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 1058 
 
 R59 
 
 1896 
 
 MAIN 
 
 Tactical Method 
 
 in 
 
 Modern Greek 
 
 Ri^o- Rangafoe 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 $B 73M D3b 
 
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GIFT OF 
 
 ^y.)fU<M /a^^W^V 
 
A PRACTICAL iMETHOD 
 
 IN THE MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE 
 
 EUGENE RIZO-RANGABE 
 
 Boston, U.S.A., and London 
 GINN AND COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 
 
 ^ht ^tbettaeum ^xt&s 
 1896 
 
Entered at Stationers' Hall 
 
 Copyright, 1896, by 
 GINN AND COMPANY 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESHRVBD 
 
 V.,r. ..fc^ Ail".,... \, 
 
 n^r^'-.^K^.^V'^V 
 

 TO 
 
 H. R. H. 
 SOPHIE 
 
 DUCHESS OF SPARTA 
 PRINCESS ROYAL OF GREECE 
 
 THIS BOOK IS 
 BY SPECIAL PERMISSION 
 
 MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 ^50419 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Greek language has existed, without very serious 
 alteration, nearly three thousand years. In its present form 
 it differs less from that of Xenophon than the language of 
 Xenophon differs from that of Homer. 
 
 If my intention had been to limit myself to the language 
 now used by the educated classes in Greece in literature, 
 in the daily press, in the pulpit, and elsewhere, I should 
 have had little else to do than to copy the rules of ancient 
 Greek grammar with some additions and modifications. 
 Some forms of the ancient language, such as the dual num- 
 ber, the pluperfect, the optative, etc., have become obsolete, 
 and the general spirit of the modern idiom is more ana- 
 lytical than the classical form ; the latter, however, is still 
 considered as a general treasury from which everybody 
 may borrow, and a model to be constantly imitated as 
 closely as possible by all men of letters. 
 
 But this more perfect language is not sufficient for 
 foreigners travelling in Greece and coming in contact with 
 the people, whose language is strongly influenced by local 
 idioms, as it was even in ancient times. In the following 
 lessons, therefore, I have been careful to indicate, by the 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 abbreviation vlg. (vulgar), placed after the correct forms 
 used by educated people the forms of the popular language 
 which it is necessary to know, although one should avoid 
 using them, at least in writing. 
 
 The pronunciation of the Modern Greek language is 
 certainly not that of the ancient; but that used in the 
 schools of Europe and America is also open to grave 
 objection. It would at least be of great practical advantage 
 if the one now used in Greece were universally adopted, as 
 its adoption would greatly facilitate to scholars the learning 
 of the modern language, which is so widely used in the 
 East. 
 
 This Method is divided into thirty lessons, each con- 
 taining rules of grammar, examples illustrating these rules, 
 and exercises. The verb is introduced in the second 
 lesson, and its forms are then developed alternately with 
 those of the other parts of speech. All the principles of 
 Greek grammar are thus presented, care being taken to 
 distinguish everywhere the forms of the literary or polite 
 language from those of the vulgar idiom. The lessons 
 are followed by reading-matter which has been so selected 
 as to represent the language now used in Greece by all 
 educated people both in speaking and in writing. The 
 use of more classical forms and constructions in speaking 
 would appear to a modern Greek pretentious and affected, 
 while the introduction of words and forms of the vulgar 
 idiom, although tolerated in familiar conversation, would 
 certainly be considered a mark of gross ignorance in writing 
 or in polite speech. 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 The vocabularies which complete the book contain 
 almost all the Greek words that a beginner is likely to 
 require in Greece. The English-Greek vocabulary will 
 thus take the place of a handy dictionary of the Modern 
 Greek language; in it the English-speaking student will 
 be able to find any Greek word that he may require, 
 either in preparing the exercises of this Method, or for 
 general use. The Greek-English vocabularies have been 
 arranged according to the sequence of grammatical rules 
 and parts of speech, each special vocabulary giving all 
 the most common examples ; every Greek word that occurs 
 in the lessons will also be found in its respective vocabulary 
 with the English meaning. Each of these vocabularies 
 should be committed to memory at the time when the lesson 
 to which it belongs is prepared. 
 
 I am greatly indebted to Professor John Williams White, 
 of Harvard University, for most valuable suggestions and 
 assistance rendered in the preparation of this book. 
 
 EUGENE RIZO-RANGABE. 
 Athens, Greece. 
 

 ERRATA. 
 
 
 
 194. 
 
 Second line, read yXyri^ov. 
 
 
 ■»»• 
 
 
 Fourth " " ^Airio-a. 
 
 
 # 
 
 196. 
 
 Fourth " omit iXvL^o), 
 
 
 
A PRACTICAL -METHOD 
 
 IN THE MODERN GREEK -LANGUAGO. 
 
 
 
 LESSON 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 T6 
 
 *AX4)dpT,Tov. — The Alphabet. 
 
 
 I. T\ 
 
 le Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters. 
 
 Printed. 
 
 Written. 
 
 Names. ] 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 J^ 
 
 a 
 
 "AXc^a 
 
 Alpha 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 38 
 
 / 
 
 B^jra 
 
 Ve6ta 
 
 r 
 
 7 
 
 J- 
 
 r 
 
 Tdfi/xa 
 
 Ghamma 
 
 A 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 cf 
 
 AeXra 
 
 Thelta 
 
 E 
 
 € 
 
 <s 
 
 £ 
 
 ''EfiXov 
 
 Epsilon 
 
 Z 
 
 K 
 
 % 
 
 / 
 
 71- 
 
 Zrjra 
 
 Zeeta 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 3^ 
 
 'Hra 
 
 Eeta 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 c0 
 
 s- 
 
 ©T/ra 
 
 Theeta 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 Jf 
 
 .<, 
 
 lft)Ta 
 
 Ee6ta«^la) 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 JT 
 
 11. 
 
 KaTTTra 
 
 Kappa 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 
 ^% 
 
 y 
 
 AdfjL^Sa 
 
 Lamvtha 
 
 • M 
 
 f^ 
 
 J6 
 
 A 
 
 Mv 
 
 Mee 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 'y 
 
 NO 
 
 Nee 
 
 *— « 
 
 ? 
 
 -ST 
 
 J 
 
 •<5' 
 
 Bl 
 
 Xee 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 "OfXLKpOV 
 
 Omicron 
 
 n 
 
 TT 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^O- 
 
 m 
 
 Pee 
 
 p 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 'Pft> 
 
 Rp 
 
 2 
 
 (T 9 
 
 ^ 
 
 a ^ 
 
 ^Lj/jia 
 
 Seegma 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 y 
 
 ^2 
 
 Tav 
 
 Taf 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 9/ 
 
 '*' 
 
 "TyjnXov 
 
 Eepsilon 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 ^l 
 
 Fee 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 XI 
 
 Hee 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 3^ 
 
 / 
 
 ^i 
 
 Psee 
 
 a 
 
 ft) 
 
 Z/ 
 
 4r 
 
 ^Difieya 
 
 Omegha 
 
2 <^; \: 'A\^^X: TIC AL METHOD 
 
 / ' '. ' ''' \ / ' * >• * * r . . '^''eSv'^iv^a. — Vowels. 
 
 2. There are seven vowels in the Greek alphabet. They 
 are pronounced as follows : — 
 
 a : like a in father; e.g. TraT-qp, father, pron. pateer ; yoXa, 
 milk, pron. ghala. 
 
 e: like e in well; e.g. OiXoi, I wish, pron. thello ; cSw, here, 
 pron. etho. 
 
 ' all three like ee in eel; e.g. <t>'^fir), fame, pron. feemee ; 
 6xh no, pron. dhee ; vSwp, water, pron. eethor. When 
 t is subscript it is not pronounced ; e.g. a.-^a.-Ka., he loves, 
 pron. aghapa. 
 
 o fboth like o in on; e.g. ovoq, ass, pron. onnoss ; yviofirj, 
 (o I opinion, pron. ghnommee. 
 
 2v^({>a>va. — Consonants. 
 
 3. The consonants are pronounced as follows : — 
 
 /3='Z/; e.g. ^cjStttws, certainly, pron. vev^oss. 
 
 7 : before a and o sounds and before all consonants, some- 
 thing between g and // {^gh^, or like g in the German 
 words tragen, Wagner; e.g. ypd<f>(o, / write, pron. 
 ghrafo ; yoAa, milh, pron. ghdla. Before « and i sounds, 
 like j^' in ^^j,' e.g. yrj, earth, pron. yee ; yepiov, oM man, 
 pron. yeron. The combinations yy and yx, like ng in 
 England; e.g. dyyXta, pron. angle(5a ; oyKos, w^jx, pron. 
 dngoss. In yx the y has the sound of ng (nasal) in 
 sing; e.g. €yx«Av?, eel, pron. dng-helleess. 
 
 h = th in though; e.g. St'Sw, T give, pron. theetho. In the 
 vulgar idiom after v it has the sound of d-, e.g. hivhpov, 
 tree, pron. thendron. 
 
 ^=0; ^.^. ^^Xos, i:^^/, pron. zetfloss. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 3 
 
 6 = th in think; e.g. ddXaa-a-a, sea, pron. thalassa. 
 
 K = k\ e.g. KYJ7ro<;, garden, pron. keeposs. The combination 
 
 yK, like ng in England; e.g. avyKaXG), I convoke, pron. 
 
 seengalo. 
 \ = / ; e.g. XvKos, wolf, pron. leekoss. 
 yi = ni\ e.g. }K'i]Tr]p, mother, pron. meeteer. 
 V =n; e.g. vv^, flight, pron. neex. In the vulgar idiom, if 
 
 the following word begins with ir, v has the sound of 
 
 m ; e.g. tov iraripa, the father (ace), pron. torn batdra. 
 ^ — xm excuse; e.g. ^r}p6<:, dry, pron. xeerdss. 
 ir=p\ e.g. irvp,fre, pron. peer. After /x, like ^ ; e.g. ifinpoq, 
 
 forward, pron. embrdss. 
 p = r; e.g. pltttw, I throw, pron. reepto. 
 o- = i-; e.g. o-w/xa, body, pron. sdmma. Before /8, 8, y, fx, and 
 
 p, like z ; e.g. a^vvw, /extinguish, pron. zveeno. 
 T = t; e.g. rpiTo^, third, pron. treetoss. After v, like ^; 
 
 e.g. lvT6<i, within, pron. enddss. 
 (f>=f; e.g. <l>6l3o<;, fear, pron. fdvoss. 
 X : before a and o sounds and all consonants a little thicker 
 
 than /z in heart, or like the German ch in ^(9^/// ^.^. 
 
 X^P^i J^yj pron. hard (khara); x<^P"' country, pron. hdra 
 
 (khdra). Before e and t sounds, like h in he; e.g. x^^P^ 
 
 hand, pron. heer. 
 ■\^=ps', e.g. ij/vxy, soul, pron. pseehee. 
 
 At<|>9o7"Yoi. — Diphthongs. 
 
 4. There are eight diphthongs, pronounced as follows: — 
 
 ai = e\x\. 7vell ; e.g. at/xa, blood, pron. emma. 
 et ( all three like ee in eel ; e.g. eXxov, I had, pron. eehon ; 
 OL < otKo?, house, pron. eekoss ; vio's, j-^;?, pron. eedss 
 i^i I (vlg. yoss). 
 
av 
 
 €V 
 
 rjv 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 ' before all vowels and the consonants /^, y, S, ^, A, /a, v, p 
 respectively, like «z/, ^7^, eev; e.g. avXrj, courts pron. 
 avlee; evSaifioiv, happy ^ pron. evthemon; tfipov^ I founds 
 pron. eevron. Before the consonants ^, k, ^, tt, o-, t, 
 <^, X) ^^ like ^, ^ ^<?/"/ e.g. avT6<s, he himself^ pron. 
 aftdss; ivdv<i, direct, pron. eftheess; -qv^-qo-a, I increased, 
 pron. eefxeessa. 
 ov—ou in group; e.g. ouSct?, nobody, pron. outhees. 
 
 Note. — The sign (") placed above the second vowel of a diphthong 
 is used to show that the two vowels must be pronounced separately; 
 e.g. Mdtos, May, pron. maeeoss. 
 
 5. Remark. — The vulgar idiom forms another diphthong by fusing 
 the I (or any of the diphthongs et, oi, vi, having the sound of t) with the 
 following vowels. The t is in this case pronounced like jj' in j/^j. This 
 fusion is often shown by the sign (w) placed under the vowels ; eg. 
 yf/ufuw, of bread, pron. psomyou ; 7rot6s, who, pron. pyoss ; 1^5, son, 
 pron. yoss. 
 
 Quantity of Vowels and Diphthongs. 
 
 6. The vowels 7; and a> are long ; the vowels t and o are 
 short ; the vowels a, t, v are sometimes, long and sometimes 
 short. 
 
 7. All diphthongs are long ; but ai and ol are short when 
 they are at the end of a word, with a few unimportant 
 exceptions. 
 
 8. These distinctions of quantity make no difference 
 whatever in the pronunciation of these vowels an'd diph- 
 thongs ; but it is necessary to know them, as they affect 
 the accentuation of the words. 
 
 Breathings. 
 
 9. All Greek words beginning with a vowel must have a 
 breathing placed above this vowel. If the word begins with 
 a diphthong, the breathing is placed above the second vowel. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 5 
 
 10. There are two breathings, the rough (*) and the 
 smooth ('). 
 
 11. The majority of Greek words take the smooth 
 breathing. 
 
 12. The vowel v at the beginning of a word always takes 
 the rough breathing. 
 
 13. Of the consonants only p at the beginning of a word 
 takes the rough breathing. When two pp meet in the middle 
 of a word, the first takes the smooth and the second the 
 rough breathing ; e.g. Oappo^, courage, pron. tharross. 
 
 14. One learns the words that receive the rough breathing 
 only by long practice. It may be of help to remember that 
 English words derived from the Greek always begin with h 
 when the corresponding Greek word has the rough breathing ; 
 e.g. hypnotize from vttvos ; harmony from dp/xovia ; hero from 
 ■^pio<i, etc. 
 
 15. The breathings do not in any way influence the pro- 
 nunciation, except that if the rough is immediately preceded 
 by one of the letters /c, tt, t, either in the composition of 
 words or at the end of the preceding word, then these letters 
 are respectively changed into x? <^» ^; ^-g- Kaxe^ta for ko-k 
 €$La] i(f> TipXv for ctt' Ty/xlv; ku^' -^/xtts for Kar' ^/Aas. 
 
 Accents. '?',> 
 
 16. There are three accents in Greek, the acute ("), 
 the grave (^), and the circumflex (^). 
 
 17. The accent can stand only on one of the last three 
 syllables of a word. The syllable on which the accent is 
 placed is pronounced with greater stress than the rest ; e.g. 
 TTore, when, pron. pdte ; Trore, never, pron. pote. 
 
 18. The grave accent is written in place of the acute on the 
 last syllable of a word, unless the word terminates a sentence. 
 
6 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 19. The circumflex can be placed only on one of the last 
 two syllables, either on a long final syllable (e.g. t^s ti/a^s, of 
 honor, pron. teess teemeess), or on a long penultimate if 
 the final syllable is short {e.g. (r<f>aLpa, ball, pron. ssfera ; 
 Ci^v, I had, pron. eehon). Rule to be committed to memory: 
 Long before final short, circumflex. 
 
 20. The acute can be placed on any one of the last three 
 syllables. Short vowels, when accented, always take the 
 acute. A long penultimate, if accented, takes the acute 
 when it is followed by a long final syllable ; e.g. dp-^vrf, 
 peace, pron. eereenee. Rule to be committed to memory: 
 Long before final long, acute. 
 
 21. When the last syllable is long, the accent cannot be 
 on the third syllable, but has to descend to the penultimate 
 {e.g. the genitive of av^/owTros, man, is dv^pwTrov, because the 
 termination is long). This rule is not always adhered to in 
 the vulgar idiom ; e.g. evKoXrj, easy, pron. efkolee ; da-xrjfir}, 
 ugly, pron. assheemee. 
 
 22. As a rule all the terminations of verbs and of the 
 genitives of nouns, which are long and accented on the last 
 syllable, take the circumflex • e.g. AuAw, / speak, pron. Ial6 ; 
 XttAcTs, thou speakest ; rt/Aiys, of honor ; kukov aBck<f>ov, of a bad 
 brother. 
 
 Punctuation. 
 
 23. The period, the comma, and the note of exclamation 
 are the same as in English. The semicolon is a period 
 at the top of the line ('), and the mark of interrogation is 
 like the English semicolon (,*). The apostrophe (*) is 
 written over the place of an elided vowel ; e.g. dXA* cyw, but I, 
 pron. alegho, for dXAa cyw, aid eghd. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 7 
 
 24. EXERCISE.i 
 
 (To be read aloud.) 
 'Ez'w 8* et? TOcavTTjv Oeatv rjrov 77 fici'^^r), Xeyovcnv 
 
 While in stick position was the battle, they say 
 
 oTi eXafJLyIre /Lteya (f>(b<; i/c r?}? 'EXefcrti^o?, ^%09 8e 
 
 ^A«^ flashed (a) great light from {the) - Eleusis, {a) sound 
 
 Kol (^(ovrf eTrXrjpcoae to Sptd<rtov irehiov fte^/3t r^? 
 
 and (a) voice filled the Thriasian field as far as the 
 
 6aXd<Ta7]<;, oJ? av ttoXXoI avOpcoiroL ofiov i^rjyov 
 
 sea, as if many men together were shouting 
 
 Tov /jLvariKOV "laK')(OV. 'E/c tov jx€(tov 8^ Tov irXTjOov; 
 
 the mystic lakchus. From, the middle of the mtdtitude 
 
 Twv /€pavya^6vT0)v icjxivT] V€^o<^ ^adfirjBbv vyjrovfievop, 
 
 of the shouters appeared (a) cloud gradually rising, 
 
 KoX eiretra TrdXtv x/Tro')((Dpovv, iireirecrev eh ra? Tpirjpei^. 
 
 and afterwards again receding, it fell on the triremes. 
 
 "AXXot 8' kv6p,iGav oTi elBov ^avTCLafJiaTa koI eiScoXa 
 
 Others thought that they saw apparitions and images 
 
 dv6p(07r(OV ivoTrXcov, airb rrj? Alyivrj^ ifcretvovrcov ra<; 
 
 of men armed from^ {the) Aegina extending the {their) 
 
 X^lpa^ irpo Twv 'F^XXt^vlkSv rpir^pcov, koX eUa^ov 
 
 hands before the Hellenic triremes, and they conjectured 
 
 OTI r)<jav ol KlaicChaL, ou? el')(^ov irpo tt}? /ta^j^r;? 
 
 tliat they were the A iacides, whom they had before the battle 
 
 iiTiKaXeaOr} hi ev')(ojv eh ^orjOeiav. 
 
 invoked by prayers to {their) help. 
 
 1 From Plutarch's Life of Themistocles, translated into Modern Greek 
 by A. R. Rangabe. 
 
8 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 25. Modern Greek Pronunciation. 
 
 (The following should be read as if it were English. We have 
 doubled the consonants after e and a wherever it was necessary to show 
 that these vowels should be pronounced short.) 
 
 Enno th' eess teeaffteen thessin e^ton ee mihee, 
 16ghousin otee 611ampse m^gha foss ekk teess 
 Ellefsseenoss, eehoss the ke fonnee epleerosse to 
 Threeasseeon petheeon mehri teess thalasseess, oss 
 an police anthropee omou exeeghon ton meesteekon 
 E6ak-hon. Ekk tou messou the tou ple^thouss ton 
 kravghazondon effanee n^ffoss vathmeethon eepsou- 
 menon ke 6ppeeta paleen eepohoroun eppeppessen 
 eess tass treee^reess. Allee th' ennomissan 6tee 
 e^thon fandasmata ke eetholla anthroppon ennoplon, 
 app6 teess Eghe^neess ekkteenondon tass heerass pro 
 ton Elleeneekon treeeeron ke eekazon otee e6ssan 
 ee Eake^the, ouss e6hon pro teess mdheess eppi- 
 kalesthee the eff-hon eess voeetheean. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 "KpOpov. — Article. 
 26. The definite article 6, the, is thus declined: — 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 6 
 
 V 
 
 TO 
 
 ot 
 
 ai 
 
 TO. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rov 
 
 T9l<i 
 
 TOV 
 
 TWV 
 
 TiJiV 
 
 TWV 
 
 Dat. 
 
 TW 
 
 Tji 
 
 T(p 
 
 TOtS 
 
 rats 
 
 TOtS 
 
 Ace. 
 
 rov 
 
 TYjV 
 
 TO 
 
 TOV^ 
 
 TOIS 
 
 TO. 
 
 27* Note. — The datives singular rep, rri, ry, and plural rots, rots, 
 ToTs, are not in common use. Instead of the dative it is customary to 
 use the accusative with the preposition els, to; thus, ets rhv, d% roiJs, etc. 
 (and in the vulgar idiom V rbv, V to«Js) = to the. 
 
 28. Remarks. — a. The article has no vocative. 
 
 b. The genitive plural is always rdv. 
 
 c. The accusative of the neuter, both singular and plural, is always 
 like the nominative. 
 
 Position. 
 
 29. The article is generally placed before the noun ; 
 e.g. 6 Aaos, f/ie people; rj Ttfiy, honor. It is placed after the 
 noun if this is followed by an adjective ; e.g. Fcwpyios 6 
 rptTos, George III. In the vulgar idiom the article is in 
 this case repeated, 6 Fewpytos 6 TpLTo<:. 
 
 30. No article is used when geographical names are pre- 
 ceded by prepositions indicating motion from, to, or through 
 a place ; e.g. Ik Ilaptortwv ci? 'A^ijms, from Paris to Athens. 
 
 31. When an adjective precedes the noun, the article 
 comes first ; if the adjective follows the noun, the article is 
 repeated ; e.g. 6 KaAos dvOpoiTros, 6 dvdptoTro^ 6 koAos, the good 
 man. 
 
10 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 32. When a demonstrative pronoun or the adjective 
 oAos (ttcis), «//, precedes the noun, the article is placed 
 between the two ; e.g. ovtos o avOp<DTro<:, this man; 0A.0S o 
 KoafjLos, all the world. 
 
 33. All the words which qualify a noun can be placed, 
 in the literary language, between the article and the noun ; 
 e.g. 6 iravTwv dvr)TOiv dpLcrro^ for 6 apL<TTO% irdvrwv dvrjruiVy 
 the best of all mortals. 
 
 34. The article is often used alone when its substantive 
 can be easily supplied or has already been mentioned ; 
 e.g. i\ KaXKo^ri) t^s <^v(r€a)s koX t] t^s ywaiKos, the beauty of 
 nature and that of woman. 
 
 35. There is no indefinite article in Greek, but the 
 numeral ets, /xta, h (vlg. o/a?, /Mtia, «/a), one^ is used in the 
 vulgar idiom in this sense ; e.g. \i.La. yvi/^ cAcyc, a woman was 
 sayings instead of the literary expression yvn; Tt$ eAcyc. 
 
 ^Prjfxa. — Verb. 
 
 ^^ ^ ^ ^.f 'EpepyrjTL/cov. — Active. 
 
 >^^ )c 'EvcoTcis. — Present. 
 
 36. cxa>, I have. €xofi€v, we have. 
 
 £X€is, thou hast. ^X*^*> y^^ have. 
 
 Ix^if he (or she) has. lyovm (vlg. ^xow), they have. 
 
 37 • Note i, — The second person singular, ^x"s, is always used in 
 addressing intimate friends and inferiors. 
 
 38. Note 2. — The form ^xo*"* for the third person plural is the 
 one generally used in conversation, but the literary form Ix^^O't is aUone 
 used in writing. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 11 
 
 39, Remark i. — 'Exw, as all active verbs, always takes its object 
 in the accusative. 
 
 40. Remark 2. — The interrogative form is the same, being only 
 distinguished by the inflexion of the voice, and in writing by the sign ; 
 
 ^ 'EpttTiinaTiKdv. — Interrogative. 
 
 41. €x<i>; have 11 cxo/oiev; have we 1 
 
 Ixcts; hast thou 1 'X^^e; have you 1 
 
 Ix"/ has he (or she)'i l^vai; (ixpvv;) have they? 
 
 'Ovofiara. — Nouns. 
 
 OvS^Tcpa. — Neuter* . 
 
 42. TO ij/di/xt, bread. to aAaTt, salt, 
 
 TO o-ttTTovvt, soap. 
 
 43. Remark. — The neuter ending t, so common in Modern Greek, 
 is derived from the ancient diminutive termination iov (second declen- 
 sion), of which the two final letters are generally left out in the nom. 
 and ace. singular, while in the gen. singular and in the plural the i is 
 pronounced like the English y in yes, and almost forms a diphthong 
 with the final vowels (see § 5). The genitive of these nouns, both 
 singular and plural, is always accented on the last syllable, and takes a 
 circumflex. The accusative is always like the nominative ; there is no 
 dative. 
 
 44. They are declined as follows : — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 TO ij/iJifXt. 
 
 Ta \J/o)fXLd. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TOV tl/uyjXLOV. 
 
 rwv «/fo)/xitov. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TO \j/Q)fJl.l. 
 
 Ta tj/iDfJiid. 
 
12 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 45. In the same way are declined the following nouns*: — 
 
 TO rpairi^L, table. to XaSt, oil. 
 
 TO KXetSt, key. TO ^eiSi, vinegar, 
 
 ro iraiSt', ^^j^. ^ to Kpavi^ wine. 
 
 TO KopLTCTLy girl. TO fioLTi, eye. 
 
 TO TrairovTO-Lj shoe. , to kovtL^ box. 
 
 TO KpeftpaTL, bed. to p.av8v\i, handkerchief. 
 
 46. TO KpePPdTL Tov iraiSiov, the bed of the boy {the boy's 
 
 bed). 
 
 TO KovTi TOV KopiTaiov, the box of the girl (the girVs 
 box). 
 
 TO, KAeiSia Twv TratSttuv, the keys of the boys {the boys' 
 keys). 
 
 47* '^'^h <md. o)(L, no. vat, yes. 
 
 Note. — A more polite word for yes is /AdXitrra. 
 
 48. hevi not (always precedes the verb). 
 
 Sev e^w, I have not. hkv tx^i; has he not? 
 
 Sci/ ixofi€Vf we have not. h\v ex^rc; have you not? 
 
 1 In the literary language these nouns are as follows : 6 6.pros, bread; 
 t6 dXaj, salt; 6 adiruv, soap ; rj rpdire^a, table ; ij xXcfs, key; 6 irali, boy ; 
 r\ Kdprj, girl; rb VTrddrjfxa, shoe ; t] KXlvrj, bed ; rb I^Xaiov, oil ; rb 6^os, vin- 
 egar; 6 oivos, wine ; b 6(pda\fi6s, eye; rj irv^ls, box; rb piybfxaKTpov, hand- 
 kerchief. These are used in writing, and will be found in their respective 
 declensions. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 13 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 49. "E^^ere Kpaal; Aev e'x^co Kpao-L, e')(a) ^elSt koI 
 Xdhi. — "Ep^et? TO Tpaire^L tov iraihiov ; 'O^l, e)((a tcl 
 irairovTaia tov KopiTaLov. — To KXeihl tov Tpaire^iov. 
 
 — "E;)^€T€ TO akcLTi fcal to craTrovvi ; MaXtfrra. — 
 "E^^et TO fcovTL ical to Kpe^^uTi ; '0;)^fc, e;^€t to, 
 fjLavSvXta. 
 
 50. Have you the bread ? Yes, I have the bread. 
 
 — Has he bread } He hasn't bread. — Hast thou the 
 salt ? I have not the salt. — Have they the table ? 
 No, they have not the table. — Have we the oil and 
 the vinegar.? Yes, we have the oil and the vinegar. 
 
 — Have they wine ? ^ No, they have oil. — Have you 
 the boy's shoes ? No, I have the girl's keys and the 
 boy's boxes. — Has he the girl's handkerchief ? Yes, 
 he has the girl's handkerchief. 
 
 1 Omit the article. 
 
14 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON III. 
 Substantive Verb. 
 
 Etfiai. 
 
 51. ci/Atti, I am. €Lfi.€0a^ we are, 
 elaaL, thou art. (jUrQf.^ you are. 
 ctvai, he (she) is. ctvai, they are. 
 
 52. Note. — The personal pronouns/, thou, he, etc., are not ex- 
 pressed with the verb in Greek, — except for emphasis. 
 
 53* Remark. — Er/tot is followed by the predicate nominative; 
 e.g. eifiai Ka\6s, I am good. 
 
 'ETTt^era. — Adjectives. 
 
 54. Adjectives have three genders, masculine, feminine, 
 and neuter, according to the gender of the substantive which 
 they qualify. 
 
 Position. 
 
 ' 55* When masculine or neuter adjectives are not accom- 
 panied by a substantive, dvOpwiro^, man, must be understood 
 in the first case, and 7rpay/m, thing, in the second ; e.g. oX 
 KoXoi Kox oX KUKOL, the good and the bad {men) ; to KaXKirtpov 
 dvax . . ., the best (thing) is. 
 
 ^. Ail it 
 56. 
 
 Kij-y '. 
 
 A.p(rcviK6t 
 
 '. — Masculine. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 KttXos, 
 
 good. 
 
 KaXoL. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 KttXot). 
 
 
 KoXiov. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 KoXo). 
 
 
 KoXoTs. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 KOXOV. 
 
 
 KaXovs. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 KoXi. 
 
 
 KaXoi. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 IS 
 
 57 • c*/Aat KttXo?, I am good. 
 eivai KttXos, he is good. 
 
 ctvai KttXoi, //^^^ are good. 
 KoKk avOpu)7r€ ! good man ! 
 
 58. 
 
 59- 
 
 
 0tiXvk6v. — Feminine. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom 
 
 KoKy]. 
 
 KaAat". 
 
 Gen. 
 
 KaXr\%. 
 
 KoKuiv. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 KaXrj. 
 
 Ka\aL<s. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Kokrjv. 
 
 KaAas. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 elfxai KaXrj, I am good (fem.). 
 eifxeda KaXai, we are good. ctvat KoX-i); is she good f 
 
 60, 
 
 
 Ov8^T€pOV. - 
 
 - Neuter. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 KOKOV. 
 
 
 KoXd. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Kokov. 
 
 
 KaXSiv. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ka\<S. 
 
 
 KaXois. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 KaXov. 
 
 
 KaXd. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Ni 
 
 om.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 61. 
 
 cTvac KaXov, it is zood. 
 
 elvac KaXd, they are good (neuter). ctmt kclXov; is it good 1 
 
 62. Note. — The final v of the neuter nom., ace. and voc. singular 
 is omitted in the vulgar idiom (/caX6 for KoXbv). 
 
 63. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 KttKO? 
 
 KttKiy 
 
 KaKov, bad. 
 
 dvot/cTO? 
 
 dvOLKTT^ 
 
 dvoiKTov^ open. 
 
 /cXeto-To's 
 
 KXeicrrrj 
 
 KXeiarov, shut. 
 
 0€pix6<S 
 
 Oepfirj 
 
 Oepfidv, ' warm. 
 
16 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 I3peyfi€vrj 
 
 /Speyfxevov, wet. 
 
 areyvrj 
 
 <rrcy.o.,^ry('--tT 
 
 vwirrj 
 
 vcoTTov, fresh (not stale). 
 
 arevy 
 
 arevov, narrow. 
 
 evfiopcfiTj^ 
 
 ev/jLop<f>ov, pretty. 
 
 aaxrjfir]^ 
 
 ao-xry/xov, ugly. 
 
 cvKoXrj^ 
 
 evKokov, easy. 
 
 Sva-KoXrj ^ 
 
 Bva-KoXov, difficult. 
 
 cSw, Aere. 
 
 iKCL, there. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 
 ^pf.yp.kvo%^ 
 
 fO$ » VWTTOS 
 
 yUoki'kf^ o-rcvos 
 € It^ evfiopKfios 
 
 64. TTov; where 1 
 
 65. IIoi) eivai TO ^elSi kol to XdSt; 'ES<w elvaL. — Elcrat 
 KaX6<; ; "O^^t, elfiai KaK6<;. — l^lvat to kovtI fcXeLo-TOP ; 
 "Oxh €LvaL avoLKTov. — EZi^at dcr')(r) fxov to KOpiTori ; "O^^t, 
 elvaL €Vfiop(f)Ov. — Hov elade ; 'ESw. — "E^^et? to, KXeLBtd 
 Tctiv iraihicav ; MaXto-ra. — ^Ivat KaXov to fcpaai ; Aev 
 elvaL KaXov. — Tlov elvaL to KOpiTaL ; EZi^at eKel. — 
 ^lade dep/JLO^i;^ Aev elfiaL Oep/Jbo^;, elfiaL jSpeyfievof;. — 
 "EilvaL KaXa tcl TrajrovTcrLa tmv KopLT(TL(x)v ; MdXLo-Ta, 
 elvaL KoXd. — YilvaL to yjrcofjLl vcottov ; MdXiaTa, elvaL 
 
 VCOTTOV Kal Oep/JLOV. 
 
 1 Perfect passive participle, PePptyfjJvoi, the reduplication being 
 dropped in the vulgar idiom. 
 
 * These feminine forms belong to the vulgar idiom ; the accent 
 remains on the same syllable as in the masculine, although the termi- 
 nation of the feminine is long (see § 21). In the literary language the 
 feminine forms are the same as the masculine, €v/xop(f>os, evKoXoi^ etc. 
 
 * The verb elo-^e is put in the plural, instead of in the singular, out 
 of politeness; the' adjective remains in the singular. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 17 
 
 66. The bread is good. — Is the salt good ? No, it 
 is wet. — Where is the key ? Here it is (e3a) ehat). — 
 Is the box open ? No, the box is not open, it is shut. 
 — Are they good (neuter) ? No, they are bad. — Is it 
 dry } No, it is wet. — Have you good bread ? Yes, 
 we have good bread. — Where is it ? There. — Have 
 they good oil .-* No, they have bad oil. — Are the shoes 
 wet } No, they are dry. — Where are the boy and the 
 girl ? Here they are. — Is the girl pretty ? No, she is 
 ugly. — Has the girl pretty eyes ? Yes, she has pretty 
 eyes. 
 
18 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 t-^ CK/^0<rv>j 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 Verbs. 
 
 napaTaTkK6s. — Imperfect. ^ p O V n s 
 
 67. (xypv (vlg. "xa)? I had. elxofxev (vlg. cixa/xcv), we had. 
 ctx€s, thou hadst. ttxere (vlg. «xaTc), ^^« had. 
 etx€, he (or .f^^) had. elxov (vlg. cix'^v), //^^7 had. 
 
 68. Remark. -^ The auxiliary verb ^x'^* I have, is defective and 
 has only one past tense ; elxoi/ stands at the same time for the imperfect, 
 I was having, the perfect, / have had, the pluperfect, / had had, and the 
 aorist, / had. The classic second aorist iaxov is sometimes used in the 
 literary language. 
 
 First Declension. 
 
 69. In Modern Greek there are six declensions of 
 nouns. 
 
 70. The first declension contains feminine nouns ending 
 in t) and a, and masculine nouns ending in ry? and as. 
 
 71. The feminine nouns ending in ry are declined as 
 follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. r\ TLfXT], honor. at riftai'. 
 
 Gen. T^s Tt/M^s. tcov ri/xoiv. 
 
 Dat. r^ Tf-fJ^V' '''"■^'* '"''■l^'*- 
 
 Ace. rrfv Tifirfv. ra^ TLixd<:. 
 
 Voc. (like Nom.) (like Nom.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 19 
 
 72. In the same way are declined the nouns: — 
 
 y\ <f}(Dvi^, voice. -^ vnofiovi^, patience. 
 
 17 dyaTrr), love. 17 KaXwcrvn;, kindness. X C</lXo ^^ 
 
 ^ d8eA.<^ry, sisUr. ^ iina-ToXrj, letter. Oeate.^, 
 
 ■^ t,(iyi\f life. ^ arTLyfxy, instant. 
 
 17 iOprrj^ holiday. 17 dl/aToA.17, East (rise, of stars). 
 
 17 Kopvcf>rj, top. ^ l^°OCli ^^11^^' 
 
 v} (TeXt^vrj, moon. r} Ke<fiaXi^, head. 
 
 17 avXi}, court. 17 (Typki]., school. 
 
 17 rpo^rj, food, ^ avfilBovX-^, advice. 
 
 rj t,i(TTrj (vlg.), heat. rj yvw/u-iy, opinion. 
 
 17 da-rpaTry, lightning. 17 ^'^XVy ^oul. 
 
 Also the feminine adjectives in r;, given in § 63, such as 
 KoXr]^ KaKT], etc. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. I.) 
 
 73. Remark. — The genitive phiral of all the nouns, masculine and 
 feminine, of the first declension always has the accent on the last 
 syllable, e.g. rifxCou, aeXrjviov, Tpo<t>C3v, etc. This rule does not apply to 
 adjectives, as we shall see later on. 
 
 74. aXXd (dXX* before a vowel), but. ri; what? 
 Kan (vlg. KctTt Tt), something. riTroTe, nothing. 
 Scv Ixw TtTTOTc, I have nothing (lit. I haven't nothing). 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 75. ''E;^eTe/caTt; MaXicrra, €X(^ kcltl. — Tiexere; "E;^© 
 TO /cXecSl Tov KOVTLOv. — ElaOc KaX6<; ; "O^t, ^^v el/iuL 
 fcaXof;, el/JLai KUKO'i. — El^^^e to ttulSI KaXa nrairovTaia ; 
 
20 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 "O'X^t, TO TraiSl Sev el'^e koKcl irairovTaia^ aXKa to 
 KopiTCTL €l%€. — Tt €;^€t9 / Tlttotc. — Et^exe KaXrjv 
 Tpo<l)r)V €t9 (at) TTjV a')(^o\riv ; "O^l, Sev €L')(^Ofiev kuXtjv 
 
 TpO(f>7)V, €i')(^0/JL€V KaK1]V. EZl^at 77 <f)COVrj TOV KOpLTCTLOV 
 
 KoXri ; "Oxh ^^^ elvai KaXrj. — "Ep^ere iopT'qv; MaXiaTa. 
 
 — Tlov elvaL tcl jxavhiiXia to)v KopiTcnSyv ; ^Ivat eKel. 
 
 — Elz/at KoKr] tj yvwfjbrf tov iraihiov; MaXto-ra, rj yva)fJLrj 
 TOV Traihiov elvai KoKri. — "Ep^et? Tr)V iTTKTToXrjV t?}? 
 aSe\(f)rj<i tov Traihiov; 'O^t, hev ttjv (it) €)(^co. 
 
 76. You are a^ good boy. — Is the bread good ? 
 No, the bread is bad. — What is good ? Nothing is 
 good {tlttotc Sev elvai koKov). — Is the girl pretty } 
 No, the girl is ugly. — Are the shoes dry 1 No, they 
 are wet. — Had she a good voice } No, she had a bad 
 voice, but pretty eyes. — Had they good food at [ek 
 with accusative) the school } Yes, the food was good, 
 but the wine was bad. — Hadst thou a good holiday } 
 Yes, — Hadst thou wine, and oil, and vinegar } I had 
 no wine (hev el^ov Kpaai), but I had (aXk* clxov) oil 
 and vinegar. — Had they good beds ? Yes, they had 
 good beds. — Have you *a sister ? No, I have no 
 (Bev €xa>) sister. — Where is the court ? Here it is. — 
 The rising of the moon. — Had you a letter of the 
 boy's sister ? Yes, I had a letter. 
 
 ^ Omit the indefinite article. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 21 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 .Verbs {continued). 
 
 Imperfect of Etp.au 
 
 77. The imperfect of the verb ei/xat, I am^ is as follows: — 
 
 ■^/Aiyv (vlg. rjfiovv), I was. 
 
 5cro (vlg. 170-0 w), thou wast. 
 
 r]ro iy]rov before a vowel, vlg. ^^av), he (or she) was. 
 
 TJfjieOa (vlg. rjnaaOcj ^/Aao-re), we were. 
 
 rjaOe (vlg. rjarre), you were. 
 
 r](Tav (vlg. ^Tttv), //z^' Z£/^r^. 
 
 78. Like l^w, the auxiliary verb ci/ttat has only one past 
 tense, tJ/at/v. 
 
 First Declension (continued). 
 
 79. Feminine nouns of the first declension ending in a 
 may be subdivided into two categories : first, those that 
 have a vowel or the consonant p before the final a ; second, 
 those that have any other consonant than p before the 
 final a. 
 
 80. The nouns of the first category are declined as 
 follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. y] yp.pa.^ joy. at ^pai. 
 
 Gen. T^s ^a/oas- Ttui/ ^apwy. 
 
 Dat. T77 x^P?-- '''"''^ ya.pal%. 
 
 Ace. T^V ^a.p6.V. TOLS X"-P^^- 
 
 Voc. (Hke Nom.) (like Nom.) 
 
22 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 81. In the same way are declined the following nouns: — 
 
 Tj oiKia, house. y] (ro<f}Lay wisdom. 
 
 rj wpa, hour. r\ ywvia, comer. 
 17 (T<f>aipa, bally sphere, rj xoipa, country, 
 
 rj 17/w.cpa, day. ^ i\iCKva.y friendship, 
 
 rj dyopd, market. 17 iXevOepca, liberty, 
 
 rj y€<f>vpa, bridge. rj wirpa, stone. 
 
 17 Ovpa, door. 7] o-Kto, shadow, 
 
 rj KapSca, heart. 17 vycta, health. 
 
 17 dcr^cVcta, illness. ^ ratvia, ribbon. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. II.) 
 
 82. Remark i. — a. It is important to note that the termination 
 aj of the genitive singular of these nouns is always long, and, when the 
 accent falls upon it, this accent is always a circumflex ("); e.g. rri% 
 XapaJ, T'^s d7opas. 
 
 83. b. If the accent falls on the penultimate syllable, then it must 
 always be an acute (') ; eg. t^s c^pas, t^j ijfji^pas, ttjs ao<f>ias. 
 
 84. c. If in the nominative the accent falls on the antepenultimate, 
 then in the genitive it will descend to the penultimate and be an acute, 
 as in the above case (b) ; eg. rj yi<pvpa, gen. t^j y€<p^pas. 
 
 85. Remark 2. — The genitive plural of all nouns of the first 
 declension, as already mentioned in § 73, always has the accent on the 
 last syllable, and this accent is always a circumflex ; e.g. rdv x^-P^^i "'''*''' 
 dyopQv, tG)v KapdiQv, rCov yetpvpuv. This rule does not apply to adjec- 
 tives, as we shall see in the following Remark (§ 89). 
 
 86. Tj riixipa tt}? iX€vOepCa<;, the day of liberty. 
 
 aX ywviaL Tuiv oiKtwv, the corners of the houses. 
 
 aX aaOcveuu t^s KapSca?, the diseases of the heart. 
 
 ras o-Kias t^? yc</>v/3as, the shadows (ace.) of the bridge. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 23 
 
 87. Feminine adjectives ending in a are also declined in 
 the same way ; e.g. 
 
 dyta, saintly^ holy (fem.). kXtvOipa, free. 
 
 KaOapa, pure, dean. d^ta, worthy. 
 
 $7]pd, dry. <f>av€pd, manifest, evident. 
 
 (For further examples see the masculine adjectives of the following 
 declensions.) 
 
 88. ^ dytia (To^ta, holy ivisdom. 
 
 at KaOapal KapSiaL, pure hearts. 
 
 rd? cAcv^cpas ^poM, free countries (ace). 
 
 T^s <liavepai<5 <^tXt'as, of evident friendship. 
 
 89. Remark. — The genitive plural of these adjectives follows the 
 general rule of the declension (§ 85), except when the masculine adjective 
 ends in os (second declension) and is not accentuated on the last syllable; 
 e.g. dyla, masc. ^7105. In these cases the genitive plural of the feminine 
 is accentuated as in the masculine ; e.g. dyia, gen. pi. dyiuiv (not dyLwv) ; 
 tQ>v dyiuiv rjfxepQv, of holy days. 
 
 90. pov, my. /u,as, our. 
 crov, thy. o-a?, your. 
 Tov, Trjs, Tov, his, her, its. rmv, their. 
 
 91. These pronouns are put immediately after the noun 
 to which they belong ; e.g. ^ KapSta p.ov, my heart; 17 <^iXtd 
 era?, your friendship. Their accent is absorbed in the pre- 
 ceding word if this word is accented on the final syllable 
 {e.g. yapd p-ov), W has an acute on the penultimate {e.g. 
 KapSCa p.ov) ; but if it has a circumflex on the penultimate 
 (e.g. ar<f>aLpa), or if the accent is on the antepenultimate (e.g. 
 ye<f>vpa), then the accent of the pronoun is added on the 
 last syllable of the preceding word and becomes an acute ; 
 e.g. (Tf^alpd p.ov, ye(f}vpd p.ov. 
 
24 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 • 92. Efc;j^€T€ Triv (j)t\{av rov; "Oxh ^€v el^ov rrjv rifir^v 
 TTJ^ (fytXia^ Tov. — ^Ha-de ek (at) rrjv ayopdv ; "O^h 
 rjiXTjV €69 Tr]v Ovpav T7j<; auX/J?. — At jcovtat t^9 j€<j)vpa^. 
 — At copat T(ov djLCJV yfiepcov. — ^l^ov rrjv dyaTTTjv t^9 
 aSeX</)^9 TQ)v. — To Kopirai tjto koXov. — ^'E^j^ere to ^elhl 
 fiwi Koi TO Xdhi /jLa<i; "O^^t, Sev e^oi to ^elBi koX to Xdhi 
 (TWi, dW e^oo TO '^(Oju koI to /cpaai aas. — *Hto voditov 
 TO ylrw/xt; "Oxh ^TO ^7)p6v. 
 
 93' Have you the honor of his friendship ? He has 
 not the honor of my friendship. — You had the joy of 
 her love. — They had the love of their sister. — The 
 fetes (al iopTai) of the holy days. — The corner of the 
 bridge. — Divine (dyia) wisdom is worthy of honor. — 
 Were you in (ek with accusative) the court ? No, 
 I was at (ek) the market. — Had you the keys of the 
 door ? No, I had the keys of your box. — Was the 
 boy good ? Yes, the boy was good, but the girl was 
 bad (neuter). — The hours of the day. — Have you 
 anything^ good (neuter). No, I have nothing good. — 
 Her joy is manifest. — Were yourMdes dry ? No 
 they were wet. 
 
 1 In the vulgar idiom Hx^fe tIwotc; {have you nothing 1) is often used 
 for ex*''* /cdrt,' {have you anything?). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 25 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 *Ev€<rT«s. — Present. 9C ? '^ "^ ^ ^ 
 
 94* dyopa^w, / buy. 
 
 ayopd^u) if/u)fXL, I buy bread. 
 
 dyopa^ow^ Kpaaij they buy wine. 
 
 Aeyw, I say. 
 
 oTt, that (conjunction). 
 
 Acyw OTt, / say that. 
 
 Atyci OTt etfieOa KaXoC, he says that we are good. 
 
 T/owyw, I eat. 
 
 Tpwyoficv {J/<ofjLL, we eat bread. 
 
 aKovo), I hear.' 
 
 (XKova) TO ttulSl, I hear the boy. 
 
 aKovw OTt eivat KaAos, I hear that he is good. 
 
 95. Note. — The above verbs are conjugated in the present indic- 
 ative active like exw (see § 36). 
 
 96. Toi/,^ him. Tov%^ them (masc). 
 Triv,^her. Ttts, them (fem.). 
 ^o> ^^^ Tft) i^t^^ (neut.). 
 
 1 The vulgar form of the verb is here used because Kpacl belongs to 
 the vulgar idiom. The literary form, ayopa^ovai, vk^ould demand the use 
 of the literary word for wine, olvov. 
 
 2 These pronouns are shortened forms of aurAi/, ayrijc, avrb, etc., the 
 accusatives of the personal pronoun of the third person. Instead of 
 rbv €xw the literary form exw cirrbv is used in writing. 
 
26 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 97* Toi/ l^w, / have him. 
 
 hlv Tov €x<«>, / haven^t him. 
 
 Tov aKoud), / hear him. 
 
 Scv Tr}v €x^y I haven't her. 
 
 Sev TO dyopd^io, I do not buy it. 
 
 Tov^ €X(o, I have them (masc). 
 
 h\v TOLs exdi, f haven't them (fern.). 
 
 Bkv TO. oLKoviOy I do not hear them (neut.). 
 
 First Declension {continued). 
 
 98. The second category of feminine nouns of the first 
 declension ending in a (see § 79) comprises those that have 
 a consonant other than p before the final a. 
 
 99. They are declined as follows : — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 y) y\<oaa-a, tongue. 
 
 at yA.a>o-(rai. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 T^S yAwcrtr?;?. 
 
 TUiv yXtoa-a-dv. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Try yXoifTorri. 
 
 rats yXoxraai^. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 r-qv yX^<T(rav. 
 
 Tois yAwo-o-as. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 100. Like yXCxraa are declined : — 
 
 17 T/ottTTc^a,^ tad/ej bank. y\ -K^va^, hunger. 
 
 17 Sii/^a, thirst. r\ 3o^ glory, 
 
 ^ pt^a, root. T\ /xcAtcro-a, bee. 
 
 ^ ^aoriAtcro-a, queen. y\ al6ov<ra, drawing-roQm. 
 
 Yf 6d\a(r(Ta, sea. ly a/xa^a, carriage. 
 
 1 rpdire^a is the classical word for fa6/^, and is used in this sense in 
 the literary language. An a/^ar is called dyla rpdrc^a, holy table. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 27 
 
 101. at at^ovo-at t^s (iacnXL(r(Trf^, the drawing-rooms of the 
 
 queen. 
 17 Ovpa T^9 dfxd^rjs, the door of the carriage. 
 ■^ dvoLKTrj daXaaa-a, the Open sea. 
 y\ 8o^a T^9 dper^?, the glory of virtue. 
 Sva-KoXoL yXcucro-at, difficult languages. 
 f-vKokov yk(i)a-(T7)s, of an easy language. 
 
 102. Note. — From the paradigm and examples it is apparent that 
 the second category of feminine nouns ending in a differs from the first 
 only in the genitive and dative singular, which end in 175 and 7/ instead 
 of OS and ^t. The vulgar idiom does not make this distinction and 
 always forms the genitive in as (riys 7X(i(r<ras, instead of r^s yXdxrarjs), 
 but this is never done by the educated classes, except in the case of a 
 few modern nouns, generally derived from the Italian, which do not 
 change the final a. Such are : — 
 
 103. ly yara, cat. rj irqrra, pie. 
 rf ^ovpTcra, brush. ^ Tropra, door. 
 ri 8oi)Aa,^ maid. r} o-ovTra, soup. 
 
 17 Ko'AAa, starch, glue. rj rpiXXa, madness. 
 
 ^ KovKXa, doll. ^ <fi€Ta, slice. 
 
 17 a-KoXa, staircase, ladder, y (f>opd8a, mare. 
 
 7} Xd}XTra, lamp. rj <{)ovKTa, handful. 
 
 rj KoXu)va, column. rj ij/dOa, straw matting. 
 
 r) Trao-ra, paste. rj j/'ix^, soft part of bread. 
 
 104. rj ^ovpraa rrj's 8ovXa<s, the brush of the maid (the maid^s 
 
 brushy. 
 rj Xdjiira t^s cTKoXas, the lamp of the staircase {staircase 
 lamp'). 
 
 1 The classical form ot this word is do^Xri, which means slave. 
 Educated people call a maid-servant virrjp^Tpia. 
 
28 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 at KoXwi/ai T^s TTopras, the columns of the door. 
 /xta <f}ovKTa Trao-Ta,^ a handful of paste. 
 
 105. Note. — In the vulgar idiom <r is often added to the nomina- 
 tive plural, 7Xw<r<rais for 'yXuxrarai.. 
 
 106. Remark. — a. The terminations a of the nominative and av 
 of the accusative singular are always short in these nouns ; the termina- 
 tion as of the accusative plural is always long. 
 
 107* <^- The genitive plural has a circumflex on the last syllable, as 
 in the entire first declension. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 108. ''E;)^et9 TO /cXeiSl ttJ? Tro/ora? {6vpa<;); Aev to 
 'iX^' — EZp^^e? T7]V lyaTav tov fcopiTaiov ; Aev ttjv el'^^ov. 
 
 — Hou elvat 77 a/jua^a tt)? ^aaiXLao-rj^; ; Aev elvai iB(0. 
 
 — IIoO 77TQ1/ 7; \d/jL7ra tt}? aWovaijf;; 'ESw. — Eti^at ^ 
 ^\o}(Taa evKoXof; (vlg. evKoXrf); 'O^l, elvai hvaKoXo^, — 
 Tt dyopd^€T€; ^Ayopd^ofjcev /coWav /cal irdaTav. — 
 *A^ou€t9 TTJV ddXaaaav; MaXto-ra. — "E^et to KopiTat 
 Ka\r)V Kaphlav; '0%i, €')(ei KaKrjv Kaphiav, dWd KaXrjv 
 (fxovrjv. — "E%et9 ttjv KovKkav tov KopiTaiov ; Aev elvat 
 tov KopiTaLOVf elvat t?}? 8ovXa<i. 
 
 1 In the vulgar idiom the nominative is used after words signifying 
 measure, weight, number, quantity, eU., instead of the more correct 
 genitive (Trdo-ra instead of irdaras). Compare the German expression 
 ein Glas fVasser, etc. All kinds of macaroni and vermicelli are called 
 paste in Modern Greek, as in Italian. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 29 
 
 109. Have you the key of my table ? I haven't it. 
 — Have you anything ? I have nothing. — Where is 
 the maid's cat.? She is on (et?) the staircase. — What 
 iri) does the queen say.? I do not hear her. — Do you 
 say that the girl is good .? I say that she is bad. — 
 Had she the key of the drawing-room } No, she hadn't 
 it; she had the key of the door of my house. — Do 
 you buy the carriage.? I buy it (fem.). — Is there ^ a 
 bee in the drawing-room .? Yes, there ^ is. — What (rt) 
 are you eating .? I am eating a {jiiav) slice of bread. — 
 Was the girl at (et?) the staircase .? No, she was at the 
 door. — What are they eating .? They are eating the 
 pie. — Have you the maid's starch and her soap .? 
 No, I haven't them. 
 
 ^ Omit there. 
 
30 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 Verbs (continued). 
 M^Wwv. — Future. ;^ J O'vos 
 
 r 
 
 110. There are two futures in Greek, the first and the 
 second. 
 
 111. The Jirst future expresses the action in its duration, 
 that is, as going on or repeated in future time ; e.g. orav 
 iTnaTpiif/Yjq, Oa rpwyo), wAen you return I shall be eating ; 
 0* ayopd^u) Travrore dprov dir' avTov, I shall always buy bread 
 from him. 
 
 112. The first future is conjugated thus : — 
 
 ^a dyopo^o) (^' dyopa^w), I shall buy (habitually). 
 
 ^a ay opd^y;. 
 
 6a dyopa^rj. 
 
 Oa dyopd^oiixev. 
 
 6a dyopd^-qre (vlg. dyopd^ere). 
 
 6a dyopd^iocn (vlg. dyopd^ovv). 
 
 113. The first future is formed with 6d and the present 
 subjunctive (see § 212). ©d is a contraction of dcA-w ii/o, 
 I wish that. 
 
 114* 6a €;j(<o, I shall have. 6a i^oi/xev. 
 
 6a ^XV*' ^^ ^X^''^^ i^^S- ^X^'^'O* 
 
 6a iXO' ^^ txoiCTL (vlg. t^pw). 
 
 115. 6a elfJuiL, I shall be. 6a ilp.f.6a. 
 
 6a ctorai. ^a €ia-6€. 
 
 6a €Lvai, 6a ttvai. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 31 
 
 1 1 6. ^a Xcyo), I shall say. 
 Oa. rptiiyo), I shall eat. 
 
 6a oLKovo) (0* ctKovo)), I shall hear. 
 
 117. The second future expresses simply the future 
 occurrence of the action, e.g. orav i7n(rTp€if/ri<;j Oh. (f>dyoi, ivhen 
 you return^ I shall eat ; avpiov ' dyopao-cu aprov, to-morrow 
 I shall buy bread. It is conjugated in the same manner as 
 the first future. It is formed with 06. and the aorist sub- 
 junctive (see § 212). 
 
 118. da ayopda-oj, / shall buy (simply) . Oa etTno, / shall say. 
 6a aKov(To), I shall hear. 6a ^dyta, I shall eat. 
 
 119. The second future of some verbs, like the aorist, is 
 formed on a different stem from that of the present, as 
 Xtyco, Tpwyo), etc. (see above). "Exw and flpuat have only the 
 first future. 
 
 
 First Declension {continued). 
 
 
 120. 
 
 Masculine nouns of the first declension end in 
 
 175 
 
 and as ; 
 
 they are 
 
 declined as follows 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 121. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 6 KXcTTTiys, thief. 
 
 Ot KAcTTTai. 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rov kXItttov. 
 
 TWV kXcTTTWV. 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 T<p KXiTTTY]. 
 
 TOtS KXcTTTttlS. 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Tov KXiirr-qv. 
 
 rov<; KAcTTxas. 
 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 KXiirra. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 Plural. 
 
 
 122. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 6 ra/xt'as, cashier. 
 
 01 rap.LaL. 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rov rap.iov. 
 
 riov rafiLOiv. 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Tw rafiia. 
 
 Tots rafxCaa. 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 rov rafjLtav. 
 
 Tovs rap.La<i. 
 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 rafxia. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 
32 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 123. In the same way are declined the following nouns : — 
 
 6 /3Lp\Loir(t)\r]<;, bookseller. 6 vavTYj<s, sailor. 
 
 6 iTTL^ar-qq, passenger. 6 iravToirwX-qSy grocer. 
 
 6 eTnardryf^, Olferseer. 6 iroirjrrjs, poet. 
 
 6 ipyarrjs, workman. 6 (TTpaTiwriy?, soldier. 
 
 6 OeaTT^s, spectator. 6 v7rrjpiTrj<Sf servant. 
 
 6 Ka$7jyr)Trj<;, professor. - 6 ya.pTr\^y paper^ map. 
 
 6 Kvfi€pvT^Tr)<:, captain. - 6 \}/d\Trj<;y chanter. 
 
 6 Xyarrjq, brigand. • 6 vcavtas, young man. 
 
 6 fjiaOr}Trj<i, pupil. 6 Xo;(ias, sergeant, r- 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. V.) 
 
 124. Remark. — Proper names ending in as, like 'Eirajueiix^i'Sas, 
 make the genitive in a, tov 'EirafieivdvSa. 
 
 125. Note. — It will have been remarked that the plural of all the 
 nouns of the first declension, both masculine and feminine, has the 
 same terminations. 
 
 126. Toipa, now. 
 arjfiepov, tO-day. 
 avpLov, to-morrow. 
 
 fieOavpLov, the day after to-morrow. 
 
 dvrip.eOavpLoVf two days after to-morrow. 
 
 "TrdvTore, always. 
 
 xOk, yesterday. 
 
 TTpoxBU, the day before yesterday. 
 
 avTiirpoxOis, two days before yesterday. 
 
 wfpvaty last year. • 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 33 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 127. Tt ^' ajopdo-rjre avptov; Kvptov 8ev 6* a'yopaa(o 
 TLTTore, aWa fieOavpcov 6' ayopdaco KpaaL — T/ 6a Xeyj] 
 6 Ka6r]j7jT'^(; ; Sa Xeyy on ol fiaOijTal elvat KaKoL — 
 Tt 6a etirr) 6 Ka\6<; iTnardTrj^ ; 'O iirLa-TaTri^ 6 Ka\o<; 
 6a elirr) on ol ipjaTac Kal 6 7ravT07r(oXr}<; elvat XycrTai. — 
 *A/coveL<i Tov Kv(3epvriTr}V ; Aev rov clkovo). — 0a rov 
 (iKOvrf^ ; %a TOV clkovw. — 0a tov aKovarfi avptov ; 
 Oa TOV cLKOvaw. — Eli^at evKoXo^; (vlg. evicoXr)) rj fyXodaaa 
 TOV iirt^aTOV ; ^Ivat SvaKo\o<; (vlg. SvaKoXr]). — Ti 
 Xeyet Toopa 6 TafjLta<i rr)? Tpaire^r)^ ; Keyet on 6 veavia<; 
 elvat KXeiTTr)';. — 'Ayopd^et<; ^etSt Kal Xdht ctTrb {from) 
 TOV TravToiTOiiXrjv ; MaXio-ra, Twpa ayopdaco cnrb tov 
 TravTOTTcoXrjv, dXXa 6' ayopd^o) irdvTOTe airb tov eirt- 
 aTaTTjv. — Tt' 6d (fidyTjTe avptov; Avptov Kal /jLe6avptov 
 6a (fydycofiev aovirav irdaTa} 
 
 128. What are you buying.? I am not buying any- 
 thing to-day ; I shall buy paper to-morrow. — What are 
 the soldiers eating } They are eating the sailor's 
 bread. — Where was the servant yesterday .-* He was 
 at the grocer's door. — What will the spectators be 
 saying } They will always be saying that the pupils 
 of the professor are not poets. — Do the sailors and 
 the passengers hear the captain } No, they hear the 
 voice of the young man. — What will the overseer say 
 the day after to-morrow .? He will say that the work- 
 men are thieves. — Is the cashier a good young man 1 
 No, his life is bad. 
 
 1 Placed in the vulgar idiom in the nominative instead of the genitive. 
 
34 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 Verbs {continu€d). 
 
 Future {continued). 
 
 129. ypd<t>u), I write. 
 
 6a ypd\J/(i) (second future), I shall write. 
 ypd<f>o) CIS Tov ra/xtav/ / write to the cashier. 
 
 130. Note. — When the indirect object is a personal pronoun, 
 in the literary language the dative is used without any preposition, 
 i.e. fwi, to me, <Toi, to thee, t^J, to kim, t^, to her, rjnTv, to us, vfuv, to you, 
 Tols, to them (masc), rah, to them (fem.). In the vulgar idiom the 
 genitive or the accusative is used, e.g. aov X^w or <r^ X^w, / tell you. 
 These pronouns always precede the verb, except iJ/lui' and hylv^ which 
 are placed after it. 
 
 131. /xoi (/Aov) ypd<f>eLq, you write to me. 
 croi ((Tov) ypd<t>(jD, I write to thee. 
 TO) {tov) ypd<f}(i), I write to him. 
 Ty (t^s) ypd<f>(i)y I write to her. 
 
 ypd<fiov(TLv rjfXLV (/xas ypdt^ovv), they write to us. 
 ypd<f)ov(nv vpXv (o-as ypd<f>ovv), they write to you. 
 Tots (Tov<i) ypd<f}0), I write to them (masc). 
 
 132. vofiL^Wf /think, I belief) e. 
 
 6a vofXLo-o), I shall think (second future). 
 
 vofjiL^u) oTL, I think that. 6€\io, I wish. 
 
 6a dcXiJcrw, / shall wish. 6€\<ii vd, I wish to. 
 
 133. Remark. — Nd is a shortened form of Xva. (which belongs to 
 the literary language) and, like Q6l, which, as we saw (§ 113), is a contrac- 
 tion of 6i\ia Xva, is always followed by the subjunctive. 
 
 1 In the literary language, y(>6,4>(a rip ratilq.. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 35 
 
 ^^iroTaKTLKrj. — Subjunctive. 
 
 134. An example of the conjugation of the subjunctive 
 has been given (§ 112) in the conjugation of the future. 
 The tenses in the forms that follow have the same distinc- 
 tion of meaning as in the future. The verb ^e'Ato, I wish, 
 is here prefixed in order to make the meaning clearer. 
 
 Present. 
 
 I35« ^e'Xo) V dyopd^cD, I wish to buy (habitually). 
 OeXeLs V dyopd^rj<s, thou wishes t to buy. 
 OekcL V dyopd^Y], he wishes to buy. 
 OeXofxev V dyopd^iofxev, we wish to buy. 
 BiXerf. V dyopd^rjre, you 7m'sh to buy. 
 6i\ov(Ti V dyopd^wa-L, they wish to buy. 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 136. ^c'Xoj V dyopd(TO), I wish to buy (simply). 
 ^cActs V ay opdays, thou wishes t to buy. 
 Oekei V dyopdcTY), he wishes to buy. 
 dikojxev V dyopdcTdipLCv, we wish to buy. 
 Ockcre V dyopd(Tr)Te, you wish to buy. 
 OiXovai V dyopdcTwcn, they wish to buy. 
 
 1 37* OkXii VOL ypd<fiOi TravTOTc, he wishes me always to 
 write. 
 OeXcL vd ypdif/u) ai^fxepovj he wishes me to write 
 to-day. 
 
36 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Second Declension. 
 
 138. The second declension comprises masculine and 
 feminine nouns ending in os and neuters ending in ov. 
 
 139. An example of a masculine noun ending in os is the 
 following : — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 6 
 
 av0p(O7ro<;j man. ot dvOpoiiroL. 
 
 , Gen. Tov dvOpuiTrox 
 
 K TUiV dvOpOiTTMV. 
 
 Dat. TO) dvOp<i)7r(D. 
 
 TOL^S dv6p(i)7roL<s. 
 
 Ace. TOV dvOpCDTTOV 
 
 TOv<s dvOpu>7rov^. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 avOpcoTre. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 140. In the same way are 
 
 declined : — 
 
 dSeXc^ds, brother. 
 
 
 17X10?, sun. 
 
 ai/cj/^ios, nephew. 
 
 
 X6<fios, hill. 
 
 a^L<DiJiaTLK6<Sf officer. 
 
 
 vaos, temple. 
 
 8i^pxip^o<;j mayor. 
 
 
 o^oXo's, cent. 
 
 StSao-KaXo? (vlg. SacrKoXos), 
 
 Kttt^s, weather^ time. 
 
 KrJTro<: (^g. to TrepL^oXi), garden. 
 
 teacher. 
 
 
 Spofio^y road. 
 
 
 KrjTTOvpo^ (y\g. 7r€pLf3o\dpr)<:), 
 
 IpjTopo^^ merchant. 
 
 
 gardener. y 
 
 Oakafjios, chamber. 
 
 
 fxdyeLpo<;, COok. 
 
 dopvjSo^, noise. 
 
 
 oivo% (vlg. Kpaa-C), wine. 
 
 laTp6<Sy doctor. 
 
 
 o-ravXo?, stable. 
 
 iTTTTos (vlg. TO akoyov), horse. Tvp6<s (vlg. to Tvpi), cheese. 
 vTrdWrjXo^, clerk. yepfiavo^, German. 
 
 <f>L\o^, friend. iraXo?, Italiati. 
 
 lyBpd<i^ enemy. Ia-irav6<;, Spaniard. 
 
 OdvaTo<Sy death. <rL8rjpoq, iron. 
 
