
 iz 
 
 ..224.624... 
 
 . . .4015.1(5 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
 MB-... 
 
 293.739 
 
 6866 16 
 
 H 
 
 ..225.409... 
 
 . . .4043.28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 ..226.195... 
 
 . . .4071.51 
 
 80 . 
 
 \(. 
 
 ...251.328... 
 *>5> ,s!IS 
 
 ...502656 
 5089 58 
 
 ^.... 
 
 . ...296881 
 
 ....7013.81 
 
 J4... 
 
 ..226.980... 
 
 ...4099.83 
 
 
 
 
 95 . 
 
 ...298.452... 
 
 ...7088.23 
 
 87'" 
 
 ..228.551... 
 
 . . .4156.77 
 
 81 
 
 IS 
 
 ...254.469... 
 
 5153.00 
 
 ^.... 
 
 ....300.022. .. 
 
 ....7163.04 
 
 73 ... 
 
 ..229.336... 
 ..230.122... 
 ..230.907... 
 ..231.693... 
 
 ...4185.39 
 ...421411 
 4242.92 
 ."4271.83 
 
 82 . 
 
 ..; 
 
 83 
 
 ...257.611... 
 ...259 182... 
 
 :>(jo 750 
 
 ...5281.02 
 ...5345.62 
 
 5410 62 
 
 96... 
 97. 
 
 98. 
 99. 
 100. 
 
 ...301594... 
 :J04.735. 
 307.877. 
 311 018. 
 314.159. 
 
 ...723825 
 7389 83 
 7542.98 
 7784.10 
 7854.00 
 
 
 
 
 Vz 
 
 262 323 
 
 5476 00 
 
 101. 
 
 317.301. 
 
 8011.86 
 
 74 ... 
 
 ..232478... 
 
 ...4300.85 
 
 
 
 
 102. 
 
 320 442 
 
 8171 30 
 
 
 ..233.263... 
 
 ...4329.95 
 
 84 
 
 ''(53 8'H 
 
 
 103. . . 
 
 323.584... 
 
 8332.31 
 
 i2 
 
 ..234.049... 
 
 ...4359.16 
 
 Ui 
 
 '-"65 465 
 
 5607 95 
 
 104... 
 
 . . . .326.725. . . . 
 
 8494.88 
 
 3 
 
 ..234.834... 
 
 . . .4388.47 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 329 867 
 
 865903 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 67 036 
 
 5674 51 
 
 106 
 
 ....333.009... 
 
 ....8824.75 
 
 75 ... 
 
 ..235.620... 
 
 ...4417.87 
 
 J... 
 
 ...268.606... 
 
 ...5741.47 
 
 J07 
 
 . ...336.150.... 
 
 ....8992.04 
 
 M 
 
 ..236.405... 
 
 ...4447.37 
 
 
 
 
 108 
 
 ....339.292... 
 
 9160.90 
 
 i? 
 
 ..237.190... 
 
 ...447697 
 
 86 . 
 
 ...270.177... 
 
 ...5808.81 
 
 109 
 
 342.433 
 
 9331.34 
 
 K.... 
 
 ..237.976... 
 
 . . .4506.67 
 
 ^... 
 
 ...271.748... 
 
 ...5876.55 
 
 110 
 
 ....345.575.... 
 
 . . . .9503.34 
 
 To Drill Holes in Glass. 
 
 A common steel drill is the best tool to drill holes in glass. The steel should be forged 
 at a low temperature so as to be sure not to burn it, then tempered hard as possible in a 
 bath of salt water that has been well boiled. Such a drill will go through glass very rapidly 
 if kept well moistened with turpentine in which camphor has been dissolved. 
 
 To Find the Number of Bricks Required in a Building. 
 
 Rule Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22i. The number of cubic feet is found 
 by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 
 8 inches long, 4 inches wide and 2 inches thick ; hence it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic 
 foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills one-sixth of the space. 
 
 Solders. 
 
