3 |M> ty BROTHER JONATHAN, SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. BY HUGO PLAYFAIR. 6 IN THKEE VOLUMES. VOL. I. > . : . • , ■ ,j , * s ° J • LONDON : SAUNDERS AND OTLEY, CONDUIT STREET. 1844. EDITOR'S PREFACE. These volumes consist of the u Playfair Pa- pers," arranged in such order by the Editor, as will, he trusts, meet with public approbation. Hugo, Play fair's expedition to America was to ascertain the truth by impartially viewing men and things in that extraordinary and great re- public : in which he has discovered much to praise and a great deal to blame. The Editor is confident that nothing but the truth was written by Playfair, and he has sup- pressed nothing except repetitions 5 and the only other alteration made, was to divide the diary form of the papers into chapters ; as all journals contain much that would be tedious, if much that is superfluous in diurnal writing were not thrown off. A ClGCXfEl IV PREFACE. For these alterations, and for the " Cursory View of the Progress of America," which con- cludes the third volume, the Editor alone stands answerable : although he has no doubt that the K dander" of our Brother Jonathan will be up by telling impartially what is reprehensible as well as what is worthy of all praise, in the domestic institutions and manners of America. We invite him most heartily to do the same, in respect to the great good, and numerous evils, which are deeply rooted in the institutions and manners of the United Kingdom of England, Scotland, and Ireland. BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. CHAPTER I. HUGO'S Alt RIVAL IN THE city of bankers, bro- kers, dollar-hunters, AND FREE-NIGGERS. For several years before, and for two years after, the passing of the Reform Bill in England, there was almost daily to be seen standing or lounging in front of the United Service Club, a respectable and hardy-looking gentleman in a blue frock-coat buttoned closely up to the chin, with the left sleeve pinned to the side in a man- ner which showed that it was destitute of the arm that should have filled it. VOL. I. b 4 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE recommended to me, and I may as well follow the fellow who has, without my leave, taken the liberty to hop off with my traps." What a contrast to the rural districts and backwoods, of which he had been lately reading in some tour, was presented to Playfair on, and immediately after, arriving at New York ! What % perpetual mo- tion of ships, steam-boats, carts, trucks, sledges, merchandise, merchants, brokers, sailors, niggers, and horses, — of rapidly-devoured meals, and never-ceasing traffic ; of arrivals and departures ; of fortune-making and of bankruptcies ; of po- litics and banking ; of honesty and overreaching ; of preaching and play-acting — does this mush- room city of broad streets and long wharfs — of huge warehouses, and dockyards; of gaudy signs and dashing shops ; of brick houses, and wooden sheds ; of great taverns and small grog stores ; of meeting-houses and theatres — exhibit in its never- sleeping movement, calculation, and enterprise ! " You most extravagant of fortune-makers ! you most rash of speculators ! you have had lately one terrific destructive caution ! The most SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. O wealthy portion of your city has been reduced to ashes ! Ye, whose vain boast is that you allow each of your daughters from eight hundred to one thousand dollars a year for dress ! take heed, that next year you have not one hundred dollars to lodge, feed, and clothe yourselves, and your wives, and your sons, and your beauteous, but more extravagantly brought up than the French or the Prussian king's daughters !" exclaimed a prudent man of thrift of the old Dutch school, who had just arrived from Albany. " I do not comprehend how this prophecy can be fulfilled," remarked Playfair. " Why squire," replied Mr. Reuben van Sneyder, the Albany Solomon, " I calculate that there is a political difference between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, that, according to my ciphering, may be~ fore this day twelvemonth make smash-bank- rupts of the most bill-money-rich among these neck-or-nothing dollar-hunters." BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE CHAPTER II. " There was General Boon, backwoodsman of Kentucky, Who slaughtered bears and rode an alligator, Who supped on rattlesnakes ; and, still more lucky, Kept tavern, preached, drugged, and acted Praetor,* There was a Polish lord called Skrzsknwcki, Who here drank switchel, — in Cracow he drank votzki — Who from Russias Nick, czar, and dictator, 'Scaped without passport, to our sweet Liberia.t 'Stead of being knouted off to cold Siberia. There were doctors, barbers, lawyers, preachers, Scotch, English, Dutch, four Spaniards, and two Russians, Old maids, young virgins, widows, and French teachers ; Some Irish duellists, some well-drilled Prussians ; A London tailor, — twenty other stitchers; Sharpers, brokers ; — Mexico-Andalusians,$ Hebrews, with Solomons of Nassau-new A noted rogue, but a converted Jew." Extract from Don Juan Travestied by the Cincinnati poets. Liberty Hall, in Broadway, New York, is an immense quadrangular brick building, with * Przetor— Justice of the peace in Cincinnati. t The free and United States of America, not Liberia in Africa. — Editor. $ Old Spaniards, banished as being such, from Mexico, on freedom being declared in that Republic. r * SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 7 some glaring attempts at ornament in its front elevation. As Playfair entered it, no powdered liveried porter, — no head waiter, dressed like a gentleman in black, attended to do the honours of receiving him. There is a porter, perhaps two or three, but they are probably all out de- livering messages. It is therefore necessary for whoever arrives to move on until he meets one^ of a, diozen free negroes, in nankeen trousers and calico jackets ; who, if he be not in a u tarnation hurry," on some slick errand, may perchance stop, to direct the stranger to the bar, or rather the landlady, who will in a little time settle the number he is to sleep in, and in which the negro who carries the newcomer's baggage from the stage-office, or from the steam-boat wharf, will deposit it before a cent is paid for his services. The bedroom to which Playfair had been thus adjudged, was like all the others, a small square box, having a fourpost bedstead, which for two- thirds of the year is unencumbered with curtains, one window with starched muslin blinds, a small chest of drawers, washhand-stand, and dressing- table, on which latter stood a little mahogany- 8 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE framed looking-glass, and a thin cotton towel as big as half a pocket-handkerchief. The bed, however, was clean, and nearly twice as large and comfortable as any found in Ger- many ; while during the coldest night in winter he could, by asking, have as many blankets as would smother him. The bed was moreover sufficiently long for the most sinewy lath of a Kentuckian. In this bedroom he could likewise have a small carpet, and if he wished, a fire. So that, although it were not so crowded with useful furniture as the dormitories of the Clarendon, Morley's, and the London taverns of our metro- polis ; or of the Waterloo, and Adelphi of Liver- pool, it was certainly Playfair's own fault if he were not comfortably put to bed in Liberty Hall, in which there are two hundred counterparts of the sleeping-room we have described. We may, we believe, also add, that a very few only have two, and brobably none more than four beds. From his bedroom, Playfair descended to the neit place of importance, but which the Manhat- taners consider the first ; that is to say, the Bar. This consequential section of Liberty Hall, is the SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 9 rendezvous of all those who smoke cigars, drink brandy, bitters, switchel,* callibogus, lemonade, rum and molasses, punch and shrub. In fact a kind of cotton, flour, West India produce, British merchandise sort of Exchange, resorted to by all brokers, commission agents, and clerks, after a dinner gobbled up in ten and a half minutes. Play fair found that this was the locale where one might learn whatever concerned dollars, bank question, Andrew Jackson, and Nick Biddle, — Texas, — prices of niggers, — or Carolina black cattle ! — Liverpool cotton sales, — packet-ships, — joint-stock companies, — railroads, — canals, — cash, — credit, — bankruptcies, — speculations, — and the names of all the Manhattaners, who were men worth at least a hundred thousand dollars. His path was, however, not now progressive, but retrograde, or he should have first led you to the dining-parlour, in which, by the by, all was work and no speaking, — then slick to the bar, — and then last of all, and very late, to the bed- chamber, as the courtly Yankees term a bed- room. * Rum-and-water. B 3 10 BROTHER JONATHAN^ OR THE But he, like politicians, coquettes, and married women, had a way of his own, and he therefore proceeded from the bar to the dining-parlour. This was a spacious parallelogram, consisting of two great rooms, separated by a painted puny wooden Saxon arch. The tables extended nearly from one end to the other. At the head sat the landlady, at the foot the landlord, — for there happened, which is not always the case, to be such an appendage to the establishment ; when there is not, his place is filled up by the gentleman boarder, usually a bachelor commission agent, who has been the longest, and consequently, with the landlady, best known lodger, At this table there sat down to dinner exclu- sive of the head and tail, about one hundred and ten persons of the most heterogeneous casts of origin. Among the number there were about twenty ladies; and next to the landlady was seated, quite as if " at home," a discreetly-aged