 Koa-fxoq, world. xoXko^, copper. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 37 
 
 Kvpios, gentleman^ master^ sir. dpyvpo<; (vlg. to dcr^/xi), silver. 
 (Tv^vyos (vlg. avSpas), husband. y^iVKJo^^ gold. 
 ayy\o<s, Englishman. tolxo's, wall. 
 
 dfxepiKavos, American. virvos, sleep. 
 
 ydWos, Frenchman. Ka-n-vos, smoke, tobacco. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. VI.) 
 
 141. 6 iarpos OiXtL v dyopd(rrj KaTrvov, the doctor wishes tO 
 
 buy tobacco. 
 6 fxayeipos rfyopaaev olvov, the COok bought wine. 
 6 (Tv^vyo? fjiov fxol ypd<fi€L on Bev Ix^t o^oXoVy my 
 
 husband writes to me that he has not a cent 
 
 (a farthing). 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 142. @e\et o S^fxap'X^o^ va f^pd->\rrj et? tov e/nropov ; 
 ' O^L, OeXeL va ypd-^rj €t9 tov av^vyov tt}? aSeX^^? tov. 
 
 — Hov elvai 6 daXapio^ tov KrjTrovpov ; ^Ivai et? tov 
 KTJTTOV. — No/itfet 6 (^tXo9 tov a8e\(f)ov aa^ otl 6 Spofiof; 
 elvat Ka\6<; ; MaXtcrra. — Tt 6a vofiLay 6 fjLdy€tpo<i oTav 
 {when) 6 ' uKovay otl 6 olvo<i 8ev elvat KaX6<; ; @a vofMLo-rj 
 OTL 6 7ravT07ra)\T]<; elvac KXeirTr)^. — @eXet o aveyfrto^ aa^ 
 V dyopda-y olvov ; "0%t, Qe\u v a^yopdar) KaXov Tvpov. 
 
 — ^Jiyopaaev 6 dyyXo^ tov toI')(^ov tov vaov ; Aev tov 
 Tjyopaaev 6 d<yyXo<?, tov yyopacrev 6 afiepLKavof;. • — Sot 
 ypd(f>€L 6 av^vry6<; aov irepl {about, with gen.) tov QavdTOV 
 TOV d^LcofiaTiKOv ; No/-n''fa) otl /jloI ypdipet. — Uov etvai 
 rj oL/cLa TOV Kvpiov ; Eli^at ek tov \6(f)ov. — Tt deXcTe, 
 KvpLe ; Aev deXco TtTrore. 
 
38 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 i43» Does the gardener's nephew think that the 
 weather is good ? No, he thinks that it is bad. — What 
 will your brother's friend think when (orav) he hears 
 the noise in the stable ? He will think that the doctor's 
 horse is bad (vicious). — Does the merchant's clerk 
 wish to buy a good garden ? No, he always wishes to 
 buy (be buying) horses. — Do you wish me to write to 
 the mayor ? No, I wish you to write to his sister's 
 husband. — This (auro? 6) German is an officer.^ — 
 Have you heard about (Trept, with genitive) the death 
 of our enemy ? — Have you bought tobacco ? I have 
 not bought it, because (Stort) I haven't a cent. 
 
 1 Omit the article. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 39 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 Future {continued). 
 
 144. Pres. dvotyo), I open. 
 
 Imp. ^i/otyov, I opened {was opening), 
 2 Fut. 6* avoi^ui^ I shall open. 
 
 Pres. ap€(TK(i), I please. 
 
 Imp. T^peo-Kov, I pleased, 
 
 2 Fut. ^' dp€(To)y I shall please. 
 
 145. Remark. — In the vulgar idiom the person pleased is put in 
 the accusative (sometimes in the genitive), without any preposition 
 if the person is expressed by a personal pronoun, and with the pre- 
 position cts if it is expressed by a noun. 
 
 146. E.g. fik dp€<TKei, I like {it pleases me). 
 
 Scv /w,e dpccrKct, / don^t like. 
 
 crk dpecTKeL, thou likest. 
 
 Tov {rr]v) dp€<TKu, he {she) likes. 
 
 dp€(TKCL els TO TratSt, the boy likes {it pleases the boy). 
 
 p.a.% dpearKCLy we like. 
 
 o-as dp€iTK€L va ypd<f>r)Te ; do you like to write ? 
 
 Tovs (ras) dpia-Kei, they (masc, fem.) like. 
 
 dpearK€L eU to. KopCrcna, the girls like. 
 
 147. Note. — In the literary language the dative of the personal 
 pronoun is used with dpiaKu in the same way as with ypdcfxa (§§ 130, 131). 
 In the vulgar idiom the k is often dropped in the present of the above 
 verb and dp^aei is used for dp4<rKei. 
 
40 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 148. Pres. paXkio, I put (also I throw). 
 Imp. ejSaWov, I was putting. 
 
 2 Fut. ^a )8aAa), I shall put. 
 
 149. Note. — In the vulgar idiom jSdfo; is used instead of pdWui in 
 the present, and e/Safov for e^aWov. The future remains 0a /SdXw. 
 
 150. Pres. /Sya^w, / tahe off {put out). 
 Imp. Ifiya^ov, I was taking off. 
 
 2 Fut. ^a ^yaXu), /shall take off. 
 
 151. Note. — This verb is a corruption of iK^dWw and is formed 
 in the vulgar idiom in the same way as /Sdfw for /SdXXw. 
 
 152. Pres. )8A.€7ra>, /see. 
 
 Imp. t(3X€7rov, / was seeing. 
 
 2 Fut. ^a tSo), /shall see (irregular). 
 
 I53« Remark. — When a verb begins with a. vowel, this becomes 
 long in the imperfect and other past tenses of the indicative ; if the 
 verb begins with a consonant, the past tenses take an e at the beginning. 
 This is called the augment. 
 
 154. ^, or. 
 
 1x^1% if/iofu y Kpaat; have you bread or wine ? 
 
 ciTc . . . etT€,^ either . . . or. 
 
 €iT€ B* oKowrys elre 6a i8/;s, you shall either hear or see. 
 
 ovT€ . . . ovT€,^ neither . . . nor. 
 h\v €xo) ovre tf/oyfil ovrt Kpaa-L, / have neither bread nor wine. 
 
 dTTo (with accusative), /r^w. 
 
 aTTo Ttts * k$Yiva<i, from Athens. 
 
 ^ Efrc and ovt€ are apparently accented contrary to the rule " long 
 before final short, circumflex"; this is because they are composed of 
 two words, e^, or ov, and n. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 41 
 
 ' I55» Remark. — In the literary language d7r6 takes the genitive 
 and the article is not used with geographical names ; e.g. 6.-K 'K.Qi\vGiv. 
 
 156. €is (with accusative), /«, on, at. 
 eh T7]v OdXaacrav, in the sea. 
 
 CIS Tov X6<f>ov, on the hill. 
 CIS TO Oearpov, at the theatre. 
 
 Second Declension {continued). 
 
 157. Feminine nouns of the second declension also end 
 in OS, like the masculine, and are declined like them ; e.g. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 158. Nom. T\ 680s, street. at 68ot. 
 Gen. T^s 680V. rwi' oSwi/. 
 Dat. r^ 68a). rats 68oIs. 
 
 Ace. Ty]V 680V. TttS 680VS. 
 
 Voc. 68€. (like Nom.) 
 
 159. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 y\ oifxfxos, sand. rj fxWoSos, method, 
 
 y] cicro8os, entrance. ^ v^o"os, island. 
 y X€/x,j8os, doat. rj voa-os, disease. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. VII.) 
 
 160. Like 680s are also declined the feminine adjectives 
 having in common with their masculines the termination os, 
 such as CVK0A.0S, easy ; 8vcrKo\o<;, difficult ; cvfxop(fiosy pretty ; 
 ao-xTy/uos, ugly., etc. (see § 63, note 2). 
 
 161. oX kiixftoL eti/at cis rrjv OaXacraav, the boats are in the sea. 
 aX 68ot Twv 'A^>;va>i/, the streets of Athens. 
 
 ■7 afxfjLos Trj<i 6S0V, the sand of the street. 
 at 8u(7-KoAot yAwco-at, the difficult languages. 
 
42 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 162. *Ap€(7/€ei 77 fJLedoBo^ rod BtBaa/cdXov et? to KopCrai 
 rj eh TO iraihC; Aev apecTKec ovt€ €t<? to KOpiTcrc ovt€ €t9 
 TO Traihi. — J\ov elvat rj XefjL^o^ tov vavTOv ; l^lvai eh 
 TrjV afi/JLOv. — "EySaXe? d/jufiov eh TrjV ohov; "Oxh e^aXov 
 eh T7)V etaohov tov Krjirov. — Tl ^yd^et 6 7ravT07r(t)\r}<; 
 airo TT)v oIkluv tov; ^yd^ec XdBc. — Eli^at kukt} rj v6ao<; 
 TOV /JLayeLpov; MaXtcrra, elvai KaKrf, — Wtvai /caXr) rj 
 6ho<i airo tov ktjttov eh ttjv avXrjv; "O^t, elvai vypd /cal 
 aTevrj, — Wivat evKoXo^ rj '^XXrjviKr) (Greek) yXoiaaa; 
 WivaL hvaKoXo^. 
 
 163. Do you like the teacher's method ? I like it, 
 but my boy doesn't like it [hev apeaKet eh to iraihC fiov). 
 
 — Will the girls like his method ? They will not like 
 it. — Where are the sailors' boats.-* They are on (eh) 
 the sand. — Will the workmen put sand in the street ? 
 No, they will put sand at the entrance of the garden. 
 
 — Is the disease bad ? Yes, it is a bad disease. — 
 Has the merchant wine or vinegar ? He has neither 
 wine nor vinegar ; he has oil. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 43 
 
 LESSON X. 
 Verbs {continued). 
 '■CC't^c^e^'ij-'t.,'%^t^^c^ 'AbpwTTos. — Aorist. 
 
 164. The stem of a verb is its fundamental part, from 
 which, by means of the terminations, the various moods and 
 tenses are formed. 
 
 165. The aorist indicative is formed from the verb-stem 
 by prefixing the augment (lengthening of the initial vowel, 
 or prefixing the letter e if the verb begins with a consonant), 
 and in most verbs adding the terminations of the aorist; 
 these are era, o-as (vlg. <T(.i)^ crc, cra/u,ev, o-are, crav. 
 
 166. Pres. aKovw, I hear (am hearing). 
 
 Aor. -^Kova-aj I heard {did hear). i^Kovo-a/Mcv. 
 
 ^Kovo-as. ^KOV(raT€. 
 
 rjKova-e. ^Kovcrav. 
 
 167. If the last letter, or characteristic, of the verb-stem 
 is a mute, it either unites with the o- of the termination to 
 form a double consonant {$ or i}/), or it is rejected, as will 
 be seen in the following lessons. 
 
 168. Pres. ypa<^a>, I write. 
 
 Imp. eypa<f>ov, I was writing. 
 2 Fut. ^a ypa\f/(jD, I shall write. 
 Aor. iypaif/a, I wrote. 
 
 Pres. Tret^o), I persuade. 
 
 Imp. cTret^ov, I was persuading. 
 
 Fut. ^a TTctcro), / shall persuade. 
 
 Aor. €7reto-a, I persuaded. 
 
44 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 169. In a similar way, the aorist of dyopa^w, / buy, is 
 yyopaaa ; of vofii^a), I think, is iv6fx.L(Ta ; of dvoiyu), I open^ 
 is rivoi^a ; of apea-Kio, I please, is ypeaa ; of ^cAw, / zez/i"^, 
 is i7^cAi;(ra.^ 
 
 170. This is called the first aorist, and most verbs 
 have no other. The few verbs that have a second aorist 
 have generally no first aorist. The second aorist is dis- 
 tinguished from the first in that the terminations in the 
 indicative are those of the imperfect, and in that the stem 
 is generally different from or simpler than that of the 
 present. 
 
 171. Pres. Aeyw, I say. pXiirm, I see. 
 
 Imp. iXiyov, I was saying. t^Xtirov, I was seeing. 
 2 Fut. ^a ctTTw, / shall say. da iSw, / shall see. 
 2 Aor. ctTTov, I said. ctSoi/, I saw. 
 
 Pres. rpwyw, I eat. )8aAA(o, I put. 
 
 Imp. trpinyov, I was eating. tfiaXXov, I was putting. 
 
 2 Fut. ^a <f>dy(x), I shall eat. Oa ySa'Atu, / shall put. 
 
 2 Aor. t<l>ayov, I ate. tfiaXov, I put. 
 
 172. Note. — In the vulgar idiom the second aorist is used with 
 the terminations of the first, omitting <r; e.g. efira, efSa, ecpaya, €/3aXa, for 
 elirov, eldov, $<payov, ?/3aXoi'. 
 
 > The present was originally idiXu, and this form still appears in the 
 imperfect and aorist indicative, the e being lengthened by the augment 
 into rj. The aorist of diXu is altogether irregular, being formed on the 
 stem ^^\e. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 45 
 
 Second Declension {continued'). 
 
 173. Neuter nouns of the second declension end in ov, 
 and are declined as follows : — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 TO Pl^Xlov, book. 
 
 Ttt ^L^Xta. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rov ^l^Xlov. 
 
 TWl/ ^L^XLiav. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 TW ^L^XLtO. 
 
 roU pipXiOL^. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TO ^L^XiOV. 
 
 Ttt pL^Xta. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 174. Remark. — The termination a of the plural in neuter nouns 
 is in all cases short. 
 
 175. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 avyoi/ (lit. woV), egg. 
 PovTvpov, butter. 
 ypa^ctov, office^ desk. 
 SevSpov, tree. 
 Sw/AttTtov, room. 
 Siopov, gift. 
 ipyaXeiov, instrument. 
 Oearpov, theatre. 
 nrirLKov, cavalry. 
 
 ^vAoi/, wood., stick (also 
 a beating). 
 
 TrapdOvpovj window. 
 
 ire^tKoVj infantry. 
 
 irXotov, ship. 
 
 TrpoParov, sheep. ^»oh 
 
 TTvpo^oXov, gun. 
 
 TTvpof^oXiKov, artillery. 
 
 poSov (lit.), rose. 
 AcTTTov, minute., centime, u^k^iov^ plan. 
 ft^Aov, apple. raxoSpofxeiov, post-office. 
 
 vepov (lit. vBoyp), TpLavTd<f>vXXov (vlg.), rose. 
 
 water. ra-iydpov (vlg.), cigar. 
 
 ^€vo8o;(£tov, hotel. ^(optov, village. 
 
 rjTff O «? /T T 1. V ft 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. VIII.) 
 
46 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 170. EiScTc TO Sa)/u,aTtov tov a$L(DfiaTLKov ; did you see the 
 
 officer^ s room ? 
 Ta rpLavTd(f>v\Xa eivai eis to irapdOvppv tov Ta^vSpo/xciov, 
 
 t/ie roses are in the post-office window. 
 o-as apia-K€L to ax^^iov tov x^p^ov; do you like the plan 
 
 of the village ? 
 TO KopaxTLOv yyopacre to. firjXa dvTi (/or, with gen.) 
 
 ircKTc (5) XcTTToiv Koi TO. €<f>aye, the girl bought the 
 
 apples for five centimes and ate them, 
 irov €paX.€<; to. ipyaXeid fiov ; where did you put my 
 
 instruments ? 
 TO. ipaXov CIS TO ypa(f}ei6v (ras, I put them in your 
 
 office. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 177. *I{y6paae<; to, avya tov iravTOirooiXov ; Aev ra 
 '^yopaaa, Slotl 8ev rjaav vcoTrd. — "Hkovo-cv 6 Kad7]<y7)Tr}<; tov 
 Oopv^ov TOiv TTVpo^oXayv; MaXto-ra, tov TjKOvae. — Elfe 
 TO. TpLavTd(j)v\Xa tov Kopaalov; Aev to, elSov, ttov elvai ; 
 Eli^at et? TO Trapddvpov. — Sa? rjpeaav tol ScofiaTLa tov 
 ^evohoy^eCov ; Me {fiol) rjpeaav, aXXa. hev rjpeaav €t<? tov 
 a8eX<t>6v /jLoy. — *'E^a7€ to TraiSl tu /jlIJ^ji tov KTjTrovpov ; 
 "Op^t, ol vavTat Ta ecjyayov. — *'E;)^€t 6 epydTtjfi to. epyaXeld 
 TOV ; M-dXiaTa. — Yiov elvai to, Taiydpa p.ov; Wtvai 
 elf; TO BoDfidTLov aa^. — *'E;)^ei to ^evoho')(elov KaXov vepov; 
 To vepov TOV ^evoho')(eiov elvai KaXov. — ^Ivai to epya- 
 Tielov TOV ipyaTOV cnro {of) ^vXov rj airo aiSijpov; Out€ 
 Att^ (vXov elvai ovre htro cChripoVf elvai aird ;^a\/f(^i/. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 47 
 
 178. Where is the merchant's office ? It is in the 
 court of the post-office. — Are the grocer's eggs good ? 
 No, they are not fresh. — Did the teacher buy your 
 books } Yes, he bought them. — Did the boys eat the 
 gardener's apples .-* No, the boys did not eat them ; 
 the girls ate them. — Did you see yesterday the infantry 
 and the cavalry } No, I did not see them ; my friend 
 saw them. — Do you like the plan of the garden.? I 
 like it, but my brother does not like it. — Did you buy 
 the grocer's eggs.? Yes, I bought them. — Are the 
 rooms of the hotel good .? The rooms are good, but 
 the butter and the water are not good. — Where did 
 you put the girl's roses } I put them in the window. 
 
48 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 n9 t^,<^t>\^c.^t^j x^ 
 179. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 Verbs (conti?med). 
 
 'OpLo-TiKTj Indicative. 
 
 V 
 
 '/^ 
 
 c^cc/^ 
 
 Pres. KadapL^oi, I dean. 
 
 Imp. €KaOdpi^ov, I was cleaning. 
 
 Fut. ^a Ka6apL(rii), I shall clean. 
 
 A or. iKaOdpLGTa, I cleaned. 
 
 180. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect are 
 formed by combining the present, imperfect, and future of 
 the auxiliary verb cx^ with the aorist infinitive, which always 
 ends in « ; e.g.^ 
 
 Perf . l^in KaOapLcrei, I have cleaned. 
 
 Pluperf . Ct^ov Ka9apL(Tei, I had cleaned. 
 Fut. Perf. ^a Ixw KaOapLcru, I shall have cleaned. 
 
 181. Remark. — In these compound tenses 6xw and tTxoj/ are 
 alone conjugated, as given in §§ 36, 67 and 114, while Kadapltrei remains 
 unchanged. Ka6apl<rei represents the classical aorist infinitive Kadaplaai. 
 
 182. Note. — The seven tenses given above complete the indicative 
 mood. 
 
 183. Kafivo), I do. 
 
 €KapvoVf I was doing. 
 $a Koipio, I shall do. 
 ^Kapov, I did. 
 t^isi Ktt/Act, / have done, 
 txypv Ka/xei, I had done. 
 $a €)((D Ka/Mct, /shall 
 have done. 
 
 Xxifjiftdv(i>, I get. 
 iXdfxftavov, I was getting. 
 OaXd/io}, /shall get. 
 ^Xaftov, /got. 
 tX"^ A.a/?£t, / have got. 
 €ixov Xd^ei, / had got. 
 $a 1x0) Xdfiu, /shall 
 have got. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 49 
 
 184. Start; why 2 Stort, because. 
 
 Tt KafjLvere; how do you do? '7rCi><s eta-Oe; how are you? 
 tXa^ov rrjv iTna-roXrjv o-as, I received your letter. 
 Start Scv iKaOapLcre<s (vlg.) ttjv cTKaXav; why did you 
 
 not clean the stairs ? 
 Stort hkv elxov vepov, because I had no water. 
 
 185. orav, when. civ, idv, if. 
 
 186. These particles in Modern Greek take either the 
 indicative or the subjunctive. If the reference is to past 
 time, or to present time in an unrealized supposition {e.g.^ 
 a.v yjfjirjv 7r\ov(no<;, 6a ifSorjOovv Tovg Trroixovs, if I were rich, 
 I would help the poor), or to future time when the supposition 
 is joined with the conditional mood (see §§ 214-216), they 
 take the past tenses of the indicative; in all other cases 
 they take either the subjunctive or the future indicative. 
 
 187. Scv Trpoo-c'xets orav ypd<}>Y)<s, you do not pay attention 
 
 when you write, 
 rjXOofiev orav lypat^c?, we came when you were 
 
 writing. 
 eiVe /xot av ^a rw ypdil/Y)<;, tell me if you will write to 
 
 him. 
 av ypdi(/r)<: avrw, ciVc ro) va eXOt], if you write to him, 
 
 tell him to come. 
 lav Tw €ypaif/€<:, Oh. eXOrj, if you wrote to him, he will 
 
 come. 
 av €X??^ ypdi{/ei tyjv iTnaToXyv, (fyepe ty)V eSw, if you 
 
 have written the letter, bring it here. 
 iirjXOe^ orav eixe? ypdif/ei rrjv lirKTroXrjv ; did you go 
 
 out when you had written the letter ? . 
 orav 6a 1x2? « ypdiJ/eL, 6a l^iXOoifx^v, when you have 
 
 written, we shall go out. 
 
50 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Second Declension {continued). 
 
 188. To neuter nouns of the second declension belong 
 also all those ending in i of the vulgar idiom, of which we 
 spoke in § 43, like i/^w/xt', Kpa<ri, etc. These nouns were 
 originally diminutives ending in lov, just as ^t)8A.tW, book^ is 
 the diminutive of fii/3\o<:. The diminutive signification was 
 lost in most of these nouns, and they were considered merely 
 as another preferable form of the original nouns. In the 
 vulgar idiom the termination ov is dropped, and they are 
 declined as follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 189. Nom. TO Kpaai, wine. ra Kpaa-id. 
 Gen. Tov Kpa<nov. rtav K/oao-iwv. 
 Ace. TO Kpa<TL. ra Kpaaia. 
 
 190. Like Kpaa-L are declined : — 
 
 dyo/oi, /itt/e boy. ttcttovi, melon. 
 
 afid$i, carriage. ir-qpovvi, fork. 
 
 KaXafidpL, i7ikstand. TroTrjpi, glass. 
 
 KOfifidri, piece. ttovXCj bird, chicken. 
 
 KopLTai, girl. a-Ta<f}v\i, grape. 
 
 TraiSt, boy. rvpL, cheese. 
 
 iravqyvpi, fair, file. <^TtAt, wick. 
 
 trairovT(TL, shoe. tj/dpij^sh. 
 (For further examples see Vocab. IX.) 
 
 191. €va TroTrjpL vtpo, a glass of water. 
 
 SvcD iroT-^pia Kpa(TL) two glasses of wine. 
 
 fiia <f>€Ta ilfiofxi kol oXiyov Tvpi, a slice of bread and some 
 
 {a little) cheese, 
 iva KOfi/xdrL \p(i>pX kol oXtya o-ra^vAta, a piece of bread 
 
 and some (a few) grapes, 
 (See p. 28, note, for the nominative used instead of the genitive.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 51 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 192. ^lari hlv eicaddpiae to Kopirai to /caXafidpi ; 
 Aev TO ifcaddpca-e 8i6ti Sev el'xe Kaipov {time). — Etp^ere 
 <f)dy€i, TO Tupl oTav iXd^eTe to KpaaC; "0;^^, eX^ofiev 
 Xdffei TO Kpaal oTav icfydyofiev to TvpL — Tl eKd/xeTe 
 X^^^ y X^e? rjfjLcOa et? to Travrjyvpi. — Tt KdjiveTe eKcl; 
 T LTTOTe. — T t KdfjLV€T€ / ElfMUL KoXd (ad V. , well). — EI;^€9 
 (fydyet to, (TTacfyvXta oTav r/yopacre^ to Treirovt; "O^l, Sev 
 TCL el^ov (f>dyei, da Ta <f>dy(o avpiov. — Tt etx^re vofiiaei 
 OTav €o8eT€ TO ayopt /jlov; El%oi/ vofiiaeL otc t/to /copiTai. 
 — Sa? elxov apeaet to. (TTacfyvXia; MdXL(TTa. 
 
 193. Did you clean the lamp, and did you put a wick 
 (in it)? I have cleaned the lamp, but I did not put a 
 wick (in it), because I had not (any). — Had you eaten 
 the melon when I got the wine .-* I was eating it when 
 you got the wine. — What were the boys doing when 
 the professor saw them ? They were eating his nephew's 
 cheese. — Had the boy put the books in the carriage 
 when he saw the teacher ? The boy had seen the 
 teacher when he put the books in the box. — What did 
 the boys eat to-day.-* They ate a slice of melon and 
 some cheese. — Where is my inkstand.^ It is in your 
 office. 
 
52 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 Indicative {continued). 
 
 194. iXirL^o), I hope. 
 
 ciAtti^oi/, / was hoping. ^Xirct^oy 
 
 6a iX.7ri(T(a, I shall hope. 
 
 eiXirwra, / hoped. y^ ^ ^ ^"^ 
 
 txoi cAttictci, I have hoped. 
 
 €l-)(pv iXiricreL, I had hoped. 
 
 6a ex^ eX.iri(T€L, I shall have hoped. 
 
 195. iXTTL^o) oTL 6a Tov tSo), I hopc that I shall see him. 
 iXTTL^o) va TOV tSco, I hope to see him. 
 
 196. Remark. — Verbs beginning with a, e, 0, au, at, 01 augment 
 the past tenses as follows : a and e are changed to >/, to w, ox to iju, 
 at and 01 to r; and y. The other vowels and diphthongs are not 
 changed, except that i and u, if short, become long. — "ExtiJ, iSn^i^ and a 
 few others are an exception to this rule, and change t into ei instead of tj. 
 
 I97» ^TOifia^o), /prepare, -^TOLfxa^ov, 6a CTOifidaa), yfTOifAjaa-a^ 
 
 ()((D €TOLfld<T€l, ei\OV €TOlfld(r€L, 6a. l)(i)i €TOlfxd(T€l. 
 
 €vpL<TK<a, I find, €vpi(TKOv, 6a cvpu), tvpov, t\<ti evpei, 
 
 elxov evpei, 6a t)(0} evpei. 
 TTLVO), I drink, t-nivov, 6a Tricu, linov, exio wUi, ci)(Ov 
 
 TTtet, 6a Uxo) irUi. 
 ofioid^cj, / resemble, w/jLOia^ov, 6a ofioidato, lOfxouKTa, 
 
 i)(<i) ofJLOidcrei, iL)(ov ofioidaeL, 6a €\o) ofioidcreL. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 S3 
 
 Second Declension {continued). 
 
 198. When the terminations of any noun of the second 
 declension are preceded by either an e or an o, the e or o 
 contracts with the vowel of the termination, and forms a 
 diphthong or a long vowel, which always takes the circum- 
 flex if the accent falls upon it. They are declined as 
 follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I99* Nom. 6 vov%^ mind. 01 vol. 
 
 Gen. Tov vov. twv v^v. 
 
 Dat. TO) vw. Tots vots. 
 
 Ace. TOV vovv. Tov<: vovs. 
 
 Voc. vov. (like Nom.) 
 
 200. Note. — The plural is sometimes declined according to the 
 third declension ; i.e. oi vdes, tQp vbuv, etc. 
 
 201. Like vov% are declined : — 
 Tr\ov<i, Journey {by water). 
 
 KaTa7rA.ov5, arrival, 
 povs, current. 
 
 8taL7rXov<:, passage {by water). 
 dTTOTrAous, departure {by water). 
 
 202. Neuter contracted nouns are declined as follows: — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 TO ocTTovv,^ bone. 
 
 TO. OO-Ttt. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TOV 6<Trov. 
 
 TtOV 6(TT0iV. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 TO) 6(TTiO. 
 
 ToXs oa-ToXs. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TO OfTTOVV. 
 
 Ta ocTa. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 TO. 6(TTa Twv irpoyoviDv /u,a9, the bones 0/ our forefathers. 
 
 203. Note. — Several adjectives of the second declension are 
 declined according to the above examples, as we shall see further on. 
 
 1 Contracted from vbos. 
 
 2 From duT^ov. 
 
54 A PRACTICAL METHOD . 
 
 204. TTOTc; whenl owov, ttov, which (rel. pron.), where. 
 *'' TOTc, then. fxovov, only. 
 
 ^ 7roT€y never. irpo (with genitive), before-. 
 
 irov; where? ckcl, there. 8ia, for. 
 
 205. TzoTt /xol iypaij/es; when did y oil write to me? 
 irpo Svu) wpwv, two hours ago. 
 
 TTOV Civa.1 TOL To-Lydpa fiov; where are my cigars ? 
 
 iKCL oTTov TO. €^aA.€9, thcrc where you put them. 
 
 I^w StKttiov, I am right. I^w aSiKov, I am wrong. 
 
 206. Note. — In the last two phrases the verb ix^ is conjugated 
 through all the tenses, while the substantives dUaiov, &8iko», remain 
 unchanged in the accusative. 
 
 207. o <f>t\o<: <Tov 6a Ix^ ^tKaiov, your friend will be (in the) 
 
 right. 
 6 a^tK<^6<i crov ^yfv aBiKov, your brother was in the 
 wrong. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 208. ''^t^ayov ol vavrat ro yjrco/xl kuI eiriov to Kpaal 
 OTTOV el'X^ov Xd^et 8ta rov ttXovv; MaXtcra, €l')(^ov (f>dy€i 
 TO ylroo/jLv koI el^ov ttUl to Kpaal irpo tov KaTairXov tov 
 ttXolov. — Uov evpe to, oaTo, tov aBeXcfyov tov 6 irXoi- 
 apxo^; Ta evpev ek ttjv vrjaov. — Sa? ofioid^ei 6 aveyjnof; 
 <ra^; "O^^t, 6/jLotd^et tov aheX(^6v fiov. — 'HTOi/iaaav ol 
 vavTai TO ttXoIov Sia tov aTTOirXovv; Sci to eTOifidaovv 
 avpLov. — Tl eXTTtfere; 'EXTrtfo) otl 6 ttXoO? da elvai 
 KaXo^y Kal OTL 6a t8(o tov a8eX(f)6v /jlov fjLcOavpLOV. — 
 "Ep^ere hiKaiov rj dSiKOV va iXTrii^r^Te; "E^j^o) hiKatov, 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 55 
 
 hioTi Kaipof; elvai KaXo^. — Yiov eXiri^ere vet rov tSrjTe; 
 *EiK€l OTTOV elvai. — ^^E</>a7€9 o\ov to TreirovL; '0)(i, e^ayov 
 fjLovov iiCav (f>€Tav. 
 
 209. Have the sailors prepared the ships for depart- 
 ure ? No, they will prepare them to-morrow and the 
 day after. — Are they right ? No, they are wrong. — 
 Have the passengers drunk the wine which they had 
 got for the passage } Yes, they had drunk it before 
 their arrival. — When do you hope to see your brother ? 
 I had hoped to see him yesterday, but I think that I 
 shall see him to-morrow. — Does he resemble you {cra^ 
 preceding the verb).^ He resembled me when (orav) 
 we were little boys, but now he does not resemble me. 
 
56 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Verbs (continued). 
 
 *T'n-oTaTiK^rj Subjunctive. 
 
 210. Iva (vlg. va), that. 
 
 nplv rj (vlg. trpiv), before, 
 aifux w^ (vlg. aifxa), as soon as. 
 OTTO)?, in order that. 
 fxrj, lest. 
 
 211. The above particles take either the subjunctive 
 (see § i86) or the future indicative (composed of Qa. and 
 the present or aorist subjunctive, §§ 113, 117). Compare 
 the use of ai/, eav, OTttV (§ 1 86). 
 
 212. The subjunctive mood has three tenses : present, 
 aorist, and perfect. They are conjugated as follows : — 
 
 Present. 
 
 ypa<f>(t>. 
 
 ypd<l>r}<:. 
 
 ypdct>rj. 
 
 ypa<fi(t>fiev. 
 
 ypd<f)rjre (vlg. -ere). 
 
 ypd<j>(t>(n (vlg. -ovv). 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 ypdij/iii. 
 
 ypd\f/r)<:. 
 
 ypd^l/y. 
 
 ypdif/topicv. 
 
 ypdif/rjre {-(-Te). 
 
 ypdipwa-L (-ovv). 
 
 Perfect. 
 €\<i) ypdij/eL. 
 
 IX?7 ypdif/CL. 
 e^o/xci/ ypdij/ei. 
 €XV^^ (-€Tc) ypd\f/€t. 
 e)(<ji)(TL (-ovv) ypd\j/€L. 
 
 213. The subjunctive present of itfiai, I am, is written 
 generally iJ/Aai, ijo-ai, ij^at, 7Jp,€9a, yaOe, rjvaL ; but a great 
 many scholars do not approve of this, and prefer to write 
 c?/xai, €to-ai, etc., as in the indicative, when they do not use 
 the classical subjunctive w, ijs, rj, wfiev, rJTe, Jtri. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 57 
 
 *TiTo6eTiKri Conditional. 
 
 214. The conditional mood has two tenses : imperfect 
 and pluperfect. These are formed with 6a and the imperfect 
 and pluperfect indicative ; e.g. 
 
 Imperfect. Pluperfect, 
 
 ^a €ypa<f)0Vj I should Oa el^ov y/aai/^et, I should have 
 
 write. written. 
 
 6a €ypa<f>€^. 6a €t;(es ypd\J/€i. 
 
 6a eypa<f>€. 6a ct^€ ypdxj/u. 
 
 6a €ypd<f>oix€v. 6a et)(oix€v ypdxpu. 
 
 6a iypd<f}€T€. 6a ei;(eTe ypdif/ei. 
 
 6a €ypa<f>ov. 6a e?;(oi/ ypdij/eL. 
 
 215. The conditional imperfect can also be formed with 
 the imperfect of the verb 6e\o), I wish., and the modern 
 representative of the classical present infinitive ; e.g. 
 
 r]6i.\ov ypd<l>€L. '^6e\ofi€v ypd<f>€i. 
 
 rj6iX.es ypd<fi€i. y6iX€TC ypd(f>ei. 
 
 rj6€X€ ypd<l>€L. 7J6€\ov ypd<f>€L. 
 
 216. apxL (OS cx^re (ftdyet, as soon as you have eaten, 
 irplv y ypd\{/Y]Te, de/ore you write. 
 
 lav Xdfir] Ttjv iTncTToXijv, 6a tX6y, if he receives the 
 
 letter., he will come, 
 lav y]ro c8w, ^a etxe KaAws, if he were here., it would 
 
 be well, 
 kav fxye Trpd^CL tovto, rj6€Xev l^^i (^a eix^) kclAws, 
 
 tf he had done this, it would have been well. 
 6a rjpx'^TO, iav cAa/x^avc rrjv iina-ToXT^v, he would come, 
 
 if he received the letter. 
 
58 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 6a efxcv €X.6r], iav etxe AaySct rrjv CTrio-ToXiyv, ke would 
 
 have come, if he had received the letter. 
 V OeXia VOL ^XV^^ ^ayet orav Oa tXOrj, I wish you to have 
 
 eaten when he comes. 
 ^^cAev Ix^t StKtttov, cav iypa<j>€ Tavra, he would be in 
 
 the right, if he wrote these things. 
 Oa a-as iypa<f}ov, iav €L)(Ov Kaipov, I should write to you, 
 
 if I had time. 
 av kv6p.dfiv OTL ^X'^'^^ BUaLov, 6a aas ro lAeyoi/, tf I 
 
 thought that you were right, I should tell it to you. 
 
 Second Declension {continued^. 
 
 217. Masculine and neuter adjectives of the second 
 declension also end in os and ov, like the corresponding 
 substantives, and are declined like them. 
 
 218. The feminine of these adjectives is declined some- 
 times after the first declension and sometimes after the 
 second. Those that follow the first end in a if the termina- 
 tion is preceded by a vowel or the consonant p, and in iy if 
 by any other consonant. 
 
 219. The following are examples of adjectives whose 
 feminine ends in a : — 
 
 dptcTTcpos, left. fiLKp6<:, small. 
 dpx<ii^'*, ancient, old. fjioypo^, foolish. 
 
 Pipaio^, certain. irfpo^, dry. 
 
 y€waio<:, brave. iraXaio?, old. 
 
 Sextos, right. TrXouo-tos, rich. 
 
 Spoapo':, fresh. 7rTa);(os, poor. 
 
 iXevOepos, free. o-7rov8aTo9, important. 
 
 Ka6apo%, clean. <f>o^€p6<:y terrible. 
 
 Kpvo<iy cold. ij/vxpoi, cold. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 59 
 
 220. *Acr7r/oo9, white., fxavpo<s, blacky X®v8po5, thick., and a 
 few others belonging to the vulgar idiom, do not follow the 
 above rule, and have the feminine in ?;. 
 
 221. eras apecrKu to acnrpo (see p. 25, note i) Kpaai; do you 
 
 like white wine ? 
 fjiol api(TKei TO fuivpo, I like black. 
 17 ap\aLa ixa<i <^tXta, our old friendship. 
 6 Kvpios ovTo^ cTvaL TrAowtos, this gentleman is rich. 
 6 TraAaios otvos clvat KaXos, old wine is good. 
 avTYj y irirpa hkv eti/at dcnrpr}, etvai fiavprjj this stone is 
 
 not white; it is black. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 222. 'EXTTtfoucrt TCL fioopa Kopdaca on da Xd^axnv 
 (opala h(apa; "Oxh eXiril^ovaL jjlovov va Xd^coai ^rjpov 
 y^copX Koi Kpvov vepov. — Etp^e? fypdyjret el^ tov ap')(^alov 
 v7rr)peTT}V va eTOtfidcry to fjLL/cpbv 8(OfjidTC0V /tal va ffdXy 
 TCL irakaia ^i^ia eh to kl^^tlov; "O;^*, 6a tw ypdyjreo 
 avTifiedavpiov. — "A^Lta (oJ?) (jydyijTe avTO to ^ijpbv yjrciyfjLL, 
 6a TTirjTe fiavpov KpaaC. — *Ai^ 77 aheX^rj arov vo/jlv^tj otl 
 rj 6d\a(Taa hev elvat (opala, ex^c dhiKov. — 'Eai' ah€\(f>6^ 
 aov ivo/jLL^ev otl avTrj rj ireTpa elvaL dcnrpr], el'^ev dSLKOV. 
 — 0eA,€fc 7; Kvpla {the lady) v ayopda-rj d(77rpo(v) yjrciyfjLL; 
 "Oxi', 6e\€L V ayopdarj p,avpo(v). — EIttc? eh tov vTrrjpeTrjv 
 va eTOLfidar) to apLCTTepbv SoyfidTLov irplv (fydyrj; To) elirov 
 va Ka6apiarj to Be^Lov BcofidTLOV d/ia (f>d'yr]. 
 
 223. Do you wish to see if the room is clean ? No, 
 I saw that it was clean. — Do the boys hope to get rich 
 
60 A PR A C TICAL ME THOD 
 
 gifts ? No, they are not foolish ; they only hope to get 
 black and dry bread and cold water. — Had you written 
 to him (tq) or tov at the beginning of the phrase) to 
 clean the old house and to prepare the small room ? 
 I had not written to him then ijoTe), but I wrote to 
 him two days before yesterday. — Do you find the sea 
 beautiful .-* No, the sea is terrible to-day ; I do not 
 like it. — As soon as you have eaten you shall write to 
 the teacher. — Before you put the oil in the lamp, you 
 shall clean it. — If your brother thinks that the boy 
 has written this {avro to) beautiful book, he is wrong. 
 — If he thought it (imperfect, was thinking it), he 
 would have told me {6a /xol to eXeye). — We shall see 
 if you are right. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 61 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 TT-MuTE Verbs. 
 
 224. &* d/covo->7S T^v avfi/SovX-Qv fiov; will you hear {listen 
 to) my advice 1 
 6a vTroypdif/Yj<s rrjv iTna-roX-qv crov ; will you sign your 
 
 letter ? 
 TTore ^a iTTLarpiif/r)^ ; when will you return i 
 
 11<^, The first aorist is formed, as we said in § 165, by- 
 adding the termination o-a to the verb-stem and prefixing 
 the augment. This presents no difficulty when the last 
 letter (or characteristic) of the verb-stem is a vowel, as in 
 the case of dKovw, I hear ; TJKova-a, I heard. 
 
 226. But when the last letter of the stem is a consonant, 
 it either unites with the o- to form a double consonant 
 {i or i/^), or else it is rejected. 
 
 227. We will take in this lesson the three labial con- 
 sonants TT, ^, <^ (called also 7r-mutes), which in conjunction 
 with <r make the double consonant \\f. 
 
 228. The following are the most commonly used verbs 
 of this kind : — 
 
 aX€L<fi(i}, smear, 
 
 rjkenf/a, 
 
 6* aXeiif/o). 
 
 Pdtjiui, dye, 
 
 €/?a«/^a, 
 
 6a ^dif/o). 
 
 ypdffxi), write, 
 
 iypaij/a, 
 
 6a ypdipu). 
 
 €Tn(TTpi<f)o), return, 
 
 iirea-rpeil/a, 
 
 6a iTna-rpixpUi. 
 
 iTTLTpeTrui, allow, 
 
 iirerpeif/a, 
 
 6a linrpol/t^. 
 
62 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Xa/XTTO), shtne, tXafJLtf/a, 6a Xdfi\f/(i). 
 
 ActTTO), de missing^ iXenf/a, Oa A.cti/'o). 
 
 ircinro), send^ iTrefXif/a, Oa 7re/x«/ra). 
 
 arpcijxii, furn, lo-rpcj/^a, ^a (rTp€\(/(i>. 
 
 Tp€<f>(o, nourish^ feed^ lBpo\ia^ 6a 6p€\l/o). 
 
 TpifSoij rtib^ erpuj/a, 6a rpi,\p<ji. 
 
 VTToypdcfio}, sign, vireypaxj/a, 6a VTroypdij/o). 
 
 229. The impersonal verb TrpeVei, // must de, it is necessary, 
 has no aorist, but only the forms TrpeW, present, tTrpeire, 
 imperfect, and ^a irpeTrrfj future. 
 
 230. Remark. — Verbs compounded with prepositions take the 
 augment between the preposition and the verb, the prepositions dropping 
 their final vowel before the augment e ; e.g. irriTp^iru) {iiri-rp^TU}), imp. 
 iTT^rpen-ov ; viroypdipci) {vTro-ypd<f>u}), vw^ypacpov. The prepositions irepl 
 and irp6 are not elided before the augment e ; e.g. irpo^X^iru) {irpo-p\^iru}), 
 irpo^^Xeirov (irregular aorist TpoeiSop). 
 
 231. In the vulgar idiom the augment precedes the 
 preposition if this begins with a consonant ; e.g. avfifiovXevu), 
 advise, eo-v/xjSovAevo-a ; StaraVo-w, command, iSidraia ; nepi- 
 ypd<f>(o, describe, iTrepLypaij/a ; Trpo^A-cVw, foresee, iTrpo/SXeij/a ; 
 Trpo<T(.\i}i, pay atie?ttion, cTrpoo-e^a ; KaraXafx/Sdvo), ■ understand, 
 UardXa^a. If the preposition begins with a vowel, the past 
 tenses do not augment at all ; e.g. iTnrpiiro), allow, €Trirp&{/a ; 
 dvaKarovu), mix, avaKarwo-a ; CKXcyco, choose, ckAc^u ; Ivrpiiropm, 
 am ashamed, ivrpdir-qv (ivrpdirrjKa). 
 
 232. €Tre(TTp€\{/€v 6 dB€X<f}6s a-ov ; has your brother returned 1 
 6a €Tn<rTp€ifni avpiov, he will return to-morrow, 
 (irefxif/a^ rrjv iiria-ToX'qv fxov ; did you send my letter 1 
 h\v Ty]V tTrefUJ/a Siori Skv rrjv elxare vvoypdiJ/eL, I did not 
 
 send it because you had not signed it. 
 
 * The stem is supposed to have been originally ^p«0-, and d reappears 
 when at the end of the stem is lost in the aorist. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 63 
 
 233. If the termination w of the present is preceded 
 by the two consonants ttt, the second of these is rejected, 
 and the first unites as above with the o- of the aorist to form 
 the double consonant \\i. Such verbs are : — 
 
 234* avaKaXvTTTO), discover^ dvcKoiXvif/a, 0* dvaKaXvif/o). 
 dvawTo), light ^ kindle^ yvaif/a,^ 6* d.vdif/(a. 
 
 OaiTToi, bury, 
 
 iOail/a, 
 
 da Od\{/<t}. 
 
 kXcVtw, steal, 
 
 €K\eif/a, 
 
 Oa K\€Xf/Oi, 
 
 KOTTTCO, cut, 
 
 eKOxf/a, 
 
 6a Koxl/oi. 
 
 KpvTTTd), hide. 
 
 iKpvxpa, 
 
 6a Kpvi}/<i). 
 
 viTTTo), wash, bathe, 
 
 iVLij/a, 
 
 6a vL\f/(i>. 
 
 paTTTo), sow. 
 
 eppaif/a. 
 
 6a paAf/<a. 
 
 pLTrrm, throw, 
 
 ippn{/a, 
 
 6a piij/oi. 
 
 (rKaLTTTO}, dig, 
 
 €(TKa\f/a, 
 
 6a (TKa^w. 
 
 235. 7rt7rT0),y^//, has an irregular aorist cTrco-a, fut. ^a ttco-o). 
 
 236. dvaif/e rbv Xvxvov (vlg. rrjv Xafx-rrav), light the lamp. 
 
 t\ dv€Kd\vij/a<s (vlg. di/aKaA-vi/^c?) ; what did you discover! 
 ea-Kaif/a Bia va (in the literary language simply tva), or 
 
 oTTws Kpvi{/o) avToi TO. vofjLi(TfiaTa, I dug tn order to 
 
 hide these coins. 
 
 Second Declension {continued). 
 
 237. Adjectives of the second declension whose femi- 
 nines follow the first declension and end in ry, because their 
 termination is preceded by a consonant (other than p), are 
 the following : — 
 
 iThe 
 nvavTov, 
 
 augment precedes the preposition by exception. Imperfect, 
 
64 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 238. dya^os, good-natured. Ka)<f>6s, deaf. 
 di/oiKTos, open. /ji€Ov<Tfji€vo<s (vlg.), tipsy. 
 Bvvaro's, strong, possible. vcdttos, fresh (not stale). 
 t,€(Tr6'i (vlg.), hot. ^kvo%y foreign. 
 
 Oepfio^, warm. 6\iyo^, little. 
 
 tS(/co9; special, own. oko%, all. 
 
 KaKos, bad. opOo's, upright. 
 
 KoAos, good. TTi^avos, probable. 
 
 Kavfji€vo<s^ (vlg.), burnt, poor. 7rpdaivo<i, green. 
 
 kXcio-to?, shut. 7rT(i)xos, poor. 
 
 k6kklvo<s, red. x^^^^f lame. 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XVII.) 
 
 239. ctvai Svvaro? dv^pwTros, he is a strong man. 
 cii/at hwarov, it is possible. 
 
 Sci/ ctmt Swaroi/, /'/ is not possible. 
 
 240. 6 IhiKo^i fxov, mine. 6 181K05 /au?, ^//rx. 
 6 ISlk6<: aovy thine. 6 iSikos o-a?, yours. 
 6 iSiKos rov (ti;?), ^/j (hers). 6 ISlko^ ro)v, theirs. 
 
 241. TO »/ra>/Mi fxov y to tSiKoi' o-a?; my bread Or your s ? 
 ovT€ TO {{/(ofjiL fjiov, ovTc TO ISiKov Tov, neither my bread 
 
 nor his. 
 ovT€ TO iSiKov fxov, ovT€ TO ISlkov TOV, neither mine 
 nor his. 
 
 242. 6 Kav/xci/09 6 aSeX<f>6<: p.ov, my poor brother. 
 r\ Kavix€vrf 17 d8cA<;^i; fxov, my poor sister. 
 
 6 Kavfitvo<:, poor (fellow) / 
 
 ^ Kavfievrif poor (girl OX woman) I 
 
 TO Ka.vp.kvo cnriTi, rj Kavp.evYf oiKia, the burnt house. 
 
 * From KtKavfUvot, perfect participle of the verb kolIui, burn. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 65 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 243. 2a? i7r€Tpeyjr€v 6 KrjTrovpbf; va KoyjrrjTe jxrfKa eh 
 Tov KYjirov Tov; MdXiara, /^a? eirerpey^e. — Ylpeirei va 
 eLTTTjTe et? ra Kopdata va /jlt) {not to) Tpco'ycDaL irpdaiva 
 firjXa. — No/xi'^ere on 6 v7n]p€T7](; da Ko-sfrij to yjrco/jLL €t9 
 fiLKpd /co/jLfjidTia; "Op^t, irpeirei va Ta> eiirr^Te. — Tlov elvai 
 6 KvpLo^ ; AcLTret. — "ETre/xo/re? ret /coK/CLva avya et? ttjv 
 KVpCav ; "0%t, elirov ek tov aSeXcfyov fjLOV va ra Pdy\rrj 
 Kal va TO, 7r€/jiyjr7j. — Tl e^ec to KopiTat cra<;; To Kav- 
 fjLevovf elvai oXiyov ')(^co\6v. — ^^dpey^ev t) vmrjpeTpia to, 
 TTOvXid; 'O v7rr)peT7}(; to, Tpecftec Tcopa. — 'E^j^et o aTpa- 
 
 TLol)T7)<; TOV LTTTTOV TOV T) TOV IhiKOV flOV ; OvTe TOV ISifCOV 
 
 (Ta^ e'xeiy ovTe tov ISt/cov tov, ex^t tov lttttov tov a^Ko/jua- 
 
 TL/COV (eX^I' '^OV TOV a^tCO/iiaTLKOV).^ 
 
 244. Has the good-natured gardener allowed the 
 good boys to dig (habitually) in his beautiful garden ? 
 He allowed them (tov^; at the beginning of the phrase) 
 to dig only when the day was not warm. — Had you 
 written to your brother to color fresh eggs red and to 
 send them to the foreign gentleman (/cvptov)? No, my 
 brother was absent (eXecTre), and had hidden the eggs. 
 
 — Have you lighted the lamp ? Yes ; do you not see 
 that it shines } — Is the door of the garden open ? No, 
 it is shut. — My poor sister is a little (oXljov) deaf. — 
 You must not cut the green apples ; they are not good. 
 
 — You must cut the bread in small pieces. — Did the 
 boy eat my grapes or yours ? He did not eat either 
 mine or yours; he ate his own. — Where is the cook.? 
 He is drunk. , g^^ 5 3^^ 
 
66 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 ^-MuTE Verbs. 
 
 245. Verbs whose stem ends in a palatal consonant 
 K, y, X (called also K-mutes) unite this with the o- of the 
 aorist, and form the double consonant i. 
 
 246. Such verbs are : — 
 
 dvoiyo), open^ rjvoiia, 6* avoi$(o. 
 
 Pp^xoi, wet, £^p€$a, $a ppi^io. 
 
 Trvtyo), drown, iTrn^a, ^a 7rvL$<a. 
 
 TrpocTi\ui, take care, iTrpoac^a (vlg.),^ ^a Trpocrc^o). 
 
 Tp€^(o, run, €Tpe$a,^ 6a rpe^o). 
 
 VTrdpxo), exist, be, VTrrjp^a, 6a. VTrdpiu). . 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXIII.) 
 
 247. TL Tp^x^L ; what is the matter ? 
 
 Trpocrc^e, avot^c Tr)v 6vpav, take care! Open the door! 
 vrcapy^i ^evoBoxetov eh to xiopCov tovtq; is there a hotel 
 in this village 'i 
 
 248. The verb pp^xoi is also used impersonally in the 
 sense rain : jSpc^ct, // rains; epp^xc, it was raining; 6a. ^pe$rj, 
 it will rain; l^pt^e, it rained; Ix^i /3pi$ei, it has rained; etc. 
 
 249. Several verbs in rr, (t(t, (tk, and ^ also have the 
 aorist in ^a. That these consonants have replaced original 
 palatal terminations can be seen in other words related to 
 these verbs. Such are : — 
 
 * Second aorist, irpochxov. * Second aorist, KSpafiop. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 67 
 
 250. 
 
 oXXao-o-o)/ change^ 
 
 yjXXa^a, 
 
 6' dXXa^o). 
 
 Starao-o-o), command^ 
 
 SteVa^a, 
 
 ^a Siarolo). 
 
 StSao-KO), teach^ 
 
 cSt'So^a, 
 
 da oiOGiga). 
 
 KTjpvTTu), proclaim^ 
 
 e/ciypv^a, 
 
 da Kr)pv$<i}. 
 
 KVTToZoi (Vlg.), /OO^, 
 
 eKVTTo^a, 
 
 6a. KVTTd$(0. 
 
 Trat^o), p/ay, 
 
 CTrat^a, 
 
 6a irat^o). 
 
 Treipo^o), /^^J^, disturb^ 
 
 CTTCtpa^a, 
 
 6a ireipd^o). 
 
 ifxavdlay, scream^ call, 
 
 icf>ii)va$a, 
 
 6a <^<i>va^o>. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXIII.) 
 
 251. KvTTa|€ Tov, Trat^ct /u,€ Ttt iraihLa! look at Mm, he is 
 
 playing with the children I 
 Scv Tretpa^et, // doesn't matter. 
 ^(Dvaic fXLav afxa^av / Call for a carriage! 
 r\ Siarao-o-eTe; what do you command (what are your 
 
 orders) ? 
 
 252. As exceptions to the above rule may be considered 
 the following verbs, most of which have second aorists 
 formed from a simpler or a different stem with the termina- 
 tion OV. 
 
 253 • avayti/wo-Ko), read. 
 
 dveyvoi(Ta,^ 
 
 6* dvayi/wo-o). 
 
 oLTroOvya-Kui, die, 
 
 dirWavov, 
 
 6* dTToddvo). 
 
 dTro(f>€vy<i), avoid, 
 
 dTr€(f>vyov, 
 
 6* dirocfivyoi. 
 
 dpio-KO), please, 
 
 rjpecra, 
 
 6* dpiana. 
 
 \€ya>, say, 
 
 elirov, 
 
 6a eiTTO). 
 
 Trdcrxoy, suffer, 
 
 e7ra6ov, 
 
 6a Trd6o). 
 
 rp(i)y(D, eat. 
 
 €(f>ayov, 
 
 6a (fidyo). 
 
 ff>€vyw, go away. 
 
 €<f>vyov, 
 
 6a <l>vy(0. 
 
 1 Vlg. dXXdfw. 
 
 2 Second aorist, dv^v<av. 
 
68 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 254. Ti ktroB^Tf.; what has happened to you 1 
 <t)vye ttTT* cSw/ go away {from here) ! 
 
 av€yv(i)(ra et? ras c^iy/xcptSas, / read in the newspapers. 
 dirWavev 6 (Saa-iXcv^, the king is dead, 
 iravrt^ 6* aTro^avtu/xev, we shall all die. 
 
 Second Declension (continued). 
 
 255. In the last lesson we gave examples of those 
 adjectives of the second declension whose feminine follows 
 the first declension. The feminine of the following adjec- 
 tives is exactly like the masculine, the two genders having 
 the termination os in common ; the termination of the 
 neuter is ov. 
 
 256. aya/Aos, unmarried. dirpoa-eKTo^, careless. 
 dSia^ero?, indisposed. eyyaiJLos, married. 
 aKct^apTo?, unclean. Irot/Lto?, ready. 
 dyvu}(TTo<:, unknown, rj(rvxo<:, quiet. 
 dypdfxixaTo<;, illiterate. <f>p6viiJio<s, prudent, well- 
 dStop^wTo?, incorrigible. behaved. 
 
 dix€(To<s, immediate. €Vfxop<t>o<;, good-looking, 
 
 dvoYfToq, stupid, senseless. shapely. 
 dXoyo^, unreasonable. da-xrjfJLoq, ugly, unshapely. 
 
 -TrapdXoyo*:, unreasonable. cvkoAo?, easy. 
 aTTi'^avos, improbable. ^v<tko\o%, difficult. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XVIII.) 
 
 257. In the vulgar idiom the feminines of all these 
 adjectives are declined according to the first declension in t], 
 the accent remaining on the same syllable as in the mascu- 
 line, although the ultimate is long ; e.g. €Vfiop<f>r}, da-xr]p.rj, for 
 €Vfiop<l>Oi, da-\rjfiOi. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 69 
 
 258. 6 ayafjio^i veai/ta?, the unmarried young man. 
 17 aya/Ltos Kvpia, the unmarried lady. 
 TO ayafxov Kopdaiov, the unmarried girl. 
 17 VTrrjpiTpLa /xas tlvai dy/oa/x/M,aTOS, our maid-servant is 
 
 illiterate. 
 cto-at TToXv oLKaOapTos,^ you are very dirty. 
 dXoyo<s ^ avOpu)7ro<i, an unreasonable man. 
 TO dXoyov,^ the horse. 
 r] dSe\<f>i^ p,ov elvat <f>p6vLfjio<i, my sister is well-behaved. 
 
 . The demonstrative pronoun ovto^., this, is declined 
 three genders as follows : — 
 
 259 
 
 in the 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 260. 
 
 MASC. 
 OVTOS, 
 TOVTOV^ 
 TOVTO) 
 TOVTOV., 
 
 ovre. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 FEM. NEUT. 
 
 aVTtJ, TOVTO. 
 
 TaVTr/?, TOVTOV. 
 
 TaVTT], TOVTO). 
 
 TaVTrjV, TOVTO. 
 
 avTrj, TOVTO. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 masc. fem. neut. 
 
 ovTOL, avTUi, TavTa. 
 
 TOVTWVy TOVTiOVy TOVTiOV. 
 
 TOVTOL<S, TaVTtttS, TOVTOLS. 
 
 TOVTOV<», TttVTaS, TttVTtt. 
 
 ovTOL, avTai, TavTa. 
 
 6 dvOpwTTos ovTos or ovTos 6 dv6p(07ros, this man. 
 
 -q KvpCa avTrj or avTrj 17 Kvpia, this lady. 
 
 TO TratStoi/ TOVTO or toGto to TraiStov, thts boy. 
 
 6 KaKos ovTo<i dvOpwTTosy this bad man. 
 
 6 dv$pi07ro<i OVTOS elvai KaKos, this man is bad. 
 
 p.ri^^ not, don't. 
 
 1 Both masculine and feminine. 
 
 2 Oftener 7ra/)dXo7os. 
 
 3 Instead of I'ttttos, in the vulgar idiom a horse is called rh &\oyov, 
 the unreasonable. 
 
 * Before a vowel, jxtiv; it takes the subjunctive. 
 
70 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 261. Jlpoaex'^y M^ elaai av67)TO<i / — 0a irpoae^co. — 
 ©a Ppe^xi arj/JLepov. — 'O SiSdaKaXo^ fid<; iSiSa^e v 
 ava'yiv(i)aK(oiJLev koI va fjLrjv elfxeOa airpoaeKTOi. — ^Ivai 
 dypcoa-TOV ttotc 0' dvoi^y to veov Oearpov. — Tt9 ae 
 Siera^e v dvoLl^y^ ttjv Ovpav ; l^rjv rjvot^a iva tSo) iav 
 Pp^XV' — 'H vin)p€TpLa avTTj elvai iroXv aKaOaprof; koX 
 airpoaeKTO^, — 'Hrot/xao-e? tcl dXoya (tov<; Xitttovs:) ; 
 MaXto-ra, elvai eTOi/xa, — *Tirdp')(eL hwfiaTtov iXevdepov 
 ek TO ^evoho'xelov tovto; Tl eiraOev rj dSeX^i] gov; 
 TiTTOTe, elvai fiovov oXtyov dhiddeTO^. — Elo-^e eyyafio^ 
 rj dyajxo^ ; EZ/xai dya/xo^. — M^ fie ireipd^rfiy deXco vd 
 eiirco KdTL eh top dyadov tovtov dvOpwirov. — Aei* 6d 
 ae iretpd^o), 
 
 262. When will this new hotel open (be opened) ? 
 I read yesterday that it was improbable (neuter) 
 (that) it would {vd) open the day after to-morrow. — 
 Where were the silly girls running (to) yesterday.? 
 They were running to (7r/909, ace.) the garden in order 
 to {hid vd) play. — Don't be stupid ! — This maid-servant 
 is not stupid ; she is only careless. — Are these boys 
 and girls well-behaved } These boys are incorrigible, 
 but the girls are quiet. — Is this lady married .? No, 
 she is unmarried. — Who (rk) ordered you to open the 
 door } This gentleman. — Are the horses ready } No, 
 they are not ready yet (dKo/jLij). — Don't tease me ! 
 I must read this book. — What have you suffered 
 (what is the matter with you) } Nothing. — Take care, 
 it will rain this evening {aird-^e). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 71 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 T-MuTE Verbs. 
 
 263. Verbs whose stem ends in a dental consonant t, 8, B 
 (called also r-mutes) reject this before the o- of the aorist. 
 
 264. 
 
 Such verbs are : — 
 
 
 
 
 ^cVo), place^ 
 
 iOea-a, 
 
 6a 6i(Toi. 
 
 
 TTct^o), persuadcy 
 
 €7r€t<7a, 
 
 $a TTCLaio. 
 
 
 Trpoa$€T(i), add^ 
 
 Trpoa-iOecra, 
 
 6a 7rpO(T$€(T(0. 
 
 
 cTTTCvSo), hurry ^ 
 
 ea-ireva-a, 
 
 6a a-7rev(T(i). 
 
 
 vTTO^eVw, suppose^ 
 
 vTrWea-a, 
 
 6a VTro6i(T(o. 
 
 265. Verbs ending in ^00 reject the t, before o- in the 
 aorist, except in some few instances mentioned in the last 
 lesson (§§ 249, 250); e.g. * 
 
 266. dy 0/30^(0, buy, yyopaaa, 
 
 t ' 
 
 dSeia^w (vlg.), empty, have time, dSetao-a, 
 
 d7rc\7rt^(o, drive to despair, aireiXTncra, 
 
 dTro<f)a(rL^o), decide, a7r€<f>d(rL(Ta, 
 
 d^C^ia, be worth, rjiLO-a, 
 
 dpxt^(^, begin, ripx^ro., 
 
 ySaSt^o), walk, i^dSta-a, 
 
 ^a-TTTL^o), baptize, i^aTma-a, 
 
 PpdZ,(a, boil, t^paa-a, 
 
 yefxi^o) (vlg.), Jill, iyifiLaa, 
 
 1 See § 267, note i. 
 
 ayopa(T(o. 
 
 dSetda-io.^ 
 
 aTreATrtVo). 
 
 d7ro<f>acrL(Tio. 
 
 d$Lcr<i). 
 
 dpx^<TOi. 
 6d ySaStVo). 
 ^a jSaTTTLau). 
 6d l3pd(T<o. 
 6d yefxia-o). 
 
72 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 yv<Dpt^(j), know^ iyvwpLO-aj 6a yvcupiitro). 
 
 Bav€L^(D, lendy iSdvcta-a, 6a 8avcto-<o. 
 
 SoKtfxd^Wj try, iSoKLixaaaj 6a SoKLfidau). 
 
 cATTt^o), /lope, elXTnaa, 6d eA7rto-<o. 
 
 ifXTToSt^o) (vlg.), prevent^ yfiTroSua'a, 6d ifJuroSLao). 
 
 ^aAt^w, bewilder^ bother, c^aAio-a, ^a t,a\i(na. 
 
 ^vyL^o), weigh, i^vyca-a, 6d ^vytcro). 
 
 ^(Dypa<f>L^(ji), paint, i^(i)ypd<f)L(ra, 6a ^o}ypa<f>c<T(i). 
 
 i7(rv;(a^a), rest, 7}(jv)(a<ra, 6a rja-v)(a<T<}). 
 
 6avfxd^(ji}, admire, idavfuiaa, 6a ^av/xdcro). 
 
 KaTTVL^o), smoke, iKairvLO-a, 6d KaTrnVw. 
 
 Kara^t/Sa^o), take down, KareySt^ao-a, 6d Kara/StySacrw.^ 
 
 KcpSi^o), gain, €/c€p8to-a, ^a K€pSt(T(i). 
 
 KOcrrit,iJi (vlg.), cost, iKoaTLaa, 6d ko(ttl(T(i>. 
 
 KTL^d), build, €KTL(Ta, 6d KTL(T<i). 
 
 fjLOLpd^u), share, distribute, iixoipaaa, 6d fxoipdcna. 
 
 vofxt^u), think, ivofiLcra, 6d vofiiao}. 
 
 $€cr)(f^<D (vlg.), tear, i$€(T)(t(ra, 6d ^(.(t^lo-o). 
 
 7rA.ay 10^(0, lay, lie down, iirXdyiaa^a, 6a 7rAayia(ra>.^ 
 
 v/SpL^u), insult, v/Spia-a, 6a v/3pt<r(o. 
 
 ^api^o), give, make a gift, kyapiaa, 6d )((ipL(T<D. 
 
 ^^(OfxaTi^o), color, kyjniip.dTiva, 60. ^(opxiTta-w. 
 
 uipL/xa^o), ripen, mpipjaua, 6a (Dpiixaa-u). 
 
 267. Note i. — 'ASeidfw belongs entirely to the vulgar idiom, and 
 
 is always conjugated without augment in the past tenses. This is 
 always the case in the vulgar idiom when the augment would require a 
 
 change of the initial vowel of the stem. The second and third syllables 
 of dScidfiw must be considered as one (eta pronounced ^d); the same is 
 the case with irXayid^u. 
 
 ^ See § 269, note 2. 
 
 2 See § 267, note i. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 73 
 
 268. Scv dSeio^o), I haven't time, 
 hhf aSeiaa-a, I hadn't time. 
 
 orav dSetaVys, when you have time. 
 
 orav dSetaViys ro Kavdri, when you empty the jug. 
 
 269. Note 2. — In the vulgar idiom, Karai^d^u) and iKaral^ao-a are 
 used for KarajStjSdfw and Kare^i^aaa, take down; dvai^d^u) and dpalfiaaa 
 for dva/St/Sdfw and dve/S^/Sacra, bring up. 
 
 270. Remark. — It is useful to remember that all verbs ending in 
 fw, preceded by the sound t, are written with t, except Sai'effw, lendy and 
 d6pol^<a {avvadpoli^u), collect. 
 
 271. /w,^ /«.€ ^aXi^rfs, 8ev ^d o-ot Samo-w tlttotCj don't bother 
 
 me; I will kftd you nothing. 
 i^(t)ypd<f>i(Tev wpatav eiKoi/a, Trarres t^v Oavfid^ovaiy 
 
 he painted a beautiful picture ; all admire it. 
 ippaae to vcpo; has the water boiled (is it boiling) ? 
 KairvL^tTc; do you smoke? 
 6 /carrvos Sei/ d^t'^et tittotc, /^ tobocco is worth nothing 
 
 {worthless). 
 
 Second Declension {continued). 
 
