U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. ^. D. E. SALMON. D. V. M., CHIEF OF BUREAU. : TATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. COMPILED FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS FOR 1900, AND FROM OTHER RELIABLE .SOURCES, WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES, HY HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., Chief of the Dairy Division . alifornia ional ility WASH I NT, TON: oovi-- K \ M !; NT I-KI\TI\; i > i- i- lei-: I 'HIS. ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief: D. E. SALMON, D. V. M. Assistant chief: A. D. MELVIN, I). V. S. ('hnfch'rJ:: E. B. JONES, LL. M., M. D. Dairy Division: HENKY E. ALVORD, C. E., chief; CLARENCE B. LANE, B. S., assistant chief. Inspection Division: A. M. FARRINGTON, B. S., D. V. M., chief. (Jinirantine Division: RICHARD W. HICKMAN, Ph. ('., V. M. D., chief. Editor: GEORGE FAYETTE THOMPSON, M. S. A, -l id: W. S. D. HAINES. /'.r/irrt in Animal Husbandry: GEORGE M. ROMMEL, B. S. A. Librarian: BEATRICE C. OBERLY. LABORATORIES. Biochemic Division: E. A. DE SCHWEINITZ, Ph. D., M. D., chief; MARION DORSET, M. D., assistant chief. Pathological Division: JOHN R. MOHLER, A. M., V. M. D., chief; HENRY J. WASH- BURN, D. V. S., acting assistant chief. Zoological Division: CH. WARDELL STILES, M. S., A. M., Ph. D., consulting zoologist in charge. EXPERIMENT STATION. Superintendent: E. C. SCHROEDER, M. D. V. ; expert assistant, W. E. COTTON. INSPECTORS IN CHARGE. Dr. F. \V. Ainsworth, Union Stock Yards, Pitts- burg, Pa. Dr. M. O. Anderson, care Geo. A. Hormel & Co., Austin, Minn. Dr. Don C. Ayer, Post-Office Building, South Omaha, Nebr. Dr. G. S. Baker, 6th and Townsend sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Dr. L. R. Baker, South St. Joseph, Mo. Dr. Boyd Baldwin, care Cudahy Bros., Cudahy, Wis. Dr. A. E. Behnke, room 434, Federal Building, Milwaukee, Wis. Dr. John A. Bell, Watertown, N. Y. Dr. S. E. Bennett, Post-Office Building, Kansas City, Mo. Dr. EliL. Bertram, Tri-City Packing Co., Daven- port, Iowa. Dr. Richard J. Blanche, care Brittain & Co., Mar- shalltown, Iowa. Dr. Fred Braginton, care Continental Packing Co., Bloomington, 111. Dr. J. J. Brougham, care Missouri Stock Yards, St. Louis, Mo. Dr. G. W. Butler, care Drummond Bros., Eau Claire, Wis. Dr. J. B. Clancy, National Stock Yards, 111. Dr. Charles Cowie, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Dr. David Cumming, 912 Lapeer ave., Port Huron, Mich. Dr. Robert Darling, care Chas. S. Hardy, San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Deadman, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Mr. Albert Dean, room 328, Stock Yard Station, Kansas Ctty. Kans. Dr. F. L. De Wolf, care Chas. Wolff Packing Co., Topeka, Kans. Dr. Geo. Ditewig, care Union Stock Yards, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. Dr. E. P. Dowd, care White, Pevey & Dexter Co., Worcester, Mass. Dr. O. E. Dyson, 316 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. Dr. Geo. C. Faville, Box 796, Norfolk, Va. Dr. N. K. Fegley, care Sperry & Barnes, New Haven, Conn. Dr. T. A. Geddes, care U. S. consul, London, England. Dr. H. H. George, 507 Johnson St., Louisville, Ky. Dr. W. H. Gibbs, care Morton-Gregson Co., Ne- braska City, Nebr. Dr. L. K. Green, care Hammond, Standish & Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. H. A. Hedrick, 215 St. Paul St., Baltimore, Md. Dr. O. B. Hess, care Frye-Bruhn Co., Seattle, Wash. Mr. G. S. Hickox, P. O. box 1145, Salt Lake City, Utah. Dr. A. A. Holcombe, Aurora, 111. Dr. Julius Huelsen, care Jersey City Stock Yards Co., Jersey City, N. J. Dr. F. W. Huntington, 1 India st., Portland, Me. Dr. G. A. Johnson, Exchange Building, Sioux City, Iowa. Dr. Charles Keane, care Cudahy Packing Co., Los Angeles, Cal. Dr. J. S. Kelly, care Blomer & Michael Co., Quincy, 111. Dr. F. D. Ketchum, South St. Paul, Minn. Dr. W. B. Lincoln, Union Stock Yards, Nashville, Tenn. Dr. C. Loveberry, room 402 Custom-House (new), Portland, Oreg. aTransferred, August 16, 1902, to the U. S. Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, as Chief of Division of Zoology, but remains also in temporary charge of Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. (Continued on third page of cover.) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. 55. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., CHIEF OF BUREAU. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY COMPILED FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS FOR 1900, AND FROM OTHER RELIABLE SOURCES, WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES, HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., Chief of the Dairy Division. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT I'KINTINii OFFICE. 11)03. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C. , March 1, 1903. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as Bul- letin No. 55 of this Bureau, a compilation by Maj. Henry E. Alvord. Chief of the Dairy Division, of the principal statistics relating to the dairy industry of this and other countries. The development and magnitude of this branch of agriculture are thus shown better than by any available publication, and the information is such as is needed, not only by dairymen, but by the many other persons whose business is closely related to the dairy industry. The illustrations, which consist of tive diagrams and four maps, are necessary to an understanding of the text. Very respectfully, D. E. SALMON, Chief of Bur en \i. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. Dy. 46 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, DAIRY DIVISION, Washington, D. C., February 25, 1903. SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith for publication a compi- lation of the principal statistics relating to the dairy industry in the United States, together with some similar data from other countries. A part of the figures thus brought together are easily found, but, on the other hand, many of them are inaccessible to people generally. It is believed that the collection as presented will prove interesting and useful to many persons connected with dairying and form a suit- able complement to other publications prepared by this division. The tables are preceded by a discussion of the subject and accom- panied by maps and diagrams which serve to illustrate parts of the text. Yours, respectfully, HENRY E. ALVORD, Chief of Dairy Division. Dr. D. E. SALMON, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. CONTENTS. Page. A statistical review of the census returns 9 Dairy farms 9 Dairy cows and other neat cattle 10 TABLE I. Dairy cows and other neat cattle in the United States in 1900 12 Purebred cattle and ' ' statistics of quality " 13 Dairy cows on farms and ranges .- 14 Dairy cows not on farms or ranges 14 Total dairy cows their distribution, value, and products 16 The aggregate milk production and its disposition in the United States . . 20 TABLE II. Milk apparently available on farms and used or disposed of, 1899 22 TABLE III. Production of milk on farms and its disposition, in part, in the United States and in selected States, for 1899, from the census 23 Butter on farms .- 24 TABLE IV. Butter made on farms and sales of same, census of 1900. 25 Cheese on farms 26 Farm sales of dairy products 27 Butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories 27 TABLE V. Cheese, butter, and condensed-milk factories; number of establishments in each class, classified according to products, by States and Territories, 1900 28 The associated system of dairying 29 TABLE VI. Number of cheese factories established in the State of New York annually, 1854-1866 30 Average product of factories 32 Creameries and their products 33 Creamery materials and equipment 34 Creamery products 35 Butter prices 36 Richness of milk, or butter ratio 36 Cream sales 37 Skim milk 37 Dried casein 38 Cheese factories and their products 38 Whey 39 Milk condenseries and their products 39 Milk prices 41 Aggregate production of butter and cheese 41 Aggregate value of the dairy products of the United States for 1900 43 The leading dairy States of the Union 44 5 6 CONTENTS. A statistical review of the census returns Continued. Page. Imports and exports of dairy products 45 TABLE VII. Imports and exports of butter by the United States ... 45 TABLE VIII. Imports and export* of cheese by the United States 46 TABLE IX. Imports and exports of condensed milk 46 Consumption of dairy products in the United States 46 Average estimated consumption of milk per day per capita 47 Estimate of dairy cows and dairy products in the United States, 1903 48 General agricultural statistics 49 TABLE X. Farm and dairy statistics of the United States 49 TABLE XI. Dairy statistics by States 50 TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States 52 TABLE XIII. Dairying in the United States for 1900 59 TABLE XIV. Butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories, including all " creameries" and urban dairy establishments 60 TABLE XV. Number and value of milch cows in the United States, and of other farm animals, yearly, 1870 to 1900, inclu- sive, with a few earlier years 62 TABLE XVI. Farm statistics by States 63 TABLE XVII. Population and number of cows per square mile of land surface in each State and Territory in 1900 64 TABLE XVIII. Pounds of cheese and butter produced per square mile of land surface in each State and Territory in 1900 65 TABLE XIX. Rank of each State and Territory in regard to land area, population, persons in agriculture, number of cows, milk produced, butter produced, cheese produced, per- sons per square mile, cows per square mile, butter per square mile, and cheese per square mile 65 TABLE XX. Average value of a cow in the United States for the years stated 67 TABLE XXI. Registered or pedigreed cattle of selected breeds in the United States and their values (estimates furnished by the secretaries of the respective breeders' associations) . 67 TABLE XXII. Growth of the factory system in the United States; States, years, and number of factories, from various sources . . 68 Dairy statistics later than 1900 relating to several States (submitted by various State authorities), accompanied by four dairy maps of States 69 Statistics of cattle, cows, and dairy products of foreign countries 75 TABLE XXIII. Cows and cattle of foreign countries for stated years 75 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. PLATE I. Diagram showing number and distribution of milch cows in the United States, 1900 48 II. Diagram showing cheese and butter production; six census years 48 III. Diagram showing total cheese and butter production of the United States in 1900, by States and Territories, arranged according to rank 48 IV. Diagram showing density of associated dairying in the United States, 1900 04 V. Diagram showing butter quotations in New York and London 64 VI. Map of Indiana, with location of creameries 7'2 VII. Map of Iowa, with location of creameries 7'2 VIII. Map of New York, with location of creameries 7'2 IX. Map of Ohio, with location of creameries 72 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. By HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. A STATISTICAL REVIEW OP THE CENSUS RETURNS. The latest available statistics of the dairy industry in the United States, considered as a whole, are mainly included in the Twelfth Cen- sus. For a comprehensive study of the subject one must bring to- gether some tables in the volume for agriculture and others from that for manufactures. Unless acquainted with the matter, there is the liability of omitting items of importance. There are, in addition, some reliable and interesting data more recent than the United States Census, obtainable from State authorities, although relating to a comparatively few States; and there is also statistical information concerning the dairy in foreign countries which has some influence .ipon the industry in the United States and which is useful for purposes of comparison. All of these statistical data have been brought together and will be found in the following pages, arranged in a manner convenient for practical use. The figures for earlier decades are given in connection with the latest, and some general farm statistics are added which have a bearing upon the dairy industry or show its position with relation to other branches of agriculture. It should be noted that in census statistics all enumerations of per- sons, farms, animals, etc., are for June of the year stated, while the figures for products of all kinds, although often mentioned in the same connection and sometimes as being for the same year, actually represent the returns for the agricultural year next preceding. DAIRY FARMS. The Twelfth Census reports that in the year 1900 there were 5,739,657 farms in the United States, and of these 4,514,210 had dairy cows. Where a farm was found upon which at least 40 per cent of the value of annual products was from dairy products, it was classified as a dairy farm. Of theM there were 357,578. or 0.2 per cent, of the total 9 10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. number, and the average size of these dairy farms -was 121 acres. One-sixth of the number ranged from 20 to 50 acres; one-fourth of all, 50 to 100 acres; and rather more than one-fourth, 100 to 175 acres. There were 174,910 "dairy farms" in the North Atlantic States; 108,403 in the North Central Division; 34,940 in the South Central; 27,620 in the Western; 11,671 in the South Atlantic Division, and 34 in Alaska and Hawaii. DAIRY COWS AND OTHER NEAT CATTLE. All dain^ statistics must be based upon the number of cows con- tributing to the milk supply. The activity of dairying and the com- parative importance of the industry in any country can be primarily determined by the ratio which the number of dairy cows owned bears to the total of other neat cattle. But the reliability of this test depends upon the accuracy with which the different kinds of cattle have been enumerated and classified. The next significant indication is the ratio of cows to inhabitants. The " milch cows" of the United States were first counted by the Sixth Census (1840) and reported as being 4,837,043 in number, or 283 for every 1,000 of the popula- tion. The enumeration has been made decennially since that time, with probable varying degrees of accuracy. The ratio of cows to 1,000 people has appeared to be fairly constant, as follows: In 1840, 283; 1850, 275; 1860, 273; 1870, 232; 1880, 248; 1890, 264; 1900, 237; average of the ratios, 259. The variations are easily accounted for. The sudden decrease from 1860 to 1870 resulted from losses incident to the Civil War, and it required another decade to restore the normal ratio. The ratios in 1890 and 1900, when compared with those of 1850 and 1860, signify improved productiveness of the average cow, especially so as there is reason to regard the number for 1880 as too great; and explanations which soon follow indicate that the same applies to 1890. The average of the stated ratios for sixty years (259 cows) is therefore probably too large. Past errors in this matter have been mainly due to the uncer- tainty of deciding what was a " milch cow." This term has been too broad and indefinite, and has led to including many under this head which were in no sense dairy animals. It is easilj T understood that the average dairy COW T of the country has been steadily gaining in yield of milk, and, although the consumption of dairy products per capita has doubtless somewhat increased also, it nevertheless requires a less number of cows to supply a thousand people now than was neces- sary thirty, forty, or fifty years ago. The enumeration of cows for the Twelfth Census has been made with greater care than ever before. The farm schedule called for "cows kept for milk," and it is believed that this secured practically all animals on farms that could fairly be regarded as dairy cows and STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 11 excluded those properly belonging in other classes. The result was that 17,139,674 cows over 2 years old were reported as kept for milk on 4,514,210 different farms. (It is interesting to note that 1,225,447 census "farms," or over 21 per cent of the total number, reported no cows kept for milk.) The cows not on farms or ranges, or what may be called the " town cows," were counted in 1900 for the first time and, surprisingly, found to number 973,033, or 5 per cent of our entire milking stock. The whole number of what may be considered dairy cows in the year 1900 was therefore 18,112,707. This is believed to be more nearly accurate than an} T previous enumeration of this class of animals in the United States. There are numerous pieces of exter- nal evidence, which can not be quoted here, which support the census results in this particular. (And } T et the census authorities believe that a considerable number of cows escaped the count.) These figures should be accepted as the basis of all other dairy statistics until replaced by later and equalh" satisfactory data. The probable error in accepting as actual daily cows the number of "milch cows" reported by the census of 1890 may be shown by a few examples: It is known to be a fact that the dairy cows form at the present time a larger proportion of the total cattle owned, in most of the States, than was the case ten or twent} T }-ears ago. This is especially true throughout the East, where dairy cows have notably increased and other cattle have diminished. But the tables of the census for 1890 show the milch cows to be a greater percentage of the total cattle in all of the New England and Middle States, New Hampshire alone excepted, than the dairy cows are shown to be by the census of 1900. In Mas- sachusetts the milch cows constituted 67 per cent of the total cattle in 1890, and the "cows kept for milk" were onh r 65 per cent of the total cattle in 1900; yet authorities agree that the daily cows of that State have increased in both actual number and proportion. For New York these percentages are 68 for 1890 and 58 for 1900; in New Jersey, 76 and 66, respectively. The comparison is more striking, however, in States known to have large numbers of beef cattle. In the two Dakotas the milch cows in 1890 were reported as 31 per cent of the total cattle, but in 1900 the cows kept for milk were found to be 18 per cent only of all cattle. In Florida these percentages were, respec- tively, 23 and 10; in Colorado, 17 and 7; and in Texas, 16 and 9. Texas had 1,000,439 milch cows in 1890, according to the census of that year, whereas only 861,023 were enumerated in 1900; yet the milk product of the State is reported as more than doubled during the decade, and it is a commonly known fact that the dairy cows of Texas have increased greatly in late years; the only explanation is that probably thousands of Texan breeding cattle were erroneously classed as milch cows in the Eleventh Census. Taking the totals for the United States for like comparison, the animals re|>orted as milch cows in 1890 12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. constituted 32.15 per cent of the total cattle on farms and ranges, while in 1900, when we have ample reason for believing the actual percentage of dairy cows to be greater, the " cows kept for milk" constitute 25.27 per cent of all cattle on farms and ranges and only 26.08 per cent of total cattle in all inclosures. These evidences of error in the enumeration of dairy cows for 1890 render quite unreliable the total number as then reported. The thou- sands of cows belonging to the beef classes that were counted as dairy animals were in some measure offset by the thousands of town cows and others not on farms, and so not counted at all. But both of these factors are too uncertain to estimate. It is useless, therefore, to make any further close comparison of the cattle statistics of the Twelfth Census with those of the Eleventh, although the figures for both are placed in the tables on later pages. The classification for 1900 not only succeeded better in separating the real milch cows from "other cattle," but enumerated the latter in seven classes, by age and sex, as follows: (1) Cows and heifers not kept for milk, 2 years old and over; (2) heifers 1 and under 2 years; (3) calves under 1 year; (4) steers 1 and under 2 years; (5) steers 2 and under 3 years; (6) steers 3 years and over; (7) bulls 1 year and over. The three classes first named and the last included animals of dairy breeding, and the cattle classes were completed by (8) "cows kept for milk, 2 years old and over." The following summary of all cattle is arranged from the dairy standpoint: TABLE I. Dairy cows and other neat cattle in the United States in 1900. Classes. Number on farms or ranges. Number not on farms or ranges. Total. Cows kept for milk 17 139 674 973 033 18 112 707 Cows not kept for milk 11 592 142 75 767 11 667 909 Heifers (yearlings) 7 183 916 79 517 7 263 433 Calves steers and bulls . . 