 Fine solder is an alloy of two parts of block tin and one part of lead, 
 fine work, such as soldering the drums of meters, for pewter, etc. 
 
 This is used for 
 
 Brazing Solder. 
 
 HARD. One part copper, one part zinc. 
 
 SOFT. Four parts copper, three parts zinc, one part block tin. 
 
 Fluxes for Soldering. 
 
 Iron or steel. Borax ten parts and sal ammoniac one part. 
 
 Tinned iron. Resin or chloride of zinc. 
 
 Copper and brass. Sal ammoniac or chloride of zinc. 
 
 Lead. Resin or tallow. 
 
 Lead and composition pipes. Resin and sweet oil. 
 
 Zinc. Chloride of zinc. 
 
 121 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Effect of Heat upon Various Bodies. 
 
 Wedgewood's zero is 1077 of Fahrenheit, and each degree=130. 
 
 In the designation of the degrees of temperature, the symbol -\- is omitted when the 
 temperature is above ; but when it is below the symbol is prefixed. 
 
 Beg. 
 
 Acetification ends 88 
 
 Acetious fermentation begins ... 78 
 
 Air furnace 3800 
 
 Ambergris melts 145 
 
 Ammonia boils 140 
 
 Ammonia (liquid) freezes .... 46 
 
 Antimony melts ... ... 951 
 
 Arsenic melts 365 
 
 Beeswax melts 151 
 
 Bismuth melts 476 
 
 Blood (human) heat 98 
 
 " " freezes 25 
 
 Brandy freezes 7 
 
 Brass melts 1900 
 
 Cadmium melts . . .... 600 
 
 Charcoal burns 800 
 
 Coal tar boils 325 
 
 Cold, greatest artificial 166 
 
 " " natural 56 
 
 Common tire 790 
 
 Copper melts 2548 
 
 Glass melts 2377 
 
 Gold (fine) melts 2590 
 
 Gutta percha softens 145 
 
 Heat, cherry red 1500 
 
 (Daniell) . . . .1141 
 
 " bright red 1860 
 
 " red visible by day 1077 
 
 " white 2900 
 
 Highest natural temperature, Egypt . 117 
 
 Ice melts 32 
 
 Iron (cast) melts 2100 
 
 " (wrought) 2980 
 
 " bright red in the dark .... 752 
 
 " red hot in twilight 8S4 
 
 Lard melts 94 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Lead melts 540 
 
 Mercury boils 662 
 
 " volatilizes 680 
 
 " freezes 39 
 
 Milk freezes 30 
 
 Naphtha boils 186 
 
 Nitric acid spe. gravity 1.424 freezes 45 
 
 Nitrious oxide freezes 150 
 
 Olive oil freezes 36 
 
 Petroleum boils 306 
 
 Phosphorus melts 108 
 
 " boils 560 
 
 Pitch melts 91 
 
 Platinum melts 30t!0 
 
 Potassium melts 135 
 
 Proof spirit freezes 7 
 
 Saltpetre melts 610 
 
 Sea water freezes 28 
 
 Silver (fine) melts 1250 
 
 Snow and salt, equal pans .... 
 
 Spermacetti melts 112 
 
 Spirits of turpentine freezes ... 14 
 
 Steel melts 2500 
 
 " polished, blue 580 
 
 " " straw color .... 460 
 
 Strong wines freeze 20 
 
 Sulphur melts 226 
 
 Sulphur acid sp. gravity 1.641 freezes 45 
 
 Sulphur ether freezes 46 
 
 " " boils 98 
 
 Tallow melts 97 
 
 Tin melts 421 
 
 Vinegar freezes 28 
 
 Vinous fermentation 60 to 77 
 
 Water, in vacuo boils 98 
 
 Zinc melts 740 
 
 Water 
 Ether 
 
 Boiling Point. 
 
 . . 212 Sweet oil .... 412 
 96 to 104 Alcohol . 173 
 
 Sulphur . 
 Turpentine 
 
 570 
 304 
 
 How to Calculate Speed. 
 