 272. Like the contracted nouns of the second declension 
 (§§ 199, 202), are also declined several adjectives, such as 
 
 ttTrXovs, simple. o-tSiypovs, of iron. 
 
 SittXovs, double. ^ yaXKov<i^ of copper. 
 
 rpnrXovs, triple. ^pvaovs, of gold. 
 
 TerpaTrAovs, quadruple^ etc. Kpvif/Lvov<s, crafty, 
 
 dpyvpov^, of silver. iropf^vpovq, purple. 
 
 •273. The feminines of these adjectives follow the first 
 declension, except Kpvif/Lvov^, which is common to masculine 
 and feminine, and are declined as follows : — 
 
74 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 274. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 7j aTrA^. 
 
 at dirkat 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rrjs (xttX^s. 
 
 Twv dirXwy. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ry airky. 
 
 Tats ciTrAaTs. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Tr]v aTrXrjv. 
 
 Ttts ciTrAas. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 •7 dpyvpa. 
 
 at dpyvpai. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TTJs dpyvpas. 
 
 T(i)v dpyvpdiv. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ttj dpyvpa. 
 
 Tats dpyvpais. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ryv dpyvpdv. 
 
 Tas dpyvpas. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 Plural. 
 at diroKptoi. 
 
 275* Remark. — Note the circumflex in all the cases. 
 
 276. There are also a few nouns in common use which 
 are still declined according to the ancient Attic second 
 declension ; e.g. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 17 aTTOK/acws, carnival. 
 
 Gen. T^s aTTOKpea). Ttov aTroKpcwi/. 
 
 Dat. T17 aTTOKpeo). Tats ciTroKpcws. 
 
 Ace. Tyv dTroKpetov. tos OTroKpccos. 
 
 Voc. diroKpeo). aTroKpcia. 
 
 277. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 6, 17 i»7ro;(pca)s, obliged. 
 
 6, 17 Kardxpio)'*, covered with debt. 
 
 TO dvoiycwv, garret. ' 
 
 TO KaTciyewv, ground floor. 
 
 TO vTToyeo)!/, cellar. 
 
 Also the adjectives 6, 17 di/wycws, KUTwycws, VTroyews. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 75 
 
 ro Xew^opcioK, omnibus^ is compounded of the Attic Xcw? 
 (for Aaos, people) and the verb <^cpo>, carry. 
 
 278. TToAv, Atav, z/^rj. Tts; ttoTos; (vlg.) w/z^/ 
 
 7roA.Aa, »22^^^, /«^/y. TToaov; how much ? 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 279. (S)eXet9 m ^lol (vlg. /ue or /LtoO) haveiar)^ tcl hiirXa 
 'X^uXku epyaXeld aov; Aev elvat KaXd, 8ev a^i^ovaL 
 TLirore. — ''Orav aSeidcry^y irpeireL va yefMiayf; to Kavdrc 
 Kol va ^pdarjf; to yjrdpt. — ^ K'ire(f>dcn(Te^ ttotc da ^airTio-rj^ 
 TO iraihC aov ; MaXtorra, 6 a to ^airTiaa) KaTo, (about) 
 Ta<i aTToV/aeo)?. — Uolo^ i^€a')(^L(Te tcl 'x^apTid /iiov; *H 
 fXLKpa ahe\(f)rj aov. — ^YideXrjaa vd SoKCfidaco va '^av^^^daco 
 oXcyov (a little)^ asX tjto dhvvaTOV. — 2a9 elfiau \iav 
 V7r6)(^p€0i><; . — 'H jSaaiXtaaa elvac ttoXv aTrXrj Kal dyaOr\. 
 — M^ /ie i/JLTToSi^r)^, iXiTL^a) vd /cepBiaco iroXXd. — 
 TvoopL^ec; iroaov fcoaTi^et 6 Kairvo^ ; ^ev jvcopi^cj, Sev 
 ihoKLfiaaa ttotc, ovTe vd Kairvlaco, ovt€ v dyopdaoa 
 Kairvov. — Tt9 eKTiae ttjv ol/CLav TavTijv; Trjv etCTiaev 6 
 dyyXofi Ka67]yrjTrj<;. — AlutI fie v^pi^eTe, Kvpte; Aev ad<; 
 v^ptaa, ad*i elirov ttjv dXrjOeiav. — M^ fte faXtfi;?, hev 
 dSetd^Q) TQ)pa. 
 
 280. Where did the workmen place the iron instru- 
 ments ? I do not know where they placed them, but 
 I think that they took them down to the cellar. — 
 When you have time, you must try to paint (color) the 
 
76 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 wall of the garden. — The doctor did not let me despair 
 (drive me to despair), but he persuaded me to lie down 
 and rest to-day. — You must weigh the fish, you must 
 (not repeated in Greek) salt it, and you must boil it. — 
 I have decided to baptize my child (TraihC) at the {fcardy 
 with ace.) carnival (plural). — As soon as the apples 
 ripen, you must cut them and distribute them to (eh) 
 the boys. — Boys {ra iraiSio) must not smoke. — How 
 much did the queen's carriage cost.? I don't know; 
 she didn't buy it, her husband gave it to her (t^). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 77 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 Verbs {continued'). 
 
 Liquid Verbs. 
 
 281. 'AvcTctXcv 17 areXrjvr] ; Is the moon risen ? 
 "O^L, avariXXu dpyd. JVb, it rises late. 
 
 282. Verbs whose stems ends in A., ft, v, p (liquid con- 
 sonants), do not, as a rule, take o- in the aorist, and the 
 vowel or diphthong preceding the liquid characteristic is 
 generally lengthened as follows : ai to a long ; c to « ; and 
 a, I, V short to a, i, v long. The exceptions to the rule 
 that the aorist of liquid verbs is not formed with o- will be 
 examined in the next lesson. 
 
 283. If the present terminates in XA.a>, /ai/w, or pvw, the 
 second of the liquids is dropped in the aorist. The follow- 
 ing are examples of liquid verbs : — 
 
 dmyycXXo), announce, 
 
 dvrjyyuXa, 
 
 0* dvayyctXco. 
 
 dvaTeXAa,,r/>^(<>5,;h--), 
 
 dvcTCiXa, 
 
 0* dvaTCLXui. 
 
 Scpw (vlg. Sepva>), beat, 
 
 th€Lpa, 
 
 6a Seipo}. 
 
 rj^€vpio (vlg.), know. 
 
 y^evpa. 
 
 $a y$€vp<a. 
 
 kXlvu), incline. 
 
 €KXLVa 
 
 da kXlv(o. 
 
 Kpcvo), judge. 
 
 €KpLVa, 
 
 $a Kpivoi. 
 
 fxcvo), remain. 
 
 €fl€LVa, 
 
 6a fl€LV<ii. 
 
 irjpaLvo), dry. 
 
 Ui^pava, 
 
 6a ^r)pdvoi. 
 
 Traipvio, take, 
 
 iirypa. 
 
 6a Trdpta. See Note. 
 
 iraxvvo), fatten, get stout. 
 
 €7rd;(wa. 
 
 ^a 7ra;^w<o. 
 
 ttXwo), wash, 
 
 CTrAvva, 
 
 ^a TrXvviii. 
 
 (TYjfmivo), ring, mean. 
 
 iarjfxava, 
 
 6d (TT^/idvui. 
 
78 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 (TTeWu), send^ lo-rctAa, Qa. crr€L\<ji). 
 
 avpo), draw, iavpa, Oh. avpta. 
 
 (r<l>dXX(i)y make a mistake, tcrt^xxKa., 6a a-cfyaXo). 
 
 Tp€fjiO), tremble, erpcfia, 6a Tpeixu). See Note. 
 
 VTrO(fi€po), suffer, virecfyepa, 6a virocficpo). See Note. 
 
 <f>€po) (vlg. <f>ipv(t>), bring, €<j>€pa, 6a ^epw. See Note. 
 
 285. Note. — iraipvu), take^ is a corruption of the verb iiralpu}, lift 
 up ; at changes here to t\ because of the augment of the verb alpus with 
 which this is compounded. It is better to use the verb Xa/x^dvo}, take 
 hold of. — In the last three examples given above, c does not change 
 
 to €(. 
 
 286. The following liquid verbs form second aorists : — 
 dfKfafidXXo), doubt, afJi<f)€^a\ov, 6* d/Li^i^(iA.a). 
 ^oAAo), put, throw, e^aXov, 6a /SdXm. 
 Kafivoi, do, CKa/AOV) 6a Ka/xo>. 
 7rpo(T/3aXXo>, attack, offend, irpoai^aXov, 6a vpoa^^aXia. 
 
 Also the other compounds of fSdXXu), e.g. viro^aXXoi, submit; 
 vTreppdXXu}, depart; ava^aXXta, put off, etc. 
 
 287. x^P^i ^^ glad, and (rvyxa-ip(o, congratulate, borrow 
 their aorist and future from the passive voice : ix^prjv, 
 (Twe-xo-prfv, 6a X'^P^j ^^ truy^apui. 
 
 288. x<iip€T€ / rejoice / (usual form of salutation). 
 
 4>ip€. fioL (or fi€) €va TTOT^pi v€p6 1 bring me a glass of 
 
 water I 
 o-as (Tvyxoitpui / I congratulate you / 
 TTcpifxeve oXiyov / wait a little ! 
 §€1/ i7^evpct Tt Kafivei, he doesnU know what he is doing 
 
 (what he is about). 
 wro<t>€p€re ; are you suffering ? 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 79 
 
 Other Declensions. 
 
 289. All the nouns and adjectives that have not been 
 examined in the preceding lessons are classed in most 
 Greek grammars in one declension, — the third. It is bet- 
 ter to subdivide this into four declensions : the third, con- 
 taining the perittosyllabic nouns; the fourth, the partially 
 perittosyllabic with an uncontracted genitive singular; the 
 fifth, the partially perittosyllabic with contracted genitive 
 singular; and the sixth, containing those nouns of the 
 vulgar idiom which are only perittosyllabic in the plural. 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 290. The third declension comprises nouns of all three 
 genders ending in a, v, ^, p, o-, j/^, with the genitive in -os.' 
 
 291. All the cases of these nouns, except the vocative 
 singular, masculine and feminine, and the accusative and 
 vocative singular neuter, have one syllable more than the 
 nominative; for this reason these nouns are known as 
 perittosyllabic. 
 
 292. The nouns of this declension are declined according 
 
 to the following 
 
 example : — 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 6 awT-Qp, savior. 
 
 ot cruynjpe^. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TOV (TOiTrjpOS. 
 
 Twi/ (Toyrrjpiav. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Tw aoiTyjpi. 
 
 Tots (Tuyr^pa-i. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TOV (Toynjpa. 
 
 TOVS ccDT^pas. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 (rcoTcp 
 
 (like Norn.) 
 
80 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 293. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 6 dyKwv, elbow. 6 KXrjr-qp, policeman. 
 
 6 dyciv, combat. 6 Mapa^wv, Marathon. 
 
 6 atciiv, century, age. 6 x^f-t^^^} '^i^l^^- 
 6 *EAAiyv, Greek. rj ^ctpj hand. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. X.) 
 
 294. The genitive, dative, and accusative of these nouns 
 are formed simply by adding the proper terminations to the 
 nominative. Except o-wrij/a, all these nouns have the voca- 
 tive in both numbers like the nominative. When the 
 characteristic is v, it is rejected in the dative plural before 
 the termination o-i (e.g. dy/cwo-i, dya)(ri, ''EAAi/o-t). 
 
 295. rov eA-a/Sev aTTo t^s X^^P^^' ^^ ^^^^ ^"^ ^-V ^^^ hand. 
 civat atcDv dycij/wv, // is an age of combat {strife). 
 
 296. In the following nouns the last syllable of the stem 
 is long in the nominative and vocative singular, short in all 
 the other cases : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 6 aa-TT^pf star. ol aarepe^. 
 
 Gen. Tov do-rcpos. twv aarfpuyv. 
 
 Dat. Tw axTTipL. Tots aa-ripa-L. 
 
 Ace. TOV aarepa. rovs do-rcpas. 
 
 Voc. (like Nom.) (like Nom.) 
 
 297. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 6 ai^p, air. 6 Xifirjv, port. 
 
 o yctVwv, neighbor. 6 prirtap, orator. 
 
 17 eiKO)v, image, portrait. rj xtXiSciv, swallow. 
 o Tyyc/Awv, prince. 6 xitwv, garment. 
 
 6 K(oSo)v, bell. ^ X'-^^f snow. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. X.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 81 
 
 298. In all these nouns w is shortened to o, and 17 to e, 
 except in the nominative and vocative singular. 
 
 299. 6 d^p Tov At/A€vos Sev ctvat Ka^apds, M^ «/r of the port 
 
 is not pure. 
 ^ eiKCDi/ Tov yciToi/09 /Ltov eivat KaXiy, //^^ portrait of my 
 
 neighbor is good. 
 6 ^ye/xwv avvexaprj tov prfTopa^ the prince congratulated 
 
 the orator. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 300. 2a9 ecrretXa t^i^ elKova /jlov, tt^v eXd^ere ; Ma- 
 Xttrra, eZi^at iroXv (opata, cra^s o/JLOtd^et ttoXv /cal aa^ 
 <TV^')(aip(o. — Ot "EX\?;i^€9 xmii^epov iroXv tov ')(^eL/JL(ova 
 TOVTOV. — 'H %tft)Z' elvat \iav \lrv')(^pd. — 'O i^yefioDV aficfte- 
 ffaWev iav eTrpewe v ava^'yeCXri rrjv vlktjv (victory). — 
 ^atpco OTL hev v7r€(j)€paT€ ttoXv. — Tipeirei va CLTrrj^ et? 
 TOV laTpov va fjLe TreptfieLvrj. — Se avy^aipco, €7ra^ui'e9(vlg.) 
 TToXv. — *Hfev/3et<? TroVe avaTeXXei rj aeXrjvr); Aev rj^evpco. 
 — AtaTL Tpe/jLeL'; ; No/it'fft) otl ea<f)aXa /cal oTt 6a //.e 
 Seipy 6 8t8d(TKaXof;, Slotl eTrrjpa (eXaffov) ttjv eMva tov 
 i^yefwvo^. 
 
 301. Do you knov^ the hours v^^hen the stars rise.? 
 I knov^r the stars, but I do not knov^ v^hen they rise. — 
 Call ((jxova^e) the policeman. — The Greeks suffered 
 much from (airo, ace.) the v^^inter. — My neighbor is a 
 great (fieyaf;) orator. — The prince was the savior of his 
 people (Xaov). — You must bring the soap and wash the 
 
82 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 garments (xI'T(ov) of the soldiers. — I am very glad that 
 the prince gave you his portrait, and I congratulate you 
 from my heart (ctTrb Kaphla^). — I doubt much if the 
 Greeks will attack the port. — I am waiting to see if 
 you will recognize (avayvcopi^o)) who beat you. — The 
 air is very pure here (i8(o, ivTavOa). — Who took the 
 ht\\} The servant. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 83 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 Verbs (contiftued). 
 
 Verbs in v(o. 
 
 302. The chief exception to the rule given in the last 
 lesson (§ 282), that liquid verbs (with the characteristic 
 A, /[>t, V, p) do not take o- in the aorist, are the verbs end- 
 ing in v(i) in the present, the greater number of which have 
 the aorist in a-a and the future in o-w ; e.g. 
 
 303. 
 
 
 
 d<f)rjv(i) (or d(f>Lvo>), let^ leave y 
 
 d(f}r](ra, 
 
 6^ a^7yo-(o. 
 
 SayKdv<ii, bite^ 
 
 iSdyKaaa, 
 
 ^a SayKd(T<i). 
 
 ScVw (vlg. for 8eo>), tie. 
 
 eScaa, 
 
 6a 8ea-o>. 
 
 Ovfxovu), get angry, 
 
 iOvixMcra, 
 
 ^a OvfKiXTO). 
 
 KaropOovd), succeed, manage, 
 
 Kar(i)p6(i)(ra, 
 
 6a. KaTOp6(iKT(ii, 
 
 Kpvovoi, am cold, catch cold. 
 
 iKpv(Dcra, 
 
 6a Kpviaa-a). 
 
 A. WO) (vlg. for A.vo>), loose, untie. 
 
 iXvaa, 
 
 6a \va-(t). 
 
 fxa\6v(x), scold, 
 
 epidXoxra, 
 
 6a fiaXuKTO). 
 
 widvo) (vlg.), catc/i, take hold of. 
 
 CTTiacra, 
 
 6a TTtaco). 
 
 afivvo), extinguish, 
 
 ea-ftvcra, 
 
 ^a ar/3v(T(x). 
 
 o-7rai/o>, break. 
 
 tcnraa-a. 
 
 6a (T7rd(T(x). 
 
 arecfiavovdi, crown, marry. 
 
 i(rTecf)dv<i)(Ta, 
 
 6a (Tre.<f>av(ii(TW. 
 
 vTroxp^ovo), oblige. 
 
 V7re)(pi(Daa, 
 
 6a vTro)(pe(ii(TO). 
 
 <f>avep6vo), make clear, evident. 
 
 i(f>av€p(j}(Ta, 
 
 6a (fiavepwcro). 
 
 (f>6d.vo), arrive, suffice. 
 
 €<f>Oa(Ta, 
 
 6a <f>6d(T(a. 
 
 Xctvo), lose. 
 
 Ixao-a, 
 
 6a ;(ao-o). 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXV.) 
 
84 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 304. Note i. — 'Aiplvta comes from d<ptrjfii, the classical aorist of 
 which, a<l>TJKa, is also used as an aorist of d<plyw or dtp-^vu. 
 
 305. Note 2. — Instead of mdpu it is better to use Xdfipdvu.. 
 
 306. Note 3, — In the Greek marriage ceremony crowns of orange 
 blossoms are used, hence to crown some one is to give in marriage or 
 to perform the ceremony; e.^. 
 
 TTore 6a (TTC^avtocrr;? ti^v Ovyaripa aov ; when will you 
 crown (^give in marriage) your daughter ? 
 
 TTotos tcpcvs Toi»s i(TTe^(xv(ii(T€ / what priest crowned 
 them (^performed the marriage ceremony^ ? 
 
 307. Remark. — In all the above verbs ending in ovw the v is not 
 the real characteristic, but is added in the modem vernacular in order 
 to avoid the proximity of two vowels which would be contracted ; the 
 Modern Greek language allows contraction only when the characteristic 
 is a or e. If this v is dropped these verbs become pure {i.e. have a vowel 
 for characteristic), and we have already seen that pure verbs (dKot^o;, 
 TiKovca) always have the aorist in aa. 
 
 308. a<l>rf(T€ fie rjavxov ! leave me alone (^quiet) ! 
 
 iOvfJioxre kol tov ifxaXtoa-e Slotl tairacrf. to irorrjpiy he got 
 angry and scolded him because he broke the glass. 
 
 6a fik vTToxpewo-iys iroXv, you will oblige me greatly 
 (much). 
 
 txaa-a rbv Spo/xov /aov, I have lost my way (road). 
 
 Scv KaTo>p6(ii(Ta TLiroTCj I have not succeeded (in) any- 
 thing. 
 
 309. The following verbs in i/w have a second aorist ; 
 from this they form the future : — 
 
 ava(3aLv<ji>, ascend^ dvi/irjv, 6* ava/SOt. 
 
 dvaXafiftdvo}, undertake, dviXa^ov, 6* dvaXdfSo). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 85 
 
 CTTtTvyX^*'^' ^UCCeed^ i-jreTv^^ov, 6a iTnTv\(ti. 
 
 KarafSaivd), descend, Karc^rjv, da KaTa)8w. 
 
 KaTa\afxf5dv(j), understand, KaT€\a^ov, da KaTaXd/3<o. 
 
 Xafx(3dvo), get, eXja^oVy 6a Aa/3a>. 
 
 fxavdavo}, /earn, efxa6ov, 6a fxd6(i). 
 
 Trapa/SaLvu), transgress, irapifir^v, 6a TrapajSw. 
 
 irapaXafJifSdvio, receive, irapeXa/Sov, 6a irapaXd^o). 
 
 TrpoXap.pdvu), anticipate, irpoiXa^ov, 6a irpoXd^ia. 
 
 crvXXafjL/Sdvu), catch, arrest, awiXajSov, 6a a-vXXdfSo). 
 
 avfifSaLvei,^ it happetlS, avve/^rj, 6a (Tvii^y. 
 
 rvyydvoi, happetl, €TV)(ov, 6a tv^o). 
 
 vireplSaLvo), surpass, vTrepefSrjv, 6a VTrepjSio. 
 
 310. KaTaXafiftdvere ri Xcya>; do you understand what I 
 
 say? 
 oi KXrjTrjpcs (TvviXa^ov tov KXiirrriv, the policemen 
 
 arrested the thief. 
 l/xa^es TO fidOrjfid (tov ; did you learn your lesson 1 
 tpxxBvi TO. via; did you learn {fiear) the news 1 
 
 Third Declension {continued^. 
 
 311. Many nouns of the third declension end in <t in 
 the nominative and vocative singular. If the characteristic 
 is a vowel, o- is simply added to the stem; e.g. r}p(i)-o^, 
 nom. rjpo)<s, hero; lx6v-o^, nom. iy6v<i, fish ; ^o-6<i, nom. (3ov<i, 
 ox. The stem of the last noun appears in the nominative 
 and vocative singular and dative plural as ^ov-. In some 
 nouns, as in these three examples, the vocative drops -s. 
 
 1 Impersonal. 
 
86 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 312. If the characteristic is a K-mute or a 7r-mute, o- unites 
 with it to form ^ or ^, These nouns are declined as follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 313* Nom. o Kopai, crow. o\ KopaKc^. 
 
 Gen. Tov KopaKo^. rCiv KopaKoiv^ 
 
 Dat. T<p KOpaKL. TOLS KOpa^L. 
 
 Ace. TOV KopaKa. rovs KopaKas. 
 
 Voc, (like Nom.) (like Nom.) 
 
 314. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 rj aX(x)7rr)$ (-7reKo<s),/ox. 6 6w$ (-xos)> nail, claw. 
 
 6 apTra^ (-yos), ravishcr. iriOrit {-xos), ape. 
 
 Tf OpL$ (r pixy's), hair. 6 xaA.vi/^ (-)Sos), sfee/. 
 
 6 p.vo)\l/ (-7ros)j short-sighted man. 6 yinpo^^vkai, (-ko<s), getidarme. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. X.) 
 
 315. If the characteristic is a r-mute or v (or vt), it is 
 rejected in the nominative and vocative singular and dative 
 plural, and a preceding o is lengthened to ou and e to «. 
 These nouns are declined as follows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 316. Nom. r\ lkiri%^ hope. at cAttiSc?. 
 Gen. T^s cAwtSos. twv iKirihiav. 
 Dat. T17 cXttiSi. Tats iK-JTicn. 
 Ace. ry]v kXtrthx. ras cATrtSas. 
 Voc. (like Nom.) (like Nom.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 87 
 
 317. In the same way are declined : — 
 o dSaftas (-vTos), diamond.* r] /otcyaXeiori/s (^to%)-, majesty. 
 
 y OLKTL^ (-vos), ray. 
 6 dvai (-KTos), prince. 
 6 ycAws i^Toi)., laughter. 
 o y€p(x)v (-vTos), old mafi.* 
 ri SicfjOepLTLs (-80s), diphtheria. 
 y\ ejSSofxds (-80s), week. 
 6 i\€<f>as (-vTos), elephant. 
 17 'EA.A.as (-80s), Greece. * 
 17 €^oxoT7;s (-Tos), excellency. 
 17 €o-7r€/ot's (-80s), evening party. 
 y\ i<f>rjfjL€pLs (-80s), newspaper. 
 ^ Aa/xTTpoTT/s (-Tos), brilliancy. 
 
 r\ ve6Tr)<i (-tos), youth. 
 
 r\ vv$ (-ktos), night.* 
 
 6 080 vs (-wtos), tooth.* 
 
 Tras (-VTos), ^Z^^ry ^//^. 
 
 "7 Trarpts (-80s), native land. 
 
 6 TTOvs (-8os),y^^/.* 
 
 ^ SaAa/At's (-vos), Salamis. 
 
 y\ aavLs (-80s), plank. 
 
 TO v8a>p (-aTos),^ water.* 
 
 TO (f>ii)s (-tos), //^^^. 
 
 17 (opatoTiys (-tos), beauty. 
 
 TtS (TtVos), W^^ ^ TtS (tIVOs), i'^/«<? ^«^. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. X.) 
 
 318. Note. — In the vulgar idiom the words marked with an 
 asterisk (*) are as follows: rh 5iafj.dvTi, diamond; 6 y^pus, old man; 
 7] v^KTa, night; rb ddvri, tooth; rh irbhi, foot ; rd vepb, water. 
 
 319* T^i/ e^SojxaBa Tavrrjv elxoixcv TroAAas €0-7rept8as, this 
 
 week we had many evening parties. 
 TLvo<i elvai yf i(f>rjiM€pLs avrrj ; whose newspaper is this 1 
 irarpLs /xov ehai ^ 'EAAas, my country is Greece, 
 dxov TTjv iXTTiSa va tSio tov "AvaKTUj I had the hope of 
 
 seeing the Prince. 
 
 ^ Gen. ySaros. 
 
88 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 320. Remark. — Neuter nouns have the accusative and vocative 
 singular like the nominative, and their nom., ace. and voc. plural end in 
 a short ; e.g. rb Kpias, meat, gen. tov Kp^aros, ace. rb Kp4as, voc. Kp^as ; 
 pi. nom. rd Kp^ara, ace. ra Kpiara, voc. Kpiara. 
 
 321. Note. — In the vulgar idiom the singular of almost all the 
 nouns of the third declension follows the first declension by making a 
 nominative of the accusative and adding a if the noun is masculine; 
 the plural is always correctly declined according to the third declension ; 
 e.g. ij vuKTa (for vi^, night), pi. ai vijkt€S ; ij <ravl8a (for aavis, plank), 
 pi. at aav/Ses ; 6 Khpa.Ko.% (for Kdpa^, crow), pi. ol /c6pofce$ ; 6 dipas or dy^pas 
 (for di^p, air), pi. ol d^pes, winds, etc. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 322. M^ /Lie /xaXovy^i, 6a Trpoae^co. — Ol '^copo(f)vXa/C€^ 
 crvveXafiov tov apTraya koI tov ehecrav ra^ ')(elpa^ /cal 
 Tov^ 7ro8a<? Sia va firj ^vyrj. — FilaOe /xvcoyjr; "O^h V 
 XafiTrpoTr}^; tov (Jjcoto^ a'x^ehov {almost) fx erv(j)Xoi)o-e. — 
 0a /xe v7ro^pea)(Ty<; va fiol (f>av€p(ocri^ {by explainmg to 
 tne) Ti arjixaCvovaiv ol yeXcore^ ovrot {this lattghter). — 
 Atart a'r)iiaCvovaLV ol /ca)8(ov€<i roiv iKKXrjaLcov {of the 
 churches); Alotl aireOavev r) Avrov MeyaXeiorr)^ .^ — 
 Al M.€yaX€i6T7]T€<; rcov iaTe^dvoaaav rrjv 'Ef o;^oT?/Ta tov 
 Tr)v vvKTa TavT-qv. — 'Ei^ 'EWa8t V7rdp')^ovo-L iroXXal 
 d\a)7r€/ce9, aiTLve^; {which) Tpa)yovat to, (TTa(f>vXLa. — At 
 Tpl')(€^ TOV yepovTO^ elvau XevKal. — M^ a^vay; to 
 ^0)9. 
 
 * 'A.M. stands for kvrov Me7aXet6TT7j, His Majesty; 'A.'A.M.M. for 
 Airrup MeyaXeidTrjTes, Their Majesties; 'A.'E. for kxnov 'E^ox6tt;j, His 
 Excellency. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 89 
 
 323. Take care, you will catch cold. — Don't get 
 angry and don't scold me, I will take care. — The 
 keeper (6 c^uXa^) caught the fox and tied it by (a-Tro, 
 ace.) the foot that it might not (8m va ixrj) bite. — The 
 old man is short-sighted. — Who untied the monkey 
 and let it break the plank .? No one. — Be good enough 
 (you will oblige me) to leave me alone (quiet). — Their 
 Majesties arrived in Salamis (in) the night (ace). — 
 The diamonds shone in the night like («?) rays of 
 light. — The old man has lost all {6\ov^ or irdvTas:) his 
 teeth, and his hair (plural) is white. — The claws of the 
 lion are as (o)?, with nom.) steel. — Have you learned 
 (heard) if the evening party of His Excellency succeeded 
 (was successful).? — The hopes of your youth had blinded 
 you. — The workmen will print the newspaper of this 
 week to-morrow morning (to irpm). — The beauties of 
 your native land surpassed our expectations (hopes). 
 
90 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 Verbs (continued). 
 IIpoo-TaKTiK^. — Imperative. /if^^ f^L4 
 
 324. The imperative mood has two tenses, the present 
 and the aorist ; the first expressing continuance or repeti- 
 tion, the second the simple occurrence of the action. Both 
 occur only in the second person. 
 
 325. The present imperative is formed from the present 
 stem with the endings -e (sing.) and -ctc (plur.) ; e.g. 
 
 Indicative, ypac^w, I write. 
 Imperative, ypd<f>ej ypd<f>eT€. 
 
 The use of the present imperative is not very common. 
 
 326. The first aorist imperative is formed from the first 
 aorist stem (unaugmented) with the endings -ov and -arc ; e.g. 
 
 Indicative, typaij/a, I wrote. 
 Imperative, ypaaj/ovf ypdxf/aTe. 
 
 327. The second aorist imperative is formed from the 
 second aorist stem with the endings -c and -ere ; e.g. 
 
 Indicative, i<t>ayov, I ate. 
 Imperative, <^ayc, <f>dycTc. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 91 
 
 328. The first and third persons of the imperative are 
 borrowed from the subjunctive of the present or aorist, as 
 the case may be, with one of the particles m, as, /u,i} ; e.g. 
 
 va rpioyo), va rpioyrjs, eU., I am to be eating. 
 VOL (jidyo), va <f>dyrj^, etc., I am to eat. 
 tts <^ay w, let me eat ; as /w.^ cf>dyo}, let me not eat. 
 fxrj <fidyrf<;, fxrj (fidyrjre, don^t eat. 
 
 329* Remark. — In verbs compounded with a preposition the accent 
 goes in the imperative as far back as the length of the ultimate will 
 allow; e.g. trpoa^x^ ('T/ods-cx'''). imp. irpdaexe; vtr^ypa^a {pTrb-iypaypa), 
 imp. vir6fpa\pov. 
 
 330. Note. — In the vulgar idiom it is usual to give the imperative 
 the terminations -e, -ere, whether it is formed from a first or from a second 
 aorist {ypd\f/€ instead of yp6.\pov, etc.). 
 
 331. ttU! drink/ tSe ./ (also iSe), see/ 
 
 va. TTir), he is to drink. lTi:irpk\\nxrrk /xas I allow us I 
 
 fjLt) 7rLrj<s, don^t drink. rpi^e I run / 
 
 as TTtw/txev, let us drink. 
 
 as fxrj TTLOiai, let them 7iot drink. 
 
 332. k6\\iov avTo (vlg. Koij/e to), cut it. 
 
 dvoiiov Trjv Ovpav (vlg. ai/ot^e ry]v noprav), open the door. 
 
 333 • eiTre €is Tov d8eA<^oi/ (tov, tell your brother. 
 <f>vy€ (xtt' i8(o, go away {from here). 
 
 Third Declension {continued). 
 
 334. Several neuter nouns of the third declension with 
 the characteristic r drop this in the nominative, accusative, 
 and vocative singular, and do not take o-. They are de- 
 clined as follows : — 
 
92 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 335' Norn. TO o-WjLta, body. ra o-w/Aara. 
 
 Gen. rov o-w/twiTos 
 
 ;. TtOV O-W/ACtTWV. 
 
 Dat. T<5 (TwfiaTL. 
 
 . TOt9 o-wjoao-i. 
 
 Ace. TO (TiOfJJX. 
 
 Toi awfiara. 
 
 Voc. (like Norn.) 
 
 (like Norn.) 
 
 336. In the same way are 
 
 declined : — 
 
 ayaXfm, statue. 
 
 fivOia-ToprjfMi, tiovel. 
 
 atvty/xa, enigma. 
 
 vofXLafjM, coin. 
 
 ^vaar-qfjua, Jlgure^ height, 
 
 ovofm, name. 
 
 presence. 
 
 ox^pxt, carriage. 
 
 yaXa, milk} 
 
 TTOtry/Aa, poefn. 
 
 yevfjui, dinner. 
 
 Trpay fJM, thing. 
 
 ypa/A/xa, letter. 
 
 arofjia, mouth. 
 
 Scfjuij parcel. 
 
 a-vvray/m, constitution, regi- 
 
 8t?/yr//Aa, story. 
 
 ment. 
 
 Spdfia, drama. 
 
 VTToSrjfJia, boot. 
 
 Ka^to-/w,a, seat, chair. 
 
 v<fia(rpja, eioth, stuff. 
 
 KpifjMf sin, pity. 
 
 Xo-pTovop.KTfm, paper currency. 
 
 [Tt KpLfjui = w^«/ a/zVy /] 
 
 XPVH^^ money.'^ 
 
 fidOrffxa, lesson. 
 
 yfiZipjo., color. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XI.) 
 
 337. The nouns 6 TraTiyp, father; r\ p-T^rrfp, mother ; 17 
 OvyaTrjp, daughter ; and 6 di/>;p, man, drop c in the genitive 
 and dative singular and dative plural ; to the last they at 
 the same time add an a short before the termination o-i. In 
 avrip the c is in all cases replaced by 8, except in the nomi- 
 native and vocative singular. 
 
 Genitive ydXaxTos, dat. pi. 7dXaft. 
 
 2 Generally plural. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 93 
 
 338. They are declined as follows : — 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular."^ 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Trari^p. 
 
 Trarcpcs. 
 
 dvi]p. 
 
 ai/Spcs. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Trarpo?. 
 
 iraT€p(i)v. 
 
 dvSpos. 
 
 dvSpSiv. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 irarpt. 
 
 Trarpdat. 
 
 dvSpL. 
 
 dvSpda-L. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Trarepa. 
 
 TTttTCpa?. 
 
 dvSpa. 
 
 avSpa?. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Trarep. 
 
 Trarepes. 
 
 dvep. 
 
 dvSpe^. 
 
 fXT^Trip, /xiyrpos, firjrpiy firjrepa, p-rjrep, etc. 
 Ovydrrjp, Ovyarpo^, Ovyarpi^ Ovyaripa, Ovyarcpy etc, 
 
 339* Note. — In the vulgar idiom 6 &p8pa^ fwv means my husband 
 (see note, § 321). 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 340. Vvdnpi^ei^ TO ovofia rod av8p6<; tovtov; MaXtcrra, 
 97 6vydTT]p Tov elvai (fyiXr] ttj^ fJurjTpo'i pLOV. — ^Kciyjrov 
 iSfy) KoX 6a evprj<; ap'^^ala vojjLiorjJLaTa. — ^rjpLepov ev 
 'EWaSi Sev \rjrdp')(ei ')^pv(r6<;, aWd fiopov 'x^apTovo/jLLa/ia. 
 — YiefX'^aTe fMOi, <Ta<; irapaKoXS) (I beg yoti)^ tcl p.vQiGTO- 
 prjfiaTa tov iraTpo^ aa^. — 'H OvyaTijp tov e^et (opalov 
 avd(TT7j/JLa, elvai (6<; (like) ap'^^alov eWrjviKov dya\/jLa. — 
 EtVe €t9 TOV v7rr)peTrjv va (f>€pr) ev (a) oxvi^^' — To 'x^pcjfia 
 TOV v(f)d<7/jLaT0^ TOVTOV fie (fiol) apeaKeu iroXv. — BaXe to, 
 Kadia-pLaTa et? to Tpaire^i 8ia to yevfia. — ^epe fie (fiOL) 
 TCL vTToBrjfjLaTa fjLOV. — ^epe to Sepia tovto eh to Ta^y- 
 hpopbelov. — To y^poypLa tov ydXa/CTOf; elvai XevKov. — 
 ^Ivai TToXif copalov to iroirjpia Tr}<; 6vyaTp6<; (Ta<;. — Na 
 ^daa) TTfv ^Q)i]V pLov edv 8ev Xeyca tt^v aXrideiav. — M^ 
 
94 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 <l>ayrj tcaveU (no one) cnrb (of) avrd rd firjXaf — Na 
 (j^vyrj a/ieVft)? (at once)\ — *A9 Tricofiev ek ttjv vyeCav rov 
 irarpo^ Koi tt}? /JLr)Tp6<; /jLa^. 
 
 341. Bring me a (ev) chair. — Father, tell my brother 
 not to tease me ! — Drink this warm milk, 'it will do you 
 good. — The whole (oXo^; 6) world will learn that you 
 are the daughters of these brave men. — Run to open 
 the door. — Tell the servant to take (va Trdprj) these 
 letters and this parcel to the post-office. — Did the 
 professor sign the poem with (fie, ace.) his name } No, 
 he signed the name of his daughter. — Has he written 
 many novels .•* No, he has written only dramas. — 
 Bring me my boots ! — This thing is an enigma to me 
 (hi ifie). — Put these things on (eVt, gen.) the table. — 
 Where is Constitution Square (-^ TlXaTela tov ^vv- 
 Tuy fiaTOf}) ? — Is the dinner ready ? Yes, it is ready. — 
 She has a well-shaped mouth. — Where are your ancient 
 coins ? I have lost them. — She has a fine figure. — 
 What a pity that her mouth is ugly ! 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 95 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 Uncontracted Pure Verbs. 
 
 342. Verbs whose stem ends in a vowel (pure verbs) 
 are of two classes : ist, uncontracted; 2d, contracted. 
 
 343. Uncontracted pure verbs have the accent (always 
 an acute) on the penultimate in the first person singular of 
 the present indicative, and their characteristic may be any 
 vowel or diphthong except a, c, o. 
 
 344. Contracted verbs have the accent (always a circum- 
 flex) on the last syllable in the first person singular of the 
 present indicative, and their characteristic is one of the 
 vowels a, e, o, which contracts with the termination, as will 
 be seen in the following lessons. 
 
 345. The following is a complete paradigm of the active 
 voice of the uncontracted pure verb in Modern Greek : — 
 
96 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 
 1 
 
 sT 
 
 • 
 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 l-H 
 
 ri 
 
 1 -8 
 
 
 
 xi u 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 Pi 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 h4 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 III 
 
 it 
 
 CO 
 
 ^a ^s ^» ^s ^s "^3 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 l-H 
 
 < 
 
 Q 
 
 > 
 1 
 
 /< /< ^ ^ /< /< 
 
 1 
 
 •5 
 
 << ^ j^ /< ^ << 
 
 ><u >« Vii *iu iw >« 
 
 II 
 
 cJ Ki e ct tf 
 
 
 2 
 
 P4 
 
 
 :3 
 
 (X4 
 
 1 
 
IN MODERN GREEK, 
 
 97 
 
 sT 
 
 1 
 
 << 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 ^ ^ b ui ^ 
 
 O (u (o O tu O 
 
 <U U> IW <U <U IV 
 
 '« 'S '8 'CJ -a 'CJ 
 
 <55 cc. <l> <:t> <t. <^ 
 
 
 
 - S ^ 3 b b 
 •*> b S '< -S --z. 
 
 ^^ II 5 '^ '^ 
 
 '< ..^ =1 K b 
 3 P: P5 3 p- 3 
 
 ^x ><:^>< XXX 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3^ g: . ^§ 1 
 
 b b O^'^ 
 
 N S „ s 
 
 3 S S ^fc § 
 XXXXXX 
 
 VV >tK •*!*> >« >tU >IV 
 
 illlli 
 
 O <u «u O <u O 
 
 ^^1 
 
 s^'^ s «. - 
 
 XXXXXX 
 
 •vu ><U >VV >«/ >IU >IU 
 
 'S 'U 'CJ 'tf 'S -tj 
 
 ^ <:& <t. <3s <l> <3a 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
98 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 346. Note. — It will be seen that the present, the imperfect, and 
 the first future in all the moods are formed from the stem as it appears 
 in the present indicative ; while the aorist, second future, perfect, 
 pluperfect, and future perfect are formed from the stem as it appears 
 in the aorist indicative. It is sufficient, therefore, to know the present 
 and the aorist of any verb in order to be able to form the other tenses 
 and to conjugate the verb entire. 
 
 347. In the same way are conjugated the following 
 verbs : — 
 
 dyopcvoj, make a speech, yyopevaa. 
 
 oLKovio, hear, rjKova-a. 
 
 i$o8evio, Spend, e^wScvo-a. 
 
 OepaTrevd), cure, iOepaTreva-a, 
 
 larpcvit), cure, idTpevaa. 
 
 KaLO), burn, €Kav(Ta, 
 
 KXaLO), cry, €K\av(ra. 
 
 Xovd), bathe, iXovaa. 
 
 fiayeipevio, COok, kpnyetpcva'a. 
 
 irta-revo), believe, iirLO-Teva-a. 
 
 "TrpofjiYfOevo), procure, iirpofJirjOevaa. 
 
 (Tvfx^ovXevio, advise, o-vve/SovAevcrcu 
 
 ToletSevw, travel, ira^eLSeva-a. 
 
 VTraKovu), obey, vTrijKOva-a. 
 V7rav8p€v(i), give in marriage, vTrdvSpeua-a. 
 
 <f>ov€vio, kill, e^6v€v<Ta. 
 
 )(pr](np.€V(o, be of use. kyjiy\(jip.tv<Ta. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXVI.) 
 
 Fourth Declension. 
 
 348. The fourth declension of nouns contains such as 
 are only partially perittosyllabic {i.e. they have only in some 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 99 
 
 cases one syllable more than in the nominative singular), 
 with the genitive singular uncontracted. 
 
 349. The nominative singular of these nouns ends in cvs 
 and t?, and in case of adjectives in v% (neuter v). They are 
 declined according to the following examples : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 350* Nom. 6 /Sao-tXev?. o\ fia(Ti\ei<s (/Sao-iXces). 
 
 Gen. Tov /?a(rtA.€a>9. t<ui/ ^acrikiioV' 
 
 Dat. Tw /8a(7iA.et.^ T019 ^acnXevcTi. 
 
 Ace. TOV fiaa-iXeoL. tovs /3acriX€i<; (jSao-tXcas). 
 
 Voc. jSaaiXev. )8acrtXcts (/SacriXecs). 
 
 351. Like /8ao-iX€v5 are declined : — 
 
 6 yovcvs, parent} 6 tcpevs, priest. 
 
 6 ypa/x/xarev?, secretary. 6 ittttcv?, rider. 
 6 ©T/crcv?, Theseus. 6 <Tvyypaff)€v^, author. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab, XII.) 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 352* Nom. 17 7rdXt5, city. at TroAet? (ttoAccs). 
 
 Gen. T^5 7roA.€a)9. twv ttoAcwv. 
 
 Dat. T^ TToXet (TToXei"). rais TroXccrt. 
 
 Ace. T^v 7roA.ti/. Tots 7roA.cts (iroXca?). 
 
 Voe. TToAi. ■jToXcis (ttoXcc?). 
 
 353 • Note. — The accentuation of 7r6Xew5, irbXewv, etc., on the 
 antepenult is Attic. 
 
 1 Contracted from ^aaCkiC. 2 Chiefly plural. 
 
100 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 354. Like TToXts are declined : — 
 
 'A/cpoTToAts, Acropolis. Kvp€pvr](TL<s, government. 
 
 dvaKoXvif/L^, discovery. Kwvo-ravTtvovTroAt?, Constantinople. 
 
 dTTo^ao-is, decision. ixeTd<f>pa(TL<s, translation. 
 
 Ppv<n^, fountain. 6pe$Ls, appetite. 
 
 Sr]fjLO(TLevcn^, publication. Trapda-raa-L';, representation. 
 8tev^w(ris, direction^ address. TrepiiroLrjaLs, kind attention. 
 
 8wa/xis, power. Trpo^i?, action. 
 
 ci8iyo-(,5, news. 7rp6(rK\r](n<:, invitation. 
 
 €kSoo-is, edition. irporraxri^^ proposal. 
 
 i7ravaXr}{f/i<s, repetition. 7rp6<l>aaL<s, pretext. 
 
 ipiDTrjo-L^y question. o-rao-is, standings revolt. 
 
 ^vyapLdT-qcn^^ pleasure. av^T^rrjcrLs, discussion. 
 
 KaracTTao-i?, situation. v/3pL^, insult. 
 
 KaTaxprja-i^, abuse. <l>v(n<;, nature. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XIII.) 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 355. Aei/ Oa iiriarevov irore on ^BeXe /xe BepairevaeL. — 
 *'H/couo-a pLera ttoXX^? {with much) evxctpi'O-Trjaecof; ttjv 
 TTpOTaaiv T»)9 8rjfjLoaL€va-€(o<; v€a<; i/cSocreeof; r^? pLcracjipd- 
 o-€ft)9 Tov avyypa(l>6(o<; tovtov. — *Ayop€vo)v (in speaking 
 or while speaking) 6 ^aGiXev^ elTrev on afKJie^aXev iav rj 
 KvffepvrjaLf; 6a el^'^ ttjv Svva/JLLV va OepaTrevarj rrjv Kard- 
 araaiv ravrijv. — 'H iiravd\r]'>^L^ rcav epeortjaeayp crov elvai 
 v/3pL(;. — M^ KXairfi^ ae av/jL^ovXevco va xnraKOvarfi ek 
 Toif^ yoveU <tov. — ^'H airoifyaat^ avrr) elvat icaTd)^pr](Tt<; Trj<; 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 101 
 
 Svvdfjieci)^ Trj<s Kvfiepvrjaecof;. -^AeV^c^ ^^of'EeiJoV oXa fiov 
 {all my) to, -^^pi^/jLara eav iXd/nfiavov iyKaipcjf; to rypd/n/jLa 
 orov. — At irepcTTOLijaetf; rod y€povTO<; lepeco^ yu.a9 xnre- 
 ')(p€(oaav TToXv. — Aev e;\;ft) ope^iv v aKOVco avorjaia^;. — 
 "E;)^ft) TToXXrjv ev')(^apL(TT7]aLV. 
 
 356. I should have cooked the dinner, if you had 
 procured me (any) butter. — I should write to him if 
 I knew his address. — Who would have believed that 
 the acts of the Greek (tt)? eXXrjvtKri^) government were 
 a mere (simple) pretext ! — He who spoke (the speaker) 
 had not heard the news of the revolt. — The city 
 spent much money (plural) for this fountain. — I have 
 received your invitation to (ek or Std) the representa- 
 tion of this drama. — The new edition of the transla- 
 tion of this author is not good. — The parents wish 
 to marry their daughter to (fxe, ace.) the secretary. — 
 This discovery was of great (iroXv) use. — I should 
 have untied the horse if my brother had not untied 
 him. — The news of the death of the king produced 
 (made) a great sensation. — Do you know where the 
 temple of Theseus is .•* — It is near {irXrjaCov, gen.) 
 the Acropolis. — The old priest will marry them in 
 Constantinople. 
 
102 . A FRACriCAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 Contract Verbs in aw. 
 
 357. Contract verbs differ from uncontracted only in the 
 present and imperfect (and first future), the terminations 
 of which contract with the preceding vowel (a, c, o). 
 
 358. Verbs with the characteristic a are contracted as 
 follows : — 
 
 ao, aov, and aoD contracted to w. 
 
 ac and a.y) contracted to a. 
 
 act and ai; contracted to a. 
 
 359. They are conjugated as follows : — 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 103 
 
 H 
 
 'S^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _) 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U* 
 
 "«J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 <3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (^ 
 
 1: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 u5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u! 
 
 to. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 iz; 
 
 1= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »-< 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 >; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^ -e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 jj, c:. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P< 
 
 >S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FL< 
 
 a <a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 N fe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 -e -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,*-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 T ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 >2' (a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 »> fe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S5 
 » O 
 
 
 <- a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^ o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 '^ $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 U 
 
 _^ III 
 
 
 IS" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t> 
 
 ^^^^ ^ b 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ►-> 
 
 c3cs.to-c3 co<3 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t3 
 
 N N fc N t: J; 
 
 
 u5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a a a a a a 
 
 
 <o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 <^ ?- c^ ^- <-• <» 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •a -a -a -a ^a -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 "^ («^^ =5. t b 
 
 <3<a.<a-c3<a<3 
 
 3 a a «3 <a 3 
 
 c3'^ 
 
 a 
 
 3" 
 
 1 
 
 -a 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 ^^ 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 h ^ t: k k N 
 
 1; t: N N N ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 N 
 
 ?- 
 
 ;v 
 
 X 
 
 
 a a a a a a 
 
 -cj ^ -a a a -a 
 
 -a 
 
 ^ 
 
 -a 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 >UI 
 
 
 ^- ?>?-?-?- <- 
 
 ^- c- <-?-?- ;^ 
 
 „ 
 
 <- 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 -a 
 
 
 «a -a »a -a -a -a 
 
 -j;--p-«p-«p--p--p- 
 
 <^ 
 
 -p- 
 
 <i> 
 
 >^ 
 
 "53 
 
 <i> 
 
 
 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 _^ 
 
 
 
 __ A-^ 
 
 
 t 
 
 d, 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 d, 
 
 S-g 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 11 
 
 < 
 
 M 
 
 pL, 
 
 s 
 
 ^PU 
 
104 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 361. In the same way are conjugated the following 
 verbs : — 
 
 aTravTw, answer, meet, -^Travr-qaa. 
 
 OTraTO), cheat, rjTrdTrjcra. 
 
 fiovTw (vlg.), plunge, i/Sovrrjaa. 
 
 ykXQ), laugh, cheat, iy^Xaaa. Note 1. 
 
 ycww, dear, iy^wrjcra. 
 
 Stij/io, be thirsty, iSCif/rja-a. Note a. 
 
 iivTTvCi}, awake, i^vrrvrja-a. 
 
 ipwTw, ash, ypwrrjaa. 
 
 KoXvfji^w, swim, (KoXvix/irja-a. 
 
 KTVTTw, beat, strike, iKTvwqa-a. 
 
 fjLcOC), get drunk, ifxWva-a. Note 2. 
 
 /u.eA.eT(u, study y i/JLeXirrjaa. 
 
 fxerpla, measure, ifxerprja-a. Note 3. 
 
 VLKw, conquer, iviKticra. 
 
 TTcivo), be hungry, eTreimo-a. Note i. 
 
 •trerCj, fiy, throw away, iirtTo^a. Note i. 
 
 arafxaTU), stop, iaTafidrrja-a. 
 a-vvi(TTu>, recommend, found, (rvvea-Trja-a. Note 3. 
 
 roXfita, dare, iT6Xp.rj(ra. 
 
 ;(aXa>, s/>oil, i)(<xXaa-a. Note t. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXVII.) 
 
 362. Note i. — The verbs 7cXiD, ireivCo, ttctw, x"^'^> ^'^j do not 
 lengthen the characteristic a into 77 in the aorist and future. — 'Eir^Tofo, 
 vlg. for iir^raaa. 
 
 363. Note 2. — At^tD makes iSirf^rjira in the literary language and 
 iUxj/aaa in the vulgar idiom. — 'E/xidvca is the aorist of the classical 
 verb fiediu}. 
 
 364. Note 3. — In the literary language fierpu has the characteristic 
 e : fjLerp4u), /juerpd. — livviffru is the literary form of the classical verb 
 crvvlffTiiiu, aor. avMicrri^a. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 105 
 
 365 • ^y] /Aov x»^^5 T'^»' ijcrvxtai', don^t spoil {disturb^ my rest. 
 dyaTrare ri]v 'EAAaSa ; ^<? ^^« love Greece ? 
 dyaTTttTc Tov kXXr]viKov oTvov ,' do you like Greek wine ? 
 Skv TO diXiii' irira^i to/ / don^t want it; throw it 
 
 away / 
 eras ovvlo-tC) tov (fyCkov /w-ov, / recommend {introduce) to 
 you my friend. 
 
 Remark. — Names of countries are written with a capital letter, but 
 adjectives derived from them are written with a small letter. 
 
 Fourth Declension {continued). 
 
 366. Adjectives of the fourth declension have the nomi- 
 native of the masculine in v% and of the neuter in v. They 
 are declined as follows : — 
 
 3^7» Masculine. 30o» Neuter. 
 
 singular. plural. singular. plural. 
 
 Nom. ev^vs, straight, evicts (e'e?). ^vBv. evOia. 
 
 Gen. evOeo's ivdimv €vO€o<s. evOewv. 
 
 Dat. €v6€L (e'i). €.V$i(TL. €V^€t(€t). €vdi<n. 
 
 Ace. €.vdvv. evicts (cas). €vBv. evBia. 
 
 Voc. evdv. evicts (€€s). f.vdv. €v$€a. 
 
 369. Remark. — The feminine of these adjectives ends in cto and 
 follows the first declension : e.^. evdeia. 
 
 370. Like f.vdv'i are declined : — 
 
 ^apvs, heavy {strongs d^vs, acute^ pointed. 
 
 severe). Trcvyy^^fat^ stout. 
 
 ^aOvs, deep. evpv<s (lit.), broad. 
 
 PpaBvSj sloWf late. ' irXarvs, broad. 
 
 yXvKvs, sweet. Ta;)(vs, quick. 
 
 Note. — The noun 6 in^x'^s* ^ measure of length = 2 ft. sin., is also 
 declined like eiidis. 
 
106 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 371 • Note. — 'O^eta, the feminine of <J|iJs, is the name of the acute 
 accent in Greek ; TrXareta, the feminine of TrXarjJs, signifies a public 
 square. In the vulgar idiom ^padeid, from (ipadeia, the feminine of /Spa- 
 dijs, is used in the sense of evening, instead of eairipa. 
 
 372. 6 xct/Awi/ cti/at jSapvs icfiiroSf the winter is severe this 
 
 year. 
 ir<i)s dyaTrare tov Ka^iv eras ; Bapvi/ koI yXvKvv. How 
 
 do you like your coffee ? Strong and sweet. 
 lx€Tprj(r€ fxov 8vo> Tri^xets v<f>d(riJi,aTos, measure me two 
 
 piques of cloth. 
 eivat wpata /JpaSeta ajroif/e, it is a beautiful evening 
 
 to-night. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 373. Atari a-ra/jLaTaTe ; '^ara/jLaTija-a Slotl iBiyjraaa 
 Kal iireCvaaa. — M^ 7eXa9, elaai ttoXv 7ra')(y^. — 'H o3o9 
 avrrj elvau evOela Kal evpela. — 'O virvo^ (sleep) elvai 
 yXvKV^ TOV ')(€i^Siva {in 'winter)^ ahXa TrpeireL va i^virvaf; 
 ivcopiTcpov (earlier). — *lSiav rj'ydira^ Tov<i yovei^ aov, hev 
 6a TOv<; ^Trara?. — *Aya7r(o ttoXv ra /xijXa, ri Kpifia on 
 i'X^dXacrav. — ^^^oimjaev ek ttjp ffadelav ddXaaaav Kal 
 eKoXv/jL^Tja-e Ta'xe(o^ (quickly). — 'O Xiriro^ ovto<; elvai 
 TToXv ^pahv^. — Tt eTrerafe? et9 rr^v avXrjv; ^ISiTrera^a ra 
 a-Ta(f>vXLa Slotl el^ov ;^a\acr€t. — M^ /xe 7e\a9. — Aei/ 
 ae yeXci), crol Xeyo) ttjv aXrjdeLap. — II oO elvac to ttovXl 
 fiov; 'ETreVafe. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 107 
 
 374. Love your father and (your) mother. — I love 
 them with all (ef oX?;?) my heart and all my strength. 
 
 — Why do you ask me } — I advise you {gos) to study 
 your lessons. — Don't laugh ! I am not cheating you. 
 
 — This man is very stout and heavy. — I do not dare 
 ask him if he is thirsty, because he loves wine (to 
 Kpaai, TOP olvov) and gets drunk. — The street is 
 straight and broad. — I laughed so much (roaov ttoXv) 
 when I saw him swimming (vd with pres. subj.) ! — 
 What a pity ! the apples are spoiled. — Are you thirsty.^ 
 I am not thirsty. — Are you hungry } I am not 
 hungry, but I have a good appetite. 
 
108 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Verbs {continued). 
 
 Contract Verbs in ew. 
 
 376. Pure verbs having the characteristic c contract in 
 the present and imperfect as follows : -;- 
 
 eo> contracts to o>. 
 
 ec and cct contract to ct. 
 
 CO and eov contract to ov. 
 
 €-q contracts to >;. 
 
 €Q contracts to y. 
 
 377. They are conjugated as follows 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 109 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^«^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fu 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 -•^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 >u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S5 
 
 '5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 2; 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^_^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 s *s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »— < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l-j 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 ■^^'•o %% 
 
 
 
 
 
 J5 
 O 
 
 
 2 .i 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e? 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 Jo 
 
 <3cpi«:pi<3 cp-<3 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 c« 
 
 h K h K K K 
 
 
 Sf? 
 
 
 
 
 ^^£; £;£:£; 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 >ij 
 
 
 
 
 
 1j ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 d 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 8 £--T:i^2 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 i 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 3 ^ S A <^^ 
 
 ^^<L^ 55 <u u, ^ ' 
 
 »- 
 
 •> 
 
 ^ T t 
 
 JC, 
 
 Q 
 
 ^r^l f: s 
 
 3 5 >. ta cS » 
 
 <3 
 
 
 ^ £: ^ 
 
 P" ^ ;^ 
 
 3 
 
 S!; 
 
 <3 1 '5 1 1 1 
 
 O (u tw O <u O 
 
 p- 
 
 P- 
 
 X 
 
 K K K J, K K 
 
 ■C 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 3 o 
 
 >* 
 
 ►-H 
 
 £;£;£;£:^^ 
 
 *<*» "^ "<U "^U -<4. •<** 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 —^^ 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 3 v*^ d, 
 
 s'i 
 
 
 (Xi 
 
 M 
 
 < 
 
 N A. ;i. 
 
 (kA< 
 
110 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 379. Like ^7;to> are conjugated :- 
 
 iayvow, not know, 
 dSvi/arcu, be unable, 
 dva;)((optu, depart, 
 dpK€'L (impers.), it suffices, 
 d<f>aLpo), take away, 
 porj6<S, help, 
 iwow, understand, 
 iirjyo), explain, 
 €7n6c(op<i), inspect, 
 €7ri^v/A(i>, desire, 
 €v;(api<TTO), thank, 
 Oeuip (ji, consider, 
 Karrjyopw, blame, accuse, 
 KaroLKw, inhabit, live, 
 XeLTToOvfjLw, faint, 
 fji€Tpw, measure, 
 fiKTU), hate, 
 o/MtAw, talk, 
 ofioXoyw, acknowledge, 
 TrapaKoko), beg, pray, 
 irape^rjyio, misinterpret, 
 TrpoaKaXw, invite, 
 irpoa-TraOu), try, 
 rrvyxwpw, forgive, 
 a-vfxffxovu), agree, 
 TLfioypu), punish, 
 <j>Oovu), envy, 
 
 riyv6rq<Ta. 
 
 '^Swa/rrja-a. Note i. 
 dvexioprja-a. 
 TjpKea-e. 
 d.<fiype(ra. 
 
 iw6r](ra. Note 2. 
 
 ei-^yrja-a. 
 
 i7r€6eo)pY)(Ta. 
 
 €TreOvp.7i(Ta. 
 
 -^v^apiaTrja-a. 
 
 i6€(opr]cra. 
 
 KaTrjy6pr](ra. 
 
 KaT(OKrj(ra. 
 
 tXeLTroOvfJirjcra. 
 
 ifxeTprja-a. Note 3. 
 
 i/iiLa-rja-a. 
 
 (ojjiiXrja-a. 
 
 (ofioXoyrja-a. 
 
 TrapeKoXeaa. Note 4. 
 
 Trape^T^yrjaa. 
 
 Trpoa-f.KoXta'a. 
 
 TrpocreTrd6t](Ta. 
 
 (Tvv€)((t}prj<Ta. Note 5. 
 
 (rvve<f>(tivr)(Ta. 
 
 irifiuipTja-a. 
 
 i<f>66vr)<Ta. 
 
 i<l>LXrjcra. Note 6. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. - 111 
 
 <j>op^, wear, iijyopea-a. Note 7. 
 ^CWCTTW, owe, . Note 8. 
 
 (o^cA-w, am of advantage, (o<f>€\rj(ra. 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXVIII.) 
 
 380. Note i. — In the vulgar idiom dSwaTui, dSwdrrjaa means/ 
 get thin or am poorly. 
 
 381. Note 2. — In the literary language this verb is written vod 
 ip6r]<ra. 
 
 382. Note 3. — Merpiu, fxerpCj is the literary form. The vulgar 
 idiom says fiCTpdu), ficTpCo. 
 
 383. Note 4. — irapaKoXQ or ads irapaKoXC} corresponds to the 
 English, if you please. 
 
 384* Note 5. — In the vulgar idiom the aorist is iavyx^pv'^O" 
 
 385. Note 6. — In the literary language <f>i\w means I love. 
 
 386. Note 7. — The literary language says 0^pw ; e.g. diarl <f>ipci.% 
 rbv xi-Tu)vd fxav ; why do you wear my garment? 
 
 387. Note 8. — The aorist of this verb is not in use, the imperfect 
 being its only past tense. 
 
 388. a^K^ ' iw6r}<Ta, it is enough ; I have understood. 
 TTov KaTot/cetre ; where do you live ? 
 
 Oeoypu) KaXov va cas i$r)yy(T(o, I consider it well to 
 
 explain to you. 
 o-a? TrapaxaXw irokv, I beg you very much, 
 fxk (Tvyy(iip€iT€, I beg your pardon (^forgive me'). 
 TO. cf>opifJiaTa owov (ra ottoux,) <f>op<j), the clothes that I 
 
 wear. 
 dvex^PV^^ ^''"' 'TO AovStvov (eU AovSlvov), he has left 
 for London. 
 
112 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Fifth Declension. 
 
 389. The fifth declension contains neuter nouns in o?; 
 also a few feminine in ws or w belonging exclusively to the 
 literary language, and adjectives with a common masculine 
 and feminine termination in lys and neuter in cs. They all 
 have this in common, that the genitive singular of both 
 nouns and adjectives ends in ov%. 
 
 390. Neuter nouns in os are declined as follows : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. TO Wvo'i, nation. 
 
 Gen. rov tOvov^ C^^^^)- 
 
 Dat. Tcp tOvei (ct). 
 
 Ace. TO tOvo<;. 
 
 Voc. (like Nom.) 
 
 Plural. 
 Ta tOvy^ (ca). 
 Ttoi/ iOvoiV (ewv). 
 ToTs tOve(TL. 
 TO, fOvri (ca). 
 (like Nom.) 
 
 Note. — In the gen. pi., ewv is sometimes uncontracted, as dp^uv 
 from 6pos, mountain. 
 
 391. In the same way are declined : — 
 
 otcxo?, shame. ficpo'Sj part^ place. 
 
 a.vOo%^ flower. opo^, mountain. 
 
 iTo<;, year. 7raxo5, fat., thickness, 
 
 t^tvyo';, pair. aKoro*;, darkness. 
 
 Oappo^y courage. tcTxos, wall {of a city). 
 
 6€po<s, summer. tcAos, end. 
 
 i;(vo?, trace. vij/o^j height. 
 
 KoXXo^, beauty. ^pcv^^i, falsehood. 
 
 Aa^o?, mistake. ^^x^^y ^''''^• 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XIV.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 113 
 
 392. TO, Tuyr] T^? TToXeo)? fxvca vij/rjXd, the walls of the city 
 
 are high. 
 TO Oipo<i civac iroXv 6epfx6v iv 'EAAaSt, summer is very 
 
 hot in Greece, 
 ra. avOrj ruiv 8ao"a>v kol t<Sv opimv, the fiowers of the 
 
 forests and the mountains. 
 
 393. Feminine nouns in w? and w are declined as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. y\ al8(i)<;, modesty. ax alSoi. 
 
 Gen. T^9 aiSovs (6o<:y twv alBwv. 
 
 Dat. TY) aiSoL (ot). rai? atSotg. 
 
 Ace. Tr)V aiSci. ra? aiSovs. 
 
 Voc. aiSw. ttiSot. 
 
 394. In the same way are declined rj ireiOoi, persuasion ; 
 ri 17XW, echo (voc. sing, yjx^"^) '■> ^^^ several names of persons, 
 like 'Eparw, Mv/arw, ^/r. The plural of these nouns follows 
 the second declension (§ 158). 
 
 395. Masculine and feminine adjectives in 179 are declined 
 as follows : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 6, 7} aXr}6rj<;, true. 
 
 Gen. Tov, t^s aKr]Bo^}^ (^®^)' 
 
 Dat. T&), TT7 dXr;^€i (ci). 
 
 Ace. Tov., TTjv dXyjOrj (ca). 
 
 Voc. dXrjOrj. 
 
 Plural. 
 ot, at oAr/^cts (ccs). 
 Twr oAiy^wv (cwv). 
 T0T9, rai? dX7;^€0-t. 
 Tov?, TO,? dXT/^ct? (cas). 
 dAr^^ct? (cc?). 
 
114 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 396. The neuter of these adjectives is thus declined : 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. TO aXy]Ok%, 
 Gen. Tov 6Xif\0ov% i^o%). 
 Dat. TO) aXy)Q€. (u) 
 Ace. TO dXrjOi's. 
 Voc. aXrjdi^. 
 
 Plural. 
 Ttt aX-qOrj (ea). 
 Twi/ aXr)6<i)v (cwv). 
 T015 dXrjOicri. 
 TO. aXrjOrj (ca). 
 aX7]0rj (ea). 
 
 397. In the same way are declined the following adjec- 
 tives : — 
 
 dfcpiySiy?, exact, 
 aa-efiri';, impious. 
 do-^evi;?, weak, ill. 
 av6d8rj<s, impertinent. 
 Svo-rvx'y?, unhappy, 
 poor. 
 
 erycv?/?, noble, polite. 
 
 evare^T^*;, pious, respectful. 
 
 €VTv^rjs, happy. 
 
 TrXrip-q<i, full. 
 
 (Tvyy€vri<;, related, a relative. 
 
 \f/€v8-^<s, false. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXI.) 
 
 398. Also some proper names, like 'Apio-roc^dn;?, Avffio- 
 crOivq^, AtoycV>/5, etc., the vocative of which ends in cs and 
 has the accent on the antepenult ; e.g. w ^rjixoadeve^. 
 