maiden lady, Miss Deborah Rennet, formerly a pious quaker- dressed Methodist-chapel-goer at Boston, and now decked out according to the newest style of the fashionable Madame de la SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 11 Merciere, who received and still receives by each packet from Havre, les dernieres modes de Paris. Nearly opposite, there sat a French Chevalier d 9 Industrie who, by assuming the title of Comte Focqualt de la Roche, insinuated himself, when Playfair last spent some months in France on a visit to Sir Sydney Smith, into what was there termed English and American society: and whose title had especial fascination in the eyes of Mrs. Swamp, a beautiful young American lady, married to a grave Bostonian, who, on his union with the blooming Miss Fins, daughter of the late most respectable rich Squire Pharaoh Fins, Whale-fisher, Nantucket, visited Europe, agree- ably to a vanity now inflaming most Americans who have accumulated a hundred thousand dollars. The Yankee dollar-hunters, let it be observed, are, when they visit Europe, and make the grand tour like the John Bulls, the most notorious of tuft-hunters. The lady's husband was, except in money bargains, the most unsuspecting man on earth. The habits of mind which enabled him to become rich, had, by thirty years influence, frozen his 12 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE heart, and rendered him the least jealous of hus- bands. Indeed, he thought it impossible for any woman living not to adore a man possessing the wealth of Mr. Saul Swamp. His wife was a beauteous, innocent, brainless, giddy creature, about eighteen years of age, and quite unacquainted with the society of capitals. She considered the attentions of the said spurious Count as exceedingly condescending on his part, and highly honourable to herself. But however far he might have gone to poison her mind, strange to say, her vanity, and simplicity of telling her acquaintance all that she saw and heard in Paris, saved her, in a way in which those who took an interest in her reputation may claim ample merit. On calling on several ladies to whom she had been introduced, she talked of nothing but how very attentive the noble Count had been to her during the absence of her husband, who had left Paris for a few weeks on a journey to Lyons, or some other place of speculation. " He," the noble Count, " was so kind, because the Americans had been so to his father, who was also a Duke, and had visited America because SMARTEST NATION IN ALL. CREATION. 13 he was driven from France by the revolutioners. The Count would walk out with her shopping in the Roo-dilly-pay ; ride in her carriage when she drove in the Shaws Helizzy ; would accompany her to the theatre, and would even dine at home with her, and sup with her after the theatre, either in a Cabinet de la Societe or at her apart- ment, in the Place Vendome." These revelations electrified her acquaintance ; and her physician told her his mind very frankly, and said the Count was a villanous impostor, a swindler, and a rake, who would soon blast her reputation, if he had not done so already. Simple lady, innocently reared, never dreamt of " virtue in danger !" She told all this to the Count, and the Count challenged the physician ; but the lady's virtue was, however, saved, although scandal injured her reputation. Very soon afterwards the police found it necessary to bring up the said sham Count ; who had, it seems, been living long under the surveil- lance of those vigilant guardians of moral and political order in France. Monsieur Roche, for that turned out to be the counterfeit's name, was 14 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE found guilty, as stated by the Gazette des Tribunaux, of defrauding many simple people, especially women, of their money, from the time that he first came to Paris to try his fortune as an avocat, which profession he however never followed. He was accordingly condemned to the galleys; but escaping from prison, he crossed the Atlantic, where he was now figuring, God knows by what means, as the Baron d'Ombert. The rogue was pointed out to PI ay fair in Paris : but it was evident he, the sham-noble, knew nothing of him when they met at Liberty Hall. The other character sat table were all unknown to Playfair, ex- cept two; one named Solomons, whom he met many years before at the Bahamas; and the other an old man, once a deputy-paymaster in the West Indies, and known by the cognomen of " Doubloon Jack." The histories of these two worthies were understood to be so notorious, that Playfair will probably introduce both hereafter. There were also some Mexicans, driven from that part of America on account of having been born in Spain. Several Creoles, and several Europeans of various nations; also a French SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 15 Canadian, intrusted with petitions to the British Parliament for the redress of Canadian grievances; a Down Easter, named Barnaby Bagster, who had removed from republican Maine to settle in royal New Brunswick, and much interested in the boundary question. The Americans from every other part of the Union were numerous, and as opposite as their localities in their interests, opinions, and politics. Dinner was served up with that extraordinary celerity with which all moves forward in this nation of progressers ; and the demolition of soups, fish, geese, fowls, turkeys, beef, mutton, pork, rumpsteaks, meat pies, sausages, and hams, with puddings, pastry, omelets, fruit, &c., even although each carved for himself, was much more rapid than this description. The scene which the table presented, during the annihilation of roast and boiled, of huge joints and unfeathered birds, great and small, formed a subject rich, animated, and preposterously laughable. Here a tall broker stretched over the table, and pulled towards him a turkey ; there a lathy, long-nosed, short-lipped Yankee hoisted over, in front of the lady and 16 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE two others next him, a dish from two yards' dis- tance, with a huge round of beef fortified with cabbage and carrots, overturning the mustard and two or three tumblers in the operation. There one hacked over the backbone of a goose ; yonder a Kentuckian who despised the art of carving, tore with his bony claws a capon into atoms. Not a word was spoken; no other noise was heard but the cracking of jaws, and the clattering of knives and forks, and spoons and dishes. In little more than ten minutes about fifty of the whole were up and off to the bar ; thirty or more followed, in a few seconds, to the same rendez- vous ; from which again, after each whiffed a cigar, and gulped some cold brandy • and-water, or a glass of punch, they hurried pellmell off to their counting-houses, ships, shops, or auction- rooms ; for all those who " left so slick 1 ' might be considered as commission agents, brokers, shopkeepers, auctioneers, and shipmasters. Those who remained behind were far more tardy, and were evidently determined to enjoy at leisure both dinner, wine, and fruits. Even the ladies, nowise loath, sat the desert out before SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 17 they retired to the withdrawing-room. Among the fair there were, besides the landlady and Miss Rennet, several others: one an English governess, who had been engaged by a rich Baltimore citizen to fulfil the " delightful task of teaching the young ideas of his daughters how to shout" but who had lost her place in conse- quence of Miss Martineau*s tale about Demerara being found in her possession. She was an amiable and pretty young woman, who had been herself brought up with the idea of riding in her carriage : as she had done until her nineteenth year, when the ostentatious display of imitating the nobility in their household establishment, table, servants, and equipages, which her father, who was a merchant in London, had been guilty of, ended in his bankruptcy and ruin. There sat near her a young Canadian mer- chant, who came to Liberty Hall the day before, and who seemed to be all at once smitten with her pensive charms. On the opposite side, next the landlady, sat a planter from Virginia with his wife and two tall pale daughters. Between Playfair and the latter, sat General Boon of 18 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE Kentucky, son, we presume, of Lord Byron's hero. He was at least six feet six inches in height — large-boned, sinewy, and tough-looking, with hickory- coloured skin — a keen eye, hooked nose, short lips,and long under-jaw. He spoke of rifles, racoons, rattlesnakes, alligators, duels,and bush- fighting — all which was savage enough, yet far more interesting than that general eternal subject of talking, dollars and quotations, so offensive to well-bred people ; and which will long continue to distinguish the vulgar of America, as the word money does the rich vulgar English, wherever found, and whenever they attempt to speak. In fact, the rich ill-bred, both in England and America, are the only people in the world who continually blab out what they wish above all things to conceal, the meanness of their own birth, by continually insulting those who happen not to have so much of the material dross as they possess. Who has ever passed a winter in Paris without observing the daily folly and ostentation of Anglo - American and English vulgarity ? The society, however, at Liberty Hall was SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 19 not exactly American, for we should not count the hundred brokers and auctioneers who gobbled up a meal in less than fifteen minutes, as bipeds having any connexion whatever with society ; at least not until cotton-bags, bales of merchan- dise, shops, ships, and whale-oil, be introduced into drawing-rooms. Mr. Solomons, although, God knows, he also knew in his day how to accumulate dollars, was a man of the world, full of anecdote, brilliant in conversation, and an epicurean. He said, * 4 People complain of this being a miserable world — I never wish to see a better. I wish to remain in this planet, just as long as I have health and wealth to enjoy my will of the good things it contains. When that is over, I have no anxiety about another existence.' 