 To find the size of a pulley for a main shaft, if the speed of shafts and diametei of 
 pulley on the countershafts are given : Multiply the diameter in inches of pulley by speed 
 of the countershafts and divide by the revolutions of the main shaft, the quotient will be 
 the diameter of the pulley. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What will be the diameter of a pulley on a main s-haft making 180 revolu- 
 tions per minute to drive a 12 inch pulley 450 revolutions per minute? 450x12-^-180=30 
 inch pulley. 
 
 To find the size of a pulley required, if the number of revolutions and size of pulley on 
 the main shaft are given : Multiply the diameter in inches of driving pulley by the revo- 
 lutions of the main shaft and divide by the speed required; the quotient will be the diameter 
 in inches of the pulley. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What will be the diameter of a pulley to make a countershaft turn 450 
 revolutions per minute, driven by a 30 inch pulley 180 revolutions per minute? 180x30-5- 
 450=12 inch pulley. 
 
 To find the speed of a countershaft, if the revolutions of the main shaft and size of 
 pulleys are given : Multiply the revolutions of the main shaft by the diameter in inches of 
 the pulley, and divide by the diameter in inches of the pulley on the countershaft ; the 
 quotient will be the number of revolutions. 
 
 EXAMPLE : What will be the speed of a countershaft, with a 12 inch pulley driven by 
 a 30 inch pulley 180 revolutions per minute? 180x30-f-12=450. 
 
 122 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Horse Power for Belting. 
 
 A simple rule for ascertaining transmitting power of belting without computing speed 
 per minute it travels is to : Multiply diameter of pulley in inches by the number of its 
 revolutions per minute, and this product by width of belt in inches ; divide the product by 
 3.300 for single belting or 2,100 for double belting and the quotient will be the horse power 
 which it will safely transmit. 
 
 Table for single leather, four ply rubber and four ply cotton belting. Belts not over- 
 loaded. 
 
 Speed in 
 
 WIDTH 
 
 OF BELT IN 
 
 INCHES. 
 
 [.',!, .1 l)(i|' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Minute. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Q) 1 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 2* 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 o o s 
 
 'fi 9 
 
 600 
 
 H 
 
 
 3 
 
 8t 
 
 4* 
 
 6 
 
 7* 
 
 9 
 
 10* 
 
 12 
 
 18* 
 
 15 
 
 2 c 
 
 800 
 
 2* 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 - _ 
 
 o t c ^ 
 
 1,000 
 
 2 
 
 3f 
 
 5 
 
 6* 
 
 7* 
 
 10 
 
 12* 
 
 15 
 
 17* 
 
 20 
 
 22* 
 
 25 
 
 
 1,200 
 
 3 
 
 4* 
 
 6 
 
 7* 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 Jj U >-> 
 
 1,500 
 
 31 
 
 5f 
 
 Ft i 
 
 <* 
 
 9* 
 
 11* 
 
 15 
 
 18J 
 
 22* 
 
 26* 
 
 30 
 
 83$ 
 
 37* 
 
 CS '3 -CO 
 
 1,800 
 
 
 6f 
 
 9 
 
 H* 
 
 13* 
 
 18 
 
 22* 
 
 27 
 
 31* 
 
 36 
 
 40* 
 
 45 
 
 5 " 
 
 2,000 
 
 5 
 
 7* 
 
 10 
 
 12* 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35" 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 1! +&'.s 
 
 2,400 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 &J^ C 
 
 2,800 
 
 7 
 
 10* 
 
 14 
 
 17* 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 M .& 1 ""' > 
 
 3,000 
 
 7* 
 
 Hi 
 
 15 
 
 18f 
 
 22* 
 
 30 
 
 37* 
 
 45 
 
 52* 
 
 60 
 
 67* 
 
 75 
 
 J5'* * 
 
 3,500 
 
 B| 
 
 13 
 
 17* 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 44 
 
 52* 
 
 61 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 88 
 
 *~* C 3 (i 
 
 4,000 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 v "^ K 
 
 4,500 
 
 11* 
 
 17 
 
 22f 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 69 
 
 78 
 
 90 
 
 102 
 
 114 
 
 50 "s'o.a 
 
 5,000 
 
 12* 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 37* 
 
 50 
 
 62* 
 
 75 
 
 87* 
 
 100 
 
 112 
 
 125 
 
 | 
 
 For Calculating Speed of Pulleys. 
 