 399. ctmi aXrjOe^, it is true. 
 
 ela-de irokv evyevrjf;, you are very polite. 
 hv(TTvyyi% dvOpwiros / aTrWave ttXt^pyj^ t^V^t Poor man ! 
 he died while still vigorous. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 400. Sa? irapaKoKay va fie <Tvy)^ci)prjcr7]T€ (or simply 
 fie (Tvy^copetre), (Ta<; ^ijto) (Tvyyvtofirjv (pardon) real <Ta<i 
 evxapta-TO) ttoXv Sia tt}v evyevrj aa^ (f>i\o^€Viav ifiospi- 
 tality). — ^Iv ipvoco tI ^rfrelre vh fiol i^rfyrfarfTe. — 0^ 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 115 
 
 el'X^ov avax(^pvo'€i eav hev iXeiTroOv/jLei rj hvaTV')(ri<^ /lov 
 Ovjdrrjp. — At evyeveU koI evcre^el^ yjrV)(^aL /JLiaovai to 
 i/reOSo?. — 'H a\rjdrj<; aperrj {virtue) koX to aXrjOe^; 6dppo<; 
 elvai va o/xoXoyrj rt? ra Xadrj tov, ovheva (no one) v* 
 ahiKy, va fiTf fiio-rj aWa va avj')(^coprf koI v* ayaird tou? 
 i)(^0pov(; Tov. — Ot avddhet^ ovtol Kal aae^€L<; dvOpcoiroi 
 fcaTr)<y6povv tov ffaatXea. — To ua^o? tov TeL')(pv<i tovtov 
 elvai SeKa {ten) irri')(^e(ov, Kal to 7ra;^09 avTOv 8v(o (two) 
 7nj)^€cov, ^6t 8e (and) Xiav (very) atcpL^rj r^X'^- — IIoXu 
 ayaira rj OvyaTrip aa<; to, clvOt] tmv opecav. — To (t/c6to<; 
 TjTo fiadif Kal hev e^Xewo/jLev TiiroTe. 
 
 401. I beg you, tell me in what (ek irolov) part your 
 poor relative lives. I must (I owe to) acknowledge to 
 you that I do not know. — I thank you very much. — 
 He was speaking to me (fiol) when he fainted. — He 
 left because he was unable to help his relatives. — The 
 flowers envied her beauty. — I have the courage to 
 acknowledge that I made a mistake. — I agree with 
 you (/X6^* vp^Mv or /-te u/^a?) that I must (oifteLXco or 
 TTpeTrei) punish him ; I cannot forgive his mistakes. — 
 They desired to explain to us that they considered it a 
 shame not to help us. — I understand, and thank you. 
 — Your lies will not help you (are of no advantage to 
 you); you must acknowledge your mistake. — At (ek) 
 the end of the year the sick (man) left for (Sid) the 
 mountains. — Not (ovTe) a trace of her beauty remained 
 by (ek) the end of the summer. — The darkness of the 
 night was intense (deep) and I did not recognize her. 
 
116 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 Contract Verbs in og). 
 
 402. As remarked in Lesson XVIII., § 307, the vulgar 
 idiom avoids the contraction of verbs ending in oa> by 
 introducing v between the termination and the character- 
 istic o, so that these verbs become liquid and end in ovw, 
 with the aorist in oxra. 
 
 403. In the literary language these verbs are contracted 
 as follows : — 
 
 00) contracted to w. 
 
 oci, ot; contracted to 01. 
 
 o€, 00^ oov contracted to ov. 
 
 ot) contracted to <u. 
 
 404. They are conjugated as follows : — 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 117 
 
 =1'^'^ 
 
 b 
 
 O 'o 'o «3 <3 O 
 b b b b t> b 
 
 3 S S => =. S 
 
 3:S>S 
 
 iZi c^ o <s cs 
 •J o o o o o 
 
 b bbbb b 
 
 
 t 
 
 o <u ^— .^ — r5^ 2 
 
 
 3 <3^- 
 
 O O O O p O 
 
 b b b b b b 
 
 ^=> v;5 n;^ 2, ^ V2, 
 Q. Q. Q. Q. Q. Q- 
 
 xxxxxx 
 
 •^ •Su "Sy •^41 •Su •**!> 
 
 b "=>. '^ 
 ^^ X 3 
 
 Mu <^ >« 
 
118 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 405. Like xpvo-o) are conjugated in the literary language 
 most of the verbs given in Lesson XVIII., § 303, such as: — 
 
 dpyvpo), silver^ ypyvptoaa. 
 
 )8e/8aio>, assume, e^cySatwo-a. 
 
 SiopOwj arrange, SLiiipOoxra. 
 
 c^ttTrAw, spread, i$rJTr\(o<Ta. 
 
 ^iy/xi(o, damage, i^rjp.iw(Ta. 
 
 KUTopOw, succeed, KaTwpOoxra 
 
 areffiavfS, crown, ea-TC<l>dvo}(Ta. 
 
 TVTTw, print, irviroxTa. 
 
 rvcfiXw, blind, crv^Awo-a. 
 
 v7ro;(p€(o, oblige, V7r€)(piui(ra. 
 
 (For further examples see Vocab. XXIX.) 
 
 406. ai aKTivcs Tov i^Xiov i)(pv(TOvv ras Kopv^as twv opimv, 
 
 the rays of the sun were gilding the tops of the 
 
 mountains. 
 TO vi.a.pov ^cvyos €<TTe<f>av(i)Or]t the young couple were 
 
 crowned {married^. 
 17 d7ro<^ao-is avri; pk tj\pioX ttoXv, this decision causes 
 
 me much damage (loss). 
 
 Sixth Declension. 
 
 407. The sixth and last declension of Greek nouns 
 belongs exclusively to the vulgar idiom. A great many of 
 these nouns are of foreign origin. They are masculine 
 or feminine ; the masculine ending in as, rj^, ovs, cs, and the 
 feminine in ov. The plural of all these nouns has one 
 syllable more than the singular ; this syllable is uniformly 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 119 
 
 Ses for the nominative, accusative, and vocative, and Swi/ for 
 the genitive, and is simply added to the nominative singular, 
 after dropping the final o- in the masculine. There is no 
 dative. 
 
 408. 
 
 They are declined as follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 6 Trairas, priest. 
 
 6 Ka<^es, coffee. 
 
 ■q aXewov, /ox. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Tov TraTTci. 
 
 TOV Ka<f>€. 
 
 rrjs oAeTTOvs. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Toi/ TTttTrav. 
 
 TOV Kafftev. 
 
 rrjv dXeirovv. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 TTttTra. 
 
 Ka<t>€. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 dXeirov. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ot 7ra7ra8c5. 
 
 Ot Ka<^c8cs. 
 
 at dXeTTOvSes. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TWV TTttTraSwV. 
 
 TWV Ka<f)€8(J)V. 
 
 TWV oAeTTOvStov. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 rov% TraTraoes. 
 
 Tovs Ktt^cSes. 
 
 Tots dXcTTOvSes. 
 
 Voe. 
 
 TrarraSes. 
 
 Ka^cSes. 
 
 ttXcTTOvScS. 
 
 409. In the same way are declined 
 
 d/xa^as, coachman. 
 "foXaroji^ milkman. 
 Kovairi^j sofa. 
 Kairafxas, stew. 
 KaTr€Xa<;, hatter. 
 Ka<l>eT^rj<s, Waiter in a coffee- 
 house. 
 K€<l>T€<s, meat-ball. 
 
 fMi'ifjiov, rfy monkey. 
 TraTroGs, grandfather. 
 TraTTovTOT^s, shoemaker. 
 TraTrAw/Maras, quilt cover 
 
 maker. 
 revcKes, tin. 
 TeveK€T^rj<s, tinker. 
 <f}L8€Sf vermicelli. 
 
 fUKTKapaSf masked man, villain. \f/(iiiji.a<s, baker. 
 
120 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 410. o fiacTKapas, yOiXrja-c va fxi yeXdcrr)/ the villain y he 
 
 wanted to cheat me! 
 Ka<f>€T^rj, <f>€p€ /AC €va Ka<l>iv f waiter, bring me a {cup 
 
 of) coffee I 
 (Tas dp€(rKovv oi Kcc^reSes/ do you like meat-balls 1 
 6 TTttTTovs Tov dfji.a$d, the coachman^ s grandfather. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 41 1 • VakaTCLy (ftepe fie eva TroTrjpt ydXa / — J^acfyer^rj/ 
 
 — Tl iindv/jLeLTe, Ku/ote / — SeXco ^va Ka^ev ^apvv koI 
 yXvKvv. — *AiJL€aQ)(; {immediately) ! — ^(ova^e tov dfia- 
 ^dv / — "^(ftepev 6 7ra7r\cofjLaTd<; to irdirXwixa ; *'0;^t, 
 Kvpla, 6 TraTTOVTO-rj^ ecpepe rd TrairovraLa tov KoptTcriov. 
 
 — Tt da (t)dyr)Te aTToyjre (this evening); 'ATroyjre dd 
 <j)dy(OfjLev /ce</)Te8e9 Kal Kpew; Kairafid. — "E^j^ere (rovirav; 
 MdXio-Ta, e')(ei (there is) (Tovira <f)ihe. — To s^copX oXcov 
 Tcov -^(OfidScov Trj<; Tro'Xeo)? elvai 17 d-sjrrjTov (unbaked) rj 
 Kav/juevov. — At aKTive^ Trj^ aeXrjVTj^ r/pyvpovv ra? 
 Kopv(f)d^ Tcov SevSpcop. — 0^ lepel^ (TTecfyavovai tov 
 ^aaiXia. — 'O Kvpio^ ovto^ iaTecfydveoae %^e9 ttjv 6vya- 
 T€pa TOV. — 'H vif^ i^TjirXov Td^ irTepvyd^ tt;? (her 
 wings) iirl t?)? j^^copw;. — 'H KaTd'^prjaL^ avTrj ^rjfjLLol to 
 eOvo^ fieydXa)'; (greatly). — Me ^e^aiol otl ovSev 
 KaTopOol. — Me v7ro'^peovT€ woXv, 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 121 
 
 412. Waiter, bring me a cup of {eva ^XiT^dvi) coffee, 
 sweet and strong, and a glass of cold water {icpvo vepo) ! 
 — Immediately (afieacof;) ! — What have we to eat to- 
 day ? We have vermicelli soup (aovwa (fuBe), meat- 
 balls and (a) stew. — Where is my grandfather ? He 
 is on (eh) the sofa. — All the milkmen of this town 
 are villains. — We saw many (ttoXXov?) masks at the 
 (Td<;) carnival. — Have you seen our coachman's mon- 
 keys and foxes ,•* — The rays of the sun were gilding 
 the tops of the mountains. — What are the workmen 
 printing to-day } The whole (oXrjv ttjv) week they will 
 be printing your book. — The priest was marrying this 
 couple when the lightning (97 cKTrpairrj) blinded him. — 
 This decision of the government damages me (makes 
 me lose) greatly {iroXv). 
 
122 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 ■!-> 
 
 
 
 
 (0 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 Q* 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 
 
 Q* 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 :S 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 •«-» 
 
 
 
 
 bO 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 •f-i 
 
 
 
 
 TS 
 
 
 
 
 TS 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 ;>. 1 
 
 
 
 
 ,o .. 
 
 
 
 
 •S.I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o *3 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 f 
 
 § 
 
 erbs is 
 lowing p 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 > r^ 
 
 iz; 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 > 
 
 hO^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 «-2 
 
 
 !> 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 CI. g 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <u S^ 
 
 
 
 
 413. The passive voice of all th 
 the passive terminations, as may be ; 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 P4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 W 
 
 S 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 1 = 1 
 ^ 1 
 
 > 
 
 oa 
 
 C/2 
 
 1 ssl^i 
 
 
 > 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 123 
 
 
 vS 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ? 
 -k k 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 kkkkkk 
 
 
 XX 3 J 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 -i ^i -i -i -i -i 
 ^ << ^ /< /< ^ 
 
 •SU -so -lu -(u •<!, -lU 
 
 o 
 
 <3 ^: "^ 
 
 \%X 
 
 1 1 
 
 < ■ X 
 
 O p. 
 
 -^ 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 life 
 
124 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 414. Note. — The reduplication of the perfect participle is dropped 
 in the vulgar idiom, which says Xv/x^vos for \e\vfiivos. — In the vulgar 
 idiom the aorist passive is conj ugated as follows : iXiid'qKa, iXvdrjKes, 
 i\66riK€, i\vd-fiKafJxv, iXvOi^Kare, iMdrjKap. 
 
 415. In the same way are conjugated all the pure (vowel) 
 verbs given in § 347, the aorist passive being formed by 
 changing the termination o-a of the active aorist into O-qv, and 
 in some cases into (rOrjv. The second aorist ends in r}v ; e.g. 
 
 410. fjMy€ip€vofJLai, be COoked^ ifiayeLpevOrjv. 
 
 7n(rT€vofiaL, be believed^ iTna-Tcvdrjv. 
 
 VTravSpevofiaL, be married, v7ravSpev6rjv. 
 
 <f}OV€vofiaLj be killedy i<f>ovevOr]V. 
 
 aKovofxaiy be heard, yKova-Orjv. 
 
 K\€LOfiai, be closed^ ^KXeCadriv. 
 
 KULOfiaij be burned, iKarjv (2 Aor.). 
 
 417. Also all the liquid verbs (A, p., v, p) given in §§ 284 
 and 303, with frequent modification of the stem ; e.g. 
 
 ' avayy eWopxLL, be announced, avriyyiXOr^v. 
 
 PaXkopxiL, be put, thrown, ifiX7]6r]v. 
 
 ^co-Ttttvo/xai (vlg.), be warmed, i^eardOrjv. 
 
 (Tvyxaipopxii, congratulate, avv€xdpr}V (2 Aor.). 
 
 rpeXXatvopxiL, be maddened, irpeXkdOrjv. 
 
 d<f>LvopxiL, be left, d(f>i6r)V. 
 
 i^airXovopxii, spread oneself, i^rjTrXwOrjv. 
 <TTe<f}av6vopMi, be crowned, married, i(rr€<f}av(a6rjv. 
 
 rv<f}\6vopxu, be blinded, irvKfiXtiiO-qv. 
 
 418. irpeXXdOrj diro rr)v x^pav rov, he was mad with joy. 
 €<f)ov€vOrj €v MapaOiSvL, he was hilled at Marathon. 
 irpiiTii. VOL pxiy€Lp€v9rj KaAws, // must be well cooked. 
 6* d<j>id<^ iX€v9epo<i, I shall be left free. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 125 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 419. The degree of comparison of adjectives is generally 
 indicated by the terminations -repos, -repa, -repov for the 
 comparative, and -raros, -rarrj, -rarov for the superlative, 
 which replace the final 9 of the positive ; e.g. kox^os, deaf, 
 
 420. Adjectives ending in 09 lengthen o to w if the pre- 
 ceding syllable is short ; e.g. (to<j>6<s, 7m'se, (To<^oirepo^, aocfxa- 
 TttTo?. They keep the o short if the preceding syllable is 
 long ; e.g. /Awpo?, foolish^ ixa)p6Tepo<;, fKoporaro^. 
 
 421. Adjectives in rjs, cts add the terminations -T€po<: and 
 -TttTo? to the stem in ecr- ; e.g. cutv;^*;?, happy^ €VTV)(€crTepo^, 
 evTV)(€(rTaTO<; ; ;(aptct9, graceful^ ^pikcrr^po's, ;(apt€o-TaTO?. 
 Adjectives in o>v add -e(TTepo<s and -eo-raTo? to the stem ; e.g. 
 evSaifxaiv, happy^ evSaLfiovearepo^;^ evSaLfJiOvi(TTaTO<;. Adjectives 
 ending in ov? simply add the terminations -repo^ and -Taro? 
 to their nominative ; e.g. aTrXov?, simple^ dTrXovo-Tcpo?, aTrXov- 
 (rraro?. 
 
 422. Participles used as adjectives form the comparison 
 by prefixing /xaXXov, more^ for the comparative, and /LtaXio-ra, 
 most^ or apia-Ta, best, for the superlative ; e.g. TreTraiSev/^evo?, 
 educated, p.aXKov (or itXkov) 7r€7rat8ev/xei/o?, /w,aX«rTa TrcTraiSev- 
 p.kvo<i. In familiar conversation this is often done with all 
 adjectives. 
 
 Construction. 
 
 423. Comparatives and superlatives take the genitive in 
 the literary language, and the accusative with a-wo or the 
 nominative with 17 or Trapa in the vulgar idiom ; e.g. 
 
 The son is wiser than the father 
 
 may be expressed as follows : — 
 
126 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 6 vl6<; etvai (ro<f>wT€po^ tov rrarpos, 
 or 6 vtos elvai (ro<f>(i)Tepo<s oltto tov Trarcpa, 
 or 6 vl6<s clvai crocf>(t)T€pos rj 6 TraTrjp, 
 or o rtos cti/ai (TO<f}o>Tepos vapa 6 iraTT^p. 
 
 424. The following adjectives are compared irregularly : — 
 KttXo?, good^ KaXyrepo^,^ KoAAto-ro? and aptcrros. 
 
 /CaKOS, Ifadf ;j(€l/30TC/309, 
 
 fjLLKpos, small, fxiKporepoq,^ 
 
 Ta)(y<s, quick, Tayvr(.po<i, 
 
 7rX>y(rto9, near, TrX-qa-ua-Tepos, 
 
 (f>i\o^, friendly, dear, </)tATcpo9, 
 /Ac-yag, great, big, /otcyaXiyTepo?,^ 
 
 7roXv5, much, Trepttro-OTepos,'* 
 
 KctKto-Tos and ^ipicTro<i. 
 
 7r\rj(TL€(TTaT0^. 
 
 p,eyt(rT09. 
 TrAeio-TO?. 
 
 425. The last two adjectives are declined irregularly, 
 some of their cases being formed from the obsolete /xeyoAo? 
 (still used in the vulgar idiom) and ttoXAos. They are de- 
 clined as follows : — 
 
 Masc. Sing, p-cya?, fxeyaXov, /xeyoAo), p-cyav, p-cya. 
 
 Plur. fieydXoL, etc., regular. 
 
 Fem. fieydkr}, regular throughout. 
 
 Neut. Sing, p-cya, fJnyaXov, fxeydkw, fieya, p,eya. 
 
 Plur. fjicydXa, etc., regular. 
 
 Masc. Sing. ttoXv^, ttoXXov, TroXXiS, ttoXvv, ttoXv. 
 
 Plur. iroXXoL, etc., regular. 
 
 Fem. TToXXtj, regular throughout. 
 
 Neut. Sing. ttoXv, ttoXXov, ttoXXw, ttoXv, noXv. 
 
 Plur. iroXXd, etc., regular. 
 
 1 Or KaWlTcpoi. 
 
 2 Lit. iXdffffuu. 
 
 3 Lit. fieli^cjv. 
 * Lit. ■jr\eluv. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 127 
 
 426. ctvai KaA.r;Tcpo9 rov fieyaXrjripov d8e\<f>ov tov, he is 
 better than his bigger brother. 
 ax 'AOrjvat etvat fX€yaXyjT€pa ttoXl'; rov IleipaKU? (aTro 
 TOV Ilct/aata, rj 6 Ilctpaicvs), Athens is a bigger town 
 than the Piraeus. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 427. 'O ^6t/ift)i/ rjv {rjTo) ^apVTaTO^j aW* al j^iove^i 
 SteXvOrjaav ivcopLraTa. — *Hto /jL€ya<; avrjp, aWa Svarv- 
 'X^eararof;. — To vScop elvat to aptarop roiv Saypcov rrj^ 
 (ftvcrecof;. — "H^eXez^ aKovaOrj r) <f)a)vr} rov yjrdXTOV, iav Sev 
 elx^ icXeLcrOri evro^ (within) rrj^ OLKLa<; tov. — ^Ivac 
 dirXovararov kol iXd'^^iarov TrpdyfjLa, dXX* dXrjdeo-TaTov. 
 — '0%^ (^CXrare dheX(f)e, 6 irXovaKarepo'i Bev elvai irdv- 
 TOT€ Kol ev8atfjLov€(TT€po<;. — 'H 7roXt9 avTTj elvat /leL^cov 
 Trdar)^ dXXrj<; {any other) iv *AfjL€pCKrj (in America), 
 dXXd TToXv TOV AovSlvov iXdacrcov. — ^AvTjyyeXdrj rjixlv 
 (to us) 77 (TirovSatOTdTr] €l8tj(ti^ otl o KdKuaTOf; eKelvo^; 
 dv6p(07ro<; d(f)e0ri eXevOepo^. — 'O SvaTV^^eaTaTO^ </)t\o<? 
 /jLa<; iTV(l)Xd)6r) koX rj av^vj6<; tov (Jiis wife) eTpeXXdOr]. — 
 'H dadeveta i^rjirXcodrj Td')(^L(TTa i(f oXrj^i (over all) Tr\^ 
 ')((opa'i. — 'H KcovcTTavTLVovTroXt^ elvat rj fieyaXrjTepa 
 TToXfc? tt)? 'AvaToXi]^. — ^vve')(^dpr}v tov <^lXov fiov StoTt 
 eOepairevOr) ivTeXM^i. — Mta ')(eXtBoi}V 8ev Kdfivet Tr)V dvot- 
 ^tv (spring). 
 
128 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 428. The voice of the orator was heard at (ctV) a very 
 great distance. — The best educated man is not always 
 the wisest. — It is very true (neuter) that the poorer 
 (man) is often (TroXXa/ct?) happier than the richer. — 
 We were married yesterday evening (to eairepas:). — 
 The priest of this village married us. — Dearest father, 
 the news announced (aor. fem. participle) to our friends 
 that you were completely (eVreXoi?) cured, was heard 
 with {^erdy gen.) the greatest joy. — This street is 
 broader and longer than that one {iKeCvrj^). — He is 
 worse than his brother. — He was maddened and 
 blinded by love. — What very great thing is contained 
 in a very small one ? Man's mind in his body. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 129 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 Aorist Passive. 
 
 429. It was remarked in the last lesson (§ 415) that the 
 aorist passive of pure verbs is formed from the active by 
 changing the termination era to 0-t]v. In mute verbs the 
 letter ^, being an aspirate, often modifies the characteristic 
 which precedes it; the smooth and middle 7r-mutes (tt, ^) 
 and K-mutes (k, y) to their respective aspirates <^ and x ; and 
 the dental mutes (t, 8, 6) and ^, o-k, tt, o-cr, to o-, except in 
 those verbs in ^w, (tk^^ tt(d, crcro), given in § 250, which 
 have originally a palatal characteristic ; e.g. 
 
 430* ai/aKaXvTTTo/xat, 3e discovered^ dveKa\v<f>6r]v. 
 
 dvoLyofiai, be opened, avot^Orjv-^ 
 
 aXXdcra-ofiaL, be changed, yWdxOrjv. 
 
 aTTO^atrti^o/Aatj be decided, arreijiaaLaOrjv. 
 
 StaTao-o-o/Attt, be ordered, BLeTaxOrjv. 
 
 SiSdarKOfiaLy be taught, l^ihayOrfv. 
 
 davfxd^ofjLaL, be admired, iOavfxda-Orjv. 
 KpvTrrofxai, be hidden, hide myself, iKpv^rjv.^ 
 
 Xeyofxai, be said, IXi^Oiqv.^ 
 
 TrifXTTOfMiL, be sent, cttc/xc^^i^v. 
 
 wati^o/xat, be played, iirai^O-qv. 
 
 Tret'^o/Atti, be persuaded, lireio-d-qv. 
 
 v^pi^ofULL, be insulted, v/^i(rOr)v. 
 
 * Lit. ifvedixO'nv- ^ Second aorist. * Also lit. i^j^^drjv. 
 
130 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 ^ Apid fjLTjTLKci. — Numerals. 
 
 431. 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 1 
 
 h^."^ 
 
 
 1st 
 
 .. TrpWTOS. 
 
 2 
 
 .. Sv'o). 
 
 
 2d 
 
 .. ScVTCpOS. 
 
 3 
 
 . rpuL. 
 
 
 3d .... 
 
 .. TptTOS. 
 
 4 
 
 . T€<T(Tapa.? 
 
 
 4th .... 
 
 .. TCTapros. 
 
 5 
 
 .. trhn^. 
 
 
 5th 
 
 .. -TTC/ATTTO?. 
 
 6 
 
 u.' 
 
 
 6th .... 
 
 . Iktos. 
 
 7 
 
 .. CTTTa.* 
 
 
 7th .... 
 
 -. ejSSopo^. 
 
 8 
 
 .. OKTtii. 
 
 
 8th .... 
 
 .. oySoos. 
 
 9 
 
 - €W€a. 
 
 
 9th . ... 
 
 .. iwaroq. 
 
 10 
 
 .. 8eKa. 
 
 
 10th ... 
 
 .. ScKttTOS. 
 
 11 
 
 .. cvhtKa. 
 
 
 11th .... 
 
 .. cvScVaTO?. 
 
 12 
 
 . SwScKtt. 
 
 
 12th .... 
 
 .. ScoScKUTOS. 
 
 13 
 
 . SeKarpLa. 
 
 
 13th .... 
 
 .. Sc/caros rpiro';. 
 
 14 
 
 .. 8€KaT€<T<Tapa. 
 
 
 14th .... 
 
 .. SeicaTos T€TapTO^, 
 
 20 
 
 .. eLKO(Tt,. 
 
 
 20th ... 
 
 .. CIKOCTOS. 
 
 21 
 
 . ctKOo-i ei/. 
 
 
 21st 
 
 .. elKOOTO^ TrptOTOS. 
 
 22 
 
 .. CtKOO-l 8vO>. 
 
 
 22d 
 
 . elKoaro': Sevrepo^s. 
 
 30 
 
 . TptctKonra.* 
 
 
 30th 
 
 .. rpLaKoaro^. 
 
 31 
 
 . rpLOLKOvra ev? 
 
 r 
 
 31st 
 
 .. TptttKOO-TOS TrptOTOS. 
 
 40 
 
 rea-a-apaKovra 
 
 , 8 
 
 40th 
 
 . TCO-o-opaKoo-Tos. 
 
 50 
 
 . TrevrrJKOvra.^ 
 
 
 50th 
 
 .. TTCVTI^KOO-TOS. 
 
 60 
 
 .. €^7;KOVTa.*" 
 
 
 60th .... 
 
 .. eirjKoa-TO^. 
 
 70 
 
 . ifiSoprJKOvra. 
 
 11 
 
 70th .... 
 
 .. ifiSofirjKoa-TOf:. 
 
 1 Vlg. Im. 6 
 
 2 Vlg. T^ffffepa. « 
 » Vlg. 1^. 7 
 * Vlg. ^^4. 8 
 
 Vlg. dxrd,. 
 Vlg. Tpidvra. 
 Vlg. rpidin-a fva. 
 Vlg. o-opdvTa. 
 
 9 Vlg. iretnjvra. 
 W Vlg. ^^77n-a. 
 " Vlg. ifiSofivyra. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 131 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 80 oySoi^KOVTa.^ 
 
 90 kvvtvy]KOVTa} 
 
 100 cAcarov.* 
 
 200 StttKOcria. 
 
 300 TpiaKOCTLa. 
 
 400 TCTpaKoaia, 
 
 500 TrevraKoa-La. 
 
 600 iiaKOcna. 
 
 700 iiTTaKoa-La. 
 
 800 oKTaKocna. 
 
 900 ivveaKocTLa. 
 
 1000 x^'^'a- 
 
 2000 Svo) ^tA-taScs. 
 1,000,000 cv iKarofifxvpiov. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 80th oySorjKoa-TO^. 
 
 90th CWCVI/KOO-TOS. 
 
 100th eKaTocTTOS. 
 
 200th 8iaKO(rto(rT09. 
 
 300th TptaKO<Tio(rT05. 
 
 400th TeTpaKO(no(rT05. 
 
 500th TTCVTaKOO-tOO-TO?. 
 
 600th c^aKotrioaTO^. 
 
 700th iTTTaKoa-ioaToq. 
 
 800th oKTaKOcrioa-To^. 
 
 900th cwcaKOfrioo-TO?. 
 
 1000th x^Xtoo-To?. 
 
 2000th Sto-xtAtoo-Tog. 
 
 1,000,000th 6KaTO/X)u,v/otoorT09. 
 
 Z^J"/ reAevrato?. 
 
 432. Of the cardinal numbers, h, rpia, and ricraapa are 
 declined as follows : — 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. Neut 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 et? (vlg. ei/as). 
 
 fjLia. ev (vlg. 
 
 ej/a). 
 
 Gen. 
 
 €VOS. 
 
 fiia^. €vos. 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 kvt. 
 
 fiia. evL. 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eva (vlg. €vav). 
 
 fxuiv. €v (vlg. 
 
 €va). 
 
 Masc. and Fem. Neut. 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 rpcts. rpta. 
 
 Tccro-apes. 
 
 fcVo-apa. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rptuiv. rpLiov. 
 
 rea-a-dpdiv. 
 
 T€(T(TdpO)V. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 rpKTL. TpKrC. 
 
 T€(Ta-aparL. 
 
 Te(T(Tapa-L. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 rp€l<i. TpCa. 
 
 reo-o-apas. 
 
 recra-apa. 
 
 [g. d756i 
 
 vra, dySoTJvra. 
 
 2 Vlg. ^J/WV^VTO. 3 
 
 Vlg. ^/car^. 
 
132 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 433. Twenty-one, thirty-one, etc.^ are declined like one. 
 — Two hundred, three hundred, etc.^ are declined according 
 to the second declension, SiaKoo-tot, StaKoo-twv, StaKoortois, etc, 
 
 434. Numbers ending in yikia^^<i or eKaro/x/xvpia take in 
 the literary language the genitive, and in the vulgar idiom 
 the nominative ; e.g. Svw p^iXiaSes dvSpcuv (avSpcs). 
 
 435 • One half is tj^/iicus, i^/xtVcta, rjfXLcrv (vlg. fiLco^f /Aicr?/, 
 fXLCTo). — 6^;2(? and a half is cts /cat -^fxia-vs, /xta Kai -^fjitareLa, etc. 
 (vlg. ivdfJLiavs, ixidixL(rr], em/xto-v). — Jw^ ««^ <a! ^d:^ is 8vo) Kai 
 rjfi.L(rv (vlg. 8vo>ju,to"v, ^/^.). 
 
 436. /'^r cent {^0) is expressed by rot? cKarov; ^.^. 8%, 
 
 OKTtU ToTs CKaTOV. 
 
 437 Ordinal numbers are declined regularly according 
 to the second declension. 
 
 438. Abstract numerals end in a?, and are declined ac- 
 cording to the third declension ; e.g. 
 
 IJLovd<;, a unit. 
 
 8va?, a couple. 
 
 rpias ; Sckcis ; SwSckci?, a dozen^ etc. 
 
 t)8So/Aas, from the ordinal €l3Sofjio^, means a 7veek. 
 
 439. Proportional numerals end in ttXovs or TrXao-to? ; e.g. 
 dTrXoC?, simple; StTrXov?, SiTrAdcrios, double; rpiTrXoi)?, rpi- 
 7rA.dcrto9, triple^ etc. 
 
 These numerals are formed from the adjective dTrXovs, 
 simple^ and the adverbs Sts, rpts, /a//V^, //^r/V^, ^/r. 
 
 440. Similar adverbs are also 
 
 TTOcraKt?, how often (vlg. Trdo-a? ^opdi). 
 
 6(TdKi<s, as often (vlg- oo-a? <f>opd<;). 
 
 TOO-aKt?, i"^ ^<f« (vlg- Too-a? <f>opd<;). 
 
 iro\\dKL<:, very often (vlg. TroXAds <f>opd^). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 133 
 
 441. The days of the week are 
 
 442. 
 
 Kv/otttKi} (Lord's day) . . 
 
 . . Sunday. 
 
 Aevre'/aa (Second day) . . 
 
 . . Monday. 
 
 TptTiy (Third day) . . . 
 
 . . Tuesday. 
 
 TcTtt/arr/ (Fourth day) . . 
 
 . . Wednesday. 
 
 UifjLTTTTj (Fifth day) . . . 
 
 . . Thursday. 
 
 Hapaa-Kcvrj (Preparation day) Friday. 
 
 ^df3Parov (Sabbath) . . 
 
 . . Saturday. 
 
 The names of the months are 
 
 *IavovdpLos. Matos. 
 
 '^eTTTCfX^plOS 
 
 ^e/?pova/3tos. 'lovnos. 
 
 *OKT<i))SptOS. 
 
 MapTtos. 'lovAios. 
 
 Noc/x)8ptos. 
 
 'ATrptXios. Avyovaros. AcKc/x/Jptos. 
 
 443. The date is expressed by the dative of the ordinal 
 numeral of the day of the month, the month being in the 
 genitive, and the year in cardinal numbers. The day of 
 the week is placed at the end in the accusative ; e.^. 
 
 Til elKoa-TTj TrefiTTTr} 'AirpiXtov ;)(t'Ata oKTaKoaia UKO<n 
 
 €$j rifjiipav KvpLaKrjv. 
 Sunday, the 2^th of April, 1826. 
 
 In the literary language, the year is often expressed by 
 ordinal numbers, the word Itovs being understood ; e.g. 
 
 rov ^(iXloo^tov oKxaKocnocrrov €Ktov (€Tov<s), or 
 Kara to ;)(tAtocrTov oKraKocrtocrTov eKTov (cros). 
 
 The hour is expressed in the feminine, the word tupa 
 being understood ; e.g. 
 
 €15 Ttts cTTTa, at seven o'clock. 
 CIS T^v (jLKTYjv, at half-past twelve. 
 CIS TGis 8v(jop,i(rv, at half past two. 
 
134 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 444. 'H ekevOepCa t^9 *E\\a5o9 i/crjpv^drj rrj 2^ Map- 
 tLov 182 If rjfiepav KvptaKjjv. — 'H K(ova-TavTivov7roXi<; 
 KaTeXri(j>d7] (was taken) vtto tcjv TovpKoov ry 2g Matof 
 I4S3' — ^*' %&)/oo(/>v\a/ce9 crvveXa^ov rov^ KKeirra^ KaCroi 
 (although) ovTOt, rjaav TpiirXdaioL avTCJV. — 'H 6vpa 8ev 
 '^voiyero, ovBeU (nobody) icftuLverOy (oare (so that) airetX- 
 iriaOrj evreKS)^ koI ippi<j>6rj eZ? Tr)v OaXaaaav iva Trmjrj. 
 — *0 TTpoiTO^ oari^ (who) irpoaeTrdOrjae va Xovady iv 
 Tolf; ^aOvrdroL^ tovtoc^ vSaatv eTrviyT) ap,€a(o<^, — *T^pC- 
 aOr] Sh Kal rpC^j ovhev (nothing) airavroyv, ware wap 
 oXoDV iOavfidadrj r) vtto/jlovt] tov. — *EiyevP7]0rj rrjv K.vpia- 
 KTjVf e^aTrrladj] rr]v Aevrepav, airedave t7)v Tpirrjv teal 
 €Ta<^?7 TTjv TerdpTrfV. — Tloa-cop irejv elvai r) dvydTT)p ca?; 
 Ylvai Se/cae^ ircov Kal rpicop firjvojv. — Sa? 'irepifi€V(a 
 avpiop TO eairipa^ eh ra? eirTa, Bia va (fydyeo/iev o/jlov 
 (together). — 11 otai/ (ri) wpav i^VTrvdre to Trpcot (in the 
 morning) ; To irpdnt e^VTrpco et9 Td<i irePTe. 
 
 445. 17 brigands were hidden in the forest, 41 sol- 
 diers were sent to attack them ; 16 were taken, but the 
 17th managed to hide himself and was not found, — 
 I was ordered by (vtto, gen.) the doctor to wash myself 
 three times a day (gen.). — This island was discovered 
 on the 31st of August, 1892. — The Greek language 
 was taught twice a week (gen.), on Tuesday and Satur- 
 day (ace). — The enemy was three times more numer- 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 135 
 
 ous (Tpi7r\d(TLo<i) than we (rjfXMv), but the moment (a^ia 
 ft}?) we were ordered, we threw ourselves upon them 
 (icaT^ avTov) twice and thrice/ so that they were entirely 
 dispersed. 
 
 ^ Greek phrase used instead of repeatedly. 
 
136 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 
 ^ -H 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 W 
 
 . 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 s 
 
 U 
 
 X 
 
 -G 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 s» 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 25 
 
 t3 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 CO 
 
 U 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 6 
 
 <u 
 
 tf) 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 tf) 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 "o 
 
 O. 
 
 VM 
 
 a> 
 
 s 
 
 .£3 
 
 
 H 
 
 Tl 
 
 »0 bD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ii: 
 
 .1 
 
 jC. 
 
 
 
 k: 
 
 
 
 
 => 
 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -2 
 
 
 u 
 
 lu 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 "b 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 b 
 
 (Ci 
 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 ^ 
 
 N 
 
 'g 
 
 'S 
 
 
 d 
 
 K 
 
 
 tz 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ,^.r 
 
 
 
 
 «o 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 <; 
 
 -a u, 
 
 -^3 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 (^ 
 
 ^ <S 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■Z <o 
 
 M 
 
 cs b 
 
 S 
 
 ■^ <i> 
 
 CU 
 
 o <a 
 
 ^ 
 
 ta ,*» 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ts Is 
 
 
 ^ £; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 ||?^|i 
 
 ta 
 
 |????2 
 
 S5 
 
 S a 5 *§ eg K 
 
 II 
 
 - rr eg H, a 
 
 5 a a s <«. t 
 
 PQ 
 
 Is t5 S; Sj ts tj 
 
 o N 
 
 C/3 
 
 ■i^ 
 
 ^i^^ii 
 
 
 
 N -5 
 
 
 
 
 ? -a 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 •C 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ^•^•i:r3-'^;2 
 
 H 
 
 
 * o 
 
 -^^^ w 
 
 < 
 
 -*-*«• <^ lu a 
 
 «=• s 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Ill-Ill 
 
 Ih 
 
 III ill 
 
 S5 
 
 »: h N »: N ^ 
 
 ^ z, 
 
 O «u <u O «u O 
 
 hH 
 
 3 ;:> d ;:>;:> ::> 
 
 S S S !; t t 
 
 iQ 
 
 l:£l;^£A 
 
 
 i 
 
 %• 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 l-H 
 
 (Xi 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u\ 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
 *^3 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 h 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 s 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 b 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 •Uj 
 
 k 
 
 (D 
 
 ^_^ 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 o 
 
 :S 
 
 -o 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 cs 
 
 (u 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 ct, 
 
 -% 
 
 ^ 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 
 ;:i 
 
 ^li 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q. 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 h 
 
 » 
 
 -o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 -<u 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 y,-^ 
 
 <t) 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 :S ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 5. 
 
 '1 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^=> 
 
 b b 
 
 "AU 
 
 O 
 
 » => 
 
 
 t 
 
 <a. Q. 
 
 ^i-c 
 
 
 X X 
 
 :S 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^— «» 
 
 
 h 
 
 ::^ 
 
 
 <S 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Jc 
 
 S^<^1'^^ 
 
 Q. "^ 
 
 ^ -ii 
 
 :2^:SvS ^ 
 
 X ^ 
 
 |:- 
 
 2 s :j "^ r!f S 
 
 Cj CJ c5 <u t> k. 
 
 
 ^ p- 
 
 c|<l<^lc^c^ 
 
 ^ 3- 
 
 ^ :t. 
 
 ^ o 
 
 ^^o 
 
 b b b b b b 
 
 o b 
 
 "^ t 
 
 => s 3 3 => a 
 
 b S 
 
 Q. Q. Q. Q- -a. Q. 
 
 'a Q. 
 
 J§ 
 
 X X XX X X 
 
 i^ 
 
 Kg 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 c; 
 
 
 MU 
 
 •Mj 
 
 
 
 %\ 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^ -J -J c^ <u S 
 
 li 
 
 e e a <u <3s K 
 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 b Q 
 
 b b b b b b 
 
 » ^ 
 
 i>R 
 
 
 
 t^c u 
 
 6. 
 
 ^ 
 
 cx 
 
 a 
 
 u* 
 
 e 
 
 )-H 
 
 P-i 
 
 >—t 
 
 =» b 
 
 +3 cJ 
 _ b 
 
 o 
 
 
 (U C '•^ 
 
 (U .2 +-• 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 3 ,• 
 
 fcJD *=¥) 
 
 <u *a 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 I ■§ 
 
 I en 
 
 I-" (U 
 
 
 ►2 -Q 
 
 
 en tJ 
 
 
 W en 
 
 C 
 O 
 o 
 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 ^5 § -5 
 
 ;p o 
 
 
 b ^ 
 
 <r 
 
 O 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 0) * 
 
 a T3 
 
 .^ en 
 
 < P. 
 
 S «3 
 
 .2 
 
 
 o 
 in 
 
138 
 
 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 'AvTcjvvfiiaL. — Pronouns. 
 451. The personal pronouns are declined as follows: — 
 
 First Person. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. cyw. 
 Gen. l[Kov. 
 Dat. c/xot. 
 
 Second Person, 
 singular. plural. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 €//,€. 
 
 € « 2 
 « '' 3 
 
 < '^ 3 
 
 (TV. 
 
 aov. 
 
 ^16 
 
 c '> 7 
 
 vfjuav. 
 
 t « 7 
 
 V/AtV. 
 
 * " 7 
 V/AttS. 
 
 452. The third person is replaced by the pronoun avros, 
 avTTfj, avTo, which is declined regularly. In the literary lan- 
 guage, instead of avros, the demonstrative pronoun ovtos, 
 avTiy, TovTo is used, the declension of which was given in 
 § 259. For objects at a distance, eK€Lvo<i, iK^Lvrj is used. 
 
 453. In the vulgar idiom, when these pronouns are inti- 
 mately attached to some verb or noun, they are declined as 
 follows : — 
 
 
 
 First 
 
 Person. 
 
 Secoh 
 
 ID Person. 
 
 
 ** 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 fXOV. 
 
 /AttS. 
 
 aov. 
 
 eras. 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 flOL. 
 
 /xas. 
 
 aoi 
 
 cas. 
 
 
 
 Aee. 
 
 fli. 
 
 /xas. 
 
 al 
 
 eros. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Third 
 
 Person, 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 fem. 
 
 neut. 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TOV. 
 
 T^S. 
 
 TOV. 
 
 TWI/.* 
 
 TiOV. 
 
 TWV. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 TiS. 
 
 '^V' 
 
 TiS. 
 
 TOIS. 
 
 TaTs. 
 
 TOIS. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TOV. 
 
 ry)v. 
 
 TO. 
 
 TOV?. 
 
 Ta?. 
 
 r<£. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 Vlg. ifi^ya. 
 Vlg. ifjLcis. 
 Vlg. ^/Lcas. 
 
 
 * Vlg. i<r6. 
 
 6 Vlg. i<Ti, 
 
 6 Vlg. (re«, 
 
 
 f Vlg. aas, 
 8 Or Totis. 
 
 , iffds. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 139 
 
 Construction. 
 
 454. The nominative of ttie personal pronouns is ex- 
 pressed only when it is necessary to draw attention to the 
 person ; e.g. 
 
 y\6ov, I came. 
 
 iyoi rjX.6ov Kai o^t avTos, I came and ?iot he. 
 
 The oblique cases of these pronouns always precede the 
 verb, except in the imperative ; e.g. 
 
 o-€ pxiiroi, I see you. t<S tlirov, I told him, 
 €i7r€ /xoi, tell me. 
 
 455. When two pronouns in different cases accompany a 
 verb, the one in the accusative (the direct object of the verb) 
 is placed second ; e.g. 
 
 80s /xot TO., give it to me. /jloI to eSwKc, he gave it to me. 
 
 When the particles Ba, vd, av, as, etc., precede the verb, 
 the personal pronouns are placed after the particle ; e.g. 
 
 6a fiol TO eiirr}, he will tell it to me. 
 
 456. The pronoun avros and the demonstratives ovro<i 
 and €K£ti/os are placed either before or after the noun ; e.g. 
 
 avTos (ouTos) 6 avOp<ji)7ro<s, or 6 avOpoiiros avros {ovrofi), 
 this man. 
 
 457. In the vulgar idiom, the genitive of the personal 
 pronouns (/aov, <tov^ tou, etc^, which has a possessive signifi- 
 cation, can be placed either after the substantive or after 
 the adjective which belongs to the substantive ; e.g. 
 
 6 TTtO-TOS fXOV ^c'AoS, Or 6 TTIO-TOS <fitXo<i fJLOVy 
 
 my faithful friend. 
 
140 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 458. TtVo? elvai T) oiKia avTT] ; 'H/zwz/. — EZi^at rj 
 olKia /xa?. — Tt9 o-a? to elirev; Ma? to elirev r) ahe\<f)r) 
 fia^. — Set? rj 6 a8eX^09 cra^; icrTe(f>av(i)6r)Te x^^ ' 
 OvT€ iyot) ovT€ 6 aSeX(/)09 jjlov, a\X r) a8e\(l)rj fia^, — 
 To KaToopOcocre; Aep to yvaypi^ot). — Sa? evxciptaTCt) koI 
 ad<; Trapa/caXco va fie ajairdTe, — TtVe? ^rjfiLovvTai et? 
 Tr)v vTTodeaLV tuvttjv ; 'Tyuet? Kal iq/xel^, — Kat i^fiel^ 
 ^rjfjLLovfJLeOa Kal ael<i ^rj/JLLOvade. — T19 eScoaev (or eSco/cev, 
 gave) vjuv ttjv eTTLaToXrjv TavTrjv; 'O v7rr)p€Trj<; /jlov /jloI 
 t^u eScoaev. — EtTrare et? top dhe\(f)6v aa<; otl iTridvfxSi 
 va Tov cS(o; Aev T(p to elirou, hioTU hev top el8ov, 
 
 459. Whose (tiVo?) house are you looking for (seek- 
 ing, ^rjTetTe)? Yours. Your house. — Whose brother 
 was knocked (down) .? Ours. Our brother. — Whom 
 (Tipa) did he strike ? Me. He struck me. — Whom 
 is he crowning ? Them. — He would have been crown- 
 ing him, if he loved him. — Has he managed it (well) ? 
 I do not know (it). — Your brother told her that he 
 would leave. — I thank you for your kindness (KaXco- 
 avPT)). — I beg you not to misunderstand me. — Who 
 lives in this house .•* I. — I kissed her and told her 
 that I loved her. — He is loved by the good and hated 
 by the bad. — This affair {virodecn^) was discussed by 
 us {irap* rjfxoip), and it was decided to take off (substract) 
 the half of your debt. — Were you or (was) your brother 
 punished.-* Neither I nor my brother was punished, 
 but our sister. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 141 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 Verbs {continued^. 
 
 Irregular Verbs. 
 
 460. The following is a list of the most commonly used 
 irregular verbs of the Modern Greek language : — 
 
 d(f>rjv(o or a<j>Lv oi (from a<f>trjixL), /eave, let be : fut. ^' a<f)T^aio, 
 aor. a<f>rjara and d<f>rJKa ; imv. pres. a<^c?, dcf>€T€, aor. d(]>r}(Te, 
 d<^ri(TaT€ ; aor. paSS. d<^W-qv. 
 
 pXiTTOi, see: fut. ^a i8(o, aor. ctSov; imv. i8c and tSc (vlg. 8ic, 
 fut. ^a 8to>). 
 
 yLvofxai, become, be done : fut. ^a yiVw, aor. lyiva (or ^a yciVw, 
 cyctva). 
 
 Sct/cvvo) (from SeLKVvfJLL), shoiu : fut. ^a Set'^o), aor. ISei^a. 
 
 8t8w (from Si'Sto/xt ; vlg. StVw), give: fut. ^a Swcrw, aor. ISwo-a 
 and cSwKa ; imv. pres. hi^€., aor. 8aicrc, and in the literary 
 language S09, Sore. 
 
 ci/xat, /^^.' imperf. -^/xt/v (conjugation given in §§ 51 and 77). 
 It is necessary to know also the classical conjugation, 
 which is still much used in writing : pres. ind. ei/xt, 
 ct, co-Tt, iafxeVf Icrri, el(ri, subj. w, ijs, y, <ZfJL€v, rJTe, tucrt, 
 imv. ea-o, iaro), tare, earoiaav, inf. etmi, partic. wi/, 
 owa, ov ; imperf. yv, ^9, ^v, rjficv, rjre, yv ; fut. ecro/x.at, 
 €o-ry, lo-erat (lo-rat), iaofxeOa, ea-ea-Oai, eaovrat, inf. laeaOai, 
 partic. co-o/xevo5, ctro/xei/ry, ia-ofxevov. 
 
 ififtaLViO (vlg. iXTraivco), enter: fut. ^a c/x^w, aor. ifi^rJKa, 
 imv. €ju./8a. In the same way /SyatVo) (from iK^awo)), go 
 out : Oa €/8ya>, ifiyrJKa, tfiya. 
 
142 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 tpxofjiai, come: fut. ^a WQia^ aor. ^A^ov, imv. IkOk^ and 
 
 vlg. €A.a, kXaxf.. In the same way i^ep^ofixiL, go out; 
 
 elcrip^oixaL, go in, etc. 
 OiTU) (from TiO-qpLi), place, put: fut. ^a Oia-w, aor. I^eo-a; 
 
 pres. pass, dirofjuai and riOefxai, fut. ^a reOQ), aor. irW-qv. 
 KdOrjfxai, sit: fut. ^a KaOta-o), aor. iKaOiaa (or ^a KaOrj(T<i>, 
 
 iKaOrja-a)', aor. pass. iKaOiaOrjv. 
 KaXu), r^//.- pres. pass. KaXovfiai, fut. ^a kXyjOu), aor. cKX-^Orjv. 
 
 In the same way irpoa-KaXu), invite; drnKaXw, recall; 
 
 iiTLKaXovfiaLy invoke ; avyKaXS), convoke; etc. 
 Xafi^dvm, get, receive : fut. ^a Xa/3w, 2 aor. eXajSov. 
 A.€yo), j«y, /(f//.- fut. ^a cittw, aor. cittov; aor. pass. IppiO-qv 
 
 and iXe^OrjV. 
 TTrjyaLVU) and VTrayw, ^<?.* fut. ^a VTrdyo), aor. virrjya (vlg. 
 
 CTT^ya), imv. TTiyyaii/c and VTraye. 
 TT LIT T(o, Jail: fut. ^a TrcVw, aor. CTrco-a. 
 
 p ITT TO), throw : fut. ^a pLif/u), aor. ippuj/a (vlg. ^a pt^co, tppiia). 
 (TrjKOvofjiaL, get up: fut. ^a cnyKw^o), aor. icrrjK0)6r}V, imv. 
 
 crrJKio, (rr)K(i)O^T€. 
 cTTeKOfiaL (from to-Tiy/Ai), stand: fut. ^a (TTadO), aor. iardOrfv. 
 (Tvfjipaiv€L (impersonal), // happens: fut. ^a crvfxfiy, aor. 
 
 Tpi^u), run: i aor. €Tpe$a, 2 aor. l8pa/u,ov. 
 
 Tvy;(ai/(u, chance, happen: 2 aor. irv^v, 
 
 <f>aLVOixaL, appear : fut. ^a <f>avC), 2 aor. i<f>dirqv. 
 
 <f)€vyoi, go away: fut. ^o, <f>vyo}, 2 aor. €(f>vyov. 
 
 XCLLpofxaL and xaLpu), rejoice, be glad : fut. ^a x'^P^' ^ aor. 
 
 cxapiyv ; pres. imv. x"'^P^» X^'-P^'^^y partic. X'Atp<»>»', x'^i'Ipouo-a, 
 
 \cupov (vlg. \apovfi.evo';). 
 
 (See Vocab. XXX.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 
 
 143 
 
 461. A great many Greek verbs are conjugated according 
 to the passive voice, although their signification is active or 
 neuter. Such are 
 
 airoKpcvofxaL, answer. 
 dcjiLKvovfjLaL, arrive. 
 ivOv/xov/xat, reme7nber. 
 ivrpiirofxai, be ashamed, 
 ep^ofiai, come. 
 ev^ofjiai, wish. 
 8e;(o/xat, receive. 
 SvvafjxLLf can. 
 KadrjfxaL, Stt. 
 Karxxytvofxai, be occupied in. 
 
 KeifxaL, he. 
 
 KLvovfULL, be in motion. 
 
 KOt/XW/Xai (vlg. KOLfJLOVfiaLJy 
 
 sleep. 
 X.v7rovfxaL, be sorry. 
 fjidxofMiLy fight in battle. 
 /x€Ta^eipti^o/xai, use. 
 6pyilop.aL, get angry. 
 
 opKL^ojxat, swear. 
 irapaSixofJuiL, accept. 
 TrapaTrovov/xaLj complain. 
 TrepiiroLovfxaL, treat well. 
 o-cySo/xai, respect. 
 aKCTTTOfjiai, think. 
 areKOfULL, stand. 
 avWoyt^oixai, think. 
 {TvXkv'Kovpja.i^ condole. 
 crvvewoovfxaL, come to an 
 
 understanding. 
 vTroXt^TTTOfjiaL, esteem. 
 vTr6<T)(0fxai^ promise. 
 <f>aLvoixaL, appear. 
 ^vTa^ofxaL, imagine, 
 (fioftovfjiai, be afraid. 
 ^eLa^ofiai, require. 
 if/evSofxaL, lie, tell lies. 
 
 (See Vocab. XXXI.) 
 
 462. In the vulgar idiom, verbs in ayw, cy<o, wyw, drop 
 the y, and also the following vowel or diphthong when this 
 is followed by a consonant. Verbs in atw drop in the same 
 case the vowel or diphthong following at. For instance, the 
 verbs KAatto, cry; Xcyw, say; rpwyw, eat; 6a <f)dyo), / shall eat, 
 are conjugated as follows : — 
 
144 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 KXaCwj KXat9, Kkaieif KXaifxe, KAatrc, KXaiv (for KXaiovv). 
 
 Xcct), Acs, A.€€t, \ifxe, Acre, Xev (for Acyovv). 
 
 rpiixt), rpw?, Tpwei, rpiofxc, rpSire, rptov (for rpwyovv). 
 
 (for ^a <f>dyovv). 
 
 Pronouns {continued). 
 
 463. The possessive pronouns are 
 
 e/xo9, €/jt>J, €/xov, mine. 
 
 '^lx€T€po<^, rffxeripa, T^/acVcpov, <7«r. 
 
 0-09, o-ry, (Tov, thine. 
 
 vp.kTf.po%^ vfjieripa, vfxirepov, your. 
 
 avTov, his^ its ; avrrj^, her ; avriov, their. 
 
 464. In the vulgar idiom, these nouns are generally 
 feplaced by 6 l^iK6<i /xov, 6 iSiko? hov^ 6 ISlkos tov, my own, 
 thy own, etc. 
 
 465. Remark. — The possessive pronouns are often replaced by 
 the genitive of the personal pronoun ; e.g. 6 oJk6s fiov for 6 ifi6s ohos, my 
 house ; 6 6.^€\<^li% tcjv for 6 oi5t<3i' d5eX06j, f/iet'r brother^ etc. 
 
 466. The interrogative pronoun is 
 
 ri%; (masc. and fern.), tL; (neut), — gen. tiVos; and in the 
 vulgar idiom, ttolo'; ; irola; ttolov; who? what? 
 TL often replaces all genders and numbers ; e.g. 
 ri SoKpva ! what tears ! 
 
 TL crv/i,/3ovXas S€i/ to* thmKa ! what advice did I not give 
 him I 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 145 
 
 467. The indefinite and relative pronouns are 
 
 Tis, Ti, any ; gen. rtvo?. 
 /cart (Kav rt), something. 
 
 0(TTLS, yJTLS, OTt, W>^6> (gen. OUTIVO?, T^O-TIVO?, 0VTIV09, 
 
 each part being declined separately). 
 oaTLoSiJTroTe, -^TiarSrJTrore, oTtSiyTTorc, whoever. 
 
 468. In the vulgar idiom, ocrrt? is replaced by 6 o-n-oioq, 
 
 17 OTTOia, TO OTTOtOV, W/^^, and OO-TlO-SiyTrOTe by OTTOlOO-ST/TrOTC, 
 
 OTTotaSi^TTOTc, oTTOtovSi/TTOTe, whoever. 
 
 oTTov (or oTTov, or TTov), M^/ (indeclinablc), often replaces 
 in the vulgar idiom all genders and numbers of the relative 
 pronoun (not to be confounded with the adverbs irov; where? 
 TTov, there); e.g. ' 
 
 6 TTOTtt/Ao? OTTOV Tp€;)(«, the Hver that runs. 
 17 Kopt] OTTOV Xarpevu), the girl that I adore. 
 iK€LvoL OTTOV XiyovfTt, those that say. 
 
 ov8ci9, ovSefjLLa, ovSiv in the literary language, and /cams, 
 KUfjifjiLa, Kavev in the vulgar idiom, signify nobody. 
 
 fiepLKOL, fiepiKai, fiepiKa., some ; e.g. 
 fxepiKol dvdpoiTTOL, some men. 
 /McptKtt TTpayfxara, some things. 
 
 KfltTTotos, KojTOLa, KOLTTOLov lu thc vulgar Idlom, somebody. 
 6, 17, TO Seiva (indeclinable), some person. 
 
 469. Other pronouns of quantity, quality, etc., are 
 TTWTO'i ; how much 1 roa-o^, so much, ooros, as much. 
 TotovTos, Toiavrrj, tolovto, such a one. 
 
 TOdovTO'i, TocravTrj, roaovTo, so great. 
 6 iavTo^ /xov, 6 eavTos orov, etc., myself, thyself. 
 aXAos, another. aXXrjXoL, each other. 
 €T€po<:, erepa, Ircpov, other. 
 
146 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 470. To which may be added the adjectives 
 
 o\o<i^ oXr], oXov, all. 
 
 6\6KX.r]po<;, 6, yj, oXoKXrjpov, to, entire^ the whole. 
 Tras (gen. TravTOs), Trao-a, Trav, every one, all, 
 AoiTTos, AoiTTot, the rest, etc. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 471 • Tt9 (ttoao?) eli^at et? toi/ ktittov; 'H aS€\(^77 
 ftov /cat 7; v/i€Tepa (tj ISi/cq (Ta<;). — "EXa iBo), ri OeXet^; ; 
 *E^et^'09 oarc^ (6 oTroto?, ottov) /jlol elire va eXOco evravda 
 (ehw) yvcopL^et tl ^rjT(o. — Aeye, rtVe? (ttoIol) €H:Xi]07)(rav 
 va KaOrjacoaLV et? Tr)v rpdire^av rov ^a(rLXeco<; ; OiTLvea-- 
 B'qTTOTe {oTTOLOihrjiroTe) koL av (kclv) (Sat {they may be), 
 6a KadrjaoidLV eKel ottov (where) Tedoxn. — EZi^at IhiKo^i 
 a-a<i (yfieT€po<;) 6 Xiriro^ ovro^ ; MaXto-ra, elvai ihiKo^ /jlov 
 (€/xo9). — ^alveTai ffefiaiov on 6 (\)iXo^ fia^ 8ev TjKOvae 
 Ta9 avpL^ovXa^ ra? OTTolafi {aanva^, ottov) tm ehdnKaTe, 
 — Tl eyeivav ol aSeXcfyot aa^ ; *TTTrjyav ek Tr)V oUiav 
 T(OV. — Wrj^aLve va Ihrf; tl wpa elvatf — ^rjKco /cal (fyvye 
 
 > » »5> / 
 UTT €0(O. 
 
 472. Leave him alone (quiet, rjavxov), whoever he 
 may be (/cat av elvai). — Who told you this? Your 
 father told it to ours. — Who is going to (the) town ? 
 He who came yesterday. — They gave me the books 
 which they had got this morning (ai^fiepov to TTpcot). — 
 I am ashamed to see you sitting when all the rest are 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 147 
 
 standing. — Come here and tell me if this is yours ! 
 No, it is not mine, it is theirs. — What o'clock (ri tw/aa) 
 is it.!* It is half-past seven (eTrra Koi^iari). — Those 
 that were invited came and sat at his table. — What has 
 become (of) the letter which I threw into the garden } 
 The wind took it {to i'rrfjpe) and it fell into the river. — 
 I received your letter and I come to tell you that I am 
 ashamed of you (St' vfid<;). — What ? 
 
148 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 Ilpo0€a€L<;. — Prepositions. 
 
 473. The prepositio7is of the Modern Greek language 
 are the following : — 
 
 avTi, dTTo, 6K, Trpo, which take the genitive. 
 
 €1/, o-w, which take the dative. 
 
 dva, d<i^ which take the accusative. 
 
 8td, CTTt', Kara, fxeTa., Trapd, Trepi, vrro, vircp, which take 
 
 either the genitive or the accusative. 
 TTpos, which takes either the dative or the accusative. 
 
 We will examine each of these in the above order. 
 
 474* 1. With the Genitive. 
 
 dvTt (before a vowel with the aspirate av6*), instead of: 
 e.g. dvT ifxov, instead of me. 
 
 aTTo (before a vowel with the aspirate d(j>),from, by, since: 
 e.g. dir 'kO-qvuiv eU IleLpaia, from Athens to the Piraeus ; 
 rov cAttyScv divo t^9 X^'P®^' ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^y ^^^^ hand ; diro 
 Tov Trap€X66vTo<; p.-qv6<i, since last mofith. In the vulgar 
 idiom ttTTo always take the ace. ; e.g. diro ra? ^A^ijms, 
 ttTTO T^v X^^P^f ^""^ "^^^ irapikOovra ixrjva. 
 
 €K (before a vowel c^), of from: e.g. ck criSij/aov, made of iron; 
 7rd(T)(€L cK TToSdypa?, he suffers from gout ; ^X^cv Ik IlaTptuv, 
 he came from Patras ; i^ ckciVov tov xp^^ov, from that 
 time ; cis Ik tojv Svw, one of the two. 
 
 Trpo, before, in front of: e.g. irpo Trai/ro? dkXov, before every- 
 thing else ; irpo t^s oiKta?, in front of the house. Upo 
 does not suffer elision in composition ; e.g. TrpdoSos, 
 progress. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 149 
 
 475 2. With the Dative. 
 
 €v, in, into : e.g. Iv tw Kocrfjuo, in the world ; iv tovtoi<;, in the 
 meantime. In composition the v becomes /x before 
 /8, TT, <^ ; it becomes y before k, y, ^ ; and before A, /x, p 
 it changes into one of these letters ; e.g. ifx/Saiva), e/xTrtTTTO), 
 €fi<fiVTOV, iyKavxrjfJULj lyya/xos, iy^etpLSiov, iXXrjficvL^o/Jiai, 
 ilJLfxavy<ij ippdimo. 
 
 avv, with: e.g. (tw v/xti/, with you. In composition the v 
 changes as in ev; e.g. o-v/x/SatVet, o-vyyev^js, o-vAAoy?;, 
 (TvppoYJj etc. 
 476. 3. With the Accusative. 
 
 ova, /^j.- ^.^. dm els, otie by one; ava. Svw, two by two. Also 
 over in the sense of space ; e.g. dva Trdo-ai/ t^v x^pav, 
 over the whole land. 
 
 CIS, /^, /«, ^/.* e.g. {'Trdyw eis 'A^>yvas, / ^<? tO AtheflS ; eTrecrev 
 CIS T^i/ ddXaaaav, he fell into the sea ; ripjr\v ets ro Oedrpov, 
 I was at the theatre; elfxeOa eis rov Fewpytov (rrjv oiKtav), 
 we were at George's (house). 
 
 477' 4. With the Genitive and the Accusative. 
 
 Sid (vlg. yta). I. With gen,, by, through, with: e.g. rjXOe 8ta 
 OaXd(T(rr]^, he Came by sea ; Sc^XOe Sia t^s ttoAcws, he passed 
 through the town. 2. With ace, for: e.g. direOave -Sta 
 T^v TTttT/atSa, he died for his country ; avv^pr]^^ 8ta Kcp- 
 Kvpai/, he left for Corfu. 3. With the subj., in order to : 
 e.g. 8ta, va tS(o, /« order to see. 
 
 cTTt" (before a vowel with the aspirate e^'). i. With gen., 
 <?;?, at the time of: e.g. la-Tarai irrl riys yecfivpa<s, he is 
 standing on the bridge; iirl *AXeidvSpov rov MeyaA.01;, 
 at the time (or under the reign) of Alexander the Great. 
 2. With ace, during : e.g. liri rpia. err], during three years. 
 'Etti is also sometimes used with the dative to indicate 
 the condition, etc. 
 
150 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Kara (before a vowel with the aspirate Kad*). i. With gen., 
 against: e.g. Kara tov ixOpov, against the enemy. 2. With 
 ace, according to, about: e.g. Kara rrjv a-vixl^ovXrjv eras, 
 according to your advice ; KaO' d Acyeis, according to what 
 you say ; kut ckciVovs tov<s Kaipovs, about {in) those times. 
 
 fxerd (before a vowel with the aspirate fieO*). i. With gen., 
 with : e.g. fier avrov, with him (in the vulgar idiom this 
 preposition is written /ac, and always takes the ace. ; 
 e.g. fi€ avTov, with him). 2. With ace, after: e.g. fier 
 avTov, after him ; fxera r/oets ^/xepas, after three days. 
 
 Trap a. I. With g^n.^from : e.g. to eXafSov irap avrov, I received 
 it from him. 2. With ace, by, against, less: e.g. irapa 
 Tr}v Od\a<T<Tav, by the sea ; irapa <fiv(Tiv, contrary to nature ; 
 fxta o5pa Trapa 8v(o Xctttci, one hour less two minutes ; irapa 
 T€Taprov, a quarter to. 
 
 Tr€pi. I. With gen., about, on: e.g. 6/u.i\ct Trcpi Oprja-KiCas, he 
 is speaking on religion. 2. With ace, about, around : 
 e.g. <f>€p€L raivuLv TTcpt Tr)v Kc<f>aXrjv, he wears a riband 
 around the head. ILept does not lose the t before a 
 vowel in composition ; e.g. Trcpiepyos, curious. 
 
 vTTo (before a vowel with the aspirate v<f>). i. With gen., 
 by: e.g. ia-rdXr) vtto tov Taopyiov, it was sent by George. 
 2. With ace, under: e.g. vtto tyjv yrjv, under the earth. 
 
 vTTip. I. With gen., for: e.g. TroAc/xet vTrcp TrarptSo?, he fights 
 for his country; eu;(o/Aat vivkp t^s vyccas aov, I wish for 
 your {good) health. 2. With ace, above, more than: 
 e.g. iOavfidadrj virkp Trai/Ttts, he was admired above all ; 
 vrckp TTjv yrjv, above the earth ; rjaav vwkp tovs SaiScKa, 
 they were more than twelve. 
 
 478. 5. With the Dative and the Accusative. 
 