31 906 604 488 105 32 394 709 Aggregate 67 822 336 1 616 4^ 69 438 758 There were thus 37,044,049 cows and heifers of all kinds 1 year old and over in this country at the last enumeration, and 48.9 per cent of this number was dairy cows already "in profit" "kept for milk." Of all the cows 2 years old and over, 100 appear to have been for dairy purposes for every 64 kept for breeding and beef. The geographical distribution of the dairy industry is indicated by these ratios: In the North Atlantic States there were 780 dairy cows to 48 other cows, or 16 to 1; in the South Central Division, 326 dairy cows to 490 cows for breeding and beef, or 1 to 1.5; and in the West- ern Division, only 207 dairy cows to 603 others, or 1 to 3. "Of the STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 13 > 37,044,049 cows and heifers over 1 year old, 15,580,120, or 42.1 per cent, were found in the North Central Division (of States); 9,504,190, or 25.7 per cent, in the South Central; 4,698,061, or 12.7 per cent, in the North Atlantic; 4,649,595, or 12.6 per cent, in the Western; 2,565,661, or 6.9 per cent, in the South Atlantic Division; and 46,422, or 0.1 per cent, in Hawaii and Alaska." For every farm reporting, there were 14.3 head of neat cattle of all classes and 3.6 cows kept for milk. The census for 1900 reports the aggregate value of neat cattle in the country as $1,517,602,351, rather more than one-third of which is assigned to the dairy cows. PUREBRED CATTLE AND "STATISTICS OF QUALITY." The following quotations are from the general discussion of neat cattle in the first agricultural volume of the census of 1900: The Twelfth Census endeavored to secure statistics of the number of pure-blooded cattle and the number of those of special breeds. The attempt, so far as it depended upon the reports of the enumerators, was not successful. Some attention has been given to breeding cows for dairy purposes only, and with this object in view importations have been made of the Jerseys and Alderneys. There are now many fine herds of both breeds. As the great majority of American fanners keep cattle for beef as well as for milk, they prefer the Herefords and Polled Angus, which are valuable for both purposes. A statement is made later that, based upon correspondence, the census authorities estimated that in 1900 there were 700,000 "pure- blocds of all kinds " among the cattle of the United States, or about 1 per cent of the total number. The Eleventh Census did more work in this respect. Under the title, "Statistics of quality," it was reported that in the year 1890, taking the country as a whole, 0.99 per cent of neat cattle on farms were purebred, and 16.08 per cent were grades having one-half or more of improved blood. This left 82.93 per cent of common, or native, stock, including grades less than one-half pure- blood. In the North Atlantic States there were then 1.77 per cent of purebred cattle; in the North Central Division, 1.21 per cent; in the South Atlantic, 0.73 per cent; in the South Central, 0.46 per cent; and in the Western Division, 0.52 per cent of the purebred. The highest percentage of grades was then reported in the North Central Division, being 22.21, or a total of 23.42 per cent of all the cattle having one-half or more of improved blood. Assuming these last returns to have been reasonably correct, there must be now much more than 1 per cent of the neat cattle of the coun- try of the different pure breeds. In a recent review of this subject the writer estimated that, so far as the dairy cattle of the country arc concerned, alxmt 2 per cent are now purebred and nearly if not quite half of all the cows are of improved blood. 14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. DAIRY COWS OX FARMS AND RANGES. The Twelfth Census applies this term to all "cows kept for milk 2 years old or over." Of the total number, already given as 17,139,674, nearly one-half, or 49.5 per cent, were found in the North Central Division of States. In the North Atlantic Division there were 20.4 per cent; in the South Central, Iti. 9 per cent; in the South Atlantic, 8.1 per cent; and in the Western Division, 5.1 per cent of the total. The distribution of these cows upon farms (4,514,210) classified by tenure of the farms was as follows: On farms of owners, 10,459,262; part owners, 1,734, 048; owners and tenants, 207,162; managers, 295,794; cash tenants, 1,828,713, and share tenants, 2,619,095. There were 579,908 dairy cows upon 348,970 farms of colored farmers. As to distribution on farms of specified areas there was an average of 170 cows to every 100 farms of 3 to 20 acres in area, and this average gradually increased, with much regularity through succeeding groups, to 950 cows for every 100 farms of more than 1,000 acres each. The foregoing statistics indicate the character of the distribution of the dairy industry in this country, geographically and otherwise. The census gives tables of the number of daily cows on farms in the several States and Territories, and also by counties therein. The ten most important dairy States rated by the number of cows on farms, June 1, 1900, were the following: New York, 1,501,608; lowa,l,423,648; Illinois, 1,007,664; Wisconsin, 998,397; Pennsylvania, 943,773; Texas, 861,023; Ohio, 818,239; Missouri, 765,386; Minnesota, 753,632, and Kansas, 676,456. The only other States having more than half a mil- lion daily cows on farms were Michigan and Nebraska. DAIRY COWS NOT ON FARMS OR RANGES. As stated already, this enumeration was made for the first time in the } T ear 1900. All domestic animals in inclosures but not on farms or ranges were included. There were 801,817 different "inclosures" reporting cattle, and it is estimated that 775,000 of these contained dairy cows, which were found to be 973,033 in number. None of the large dairy herds or stables of cities and towns were included, hew- ever, because wherever 3 or more cows were reported in one place the matter was specially investigated; and, if it was found that the animals required the constant services of one or more persons, the establish- ment was treated as a farm. The cows of city dairies in general are therefore included among those tabulated as on farms. Consequently the cows in this " not-on-f arms " class were almost all those of owners who kept 1, 2, or 3, and primarily, in most cases, for their own use. They were located, as a rule, in villages, small towns, and the suburbs of larger places rather than in cities. They may be appropriately STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 15 called "town cows" as distinct from farm cows, and they constitute 5.4 per cent of all the milking stock of the country. It is interesting to note that the cows of this class were not found in greatest numbers coincident with the most dense population. Thus nearly one-half of all (45 per cent) were in the North Central division of States, 21 per cent in the South Central, 17.4 per cent in the North Atlantic, 9.6 per cent in the South Atlantic, and 7 per cent in the Western. This distribution follows very closely that of cows on farms. The Twelfth Census gives tables showing the whole number of dairy cows found in 160 named cities of over 25,000 inhabitants, and the number of such cows to 1,000 inhabitants in each of the same cities. From these tables it appears that in 43 cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants each there were 88,600 daily cows; in 40 cities of 50,000 or more inhabitants, 26,978 cows; and in 83 cities of over 25,000 and less than 50,000 inhabitants, 41,152 cows. There were thus a much greater proportion of town cows in the smaller cities. In the 166 cities named, containing a total population of about 20,000,000, there were 156,730 dairy cows over 2 years old, but of this number 90,146 were tabulated as "on farms," according to the plan adopted, leaving only 66,584 of scattered ownership, or " not on farms." Less than 7 per cent of the town cows was therefore located in cities of more than 25,000 inhabitants. It is thereby again shown that these cows were nearly all kept in the smaller municipalities and in semirural communities. The States having the greatest number of town cows were Pennsyl- vania, 78,301; Texas, 63,876; Illinois, 56,827; Iowa, 56,028; Ohio, 50,593; and Missouri, 49,192. The States of Michigan, Kansas, Indi- ana, New York, Minnesota, and Wisconsin each had between 34,000 and 40,000 of this class of animals. Greater New York kept 11,577 cows within its limits in 1900, and other cities as follows: St. Louis, 9,481; New Orleans, 6,340; Chicago, 5,901; Philadelphia, 4,981. The only others having as manj T as 4,000 were St. Paul and Minneapolis. Of the other large cities, Baltimore reported 1,600 and Boston 1,151. The cities having the greatest number of daily cows to 100,000 inhabitants (or in that proportion) were as follows: Sioux City, Iowa, 6,850 (or, actually, 2,268 cows to 33,111 people); Council Bluffs, Iowa, 5,05X; Dos Moines, Iowa, 4,45X; and Superior, Wis., 4,053. The cities of Newton, Mass.; Fort Worth and Dallas. Tex.: Joplin, Mo.; Haverhill and Taunton, Mass.: Topeka. Kans. : Little Hock, Ark.; Montgomery, Ala.; and Lincoln, Nebr., had, in the order named, from 3,60,OOO inhabitants, or at that rate. Among the great cities, the highest rate was 1.64s in St. Louis and the lowest was 205 in Boston. In New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, 16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. and Baltimore the rate was between 300 and 400 dairy cows to 100,000 population. The value of these town cows is not given in the census, nor the quantity and value of their products; hut there can be no doubt that the cows of this class were of decidedly better quality and higher value than the average dairy cows on farms, and their products were correspondingly greater. TOTAL DAIRY COWS THEIR DISTRIBUTION, VALUE, AND PRODUCTS. The total number of dairy cows in the several States and Territo- ries, including those on farms and ranges and also those in barns and inclosures elsewhere, will be found in Table XIII, page 50. The position of the States as to total number of daiiy cows "in all inclos- ures" is practically the same as already stated for cows on farms. The only ones having over 1,000,000 cows kept for milk are New York, Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The total number of cows in a State does not, however, give as good an idea of the prominence of dairy interest as the density of the cow population (so to speak) and its relation to the number of inhabi- tants. New York stands first in this respect also, having 32.30 cows per square mile of land area, and in this State are three counties where the cows considerably exceed the people in number : Delaware County has 76,384 dairy cows, or 1,64(3 per 1,000 inhabitants ; Chenango Count}' has 53,751 cows, or 1,470 per 1,000 inhabitants; and St. Lawrence Count}* has 105,440 cows (the greatest number of an}' county in the Union), or 1.184 per 1,000 of its population. The compara- tively small State of Vermont comes next in number of cows per square mile, with 30.28, and there are also three counties in this State Addison, Franklin, and Orleans having from 1,100 to 1,250 cows to every 1,000 inhabitants. Connecticut comes next with 27.35 cows per square mile; then Iowa with 26.67 cows per square mile, and the counties of Delaware, Jones, and Kossuth, with 24,000 to 26,000 cows each, being 1,100 to almost 1,400 per 1,000 inhabitants. Other States having more than 20 dairy cows per square mile are the follow- ing: Massachusetts, 24.81: Rhode Island, 23.77; Pennsylvania, 22.72; New Jersey, 22.30; Ohio, 21.32. Five other States have over 15 cows per square mile. In ten other counties of the Union the dairy cows exceed the population, six of these being in Wisconsin, two in Minne- sota, and one each in Illinois and Ohio. McHcnry County, 111., exceeds all others in this particular, having 51,419 dairy cows, and the remarkable ratio of 1,728 cows to 1,000 inhabitants. The enumeration of all cattle by classes of age, sex, and utility, as described, enabled an estimate to be made of the average longevity of cows. The census considers a little less than 7 years to be the life of dairy cows, approximately, in the North Atlantic States, giving not quite 5 years as the average period of profit. In the other geographic STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 17 divisions of the country these averages appear to be nearlv one year less. The Twelfth Census places the average value of the dairy cows in the United States in 1900 at $29.68. This makes the total value $537,^24,750. The highest value per head, $35.43, is assigned to the Western Division, and the lowest, or $21.97, to the South Atlantic Division. But in this estimate the town cows are rated no higher than those on farms. This is believed to be an undervaluation for cows in that class, so that the average for the year 1900 can safely be placed at something over $30 per head. Although, for the reasons stated, close comparisons should not be made between the dairy statistics of the Twelfth Census and those pre- ceding, it is convenient to do so, in a general waj T , in some instances. An increase of about 1,500,000 cows seems to have occurred in the United States during the last decade, and this increase appears to have been quite evenly distributed over the country. Gains have occurred in all the five divisions in which the States are grouped for census purposes, but none especially marked, although the greatest has been in the eleven States of the Western division. The next largest increase is in the North Atlantic division, where demand for the com- bined dairy products greatly exceeds local production. In every one of the nine North Atlantic States, excepting perhaps New Jersey, there are more cows kept for milk than ever before. The increase in Vermont is believed to have been 20 per cent. Comparisons between the dairy products reported by the Twelfth Census and the Eleventh should also be made with large allowances, if at all. There can be no doubt, however, of the material improve- ment in the dairy quality of cows kept for milk, and consequently in proportional aggregate production. The Eleventh Census gave the average annual milk product per cow as 315.4 gallons, the Twelfth Census reports the product as 424 gallons. This very remarkable gain is apparent rather than real. The average yield of milk per cow in 1890 must have been considerably greater than reported (so many animals were counted as milch cows which actually contributed nothing to the milk supply), and it seems certain that the figures for 1900 are too high. Whatever the latter error may be, it is doubtless distributed quite evenly, so that the average annual yield per cow as given in the agri- cultural returns of the last census for different purts of the country are comparable. These show the relative productiveness of the cows in different sections in a very striking manner. The average for the cows of the North Atlantic States is given as 523 gallons; for the North Central Division, 425 gallons; for the Western Division, 41s gal- lons; for the South Atlantic Division (nine States) 35r cow it, 7(H), 000 For cheese, at MS j>ounds |>er year JKT cow 800, 000 For condensed milk, at 91*2 pounds per year JHT cow 200, 000 For milk consumed, at 4150 gallons JKT year |>er cow 7, 412, 707 Total nutnlKT of cows . IS, 1 12, 707 20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. This arbitrary arrangement of cows to the different branches of dairy production is based upon the published summaries of the Twelfth Census. Yet a smaller number of cows arc thus assigned to butter and cheese production than was done ten years earlier, when these products were also much less. It might be more accurate to assume a lower rate of butter and cheese product and increase the number of "butter cows" and "cheese cows;' 1 the number remaining for milk consumed would then be less, as it doubtless should be. THE AGGREGATE MILK PRODUCTION AND ITS DISPOSITION IN THE UNITED STATES. The agricultural tables of the Twelfth Census give the total quantity of milk produced on farms in this country, during the year 1899, as 7, 266, 392, (174 gallons, or, in round numbers, 62,500,000,000 pounds. This was the product of 17,139,674: cows, reported from 4,514,210 farms, or an average of 424 gallons (3,650 pounds) per year per cow 7 . As already noted, this statement of the milk product is believed to be too large. But these are the figures which will be generally quoted and referred to for some years to come, so that they may as well be considered as they stand. Of the total quantity, 49.7 per cent, or nearly one-half, was reported from the North Central Division and 25.1 per cent, or half the remainder, from the North Atlantic States. To the product of the farm cows must be added that of nearly 1,000,000 town cows. Estimated as heretofore and for the reasons stated, as 475 gallons (or about 4,000 pounds) per cow, the annual prod- uct of this class of cows will be 462,190,675 gallons, or 3,900,000,000 pounds, which is more than one-sixteenth of the gross yield of the farm cows. There is no basis for determining the uses to which this great quantity of milk was applied. Most of it was doubtless con- sumed in its natural state. The total being regarded as market milk, there was enough to supply three or four times as many persons, at the average rate, as were included in the families of the owners of these cows not on farms. An indefinite portion of this milk must have been contributed, however, to the materials reported as received by the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories, and applied to making butter for the home use of the cow owners. Altogether the milk produced in the United States during the year 1899 is thus placed at 7,728,583,349 gallons, or rather more than 66,000,000,000 pounds, being an annual supply of 101.3 gallons for every man, woman, and child in the country. Accepting this great aggregate as possible, if not probable, the interesting question arises, How was all of this cows' milk used or disposed of? The census statistics furnish no satisfactory answer; the data obtained is interesting and suggestive, but it is plainly neither accurate nor complete. Effort was made to obtain information as to STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 21 the disposition of milk on farms. The butter and cheese made thereon was reported and also the milk and cream sold. The gross sales of milk were returned as 2,134,915,3-1:2 gallons, and of cream 20,768,662 gallons, being equivalent to 114,227,641 gallons of additional milk. A table is presented in the agricultural volume of the census (Table CLXVII, Vol. V, p. clxxvi) which is intended to show how the milk produced on farms was utilized. Besides the portion above stated as sold, estimates are given of the quantity converted into butter and cheese, and a conclusion reached as to the milk consumed on farms in ways unreported. In doing this, however, allowances were made at least 10 per cent too great for the milk made into cheese and 25 per cent too great for milk made into butter." By correcting these manifest overestimates of the application of milk to butter and cheese made on farms, it is found that, instead of 1,244,857,710 gallons of milk con- sumed on farms, or 276 gallons per year for every farm reporting, the milk product of farms left unaccounted for is 1,402,644,302 gallons, or 12,062,740,994 pounds, being 310.7 gallons (or 2,672 pounds) annu- ally per farm. When, in addition to this, the enormous farm supplies of skim milk and buttermilk are considered, it is evident that some disposition other than consumption by human beings must be accepted as an explanation. One of three things must be true: The total milk product of cows on farms must have been considerably less, or the quantity of milk and cream sold from farms must have been much greater than reported, or some other use must have been made on farms of a large share of the milk produced. The sales of milk and cream are probably the most accurate of the farm dairy statistics. In many cases these facts are matters of record. Next in reliability are the sales of butter and cheese from farms; less reliable are the totals of these articles made on farms. Most doubtful of all is the annual milk product, especially when measured in gallons and estimated in June, 1900, for the twelve months ended with the December previous. But still, accepting these returns, a rational disposition must be sought for much of the milk reported produced. The census barely suggests an explanation by a single sentence: "In many reports, particularly from the North Central States, mention was made of the fact that some milk reported was fed to calves raised for veal." Before this sentence was written the writer proposed, in a paper published on this subject, to assign a definite and considerable portion of all milk reported produced on farms to the "The census estimates 3.5 gallons of milk, or a little over HO pounds, per pound of butter, and 1.3 gallons, or over 11 pounds of milk, for a pound of cheese. The eor- rei>onding estimate* of the Dairy Division are 24 pounds milk JUT 1 pound butter and 10 ixiunds milk i>er 1 pound cheese. The two offices nearly agree in the equiv- alents of milk and cream, the one reckoning ">."> gallons of milk as 1 gallon of cream and the other 5.5 pounds of milk as 1 pound of cream. 22 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. rearing of cilves. In June, 1900, there were reported living nearly 53 calves under 1 year old for every 100 cows of all kinds over 2 years old. This was after a greater part of the veal calves of the year had been slaughtered. It is believed that 15,000,000 calves may be assumed to have been born and carried to an average age of at least six weeks from the 17,139,674: dairy cows on farms. This is, of course, an assumption, and must include calves fed for veal, mainly on whole milk, and calves raised for breeding and for beef, with more or less milk or none at all. It is now proposed to allow for these calves an average of 1 gallon of milk a day for about six weeks. This is purely an estimate, and will be by many regarded as excessive. It may be so, but it is more reasonable to thus dispose of the farm surplus of milk, which must be accounted for, than to count it as human food; and these are the only alternatives. Therefore the following table has been constructed to show the probable disposition of milk reported produced on farms, provided the census returns are correct. The total milk product, the sales of milk and cream, and the quantities of butter and cheese made on farms are from census tables. TABLE II. Milk apparently available on farms and used or disposed of in 1899. Products and applications of milk. Milk required. Gallons. Cheese made (16,372,330 pounds) 19, 037, 593 Butter made (1,071,745,127 pounds) b 2, 990, 916, 633 Cream sold (20,768,662 gallons) < 114, 227, 641 Milk sold (2,134,915,342 gallons) 6 5 7 4) Indiana . . 112 75 21; 11 Iowa. . . 907 816 81 2 8 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 29 TABLE V. Cheese, butter, and condensed-milk -factories, etc. Continued. States and Territories. Total number of estab- lish- ments. Butter only pro- duced. Cheese only pro- duced. Con- densed milk only pro- duced. Cream for sale the only product. Two or more products reported. 171 9 ill 84 50 286 596 2 79 3 93 4 53 53 1,908 21 179 5 68 749 3 138 12 12 57 255 10 GO 4 2,018 2 133 7 14 78 4(5 146 538 2 48 3 82 2 47 47 575 13 147 2 39 603 3 122 11 9 21 180 8 33 1 72S . 