5 He was an infidel, but he admitted no more. Doubloon Jack was probably of the same way of thinking. He loved his dinner and his bottle, and related his stories with nearly as much laugh-provoking effect as a friend of Playfair's, by name Macpherson, then in some part of the 20 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE western hemisphere, but expected ere long at Liberty Hall. The diplomatic agent, from Canada, was a gentleman of the old French school, vivacious in speech, and extremely courteous in manner — very catholic — and of a spirit and temper dis- posed to be kind to all ; although, from principle, opposed to all whom he considered the political oppressors of Canada. Hence, those who knew him not represented him as a violent demagogue. His carriage was totally different from that of the present generation of Frenchmen. His manners and language were those of the day of Madame de Sevigne. In Paris we have seen something like his deportment in the neighbour- hood of the Marais, and in the promenades of the Luxembourg. He complained bitterly of the maladministration of Lower Canada; but neither accused the authorities of Downing- street, nor the governor-general of designing oppressive measures towards his country. He believed they were misinformed and acted under erroneous views. To the executive and legis- SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 21 lative council — a kind of hospital for incurables — he attached all the blame, though not all the awful responsibility of misruling Canada. He was probably right. There were also at Liberty Hall, two French opera- dancers, very well-behaved, very agreeable in their manners, and very much admired by two young sleek-skinned quakers from Philadelphia. Two celebrated English actors, and an actress. Three or four dressmakers, who smiled knowingly at as many bill-brokers ; two widows, said to be pretty weighty in the dollar way — and who were what are termed regular boarders ; besides these, there were many who came to call on various lodgers. In short, there were travelling speculators and adventurers, of so many shades of confession, character, and manners, that he who would fill up a picture of pure American society from the assemblage at Liberty Hall, would resemble the original about as truly as it would that of Pekin. Yet Liberty Hall was, of all places in the great republic, where a representative of almost every character, good and bad, within it could be most 22 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE commonly met with. To these might generally be added a plentiful catalogue of rogues and honest men from Europe, the British Colonies, and South America. The assemblages were changeable as the tran- sitions of a kaleidoscope. To-day twenty to fifty new faces and characters appeared, and as many of those who had been present the day before had vanished. Some were some hundreds of miles on their way south or west or north, by railroads or steamboats. Others had left by the sailing packets, and were, while newly-arrived guests occupied their places in Liberty Hall, careering over the surges of the Atlantic. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 23 CHAPTER III. LIBERT r HALL DRAWING-ROOM. ** Are domestic comforts fled ? Are all the nameless sweets of Friendship dead ? ' Cowper. After dinner most of those who were not " the regular boarders,"" engaged in the incessant activity of 6< dollar-making/' usually spent a portion of the evening in Liberty Hall drawing- room, where tea and cakes and sweetmeats were served round, and where some fair widows, beau- tiful wives, and wrinkled maidens lisped, lolled, and yawned away through generally, but not always, very stupid evenings. It frequently happens at New York, and other commercial seaports, that young married mer- chants, brokers, and clerks, are, with their wives, u regular boarders f and as the husbands fly 24 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE "slick off" to their business affairs the moment they rise in the morning, and immediately after gobbling up their meals ; and as private sitting- rooms are rarely found in an American hotel or boarding-house, the pretty wives of these young // dollar-makers have the alternative only of soli- tude and reading novels, or theology, in their pigmy bedchambers, or lolling in silent insipidity half-asleep, on one of the public drawing-rooflti sofas. * This forms one of the greatest social evils to be met with in the commercial cities of the United States. It is well for the reputation of the many beautiful women who are " regular boarders" that they themselves are, by imitative or mother's fireside education, with few exceptions, purely virtuous ; and also, that no one except the preachers has sufficient leisure for tampering with their innocence. Now and then a counterfeit French Count arrives and does monstrous mischief; but gene- rally all over the United States the preachers are the real evil-doers ; these Jonathan Lusts, looking as meek as Moses, yet as libidinous as SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 25 Solomon, are in truth, even by the declaration of the public journalists, acknowledged to be innu- merable among the more sanctified expounders of divinity.* On entering the drawing-room, Playfair beheld reposing on sofas four or five young wives or widows, who had very little to say, and who, with the expection of the thousand charms which the Frenchman Roche, alias Count D'Ombert, told them they possessed, and no small share of flattery from Solomons, they remained nearly as little noticed as lazzaroni on the Piazza of Naples. Their husbands can, or will, never afford time to come away from u dollars, shares, auctions, ships, cotton, railroad, and land speculations/ 9 until late in the evening, and then only, on joining their wives, to be off immediately to sleep j con- sequently the latter, who rarely ever take out- door exercise;, lead a most sedentary vegetating life, which soon unfits them for all the active and * See " American Quarterly Review," Sept. 1832, page 122. This severe remark applies only to young sectarians, and raving youthful itinerants ; for among the well-educated and highly-gifted clergy in the United States, are found the most excellent characters. — Editor. VOL. I. C 26 useful duties of society. In fact, the boarding- house system for married people is, to say the least, degrading ; it is, however, very convenient, ■which is sufficient for dollar-hunting husbands. Miss Rennet and the two young widows among the "regular boarders" mentioned in the last chapter, cocked their caps most sprucely at the chivalric sound of a noble personage, alias Count D'Ombert, veritably Chevalier d' Industrie. It has been the especial misfortune of America to have suffered from the introduction of exotic vices, and by an influx of foreigners, driven from their native land by the criminality or worth- lessness of their character. Playfair soon per- ceived this, and we find him taking faithful notes of the outlandish as well as the native characteristics of life in America. These sketches are, in truth, among the most interesting of his peregrinations in the land of Brother Jonathan. This was never more evident than on the present occasion ; for, among the transient board- ers, those born and bred in America were made up generally of original stuff, however insipid, or rude, or eccentric the materials. Among the SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 2J number there, were General Boon, of Kentucky, a rare fellow in his way ; the editor of a resuscitated and able review, published in the capital of a neighbouring state, a man of great excellence of character, of much ability, as well as sharp cri- tical acumen; a homely, common-sense-looking man, connected with the manufacturing associa- tion at Lowell; two or three gentlemen from Virginia and South Carolina, more polished in their manners, and less rigorous in their morals,* than the Yankees, were often among the draw- ing-room frequenters. Solomons and Doubloon Jack also made then- appearance, as well as some specimens of those unprincipled hunters after gain, United States citizens too, who consider " taking in" or u taking advantage" over another in bargaining, not cheat- ing ; who would not hesitate becoming parties to fitting out vessels as privateers, as wreckers, as slavers, no, nor yet, as may be proved, as pirates* * The writer no doubt means less rigorous in regard to puritanical cant, melancholy sabbaths, &c. — Editor. c2 28 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE CHAPTER IV. TALK AND CONVERSATION. " What can a Creole lady do 1 Do ! why, lie on a sofa, play with a poodle — Eat curry and rice, and talk conversation f" Talk conversation ! — On the evening of Play- fair's first appearance in Liberty Hall drawing- room, there was talk and now and then conversa- tion. The talk was confined to the wives of the dol- lar-hunters, to the widows, and to Miss Rennet. The pale daughters of the Virginian planter, oc- sionally lisped in a remark, when any thing happened to be said about " cruelty'' 3 to niggers. The conversation was at times spirited, varied, and, although often uncouthly worded, and in the principle, as well as in the spirit of expression both unjust and unfeeling, yet to a man like Playfair, resolved to know the truth, however SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 29 unpleasing, was interesting. A circle was often formed consisting chiefly of the worthies men- tioned in the last chapters, who were rich