 Trpos. I. With dat, next to ; e.g. Trpos tovt-oi?, 7iext to these. 
 2. With ace, towards ; e.g. Trpos 'AmroAa?, towards the 
 East. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 151 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 479* "ETreo-e Kara rrjv fidyrjv rov MapaOcovo';, 7ro\e- 
 ficjv trrrep irarplho^^ koX irdcf)-/] iv 'Adi]vai^ viro rrjv aKtav 
 Tov vaov Tov @7/o-eft)?. — Mer' avTov ^\dop rpel^ arpa- 
 TL&Tai fieO^ evb<; a^Lco/jLart/cov, eh ef avTOiv rJTO avyyevij'i 
 fjLOV. — *A7ro TOV irapekOovTO^ fjLr]v6<; Trda^^ec e/c hi^Oepi- 
 TtSo9. — 'Evrt ^ airoXeovTO'; tov irpcoTOV i(f>ovevdr]crav iv 
 TToXefKp xnrep to eKaTop,fxvpLov avhpoiv. — ' Atto t^? aTi^- 
 /jirj<; i/ceivrj^ irepl ovhevo^ dXXov iaKeTTTO/jLrjv rj irepl t?)? 
 vyeia^ fiov. — To f ic^o? tovto elvai etc ^dXvf^o^; ical dp'^v- 
 pov. — ^ Kva'xj^prjaa^; e/c Mao-fraXta? rfkdev eh Jleipaia 
 hid 6aXd(7(T7)f;. — Upb tovtov eXajSe irapd tov ffa(n,Xea)<; 
 'X^pvarjv TaivCav rjv e^aXe irepl ttjv Ke<^aXrjV. — 'Ttto ttjv 
 TTCTpav TavTTjv KecTat 6 vwep iraTplho^ irea-cov. — II/oo? 
 'AvaToXd^ T^9 TToXeoj? XaTaTai X6(f>o^ e(f) ov (etVt) hivhpa 
 vyjryXd. — Ov8* iirl (TTtyfirju djii^e^aXov irepl ttj^ dXrj- 
 6eLa<i TOiV Xoycov tov. — Upo iravTo^; dXXov TrpeireL vd 
 Xeyyf; ttjv dXrjOeiav. — 'Hcrai' TreVre avv ro) hihaaKoXw 
 avTcov, fjieT* avTov<^ he (and) rfxOov eTepoi Tpeh. 
 
 480. The letters came from Patras by sea to the 
 Piraeus. — According to our orders we marched against 
 the enemy. — After his death he was buried under the 
 trees next to the house. — I went to the theatre instead 
 of my friend at a quarter to eight. — From that moment 
 he hid under the table and remained there for (during) 
 three hours less ten minutes. — From this wood was 
 
152 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 built {eKTiadrjj) the bridge on which we stand. — Before 
 me my friend spoke more than an hour against this 
 idea (Ihia^). — They entered two by two, together with 
 the teacher, who was walking in front of them, and 
 they sat under the trees towards the East. They 
 started (avexcoprjaav) with him, but they arrived (a<t>i- 
 xOrjaav) after him. — I am neither with you nor against 
 you ; I fight for my country. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 153 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 'FtTTLppTJfjiaTa. — Adverbs. 
 
 481. Adverbs of manner and kind are formed from the 
 genitive plural of adjectives by changing v to o- ; e.^. 
 
 KaA-OS, KaXwv, adv. KaXcos, we//. 
 
 In the vulgar idiom the nominative plural of the neuter 
 is used as an adverb ; e.g. 
 
 KaXov, KaXd, adv. KaXd, well. 
 
 482. These adverbs have their three degrees of comparison. 
 
 The comparative is the nominative singular (in the vulgar 
 idiom the nominative plural) of the neuter comparative of 
 the adjective ; e.g. 
 
 KaXos, KaX7/T€/30s, adv. KaXiyTepov (vlg. KaX-rfTepa), better. 
 
 The superlative is the nominative plural of the neuter 
 superlative of the adjective ; e.g. 
 
 KaXXLara, best. 
 
 In the same way, hh6^ui<i, gloriously, ivSoiiarepoVj cvSo^wTara; 
 evOvfKDs, gcitly-, evOvfx.(x)T€pov, ev9v[x<x)TaTa ; etc. 
 
 483. Besides adverbs formed from adjectives, there are 
 many others ; these may be subdivided into 
 
 1. Adverbs of place ; 
 
 2. Adverbs of time ; 
 
 3. Adverbs of manner and kind*; 
 
 4. Undefined. 
 
154 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 484« I. Adverbs of Place. 
 
 These adverbs take the gen. ; e.g. 
 
 avoi Tov Scurous, above the forest. 
 
 €$<ii T^s TToAecos, outside the town. 
 
 In the vulgar idiom the accusative with the preposition 
 ttTTo is generally used ; e.g. 
 
 €$<0 dirO TTjV TToXtV. 
 
 485. The following are the most commonly used adverbs 
 of place : — 
 
 a 1/(0 (vlg. iirdvo)), above^ on. 
 
 dWa^ov (vlg. dXAov), in another place ; iravTaypv (vlg. Travrov), 
 
 e2)erywhere. 
 €i/Tdv^a, cSw, here ; ckci, there. The termination Qtv means 
 
 from a place ; o-c, 8e, ^e, to a place ; o-t, /// a place ; e.g. 
 
 evTcv^ev, from here ; IkCS^v^ from there; iK£L(Te, to that 
 
 place; *AOrjvr)(TL, in Athens ; etc. 
 €$0) (vlg. aTTc^o)), out; Ikto^, outside, except; e.g. Ikto^ t^s 
 
 TToAcws, outside the to7vn ; Ikto^: tovtov, except this. In 
 
 the latter sense also 7rAi}i/ ; e.g. ttX^v c/xov, except me. 
 tauj (vlg. /neVa, dTro/AeVa), €|/tos, within. 
 ifjLTTpo^ (vlg. ifnrpo(rTa), forward; iviairiov, in front of 
 Karoif down; KarwOev (vlg. dTro/cctTO)), under; e.g. KdnaOtv t^s 
 
 rpa7r€^rj<: (vlg. aTroKaTo) aTro to rpaTrc^t), under the table. 
 fiaKpdv (vlg. ixaKpva),far; pxiKpoOev, from far ; iyyvs, irKrjaiov 
 
 (vlg. KovTot), near ; aTrcVavrt, dvTLKpv, opposite, 
 fiera^v, between. 
 OTTttro), ^«r>^; o-ma-Oev (vlg. diroiria-iii), from behind; e.g. vTraye 
 
 oiriauif go' back ; Xafi^dvut oirta-o), I take back ; rov iKTvirrf 
 
 <rcv dwoiriaui ((k tu)v oinaOev), he struck him from behind. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 155 
 
 oiKot, at home; olKoOev, from home (in the literary language 
 also with the meaning of as a matter of course) ; otKaSe, 
 toward home. 
 
 trov ; where 'i irov koI ttov, here and there; Kairov, soniewhere; 
 OTTOV, wherever ; ovSa/xov (vlg. irovOevd, TrovTrera), nowhere. 
 
 486. 2. Adverbs of Time. 
 
 at(f>vr}s, ai<f>vi8t(i}s (vlg. €^a<f>va), suddenly. 
 
 a.\Ka.^ as soon as, takes the dat. ; e.g. a/x,a ty} irpwita, as soon as 
 it was mornifig. Verbs following a/xa are put in the 
 subjv., and are preceded in the literary language by 
 ws ; e.g. a/xa (OS TeXenoarjy as soon as he has finished. 
 
 dfJL€(To}Sj immediate/y ; evOv<:, at once. 
 
 OLKOfir^j €i(T€TL, yCt, StUl. 
 
 diroif/e, this evening ; (n^fxepov, to-day; x^^'^5 yesterday; avpLov, 
 
 to-mo7'row ; ttc/ovo-i, last year ; Trpoircpvai, year before last; 
 
 €<jieTo<;, this year ; rov xpovov, next year; cis ro Hrj'S, in 
 
 the future, 
 dpyd, late; ci/wpts, early. 
 €0)9, fx^xpL, up to, as far as, take the gen. ; e.g. cws t^s topas 
 
 TavTT/s, up to this hour ; Iws rwpa, /xe'xpt rovhc, up to this. 
 rjSrj, ttAcov (vlg, ttclo), already; e.g. elxev rjSrj dva^wpiqcrci, he 
 
 had already left. 
 /AoXts, scarcely, hardly. 
 wore; when? Travrorc, always; ivtore (vlg. Kdirore), sometimes; 
 
 oAAore, in other times ; Iktotc (vlg. aTroTOTc), ever since. 
 TTOTc, never, once; e.g. h\v to Citvov iroTe, I never said it; ru 
 
 etTTov TTore, / said it sometime ; ovSiTrore, never once. 
 TToWdKLS, (TV)(ydKLS (vlg. TToAAoLS cf)opd^, av^vd), often, 
 irpiv, irpo rov, before. Also irporepov (vlg. rrpoT-qTepa). 
 TOTc, then; orav, when. 
 
156 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 487. There are also numerous adverbial expressions 
 of time, some of the most usual of which are the 
 following : — 
 
 ttTTo Kaipov CIS Kaipovj /rom time to time, 
 
 Trpos TO irapov, i-rrl rov Trapovros, iv T(p fiera^v, 
 
 iv Too-ovTo), in the meantime. 
 (OS cTTi TO TToAv, w? €7rt TO tt\€.(ttov^ movc Or less. 
 €7rt TcAovs, Tk\o%^ finally. 
 Slol TravTos, /or ever, by all means. 
 8ia vvKTO'i, by flight. 
 OaTTov rj ^pdSiov, earlier or later. 
 KUT ao^as (vlg. Vt^v apxrjv), in the beginning. 
 kvTO'i oXiyov, shortly. 
 
 eh TO e^^s (vlg. rov Aoittov), in the future. 
 Iv TO) tt/xa, immediately. 
 KaO* CKatrTiyv, KaO* -^fxepav (vlg. KaOe jw-epa), 
 
 every day. 
 •qfitpa Trap* 17/icpav, every other day, 
 KttT* avras, avras ras ^/xtpas, in these days. 
 
 488. 3. Adverbs of Manner and Kind. 
 
 aXAws (vlg. dAAcws, oAAotcus, dAAotcoTtKa), in another way. 
 ovTws, ToiovTOTp6Tr(i}<s (vlg. tTai), thus; €T(tl k iTo-Lf so-so. 
 OTTCDS, (OS, Ktt^(os (vlg. (r(ii/, (ocrcii/), ^J". 
 67r(0(r8ij7roT€ (vlg. o7r(os Kat av etvat), however. 
 TTui^; how? 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 157 
 
 489* 4. Undefined. 
 
 a.\\oL\x.ovov! ^/^j/ takes the preposition cis; e.g. akXoi^kovov 
 
 £15 o-e/ alas for you! 
 avev, x<s}pL<;, Si^cos, without^ take the gen. ; ^.^. avcv v/xoiv, 
 
 without you. In the vulgar idiom the two last take the 
 
 ace. ; ^.^. x^P^? d/u,^i/3o\iav, without doubt ; Sixw? aA.Ao, 
 
 {without anything else) certainly. 
 aira^, St?, rpt?, <f/<r., numeral adverbs, are followed by the 
 
 gen. of the time within which; e.g. St? tov erovq, twice 
 
 a year. 
 a pa, apaye, ra^a, therefore ; AotTroi/, eTTOfievoi's, aKoXovOio^y then^ 
 
 consequently. 
 /Sc^atws (vlg. ySc'^Sata), certainly. 
 Sev, not (abbreviation of ovSci/, nothing) \ e.g. h\v ^cXw, I do 
 
 not wish. 
 StoAov, KoBokov, not at all ; i$ aTravros, absolutely. 
 tSov, there! e.g. iSov avros, there he is. In the vulgar idiom 
 
 va ; va.ro<i, vdrr}, vdro, stand for va a^ro?, va avrrjj etc., 
 
 there he is. 
 la oif;, perhaps ; lo-lo. (vlg.), straight; la-ia tma, just so. 
 fid, but (from the Italian ma)\ e.g. pk SiaTi €<^uye?; but ivhy 
 
 did you go away? In adjurations, by; e.g. /xa tov deov! 
 
 by God! 
 p.r], not (before a vowel /m^v), with the subjv. ; e.g. p.r} <f>vyrf<;, 
 
 don't go. firj or p^rjirox; has also the meaning of lest, 
 
 and, in interrogative phrases, perhaps? e.g. firjiro)^ ^\0e; 
 
 did he perhaps come ? 
 vat', p.dXL(TTa, yes. 
 (Tx^Sov, almost. 
 
 (For a more complete list of adverbs see Vocab. XXXIII.) 
 
158 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 490. 'Ei/reu^ez^ hev elvac, fie^aLQ)^ 6a rjXOev aWoBeVy 
 aWa TTodev; — *\hov avTO^, elvat rjhr) iKTb<; rrj^ Ovpa^. — 
 Ovheirore irXeov 6a vTrdyco iKetae, iav Sep Xd^co irpoa-- 
 fcXrja-LV ypaTTTrjv (wriUen). — M^ top TnaTevrj^, yjrevBeTat 
 irdvTOTe. — Uepvat el')(pfiev 6epfiov '^(^eLfJLOjpa, a)OC e^ero? 
 elpaL yjrvj^poTaTO^. — *A7roi|r€ 6a v7rdy(0fjLep ek Tr}P eaire- 
 pi8a T^9 ^A/JL€pL/capi,Krj<; S;)^oX7)9. — lift)?; Sep ttjp fiXeireTe 
 i/cel /cdro), €/x7rpoa6€P rov ^evoSo^eiov; — Eli^at aKptfiax; 
 Tpel^; CO pat CKJ}* otov (since) ape)(^cjpr]a€. — "lo-o)? Sep o-d<; 
 iypwptaep epeKa {because) tov aKorov^. — "laia laia avro 
 Xeycj Kal i<yd). — "EXa iSd). — 'A/xecrft)?, Kvpie, opiare.^ 
 
 491. He could go neither forward nor backward, but 
 remained there until night. — Probably he had already 
 arrived there before you left. — Nobody except me 
 knows this. — Since that day I have never believed 
 him. — The boy stupidly ran away the moment he saw 
 me. — You did very well to send him back without 
 further (erepa^) discussion. — He said rightly that it 
 was better not to see him at all. — Was he perhaps 
 (/LtT^TTO)?) afraid of you ? Not at all, he is very brave. — 
 Come here immediately, don't be afraid ! — Alas ! I am 
 without a cent (6l3oX6<i). — I scarcely recognized you" 
 because it was dark. — Where is he, where did he come 
 from, and where is he going to ? 
 
 1 Instead of bplaaTc! command! — 'Oplare takes the meaning of at 
 your service^ come in, take a seat, etc. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 159 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 Sv^'Sccr/iot. — Conjunctions. 
 
 492. The chief conjunctions of the Greek language 
 are : — 
 
 Kat, and. In the vulgar idiom it sometimes stands for that; 
 e.g. tL eKUfiov kol /xe /w,aA.oi/et? ; what did I do that you 
 should scold me? KaiVot (vlg. av Kat), although. koX 
 KaXd, by all means, absolutely, re in the literary language 
 immediately follows a noun, pronoun, or verb, and 
 precedes xat; e.g. iy<a tc kol (TV, I and you. 
 
 fi€v . . . Si, indeed . . . but. These conjunctions unite phrases 
 placed in opposition to each other ; e.g. rov etSov y,kv, 
 h\v Tov iyvo>piaa Si, I saw him indeed, but I did not 
 recognize him. Sk alone means and ; e.g. y]aa.v rpeU, 
 IX€T avTov<s 8k iTcpoL Tpct?, thcy wcrc three, and after them 
 three more. 
 
 dA.Aa, but ; o/tAw?, however ; dAA.* o/xw?, trX-^v, but, still; qv\ 
 y]rrov o/A(U9, nevertheless. 
 
 rj . . . rj, ctTc . . . etre, either . . . or. 
 
 ovre . . . ovTc, firJTc, fJifjSi, neither . . . nor. 
 
 av, idv, if, take the subjv., or the impf. and plup. indie. 
 Kttv {kox av), at least. 
 
 a? (abbreviation of a<^c?, let) takes the subjv., giving it an 
 imperative sense ; e.g. a? cA.%, let him come. With the 
 impf. and plup. it signifies a wish (ancient opt.); e.g. 
 a? rjpx'^To ! would that he might come I 
 
160 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 va (abbreviation of the adverb Tva, which also is used in the 
 
 literary language), that, takes (i) the pres. subjv., giving 
 
 it an infinitive sense ; e.g. OeXo) va vTrdyo), I wish to go; — 
 
 (2) the impf. and plup. indie, and signifies a wish like 
 
 a?; — (3) the aor. subjv., giving it an imperative sense; 
 
 e.g. VOL TO) ctTTT^?, you are to tell him. 
 Od (from Oe\<x) Lva), will, (i) precedes the pres., the aor., 
 
 and the perf. subjv., in order to form the first and second 
 
 fut. and the fut. perf.; — (2) with the impf. and plup. 
 
 it forms the conditional; e.g. Oa ypxcfx-qv, I should have 
 
 come. 
 oTi, 7r<u9, that, take the indie; e.g. -^Kovaa on Acyct, I heard 
 
 that he says ; — /w,ot ctTre Troi? eivat KaXr/repa, he told ?ne 
 
 that he is better, 
 orav, when, takes the subjv., or the impf. and plup. indie. — 
 
 oTc, lifhen, not to be confounded with o,tc, neut. rel. 
 
 pronoun. 
 6.<^ov (d<^' ov), (i) with the subjv., after ; e.g. d(f>ov <l>vyrjy 
 
 after he is gone; — (2) with the indie, since; e.g. d<f>* ov 
 
 TO dekcL';, since you wish it. d<f> otov, ever siftce, since 
 
 then. ivu) (iv <S), while. 
 cTTciSr;, StoTi, because. k-Ktih-t] refers to a cause which follows, 
 
 SioTt to one which precedes ; e.g. irrei^ tov yvtopi^o), tov 
 
 dyaTTO) ; tov dyairio 8iort tov yvoipi^w. 
 (Z(TT€, SO that, consequently ; e.g. tov eiSov, uidTf. tov yvw/ot-^o), 
 
 I saw hifn, and consequently I knoiv him. 
 
 (For a complete list of the conjunctions see Vocab. XXXIV.) 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 161 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 493. Mofc eypayjre fiev, aXX' c6<; (fyaiverat iXrjafiovrjae 
 va €7nypd'\lrr] {to addi'ess) Tr]V eirio-ToXr^v rov, rjrt'; 6a 
 iX^^T) et? TO raxv^po/JLelov. — "0,Te SiBda/caXo^; zeal 6 
 larpof; rjaav tt)? avTr]^ yvcofi7]<;. — Ovre 6 fxev, ovre 6 Se 
 8ev ydeXijaav va elaeXdcoat. — Uplv rj i^eXOrj^ Trj<s olKLa<i 
 (jifova^e /ne otto)? aol Scoo-q) ra? iincrToXd^ fiov. — - HijyaLve 
 a/JL€a(o<; eh rov larpov, Slotl to TracSi Bev elvat KaXd {hev 
 ex^i /caXm). — 'A(f)Ov ro) eypayjre^; da eXOy Pe^aico^, — 
 'Ore ec^Oaaa ek rrjv oiKiav rov, 6 laTpo<; el^^ez^ tJStj e^eXOei. 
 — 'E/CT09 TOVTOVy Karoifcel ttoXv (xaKpdv, a^^Sov fiiav 
 copav ivrevdev. — IloO /caTOt/celre ; KaroLKO) et? Tr)V 
 oSbv ^rahCov, ttXtjctlov ek to Taxv^pOfJ^elov, aKpi^o)^ aire- 
 vavTi {exactly opposite) ek to BovXevTrjptov {Parlimnent). 
 — "lo-ft)? €)(^eT€ Si/caiov, ov^ rJTTOV ofiax; /jloI elvat Bva/coXov 
 va cra^ TTidTevacD. — "A9 ^XOy va fie cSr) Kal 6a irpoa- 
 TTa6rja(o va tov ^orj6i](Tco. 
 
 494- Both you and I are in the wrong. — Although 
 you say so, I can scarcely believe you ; however, I will 
 try to do as you wish. — I met him indeed, but I did 
 not know him because he has changed much since I 
 saw him last. — When the clock strikes twelve, bring 
 the dinner (to (payyTov), whether they have come or 
 not. — As soon as you have eaten call me, before you 
 begin your work, because I want to inspect what you 
 have already done. — I wrote to him at once in order 
 that he should receive my letter before leaving his 
 house. — I am also of the same opinion. 
 
162 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 495* -Sentences. 
 
 . *H ep^aaia elvac Trpoaev)^!]. 
 
 "Axove TToXXd, ofiiXei oXiya, /jlt) hiaKoirTrf; irori. /^t/rz^**^ 
 
 'O/xiXei (Of; ^povel'^' fir) Xeye oXa ocra a/ceirTeaat. 
 
 Ot avhpe^ ipayTcJat rl ^povel 6 /c6afJL0<; irepl avrayv, al 
 8e yvvalfce<; tl Xeyet. 
 
 Ol jSacnXel^ koX al (opalai jvvatKe^ e'^ovat /coXaKa^;, 
 (r7ravico<; Se (f)LXou<;. 
 
 'H eKhiKrjaif; /caOiara tov avO pcairov Xaov 7rp6<; rbv 
 i')(6p6v TOV, 7] he a-vyyviDfjir] avcorepov avrou. 
 
 ML/JL7]6r]TL Trjv XV^^y 1''^^^ ^0* 0^ '^^Vt '^ot Tr]V K€^aXr)V 
 irpo'i TOV ovpavov ft)? eux^^pto-TOva-a. 
 
 'O (H)eo9 va fjbe (fyvXciTTrj cltto tcjv (ftiXcov /jlov ' airo Teov 
 i^OpMV fjbov (f)vXdTT0fJLat /jl6vo<; /jlov. 
 
 UdvTe^i ajaiTMaL T7)V avdiravatv, 7rXr)V /jlovcov Ta)v ava- 
 7ravofi€V(OV. 
 
 JlepiaaoTepov TroWa/ct? w^eXovjJieda irapa tcov eydpSiV 
 Tj irapd TO)v (f)iX(ov. 
 
 "Oaov oXtycoTcpd ta9 r)^evpei, Toaov irepiaaoTepa Xeyei. 
 
 To Ka/cov x^^pdTTeraL cttI XlOov, to KaXov iirl afxpLov. 
 
 *0 ffio<; elvat crxoXeiov /cal r) SvaTV^^a 8L8da/caXo<:. 
 
 'H jxeyiaTrj OXLyjnf; €(ttI to va ivdvfiiJTai rt? euTV^cl^ 
 Kaipov^ iv 8v(TTVx^aL<:. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 163 
 
 'fl? 01 t^^efc? hia Tov ajKLO-rpov, avWa^^dvovrai ol 
 av6pci)7roL Sta tmv iraOcav. 
 
 Aa\7]aa<; iroWdKi^ fxerevorjaa, aKoirr^aa^ 8' ovheirore. 
 
 Ta 'x^p'^fiara elal Kako<^ v7r7)peTr)f; ical KaKo<; KvpLO<;. 
 
 Ol yjrevSel'; <^i\ol koi at 'xeXthove^ <f>aLVOVTaL fiovov 
 orav elvai KaXo/caipia. 
 
 'O KaXof; ttoXltt)^ crKeirTeraL ttw? va Kctfjurj to y^peo^; tov 
 fjLoXXov irapa to (jTahiov tov. 
 
 *E/c fii/cpoiv (TTayovcov vSaT0<; airoTeXelTaL 6 /jueya^ 
 (OKeavo^. 
 
 ''Oaa 6 ao(j)(tiT€po<i fyLvcoaKei elalv ovSev ft)<? tt/jo? oaa 
 ayvoel. 
 
 M^ ava^dXy^; ttotc o^tl o^eCXet^ va irpd^rfi irdpavTa ' 
 the TTjv (jivatv rfTL^ ovheiroTe avajBdXXet. 
 
 *0 ')(p6vof; OepjJiaiveL r^i^ (faXiav koI 'y^v^paivei tov 
 epcoTa, 
 
 Ol (f)tX6ao<l)OL e'^ovat Si/catov XeyovTe^; otl rj vyeta 
 elvat KTrj/ia TroXvTtfJLcoTepov tov ttXovtov. 
 
 Ol AdK(ov6<; iyvfivd^ovTO TrathioOev et? T7)V Ppa')(vXo- 
 yCav. 
 
 'O adwo<; irapovcnd^eTai fxeTa 6dppov<; et<? tov Slku- 
 
 (TTrjV TOV. 
 
 TlatSe?, vTroTdacreade eh tov? v/jLeTepov<; yovel^ kol 
 SiSaaKdXovf;. 
 
 'Ei^ Tat<; iXevOepai^ iroXeatv ava^atvovTat ol /JLcydXot 
 dv8p€<;. 
 
 At ^eXtSoVe? TrpoayyeXovai to eap. 
 
 'O rfXio^; KXivei irpov T7)V Svatv. 
 
 Ta ScoSe/ca elvat St? e^-, Tpl^; Teaaapa, e^dKi^ hvo, 
 TeTpdKt^ Tpia. 
 
164 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 'O Keoavlha^, y€vvaL(o<; aycovcaOeU ev SepfioirvXaLt;, 
 eireaev evho^w^. 
 
 'H (TeXrfvrj (TTp€<f)€Tai Trepl rrjv yrjv koI avv rrj yfj irepl 
 Tov ^\lov. 
 
 'O TleLpaLev<; aTre^et tmv *Adr]V(ov oktod pea ardBia rj 
 reaaapcLKOvra iraXaid. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 165 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 496. Short Stories. 
 
 ' EpcjTTjOeL^ TTore (T0(f)6<s rt^ t^9 *Apa^ia^, tC to apicrrov 
 TMV Scopcov a 6 @eo9 %0j0?;7efc tm avdpcoTTO), '' 6 opdo's i^oO?" 
 aireKpCdr). 
 
 *0 KiKepcov eXeye irepC tlvo^ 6(ttl<; fxiav /jlovov rjpiepav 
 i'^pt] fiaTiaev uTraro? • et^o/xez/ virarov roaovrov aypvirvov, 
 ware ovhe fxlav vv/cra eKOi/ji^dr] Kara to StdaTrj/Jia Trj<i 
 uTrareia? tov. 
 
 01 XvKOi XeyeTat otl iroTe hev hiairXeovai 'x^ei/Jidppov^ 
 rj 7roTa/iov<^ dvd et? ')((opi(TTd, etc (po^ov jjltj irapaavpOcoatv, 
 aXXa avy/cpaTOvvTai hdKV0VT€<i 6 kiropievo^ ttjv ovpav 
 TOV TrporjyovfjLevov, /cat ovT(o<i airoTeXovcnv aXvaiv dhid- 
 aTraaTov. 
 
 'Ei' ^^iXevalvL, oTe ol vtto tov ^TpaTrjyov Kapai(TKd/cr]V, 
 fxadovTe^ TTjv eXevaiv l(T')(ypd^ TOVpKtKrj^; 8vudfX€(o^, VPX^~ 
 aav va XenroTaKTOdai kol irapeKivovv Koi avTov va <j>vyr}, 
 " virdyeTe, aveKpa^ev ovto<;, ottov OeXeTe, 6 Kapal(rKdK7]<; 
 Sev a(f>rivei ttjv deauv tov''- oTav ad^ epcoTTjaovv ^^tI ifcd- 
 fiare tov dp')(r)y6v aa<;,'* aTroKpcdrJTe '' tov TrapeBco/ca/Juev 
 et? TOV e')(^9p6v, Scotl Sev avy/caTeveve va XecTroTaKTija-r}." 
 
 "Av6pco7r6<i Tt9 el^e Svco vlov<;, cov 6 /xev 'qydira tov 
 VTTVov Kol i/coLfiaTO Kad^ oXrjv ttjv irpcotav, 6 8e rjv (fyiXep- 
 709 Kal r/yeipeTO wdvTOTe Xiav ivcopk. ^Itlfiepav Tiva, 
 €^eX6cbv 0VT09 ivcopLTUTa, evpe icaO^ ohov ^aXdvTiov ttXtj- 
 
166 • A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 p€<; 'x^prjfidTcov. "EBpafiev afjueaco^i 7r/309 rov a8e\<f)6p rov 
 Kol, i^V7rV7]aa<i avrov, rOi avijyyetXe rrjv KaXrjV tov TV')(r)v 
 Xeycov '' ^Xeirei^; rl KepBi^et tl<; iy€tp6fJi€Ko<; ivaypt^," 6 8e 
 aireicpidr], " eav 6 /cvpto^ rov /SaXavTLOV eKoi/juaTO a/cofii], 
 Sep 6a el'xev airoXeaei to ^aXavriov tov." 
 
 Tepfiavo^ Tt9, iXdayv kuto, irpWTTjv (f)opav ev 'KXXdhi 
 Kol iiKOVcra'^ tcl iraihla vd o/jllXcjo-l ttjv iXXrjviKrjp ev toI^ 
 oSo69, dvcKpa^e • ** lift)?, elvai hvvaTov; kol tcl iraihCa 
 aKo/JLT] 6/jllXov(tl Tr)v eXXr)VLKr)v evTavdaf' 
 
 *}ip(OTdT0 TTOTe oKvrjpo^ Tt^ SlutI ejjbeve Toaov dp^d ev 
 TJf kXCvtj Ka6' eKdcTTrjv Trpcot'av. Ouro? 3' dirrjVTrjae' 
 ** dtf)" evo<i 7) ep'yaaia fie av/jL^ovXevet vd iyep6a) Xva 
 epyaado), d<f) eTepov he rj oKvrjpia pie av/JL^ovXevet, vd 
 e^afcoXovdco fievoyv ev ttj kXivtj, djx^oTepaL he ^epovai 
 TrXelaTa oaa e7n')(eiprjp.aTa virep koX /caTa. 'Eivoi) 8* 
 dKOfJirj av^rjTecTai y inr66eaL<; Kal irplv rj SvvrjOo) v* diro- 
 (fyaaLao), irapep'^eTat, rj irpcota /cat pcol dyyeXXeTai otl to 
 TTpoyevfia elvac eTot/xov." 
 
 497« To MiKpov ^kpviov. 
 
 (From the F'rench, by M. Daskalaki.) 
 
 T[t(i)')(ov Kopdaiov heKaeTe^ irepiirov, ovofxa^o/JLevov 
 XptaTLva, avveXeye fiCav rfp,4pav (j)pdovXa^ ek to 5a<709. 
 'O Kavacov rJTO Trvty r)pb<; Koi 8ev eirveev ovS* eXd')(^LaTO^ 
 hpoaepo^ dvep^o^. 'O d^vpLVO<i irVXo^ tov Kopaaiov 8ev 
 rjpKeL oTTco^ TrpocpvXdTTr) avTO diro tmv KavaTiKMV dtcTivwv 
 TOV rfXiov. To /xeTCOTTOv TOV ^TO KddtSpoVf al 8e irapeial 
 TOV /caTaKOKKtvaL. *Fj^r}fcoXov0ei ev tovtol^ vd avXXeyrj 
 <l)pdovXa<i, Kal Sev earjKoyve Kav TOifS 6<^daXp>ov<; tov, did 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 167 
 
 va /JLT) %aV?7 (TTiyfi'^v * Sloti, eXeye /xe top vovv t?;?, e'^^ovara 
 Koi eifX^apLO-Trjaiv /jieydXTjv * ''^Epyd^ofJLai X^P^^ '^V^ /caXi)^ 
 /jLi]Tp6<; fjiov, T) oTTola aaOevely koI to, xPVI^^'^^ '^^ oirola 
 6a KepSiao) airo avra^ ra^; (j)pdovXa<; 6a ttjv ava/cov(f>La(o- 
 atv oXlyov.'' 
 
 "Ore 7} ^ptaTLva elSev on rip^t'Cr^ va iwktovt), eKivrjaev 
 07rft)9 eiraveXdrj et9 Tr)V olKiav jxe to KaXd6i6v ri]^ yefjidrov 
 airo (fypdovXa^; Kal irepaa jxevov ei^ top ^pa^^ovd tt]^. 
 "Hj0;^to-6 va Pp^XV> Ppovral he rjKovovTO fia/cpodev. 
 Mo\t9 i^rjX6€V airo to hdao^ Kal (T(\>ohpo^ dvefJL0<; rjyepdr} • 
 rj ^poxv f]yicLveVy 6 he ovpavo^, oaTi^; eZp^e fia6v epvOpov 
 Xpfo/^ci 7r/0O9 hva/xd<;, eaKOTCadr] 7ravTaxo6ev airo ^o^epa 
 <Tvvve(f>a iinacopevofjieva to iv /caToirtv tov dXXov. 'H 
 X/atcTTtm aire^evyev iirifieXoi^ tov va irXrjcTLd^r) et? to, 
 fxeydXa hevSpa, irpoe^vXdTTeTO he 6ina6ev tmv 6diJLV(ov 
 Kal avefxeve va iravo-y r) KaTaiyl^. 
 
 Al(l)VLhi(o^ TjKOvaev et? to irXrjaiov 3a<709 fiiav irapa- 
 iroveTLK'qv (f)(ovi]V, ofMOcav /jue cj^covrjv fiLKpov iraihiov. *H 
 ^piaTLVa rJTO Toaov iXerj/xcov Kal KaXij, cocrre ovTe rj 
 Ppoxrj, ovTe at aaTpairai, ovTe 6 KpoTO^ tov Kepavvov 
 r]hvvri6r]aav va Tr]V e/JLirohiacoatv airo tov va virdyr) va 
 chrj tI avvej^atve. II poxcoprjaaaa Xotirov eh to Sacro? 
 e^eirXdyrj iroXv Ihovaa ev TaXaiir(opov fiLKpov dpviov 
 Kddvypov, Tpe/JLov €k tov yjrvxo^^, fcal /jltj e^ov irov va 
 virdyrj. '*'ll Kav/juevo irpofiaTdKt ! elirev 97 yLpiaTiva 
 KaTaavyKeKCV7)iJievr], hev 6d %a^^9 * eXa va are virdyay eh 
 TTJV oiKiav." "FdXa/Se he ro) ovtl eh ra? ayKoXa^i tt)^ to 
 apvlov, Kal rjX6e fieT avTOv eh ttjv OiKiav afxeaco^ fieTa 
 TTJV ffpoxvv. 
 
 *'"n/ Ihe, fjbrJTep, aveKpa^ev evco elo-tjpx^TO, ISe, ae 
 irapaKaXct), tI evpov irpo oXiyov ! "^v copalov apvdKif 
 
168 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 Hoaov elfiat evTV)(^rj<; / 11 W9 6a to irepLTroLovfiail %a 
 rjvai r) %a/oa fjLOV.*' — " J^oprj fxoVj ttj elirev rj fiijrrjp r?;?, 
 iyeipo/Jieprj ck rrj^ kXlvtj^; Kal aTrjpi^ovaa rrjv Ke(f)a\r)v 
 iirl Tov ^pa^LOvo^i t7]<;, XTja/JLOvel^, iv ttj %«/>« crov, otl 
 TO apVLOV avTo 6a e')(r] KVpLov. ^^)(^d67] Kal e')(Ofxev Ka6r]- 
 Kov va TO iTrtaTpeyjrcofjLev. Oa JJ^cil ^e^atco^ tov irXovalov 
 ')((opLK0v TOV jeiTOVLKOv icTrfpiaTO^. Hijyaive to eh avTov 
 €v6v^ arjfxepov • hiOTi iroTe Bev irpeirei va KpaTCdjiev eh 
 Trjv OLKiav /xa? to ^evov irpdyfia, ov8^ iirl fxlav fxovov 
 
 VVKTa.'* 
 
 "Aei^ evvoelTe to crvfjLcjyepov cra^ / aveKpa^e KaTa TtfV 
 avTTjv aTtyfJL7)V eV tov 7rapa6vpov eh /ctiVt?;?, ocrrt? eVe- 
 (TKeva^e tov toI)(^ov tov KrjTTOV Kal elx^v aKovaet ttjv 
 avvo/jitXiav tcov, 8ev irpeirei va rja6e Toaov SetXaL" 
 
 'H fiijTTjp Kal T) 6vydTr)p eaTpd<^i)aav evTpo/xot Kal top 
 irapeTTiprjaav ^fieT eKirX^^eo)^. ^' My (f)0^7]a6e, irpoae- 
 6eaev 6 KTiaTrj^y o/jllXc!) (r7rov8aico<; • a? a^d^copbev avTO to 
 ^a)ov Kal a? to /jLotpaa6co/iev ' to Kpea^ tov 6d /xa? irpo- 
 IX7)6ev(Ty KaXd Te/xa;^ta yjrrjTOv, Kal diro to Sep/xa tov 6d 
 KepSiacofiev oXiya ')(^pi]fjLaTa. 'O ^oj/Jt/co? e^et virep to, 
 eKaTov dpvla ' iv TrXetoTepov i) oXtyooTepov tI arj/Jbaivei; 
 a? a<f)d^(t}iJLev tovto eh(o. Aev e^eTC TiiroTe va (l)o^7]6fjTe, 
 Kaveh Bev 6d ad<i thy rjinropelTe va e/JL7n(TTev6rJTe eh 
 e/JLe. Sd fieLVco dcfxovo^, Ka6a)<i avTO^; 6 toI'^^o^;." Aey cov 
 8e Ta? Xefet? TavTa^, eppc^ev eirl tov Torj^ou tov da^e- 
 aTrjV TOV /jLvaTpiov tov. 
 
 *H l^puaTLva e^pi^ev, oTe rJKovae tou? X6yov<; toutou?, 
 €7reL8r} e<f)dvr]aav eh avTr)V diroTpoTraLoi. " Ma? avfifiov- 
 XeveL'; fiiav dSiKLavf elwev eh tov KTiaTr^v * o,Tt hev ySXe- 
 TTOVV ol dv6p(07roL, 6 ©eo? to ^Xeirei. 'H p^rjTTjp fiov e^ei. 
 p,eya SUaiov, 6av/jid^(o Be irm Bev eaK€<l>6r}V Tax^^epov 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. . 169 
 
 va liTKTTpe.'^fMi TO (iLKpov avTo apvlov eh tov Kvptov rov • 
 ffe^aicof; da e\dp,^avov fjLeyaXrjv ev^cipLaTrjcnv va to Kpa- 
 T'qao), irpoaedeae 'yyvovcra oki^a SciKpva, aWd irpeireL vd 
 viraKOvcofiev et? tov @eoV." 
 
 "EXaySe Tore to ^wov, to eKaXvyfre /xe Tr)v irohidv ti;9 
 Kal SirjvOvvdr) wpb^ t^i^ KaTOHCiav tov ')((i)pLKOv, dv Kal 
 efipe')(^ev aKO/JLt], 6 8e rjXto^ iirXr^aiat^e vd Svarj. 
 
 "Ot€ €<^6a(Tev 7) XpcaTiva, rj av^vyo'; tov 'XfopiKOv rjTO 
 eh Tr}V dvpav t?;? 7repLfcvKX(o/Ji€vr) diro Td T€Kva t?;? Kal 
 KpaTOvaa to fiLKpoTepov et? ttjv djKdXrjv tt;?. "OXot 
 eOewpovv copalov ovpdvtov to^ov, to ottoIov eXa/JLire kut 
 €KeLVr}V T'qv aTLyfirjv Sid tmv ^(orjpoTepoyv '^pw/JLaTCOv. 
 " HapaTTjpijcraTe, iraihla /jlov, eXeyev r/ firJTrjp, heiKVVovaa 
 avTO hid Tr)9 ')(eLp6^y irapaTr^prjcraTe to copalov avTO deafxa 
 Kal evXoy^aaTC tov @eoV, oo-tc^ to eKa/Jue. 'O iravdyaOo^ 
 auTO<? @eo9 /xa? heiKvvei ttjv fxeyaXoirpeTreiav Kal ia')(yv 
 TOV hid T(ov d(7TpaiT0)v Kal T(ov KepavvMV, hid he tov ovpa- 
 VLOV TOVTov To^ov fjid^ v7rev6vfjLL^eL T7]V dydTrrjv Kal KaXco- 
 
 (TVVrjV TOV." 
 
 'H X/oto-TtW, Trj<; OTTOta? 77 Kaphia r)Tov evOvfxo^, Slotl 
 r^Tov dhoXo^, nrapeTrjpei fieTd fieydXr)'; eup^^ajOtcTTyo-eft)?, 
 dXXoTe fjiev Td copala j^pdypiaTa tov ovpaviov to^ov, to 
 oTTolov eXap^irev eh tov ovpavov, dXXoTe he Td yeXaaTa 
 Trpoacoira tmv Traihtcov tt)? ')(^copLK7)^. 'E<rtco7ra /xei^/ot? 
 OTOf TO ovpdvLov To^ov e^T]^av{a6r}, pieTd he TavTa, avpaaa 
 KaTcodev T7]^ TToSta? tt;?, to aired eaev eirl tt}? 77)9 Kai 
 hLTjyqdrj TLVC Tpoirw to evpe. 
 
 " ToOto ere avvLCTTa iroXv^ elirev rj ')^coptKr}, vd eXOrfi 
 TocTov dpjd Kal fie TOiavT'qv KaKOKatpiav / Elaat Tip^iov 
 Kopdatov. — Nai, aXr]dco^! elirev 6 ;^a)|0t/co'9, 0(TTi9 icfyavrj 
 KaTd Tr]V a-TLyp.7]v eKeCvqv eh Tr)V dvpav. lipoae^aTCj 
 
170 - , A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 reKva /jlov, irpeirei vet yivrjre Kal cret^ fiiav rj/JLepav SiKatoi 
 Kol rCfxioi oTrco^; to tttw^^oj^ avro Kopdatov. UpoTLfMorepov 
 vd e^jj Tt9 iv jxovov dpviov Kal vd yvat, hiicaio^ Kal Tifxio^ 
 irapd vd €')(r) eKarov Kal vd rjvat SoXto^. 'H Tt/xtdr?;? 
 T?}? TTTO);)^^? ^ptaTLVrj^ elvat dyaavpo^ tt)? KaphCa^, Kadi- 
 (TTOiv avTTjv irXovaKOTepav irap idv el'x^ev oXoKXrjpov 
 TTOL/JLVLOV, clvat 6r](Tavpd<; tov oirolov ovBeU hvvaraL v 
 d^aipeay air avTrj^.'' 
 
 'O UtO? TOV 'X(OplK0Vy OaTL^ (OVOfld^eTO A7]fJLl]TpL0^, 
 
 €Tp€^e t6t€ eh Tr)v jxdvhpav Kal i^'qyaye fxiav irpo^aTivav. 
 'Afieaoo'; Se to dpviov iiT'^Sijaev eh Tr)v /jirjTepa tov Kal 
 '^p^iae vd (TKipTa €k tt}? %a/3a? tov, otl ttjv e^Xeire. *H 
 ^ptaTLva TrapeTijprjae p^eTd 7rpoao')(^rj^ Kal ev')(^apLaTrj(Te(o^ 
 TO avjKLVTjTLKov TOVTO Oea/xa, Kal elire ' ** Movov avTrf rj 
 ev'X^apiaTr](Ti^ fxe Kafxvei vd Xrja/jLovTjo-Q) 6Xr}V ttjv Xvttijv 
 Tr)V OTToiav yoddvOrjV '^copi^o/jievr) diro to TaXaiircopov 
 TOVTO ^wov, TO oirolov el^ov dyairrjaei Toaov iroXv.'* — 
 *' Aotirov, elirev 6 'x^copLKO^;, d^ov elaac Tt/jLia Kal dyaira<i 
 avTO TO dpvaKiov, 6d aol to hayprjaco. 'AXV elvai aKO/Jir) 
 iroXv fJLiKpoVy co<7Te 8ev 6d y/xiropeay vd ^rjarj %ft)/9t9 ydXa, 
 Kal 6d diroOdvrj ^aaaviafievov. Mera BeKairevTe ri/nepa^ 
 0d Tjvai apKCTd SvvaTov oirca Tpecf^rjTat fie '^Xotjv ' TOTe 
 6d aol TO (l>eprj 6 Arj/JL'qTpLOf; ..." 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 171 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 Poetry. 
 
 (By a. R. Rangab6.) 
 
 498. 'A I' ar 0X77. 
 
 (in the literary language.) 
 
 M^ KOLjiaaai • Ihov, avaTeWei 
 /xeiSLcov 6 ')(pvaov^ icoacftopo^; • 
 cJ? ahdixa^ aarpdiTT eh to 6po<;, 
 
 Koi TTjv veav avjr]V TrpoayyeXXei. 
 
 To TTTijvov TTJV aaird^eTai aSov, 
 /jLeXayBia^i rrj TrefiTret rj \vpa, 
 . KoX rd poha rrj irefiirovcn jjivpa, 
 Koi TTjV '\]rd\\* rj rj^u) t(ov KOikdSoDp. 
 
 At (l)covai, at ovpaviai iraaai 
 K at iTTLjei vfJbvovai crvvdfia 
 Tr)v avyr)V, jXvkv vevfia rov Updfia. 
 
 ^AvareWei, Ihov/ M.rj Koifxaaai. 
 
172 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 499* XyfiTrXoKT]. 
 
 To eSa^09 aarpaTTTec kol rpe/jbei /cal jBpovra' 
 6 \6')(0'^ (f)6vov irviwv rov \6')(^ov airavra. 
 'iTTTrei)? Trpoa^dXX' iTrirea, Tre^o? KTVira ire^ov, 
 Kol rrrXeova eh to alfia 6 dvrjGKwv Kal 6 ^mv. 
 
 ^P^XV ^^ (T(f)alpaL TTiTTTOVV, TO, TTTCOfJUaTa aoDpoi, 
 
 K 6 drpo/jLo^i oTrXtV?;? et? (f)\6ya^ irpo'^^copel. 
 
 'Tirep iXevdepla^; irepiho^o^ cfymv 
 ttXtjpol to, arrjOi] 6dppov<^, rd ^Xe/jL/jLara <f>Xoya)V. 
 'EXTTtSe? tt}? 7raT/ot8o9, yevvaloc /Jua'x^ijTaL, 
 €/JL7rp6<; ad<; /cpd^^ rj vlkt) • /x?) aTp€(f)eade irore. 
 MvrjaOrjre rSiv Trpojovcov, teal eare co<; avroi. 
 'H yrj ad^ drevi^eL Kal ad^ eTrc/cporet. 
 
 *Ei/ oo-ft) €TL irdXXovv rd arrjOr] rov Oepp^dy 
 0)9 aTp6^LXo<; davdrov 6 veo^ a9 opfjua. 
 ^vSai/jL(ov T7]V TrarpiSa 6 acj^cov Kal tl/jlcop, 
 dp viKTjrr)^ i^eXdrj, dv irear) TroXefiwv. 
 Toi/ aT€(f) T) Sd^a ^(ovra cJ9 rjpcoa KXeivoVy 
 K et9 T7)V ddavaaiav dvep'^eraL 6avoDV. 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 173 
 
 500* El? T't)v ^pvcriv. 
 
 (in the vulgar idiom.) 
 
 Mta Kop el8a V rrj Ppvai, 
 fx avdaT7j/jLa K0/j,yjr6. 
 
 TTjv elira vet yH a(f>i](7rf 
 va iTLCf), Siarl 8ti^a). 
 
 KoKKLVLaeV eK€lV7), 
 
 TO, X^P^^ '^V'^ A*-* a(f)7JV€L 
 
 fJLa^Tj fie TO (TTafivL 
 
 " l^vxapicrTa)j ttjv Xeyco • 
 7r\r)V fi e5ft)o-e9, Oappcj, 
 
 ^(OTtd vd TTLM Kol KaC<ya> 
 hev pi eScoae^ vepo." 
 
 lift)? pe depL^ovv iTOVOi 
 Xvirelrai k cnTopel, 
 
 KOL T7)V (TTapVLa (j)KaLp6v€L 
 
 Kal iralpvet hpoaeprj. 
 
 ToO XalvLoif ro aropia 
 pH eirpocr^epev evOv^f 
 
 fcal pb elire • ** lite? d/copLa, 
 Kal 6d larpevdrj^y 
 
 ""A^/ 6x1" @eXet9, <^l\r], 
 
 vd Travarj to /caKo; 
 Td 8v(o aov So? pe p^et'X?;, 
 
 TO (TTOpa TO ryXVKO, " 
 
 t 
 
174 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 501- Xenophon. 
 
 (Anabasis I. vi. 6-11.) 
 
 The ancient text is here given, with a Modern Greek translation, on 
 the opposite page, in order to show the difference between the two 
 periods of the language. 
 
 ViapeKake(Ta vfid^;, avhpe^ (ftiXot, oTrw? aifv v/jllv fiov- 
 Xevofievo^;, 6,ti hUaiov iari fcal tt/oo? decov koI irpo<; 
 avdpw7r(OVy tovto irpd^o) irepl 'Opovrov rovrovt. tovtov 
 yap irpSiTOV fxev 6 e/1.09 Trarrfp eSw/cev inrrjKOOV elvai i/j,oi' 
 eirei Se ra^^dei^;, (o<; €(f)r] avro^, xnro tov ifiov aBe\(l>ov 
 ovTOf; i7ro\€fi7](T€V ifiol e'Xfov ttjp iv "LdpSecnv aKpoiroXiv 
 ical iyoD avrov irpoaTToXefiMV iirolrjcra ware So^at tovt(o 
 TOV 7r/309 ifie ttoXc/jlov Travaaadat, Koi he^iav eXaffov koX 
 eScoKa, fiera ravra €(f)r), (S ^Opovra, eartv 6 tl ae '^SiKrjcra; 
 aTre/cpivaro oTt ov, irdXiv he Kvpo^; rjpwra, Ou/covv vare- 
 pov, 0)9 avro<; av 6/jLoXoyel'i ouSev vir ifiov a8LKOVfievo<;, 
 aTTOfrra? et? Mvaov<; KaKco<; eiroiei<^ rr)v i/jbrjv 'x^copav on 
 i8vv(o; e^T) 6 *0/3oWa?. Ovkovv, €(f)r) 6 KO/oo?, otto't* av 
 €71/6)9 T7)V aavTOv 8vva/JLLV, eXOcov eirl tov t^9 *A/)Te/it8o? 
 ffcofibv fieTafxeXeLV re aot ecfyrjada koL Treiaa^i e/xe inaTa 
 irdXiv eSco/cdf; fioi koi eXa/Se^; Trap' ijiov; xal Tavd* cofio- 
 Xoyet 6 *Op6vTa<;. Tt ovv, e^r) 6 KOpo?, aSiKrfdeU xnr 
 e/iov vvv TO TpiTOv €7riffovXev(DV fjLOi <f>avepb<; yeyova^ ; 
 elirovTO'; he tov \^p6vTa otl ovhev a8LKr)6ei<i, i^pcoTrjcrev o 
 Ki)/309 avTOVy ofioXoyelf ovv irepl e/ie d8LK0<; yeyevrjaOai ; 
 *H yap avdyKrj, e^-q 6 *Op6vTa<i. *E/c tovtov irdXtv rfpay- 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 175 
 
 ^poaeKoKeaa vfia^;, avhpe^ ^iXot, OTTft)?, avfji/SovXevo- 
 fievo^; fjLed* v/jlcov, Trpd^cj irepl rov *Op6vTov tovtov 6,ti 
 SiKatov /cal irpo tmv deoiv Koi irpo tmv avOpcaircov. WpoiTOV 
 fiev 6 iraTrjp /jlov /jloI eScjKev avrov Iva fjuol rj v7ri]K00<; ' 
 aXV 0UT09, hiaTa')(6ei'sj c6<; Xeyet avT09, vtto tov aSeXcfyov /xou, 
 iiToXeiirjae /car ifiov KaT€)(^cov ttjv aKpoiroXiv TOiV ^dpSecov. 
 '£70) Be, nroXefJiOiv KaT avrov, tov r^vd^Kaaa va irport- 
 P'Tfari Tr)v iravcnv tov irpo^ ifie TroXe/xov, koi eXa^ov ttjv 
 Se^LCLV avTOv koi eSco/ca avTch Trjv ep^rjv. Mera he Tavra 
 elrrev, cu 'OpovTa, ae r/SLKijcrd ttote; 6 Be aireKpCdr] otl 
 ovherroTe. HdXtv S' 6 KO/ao? i^pcoTrjaef ^^vtovtol<; vare- 
 pov, ft)? av avTOf; 6/jLoXoy€i<s, /caiTOC ovSeiroTe Trap* i/xov 
 ahiK7)6el^, aTroo-rarrjaa'^ eh tov9 MfO"0U9, eKaKOirolei'^ 
 Tr)U i/jirjv ')^d)pav oaov r]hvvaaro ; 'O 'O/aoVra? cofioXoyrjae 
 TavTa. Kat ore irdXiv, elirev 6 K^vpo<;, aveyvct)pL(Ta<; ttjv 
 ahwafxlav aov, iXOcov 7rpo<i tov ^co/jlov tt)? *ApT€/JLt,8o<;, 
 etTre? otl uere/xeX,?}^?;? /cal KaTaireiaa^ pie fiol eScoKe^; 
 irdXiv TCL iriaTa /cal eXa/9e9 Trap* ejxov; Kat TavTa co/jlo- 
 XojTjaev 6 'O/JoVra?. Kara tl Be, eiTrev 6 K^vpo^;, yBL/C'qOr)<i 
 Trap* e/xov coaTe va (f)avepco67J<; eTrt^ovXevcov /car ifiov to 
 TpLTOv rjBrj; EtVoWo? Be tov *Op6vTa otl /car ovBev 
 el^ev aBL/C7]6rj, i^pcoTTjaev 6 KO/oo? avTov, ' O /xoXoyeh Xol- 
 TTOV OTL iyeveao dBL/co^; Trp6<; ifie; *Avdy/cr} va to 6/jloXo- 
 yrjaco, eWev 6 'O/JoWa?. *E«: tovtov TrdXLV r/pcoTrjaev 6 
 
176 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 [Continued from page 174.] 
 
 Trj(T€V 6 Ki)/)09, €Ti ovv av yepoio rep ifiui a^e\<f>(p TroXefiiofiy 
 ifiol Se (fyiXof; kol Trto-To?; 6 he aireKpLvaro on ou5' el 
 yevoi/XTjp, w KO/oe, aol 7' av rrrore en So^atfiL. Il/ao? 
 ravra K{)/oo9 elire rot? irapovaiv, 6 fiev avrjp roLavra fiev 
 IT eiro IT) Ke J roiavTa Be Xeyet * vfJLMV Be av irpwro'iy dS 
 K\eap')(e, aTrocfyrjvai jvoo/jltjv 6 n aol SoKel. K\ea/);^09 
 Be elire TciSe. ^vfji/SovXevco iyo) tov dvSpa tovtov eKiro- 
 Soi)V TTOielaOaL ©9 Tci')(^taTa, oJ? fiijKeTi Serj tovtov (fyvXciT- 
 Teadai, aXXa cr^oA,^ rj tj/jllv to kuto, tovtov elvai tov^ 
 ideXovTCLf; (/>tXoi»9 tovtov^; ev Trotelv. TavTrj Be Tjf jvco/jlt} 
 €<f)Tj Kol Tots aXXov<; irpoaOeaSai. fieTct TavTa, €<f>rf, 
 KeXevovTO^ ILvpov eXa^ov tyj^; ^(ovr)^; tov ^OpovTav iwl 
 BavaTcp airavTe^ avaaTavTe^ koX ol avyyev€t<; ' eiTa he 
 i^rjyov avTOV oh 'jrpoaeTd')(dr}. eirel he elhov avTov oXirep 
 irpoadev irpoaeKVVovv, koI t6t€ TrpoaeKvvrjaav, Kalirep 
 elhoTe^ OTi eirX OdvaTOV dyoiTO. eirel he eh Tr)v *ApTa- 
 TTUTOV aKr)V7)V elarj')(^dr) tov TrtaTOTaTOV tmv K.vpov aKrj- 
 
 TTTOV^^COV, fl€Ta TaVTa OVT€ ^(OVTa 'OpOVTaV OVTe TedvTJKOTU 
 
 ovheU elhe TrewTrore ovhe oir(o^ aired avev ovheU €lhcD<; 
 eXeyev • eiKa^ov he dXXoi dXX(o<; • Td(f)0^ he ovheU TrwTrore 
 avTOv i^dvT). 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 177 
 
 [Continued from page 175.] 
 
 KO/309, *A\V ert koX vvv rjhvvaao va yeLVT}<; 7ro\e/it09 rov 
 aSeXcfyov /JLOV, ifiov Se ^l\o^ ical Trto-ro?; 'O 3' aireicpldr^^ 
 KOI av ijevofJLijv, (o KO/oe, av ovSeirore 7]0€\€<i irXeov /xe 
 inarevaeL. Mera ravra elirev 6 KO/ao? et? Tov<i irapovra^. 
 'O p>ev avrjp ovto<; TOtavra fxev eirpa^e, roiavra 8e \eyec. 
 *Ef vfjLMV Se (TV 7r/3ft)T09, CO liXeapx^, a7rocl)dv6r}TL iroiav 
 yv(o/jLT)v e')(^ei^. 'O he KXea/9;;^09 elire rd ef^9. '£70) o-u/li- 
 fiovXevco vd iroLTjaw^ev eKirohcov rov dvhpa tovtov cJ? 
 rd-^tara, ware vd /jltj dvayfca^o^/Jieda irXeov vd irpo^vXar- 
 Tcofjieda dir' avTOv, dXXd vd €^(o/jiev Kaipov, d^ov eKre- 
 XeaSwat rd kut avrov, vd evepyercofjiev tou? deXovra^ vd 
 (ocTi (f)LXoi fia<;. EiTre Be on kol ol Xoiirol TrpocreriOevTO 
 et9 Tr)v jvco/jLTjv ravTtjv. Mera ravra 8e, Kard Starayr)v 
 rov Kvpov, dvaardvre<^ ctTravre^, /cal ol arvyyevetf; avrov, 
 eXa^ov rov 'Opovrav diro t^9 ^(i)vr)^, KaraSiKd^ovre<; 
 avrov ovrco eh ddvarov. Elra 3* i^i^yayov avrov ol 
 Stara'x^Oevre^;. ^Xeirovre*; 8* avrov ocrot irporepov irpocre- 
 Kvvovv avrov, rov irpoae/cvvijaav teal rore, /calroi yvcapC- 
 ^ovre^ on yyero €69 rov ddvarov. ^A^ov 8e elaij'x^drj ek 
 rrjv afcrjvrjv rov * Aprairdrov, rov marordrov rcov aicr]- 
 Trrov'^cov rov K^vpov, /jLerd ravra ov8ei<; rrore elhe rov 
 *Op6vrav, ovre ^Mvra, ovre vefcpov, dXX^ ovSe 7r&)9 aTre- 
 Oavev ovSeU ev yvcoaet r]hvvaro vd eXiry. "E/ca<7T09 
 eUa^ev dXXecix;, rd(j>o^ 8e ouSet9 irore avrov icpavrj. 
 
178 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 
 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 179 
 
 'Ev narpais t^ i5^ Mapriov i^P,?. 
 
 Sa? avvKTTM depfiMf; rov 
 (fyepovTa ttjv irapovadv fiov cpiXov fiov k. 
 'AdavdcTLOV ^ AXe^avhpOTTOvXoVy KadrjyrjTijv, 
 ocTTi? TrpoTideraL va hiafieivrj eirC nva^ r^fxepa^ 
 et? Tr]V vfjLerepav iroXiv 7rpo<; /xeXerrjv tmv 
 jjivr]/jL6Lcov avrrj^. "Eo-o/i-ai viJuv \iav ev'^vcaixoav 
 8ta Trdaav irepnroiT^aiv rjv r)hvvaado va rw 
 7rapda')(^r)T€, 
 
 Ae^aade, (fyiXe Kvpie, rrjv €K<^paaLV rcov 
 ^LXiK(OTdT(ov fxou aladrjfidTcov. 
 
 "OXft)? L/yLteVe/oo? 
 *la}dvvr)<i *ApyvpLaSi]<;. 
 
 j^ov YewpyLOv ArjfxrjTptov, 
 
 Eis ^irapT-qv. 
 
180 A PRACrJCAL METHOD 
 
 
 ^^.^^.J^ 
 
 
 
 
IN MODERN GREEK, 181 
 
 *Ev * KOrivQ.1% Trj S7V *IavovapLOv 1895. 
 *08o? ^SraStou aptO. 108. 
 
 ^iXe Kvpie K , 
 
 T^i^ ip')(^oixevr]v HapaaKevrjv, 
 30"^^ XrjyovTO<; firjvo^, aKOirevopLCV va eKBpafico/JLev 
 /jL€^pL^ AljiV7j<; 7r/309 iTTLo-fceyjnv rov avToOt irepi- 
 (jy^fiov vaov, evda Kal da Trpoyev/jLaTiacopLev, iXTri^co 
 8* oTi da fjid<i KCLfxrire ttjv evxci'P^f^Tr^atv va av/jL- 
 /jLerda^rjTe tt}? iH:SpOfirj<i ravrrj^;. @a Karafico/jLev 
 669 Hetpaid Sta rr)? d/JLa^O(rTOt')(^ia<; rr)? 7^^ tt./x. 
 Kal 6a iTTL^t^aadMfJLev dpueao)^ tov drfxoirXoiov 
 ^'SeaaaXta," oirep 6' aTTOirXevarj aKpij^o)^ rrj oySoy, 
 6a i7ravaKd/jLyjr(o/jL€V 3' av6r]iJLep6v. 
 
 "OXo)? 7rp66viJLO'i <^tXo9 aa<; 
 
 K. 'NtKoXatSr)^. 
 Il/aos TOV 
 
 K.vpLov I. X. K. 
 
 EvTav^a. 
 
182 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 >2^^ 
 
 
 
 'Z^c/cr.^ 
 
 .a:^^^ 
 
 Q^^ ^C£^.^>Z^;U^l^^ 
 
 (Pp^^tzzz/i^&y . 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 183 
 
 ^AOrjvrjo-L Trj 28^ 'lavovaptov 1895. 
 
 2a9 el/JLUL \lav evyvco/jicov Sta 
 TTjv evjevT] vfX(ov TrpocricXrja-iv otto)? avixfierda'xjco 
 tt)? et? Ai'yLvav i/cSpo/jLi]^ vfjLMV Kal aa^ fie/Saict) 
 OTL fiejdXcof; Xvirov/JLat fjur] Bwdfievo^; va he')(doi 
 avrrfv, Ka6* on avayKa^o/jLat v ava')(^coprj(T(i) irrei- 
 
 ry6vT(0<; 669 KopLvdoV TT/OO? eTTLaKe-^LV aa6€V0VVT0<; 
 
 avyjevov<i jjlov. 
 
 Ae^aaOe, a^LOTifxe <f)iXe, rrjv hiafiePalcocnv 
 tt)? i^aiperov /jlov vTroXT/i^eo)?. 
 
 I. X. K . 
 
 Kvpto) K. NtKoAatSr;, 
 
 'ISiVTavda. 
 
184 A PRACTICAL METHOD 
 
 5^'^2> 
 
 
 
 /^^^^^ '^^s^^'^v^zj;^-^ -'<^a^za^^i&^ .i^^^^^v:^^^'^^^?^ 
 
 
 «..^^;^^^?^^^z^^ (^ ^ck/j^>^d^/e/6^, ^£Z' ^t^2/i:^'euz/ 
 
 y^y^2^^^^ZM^^^(^ 
 
 'l^,£t^2^ 
 
 
 .^ 
 
IN MODERN GREEK. 185 
 
 'Ev 'A^iymts r^ ^^/^^ Maprtot; 1895. 
 
 ^tXrj Kvpia, 
 
 Tvcopi^ere /3e/3ata)9 oTt avptov elvai 
 rj idvLKTj eopTT) tmv *YAWrjVQ)Vj Ka0* rjv r/ l^aaiXiKfj 
 Ol/coyeveta ixera^alvei eh rrfv So^oXoyiav, rjri^ '^dXXeTav 
 €fc9 Tr)v MTjrpoiroXLV et? ra^ 10 tt./jl, 
 
 ^FiTreiBrj Se /jloI e^e(l>pdaaTe rrjv ^cor]pdv aa^ iindv/jLiav 
 OTTft)?, Kara ttjv Ppa')(elav evravOa hiaixovrjv aa'i, evrv- 
 ')(r)a7)Te va tSrjre ra^; AA.MM. Toi)^ BacrtXet? rjjJLcav, ad^ 
 irapaKoXoi va p.ol Ka/jbrjre ttjv n/jirjv vd eXdr^re ijKaipcof; 
 €t9 Tr]V aWovadv fiov iv tm Hez^oSo^etco t^9 *AyyXia^f 
 xjiro rd Tvapddvpa Trj<; oiroia'^ Od hieXdrj rj ^aaiXiKrj 
 TTO/JLTTT]. 2i'7;)^/ooVa}9 6d 8vv7]6rJTe vd tBrjre Koi rrjv 
 A.B.T. Tr)v AtaSo^oz/, UptyKi]7naaav ^ocf^iav ' 6 av^vyo^ 
 avrrj^y 6 AtaSo;)^09, Aouf rrj^ ^irdprr]^, cov dp')(r)'yo'i 
 Tov evravOa arparov, earat e^tTTTro?. 
 
 lLlp66v/jLO<i (l)tX7]aa^ 
 
 'EXevrj n 
 
VOCABULARIES. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 Feminine nouns in rj of the first declension. 
 (See Lesson IV.) 
 
 v^d-yAmi, love. 
 
 r d'yKdX'q, embrace. 
 
 dSc\({>'^, sister. 
 
 dKOi^, hearing. 
 
 dWa-y^, change. 
 ' aX|j,T], brine. 
 
 dXoi<}>'i], ointment. 
 ••■ dyd-yKT], necessity. 
 
 dvaroX'^, rising (of the sun) ; East. 
 
 dpcTi^, virtue. 
 
 dpxTJ, beginning; authority. 
 
 do-Tpair-fj, lightning. 
 
 av-yVj, dawn. 
 
 avX-fj, court. 
 
 d(|>op}i'^, cause. 
 
 PcX<SvT], needle. 
 
 PovX'^, parliament. 
 
 PpovT'/], thunder. 
 
 ppox^, r«/«. 
 
 ■YTi, earth. 
 • -YveofiT], opinion. 
 
 Siara-yi^, command. 
 
 8Ckt], lawsuit. 
 
 8paxp.-fj, drachma (= i franc^. 
 - 6lp^]vt], peace. 
 •■ €XcT])io(rvvT], charity. 
 ' l(a8^<}>T), cousin. 
 
 *5®X'^> country, country-house. 
 lopT'/j, holiday. 
 Iiri7pa<)>yj, inscription. 
 4iri<rToX^, letter. 
 liriTpoiri^, comity. 
 iv\i\, wish, prayer. 
 
 « J^d-TTJ (vlg.), /^m/. 
 t«^, ///^. 
 
 = 6^p(iTj,y^z/^r. 
 
 , KaXworvvTj, goodness, kindness. 
 
 Karao-Kcv^, construction. 
 
 KaTaarTpo({>'^, destruction. 
 
 Kc4>aX-^, head. 
 
 V kXCvt], bed. 
 kXctt'^, theft. 
 KXftXTTif), thread. 
 
 i K6pi], ^/V/; pupil of the eye. 
 