1 30 16 * 7 1 1 6 1 1 3 1 130 47 2 6 8 Michigan 3 24 1 6 5 1 5 2 New Hampshire 4 1 1,151 8 221 3 16 124 1 1 12 1 4 1 166 North Dakota Ohio 1 11 99 1 12 3 16 3 Rhode Island South Dakota . 14 1 2 7 61 2 8 2 1 , 227 2 Tennessee Texas . . 1 29 10 Utah Vermont 2 2 Washington 1 18 1 00 1 West Virginia Wisconsin 3 Wyoming THE ASSOCIATED SYSTEM OF DAIKYING. The statement has been frequently made that the associated system of dairying originated in this country, and it has been called "The American system." Those who first associated themselves and brought milk together from different farms for making butter and cheese prob- ably never heard of such methods elsewhere, and so were originators for their own time and neighborhoods. But the change \v:is only a natural evolution in the industry here, and the same thing had been done long before in other lands. In the Jura Mountain region of France and Switzerland, cooperative cheese making has been system- atically practiced for at least four centuries and probably much longer. In the Tnited States, cooperation among dairymen was first applied in making cheese. This plan attracted attention and was recognized as successful in Oneida County, N. Y., about 1S52. Very slowly the 30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. cheese factor}* became an established institution. Once fairly started in the heart of the cheese-making district of New York, the factory system spread with much rapidity. The " war period," during which the price of cheese more than doubled, lent additional impetus to the movement. A like effect was produced from the increase in cheese exports which occurred about the same time. These exports rose from 13,020,817 pounds in 1850 to 15,515,799 in 1860, and to 53,154,318 in 1805; ten years later 101,010,853 pounds of cheese were exported. The early growth of this factoiy system is shown in the following table: TAHI.K VI. Xu.mfn'r of cheese factories established in the State of Xcw York annually, 1854-1866. Years. Facto- ries. Years. Facto- ries. Years. Facto- ries. 1854 4 1860 17 1866 46 1855. 2 1861 18 1850 3 j 1862 25 Total number in 1857 3 1863. . . . .. Ill operation in 1866 . 499 1858 4 1864. 210 1859. 4 1865 ' 52 Cheese factories were started in Pennsylvania and Ohio soon after the}* became popular in New York, and then they appeared in other States both East and West. Making butter in quantity from milk or cream collected from numerous farms soon followed the introduction of cheese factories. Such establishments are properly butter factories, but the name 'creamery" has been generally adopted and is not likely to be changed. So far as known, the creamery system of butter making originated in the United States. The first creamery was built in Orange Count}-, N. Y., in the year 1864, and received daily the milk from 375 cows. In Illinois the first cheese factory was started in 1863 and the first creamery in 1867. In Iowa these respective events were in 1866 and 1871. The early cheese factories and creameries were purely cooperative concerns, and it is in this form that the system has usually extended into new territory, whether for the production of butter or cheese. There are, however, various other forms of ownership and manage- ment, involving the cooperative principle in part or being purely proprietary. It was impossible to separate these establishments in classes accord- ing to all the modifications of ownership and management for the Twelfth Census, but four groups were made: Individual, -4,507; firm, 1,335; corporation, 1,591; cooperative, 1,813; total, 9,246. It thus appears that the proprietary plan or private ownership is now greatly STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 31 in excess of the cooperative system. The tendency has been toward changes in this direction for a number of }~ears. In New England less than twenty years ago all the creameries were cooperative; now a bare majority so remain in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachu- setts. In Iowa, where the cooperative plan formerly prevailed, less than one-third still remain of that form. Minnesota creameries were for years almost all cooperative; about (50 per cent continue to be so. As examples of the other extreme, only 8 factories are cooperative out of 178 in California, only 13 out of 171 in Kansas, and only 372 out of 2,018 in Wisconsin. Although establishments of this kind are usually successful, there is mis judgment and failure as in other lines of industry. Many have been started by "promoters," injudiciously located, or overcapitalized, and closed after brief careers. Fires, consolidations, and other changes of ownership add to the causes for frequent changes. Of the 9,246 establishments enumerated in 1900, 5.4<>3, or over one-half, were reported as established within the preceding decade, and 439 as started during the census year. During the earlier years of their operation it was not uncommon for both butter and cheese to be made in these factories at different sea- sons, or butter and skim cheese at the same time. A more distinct separation has resulted from a healthy sentiment (aided by State laws) to make full-cream cheese, and from a preference on the part of cream- eries to have no cheese making about the premises. The totals from Table V, on page 28, according to their products, are as follows: Number making butter only 5, 275 Number making cheese only 3, 299 Number making condensed milk only 38 Number selling cream 47 Number reporting two or more products . 583 Of the last group, there are 571 which make both butter and cheese, 11 which make butter and condensed milk, and 1 which makes cheese and condensed milk. In order to make desirable averages and com- parisons, and at the same time avoid duplications, a rearrangement is necessary, by which the combined establishments are arbitrarily but equitably distributed. This being done, the following classification is obtained for the whole countrv: Creameries 5, 5H7 Condenseries, 43 Cheese factories 3, 585 Cream shipj>ers 47 T( )tal i, 242 No factory is counted twice in this arrangement. Recognizing the dual character of some establishments, it is found that there are alto- gether 5,857 where butter is made and :*,872 where cheese is made. 32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Under this classification without duplication, Iowa has the greatest number of creameries, 820, and Wisconsin next, 759; then New York 659, Pennsylvania 611, Minnesota 542, and Illinois 430. No other State has as many as 200. As to cheese factories, the States having the greatest number are : Wisconsin 1,256, New York, 1,231, Ohio 271, Michigan 132, and Pennsylvania 132. No other State has more than 90. By the census of 1890, the three States which reported the greatest number of creameries and cheese factories together were New York 1,337, Wisconsin 966, and Iowa 500. The same States stand at the head in 1900, but Wisconsin and New York change places; these two States divide their establishments similarly, there being in each some- what more than half as many creameries as cheese factories. Iowa, holding third place, is preeminently a butter-making State, with more creameries than an}' other, but only 85 cheese factories. During the last twenty years creameries have increased in number much faster than cheese factories, and the sj^stem has extended into new territory, especially in the North Central and Western States. A comparatively new plan is the organization of large companies which establish a cen- tral manufacturing plant, and transport to this the raw material in the form of cream or milk, usually the former. This is collected from branches known as shipping stations and skimming stations, at which deliveries are made by the farmers of the neighborhood. Cream is thus gathered and carried long distances by rail to the main creamery. The extent of associated dairying in some States, especially Kansas and Nebraska, would not be understood from Table V without expla- nations. Although reporting only 171 and 93 factories, respectively, of all kinds, in 1900, there were in addition 307 and 284 shipping stations, or separating and skimming stations, in these two States. Many of these were formerly independent creameries or cheese fac- tories which have been absorbed by the large companies, and thus ceased to be manufacturing plants. The returns show that in 1900 there were 473 centrifugal cream separators in operation in these creameries and their branches in Kansas, and 324 separators in Nebraska factories and branches. Vermont is another example of a largely increased factory production, apparently out of proportion to the number of new establishments. Consolidation and large companies with branches explain the facts there also. Vermont reported 184 skimming stations in operation in 1900, and 382 power separators in use by the creameries of that State and their stations or branches. AVERAGE PRODUCT OF FACTORIES. There is much difference in the size of the factories in the several States. In New York and Pennsylvania the creameries are small, the average annual product being, respectively, 57,000 and 59,000 pounds of butter. In Illinois and Minnesota the average is 72,000 and 75,000 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 33 pounds, respectively, and in Wisconsin 91,000 pounds. In Iowa they are larger, with an annual output of 104,000 pounds. Vermont and Kansas show the influence of a few large establishments by raising the average to 121,000 and 133,000 pounds, respectively. Some of the large creameries make from 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 pounds of butter a year. For the entire country the average product of a creamery for a year is 71,730 pounds of butter. Similar differences exist among the cheese factories; the largest are in New York, where the average product is 97,000 pounds a }'ear, and in Wisconsin, where there are many small factories, the average is brought down to 61,0oo pounds. In Michigan and Pennsylvania the average is 75,000 or 76,000 pounds. The annual product of the average cheese factory for the whole country is a little larger than for the average creamery, or nearly 73,000 pounds. A few report the production of 500,000 to 1,500,000 pounds a year. (The round numbers given are approximately correct, due allowance being made for some factories which can not properly be included.) It must be remembered, however, that this represents only 730,000 pounds of milk used by the average cheese factory in a year, while the average creamery requires over 1.500,000 pounds of milk for its annual product of butter. This does not indicate that twice as many cows are necessary* to support a creamery as for a cheese factory, because, as a rule, the latter is in operation only during the pasturage season, or about half the year, while in most cases the creamery makes butter the entire year. In fact, the average creamery represents, while in operation, the milk from 450 cows, and the average cheese factory 300 or more cows. In the aggregate, the creameries of the United States appear to use all the milk from about 2,600,000 cows throughout the year, or an average of 160 pounds of butter per cow, and the cheese factories use the milk from 1, 130.000 cows for half the year, representing an average product of 250 pounds of cheese in six months. CREAMERIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. The creamery S3'stem was introduced east of the Hudson River but little more than twenty years ago, upon what was known as the "'cream-gathering''' plan. This was a popular form of creamery management in some Western States and in parts of the Middle States from 1876 or 1878 until after 1890. Under this plan the cream was separated by gravity (or ''setting") on the producing farms, skimmed there, and the cream only went to the creamery, being usually col- lected daily by agents, or gatherers, from the factory, whence the name. The dairy centrifuge, or cream separator, made its appear- ance in America in the year 1879, and has revolutionized dairy and creamery management. The popularity of this machine for mechan- ical skimming or separation of cream dates from about 1885, and since 14818 No. 5504- 34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. that time ''the separator plan" has been adopted by practically all new factories and has rapidly replaced the cream-gathering 1 plan in established creameries. The separator, operated by power, has been placed at the creamery and at its branches or separating stations; the milk for butter has been hauled daily to these places to be there creamed or separated. This radical change of management accounts for the decrease in cream as a ''material" received by the creameries, and partly for the increased quantity of milk so received. That cream-gathering creameries have not ceased to exist is evident from the quantity of cream still included in the creamery receipts of "material." There were 203,673,958 pounds reported for 1900; of this, 63,308,057 pounds (7,720,568 gallons) were sold by the cream- eries, leaving 1-10,365,301 pounds, or enough to make 40,000,000 pounds of butter, being almost 10 per cent of the entire creamery out- put. Iowa is a good example, although not a strong cream-gathering State. It is known that 10 per cent of all creameries in Iowa are conducted on the gathered-cream plan, and 7 per cent in addition combine this plan with that of receiving whole milk to be separated at the creamery. CREAMERY MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT. The large quantity of cream still appearing as raw material at the creameries is indicative of another change in system and suggestive of another great dairy invention. The centrifugal cream separator was introduced and generally adopted in large sizes, requiring steam power, and of such capacity that one machine, operated a few hours every morning, could cream the milk from several hundred cows. One powerful separator is therefore the usual equipment of a creamery and does the work for a whole neighborhood. It has been found that the labor and expenses of daily hauling the entire milk product of patrons' farms to the creamery, often several miles distant, is too great a tax upon the industry. A movement toward relief to the patrons, and economy to creamery management, has been the establishment of neighborhood '' skimming stations," equipped only with separator and power to operate it, as branches of the central plant. From these stations the cream is transported to the parent butter-making factory. These centrifugal separators in use by creameries were first enumerated for the present census; also, for the tirst time, the branch factories or separating, or skimming stations. There were returned 9,701 separa- tors, and 2,719 branch stations of all kinds. While cheese factories sometimes have branches of the parent establishment, they do not have separating, or skimming stations; all the latter class of subsidiary establishments may therefore be taken as belonging to creameries, and a part of the other branch factories. Hence, if to the 5,571 creameries there be added 2,050 skimming stations and 69 other STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 35 branches, 7,690 establishments are found having use for separators. Over 2,000 creameries, therefore, use two or more separators. The exact number still operated without the centrifuge, or upon the old cream-gathering plan, remains undetermined. The new elements influencing modification in the creameiy system are the invention of what is known as the Babcock fat test for milk and the adoption of the farm separator in sizes for either hand or power. Milk delivered at creameries and cheese factories is now gen- erally tested and paid for on the basis of its fat content or butter- making value. Farm and creamery methods are so much simplified by these improvements that many daily farmers are procuring private separators. The State dairy commissioner of Iowa reports 904 farm separators owned by patrons of creameries in 1898, 1,762 in 1899, 3,332 in 1900, 5,231 in 1901, 8,323 in 1902, and 16,800 in 1903. This new form of the "cream-gathering plan" is rapidly extending; cream again forms a large share of the raw material received at the factories for butter making, and the next census will probably show, instead of a decrease, a very considerable increase in this item. CREAMERY PRODUCTS. The quantity of butter made at creameries has been reported under two heads "packed solid" and "prints or rolls." It appears that of all creamery butter, 328,956,590 pounds, or 78.3 per cent, is packed in solid form, and 91,169,956 pounds, or 21.7 per cent, as prints or rolls. The totals of these two forms in the several States indicate differences in the market requirements and the local customs as to preparing butter for shipment and sale. In the New England States, the numerous cities and large towns, easy of access, furnish markets where butter can be sold directly to retail dealers and largely to con- sumers; for this purpose it is prepared in lumps, bricks, or prints, weighing a half pound or a pound. Vermont exeepted, the cream- eries of these States make twice as much butter into prints as they pack in solid form. In Rhode Island and Connecticut, with consuming markets at their doors, 8 pounds of creamery butter are put into prints to every pound packed. In Vermont, on the contrary, with little local demand and the necessity of shipping to market, about one- fourth of the creamery butter is made into prints. New York has always been in the habit of packing butter solidly in firkins, tubs, or IM>XOS, and print butter is rather exceptional in the great market of Now York City; in this State, therefore, 44 pounds of butter are packed to 1 pound put in prints. The Philadelphia market, on the contrary, and Pennsylvania markets in general, have always been noted for print butter; consequently it is not surprising to find that the creameries of this State report almost twice as much made into prints as the quantity solid packed. From Iowa, Wisconsin, and 36 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Minnesota, butter must be sent long distances to market, and naturally goes mainly in bulk: less than one-eighteenth of the creamery product in the.se States is made into prints. South Dakota, even more remote from market, packs 90 per cent of its creamery butter in solid form. But upon the Pacific coast, local custom favors butter in rolls of 2 pounds weight; accordingly, in the States of California, Oregon, and Washington three-fourths of all the butter made at creameries is reported to be in prints or rolls. IH'TTER PRICES. Creameries which are able to market butter in the form of prints or rolls generally derive a benefit therefrom. Although extra labor is required to prepare butter in this way, and packages and transporta- tion for it cost rather more, it is a retail form, attractive, brings a higher price, and can be sold more directly to the consumer, saving the commissions of the middlemen. The average price obtained for all butter, as reported by the creameries for the census year, was very nearly 20.1 cents per pound. The average for that solid packed, for the whole countiy, was 19.4 cents, and for the prints or rolls 22.1 cents. The advantage of nearby markets is shown by these average prices for print butter: Connecticut, 24.6 cents per pound: Massachu- setts, 23.5 cents; and Pennsylvania, 23.4 cents. For California cream- ery rolls the average is 22.3 cents. Contrasted with these is the average price for the packed, or tub, butter of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin creameries, 19 cents; 18 cents for Nebraska, and IT for Kansas. RICHNESS OF MILK, OR BrTTER RATIO. Assuming the substantial accuracy of the returns from creameries of milk and cream received for making butter, and of the butter made from it, interesting computations can be made of the ratio of milk to butter in the country at large and the several States. The results illustrate the difference in the average richness of milk in different States. The nearest quarter-pound obtained in each calculation is taken as quite accurate enough for purposes of comparison. It is thus found that creameries of the United States require on the aver- age 22^ pounds of milk, or its equivalent in cream, to make 1 pound of merchantable butter. New York appears to have the richest milk of any of the leading dairy States, its creameries making 1 pound of butter from every 21 pounds of milk received. New Hampshire stands second, with a ratio of 21i to 1; and California third, 21 to 1. Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin are alike, showing 22 pounds as the average; then Illinois 22i, Kansas and Vermont 23i, and Iowa 24 pounds. These ten States suffice for illustration. The results can not be accepted as absolutely accurate; it is probable that the average STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 37 pounds of milk stated for the country at large, and for most of the States named, is somewhat below the truth. For the United States the ratio stated would indicate all milk contributed to creameries to have an average of 3.81 per cent of butter fat. For New York the average would have to be 4.08 per cent fat. It is not likely that the average richness of milk is so great as this. Nor is it probable that there is so great a difference between New Hampshire (and New York) and Vermont in this respect. The comparison between Minnesota and Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa, is believed to be correct; Wisconsin has large holdings of "'special purpose cows" which give rich milk, and the same is true of Minnesota to a considerable degree; while in Iowa the ' ; general purpose cow" is popular, giving less milk and poorer in butter quality. If, instead of the above, '2 > pounds of milk is assumed as the required average for the whole country to make a pound of creamery butter, this would necessitate milk with an average of 3.7:267 per cent of but- ter fat. No State has dared to fix a legal standard so high as this for milk produced within its borders, and only one has a standard above 3.5 per cent. CREAM SALES. The returns of creamery products give evidence that the sale of cream has become a large and profitable branch of the business in some States. The creameries of New York, Illinois, Ohio, and Penn- sylvania made sales of cream, respectively, as follows: 1,492,926 gallons at 53 cents, 1,190,125 gallons at 56 cents, 787,331 gallons at 50 cents, and 686,316 gallons at 58 cents. A different and notable case is that of the State of Maine; its creameries sold 755,845 gallons of cream at 71 cents a gallon, or $534,295, and this was considered more than half as much as the total butter sales of the State. No other State sold as much as 500,000 gallons. The quantity of cream reported as sold by all the creameries of the country was 7,720,569 gallons, valued at $4.435,444, or 57 cents per gallon; the profit of this branch of the business is seen by the fact that, at the average creamery receipts for butter, this quantity of cream, if made into butter, would have realized only $3,438,754. Ordinarily the gallon of cream thus sold would be the equivalent of a fraction less than 2 pounds of butter. SKIM MII.K. Of this by-product of the creameries the great amount of 2.253.494,- 156 pounds is reported as "sold, fed, or returned to patrons." The total value is given at $2,531,460, or 11.23 cents per 100 pounds. Skim milk is actually worth twice as much as this to farmers who use it judiciously as food for young stock. But commercially it is worth less, or about lo cents per 100 pounds; this is the usual price allowed to patrons who sell it to the creameries for conversion into casein. 