 To find the number of revolutions of the driven pulley. 
 
 Multiply the diameter of the driver by its revolutions and divide the product by the 
 diameter of the driven ; the quotient will be the number of revolutions. 
 
 2. To find the diameter of the driven that shall make any given number of revolutions 
 in the same time as the driver. Multiply the driver by its revolutions and divide the pro- 
 duct by the number of revolutions desired ; the quotient will be the diameter for the driven. 
 
 8. To find the size for a driver : Multiply the size of the driven by the number of 
 revolutions you wish to make and divide the product by the revolutions of the driver ; the 
 quotient will be the size of the driver. 
 
 These rules are practically correct, though owing to the slip and thickness of the belt 
 the driven seldom makes exactly the number of revolutions it should. 
 
 To Find Length of Belt. 
 
 When it is not convenient to measure with the tape line the length required, the 
 following rule will be of service : Add the diameters of the two pulleys together, divide 
 the result by 2, and multiply the quotient by 3 ; add the product to twice the distance 
 between the centres of the shafts and you have the length required, substantially. 
 
 LEVERS 
 
 Are those simple machines that enter into the construction of all other machines of mag- 
 nitude. Th weight signifies the body of the resistance to be overcome, and the power is 
 the force employed to overcome the resistance. They are generally expressed by the first 
 letters in their names : first, W F P ; second, F W P ; third, F P W : in the first 
 and second kinds there is a gain of power but a loss of speed ; in the third kind there is a 
 loss of power but a gain in velocity. As no instrument can be made by man to save both 
 time and force, the maxim is, what we gain in the one is at the expense of the other. 
 
 Formula 1 ^^t = power ; Formula 2 gSJL^^gg = Weight. 
 Formula 8 !Wtxl^_r = Dist. of Power from Fulc. Formula 4^ '*y m e ' 
 Dist. of Weight from Fulc. 
 
 Suppose a lever of the first kind having three weights 7, 8, and 9 Ibs. at the distance of 
 6, 15 and 29 inches from fulc. on the one side, and a power of 17 Ibs. at the distance of 9 
 inches on the other side of fulc. Then a weight is to be applied at the distance of 12 inches 
 on the last mentioned side, what must the weight be to balance the lever? Example 
 6x7+15x8+29x9=423 Ibs. Then on the other side of fulc. 17x9=153, a difference of 210, 
 this -f- by 12 inches =22* Ibs., and 270+153=423 Ibs. the balance. 
 
 When two or more levers act upon each other in succession then the entire advantage 
 which they give is found by adding together the product of their separate advantages. 
 
 A lever of the third kind. Suppose the area of a valve is one square inch. From stem 
 to fulcrum is two inches, and a weight of 10 Ibs. is placed at 18 inches from fulcrum, what 
 
 123 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 weight is on the valve ^I 8 ^ 90 Ibs. ? Now if we mark this theoretical lever successively at 
 every two inches, we will have at 2 inches, 10 Ibs. ; at 4 inches, 20 Ibs. ; at 6 inches, 30 Ibs., 
 etc. In this case we have not considered the weight of the valve and stem nor the effect 
 of the lever on the valve. 
 
