•'JIJjnT JUI -< aweuniver% o o "^AaaMNa^wv -^UIBRARYO/r '^.i/ojnv3jo>' '^.{/ojnvjjo^' %. t-o v<. ^fAoVoai.^- ^ ^OfCALIFO/?^ 4.^^ ^WE•UNIVER^//- I o "^Aa^AiNn-iWV ^OFCAIIFO/?^ H "OAJ >s^HIBRARY6k, -^^iLIBRARYQr^ ,'ri ^OFCALIFO/?^;^. ^OFCALIF0% \WE l)NIVERS/A ^i^ilJDNVSOl^^ "V/^aaAINfl 3^v '^.!/0JiTV3jo> "^mmyiQ"^ ^MEUNIVERVa vvlOSANCElfj> '"i^JDNVSOl^ ^OFCALIFO/?^ ^OFCALIFO/?^ > Vf _ IS > "^/saaAiNH 3wv^ "^^^AHvaaii^^ ^;lOSANCElfj> o ^Aa3AiNn]^^^ ^V\E•UNIVERS•/^ ^lOSANCElfj> o %a3AiNa3WV^ ^'rtE UNIVERX^/. vlOSANCELfj> o ^^ME UNIVERy/^ o :::jHvsor^ ^lOSANCElfj^ A^^l•UBRARYGc. ^ILIBRARYQ^ '^(!/0JllV3JO'^ ^^ ] AINil 3WV .^,OF•CAllFORiJ, ^0FCAIIF0%, > V/ _ IS > ^<9Aav!ian#' "^OAavaani^ ^^^l•llBRARYQ^ ^VvlllBRARYQ^ '^^ '^' ^WE•UNIVERS•/A. o ^lOSANCElfj> o ^ %a3AiNn]UV ^OFCALIFO/?^ ^OFCALIFOff^ AWE UNIVERi"//) ^vWSANCElfXy. iMSi t\©i i'^i ftei r GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. ■9 f SOLD B >?■ PRE£ "■ '-"y"^ % '2C5i ROYAL CO XEQ-r OP SUR'* L, : i^ #ral)e-m0intii5 iwih i\m Contents: A MANUAL OF ARCHEOLOGY, AS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BURIALS OF THE CELTIC, THE ROMANO-BRITISH, AND THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS. LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., Mii}^ raadg i'lbt futtkctr Illustrations, LONDON : GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1870. TO MY OLD AND MUCH-ESTEEMED FRIEND, JOSEPH MAYER, Esq., FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON ; FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES OF COPENHAGEN ; FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETIES OF ANTIQUARIES OF FRANCE, NORMANDY, THE MORINI, ETC., ETC., ETC. ; ONE OF THE MOST ARDENT AND ZEALOUS OF ARCH^OLOGISTS, AND MOST KINDLY OF MEN; THE PRINCELY DONOR TO THE PUBLIC OF THE FINEST AND MOST EXTENSIVE MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES EVER COLLECTED TOGETHER BY A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL; I, WITH TRUE PLEASURE, LLEWELLYNN JEWITT. 62SSi CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Page Grave-mounds in general— Their Historical Importance — General Situation — Known as Barrows, Houes, Tumps, and Lows — List of Names — Division into Periods . . . . i CHAPTER n. Ancient British or Celtic Period — General characteristics of the Barrows — Modes of construction — Interments by inhumation and by cremation — Positions of the Body — Hitter Hill Bar- row — Elliptical Barrow at Swinscoe — Burial in contracted position — In sitting and kneeling positions — Double Inter- ments ........ 6 CHAPTER in. Ancient British or Celtic Period — Interment by cremation — Dis- covery of lead— Burial in Urns — Positions of Urns — Heaps of burnt Bones^Burnt Bones enclosed in cloth and skins — Stone Cists — Long-Low — Liff's-Low, etc. — Pit Interments — Tree- coffins . . . . . . . -31 CHAPTER IV. Ancient British or Celtic Period — Sepulchral Chambers of Stone — Cromlechs — Chambered Tumuli — New Grange and Dowth — The Channel Islands— Wieland Smith's Cave, and others — Stone Circles — For what purpose formed — Formation of Grave- mounds — Varieties of Stone Circles — Examples of different kinds — Arbor-Low, etc. . . . . . -50 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Pa£e Ancient British or Celtic Period— Pottery— Mode of manufacture- Arrangement in classes — Cinerary or Sepulchral Urns — Food Vessels— Drinking-cups— Incense Cups— Probably Sepulchral Urns for Infants— Other examples of Pottery . . .83 CHAPTER VI. Ancient British or Celtic Period — Implements of Stone — Celts — Stone Hammers — Stone Hatchets, Mauls, etc. — Triturating Stones — Flint Implements — Classification of Flints — Jet arti- cles — Necklaces, Studs, ttc. — Bone Instruments — Bronze Celts, Daggers, etc. — Gold articles .... 109 CHAPTER Vn. Romano-British Period — General Characteristics — Modes of Burial — Customs attendant on Burial— Interments by cremation and by inhumation — Barrows — Tombs of Stone — Lead Coffins — Clay and Tile Coffins — Sepulchral Inscriptions, etc. . . 134 CHAPTER Vni. Romano-British Period — Pottery — Durobrivian Ware — Upchurch Ware — Salopian Ware — Pottery found at Uriconium — Potteries of the New Forest, of Yorkshire, and of other places— Sepul- chral Urns — Domestic and other vessels . . . 151 CHAPTER IX. Romano-British Period— Pottery— Samian Ware— Potters' Stamps —Varieties of Ornamentation — Glass Vessels— Sepulchral Vases, etc. — Lachrymatories — Bowls — Beads — Coins found with Interments . 175 CHAPTER X. Romano-British Period— Arms — Swords — Spears, etc. — Knives- Fibulae- Armillas- Torques of Gold, etc. — Other Personal Ornaments . igo CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER XI. Page Anglo-Saxon Period— Distribution of Anglo-Saxon Population over England— General characteristics of Grave-mounds— Modes of Burial— Poem of Beowulf— Interments by cremation and by inhumation— Articles deposited with the Dead— Positions of the Body— Double and other Interments— Burial in Urns— Cemeteries and Barrows ,..••• 202 CHAPTER XH. Anglo-Saxon Period— Pottery, general characteristics of— Cinerary Urns— Saxon Urn with Roman Inscription— Prankish and other Urns— Cemeteries at Kings Newton, etc.— Mode of manufac- ture — Impressed Ornaments . . . . • 214 CHAPTER Xni. Anglo-Saxon Period— Glass Vessels— Drinking-glasses— Tumblers —Ale-glasses— Beads— Necklaces— Ear-rings— Coins, etc. . 22S CHAPTER XIV. Anglo-Saxon Period — Arms — Swords — Knives— Spears — Shields — Umbones of Shields— Buckles— Helmets— Benty-Grange Tu- mulus — The Sacred Boar — Grave at Barlaston — Enamelled Discs and pendant Ornaments, etc. — Horse-shoes . • 236 CHAPTER XV. Anglo-Saxon Period — Fibulae — Enamelled circular Fibulae — Gold Fibulffi — Pendant Cross — Cruciform Fibulae — Penannular Fibu- la — Irish and English examples — -Pendant Ornaments, etc. . 266 CHAPTER XVI. Anglo-Saxon Period — Buckets — Drinking-cups of wood — Bronze Bowls — Bronze Boxes — Combs — Tweezers — Chatelaines — Girdle Ornaments — Keys — Hair-pins — Counters, or Draught- men, and Dice— Querns— Triturating Stones, etc.— Conclusion 280 I LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ANCIENT BRITISH OR CELTIC PERIOD. Fig. Gib Hill Tumulus. (Frontispiece.) 2 Section of Grave-mound, Lord's Down, Dewlish, Dorset 3 „ ,, Gib Hill, Derbyshire 4 ,, ,, with two modes of interment by cremation . 5 ,, ,, with inverted urn 6 Interment, Smerril Moor 7 ,, Tissington 8 ,, Roundway Hill 9 „ Hitter Hill 10 Plan of Barrow, showing interments, Hitter Hill 11 Interments, Hitter Hill 12 „ Hitter Hill J3 Skull, Hitter Hill 14 Plan, with interments, Swinscoe 15 Interment, sitting position, Parcelly Hay 16 ,, ,, Monsal Dale 17 Plan of Barrow, with interments, Monsal Dale 18 ,, ,, Cressbrook 19 Section of Barrow 20 Stone Cist, Baslow Moor 21 Section of Barrow 22 Inverted Urn, with burnt bones, Wardlow 23 Plan of Long-Low 24 Stone Cist, Long-Low 25 ~ 26 Skull, Long-Low Page 8 9 10 10 12 13 14 15 17 23 26 28 29 30 32 33 33 34 36 38 39 Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 27 Mode of construction, Long-Low 28 Stone Cist, Middleton Moor 29 ,, Liff's-Low 30 „ Gib Hill . 31 Portion of woollen garment, Scale House ^^ - Tree-coffin, Gristhorpe 33 J 34 Dagger, etc., Gristhorpe 35 Flint, etc., Gristhorpe 36 Tree-coffin, boat shape 37 Cromlech, Lanyon 38 ,, ,, plan 39 M Chun 40 „ ,, plan 41 ,, Plas Newydd 42 Minning-Low, plan 43 New Grange, general view 44 ,, entrance to passage 45 Dowth, general view 46 ,, entrance to passage 47 Cromlech, Knockeen 48 „ „ plan 49 ,, Gaulstown 50 ,, „ plan 51 ,, Ballynageerah 52 53 „ „ plan 54 ,, L'Ancresse 55 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, south entrance 56 „ „ opening in north 57 „ ,, plan of chamber 58 ,, ,, carved stones 59 60 61 62 „ Stony Littleton 63 » „ plan 64 „ Five Wells, Taddington 65 ,. „ „ plan 66 Flax Dale Barrow, plan 67 Section, Elk-Low 68 Stone Circle, " Nine Ladies," Stanton Moor 69 plan chamber LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xlll Fig. Page 70 Stone Circle, construction of . 75 71 , Sancreed • 76 72 • 76 73 Isle c f Man • 76 74 , Trewavas Head . 77 75 , Mule Hill 77 76 Chan nel Islands . • 78 77 , with " twin barrow " 78 78 ) M „ 79 79 , construction 79 80 , Boscawen-un . . . 80 81 Aber . 80 82 , Berriew .... 81 83 , Penmeanmaur 81 84 , Arbor-Low, Derbyshire 82 85 Potter y — fragment Darwen 86 86 Cinerary Urn, Monsal Dale • 87 87 „ ,, Ballidon Moor 88 88 ,, ,, nj situ 88 89 „ ,, Trentham . 89 90 ,, Darwen . 90 91 ,, Dorsetshire 91 92 ,, >> 91 93 M Darley Dale 92 94 ,, Stone 93 95 ,, Cleatham 93 96 „ ,, M 93 97 ,, Calais Wold, Yorkshire 94 98 „ ,, Darley Dale 95 99 ,, Tredinney 96 ICO ,, ,, Morvah 96 lOI ,, Food vessel, Trentham 97 102 ,, ,, Fimber . . , . 98 103 ,, Hitter Hill 98 104 ,, ,, I) . . . 99 105 ,, Monsal Dale 100 106 „ ,, Fimber . . . . 100 107 Drinking- cup, Fimber 102 108 >> Hay Top, Monsal Dale 102 109 ,, ,, Grind-Low 102 no ,, ,, Elk-Low 103 III „ )» „ bottom . 104 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page 112 Pottery — Drinking-cup, Roundway Hill 104 113 ,, ,, Gospel Hillock 105 114 „ Incense cup, Yorkshire 106 115 106 116 ij 106 117 > >> 106 118 ) 11 106 rT9 I t> 106 120 ,, , Dorsetshire io5 121 ,, , Yorkshire 106 122 , Stanton Moor 107 123 ,, Baslow 107 124 ,, , Dorsetshire 107 125 , Darley Dale 107 126 „ Handled vessel, Yorkshire 108 127^ 128 129 ■ Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy no 130 131/ 132 Stone celt, Derbyshire example no 133 Stone hammer-head, Wollaton . III 134 Stone celt, Derbyshire example . 112 135 Stone hammer-head, Winster . . 112 136 „ Cambridgeshire 112 137 ,, Trentham 112 138 ,, Dorsetshire . 113 139] 140 ■ Stone mauls, Royal Irish Academy "3 141 J 142 Stone hammer-head, Mickleover . "3 143) _ . ■ Trituratmg stones . ^44 J . 114 145 Spindle whorl "5 i46\ 147 148 149 150 Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire 116 151 152 153 y LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, XV Fig. Page 154 Flint, Green-Low 117 155 " Arbor-Low 118 156 „ Calais Wold 119 157 '. „ 119 158 „ Gunthorpe 119 159 .. Ringham-Low 119 160 ,, Calais Wold 119 i6i „ »> . 119 l62y 163^ 164 165 166 " Derbyshire examples . . . 120 — 122 I67 168 169/ 170 Flint c elt. Gospel Hillock .... 122 171 Necklace of jet, Middleton Moor 123 172 jet and bone 124 173 jet, Fimber 125 174 Jet sti] ds. Gospel Hillock 126 175 Calais Wold 126 176 Jet pendant, Derbyshire 126 177 Bone implement, Green-Low . 126 178) 179 i8o ,, Thors Cave, etc. . • . 127 181 182 Bone )endant, Arbor-Low .... 127 183 Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy . 128 184 < >> . 129 185 1 129 186 , ,, . 129 187 , Moot-Low 129 188 , Royal Irish Academy • 131 189 > t) • 131 190 , < i< • 131 191 . • 131 192 « M • 131 193 , • 131 194 > .. • 131 195 > .> • 131 XVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. fig- Page ig6 Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy • 131 197 Bronze socketed celt, Kirk Ireton • 131 198 Bronze dagger, Bottisham 132 199 Coin, Mount Batten . 133 200 ,, ,, 133 201 ,, ,, 133 202 ., „ 133 203 ,, „ 133 204 ,, Birkhill 133 205 ,, Blandford 133 206 207 208 2og 210 211 212 213 214 2I5> 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD. Cist of stone, York Leaden coffin, Colchester ,, Bishopstoke Clay coffin, Aldborough Chest of stone, with pottery, etc., Avisford Tomb of tiles, York . Potter's kiln, Castor . - Pottery, Headington ,, Durobrivian ware, scroll ornaments hare hunting stag hunting indented urn cup . indented urn Upchurch ware, group of vessels ,, urn Salopian ware, group of vessels group, Headington Sepulchral Urn, Toot Hill 144 144 145 145 147 148 152 154 155 157 157 157 157 158 158 158 158 159 161 161 161 161 163 164 166 167 167 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVI 1 Fig. 235 Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Little Chester Leicester Little Chester London Water Newton London Leicester Winchester Castor Water Newton Castor Castor London 236 237 238 239 240 ,, ,, 241 ,, „ 242 ,, ,, 243 244 245 246 ,, ,, 247 248 249 250 ,, Amphora 251 252 253 254 255 256 357 258 259 \ 360 261 262 263 264 265 266/ 267 ,, Samian ware, cup, Leicester 268 to 275 Potters' marks 276 Potters' stamp 277 Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, London 278 ,, ,, ,, Arezzo 279 280 ,, ,, ,, London 281 „ „ „ ,, 282 ,, ,, patera „ 283 ,, ,, foliage Mortarium , group, Headington Headington various localities Page 168 168 169 169 169 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 17c 171 171 172 172 172 172 171 173 173 173 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 179 179 180 180 181 xvm LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 284 Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, Castor 285 „ „ bacchanalian scene 286 „ „ bowl, Castor 287 „ ,, ,, Cologne 288 to 2gi ,, cups, etc., London 292 Glass, sepulchral vessel, Bartlow Hills . 293 ,, bowl, Leicester 294 to 297 Glass beads 298 Glass beads, etc. 299 Sword, Lough Lea 300 ,, Lincolnshire . 301 Spear or lance-head. Little Chester 302 „ ,, Haushay . 303 ,, ,, Wardlow . 304 Arrow-head, bronze 305 Knife 306 ,, Wetton 307 Fibula, Waleby 308 ,, Elton 309 „ Monsal Dale 310 to 315 Fibula, various localities 316 Fibula, Royal Irish Academy . 317 ,, Little Chester 318 ,, Bottisham 319 ,, Elton 320 ,, Hoylake 321 Armillae, Stony Middleton 322 Torques, Needwood Forest 323 ,, Royal Irish Academy . 324 Horse-shoe, lamp, and fibula. Gloucester Page 182 182 183 183 184 185 186 186 187 191 191 190 190 192 192 192 193 194 194 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 196 198 199 201 ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. 325 Flai 1 01 interment, Lapwmg Dale 209 326 Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Kingston 215 327 , „ North Elmham . 