38 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. DRIKJ) CASEIN. A comparatively new branch of the dairy industry, which has acquired importance enough to be observed, is the production of commercial casein from the skim milk of creameries. Milk from which all the fat has been extracted by the separator is coagulated by acid, the whey drawn off, the acid washed from the curd, or casein, then dried. The desiccated product has a commercial value of 3 to 5 cents per pound at the creameries where made, depending largely upon subsequent cost of transportation, and is used for making a glue good for paper sizing, as a binder for cheap paint, a ''filler'' for dressing wood and hea\y fabrics, and for various other purposes. The statistics of creamery products show 12,298, -105 pounds of this material made during the census year, having a value, at the creameries, of $383,581, or only a little more than 3 cents a pound. The State of New York produced more than half the total quantity, and Pennsylvania and Illinois are the only others in which over 1,000,000 pounds were made. CHEESE FACTORIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. The management of the cheese factory is in some respects similar to that of the creamery. Patrons deliver at the factory daily the whole milk while still sweet and sound, and it is made into cheese without delay. Cheese is usually the only commercial product of the factory, and the only waste product is whey. The latter ma}' be returned to patrons, or fed to hogs at the factory, or sold to be used as the mate- rial for making sugar of milk. For a score of years or more after these factories became numerous, the cheese from them, although dif- ferent in form, size, color, and quality, was nearly all made upon the same general plan, closely resembling that of the English Cheddar. Hence a certain uniformity of type was established which became known as the "standard American" or "full-cream facto ry" cheese, also often called Cheddar. During the last ten or twenty years, how- ever, a much greater variety has entered into the factory cheese; this is chiefly the result of imitating certain popular foreign kinds. The recent census has, for the first time, attempted to classify the factory product. It appears that the 3,585 cheese factories of the United States report a total production of 281,972,324 pounds of cheese during the census 3'ear (as against 238,035,065 pounds reported in 1890), and that 225,776,105 pounds was of the American standard factory kind, and 56,196,219 pounds, or 20 per cent, of the several other varieties. The great cheese factory States are the same as at the time of the Eleventh Census, as has been already noted. In New York, 89.2 per cent of the product is of the standard, full-cream, Cheddar-made variety, and this kind preponderates in Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsyl- vania; these are the oldest cheese-making States. In Wisconsin the 77,748,680 pounds is divided as follows: American standard, 62.1 per STATISTICS OF THE DAIKY. 39 cent, and the other kinds, 37.9 per cent. In Illinois, however, the standard is exceeded in quantity by the others ,324,461 pounds of the former to -4,730,658 pounds of the latter. These ''other kinds" comprise various well-known foreign varieties, those made in large quantity being mainly the Swiss Grivyere. or Emmenthaler, and the Lirnburger; there are also some resembling one or both of these, especially the "Brick" cheese. The NeufcMtel and cream cheese, the Brie and Camembert, are also made in considerable quantities. The value of cheese at the factory is reported as averaging nearly 9.5 cents a pound, being a little more for the standard varietj- than the average for all other kinds. WHEY. The quantity of whey reported as the waste product of cheese fac- tories is 209,067,667 pounds, but this had a value of only 204, 27 7; it appears that of this only 21.3 per cent was sold and the rest "used"' or returned to the patrons. As milk sugar is the sole commercial product for which whey is utilized in this country, it is probable that all reported sold was for that purpose. The quantity of sugar of milk manufactured was not ascertained; there are only three or four places in the United States where this article is made, and yet it is produced here in greater quantity than anywhere elsp in the world. MILK CONDENSERIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. The condensed-milk industry was started about the same time as the factory system for making butter and cheese. Some method had long been sought for preserving milk, but none was successful until the invention of Gail Borden. After ten years of experimenting, he decided that a semiliquid state was the best form of .preservation, and in 1856 settled upon the process which ha.> since popularized the prod- uct in even- quarter of the globe. The present extensive industry in Europe as well as in America, with its numerous different establish- ments and many commercial names, or brands, is based upon Mr. Borden's methods. This applies to the unsweetened article as well as that preserved with sugar, for "plain condensed milk" was first intro- duced and put upon the market about the year IS61. It was then mainly in open vessels and intended for early use. Between I860 and 1x70, milk in both forms had become well known, and four or five factories were in operation, each producing about five thousand l-|>ound cans per day. Prior to the Twelfth Census, the statistics of this industry were few: In 18SO, the total annual product was reported as 13.033,267 pounds, valued at $1, 547,58s, and ten years later the same items were 37,926,821 pounds, valued at $3,5*6,927. For 1890, the total materials rej>orted as used cost $2,792,08(5, and included 83,617,655 pounds of 40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. milk and 13,372,365 pounds of sugar. There is little doubt that these figures were considerably below the actual facts. It now appears that in the year 1900 there were 50 establishments for condensing milk, operating in 1-1 different States, with a business shown by the following aggregates: Milk bought (421, 378, 073 pounds) $4, 662, 437 Sugar bought (50, 873, 859 pounds) 2, 589, 687 Cans, labels, etc 1, 654, 897 Materials used, aggregate cost 8, 907, 021 Condensed milk (186, 921, 787 pounds) 11, 888, 792 Other and incidental products 33, 680 Products, aggregate value 11, 922, 472 The two States of New York and Illinois contain more than half of the condenseries reported, and produce over three-fourths of the entire output. Eleven States each produced over 1,000,000 pounds of con- densed milk during the census } T ear. Arranged in the order of great- est product, they were these (the figures following the names indicate the number of condenseries from which statistics were obtained; the number of these establishments, with the position of the State in this list, give a fair idea of the relative size and importance of the condens- eries): Xew York (16), Illinois (11), Michigan (4), California (2), Wis- consin (4), Pennsylvania (3), New Hampshire (1), Maine (1), Vermont (2), Washington (1), and New Jersey (1). The total product in New York was 75,44/7,14:8 pounds, followed closely by Illinois, with 71,257,449. As the latter State has only 11 factories, while the former has 16, the size of those in Illinois must be relatively larger. Michigan made 18,378,869 pounds of condensed milk, but no other State in the above list made as much as 5,000,000 pounds. Missouri, Indiana, Kansas, and Ohio, with one condensery each, produced from 380,500 to 100,000 pounds. Of the 50 establishments reported, 38 had condensed milk as their only product; 11 made butter also. The latter class is highly suggest- ive of a skimmed or partly skimmed article of milk being condensed. Five of these factories are in Illinois and 3 in New York. One factory in New York made both cheese and condensed milk, and one in Illinois made both of these articles and butter also. There are several interesting items in the statistics of this indus- try. Although a considerable but unknown part of the product is the plain or unsweetened article, the sugar used for the remainder costs more than half as much as all of the milk condensed and preserved. The materials have a total value of $8,907,021, and that of the finished product is $11,922,472 for the whole country. But the cost of manu- facture includes, besides the materials, the use and wear and tear of the factories, with their expensive machinery and general equipment, STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 41 and the wages of many skilled employees. The value of the con- densed milk at the factories appears to average a little over Oi cents per pound in cans. There is a variation between 6 and T cents in dif- ferent States, which is easily accounted for. In some the proportion of unsweetened milk is much greater and the cost and value corre- spondingly less. The quality of milk and of condensed product is very much better in some cases than in others, and the consequent cost and value are more. Under the general designation of "con- densed milk" are included all the preparations of milk from which a large part of the water has been evaporated, including sweetened and unsweetened "condensed milk," "evaporated milk," "condensed cream," and "evaporated cream." These names are rather indis- criminately used, as cream or even enriched milk is seldom condensed or evaporated, while it is unfortunately true, on the other hand, that much poor and skimmed milk is condensed without being so marked or named. MILK PRICES. The census returns of the prices to patrons for milk are probably not altogether reliable, although the}' can not be far from the truth. It appears that for the census year the average price paid to pro- ducers delivering milk to butter factories was TT cents per loo pounds, while cheese factories paid an average of 78 cents and condensed-milk factories $1.11. According to the returns, the prices for milk for making butter ranged from 64 and 05 cents per loo pounds in Kansas, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming, and TT cents (the average) in Illinois and Iowa, to S'2 cents in New York, 86 (average) in California, Oregon, and Washington, !>o in Pennsylvania, 93 in New Hampshire, 95 in Massachusetts, and $1.08 in Connecticut. For cheese making, the factories paid an average of 8(! cents per 100 pounds for milk in California, 83 cents in New York, TO in Michigan, 74 in Wisconsin, and 72 in Ohio. Condenseries are reported as paying !>6 cents per 100 pounds for.milk in Illinois. $1.14 in California, $1.15 in Pennsyl- vania, and $1.35 in New York. A<;ort.< 1,:121..>41 3, 5C>:(, ~>vi a, Kl,7U3 "><;<>, t>o7 loo.tii Exports 3,257, -101 13,%0.fi(>S ' 1 1 , 5'.M. iW l'.t,7ti l .i,txn LV-W.O. AXXI'AI, AVERAGES KoK SINGLE YEARS. 1899. KxiN>rts t;i. I'.H) livxw Similar statistics follow for cheese. The range of imports for tiftv years has been from 334,000 pounds in l,S."o to IS, 875,000 juxinds in 1902; and for exports 3,764,000 pounds in 1X53 to 148,000,000 pounds in 1X81. 46 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE VIII. Imports and exports of cheese !>;/ the. United States. ANNUAL AVERAGES BY DECADES. 1850-1859. 1860-1869. 1870-1879. 1880-1889. 1890-1899. Pounds. 808,838 Pounds. 1,3-45,513 Pounds. 2, 785, 730 Pounds. 5, 946, 780 Pounds. 10, 054, 345 7,603 885 40, -470, 2'29 92, 966, 680 107, 375, 584 65, 434, 957 ANNUAL AVERAGES FOR SINGLE YEARS. 1S99. 1900. 1901. 1902. Imports . Pound. 13,167,487 Pounds. 14, 356, 983 Pounds. 16, 188, 640 Pounds. 18,875.740 Exports . 34,686,833 54, 059, 049 31,396,115 19, 095,43s It should be noted that the figures for imports prior to 1870 are not reliable. Condensed milk is both imported and exported, the export trade in this commodity being of steady growth. But the Treasury Depart- ment reports values only, not quantities. The best coui'se possible for approximating quantities is to value imports at 10 cents per pound and exports at 8 cents. Upon this estimate the following table is compiled: TABLE IX. Import.* and exports of condensed milk. ANNUAL AVERAGES FOR STATED DECADES. 1870-1879. 1880-1889. 1890-1899. Imports . Pounds. 362, 462 Pounds. 3,031,471 Pounds. 825, 390 1 382 520 2 670 001 5 166 889 ANNUAL AVERAGES FOR SINGLE CALENDAR YEARS. . 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. Pounds. 502 860 Pounds. 479 960 Pounds. 368 970 Pound*. 44 590 Exports 14,850,712 16,101 588 20 582 237 13 625 637 The imports of condensed milk have ranged from 182,840 pounds in 1875 to 6,691,850 pounds in 1886; the exports, from 181,450 pounds in 1864 to 20,582,237 pounds in 1901. CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES. It is a simple matter to compute the per capita consumption of butter and cheese in this country if the aggregate production as here- tofore given is accepted as correct. To the aggregate of all made on farms and in factories, including urban establishments, the imports STATISTICS OF THE DAIKY. 47 must be added and the exports deducted. The products being re- ported for the calendar year of 1899, the imports and exports must be for that year also. Upon this basis the net quantity of butter available for consumption in that census year was 1,465,299,727 pounds. This provided 19.6 pounds per annum for each inhabitant, assuming the population for 1899 to have been about 75,000,000. If, without changing this last-named divisor, the estimate of the census officials is accepted or partly accepted as to butter actually made but not included in the tables, the rate of consumption per capita would be increased to approximately 20 pounds. In like manner the quantity of cheese found available was 278,538,146 pounds, or 3.72 pounds per capita of the population. A similar computation may be made for condensed milk, the total quantity available being 172,647,355 pounds, or at the rate of 2.3 pounds. This result is surprising, but may be regarded as approxi- mately correct. In making an estimate of the consumption of natural milk the problem is more complex and factors more uncertain. The safest method is to compute the quantity of milk necessary to make all the butter, cheese, and condensed milk reported, together witli allowance made for feeding calves, and find the difference between that sum and the total milk reported produced on farms, plus the estimated produc- tion by cows not on farms. The quantity of *' whole" or unskimmed milk available for consumption is thus found to be 21,751,258,560 pounds, which allows 290.1 pounds per capita per annum. This is at the rate of 0.79 of 1 pound of milk per day, or a trifle less than three- fourths of a pint. To this annual allowance of natural milk per inhabitant should be added the condensed milk shown by the last paragraph to be used in this country. The 2.3 pounds of condensed milk is equivalent to 9.2 pounds of fresh milk. Therefore the per capita supply of milk just determined may be rightly increased to 299.3 pounds per year, of which over 3 per cent is in the condensed form. An entirely independent investigation made during the past two years has determined the best possible estimates of the milk supply, and the consumption of milk per day per capita in nearly all the cities and main' of the large towns of the United States. The health boards and officers and milk inspectors (where employed) have been the officials consulted. The following interesting results have been obtained: ii/i' enhmnli'il consumption f mi/1: f>t~r ilm/ JHT riiftitn. Tint. In 'M cities having each a population exceeding 100, (MX) .......... 0. til In :w cities of less than 100,000 hut over r>0,(X)O ................... ( In <>1 cities of less than 50,000 hut over LVS.OOO .................... -SS In 120 cities and towna of lew than 25,000 inhabitant* ......... .52 48 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. These estimates bear evidences of approximate accuracy. For various reasons the figures from the medium-sized cities are deemed more accurate than those from either the largest or the smallest. It thus appears that the probable average consumption of milk per capita in these 257 cities and towns is less than O.fi pint per day. After careful study and numerous allowances for errors, 0.(> pint is accepted as the most accurate estimate. The population of these 257 cities aggregates 20, -til. 2(55, or more than one-fourth of the entire country. The rate of consumption by the inhabitants of towns and villages and by those of the farms we are still considering whole, or unskimmed, milk can not be much greater than this. Ten years ago the writer believed that the rate was but a little over one-half pint per day perhaps 0.52 or 0.53 pint for the entire country. At present, it is believed that O.fi is a fair average daily rate of milk consumption for all; and yet, in concession to the opinion of others, a rate of 0.65 of a pint per day per capita is accepted as possible. This is practically the same as 0.7 pound. ESTIMATE OF DAIRY COWS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IX THE UNITED STATES. 1903. Based upon the foregoing statistics, with percentages of increase for people and for cows conservatively computed, and other modifica- tions made for reasons explained, an estimate may be made as follows of the principal dairy data of the country for the year 1903: Aggregate production of milk, estimated, for 1903. Pounds of milk. Product of 19,000,000 cows, at 3,560 pounds each, per annum 67, 640, 000, 000 Disposition of the milk product: 1,650,000,000 pounds of butter require 38, 775. 000, 000 300,000,000 pounds of cheese require 3, 000, 000, 000 250,000,000 pounds of condensed milk require 1, 000, 000, 000 20,000,000 gallons of cream require 902, 000, 000 15,000,000 calves, estimated to consume 3, 139, 750, 000 81,500,000 persons, at 0.7 pound per day, will require per an- num 20, 823, 250, 000 Total milk accounted for 67, 640, 000, 000 According to this statement, the cows of the United States may be arbitrarily assigned to productive duty for the year 1903 as follows: Cows. For milk, condensed milk, and cream 6, 400, 000 For butter (151 \ pounds each per year) 10, 900, 000 For cheese (356 pounds each per year) 840, 000 For rearing calves 860, 000 Total number of cows, estimated 19, 000, 000 BULLETIN No. 55, B. A. PLATE I. 14818 No. 550 BULLETIN No. 55, B. A. I. PLATE CHEESE 1850 EL I860 1880 1890 1900 THIS SURFACE REPRESENTS 50,000, 000 POUNDS. BUTTER 1850 I860 1870 1880 I 1890 1900 DIAGRAM SHOWING CHEESE AND BUTTER PRODUCTION, Six CENSUS YEARS.. [Factory and creamery production art- shaded.] BULLETIN No. 55, 6. A. I. PLATE I 2 3c o ^_ GENERAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. TABLE X. Form and dairy statistic* of the I'nlted States. From the United States census of 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860.0 Population 70 303 387 tV> 0'>> '50 50,155,783 38, 558, '.71 31,443,322 Occupations: Total persons reported 29, 285, 922 22, 735, 601 17, 392, 000 Number in agriculture MO 3'>9 7fi4 8 400 ''51 7, 670, 493 5,922, 171 3.221,574 Farms: Total number 5, 739. 704 4 504 641 4,008,907 2, 059, 985 2,044,077 Area, total acres. . 841 , 201 , 54t> 023, 218, 619 530, 081 , 835 407, 735, Ml 407, 212, 538 Acres unimproved, percent- age 50. 7 42. 6 40.9 ;. 7 59.9 Average size acres.. 147 137 134 153 199 Number cultivated by owner. 3, 713, 371 3, 269, 728 2,984,30o' Number rented for money. . . . 752, 920 454, 059 322, 357 Value land and improve- ments, with buildings, etc., dollars 10, 074, 090, 247 13, 279, 252, 649 10, 197, OiKi, 770 9. 262. 803, 861 0, 045, 045, 007 Value implements and ma- chinery dollars.. 761, 201. 550 491,247,467 406, 520, 055 336, 878, 429 246,118,141 Value live stock, all kinds. dollars 3, 078, 050, 041 2, 208, 767, 573 1 , 500, 384 , 707 1,525,270, 4571,089,329,915 Value farm products, an- nual < dollars. . 4,739,118,752 2, 4tK), 107, 454 2, 21 2, 5-40, 927 2, 447, 538, 658 Cattle: Milch cows on farms, num- ber '17,139.674 10.511,950 12,413,120 8, 9:55, ",32 8, 585, 735 All othcrson farms, .number.. '35, 349, 51 34,851.022 23,482,391 14,. 8.85, 270 ' 17,034,284 Cows to every l.OOOof imputation. r/225 204 218 J32 273 Milk, total produced on farms, gallons 7, 260, 392, 074 5, 209, 125, 507 530. 129, 755 235, 500, 599 i n Butter made on farms?.. pounds. . 1.071,745,127 1 , 024. 223, 408 777, 250. 287 511,092.683 459,681,372 Cheese made on farms!/ do 16. 372, 330 1 8. 720. 818 27. 272, 489 53. 492, 153 103,003,927 "The Seventh United Stales Census (1850) gives the number of milch cows 0,;W5.094; value of dairy products for year, $166,193,144. The Sixth United States Census ( 1840) gives number of milch cows 4,837.043; value, 872.555.000: value of dairy pniucts for year. S120.920.075. b Exclusive of wood choppers, lumbermen, and raftsmen. 