 Suppose we want to find the weight to hang on a lever 36 inches from fulc., the lever 
 is uniform in dimensions and it is to be graduated to carry from 20 to 80 Ibs. per square 
 inch. From fulcrum to valve is 3 inches, diameter of valve is 4 inches, weight of valve 
 
 F3 _>. 18 x 18 36 I 
 
 and stem 4| Ibs., weight of lever 10| Ibs. 1*1-2 .* 101-2 H Ex. 4 2 X .7854 = 12.5664 X 80 = 
 
 T 
 
 1005.3120, subtract from this the effective weight of the lever and weight of the valve and 
 stem. The centre of gravity of the lever will be 18 inches -5- by 3 inches =6 inches x!0= 
 63.0 Ibs., to which add the weight of valve and stem 4.5=67.5 Ibs. this subtracted from 
 1005.3120=937.812-5-12=78.151 Ibs. the weight 78 Ibs. 24 oz. nearly. 
 
 NOTE. Dividing by the ratio 12 is the same as X by 3 and -=- 36. 
 
 SECOND. To find the point on the lever whereon to hang the weight of 78'151 Ibs. to 
 balance 20 Ibs. internal pressure. When 4*X. 7854=12.5664x20 Ibs. per sq. inch=251.3280 ; 
 substract the constant 67.5, as in the previous example=183.828x3 inches (short arm) 
 =551.484-^-78.151=7.05664 inches (7^) from fulc., to hang the weight to balance 20 Ibs. 
 per square inch. Now, the difference between the length on lever for 20 Ibs. and that for 
 80 Ibs, is 28.9434 inches ; divide this by 60 Ibs. because 60 is the difference between 20 and 
 80 Ibs., the quotient is .48239 inches (f J). This distance graduates the lever for every Ib. 
 Multiply .48239 by 10=4.8239 (4^|) marks the lever for every 10 Ibs., less the coefficient of 
 friction the only force in nature entirely inert ; its tendency is to destroy motion, and 
 may be viewed as an obstruction to human progress ; but, like all the other forces in nature, 
 if it is a hindrance on one hand it is a benefit on the other, as it is the chief cause of struc- 
 tural stability and permanence to moving forces. 
 
 THIRD. The same data to find the area and diameter of valve. Example : 
 
 78.151 weight. 
 
 12 ratio. 
 ~ 937.812 
 67.5 
 
 80) 1005 312 
 .7854) 12.5664(16=4 in. diam. 
 
 7854_ 
 
 47134 
 
 47124 
 
 FOURTH. The same data to find the distance on the lever, between fulc. and valve, to 
 permit the valve to rise at 80 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 Multiply the distance of the centre of gravity of the lever by the weight of the lever, 
 18X10.5=189 Ibs. Multiply the length of the lever by the weight, 36 in. X78.151 =2813.436 ; 
 add to this the above 189=3002.436 ; call this No. 1. Then multiply the area, 12.5664, by 
 the given pressure, 80 Ibs., 1005.3120, subtract the weight of valve and stem, 4 Ibs. 
 = 1000.8120 ; call this No. 2. Then divide No. 1 by No. 2 ; the quotient is 3 inches length 
 of short arm. 
 
 FIFTH The same data to find the point on the lever to hang the weight of 78.151 Ibs. 
 to carry 80 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 Area, 12.5664x80=1005 3120; deduct the constant, 67.5=937.812. Multiply this by 3 
 and divide by 78.151=36 inches, the distance to hang the ball. 
 
 The system adopted by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of the United States : At 
 what distance from fulc. must a weight of 100 Ibs. be placed to allow the valve to rise at 
 
 F 15 > \ | 
 
 75 Ibs. per square inch ? * I sibs. A7ibs. o Area, 12.5664, say 12.56x75=942 ; call this 
 
 ?bia. 
 
 No. 1. Then multiply the centre of gravity of the lever, 15 in., by the weight of the lever, 
 7 Ibs. =105 ; divide this by the distance of valve from fulc. =26.25 ; add weight of valve 
 and stem, 3 Ibs. =29. 25 ; call this No. 2. Then divide the distance of valve to fulc. 4 inches, 
 by the weight of the ball in pounds, 100=. 04 ; call this No. 3. Then subtract No. 2, 29.25, 
 from No. 1, 942-00=912.75, and multiply by No. 3, which is .04, which gives 36 T 6 V in., or 
 364 m - plus from fulc. 
 