217 328 , ,, Chestersovers 217 329 , drinking vessel 217 330 , Cinerary Urns, Selzen. 221 331 , ,, Londinieres 221 332 , ,, Selzen . 221 333 , ,, Londinieres 221 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX Fig, 334 Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Cologne Pfahlbau 335 i> )> 336 »1 n 337 M M 338 H 11 339 „ 340 „ 341 •-, 1> 342 „ 343 )1 '> 344 ,-, M 345 „ >1 346 „ 347 11 11 348 11 )» 349 ,, notched stick 350 11 351 ,, punctured orn 352 ,, cup, Kings N( Kings Newton 353i 354i 355 Glass tumblers 356, 357 Ale-glasses 358 Glass cups . 359 Cup-bearer, with ale-g!ass 360 Cellarer, with barrels and pitchers 361 Banquet 362, 363 Glasses, decanter shape 364, 365, 366 Ale-glasses . 367, 36S, 369 Glass and clay beads . 370 Glass and amber necklace 371 Bead and ring 372 Sword, Tissington 373 ,, Grimthorpe 374 .. .. guard 375 1. " chape 376 to 390 Swords, from illuminated MSS. 391 Swordsman with shield and sword 392 to 396 Knives or daggers, Kentish graves 397 to 403 Spear-heads, Kentish graves, etc. 404 Spears, from illuminated MSS. 405 Shield plates, etc., Grimthorpe . 406 Umbone of shield, Kentish graves 407 „ ,1 Page 221 223 223 223 223 222 222 224 224 224 225 225 225 226 226 227 227 227 227 229 22g 229 230 230 231 231 232 233 234 235 237 237 237 237 239 240 242 244 244 246 247 247 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 408 409 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 Umbone of shield, Tissington . to 416 Shields, from iHuminated MSS to 428 Buckles, from Kentish graves Drinking-cup, Benty Grange Enamelled ornaments, etc., Benty Grange Helmet, Benty Grange Ornaments, Benty Grange Plan of interment, Barlaston Bronze ring, Barlaston Enamelled disc, Barlaston ,, ,, Middleton Moor „ ornament, Middleton Moor „ ,, Royal Irish Academy Bronze disc and rivets, Grimthorpe Horse-shoe, Berkshire Plan of interment, Rhine Fibula, Kingston Down ,, Winster Moor Pendant cross, Winster Moor Fibula, Sittingbourne . ,, Wingham „ Kent ,, Stowe Heath ,, Ingarsby ,, Northamptonshire „ Stow Heath ,, Royal Irish Academy ,, Westmoreland ,, Bonsall ,, Westmoreland Bucket, Northamptonshire ,, Fairford ,, Envermeu Drinking-cup, Sibertswold Bronze bowl, Over-Haddon „ box, etc.. Church Sterndale ,, ornament, ,, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page 468 Bronze box, Newhaven .... 286 469 Comb, Royal Irish Academy 287 470 ,, Kent 287 471 ,, Thames 288 472 ,, Arica 288 473 .. 288 474 ,, Indian scalp 288 475 ,, Tweezers, Leicestershire 289 476 Chatelaines, Kent 290 477 Latch-keys (?) Ozengall 291 478 Girdle suspenders, Wilbraham 291 479 ,, Searby 291 480 Hair-pin, Searby 292 481 ,, Royal Irish Academy 292 482 „ 292 483 292 484 Draughtmen, Cold Eaton 294 485 Dice, Gilton 295 486 Quern, Winster • 295 487 ,, Kings Newton . 296 488 Triturating stones 296 489 296 INTRODUCTION. The object of the following work is, I apprehend, so obvious as to render an introduction scarcely needful. It may be well, however, to remark, that it is the only work of its kind which has ever been issued, and that therefore, taking a stand of its own, and following no other either in plan or treatment of its subject, it is hoped that it will command the attention of antiquaries and of all who are interested in the history and the manners and habits of our early forefathers. It has long appeared to me that a general resume ot the almost endless store of knowledge presented by the very varied relics of the grave-mounds of the three great divisions of our history — the Celtic, the Romano- British, and the Anglo-Saxon — kept distinct from the histories of those peoples, and from extraneous matters, and treating them more in a general than in an ethnolo- gical manner, could not fail to be a useful addition to our archaeological literature, and would prove of great value and convenience to the general reader, as well as to the antiquary and the historian. Thus it is that I have been induced to prepare the present volume. xxiv INTRODUCTION. * I have treated my subject in a popular manner, divest- ing it of technicalities, of theories, and of discursive mat- ter, and have endeavoured, as far as space would permit, to give, simply and clearly, as correct an insight as pos- sible into the modes of burial adopted in early times in our own country, and into the various remains of different races v/hich an examination of their grave-mounds dis- closes. Having great faith ip the usefulness of engravings, and believing that, if judiciously introduced, a work of the kind cannot be too profusely illustrated, I have brought together in my present volume a larger number of en- gravings than could well have been expected ; and these, I trust, will add much to its usefulness and value. To all my kind friends who have aided me in this matter I give my hearty thanks. The work may have some, perhaps many, defects. If such exist, I shall be thankful to have them pointed out, and to remedy them in a future edition. LLEWELLYNN JEW ITT. WiNSTER Hall, Derbyshire. ^rabt-moimtrs n;ntr tljtir €mxtmt$. CHAPTER I. Grave-mounds in General — Their Historical Importance — General Situ- ation — Known as Barrows, Houes, Tumps, and Lows — List of Names — Division into Periods. npO the grave-mounds of the early inhabitants of our island, more than to any other source, we are indebted for our knowledge of their arts, their habits, and their occu- pations. Indeed, to these mounds and their contents, we owe almost all the knowledge we possess as to the his- tory of the races and peoples who have preceded us, and are enabled to determine, approximately, their chrono- logical succession as masters of the soil. From the very earliest ages men of every race have be- stowed peculiar care over the graves of the dead, and have marked to later ages, in an unmistakable manner, these places of sepulture, which have, in many instances, been preserved with religious care to modern times. Thus the relics which they contain have come down to us intact, and even now tell their wondrous tale, in a language of their own, of ages and of races of beings long since passed away. A single implement of stone or of flint ; a weapon or an ornament of bronze, of iron, or of bone ; a bead of jet or of glass ; an urn, or even a fragment of pottery ; or any one I 2 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. of the infinity of other reHcs which are exhumed, no matter to what period they belong, or from what locahty they may have come ; one and all tell their own tale, and supply new links to our ever-extending chain of knowledge. To the graves, then, of our earliest ancestors, must we mainly turn for a knowledge of their history and of their modes of life ; and a careful examination and comparison of their contents will enable us to arrive at certain data on which, not only to found theories, but to build up undying and faultless historical structures. As, wherever the country was populated, interments of the dead must, as a necessity, have taken place, these all- important store-houses of after-knowledge exist, or have existed, to more or less extent in almost every district throughout the land, and give evidence, whenever opened by experienced hands, of their historical value and import- ance. The earliest grave-mounds are mostly found in the mountainous districts of the land — among the hills and fast- nesses ; the latter overspreading hill and valley and plain alike. Thus, in Cornwall and Yorkshire, in Derbyshire and in Dorsetshire, in Wiltshire and in many other districts, the earliest interments are, or-have been, abundant; while the later ones, besides being mixed up with them in the districts named, are spread over every other county. In the counties just named Celtic remains abound more than those of any other period. In Dorsetshire, for instance, that county, as the venerable Stukeley declares, "for sight of barrows not to be equalled in the world," the early mounds abound on the downs and on the lofty Ridgeway, an immense range of hills of some forty miles in extent, while those of a later period lie in other parts of the county. In Yorkshire, again, they abound chiefly in the wolds ; and in Cornwall, on the high lands. The same, again, of Derbyshire, where they lie for the most part scattered over the Wxld, mountainous, and beautiful dis- trict known as the High Peak — a district occupying nearly SITUATIONS OF GRAVE-MOUNDS. 3 one half of the county, and containing within its limits many towns, villages, and other places of extreme interest. In this it resembles Dorsetshire ; for in the district com- prised in the Ridgeway and the downs are very many highly interesting and important places, around which the tumuli are most plentiful. It is true that here and there in Derbyshire, as in other counties, an early grave-mound exists in the southern or lowland portion of the county ; but, as a rule, they may be almost said to be peculiar, and confined, to the northern, or hilly district, where in some parts they are very abundant. Indeed, there are districts where there is scarcely a hill, even in that land, where " Hills upon hills, Mountains on mountains rise," where a barrow does not exist or is not known to have existed. In passing along the old high-road, for instance, over Middleton Moor by way of Arbor Low,* Parcelly Hay, High Needham, Earl Sterndale, and Brier Low, to Buxton, or along the high-roads by way of Winster, Hartington, or Newhaven, the practised eye has no difficulty in resting on the forms of grave-mounds on the summits of the different hills or mountains, whose outlines stand out clear and dis- tinct against the sky. The situations chosen by the early inhabitants for the burial of their dead were, in many instances, grand in the extreme. Formed on the tops of the highest hills, or on lower but equally imposing positions, the grave-mounds commanded a glorious prospect of hill and dale, wood and water, rock and meadow, of many miles in extent, and on every side stretching out as far as the eye could reach, while they themselves could be seen from afar off in every direc- tion by the tribes who had raised them, while engaged either * Of this stone circle, one of the next in importance to Stonehenge, an account will be given in a future chapter. 4 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. in hunting or in their other pursuits. They became, indeed, land-marks for the tribes, and were, there can be but little doubt, used by them as places of assembling. Sepulchral tumuli are known as barrows, lows, houes, tumps, etc. Barrow is of pretty general use ; low is almost universal in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and other districts ; tump is in use in Gloucestershire, etc.; SLndJioiie in Yorkshire. In Derbyshire and Staffordshire, the term " Low " is so very usual that, wherever met with, it may be taken as a sure indication of a barrow now existing or having once existed at the spot. As a proof of this, it will only be necessary to say that at about two hundred places in Derby- shire alone, and at about half that number on the neigh- bouring borders of Staffordshire, which bear the affix of Low, barrows are known to exist or have already been opened. For my present purpose, it will be sufficient to give the few following names : — Arbor-Low, Kens-Low, Ring- ham-Low, Blake-Low, Fox-Low, Gib-Low, Green-Low, Great-Low, Grind-Low, Cal-Low, Chelmorton-Low, Cask- ing-Low, Larks-Low, Thirkel-Low, Ribden-Low, Har-Low, Bas-Low, High-Low, Foo-Low, Lean-Low, Huck-Low, Borther-Low, Dow-Low, Totman's-Low, Staden-Low, Stan-Low, Blind-Low, Boar-Low, Bottles-Low, Brown- Low, Caldon-Low, Calver-Low, Cock- Low, Cop-Low, Cow- Low, Cronkstone-Low, Dars-Low, Drake-Low, Elk-Low, End-Low, Far-Low, Pike-Low, Fowse-Low, Galley-Low, Gris-Low, Grub-Low, Herns-Low, Hawks-Low, Horning- Low, Hard-Low, Knock-Low, Knot-Low, Laidmans-Low, Lady-Low, Liffs-Low, Lomber-Low, Lousy-Low, Mick- Low, Moot-Low, Money-Low, Musden-Low, May-Low, Needham-Low, Nether-Low, Ox-Low, Off-Low, Pars-Low, Painstor-Low, Peg-Low, Pigtor-Low, Pike- Low, Pinch- Low, Queen- Low, Ravens-Low, Rains-Low, Rick-Low, Rocky-Low, Rolley-Low, Round-Low, Rusden-Low, Saint-Low, Sitting-Low, Sliper-Low, Thoo-Low Three- DIVISION INTO PERIODS. 5 Lows, Ward-Low, Warry-Low, White-Low, Whithery- Low, Wool-Low, and Yarns-Low. To some of these I shall again have occasion to make reference. In Yorkshire, the names of William Houe, Three Houes, and Three Tremblers Houes, will be sufficient indication of the local use of the term " Houe." Grave-mounds may, naturally, be divided into the three great periods; the Celtic, the Romano-British, and the Anglo-Saxon. This division will be adopted in the present volume, and it will be its aim, while speaking of the cha- racteristics of each, to classify and describe their contents, and to point out, briefly, such circumstances of interment, and such evidences of customs, as they may present, and which may appear to be of sufficient interest and impor- tance to its plan. Of the forms of barrows, and their characteristics and modes of construction, occasion will be taken to speak in a later chapter. CHAPTER II. Ancient British, or Celtic, Period— General characteristics of the Barrows — Modes of construction — Interments by inhumation and by crema- tion—Positions of the body— Hitter Hill Barrow— Elliptical Barrow at Swinscoe— Burial in contracted position — In sitting and kneeling positions — Double interments. npHE barrows of the Celtic, or ancient British, period vary in their form and size as much as they do in their modes of construction, and in their contents. Sometimes they are simply mounds of earth raised over the inter- ment; sometimes heaps of stones piled up over the body; and sometimes again a combination of cist and earth and stone. Generally speaking the mounds are circular, rising gradually and gently from the level of the ground towards the centre, but in some instances the rise is somewhat acute. Now and then they are oval in form. Where elliptical barrows occur (generally known as " long bar- rows "), they are, I have reason to believe, not matters of original design, but of accident, through additional inter- ments; and I much doubt the propriety of archaeologists at the present day continuing the very questionable no- menclature adopted by Sir R, C. Hoare and others. In some cases, however, as in the instances of chambered or walled tumuli, the elliptical form of the barrow can be easily understood. An examination of a very large number of barrows leads me to the opinion that the original form of all was circular, and that no deviation from that form, and no difference in section, can be taken as indicative of period or of race. CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVE-MOUNDS. 