'The value of farm products for 1809 i census of 1870) included "betterments and additions to Block," BO that in products only there was an actual increase in 1880 as compared with 1870. The total value of 1890, compared with 1880, showed only slight increase, although increase in the prod- ucts themselves was very great: rapid decrease in market prices accounts for this difference. The great increase shown in 1900 over 1890 may doubtless lie partially accounted for by more complete returns. ''Tins refers to cows on farms and ranges. Kxclusive of 15.333.099 calves under 1 year, ami 973,033 cows and OI3,:t89 oilier animals not on farms and ranges. / No returns of milk product were made for 1*50 and 18. The great variation in the figures given results from these facts: In 1870 only "milk sold from farms" was reported, thus omitting all con- sumed on farms and there made into butter and cheese; in 1S80 "milk sold or sent to butter and cheese factories" was included, again excluding ln'ine consumption: in 1890 and also in 19(XI the returns endeavored to show the total quantity of milk produced on farms. l/To butter ami chee-e made on farms must be added thnt made at creameries and cheese factories to get the total i>roducl of the country. (See Table X III. i The progressive increase in the production of butter and cheese in the United States, and the ratio of farm and factory product, is graphically shown by 1'late II. 40 50 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE X. Farm and dairy statistics of the United States Continued. From the United States census of 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. Creameries, cheese factories, etc.: Number" 9,355 420,954,016 282,634,488 186,921,787 36, 508, 015 15, 693 6, 170, 670 109,151,205 131,199,277 605, 315, 354 4,712 181,284,916 238, 035, Olio 37, 926, 821 16,624,163 14,921 5, 390, 705 51,364,574 62,686,043 411,976,522 3, 932 29,421,784 215,885,361 13,033,267 9, 604, 803 7,903 1,546,495 18, 363, 579 25, 815, 963 391,131,618 1,313 5 Butter made in same, be Cheese made in same. &< pounds 109, 435, 229 3, 690, 075 4,607 706,566 14, 089, 284 16, 771, 665 360,828,000 Condensed milk pounds.. Capital employed . . .dollars. . Employees number. . 13,400 13 3,060 10, 791 23,500 240,400,580 Wages paid, annual,'' dol- lars Cost of materials dollars. . Total dairy products of United States, e value dollars. . aThe establishments reported for 1850, I860, and 1870 were all cheese factories. The figures for 1850 are approximately correct, but those for 1860 are not; more cheese factories are known to have been in active operation in that year in the State of New York alone. The number for 1890 represents only establishments reporting; it is believed that there were over 2,000 others in operation that year. ?>To butter and cheese made on farms must be added that made at creameries and cheese factories to get the total product of the country. (See Table XIII.) The progressive increase in the production of butter and cheese in the United States, and the ratio of farm and factory product, is graphically shown by Plate II. cThe butter and cheese made in creameries and factories in 1889 (census of 1890) and also in 1899 (census of 1900) does not include the products of urban establishments. (See Table XIV.) rfThis does not include salaries, $915,442. The total values of dairy products prior to 1900 do not include the milk of "town cows" or cows not on farms, and the amounts given are thus much below the true value. TABLE XI. Dairy statistics l>y States. [From the Twelfth United States Census.] States and Territories. Dairy cows on farms.a ? s? B on e f de Butter made at creameries. Cheese made on farms. Cheese made at factories. The United States.. Number. 17,139,674 Gallons. 7, 266, 392, 674 Pounds. 1,071,745,127 Pounds. 420,126,546 Pounds. 16, 372, 330 Pounds. 281,972,324 North Atlantic Division . . 3, 496, 266 1,827,347,473 206, 284, 451 119,734,095 4, 509, 199 143, 709, 072 Maine 173 592 99 586 188 16 174 173 4 461 399 425 10 553 946 New Hampshire Vermont 115,036 270 194 60, 724, 590 142 042 223 6, 385, 611 18 834 706 5,034,270 22 453 381 104,339 406 659 116, 741 4 713 10"5 Massachusetts 184, 562 105,571,873 4, 980, 262 4 591 919 19 629 250 542 Rhode Island 23,660 12, 923, 512 488, 086 148, 195 6,751 Connecticut . 126 434 68, 951, 862 4 591 789 3 888 405 40 623 321 263 New Y r ork 1 501 608 772,799 352 74 714 376 40 693 846 2 624 552 127 386 032 New Jersey 157 407 77 714 055 5 894 363 1 325 519 24 377 100 000 Pennsvlvania 943 773 487,033 818 74 221 085 37 137 161 857 167 10 %7 443 South Atlantic Division. . 1,383,319 492, 138, 465 89,111,226 3, 772, 086 480,448 112,860 Delaware 32 591 12 681 268 1 629 949 969 889 104 15 000 Maryland 147, 284 64,040,517 9,096 662 2,541,716 338, 453 District of Columbia. 1,251 850,349 3,478 Virginia 281,876 105, 068, 428 19,905 830 170, 521 31, 697 57 000 West Virginia 205 601 83 861 660 16 913 129 41 000 74 243 40 860 North Carolina . . 233, 178 89. 525, 749 16,913,802 28,883 a Does not include 973,033 cows not on farms and ranges. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 51 TABLE XI. Dairy Statistics by States Continued. States and Territories. Dairy cows on farms. Milk pro- duced on farms. Butter made on farms. Butter made at creameries. Cheese made on farms. Cheese made at factories. South Atlantic Division- Continued. Xumber. 126,6*1 276,024 78,830 Gallon*. 44,031,528 82,438,532 9, 640, 434 Pound.*. 8,150,437 15,111,494 1,386,445 Pounds. Pi mnds. 1,081 Pound*. 48,960 2,236 3,751 North Central Division .. Ohio 8,490,284 3, 609, 900, 328 539, 104, 750 271,736,947 5, 320, 122 128, 625, 971 SI 8, 239 425, 870, 394 263,457,239 457,106,995 309,617,046 472,274,264 304,017,106 535, 872, 240 258, 207, 755 48, 845, 280 99,244,975 190,477,911 244,909,123 79,551,299 51,042,396 52, 493, 450 60,051,998 44, 739, 147 41,188,846 61,789,288 45,509,110 9,178,815 17,400,970 34,518,659 41,640,772 8,087,631 3, 553, 483 34, 055, 312 7, 820, 712 61, 813, 502 41,174,469 77, 233, 264 1,440,616 463, 188 6, 172, 107 11,726,180 IS, 196, 4X3 1,167, 001 178, 733 323, 485 331,176 1,635,618 290, 623 306,428 323,439 70,881 136,863 264,430 291,445 18, 156, 527 1,260,168 9,055,119 10, 422, 582 77, 748, 680 3, 285, 019 4,242,637 1,072,751 225, 399 420. 779 313,600 2, 42-2, 710 Indiana . 574,276 1,007,664 563,905 998,397 753,632 1,423,648 765,386 125, 503 270,634 512, 544 Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota . Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Central Division . . Kentucky 676, 456 2, 899, 236 973, 950, INS 185, 923, 330 932, S57 473, 440 181,4ii9 364,025 321,676 279, 263 299,318 184,815 861,023 165, 852 110, 687 312, 577 159,311,527 147,336,%! 95, 882, lOf 97, 030, 385 39.251,413 251,342,698 47, 439, 853 26, 493, 855 109,861,393 30, 446, 3.S1 29,091,696 19, 121, 964 18,881,236 4,918,229 47,991,492 8,781,359 5, 105, 715 21,585,258 184,663 207,823 17,357 48, 525 45, 759 26, 622 36,374 28, 572 28, 000 6, 201 10,000 Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana . 135,104 136,133 45, 264 1,227 18,385 Texas 252, 714 53, 200 58, 290 66,378 Oklahoma Indian Territory Arkansas 168, 575 12,600 Western Division Montana 866, 528 362, 467, S50 51,202,299 23,950,561 5,589,109 9, 342, 952 45, 036 18,272 15, 6%, 214 5 121,974 2,454,072 888, 554 4. 932, 4S2 313, 003 379,311 2,812,122 569, 523 2,520,316 7,372,106 8, 107, 450 20. *53, 360 200 HS.sTl 34,238 2!', 500 1,566,639 30.924 24, 327 103, 184 68,571 33,305 169,251 94,082 196,952 151,669 467,256 4,249,588 Wyoming 1,000 1 , 465, 257 Colorado 100,116 Hi, 775 17,965 65, 905 13 606 38,440, 111 3, 009, 657 3,056, 109 25,124,642 4,446,071 15,122,918 50,182,415 4H, 582, 96S 153,684,741 4,250 584,120 New Mexico Arizona 424,083 2,519,214 623, 402 432. 570 3,198,421 1,975,357 13,147,137 373, 752 1,874,179 80,150 194,380 1,482,127 1,195,564 2,676.543 Utah Nevada Idaho 51 , U29 Washington 107,232 122,447 307, 2i:. 13 4,02* Oregon California Alaska Hawaii 12 52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XII. Proyrexs of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900. a [United States Census statistics.] States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sus. Dairy cows on farms. Milk, product re ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- Milk, cries : aver- and age cheese yield facto- per ries. cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. United States.. North Atlantic Divi- sion 1900 1890 1880 1870 1800 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1S90 1880 1870 I860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 17, 139, 674 16,511,950 12, 443, 120 8, 935, 332 8, 585, 735 6, 385, 094 3, 496, 266 3, 351, 061 3, 190, 745 2, 833, 022 2, 615, 929 2, 188, 503 173,592 157,278 150,845 139,259 117,314 138,556 115, 036 109, 423 90,564 90,583 94,880 94,277 270, 194 231,419 217,033 180,285 174,667 146, 128 184,562 172, 046 150,435 114, 771 144, 492 130,099 23,660 23, 943 21,460 18,806 19,700 18, 698 126, 434 127, 892 225 264 248 232 273 275 166 193 220 230 Gallon.". 7, 266, 392, 674 5, 209, 125, 567 c 530, 129, 755 d 235, 500, 599 Not given. Not given. 1,827,347,473 1,435,739,255 c 345, 7-:9, 869 rf 186, 605, 146 Pounds. 1,491,871,673 1,205.508,384 806,672,071 514, 092, 683 459, 681, 372 313, 345, 306 326, 018, 546 295, 033, 716 277, 008, 072 225, 910, 518 223, 950, 757 173, 055, 728 20, 635, 572 16, 999, 356 14,109,960 11,636,482 11,687,781 9,243,811 11,419,881 9, 862, 430 7,346,340 5, 965, 080 6, 956, 764 6, 977, 056 41,288,087 28, 399, 440 25, 252, 663 17.844,396 15,900,359 12, 137, 980 9,572,181 10, 410, 300 9, 799, 804 0,559,161 8,297,936 Pounds. 298, 344, 654 256,761,883 243,157,850 162, 927, 382 103, 663, 927 105,535,893 148, 218, 271 139,238,694 150, 902, 229 35, 144, 853 72.860,013 79,731,981 979, 048 1,451,813 1,945,095 1,152,590 1,799,862 2, 434, 454 221,080 444, 023 807, 076 872, 368 2,232,092 3,196,563 5, 119, 704 0,191.913 6, 129, 879 7,814,879 8, 215, 030 8. 720, 834 270, 171 385, 5:53 2,201,393 4,131,359 5,294,090 Xti ritbtr. 9, 355 64,712 3, 932 <>],313 fj e8 3,230 1,971 1,975 <-913 Gallon*. 424 315 233 206 175 167 523 428 Maine 250 238 232 222 235 229 279 290 261 285 291 265 786 697 654 545 554 405 66 77 84 79 117 131 55 69 78 87 113 126 139 171 99, 586, 188 57, 969, 791 < 3, 720, 783 ('1,374,091 61 42 41 574 369 314 270 252 229 528 390 314 235 247 262 526 393 387 350 328 319 572 480 396 327 215 250 546 443 323 259 166 180 545 425 New Hampshire. Vermont 53 23 2 el 60, 724, 590 42,633,268 c 5, 739, 128 ''2,352,884 142, 042, 223 90,712,230 6, 526, 550 fl 3, 835, 840 255 124 85 <'28 Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Connecticut 105,571,873 82,571,924 c 29, 662, 953 (I 15, 284, 057 51 37 22 23 8,071,370 636,281 1,199,239 1,007,103 941, 199 1,021,707 995, 670 8,480,194 10, 369, 259 7,088,142 0, 751 321,631 67, 171 81, 976 181, 511 316,508 361,886 308, 521 12,923,512 10, 610, 547 <- 3, 831, 706 ''1,944,044 3 4 72 50 68,951,862 54,413,822 a Does not include the products from cows in barns and inclosures. bSee note h of Table X. c " Milk sold or sent to butter and cheese factories, gallons," census, 1880. d " Milk sold from farms, gallons," census, 1870. Cheese factories only. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 53 TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900 Continued. States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sus. Dairy cows on farms. Milk product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- Milk, eries aver- and ' age cheese yield facto- per ries. cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. North Atlantic Divi- sion Continued. Connecticut Xew York 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1S70 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1H90 1880 1870 1860 1850 116,319 98,889 98,877 85,461 1,501,608 1,440,230 1,437,855 1,350,661 1,123,634 931,324 157,407 161,576 152,078 133,331 138,818 118,736 943, 773 927, 254 854,156 706, 437 673, 547 530,224 1,383,319 1.369.466 1,280,761 1,001,094 1,238,633 1.246,678 32,591 32, 574 27,284 24,082 22, 595 19,248 147,284 142,198 122,907 94,794 99,463 86,866 1,261 *63 1,292 657 639 813 187 184 215 230 207 240 283 308 290 301 84 112 134 147 207 242 150 176 199 201 232 229 132 155 169 171 Gallons. "12,289,893 l> 6, '253, 259 Pounds. 8,418,906 6,716,007 7,620,912 6, 498, 1 19 115,408,222 112,727,515 120. 878, 201 107.147,526 103, 097, 2SO 79, 766, 094 7,219,882 8, 866, 749 9,872,237 8, 266, 023 10, 714, 447 9,487,210 111,358,246 96, 199, 428 80. 322, 852 60,834,644 58,653,511 39,878,418 92, 883, 312 80,414,839 48, 703, 330 28, 575, 306 33,941,403 28, 105, 896 2,599,838 2, 493, 259 1,902,075 1,171,963 1,430,502 1.055,308 11.638,378 10.846,879 7, 715, 196 5,014,729 5 265 295 Pounds. 1,051,677 2,262,894 3,898,411 5, 363, 277 130, 010, 584 124, 086, 524 129, 163, 714 100, 776, 012 48, 548, 289 49.741,413 124, 377 587,241 569, 736 478,336 182, 172 365, 756 11.124,610 5, 457, 897 8,966,737 2, 792, 676 2, 508, 556 2,505,034 593,308 415,291 640,065 190,890 369,302 610,836 15, 104 :559 1.712 315 6, 579 3, 187 338,453 23, 573 79,416 6, 732 8. 342 3 975 Xumber 16 c" Gallons. 325 291 277 301 515 461 402 358 326 319 494 3% 290 227 233 243 516 398 323 281 266 231 356 242 772.799,352 663, 917, 240 a 231, 965, 533 b 135, 775, 919 1,928 1,337 1,652 '818 New Jersey 77,714,055 64, 003, 953 015,172,783 '' 5, 373, 323 53 16 11 <-8 Pennsylvania ... South Atlantic Divi- sion 487, 033, 818 368, 906, 480 < 36, 540, 540 '14,411,729 754 338 146 <'27 492, 138, 465 331,728,677 "9.446.511 ' 3. 187, 589 129 50 31 <-5 Delaware 176 194 186 192 202 209 124 136 131 121 115 14'.l 4 1 5 9 16 12,681,268 10, 699, 362 "1,132,434 & 758, 603 3 389 328 248 178 190 165 435 328 221 . 175 159 132 680 533 433 212 88 57 Maryland . . . 61,040,517 46,601.218 "4,722.944 '1,520,101 88 24 14 Dist. Columbia .. 3, 806. 160 850,349 459,978 " 496. 789 ''126,077 3, 478 13, 769 88, 520 4,495 18,835 14.872 4 1 155, 460 1.500 :.. " Milk sold or sent to butter mid cheese factories, gallon* " Milk sold from farms, gallons," census 1H70. Cheese factories only. census, 180. 54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900 Continued. [United States Census statistics.] States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sns. Dairy cows on farms. Milk, product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese. Cieam- eries and cheese facto- ries. Milk, aver- age yield per cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. South Atlantic Divi- sion Continued. Virginia 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 I860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 sold o sold fr factor 281,876 273, 634 243, 061 188, 471 330, 713 317, 619 205, 601 188,492 156, 956 104,434 233, 178 223, 416 232,133 196, 731 228, 623 221, 799 126,684 107, 184 139, 881 98, 693 163, 938 193, 244 276, 024 287, 717 315, 073 231,310 299, 688 334,223 78,830 113, 388 42, 174 61,922 92, 974 72, 876 8, 490, 284 8, 240, 999 5, 402, 081 3, 294, 007 2, 556, 536 1,564,219 818,239 794,833 767, 043 654,390 676,585 544, 499 r sent to ch om farms, ies only. 152 165 161 154 207 223 214 247 254 236 123 138 166 184 230 255 95 93 140 140 233 289 125 157 204 195 284 369 14& 290 157 329 664 838 322 369 311 254 (faUons. 105,00)8,428 7S, 143, 459 1,224,469 & 266, 812 Pounds. 20,076,351 18,761,856 11,500,023 6, 979, 269 13,464,722 11,089,359 16, 954, 129 14,081,627 9,309,517 5, 044, 475 16,913,802 13,129,374 7,213,507 4,297,834 4,735,495 4, 146, 290 8, 150, 437 5, 737, 557 3, 196, 851 1,461,980 3, 177, 934 2, 981, 850 15,160,454 14, 483, 323 7, 424, 485 4, 499, 572 5, 439, 765 4,640,559 1, 386, 445 867, 195 353, 156 100, 989 408, 855 371, 498 810,841,697 650, 551, 5 S8 383, 455, 099 214,400,425 153,071,558 80, 563, 732 87, 638, 930 81,522,792 69, 722, 506 50, 266, 372 48, 543, 162 34, 449, 379 Dries, gallons, 0. Pounds. 88, 697 218, 187 111,535 84,243 280, 852 436, 292 115, 103 95, 372 196, 987 32, 429 28, 883 60,760 57,380 123, 985 51,119 95, 921 1,081 2,476 16,018 169 1,543 4,970 2,236 12,833 19, 151 4,292 15, 587 46, 976 3,751 1,731 2,406 25 6,280 18, 015 133, 946, 093 110,225,861 86, 532, 570 14,178,005 28,238,411 24, 547, 518 19, 323, 528 22, 254, 054 32, 531, 683 24,153,876 21,618,893 20,819,542 " census, 18) Numlx'i 10 13 4 c2 Ottllonx. 373 286 147 113 123 106 408 315 184 147 384 247 95 66 62 57 348 222 71 47 58 46 299 182 72 59 55 42 122 45 26 5 13 16 425 318 West Virginia . . North Carolina.. South Carolina . . Georgia 83,861,660 59, 449, 066 n 750, 279 l> 144, 895 89, 525, 749 55, 250, 605 446, 798 617,145 5 3 7 2 08 44, 031, 528 23, 833, 631 a 257, 186 b 241, 815 82, 438, 532 52,234,508 a 374, 645 6 109, 139 4 Florida . 9, 640, 434 5, 056, 790 a 40, 967 63,002 North Central Divi- sion 3, 609, 900, 328 2, 719, 414, 765 a 155, 044, 519 &38,853,454 5,481 2,617 1,648 388 Ohio 197 216 240 246 289 275 eese a gallon 425, 870, 394 326, 925, 396 a 46, 801, 537 t> 22, 275, 344 484 361 452 195 520 411 329 279 253 234 a "Milk b "Milk "Cheese id butter fact 3," census, 187 JO. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 55 TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900 Continued. States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sus. Dairy cows on farms. Milk, product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- eries and cheese facto- ries. Milk, aver- age yield per cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. North Central Divi- sion Continued. Indiana 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1900 1890 574,276 579, 287 494,944 393,736 363,553 284,554 1,007,664 1,087,886 865,913 640,321 522,634 294,671 563,905 497, 611 384, 578 250, 859 179, 543 99,676 998,397 792,620 478,374 308, 377 203, 001 64,339 753, 632 593, 908 275, 545 121,467 40,344 607 1,423,648 1,498, 118 854, 187 369,811 189,802 45, 704 765, 386 851,076 661,405 398,515 345, 243 230, 169 125, 503 88,289 270, 634 210,240 228 264 250 234 269 288 209 284 281 252 305 346 233 238 235 127 240 250 483 470 364 292 262 211 430 456 353 276 235 101 638 784 526 310 281 238 246 318 305 232 292 337 393 482 674 639 Gallons. 263, 457, 239 200, 510, 797 a6,723,840 6936,983 Pounds. JU, 595, 879 50, 154, 854 37, 712, 316 22,915,385 18, 306, 651 12,881,535 86, 548, 762 82, 674, 908 60, 208, 972 36, 083, 405 28, 052, 551 12, 526, 543 67, 872, 710 52,343,212 38, 865, 106 24,400,185 15, 503, 482 Pounds. 1,438,901 1, 191, 500 1,676,825 391, 487 605, 795 624, 564 9, 378, 604 10, 348, 933 21,253,194 5, 734, 004 1,848,557 1,278,225 10, 7.53, 758 5, 370, 460 3, 953, 685 2,301,801 1,641,897 1,011,492 79, 384, 298 54,614,861 19,535,324 3, 288, 581 1,104,300 400, 283 3, 575, 642 4,292,170 985, 329 271,477 199,311 Number 113 65 49 17 Gallons. 459 346 241 179 153 138 454 338 240 187 165 133 549 451 325 304 270 226 473 383 267 231 208 177 403 308 216 239 226 5 376 325 215 229 195 148 337 228 135 112 111 103 389 301 367 284 Illinois 457, 106, 995 367, 269, 464 a45,419,719 6 9, 258, 545 534 266 285 69 Michigan 309, 617, 046 224, 537, 488 7, 898, 273 62,277,122 290 101 74 30 Wisconsin 7, 065, 878 106, 552, 649 60, 355, 499 33, 842, 336 22, 478, 036 13,611,328 3, 633, 750 82, 3(53, 315 48, 677, 504 19, 244, 835 9,522,010 2,957,673 1,100 139,022,552 126, 036, 219 61,665,071 27,512,179 11,953,666 472,274,264 303, 701, 134 "25,156,977 62,059,105 2,019 966 414 54 Minnesota 304,017,106 182,968,973 1,504,407 6208,130 596 115 27 Iowa 535, 872, 240 486,961,411 115,965,612 6688,800 4,549,065 5, 743, 934 3,852,801 1,344,647 918, 635 209,840 1.396,190 1,673,017 873, 549 213,865 259, 633 203, 572 296, 280 180,374 557, 642 554.763 907 500 244 14 Missouri 2,171,188 46, 949, 726 44,638,168 28,712,98* 14,455,825 12,704,837 7,834,359 9, 642, 003 6,158,862 23, 573, 077 13.659,757 258, 207, 755 193,931,103 03,173,017 6857,704 115 68 30 1 21 10 138 16 North Dakota ... Smith Dakota . . . 48, 845, 280 26,566,112 99, 24 1,975 59, 666, 525 " " Milk sold or dent to butter and cheese factories, Kllon," census, 1880, 6 Milk sold from farms, gallons," census, 1870. 56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XIT. Prngrfnx of dairying in the United Mates, 1850 to WOO Continued. States and Terri- tories. Year cen- sus. Dairy co\ farms Total number. s on Per 1,000 per- sons. Milk product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- eries and cheese facto- ries. Milk, aver- age yield per cow. North Central Divi- sion Continued. Dakota Territory Nebraska 1880 1870 3860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 190G 1890 1880 1870 1860 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 18% 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 sold ( soldi 40, 572 4,151 286 512, 544 505, 045 161,187 28, 940 6, 995 676, 456 741,786 418, 333 123,440 28,550 2,899,236 2,829,657 2,147,440 1,494,434 1,859,117 1,356.491 364, 025 364, 516 301,882 247, 615 269,215 247, 475 321, 676 345, 311 303,900 243, 197 249, 514 250, 456 279,263 292, 088 271,443 170, 640 230, 537 227, 791 299,318 310, 159 268, 178 173, 899 207, 646 214, 231 184,815 167, 223 146, 454 102, 076 >r sent to b rom farms, 301 297 57 481 477 357 235 241 460 520 420 339 267 206 258 241 232 Gallons. a 415, 119 Pounds. -', 006, 755 209, 735 2,170 46, 244, 839 33,894,861 9, 790, 970 1,539,535 342, 541 59, 837, 255 50, 434, 952 21, 683, 244 5,022,758 1,093,497 186,856,187 135, 302, 951 74,208,771 34, 062, 404 44, 132, 365 31,324,361 30, 631, 044 29, 038, 406 18, 261, 004 11,874,978 11,716,609 9, 947, 523 29, 299, 519 28, 380, 377 17, 889, 969 9,571,069 10,017,787 8,139,585 19, 139, 321 14, 548, 435 7,997,719 3, 213, 753 6, 028, 478 4,008,811 18, 929, 761 12,988,637 7,454,657 2,613,521 5, 006, 610 4,346,234 4, 918, 229 2, 089, 774 916,089 322, 405 tones, gallons 70, Pounds. 40, 137 1,850 Number 4 fiallons. 159 152 23 372 287 187 165 149 362 272 160 126 116 336 184 190,477,911 144,708,263 " 625, 783 b 95, 059 578,030 1,268,449 554,772 78, 542 12, 342 2, 714, 155 2, 733, 346 1,275,371 241,607 29,045 654, 909 349, 667 276, 923 311, 498 644,416 571, 582 73, 759 64,822 58,468 361, 219 190,400 213,954 32,823 101,219 107,740 142,240 135, 575 177, 681 46, 374 6,131 14,091 2,732 15,923 31,412 28,572 4,898 4,239 3,099 4,427 21,191 135,104 3,939 7,618 11,747 " census, 18! 