 How to find the area of opening in square inches of a safety valve 3 in. diameter 
 and a bevel of 45 degrees, depth of seat f , and a in. lift. Multiply the diameter, 3 in., by 
 the lift, J in. or ^^=.75 multiplied by the constant, 2.22=1.6650, and to this product add 
 the square of the lift, .25= '0625, multiplied by half the constant, or 1.11=. 069375 equals 
 1.734375, or If square inches opening. Same data for 4 inch opening 3 in. X. 5=15X2.22= 
 3.330 ; and .5 squared =.25xl. 11 = . 2775 added to the above 3.330=3.6075 square inches, etc. 
 
 124 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Setting Corliss Engine Valves. 
 
 In all Corliss engines you will find four valves. The two at the top on a horizontal 
 engine are steam valves, those at the bottom the exhaust. On one side of the cylinder you 
 will find a wrist plate, which is connected on one side by suitable rods to the eccentric 
 motion, and on the other side by rods to the four valves. Those at the bottom are perma- 
 nently attached to the exhaust valve stems, while those at the top are attached, by means 
 of locks capable of releasing, to the steam valves. All of this will be found on the back 
 side of the engine. Now go to the other or front side and remove the bonnets from the 
 ends of the valve chambers, being careful not to drop the hollow flange pieces that turn in 
 the bonnet and fit into grooves in the enhof the valves. You will probably find marks on 
 the end of the valve that will show you tee position of the steam cavity, also marks on the 
 edge of the valve chamber showing tli position of the parts to the cylinder. If these 
 marks are not there, make them at once. On the stud on which the wrist plate turns, 
 there is, or should be, a mark showing its centre position and two other marks showing its 
 extreme travel. Bring centre marks to position and clamp wrist plate, then adjust valves 
 by lengthening or shortening the rods until the valves will cover the steam ports a little, 
 say y 1 , or of an inch. Now will be a good time to experiment a little. Find how much 
 your valve moves at one turn of its rod, and you will then be able to tell how much you 
 are moving your valve when you attempt to adjust it after the bonnet is on. 
 
 Now set the exhaust valves the same, only if it is a non-condensing engine you had 
 better leave both of the ports a little open, say about as much as the steam valves have of 
 lap. Now loosen up the wrist plate and notice the movement of the valves as it is moved 
 backward and forward. You will see that the steam and exhaust valves are open at 
 opposite ends at the same time. You will see that the steam can be going into the cylin- 
 der at one end and the exhaust going out at the other. That is right, so put on all the 
 bonnets except the one over the steam valve on the crank end. Bring the engine crank on 
 to a centre, and place the eccentric at about right angles to it, either ahead or behind, 
 according to the way the engine is to turn. There is usually a rocker arm between the 
 eccentric and wrist plate. This is for the double purpose of relieving it of part of the 
 weight and giving it more motion. These two rods should now be connected and the eccen- 
 tric move until the valve is brought line to line. Now put on the last bonnet and try steam. 
 If you are a good engineer she won't run to suit you, and you will improve it by further 
 adjustments, giving perhaps more lead or more compression. 
 
 Stop and think what the result will be before you adjust with any of the rods. Reason 
 like this : If I shorten the exhaust rod she will not release so quick and will close quicker, 
 so I will get more compression. If you think a good deal and reason -correctly, you will 
 get that engine to run very well, but probably not just right until you attach an indicator. 
 
 To Keep Machinery from Rusting. 
 
 Take an ounce of camphor, dissolve it in one pound of melted lard ; take off the scum 
 and mix with as much fine black lead as will give it an iron color. 
 
 Clean the machinery and smear it with this mixture, after 24 hours rub clean with a 
 soft linen cloth. 
 
 To Back Out Bolts. 
 
 When driving out bolts, without protection for the thread, strike the hardest blow you 
 can with a heavy hammer. Light blows with a small hammer will upset or rivet the bolt. 
 