7 The other appellation occasionally used, of " twin bar- rows," is further evidence of this — two interments having been made within a short distance of each other, and the mounds raised over them running into and joining each other. It may, however, for purposes of description, and for this alone, be well to retain the names, while discarding much of the theory and of the system which has been at- tempted to be established regarding them. The mounds of earth alluded to, present occasionally highly interesting and curious features, and show that, like those of a different construction, they have frequently been used for successive interments. The section of one of these is shown on the next page. It is one of a group of six barrows on Lord's Down, in the parish of Dewlish, in Dorsetshire. It was eighty-two feet in diameter, and fourteen feet in height in the centre. The primary inter- ment, an urn, was placed in a cist cut in the chalk sub-soil. Over the urn was raised a small cairn of flints, and the cist was then filled in, and raised a little above the surface with chalk rubble. Over this was a layer of earth, upon which an interment had taken place, and in its turn covered with a thick layer of chalk rubble, in the centre of which, in a cist, another interment had again been made. Above this rose another layer of earth, another of chalk, and then a final one of earth, on each of which in- terments had at different periods been made. Thus the tumulus, which was formed of alternate layers of chalk and earth, exhibited no less than six successive sepulchral deposits.* The interments were both by inhumation and cremation. Another example of a barrow of this period is shown in section on the fig. 3. There had originally been four * This remarkable barrow was excavated by Mr. Warne, and a fully detailed account given by him in his valuable work, the " Celtic An- tiquities of Dorset," from which the illustration is taken. GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. fe •a g ^ c ^ S (U *^ a. i smaller one about half that size ; Gaulstown (figs. 49 and 50, the inner chamber of which measures 7 feet by 6 feet Fig- 53- 2 3 4 5 6 -J I \ \ L_ FEET 12 I 4 inches, and is seven feet in height) ; Ballynageerah (figs. 51, 52, and 53), the capstone of which is cleverly and CHAMBERED TUMULI. 63 curiously poised on two only of the upright stones, as will be seen by the engravings;* Howth, Shandanagh, Bren- nanstown, Glencullen, Kilternan, Mount Brown, Rath- kenny, Mount Venus, and Knock Mary, Phoenix Park, as well as at many other places. In the Channel Islands the indefatigable and laudable researches of Mr. Lukis show that the galleried stone cham- bers of the tumuli in that district had been used by successive Fig. 54- generations for many ages. One of the most important of these is the gigantic chambered burial place, surrounded by a stone circle, at L'Ancresse, in Guernsey. In this, " five large capstones are seen rising above the sandy embank- ment which surrounds the place ; these rest on the props beneath, and the whole catacomb is surrounded by a circle of upright stones of different dimensions. The length of * For the loan of these seven enojravings I am indebted to the Council of the "Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland," (formerly the " Killa hilc I'omoh fince faje. (" And with it the hilt variegated with treasure.") A remarkable hilt, bearing an inscription in Runic cha- racters, was found at Ash, in Kent. It is of silver. On one side is the Runic inscription engraved in the metal, on the other a zigzag and other ornaments. A hilt of this kind must undoubtedly have been the one so graphically de- scribed in Beowulf, where a sword, inscribed with the name of its first owner and with other matters of extreme interest, is "looked upon" and pondered over. The pas- sage is thus : — " He looked upon the hilt, the old legacy, on which was written the origin of the ancient contest ; after the flood slew, the pouring ocean, the race of giants; daringly they behaved ; that was a strange race to the eternal Lord, therefore to them their last reward through floods of water the ruler gave. So was on the surface of the bright gold with Runic letters rightly marked, set and said, for whom that sword, the costliest of irons, was first made, with twisted hilt and variegated like a snake." The runes on the hilt first spoken of and engraved I 242 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. would doubtless, if properly translated, tell as pleasant aind as interesting a story as the one narrated by Beowulf. The knife or dagger (the seax), which is of iron, is of Figs. 392 to 396. ' \ different forms. The most usual shapes are given on figs. 392 to 396. The larger were used for war purposes, the smaller for domestic purposes — the Saxon carrying his own SPEAR AND JAVELIN HEADS. 243 kn^fe with him for his food, attached to his belt, both at home and to the banquets of his friends. The seax, as a weapon, is frequently alluded to in Beowulf: thus, when Beowulf and the Mother of Grendal, the fiend, were strug- gling together : — " She beset then the hall-guest, and drew her seax, broad, brown-edged." And in another part, when Beowulf was fighting with the dragon, after having broken his sword in the contest, he " Drew his deadly seax, bitter and battle-sharp, that he on his birnie* bore." Spear and javelin heads are of frequent occurrence; they are of iron, and, although varying considerably, both in size and shape, they all bear a strong and marked resemblance to each other, and have sockets. Their ''peculiarity is a longitudinal slit in the socket which received the wooden handle or staff, and which, after being fixed, was closed with iron rings, string-braided, and rivets. "f Examples are given in figs. 333 to 403, and again on fig. 404. In inter- ments the spear usually lies by the right side of the skeleton, where the position of the shaft may be traced by a line of decayed wood ; at the bottom a metal ferule or ring is sometimes found. The axe is usually of the form here shown, and is of iron. It will be seen how closely some of these resemble the forms found depicted by Anglo-Saxon artists in the MSS. of the period, a selection from which is here given. The shield appears to have been made of wood, and to have been circular in form. It was frequently covered with leather, and sometimes with thin sheets of bronze. The * Coat of mail. f C. R. Smith. ■ly Figs. 397 to 403. Fig. 404- SHIELDS, ETC. 245 boss or umbone was of various forms and sizes, as will be shortly shown. The wood of which the shield was com- posed appears from Beowulf to have been that of the linden tree : — " He seized his shield, the yellow linden-wood." The shield was often called a "war-board;" and we learn that Beowulf, when he was preparing to encounter the fire- dragon, knowing that a wooden shield would be no proof against fire, ordered one " all of iron" to be made for him : — " Then commanded he to be made for him the refuge of warriors, all of iron, the lord of eorls, a wondrous war-board ; he knew right well that him forest wood might not help, linden-wood against fire." One of the most remarkable remains of shields which has been brought to light is the one at Grimsthorpe,* where, on the breast of the skeleton, lay a mass of decayed wood, a quantity of ferruginous dust — probably the remains of the handle and inside fittings of the shield — and remains of decomposed leather. On these lay two thin plates of bronze, and the umbone or boss of the same metal, which had formed the outer covering of the "war-board." These two plates and the umbone are engraved on fig. 405. The discs or plates of bronze are little thicker than ordinary writing-paper. They each measure twelve and 'a half inches from point to point, and are three and three quarter inches in width in the middle. They have a raised border of curious design around their outer edge, and they have been, * See the " Reliquary Quarterly Archaeological Journal and Review," vol. ix. p. 180. 246 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. like the boss, attached to the shield by pins or rivets. The boss is of very unusual form, and has been at- tached to the shield by rivets or pins; it is ornamented with engraved lines. From this curious discovery it would appear that this warrior of the Yorkshire Wolds bore a Fig. 405. shield formed of wood and covered with leather; that it was faced with plates of bronze, and had a bronze umbone; and that the handle, and probably the strengthening bars, on the inner side were of iron. Many handles of iron, belonging to shields, have been found in the Kentish and other barrows. The shield, in interments, was usually placed flat on the centre of the body, as shown on fig. 325. The umbone or boss of the shield was, as I have said, I UMBONES OF SHIELDS. 247 of various forms. The most usual shapes are, perhaps, those here given from Kentish graves (figs. 406 and 407), and fig. 408, from Tissington, where it was found along Fig. 406. Fig. 407. with the sword before described (fig. 372). This extremely interesting relic, which is among the largest ever found, measures nine inches in height. It is, of course, of iron, Fig. 408, and is of the same type as one found at Sibertswold, which is engraved in the " Inventorum SepulchraUy The texture of cloth in which it had been enfolded when placed by the body of the hero by whom it was borne, is distinctly trace- 248 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. able on several parts of its surface. The umbone, as it lay, was surrounded with the wood, in a complete state of decay, which had once formed the shield; and small frag- ments of corroded iron, which were doubtless a part of the mountings of the shield, were scattered about. Of the form of the Anglo-Saxon shield and its umbone, a tolerably good idea may be formed by the series of Figs. 409 to 416. examples here given (figs. 409 to 416), from the illuminated MSS. of the period. Of Saxon armour the remains yielded to us by the graves are few and far between. Buckles, such as pro- bably fastened the belt or girdle to which the knife, the sword, etc., were suspended, and others which have doubt- less belonged to some portions of the dress, are the most abundant. They are of varied form, some being of par- ticularly elegant design, partaking of the character of the fibulce of the period. Twelve examples from the Kentish graves are given on figs. 417 to 428. Helmets, or head coverings, in a fragmentary state, have on some few occasions been found. The most remarkable discovery of this kind which has been made is the one Fig. 420. Fig. 421. Fig. 422. F;g. 423. Fig- 425- 250 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. which was found by my friend, the late Mr. Bateman, at Benty Grange,* in Derbyshire, in the year 1848. The Fig. 427. Fig. 428. account of this discovery is so full of interest, and so curious, that I give it in Mr. Bateman's own words. He says : — " It was our good fortune to open a barrow which afforded a more instructive collection of relics than has ever been discovered in the county, and which are not surpassed in interest by any remains hitherto recovered from any Anglo- Saxon burying-place in the kingdom. " The barrow, which is on a farm called Benty Grange, a high and bleak situation to the right of the road from Ash- bourn to Buxton, near the eighth milestone from the latter place, is of inconsiderable elevation, perhaps not more than two feet at the highest point, but is spread over a pretty large area, and is surrounded by a small fosse or trench. About the centre, and upon the natural soil, had been laid the only body the barrow ever contained, of which not a vestige besides the hair could be distinguished. Near the place which, from the presence of hair, was judged to have been the situation of the head, was a curious assemblage of ornaments, which, from the peculiarly indurated nature of the earth, it was impossible to remove with any degree * "Ten Years' Diggings," p. 28. DRINKING-CUPS, ETC. 251 of success. The most remarkable are the silver edging and ornaments of a leathern cup, about three inches in diameter Fig. 429. at the mouth, which was decorated by four wheel-shaped ornaments and two crosses of thin silver, affixed by pins of the same metal, clenched inside (fig. 429). The other Fig- 430. articles found in the same situation consist of personal ornaments, the chief of which are two circular enamels upon 252 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. copper If diameter, in narrow silver frames, and a third, which was so far decomposed as to be irrecoverable (see group, fig. 430); they are enamelled with a yellow interlaced dracontine pattern, intermingled with that peculiar scroll design, visible on the same class of ornaments figured in 'Vestiges,' p. 25, and used in several MSS. of the seventh century, for the purpose of decorating the initial letters. The principle of this design consists of three spiral lines springing from a comnion centre, and each involution forming an additional centre, for an extension of the pattern, which may be adapted to fill spaces of almost any form. Mr. Westwood has shown in a most able paper in the 40th No. of the Journal of the Archaeological Institute, that this style of ornamentation is peculiar to the Anglo-Saxon and Irish artists of the period before stated. The pattern was first cut in the metal, threads of it being left to show the design, by which means cells were formed, in which the enamel was placed before fusion, the whole being then polished became what is known as champ-leve enamel. There were also with these enamels a knot of very fine wire, and a quantity of thin bone, variously ornamented with lozenges, etc., which were mostly too much decayed to bear removal; they appeared to have been attached to some garment of silk, as the glossy fibre of such a fabric was very perceptible when they were first uncovered, though it shortly vanished when exposed to the air. Proceeding westward from the head for about six feet, we arrived at a large mass of oxy- dized iron, which being removed with the utmost care, and Jiaving been since repaired where unavoidably broken, now presents a mass of chainwork, and the frame of a helmet. The latter consists of a skeleton formed of iron bands (fig. 431) radiating from the crown of the head, and riveted to a circle of the same metal which encompassed the brow: from the impression on the metal it is evident that the outside was covered with plates of horn disposed diagonally so as to HELMETS. 