in amusing anecdotes and narratives; of Ken- tucky Boon, whose stories of Indians, bears, alligators, rattlesnakes, rifle-duels, gougers, gan- der-pluckers, and adventures on the Missis- sippi would have startled Baron Munchausen himself, — of the Virginian planter, who in his manners was really a gentleman, and certainly more intelligent than most English squires, — of the al- ready-mentioned Canadian deputy on his way to England, the urbanity of whose manners pleased all, — of another Canadian who called himself un fils de la liberte, who was far more voluble than rational, — of the young Montreal merchant, and the pretty, accomplished, unemployed governess, with whom, it was plain, he was smitten, and as evident that he was far from being disagreeable to her,— of the able editor of the u Southern Quar- terly Review," — of the Lowell manufacturer, — of some gentlemen from the Carolinas, — of one or two of French race from Louisiana, — of a haughty Floridian, — and the aforementioned French opera- dancers. Others occasionally dropped, or rather 30 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE slided into the circle ; but their " squeaking and jubber" could not certainly be called conversation. It alluded generally to some speculation^ prices of land, rum, shares, molasses, and cotton, — packet-ships, dollars, fortunes, and bankruptcies, — capital jobs in buying building- lots, where the late great fire committed such extensive ravages, — terrible smart progressing in Michigan and Texian land specs, in railroads, and steaming, &c, — and damning denunciations against old Hickory's* interfering with the United States* Bank, and transferring the deposits. Some of these calculators anticipated a com- mercial crisis, but all appeared determined to trade to the utmost extent of speculative hazard. To Playfair they seemed quite as much infected with the spirit of gambling as the frequenters of the hells at St. James's and the Rue Richelieu. The difference was, that the latter played at roulette or rouge et noir with sovereigns or napo- leons, and the former with commissions, cottons, molasses, Yorkshire cloths, Manchester calicoes, Michigan lands, rum, railroads, packet-shares, bills, and paper dollars. * General Jackson. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 31 "What quotations for sea islands and up- lands ?" asked a 'tarnal speculator. " I guess sea islands will fetch thirty cents the pound, and uplands twenty/' replied a thin-lipped lathy man of commissions. " Niagara seize me, if that be'ent the first time I never heard in my Carnal life of land sell- ing by weight. I'll sell you a million of tons of Michigans at half that price," exclaimed a bush- tramper fresh from the " Far West." 61 What n'an hignoramns not for to know that sea islands and uplands are not cotton !" ejacu- lated a grave man of bills at long sight. "Ha'n't you seen them *er smart wipping harticles in Biddle's paper 'gain old Hickory, I guess Nick's written it," observed another dollar- maker. u I calculates thir's only one way of gitting the bank deposits back, — lynch the old hero ! " remarked a third of the speculative breed. " Terrification seize him ! — Transport him to St. Louis, and we'd roast him on a slow fire, as we crucified the yellow feller last year," summed up, as the final judgment on General Jackson, a 32 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE monster of the species called " half-horse, half- alligator,' 1 from the Missouri.* This terrible verdict pronounced by one who formed, no doubt, one of "the most respectable citizens," who witnessed the diabolical scene alluded to, at St. Louis, was, to Playfair's satis- faction, heard with disgust by most of the com- pany who assembled for the evening in Liberty Hall drawing-room, and put an end for the mo- ment to the specimens given of the commonplace attempts at "wit and wisdom" by the resident boarding-house class of dollar-men. A somewhat argumentative conversation fol- lowed. "What a curse is slavery, which darkens even the night of barbarism in this otherwise blessed republic !" said the simple man of Lowell, in adverting to the savage deed which will impart disgrace from generation to generation on the white demons of St. Louis. " Sir, have you not slaves in Massachusets ?** * " Half-liorse, half-alligator," with a "streak of the snap- turtle," is the usual appellation of those amphibious men who spend their lives on the banks, and as boatmen on the waters of the Mississippi. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 33 asked Colonel Richard Wentworth, one of th e buckskin gentlemen from Virginia. !* Not one, squire," replied the cotton lord of Lowell. " Not one !" exclaimed Colonel Wentworth : u I should not object to chop logic to prove that." " I conclude, squire, that all the logic of Yale College, and all the atheism of Girard's, # will not be able to prove there's a nigger owned in all Massachusets," asserted the man of Lowell. " Sir, are not the women whom you subject, to the rigorism of hard labour for twelve hours every working-day, to silence during those hours, — and to the gloomy tyranny of your religious laws on a Sunday, slaves ? Have they a will of their own ? Have they any relaxation of mind ? In what consists their liberty ?" asked Colonel Wentworth, " I calculates, squire, no one compels them to hard labour. The wickedness of the English factories! has warned us to do what we know to * By Girard's will religious instruction of any kind is pro- hibited in the school of learning, for the founding andesta. Wishing of which he has so richly provided. t The immorality of the English and Scotch factories has c 3 34 be the one thing needful. It is to escape the eternal wrath that we allow none of Satan's vani- ties at Lowell. Dancing we know is an abomi- nation in the sight of the Lord : and it was for this cause that we fined and flogged and carded Jeremiah Catterwaller, the only fiddler that ever came among us. And it is for the divine fear, and to keep the Sabbath holy, that we do not allow our smart lasses and spry youths to walk out on that blessed day, but keep them within their chambers, at prayers, and reading the re- vealed truths; and, finally, to make them lead godly and temperate lives, we give them tea to drink, and savoury sermons to feed upon. As to liberty, have they not liberty to sing hymns, to eat the meat, and drink the drink that we know to be best for them ? And have they not the liberty to work if they want to eat and to drink, and to be clothed ; and, moreover, the liberty not to work if they want to go hungered and clothed in rags, long been one of those crying themes of popular error which inquiry has proved a fallacy. The domestic morality of the manufacturing towns having, in fact, been well ascertained to be of a higher character than that of our agricultural districts* —See evidence before the House of Commons. — Editor. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 35 like the sluggard of old ? Now, squire, I guess my logic has smitten your notion, as sure as David slew Goliath of old with the little rock that « Flew from the sling Of Israel's king.' " " Liberty, indeed \" exclaimed Colonel Went- worth : " liberty to work all the week, or to starve naked ; compulsive silence during the week ; compulsive temperance and devotion all the Sunday, or, expulsion from society. You fined and flogged and carded the musician, who dared to attempt gaining a living among you. We Virginians may, but seldom do, flog our slaves. We clothe them well, feed them well, lodge them well, and when we think Jit flog them well. If they are sick we doctor them well, and we give them the opportunities of amusing themselves well, either in dancing, or fiddling, or singing, or meeting every night in the week, and on the whole of Sunday." " You do all that for their beastly bodies, as if they were the brutes of the dreary wilderness ; but for their poor souls you take no concern. 1 Woe to thee, Jerusalem P cried the prophet at 36 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE the gates before its famine and its fall. Woe to thee, Virginia ! Woe to thee, Carolina ! Woe to thee, Columbia ! Woe unto thee, Georgia ! Woe unto thee, Florida ! Woe to thee, all ye dark heathenish slave states that are beyond the Alleghanies ! The day of your downfal will come like a thief in the night, and you will not be found watching \>'. concluded the man of Lowell, on rising and leaving the room. " I guess if that there Down Easter himigrates *mongst them Far Westers, the'll linch him," remarked Boon of Kentucky. " How long do you intend your country to be disgraced by that savage judge ?" observed the critical Editor of the Quarterly. " I calculate, " replied Boon, " so long as Kentucky is Kentucky, and so long as Ohio falls into Mississippi, and Mississippi runs to New Orlines, Tarnation seize me if there wid never be no fun in living without natural law, and bewtifying the population wid gouging and ganderplucking ; * nor widout our terrible funny sports of rifle-duels and halligator-riding." r . * These barbarous cruelties are certainly still very common SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 3? " Riding an alligator, and settling an affair of honour with rifles !" exclaimed Playfair. " Slick and sartin ! Tarnation ! I always crosses the Mississippi riding 'pon mine halliga- tor — I now breeds 'em — but ven I goes hunting, I fish for a wild un, and tames him in a flash of time. I guess I'd cross that *er great herrin- lake to England, on one of mine halligators. By pumpkins! when we go to war again I shall find terrible smart diskivveries for sartin, squire." " Steam," said Playfair, ic will likely change the system of warfare." " I calculate so," replied Boon, <* but I guess I'll find a terrible smart diskivery against steam. Mine alligators wersus steam-boats — mighty spry war that, I guess, squire." "You say, that in your country you fight duels with rifles. These must always be dead- shot, I suppose ?" observed Playfair. among boatmen, lumberers, and raftsmen. It was said for- merly every second man in Kentucky had an eye gouged out, and every third a nose or ear gander-plucked — that is, bitten off. — Editor. 