93 58 21 5 Kansas 244,909,123 201,608,099 "1,3(50,235 l> 196, 662 171 101 48 1 South Central Divi- sion 973, 950, 188 519,693,663 6, 084, 788 ''2,811,323 71 22 10 4 Kentucky 170 196 183 187 233 252 159 195 197 193 225 250 153 193 215 171 239 295 193 240 237 210 263 353 134 149 156 140 utter a galloi 159,311,527 118,497,289 a 2, 513, 209 61,345,779 27 15 8 4 438 325 190 150 131 122 458 312 180 121 121 98 343 190 89 57 79 53 324 164 85 45 72 61 212 77 21 18 Tennessee 147, 336, 961 107, 657, 116 "1,006,795 b 415, 786 13 4 2 Alabama 95, 882, 103 55, 508, 687 a 267, 387 fc 104, 657 4 Mississippi 97,030,385 50,803,371 a427,492 &17.052 2 Jjouisiana . 39,251,413 12,881,927 a 256, 241 b 833, 928 nd cheese fac is," census, J8 *p, o"Mill Z>"MiUi STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 57 TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900 Continued. States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sus. Dairy cows on farm. Milk product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- eries and cheese facto- eries. Milk, aver- age yield per cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. South Central Divi- sion Continued. 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1900 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 1900 1890 1880 1870 1900 18'JO 1880 1870 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1900 1*90 1880 1870 1900 1H90 1880 k -..1.1 If sold 129, 662 105, 576 861,023 1,003,439 606,176 428,048 601,540 217, 811 105,852 16, 756 110, 687 312, 577 330,165 249,407 128, 959 171,003 93,*151 866, 528 720,767 422,093 312, 775 315, 520 29,203 45,036 24, 143 11,308 12,432 18,272 11,684 3,730 707 100,116 76,948 28, 770 25,017 If,, 775 18,507 12,955 1C), 117 34,369 10,636 17,965 4,874 U, 156 938 66,905 45,982 32,768 or sent to t from farm: 183 204 282 449 381 523 996 1,023 416 270 282 238 293 311 266 393 444 212 238 239 316 Gallons. Po ands. 1,444,742 683,069 48, 244, 206 32, 145, 249 13,899,320 3, 712, 747 5, 850, 583 2,344,900 8,834,659 387,920 5, 105, 715 21,753,833 15, 724, 144 7, 790, 013 2, 753, 931 4, 067, 556 1,854,239 75,152,860 44,166,290 23,296,799 11,144,030 4,585,289 295, 589 2, 488, 310 1,062,185 412, 738 408,080 918,054 428, 269 105, 643 1,200 0, 499, 121 3,621,086 862, 479 392,920 313,003 860,012 44. 827 12. '.112 13,259 111 803, 394 115,203 62,217 HOI) 5,331,336 1,815,154 1,064,923 toriex, gallon; 70. Pounds. 6, 153 1,957 194,423 145, 730 58,466 34, 342 275, 128 95,299 111,642 1,600 1,227 30,985 21, 328 26,301 2,119 16, 810 30,088 14, 932, 061 6, 519, 870 4,806,063 3, 666, 907 1,551,785 73, 976 30,924 11,512 80,070 27,603 25, 327 15, 196 2,930 Number Gallons. 34 19 292 118 71 26 30 33 286 92 239 351 165 95 64 72 60 4 18 281 Texas 251,342,698 118, 475, 320 1,296, 806 662,771 12 3 47,439,853 1,544,280 26, 493, 855 109,861,393 .54,325,673 n 316, 858 631,350 5 Indian Territory . Arkansas 8 Western Division Montana 362, 467, 850 202,549,207 "13,804,068 64,043,087 444 52 268 3 185 183 290 592 197 192 178 79 186 187 148 625 86 120 108 17* *; 172 146 81 229 94 SI* 221 228 miter , gallc 15,696,214 6,038,096 a 41, 165 6 105, 186 5,121,974 3,064,688 a75,343 64,980 38,440,111 19,680,791 506, 706 6 19, 520 3,009,657 717, 155 "10,036 6S13 3 1 3 1 2 1 38 6 2 1 349 250 117 109 280 262 106 12 384 256 108 50 179 39 12 4 2 1 170 146 27 26 381 187 106 Wyoming. Colorado 1,568,441 131,683 75, 367 37, 626 68, 571 18,931 10, -*n 27, 239 37, 2 10 5, 848 407.057 10,855 62,217 14,500 2, 043, 430 176,739 266. 749 ," census 18) New Mexico Arizona . .. 3,056,109 709, 225 a 42, 618 64,800 25,124,642 8, 614,694 a 155,263 and cheese fac IK," census U _) 57 3 11 . Utah a -Mil J>"Mil 58 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRF. TABLE XII. Progress of dairying in the United States, 1850 to 1900 Continued. States and Terri- tories. Year of cen- sus. Dairy cows on "farm. Milk product re- ported. Butter, total made. Cheese, total made. Cream- eries and cheese facto- ries. Milk, aver- age yield per cow. Total number. Per 1,000 per- sons. Western division Continued. Utah 1870 I860 ia50 1900 1890 17,563 11,967 4,861 13,606 9, 273 202 299 442 321 202 Gallons. "11,240 Pounds. 310, 335 316,046 83,309 1,192,925 489, 657 Pounds. 69,603 53,331 30,998 174,232 51,207 Number Gallons. 58 84 59 327 273 4, 446, 071 2, 532 052 4 1 Idaho 1880 1870 1860 1900 1890 13, 319 6,174 947 51,929 27, 278 215 147 135 321 325 ''149,889 a 63, 850 338,688 110,880 7,700 2, 952, 886 1,091,753 17, 420 2 88 64 24 291 186 15,122,948 5, 085, 863 391,332 323, 853 19 4 1880 12, 838 389 ft 15, 627 314,244 117,295 6 76 1870 4, 171 278 oll,250 111,480 4,464 84 Washington 1900 107,232 207 50,182,415 10,570,527 1,633,796 60 468 1890 - 70,721 203 19, 873, 231 3, 483, 725 320, 981 3 281 1880 27, 622 368 ft 226, 703 1,404,066 179, 200 o 160 Oregon 1870 1860 1900 1890 16,938 9,660 122, 447 114, 156 706 805 296 363 a 21,000 407 t 306 153, 092 10,082,807 4,924,745 17,465 12, 146 1,662,820 496,116 75 49 397 219 48, 582, 968 25, 042, 276 68 12 1880 59,549 340 ft 227, 540 2, 528, 225 299,732 ; 24 130 California . 1870 1860 1850 1900 1890 48, 325 53, 170 9,427 307, 245 317, 201 531 1,022 725 207 263 107, 367 1,418,373 1,000,157 211,464 34,000,497 27, 048, 471 119,383 105, 379 36, 980 6,926,131 4, 962, 797 1 92 59 72 500 351 153,684,741 111,191,186 186 21 1880 1 210,078 243 ''12,353,178 16,158,749 3, 720, 739 216 274 1870 1860 1850 164,093 205, 407 4,280 293 541 46 3,693,021 7, 969, 744 3,095,035 705 3, 395, 074 1,343,689 1.50 192 53 1 n" Milk sold from farms, gallons." census 1870. ft " Milk sold or sent to butter and cheese factories, gallons," census 18X0. NOTE. Table XII is taken entire from census reports excepting the last column. In that the figures for 1890 and 1900 are computed from the census, and those for the other years are quoted from reports of the Department of Agriculture. The column of "average milk yield per cow" shows an increase, decade after decade, which indicates a rapid improvement in cows. But these figures are misleading, because their basis varies for different years. In the earlier censuses the milk yield was not reported. For 1850 and I860 only the butter and cheese made on farms were given, and the average milk yield per cow estimated erroneously by reducing the reported products to an equivalent in milk and dividing by the number of cows. ' The cows were thus credited with only such milk as was made into butter and cheese. For 1870 and 1880 the same plan was followed, but milk sold being also reported, this was added to that manufactured on farms; the large quantity of milk consumed on farms was still omitted from the computation. For 1890 the census reported the total milk product for the first time; this being directly divided by the number of producing cows, apparently gives the annual average yield per cow. This subject is discussed on page 17. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. TABLE XIII. Dairying in the United States for 1900. 59 [Includes estimated product from 973,033 cows not on farms and ranges, and butter and cheese made at urban establishments.] Dairv cows in United States. Milk product reported plus Total butter Total cheese Total nnm- Per 1.000 ber. persons. estimated milk. made. made. The United States 18, 112, 707 ' 237 Gallons. 7, 728, 583, 349 Paundg. 1, 492, 699, 143 Pound*. 299,006,818 North Atlantic Division 3,665,6X5 174 1,907,821,498 326, 296, 206 148,627 434 Maine 185,548 267 105, 205, 288 20, 635, 572 979. 048 New Hampshire ' 118,751 289 62, 489, 215 11,419,881 221 080 Vermont 27(1,592 805 145,081,273 41,288,087 5,119,764 Massachusetts 199,452 71 112, 644, 623 9, 593, 272 270, in Rhode Island.. . : 25,027 58 13, 572, 837 636, 281 6,751 Connecticut 132 5'>1 146 71 843 187 8 501 285 361 886 New York 1,. 537, 921 212 790, 048, 027 115,606,980 130,419,747 New Jersev 167,799 89 82, 650, 255 7, 219, 882 124, 377 Pennsylvania 1,022,074 162 524, 226, 793 111.394,966 11,124,610 South Atlantic Division .. ' 1,476,787 141 536, 535, 765 92, 909, 203 593, 308 Delaware. 33,64."> 182 13,181,918 2. 599, 838 15 104 Maryland . 157,566 133 68,924,467 11,643,178 338,453 District of Columbia 1,809 6 1,115,399 o J7C Virginia 301,905 163 114,582,203 20, 076, 351 88, 697 West Virginia . . 217, 538 227 89,531,735 16, 975, 220 115, 103 North Carolina j 246, 755 130 95,974,824 16,913,802 28,883 South Carolina i 136,333 102 48,614,803 8, 150, 437 1,081 Georgia 2%, 962 134 92,384,082 15, 160, 454 2,236 Florida 84,274 159 12,226,334 1,386,445 3, 751 North Central Division 8, 927, 882 339 i 3,817,759,378 811,071,893 134,199,094 Ohio. 868, 832 209 449,902 069 87, 668, 620 19 323 528 Indiana 611,772 243 281,267,839 ' 54,616,974 1,438,901 Illinois 1,064,491 221 484,099 820 86. 600, 162 9,381 904 Michigan. 601,844 249 327, 638, 071 67,901,440 10, 756, 758 Wisconsin 1 , 032, 81 1 499 488,620,914 106,573,740 79,384 298 Minnesota 789, 6X3 451 321,141,331 82.363,315 ' 3. 575, 642 Iowa 1,479,676 663 562, 485, 540 139,022,552 4,M9,065 Missouri 814, 578 262 281,573,955 47,027,916 I 1 , 642, 891 North Dakota ... . 131,119 411 51,512,880 9.612.003 296, 280 South Dakota 280, 024 697 103,705,225 23. 573, 077 557, 642 Nebraska 538,856 505 202, 976, 111 46,244.839 578, 030 Kansas 714,1% 486 262,835,623 59, 837, 255 2,714,155 South Central I>i\ Kentuck; Tennessc Ala bin i in Missis; Louisi Texas Oklah Imliiu ArkmiMi ekv 387, 608 181 170,513,452 30, 7:58. 040 73, 759 SSCC 351 , 919 174 161.716,636 29, 320, 610 32, 823 iia . 302 129 165 106 743 453 19 139 321 ! 46 374 ippi 316 217 204 1(15 057 410 lx '.f.x.l 761 28 572 ma 197,264 143 45 164 688 4 918 229 135 104 924,899 303 281 fkS3 798 48,214 206 194 423 >nia 169,613 426 49,226 328 8, Kit 559 111, 642 Territory 119,362 304 30.614 4*<) 5, 1(5 715 1 227 :134 128 2.V> 120 0"X 11* 21 753 K!3 30 985 .\rKanns ivxi, izn ^.w) t rju. ir.w*. 1 1* zi, 34,591 ! 75, 182 i . ..... Live assets Expenses total amount do 9,206,025 i 4,.= do i 1,590,766 J Employees . . . average number.. ''15,693 14,921 : 7,903 4,007 90,705 1,546,495 706.566 64,574 1 18,363,57'.) 14,089,284 30,741 19 24'> Total wages paid Materials used: Aggregate cost For butter Gathered cream Milk .dollars.. 1 7.086.112 5.1 .dollars.. 109,151.205 51,1 .pounds.. 204,740,714 483, t do 8 534 911 41'> 1 893 L Total cost For cheese Milk .dollars.. 75,732.159 29.538,827 4. (144,214 pounds 2 749 313 613 2 684 550 517 : Total cost dollars 22 007 515 16 < 53.992 12, 692. .507 14,089,284 For condensed milk Milk pounds 4'>l 378 073 83 t Sugar ... . .do 50, 873, 859 13, 372, 365 ' Total cost dollars 8 907 021 2 79? 08f, 1 o^rt S5X i Fuel, cost . . .do 1.712.612 . do 18 667 Mill supplies . do. . 249,938 Freight .. ...do... 523.833 ... Includes urban establishments. See p. 28. ''In addition to 7,104 proprietors and firm members. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 61 TABLE XIV. Butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories, etc. Continued. Totals for the United States. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. Products: Aggregate value dollars.. 131.199.277 62,686,043; 25,815,963 16,771,665 Butter, packed solid Quantity pounds. . 329, 291, 178 Value dollars. . 64, 034, 253 Butter, prints or rolls Quantity pounds. . j 91, 662, 83* Value dollars.. 20,241.163 Butter, total made- Quantity pounds.. 420,954,016 ! 181,284,916 29,421,784 ; Value dollars.. 84,275,416 36,675,411 ; 6,535,799 Cream sold Quantity gallons.. 7, 884.683 Value dollars. . 4. 547, 536 Cheese, standard factory Quantity pounds. . 226, 136, 555 184, 158, 174 Value dollars. . 21, 399, 527 16, 112, 871 Cheese, all other made- Quantity pounds. . 56, 497. 933 53, 876, 891 Value dollars. . 5, 170, 953 3, 690, 080 Cheese, total made- Quantity pounds.. 282,634,488 238,035,065 215,885,361 109.435,229 Value dollars.. 26,570,480 19,802.951 17,659,123 16,710,569 Condensed milk- Quantity pounds. . 186, 921, 787 37, 926, 821 13, 033, 267 Value dollars.. 11,888,792 3,586,927 1,547,588 Skim milk, value do 2,555,468 Driedcasein do.... 1584,291 \ 570,416 73,453, 61.0% All other products do 977,294 NOTE. In this table the figures in the column for 1870 relate to cheese factories, no other product being reported. The column for 1880 requires no explanation except that at this time butter factories or creameries had become numerous, although their product was but little more than one-third in value of the factory cheese produced. For 1890 it should be noted that the figures are from the " number of establishments reporting.'' It is known that, in fact, there were many more creameries in operation in the country in 1889-90 than the number reported in the table. The aggregate products of factory-made butter and cheese thus shown must be considerably less than the actual output of existing factories. The census returns of total dairy products of the United States for 1889 must, therefore, be below the actual facts. This table, although thus incomplete, shows the rapid growth of the cooperative or factory system of dairying. Farm cheese making has practically disappeared since the advent of cheese factories and creameries, and the proportion of factory-made butter is fast increasing, although the quantity of butter made on farms, is increasing also. In 1900 the number of creameries, etc., for New York was 1,928: this allows one for every 25 square miles in the State. These factories thus averaged but 5 miles apart, giving the longest average drive for their patrons as about 3 miles. Wisconsin reported 2,019 creameries and cheese factories, or one for every 27 square miles: Ver- mont, one for every 36 square miles; Iowa, one for every 61 square miles, and Pennsylvania, one foi- l-very 60 square miles. In connection with this table, attention is called t<> the Plates II, III. and IV. 62 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XV. Xumber and value of milch cows in the United States, and of other farm animate, yearly, 1870 to 1903, inclusive, with a few earlier years. [From the Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture.] Year. Milch t-ows. Oxen and other cattle. Horses. Total value of farm animals. Jan. 1 1840 1850.... 1860 1870.... Xumber. 4,837,043 6,385,094 8, 585, 735 10, 095, 600 Value. 872, 555, 000 127, 840, 880 264, 643, 375 394, 940, 745 Number. 10,171,586 11,393,813 17,034,284 15,388,500 Value. Number. 4, 335, 669 Value. 4, 336, 719 6, 249, 174 55 14,180,516 1,089,329,915 1,822,327,377 $346, 926, 440 8, 248, 800 8671,319,461 1871 .... 1872.... 10,023,000 10, 303, 500 374,179,093 329, 408, 983 16,212,2(10 16, 389, 800 369, 940, 0.56 321,562,693 8. 702, 000 8,990,900 683, 257, 587 659,707,916 1, 810, 142, 711 1,659,211,933 1873.... 10, 575, 900 314.358,931 16, 413, 800 329, 298, 755 9. 222, 470 681,463,957 1,684,431,693 1874.... 10, 705, 300 299, 609. 309 16.218,100 310, 649, 803 9,333,800 666, 927, 406 1,619,944,472 1875.... 10, 906, 800 311,089,824 16, 313, 400 304, 858, 859 9, 504, 200 646, 370, 939 1,618,012,221 1876.... 11, 0&5, 400 320, 346, 728 16, 785, 300 319, 623, 509 9, 735. 300 632, 446, 985 1,647,719,138 1877.... 11,260,800 307, 743. 211 17,956,100 307, 105, 386 10, 155, 400 610, 206, 631 1,576,506,083 1878.... 11,300,100 298, 499, 866 19, 223, 300 329,541,703 10, 329, 700 600, 813, 681 1,574,620,783 1879.... 11, 826, 400 256, 953, 928 21,408,100 329, 543, 327 10, 938, 700 573, 254, 808 1,445,423.062 1880.... 12,027,000 279, 899, 420 21,231,000 341,761,154 11,201,800 613, 296, 611 1,576,917,5-56 1881.... 12, 368, 653 296, 277, 060 20, 938, 710 362,861.509 11,429,626 667, 954, 325 1,721,795,252 1882.... 12,611,632 326, 489, 310 23,280,238 463, 069. 501 10,521,554 615, 824, 914 1,906,468,252 1883.... 13, 125, 6*5 396, 575, 405 28, 046, 077 611,549,109 10,838,110 7(55,041,308 2, 338, 215, 768 1884.... 13,501,206 423,486,649 29,046,101 683,229,054 11,169,683 833,734,400 2,467,868,924 1885.... 13, 904, 722 412, 903, 093 29, 866, 573 694,382,913 11,564,572 852, 282, 947 2, 456, 428, 383 1886.... 14,235,388 389, 985, 523 31,275,242 661, 956, 274 12,077,657 ; 860,823.208 2, 365. 159. 862 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 14,522,083 14, 856, 414 15, 298, 625 378, 789, 589 366, 252, 173 366, 226, 376 33, 511, 750 34, 378, 363 35, 032, 417 663, 137, 926 611,750,520 597,238,812 12, 4%, 744 13, 172, 936 13, 663, 294 901, 685, 755 946, 0%, 154 2, 400, 586, 938 2, 409, 043, 418 982, 194, 827 2,507,0.50,058 1890.... 15, 952, 883 353, 152, 133 36,849,024 560, 625, 137 14, 213, 837 978, 516, 562 2, 418, 766. 028 1891.... 16, 019, 591 346, 397, 900 36, 875, 648 544, 127, 908 14, 056, 750 941,823,222 2, 329, 787, 770 1892.... 16,416,351 351, 378, 132 37, 651, 239 570, 749, 155 15,498,140 1, 007, 593, 636 2,461,755,698 1893.... 16,424,087 357, 299, 785 35, 954, 196 547, 882, 204 16,206.802 992,225,185 2, 483, 506, 681 1894 16, 487, 400 358, 998, 661 36,608.168 536, 789, 747 16,081,139 j 769,224,799 2, 170, 816, 754 1895 16,504,629 362,601,729 34, 364, 216 482, 999, 129 15,893,318 576,730,580 1,819,446,306 1896.... 16,137,586 363, 955, 545 32,085,409 508,928,416 15, 124, 057 500, 140, 186 1,727,926,084 1897.... 15,941,727 369, 239, 993 30,508,408 507, 929, 421 14, 364, 667 452, 649, 396 1,655,414,612 1898.... 15, 840, 886 434, 813, 826 29, 264, 197 612,296,634 13,960,911 478,362,407 1,891,577,471 1899. . . . 15, 990, 115 474,233,925 27, 994, 225 637,931,135 13, 665, 307 511,074,813 1,997,010,407 1900.... 16,292,360 514,812,106 27, 610, 0.54 689, 486, 260 13, 537, 524 603, 969, 442 02,042,650,813 1901.... 16, 833, 657 505, 093, 077 45, 500, 213 906,644,003 16,744,723 885,200,168 3,011,254,076 1902.... 16, 6%, 802 488, 130, 324 44, 727, 797 839, 126, 073 16,531,224 968,935,178 2, 989, 170, 150 1903. . . . 17, 105, 227 516,711,914 44,659,206 824,054,902 16,557,373 1,030,705,959 1 3, 102, 515, 540 Exclusive of hogs. NOTE. Some of the figures above agree exactly with those of the census for the corresponding year. In other cases, for census years, the numbers of animals as reported by the Department differ somewhat from those of the census. These numbers are understood to represent only animals on farms. The values from 1870 to 1878 were currency values; those for 1880 and later were on gold basis. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. TABLE XVI. Furm statistics lj States. [From the Twelfth United States Census, 1900.] 63 States and Territories. P P , Persons "inagri- , Farms, culture." Average Dairy cows All other size of on farms neat cattle farms, and ranges, over 1 year. The United States 76, 3ft Number. y umber. 5,387 10,438,219 5,739,657 Acres. y umber, y umber. 147 17,139,674 35,349, 563 North Atlantic Division 21,044 5,695 1 1,074,412 677,506 % 3, 4%, 266 1,585,350 Maine ' 69- 1,466 , 76,923 59,299 1,588 38,782 29.324 J, 641 49, 820 33, 104 j,346 66,551 37,715 5,556 1 10,957 5.498 3,420 44,796 26,948 3,894 375,990 i 226,720 J.669 | 68,881 ; 34,650 2,115 341,712 224,248 106 173,592 103,461 123 115,036 71,332 143 270,194 130,162 83 184, 562 57, 761 83 23, 660 7, 036 86 126.434 53,324 100 1,501,608 587,641 82 157,407 42,892 86 943,773 531,751 New Hampshire 41 Vermont 34 Massachusetts 2, 80. Rhode Island 42 Connecticut 90. New York 7, 26. New Jersev 1, 88. Pennsylvania 6, 30 1 South Atlantic Division 10, 44 ?,480 2,032,569 962,225 108 1,383,319 2,106,982 Delaware 18 1,735 19,002 9,687 8, 044 95, 554 46, 012 8,718 1,488 269 4, 184 300, 268 167, 886 8,800 151,722 92,874 3,810 459,306 224,637 D, 316 393, 693 155, 355 5,331 522,848 224,691 8, 542 88, 688 40, 814 110 32,591 12,226 112 147,284 89,897 32 : 1,251 142 119 '. 281,876 381,583 115 205, 001 300,074 101 233,178 248,654 90 126,684 128,480 118 276,024 411,888 107 78, 830 534, 038 Man-land 1,18 District of Columbia ... 27 Virginia 1,85 West Virginia 95 North Carolina 1,89 South Carolina 1,34 Georgia 2,21 Florida 52 North Central Division 26, 33 3,004 3,508,808 2,196, 567 144 8,490,284 14,819,176 Ohio. 4,15 7,545 414, 962 276,719 6,462 342,733 221,897 1,550 462,781 264.151 0,982 ' 312,462 203,261 9,042 270,007 169,795 1,394 258,944 154,659 1,853 371,604 228,622 6,665 463,293 2*4,880 9,146 71,626 45,332 1,570 82,857 52,622 6,300 186,587 121,525 0,495 271,252 173,098 88 ; 818,239 740.490 97 574,276 682,093 124 1,007,004 1,373,024 86 563,905 437.021 117 998, 397 692. 365 170 753,632 551,699 151 1,423,61s 2,053,703 119 705,386 1.579.886 343 125.503 375, 511 362 270, 634 933, 025 240 512, .>44 1 . 909, 199 241 676,456 2.891,160 Indiana 2,51 Illlinois 4 82 Michigan 2,42 Wisconsin . 2, 06 Minnesota. 1,75 Iowa 2, 23 Missouri. 3,10 North Dakota 31 South Dakota i 40 Nebraska.. . 1,06 Kansas '1,47 South Central Division 14, OH 0,047 3,300,817 1,058,106 155 i 2, 899, 236 10, 924 . 148 Kentucky 2,14 7,174 408,185 234,667 0,616 413,406 224.623 8,697 515,737 223.220 1 , 270 490. 5X2 220. M>3 1,625 295.415 115.909 8,710 044.63-1 352,190 ,331 '> 94,931 62,495 2,060 ' 92,418 45, 505 I,fi64 345.479 178,694 94 364,025 468.721 91 321.676 354.507 93 279. 263 307, 074 83 299.318 335. 137 95 1 184, SI 5 3 15.655 357 861,023 6, 41*. 912 252 105.S52 1,243,775 It*) 110.0S7 l.l.'.2,rvH2 93 312,577 327,485 Tennessee 2 02 Alabama 1 82 Mississippi i, 5S Louisiana 1,38 Texas 3,04 ( iklnlii HUH 39 Indiiin Tcrritcirv 38 Arknii.sHN 1,31 Western Division.. 4 08 1.349 466, 159 242,908 I 386 S60.528 5,832.539 Montana 2-1 3.329 2*,693 13,370 y 531 ' 13 407 095 886 45.036 735.818 1,333 18,272 542.242 384 100.110 1.061,048 417 < 16.775 7S6.322 Wyoming. . .... 8 Colorado ... 53 V. 700 44, 904 24, 700 5,310 27.211 12,311 Nt-w Mr.xico 18 64 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XVI. Farm statistics lj States Continued. States and Territories. Popula- tion. Persons "in agri- culture." Farms. Average size of farms. Dairy cows 1 on farms and ranges. All other neat cattle over 1 year. Western Division Continued. Arizona 122,931 yumlier. 16. 174 y umber. 5,809 Acre*. 333 y umber. 17 965 y umber. 589 489 Utah 276, 749 29,414 19 387 212 65 905 198 845 Nevada 42, 335 5,890 2 184 1 175 13 606 290 525 Idaho 161,772 27,489 17 471 183 51 929 >25 207 Washington 518, 103 61, 113 33 202 256 107 ''32 18'> 561 Oregon 413, 536 58,490 35 837 281 122 447 409 533 California . 1.485 053 152 371 72 542 397 307 245 807 949 Alaska 63 592 367 12 13 13 Hawaii 154 001 5'i "6 ' -> 73 1 148 4 028 81 363 TABLE XVII. Population and number of cows per square mile of land surface in each State and Territory in 1900. States and Territories. Popula- tion. Cows. States and Territories. Popula- Cows United States . 