253 produce a herring-bone pattern ; the ends of these plates were secured beneath with strips of horn corresponding Fig. 431- with the iron framework, and attached to it by ornamental rivets of silver at intervals of about an inch and a half Fig. 432. from each other. On the bottom of the front rib, which projects so as to form a nasal, is a small silver cross, 254 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. slightly ornamented round the edges by a beaded mould- ing ; and on the crown of the helmet is an elliptical bronze plate supporting the figure of an animal carved in iron, with bronze eyes, now much corroded, but perfectly distinct as the representation of a hog. There are, too, many frag- ments, some more or less ornamented with silver, which have been riveted to some part of the helmet in a manner not to be explained or even understood; there are also some small buckles of iron, which probably served to fasten it upon the head. Amongst the chainwork is a very curious six-pronged instrument of iron, in shape much like an or- dinary hay-fork, with the difference of the tang, which in the latter is driven into the shaft, being in this instrument flattened and doubled over so as to form a small loop, apparently convenient for suspension ; whether it belonged to the helmet or the corselet, next to be described, is un- certain. The iron chainwork already named consists of a large number of links of two kinds, attached to each other by small rings, half an inch in diameter; one kind are flat and lozenge-shaped, about an inch and a half long ; the others are all of one kind, but of different lengths, varying from four to ten inches. They are simply lengths of square rod iron with perforated ends, through which pass the rings connecting them with the diamond-shaped links ; they all show the impression of cloth over a considerable part of the surface, and it is, therefore, no improbable con- jecture that they would originally constitute a kind of quilted cuirass, by being sewn up within, or upon, a doublet of strong cloth. The peculiarly indurated and corrosive nature of the soil in this barrow is a point of some interest, and it will not be out of place to state that such has gene- rally been the case in tumuli in Derbyshire, where the more important Saxon burials have taken place, whilst the more ancient Celtic interments are generally found in good con- dition, owing to there having been no special preparation HELMETS — SACRED BOAR. 255 of the earth, which in these cases has undergone a mixing or tempering with some corrosive Hquid, the result of which is the presence of thin ochrey veins in the earth, and the decomposition of nearly the whole of the human remains. The following extract from Professor Worsaae's 'Antiquities of Denmark' illustrates the helmet, which is the only example of the kind hitherto discovered, either in this country or on the Continent : — " * The helmets of the ancient Scandinavians, which were furnished with crests, usually in the form of animals, were probably in most cases only the skins of the heads of animals, drawn over a framework of wood or leather, as the coat of mail was usually of strong quilted linen, or thick woven cloth.' " To this the translator of the English edition appends the important information, that " the animal generally repre- sented was the boar; and it is to this custom that reference is made in Beowulf, where the poet speaks of the boar of gold, the boar hard as iron." "Spyn eal jylben. Gopep Ipen hepb " Nor are allusions to this custom of wearing the figure of a boar — not in honour of the animal, but of Freya, to whom it was sacred — confined to Beowulf; they are to be found in the Edda and in the Sagas; while Tacitus, in his work, " De Moribus Germanorum," distinctly refers to the same usage and its religious intention, as propitiating the pro- tection of their goddess in battle. As a further illustration, not only of the helmet, but also of the chainwork, the fol- lowing extracts from Beowulf are transcribed from Mr. C. R. Smith's '^-^ Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii., p. 240 : — 256 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. eopep-b'c j-cion op-opep hleop bsepon ; je-hpoben jolbe, pah anb pyp-heanb, peph peajibe heolb. be-pon;ien ppea-ppapium, ppa hine pvpn-bajurn pophce paepna pmi6, puribpurn ceobe, Dc-pecce ppfn-ljcum, hine pyfian no porib lie beabo-mecap bican ne meahcon : aec f sem abe pzep e^se-ryne ppac-pan pypce, ppyn ea]-;iylb«n, eopep ipen heapb : p6t fia in-bepan eopop-heapob-pe/rn, hea)>o-fceapne helm, hepe-bypTiari, ;5ij<5-ppeofib jceaco-h'c : ' They seemed a boar's form to bear over their cheeks ; twisted with gold, variegated and hardened in the fire, this kept the guard of life : I. 604. Surrounded with lordly chains, even as in days of yore the weapon smith had wrought it, had wondrously furnished it, [swine, had set it round with the shapes of that never afterwards brand or war-knife might have power to bite it : I. 2901 At the pile was easy to be seen the mail shirt covered with gore, the hog of gold, the boar hard as iron : I. 2213. Then commanded he to bring in the boar, an ornament to the head, the helmet lofty in war, the grey mail coat, the ready battle sword." I. 4299. It will be noticed in these extracts that "mail coat" or "mail shirt" is twice mentioned, as well as the "helmet lofty in war." Thus the passages in a remarkable degree illustrate this extraordinary discovery, which embraced a coat of mail along with the helmet and other objects. The coat appears to have consisted of a mass of chainwork, the links of which were attached to each other by small rings. Fragments of another helmet were the following year found in another barrow in the same neighbourhood, at Ncwh.iven, along with other objects of interest. The barrow had, however, at some previous time been griev- ously mutilated. Of this bair(;w Mr. Bateman says : " We opened a mutilated luoimd of earth in a field near Newhavcn Il(juse, cjflicd the Low, two-thirds of which had been removed, and the remainder more or less disturbed, so that nothing was found in its (jriginal state, which is HELMETS. ETC. 257 much to be regretted, as the contents appear to be late in date, and different in character irom anything we have before found in tumuli. The mound itself, being con- structed of tempered earth, bore some analogy to the grave- hill of the Saxon Thegn, opened at Benty Grange about a year before, and, like it, was wiftiout human remains, if we except a few fragments of calcined bone, which are too minute to be certainly assigned either to a human or animal subject. The articles found comprise man}^ small pieces of thin iron straps or bands, more or less overlaid with bronxe, which are by no means unlike the framework of the helmet found at Benty Grange. There is also a boss of thin bronze, three inches diameter, pierced with three holes for attachment to the dress, (?) and divided by raised concentric circles, between which the metal is ornamented with a dotted chevron pattern, in the angles of which are small roses punched by a die. Another object in bronze is a small round vessel or box of thick cast metal, surrounded by six vertical ribs, and having two perforated ears, ser\ung pro- bably better tp secure the lid and suspend the box. Although it measures less than an inch in height, and less than two in diameter, it weighs full 3^ ounces. A similar box, with the i lid, on which is a cross formed of annulets, found with Roman remains at Lincoln, is engr.ived at page 30 of the Lincoln Book of the Arch;v;ological Institute, where it is called a pyx. Two others, discovered at Lewes, arc en- graved in the * Arch;tologia," vol. xxxi.. page 437, one of which has the lid bearing a cross precisely similar to the Lincoln ex.miple, whence it is coii.un that they must be assigned to a Christian period, probably not long previous to the extinction of the Saxon monarchy. The last object there is occasion to describe is an iron ferrule or hoop, an inch and a half in diameter, one edge of which is turned inwards, so as to prevent its slipping up the shaft on which it has been fixed. We also found simuo sh.ipcless pieces ol 17 258 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. melted glass, which, from their variegated appearance, might be the product of fused beads ; and observed many pieces of charred wood throughout the mound, which may possibly not have been of a sepulchral character." Another helmet, or defensive cap, was found some years ago at Leckhampton Hill,*in Gloucestershire, the ribs of which bear a striking analogy to the one here described. A remarkable discovery, which included portions of what is very plausibly considered to be a helmet, was also, a few years ago, made on the estate of Mr. Francis Wedgwood, at Barlaston, in Staffordshire, The particulars of this I now for the first time make public. The grave, which was seven feet in length by two feet in width, was cut in the solid red-sandstone rock. It was about fifteen inches in depth at the deepest part, which was at the south-east corner, and died out with the slope of the hill towards the north-west, and the earth which covered it (which had probably been tempered in the usual manner) was only a few inches in thickness. It was on the slope of the hill. At the upper or northerly end of the grave a basin-like cavity, two or three inches in depth, was cut in the floor of rock (see A in the plan, fig. 433). In this hollow, which had evidently been intended for the helmeted head of the deceased to rest in, was found the remains of what I have alluded to as justly considered to be remains of a bronze helmet. The skeleton had, as is so frequently the case in Anglo-Saxon interments, entirely disappeared, but on its right side lay the sword (b), and on the left a knife (c). The fragments in the cavity consisted of several pieces of curved bronze, highly ornamented, which had probably, with other plain curved pieces, formed the framework of the helmet ; some thin plates of bronze ; a flat ring of bronze, beautifully ornamented (fig. 434), which is conjectured to have been the top of the framework of the helmet; and three enamelled discs, of a similar character to what have been Fig- 433- Fig- 434- 26o GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. elsewhere found, with hooks for suspension, or attachment to leather or other substance. One of these is engraved, of its real size, on the next illustration (fig. 435). The centre is of enamel mosaic work, ground down level with the metal, as in the old Chinese enamels. Fig. 435- The inference to be drawn from this curious discovery is, that the grave was that of a Saxon of high rank, who had been buried in his full dress, and that the cavity had been specially cut out in the floor of the rock grave to admit of the helmet being worn as when he was living. No remains of a shield were noticed, nor were any other remains found in the locality, which was carefully dug over for the pur pose. Enamelled discs, or pendants, such as I have just spoken ENAMELLED PENDANT ORNAMENTS. '261 of (see fig. 435), have been occasionally found in other localities, as will have been noticed in the course of the last few pages. The use of these curious objects is very obscure, and I am not aware that' any very particular attention has been paid to them. Portions of these were found in the Benty Grange barrow (fig. 430), along with the Saxon helmet. A very perfect example was found in a bar- row on Middleton Moor, Derbyshire, in 1788,* where it wa" Fig. 436. found lying near the shoulder. In the same barrow was a portion of another enamelled ornament, the iron umbone of a shield, and a thin vessel of bronze — described as like a shallow basin — which probably formed a portion of a hel- • " Vestiges," p. 24. 