 To Wipe a Lead Joint. 
 
 Scrape the ends for about one and a quarter inches and paint with lamp black and oil 
 the part to be soldered ; also rub the parts to be soldered with tallow for a flux after being 
 scraped. Open one end like tunnel with a wooden tompion and cut the end to be joined to 
 a taper. Hold the ends well together with clamps if you have no helper. 
 
 Take several folds of canvas or bed-ticking, well greased, in your left hand which is 
 held under the joint and with a small iron ladle pour molten solder over the joint. A hot 
 soldering iron remelts it and forms a sound joint which is finished off with the pad. 
 
 Mixing Different Metals. 
 
 When mixing different metals, melt the one having the highest melting point first and 
 then add the others in the order of their melting points, heating them first in order to pre- 
 vent their chilling the metal already melted. Should the metals tend to volatize or to form 
 an oxide, keep the surface covered with a layer of fine charcoal. Be sure and skim the 
 metal before pouring. 
 
 Melting together two parts of lead and one of tin makes an excellent plumbers' solder. 
 
 Tinman's solder is made by melting together two parts of tin with one of lead. 
 
 To braze sheet iron make a solution of borax and water for a flux ; mix it with brass 
 spelter, lay thickly on the iron and melt over a clear forge fire ; remove the work from the 
 fire as soon as the spelter has run into the joint. 
 
 125 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Lime, Sand and Plaster. 
 
 Three and one-half barrels of lime will do 1 00 square yards plastering, two coats. 
 
 Two barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, one coat. 
 
 One and one-half bushels of hair will do 100 square yards plastering. 
 
 One and one-quarter yards good sand will do 100 square yards plastering. 
 
 One-third barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard finish 100 square yards plastering. 
 
 One barrel of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to do it). 
 
 Two barrels of lime will lay one cord rubble stone 
 
 One-half barrel of lime will lay one perch rubble stone (estimating quarter cord to 
 perch). 
 
 To every barrel of lime estimate about five-eighths yards of good sand for plastering 
 and brick work. 
 
 Cement. 
 
 One and one-quarter barrels cement and three-quarters yard sand will lay 100 feet 
 rubble stone. 
 
 Floor, Wall and Roof Measure. 
 
 To find the number of square yards in a floor or wall : Rule Multiply the length by 
 the width or height (in feet) and divide the product by 9 ; the result will be square yards. 
 
 Proper covering of a boiler and steam pipes save from twenty to thirty per cent, of fuel. 
 
 Remember that a slight leak from a bad joint in a boiler may cause a severe local 
 grooving. 
 
 When pumping hot water, a stand pipe open at its upper end and extending a little 
 above the source of supply, should be connected to the supply pipe near the pump ; the 
 rising and falling of the water in this pipe will ease the pump and allow the steam rising 
 from the water to escape freely. 
 
 When the pulsations of an engine can be seen in a boiler, the latter is too small for 
 its work. 
 
 A thin coating of glycerine on both sides of a pane of glass will prevent the conden- 
 sation of steam which would otherwise obscure it. 
 
 A permanent and durable joint can be made by the use of asbestos mixed with suffi- 
 cient white lead to make a stiff putty. It will resist any amount of heat and is unaffected 
 by steam or water. 
 
 Cast iron fly-wheels should not be given a greater speed than 80 feet per second to be 
 perfectly safe. 
 
 Vaseline will keep polished tools from rusting better than anything else. 
 
 CEMENTS. 
 
 Ninety-eight parts fine iron borings ; one part flour of sulphur ; one part sal ammoniac. 
 Mix, and when required for use, dissolve in boiling water. This cement sets quickly. 
 
 If required to set slowly, which makes a better joint, 197 parts iron borings ; one part 
 flour of sulphur ; two parts sal ammoniac. When required for use, mix with boiling 
 water. The iron borings used for making joints should be perfectly free from grease or oil. 
 
 For Turned and Bored Joints. 
 