 KOpV<t>lfj, top. 
 
 KvpiaKi^, Sunday. 
 '^ Xdo-irq (vlg.), mud. 
 
 V XcKdvT), wash-bowl. 
 XviTT], sorrow. 
 
 . ^dx^l, battle. 
 
 V ^c6t], drunkenness. 
 
 V jieXtTT], study. 
 ix-qxav"^, machine. 
 
190 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 |ioWi, monastery. 
 
 IJkOvo'iK'^, music. 
 
 |jivTT] (vlg.), nose. 
 
 vCktj, victory. 
 
 op-y^, anger. 
 
 6pp.i^, start, spring. 
 
 6po<|>'^, roof. 
 
 irapao'Kcv'^, preparation ; Friday. 
 
 Il6|i.im], Thursday. 
 
 •ircpi'Ypa({>'^, description. 
 
 irpoo-poXiri, attack, offense. 
 
 Trpoo-€vx^, prayer. 
 
 Trpocox^, attention. 
 
 irpoo-Ta-y^, command. 
 
 <rcX.^vtj, moon. 
 
 crKd4>'n, wash-tub. 
 
 <rKTjvi(], scene ; tent. 
 
 OTTiYp.^, instant, moment ; point. 
 
 o-vyyvtoiiTj , forgiveness. 
 
 a^Y-^ov\i\j advice. 
 
 o-vitirXoK-/], fight. 
 
 <rvvava<rTpo<|>'^, social meeting. 
 (TX.oX'^, school. 
 Tapax"^, disturbance. 
 T£<rcrapaKO<rTVj, Lent. 
 TtrdpTrj, Wednesday. 
 Tip,-^, honor, price. 
 ToXnTj, daring. 
 Tptrr], Tuesday. 
 Tpo^'f\f food. 
 T<r€irTj (vlg.), pocket. 
 Tvx'Hi chance, fortune. 
 virtpPoXifj, exaggeration. 
 viro-Ypa<)>i^, signature. 
 viroSox'^, reception. 
 vironoviq, patience. 
 <)>pCKT], horror. 
 <|>vXaK'^, guard, prison. 
 <|>a)v^, voice. 
 XXdt], grass. 
 XopS'fi, cord. 
 <|n>x^, soul. 
 
 II. 
 
 Feminine nouns in a pure of the first declension. 
 
 (See Lesson V.) 
 
 dYKiviipa (vlg.), artichoke. 
 
 d'YKvpa, anchor. 
 
 d-yopd, market, buying. 
 
 dY(i)v(a, agony. 
 
 dScia, leave. 
 
 dSiKta, injustice. 
 
 d8vva(i(a, meekness. 
 
 dOavoorta, immortality. 
 
 alrCa, reason. 
 
 dKaOapo-Ca, dirt. 
 
 aKpa, edge. 
 
 dKpCPcia, exactness, dearness, 
 
 dX^0€ia, truth. 
 
 d|id9<ia, ignorance. 
 
 dfjiaprCa, sin. 
 d)jL({>iPoXCa, doubt. 
 dvoT|o-(a, nonsense, stupidity. 
 d|(a, uwrth. 
 do-O^vcia, illness. 
 doTTvvofiia, police. 
 pCa, violence, hurry. 
 Pio-Ypa<|>Ca, biography. 
 Piop.TfxO'Vla, industry. 
 PpaxuXo^Ca, conciseness. 
 -Y^(|>vpa, bridge. 
 'YC(i)Ypa-<}>ici, geography. 
 ■ycwp'yCa, agriculture. 
 -ywvCa, corner, angle. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 191 
 
 8e|id, right hand. 
 8ia<|>opd, difference. 
 8vo-TvxCa, misfortune. 
 lKKXt]0-Ca, church. 
 jXaCa, olive-tree. 
 cXcvOepCa, liberty. 
 cvvoia, meaning. 
 €|ovo-{a, authority. 
 cirapx^a, province. 
 Iiri<)>dveia, surface. 
 Ip-yao-Ca, work. 
 Icrircpa, evening. 
 craipCa, association, society. 
 cv-Y^v€ia, Jtobility, politeness. 
 cvKaipCa, occasion. 
 €VKo\Ca, facility. 
 ^'qp.Ca, damage. 
 ^(i)Ypci<t>^ci, painting. 
 T|\iKCa, a^^. 
 T||i.^pa, day. 
 T|(icpo|jLT)vCa, date. 
 T|o-uxCa, quiet, rest. 
 0€d, goddess. 
 
 Ocofi-qvCa, wrath of God. 
 6cpaircCa, r«r^; jwzV^. 
 OccopCa, theory. 
 8'^pa, //z/«/. 
 Op-qo-KcCa, religion. 
 Ovpa, rt'^^r. 
 I8^a, idea. 
 lirirao-ta, riding. 
 lo-TOpCa, history. 
 KttKCa, badness. 
 KaKOKaipCa, bad weather. 
 KaXoKaipCa, good weather. 
 Kdjiapa (vlg.), bedroofn. 
 Kajidpa (vlg.), arch. 
 KapSCa, heart. 
 KaroiKCa, habitation 
 KiOdpa, guitar. 
 
 KOiXCa, stomach. 
 
 KvpCa, lady. 
 
 K(i)|i6)8Ca, comedy. 
 
 X€iiro6v(i,£a, fainting. 
 
 XciTOvp'yCa, liturgy, service. 
 
 Xepa (vlg.), dirt. 
 
 Xvpa, lyre. 
 
 |jLdv8pa (vlg.), inclosure. 
 
 liavCa, jnania. 
 
 (Jidxaipa, knife. 
 
 licyaXoirpcircia, magnificence. 
 
 )icXfa)8(a, melody. 
 
 (icrdvoia, repentance. 
 
 |jkvpo)8la, perfume. 
 
 68-rf-YCa, guidance, instruction. 
 
 olKCa, house. 
 
 olKO'Y^vcia, family. 
 
 olKovo|i.Ca, economy. 
 
 OKvqpCa, laziness. 
 
 6|JLiX(a, speech, homily. 
 
 6|x6voia, concord. 
 
 ovpd, tail. 
 
 ovo-Ca, substance. 
 
 irdiriria (vlg.), duck. 
 
 irapa-yYcXia, message, order. 
 
 irapcid, cheek. 
 
 irapoifjiCa, proverb. 
 
 irapov(rCa, presence. 
 
 7repiov<r(a, fortune. 
 
 irepio-Tcpd, pigeon. 
 
 7r€pi<t>€peia, circumference. 
 
 TTCTpa, stone. 
 
 irXT]po({>opla, info7'mafio>i. 
 
 irXvo-Tpa (vlg.), washenuoman. 
 
 TToSid (vlg.), apron. 
 
 irpco-pcCa, legation. 
 
 irpcota, morning. • 
 
 TTupKa'id, fire. 
 
 (TCipd, /«r«. 
 
 (TKid^ shade, shadow. 
 
192 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 oro()>(a, wisdom. 
 
 (rrafivid ( vlg.) , jugful. 
 
 CTTod, gallery. 
 
 <rvYKOtv (tfvCa, com m unication. 
 
 crvfLTrdOcia, sympathy. 
 
 (rvfitlxuvia, agreement ; symphony , 
 
 o-vvex^'-o-j continuation. 
 
 o-vv^Ocia, custom. 
 
 <rvvoiKia, town-quarter. 
 
 (ruvo)i.i\(a, conversation. 
 
 <r<|>aipa, ball, sphere. 
 
 raivCa, ribbon. 
 
 Ti|ib)p(a, punishment. 
 
 rpa-yt^SCa, tragedy. 
 
 v-ycCa, health. 
 
 virttTcta, consular service. 
 
 vircp'r]({>dv€ia, pride. 
 
 <)>avTao-Ca, imagination. 
 
 <|>6opd, damage. 
 
 III. 
 
 Feminine nouns in a not pure of the first declension, with 
 gen. in rys. 
 
 (See Lesson VI.) 
 
 atOovo-a, drawing-room. 0d\a<r<ra, sea. 
 
 &p.a|a, carriage. p.^Xi<ro-a, bee. 
 
 pao-CXio-o-a, queen. p.ov<ra, w«j^. 
 
 ■YXwo-o-a, tongue, language. ireiva, hunger. 
 
 8(x|/a, ////Vj/. ^Ct», ^^"^• 
 
 86|a, glory. Tpdireja, A/^/^, ^a»>^. 
 
 (|>i\Ca, friendship. 
 ()>iXo\o-Y(a, literature. 
 (f>i\o|€v£a, hospitality. 
 4>i\oiraTpCa, patriotism. 
 (|>i\oo-o({>(a, philosophy. 
 <{>iXoTi^Ca, self-esteem. 
 <)>opd, time ; direction. 
 <}>b)Tid (vlg.),y?r^. 
 ct>b)T0-Ypci4>la, photograph. 
 (jxriToxvcrCa, illu7nination. 
 
 xapd,yey- 
 
 XiKLcia, chemistry. 
 X'^pa, widow. 
 XoXc'pa, cholera. 
 XpcCci, necessity. 
 XVTpa, saucepan. 
 Xwpa, country. 
 wpa, //w/r. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Feminine nouns in a not pure of the first declension, with 
 gen. in as. 
 
 (See Lesson VL) 
 
 PdpKa, boat. 8ow\a, maid-servant. 
 
 Povpro-a, brush. K6\Xa, starch, glue. 
 
 YdTa, cat. KoXwva, column. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VO CA B ULARIES. 
 
 193 
 
 KOVKXa, doll. 
 \d|Ji7ra, lamp. 
 ofJiPpeWa, u?nbj'ella. 
 irdoTTa, paste. 
 ir-fJTTa, pie. 
 iropra, door. 
 irpoPariva, ewe. 
 p68a, wheel. 
 
 (TKoXa, stai?xase, ladder. 
 O-Kovirtt, broom. 
 
 (Tovira, sotip. 
 TapdT<ra, terrace. 
 rpcXXa, madness. 
 <)>eTa, j-//V<?. 
 <)>opdSa, inare. 
 4>ovKTa, handful. 
 ()>pdovXa, strawberry. 
 >|rd6a, straw-matting. 
 4r£x^) soft part of bread. 
 
 Masculine nouns of the first declension. 
 
 do-pco-rqs, //w^. 
 PipXioirco\t]s, bookseller. 
 8i€v0vvTi]S, director. 
 8iKa<rTT|s, Judge. 
 8ioiKT|Ti^S, governor. 
 ciripdr-ris, passejiger. 
 {irnrTdTTjs, overseer. 
 Ip-ydrris, workman. 
 Ocar^S, spectator. 
 KaOt^-YTiTifis, professor. 
 KairvoirwXT]s, tobacconist. 
 KX€'irTT]S> thiif. 
 Kvp£pv/)TT]s, captaijt. 
 KTiarTT]s, builder. 
 Xtio'T'^S, brigand. 
 XoxCas, sergeant. 
 liaOTiT-fls, pupil. 
 
 (See Lesson VII.) 
 
 |i.axTiTifjs, combatant. 
 vavrr^s, sailor. 
 vcavias, young man. 
 viK'qTTis, victor. 
 vo}JidpxT]S, prefect. 
 oirXiTTis, soldier (heavy-armed). 
 TravTOirwXiis, grocer. 
 iroi-qTiis, /^/f/. 
 iroX(Ttis, citizen. 
 irpcorPcvTiqS, a?nbassador. 
 pdirnis, tailor. 
 CTTpaTittfT-qs, soldier. 
 crvvTa-YnaTdpxT]?, colonel. 
 rafiCas, cashier. 
 vir-qpcTTis, servant. 
 XdpTi]s, wa/, paper. 
 \|/dXTTis, chanter. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Masculine nouns of the second declension. 
 (See Lesson VIII.) 
 a-yyeXos, angel. d8cX(t>6s, brother. 
 
 ' A-y-yXos, Englishman. 
 
 dcTOSi eagle. 
 'A(upiKav6s, American. 
 
194 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 avcfjios, wind. 
 
 dv€t)/i6s, nephew. 
 
 avGpcoiros, ma^t. 
 
 d|ia)|xaTiK6s, officer. 
 
 dp^vpos, silver. 
 
 dpi6p,6s, number. 
 
 dpXTl"y6s, chief. • 
 
 Pdrpaxos, frog. 
 
 pCos, life. 
 
 Ppdxos, rock. 
 
 Pwpios, altar. 
 
 rdXXos, Frenchman. 
 
 ■yafippos, bridegroom, son-in-law. 
 
 ■ydfios, Tfiarriage. 
 
 repp.av6s, German. 
 
 SaKTvXos, finger. 
 
 8ir]p,apx,os, mayor. 
 
 8t]p.os, municipality. 
 
 SidpoXos, ^^/. 
 
 SidSoxos, successor. 
 
 SiSdcKaXos, teacher. 
 
 8iK'r]'Y6pos, lawyer. 
 
 SovXos, slave, servant. 
 
 8p6p.os, ;'^rt!</. 
 
 €p.iropos, nierchant. 
 
 CTrapxos, sub-prefect. 
 
 evt^vos, Greek soldier in national 
 
 dress. 
 €X^P<^S> enemy. 
 c&)(r4>6pos, morning star. 
 
 T|'YO'U)Jicvos, superior of a monastery. 
 
 -qXios, i-z/«. 
 
 tJxos, sound. 
 
 OdXajios, chamber. 
 
 Odfivos, /v/j//. 
 
 Odvaros, death. 
 
 0«6s, 6Vv/. 
 
 6T)(ravp6s, treasure. 
 
 O6X0S, (^/^v//^. 
 
 66pvPo$, ;/m^. 
 
 6p6vos, throne. 
 Ovfios, anger. 
 Ovpwpos, porter. 
 tarpds, doctor. 
 lTriroK6|j.os, groom. 
 iiriros, horse. 
 lo-OfLOS, isthmus. 
 'lo-iravds, Spaniard. 
 'IraXds, Italian. 
 Kaip6s, zveather. 
 KaKovp-yos, criminal. 
 Kairvds, smoke, tobacco. 
 Kapirds, fruit. 
 Kcpa\iv6s, thunderbolt. 
 KTiiros, garden. 
 kCvSvvos, danger. 
 KXdSos, branch. 
 KXf]pos, clergy. 
 KoXiros, .iTW^- 
 K6p.pos, X;/^/. 
 Koiros, fatigue. 
 Kopfjids, trunk. 
 Koo-fios, world. 
 KpdroS) noise. 
 Kvpios, master, gentleman. 
 Xa'Y(i>6s, //ar^. 
 Xaip,6s, «^?<r^'. 
 Xa6s, people. 
 XC60S, j/^«^. 
 
 XVKOS, W^i^. 
 
 Xo-yapiaarp,6s, /v7/, account. 
 X6"YOS, speech, reason. 
 X64>os, /////. 
 X6xos, company. 
 p.d'ycipos, cook. 
 p.TixciviKds, engineer. 
 (1,1.0-66$, wages. 
 p,6XvP8os, M/r/. 
 (jLOvax^s, monk. 
 |xov(riK6s, musician. 
 va6s, temple. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 195 
 
 va<iapxos» admiral. 
 
 vavXos, freight. 
 
 v€Kpds, dead. 
 
 v6)JLOs, law. 
 
 IvXcvp-yos, carpenter. 
 
 6poX6s, small copper coin (cent). 
 
 o-yKOs, mass. 
 
 68t]y6S) guide. 
 
 oSoiiropos, traveler. 
 
 68ovTOiaTp6s, dentist. 
 
 oIkos, house. 
 
 otvos, wine. 
 
 Svos, donkey. 
 
 opKOs, oath. 
 
 6p({>av6s, orphan. 
 
 ovpavos, sky, heaven. 
 
 6(|>da\p,6s, eye. 
 
 oxXos, populace. 
 
 ird-yos, ice. 
 
 ircvOepos, father-in-law. 
 
 ir(6os, jar. 
 
 irtXos, hat. 
 
 irXovTOs, riches. 
 
 iroOos, desire. 
 
 iroXcfios, war. 
 
 irovos, pain. 
 
 irovTiKos, mouse. 
 
 iroranos, river. 
 
 irpo-yovos, ancestor. 
 
 'Pwor<ros, Russian. 
 
 <rdKKOs, sack. 
 
 crCSi^pos, iron. 
 
 o-ivairicrp.os, mustard-plaster. 
 
 <riTOs, tuheat. 
 
 o-KtiiTToOxos, sceptre-bearer. 
 
 (rKOv<)>os, cap. 
 
 o-ravXos, stable. 
 
 o-Tttvpos, cross. 
 
 <rT€<j>avos, crown of flowers. 
 
 o-ToXos, fleet. 
 
 (TTdnaxos, stomach. 
 
 <rTparq"Y6s, general. 
 ©■Tpards, army. 
 <rTp6PiXos, whirlwind. 
 o"TvXos, column. 
 Grv|jiPoXaio-Ypd<t>os, notary. 
 <rv»vTpo<|)OS, cof?irade. 
 o-v^v^os, husband. 
 <r(ap6^f heap. 
 Td<)>os, tomb. 
 tCtXos, title. 
 TOixos, wall. 
 rdftos, volume. 
 t6vos, accent. 
 rdiros, place. 
 TovpKOs, Turk. 
 Tpd^os, he-goat. 
 TpcXXos, madman. 
 Tpojtos, fright. 
 Tpoiros, manner. 
 rpoxos, wheel. 
 Tuiros, press. 
 Tvpos, cheese. 
 Tv<j>X6s, blindman. 
 vios, son. 
 v-irdXXTiXos, clerk. 
 VTraros, Roman consul. 
 ilirvos, sleep. 
 
 virowp'yos, minister of state. 
 <{)dK£XXos, envelope. 
 <}>av6s, lantern. 
 ()>app.aKoiroi6s, apothecary. 
 <)>eXX6s, cork. 
 <{>CXos, friend. 
 4>iX6a'0(|>oS; philosopher. 
 <)>6vos, murder. 
 <|>6pos, tax. 
 <)>ovpvos (vlg.), oven. 
 XciXkos, copper. 
 Xeip.appos, stream. 
 X^ipos, toi dower. 
 Xoipos, pig 
 
1% 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA RIES. 
 
 Xopos, chorus^ dance. 
 XpicTTiavos, Chi'istian. 
 XpwTTos, Christ. 
 Xp6vos, time (vlg. year). 
 Xpvo-6s, gold. 
 i|/aX|i,6s, psalm. 
 wKcavos, ocean. 
 u)Ji0S| shoulder. 
 
 Contracted. (See Lesson XII.) 
 
 dirdirXovs, departure by sea. 
 8idir\ovs, passage by sea. 
 KaTdirXous, arrival by sea. 
 vovs, mind. 
 irXovs, journey by sea. 
 povs, current. 
 
 Attic. (See Lesson XVI.) 
 pkv6K€p&)s, rhinoceros. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Feminine nouns of the second declension. 
 (See Lesson IX.) 
 
 aPvo-o-os, abyss. 
 
 &p,|ios, sand. 
 
 dfiircXos, vine, vineyard. 
 
 cCo-oSos, entratice. 
 
 "Hircipos, continent ; Epirus. 
 
 X^fi^os, boat. 
 
 (ncOoSos, method. 
 
 vt]<ros, island. 
 
 v6(ros, disease. 
 
 686s, street. 
 
 'na.va-&Jt\vo%, full moon. 
 irepCoSos, period. 
 pdpSos, rod, cane. 
 (TvJv'YOS, wife. 
 ^9[^o%y vote. 
 
 Attic. (See Lesson XVI.) 
 dir6Kp€a>s, carnival. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Neuter nouns of the second declension. 
 
 (See Lesson X.) 
 
 d77€iov, vase. 
 d-yKio-Tpov, hook. 
 dvdKTopov, palace. 
 dpvCov, lamb. 
 dT}i6irXoiov, steamer. 
 
 av-yiv (vlg.), egg. 
 PaXdvTiov, purse. 
 pipXCov, book. 
 Povv6v, mountain. 
 PovTvpov, butter. 
 
 'ypa<|>ciov, office, desk. 
 S^vSpov, tree. 
 SiKao-TTJpiov, tribunal. 
 8a)p.dTiov, room. 
 8«»pov, gift. 
 clcriT^piov, ticket. 
 e|o8ov, expense. 
 tiricTKCirT^piov, visiting-card. 
 ip-yaXciov, tool, instrument. 
 Ip^ov, work. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 197 
 
 epcCiriov, ruin. 
 cua-yyeXiov, gospel. 
 ^wov, animal. 
 T)(i€po\6'yiov, calendar. 
 T])i,epo)jkio'6iov, day^s wages. 
 TjnepovvKTiov, 24 hours (a day and 
 
 night). 
 T|<(>ai<rT€tov, volcano. 
 Ocarpov, theatre. 
 6c6)peiov, theatre-box. 
 linriKOV, cavalry. 
 Ka6f)K0v, duty. 
 KaXdOiov, basket. 
 KairvoTrwXeiov, tobacco shop. 
 Kdp|3ovvov (vlg.), coal. 
 K€VTpov, centre. 
 Kc<}>d\aiov, capital ; chapter. 
 Ki^wTiov, box. 
 KoiXov, bushel. 
 Koivov, public. 
 KOKKaXov (vlg.), bone. 
 Kopdoriov, girl. 
 Kovpciov, barber^s shop. 
 Kpvo-TaWov, crystal. 
 \a0 pc (jiiro pio V , sin uggling. 
 \dxavov, cabbage. 
 \ci\(/avov, remains ; funeral. 
 XcTTTOv, minute; small coin {I of a 
 
 cent). 
 |Adpp,apov, marble. 
 fi€o-ovvKTiov, midnight. 
 (xeTwirov, forehead. 
 |jifi\ov, apple. 
 
 (iTlX^-viKov, engineer corps. 
 p.ovacTT'/jpiov, monastery. 
 p.va\6v (vlg.), brain. 
 [jivpov, myrrh, perfume. 
 (jtvo-T-^piov, mystery. 
 p.v<rTpiov, trowel. 
 vavTiKov, navy. 
 vcpov (vlg.), water. 
 
 vcvpov, nerve. 
 
 voo-OKop,€iov, hospital. 
 
 |6vo8ox€iov, hotel. 
 
 |v\ov, wood, stick. 
 
 oIkoitcSov, building lot. 
 
 olvoirwXeiov, wine-shop. 
 
 ovckpov, dream. 
 
 oirwpiKdv, tablefruit. 
 
 op'yavov, organ. 
 
 opiov, limit. 
 
 iravTOircoXciov, grocery. 
 
 irapdOvpov, window. 
 
 irapdirovov, complaint. 
 
 ircSiov, plain. 
 
 irc^iKOV, infantry. 
 
 irepio-TariKdv, occurrence. 
 
 iridrov (vlg.),//<z/^. 
 
 TrwTTd (rd), pledges. 
 
 irXcvpov, side. 
 
 irXotov, ship. 
 
 •TroC(j,viov, flock. 
 
 irpoPttTov, sheep. 
 
 irpdo-toTTOv, face. 
 
 irTTjvov, bird. 
 
 irupoPoXiKov, artillery. 
 
 irvpoPoXov, gun. 
 
 piv6|xaKTpov, handkerchief 
 
 poSdKivov, peach. 
 
 p68ov, rose. 
 
 powx^v (vlg.), garment. 
 
 poTraXov, cudgel. 
 
 <n]|i6iov, point, sign, signal. 
 
 o-rdSiov, career; race-course; meas- 
 ure of distance (600 ft.). 
 
 <rToiX€iov, element. 
 
 trv-yx^'-P'T^^P''"' (''■'*)» congratula- 
 tions. 
 
 o-v^iPoXaiov, contract. 
 
 (rvp.povXiov, counsel. 
 
 orvp,(j>€'pov, interest. 
 
 <rvvv€<J>ov, cloud. 
 
198 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VO CAB UL ARIES. 
 
 irvvopov, frontier. 
 o-x^Siov, plan. 
 (TXoXciov, school. 
 rajuiov, treasury. 
 Taxv8po(Ji€tov, post-office. 
 T€Kvov, child. 
 TcXwveiov, cttstom-house. 
 T€(jidxiov, piece. 
 Ti]\€-ypa(t>eiov, telegraph-office. 
 t6|ov, I'ow, arch. 
 TpiavTd<}>vXXov (vlg.), rose. 
 To-i-ydpov (vlg.), cigar. 
 {iiroKd|ii(rov, shirt. 
 viroXoiirov, rest, remaining. 
 <|)a-YTiT6v, meal, eating. 
 <)>ap|iiaKctov, pharmacy. 
 
 <)>p€voKO)i.6iov, madhouse. 
 «|>vXXov, leaf. 
 <{>vXov, sex, race. 
 <J>vt6v, plant. 
 X.u)p(ov, village. 
 \J/t|t6v, roast. 
 «6v, egg. 
 
 Contracted. (See Lesson XII.) 
 6o-Tovv, bone. 
 
 Attic. (See Lesson XVI.) 
 dvu-yewv, garret. 
 KaxM'ycwv, ground-Jloor. 
 viroYewv, ujiderground cellar. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Neuter diminutive nouns in i of the second declension. 
 
 (See Lesson XI.) 
 
 d-yyovpi, cucumber. 
 d-yKd6i, thorn. 
 d-y6pi, little boy. 
 ayiayij/are. 
 dXevpi, flour. 
 d|i,d^i, carriage. 
 d|iircXk, vineyard. 
 dpvC, dpvdKi, lamb. 
 avrC, ear. 
 dxovpi, stable. 
 Pap.pdKi, cotton. 
 PpaxtoXi, bracelet. 
 PioXC, violin. 
 ^aiSovpi, donkey. 
 •yovpovvi, pig. 
 8a8C, kindling wood. 
 SaKTuXCSi, ring. 
 86vTi, tooth. 
 (cvYdpi, pair. 
 
 KaXdOi, small basket. 
 KoXa^idpi, inkstand. 
 KoXoKaipi, summer. 
 Kavdri, jtig. 
 Kapdpi, ship. 
 Kapirov^i, watermelon. 
 KapvSi, nut. 
 Kardpri, mast. 
 Kcpa)iv8i, brick. 
 K«p(, candle. 
 Kc4>dXi, head. 
 kX€i8C, key. 
 kXov^C, cage. 
 KO)i)idTi, piece. 
 KOirdSi, herd, pack. 
 KOpCrcri, ,i,v/. 
 Kovpdpi, ball of yarn. 
 KOv8ovvi, bell. 
 KOvWXv, rabbit. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 199 
 
 KOvpe'Xi, rag. 
 
 KO<|>Cvi, large basket. 
 
 KpaorC, wine. 
 
 KpcPpdri, bed. 
 
 Kvvfj-yi, tnint. 
 
 KOvvoviTk, mosquito. 
 
 KovvoviriSi, cauliflower. 
 
 KovrdXi, spoon. 
 
 XdSk, oil. 
 
 Xatvijjug. 
 
 Xcfjiovk, lemon. 
 
 Xovpi, strap. 
 
 p.a-ya^(, shop. 
 
 (jiaXXC, wool. 
 
 |i.av8f]Xi, handkerchief. 
 
 (laxaipk, knife. 
 
 (tcXdvi, ink. 
 
 |i€Td|l, silk. 
 
 (lOvXdpi, mule. 
 
 vepdvT^i, bitter orange. 
 
 vr\<tT[.^ island. 
 
 ^ei8i, vinegar. 
 
 ^vpd({>i, razor. 
 
 ual^dpi,, market. 
 
 irai-yvCSi, game, play. 
 
 iraXdri, palace. 
 
 •iraXXT]Kdpi,ji/^z////; brave man, hero. 
 
 iravaipi, basket. 
 
 iravq^vpi, fair; fete. 
 
 iravC, cotton cloth. 
 
 irairovTo-t, shoe. 
 
 irapap.v9i, story. 
 
 ircirovi, melon. 
 
 irepio-TCpt, pigeon. 
 
 ircTcri, skin, leather. 
 
 'Tt't\povv\.^ fork. 
 
 ir68i, foot. 
 
 iropTOKdXi, orange. 
 
 iroTTJpi, drin king-glass. 
 
 irovXC, bird, chicken. 
 
 irpoo-6\|/i, towel. 
 paSiKi, chicory. 
 p€irdvi, radish. 
 crirdpi, wheat. 
 (TKordSi, darkness. 
 OTKOViriSi, sweepings, rubbish. 
 » (TiraOC, sword. 
 o-ttCti, house. 
 
 - (rTap.v(, /w^''. 
 
 o-T£<j)dvi, crown of flowers. 
 
 o-4>ov-y'Ydpi, sponge. 
 
 o-Ta<j>vXi, grape. 
 4 orxoivC, rf/i'. 
 
 rapdvi, roof. 
 
 Ta|€t8i, journey. 
 
 T^dp.1, window-pane. 
 
 Tij-ydvi, frying-pan. 
 
 To-di, tea. 
 y TvpC, cheese. 
 s Tovpo-C, pickle. 
 
 - Tpa-yf, he-goat. 
 
 - voXC, glass. 
 
 - (t^a-yCy eating. 
 <{>avdpi, lantern. 
 <|>app.dKi,, poison. 
 4>a(rovXi, <5d?««, 
 (}>e-Y-Ydpi, moon. 
 <|>ei)8i, snake. 
 4>XiT^dvi, f«/. 
 
 <j>TCXt, Z£//VZ'. 
 
 X.cfyidTi, corridor. 
 Xdvi, /«;z. 
 
 X^pt, //««</. 
 
 XovXidpi, spoon. 
 I y^titvi^ funnel. 
 
 X<»pd(j>i, y?<?/^. 
 
 \|/aX(8i, scissors. 
 
 \|fdpi,y?j/^. 
 , i|f(ii>|jLC, bread. 
 
200 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension. 
 
 (See Lessons 
 
 d^aOdrrjs, -tos, 7?, goodness, kind- 
 ness. 
 
 d-ycXds, -Sos, ^, cow. 
 
 d-yKtav, -vos, 6, elbow. 
 
 d-ywv, ^vo%, 6, combat. 
 
 d8d)j.as, -I'Tos, 6, diamond. 
 
 dtjSwv, -6V0S, •^, nightingale. 
 
 drip, -epos, 6, «/>. 
 
 alwv, -ws, 6, century, age. 
 
 dKTfs, -^»'os, y\y ray. 
 
 dXwirT]^, -eKOS, i],/ox. 
 
 dva^j -KTos, 6, king. 
 
 dv^ip, -5p6s, 6, wd;«. 
 
 av0pa^, -Kos, 6, r<7^/. 
 
 dv6Mv, -fos, b, flower-garden. 
 
 "Apa\j/, -jSos, 6, ^rrt/;. 
 
 dipira|, -70s, 6, ravislier. 
 
 do-T-^ip, -^pos, 6, j/ar. 
 
 avXa|, -Kos, 6, trench. 
 
 PovS; -06s, 6, <7j:. 
 
 Ppa8vTT|s, -TOS, r\, slinuness. 
 
 ppaxCwv, -oj'os, 6, rt;7«. 
 
 ■yciTCDv, -ovos, 6, neighbor. 
 
 ■ye'Xws, -TOS, 6, laughter. 
 
 ytpuvj -pros, 6, old man. 
 
 ■yvv^, -atK6s, ^, woman. 
 
 YV\|/, -7r6s, 6, condor. 
 
 8a£(ici>v, -ovos, 6, demoji. 
 
 8i<|;6€p(Tis, -5o$, ^, diphtheria. 
 
 ipSo^jids, -5os, "7, week. 
 
 cIkwv, -bvj^, 71, image. 
 
 IX^<t>as, -I'TOS, 6, elephant. 
 
 'EXXds, -5os, i), Greece. 
 
 "EXXtiv, -0$, 6, C7r^r/t. 
 
 €|ox6tiis, -tos, ^, excellence, excel- 
 lency. 
 
 XVII, XVIII.) 
 
 ccircpis, -5os, ■^, evening party. 
 
 e({>T])ji€pis, -5os, •^j newspaper. 
 
 Ti'ycpiwv, -6ws, 6, prince. 
 
 i)po>s, -OS, 6, //^r^. 
 
 0p(^, rpixbs, 7}, hair. 
 
 Ou-yaTiip, -Tp6s, ^, daughter. 
 
 ISpws, -TOS, 6, perspiration. 
 
 lo-xvs, -OS, T), strength. 
 
 IX^us, -OS, T],fish. 
 
 Kavo-wv, -OS, 6, /i^a/. 
 
 Kf)pv|, -Kos, 6, herald. 
 
 KXav6)jiwv, -j'os, 6, //a^(? (vale) ^y 
 
 kXt]ti^P, -/)os, 6, policeman. 
 KOiXds, -5os, y\, valley. 
 KoXa^, -/cos, 0, flatterer. 
 Kopa^, -vos, 6, crozv. 
 K0<r(ii6TT]s, -TOS, ij, decency. 
 KVK€(dv, -J'OS, 6, chaos, confusion 
 KwSfuv, -vos, 6, ^^//. 
 AaKwv, Laconian. 
 XafiirpOTtis, -TOS, ^, brilliancy. 
 Xapu-yl, -770s, 6, throat. 
 
 XCWV, -I'TOS, 6, //(?«. 
 
 Xip,V]v, -^vos, 6, port. 
 
 MapaOwv, -vo%, 6, Marathon. 
 
 p.c'yaXcidrqs, -70%, ij, majesty. 
 
 \i.'f\v, -v6s, 7}, mouth. 
 
 p.TJTi]p, -Tp6%, 7j, mother. 
 
 }jLvpp,T)|, -Kos, 6, ant. 
 
 (ivcDi)/, TTos, 6, shortsighted man. 
 
 v€6tt]s, -tos, 71, youth. 
 
 vv|, -kt6s, 'i7, night. 
 
 680VS, -6»'Tos, 6, tooth. 
 
 ow^, -xos, 6, ;w/7. 
 
 irais, -56s, 6, ^^y; 17, i'^r/. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 201 
 
 IlapOevwv, -voj, 6, Parthenon (vir- 
 gin's temple), 
 irar^jp, -r/j6s, o, father. 
 iraTpts, -5os, 17, native country. 
 ir4p8i|, -Kos, T], partridge. 
 irCvag, -Kos, b, picture ; index. 
 ttCOtjI, -/cos, 6, «/^. 
 irXd|, -/c6s, ^, j-/a/<'. 
 TTOvs, -o56s, b,/oot. 
 •irT€pv|, -70s, '^, w/w^, 
 pi^Twp, -opos, 6, orator. 
 pva|, -Kos, 6, stream. 
 2a\a)ji£s, -tJ'os, 17, Salamis. 
 o-avCs, -5o$, Tj, plank. 
 (rdirttv, -ws, 6, jf?a/. 
 <rdp|, -k6s, T)y flesh. 
 (rirov8ai6TT)S, -tos, ^, importance. 
 
 OTa-ywv, -TOS, 17, ^/^r^?/. 
 CTaOepoTTis, -TOS, ^, constancy. 
 <ra)Ti?ip, -/50S, 6, saviour. 
 TaxvTTis, -TOS, ^, speed. 
 ()>\6|, -76s, •^, flame. 
 c|>povT(s, -5os, •^, rar^. 
 <{>vXa|, -/cos, 6, guardian. 
 Xd\v>I/, -jSos, 6, j-/^^/. 
 Xdpis, -TOS, ij, grace. 
 Xci|JL<«v, -vos, 6, winter. 
 \ti.Py -p6s, 7j, hand. 
 X^XiSwv, -6j'os, 17, swallow. 
 Xifjv, -6s, -7, ^<7^J^. 
 XiTwv, -6tos, 6, garment. 
 X«i>po4>vXa|, -/cos, 6, gendarme. 
 o>p.6Ti]s, -TOS, ^, cruelty. 
 (i>pak6Ti]s, -TOS, ^, beauty. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Neuter nouns of the third declension. 
 (See Lesson XIX.) 
 
 a-yaXiia, statue. 
 
 al(ia, blood. 
 
 aCvi-y(i.a, enigma. *. 
 
 aC(r0i]|i,a, sentiment. 
 
 aXas, -TOS, ja/A 
 
 dvd<rTTjna,y?^«rd', height, presence. 
 
 p-f]|jia, step, pulpit. 
 
 pXcp.|j.a, /<7(7/^. 
 
 -ydXa, -/cTos, z«z7^. 
 
 "yeviia, dinner. 
 
 Ypd)i.|xa, letter. 
 
 8^p.a, parcel. 
 
 Scpfia, i'^/n. 
 
 8i,da"rr)|j,a, interval. 
 
 Si-fj-YTiixa, j/t^ry. 
 
 8pdp.a, drama. 
 
 "Eap, -/30S, spring. 
 
 lirixctpilK'^, argument. 
 
 €(|>dirXa>|ia, spread. 
 
 OaviJia, miracle. 
 
 Oeafjia, spectacle. 
 
 6e|ia, theme, text, exercise. 
 
 KdOi(r|i.a, j^a/, chair. 
 
 K6p.|ia, comma; party (political). 
 
 KT'qiia, property. 
 
 Kpcas, -TOS, meat, flesh. 
 
 KpC|ia, j-m, //Vj/. 
 
 |jid6Ti|JLa, lesson. 
 
 }jiv6i(rT6pT](ia, novel. 
 
 vcvpia, »<?</. 
 
 5vo|i.a, name. 
 ^xilH^a^ carriage. 
 irapa-ycp,i(r|ia (vlg.), stuffing. 
 Ildorxa (undecl.), Easter. 
 
202 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 ircio-fjia, obstinacy, spite. 
 
 irpd'Y)xa, thing. 
 
 irpo-ycvfia, luncheon. 
 
 troii][ia, poem. 
 
 TTOTwriia, watering. 
 
 irrwiia, corpse. 
 
 irvp, -pb%,fire. 
 
 pevfia, current. 
 
 o-T6|jia, mouth. 
 
 <rTpw(ia, layer, mattress. 
 
 o-vvraYPia, constitution, regitnent. 
 
 o-vo-TTjua, system. 
 
 (r<)>d\|xa, fault. 
 
 a-\r\^a.fform, shape, figure. 
 
 crw)jLa, body. 
 T^pas, -Tos, monster. 
 T|jLi)}Jia, section. 
 vSwp, -aros, water. 
 vir68i](JLa, ^^i?^;/. 
 virop.vTjp.a, memorandum. 
 v<|>a(r|xa, cloth, stuff. 
 <t>dvTaa-p,a, ghost. 
 ^\Xr\^a.f kiss. 
 
 <}>WS, -TOJ, //^^/. 
 
 XapTov6(j.i(r)j.a, paper-currency. 
 Xpf]|j,a, jnoney. 
 XP^K-a, <:<?/(7r. 
 X(o)i.a, jm7. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Masculine nouns in cvs of the fourth declension. 
 
 Pao-iXcvs, king. 
 ■yovevs, parent. 
 Ypa|jLp.aTevs, secretary. 
 ■ypa()>evs, copyist. 
 ScKavcvs, corporal. 
 0T1O-CVS, Theseus. 
 
 (See Lesson XX.) 
 
 i€p€vs, priest. 
 iirirtvs, rider. 
 Kovpcvs, barber. 
 Ilcipaievs, Piraeus 
 
 Piraeus. 
 <rvY'Ypa({>cvs, author. 
 
 citizen oj 
 
 xm. 
 
 Feminine nouns in is of the fourth declension. 
 
 at<rOT)(ris, sense. 
 dXu<ris, chain. 
 dvaKdXv\)/i$, discovery. 
 dvdirav(ris, repose. 
 dvoi^is, spring. 
 diriSSci.lis, proof. 
 dir6()>a(n.s, decision. 
 Ppvtris, fountain. 
 'yi{)o-is, taste. 
 
 (See Lesson XX.) 
 
 "Yvwo-is, knowledge. 
 ST)p,oo-C€v<ri$, publication. 
 8id9co-is, disposition. 
 8iev6vv<ris, direction, address. 
 8ioCkt]o-is, government. 
 8vvap,is, power. 
 8v(ris, sunset. 
 ct8T](ris, news. 
 ^kSCktjo-is, revenge. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 203 
 
 €K8o<ris, edition. 
 cKirXtilts, surprise. 
 €Kirai8€v<ris, instruction. 
 eXevcris, advent. 
 cviixris, union. 
 €|a£p€(ris, exception. 
 €5i^"YT]<ris, explanation. 
 C'iravd\T]\|/is, repetition. 
 €pwTTi(ris, question. 
 €vxapC<rTT]<ris, pleasure. 
 
 OcXtJOTIS, 7(7/7/. 
 
 6€(ris, position. 
 6X£\|/is, sorrotu. 
 Kardo-Tao-is, situation. 
 KaTdxpT]o-is, abuse. 
 KivTjo-is, movement. 
 KoXao-is, //^//. 
 KvPc'pv-qoris, government. 
 Xvo-is, solution. 
 |JiCTd<{>pao-is, translation. 
 ope^is, appetite. 
 o\|f IS, face. 
 
 irapdSoo-is, tradition. 
 irapdKX-qo-is, prayer. 
 irapdra^is, parade. 
 irapaTTJpTjcris, observation. 
 irapd<rTa<ris, representation. 
 
 iravcris, stoppage. 
 irepiiroCTio-is, kind attention. 
 trla-nSf faith. 
 TrXi><ris, wash. 
 TToXis, city. 
 irpd|is, act. 
 
 -irpoo-KXTio-is, invitation. 
 irpoTacris, proposal. 
 irp6<{>a(ri.s, pretext. 
 iTTftio-is, fall. 
 (rT)p.€C(i>a-is, note. 
 o-rdo-is, standing, revolt. 
 o-t»"YX^°'^S, confusion. 
 cv^TJTqns, discussion. 
 orvcTTao-is, establishmetit, recom- 
 mendation. 
 crx€0-is, relation. 
 rd^is, order, class. 
 vPpiS, insult. 
 
 ■uiroOco'is, affair, stipposition. 
 v'ir6XT]4'iS, esteem, reputation. 
 vir6<rx€0'ts, promise. 
 viroxpcwo'is, obligation. 
 4>iXo(f>p6vt]<ris, amiability. 
 <j)v<ris, nature. 
 Xpiio-is, use. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Neuter nouns in os of the fifth declension. 
 
 (See Lesson XXII.) 
 
 alcxos, shame. 
 a.v^o<i, flower. 
 PdOos, depth. 
 Pdpos, weight. 
 ■yevos, gender, race. 
 Sdaros, forest. 
 KOvos, nation. 
 €8a4>os, soil. 
 clSos, kind. 
 
 €TOs, year. 
 Jcv-yos, pair. 
 Od^pos, courage. 
 Oepos, summer, harvest. 
 txvos, trace. 
 KdXXos, beauty. 
 KcpSos, gain. 
 Kpdros, state, dominion. 
 XdOos, mistake. 
 
204 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 |i^pos, part. 
 |iC(ros, hatred. 
 |i({>os, sword. 
 opos, mountain. 
 irdOos, passion, suffering. 
 triLxo^y fat, thickness. 
 ireXa-yos, open sea. 
 ircvOos, mourning. 
 o-k6tos, darkness. 
 <rTii0os, breast. 
 T€ixos, city wall. 
 TcXos, end ; tax. 
 
 vi|>os, style. 
 v\|/os, height. 
 X€iXos, lip ; edge. 
 Xp€os, duty, debt. 
 t|/€vSos, lie. 
 ^v\o%y cold. 
 
 Feminine nouns in ws and ai. 
 
 al8(&s, modesty. 
 TJx«, echo. 
 itclOm, persuasion. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Masculine and feminine nouns of the sixth declension. 
 (See Lesson XXIII.) 
 
 dXcirov, y\,fox. 
 
 dfia^ds, 6, coachman. 
 
 -yotXaTdsiO, milkman. 
 
 Kavair^Sf 6, sofa. 
 
 KairafjidS} 6, stew. 
 
 KaircXds, 6, hatter. 
 
 KaTi(f>cs, 6, satin. 
 
 Ka<t>€s, 0, coffee. 
 
 Ka<|>CT^f]S, 6, waiter at a coffee-house. 
 
 KC<{>TCs, 6, meat-ball. 
 
 Kov^ds, 6, bucket. 
 
 IJiaa-Kapds, 6, masked man, villain. 
 
 p.ai}iov, 7^, monkey. 
 |icvc|€s, 6, violet. 
 Trairds, 6, priest. 
 
 ^airXufiards, 6, quiltcover-maker. 
 irairovs, 6, grandfather. 
 irairovTo-fis, 6, shoemaker. 
 TCVCKC'S, 6, //w. 
 ({>a-yds, o, ^r^a/ ^<//^r. 
 <}>a<{>\aTds, 6, garrulous man. 
 4>i8€'s, 6, vermicelli. 
 t{rapdsi b, fisherman. 
 t(r<)>)i,ds, 6, baker. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Pure adjectives of the second declension with three 
 terminations. 
 
 d-ypios, savage, wild. 
 d6Xios, miserable. 
 dOwos, innocent. 
 aUrxp<Ss, shameful. 
 alMvios, eternal. 
 
 (See Lesson XIII.) 
 
 d\p,vp6s, salt. 
 
 dvd|ios, incapable, unworthy. 
 
 dvSpcios, brave. 
 
 dvwTcpos, superior. 
 
 d^ios, capable, worthy. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 205 
 
 dpio-Tcpds, left. 
 dpxaios, ancient. 
 dxpcios, vile. 
 P^paios, certain. 
 -ycvvaios, brave, generous. 
 8c|i6s, right, skilful. 
 8r)|ii6o-ios, public. 
 SdXios, fraudulent. 
 8po(r€p6s, fresh. 
 €Xa<|>p6s, light. 
 €\cv6epos, free. 
 Ivavrios, contrary. 
 cpv6p6s, red. 
 ^Tcpos, other. 
 ^(DT]p6s, lively. 
 6avp.d(rios, admirable. 
 ISiaCrepos, especial. 
 Up6S| sacred. 
 to-ios (vlg.), straight. 
 Icrxvp6s, strong. 
 Ka6ap6s, clean. 
 KOv<t>ios iylg.), hollow. 
 Kpvos, cold. 
 Kvpios, master, sir. 
 Xa|i.irp6Sf splendid. 
 (idraios, vain. 
 (ji^Tpios, moderate. 
 (tLKpos, small. 
 ficopos, foolish. 
 vcKpos, dead. 
 gripds, dry. 
 6Kvt)p6$, lazy. 
 o|j,oios, similar. 
 
 ovpdvios, heavenly. 
 oxX'Hpos, irksome. 
 ©xvpos, fortifed. 
 iraXaios, old. 
 irapa)jLiKp6s, smallest. 
 ircpioro-OTcpos, w^r^. 
 TriKp6s, bitter. 
 irXovcrioS) rich. 
 irvi-yTjpos, stifling. 
 iroX^|iios, hostile. 
 irovT^pis, sly. 
 irrtoxds, poor. 
 o-kXt]p6$, //^r</. 
 (ToPapos, serious. 
 (T^ovSaios, important. 
 
 (TTCpCOS, J-<7/?V/. 
 
 o-<}>o8p6s, violent. 
 rCfiios, honest. 
 
 T0X|JlT]p6s, 3(?/^. 
 
 Tvxilp6s, /i/<r/(^. 
 
 v'Ypbs, W(?/, damp. 
 
 VD-TCpos, /a/^r. 
 
 (f>avep6s, evident. 
 
 (t>oP€p6s, terrible. 
 
 t|/6<f>ios (vlg.), a'm^ (of animals). 
 
 \{/t)Xp6s, <:^/^. 
 
 wpaios, beautiful. 
 
 «XP<is> /«^^- 
 
 Have the feminine in t). 
 
 ao-irpos (vlg.), white. 
 (Jiavpos (vlg.), <J/a<:>^. 
 XovSpos (vlg.), thick. 
 
 xvn. 
 
 Adjectives not pure of the second declension with three 
 terminations. 
 (See Lesson XIV.) 
 d-yaOos, good-natured. d^vos, morally pure. 
 
 a-ya-miTos, beloved. 
 
 aXXos, other. 
 
206 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 dvoiKTds, open. 
 
 •yeXaff-Tos (vlg.), smiling. 
 
 -yefidros {\\g.),fulL 
 
 ■yeiTOvtKos, neighboring. 
 
 ■ytviKos, general. 
 
 ■yvoxTTOs, known. 
 
 YpaiTTOS, written. 
 
 •yvjivos, naked. 
 
 8€iX6s, timid. 
 
 8vvaT6s, strong; possible. 
 
 eXdxwTTOs, least. 
 
 c^wTcpiKos, external. 
 
 la-coTcpiKos, internal. 
 
 teoTTOS (vlg.)> hot. 
 
 t|0ik6s, moral. 
 
 Ocpivos, summary. 
 
 6ep|j.6s, warm. 
 
 9t]\vk6s, feminine. 
 
 ISiKos, special^ own. 
 
 l<ros, ^^««/. 
 
 I<rxv6s, ////«. 
 
 KaK6s, <5^fl^. 
 
 KaXos, ^i?^^. 
 
 Kavficvos (vlg.), burned ; poor. 
 
 Kav<rTiK6s, burning. 
 
 KcvrpiKos, central. 
 
 kCP8t]Xo$, base, false. 
 
 KCrpivos (vlgl), j^//<7w. 
 
 kXciv6s, illustrious. 
 
 KXcio-rds, j/^«/. 
 
 k6kki.vos (vlg.), red. 
 
 kovt6s (vlg.), short. 
 
 kovt6s (vlg.), stupid. 
 
 Ka)p.i,K6s, comic. 
 
 K(i)()>6s, deaf. 
 
 X6'irT6s, thin, spare. 
 
 |taXaK6s (vlg.), soft. 
 
 fjidXXivos, woolen. 
 
 p.c6v(rfi€vos (vlg.), tipsy. 
 
 HcXa-yxpoi-vos, dark-complexioned. 
 
 (i€Ta|(i)T6s, silken. 
 
 |iio-6s (vlg.), /5a^. 
 
 p,6vos, alone, only. 
 
 (ivo-Tii^os, secret, mystic. 
 
 vavTiKdsy naval. 
 
 vfnttt^^ fresh (not stale). 
 
 |4vos, foreign. 
 
 |oiv6S| J^i'wr. 
 
 oXC-yos, little. 
 
 oXos, rtr//, entire. 
 
 6p66s, 7ipright. 
 
 irapa-ycfito-Tds (vlg.), stuffed. 
 
 irapdSo^os, queer. 
 
 irapd^cvos, capi'icious. 
 
 <ir€^6s, on foot. 
 
 TTcpiTTds, unnecessary. 
 
 iriOavds, probable. 
 
 irio-Tds, faithful. 
 
 irpdo-ivos, green. 
 
 irT(i>x6s, /t?<?r. 
 
 TTVKvos, thick. 
 
 a-€)JLv6s, respectable. 
 
 <rK0T€iv6s, ^<3!r^'. 
 
 <rT€v6s, narro7v. 
 
 <rTpaTia)TiK6s, military. 
 
 <ra)<rT6s (vlg.), complete. 
 
 i5ir€pPoXiK6s, exaggerated. 
 
 v'iro<j)€pT6s, bearable. 
 
 v\)/T)X6s, ///^^. 
 
 (}>(Xos, ^/i?ar. 
 
 (|>iXik6$, friendly. 
 
 X<»X6s, A/w^. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 201 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Adjectives of the second declension with two terminations. 
 
 (See Lesson XV.) 
 
 SvcKoXos, difficult. 
 C'Y^cip.os, married. 
 cvSo^os, glorious. 
 cvrpofios, fearful. 
 lirC-ycios, of the earth. 
 
 dpe^aios, uncertain. 
 aPpacTTOs, unboiled. 
 a-yafios; unmarried. 
 oi-yvwo-Tos, ujiknozun. 
 d-ypa)j.p,aTOS, illiterate. 
 d-ypvirvos, %vakeful. 
 dSiddcTOs, indisposed. 
 dSiaipcTOs, indivisible. 
 dSidKoiros, incessant. 
 dSidKpiTos, indiscreet. 
 dSidcrirao-TOs, unbroken. 
 d8id({>opos, indifferent. 
 dSiKos, unjust. 
 dSiopOwTOs, incorrigible. 
 dSoXos, pure, zuithout fraud. 
 dSvvaTOS, weak ; itnpossible. 
 dOeos, godless. 
 dKaOapTos, unclean. 
 dKaTOiKTjTOs, uninhabited. 
 dKaropOcoTOs, not feasible. 
 0X0709, unreasonable. 
 dp-EO-os, immediate. 
 dvoTiTOs, stupid, unintelligible. 
 dvoo-TOs, distasteful, disagreeable 
 diri0avos, improbable. 
 diroTpoiraios, detestable. 
 dirpocrcKTos, careless. 
 do-XT|pos, shapeless, ugly. 
 draKTos, unruly. 
 dripos, disho7iorable. 
 drpopos, fearless. 
 d<f>6)vos, speechless. 
 8id(|>opos, different. 
 
 eirCo-t^pos, official, important. 
 
 CTOifJios, ready. 
 
 €v6vpos, gay. 
 
 cvKoXos, easy. 
 
 €t)pop<{>os, shapely, pretty. 
 
 €vxa.pio-TOS, agreeable. 
 
 iipcpos, tame. 
 
 ijo-vxos» quiet. 
 
 KdOiSpos, in perspiration. 
 
 KdOv-ypos, %vet through. 
 
 v6o"Tipos, tasteful, amusing. 
 
 6p668o|os, orthodox. 
 
 iravd-yaOos, most good. 
 
 iroXvTipos, precious. 
 
 TTCpCSo^os, glorious. 
 
 o-vvTop,os, brief. 
 
 raXaCircdpos, unfortunate. 
 
 vir€p'^<j>avos, proud. 
 
 vir€v0vvos, responsible. 
 
 viri^KOOs, subject. 
 
 ■uiroXo-yos, accountable. 
 
 viroTTTOS, suspect. 
 
 (|>£X€p-YOs, industrious. 
 
 <|>iX6|€vos, hospitable. 
 
 <f)iX6Tipos,/r^«^(in a good sense). 
 
 <j>X'uapos, garrulous. 
 
 <)>p6vip.os, prudent, well-behaved. 
 
 upifjios, ripe. 
 
208 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Contracted adjectives of the second declension. 
 (See Lesson XVI.) 
 dirXovs, simple. 
 
 dp-yvpovs, silver. 
 SiirXovs, double. 
 Kpv\);(vovs, crafty. 
 vop({>vpovs, purple. 
 (riSripovs, iron. 
 TtrpairXows, quadruple. 
 TpiirXovs, triple. 
 XoXkovs, copper. 
 Xpvo-ovs, golden. 
 
 Attic adjectives. 
 
 dv(o-yc(i>s, above ground. 
 Kardxpccos, covered with debt. 
 KaxM'yccos, next to the ground. 
 viro-yccos, underground. 
 vir6xp«0S, obliged. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Adjectives of the fourth declension in v5, v. 
 (See Lesson XXL) 
 PaOvs, deep. Ti8i»s, sweet. 
 
 Papvs, heavy. 
 PpaSvs, slow. 
 "yXvKvS) sweet. 
 cvOvSf straight. 
 cvpvs, broad. 
 
 6|vs, acute y pointed. 
 
 -rrXarvs, broad. 
 Taxvs, quick. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Adjectives of the fifth declension in >/?, e?. 
 (See Lesson XX IL) 
 
 dSa^is, ignorant. 
 
 di]8^S» disgusting. 
 
 dKpi^^S, exact. 
 
 dXtjO^S, true. 
 
 do-c^^S, impious. 
 
 do-Ocv^S, weak, ill. 
 
 avOd8T]s, impertinent. 
 
 8v<rTvx^«, tinhappy, poor. 
 
 lyxpar^S, temperate, well-versed. 
 
 Jv8c^S, indigent. 
 
 cvYCvifjs, noble, polite. 
 
 cvorcP^S, pious, respectful. 
 
 €vtcXtjs, mean. 
 
 cvrvx"^?, happy. 
 
 fiovocT^S, one-year-old ; 8i«rfj$, /w^ 
 
 year-old, etc. 
 irX^pT]s, /«//, complete. 
 cvY-ytv^S, related. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 209 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 (See Lessons 
 
 aXXT)\oi, each other. 
 aXXos, another. 
 avT6s, himself, (vlg.) this. 
 Seiva, somebody. 
 cavrdSf self. 
 
 Iy<&, /. 
 
 ^Kctvos, that. 
 Ijids, mine. 
 «(Tepos, other. 
 
 T]^^T6pOS, <7«rj-. 
 
 18ik6s (vlg.), own. 
 KaOcCs (kcLGc, undecl.), each. 
 KavcCs (vlg.), nobody. 
 Kairoios (vlg.), somebody. 
 (icpiKos (vlg.), soiTie. 
 oiroios (vlg.), whoever. 
 oirov (vlg.), that. 
 
 XXVI, XXVII.) 
 
 i^cos, as much. 
 8<msi who. 
 
 ooTio-S-fjiroTC, whoever. 
 ovScCs, nobody. 
 ovTOs, this. 
 iroios ; (vlg.), which ? 
 irdcros ; how much ? 
 irov (vlg.), that. 
 <r6s, thine. 
 «riJ, thou. 
 tCs ; w-^<7 ? 
 t(s, somebody. 
 
 TOIOVTOS, J?/r^. 
 
 Too-os, so much. 
 TOO-OWTOS, J"<? big. 
 v)i4Tcpos, yours. 
 
 xxin. 
 
 Mute verbs. 
 
 (See Lessons XIV, XV, XVL) 
 
 d^opd^o), ^«y. 
 
 aScidtd) (vlg.), empty; have time. 
 
 oXarC^d) (vlg.), salt. 
 
 dXeCcfxo, smear. 
 
 dXXd(r<r<i), change. 
 
 dvapipd|(i>, ra/j^. 
 
 dva'yivc&a-Kb), rm^. 
 
 dva-yKd^o), oblige. 
 
 dva'YvcDpC^o), recognize 
 
 dvaKoXviTTCD, discover. 
 
 dvaK0v4>C^(i), relieve. 
 
 dvaKpd^b), rrj/. 
 
 dvdiTTfl), kindle. 
 
 dvTJKb), belong. 
 
 dvoC-yo), <7/^«, 
 
 d^C^o), <^^ worth. 
 
 dtrcXirt^ft), dishearten. 
 
 dir^X"* '^^ distant ; desist. 
 
 diroOcTd) (from diroTldrjfii)^ deposit. 
 
 diroGvTio-Kw, ^zV. 
 
 diro(|>a(rC^a>, decide. 
 
 d'iro({>cv'Y<d, avoid. 
 
 dp^o-KO), please. 
 
 dpxCt», %^«- 
 doTpdiTTft), sparkle, lighten. 
 drcvC^w, look fixedly. 
 d(t>av(^<i), destroy. 
 
210 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 Pao-avC^d), torment. 
 
 Pd(|>ci), dye. 
 
 Pid^o), violate, force, hasten. 
 
 pX^iro), see. 
 
 Ppdtd), boil. 
 
 Ppc'XO), jvet, rain. 
 
 "ycfiCtw (vlg.),///. 
 
 •Yiv«<rK<i), know. 
 
 -yvwpC^d) (vlg.), know. 
 
 -Ypd(|>a>, write. 
 
 'YV)jLvd|a>, exercise. 
 
 ^vpi^o) (vlg.), /z^rw, return. 
 
 Savet^o), /^;/^. 
 
 SeiKvvo), show. 
 
 Siapd^o) (vlg.), r^fl!^. 
 
 SiaKOTTTO), interrupt. 
 
 Siao-KcSd^d), amuse, be amused. 
 
 Siardo-o-o), covimand. 
 
 Siarpe'x^a), travel over. 
 
 SiSdcTKO), teach. 
 
 8iopC^(t>, nominate. 
 
 SoKifid^b), /ry. 
 
 eY'V^t", touch. 
 
 clKa^ci), conjecture. 
 
 eKirXfjTTft), surprise. 
 
 ^k<|>pd^(i>, express. 
 
 cp.iro8(tci) (vlg.), prevent. 
 €^a(|>avC^&), destroy. 
 iifToXfa^ examine. 
 cirio-KCvd^d), repair. 
 tirio-Tpt'c})!!), return. 
 ^iriTp^iTft), allow. 
 
 ^aXC^cD, bewilder, bother. 
 JvyC^w, weigh. 
 t(>>-Ypa4>Ct(i), paint. 
 TJo-vxdJ«, r-<fj/, /^^ ^«/(?/. 
 OdiTTft), /^«;^. 
 Oav}id^<i>, admire. 
 
 OcTw (from Tidyitii), place. 
 KaXviTTw, cover. 
 KairvC^o), smoke. 
 KaraPipd^o), /a>f^ </f?w«. 
 KaraSiKd^b), condemn. 
 KaTaireCOo), persuade. 
 KaT€Xw, occtcpy. 
 Kcp8£t<»> ^^z«. 
 KiipvTTco, proclaim. 
 kXcttto), j-/^^/. 
 
 KiTpivito) {\\g.), get yellow, pale. 
 KOiravC^w (vlg.), <r//i?/. 
 KOTTid^o), w<?r>^ /^ar^. 
 
 KOTTTW, r///. 
 
 Koupdtw {vlg.), fatigue. 
 KOa-rCt^di (vlg.), f<7j-/. 
 Kpd^o), shout. 
 Kpvtrrta, hide. 
 
 KVTTdt« (vlg.), /t?^^. 
 
 Xd^jLTra), shine. 
 
 X^'yo), Jrt^. 
 
 XeCiro), ^^ missing. 
 
 \i\->l(a, finish. 
 
 Xo-yapid^ci), count, calculate. 
 
 ^CTa(|>pd^(D, translate. 
 
 fjLOipd^o), share, distribute. 
 
 (ivpC^b), smell. 
 
 vtiTTw, 7w/j// (the body). 
 
 vo)jl(^(o, thifik. 
 
 ^€<rx(5" (vlg), ^^«''. 
 ovofidto), name. 
 opC^o), determine, fix. 
 
 irapd-yb), produce. 
 irapovo-idtw, present. 
 •ird<rx«, suffer. 
 xcCOb), persuade. 
 ir«ipdl^(*>, /^aj^. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VO CA B ULA RIES. 
 
 211 
 
 ir^lMTO), send. 
 
 •ircpUx*^) contain. 
 
 ire p 10 p 1^0), limit. 
 
 irie^o), press. 
 
 TriirTO>,y^//. 
 
 TrXa-yidto) (vlg.), lay, lie down. 
 
 irXcKft), weave. 
 
 'tr\r\cr\.6.%iia , get near. 
 
 irvC'yft), drown. 
 
 iroTt^o), water. 
 
 irpaTTw, a'^. 
 
 xpe'irct, // w/^j"^ be. 
 
 irpoPipd^o), promote. 
 
 irpoXc'yw, foretell, 
 
 irpoorSiopC^o), determine. 
 
 •irpo<r€xa>, /a/'<? rrt-?-^, /^zy attention. 
 
 Trpo(r6€T<o (irpoo-TiOTijJii), aa'd!'. 
 
 irpoo-Tdo-cw, order. 
 
 pa-Yit<>>, crack. 
 
 pdlTTO), J^W. 
 
 piTTTCi), throw. 
 
 O-KdlTTW, ^/^. 
 
 (TKCird^ci), r^w^r. 
 
 (TKOtC^w, bewilder. 
 
 (nrevSo), hurry. 
 
 onrov8dt<o, study; be in earnest. 
 
 cTTd^o), a'r^/ (of a liquid). 
 
 <rT€'<|>a), crown. 
 
 crTT]p£5<«>, support. 
 
 (TToXiJci), adorn. 
 
 <rTp€<j)«, /«r«. 
 
 a-vWc'Yft), collect. 
 
 o-vfiPipd^o), reconcile. 
 
 a-uva0po(^<«), collect, gather. 
 
 (rvvcSptdSa), j// (in court, ^/i:.). 
 
 <rvvci9ito>, accustom, be accustomed. 
 
 crvvTpe'xw, succor. 
 
 o-vxvdjw, frequent. 
 
 (r(}>d^&>, slaughter. 
 
 <r<)>t"yYa), tighten. 
 
 trxeSid^o), plan. 
 
 crxtjft), /<r«r. 
 
 TttpdrTO), disturb. 
 
 rpcifxD, /^<?</. 
 
 Tp€x<«), ^'z/«. 
 
 rpiPo), ^'^z^^. 
 
 r po^aXoi, frighten, be frightened. 
 
 rputyo), eat. 
 
 vPpC^co, insult. 
 
 VTrdpx«, <?^/j"/- 
 
 TjirevGviJiitaj, remind. 
 
 viro'Ypdcjxtf, i'/^w. 
 
 viroOcTW, suppose. 
 
 virordo-o-w, subject. 
 
 <j)€'y'YCi>, shine. 
 
 ()>ev7(o, ^<7 away, depart. 
 
 <J>p(TTft), shudder. 
 
 (j>povTC^a), //az/^ r«r<r. 
 
 <t>v\dTTa), /&^^/. 
 
 <}>b)vdt(o, scream, call. 
 
 XapdrTw, engrave. 
 
 XctpC^o, wa/^^ « ^//?. 
 
 XpTinari^o), ^^. 
 
 XP«H'°''^^t*^) <^^^^''' 
 Xo)pit<^, separate. 
 
 \|/T)(|>i^(d, Z/f?/^. 
 
 \]/(i>vi^ci), <5«/jj/ (in market). 
 o>pi(i.dtcDf ripen. 
 
212 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Liquid verbs with liquid future. 
 
 (See Lesson XVII.) 
 
 dfji4>iPdXXa>, doubt. 
 
 dvapdWo), postpone. 
 
 dva-y^^XXo), announce. 
 
 dva|i6va>, watt. 
 
 dvar^Xo), rise (of the sun). 
 
 pdXXo), puty throw. 
 
 8cpa>, beat. 
 
 SiaKpCvo), distinguish. 
 
 Siav^jiO), distribute. 
 
 8ia()>€p<i>, be different. 
 
 8i€v6vva), direct. 
 
 €irip.€V(i), insist. 
 
 'n|€vpa> (vlg.), know. 
 
 6epp,a(vci>, heat. 
 
 Kd(iva> (vlg.), d?<?. 
 
 kXCvo), bend. 
 
 |jLapaCva>, wither. 
 
 |j.^v(D, remain. 
 
 6<)>€CXa>, tTze;^. 
 
 iraCpvd) (vlg.), /a^<». 
 
 irdXXa>, palpitate, agitate. 
 
 irapapdXXci), compare. 
 
 irapa-y-yeXXo), send a message or 
 
 command. 
 irapao-vpo), drag along. 
 iraxvvo), fatten, get fat. 
 irepifji^vw, w<z/V. 
 irXvvo), wash. 
 irpoa-yY^Xft), foretell. 
 irpoo-pdXXd), attack, offend. 
 •irpo(r()>^p(i), ^<?r. 
 
 orT)p.aCv(i>, z«^a« ; ring or trumpet. 
 orircCpo), j^tw. 
 o-vYX*^P**> congratulate. 
 trvpa, pull, drag. 
 