262 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. met These two interesting relics are here engraved (figs. 436 and 437). The first of these will be seen to bear a striking resemblance to the Barlaston example (fig. 435)> and the second, in form, to be very similar to the next example (fig. 438), ^om the museum of the Royal Irish Academy. Some precisely similar objects— similar in de- sign and in size to figs. 435 and 436— were found at Ches- Fig. 437- Fig. 438. terton. Of the four of these objects there found, two are precisely alike, and had hooks for suspension in the same manner as is shown on fig. 435 ; the other two have no hooks, and are of a different pattern of enamelling. Other examples have been brought to light in different localities, but these will be sufficient for my present purpose. It is, of course, very difficult to come to any conclusion, in the present state of our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon history, as to the original uses of these and other objects. That these enamelled and handled discs were intended for suspension by their hooks there can be but little doubt, and PENDANT ORNAMENTS, ETC. 263 it seems not improbable that they might serve as pendants to the helmet ; the two with hooks possibly hanging as ear- guards or coverings, and the others being attached by pins or rivets to, perhaps, the front and back of the circle. It is hoped that ultimately the use of these curious relics may be correctly ascertained. In the barrow at Grimthorpe, already referred to, a disc of somewhat similar character, Fig. 439- of thin metal, was found. It had been attached by three pins or rivets, the holes for which remained. It was not enamelled, but decorated with raised ornaments. It is en- graved of its full size on fig. 439. A singular plate of cast and chased bronze, strongly gilt, and set with garnets, found in Northamptonshire, and now in the Bateman museum, is engraved in the " Reliquary," vol. i. It has at the back, besides a central projection, four pierced projections for attachment to leather or other substance, and four " swivel " projections, if they may be 264 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. SO termed, on its edges, to which other matters have been attached by rivets, which are still remaining. Enamelling and goldsmiths' work were evidently arts in which the Anglo-Saxon artificers excelled; some of the rings and fibulae, and other relics, beingof extreme elegance and richness, and of great beauty in design. Having spoken of the arms, helmets, etc., found in Anglo-Saxon graves, it will be well before proceeding to describe the personal ornaments, to note that horse-shoes are occasionally met with in interments, showing that the horse was, in some instances, buried with its rider. Having given, on fig. 324, the form of a horse-shoe of the Romano-British period, I now engrave examples of those of the Anglo-Saxon times. Figs. 440 and 441 are two shoes from a Saxon grave in Berkshire. Fig. 440. Fig. 441. They will be seen to be of a very different form to those of the preceding era. One has calkins, but the other is without, and both are even on the outer edge, not "bulged," as those of Roman times are. In illustration of this mat- ter, I am enabled, through the courtesy of my friend Mr. Fleming, to give the accompanying engraving from his admi- HORSE-SHOES, ETC. rable work on " Horse-shoes and Horse-sh I would direct the attention of all who are interested in this branch of archaeological inquiry. The engraving re- presents the contents of a grave-mound excavated at Selzen, on the Rhine, by Lindenschmidt, in which, along with the skeleton oi the warrior, were the skull and other remains of his horse, with portions of horse- shoes, as well as some urns of good character, and of close resemblance to those of our Anglo-Saxon period. Tu- muli containing the remains of horses are of unfrequent occurrence in England, and therefore this example be- comes interesting as an illustration for comparison. 265 oeinsf," to which CHAPTER XV. Anglo-Saxon Period — Fibul^^ —Enamelled circular Fibulae — Gold Fibu- lae — Pendant Cross — Cruciform Fibulae — Penannular Fibulae — Irish and English examples — Pendant Ornaments, etc. npHE fibulas of the Anglo-Saxon period are the most remarkable, perhaps, of any of the products of the grave-mounds of that people. They are of extreme inter- est, not merely from their design and the excellence of their workmanship, or from their various forms and styles of ornamentation, but because by their varieties the different races to which they belonged can, in great measure, be determined. The more beautiful and elaborate, and at the same time the richest in effect, of these various forms of fibulae are those of circular form, which, although found in various parts of the kingdom, are more abundant in the barrows of Kent than elsewhere. The finest of these ever discovered was found in 1771, " near the neck, or rather more towards the right shoulder," of the female skeleton in a grave six feet deep, ten feet long, and eight feet wide, on Kingston Down, along with some small silver fibulae, a golden amu- let, some small hinges, a chain, some bronze vessels, pottery, and a variety of other articles. This fibula, here engraved (fig. 443), which is quite unique, " stands at the head of a class by no means extensive, characterized by being formed of separate plates of metal, enclosed by a band round the edges. The shell of this extraordinary brooch is entirely of gold. The upper surface is divided FIBULA. 267 into no less than seven compartments, subdivided into cells of various forms. Those of the first and fifth are semi-circles, with a peculiar graduated figure, somewhat resembling the steps or base of a cross, which also occurs in all the compartments, and in four circles, placed cross- wise with triangles. The cells within this step-like figure Fig- 443- and the triangular are filled with turquoises ; the remain- ing cells of the various compartments with garnets, laid upon gold-foil, except the sixth, which forms an umbo, and bosses in the circle, which are composed apparently of mother-of-pearl. The second and fourth compartments contain vermicular gold chain-work, neatly milled and at- 268 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. tached to the ground of the plate. The reverse of the fibula is also richly decorated." The vertical hinge of the acus is ornamented with a cross set with stones, and with filigree work round its base. The clasp which receives the point of the acus is formed to represent a serpent's head, the eyes and nostrils of which, and the bending of the neck, are marked in filigree. This precious jewel was secured by a loop which admitted of its being sewn upon the dress. Another remarkably fine example, found on the breast of a female skeleton in Berkshire, is now in the Ashmolean museum. It measures two inches and seven-eighths in diameter. The base is formed of a thin plate of silver, above which, resting apparently on a bed of paste, is a plate of copper, to which is affixed a frame-work of the same metal, giving the outline of the pattern. The four divi- sions of the exterior circle were originally filled with paste, on which were laid thin laminae of gold, ornamented with an interlaced pattern in gold wire of two sizes, delicately milled or notched, resembling rope-work. Of these compart- ments one is now vacant. This wire ornament was pressed into the gold plate beneath, and there are no traces of any other means than pressure having been used to fix it. The four smaller circles and that in the centre are ornamented with bosses of a white substance, either ivory or bone, but the material is so much decomposed it is difficult to say which ; these bosses are attached to the copper plate beneath by iron pins. The entire face of the fibula was originally set with small pieces of garnet-coloured glass laid upon hatched gold-foil. The upper and lower plates of this orna- ment are bound together by a band of copper gilt, slightly grooved. The acus is lost. The magnificent circular fibula of gold here engraved (fig. 444) was discovered some years ago in a barrow on Winster Moor, in Derbyshire. It was formed of gold filigree FIBULA. 269 work, which was mounted on a silver plate. It was set with stones or paste on chequered gold-foil, and measured two Ficj. 444. inches in diameter. Along with this fibula were found the following interesting articles : a cross of pure gold, orna- Fig. 445- mented, like the fibula, with filigree work, and having a garnet cut in facets set in its centre (fig. 445) > ^ silver aim- 270 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. let; two glass vessels, and a number of beads. These and some other articles were all found by the sides of two cinerary urns. Many of the circular fibulas are, of course, of a much smaller and less elaborate character than those here given. Fiof. 446. Fig. 447. They all, however, bear, exclusive of the fact of their being found along with other evidences of the period to which Fig. 448. they belong, characteristics which cannot well be mis- taken. These circular fibula appear to have been worn by the FIBULA. 271 Anglo-Saxon ladies on the breast or, occasionall}^ shoulder. They were probably, therefore, used for fastening the dress on the bosom, as is so often seen in illuminated MSS. and on tombs of a later period. Another extensive class of Anglo-Saxon fibula are what are usually called, though not very satisfactorily, cruciform, or cross-shaped. Fibulas of this class are, perhaps, most abundant in the midland and south-eastern counties, but they are of very rare occurrence in Kent. They would ap- pear, therefore, to have appertained mostly to the Angles, who were the inhabitants of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria. They are sometimes of silver, but usually of bronze, and are variously ornamented with interlaced Fie 449. Fig. 450. work, heads, and borders of various designs. Their form will be best understood from the accompanying engravings, which exhibit some of the most usual varieties. They are from Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Suffolk, and Cam- 272 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. bridgeshire, and will serve as typical examples of this class of brooch. Another totally distinct kind of fibula, or brooch, which is considered to be peculiarly of Irish type, but which, never- Fig. 453- theless, is occasionally met with in England, remains to be noticed. I allude, of course, to brooches of the penannular FIBUL.E. 273 form,* the general type of which will be understood by the engravings given on figs. 453, 454, and 455, which are all Irish examples of more or less decorative character. The originals are in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Fig- 454- Fig. 455- as are also many other exquisite specimens of these interest- ing examples of early art. The one next figured (fig. 456) was discovered in West- moreland, and described and engraved in the ArchcBologica^ Journal, vol. ix. page go. This beautiful fibula I here en- grave of a reduced size. The ring, it will be seen, moves freely round the upper half of the brooch, the lower or flat part of which is divided so as to allow of the passage of the acus through it. " It is set with flat bosses, five on either side. Each of these flat dilated parts of this curious ornament appears to proceed from the jaws of a monstrous head, imperfectly similating that * For a more extended and fully illustrated account of penannular brooches, the reader is referred to the " Reliquary," vol. iii. i8 274 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. of a serpent or dragon; and between the jaw is intro- duced the intertwined triplet, or triquetra, the same orna- ment which is found on the sculptured cross at Kirk Michael, Fig. 456. Isle of Man, and on some Saxon coins." This example is of silver. With it was found a silver armlet — a simple twisted bar of decreasing thickness towards the extremities, Fig. 457- 276 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. which are hooked. The dimensions of the fibula are, length of acus, eleven inches; greatest diameter of circular part, five inches; width of the dilated part, two inches; weight, 8 oz. 8 dwt. By far the finest example found in England is the one next figured (fig. 457). It was found in 1862, near the pic- turesque village of Bonsall, in the High Peak of Derbyshire. It is of bronze, and is here engraved of its full size. The ring measures three inches and seven-eighths in its greatest diameter, and the acus, which is not engraved of its full length, is six inches and three-quarters long. It has originally been set with amber or paste, and has been richly gilt and enamelled. The interlaced ornaments are most exquisitely and elaborately formed, and are of great variety, and the heads of animals are of excellent and characteristic form. The head of the acus, or pin, is large and beautifully ornamented, and, like the ring, has been set with studs. The pin itself, as will be seen by the accompanying engraving (fig. 458), is flattened and made thin at its upper end, and bent so as to allow of the free passage of the ring through it, and is riveted on to the ornamented plate in front. It is remarkable that, in this fibula, the ring, which, like other examples of this form of brooch, has been made to play freely for half its circumference through the acus, has been riveted to the head of the pin in the position shown in the engraving. That it has been much worn in this position — across the breast or shoulder — is evident from the ring being much worn where the pin has pressed against it when clasped. I believe this isl the only example on record in which the pin has beerl Fig. 458. FIBULiE. 