38 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE " I guess not, squire," replied Boon. " How not ?" asked Playfair. " Why, squire, you old-country folks are all quite hignoramuses about rifle-shooting and duels. Wen I feels hungry for a duel, I rides down upon one of my smartest alligators, to the river-bank, and watches until I sees a raft comin along ; and I roars out, ' Captain, your mother, and wife, and sisters, are never no better than they should be ;' and he thunders back, ' You be Carnally tamashuned.' Now as I never hallows any man to 'tarnally tarnashun me, I roars out, till all creation shakes like an earthquake,— < Mississippi, swaller mine 'tarnal soul, if I don't send a pea from my rifle through your day- peepers — so make slick ready !' " Then if he'es any more leever as a goose, he hankers his raft, gets his rifle, and then gets behind a log. I whispers to mine halligator to turn over a bit, wid his back between me and the raft, and I gets behind ; then we crack spry as lightning, and I calculates, if he diskivers, eeder on one side of log or toder, the thickness of my nail of his flesh or hair, I shaves it slick off. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 39 Wen I fights a rifle-duel widout mine halligator, I squats behind a tree, which is much about as sartin] a fortification as an halligator's back, I guess." " That is indeed desperate fighting," observed the critic, " and I think if you had gone to old Hickory, before the meeting of last congress, that instead of pronouncing that terrifying mes- sage, which was after all only a bit of Yankee diplomacy, he would have sent you and your halligators at once to blockade all the ports of France." "Wid mine halligators, I guess I would gouge and ganderpluck all the universal population in that there state of France," replied Boon. * Have you had much experience in those refinements ?" asked Playfair. "1 never gouged, 'cept fellows that sneaked arter the same gals as I courted, and then I outed both their day-peepers. Fve gander- plucked more den a hundred for no oder reason but to bewtifye 'em, and swaller their noses. The last fellow I gouged and ganderplucked was so tall that ven it rained his hat was wetted 40 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE through slick twenty minutes before other folks felt a drop splash." il Did you ever bewtyfy women in this man- ner?" asked the critic. u I guess not, nor ever will, 'cept one ; and if she ever crosses mine, or mine halligator's track, Pd be 'tarnally tarnashuned if I doesn't as slick as lightning gouge out both her bow-peepers, and ganderpluck and eat all her face, and her tongue too," replied Boon, with more than usual exult- ation. " Who, I pray," asked Play fair, " is the lady that is to undergo this extra beautification ?" " Wo-o- ! Trollope ! Trollope ! Trollope ! for defemmeyfying the whole universal city of Cin- cinnati/' roared Boon, looking at the same time as if he would devour Play fair, who was then walking out of the drawing-room. Playfair had scarcely left the room than Boon, biting his lips, knitting his brows, clenching hi s fist, and looking at the door with fiendish eyes, roared out, in order " to salt the cattle for the fall markets." This formality having passed, no more was heard of the New York Workies than of the Trades' Unions in England. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 279 Thus it is with the world, at least under representative governments. Associations of levellers often do mischief but seldom good. The Chartists have displaced the Trades 5 Unions in England. In New York, the so-named, by themselves and the press, " Loco-foco, — Jackson- Van-Burenite, — whole-hog, — hard-money — Sub- treasury-bill, — hard-fisted democrat party ;" and their opponents, the Log Cabinite, — Tip- pecanoe, — hard-cyder, Harrisonite party, are now becoming at their meetings, processions, — in their speeches, and in the violence of their respective newspapers, the two great parties which will disturb the peaceful and respectable order of society until it be decided whether Martin Van Buren is to be re-elected, or whe- ther Harrison, or, as the hard-cyder drinkers style him, the Hero of Fort Meigs, is to be the next chief magistrate of the " Land of Liberty, 33 280 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE CHAPTER XXV. NEW YORK HOSPITALITY. " The hospitality of our fathers— the best first — the best always." " New York is one of the most hospitable towns, not only in the world, but in the United States, if Charleston and Baltimore be not ex- ceptions," observed Profundus, after some con- versation on the good and bad which abound in that commercial city. a This," said Playfair, "with numerous other virtues and generosities, may assuredly cover a far greater multitude of sins than the most puritanical raker- up of peccadilloes can ever re- gister." SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 281 «| True ! quite true," replied Profundus ; a I have, it is true (but my object has been, and is to make people ashamed of their absurdities), exposed certain glaring manners and ideas since your arrival in the land of Brother Jonathan ; and as I wish you also to do on your return to England, I will continue to hold up to the scorn of mankind counterfeit counts and scoundrels of all professions, as well as all the absurdities and atrocities which are the curses of this or of any other nation. u But at the same time I will never forget the really personal worth, the sincere kindness, and the honest English as well as national feelings, which distinguish the leading families, and they are many, at New York. " At these houses I have found myself a wel- come guest. Their social firesides present much of the characteristic endearments of domestic comfort, and as much happiness as probably can be obtained, under Heaven's blessing, by the wisest management, and the most virtuous and honest conduct. " The mothers and daughters of the perma- 282 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE nently established families of New York are alike distinguished for virtue and quiet amiable manners. Depravity is only found among the very low and the intriguing political press and lawyers. Female education, among the aris- tocratic class I have described, has one blemish, a fault equally common in England, — that of straining the mind, and wasting the years of instruction rather in the learning of accomplish- ments, than what would really be useful and or- namental; I mean instead of the instruction which informs, and which the memory would retain, as the elements of practical, elegant, and graceful conversation. "In this respect there is certainly an ab- sence of easy utterance: especially until you are (and if you are respectably introduced, that will soon be the case) on an intimate under- standing with the family ." These observations were made on the oc- casion of Playfair and Profundus going to dine and spend the evening at the hospitable house Mr. S , to whom Mr. R , of Liverpool, had given Playfair a letter of introduction. Mr. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 283 S is a principal partner in one of the old- established mercantile establishments already mentioned. He was brought up in the house in which his father before him was the leading partner, and in the course of busi- ness visited England more than once. He was naturally and by habit taciturn, and re- quired to be led into conversation. Yet he never hesitated to give any information that was civilly asked for. " Indeed/ 5 observed Pro- fundus, " I have to acknowledge the same, in gratitude, to every respectable man with whom I have conversed in this country P On the present occasion, Playfair and his friend were most kindly received, and Mr. S related, with something approaching historic detail, the growth and progress of the commerce between the United States and Eng- land, particularly that between New York and Liverpool. Among other elements of this extraordinary trade, he mentioned, " that his father had some year between 1790 and 1800 shipped eight bags of cotton, the produce of the United States, directed to the then and still respectable house 284 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE of R Brothers, of Liverpool, and the then collector of the customs of that port seized the said eight bags of cotton, under the presump- tion of there being no cotton the growth of the said United States. (i Behold !" continued Mr. S , " Behold ! what a mighty trade the cotton has become since those days. Behold our mighty ships and liners running between the United States and the United Kingdom. Down Easters may speechify mighty high about disputed territory and war with England, and ambitionists may talk and write about universal liberty and Canadian independence, — but what would we do without them smart ships and liners ? — Where would be our markets for cot- ton and rice, and tobacco, if there should come to pass a war with England ? I recollect last war too well — we soon got mighty tired of it." u I guess, sir," he continued, " if the Presi- dent and all his democrats were to declare war agin England, we would not give them cash to carry it on for six weeks. " All the ambitionists, sir, have scarcely cre- dit for a dollar, and politicianers have most over the Union nothing but their speechifications to SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 285 gain or lose by. They all talk popularity, and mighty fine sayings, but *tis all for e salting the cattle/ sir, 'tis all for e salting the cattle/ sir." " Well, sir," observed Playfair, " if a war with England, which God forefend, were ac- tually to take place, what would be the conse- quences ?" " That would be, sir, prophecy to foretel. Great evil and nullification, that would be cer- tain. Our trade would be ruinously invaded, and our credit jepperdised, ^rnost as bad as by Old Hickory's tyrant war upon the bank. The war with England would, I calculate, settle the boundary question in your favour, if you be a leetle more wise than when peace was made in the year Jif }een, and no good that I can pro- phesy could come out of war but Nigger's man- cipation over all the Union." So far the conversation before dinner with the usually taciturn but sensible Mr. S . Mrs. S was a lady of rather the sedate school, the excellent mother of seven children — four sons and three daughters. The latter were brought up under the maternal roof, and edu- 286 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE cated under the direction of a governess from England, who, it is pleasing to have the oppor- tunity of saying, to the honour of Mrs. S , and in admiration of the excellent feelings of her heart, that she considered the latter, not only in the family, but in the presence of all company, exactly upon a similar footing with herself. " This," said Playfair, tt is to me delightful. For often have I observed, especially in the families of the ostentatious rich in England, governesses, who were generally reduced by the mad or rather criminal extravagance of parents, — treated, even in the presence of the very chil- dren whose minds they were employed to nou- rish and form, with less respect than ' my lady's femme de chambre/ or my lady's poodle." " No !" said Mrs. S , " 'tis impossible for me, while I cherish the maternal love which every good mother ought for her children, not to regard, far above any of our fashionable com- pany, the friend, for such I consider her, in whom I have the confidence to entrust the virtue, and the instruction which I know will SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 287 involve the happiness and well-being of my daughters, and who at the same time relieve my own mind of much anxiety in regard to them." Indeed, the daughters of this excellent lady, with their admirable governess, in company with their mother, and looked upon and ca- ressed with proud happiness by the father, was one of the most delightful scenes one could behold. The sons were also trained up in the way in which they should go by their father. The two eldest had visited England and France, and the only blemish in their manners was a dash of European foppery and fashionable slang, which, as the Atlantic winds had not blown off, they carried back to America. But they were now assigned, each as clerk, to a special de- partment of the counting-house, and a year or two of business routine will rub out every tint of Rue-Rivoli or Regent-street frivolity. The company at dinner consisted of the fa- mily of Mr. S , including the amiable gover- ness, — of Dr. M , a most excellent man, and practical, though learned in Greek, — and 288 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE his sister, a delightful and well-bred young lady. They had also visited France and Italy, but they returned only with information and good sense. There were also a merchant from Liver- pool, another from Halifax, one from New- foundland, a New York merchant and his wife, and a planter from the island of Antigua, who admitted that no evil consequences resulted from emancipating the negroes, and that they had done wisely in taking the advice of their good Governor-general, Sir Evan Mac Gregor, in abandoning the apprenticeship, as they now found that hired labour did more than forced work. The house of Mr. S was, in its accom- modations and furniture, one of those in which substantial comfort and convenience were studied more than show. The furniture was solid and rich, but not so gaudy as is frequently the case in the com- mercial cities of America. Yet silk hangings, turkey carpets, rosewood tables, sofas, bergers, chairs, or-molu clocks and ornaments, marble slabs, a grand Broadwood, and large mirrors, were not wanting. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 289 The dining-room, with it, velvety crimson paper, and figured merino window- curtains of similar colour, exhibited much the same com- fortable-looking aspect as such an apartment does in the house of a great London or Liver- pool merchant. A cheerful coal-fire in a well-burnished grate, a glass, broader than high over the mantelpiece, a stout carpet over the floor, a large appropriate rug in front of the shining steel fender, an ob- long massive mahogany table and sideboard, chairs of the same wood, covered with red leather, and handsome bronze lamps, shedding mellow light over the whole, with a few neces- sary or ornamental addenda, completed the furniture. The dinner was excellent, the wines of the best quality. There was as usual in America a double superabundance, otherwise all was in old English taste. The turtle-soup, the fish, the huge sirloin of beef, the boiled turkey, the roasted fowls, and canvass-backed ducks, # were all admirable. * This delicious waterfowl is peculiar to America. VOL. I. O 290 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE Paris could not have furnished better pastry nor half so good a dessert. The pine-apples and oranges, ripened under a Jamaica or Cuba sun ; the richly-flavoured New Town pippins, and Montreal pomme gris, and various dried fruits, preserves, and jellies, might all, with the other good things common in this city, well tempt the whole corporation of London across the ocean to dine with the worthy magistracy of New York ; an event which will no doubt fre- quently occur, after the great steamers with their five hundred horse power engines, now con- structing, are made to navigate the Atlantic, even at the expense of making Lord Somebody, who declared the thing impossible, u swallow," as he said, " the boilers." The ladies sat for some time after the dessert was served, and then withdrew for the draw- ing-room. The gentlemen filled a bumper, and toasted them. Mr. S then asked the company to fill another, and then proposed — "The health of the Virgin Queen of England/' which was drunk with three times three. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 291 Mr. S proposed, * The President of the United States/' begging leave, by way of preface, to remark, that in doing so he must state that he did not commit himself by drinking to the honour of Martin Van Buren, who, by meddling with financial business which he could not compre- hend, and going the whole -hog with Hickory, drove relentlessly, as he would a gang of (e Nig- gers," the commercial interests of the Union into a crisis, that would be calamitous to the credit and trade of the nation. With this reservation, he had no objection to drink the health of the chief magistrate of the United States, which was done with the honours. The merchant from Halifax then proposed " the health of Nicholas Biddle, the bold up- holder of commercial credit." This toast was honoured with enthusiastic cheers. " Negro Emancipation," — " The land we live in," — " England and America, — the mother and daughter, long may they live in affectionate harmony, and bound together as they are by language, associations, and interests, may they ever be united for the benefit of mankind!" o 2 292 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE were the other toasts given; the latter was proposed by Dr. M . In the intervals, the major told some of his queerest stories. The merchant from Halifax, a stout loyalist, indeed almost every man in Nova Scotia (except a few demagogues of law- yers and scribblers) is such, condemned with un- sparing eloquence the Canadian agitations, — those from the West Indies lauded the gene- rosity of the British government, not only in the very liberal and opportune compensation made to the parties for emancipating the negroes, but for their mutually advantageous commerce which had arisen from unshackling trade by the British Government. The Newfoundland merchant said, (i the same policy was equally advantageous in supplying the Newfoundland fisheries, although the blunder committed at the peace, by giving the west and northern shores of Newfoundland to France, was not yet remedied. Neither was it wise to have even a representative government to the scattered fishery settlements of New- foundland, the British constitution in miniature being in practice a great nuisance." SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 293 Mr. A , of Liverpool, observed " that General Jackson, instead of withdrawing the deposits from the United States' Bank, and distributing the surplus revenue among those of the several states where it would repose use- lessly, should have allowed it to have been ad- vantageously laid out in public works, especially in railroads and canals." ei Now, however, as England and America had abandoned, in principle, although only to a very limited degree in practice, the crooked policy of taxing commerce, except for raising the neces- sary revenue; New York being the great inlet and outlet of America, and Liverpool being, in re- gard to the western w T orld, the same for Eng- land, those cities could not fail to go on pros- pering, and increasing in population and wealth ; and whether ever Liverpool should become, as he, Mr. S , certainly considered it ought, from its central position, the capital of the three kingdoms, — New York would assuredly become the great all-ruling city of America, that would dictate wholesome influence over the Union, and prevent the advantageous alliance which 294 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE now existed between both nations being en- dangered by all the demagogues east or west of the Atlantic." On returning to the drawing-room