30 2.09 27. 35 1.55 5.03 19.01 26.67 9.69 4.34 6.21 15.98 24.81 10.48 9.97 11.85 .33 New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 5. 21 187. .50 94.25 9.74 37 58 New York North Carolina North Dakota 4.55 102: 00 10.26 i 4.37 140.09 406.99 44.43 5.23 48.40 11.62 3.37 37.62 46.21 7. 75 38.90 38.00 | .95 Ohio Oklahoma g 1.92 86.10 70.08 40.23 18.00 53.68 30.42 23.23 120.49 348.92 42. 16 22.11 33.48 45.20 1.67 Oregon Illinois Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washingtoti g Wet Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Montana "Not including Hawaii and Alaska. NOTE. Plate 1 which is seen opposite page 48 serves to illustrate Table XVII. BULLETIN No. 65, B. A. I. PLATE IV. BULLETIN No. 55, B. A. I. PLATE V. EXTRA IN NEW YORK. UNITED STATES IN LONDON. YEAR S JAN FIB MAR APR | MAY JUN;JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ; YEAR DIAGRAM SHOWING BUTTER QUOTATIONS IN NEW YORK AND LONDON. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 65 TABLE XVIII. Pounds of cheese and butter produced j>er wjuare mile of land surface in each State and Territory hi 1900. States and Territories. Cheese. Butter. States and Territories. Cheese. Butter. United State** 100. 67 502. 55 7 52 601 83 1.59 10.87 24.55 1,268.17 16. 53 959. 45 .56 2. 56 2, 738. 76 2, 427. 70 . 59 348. 16 Alabama 0.90 371.35 New Hampshire New Jersey 44. 40 219. 04 New Mexico New York 74.69 1,754.65 7.71 1,326.45 . 07 25. 56 . 04 257. 04 4.64 35.03 167.53 1,546.43 40 07 1 ^''O 94 North Carolina 1 North Dakota 1 4.22 137.36 474.08 2,150.85 2. 88 227. 52 17.58 106.63 Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 247. 30 2, 476. 27 6. 41 604. 26 . 04 270. 15 7.26 306.74 . 79 702. 29 . 74 183. 93 24.86 ' 64.87 560.46 4,519.77 2. 22 500. 35 24.43 158.05 4.67 688.79 1,457.93 1,957.28 . 26 9. 41 Rhode Island 82. 00 -1, 506. 04 33. 22 732. 40 1.84 768.45 2. 97 108. 28 32.75 i 690.27 34.33 1,180.85 33.60 ! 1,193.19 187.30 1,182.33 South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Michigan Washington West Virginia M* ' ' Wisconsin Missouri 23. 90 684. 19 .21 17.12 TABLE XIX. Rank of each State nnd Territory in 1'JOO in regar( tfi-.f Continued. [I'nited States Census.] ' to rar ; ons mat- States and Territories. , a - ~ 7- = ? ' -/- i ' i * = 2 5 '"5 ~ e % 1 ' 1 ' i ! I 1 7.; Z^ JT.. 8 ' 5 o i Arizona 5 46 ; 45 16 IS 16 21 46 Hi IS 19 39 28 17 15 15 7 36 3S 38 :*7 15 39 31 29 34 23 I 13 13 11 II 9 39 II 13 16 35 21 26 26 17 24 11 11 | 40 22 43 3 5 6 6 10 11 11 10 16 11 2 21 9 19 10 12 9 11 31 11 11 16 35 12 27 37 3'. :) 27 46 17 31 26 26 42 3ti :U 1 1 41 41 23 3 7 9 12 10 24 31 43 46 :) 32 47 43 42 29 10 ' 8 7 13 ' 9 12 J I 2 21 IS 15 19 17 35 33 3S 32 Arkansas . 25 i 25 14 California 2 ' 21 1 24 Colorado 7 31 37 46 2*1 38 47 44 44 Florida 24 32 28 19 11 2 Idaho . . 10 45 42 Illinois 21 3 6 Indiana 37 H 15 22 10 13 12 22 20 Kentucky 35 12 10 I/oiiisiana . . :M) 23 111 66 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. TABLE XIX. Rank of each State and Territory in 1900 in regard to various mat- ters Continued. States and Territories. z 3 Population. Persons in agri- culture. Number of cows. 'w eZ Butter produced. Cheese produced. Persons per square mile. o Ei X O liutter per square mile. Cheese per square mile. Maine 39 30 30 28 22 20 18 29 27 20 16 Maryland . . . : 41 26 26 31 30 27 24 14 14 13 Massachusetts . 44 7 33 26 20 32 26 2 5 12 14 Michigan ... . . . . 20 9 17 12 8 5 18 17 13 6 Minnesota. . ... 13 19 22 9 8 7 10 30 18 15 10 Mississippi 9 >0 4 18 '3 23 42 26 25 27 40 Missouri 17 5 5 8 10 12 17 16 16 22 20 Montana 3 42 41 42 40 42 40 44 44 44 45 Nebraska 15 27 23 13 13 13 19 32 24 24 25 Nevada 48 48 48 46 44 29 48 48 45 36 New Hampshire 43 36 39 37 31 28 27 15 15 11 18 New Jersey 45 16 32 30 28 36 31 3 8 16 22 New Mexico 4 43 43 47 47 48 36 45 47 48 43 New York .. ''8 1 12 ^ 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 North Carolina ... ''7 15 7 24 25 25 41 20 29 29 41 North Dakota 16 40 31 35 34 31 , 25 40 37 37 30 Ohio 33 4 8 6 5 3 8 9 5 4 Oklahoma 36 38 ->7 99 35 33 33 34 32 33 33 Oregon 9 35 35 33 33 30 13 41 40 39 21 Pennsylvania 31 2 16 3 3 4 6 3 Rhode Island 48 34 47 44 42 47 45 1 6 23 27 South Carolina . 38 24 11 32 36 35 48 17 31 31 48 South Dakota... 14 37 29 22 24 18 20 38 34 30 26 Tennessee 32 14 9 15 16 17 38 13 22 19 38 Texas 1 6 1 6 9 11 28 33 35 35 39 Utah 11 41 40 40 39 38 ' 12 42 42 40 17 Vermont 4 39 36 23 17 14 8 23 9 1 3 Virginia 34 17 18 20 19 21 34 14 23 25 34 Washington i 18 33 34 36 32 29 14 37 38 36 19 West Virginia '40 28 25 25 27 24 ! 32 21 20 21 28 Wisconsin ' 23 13 21 4 4 4 2 99 11 6 2 Wyoming . 8 47 46 45 45 45 43 47 45 46 44 NOTE. The above table is based on data in Tables XIII, XVI. XVII, and XVIII. The first three columns show the rank of each State and Territory in size, total population, and agricultural popula- tion. The next two columns show their rank in the total number of cows and total milk production. It will be seen that in almost every case where dairying is extensively practiced a State ranks higher in total milk production than number of cows, showing the superior class of stock. The sixth and seventh columns show the rank in the total production of butter and cheese. The last four columns show intensity, and are more interesting in some respects than any of the others. One's opinion of the condition of dairying in any State is often formed by the total production, which depends largely on the size of the State. But some of the small States may have a much higher development of thei'r dairy industry and produce more per square mile than large ones that produce a large total, as is shown in Table XVIII. The ranks of the States and Territories in regard to production per square mile are given in the last two columns. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 67 TABLE XX. Arernge value of a row in the United States for the years stated. [United States Census and Department of Agriculture.] Year. January 1 1850 1860 1870 1880 1885 1890 1895 1896 . . . Value. Value. 820.02 30.82 j 32.74 23.27 29.70 22.14 21.97 22.55 anuary 1 1897 823. 16 27. 45 29. G6 31.60 29.68 29. 23 30.21 189S 1899 1900 1901 ft . . 1902. 1903 "On gold basis. ^Census June 1, 1900. TABLE XXI. Registered or pedigreed cattle of selected breeds in the United States and their values (estimates furnished by the secretaries of the respective breeders' associa- tions). [From Report for 1885, United States Department of Agriculture.] Breed. Number registered. Number living. Average value. Total value. 3,500 8300 81 050 000 Ayrshire 12, 867 6,433 100 643 300 Devon 10, 187 8,000 81 648.000 Guernsey 4,947 3,100 149 461 000 Hereford 14,000 300 4 200 000 Holstein-Friesian 21. 138 20,081 200 4 016 200 Jersey 51,000 [For the year 1895. as reported to the Dairy Division.] Ayrshire 18, 750 9, 375 Brown-Swiss I 1,930 1,200 Devon 17. 007 14. 500 Dutch-Belted 971 720 Guernsey 12, 547 ! 8, 500 Holstein-Friesian 90,325 70,000 Jersey 150, 000 100, 000 "Maine State" Jersey ! 3,927 2,800 Red Polled.. 4.408 3.000 [For the year 1903, a* reported t<> the Dairy Division.] Ayrshire 25. Ml 8, 500 Brown-Swiss . 3.25s 1,800 Devon . . 20. 717 9.000 Dutch-Belted 1 . VJ 1 600 Guernsey 24,337 15,000- Holstein- Friesian 115, otw 75, 000 Jersev .. 237.T.NI 125.000 Polled Durham r,. 077 5,000 Polled Jersev >; 250 Re01. 29,730,889 pounds of butter $6, 83S, 103 5,679,566 pounds of cheese 567, 956 100,140 cases of condensed milk and cream 380, 532 Milk and cream consumed 6, 236, 557 Calves from dairy cows 1 , 422, 603 fs produced at dairies and creameries 1 , 641, 459 17.0S7, 210 Output of dairy product* hi 19O1-02. 31,424,135 pounds of butter $7,541, 792 6,503,441 pounds of cheese 702, 371 146,680 cases of condensed milk and cream 564, 758 Milk and cream consumed 6, 236, 555 ( 'al ves from dairy cows 1 , 568, 040 Skim milk, etc., made into pork 1, 710, 040 18, 323. 556 COLORADO. [From the Annual Kc|xirl. Novi'inlwr. 1902. of T. I.. Munsoii. State Dairy roinmisMoiHT.] The number of creameries, cheese factories, and skimming stations was SJ in 19O2. The total number of dairy cows was Sl,54t>, of which 2ti, 150 supplied market milk, 20,000 supplied the creameries, and 2,500 supplied the cheese factories. The milk from I2,ooo was used in making ranch butter, and 5oo supplied milk to condensed-milk fac- tories; the remainder were dry. 70 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Value of dairy products, 1902. (5,716,000 pounds creamery butter, at 25 cents $1, 679, 000 2,336,000 pounds of ranch butter, at 20 cents 467, 200 1,788,500 pounds cheese, at 14 cents 250, 390 518,400 cans condensed milk, at 8J cents (average) 43, 198 5,840,000 quarts cream consumed and used in ice cream manufacture, at 16 cents 934, 400 89,936,000 quarts pure milk consumed, at 3| cents per quart, wholesale 2, 922, 920 Skim milk and buttermilk, at one-half cent per quart, whole- sale 332, 880 All dairy products 6, 629, 988 INDIANA. [From township assessors' returns furnished by B. F. Johnson, Chief Indiana Bureau of Statistics, for the year 1902.] Number of milch cows 543, 648 Butter made on farms, pounds 34, 755, 464 Cheese made on farms, pounds 6, 762, 731 Milk produced on or sold from farms, gallons 145, 602, 678 Creameries 58 ( 'heese factories 2 IOWA. [From the 1901 Report of the Iowa State Dairy Commissioner.] . 1899. 1900. 1901. . | j Number of patrons of creameries I 90,364 91,417 89,376 Average number of patrons per creamery 116 113 114 Total number of cows contributing to creameries j 1125, 512 (>31, 829 ! 627, 984 Average number of cows per creamery ' 804 781 801 Average number of cows per patron i 7 7 7 Number of creameries that use Mann's acid test j 85 139 Number of creameries that use Farrington's test I 22 1 35 Number of creameries that pasteurize the skimmed milk 78 205 j 270 [From the 1902 Report of the Iowa State Dairy Commissioner, H. R. Wright.] Number of cows per 1 ,000 persons 637 Number of cows per square mile 25 Number of milch cows in the State 1, 423, 348 Value of cows $34, 540, 890 Number of creameries 920 Number of creamery patrons 81, 532 Number of cheese factories 52 Butter made in creameries and factories, pounds. 77, 885, 696 Cheese made in creameries and factories, pounds 3, 511, 798 Average price of Iowa butter at New York, cents 24. 16 Number of farm separators 8, 323 The number of farm separators reported in 1898 was 904; in 1899, 1,762; in 1900, 3,332; in 1901, 5,231; in 1902, 8,323 showing an increase of nearly 60 per cent, while in 1903 there were 16,800, an increase of over 100 per cent. The 13 renovated-butter factories man- ufactured 4,530,388 pounds of renovated butter. Of the "packing 1 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 71 stock" for this product. 1,469,281 pounds was purchased in Iowa ana 3,001.107 pounds was purchased elsewhere. Almost 1,000,000 pounds of this renovated butter was consumed within the State. KANSAS. [Returns from the State Board of Agriculture Report for 190iJ.] Number of milch cows 791, 844 Value of milch cows $23, 755, 320 Butter made on farms, pounds 27, 056, 683 Butter made in creameries and factories, pounds 17. 294, 146 Value of total butter made 7. 517. 332 Chee.se made on farms 147, 179 Cheese made in creameries and factories, pounds 2. 878, 476 Value of total cheese made $302, 565 Value of milk sold otherwise than for butter and cheese $725, 380 MINNESOTA. [Statistics furnished by \V. \V. 1'. McConnclI. State Dairy Commissioner.] For 1902. Milk received at creameries and cheese factories, pounds. . 1, 151, 684, 174 Butter made, pounds 63, 726, 808 Amount paid to creameries for butter sold $13, 909, 898 Cheese made, pounds 3. 291 , 1 71 Amount paid to cheese factories for cheese sold $292, 286 Total for butter and cheese (factory product') $14, 202, 183 Fur 190.1. January 1, 1903, there were in operation 681 creameries (526 cooperative and 155 independent or individual), 53 skimming stations, and 141 cheese factories. The number of cows supplying milk to creameries and cheese factories was 382,356. lieport of Cheddar cheese huln^rii for I'.tai. Milk received by factories, pounds 33, 896, 724 Cheese made, pounds .">. 291 ,171 Milk for 1 pound of cheese, pounds 10. 3 Price per JOO pounds of milk paid patrons, cents 75. 6 Cheese shipped outside of State, pounds 187. 803 Cheese sold within the State, pounds .">, 103, 368 Total amount of money paid patrons for milk $255, 581 Total number of Cheddar cheese factories 54 The statistics below combine the make of Swiss. Brick, and Lim- burger cheese made in the State. The report shows a wonderful increase over two years ago: l!i/ier of swret-curd cheese factories 14 14818 No. f>r> 04 II 72 BUREAU OF A^ 7 IMAL INDUSTRY. XK\V YORK. [From Bulletin No. 6, State Department of Agriculture, and letter from Geo. L. Flanders, assistant commissioner, July 15, 1903.] New York has 01 counties; dairy establishments are operated in f>2 of them. Statistics are as follows for the rear 1902: Establishments. Fac- tories. Butter. Cheese. Xiuiibi/-. 1'iiuiuh. I'oumla. Butter factories 448 I 40.0(10.478 Cheese factories 1.010 ' 90, 000, 802 Factories making both butter and cheese 193 5.117.251 29,282,911 Milk stations 539 j 4. 040, .501 4. 058, 523 Condenseries 18 | 95, 504 ; 039, 280 Total .. 2,208 49.919,794 123,9*7.516 Increased number of pounds of butter over 1900 10, 736, 483 Decreased number of pounds of cheese as compared with 1900 -2, 671, 156 Pounds of dried casein made in 1902 6, 394, 711 Received at milk stations and condenseries, 1902 (milk in quarts) 594, 815, 567 .Milk sold, quarts 383, 498, 501 Cream sold, quarts 15, 152, 363 Condensed milk made, quarts 35, 344, 450 The production of cheese is divided as to variety as follows: Kind. 1900. 1902. Full cream . 105. 824, 927 99,074,030 Skim .... .. 9, 222, 638 12.128,307 Pineapple 24,480 157,960 Limburger .... 2,897,434 4,531,932 Domestic Swiss 588, 022 879, 533 Kosher 10,530 438, 687 D'lsignv 821,747 1,292,992 Neufchatel 1,171,305 1,605,042 Fromage de Brie 141,890 510, 312 J 457, 685 1.446,229 Imitation English Cheddar . : 4,809,928 816, 150 4,000 Sage : 24, 319 680 391,667 7 Other kinds ... 40,000 BULLETIN No. 55, B. A. I. PLATE VI. MAP OF INDIANA. WITH LOCATION OF CREAMERIES. ETC. BULLETIN No. 5 L Y M C U T H BULLETIN No. 55, B. A. I. STATK OF IOWA Scale t 2n miles to an inch Number of cows e Area in square miles, 56,025 Population in tl Admitted to the Union as a State in the yea'- 18^5 Number of cows First en samery established in the year 1871 Population 11 1 Cheese factories - Butter andCheeseFactones Skimming Stations STATISTICS FO!^ THI-: YEAR 19O: Number of creameries in Iowa, 920. Output of butter from creameries and factories, 77, 885, 696 p The creameries produce more than one-half of the total butt Number of cheese factories, 52 Output of cheese from factories 3, 511, 798 pounds. Number of farm separators, 8,323. MAP OF IOWA, WITH LOCATION OF CREAMERIE PLATE VII. ed in the year 1871, 400,000 r 1871, 1,225.000 ;yearl900. I, 479,676 ir 1300 2.231. 853 of the State BULLETIN NC LP.. 2:. j/ __ BULLETIN NO. 55, B. A. I. STATE OK XKW YOHK Butter Factories Cheese Factories Butter and Cheese Factories STATISTICS KOI-; TH K YhLUl Scale of map48 miles : i inch Area in square miles ^9,170 Admitted to theUnion as a Slate, July 2 6, 1788 First creamery or cheese factory established in 1851 Numberof cows in 1850. 931,324 Population in I8SO 3,097 394 Butter factories, 448 Cheese factories, 1010. Factories making butte' Milk stations and condo Totalfactory butter mGc Tctal factory cheese n-i^ MAP OF NEW YORK, WITH LOCATION CF CREAMERIE PLATE VII! . ETIN No. 55, B. A. I. PLATE IX. r LAWRENCE AMERICAN CHEESE FACTORIES //* * SMSS CHEESE FACTORIES 92 BUTTER FACTORIES 148 *FtCNOVATING FACTORIES a SKIMMING STATIONS 77. O MILK SHiPPiHG STATIONS 3.1 + MHJ< CONDENSER* AT KENT / STATE OF OHIO MA OF OHIO WITH LOCATION OF CREAMERIES. ETC. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 73 NORTH DAKOTA. [From annual report of Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, E. K. Kaufman, assistant dairy and food commissioner.] Number of cattle, 1902 463, 751 Value of all cattle $6, 287, 885 Number of cows used for dairying 73, 571 Number of cheese factories, October. 19(12 4 Numl>er of creameries 37 Number of skimming stations 5 Number of creamery patrons 1, 750 Number of milch cows owned by patrons 13, 921 Butter made at creameries, 1901, pounds ,. 1, 796, 576 Butter made on farms, 1901, pounds 5, 794, 538 Cheese made on farms, 1901, pounds 35, 653 Total value of milk sold *293, 912 Number of creameries, 1903 56 Number of skimming stations, 1903 5 The tirst creamery was started in 1SD5. Nearly l.ooo separators were sold to farmers in this State in 19o^, so that there are fully 2,000 of these machines now in use. In addition to the butter and cheese manufactured within the State, many thousands of pounds of cream were shipped to Minneapolis, Minn., and Aberdeen, S. Dak. OHIO. [Statistics compiled by J. \V. Decker. Columbus, Ohio.] There are in Ohio (!'.><:>) about 800,000 milch cows, valued at $25,000,000. The farms on which they are kept are cared for by an army of Xo.ooo men. The creameries, cheese factories, etc., are as follows: C< tive' m ~ Privtiu> - ( '" ln - pany. Number Notre- ... , ofcoun- ported. "" ties dis- tributed. Butter factories . . ... 53 S7 tl J US 5-J SkimmiiiK stations 18 .xi -1 1 77 :i(l American cheese factories 5 107 -' 111 IS Swiss cheese factories ill :U ( J"J S Total of clasMlicntioii 137 -2X1 S ") -131 (A Milk shiiipiiik.' Million* .. 2-2 10 OREGON. [.I. W. Hitilcy. State dniry commissioner.] Nnmlter <>f cheese factories, UH)2 175 Numlier >f creameries, 1902 141 Cheese made in factories, estimated, pounds 2, 235, (K)0 Butter made in creameries, estimated, jxiuiids 4, 000, 000 Hairy butter marketed in the State, estimated, |x>unds II, 500, 000 Cream and milk salen, estimated $1,800, (XX) Value of dairy products (not including those consumed on farmsi . . $3, 597. (XX) 74 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The output of butter and cheese in the past two years has increased, according to the best information obtainable, about 50 per cent. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of creameries. WASHINGTON. [K. A. McDonald, State Dairy Commissioner.' 1901. VERMONT. [From the Thirty-third Report of the Vermont Dairymen's Association, 1903.] The creameries and cheese factories are classed as follows: 190 creameries 51 cheese factories Number Proprie- tary. Cooper- ative. Not state'l. of counties repre- sented. 83 '. 102 , 26 24 ! 1 8 WISCONSIN [,I. Q. Emery, State dairy and food commissioner.] There were in Wisconsin, in 1902, 1,151 creameries and 1,826 cheese factories. Estimates are as follows: Butter made in creameries and on farms, pounds 118, 750, 000 Cheese made, pounds 90, 360, 000 Value of butter 23, 745, 000 Value of cheese $9, 036, 000 Value of condensed milk _ , $347, 000 Value of by-products sold 700, 000 Value of milk and cream consumed 8, 500, 000 Increase in value of stock $2, 500, 000 Total value of dairy products $55, 000, 000 The Swiss cheese industry, which had its inception when a little colon} T of Swiss settled in Green County over tifty years ago, has developed until that county alone has over 2-3 factories, and the out- put of 500 factories reaches 15,000,000 pounds annually, contributing materially to the prosperity of that portion of the State. STATISTICS OF CATTLE, COWS. AM) DAIRY PRODUCTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Table XXIII gives the number of cows and cattle in countries where such statistics have been collected. In most cases figures are given for two dates, showing increase or decrease in stock raising. The figures are taken from official documents and such reliable publications as the Agricultural Returns for Great Britain, the Statesman's Year Book. Mohr's Statistics of Stock Raising and Dairying in Foreign Countries (Hamburg), and special consular reports. TAHI.K XXIII. < 'nn:t unr xtitted t/t'itr*. [From various authorities.] Cows. ] All cattle. Year. Cows. All cattle. If. Xlllltlx Argentina . 1SSS 21.961,657 lsy5 l.stK). 7'.'9 "1.701, - !( 836 524 384 081 :i : (1*0 t)26 320 \ustralasin 1S92 1 219 7'Mi 1" 343 s.53 isyy 1 .|st; s;;-> 11 IM'I \ustralia 1S92 1 0"9 7"0 11 52 05" 1*99 1 1C! "76 'I S3s \e\v South Wales 1892 365 110 " 147 071 1*99 3'H) 3"7 1 'ir,7 Queensland 1S92' South Australia 1892 1 25. 000 li, 591 ,416 1 syy ,< \ 31 , (KM 5. 053. 79,420 (125, SS7 1*99 s 1.49s 52il, 417,177 : 1.S2I.704 1901 52 i. C>12 1.H02, S,000 ' 162,SS6 1S99 22.5110 297. 35,013 170,085 1S99 I1.4S2 16(1. 220, (KIO S21.S01 1900 372, 4 Hi ' 1.256, 4,25-1,303 s.C.Ci.lKtt; I'.HM) 1.7 14. 60S 9.506. S02.271 1.420. 97S, I'.Hll s:j|.H25 1.611;. '17 (MMI (KKl r.MXl " "li (Kid Victoria . . 1S92 Western Australia . 1892 Tasmania . .. 1892 New Zealand 1S92 Vtistria 1*90 Belgium . 1S95 Bra/il 1*91 Canada 1*91 1.S57 11" I 10 5sO British Columbia isyl 17.5(l 12i;.919 r.ml 125, s-j 71-' ":;n iiyti iyo2 "s" 002 343 Manitoba 1*91 \"c\y Brunswick isyl l(i, 619 'MM (192 N'ova ;-cotia 1S91 141,r,M :',"! 772 I'.Hll 31'i 1 584 ( intario isyl S76, 1C,7 1.940,|-,73 1'.MI2 1.I'1O,7H; 2. 5(',2. I'rinei Kihvard Island isyl -15, s|y 91,li'.'5 I'.Hll 11" 044 7ss 123 S10 The Territories isyi 37,OO:; "31 S-J7 1901 591, i ,,| f i ,,,,,.! Mope Is?:; 1 'I'* 1 ' .s|XI Is'l'.i >ir,.'iO IHK 1 ! 0",7 1 (XT' 77<; I'MHi 1 :!''7 Chile . . ]*.*_> :; 1 1 INK) is'.is ''.5tio. Cuba 1V.I2 2 1*5 7r.t; I'.HM . . _. 155 I 'en mark Isxs '<5| 2.">O 1 I5'i 5"7 I'HI" 1 IIKI IK o 1 713 Finland 1*90 Frailer ' IS'.HI r, .'my :;"5 13 '*'<" 6*5 rxu s IH;S s..7 1 1 1:73 'i ''16 l;i 17 5V> ii'M I'M li Id |5S C,",l )s n",'i Hungary . l**o 2,035,217 5,:;il.:;7* 1*95 2,1*5,221! 6.73*. 1 49 th!.-> 5'HI I'.KKI 'Jl sill 'X.1 >'5J 10| India 1 I.V.HI Italy i l**l 2 3-');, 556 1 7*3 232 IS'NI , n5 (HHI .lamaica ... '. 1*9:; 1 10 72(1 ISM'.I i us .lapan . . I*V i;i3,.V2-J 1,011.976 . I'.HMI 1.19,912 1 1.261. ' Are fared annually. 7-41 5<)S 1 016 617 1900 689 503 950 ''01 1891 81)1,954 1900 2 743 605 Poland 1888 1 3, 013, 392 1900 3 003 629 1890 2,520,380 1900 1,838,039 2 589 040 Russia in Europe .. .. 