277 fixed to the side of the ring, and this was certainly not the original intention of the maker of the brooch, but was done subsequently. This will be seen by the engraving of the profile of the head of the acus, on fig. 458. On one or two examples of penannular brooches, inscriptions in Ogham characters have been found, and it is highly interesting to be able to add that, on the back of the Derbyshire example, faint traces of Oghams still remain. Another brooch, of silver, found in England, though different in form from the expanded examples just given, and although of later date, is nevertheless of the same construc- tion. It is engraved of a reduced size on fig. 459. " The acus has been broken off. There appears to have been a third 278 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. knob, now lost, which should correspond with the knob b, the acus passing between the two. The upper knob a is very loose, and moves freely around the ring. The knob b turns, but much less freely, and does not pass over c, having merely a lateral motion of one-fourth of an inch." The diameter of the widest part is nearly five and a half inches ; the globular ornaments measure one and a quarter inches in diameter. The under side of each of the balls is flat, and is engraved with ornaments, as shown on the en- graving. This brooch belongs to Mr. C. Carus Wilson, and closely resembles some of the Irish examples. Of the mode of wearing penannular brooches, the late Mr. Fairholt says: "By the sumptuary laws of the ancient Irish, the size of these brooches, or fibulae, were regulated according to the rank of the wearer. The highest price of a silver bodkin for a king or an ollarnh, which, according to Valiancy, was thirty heifers, when made of refined silver ; the lowest value attached to them being the worth of three heifers. From this it may be inferred, that the rank of the wearer might always be guessed at from the fibulae he wore." The rank of the wearers of the "Tara Brooch " — the most famous of all the Irish brooches at present known — and of the Derbyshire example, must, judging from their large size and truly e^tquisite workmanship, have been high. The extreme rarity of brooches of this form in England, leads one, naturally, to the conclusion that they were not much worn by the inhabitants of this country, and that, therefore, they can hardly be considered to belong to the nationality, if I may so speak, of the Anglo-Saxons. Never- theless, examples having been here found in close prox- imity to undoubted Anglo-Saxon remains, and the style of ornamentation being strictly in keeping with much belonging to that period, there can be no doubt that they must be included amongst our Anglo-Saxon antiquities. Some of the most beautiful objects, along with the fibulae, J' PENDANT ORNAMENTS. 279 which the graves of the Anglo-Saxons yield, are the pen- dant ornaments of various kinds which were worn by that race of people. The objects of this class are extremely varied ; but their beauty, like those of the richly studded and gilt fibulae, and the enamelled studs and bosses, cannot well be understood without the aid of coloured illustrations. Of these a set of exquisite pendants were found along with several other interesting objects, in a barrow on Bras- sington Moor, by Mr. Bateman. Eleven of these pendants are large and brilliantly coloured garnets beautifully set in pure gold, two are entirely of gold, and the third, also of gold, is of spiral wire. Two beads, one of green glass, the other of white and blue glass, were also found. Gold drops of a similar character to those just described have been frequently found in the Kentish graves, as have also one or two crosses very similar to the one engraved on a previous page (fig. 445). Circular pendants of gold and other materials, decorated with enamelled or raised interlaced and other ornaments, or set with garnets and other stones, are also found. Among the most interesting of this class of pendant ornaments are coins to which loops have been attached. Examples have been found in Kent and elsewhere, and show that the fashion to some extent indulged in at the present day of wearing coins attached to watch chains, etc., is at least of Anglo-Saxon origin. CHAPTER XVI. Anglo-Saxon Period — Buckets — Drinking-cups of wood — Bronze Bowls — Bronze Boxes — Combs — Tweezers — Chatelaines — Girdle Orna- ments — Keys — Hair-pins — Counters, or Draughtmen, and Dice — Querns — Triturating Stones, etc. — Conclusion. TD UCKETS, so called, and very appropriately, from their "^ close resemblance in form to our modern vessels bearing that name, are occasionally found in Anglo-Saxon graves. They are small wooden vessels bound round with hoops or rims of bronze, more or less ornamented, and have a handle of the same metal arched over their tops. Of course in every case the wooden staves of which they were com- posed, and which were of ash, are decomposed, the hoops, handle, and mountings alone remaining. They vary very much in size ; one from Bourne Park had the lower hoop twelve inches in diameter, and the upper one ten inches, and the whole height appears to have been about a foot ; the handle was hooked at its ends exactly the same as in our present buckets, and fitted into loops on the sides ; it had three looped bronze feet to stand upon. Other examples only measure four or five inches in diameter. The example here engraved (fig. 460) was found in Northamptonshire, along with other remains. It is composed of three encir- cling hoops of bronze, and has its handle and attachments also of the same metal. The next example (fig. 461) is from Fairford, in Glouces- tershire, and is three inches in height, and four inches in diameter. The hoops and mountings are of bronze. 1 I Fi^. 460. Fig. 461- 282 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. Another example, which I give for the purpose of com- parison, is from Envermeu, in Normandy (fig. 462). Of Fig. 462. the use of these utensils nothing certain, of course, is known, but it is conjectured they were used for bringing in mead, ale, or wine, to fill the drinking-cups — the objection to this as a general rule being their very small size. " The Anglo-Saxon translation of the Book of Judges (vii. 20) rendered hydrias confregissent, by *to-bpoecon pa bucaj-,' i.e. 'they broke the buckets.' A common name for this vessel, which was properly called hue, was cescen, signify- ing literally a vessel made of ash, the favourite wood of the Anglo-Saxons." Drinking-cups were sometimes of wood. Of these, two examples are here given. The first of these has a rim of brass, the second a like rim attached by overlapping bands. DRINKING-CUPS AND BOWLS. 283 It has also a number of small bands of the same metal riveted on to mend cracks in the wood. They were found in a barrow on Sibertswold Down, in Kent. Fig. 463. Bowls of bronze are occasionally also found. Some of these are plain, others enamelled or otherwise ornamented, Fig. 464. and others, again, gilt. Many of them appear from their form to have been of Roman origin. Some remarkably fine examples have been yielded by the graves of Kent and 284 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. Other districts. The one here engraved (fig. 465) v^^as found at Over-Haddon, in Derbyshire, along with the re- mains of a circular enamelled disc of the kind described . Fig;. 465. on a previous page, and other relics. The bowl was seven inches in diameter, and had originally two handles. They are supposed to have been used for placing hot meats in, on the table. They range in size from four or five to twelve or fourteen inches in diameter. Small boxes of bronze are occasionally found, and are of different forms. Some are plain upright boxes with lids, just intended to hold sewing materials — in fact, the work- boxes of the Saxon ladies — and others are rather large, and have been intended to contain the comb, etc. : they are, therefore, a kind of dressing-cases. The box engraved on fig. 466 was found along with other Saxon remains near Church Sterndale. The grave, which was cut in the rock, contained a skeleton of a woman ; the lower bones were fairly preserved, but of the upper parts there were but few remains, the enamel crowns of the teeth being in the best condition. " At the left hip was a small iron knife four inches long, and where the right shoulder had been was an assemblage of curious articles, the most important of which was a small bronze box or canister, with a lid to slide on, measuring altogether two inches high, and the same in diameter. When found, it was much crushed, but still BRONZE BOXES, ETC. 285 retained, inside, remains of thread, and bore on the outside impressions of iinen cloth. Close to it were two bronze pins or broken needles, and a mass of corroded iron, some Fig. 466. of which has been wire chainwork connected with a small bronze ornament with five perforations, plated with silver, and engraved with a cable pattern, near which were two Fig. 467. iron implements of larger size, the whole comprising the girdle and chatelaine, with appendages, of a Saxon lady. Many pieces of hazel stick were found in contact with these 286 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. relics, which were probably the remains of a basket in which they were placed at the funeral. All the iron shows impres- sions of woven fabrics, three varieties being distinguishable ; namely, coarse and fine linen, and coarse flannel or woollen cloth. The box is very faintly ornamented by lozenges, produced by the intersection of oblique lines scratched in the metal." The next engraving shows a bronze box of quite a dif- ferent character, found with Anglo-Saxon remains at New- Fig. 468. haven. It is two inches in diameter, but very thick. It has six vertical ribs and two bars for attachment of the lid. Needles and pins are frequently met with. The two shown on fig. 466 will, however, be sufficient to call atten- tion to these minute objects. Combs of the Anglo-Saxon period differ but little from those of the Romans, or indeed from those of the present day. They were, both Roman and . Saxon, sometimes toothed on one side and sometimes on both sides, and were made alike of wood, of metal, of bone, and of ivory. Box- wood appears to have been so much used for the manufac- ture of combs as to have occasionally given its own name to them. Thus Martial says : — " Quid faciei nullos hie inventura capillos, Multifido buxus quae tibi dente datur ? " COMBS. 287 Wooden combs have naturally for the most part perished, but fragments have occasionally been found. Combs, both of bronze and iron, of the Roman period, have also been discovered. The greater part, however, both of that and of the Saxon period, which have been exhumed, are of bone and ivory. A good example of the single-edged or " backed" comb is given on fig. 469; they varied much in ornamentation. Fig. 469. The next (fig. 470) is toothed on both its edges, and has guards or covers to fit on the teeth, in the same manner as Fig. 470. common pocket-combs of the present day. The next is a comb with a handle, which was dredged up out of the river Thames. The period is somewhat uncertain, but I give it for the purpose of comparison, as I do also the three next figures, the first of which is from the mummy graves at Arica, the second a modern wooden comb from the same district, and the third an Indian scalp-comb. Combs from Rangoon, in the Burmese empire, and from China, are also very curiously illustrative of those of early races found in our own country. Fig. 471 p*iiii;:|:^j4i?r'v^ ''■-* ':H4-k::h Fig. 472. Fig- 473- Fig. 474. J [ i /l' iX t,m^^ ► r^ ^ flfldfi 1 1 MIRRORS AND CHATELAINES. 289 Mirrors such as are found in Roman graves are occa- sionally, but very rarely, met with ; they were, of course, articles for the toilet. Shears or scissors of iron, some of which are of precisely the same form as our modern sheep- shears, and others of the shape of scissors of the present day, are of not unfrequent occurrence. Tweezers, too, are occasionally met with. The usual form is shown on fig. 475. F'g- 475- They are of bronze, and were, it is said, used for pulling out superfluous hairs from the body. They with the scis- sors were frequently worn attached to the girdle, along with other instruments, of which I shall now say a few words. Chatelaines, or girdle-hangers, are among the most inte- resting of discoveries in the graves of Saxon females. They consist of a bunch of small implements of various kinds — keys, tweezers, scissors, tooth-picks, ear-picks, nail-cleaners, etc., and ornaments of one kind or other — hung on a chain, which being attached to the girdle hung down by the side to the thigh, or, in some instances, evidently as low as the knee. The various instruments are of silver, bronze, or iron, and are generally, the iron especially, corroded into an almost shapeless mass. The silver and bronze being more endurable, the instruments of these metals are better preserved. The example here given (fig. 476) is from one of the Kentish graves. Of some of the articles found the use is unknown, but most can be easily identified. A bunch of what is supposed to be three latch-keys is given on fig. 477, and on the next figure, 478, two curious objects, the use of which has probably been to hang small instru- ments on, to attach them to the girdle. For the same use, 19 290 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. probably, are the curious and somewhat puzzling, objects which are occasionally met with, and are here shown on fig. 479. They are found in pairs, attached at the top, and vary much in the pattern of the lower extremities. Probably the girdle passed through the upper part, and Fig. 476. keys and other objects would be hung on the lower ends. Each side of the one here engraved is six and a half inches in length. A large variety of girdle ornaments have been found in different districts. Hair-pins are of various forms and lengths. They are generally of bronze, but sometimes of bone. They are Fig. 477. Fig. 478. Fig. 479. 