they found an answer to those who formed the dinner- party. Three or four intelligent gentlemen, two of them barristers, and seven or eight young persons, the sons and daughters of neighbours who had come in to spend the evening. The conversation was more varied than usual. The ladies sang and played simple melodies, Scotch and Irish, Moore and Burns. A quadrille on the carpet, and other amusements passed the evening, much as in a social English family circle where friends and neighbours throw aside the stiff ceremony of formal etiquette. SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 295 CHAPTER XXVI. A SMASH, AND UNCLE SAM ? S HONESTY. " Many live by tbeir wits only, but they break for want of stock." " Rather go to bed supperless, than rise in debt." " Silks and satins, scarlets and velvets, put out the kitchen fire," as poor Richard says. Profundus had so thoroughly, and so freely from bias, studied the social and political con- dition of the United States, that the information which he communicated, whether as to slavery, moral character, or the political institutions of the country, might well be taken down as truth and wisdom. Soon after the late calamity in trade, which had caused a majority of the great commercial 296 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE houses of New York, and other large cities, to suspend their payments, it was loudly con- tended that every dishonourable evasion would be taken advantage of by the Americans. Playfair, anxious as he has proved himself to be, to know the truth, relied upon Profundus, whom the instinct of Playfair's judgment seized upon as the person of all others entitled to his full confidence. " You were in this country when the late crisis in trade happened ?" asked Playfair. " Yes," said Profundus, " I was at Philadel- phia when that calamity broke forth." " Grave news to-day from New York," said an excellent quaker friend to me on meeting him in Chesnut-street. u What may that be, my friend," I asked. " A serious commercial calamity," he replied, cc which will afflict us generally, and ruin the speculative and heedless part of the community at New York, — they call it a commercial hurri- cane, that furnisheth a fat harvest to the lawyers* as that pestilence of the Lord, the cholera, did to the doctors. Shoals of protests, say the SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 297 New York correspondents, are pouring in oceans of dollars to the notaries." " Very superlative language/ 7 I observed to my sensible friend. ee Very true, friend," he replied ; " commer- cial hurricane, they of New York denominateth it ; — a hurricane, mine friend, dealeth havoc in its way, and it passeth quickly over, and again all is fair, unless it be the actual prostrate. Not so with this commercial crisis, which all discreet men had long foreseen, and which will long undermine confidence between man and man." " Numerous merchants and speculators, with the hope of accumulating large fortunes in their operations, run in debt beyond their ability to pay. — They will force the banks to suspend the payment of specie, with the double object of relieving themselves from being called on to pay for the present, and finally paying in a de- preciated currency. Thus will they throw their losses on other portions of the community, which have no hand in their money-making schemes. Every farmer and mechanic who 03 298 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE hath a dollar note on hand when the banks stop, will be made to pay ten cents of the specu- lator's losses ; every one who has a five-dollar note, fifty cents ; every one who has a ten-dol- lar note, one dollar; and every man who has a hundred-dollar note, ten dollars. The bank- note circulation of the country is at least one hundred millions of dollars, so that the specu- lators, by stopping the banks, will throw on the people their own losses, to the amount of ten millions of dollars in that single operation ! The depositors in banks will also be made to bear their ten per cent, of the speculator's losses. " Thus there is no calculating where and how the calamity may end." " Making haste to be rich, and trading with- out capital,* have then been," I observed, " the * A number of merchants from all parts of the United States assembled soon after the beginning of the crisis. They passed several resolutions, disclaiming all party feelings or motives, which they declared to have been the bane of the country. They agreed that rash speculations in lands, building lots, stocks, and shares, by men of limited resources, the importa- tion of bread stuffs, the great excess of importations over ex- ports, by which large foreign debts had been contracted, and intense political excitement had all contributed to plunge the SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 299 causes of this commercial ruin; this calamity may produce future benefit ; it may purify the trading community and spirit." " Were that of a surety to follow, we might verily consider the present calamity a blessing ; but I doubt this : for no sooner do they of New York, I meaneth the speculators, get into a credit and become possessed of a few thousand dollars, than they get into costly houses, fare sumptuously, dress expensively in French fashions, bring up their daughters in pride and extravagance, spend much time at Rockaway, Long Island, become bankrupts, pay some in full to set them up again, and cheat all their other creditors." u Such a course of proceeding and living will in all countries," I observed, " end in ruin ; but the New Yorkers, attribute the blame to the government, and that the President's war against the bank has produced the ruin."* country into a state of unparalleled difficulty. Finally, they warned their fellow-countrymen to " leave the delusive mazes of speculation, and return to the practice of industry and eco- nomy/' * A New York paper, attacking the Washington Globe, — the government organ, — says, "The course of the officia 1 300 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE " In fact, friend, they speak truth ; but the great causes of ruin are those that I have mentioned." " A very intelligent English traveller, Mr. Hodsons, writes in one of his letters — c The frauds and subterfuges in cases of insolvency exceed every thing I could have conceived, and as long as America continues this system, she must not be surprised to find her deficiencies blazoned forth and exaggerated by foreigners, who have probably only known her in her com- mercial character. 5 ' 1 " Is there general truth in these charges ?" asked Playfair. " The charge," replied Profundus, " in regard to subterfuges in cases of insolvency may still paper of the Administration is becoming so audaciously wicked, that it is proper it should be as generally as possible held up to the scorn and condemnation of honest men of all parties. Will it be believed that only one or two days ago* this same paper called for a suppression of all party feeling under the national calamity that has befallen us ? Yet is the ink scarcely dry with which the words were printed, than there appears in its columns, the attempts of a desperado, by foul falsehood to array one class of society against another, for the evident purpose of turning the current of public indignation from those who have caused the evils he points out." SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 301 in many cases be made against Americans in traded but with much limitation to that written twelve or thirteen years ago by the excellent author from whom you quote, and I fear many houses in London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, would say that subterfuges on the part of those to whom they give credit in the timber and ship-building business of Canada and New Brunswick, are quite as frequent as in the United States. Yet if resolutions passed at public meetings speak the public voice, the * The New York Chamber of Commerce in 1823 made the following declaration in a memorial to Congress, for a general bankrupt law, to provide for an honest distribution of an in- solvent's estate : " Without a general bankrupt law all the creditors of a merchant who fails, have not an equal chance of receiving a dividend of his estate. When a merchant's affairs become embarrassed in any of our commercial cities (the practice is so uniform that it has become a perfect system), he assigns all his property in the first place to pay his confidential friends, who have lent their names and their money, and thus given him a false credit, which has been the means of imposing on others ; or he has already assigned, as security for usurious loans from some of the harpies which infest all our cities, every thing which he has of any value, and his honest creditors get nothing. The truth of this has been felt, and will be acknowledged by almost every commercial man in the United States." 