 One part white lead ; one part red lead. Mix with boiled linseed oil to the proper 
 consistency. 
 
 For Stopping Joints, Etc. 
 
 White lead in oil, mixed with enough white sand to make a stiff paste. This grows 
 hard by exposure, and resists heat, cold and water. 
 
 For Steam and Gas Pipes. 
 
 The following mixture, it is said, makes a cement for steam and gas pipes impermeable 
 by air or water, hot or cold. Six parts of finely powdered graphite, three parts slacked 
 lime, and eight parts of sulphur are mixed with seven parts of boiled oil. The mass must 
 be well kneaded until the mixture is perfect. 
 
 126 
 
USEFUL INFORMATION. CONTINUED. 
 
 Glycerine Cement. 
 
 A valuable cement for general use, stopping leaks in tanks, joining chemical ap- 
 paratus, such as glass and brass ; in fact, closing cracks and stopping leaks in almost 
 everything, may be made by mixing commercial glycerine and litharge to the consistency 
 of dough. It may be somewhat improved by using Portland cement and litharge, equal 
 parts, when the joints or cracks are large. 
 
 This will harden under water, and will stand a high temperature : also the action of 
 hydro carbon vapors. 
 
 To Resist Fire and Water and Harden Quickly. 
 
 Two parts finely sifted unoxidized iron filings. 
 One part, perfectly dry, finely powdered loam. 
 
 Knead the mixture with strong vinegar, into a homogeneous plastic mass, to be used 
 as soon as made. 
 
 Millboard, for Jointing Flanges, Lids, Etc. 
 
 Millboard steeped for a short time in warm water to render it pliable, and coated with 
 red or white lead, is far superior to cement for attaching flanges, lids, etc. It makes a 
 better and more durable joint, and in the case of flanges, is not cracked, as cement often 
 is, by the setting of the pipes in the ground. 
 
 Liquid for Pressure Gauges. 
 
 When petroleum is used in pressure gauges, all impurities will be precipitated and 
 collected at the bottom of the tube, leaving the glass perfectly clear. Where water is 
 used, a weak solution of sulphuric acid will effectually cleanse the glass. 
 
 Red Lead 
 
 should always be mixed with boiled linseed oil. Other oil can be made to answer, but not 
 so well. 
 
 The Weight of a Fluid Ounce. 
 
 The Troy ounce weighs 480 grains ; the Apothecaries' ounce weighs 480 grains ; the 
 Avoirdupois ounce weighs 437.5 grains; the Imperial fluid ounce weighs 437.5 grains; the 
 Wine Measure ounce weighs 455.7 grains. The grain, ounce and pound Troy, and the 
 grain, ounce and pound Apothecaries' weight, are precisely the same. 175 pounds Troy 
 equal 144 Avoirdupois. A grain is precisely the same weight in Troy, Apothecary and 
 Avoirdupois weight. 
 
 Mortar. 
 
 One part lime, three parts river sand. 
 
 One part lime, two parts sand, one part blacksmith's ashes, or coarsely ground coke. 
 
 Coarse Mortar. 
 
 One part lime, four parts coarse sand. 
 
 Hydraulic Mortar. 
 
 One part blue lias lime, two and a half parts burnt clay, ground together in a mortar 
 mill, or one part blue lias lime, six parts sharp sand, one part puzzolana, ground together. 
 
 Concrete. 
 
 One part lime, four parts gravel, two parts sand. 
 
 Plastering. 
 
 1 bushel of cement, or 1.28 ) 1 in. thick. in. thick. \ in. thick. 
 
 cubic feet will cover \ \\ sq. yd. 1-J- sq. yd. 2 sq. yd. 
 
 1 cement and 1 sand 2jr " 3 " 4^ " 
 
 Mason Work-Brick. 
 
 One and one-eighth barrels lime and five-eighths yards sand will lay 1,000 bricks. 
 One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender. 
 
 127 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
4888. 
 
 GMV.M BROS. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 REC'D LD 
 
 SEP 2 9 195S