2Q2 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. sometimes plain, but at others highly ornamented, occa- sionally being richly enamelled. Fig. 480 is of unique form, and has three flat pendants of bronze attached to its head by a ring. Besides hair-pins, numbers of metal pins for domestic purposes are met with. Fig. 480. Fig. 481. Fig. 482. Fig. 483. Of locks and keys, scales and weights, and many other articles, it will not be necessary to speak at further length than simply to note that they are sometimes found in Saxon graves. Bells — small hand-bells — too, are found in the graves of women. They are of bronze or iron, and of the rectangular form so characteristic of Saxon bells of larger size. One of the most curious set of objects which the Saxon graves of Derbyshire have produced is a set of twenty- eight bone counters, or draughtmen, some of which are BONE DRAUGHTMEN. 293 shown on the following engraving (fig. 484) where they are represented of their full size. They were found by Mr. Bateman in a barrow near Cold Eaton, along with an interment of burnt bones, some fragments of iron, and portions of two bone combs. The draughtmen, as they are supposed to be, and the combs, had been burnt with the body. The following is Mr. Bateman's account of this curious discovery: — "The barrow was about twenty yards across, with a central elevation of eighteen inches, and was entirely composed of earth. The original deposit was placed in a circular hole, eighteen inches in diameter, sunk about six inches in the stony surface of the land on which the bar- row was raised, so that the entire depth from the top of the latter was two feet. The interment consisted of a quantity of calcined human bones, which lay upon a thin layer of earth at the bottom of the hole, as compactly as if they had at first been deposited within a shallow basket or similar perishable vessel. Upon them lay some fragments of iron, part of two bone combs, and twenty-eight convex objects of bone, like button-moulds. " The pieces of iron have been attached to some article of perishable material ; the largest fragment has a good- sized loop, as if for suspension. One of the combs has been much like the small-tooth comb used in our nurseries, and is ornamented by small annulets cut in the bone ; the other lis of more elaborate make, having teeth on each side as the former, but being strengthened by a rib up the middle of both sides, covered with a finely cut herring-bone pattern, jand attached by iron rivets. " The twenty-eight bone objects (of which nine are en- Igraved on fig. 484) consist of flattened hemispherical pieces, jmostly with dots on the convex side ; in some, dots within jmnulets. They vary from half an inch to an inch in dia- jneter, and have generally eight, nine, or ten dots each; 294 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. but these are disposed so irregularly that it would be diffi- cult to count them off-hand, which leads to the conclusion that these counters would not be employed for playing any game dependent upon numbers, like dominoes or dice, but that they were more probably used for a game analogous to draughts. This is most likely to be the fact, as draught- men have occasionally been found in Scandinavian grave- Fig. 484. mounds ; and we must assign this interment to the Saxons, whose customs were in many respects identical. All the articles found in this barrow have undergone the process of combustion, along with the human remains." In Yorkshire, some years ago, a stone, marked in small squares like a draught-board, was found at Scambridge.* * " Ten Years' Diggings," p. 231. QUERNS, OR HAND-MILLS. 295 In a grave at Gilton, in Kent, two small dice, here en- graved of their full size (fig. 485), were found. They were formed of ivory or bone. Fig. 485. Querns, or hand-mills, for grinding corn, have on many occasions been found in or about Anglo-Saxon interments. The one engraved on the next figure (fig. 486) was found Fig. 486. in a Saxon grave in the grounds of Miss Worsley, at Winster, along with many other interesting relics. One half of the quern had been burnt along with the body, as had also many of the stones which formed the mound. The next (fig. 487) is from Kings Newton, the same locahty referred to under the head of Anglo-Saxon pottery. Portions of stones which have evidently formed triturating stones, or grinders, are occasionally found in the grave- mounds of different periods. These have doubtless been of 296 GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. the same general character with the two here engraved for Fig. 487- comparison (figs. 488 and 489). Similar stones are found in Ireland. Fig. 488. Fig. 489. Besides the objects here spoken of, a large variety of interesting remains of a miscellaneous character are found CONCLUSION. 297 in the Saxon graves, but which, however interesting they may be, do not require in my present work to be specially noted. I HAVE endeavoured in the foregoing pages to give, in as brief a form as was consistent with a clear description of the objects, a faithful picture of the endless stores of trea- sures which the grave-mounds of our earliest forefathers open out to us, and to point out, with the aid of illustra- tions, the characteristics of each of the three great divi- sions, so as to enable my readers correctly to appropriate any remains which may come under their notice. I have purposely, and studiously, avoided theory and conjecture as far as was at all possible ; contenting myself rather with bringing forward facts, which observations, personal or otherwise, into the grave-mounds and their contents have established, than speculating upon matters which can have no real bearing upon the subject. It is said that "there is nothing new under the sun." The researches which have been made into the grave- mounds of the three great periods — the Celtic, the Romano- British, and the Anglo-Saxon — tend immeasurably to show the approximate truth of this adage, and my readers, from the foregoing pages, will be able to judge pretty correctly how many of our so-called tnodern inventions and appli- ances were common to, and in use by, our predecessors of " centuries and tens of centuries" of years gone by. INDEX. Abney Moor, 75 Abury, 71 Adzes, 109, et seq. Aldborough, 145 Ale Glasses, 229, et seq. Allemanic Pottery, 221 Amber Beads, 134 Anglo-Saxon Armour, 252, et seq. „ Arms, 236 to 264 ,, Banquet, 231 ,, Buckets, 280 to 282 ,, Cellarer, 230 ,, Coins, 235 ,, Cup-bearer, 230 ,, Fibulae, 267 to 279 ,, Glass, 228 to 235 ,, Horse shoes, 264 ,, Interments, 202 to2i3 ,, Interments in Celtic Barrows, 13 ,, MSS. 230, 239, 240, 282 ,, Period, 202 to 298 ,, Personal Ornaments, 233 to 235 ,, Poemof Beowulf, 206, et seq., 241, 255, 256 „ Population, 202, et seq. ,, Pottery, 214 to 227 Animal Bones, 23, 39 Arbor-Low, 3, 71, 82, 4, 50, 71, 82, 117. Arica, 287. Armlets, 196, 274 Armour, 248, et seq., 253, 254 Arrow-heads, Bronze, 193 Arrow-heads, Flint, 115, et seq. Artis, 152, etseq. Ash, 241 Ashborne, 250 Ashbury, 67 Avisiord, 147 Axe-heads, log, et seq. Balidon Moor, 87 Ballynageerah, 62 Banquet, 230 Barlaston, 258 to 263 Barrows, di-tribution of, i ,, El iptical, 6 Long, 5 ,, meaning of, 4 ,, (see Grave-mounds) ,, Twin, 5 Bartlow, 142, 147, 185 Bisin, Stone, 60 Baslow, 4, 33 Bateman, T., 12, 2), 115, 123, 209, 233, 250, 256, 263, 279, 293 Bath, 149 Battley, 162 Beads, Amber, 234 „ Clay, 233 „ Glass, 186, 187 ,, Jet, 123, et seq., 233 to 235 Bells, 292 Benty Grange, 211, 250, et seq., 257, 261 Beowulf, 2:6, et seq., 230, 240, 241, 255. 255 Berkshire, 67 Berriew, 80 Bishopstoke, 144 Blake-Low, 4 300 INDEX. Blind-Low, 4 Boar-Low, 4 Boar, Sacred, 253 to 257 Bone Implements, 42, 48, 124 to 128 Bonsall, 275 Borther-Low, 4 Bottles-Low, 4 Boulders, 33 Bourne Park, 280 Bowls, 283, 284 Boxes, Bronze, 257, 284, 285, 2S6 Boyne, 57 Brassington Moor, 74 Brennanstown, 63 Brier Low, 3 Briggs, J. J., 225 Bronze Bow s, 283, 284 „ Box, 257, 284, 285, 286 ,, Celts, 2s, 128 to 131 „ Daggers, 48, 130, 131, 132 „ Pins, 35 Brooch (see Fibulje) Broseley, 165, 168 Broughton, 35 Brown-Low, 4 Buckets, 280, 281, 282 Buckles, 248, 249, 250 Burnt Bones, 31 to 43 Buxton, 3, 122, 123, 250 Caerleon, 149 Gala's Wold, 116, 120, 124 Caldon-Low, 4 Cal-Low, 4 Calver-Low, 4 Cambridgeshire, 35, 289 Carvoran, 148 Casking-Low, 4 Castleford, 196 Castor 164 „ Potter's Kiln, 152 ,, Pottery, 152 to 162 Cellarer, 230 Celtic or Ancient British Period, 6 to 133 ,, Bone Articles, 123 to 126 ,, Bronze Celts, 128 to 132 Daggers, 132, 133 „ Chambered Tumuli, 50 to 71 ,, Coins, 132, 133 Celtic Cromlechs, 27, 50 to 71 ,, Flint Implements, 114 to 121 ,, Gold Articles, 132 ,, Interments, 6 to 49 ,, Jet Articles, 122 to 125 ,, Pottery, 83 to 107 ,, Stone Circles, 10, 71 to 82 ,, Stone Implements, 108 to 114 Celts, Bronze, 128 to 131 ,, Flint, 122 ,, Stone, 109, no, in Cemeteries, Roman, 134, et seq. ,, Kingston, 212 ,, Kings Newton, 212, 222, et seq. ,, Saxon, 212, et seq. Chain-work, 254 Chambers, Sepulchral, 1-^6 Chambered Tumuli, 55 to 71 Chambers of Stone, 27, 50, 55 to 7r, 146, et seq. Channel Islands, 63 Chatelaines, 289 Chatham, 160, 162 Chelmorton-Low, 4 Chester, 147 Chesters, 149 Chestersovers, 2rg Chesterton, 262 Chest, Stone, 143, et seq. Chisels, 109 Chun Cromlech, 53 Church Sterndale, 284 Cinerary Urns, Anglo-Saxon, 214, et seq. „ ,, Celtic, 31, 34, 8410 95 ,, ,, Frankish, 221 ,, ,, Romano-British, 161, et seq. Circles of Stone, 10, 71 to 82 ,, ,, (see Stone Circles) Cist, Stone, 11, et seq., 36 Clay Coffins. 145 Cloth, Burial in, 35 ,, Interment m, 35, 45 ,, Woollen Garment, 45, 46 Cochet, 221 Cock-Low, 4 Coffins, Clay, 145 INDEX. 301 Coffins, Lead, 144 ,, Stone, 143 „ Tile, 147 ,, Wood, 143 Coins, Ancient British, 133 „ Roman, 32, 55, 136, 141, 187, 188 ,, Saxon, 235 Colchester, 143, 144, 146, 147, 157, 159, 185, 201 ,, Vase, 159 Cold Eaton, 293 Combs, 201, 286, 287, 288, 293 Contracted Positions, 11, et seq. Cop-Low, 4 Cornwall, 2, 51, 75 Counters, 292 to 295 Cow Dale, 123 Cow-Low, 4, 228 Craike Hill, 43 Cremation, Interments by, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq. Cromlech, Ballynageerah, 62 Br. nnanstown, 63 Chun, 53, 54 De Tus, 27 Drumloghan, 61 Gaulstown, 62 Gib Hill, 43 Glencullen, 63 Howth, 63 Kells, 6r Kilternan, 63 Kits Coty House, 53 Knockeen, 61 Knock Mary, 63 L'Ancresse, 63 Lanyon, 51, 52 Minning-Low, 54, 55 Molfra, 54 Monasterboise, 61 Mount Brown, 63 ,, Venus, 63 Plas Newydd, 54, 55 R .thkenny, 63 Shandanagh, 63 Zennor, 54 Cronkstone-Low, 4 Cros-, 2,3, 269 Cup-bearer, 239 Daggers, Bronze, 130, 131, 132 Daggers, Flint, 117, et seq. „ Iron, 242, 243 Danish interments, 44 to 50 Darley Dale, 92, 94 Dars-Low, 4 Dartmoor, 75 Darwen, 90 Davis, Dr., 16, 22 Derbyshire Barrows, 2, 3, 4, 16, et seq., Devonshire, 75 Dewlish, 7 Dice, 294, 295 Discs, enamelled, etc., 260 to 264 Dominoes, 294 Dorsetshire Barrows, 2, 3,7, 47,91 Double interments, 25, 29, 30 Dove Dale, 128 Dow- Low, 4 Dowth, 59, 6r, 66 Drake-Low, 4 Draughtboard, 294 Draughtmen, 292, 293, 294 Draughts, Game, 292, 29^, 294 Drinking Cup, 43, 44, 100 to 104, 251, 282, 283 Druidical Circles, 10, 71 to 82 Durobrivian Pottery, 152 to 162 Earl Stemdale, 3 Ear-picks, 289 East-Low Hill, 146 East-Moor, 75 Elk-Low, 4, 72 Ely, 107 Enamelled Discs, etc., 260 to 264 Enamels, 251, 266, 267, et seq. ,, Chinese, 260 ,, Roman, 196 ,, Saxon, 260 to 264 End-Low, 4 Envtrmeu, 282 Extended positions, 11, et seq. Fairford, 280 Fairholt, F.W., 278 Farlow, 4 Faussett Ccllection, 217 Fibula, Anglo-Saxon, 266 to 279 ,, Roman, 193 to 196 Fimber, 43, 44, 97, 124 Flax Dale, 33, 71 302 INDEX. Flemincf, G., 264 "Flint-Jack," 115 Flint Acut-ly Angled, 119 „ Barbed Arrow-heads, 115,116 ,, Celts, 122, 123 „ Dagger-blades, 117, 118 ,, Flakes, 121, ,, Implements, 115 to 123 ,, Leaf-shaped, 119 ,, Notched, 118, 120 „ Thumb, 122 ,, Various, 121, 122 Food Vessels, 44, 95 to ico Foo Low, 4 Fowse-Low, 4 Fox-Low, 4 Frankish Pottery, 221 Froggatt Edge, 75 Galley- Low. 4 Garment, Woollen, 45 Gaulstown, 62 Germany, i6o Gib-Low, 4 Gilton, 295 Girdle-hangers, 289,290, 291 ,, Ornaments, 290, 291 Glass, Ale, 229, 230, 232 ,, Beads, 185, 231 to 235 „ Bowls, 186, 228, 229 „ Dicanters (?) 231 ,, Lachrymatories, i85 ,, Roman, 145, 185 to 188 „ Saxon, 228 to 235 ,, Sepulchral Vessels, 185 ,, Tumblers, 229 Glencullen, 63 ^ Gloucester, 201 Gloucestershire, 70 Gold Articles, 132, 133, 266 to 279 ,, Drops, 279 ,, Torques, 137, ig6 to 199 Gospel Hillock, 104, 121, 123, 124 Grave-mounds, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298 ,, „ Celtic, 6 to 132 „ „ Construction of, 6, et seq., 33, 38, 134 to 143, 202 to 213 „ „ Danish (?) 44 to 50 „ „ Distribution of, 2 Grave-mounds, Romano-British, 134 to 201 Great-Low, 4 Green-Low, 4, 114, 115 Grimthorpe, 238, 245, 246, 263 Grinders (see Querns) Grind-Low, 4, 100 Gris-Low, 4 Gristhorpe, 44 Grub-Low, 4 Gruter, 135 Guernsey, 27 Gunthorpe, 116, 120 Haddon, 141 Hair-pins, 290, 292 Hammer-head, 42, 109, et seq. Hampshire, 143, 149 Hand-mills, 295, 296 Hard-Low, 4 Har-Low, 4 Hartington, 3 Hartle Moor, 74 Hatchet, 109, 113 Hathersage iMoor, 75 Hawks-Low, 4 Hav Top, 100 Helmets, 248, et seq. Herns-Low, 4 High -Low, 4 ,, Needham, 3 Hitter Hill, 6, et seq., 16, 98 Hob Hurst's House, 33 Ho:^'s Bone?, 23 Horning-Low, 4 Horse-shoes, 201, 264, 265 Horsley, 114 Houe, meaning of, 4 Hovvth, 63 Huck-Low, 4 Immolation of Infants, 106 „ ,, Slaves, 106 ,, ,, Wives, gi, 106 Incense Cups, 84, 104 to 107 Inscriptions, Sepulchral, 135, 148, 149, 150 Interment by Cremation, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq. „ „ Inhumation, 11 to 49. 134. et seq. INDEX. 