 O-T^Xft), J^«^. 
 
 o-(|>dXXa), Tnistake. 
 rpcfio), tremble. 
 rpeXXaCvo), madden. 
 viro({>^pa), suffer. 
 (}>^p(i), bring ; wear. 
 XaCpo), be glad. 
 t|/dXX<i), jm^. 
 \|/vxpaCv(*>, r^. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Verbs in vw with future in o-co. 
 
 dvaKardvd) (vlg.), w;>. 
 d<|>Cv(i>, /^/, /^az/^. 
 'ySvvd) (vlg.), undress. 
 Sa'yKdvii), ^?V^. 
 SaKvca (aor. c8T]|a), bite. 
 84v(i) (8^(1)), //>. 
 4^airX6va>, spread. 
 (co-raCvo) (vlg.), warm. 
 
 (See Lesson XVIII.) 
 
 ^i]p.i6v(i>, damage. 
 6vp,6v(i), ^<r/ angry. 
 i8p<Sv6>, perspire. 
 KaropOdvo), succeed ; manage. 
 Kpv6v(i> (vlg.), /^^ <:«?/</, ^a/r/^ f<7/d^. 
 Xcp6v(D (vlg.), soil. 
 Xvvo) (Xvci)), /<7^j^, untie. 
 fioXdvtt (vlg.), j-f^/</. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 213 
 
 |i67a\6vo>, grow, magnify, 
 vvKTOvo), night coming on. 
 |vvw (|ea>), scratch, grate. 
 iridvw (vlg.), catch, take hold of . 
 irOkyiovta J freeze. 
 irXifj^ovft), wound. 
 irXiipovw, pay. 
 7rpo(t>9dv<i}, be in time. 
 o-pvvcD, extinguish. 
 (T'qKOva), lift. 
 o-KoLvb) (vlg.), burst. 
 O-KOTOVO) (vlg.), kill. 
 o-irdva> (vlg.), break. 
 o-Te(j>av6v(o, crown, marry. 
 <rri\vta (vlg.), erect. 
 rtKfxoviiiy finish. 
 
 TCVTOvft) (vlg.), tighten. 
 
 Tuirovo), print. 
 
 TV({>\6v(d, blind. 
 
 viroxpcovo), oblige. 
 
 v\|/6va), raise. 
 
 <)>avcp6vcD, make clear, disclose. 
 
 <|>6dvci), arrive ; suffice. 
 
 <]>6cidva> (vlg.), make. 
 
 <)>Kaip6vci) (vlg.), empty. 
 
 <)>opT6va), /fa^. 
 
 Xdvo), lose. 
 
 XopraCvo), satiate, be satisfied. 
 
 Xvvctf, J//7/. 
 
 Xwvo), j/w^, plunge something. 
 
 t)/irjv«D, r<7aj'/. 
 
 XXV. {Continued:) 
 Verbs in vw with second aorist and future. 
 
 occupy ; under- 
 
 PatvcD, go. 
 
 And its composites : 
 
 dvaPaCvb), climb, mount. 
 
 KaraPaCvd), descend. 
 
 irapaPaivd), transgress. 
 
 crv|jLpa£v€i (impers.), it happens. 
 
 vir£ppaCv(i), surpass. 
 Xai^pdvo), get. 
 
 And its composites : 
 
 dva\a)jtpdv(i>, undertake. 
 
 KaTa\a[Lpdva>, 
 
 stand. 
 irapa\ap.pdvcD, receive. 
 irpo\a(jiPdvb), anticipate. 
 o-vX.Xap,pdvctf, catch, arrest. 
 |j.av6dv(i>, learn, hear. 
 Tvyx*v*'> happen. 
 
 And its composites : 
 diroTvyxQ-vWj y^?//- 
 liriTVYxdvw, succeed. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Pure uncontracted verbs. 
 
 d'yopcvo), make a speech. 
 dKOVA), -^mn 
 dvaXvci), dissolve. 
 diroXvci), dismiss. 
 diroXXvo) (dir6XXv)Ai), /f7j^. 
 SiairXeo), travel through (by sea). 
 
 (See Lesson XX.) 
 
 8vw, J^/ (of the sun). 
 IvSvo), dress (somebody). 
 4|o8cv(i), spend. 
 liriPovXevw, plot against. 
 |i]Xcv6>, be jealous. 
 Oepaircvo), serve ; cure. 
 
214 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 larpcvo), doctor, cure. 
 
 Kaio), burn. 
 
 KivSvvcvcOy be in danger. 
 
 KXaCo), weep, cry. 
 
 kXcCo), shut. 
 
 KOVTCvii) (vlg.), be near 
 
 something). 
 Xovo), wash (the body). 
 Xvw, loose, untie. 
 )i.a-y€ip€V(i), cook. 
 irapaKOvo), disobey. 
 irao-Tpcvw (vlg), ^/^aw. 
 iravo), ^mj^. 
 irwTTcvw, believe. 
 irX^b), travel by sea, float. 
 
 irpo|Ji-r]6€va), procure, 
 irpoohivui, progress. 
 pi(a, flow. 
 a-iio>, shake. 
 (doing (TvyKaTavcvft), consent. 
 
 (Tvyx^w, cottfound. 
 <rv|iPovXcvca>, advise. 
 Ta|ei8€vcD (vlg.), travel. 
 viraKovco, obey. 
 viravSpcvw (vlg.), give in marriage. 
 
 (t>OVCVb), kill. 
 
 \pT](rip,cv(t), be of use. 
 XwpaTcvw {y\^),joke. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Contracted verbs with characteristic a. 
 
 (See Lesson XXI.) 
 
 d'yairw, lave, like. 
 diraiTw, demand, require. 
 diravTcu, 1/teet- answer. 
 dirarco, cheat. 
 Pao-Tw (vlg.), hold. 
 PovTctf {\\g.), plunge. 
 PpovTw, thunder. 
 -yeXitf, laugh- cheat. 
 ■ycvvoi, <5^rt;r. 
 8i\|rw, (^^ thirsty. 
 I^virvw, awake. 
 
 IpCDTW, ^J^. 
 
 KaOioTTto (Ka6£(rTT|)ii), establish. 
 KX(i)T(r<ii) (vlg.), /vV/&. 
 KoXv^ipj) (vlg.), swim. 
 KpCflU), //a«^. 
 KTvirw, <5^a/. 
 KvPcpvw, govern. 
 
 (ioo-w, chew. 
 )ic6w, ^^/ drunk. 
 |ui8iw, smile. 
 
 (icXcTw, study. 
 
 VLK(5, conquer. 
 
 |€Xvco (vlg.),>r^^/. 
 
 dpfioi, r«j//. 
 
 ir€iv(S, <^d' hungry. 
 
 ircpvw (vlg.), /rt'j-j. 
 
 trtrajfly; throzv away. 
 
 inj8a), Jump. 
 
 iroXcficiii, war, fight. 
 
 irpoTi^w, prefer. 
 
 o-iwirw, <^^ silent. 
 
 o-Kiprcii), bound. 
 
 (TTaixarw (vlg.), j/<?/. 
 
 OTivKTTw, recommend ; found. 
 
 Tip,u), honor. 
 
 ToX|i(tf, ^/ir/r^. 
 
 rpaPw, />////, </r<7^. 
 
 Tpviritf (vlg.), /^£7r^. 
 
 <{>v(rui, A/(77f/. 
 
 XaipcTw, salute. 
 
 XaX« (vlg.), j/w7. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VO CAB UL ARIES. 
 
 215 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Contracted verbs with characteristic e. 
 
 (See 
 
 d-yvoctf, ignore, not know. 
 
 dSiKio, wrong. 
 
 diropw, be in want of, in doubt. 
 
 dTTOo-TaTw, revolt. 
 
 diroTcXw, accomplish, form. 
 
 dpK6i (imp.), it suffices. 
 
 dcrOevw, be ill. 
 
 Scopw, make a gift. 
 
 CKTeXu, execute. 
 
 €|t]'Y(5, explain. 
 
 eiridcwpu), inspect. 
 
 ciri6vp,w, desire. 
 
 €irtKpoTci5, applaud. 
 
 tvep-yeTco, benefit. 
 
 cvXc-yw, bless. 
 
 cvxa-picTTw, thank. 
 
 0appu) (vlg.), think. 
 dcwpw, consider. 
 KaOvcTcpw, <^^ behindhand. 
 KaKoiroiu), injure. 
 KoXc, name, call. 
 KaravTw (vlg.), (5^ reduced. 
 Karq-yopw, blatne, accuse. 
 KaroiKu), inhabit, live. 
 Kivii), move. 
 Kparo), /z^/«^. 
 \a\i5, /a//^. 
 XetiroOvnco, faint. 
 XeiTTOTaKTtS, desert. 
 Xt)o-)J.ovo>, forget. 
 Xvirw, sadden. 
 ^eravow, repent. 
 (jLcrpw, measure. 
 
 olKoSofjLw, <5z^//a^ a house. 
 
 Lesson XXII.) 
 
 dfioXo-yo), acknowledge. 
 irapaiTM, let go. 
 irapaKivw, incite. 
 irapaKaXttf, <^^^, /r^jj/. 
 irapaKoXov6(o, foHow. 
 irapaTTjpw, observe. 
 'irapcl'qYw, misinterpret. 
 iraTw, j/^/ upon. 
 irXT]p(tf, yf//. 
 iroiw, make. 
 irpooTKaXu), invite. 
 irpoo-Kvvu), salute. 
 •rrpo<nra0w, try. 
 o-v-yKivw, affect. 
 o-v-yKpaTco, /^(?/rt' together. 
 o-u-yx^P", forgive. 
 crv^TlTw, discuss. 
 Qru(i({>(dvw, agree. 
 Ti)jLO)pci), punish. 
 Tpa-ywSci) (vlg.), j-/«^. 
 Tupavvw, tyrannize, illtreat. 
 
 vmipeTw, j-^rz/<?. 
 
 <|>6ovci), ^«ZAJ/. 
 <|>lX(0, ^/>J. 
 
 <|>(,XoveiKw, quarrel. 
 <|>iXo|€vo), tender hospitality. 
 (t>op(3 (vlg.), wear. 
 <}>povuj, <^^ of opinion. 
 XcipoKpoTw, applaud (with the 
 hands). 
 • yfi^r\y{^^ furnish. 
 Xpcwo-Tw, i?ze;^. 
 Xwpw, contain, be contained. 
 M<{>£X(0, <5<? of advantage. 
 
216 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Contracted verbs with characteristic o. 
 
 (See Lesson XXIII.) 
 
 dp'yvpw, silver. 
 
 PcPaiw, assure. 
 
 8t|X(o, declare. 
 
 €|airX(5, spread. , 
 
 ^T])iito, damage. 
 
 ISpto, perspire. 
 
 KaTop6(o, succeed • manage. 
 
 K€vu, empty. 
 
 ircpiKVKXw, surround. 
 
 o-TCcpavto, crown, marry. 
 TikixSi^ finish. 
 TvircS, print. 
 Tv<|>Xw, blind. 
 viroxp€«, oblige. 
 vt|/co, raise. 
 <)>avcp(tf, wa^f- r/^ar. 
 
 <}>OpTlS, /^rf^. 
 
 Xpvo-w, ^z/aT. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Irregular verbs. 
 
 (See Lesson 
 
 a-yo) (a|a), r^-ya-yov), conduct. 
 
 €l(rd-yci>, introduce. 
 
 I^d'yo), /a>6^ t>«/, export. 
 (j8o) (ao-«), j///^. 
 
 av|dvcD (av^TJ(r(i>), grow, augment. 
 d4>Tfv(i) (d<j)£v«), /^raz'^, /^/ (^f. 
 p-yaCvo) (vlg.), go out. 
 pXeiro), j-^^. 
 -YCvop.ai, become. 
 SciKvvw, show. 
 8(8<i), ^/z/^. 
 
 cl(iai (clp.C), ^^. (trdpciiii, be present^ 
 
 cpxo(iai, <r^X7;^. 
 
 ^irav^pXCfiai, return. 
 
 O^TO), place, put. 
 
 Ov^o-K(i> (diroOv^o-Kw), </ft^. 
 
 KdOT)|iai, J-/V. 
 
 XXVII.) 
 
 K(iXw, call. 
 XajiPdvA), receive. 
 X^-yu, j</y. 
 
 |€X»'** (vlg- aor. ^I^x''"''*)'/^''^'^^- 
 
 irapaSCSw, deliver, surrender. 
 
 irapcpxop.ai, pass by. 
 
 •mi'yatvw (vlg.), go. 
 
 triirrta^fiill. 
 
 piirrta, throzu. 
 
 <n]K6vo|iai (vlg.), get up. 
 
 0-up.paCvci, (imp.), // happens. 
 
 (TT^KOfiak (vlg.), stand. 
 
 vird-yo), go. 
 
 rpexw, run. 
 
 TV'yx'i'Vft), chance. 
 
 <)>a(vo(iai, appear. 
 
 ()>cv-y(i), ^^ away. 
 
 XalpW; rejoice. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 IVJ 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Passive verbs with active or neutral meaning. 
 (See Lesson XXVII.) 
 
 d-Y(i>vC^o|j,ai,, contend, fight. 
 alo-Odvofj.ai, feel. 
 dva)jLi)i.vTJ<rKO)i.ai, remember. 
 dvairavoftai, rest. 
 dva<{>a(vo|Jiai, appear. 
 dvCcrapiai, rise. 
 diroKp£vo)Jiai, answer. 
 d'iro({>aCvo(xai, opine. 
 do-ird^opiai, embrace. 
 d(|>iKvov|Jiai, arrive. 
 8€XO|j.ai, accept, receive. 
 SiT]'YOV|iai., narrate. 
 Svva|JLai, be able. 
 e-ycCpo|i.ai, rise. 
 clpiai, be. 
 
 e|j.iri(rT€vop.ak, trust. 
 €vOv(Jiov(iak, remember. 
 €VTp6'iro(Jtat, be ashamed. 
 eirofjiai, follow. 
 cpXOfiai, come. 
 cvxop.ai, wish. 
 Kd6T](jiai, sit. 
 
 KaTa-yCvo|xai., be occupied in. 
 Kci|xai, lie. 
 
 Kkvov)iak, be in motion. 
 KOi)iw)iakj sleep. 
 
 Xvirov|iai, be sorry. 
 |j.dxo)xai, fight in battle. 
 |iCTa|i.€Xo)iai, repent. 
 |UTaxctpC^o|i,aiy use. 
 6p-yCto)Jiai,, get angry. 
 6pKC^o|ji,ai, swear. 
 irapaSe'xoftai, accept. 
 irapairovoviiai, complain. 
 ir(pi'iroiov)i,ai, treat well. 
 irpoT^-yovfjiai, precede. 
 (r€|3o|xai, respect. 
 o'KeirTO)j.ai, think. 
 o-T(KO)iiai (vlg.), stand. 
 o-vWo-yC^Ofiai,, think. 
 crvWuirovfiai, condole. 
 (rvv€vvoov)&ai, come to an under- 
 standing. 
 viroX'fjirTop.ai, esteem. 
 iJir6(rxo(iai, promise. 
 ({>a£vop.ak, appear. 
 ()>avTd^O)JLai, imagine. 
 <{>oPov)iai, be afraid. 
 Xpeta^oiJiai, require, be of use. 
 ^cvSoiiai, tell lies. 
 w<|>€\ov}jiai, profit. 
 
218 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 dvd, 3j/, over. 
 
 dvT£, instead of . 
 
 (kirOy/rom, by, since. 
 
 8id, by, through, with, for ^ in order 
 
 to. 
 €ls, to, in, at. 
 €K, of, from. 
 4v, in, into. 
 «ir(, <?«, a/ the time of, during. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 (See Lesson XXVIII.) 
 
 Kard, against, according to, about. 
 
 (jLcrd, with, after. 
 
 Tta.po.j from, by, against, less. 
 
 ircpC, about, on, around. 
 
 Trpo, before, in front of. 
 
 irp<Ss, next to, towards. 
 
 crvv, with. 
 
 vvipyfor, above, more than. 
 
 viro, by, under. 
 
 xxxm. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 (See Lesson XXIX.) 
 
 d'ydXia (vlg.), slowly. 
 dSiaKoirwSi incessantly. 
 dSiaKpCrws, indiscriminately. 
 dSUots, unjustly. 
 qbcCiroTC, always. 
 dcvvdws, incessantly. 
 al'<|>vT]s, suddenly. 
 al<|>vk8£cDS, suddenly. 
 dKaraCpara (vlg.), without reduc- 
 tion. 
 dK6(iT], J-////. 
 dKpi^d (vlg.), dearly. 
 dKpiPwSf exactly. 
 dXXaxov, /« another place. 
 d\\^(i>S, differently. 
 dXXoC^iovov, flA^J. 
 dXXov (vlg.), in another place. 
 dXXws, differently. 
 
 &|jia, as soon ; together with. 
 d)iCcro>s, immediately. 
 dvdiroSa (vlg.), upside down. 
 dv€v, without. 
 dvTiKpv, opposite. 
 dvft), above. 
 dira|, <>«r<?. 
 dircvavTi, opposite. 
 dp-yd, /a/^, slowly. 
 dpKcrd, enough. 
 a{ipiov, to-morrow. 
 Pa6^(i)S, deeply. 
 Pa6)iT]86v, ^j degrees. 
 Pap^cos, heavily. 
 P<PaCci)s, certainly. 
 'YpC-ycDpa (vlg.), quickly. 
 8^v (ovS^v), «o/. 
 8t6Xov, wi?/ a/ a//. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 219 
 
 8(x<^) without. 
 CY-yvSi near. 
 €8w, here. 
 €K6i, there. 
 
 €Kiro8(ov, out of the way. 
 6kt6s, without^ except. 
 €KTOT€, since then. 
 Cfxirpos, in fronts forward. 
 evCoT€, sometimes. 
 evravOa, here. 
 cvTcXws, completely. 
 cvwiriov, in front of 
 cvwpCs, early. 
 \% aTravTOS, by all means. 
 c|a()>va (vlg.), suddenly. 
 e|fis, next; els t6 cl-qs, /« M^ 
 future. 
 
 eirdvio, <?«, above. 
 
 4'ir€iTa, afterward. 
 
 €iri|i.c\ws, diligently, carefully. 
 
 'da-rijiy let it be. 
 
 co-o), inside. 
 
 6TO-1 (vlg.), J(7. 
 
 €V"Y6, bravo. 
 
 e(|>eTOS, this year. 
 
 SIcDs, «^«//7. 
 
 Tl8t], already. 
 
 T|6iKws, morally. 
 
 Ti<rvx«S, quietly. 
 
 Ocpjiws, warmly. 
 
 l8ov, j-^^ /^^r^. 
 
 t<ria (vlg.), straight. 
 
 to-ta . . , l!o-ia (vlg.),y«j/ j^. 
 
 Icxvpus, strongly. 
 
 Co-ws, perhaps. 
 
 KaPdXa (vlg.), (?« horseback. 
 
 KaOapd (vlg.), cleanly, clearly. 
 
 KaOdXov, entirely ; not at all. 
 
 KaOdo-ovy as, seeing that. 
 
 KaOws, as. 
 
 KttKd (vlg.), KaKws, badly. 
 KttXd (vlg.), KaXwst well. 
 Kdirov (vlg.), somewhere. 
 KdiroT€ (vlg.), sometimes. 
 Kdro), down. . 
 KaTwWpcD, lower down. 
 Kovrd (vlg.), near. 
 Kpv(|>(«»$, secretly. 
 KvpCus, principally. 
 Xoiir6v, consequently. 
 (id (vlg.), but, by. 
 jiattj (vlg.), together. 
 (jiaKpdv (vlg. )j,aKpvd),yar. 
 p.dXXov, wor^, rather. 
 p.dXi(rTa, ^^j, ^«/V^ j^. 
 jidrnv, in vain. 
 libera (vlg.), inside, within. 
 fi€Ta|v, between. 
 (jLcrpCcDS, moderately. 
 
 ix'^ircos, lest, perhaps. 
 
 |i,6Xis, scarcely. 
 
 va£, jj/^j. 
 
 O'yXC'ycDpa (vlg.), quickly. 
 
 dSoiiropiKwS) on foot. 
 
 oI'koi, a^ home. 
 
 O|i,ov, together. 
 
 6|ici)s, ^»A 
 
 oirCco), behind. 
 
 oirov, where. 
 
 Sircos, a.r. 
 
 6p6ws, rightly, upright. 
 
 6raVf when. 
 
 ov8a|JLOv, nowhere. 
 
 ov8^iroTC, never. 
 
 ovTw, in this way. 
 
 irdXiv, again. 
 
 iTttVTaxov, everywhere. 
 
220 
 
 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES, 
 
 irAvTOT€, always. 
 
 TravTcXws, not at all. 
 
 iravTOv (vlg.), everywhere. 
 
 irapaKaro) (vlg.), lower down. 
 
 Trdpavra, immediately. 
 
 irap€irdv(i> (vlg.), higher up. 
 
 irao-rpiKd (vlg.), cleanly, clearly. 
 
 ircj-g, irclws, on foot. 
 
 ircpav, beyond. 
 
 irepi^, round about. 
 
 irepCirov, about. 
 
 ircpvo-i, last year. 
 
 wXe'ov, more. 
 
 irX^v, but, less. 
 
 ttXt^o-Cov, near. 
 
 ir606v, whence. 
 
 iroXXdKis, often. 
 
 irotrdKis, how often. 
 
 irocws, not at all. 
 
 •^6x6, when. 
 
 iroT^, never. 
 
 iroO; where? 
 
 irpCv, before. 
 
 irpiai)v, formerly. 
 
 irws \ how ? 
 
 pT)T(os, expressly. 
 
 o-iravCws, rarely. 
 
 o^vdfia, together. 
 
 <rvvT]0ws, usually. 
 
 <r<|>i"YKTd (vlg.), tightly. 
 
 crx«86v, almost. 
 
 raKTiKwSt regularly. 
 
 t6t€, then. 
 
 TOvXdxwTTOv, at least. 
 
 T0VT6<m, that is. 
 
 Tov xpovov (vlg.), next year. 
 
 Toxov, by chance. 
 
 TMpa, now. 
 
 viroKdro), under. 
 
 vfmpovj afterwards. 
 
 Xa|jLaC (vlg. xdp>w), on the ground. 
 
 Xan^Xd (vlg.), lo7u. 
 
 X0€S, yesterday. 
 
 XwpCs, without. 
 
 Xupiorrd (vlg.), separately. 
 
 ws, as. 
 
 wcravTws, a/j<?. 
 
 oitrrc, so that. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 
 
 (See Lesson XXX.) 
 
 dXXA, *«/ 
 
 cl 8c HTj, or else. 
 
 dXXoxTTc, besides. 
 
 clre . . . ctre, ^'////^r . . .or. 
 
 av, // 
 
 kv6a-ift so long as. 
 
 dv Ka(, although. 
 
 Iv^, w^/7<?. 
 
 dpa, therefore. 
 
 4irci8Ti, because. 
 
 As, way /■/ ^^. 
 
 9[,or. 
 
 d()>ov, since, after. 
 
 i]TOi, Ma/ is. 
 
 SrjXaSTJ, Ma/ />. 
 
 ed, «//•//. 
 
 8i6ti, because. 
 
 Xva (8id vd), in order that. 
 
 4dv, ;/. 
 
 KaC, and. 
 
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES. 
 
 11\ 
 
 KaCroi, although. 
 
 (id, but. 
 
 (lev . . . $€ , )j,cv . . . dXXd, indeed . . . 
 
 but. 
 (iT^Se, ^r^^^ neither. 
 (ioXovoTi, although. 
 vd, that., to. 
 val |Ji€v dWd, indeed but. 
 
 ^T€, dirdre, iVav, when. 
 ore (1.6V . . . OTc 8€ , sometimes. 
 
 oviSc Kttv, not even. 
 
 ovT€ . . . ovT€, neither . . . nor. 
 
 ov (idvov . . . dXXd, not only . . . but. 
 
 iTMS) that. 
 
 rh |t€v , » ,t6 8€, partly . . .partly. 
 
 tts av (ws ^dv, a>s cl), as if. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 able, be, SAva/xai; ifiiropQ (vlg.). 
 
 about, /card, irepl, irepiirov. 
 
 above, virip, iirdvu), Apu. 
 
 absolutely, i^ dwavTos, diroXjuTus. 
 
 abuse, KaTdxpw-^^ V- 
 
 abyss, A^vcraos, i}. 
 
 accent, t6pos, 6. 
 
 accept, S^xo/***'* Tapafi^xo/***** 
 
 according to, Kurd. 
 
 account, Xoyaptaa-p/n, 6. 
 
 accountable, v-rrSXoyos, 6, i], -ov. 
 
 accuse, KaryiyopCb. 
 
 accustom, avveiOi^u). 
 
 acknowledge, 6/jx)XoyQ. 
 
 act, Tpd^is, T}. 
 
 acute, 6^j/s, -eiay -iJ. 
 
 add, irpocrd^TU). 
 
 address, dieidwais, -ewy, ij. 
 
 admirable, davfidaios, -a, -ov. 
 
 admiral, vaijapxos, 6. 
 
 admire, davfidi^oj. 
 
 adorn, <TToXli;u}. 
 
 advance, Trpoxw/aa). 
 
 advantage, be of, cJ^eXw. 
 
 advent, eXei/o-ts, -cws, ij. 
 
 adversary, ttoX^/xios, 6. 
 
 advice, avfi^ovXi), ij. 
 
 advise, avyi^ovXeioa. 
 
 affair, virddecris, ij. 
 
 affect, (TvyKivQ. 
 
 afraid, be, (po^ovfAac. 
 
 after, d<f)ov, fierd. 
 
 afterwards, varepov. 
 
 again, irdXiv. 
 
 against, Kard, ivavrlov, irapd. 
 
 age, ijXLKia, i) ; alibv, -wvos, 6. 
 
 agree, avixcfxavCi. 
 
 agreeable, €vxdpi.<TTos, evdpearos, 6, 
 
 V, -ov. 
 agreement, a-vfiipcjvla, i). 
 agriculture, yecopyLa, 17. 
 agony, dyuvia, rj. 
 air, di^p, -ipo%, 6. 
 alas, dXXoLfxovov. 
 all, SXos, -71, -ov ; 6X6icXi;po$, 6, rj, -ov. 
 
 allow, iTTtTp^TTU). 
 
 almost, (rxe56»'. 
 
 alone, /xSvos, -rj, -ov. 
 
 already, i]8rj. 
 
 also, (oaaiJTbJs. 
 
 altar, /3aj/x6s, 6. 
 
 always, irdvTOTe. 
 
 ambassador, tr pear ^evr-ffs, 6. 
 
 American, 'AfxepiKavSs, 6. 
 
 amiability, (piXoippdvijais, -ews, ij. 
 
 amuse, diacrKeSd^oj. 
 
 amusing, vdcTifios, 6, ij, -ov ; SiaffKC- 
 
 8a<TTiK6s, -tJ, -6v. 
 anchor, AyKvpa, rj. 
 ancient, apxatos, -a, -ov. 
 and, Kal, t4, Si. 
 angel, AyyeXoi, 6. 
 
224 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 anger, 6/)7iJ, t\ ; BvyJi^^ 6. 
 
 angle, yuvla, t). 
 
 angry, get, 6v/x6v(a, dpyl^ofiat. 
 
 animal, fyov, t6. 
 
 announce, dvayy^XKoj. 
 
 another, dXXoj, -tj, -o. 
 
 answer, dvavrCo, diroKplvoiMi. 
 
 ant, fnipfir]^, -kos, 6. 
 
 anticipate, TrpoXafipdvu. 
 
 ape, TrLdn]^, -kos, 6. 
 
 apothecary, (papfxaKoiroidi, 6. 
 
 appear, tpaLvofiai. 
 
 appetite, 6pe^is, -cws, ^. 
 
 applaud, x^'/>o/c/)ora;, iiriKporQ. 
 
 apple, fxijXov, t6. 
 
 apron, irodid (vlg.), ij. 
 
 Arab, "Apa^, -/3os, 6. 
 
 arc, rb^ov, t6. 
 
 arch, t6^ov, t6; Ka/xdpa (vlg.), 17. 
 
 argument, iirixelpijfM, t6. 
 
 arm, /Spax^wi/, -otoj, 6. 
 
 army, arpards, 6. 
 
 around, vepL 
 
 arrival, A^i^ts, ■^ ; 0/ a ship^ Kurd- 
 
 ttXous, 6. 
 arrive, d<piKPovfiai^ (pddpo). 
 artichoke, dyKivdpa (vlg.), rj. 
 artillery, irvpo^oXiKbv, t6. 
 as, w'j, Kad(i)s, Kadbffov. 
 as much, 5<ros, -r/, -ov. 
 as soon, &im ws. 
 ashamed, be, aUrx'^vofM^] fvrphro- 
 
 fiai (vlg.). 
 ask, ipuTui. 
 assure, /3e/3a(w. 
 at, €/s. 
 
 at home, otKoi. 
 at least, rovXdxio-rov, k&v. 
 at once, ey^iJj. 
 at the time of, iTri. 
 attack, TTpoff^dWu), irpotr^X-fi, ij. 
 
 attention, irpoaox'fi, "h- 
 attention, pay, irpoa^x^- 
 augment, ait^dvcj. 
 author, a-vyypa4>€^s, -^ws, 6. 
 authority, i^ovaia, dpx^. ^• 
 avoid, d'iro<f>eijy<a. 
 awake, i^virvCj. 
 
 back, dwiffw. 
 
 bad, kukSs, --fj, -6v. 
 
 badly, Aca/cu)?; xaxd (vlg.). 
 
 badness, KaKla, i]. 
 
 baker, dproToids, 6 ; xpufids (vlg.), 6 
 
 ball, xop<^5, 6 ; a<l>aTpa, i} ; Kov^dpiy t6. 
 
 bank, rpdwel^a, ij. 
 
 barber, Kovpeis, -€a>j, 6. 
 
 barber's shop, Kovpctov, t6. 
 
 base, kZ/SSt/Xos, 6, 17, -oi'. 
 
 basket, KaXddi, KotpLpi; iravalpi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 battle, fidxVi V- 
 be, c?/xai, elfxl, xRVf^Tti^u. 
 bean, 0a<roOXt (vlg.), t6. 
 bear, 7e»'»'(3. 
 
 bearable, wrotpeprbs, -ifi, -6v. 
 beat, S^/aw, KTvird. 
 beautiful, upalos, -a, -oi/. 
 beauty, upai&rrji, rj ; k^XXos, t6. 
 because, 5i6ti, iireiSifi. 
 become, ylvo/jui. 
 
 bed, kXIpt], 7} ; Kpe^^dri, t6. 
 bedroom, Kd/xapa (vlg.), ^. 
 
 bee, fx^Xiaaa, rj. 
 
 beer, f>5^os, 6; fiirlpa (vlg.), ^. 
 
 before, irpS, trplv. 
 
 beg, TTopafcaXw. 
 
 begin, d^x^fw- 
 
 beginning, dpx^^. ^• 
 
 behind, dirlaw, dTroirlau, 6iri<r6tv. 
 
 behindhand, be, KadvarepQ. 
 
 believe, irurTeiu. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCAB ULAR V. 
 
 225 
 
 bell, K(I}8(i)v, -uvos, 6; Kovdovvi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 belong, dv-qKOi. 
 beloved, ay air tit 6s, -ij, -6v. 
 belt, ^iiivr], 7}. 
 bend, kXIvcj. 
 benefit, evepyerQ. 
 between, fiera^i. 
 bewilder, faX/fw. 
 beyond, ir^pav. 
 bill, Xoyapiaafids, 6. 
 biography, ^toypacpla, if. 
 bird, irTffvbv, rb; irovXi (vlg.), t6. 
 bite, dayKavd), SdKvu}. 
 bitter, iriKpds, -d, -bv. 
 black, /A^Xas, -atm; /xavpos (vlg.), 
 
 -77, -OJ'. 
 
 blame, KaTrjyopw. 
 
 bless, eiiXoyu). 
 
 blind, TV(f>\Q ; TV(p\6pu) (vlg.) ; 
 
 TV(f)\6s, -tJ, -^j*. 
 blood, af/ia, -tos, t6. 
 blow, (pvau), irviu). 
 boat, X^/i/3os, r?; iSdp/ca (vlg.), 17. 
 body, awfjLa, ~tos, t6. 
 boil, ^pd^(a. 
 
 bone, oarovv; k^kkoKov (vlg.), t6. 
 book, fii^Xlov, t6. 
 bookseller, ^t/SXtoTrtiXr/s, 6. 
 boot, VTr6dr)fia, -tos, t6. 
 bore, TpvTTU). 
 bother, faXffw. 
 bound, (TKiprG}. 
 box, Kipdriov, t6. 
 boy, irais, -56s, 6 ; Traidi, dybpi 
 
 (vlg.), r6. 
 bracelet, ^pax^bXi (vlg.), t6. 
 brain, /x.i;eX6s, 6; fivaXbv (vlg.), t6. 
 branch, /cXciSos, 6. 
 brave, dj/SpeXos, -a, -op ; yevvaios, -a, 
 
 -OJ'; TraXXijKdpt (vlg.), t6. 
 
 bravo I e57e .' 
 
 bread, Apros, 6; i/'w/ii (vlg-)» '^^• 
 
 break, o-Trdvoj (vlg.). 
 
 breast, o-ttjOos, -ovs, t6. 
 
 brick, Kepa/xldi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 bride, viJ/t^T/, ^. 
 
 bridegroom, yafi^pbs, 6. 
 
 bridge, y4(pvpa, ij. 
 
 brief, o-jJi/To/ios, 6, -^j -ov. 
 
 brigand, Xtjctti^s, 6. 
 
 brilliancy, XaixirpbTtfs, -tos, 17. 
 
 brine, ^X/at;, t}. 
 
 bring, 0^pw. 
 
 broad, eupi/s, -e7a, -i5 ; TrXariJs, -era, jJ. 
 
 brother, d5e\<pbs, 6. 
 
 brush, fiovpTaa (vlg.), -^. 
 
 bucket, Kov^ds (vlg.), 6. 
 
 build, ktI^o), oiKodo/jiC). 
 
 builder, KTiaTrjs, 6. 
 
 building-lot, olKbireSop, t6. 
 
 bum, /cafw. 
 
 burned, KaO/x^ws (vlg.), -17, -oi*. 
 
 burning, /fauo-rtxis, -ij, -6v. 
 
 burst, (TKdj'w (vlg.). 
 
 bury, ddxTo}. 
 
 bush, ddfivos, 6. 
 
 bushel, KoiKbp, Tb. 
 
 but, dXXd, f(/ia>s, dXX' 5/iws, ttXtJi', ^id. 
 
 butter, Po^Tvpop, Tb. 
 
 buy, d7opdfa> ; \j/(i)pi^o} (vlg.). 
 
 by, dpd, dirb, did, vapd, jxd, virb. 
 
 by all means, e| diraPTos. 
 
 by chance, Tvxbv. 
 
 cabbage, \dx<tvop, t6. 
 
 cage, kXu^Iop, Tb; kKov^L (vlg.), t6. 
 
 calendar, Tj/xepoXbyiop, Tb. 
 
 call, KttXcD, ^uivd^oj. 
 
 candle, Krjplop, Tb; Kepi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 cane, pd/35os, 17. 
 
 cap, (TKoO^os (vlg.), 6. 
 
226 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 capable, A^tos, -a, -ov ; iKavSs, -ij, -6v. 
 capital, K€<pd\aiov, t6. 
 capricious, Trapd^evos (vlg.), 6, i], -ov. 
 captain, sea, Kv^epvqT-qs, 6; army, 
 
 care, (ppovrU, -5os, i]. 
 
 care, have, ^povri^u). 
 
 career, <TTd8iov, t6. 
 
 careless, airpScreKros, 6, i), -op. 
 
 carnival, dtroKpews, ij. 
 
 carpenter, ^vXovpySs, 6. 
 
 carriage, d/xa^a, i]; 6xvi^0'f -tos, t6; 
 
 dfxd^i (vlg.), t6. 
 cashier, ra/xias, 6. 
 cat, ydra (vlg.), rj. 
 catch, avWaix^dvoi) ; iridpof (vlg.). 
 cauliflower, kovpovtISl (vlg.), t6. 
 cause, d(f)opfxi^, rj. 
 cavalry, linn.Kbv, t6. 
 cease, Traijoj. 
 
 cemetery, pcKporacpeiop, t6. 
 cent, 6^o\6s, 6. 
 central, kcptplkSs, -17, -6p. 
 centre, K^prpop, t6. 
 century, aldp, -Qpos, 6. 
 certain, p^^aios, -aia, -op. 
 certainly, ^e^alm; pi^aia (vlg.). 
 chain, AXvais, -cws, 17. 
 chair, KdOiff/xa, -ros, t6; /cap^/cXa 
 
 (vlg.). V- 
 chamber, ddXa/ios, 6. 
 chance, rvyxdpu), r^xVy V- 
 change, dWda-<ru), dWayi^, ij. 
 chanter, ^d\T7)s, 6. 
 charity, iXerj/xoaipTj, ij. 
 chaos, x<*05> "0*^5, t6 ; KVKCibp, -Qpo^, 6. 
 chapter, *fe0<£Xaioj', t6. 
 cheat, dirarQ), yeXQ. 
 cheek, trapeid, 17. 
 cheese, rvpSs, 6; rvpt (vlg.), t6. 
 chemistry, xVfJ^^o-j V- 
 
 chew, iJLaa-Q. 
 
 chicken, irovXl (vlg.), t6. 
 
 chicory, paSkt (vlg.), t6. 
 
 child, riKvov, to ; TraiSt (vlg.), rh. 
 
 chief, dpxvy^^f 0- 
 
 cholera, x<^^^P°-> V- 
 
 chop, KOTrapL^u) (vlg.). 
 
 chord, xopS'^j V- 
 
 Christ, Xpurrds, 6. 
 
 Christian, Xpio-napSs, 6. 
 
 church, iKKKriaia, i}. 
 
 cigar, To-iydpop (vlg.), t6. 
 
 circumference, Trepi<f>4p€ia, t). 
 
 citizen, ttoX^ttjs, 6. 
 
 city, 7r6Xts, -€ws, ij. 
 
 class, rd^Ls, -cws, ij ; »fX<£<j-ts, -€Ci»s, ■^. 
 
 clean, Kadapl^u; Trao-r/oei/w (vlg.), 
 
 Kadapds, -a, -bv. 
 cleanly, KadapQs ; Kadapd, TatrrpiKd 
 
 (vlg.). 
 clearly, <papepd ; Kadapd, iraarpiKd 
 
 (vlg.). 
 clergy, /cX^pos, 6. 
 clerk, virdWriXos, 6. 
 climb, dvapalpu), dpa^pixCHfJuxi. 
 cloth, iKpaa-fia, -tos, t6 ; Ttrdxa, ij. 
 cloud, <Tivp€(f>op. 
 coachman, a^^i/Xdrr;?, 6; d/xa^as 
 
 (vlg.), 6. 
 coal, &p6pa^, -*co5, 6; Kdp^ovvov 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 coffee, Ka(ph, 6. 
 coffee-maker, Ko0eTf^j, 6. 
 coin, pdfjLUTfia, -tos, t6. 
 cold, subst. ^iJxo5» -ous, t6; k/siJoi' 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 cold, adj. ypvxpbs, -d, -6p; Kp6os 
 
 (vlg.), -o, -ov. 
 cold, be, catch, Kpvbpu) (vlg.). 
 collect, (TvpadpoL^u, avW^io. 
 colonel, ffvvray fjLardpxv^t ^- 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 227 
 
 color, x/"«'A'ttTffw ; xP'^y-^i -to^, t6. 
 
 column, (ttjjXos, 6; Ko\u)va (vlg.), ij. 
 
 combat, dytvp, -lovos, 6. 
 
 combatant, iiaxwn^, o. 
 
 come, fpxofxac. 
 
 comedy, Kto/xudla, ij. 
 
 comic, ku/xikSs, -tJ, -6v. 
 
 comity, iinTpoir-fi, tj. 
 
 command, Stardercra;, diarayifi, ij ; 
 
 irpoarayq, ij. 
 communication, o-vyKoivcvvla, ij. 
 company, \6xos. 6. 
 compare, Tra/oa/SdXXo;. 
 complain, Trapairopovfiai. 
 complaint, irapdtrovov, t6. 
 complete, irXTqprjs, 6, i], -es ; (Toiarbs 
 
 (vlg.), --f), -6v. 
 completely, evreXws. 
 comrade, cripTpoipos, 6. 
 conciseness, ^paxvXoyla, rj. 
 concord, 6fi6poia, ij. 
 condemn, KaradLKd^oj. 
 condole, (rvWvTrovfxai. 
 condor, y^, -7r6s, 6. 
 conduct, A7W. 
 confound, <xvyx^(a. 
 confusion, (n>y%u(ris, -ews, 17 ; KVKCibp, 
 
 -tScos, 6. 
 congratulate, cvyxalpui. 
 congratulations, avyxapi^T-^pia, rd. 
 conjecture, eUd^cj. 
 conquer, vikCj, Kvpie6(a. 
 consent, ffvyKaTape^u. 
 consequently, 66€v, \oiir6py avpeirQs. 
 consider, deupQ. 
 constancy, crradepSTr}^, -ros, 17. 
 constitution, a^PTayiia, -ros, t6. 
 construction, KaraaKevfj, ij. 
 consul, irpd^epos; Roman consul, 
 
 i/Traros. 
 contain, irepiix^f X^P^' 
 
 contend, dywpl^ofjiai.. 
 
 continent, ■^Treipos, ij. 
 
 continuation, avp^x^ia, if. 
 
 contract, a-vfi^dXatop, t6. 
 
 contrary, ipaprios, -a, -op. 
 
 conversation, avpoixCXia, rj. 
 
 cook, fiayeipetjo}, fidycLpos, 6, ij. 
 
 cool, \}/vxpo-^v(a. 
 
 copper, x^^f <^s, 6 ; x^^'^o'^^, -rj, -ovp. 
 
 copyist, 7/3a0ei/s, -i(as, 6. 
 
 cord, awdyyos (vlg.), 6. 
 
 cork, (peXXds (vlg.), 6. 
 
 comer, ywpla, i). 
 
 corporal, ScKape^s, -^ws, 6. 
 
 corpse, TTTUfia, -ros, to. 
 
 corridor, xoTtt^Tt (vlg.), t6. 
 
 cost, kocxtL^u) (vlg.). 
 
 cotton, ^dfx^a^, -kos, 6; /Sa/u/Sd/ci 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 cotton cloth, Traj/i (vlg.), t6. 
 counsel, (rvfx^oOXiop, t6 ; avpL^ovXrj, ij. 
 count, Xoyapid^o}, dpidfiw, fierpCj. 
 country, x^P^-y V> country-house, 
 
 ^^ox-fl, V- 
 courage, ddppos, -ovs, t6. 
 course, a-rdbiop, t6. 
 court, avXi^, yj. 
 
 cousin, i^d5eX<f>os, 6; e^adiX<pr}, rj. 
 cover, /caXuTTTw; o-KeTrdfw (vlg.). 
 cow, dyeXd$,-dos,r]; dy€XdSa{Y\g.),r). 
 crack, payL^w (vlg.). 
 crafty, Kpv\f/LPovs, 6, 17, -ovp. 
 criminal, KaKovpyos, 6, 17, -oi'. 
 cross, aravpSs, 6. 
 crow, Kdpa^, -kos, 6. 
 crown, (TTi(j)0}, a-recpapC}, (rT€(f>ap6p(a. 
 crown of flowers, a-r^cpapos, 6 ; o-re- 
 
 ^dw (vlg.), t6. 
 cruelty, lOfidTrfs, -ros, rj. 
 cry, dpaKpd^u). 
 crystal, Kpia-raXXop, t6. 
 
228 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 cucumber, d77oOpt (vlg.), tL 
 
 cudgel, pdiraXov, t6. 
 
 cup, (p\LT^dpi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 cure, depaireita, tarpei/w, depavda, rj. 
 
 current, pevfxa, -tos, t6 ; povs, 6. 
 
 custom, avvT^deia, 17. 
 
 custom-house, reXupeiov, t6. 
 
 cut, KdlTTb}. 
 
 damage, fi;/xttS, i^rjfiiSvta, ^ttida, 
 
 (pdopd, 7}. 
 
 damp, vypaaia, i] ; vyp6s, -d, -6v. 
 
 dance, xopc^w, x^P^^f 0. 
 
 danger, kIpSwos, 6 ; de in danger, 
 
 Kivhvvebu). 
 dare, ToXfiQ. 
 daring, rdXfn], ij. 
 dark, a-Koreipds, --fj, -bv. 
 dark-complexioned, fxeXayxpoipSs, -ij, 
 
 -6p. 
 darkness, (Tk&tos, -ovi, t6; aKorddi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 date, iifiepofxrjpla, i). 
 daughter, dvydrrjp, -rpds, ij ; Kdprj 
 
 (vlg.). V' 
 dawn, a^ij, ij. 
 day, v/iipa, ij. 
 
 day and night, Tj/iepov^KTiov, t6. 
 day's wages, Tiftepop-ladiop, rb. 
 dead, penpbs, -d, -bv ; \pb(pios (vlg.), 
 
 -a, -OP. 
 deaf, KU}(pbs, -ij, -6»'. 
 dean, irp&ravis, -ews, 6. 
 dear, aKpi^bi, -ij, -61/ (vlg.). 
 dearest, (plXraros, -r), -ov. 
 deamess, dKpl^eia (vlg.), 17. 
 dearly, uKpi^d (vlg.). 
 death, ddparos, 6. 
 debt, xP^oiy -oi's. ''■6; ccrvered with 
 
 debt, Kardxpft^^f b. 
 decency, Kofffubrrii, -to^, ij. 
 
 decide, diro^aa-i^u. 
 
 decision, dirbcpaais, -eus, i}. 
 
 declare, SijXw. 
 
 deep, ^a66s, -eia, -«J. 
 
 deeply, ^adiuis. 
 
 degrees, by, PaOfxrjSbp. 
 
 deliver, irapadidu. 
 
 demon, dalfiup, -opo^, 6. 
 
 dentist, odour ol'arpbs, 6. 
 
 departure, di'ax wpTjtr ts, -ews, ^. 
 
 departure, by sea, dirbirXovs, 6. 
 
 deposit, dirod^Tw. 
 
 depth, ^ddo%, -ovs, rb. 
 
 descend, Kara^i^d^o) ; Kara^alvui 
 
 (vlg.). 
 description, irepiYpa^iJ, ^. 
 desert, XetTrorafcrcD. 
 desire, iTndvp.(a, iindv/xla, i); irb- 
 
 60s, b. 
 desist, dir^x^- 
 desk, ypacpeiop, rb. 
 destroy, Karaarp^cpw, d(l>apl^u, i^- 
 
 acpapl^oj. 
 destruction, KaTaaTpocp-fj, ij. 
 determine, bpl^oi, irpoabiopl^ta. 
 detestable, dTOTpbraLo^, -a, -ov. 
 devil, did^oXos, 6. 
 diamond, dSdiias, -vto^, 6; biapAvri 
 
 (vlg.), rb. 
 die, 6vf)<TKb) ; dtroOp-ffaKii). 
 difference, diacpopd, ij. 
 different, 5id0opos, 6, ij, -ov. 
 differently, dXX^ios, AXXwv. 
 difficult, dOtTKoXos, b, ij, -ov; dvax^- 
 
 p-flS, 6, Tj, -^j. 
 
 dig, CKdirT(a. 
 
 dinner, yevfia, -to^, rb. 
 
 diphtheria, dKpOeplris, -5oy, rj. 
 
 direct, dievdjivia. 
 
 direction, die^dvpais, -ewj, ri. 
 
 director, Stevdvvn^s, 6. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 229 
 
 dirt, cLKadapffia, i); \4pa, ppQfia 
 
 (vlg.), V- 
 disagreeable, dvadpearos, 6, i], -ov; 
 
 dvoaros, 6, i}, -ov. 
 disclose, <papepQ, <pavep6v<i). 
 discover, avaKak^TU}. 
 discovery, dvaKd\v\pLS, -ews, i}. 
 discuss, (TvfTjTw. 
 discussion, o-ufijrrjo-ts, -ews, i}. 
 disease, dad^veia, i) ; vbaosy rj. 
 disgusting, dr]8-^s, 6, ij, -^s. 
 dishearten, direXirl^ca. 
 dishonorable, &Tifws, 6, i], -ov. 
 dismiss, diroXOw. 
 disobey, irapaKoiu). 
 dissolve, SiaXi^w, dvoKiw. 
 distant, be, dw^x^- 
 distasteful, &vo<rTos, 6, ij, -ov. 
 distinguish, diaKpivu). 
 distribute, fxoipd^u}, 8iavip.(a. 
 disturb, rapdaaw. 
 disturbance, rapaxVf V- 
 do, Trpdrrw; Kdp.v(a (vlg.). 
 doctor, iarpeiju}, iarpds, 6. 
 doll, Kou/cXa (vlg.), r). 
 dome, ddXos, 6. 
 dominion, Kpdros, -ous, t6. 
 donkey, 6vos, 6; -yaidoOpi (vlg.), t6. 
 don't, fi-n- 
 
 door, 6{>pa, 7] ; wdpra (vlg.), ij. 
 double, SittXoOs, -ij, -ovv. 
 doubt, d)tt0i/3dXXw, diropQ), dfxcfjipo- 
 
 down, Kdrw. 
 
 down, go, Kara^alvca. 
 
 down, take, KarajStjSdfw ; KaraijSd^w 
 
 (vlg.). 
 drachma, bpaxp^'n, V- 
 drag, (Tijpu} ; rpa^w (vlg.) ; (ira^ 
 
 along, Trapaaiipu}. 
 drama, Spdfia, -tos, t6. 
 
 drawing-room, aWovira, i] ; aa\6vi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 dream, 6v€ipov, t6. 
 dress, evdvu, ivd6ofjMi.,tv5v/xa,-Tos,T6. 
 drink, irLvu}. 
 
 drinking-glass, -rroTTJpi (vlg.), t6. 
 drop, ard^oj, arayuv, -wvos, 17. 
 drown, wvLyu. 
 
 drunk, fiedvaixlvos, -rj, -ov (vlg.). 
 drunkenness, /x^dr], ij. 
 dry, ^-qpbs, -d, -bv ; ^epbs, -17, -bv (vlg.). 
 duck, TrdTTTTta (vlg.), if. 
 during, eiri. 
 duty, KadrJKOv, -vto$, t6; xP^os, 
 
 -ous, rb. 
 dye, /3d0w, /3a<^iJ, ij. 
 
 each, /ca^efs, -fxla, -iv; KdOe (vlg.). 
 
 each other, dXXr/Xoi, -at, -a. 
 
 eagle, derbs, b. 
 
 ear, o5s, wt6s, rb; avrl (vlg.), t6. 
 
 early, ivwpls. 
 
 earnest, be in, o-TrouSdfw. 
 
 earth, yrj, v; of the earth, iiriyeios, 
 
 b, 7}, -ov. 
 East, 'AmroXiJ, r}. 
 Easter, Wdaxo., rb. 
 easy, eu/coXos, 6, 17, -ov; eitx^P'f)^, 0, 
 
 7], -is. 
 eat, rpdiyw. 
 
 eater, great, greedy, 0a7as (vlg.), 6. 
 eating, (paynrbv, rb; (payi (vlg.), r6. 
 echo, ^X'^j -oi/Sj ^. 
 economy, oiKovofila, 17. 
 edge, dK/so, 17 ; x^^o^' ~°^^f '^^' 
 edition, %Kbo<ns, -cws, r}. 
 egg, w6;', r6; avybv (vlg.), rb. 
 either, etre. 
 elbow, dyKwv, -(avos, b. 
 element, (ttolx^Iov, rb. 
 elephant, eX^0a$, -vtos, 6. 
 
230 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULAR V. 
 
 embrace, dyKaXTj, ij. 
 
 empty, /cevw; dSeidfo;, (pKaipdpoj 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 empty, adj. Kev6s, -iJ, -6v; Adeios, -a, 
 
 -ov (vlg.). 
 end, reXetui, TeXetSpu}, t^Xos, -ovs, t6. 
 enemy, ix^P^^> -<*> -^^• 
 engineer, /u.7/xaj'i/c6s, 6. 
 Englishman, ''A77X0S, 6. 
 engrave, x«paTrc«j. 
 enigma, atviyixa, -tos, t6. 
 enough, iirapKm; apKerd (vlg.). 
 enter, elff^pxofiac, ifx^aivo}. 
 entire, SXos, -ri, -ov; oXdKXrjpos, 6, 
 
 7], -ov. 
 entirely, evreXcDs, Kad^ SKov. 
 entrance, daodos, 17. 
 envelope, 0d««eXXo$, 6. 
 envy, <f>dovG>, (f>66vos, 6. 
 Epirus, 'HTreipos, ij. 
 equal, f<ros, -77, -ov. 
 erect, eyeipu; aT-fivu) (vlg.), dpdbs, 
 
 -i], -6v. 
 especial, tdios, -a, -ov; idialrepos, 
 
 -a, -ov. 
 establish, a-vvia-Tu, KadiarCo. 
 establishment, <riy(rTa<rts, -ews, 17; 
 
 KaTd<yTr)ixa, -tos, t6. 
 esteem, V7roX^7rTO/*ai, vttSXtjxj/is, 
 
 -ews, •^. 
 eternal, aldvios, -a, -ov. 
 evening, e(nr^pa, ij ; fipddv (vlg.), r6. 
 evening party, iairepis, -5os, i}. 
 ever, q-eiiroTc. 
 
 every day, Kad' iKda-TTjv, Kad' rj/i^pav. 
 every other day, rifxipav trap' rjfi^pav. 
 everywhere, iravraxov ; iravroO 
 
 (vlg.). 
 evident, (pavepds, -d, -6v. 
 ewe, Trpo^ariva (vlg.), i). 
 exact, dKpi^Tjs, -ovs, 6, rj^ -^$. 
 
 exactly, d/c/otjSws. 
 
 exactness, aKpi^eia, ij. 
 
 exaggerated, virepPoXiKds, -ij, -6v. 
 
 exaggeration, inrep^oX-fj, ij. 
 
 examine, i^erd^u). 
 
 excellence, i^ox^Trjs, -tos, ij. 
 
 except, €kt6s, ttXtiv. 
 
 exception, i^alpeais, -ewj, ij. 
 
 execute, ^/creXw. 
 
 exercise, yvfivd^ia, daKtjffiSt -cwj, ij ; 
 
 64fjt.a, -TOS, t6. 
 exist, yTrdpx^. 
 expense, e^odov, t6. 
 explain, i^TjyQ. 
 explanation, i^T^Tjais, ewj, ij. 
 express, iKcppd^w. 
 expressly, prjTus. 
 external, i^uirepiKSs, -ii, -bv. 
 extinguish, o-^ijvu). 
 eye, dcpdaXixbs, 6; yudri (vlg.), t6. 
 
 face, 6-^Ls, -ews, 17; irpbauirov, t6. 
 
 facility, evKoXla, i] ; evx^p^i^O', V' 
 
 faint, XeiirodvfxQ. 
 
 fainting-fit, Xeiirodvp-ia, if. 
 
 fair, iravT^yvpis, -ews, 17. 
 
 fair, adj . ^avdbs, -17, -bv. 
 
 faith, wia-Tis, -eus, 17. 
 
 faithful, TrtcrrAs, -ij, -61'. 
 
 fall, ttIttto) ; ■irTu<ris, -cws, 1^. 
 
 false, xpevd-Zis, b, i], -^s ; KipdrjXos, b, 
 
 family, oUoyiveia, ij. 
 
 far, fxaKpdv; /xaKpvd (vlg.). 
 
 fare, dyujyi (vlg.), rb. 
 
 fat, irdxos, -ovs, rb ; irax'^^, -^ra, -6. 
 
 father, irar-fjp, -Tpbs, b; waripas 
 
 (vlg.), b. 
 father-in-law, irevdepbs, b. 
 fatigue, Kovpdi^oj (vlg.) ; Kbiros, b. 
 fatten, trax^vu. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 231 
 
 fault, <T<t)6.\ixa, -Tos, t6. 
 fear, (po^oOinai, 06/3os, 6. 
 fearless, dcpo^os, b, ij, -op; Arpofjios, 
 
 6, rj, -ov. 
 feasible, KaTopdurds, --q, -bv. 
 feasible, not, aKarbpOwros, 6, i], -ov. 
 feed, Tp^cfxa. 
 feel, aicrddvofiai. 
 feminine, drjXvKbs, --fj, -bv. 
 fete, coprij, i]; wavriyvpis, -ews, i] ; 
 
 iravrjyvpL (vlg.), rb. 
 fever, irvperbs, 6; dipfxr) (vlg.), ij. 
 field, dypbs, 6; x^P'^^'- (vlg-)' '''^• 
 fight, TToXe/tcD, /xdxofMai ; /Jt-axv^ V ! 
 
 (Tv/xirXoKifi, rj. 
 figure, (rxv/^c-i -''"os, rb; dvdaTrjfm,' 
 
 -TOS, t6. 
 fill, TrXTjpw; yejiii^b} (vlg.). 
 finally, tAos, ^ttI tAous. 
 finger, 5(£kti;Xos, 6. 
 finish, TeXeitD, ■TeX€t6i'a;, X777a). 
 fire, TTvp, -6s, t6 ; irvpKa'Cd, i] ; 0wtic£ 
 
 (vlg.), -7- 
 fish, Ix&'^s, -J/os, 6 ; ypdpL (vlg.), rb. 
 fisherman, ypapds (vlg.), 6. 
 fix, 6/)f^a>. 
 flag, a-rjfiaia, rj. 
 flame, 0X6^, -76s, rj. 
 flatterer, Kb\a^, -kos, b. 
 fleet, arbXos, b. 
 
 flesh, <rd/o^, -/c6s, ^ ; Acp^as, -tos, rb. 
 float, ttX^w. 
 flock, iroi/jLviov, rb. 
 floor, TrdTco/xa, -tos, Td. 
 flour, &\€vpov, rb ; dXeOpt (vlg.), t6. 
 flow, p^w. 
 flower, di'^os, -ovs, rb; \ov\ov8i 
 
 (vlg.), rb. 
 flower-garden, dvOuv, -Qvos, 6. 
 fly, TreTw. 
 follow, d/coXoy^w; irapaKoKovdu). 
 
 food, TpocpT^, TJ. 
 
 foolish, fJLUjpbs, -d, -bv. 
 
 foot, TToOs, -56s, 6; 7r65i (vlg.), t6. 
 
 foot, on, 7ref6$, -^, -6j' ; Tref^, Tref ws. 
 
 for, 5td, UTT^p. 
 
 force, /Stdfw, dj'a7/cdfw, /3^a, ^ ; 8iva- 
 
 fjLLS, -ews, '^. 
 forehead, fx^ruirov, rb. 
 foreign, ^^>'os, -17, -ov. 
 forest, 8d<Tos, -ovs, rb. 
 foretell, irpoXiyw, irpoayyiWta. 
 forget, Xrjafxovu} ; ^exvC) (vlg.). 
 forgive, a-vyxfapCo. 
 forgiveness, (Tvyyvujfiri, rj. 
 fork, TTTjpovvL (vlg.), rb. 
 form, (Txvfia, -tos, rb. 
 formerly, wpc^Tjv. 
 fortified, dx^pbs, -d, -bv. 
 fortune, tijxv> V ; Trepiova-ia, i). 
 forward, ifiirpbs. 
 found, 0vvl(ttG). 
 fountain, ^p6<xis, -ews, ij. 
 fox, dXc^TTT/^, -€Kos, 7} ; dXe7roi)(vlg.),^. 
 fraud, 56Xos, 6. 
 fraudulent, 56Xtos, -a, -ov. 
 free, iXeijdepos, -a, -oi*. 
 freeze, 7ra76*'w. 
 freight, vaOXos, 6. 
 Frenchman, TdXXos, 6. 
 frequent, <ri;x''dfw ; cruvex'^s, 6, ■)7, 
 
 -^s; <rux''6s, -^, -bv (vlg.). 
 fresh, vuTrbs, -17, -bv; dpoaepbs, -d, 
 
 -bv; (ppicTKOs, -77, -ov (vlg.). 
 Friday, Uapaa-Kevi^, if. 
 friend, ^iXos, -77, -ov. 
 friendly, 0iXik6s, -17, -6j'; 0tXiK«s. 
 friendship, (piXia, ij. 
 fright, rpbfxos, 6. 
 frighten, rpofidi^u. 
 frog, ^drpaxost b. 
 from, d7r6, e^, irapd. 
 
232 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY, 
 
 from time to time, ajrh KaipoO eis 
 
 Kaipbv. 
 frontier, a^vopov, t6. 
 fruit, Kapirbs, 6 ; dirdpa, 17 ; dwivpi- 
 
 k6v, t6. 
 frying-pan, rrryavt (vlg.), t6. 
 full, irX-qprfs, 6, i], -cs ; ycfxdTo^, -rj, 
 
 -ov (vlg.). 
 full moon, TravffiXtivos, rj. 
 funeral, Xeixpavov, t6. 
 funnel, x^i'^oj', t6; x^i"'^ (^^S-)> '''^• 
 furnish, x^P'TY'^- 
 future, fx^Wov, -vtos, t6. 
 
 gain, K€p5l^(a; K^pSos, -ovs, t6. 
 gallery, <rTod, i}. 
 game, TraiSid, i] ; waiyvlBiov, t6. 
 garden, ktjitos, 6 ; irepi^dXi (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 gardener, KtjwovpSs, 6; vepiPoXdprjs 
 
 (vlg.), 6. 
 garment, x'''"'^''? -bvos, 6; poOxo 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 garret, dvcbyeuv, t6. 
 garrulous, (pXijapos, 6, 17, -op ; 0a0Xa- 
 
 Ttts (vlg.), 6. 
 gay, evdvfios, 6, ij, -ov. 
 gendarme, xw/w0iJXa^, -kos, 6. 
 gender, y^vos, -ovs, t6. 
 general, aTparrfySs, 6 ; yeviKds, -7^, -6v. 
 generous, yevpaios, -a, -ov. 
 gentleman, Kfjpios, 6. 
 geography, ycwy pa(f>La, ij. 
 German, Tepnavds, 6; yep/xaviKds, 
 
 -ij, -6v. 
 get, Xap-Pdvu). 
 
 get up, iyelpofiai ', <rrjK6vofiai (vlg.). 
 ghost, (pdvraa/xa, -tos, t6. 
 gift, Supov, t6; make a gift, dwpQ, 
 
 Xapit<a. 
 gild, xfiVffCo, xpv<^^*'<^- 
 
 girl, Kdpr}, i] ; Kopdffiov, t6 ; Koplrai 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 give, 5^5a>; S/vw (vlg.). 
 glass, vaXos, ij ; vaXl (vlg.), t6. 
 glass, drinking, iroTrjpi (vlg.), t6. 
 glorious, e vSo^oj, 6, 17, -01/ ; 7rc/3t'5o|os, 
 
 6, •^, -01'. 
 glory, 56^a, ij. 
 glue, K6XXa (vlg.), ^, 
 go, VTrdyw; irrjyaivb} (vlg.). 
 go away, diripxofiai, (pf^Oyo). 
 go out, i^^pxofiai ; ^yaivw (vlg.). 
 God, ee6j, 6. 
 goddess, ^ect, ^. 
 godless, ddeos, 6, ^, -ov. 
 gold, XP^<^^^) 0- 
 golden, xpi'<''o»'s> -Vt -o^''- 
 good, /caX6s, -i), -6p. 
 good, most, wai'(£7a^os, 6, ^, -oi'. 
 good-natured, (170^6$, -?), -6p. 
 goodness, dyaddrrjs, -tos, ij ; /caXw- 
 
 (Tl/J'TJ, 1^. 
 
 goose, xtJ"* -<is, "^ ; X^^a (vlg,), V. 
 gospel, €vayy4Xiop, t6. 
 govern, Kv^eppQ, SioikQ. 
 government, Kv^^ppTjais, -ews, ij ; 
 
 dioiKrjcris, -cws, ij. 
 governor, Kv^epvqTijSfO; Siot/CT/xTjj, 6. 
 grace, x^P^h -ros, ij. 
 grandfather, irdiroi, 6 ; TraTroOs 
 
 (vlg.), 6. 
 grape, ora^vXiJ, ^; <rTa0i/Xt (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 grass, xX<W, ^. 
 grate, $^w; ^iJj'w (vlg.). 
 Greece, 'EXXds, -dos, ij. 
 Greek, "EXXrjv, -pos, 6; iXXriviKds, 
 
 green, irpdaipos, -rj, -ov. 
 grocer, irai^OTrciXiys, 6; /iiraAcdXT/j 
 (vlg.), 6. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 233 
 
 grocery, 7ra»'T07rw\etoJ', rd. 
 groom, 'nnroKdfios, 6; aTav\lTr}s, 6. 
 ground-floor, Karibyeup, t6. 
 grow, av^dvu}, neydXSvu, 
 guard, (pvXaKT^, i]. 
 guardian, <ptj\a^, -kos, 6. 
 guidance, oS-nyla, ij. 
 guide, odrjyds, 6. 
 guitar, Kiddpa, i). 
 gulf, KdXiros, 6. 
 gun, irvpo^b\ov, t6. 
 
 habitation, Karoida, ij. 
 
 hair, 0pi^, rpix^s, ij; rplx^s; puWid 
 
 (vlg.), Td. 
 half, Tjfxiavs, -eio, -v ; fxiads, --f], -6v 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 hand, x^'^-P, -^s, V ; X^P' (vlg-). ^6. 
 handful, <t>oi>KTa (vlg.), 17. 
 handkerchief, ptvdfjLaKrpov, t6; pxtv- 
 
 dijXi (vlg.), t6. 
 hang, KpefiQ). 
 
 happen, avfi^aivei, rvyxdvoj. 
 happy, evTvx'^s, 6, ij, -is ; evbaifnav, 
 
 6, TJ, -OP. 
 
 hard, aKXrjpSs, -d, -6v. 
 hare, Xa7c<;6s, 6 ; Xa7t6s, 6. 
 harvest, dipos, -ovs, t6. 
 hate, /xi<rw. 
 hatred, fu<xos, -ovs, t6. 
 hatter, KaweXds (vlg.), 6. 
 have, €xw. 
 he, airds, -17, -6. 
 
 head, KccpaXri, ij ; Ke0dXt (vlg.), t6. 
 health, u7e/a, ^. 
 heap, aupds, 6. 
 hear, d/coj^w. 
 hearing, dKoiJ, i). 
 heart, KapUa, ij. 
 
 heat, depfxaivu; depixdnjs, -tos, 7?; 
 i-^(rr77 (vlg.), 17. 
 
 heaven, ov/jaj'6s, 6. 
 
 heavenly, ovpdvios, -a, -ov. 
 
 heavily, ^apim. 
 
 heavy, /3api5s, -eta, -iJ. 
 
 he-goat, rpdyos (vlg.), 6; T/5a7f, 
 
 rb. 
 height, xr^os, -ovs, Tb\ avdorrifixa, 
 
 -TOS, rb. 
 hell, KbXaais, -ecjs, ij. 
 herald, Kijpv^, -kos, b. 
 herd, KoirddL (vlg.), rb. 
 here, i8u), ivravda. 
 hero, ^pois, -os, 6. 
 hide, KpvTTTU}. 
 high, v\f/riXbs, --q, -bv; u^ijXws; 
 
 lAJ/rjXd (vlg.). 
 higher up, u\//r]XbT€pov ; iraptirdvo) 
 
 (vlg.). 
 hill, Xb<f)os, b. 
 history, ia-ropla, ij. 
 hold, KparCo; /Sao-ru) (vlg.). 
 hold together, avyKparG). 
 holiday, eoprri, ij. 
 hollow, /COI/01OS, -a, -ov (vlg.). 
 homily, bixiXia, tj. 
 honest, rifxios, -a, -ov. 
 honor, TipLU, rifj.-^, ij. 
 honorable, €VTifws, 6, 17, -ov. 
 hook, dyKiarpov, rb. 
 hope, iXTrL^oj ; ^XTrt'j, -5o5, ^. 
 horror, ^pk?;, ij. 
 
 horse, itriros, 6; dXo7oi' (vlg.), rb. 
 horseback, iiriraaia, 17 ; Ka/3dXa 
 
 (vlg.), ^. 
 hospitable, (piXb^evos, b, i], -ov.' 
 hospital, vocroKo/xeTov, rb. 
 hospitality, <f>iXo^€vla, 17. 
 hot, depfxbs, -Tj, -bv ; ^ecrbs, -ij, -bv 
 
 (vlg.). 
 hotel, ^evodox^lov, rb. 
 hour, wpa, 17. 
 