302 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE Americans must be indeed the most dishonest people on earth. A few days after the general crisis happened a meeting was held of the in- habitants — no ! of the rogues of Philadelphia, when they spoke out and published their con- fession of dishonesty as followeth : " ' Whereas a design not only exists, but has been openly avowed by the head of the British party in the United States— namely, by Nicholas Biddle, President of the British Bank, and by the leading organs of the British party, and by all those papers throughout the United States, which are devoted to foreign interests, and sup- ported by foreign funds, and with which our country is so abundantly afflicted — to permitand absolutely to enforce, in this season of public dif- ficulty, the export of American specie to foreign countries, thereby to bolster up, with the treasure and lawful currency of the United States, the ruinous fortunes of European mo- narchies : " c And whereas at the present time, during the semblance of peace, there remains an active SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 303 war between the two hemispheres of monar- chical Europe and Republican America, and whereas this war, instead of being carried on openly, as in years past, by fleets and armies, is conducted more insidiously and danger- ously by means of fraudulent money-transac- tions : " ( And whereas the object of this struggle has been, and is, to make this young nation (free as it is of debt and expensive government) to feed, by the tribute of its surplus wealth, the old, decayed, indebted, and insolvent governments of all Europe : " e And whereas there exists in this city Nicholas Biddle, and his party, in the active employ of a foreign enemy, whose special occu- pation it is to seize upon every advantage, to augment every difficulty, to create every em- barrassment, and to subtract every dollar from circulation : " ( Resolved, — That these United States are indebted to no nation under heaven; that to the specie, treasure, and lawful current coin 304 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE within our borders, no foreign claims do, or can exist ; and further that the United States is the only civilized country on the globe!! 3 " A New York journalist remarked on the proceedings at Philadelphia as follows : "We cannot forbear to express our astonish- ment that a large assemblage of people could be brought together in Philadelphia to counte- nance the expression of such wicked absurdi- ties, and that some of our respectable contem- poraries there should have published them. We have here also, it is true, a knot of politi- cians of the same school, but they chiefly con- sist of outcasts from the British island — fellows who have figured at trades' union and radical meetings, the hangers-on in Bow- street, and minor theatres, and they are as contemptible in number, as they are in character ; nor would their written effusions ever have found a place in any newspaper in this city of decent standing." " Instead of dishonesty " continued Profundus, " I believe that honesty, in regard to fulfilling SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 305 obligations, is the peculiar characteristic of the United States, and that if the rogues from Europe who take refuge in the republic were abstracted, as little knavery would be found to prevail in this country as in the states of Europe. " Credit is every thing to a man in the United States, and an honest name is essential to credit. It is therefore the interest of an American in trade to be honest, even if he be not such from principle. " The great body of the people, it must be remembered, are farmers. With few exceptions, they are from principle moral and honest. All the great American houses of long standing, and such of the latter — like that of the unble- mished Arthur Tappan — as have been subjected by the crisis to suspension of payment, are ho- nest from highly honourable respect for charac- ter and reputation. Nay, even the greater part of the proprietors of slave estates are honest in their pecuniary engagements. u Swindlers infest New York, New Orleans, 306 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE and other commercial towns ; but generally, I do believe, that honourable principles prevail, — and the fact has been so far proved, that the greatest exertions will at all times be made by the American merchants to remit money and export produce to liquidate their obligations to those of England, and that the commercial in- terests generally will act upon the integrity of the following excellent and most honourable advice, which was given at the time by Mr. Biddle: " ' In such a state of things,' said he, e the first consideration is how to escape from it — how to provide, at the earliest practicable mo- ment, to change a condition which should not be tolerated beyond the necessity which com- manded it. The old associations, the extensive connexions, the established credit, the large capital of the bank of the United States render it the natural rallying-point of the country for the resumption of specie payments. It seemed wiser, therefore, not to waste its strength in a struggle which might be doubtful, while the SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 30? executive persevered in its policy, but to husband all its resources, so as to profit by the first favourable moment to take the lead in the early resumption of specie payments. Accordingly the bank of the United States assumes that position. It will co-operate cordially and zealously with the government banks, with all the other banks, and with any other influences which can aid in that object. 66 e In the mean time two great duties devolve on the banks and the country. The first re- gards foreign nations — the second, our own. We owe a debt to foreigners by no means large for our resources, but disproportioned to our present means of payment. We must take care that this late measure shall not seem to be an effort to avoid the payment of our honest debts to them. We have worn, and eaten, and drunk, the produce of their industry — too much of all, perhaps, but that is our fault not theirs. We may take less hereafter, but the country is dis- honoured unless we discharge that debt to the 308 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE uttermost farthing. The second duty is to our* selves. We should bear constantly in mind, that the step which has been taken is excusable only on the ground of an overruling necessity. We must not make the remedy itself a disease. It is our duty to substitute some effectual restraint, which may enable us to restore the currency, without delay or difficulty, to a safe and wholesome condition. The result of the whole is, that a great disaster has befallen the country. Its existence thus far only a mis- fortune — its continuance will be a reproach, from which all true men must rally to save her/" Nothing can be more honourable than these observations and advice ; and although the ex- tensive prevalence exists, not among the agri- cultural population — not among the old esta- blished commercial houses, of taking advantages of circumstances to act fraudulently on the part of the adventurers in all the States ; yet Europe must cleanse herself of many impurities which blacken the character of speculators in every SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 309 one of her cities, before she condemns America under the charge of dishonesty. There are also causes which give a colour to iniquity in America which renders fraud less odious in her cities, except in the eyes of foreigners, than in Europe, Annual elections, and those who come either into power by them, or when there is an election for president, dismissing from the public service all the employes, and appointing new ones to every post from among those who voted for them, are the most futile causes of dishonesty. To some extent in the higher offices under the government, a removal from office, or, rather a resigning of place, is the case in England : but such changes do not interfere with any of the judges, except the lord chancellor, nor with the chairman and other officers, down to the lowest clerk, or supervisor, or gauger of the customs or excise, as is the case in the United States. This indiscriminate system of dismissal and of new appointments is one of the greatest sources of infamy in the United States, and, 310 BROTHER JONATHAN, OR THE after slavery, the most rotten part of the moral or social condition of the country. Foreigners also complain that they are far more harshly treated by the customhouse than American citizens are, on importing goods into the United States. For some years the manufacturers of the United States, have opposed the importation of foreign fabrics: the citizens of the United States who have been embarked in importing goods from foreign countries, have also raised up their voices against the importation of goods into the United States from other countries by foreigners. Both the former are very nume- rous, and have great influence at elections, espe- cially when that of election for president is to take place ; and to their political influence as voters, the executive, the judges, the employes, high and low, give way. This is declared to be most vexatiously the case at present, as the approaching election for president renders it vital as to the continuance in office of any one now employed in the customs, should Van Buren not be re-elected, as every new president SMARTEST NATION IN ALL CREATION. 311 t fills every office by those, or by the nominees of those who secure him in his election, Under these circumstances, the employes of the customs are accused of meeting the wishes and interests of the American manufacturers and importers, by harassing the foreign im- porter; and even the judges and the juries and lawyers are asserted to be unjust and partial to all who are not United- States Citizens ; merely the continuance in every office depends upon the majority of votes being for Martin Van Buren. Independent of mere individual, sectional interests form another cause of intriguing and overreaching : but making a very full allowance for all these moral and political impurities, the population of the United States, generally, and especially all those born and brought up in America as farmers, fulfil the engagements INTO WHICH THEY ENTER WITH AS MUCH FIDELITY AS THE INHABITANTS OF EUROPE. END OF VOL. I. t WHITING, BEAUFOIir HOUSE, STRAND. RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO-^ 202 Main Library 642- i pjam pfpioh O 3 LUnIN rLKIUU ' 4 5 6 LIBRARY US This book is due before closing time on the last date stamped b DUE AS STAMPED BELOW FORM NO. DD6A UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BEI BERKELEY, CA 94720 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES II CD2M31SSA0