303 Interment in CIoth,''35, 45, 46 „ „ Skin, 35 „ „ Tree-Coffins, 44 to 50 „ Pit, 43 Inverted Urns, 33, 34 Ireland, 28, 63, 113 Javelins, 243, 244 Jet, 25, 44, 123 to 126 „ Necklaces, 44, 123, 124, 125 „ Pendants, 124, 126 ,, Rino-j 126 „ Studs, 123, 124, 126 Jutland, 46 Kells, 28 Kens- Low, 4 Kent, 53 Keys, 201, 289, 292 Kilkenny, 63 Kilternan, 63 Kingsholme, 144 Kingston, 212, 215, 266, 267 Kings Newton, 212, 214 to 227, 295 Kirk Michael, 274 Kit's Coty House, 53 Kneeling position, 11, et seq. Knives, 193, 242, 243 Knock- Low, 4 Knok Maiy, 63 Knot-Low, 4 Lady-Low, 4 Laidman's-Low, 4 Lake Dwellings, 45 Lamp, 201 Lancashire, go Lapwing Hill, 209 Lark's-Low, 4 Lead Coffins, 144, 145 „ Ore, 31 „ Pigs of, 32 „ Smelting, 32 Lean-Low, 4 Leckhampton, 258 Lewes, 257 Liffs-Low, 4, 42 Lillebonne, 177 Lincoln, 257 Lincolnshire, 35 Lindenschmidt, 219, 265 Little Chester, 142, 168, 169, igo Locks, 201, 292 Lollius, 135 Lomber-Low, 4 Londinieres, 221 London, 135, 142, 143, 144, 148, 171, 175, et seq. Long Low, 36 Lord's Down, 7 Low, meaning of, 4 ,, (see Grave-mounds) Lowsey-Low, 4 Lukis, Capt. 123 ,, F. C, 27 Mail, Coat of, 255, 256 Mauls, log, et seq. Mayence, 219 May-Low, 4 Med way, 160 Mick-Low, 4 Mickleover, 114 Middleton, 3, 33, 41, 123, 261 Minning-Low, 54, 141 Mirrors, igg, 290 Modelling Tools, 124 Money-Low, 4 Monsal Dale, 28, 86, 98 Mortimer, 43, 44, 97, 124 Moot-Low, 4, 127, 128 Mount Brown, 63 ,, Venus, 63 Musden-Low, 4 Mutti-Low Hill, 35 Nail-cleaners, 289 Necklace, Glass, 187, 232, et seq. » Jet, 44. 123 to 126 ,, ,, and Bone, 124 Needham-Low, 4 Needwood, ig8 Nen, 152 Nether-Low, 4 New Forest, i4g, 165 ,, Grange, 61, 65 Newhaven, 3, 256 Normandy, 174 North Elmham, 217 Northumberland, 46, 148 Nowth, 59 304 INDEX. Ochre, 43 Off- Low, 4 Oghams, 61, 277 Otterham Creek, 162 Over Haiddon, 284 Oxfordshire, 164 Ox-Low, 4 Ozengall, 144, 211 Painstor-Low, 4 Palstaves, 128 Paradise, 27 Parcelly Ha}', 3, 25, 26 Pars- Low, 4 Parwich, 141 Peg-Low, 4 Pendants, Bone, 125, 126 „ Enamelled, etc., 260 to 264 „ Gold, 279 „ Jet, 124 to 126 Penannular Brooch (see Fibulae) Phoenix Park, 63 Pigtor-Low, 4 Pike-Low, 4 Pinch-Low, 4 Pins, Hair, 290, 292 Pit Interments, 43, 44 Plymouth, 192, 193, 199 Pottery, Amphorae, 171, 172 „ Anglo-Saxon, 214 to 227 „ Celtic, 83 to 108 ,, Domestic Vessels, etc., 170 to 174 ,, Blinking Cups, Celtic, 100 to 104 „ Durobrivian or Castor, 151, 152 to 162 ,, Food Vessels, Celtic, 95 to 100 ,, Frankish, 214 to 227 ,, Hampshire, 151, 165, 166 ,, Handled Cups, Celtic, 107 ,, " Incense Cups," Celtic, 104 to 107 Potters' Kilns, 152, 154, 183 „ Marks, 176, 177, 178 ,, Mortaria, 172, 173 ,, Punches, 227 ,, Sepulchral Urns, Celtic, 31, 34, 84 to 95 Potters' Sepulchral Urns, Roman, 156 et seq. ,, Sepulchral Urns, Saxon, 215 to 227 ,, Stamps, 177, 227 ,, Unguentaria, 171 to 174 Potters, Manufacture of, 84, 152 to 184, 227 ,, Romano-British, 151 toi84 ,, Salopian, 151, 164, 165 ,, Samian, 151, 157 to 184 ,, Upchurch, 151, 162, 163, 164 ,, Yorkshire, 151, 166 Queen-Low, 4 Querns, 295, 296 (see also Grinders and Triturating Stones) Rains-Low, 4 Rangoon, 287 Rats' Bones, 16, 87, 90 Ravens-Low, 4 Red Ochre, 43 Repton, 213 Ribden-Low, 4 Rick-Low, 4 Rigollot, 220 Ringham-Low, 4, 116, 119, 120 Rings, 235 „ Jet, 124, 126 Rochester, 147 Rocky-Low, 4 Rollrich, 71 Roily-Low, 4, 34 Roman Arms, etc., 190, et seq. ,, Cemeteries, 134, et seq. ,, Coins, 55, 141, 187, 188 ,, „ as payment for pas- sage over Styx, 136, 141 Glass 184 to 188 ,, Personal Ornaments, 193, et seq. ,, Population, 134, et seq. ,, Pottery, 151 to 184 Romano-British Period, 134 to 201 Rouge, 43 Round-Low, 4, 32 1 Roundway Hill, 16, loo .' Rusden-Low, 4 Runes, 241 i Sacrifice of Infants, 106 INDEX. 305 Sacrifice of Slaves, 106 ,, Wives, gi, 106 Saint-Low, 4 Salona, 147 Salopian Pottery, 164, 165 Samian Ware, 175 to 184 Sancreed, 76 Sarcophagus, 143, et seq. Scales and Weights, 292 Scambridge, 294, 295 Scarborough, 47 Scissors, 289 Scrapers of Flint, 121 Seax, 240, et seq. Selzen, 219 „ 265 Sepulchral remains, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298 „ ,, Celtic, I to 133 ,, ,, Prankish, 221 ,, ,, Danish, 44 to 50 ,, ,, Romano-British, 134 to 201 ,, Chambers, 146 ,, Glass, 185 ,, Inscriptions, 135, 148, et seq., 217 ,, Urns (see Cinerary Urns) Shandanagh, 63 Shears, 289 Shields, 243 to 248 ,, Umbones of, 246, 247, 261 from MSS., 248 Shuttlestone-Low, 24, 130 Sibertsvvold, 247, 282 Sitting-Low, 4 Sitting position, 11, et seq. Skeleton, positions of, 11, et seq. Skins, interment in, 24, 35 Skull, Hitter Hill, 21 ,, distributions of, 22 ,, Long-Low, 39 ,, Gristhorpe, 47 Sliper-Low, 5 Smerrill Moor, 12 Smith, C.R., 160, 164,204,216, 255 Southfleet, 144 Spear-heads, 190, 192, 243, 244 Spindle-whorls, 114 Staden-Low, 4 Staffordshire Barrows, 4, 86, 89, 92, 96 Stan-Low, 4 Stanshope, 132 Stanton Moor, 73 Sterndale, 33, 284 Stone Chambers, 27, 50, 55 to 71, 146, et seq. Stone Circles, 10, 27, 34,71 to 82 ,, ,, Abney Moor, 75 ,, ,, Abury, 71 >, „ Arbor-Low, 3, 71, 82 ,, ,, Berriew, 80 ,, ,, Boscawen-Un, 80 ,, ,, Brassington Moor, 74 ,, ,, Channel Islands, 78 ,, ,, Cornish, 75 ,, ,, Dartmoor, 75 ,, ,, East Moor, 75 „ ,, Elk-Low, 72 ,, ,, Eyam Moor, 74 ,, ,, Flax Dale, 71 ,, ,, formation of, 71 M )> Froggatt Edge, 75 ,, ,, Hartle Moor, 74 ,, ,, Hathersage Moor, 75 ,, ,, Isle of Man, 76, 78 Mule Hill, 78 ,, ,, " Nine Ladies," 73, 74 ,, „ Penmeanmaur, 80, 81 „ ,, Rollrich, 71 ,, ,, Sancreed, 76 ,, ,, Stanton Moor, 73, 74 ,, ,, Stonehenge, 71 „ ,, Trewavas, Head, 76 Stone Cists, 11, 17, et seq., 33, 36, et seq., 143, et seq. ,, Coffins, 143, 144, et seq. ,, Implements of, 109, et seq. Stone, 92 Stoney Littleton, 67 Stonehenge, 371 Stowborough, 47 Strigils. 201 Studs, Bone, 122, 126 ,, Jet, 124, 126 Sussex, 146 Suttee, 91 Sutton Brow, 92 3o6 INDEX. Swinscoe, 22 Swiss Lake Villages, 45 Swords, Roman, 190, igi „ Saxon, 236 to 242 ,, from MSS., 239, 240 Swordsman, 240 Taddington, 67, 69 Tara Brooch, 278 Thirkel-Low, 4 Thirsk, 92 Thoo-Low, 4, 5 Three-Lows, 5 Thumb Flints, 121 Tile Tombs, 147, 148 Tissington, 13, 211, 236, 247 Toothpieks, 289 Torques, 133, 196 to 199 Totmans-Low, 4 Tree-Coffins, 44, 45, 50 Trentham, 89, 96 Triturating Stones, 114, 295, 296 (see also "Querns") Tump, meaning of, 4 Tumuli, Chambered, 55 to 71 (see Grave-mounds) Tumulus, Etruscan, 55 Twin-Barrows, 37, 78, 79 Tweezers, 201, 289 Uley, 70 Umbones of Shields, 246, 247, 261 Upchurch, 162, et seq. ,, Pottery, 162 to 164 Upright position, 11, et seq. Uriconium, 137, (seealsoWroxeter) Vale, 27 Vole, Water, 16, 89, 90 Ward- Low, 5, 34 Warry-Low, 5 Water Rat, 16, 8g, 90 ,, Vole, 16, 8g, 90 Wath, 47 Wedgwood, F., 258 Weights, 292 Wellbeloved, 163 Wellow, 67 West Lodge, 157 Westwood, 253 Wetton, 193 Whetstones, 114 White-Low, 5 WiUoughby, 113 Wilson, C. C, 278 Wiltshire Barrows, 2, 16, 100 Winster, 3, in, 211, 268, 269, 295, 296 Withery-Low, 5 Woolaton, log Woollen Cloth, 45 Wool-Low, 5 Worsaae, 255 Worsley, Miss, 295 Wright, T., 135, 151, et seq., 176, et seq., 216 Wroxeler, 137, 141,147, 162 to 165 Wyaston, 210, 233 Wye, 28 Wykeham, gS Yarns-Low, 5 York, 142, 143, 144, et seq. Yorkshire Barrows, 2, 5, 7, 25, 35, 44. 47. 97. 164 „ Pottery, 151 Yoalgreave, 33 Watson & Hazell, Priutsrs, London and Aylesbury. Dedicated to the Right Hon. LORD LYTTON. In One handsome Vohcme, Foolscap i^o., cloth gilt, price 25J. WOMANKIND IN WESTERN EUROPE, J'r0m \\t ^arlust %^t% t0 IJ^^ Si;ijcntant]^ Cntturgr. By THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated with numerous Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. " It is something more than a drawing-room ornament. It is an elaborate and careful summary of all that one of our most learned anti- quaries, after years of pleasant labour, on a very pleasant subject, has been able to learn as to the condition of women from the earliest times. It is beautifully illustrated, both in colours — mainly from ancient illumi- nations — and also by a profusion of woodcuts, portraying the various fashions by which successive ages of our history have been marked." — The Times. " We should be at a loss to find words of excessive praise for the learning, judgment, and delicate art with which the author has gathered, arranged, and presented the multifarious materials of a fascinating nar- rative, that would be told effectively by the embellishments of the book, even if the illustrations were not accompanied with words of explanatory text." — A tlicnauni. " This is much more than a pretty illustrated book. It is a repertory of antiquarian literature on the costume, social habits, domestic pursuits, and position of the sex, and the illustrations are from all sorts of recondite sources — MS. illuminations of the Romances, Psalters, and Chronicles. It reflects great credit on the writer, whose vast stores of information and research have been, in this instance, well employed. The volume is quite an encyclopasdia on a special subject." — Saturday Review. " As a work of art, no less than of literary elucidation, this book is perfect in all its parts, and most honourable to its publishers. . . . The letterpress enhances the value of the work itself a hundredfold, as might have been expected from so well known and learned an antiquarian as Mr. Wright, whose participation in so choice a work makes it in every respect worthy of a place in every public and well-selected library, where art and literature are alike patronized and admired." — BeWs Weekly Messenger. "We cannot justly class Mr. Wright's ' Womankind ' amongst the ephemeral books of the season ; yet it is admirably suited to answer the purpose of a gift-book — and much more ; and it would be unfair to leave it until its less solid neighbours had been cleared out of hand. Th« hijrh antiquarian renown of the author would alone guarantee that \>rxf should have no frivolous, superficial dissertation on the mere out- \r-jinl phenomena of * feminity ' in past times — no mere sentimental dtrcl^mation in fa\-our of woman's advancement to a social place which &bf ne\-er before claimed. On the contrary, we have a faithful, un- shrinking, photographically minute account of the relations between wuruen and men, and of female manners, dress, social duties, and posi- tk»n. literar\- achievements, and participation in public hfe, from the dati? at which authentic history takes cognizance of the condition of the E -uions. . . . Mr. Wright's ' Womankind ' — like the ideal of t -x — is fitted, not for the festive season alone, but for every tjo^-. — ^ .-tr TeUgifaph. '* Th« author's name, on whatever subject he writes, is a guarantee fiat thorough scholarship, solid information, lucid exposition, and careful ddSneation ; and in this work all these qualities are conspicuous. Mr. Wrigfat belie\-es, and with good reason, ' that a history of the female set, in that particular division of mankind to which we ourselves beloDg; would not be urt&cceptable to the general reader.' Such a history be bas here produced, and in doing so, has left nothing t(^be desired- ... In e^-e^Jr sense this is a splendid book, fcr whach we heartily rfcarrt Mr. Wright." — Illustrated Times. '* Ne-wer has historj' been made more charming4han in.this excellent vofome. Whatever page is opened, some pleasant little narrative, his- toeic or romantic ; some sketch of the womankina of Chaucer's days, or of the heroines of the Romaunt of the Rose; some striking pictures of Anglo-Saxon life, or some quaint costumes, or ever-changing fashions, coBBStantly attract, and interest, and inform." — Birmingham Daily Post. •*,To the general public, the appearance of such a work is a surprise, the more agreeable because, while it is the vrork of an accomplished scholar, who has nowhere deviated from the scholar's path tb win ephftneral applause, it nevertheless appeals to universal sympathies, and so aboonds in attractions as to demand to be regarded as emphatic- ally fA« book of the season.*' — Gardeners' Magazine. ' "Externally and internally it is absolutely splendid, the binding and Olastrations being a perfect marvel of beauty and richness. But in the iateiest of its subject, as well as in its mode of treatment, Mr. Wright's piesent work will command the respect and praise of the man of letters and the philosopher, quite as much as it is sure to enlist the sympathies and extort the admiration of a less exacting class of readers. The bo(A is beaii^iiily written, the style being at once chaste and ornate." — Eddawes's Shreussbury yournal. " It is one of the most interesting, instructive, and valuable books of the nineteenth centur>'. At this particular period of the agitation of woman's rights, we may say in truth that this book is a treasury of knowledge to the historian, the politician, the moral philosopher, and the reformer; while, at the same time, in its romantic incidents illus- trative of social life in different ages of Western Europe, it surpasses in interest the most skilful and attractive fictions of the day." — New York Morning Herald. GROOMBRIDGE & SON.S, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. L\ I V s ^ 15 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. DISCIIARGE-URL ii DEC 1 . JAN 3 1981 URL Ob* ^ AcOFCAi N0V2l'j4f84 "iO' -^K'O LD-imu MAR 2 m4 i4 ^^AUV 0CT2^'nr' WOVi gi^'^T REC'D LD-UR13 APR 31989 OCT 021989 ^'"^ 'O-IJRt ^Q6^ LpJuRiiMAY22'90 REC'D LD-URL i ,\WEiiNi ]yiftY111987u)iiRU j^i'B y^.UR5 ^l2 ^ I I t^ 50»!-7,'69(N296s4)— C-120 ;^^WE■UNIVER% o^lOSANCElfx^^ .^OFCALIF0% ^OFCALIFO% ^TjiaoNvsm^ "^AaaAiNn-ivKV ^ v.mCAUrFlfr. vvlOSANCflfXy. <;;0FCAIIF0/?^ %a3AINn-3WV "^^Aavaaii-i^ AA 001 169 332 2 ^^ommin"^ ^ =3 %, ^OFCAllFOfiV ? aWEUNIVERJ//, ^lOSANCELfj> o ;lOSANCELfX/ "^/^aaAINO^UV ^HIBRARYQ^ ^UIBRARYQ^ ^^WE UNIVERS/^ ^.I/OJIIVDJO^ ^.J/OJIIVDJO'^ w//i ^V^OSANCELf/^ o ^ %a3AINn-3Wv .^.OFCAIIFO% .^.OFCALIFO/?^ . ^WE UNIVERS"// . •in<;AiJr.F(Pr. ,aT.|IRRARV/).