234 
 
 ENGLISH- GREEK VOCABULAR V. 
 
 house, o?Kos, 6; olKia, ij; aviTi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 how? TTws; 
 how much? irbaov; 
 how often ? iroadKis ; 
 however, OTraxrS^TroTc. 
 hunger, iretva, tj. 
 hungry, be, ireivC}. 
 hunt, KVVTjyw, d-qpa, rj ; Kvvrj'yi 
 
 (vlg.), r6. 
 hurry, <r7rei;5w; /Sidfo/iat (vlg.). 
 husband, a^^vyos, 6 ; &v8pas 
 
 (vlg.), 6. 
 
 I, iydf. 
 
 ice, 7rd7os, 6. 
 
 idea, Id^a, ij. 
 
 if, dv, ^dj/. 
 
 ignorant, dfxad-ns, 6, ij, -is; ddarjs, 
 
 6, 7], -h. 
 
 ignore, dyvow. 
 
 ill, dadevrjSf 6, i), -is ;■ /fe ill., dadevCo. 
 illiterate, dypd/jL/naros, 6, ij, -ov. 
 illness, dadipeia, i} ; v6<xos, rj. 
 illumination, <f>(aToxv<ria, i}. 
 illustrious, KXeivds, -77, -6v. 
 image, dKwv, -6vos, rj. 
 imagination, (pam-aala, ij. 
 imagine, (pavrd^oixat. 
 immediate, A/xea-os, 6, tj, -ov. 
 immediately, d/xiaus, irdpavra, iv 
 
 Tip d/u.a. 
 immortality, ddava<rla, if. 
 impertinent, avdddrjs, 6, ij, -es. 
 impious, daefi-ffs, 6, 7;, -is. 
 importance, a-rrovdai&nis, -tos, rj. 
 important, <rtrov8aios, -a, -ov; iiri- 
 
 (Trjpx)S, 6, 7;, -ov. 
 impossible, ddvvaros, 6, 77, -ov. 
 improbable, dwLdavos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 in, iv, et$. 
 
 in another place, dWaxov; dWoO 
 
 (vlg.). 
 in another way, dXXws, dWiojs; 
 
 dXXotws, dWoidoTiKa (vlg.). 
 in front, irp6, iviinriov, ip-trphs. 
 in order, tva ; 5td vd (vlg.). 
 in the beginning, /car' dpxds ; 'cttjv 
 
 dpxw (vlg.). 
 in the future, els to e^ijs, els to 
 
 piiWoV. 
 
 in the meantime, 7rp6s to irapdv, ev 
 
 T(p pLCTa^v, iv ToaoiJTip. 
 in vain, p.dTyjv, puTalus. 
 incapable, dvd^ios, -a, -ov ; dvlKavos, 
 
 6, 7), -ov. 
 incessant, ddidKoiros, 6, 77, -ov. 
 incessantly, ddiaKdircos, devvdws 
 incite, wapaKivQ. 
 incorrigible, ddiSpdoTos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 indeed . . . but, p.iv . . . 8i, p.iv . . . 
 
 dWd. 
 index, wiva^, -kos, 6. 
 indifferent, d8id(f)opos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 indigent, ivderis, 6, 77, -is. 
 indiscreet, dSid/cpiros, 6, 77, -ov. 
 indiscriminately, dSta/cp/rws. 
 indisposed, ddiddeTos, 6, ^, -ov. 
 indivisible, ddialpcTos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 industrious, <t>i\epyos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 industry, Piop.rjxavia, 77. 
 infantry, we^iKdv, t6. 
 information, irXrjpocpopla, 77. 
 inhabite, KaToiKw. 
 injure, KaKowoiQ. 
 injustice, dSiKla, 17. 
 ink, p^Xdvrj, 77 ; /xeXdvt (vlg.), t6. 
 inkstand, pcXavoSox^ov, t6; KaXa- 
 
 p.dpi (vlg.), t6. 
 inn, x^''' (vlg), t6. 
 innocent, dd(pos, -a, -ov. 
 inscription, iiriypa<pi^, 17. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 235 
 
 inside, eo-w ; [i^oa. (vlg.). 
 
 insist, €iTLfiiv(a. 
 
 inspect, eVt^ewpw. 
 
 instant, (XTL'yfji.'f}, ?). 
 
 instead, avrL 
 
 instruction, iKiraidevais, -ews, ■»; ; 
 
 odrjyia, t]. 
 instrument, epyaXecov, t6. 
 insult, v^pi^oj ; v^pis, -euis, vj. 
 interest, eudiacp^pov, -tos, t6; avp.- 
 
 (p^pOV, -TOS, t6 ; TOKOS, 6. 
 
 internal, iaojrepiKds, --f}, -bv. 
 
 interrupt, diaKowTw. 
 
 interval, bidarripLa, -tos, t6. 
 
 introduce, eiadycj. 
 
 invitation, Trp6a-K\rj<ns, -ews, v. 
 
 invite, koKw, irpo(TKa\(a. 
 
 irksome, ox^vp^^y -"^j -^^^ 
 
 iron, (Tidrjpos, 6 ; aidrjpoGs, -a, -ovv. 
 
 island, PTJaos, ?/ ; I'Tjcr^ (vlg.), t6. 
 
 isthmus, i<Td/j.6s, 6. 
 
 Italian, 'ItoKSs, 6; ItoXikSs, -tj, -6v. 
 
 jar, iridos, 6; KavaTt (vlg.), t6. 
 jealous, ^r]\6TVTros, 6, tj, -ov. 
 jealous, be, ^nfKoTv-rrC}; ^rjXedu} (vlg.). 
 joke, d(j-T€i.€^ofjt.aL ; x'^pciTct^w (vlg.). 
 journey, Ta^eldtov, t6 ; sea-jou7'ney, 
 
 ttXoOs, 6. 
 joy, xa.pd, •>;. 
 judge, St/cao-TTjs, 6. 
 jug, Xam (vlg.), t6 ; <rTap.vi (vlg.), Tb. 
 jugful, (TTa/xvid (vlg.), 77. 
 jump, TTTjScD. 
 just, dlKaios, -a, -ou. 
 just so, fidXiffTa, dKpijSws; fata . . . 
 
 taia (vlg.). 
 
 keep, (f)v\dTT(t}. 
 
 key, KXet's, -56s, 7; ; kXclSi (vlg.), rb. 
 
 kick, XoKTw; kXwto-w (vlg.). 
 
 kill, (popevo). 
 
 kind, elSos, -ous, t6. 
 
 kindle, avdwru}. 
 
 kindling-wood, 5^5^ (vlg.)> t^- 
 
 kindness, d-yadbTTjs, -tos, rf ; irepi- 
 
 iroir}<7LS, -ews, rj. 
 king, (iaaiXelJS, -^ws, 6 ; dti'a^, -zeros, 6. 
 kiss, 0tXw; (piXrjixa, -tos, Tb; <f>t.XL 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 knife, pi.dxo.ipa, rj ; pi.axo.lpL (vlg.), Tb. 
 knot, KbpL^os, 6. 
 know, yivuxTKOj, yvcopi^u) ; rj^eipoj 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 knowledge, 7i'W(rts, -ews, ?;. 
 known, yvtaaTbs, -t], -bv. 
 
 lady, KvpLa, 7). 
 
 lamb, dpj/^ (vlg-), rb ; dpvLov, Tb. 
 
 lame, x^^^^i ~'^y ~^^- 
 
 lamp, Xix^os, 6; Xdp.ira, ?/. 
 
 language, yXwaaa, 77. 
 
 lantern, (pavbs, 6 ; (pavdpi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 last year, w^pva-i. 
 
 late, d/07d. 
 
 later, ucrrepoj'. 
 
 laud, vpLvd. 
 
 laugh, 7eXa). 
 
 laughter, 7AWS, -ros, 6. 
 
 law, vbp.os, 6. 
 
 lawsuit, 5/k77, 77. 
 
 lawyer, diKTjybpos, 6. 
 
 layer, (rTpQp.a, -tos, Tb. 
 
 laziness, dKvrjpia, rj. 
 
 lazy, oKvqpbs, -d, -bv. 
 
 lead, p.bXv^5os, 6 ; /aoXiJ/Si (vlg.), t6. 
 
 leaf, (p^XXov, Tb. 
 
 learn, p.avddvo}. 
 
 least, eXaxKyTos, -7;, -oy. 
 
 leather, 84ppt,a, -tos, rb ; ireTal (vlg.), 
 
 Tb. 
 
 leave, dip-qvw (vlg.); dSeto, -q. 
 
236 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCAB ULAR V. 
 
 left, ipurrepSs, -d, -bv. 
 
 legation, irpea^eLa, rj. 
 
 lemon, XefxAvi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 lend, Sai'c/fa;. 
 
 Lent, TeccapaKOdT-fi, rj ; aapaKoarit 
 
 (vlg.)» -n- 
 less, trapA, tX-^v. 
 lesson, ixddijiJLa, -tos, t6. 
 lest, firj, /xT/7rw5. 
 let, &s. 
 
 let go, irapatTU). 
 let it be, eo-rw. 
 
 letter, ypdfi/jLa, -tos, t6; ^Trto-roX?;, tJ. 
 liberty, eXevdepla, ?;. 
 lie, verb, Ket/xai; irXayid^u (vlg.). 
 lie, subst. \p€v8os, -ovs, t6. 
 life, ^unj, 17 ; pios, 6. 
 lift, dw/Si^afw, iyeipu}; fftjKdvw 
 
 (vlg.). 
 light, subst. 0WS, -t6$, t6; adj. Aa- 
 
 0p65, -a, -6v. 
 lighten, dcTpdima. 
 lightning, daTpair-rj, 77. 
 lime, dapiarijs, 6. 
 limit, opL^u), Trepiopii^u ; Sptov, t6. 
 line, ypafXfXTj, ■>;. 
 lion, X^wj', -KTOj, 6 ; Xeovrdpi (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 lip, xf*^os> 'O*'', t6. 
 literature, (piXoXoyla, 77. 
 little, fUKpds, -a, -6v, dXLyov. 
 liturgy, XeiTovpyla, 77. 
 live, fw, /caroiKw, 
 lively, ^U7ip6%, -d, -6v. 
 load, (poprQ, <f}0pT6vu; <p6pTUfia, 
 
 -TOS, t6. 
 
 look, /SX^TTw; KVTTd^u (vlg.); 
 
 pX^fx/xa, -TOS, t6. 
 look fixedly, dTtvl^u). 
 loose, Xi/w; XjJi'w (vlg.). 
 lose, dTToXXi/o) ; x^''*^' 
 
 love, d7a7ru>; dydirrj, 77 ; epws, -tos, 6. 
 low, X'^'f^V^^^y -Vf -^v '■) X°-M^o- (vlg). 
 lower down, Trapa/ca'rw, KaTUTipu. 
 luncheon, irpdyevpu, -tos, t6. 
 lyre, Xvpa, 77. 
 
 machine, /j.rjxavij, v- 
 
 madden, rpeXXaiVw. 
 
 madhouse, (ppevoKOfutov, t6. 
 
 madman, TpeXXds, 6. 
 
 madness, rpAXa, 77. 
 
 magnificence, fxeyaXoirp^ireia, 77. 
 
 magnify, /xeyaXdvw. 
 
 maid, inrrip^Tpia, 77 ; SoOXa (vlg.), 7J. 
 
 majesty, ficyaXeiov, t6 ; /ieyaXeidTrjs, 
 
 -TOS, 77. 
 make, Trotw, irpdTTU) ; Kdfivw, <p0eidv<a 
 
 (vlg.). ^ 
 
 man, AvOpwiros, 6 ; dnfp, -dp6s, 6. 
 manage, KaTopdbvta. 
 mania, ixavla, 77. 
 manner, Tp&iros, 6. 
 map, xop''"'?5» o. 
 Marathon, Mapa^tii', -Qvos, 6. 
 marble, fidp/xapop, t6. 
 mare, <f>opd8a (vlg.), 77. 
 market, dyopd, 77 ; ira^dpi (vlg.), t6. 
 marriage, ydfws, 6. 
 married, iyyayios, 6, 77, -ov; vwap- 
 
 dpcv/j^vos, -77. 
 marry, inravSpeOw, <TTe<pav6v(a. 
 masked, fMcrKapds (vlg.), 6. 
 mass, 6yKos, 6. 
 mast, KaTdpTi (vlg.), t6. 
 master, Kvpios, 6. 
 mattress, CTpCofxa, -tos, t6. 
 May, Ma'ibs, 6. 
 may it be, ds cTwi. 
 mayor, drjfxapxos, 6. 
 meal, 00777x61/, tA; 007^ (vlg.), r6. 
 mean, arifMlyu, ivvoQ). 
 
ENGLISH-GJiEEK VOCAB ULAR V. 
 
 237 
 
 mean, adj. evreX-qs, 6, rj, -4s. 
 
 meaning, €vvota, 17. 
 
 measure, fierpQ; fxirpov, t6. 
 
 meat, Kp^as, -ros, t6. 
 
 meat-ball, Kecprh (vlg.), d. 
 
 meet, diravTQ. 
 
 melody, /neX<^5/a, rj. 
 
 melon, weirdpi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 memorandum, vwdfivrjixa, -tos, t6. 
 
 merchant, ffiwopos, 6. 
 
 message, irapayyeXla, 7;. 
 
 method, jx^dobos, t). 
 
 midnight, fxeaov^KTiov, t6. 
 
 military, arpaTiuTiKds, 6. 
 
 milk, ydXa, -ktos, t6. 
 
 milkman, yoKaTcis (vlg.), d. 
 
 mind, vovs, 6. 
 
 mine, ifids, -ri, -bv; idiKds, -ij, -6v 
 
 fiOV (vlg.). 
 minister, virovpyds, 6; irpia-^vs, 
 
 -etas, 6. 
 minute, XeTrrdv, t6. 
 miracle, dav/xa, -ros, rb. 
 miserable, &d\ios, -a, -ov. 
 misfortune, bvarvxla, ri- 
 misinterpret, -rrape^-qyio. 
 missing, be, Xc/ttw. 
 mistake, c^aXXw; \d9os, -ous, t6. 
 misunderstanding, Trape^tjyrjais, 
 
 -ewj, 77. 
 mix, dvafiiyvio) ; avaKarbvo} (vlg.). 
 moderate, fxirpios, -a, -ov. 
 moderately, fjuerplws; ix^rpia (vlg.). 
 modesty, aidds, -oOs, rj ; ixeTpiO(l)po- 
 
 ffiivrj, 77. 
 monastery, fiovi^, •?) ; tiovacmfipiov, rb. 
 money, xPVI^°-r -tos, rb. 
 monk, /jLovaxbs, 6 ; ^0X676^05 (vlg.), 6. 
 monkey, irLdr}^, -kos, 6 ; fj.al'/xov 
 
 (vlg.)» V- 
 monster, r^pas, -tos, tL 
 
 month, ixTjv, -bs, ; /xijvas (vlg.), 6. 
 
 moon, aeXi^prj, 7/ ; (peyydpi (vlg.), rb. 
 
 moral, ijdiKbs, -^, -bv. 
 
 morally, -qdiKCos. 
 
 more, ttX^ov, trepiacbrepov. 
 
 more or less, cJj iirl Tb ttoXiJ (ttXc?- 
 
 (TTOV). 
 
 morning, irpiat, Tb ; trpcota, ?). 
 mosquito, Kovvoviri (vlg.), t6. 
 mother, fii^Trjp, -Tpbs, 77 ; fii/jTipa 
 
 (vlg.). V' 
 mount, dva^alpo}. 
 
 mountain, 6pos, -ovs, Tb; ftovpbv, rb. 
 mourning, ir^pdos, -ovs, Tb. 
 mouse, wopTLKbs (vlg.), 6. 
 mouth, (TTbfxa, -tos, Tb. 
 move, Kipio, Kipovfiai. 
 movement, kLptjo-is, -cwj, 77. 
 mow, depi^o). 
 
 mud, irrfKbs, 6 ; Xdairr) (vlg.), 17. 
 municipality, dij/xos, 6. 
 murder, 4>bpos, 6. 
 muse, fjuovaa, 77. 
 music, fjLovaiK'/i, 77. 
 musical, fwvaiKbs, -tJ, -bp. 
 must, irp^irec (impers.). 
 mustard-plaster, <npairi(r/jibs, 6. 
 mystery, /xvaTi^piop, Tb; fivcrTiKbp,Tb. 
 mystic, fivaTiKbs, --fj, -bv. 
 
 nail, 6pv^, -xos, 6 ; vtjxi- (vlg.), tL 
 
 naked, yvfipbs, -tJ, -bv. 
 
 name, opo/xd^b) ; 6pofia, -tos, Tb. 
 
 narrate, bL-qyovixai. 
 
 narrow, <TTepbs, -->], -bp. 
 
 nation, %dvos, -ovs, Tb. 
 
 native country, iraTpls, -80s, 77. 
 
 nature, <p6<ns, -ews, 77. 
 
 naval, pavTiKbs, -77, -bp. 
 
 navy, pavTiKbp, Tb. 
 
 near, iyyrjs, TrXrjaiop; KovTd (vlg.). 
 
238 
 
 ENGLISH- GREEK VO CABULA R V. 
 
 near, get, irXTjarid^o} ; Kovreiu} (vlg.) . 
 necessity, dvdyKT), 17 ; XP^^^, t;. 
 neck, Xai/xdi, 6 ; rptix^yXos, d. 
 needle, ^ekbvrj, -q. 
 neighbor, yeircov, -pos, 6. 
 neither, firjd^, fi-fire, ovre. 
 nephew, dvexl/tds, 6. 
 nerve, vevpov, t6. 
 never, irori, ovS^irore. 
 news, etdrjais, -eojs, 9;. 
 newspaper, e(pr)fiepis, -5os, 7;. 
 next, Kardiriv; next to, irapd, irXi}- 
 
 ffiov. 
 next year, toO xp^vov. 
 night, v6^, -KTdi, ij ; vjjxra (vlg.), r). 
 night, comes on, vvkt6v€i. 
 nightingale, d7]d(I)u, -6vos, tj. 
 nobility, ewY^j/eia, -q. 
 noble, evyev-^s, 6, ■»), -is. 
 nobody, ovdeis, -fiia, -ip; KUPeis, 
 
 -fifila, -h (vlg.). 
 nod, pevfxa, -tos, t6. 
 noise, 66pv^os, 6; kp6tos, 6. 
 nominate, diopl^u. 
 nonsense, dvotiffia, -q. 
 nor, ovT€. 
 
 nose, pis, -p6s, 97 ; ixijtt} (vlg.), 7). 
 not, 8ip. 
 not at all, Si6\ov, Ka66\ov, irav- 
 
 TeXws, iroaCjs. 
 notary, <TVfiPo\aioypd4>os, 6. 
 note, (TrjfieluxTis, -eios, 7). 
 novel, fivdiaTSprjfjLa, -tos, t6. 
 now, Tlbpa, vvv. 
 
 nowhere, ov5a/xov; irovdevd (vlg.). 
 number, dpid/iids, 6. 
 nut, KapOSi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 oath, 8pKos, 6. 
 
 obey, ifTraKoiu). 
 
 obligation, vroxp^uais, -ewj, t). 
 
 oblige, vTToxpebvb}, dvayKd^uj. 
 
 obliged, vTr6xp€(*>s, 6, 77, -ujp. 
 
 observation, TrapaTrjprja-i.s, -eus, t}- 
 
 observe, iraparTjpCo. 
 
 obstinacy, Tretajxa, -tos, rb. 
 
 occasion, evKaipia, 7). 
 
 occupied in, Karaylpofiat. 
 
 occupy, KaraXafi^dpcj, Karix^^- 
 
 occurrence, irepiaraTLKbp, rb. 
 
 ocean, wKeapbs, 6. 
 
 of, iK, dirb. 
 
 offense, irpoff^oK-q, 7). 
 
 offend, irpoa^dWta. 
 
 offer, irpo<T(j)ip(i); ■nrpo<r<l>opd, 77. 
 
 office, ypa(p€iop, rb. 
 
 officer, d^LOj/jLariKbs, 6. 
 
 official, iiriarjiJLos, 6, 77, -op. 
 
 often, iroWdKis, avpex^^s; <TvxvdKis 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 oil, eXaiov, rb; Xd5t (vlg.), rb. 
 ointment, dXoi0^, 7J. 
 old, TraXaibs, -d, -6p. 
 old man, yipwp, -pros, 6 ; y^pos 
 
 (vlg.), d. 
 olive-tree, iXala, 77. 
 on, iirl, irepl, iirdpu}. 
 on foot, tre^xi, TTffcDs, bSonropiKQs. 
 on the ground, x"/*"^ ; x<^/^<«' (vlg-)* 
 once, dira^. 
 
 open, dpolyu) ; dpoiKrbs, -tJ, -bp. 
 opine, dwocpaivofiai. 
 opinion, ypwfirj, r\', be of opinion, 
 
 <PpopG>. 
 opposite, dpTiKp^, dirivapTi. 
 or, 17. 
 
 orange, woproKdXi (vlg.), rb. 
 orange, bitter, vepdpr^i (vlg). "rb. 
 orator, piirusp, -opos, 6. 
 order, irpoaTdaa-u}, diardaffo) ; rd^is, 
 
 -ffa>5, 77, Siaray-j^, 77. 
 organ, 6pyapop, rb. 
 
ENGL ISH-GREEK VOCABULAR Y. 
 
 239 
 
 orphan, 6p4>av6s, -ij, -6v. 
 orthodox, 6p668o^os, 6, tj, -ov. 
 other, irepos, -a, -ov; &\\os, -rj, -o. 
 ours, 7)fx^T€poSf -a, -ov; IdiKds, -ij, -bv 
 
 fxas. 
 out, e^w. 
 
 oven, K\l^avo%, 6 ; (f>ovpvo% (vlg.), d. 
 over, inrip, dvd. 
 overseer, i-rria-TdTrfs, 6. 
 owe, ocpeiXo}, xpewcTTW. 
 own, fStos, -a, -ov ; t5ifc6s, -17, -6 v. 
 ox, jSous, d ; jSwSt (vlg.), t6. 
 
 pack, KoirdSt (vlg.), t6. 
 
 pain, irSvos, 6; have pain, irov(a. 
 
 paint, ^iirYpa(f)i^(>}. 
 
 painting, ^o}ypa<pia, if. 
 
 pair, ^evyos, -ovs, t6; ^evydpt. (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 palace, dvdKTopov, t6 ; xaXdri (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 pale, cixpbs, -d, -6p; uxpiitf; Kirpt- 
 
 vt^o) (vlg.). 
 palpitate, TrciXXw. 
 paper, xd/sri;?, d ; %''/'''"*' (v'g-)» '^^^ 
 paper-currency, x°-PTovbixL(Tixa, -tos, 
 
 t6. 
 parade, irapdra^is, -ews, •)/. 
 parcel, di/ma, -tos, t6. 
 parent, yoveijs, -^ws, d. 
 parliament, jSouX?;, ») ; Kotvo/SoiJXtoj', 
 
 t6. 
 part, fxipos, t6. 
 
 Parthenon, Uapdevibv, -wvos, 6. 
 partridge, ir^pSi^, -kos, tj. 
 party, Kbfxiia, -ros, t6. 
 pass, dia^aivu}, TrepvQ (vlg.) ; 5id- 
 
 fiaais, -ews, 7), ir^pacrfia, -tos, to. 
 passage, did^aais, -ews, 77 ; 5id7rXous, 
 
 d; xttYtdrt (vlg.), t6. 
 pass by, wapipxofiai. 
 
 passenger, iTrL^drijs, 6. 
 
 passion, irddos, -ovs, rb. 
 
 paste, irdara (vlg.), -q. 
 
 patience, vTro/xotnj, ?;. 
 
 patriotism, 7raTpiWTt<r/n6s, d. 
 
 peace, elptjvTj, 77. 
 
 peach, poSdKLvov, rb. 
 
 people, Xads, d. 
 
 perfume, fxvpcodia, 7). 
 
 perhaps, fcrws. 
 
 period, ireplodos, tj. 
 
 perspiration, i5pd)s, -u>tos, 6 ; /^r- 
 
 spiring, Kddidpos, d. 
 perspire, tSpw; Idpbvu) (vlg.). 
 persuade, Treidco, KaTaireidu). 
 pharmacy, (pap/xaKeTov, rb. 
 philosopher, (pL\b(ro<pos, 6. 
 philosophy, <l>i.\o<yo(pLa, 7). 
 photograph (-y), (puiroypacpla, 77. 
 pickle, Tovpa-L (vlg.), rb. 
 picture, ^(oypacpia, ij ; elK(i)v, -bvos, 77. 
 pie, TTTJTTa (vlg.), 77. 
 piece, T€(j,dxi-ov, rb; Koixfidn (vlg.), 
 
 Tb. 
 
 pig, xo'/'os, d ; yovpovpi (vlg.), rb. 
 pigeon, Trepiarrepd, 7) ; wepiffT^pi 
 
 (vlg.), rb. 
 pious, eva-e^TJs, 6, 77, -^s. 
 Piraeus, Heipaieis, -aiius, 6. 
 pity, Kpijxa, -ros, rb ; eXeos, -ovs, t6. 
 place, diroj, TOTTodeTQ ; ^^ons, -ews, 
 
 77, rbwos, 6. 
 plain, Tredlop, rb. 
 plan, (tx^Slov, rb. 
 
 plank, crapls, -dos, 77 ; aapl8a (vlg.), 77. 
 plant, <f>VTbp, rb. 
 plate, iridTOP (vlg.), rb. 
 play, iraL^u}. 
 please, dp^a-Kio. 
 
 pleasure, €vxap(^(yTr)<ns, -ea>$, 77. 
 pledges, TTKTTa, ra. 
 
240 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 plot against, ^wt/SouXej/w. 
 
 plunge, x^v^\ ^ovTu) (vlg.). 
 
 pocket, dvKdKLOv, t6 ; Taiirrj (vlg.), 17. 
 
 poem, irolrj/jLa, -tos, t6. 
 
 poet, iroiTjTijs, 6. 
 
 point, &Kpa, 7J ; alxfJ-Vt V i (^W^'^ov, 
 
 Tb; iiJOTt] (vlg.), ^. 
 pointed, 6^iJs, -cm, -i5. 
 poison, drjXrjTTjpiov, t6; (f>apix6,Ki. 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 police, d(TTVvoiMia, 97. 
 policeman, kXtjttjp, -poi, 6 ; dcru- 
 
 0iJ\a^, -Kos, d. 
 polite, 6^76^75, d, 97, -^s. 
 politeness, eiyipeia, 97. 
 poor, TTwx^Sj W* -<^''; SvcTvxv^, d, 
 
 97, -^s ; Kavfiivo^, -97, -oi'. 
 populace, 3x^05, d. 
 port, \ifiriv, -ivo%f 6. 
 porter, dvpupds, 6. 
 position, 6^<Tis, -eus, 97. 
 possible, dvvarbi, -97, -6p. 
 post, (TTiJXos, d. 
 post-office, raxvSpo/jLeiov, t6. 
 postpone, dm/SdXXw. 
 power, 5i/m/its, -ews, 97. 
 prayer, eyx'^, V ; 7r/)o<rcux97', 97 ; irapd- 
 
 KXrjffis, -ews, 97. 
 precede, irpo-nyovfiai. 
 precious, iroX^Tifws, d, 97, -ov. 
 prefect, vo/idpxv^, d. 
 prefer, Trpon/itD. 
 preparation, irapaffKevij, 97. 
 presence, irapovala, 97 ; d»'(£<rT97/Lia, 
 
 -TOS, t6. 
 
 present, Trapot^o-td^o;. 
 present, be, irdpeifu; Tap(J!)v,-<ra,-6v. 
 press, <T4>lyyi>}, iri^^u}-, t&itos, 6. 
 pretext, trpScpaais, -ews, 9; ; dtpopfi-^, 97. 
 pretty, €v/xop<pos, 6, 97, -o»'. 
 prevent, /cwXi/w; ip.TroU^it) (vlg.). 
 
 price, T1/X97, 97. 
 
 pride, inreprjcpdpeia, 97. 
 
 priest, icpei/s, -^ws, d ; 9ra9ras (vlg.), d. 
 
 prince, Tjyepubv, -6vo9, 6 ; trpiyKyj^j/., 
 
 -TTOS, d. 
 
 principally, Kvplois. 
 
 print, TUTTw, Tvir6v<a. 
 
 prison, <pv\aK-^, 97. 
 
 probable, indavbs, -ij, -6v. 
 
 proclaim, Krjp&rrb}. 
 
 procure, irpoixrjdeiia. 
 
 produce, irapdyu:. 
 
 profit, (o(f>€\ovfjiai. 
 
 progress, irpoodeiio ; wpboSos, 97. 
 
 promise, vTrbaxoP'O-i- ; virbax^ci^, 
 
 -ews, 97. 
 promote, Trpo/St^dfw, irpodyw. 
 proof, d9r65et^t5, -ews, 97. 
 property, Kr^o-ts, -cws, 97 ; KTTJfia, 
 
 -TOS, t6. 
 
 proposal, irpbraffis, -ews, 97. 
 
 proud, vTep^<papos, d, 97, -oj* ; 0tX6- 
 
 TL/xos, 6, 97, -ov. 
 proverb, irapoi/xla, 97. 
 province, iirapx^o-, V- 
 prudent, (ppdpifxos, d, 97, -op. 
 psalm, \j/a\fx6s, 6. 
 public, 5r)fJub<nop, rb; KOivbp, rb; Sij- 
 
 fib<rioi, d, 97, -OP. 
 publication, dyjfuxrUvffis, -€ws, 97. 
 pull, aijpw, ?X/fw; Tpa^Co (vlg.). 
 pulpit, pijna,-Tos,Tb; dfjL^up, -wws, d. 
 punish, Ti/xiopQ. 
 punishment, rificopia, 97. 
 pupil, fiadrjT-^i, 6. 
 pupil of the eye, Kbprj, 97. 
 pure, Kadapbs, -d, -bp ; d7i'6s, -97', -6^. 
 purple, Trop<pvpovi, -a, -001*. 
 purse, ^aXdpTiop, rb ; irovyyl (vlg.), 
 
 rb. 
 put, ^^Tw; /3dfw (vlg.); /SdXXw. 
 
ENGLISH- GREEK VOCABULAR Y. 
 
 241 
 
 quadruple, rerpaTrXoGs, -% -ovv. 
 quarrel, (piKoveiKO) ; (piKoveiKia, ij. 
 queen, ^aaiXia-a-a, ij. 
 queer, Trapd^evos, 6, 77, -ov; trapd- 
 
 So^os, 6, ■>;, -OP. 
 question, ipibrriaii, -ecas, rj. 
 quick, rax^s, -eta, -iJ. 
 quickly, rax^ws; yplytijpa, dyXlycapa 
 
 (vlg.). 
 quiet, ^(Tvxos, 6, t/, -ov. 
 quietly, ^o-ivx^s; ^(rvxct (vlg.). 
 quilt, i(f>dTr\o)iJ.a, -ros, t6 ; irdirXwp.a 
 
 (vlg.), -TOS, t6. 
 
 quiltmaker, TraTrXcj/xaras (vlg.), d. 
 quite so, /j-dXiara. 
 
 rabbit, kow^Xi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 race, 7^1*05, -ovs, t6 ; (f>v\ij, t) ; 8p6- 
 
 fws, 6. 
 race-course, a-rddLOP, t6. 
 radish, peirdpL (vlg.), t6. 
 rag, Kovp^Xi (vlg.), t6. 
 rain, Ppox^f, V ; ^^ rains, ^p^x^i. 
 raise, i^w, v\p6pu}. 
 raisin, <rTa<f>vX'^, ?/ ; aracpijXi (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 rather, /taXXoc. 
 ravisher, dpira^, -70s, 6. 
 raw, wfi6s, --fj, -bp. 
 ray, d/cris, -vos, 77. 
 razor, ^vpd^i (vlg.), t6. 
 read, dj'a7ij'c6(r/caj ; Sia/Sdfiw (vlg.). 
 ready, ^roi/tos, -i;, -oj'. 
 reason, X670S, 6 ; oiV^a, t). 
 receive, Xafi^dpoj, wapaXafi^dpu), 
 
 reception, viroSoxv, v- 
 recognize, dpayvcopi^u}. 
 recommend, o-vpicttQ. 
 recommendation, atjaraais, -ews, 7/. 
 reconcile, o-u/i/Si/Sdfitf. 
 
 red, ipv0p6s, -d, -6p; kSkkivos, -17, -01* 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 reduced, be, KaravrCo. 
 reduction, without, d/cara^/Sara 
 
 (vlg.). 
 regularly, TaKTiKws. 
 rejoice, x°-^P^- 
 related, avyyep-fis, 6, iq, -4s. 
 relation, <rx^<rts, -ews, 17. 
 relieve, dpaKovcpi^u). 
 religion, 6pr]<TKela, 17. 
 remain, fx^pw; remains, Xel^avov,Tb. 
 remember, ivdvixoOfMai, dvafiifiPi^aKo- 
 
 fxai. 
 remind, inrepdvpLi^io. 
 repair, i-mo-Kevd^u). 
 repent, fxerapoQ, fieraix^Xofiai. 
 repentance, fierdvoia, 77. 
 repetition, iiravdXri\pLs, -ews, 77. 
 repose, ijcrvxd^ia, dvaira{>op.ai; dpd- 
 
 wavcris, -ews, 77. 
 representation, Trapda-Tacns, -ews, 77. 
 reputation, virbX-qxpLs, -ews, 77. 
 require, dirairQ, xP^i-<^^ofj.ai. 
 respect, a^^op-ai ; cr^/Sas, -ovs, t6. 
 respectable, (refivbs, -tJ, -6v. 
 respectful, eva-e^-^s, 6, 77, -is. 
 responsible, inr6Xoyos, 6, 77, -op; 
 
 vxeiidvpos, d, 77, -OP. 
 rest, riavx^oL, 77 ; VTrdXanrov, rb. 
 return, e7ricrT/o^0w, iirapipxop-ai- ; 
 
 yvpli^ij) (vlg.) ; €Tr uTTpocp'q, 77. 
 revenge, eKdUrja-LS, -ews, 77. 
 revolt, dTTOtrTartD; crrda-is, iiravd- 
 
 (XTacTLS, -ews, 77. 
 rhinoceros, pivbKcpcas, -co, 6. 
 riband, raipla, 77. 
 rich, irXo^crios, -a, -op. 
 riches, rrXovros, 6. 
 rider, linreijs, -ews, 6; Ka^aXdprjs 
 
 (vlg.), d. 
 
242 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 riding, liriraaia, -rj ; /ca/3dXa (vlg.), ^'. 
 
 right, 5e^t6s, -d, -6v ; 6pd6s, -17, -6v. 
 
 right hand, de^id, i;. 
 
 rightly, 6p6C}$. 
 
 ring, Kwduvw, <rr]fxalpoi} ; daKTvXldi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 ripe, wpLfios, 6, 17, -o»'. 
 rise, iyeipofxaiy dvla-Ta/xai; arjKdpo- 
 
 ixai (vlg.). 
 rise (of the sun), dvaTiWw. 
 rising, cyepais, -ews, ?} ; dvaroX'^, rj. 
 river, 7roTa/i65, d. 
 road, dp6fxoSf 6. 
 roast, xpi^pu}; xpTjTdv, t6. 
 rock, ^pdxos, 6. 
 rod, pd^dos, 17. 
 
 roof, 6po(j)-q, ri; ra^dvi (vlg.), t6. 
 room, dwfxdriop, t6. 
 root, pi^a, Tj. 
 rope, axoipiop, t6. 
 rose, p65oi', t6 ; T/9tavT(i0y\Xoi'(vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 round, arpoyyvXds, -i}, -6p. 
 round about, -rr^pi^. 
 rub, Tpl^u). 
 
 rubbish, a-Kovn-iSi (vlg.), t6. 
 ruin, ipeiiriop, t6. 
 run, Tp^x^- 
 rush, opyLitD. 
 Russian, 'PcDtro-os; p<jjffffiK6s,-Tq,-6p. 
 
 sack, adKKos, 6. ■ 
 
 sacred, Jepo's, -d, -<Jv. 
 
 sadden, Xuttw. 
 
 sailor, I'ajJxTjs, d. 
 
 Salamis, XaXafih, -twy, 17. 
 
 salt, aXar/f^w; (iXas, -tos, rd; ciXdrt 
 
 (vlg.), t6; d\pLvp6s, -df -6p. 
 salute, x<*'pf i^, TrpoffKvvQ. 
 sand, dfxixos, -q. 
 satiate, xopra/vw. 
 
 satin, drXdft (vlg-)» "rd ; KaTi(f)^s 
 
 (vlg.), d. 
 saucepan, x^'^P°-y "h ; KaraapoXa. 
 
 (vlg.), '^. 
 savage, d7/3tos, -a, -oi/. 
 save, (Twfw. 
 saviour, aur-qp, -os, d. 
 say, X^7w. 
 scarcely, yiidXts. 
 scene, <rKr)pi^, 77. 
 school, cxoX-f], 77; (rxoXcroj/, to. 
 scissors, \paXlh (vlg.), rd. 
 scold, fxaXopb) (vlg.). 
 scratch, |i/t'w (vlg.). 
 scream, (pwpd^ca. 
 sea, ddXaffaa, tj ; ^/^« .f^a, 7rAa7os, 
 
 -OUS, TO. 
 
 seaside, irapadaXdaaiop, to. 
 
 seat, KdOia-fia, -tos, to. 
 
 secretary, ypafi/xaTeiJs, -ius, 6. 
 
 secretly, Kpvcpius. 
 
 see, ^X^irco. 
 
 see here, t'Soi;. 
 
 seeing that, Kadoaov. 
 
 seek, ^T/Tw. 
 
 self, eauTos, -tJ, -6. 
 
 self-esteem, <piXoTip.ia, 77. 
 
 send, TT^/xTU), (tt^XXio. 
 
 sense, (ppoia, 77 ; ala-Orja-is, -ews, 17. 
 
 sentiment, atadr^jxa, -tos, t6. 
 
 separate, xwp/fw. 
 
 separately, x'^P'-*^''''^ (vlg-)- 
 
 serious, ao^apds, -d, -6 p. 
 
 servant, vTnjp^Tr}s, 6 ; SoOXos (vlg.), d. 
 
 serve, virripeTU). 
 
 service, vwrjpea-la, 77 ; XeiTOvpyla, 77. 
 
 set (of the sun), 3i5w. 
 
 sew, jidiTTU}. 
 
 sex, 00X01', Td. 
 
 shade, <TKid, 77. 
 
 shake, aeiu. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 243 
 
 shame, evrpoTrrj, tj ; afaxos, -ovs, to, 
 
 shameful, ala-xpos, -d, -6v. 
 
 shapely, ev/Mpcpos, 6, t), -ou. 
 
 share, diaviixoj, /xoipd^ci}. 
 
 sheep, irpo^aTov, to. 
 
 shine, Xd/u.7rw, 0^770). 
 
 ship, irXoiov, to; Kapd^i (vlg.), to. 
 
 shirt, viroKapLKTov, to. 
 
 shoe, inrodrffxa, -ros, to ; irairovTcn 
 
 (vlg.), TO. 
 shoemaker, TraTrourcr^s (vlg.), 0. 
 shop, e/xTopiKov, TO ; fiaya^i (vlg.), 
 
 TO. 
 
 short, Ppax^JS, -eia, -ij; kovtos, -ri, 
 
 -OP (vlg.). 
 shortly, cvtos oXiyov. 
 short-sighted, /xixvp, -ttos, d. 
 shoulder, wfios, 6. 
 shout, Kpd^u), (pcovd^u). 
 show, 5ei/cfi/«. 
 shudder, (fypiTTOj. 
 shut, KKelw ; KkeiaTO'i, -tj, -6v. 
 side, irXevpov, to ; irXevpd, 7). 
 sign, v7roypd(f)0} ; (rrjfietov, to. 
 signal, (yrj/xelop, to. 
 signature, vTroypacfyifi, i;. 
 silence, aicoTr'/i, ?/. 
 silent, be, (nojirCj. 
 silk, fxiTa^a, t) ; ficTa^L (vlg.), to. 
 silken, ficTa^caTOs, -17, -di'. 
 silver, dpyvpd; dpyvpos, 6; darjfXL 
 
 (vlg.), TO. 
 
 silver, adj. dpyvpovs, -a, -ovv. 
 
 similar, op-oios, -a, -ov. 
 
 simple, ctTrXoOs, -ij, -ovv. 
 
 sin, dfjLapTLa, tJ ; Kpi/xa, -tos, to. 
 
 since, dcpov, cktotc, dwo. 
 
 sing, g,5o}, xpdXXcx}; TpayudCj (vlg.). 
 
 sir, K}jpios, 6. 
 
 sister, ddeXfp-^, 7/. 
 
 sit, Kddrjp.ai, avvedpLa^u. 
 
 situation, KaToiaTacns, -ews, 17. 
 skilful, 5e^i6s, -d, -6v; iwiTi^deios, 
 
 -a, -OP. 
 skin, d^p/xa, -ros, t6; ireTal (vlg.), 
 
 Tb. 
 
 sky, ovpapds, 6. 
 
 slate, irXd^, -k6s, 17. 
 
 slaughter, acpay-^, 7/. 
 
 slave, SoOXos, d ; Soi/Xi;, 77. 
 
 sleep, KOLfjt.CjiJt.ai ; WTTTOS, d. 
 
 slice, 0^Ta (vlg.), 77. 
 
 slow, dp76s, --/j, -6p ; ^pa8\js, -eia, -i5. 
 
 slowly, ^pa8^u)s, dpyd ; d7dXta 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 sly, iroprjpbs, -d, -6p. 
 small, fUKpds, -d, -6p. 
 smallest, eXdxicrTos, -77, -op; irapa- 
 
 fjLiKpds, -d, -6p. 
 smear, dXelcpco. 
 
 smell, nvpi^oj (vlg.); fjt,vp(t)di.d (vlg.), 77. 
 smile, fieiSiCj ; x^'-f^oyeXC) (vlg.). 
 smiling, yeXaa-Tos, -77, -6p (vlg.). 
 smoke, Kair pi ^cj; kuttpSs, 6. 
 smuggling, Xadpefxirbpiop, t6. 
 snake, 30is, -ews, d ; 0et5t (vlg.), t6. 
 so, ovToj; €Tai (vlg.). 
 so big, TocrovTos, -avTrj, -ovto. 
 SO much, t6(tos, -77, -op. 
 SO — SO, ero-i k' cTai (vlg.). 
 so that, uxTTe. 
 soap, cdiTijiP, -wpos, 6 ; (TairovPL 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 social meeting, (TvpapacrTpocpTj, 77. 
 society, Kotpupla, 77 ; cTaipla, 77. 
 sofa, Kapairh (vlg-), d. 
 soft, jxaXaKbs, -77, -6p (vlg.). 
 soft of bread, ^t'xa (vlg.), 77. 
 soil, ' Xepbpo (vlg.) ; subst. edaipos, 
 
 -ovs, t6; xtD/ta, -tos, t6. 
 soldier, aTpaTiujTrjs, 6 ; heavy-armed 
 
 soldier., oirXiTTjs, 6, 
 
244 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 solid, arepebs, -d, -bv. 
 
 solution, XiJ<rtj, -cws, tj. 
 
 some, fiepiKds, -tj, -bv ; 6\lyos, -rj, -ov. 
 
 somebody, t/j, -vbs ; Mva. 
 
 sometime, ivlore; Kairore (vlg.). 
 
 somewhere, Kdirov (vlg.). 
 
 son, vibs, 6. 
 
 son-in-law, ya/M^pbs, 6. 
 
 sooner or later, daTTov ri Ppd8iov. 
 
 sorrow, d\l\l/is, -ews, i; ; Xj/ttt;, i;. 
 
 sorry, be, Xvirov/nai. 
 
 soul, ^vxHi V- 
 
 sound, Tjxo^, o. 
 
 soup, o-ouTra (vlg.), 97. 
 
 sow, a-rrelpo; (Twippco (vlg.). 
 
 Spaniard, 'la-wavbs, 6. 
 
 spare, Xeirrbs, -ij, -6v. 
 
 sparkle, darpdirTca. 
 
 speak, X^yu), dyopeita. 
 
 speech, X670S, o ; dybpevtm, -ews, 17 ; 
 
 ofjLiXLa, 7;. 
 speechless, &(f>(t}vos, 6, •»;, -o»'. 
 special, fSios, -a, -oj/ ; ISiKbs, -i^, -6j'. 
 spectator, dearifis, 6. 
 speed, Tax^Trjs, -tos, -■») ; ffvovSij, 7). 
 spend, SttTrai/u); ^^oSei/w (vlg.). 
 sphere, acpaipa, 77. 
 spill, x^voi (vlg.). 
 spite, weiafJUf -tos, rb. 
 splendid, Xafxirpbs, -d, -bv. 
 spoil, KaTaarpicfxj) ; x<*X<3 (vlg.). 
 sponge, (Tirbyyos, 6 ; a(f>ovyydpi 
 
 (vlg.). t6. 
 spoon, KouTdXi (vlg.), rb; xovXtdpi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 spread, i^aTXbvu; i<t)dirXu)pxL, -tos, 
 
 t6. 
 spring, bpfx-q, ?/ ; Awi^tj, -eu^j, -q ; 
 
 ea/), -OS, t6. 
 stable, (TTttOXos, d ; dxoOpi (vlg.),T6. 
 stand, Xarapjai.; ariKOfML (vlg.). 
 
 standing, o-rdtrts, -ews, ?;. 
 
 star, dffTijpy -ipos, 6 ; darpov, rb. 
 
 star, morning, euacpbpos, 6. 
 
 starch, KbXXa (vlg.), 77'. 
 
 start, iKKivw; iKKlvrjffis, -€ws, 17'; 
 
 6p/A77', 77. 
 state, Kpdros, -ovs, rb; Kardaraffis, 
 
 -6W5, 77. 
 statue, dyaX/Mi, -tos, rb. 
 steal, kX^tttw. 
 steamer, dT/A^TrXotoi', rb. 
 steel, x°-^^y -/3os> o ; dT<rdXt (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 step, iraTd; pijfm, -tos, t6. 
 stew, Kairafids (vlg.), d. 
 stick, pd/35os, 77 ; ^iXov, t6. 
 stifling, irviy-qpbs, -d, -bv. 
 still, dKbfxrj, (TL. 
 
 stomach, <rTbfiaxos, 6; KoiXla, 77. 
 stone, TT^Tpa, 77 ; Xidos, 6. 
 stop, a-TafiaTiJi (vlg.). 
 Stoppage, 7raO<rts, -ews, 77. 
 story, SiT^yrjfjLa, -tos, rb; irapafwdi 
 
 (vlg.), Tb. 
 
 straight, €vd6s, -eia, «/; fo-tos (vlg.), 
 
 -a, -oj'. 
 strap, Xovpl (vlg.), t6. 
 straw, dx^pof* ''■^ > dxiJpii'os, -77, -ov. 
 Strawberry, <ppdovXa (vlg.), 77. 
 straw-matting, xpdda (vlg.), 77. 
 stream, ^eO/xa, -tos, Tb; x^^f^po^^ ^• 
 street, 636$, 77. 
 strength, l<rx^^t -os> V ; Siivafiis, 
 
 -fws, 77. 
 strong, Iffxvpbs, -d, -6v; 8vvaTbs, 
 
 -7f, -61/ 
 strongly, lax^P^^- 
 study, /icXeTw, atrovbd^o) ; fxeX^rrj, 
 
 77 ; ffirovSti, 77. 
 stuffing, irapayiiAifffia (vlg.), -tos, 
 
 rb. 
 
ENGLISH- GREEK VOCABULAR V. 
 
 245 
 
 stupid, dpdrfTOS, 6, i;, -ov; kovt6s 
 
 (vlg.), -v, -6v. 
 style, v(pos, -ovs, t6. 
 subject, virordaffu}; vinJKoos, 6. 
 sub-prefect, ewapxos, 6. 
 substance, ovala, t;. 
 succeed, Karopdu), iirLTvyxo-vu), 5ta- 
 
 successor, didSoxos, 6. 
 succour, avvrp^x^ > avvSpofxij, i). 
 
 such, TOIOVTOS, -aVTT], -OVTO. 
 
 suddenly, ai(f)vr]s, at'^viS^ws ; €^a(ppa 
 
 (vlg.). 
 suffer, viro(f)ip(a, Trdaxw- 
 suffering, trddos, -ovs, t6. 
 suffice, if suffices, dpKct, <f>6dvei. 
 suite (royal, eU.), Oepaireia, 17. 
 summer, 6^po$, -ovs, t6; KaXoKoipi 
 
 (vlg.), t6. 
 summery, depivbs, -ri, -bv. 
 sun, ri\Los, 6. 
 Sunday, KvpiaKi], 17. 
 superior, dvibrepos, -a, -ov; ijyoij- 
 
 fievos, 6. 
 support, <TTT)pL^<j}. 
 suppose, virod^Tbi. 
 surface, eTTKpdveia, rj, 
 surpass, xnrep^aivu}. 
 surprise, cKirX'^TTU} ; ^Kir\rj^is, 
 
 -ecos, Tj. 
 surrender, wapaSidu. 
 surround, TrepiKVKXw. 
 suspect, VTroTrTe6ofji,aL ; suspected, 
 
 VTTOTrros, 6, 77, -ov. 
 swallow, x'^^^^v, -^vos, r\. 
 swear, opKl^ofxai. 
 sweepings, o-Kovirldia (vlg.), rd. 
 sweet, ijdtjs, -eia, -i ; ^KvkOs, -eia, -i. 
 swim, KoXv/jiPQ. 
 sword, ^l(pos, -ovs, t6; <nra.dl (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 
 sympathy, crvfiirddeia, rj. 
 system, avarrj/xa, -tos, t6. 
 
 table, Tpdire^a, 9/ ; rpair^^L (vlg.), r6. 
 
 tail, ovpd, tj. 
 
 tailor, pdiTT-qs, 6. 
 
 take, Xa/M^dvu) ; iraLpvu) (vlg.). 
 
 take out, i^dyu. 
 
 talk, o/xiXCj, XaXa. 
 
 tame, ^fiepos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 
 taste, yevais, -ews, 77. 
 
 tasteful, vbaTLjxos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 
 tax, T^Xos, -ovs, TO ; (fibpos, 6. 
 
 tea, Tad'C (vlg.), rb. 
 
 teach, 8i.bd<TK(a. 
 
 teacher, StSdo-KaXos, 6, 77. 
 
 tear, <rxtT'«' ; leax^fw (vlg.). 
 
 tears, ddKpva, rd. 
 
 tears, place of, KXavdfiCov, -Qvos, 6. 
 
 tease, Tretpd^w (vlg.). 
 
 telegraph-office, TrfXeypa(f)€iov, rb. 
 
 temperate, iyKpar'^s, 6, 77, -^s. 
 
 temple, vabs, 6. 
 
 tent, CK-qvri, rj. 
 
 terrace, repdra-a (vlg.), 77. 
 
 terrible, (po^epbs, -d, -bv; rpofiepbs, 
 
 -d, -bv. 
 text, d^/xa, -TOS, Tb. 
 thank, evxo-pi-<yTQ) ; euxapio-r^a, 77. 
 that, 6ti, 6irias, Xva, 6tvov, ttov. 
 that is, tovt' ea-Ti. 
 that one, cKeivos, -77, -0. 
 theatre, O^aTpov, Tb. 
 theatre-box, decopeTov, Tb. 
 thee, aO; k(r<) (vlg.). 
 theft, kKo-kt], 77. 
 theme, Bip.a., -tos, Tb. 
 then, TbTe, Xoiirbv, errofihtas, axoXoiJ- 
 
 dm. 
 theory, decopla, 77. 
 there, iKei, Idoij; vd, vdTos (vlg.). 
 
246 
 
 ENGLISH- GREEK VOCABULAR V. 
 
 therefore, &pa, Apaye, rdxa- 
 
 Theseus, Orjaevs, -iuts, 6. 
 
 thick, Traxi^s, -eia, -i ; irvKvb^, -tj, -6u ; 
 
 Xovdpos, -TJ, -6v (vlg.). 
 thickness, irdxos, -ous, t6. 
 thief, kX^ttttjs, 6. 
 
 thin, XeirrSs, -tj, -6v; t(rxj'6s, -tj, -bv. 
 thine, (r6s, -77, -6v ; IBikSs, -tj, -bv crov. 
 thing, Trpayfia, -tos, rb. 
 think, vofil^u}, (tk^tttoimil, avWoyl- 
 
 thirst, Sn/'w; 5i^a, 7;. 
 
 this, ovTos, avTT}, tovto ; avrbs, -tj, -b. 
 
 this year, ecpiros. 
 
 thorn, &Kavda, rj ; ay Kadi (vlg.), rb. 
 
 thread, k\u}<tttj, ?). 
 
 throne, dpbvos, 6. 
 
 through, Sid. 
 
 throw, piiTTU}, pdXXw. 
 
 throw away, ttctcD. 
 
 thunder, ^povTCb ; ^povrij, t). 
 
 thunderbolt, Kcpavubs, 6. 
 
 thunderstorm, Karaiyls, -5os, i;. 
 
 Thursday, U^/xttttj, 77. 
 
 thus, ovTU} ; €T<n (vlg.). 
 
 tie, 8hu} (vlg.). 
 
 tighten, a<plyy(a. 
 
 tightly, a(pLyKTd. 
 
 time, xP^^^^i o > Kaipbs, 6 ;"wpa, rj. 
 
 time, have, ddeid^u} (vlg.). 
 
 tin, revcKh (vlg.), d. 
 
 tipsy, fiedvafx^vos, -rj, -ov (vlg.). 
 
 title, tItXos, 6. 
 
 to, irpbs, els. 
 
 tobacco, Kairvbs, 6. 
 
 tobacconist, Ka-n-poTruXris, 6. 
 
 tobacco shop, KaTrvoiruXe'iov, rb. 
 
 together, bpiov; p-a^rj (vlg.). 
 
 tomb, Td(pos, 6. 
 
 to-morrow, avpiov. 
 
 tongue, 7Xwa-(ra, -q. 
 
 tool, ipyaXeiov, rb. 
 
 tooth, bdo^s,-bvTos,6 ; 56j^i (vlg.), t6. 
 
 top, &Kpa, 7; ; Kopv(f)TJ, 77. 
 
 torment, ^aaavl^u}. 
 
 touch, iyyi^w. 
 
 towards, irpbs. 
 
 towel, irpoab-^i. (vlg.), rb. 
 
 town, 7r6\ts, -ews, 77. 
 
 town-quarter, <rvuoiKla, 77. 
 
 trace, tx^^os, -ovs, rb. 
 
 tradition, irapddoais, -ews, 77. 
 
 tragedy, rpaycpdia, tj. 
 
 transgress, irapa^alv(j). 
 
 translate, p-eracppd^u. 
 
 translation, p.€Td<ppa<ns, -ews, 77. 
 
 travel, ra^eideino, bdoLwopQ, StaTrX^w. 
 
 traveler, bdoLirbpos, 6. 
 
 treasure, drjaavpbs, 6. 
 
 treasury, rap^eiov, t6. 
 
 tree, divdpov, rb. 
 
 tremble, rp^p-u. 
 
 trench, avXa^, -kos, 6. 
 
 tribunal, diKaa-TTJpiov, rb. 
 
 triple, TpLtrXovs, -rj, -ovv. 
 
 trowel, p.v<rTpLov, rb. 
 
 true, dXrjdTjs, 6, 77, -^s. 
 
 trunk, Kopp-bs, 6. 
 
 trust, ip-TTiaTevopuai.. 
 
 truth, dXrjdeia, 77. 
 
 try, 8oKip.d^u}, irpoaTradCi. 
 
 Tuesday, TpiTTj, 77. 
 
 Turk, TovpKos, 6. 
 
 turn, <rTp4(f><t); yvpi^u (vlg.); (reipd, 
 
 TJ ; <popd (vlg.), 77. 
 tyrannize, Tvpavvd. 
 
 ugly, &<Txwos, 6, 77, -Off. 
 umbrella, dXe^ippoxov, rb ; 6p,pp^XXa 
 (vlg.)» V- 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCAB ULAR V. 
 
 247 
 
 unboiled, dppaa-rosyO, -q, -ov. 
 unbroken, dStdo-Trao-ros, 6, -fj, -ov. 
 uncertain, dj3^/3aios, 6, -q, -ov. 
 unclean, aKadapros, 6, t), -ov; /3/jw- 
 
 yutKos, -7], -ov (vlg.). 
 under, Karwdev, viroKdna ; dTro/cdrw 
 
 (vlg.). 
 underground, virdyews, 6, tj, -ojv. 
 understand, ewoQ, KaraXa/x^dvu}, 
 
 avvevvoovfxai. 
 undertake, dvaXafj-^dvcj. 
 undress, iKdvu, iKdOofiai ; 75ui'w, 
 
 ydOvofxai (vlg.). 
 unfortunate, ToKa'nrwpos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 unhappy, SvarvxHS, d, 7/, -h. 
 uninhabited, d/caroi/o/Tos, d, 7), -ov. 
 unintelligible, dwT^ros, d, 77, -oi'; 
 
 d/caraj'OTjTos, d, 7;, -ov. 
 union, evcjcris, -ews, tj. 
 unjust, ddiKos, 6, 7), -01/. 
 unjust, be, ddiKU). 
 unjustly, ddiKws. 
 unknown, dyvuxTTos, d, 77, -of. 
 unmarried, dyafxos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 unnecessary, irepLTrbs, --q, -6v. 
 unreasonable, dXoyos, 6, 7), -ov; 
 
 ■wapdXoyos, d, 77, -ov. 
 unruly, draKTos, 6, 77, -ov. 
 untie, Xj^w; Xvvw (vlg.). 
 until, pi^xPh ^^5. • 
 unworthy, dvd^tos, -a, -oj/. 
 upright, 6pd6s, -7/, -6i' ; opdws. 
 upside-down, dvuKdrcD ; dvdiroda 
 
 (vlg.). 
 up to, fj^xpi- 
 use, fi€Tax€Lpi^ofxai, xpryo-t^ueiJw ; x/>^- 
 
 (Tij, -ews, 77. 
 usually, avvridws. 
 
 vain, /udratos, -a, -o»'; /« z/a/>z, fxd- 
 
 TTjv, fiaralus. 
 valley, KoiXds, -5os, 77. 
 vase, dyyeiov, to. 
 vermicelli, 0t5^5 (vlg.), 6. 
 versed, eyKparTjs, 6, 77, -^s. 
 victor, viKT}T7]-i, 6. 
 victory, vIktj, 77. 
 view, 0^a, 77. 
 vile, dxpcios, -a, -ov. 
 village, XW/910J', to. . 
 villain, /xacr/capas (vlg.), d. 
 vine, dfiireXos, 77. 
 
 vinegar, 6^os, -ovs, rb ; |ei5t (vlg.), rb. 
 vineyard, d/jureXos, 77 ; dfxiriXi (vlg.), 
 
 rb. 
 violate, ^id^u). 
 violence, /Sta, 77. 
 violent, /Staios, -a, -ov; ctpodpbs, -d, 
 
 h5i/: 
 violet, Tov, t6; /xeve^h (vlg.), d. 
 virtue, dperij, 77. 
 visiting-card, einaKeTrTTJpiov, rb. 
 voice, (fnovri, 77. 
 volcano, Tjcpaiareiov, to. 
 volume, t6/u,05, d. 
 vote, \p7}(pi^(a ; \prj(pos, 77. 
 
 wages, fMLadbs, 6 ; Tj/mepofxia-dLov, rb. 
 wait, irepifx^voj, dvafxevio. 
 wakeful, dypvirvos, 6, 77 -ov. 
 walk, /SaStfw, TrepiiraTd); weplira- 
 TOS, d. 
 
 wall, TotxoSj d ; tcTxos, -ovs, Tb. 
 
 want, 04X(o, dwopQ. 
 
 war, TToXe/xQ ; irbXefios, 6. 
 
 warm, depjxaivw ; ^eaTalvw (vlg.) ; 
 
 depfxbs, -Tj, -bv; ^eaTbs, -77, -bv 
 
 (vlg.). 
 
248 
 
 ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 
 
 warmly, Oep^ds. 
 
 wash, ttXjJi/w, \o6(a, vLtttco. 
 
 wash-bowl, XeKUPT], ?;. 
 
 washerwoman, irXvarpa (vlg.), i;. 
 
 washing, ttXi/o-u, -ews, ?). 
 
 wash-tub, (TKdipT], 17. 
 
 water, ttot/^w; vdiap, -aros, t6; 
 
 1/6^6 (vlg.), t6. 
 watering, irdTia-fm, -tos, t6. 
 watermelon, Kapirov^i (vlg.), t6. 
 weak, dadevrfs, d, rj, -^$ ; dbifvaros, 
 
 6, rjy -ov. 
 wear, ^^/ow ; (popd (vlg.). 
 weather, Kaip6$, 6. 
 weather, bad, KaKOKaipla, 17. 
 weather, good, KaXoKaipla, 17. 
 weave, ttX^koj. 
 Wednesday, TerdprT), 17. 
 week, i^dofids, -5os, 17. 
 weep, KKalu. 
 weigh, ^vyi^u. 
 weight, pdpos, -ovs, t6. 
 well, 4>piapj -aros, t6 ; iryfyddi (vlg.), 
 
 t6. 
 well, adv. /caXws. 
 wet, Pp^x^ I vyp6s, -d, -df ; ^peypA- 
 
 vos, -71, -ov (vlg.). 
 wet through, Kddvypos, d, 17, -ov. 
 wheat, (t/tos, d ; airdpi (vlg.), rb. 
 wheel, rpoxbs, d ; p65a (vlg.), 97. 
 when, &Tav. 
 whence, irbOcv, &$ev. 
 where, ttoO, Sttou. 
 
 which, 3<rTis, ^rts, 5,Tt ; 67rotos, -a, -o. 
 whirlwind, (rrpS^iXos, d. 
 white, Xei;/c6$, -?7', -6»'; dawpos, -rj, 
 
 -ov (vlg.). 
 who? T^s; -V05; iroTos ; -a, -0 (vlg.). 
 whoever, 6<rTi<rdrJTroT€; 6voio<rSTJiroTc 
 
 (vlg.)- 
 
 wick, 0Ti/Xi (vlg.), t6. 
 
 widow, xVP^f V- 
 
 widower, XVP°^> ^^ 
 
 wife, av^vyos, 77 ; yvv^, -aiKbs, 97 ; 
 
 yvvaiKa (vlg.), 77. 
 wild, dypios, -a, -ov. 
 will, 64\<>} ; 6i\y)<ns, -ews, 77 ; ^d (vlg.). 
 wind, dvefxos, 6. 
 window, trapddvpov, t6. 
 window-pane, rfd/it (vlg.), t6. 
 wine, oJvos, 6 ; Kpaal (vlg.), t6. 
 wine-shop, olvowuXeiov, to. 
 wing, TTT^pv^, -yos, 97 ; <pT€p6 (vlg.), 
 
 TO. 
 
 winter, xct/*'^v, -Qvo's, 6. 
 
 wisdom, <To<t>ia, 77. 
 
 wish, iTnOvfiQ, evxofiai ; iiridvpda, 17. 
 
 with, arjv, fieTd ; /x^ (vlg.). 
 
 wither, pLapaivu). 
 
 within, ivTbs, effu; fxiaa, dwofxiaa 
 
 (vlg.). 
 without, iKTbs, e|u>, d^'ei;, x^pfs. 
 wolf, Xj/kos, d. 
 woman, yvvij, -aixdj, 17 j 7i;)'a(iKa 
 
 (vlg.), V- 
 wood, ^OXov, t6. 
 wool, fmXXi (vlg.), TO. 
 woolen, /idXXtros, -77, -ov. 
 work, ipyd^ofmi ; ipyafflay 77 ; Hpiyov, 
 
 t6. 
 work hard, KaTayivofiai, Kovid^u. 
 workman, ipydrris, 6. 
 world, Kb<rpjos, 6. 
 worth, d^La, 77. 
 worthy, d^ios, -a, -ov. 
 wound, 7rX7776i'a;; TXriy^, 77. 
 wrath of God, deo/xrjvia, 77. 
 write, ypdipij. 
 written, ypairTbs, -ij, -6v. 
 wrong, ddiKit) ; AdcKov, t6. 
 
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 249 
 
 year, iro^, -ovs, ro ; XP^^^ ("^lg-)» <'• young man, I'eai'tas, d ; naWrjKdpi 
 
 yellow, Klrptpos, -rj, -op (vlg.). (vlg-)' "'"<*• 
 
 yes, pai, fxdXicrTa. yours, iifMirepos, -a, -oj'; t5i/c6s, -r/, 
 
 yesterday, x^«. -op aas (vlg.). 
 
 yet, €iV^rt, dKdfirj. youth, pedrrjS, -tos, t;. 
 
 young, p^os, -a, -op; peapds, -a, -6p. 
 

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