1888 ">24.609,264 1898 43 580 900 1895 289, 501 915, 428 1900 '' 300, 000 94'> 087 1S80 2, 4CO, 253 1895 2 217 659 Sweden 1S90 1,578,927 2.399,491 1899 1,706,915 2 58'' 555 Switzerland 1886 663, 102 1,212,538 1901 739, 922 1 340 375 United Kingdom England 1895 1895 3, 937, 590 1, 786, 370 10,753,314 4,472 5f,5 1902 1902 4,084,305 1 841 356 11,370,969 4 611 937 Scotland 1895 423 967 1,177 917 1902 438, 890 1 222 165 Ireland 1895 1,433,960 4,358,011 1902 1 510,701 4 782 204 Wales 1895 275, 483 703,824 1902 275 880 721 274 Me of Man 1895 7 399 21 13C 1902 6 910 >Q ''71 fJersev 1895 <; 7-js 12 282 1902 6 686 11 936 Channel Isles< [Guernsey 1895 3 663 7 519 1902 3 88 1 ' 6 582 United State* 1890 16 511 950 51 363 572 1900 18 112 707 '69 438 758 1892 5 487 604 1901 3^6 601 'Exclusive of Poland. '> Estimated. Includes Alaska and Hawaii. Some countries have a very small number of cattle in proportion to the population. The number of cows alone does not show the condi- tion of the dairy industry, however, for in many places large numbers of buffalo, reindeer, goats, etc.. supply milk and meat. The United States is far in the lead of all foreign countries in the extent of its stock-raising interests and the annual value of its daily products. Dairying is carried on extensive!}' and successfully in certain parts of Europe, and some statistical information regarding this industry is accessible, although far from being as complete as could be desired. CANADA. Canada has made rapid advances in the dairy industry in recent years. Cheese is the product of greatest commercial importance, although butter making for export is also receiving much attention. The following table illustrates this development: Exports of dairy products from Canada. Year. Butter. Pounds. 1893 7, 036, 013 1900 25, 259, 737 1901 16, 335, 528 1902 27, 855, 978 Dollars. 1,2%, 814 5, 122, 156 3,295,663 5. 660, 541 Cheese. Poundx. Dollar*. 133, 940, 365 13, 407, 470 185,984,430 19,856,324 195, 926, 397 20, 696, 951 200,946,401 19.686,291 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 77 Almost all the butter and cheese exported goes to Great Britain, the export of butter to that country in 1901 being valued at 3.14:2.353, and cheese at $-20,609,361, and in 1902 $5,459,300 for butter and 19.620.239 for cheese. Ontario is th/e leading dairy province of Canada. It is about four times as large as Michigan and has less than half as many cows per square mile. It produces about one-fifth as much cheese per square mile as New York State. Particular* of cheese and butter factories hi Ontario, 1901. Number Product. fft ^ ries. Amount mnde. (iross value. Milk re- ipiired to make 1 pound. Value per pound. Amount paid to patrons. Average number of patrons. Pound*. Dollnr*. Pounds. OH/,-'. Dollar*. Cheese 1,167 134,942,517 12,2(59,073 10.63 9.09 10,814,538 59, 377 Butter 286 9 047 260 1 798 264 19 88 1 549 576 19 S% Ontario in 1902 had 2,562,584 head of neat cattle, 1.010.746 of these being cows. Using the population of I9ol, we rind 117.4 neat cattle and 46.3 cows per KM) persons. The number of cows per 101) persons is greater than in any of the European countries, although the cows constitute only 39.4 per cent of the total cattle. I'KINCK KI>\VAKI> ISLAND. In Prince Edward Island in the season of 19t)l, 37.23(1. 775 pounds of milk was made into cheese in 43 factories. The amount of cheese made was 3.597, 6S9 pounds, showing an average of lo.4o pounds of milk to one pound of cheese, and the average price of cheese for the season was 9.O1 cents per pound. The cost of manufacturing was $2.11 per loo pounds, and the net value of the milk per loo pounds varied from 60 to 7o cents. Twenty-seven of these cheese factories made butter, and, together with 5 creameries, produced 633.679 pounds of butter, valued at S132.792. XK\V BKl'NSWICK. New Brunswick in 1902 had 55 cheese factories with an output of 1.910.733 pounds. This was valued at 9.92 cents per pound and ID. 14 pounds of milk were required for 1 pound of cheese. There were 40 creameries which made 75O.911 pounds of butter, with an average selling price of 2O.37 cents per pound, and 21.52 pounds of milk were required for L pound of butter. MAMTOH A. The <-hee.se factories in Manitolwi in 1902 made 1,O'.)3.653 {MHind.s of cheese, selling at lo. 1H cents per pound, while the creameries made Kl'REAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1.4>>.450 pounds of butter, .soiling at 18.60 cents per pound. In 1901 about 2.748.<>90 pounds of butter were marketed bv fanners, at an average value of 14. <>4 eents per pound, and in 190:4. 2.509.425 pounds at an average of 14.92 rents per pound. Nova Seotia in 1901 had 7 cheese factories. ,s creameries, and 6 com- bined butter and cheese factories. The products from these were 810,180 pounds of cheese and 266. 19 pounds of butter. BRITISH Col.r.MHIA. British Columbia in 19"! had s creameries which produced 601,329 pounds of butter. THK TERKITOKIKS. The Territories (of Canada) had 19 creameries in 1902. Their prod- uct was 586.171 pounds of butter, valued at S116.S27. which was an average of 19.93 cents per pound. GREAT BRITAIN" AM) IRELAND. The number of neat cattle and cows for the last ten years are com- pared in the following table: ,- Number of Number of Y r Number of Number of neat cattle' cows. neat cattle. cows. 1892. 1896. 11,519,417 10.941.055 4,0%, 682 4,0(16,827 In 1902, for every 100 persons there were 27.3 neat cattle and 9.8 cows. Estimated production uf milk, batter, nnd clieese. Number of Total mini- Number of cows giv- Estimated Estimated Estimated ,, , , r v .. r ber cows cows per \ ing milk total milk total butter total cheese and heifers 1.000 pop- all the year produced, produced, | produced, in milk. ulation. (75 percent tons." tons.'' tons.f of total). 1887 to 1891, average for 5 years..'. 3. 937. 55i> 105.8 j 2.953,107 7.355.607 S4. 063 [ 144,485 1892 to 1890. average for 5 years :',.991,269 102.8 2.993.515 7.098.586 M.094 137,999 1897 to 1901. average for 5 years 4.070,332 100.0 3. 052. 529 7.5(12.301 s5. 731 144.577 The year 1900 4,096.082 100.1 3.072.512 7.753,484 S8.611 152,300 The year 1901 4.102.001 98.7 3. 076.540 7.236,030 S2. 053 142.130 Produced in 52 weeks by 75 per cent of total herd, at 49 hundredweight, or 531 gallons, per cow. ''Produced in 52 weeks, taking 32 per cent of total milk to yield 80 pounds of butter per ton of milk. 'Produced in 52 weeks, taking 20 per cent of total milk to yield 220 pounds of cheese per ton of milk. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 7V> Homemade English Cheddar retails at :>o cents per pound, while imported Cheddar cheese is 13 cents per pound. Butter for general use retails very uniformly at i?4 cents per pound throughout the year. About 1.") gallons of milk are consumed yearly per capita. The returns from 1H.3 cooperative dairy societies (creameries) in Ire- land for 1D01 were as follows: Membership 33, 064 Sales of butter, value in pounds sterling 717, 902 Milk received, gallons 37, 1(51 , 892 Butter produced, pounds 15, 345, 942 Milk per pound of butter, gallons 2. 4 Average price milk per gallon, pence - - 3. 97 Average price per pound of butter, pence 11. 22 Cost of making, per pound, pence 1 . 29 Importation in hundred ireightg (112 pounds) >>i/ tin' 1'niti'il Kiiujdom. Year. Butt.-r. Ch.tw. 1 Year. Butter. Clu-fs.-. "'''f III! 1 K . Till 1 K. ___ 1892 2,183,009 2.232,817 481.374' 1900 3,37s..Mf> 2.705,87s 18C5 2,825, M2 2.133,819 M9, 391 1901 3, 702. MO 2,.W>,X37 921,020 1898 3.209,153 2.339,452 S17.274 1902 3. '.171.177 2.5t>,3S4 The imports of butter by countries in 11MI-2 were as follows: Cwts. C\vts. Australia 80, 460 Holland 393, 2(il Canada 285,705 Russia 489,091 New Zealand 157, 993 Sweden 191,591 United States 54,458 Other countries 177. 967 Denmark 1 , 703, 032 France 414,141 - :i -""-M~ Germany 26, 418 The cheese imported from Canada in llOi> amounted to 1.701.f>ti<> hundredweights. Nearly all the imported cheese is of the Cheddar variety. In 15*01 the greater part of the condensed milk came from France (of Swiss origin). 34Oi hundredweights; Norway. luo.iMi hundredweights; and the Tnited States. 73.OHJ hundredweights. VICTORIA. Victoria, the leading dairy colony of Australia, had. in l!0l. 1, ><);>.- 3X4 neat cattle, of which r>^l.li' were cows; this wax 133.4 neat cattle and 43.4 cows per 1<>0 person-.. There were ^MN butter and cheese factories, with 37'J brunches. 80 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The approximate output, consumption, and export of butter is as follows: 191)1. Output Pounds. 09 144 187 P< >n n*. 72 180 959 PtHUHtS. 05 154 075 :'>' 906 718 34 387 798 ! 30 007 6.V Export 30 ''37 409 37 793 101 9 140 393 NEW SOUTH WALKS. New South Wales had 420.148 dairy cows in 1900. yielding 149.- 153,000 gallons of milk. Of this. 111,069,000 gallons were used for butter and 3.559,000 gallons for cheese. The average yield of milk per cow was 355 gallons per annum. The butter exported in 1900 amounted to nearly 8.500.000 pounds, aaid the total value of dairy products is estimated at Sl3.T56.18T. NEW ZEALAND. The government of New Zealand is doing all it can to promote the dairy industry. Perhaps no country is its superior for the produc- tion of milk from natural grasses and fodders, while the climate is so favorable that the cattle do not require to be wintered in expensive stables. During the year ended March 31. 1902, the exports of butter and cheese amounted to 219,493 hundredweights and 86,476 hundred- weights, respectively, valued at over $1,000,000. This was an increase of 20 per cent over the previous year. In 1900 there were 1,256.680 neat cattle, of which 372.416 were cows; this was 151.5 neat cattle and -14.9 cows for every 100 inhabi- tants, the number of cows being 21. T per cent that of the total cattle. DENMARK. Denmark is about one-third the size of New York. The neat cattle and eow r s of Denmark for previous years are: Total Census rear number of cattle. Number of cows. 1881 1 470 078 898 790 1888 1,459 527 954,250 1893 1 6% 190 1 011,098 1898 1 743 440 1,067,139 By taking the population of 1901. for every 100 persons there are 70. T neat cattle and 43.4 cows, tbe cows forming 61.2 per cent of the total cattle. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 81 In 19(12 there were in Denmark 1,250 creameries. 20 cheese factories, and 500 combined butter and cheese factories. Very little butter is made on small farms, but large estates have creameries of their own. A very large part of the creameries of Denmark, however, are coop- erative establishments. The 1.100,OOO milch cows produced 653,833,- 125 gallons of milk an average of 594 gallons per cow. The total butter made in 1902 amounted to 181.879,500 pounds. 26 pounds of milk being required for 1 pound of butter. The butter exports for the year ended October 3o. 1902, were 193,061.998 pounds, and the imports 54,138,811 pounds, leaving a net exportation of 138,823. 1S7 pounds. The imports were mainly Finnish and Russian (Siberian) butters, intercepted by enterprising merchants for reexport. The Danish imports and exports of cheese have been, in recent years, as follows: Imports in 1894, 816.704 pounds: in 1899, 1.248.800 pounds: and in 1901. 1,086,400 pounds; exports in 1S94, 23.408 pounds, and in 1901, 61,600 pounds. The export of oleo. or margarine, from Denmark is not per- mitted, although large quantities are produced, under Government regulations, for consumption within the country, and there is a con- siderable import. The Danes consume 18 pounds of margarine per capita, this rate having risen from 54- pounds per capita within ten years. A striking feature in the dairying of Denmark is the great number of small farms and small dairy herds. This is well shown by the following table: Number if farmers owning 1 cow 20. 500 Numlier if farmers owning 2 cows 27. 700 Number if farmers owning X t( > 5 cows 2t>. 81X1 Number if farmers owning t> to 9 cows 25. 400 Number >f farmers owning 10 to 14 cows 19. 800 Numl>er if fanners owning 15 to 29 cows 29. 8(H) Number if fanners owning 30 to 49 cows ">. 800 Numln-r >f fanners owning 50 to 99 cows 1 , 440 Number >f farmers owning over 100 cows t. 7*52 SWEDEN'. The development of the cattle industry will be shown by the follow ing figures: Total (Vnsii- year. mimlMT ol Cows. cattle. 18X0 I'. 2-.'?. 7:>7 1.409.236 1M*"> Z MO. & 1 . 7(1%. CAM 82 WRKAl' <>F ANIMAL INDUSTRY. For ouch I'to persons there are now 5n.3 neat rattle and 34.4 cows, the cows forming 08.4 per cent of the total nunil)erot' cattle. In 19i2 over TIKI. in (>.(( ii i u-allons of milk was produced, and 121,253.000 pounds of butter made, of which about 42.00 pounds were exported. Then- are 1.215 creameries. 2s7 cheese factories, and 180 combined butter and cheese factories. The total quantity of milk handled by these factories was I.s57.22s.67<> pounds. From this was made 57.57<>.'.>r>3 pounds of butter. 7. 19SU537 pounds full-cream cheese, 3.220.145 pounds half-cream cheese. 4<3.02l pounds quarter-cream cheese, and 5.503.401 pounds skim-milk cheese. The number of butter and cheese factory patrons was 1)8.947. The average yearly consumption of butter in Sweden is estimated at only 12 pounds per capita. The Government supports a dairy college, two dairy schools, and several stations for training dairy maids. There are also a number of small dairy schools supported by large landed proprietors. NORWAY. Th<^ number of cattle and of cows of previous years are as follows: Total Census year. number of Cow.-. cattle. 1865 953, 036 690, 777 1875 1, 016, 617 I 741. 598 1890 1, 006, -497 | 706, 925 1900... 950,201 ! 689.563 In the 3 r ear last named there were for every 100 persons 45.1 neat cattle and 31.7 cows. Of the total number of cattle 72. per cent are cows. Norway has about 650 creameries. The product in 1901 was 7.710.100 pounds of butter and 9.122.635 pounds of cheese. The Government maintains 9 creamery schools and 1 school for cheese making, besides appropriating about $2,000 for the advancement of the creamery industry abroad. The value of the butter imported in 1901 was 119.528. while that exported was 701,892. The product of 3 condensed-milk factories is exported. THE NETHERLANDS. The cattle industrv of this country is shown in the following table: Total Year. number of Cow? cattle. 1890 1,532,800 900, 500 1X96 1, 583, 400 ; 916, 900 18W ' 1,646,500 958,400 STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 83 There were, in 1899, 32.3 neat cattle and IS. 8 cows per 100 inhabit- ants, and 58.2 per cent of the cattle were milch cows. The Netherlands had, in 1900, 873 creameries and 76 cheese facto- ries. The total butter and cheese production was as follows: Where produced. Butter. Cheese. ls99. 1900. 1 ^99. 1900. 6* 932 554 65. 949, 620 54,807,036 US, 628 110. 873. 664 : 36,033,487 ' 6.793.024 i 113,469,620 44,240,035 8, 269, 554 In creameries In cheese factories 52,831.540 79 867 Total r21.H43.961 120. 875. 2S4 153.700.175 j 165, 979, 209 It is thus seen that cheese is generally and largely made in the establishments classed as creameries. This means a considerable pro- duction of skimmed or partly skimmed cheese. Imports and exports of cheese are thus reported: Imports in 1895. 249,76o pounds; in 1901, 293,664 pounds; exports in 1895, 36,627.360 pounds; in 19ol, 52.971,072 pounds. In 1902 the exports to Great Britain were 31,810,016 pounds of cheese and 44,045,232 pounds of butter. BELGIUM. Belgium has four-fifths as many milch cows as the State of Pennsyl- vania, although it is only one-fourth the size of that State. The following figures show the growth of the cattle industry: Total Yeur. number of cattle. 1866 1 , 242. J45 73s, 732 1880 1 . 3S-2. 815 796, 17S 1895 1 , 120. oo 43 976,458 Condense*! mi)k 4 900 4 900 30, 724, 100 28, 941.266 Whey butter, made from the fat which separates from the curd during the cooking process in the manufacture of Emmenthaler cheese, is used extensively, and retails at 30 cents a pound. GERMANY. The cattle industry has increased as follows: Year. Total number of cattle. 1*83 15, 7sr.. 764 y, UN;, WM; 12 17. 555. f.'.U 9. 946. 164 1900 is. 939, 692 10,45S.631 t'sing the census figures of 19OO we find that there are 33.6 neat cattle and IS. 6 cows JMT loo persons. There are in Germany about 6,375 creameries and cooperative societies of dairymen. Most of these make butter, although many only cooperate in collecting and shipping milk to market, or in managing city milk depots. This country has, in 86 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. addition, nearly 1,000 private or "estates' 1 dairies, which use steam power and are of sufficient size to be mentioned with the creameries. Of the whole number one-third are in the northwestern German States, one-sixth in Prussia, and an equal portion in Brandenburg 1 and Pomerania. Statistics show the imports and exports of butter to be as follows, the weights being in kilograms: Year. j Imports. Exports. Kilus. Kilo*. 1870 3, -110, 000 17, 880. 000 1888 5, 170, 000 13, G50, 000 189S 8,580,000 2,8:>0,000 1900 15. 720, 000 2, 520, 000 1901 18, 007, 900 2, 46C, 400 The exports are thus seen to be steadily decreasing, while the imports are increasing in greater proportion. Butter is imported principally from Denmark. Holland, and Russia. The Berlin market demands a fresh or half-salted butter, while Ham- burg requires it very highly salted and preserved with antiseptics. The butter packer at Hamburg mixes good and bad butter together, using strong brine to give it good keeping qualities and also to add weight. Some of these butters contain as high as 30 per cent moisture. The cheese imported in 1901 amounted to 16.669,700 kilograms, while that exported was 1.456.800 kilograms, leaving a net import of 15,212,900 kilograms. In the same year 1,700 kilograms of condensed milk was imported, while 2,929,700 kilograms w r as exported. RUSSIA. Russia, with its new grass lands in Siberia and now served by the transcontinental railway, shows signs of rapid expansion. In 1900 there were 15 dairy schools in Russia. The daily development is very largeh' under the management of Danes. The department of agri- culture has allotted $39.000 to encourage dairy production and export in Siberia. This amount is to be used for the support of creamery instructors to maintain examining laboratories and educational courses, and in the organization of creameries in Western Siberia. Russia exported, in 1902, 2,274.000 poods, or about 82.118.000 pounds, of butter, the exports to England being about 17,500 tons, while in 1892 they were only about 1,000 tons. This increase is due in a large measure to the new Siberian product, which has a good reputation for purity. The price of table butter at Tomsk is about 16f cents per pound, while the second grade sells at 10 cents per pound. In 1901 Russia imported 1,375,920 pounds of cheese and exported 807,184 pounds. STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. AUSTRIA. The cattle industry has increased as follows: 87 Year. Total number of cattle. Cows. 1809 7. 425, 212 3,831,136 1880 ^ 5S4 077 4 138 (V'5 1890 S, 643. 9o6 4,251.303 1900 9 50<> 5''6 4 744 608 Using the census of December 31. IHoO. we rind that there are 30.4 cattle and 18.1 cows per 100 persons. In Austria there are 774 creameries and cheese factories. In Tyrol alone there are 504 Gruvere cheese-making- creameries. HUNGARY. The number of cattle has increased as follows: Year. Total number of entile. Cows 1S70. 1880. 1895. .^.279,193 .1,311,378 f>.738,3>5 2,052,4.SS 2,035.217 2, 1*5.224 The extent of the dairy industry of Austria-Hungary in IJMil was as follows: Product. Kilo,*. Butter 6(1, 700 Chwsc... . 3, 2%. 400 KxjMirts. Kilns. 7.474.N.H) 364, 100 GREECE. Dairying in this country is not extensive, yet in l!01 Greek cheese valued at !', '>i>:> and Greek butter valued at s.'54-M were imported by the United States. Nearly all the butter was received in the melted state and was unsalted. There are a few dairies that keep cows and use dairy machinery. The amount of cows' butter made in the vicinity of Athens is estimated at 1 <>:',. f.r.o pounds, while 71 '.<>< >heep. believing it to lc more healthy than that of the row. 88 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ITALY. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 5,000,000 cattle and 1,800,000 goats. The goats are milked at the door of the consumer. Very little butter is used, olive oil taking its place in cooking. The trade in dairy products in 1901 was as follows: Product. Imports. Exports. Butter Kilos. 332, 600 Kilos. 6 051 200 4 807 700 10 933 600 Condensed milk 7 300 16 300 ARGENTINA. Dairying in Argentina is fast increasing. Since 1895 there have been established several large butter factories, besides importing houses concerned in the introduction of butter-making machinery. Statistics for 1901 show that there are 523 dairies and about 300 cheese factories. One "dairy" is alone capable of producing 5 tons of butter per day. The exports of butter in 1901 had increased to over 3,000 tons, of which Great Britain received 3,281,889 pounds, at an average price a little more than 24 cents per pound. * The exports of butter in 1902 had increased to 9,021,026 pounds. The principal daily is the Granja Blanca, with near!}' 5,000 cows in two herds (Las Heras and Escobar farms). This establishment sells pasteurized, maternized, and sterilized milk, as well as condensed milk, kefir, natural milk, butter, casein, and soap. BRAZIL. The daiiy industry of Brazil is yet in its embryonic state. There is a decided lack of milch cows, although the grazing lands are exten- sive. That very excellent butter can be made is shown by the product of its German colonies in the south. In 1901 Brazil imported over 1,700,000 pounds of butter, nearly two-thirds of this coming from France. o University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. ('Continued from second page of rover.) Dr. H. I). Mayne, Malone. N. Y. Dr. J. Miller, care John Morrell & Co., Ottumwa, Iowa. Dr. J. C. Milnes, care The Rath Packing Co., Waterloo, Iowa. Dr. C. L. Morin. St. Albuns. Vt. Dr. A. B. Morse, care The Agar Packing Co., Des Moines, Iowa. Dr. W. J. Murphy, care Springfield Provision Co., Brightwood. M Dr. W. X. .Neil, care John Cudahy Co., Wichita. Kans. Dr. H. I). I'axsoti. care Swift & Co., Fort Worth. Tex. Dr. F. M. Perry. Fort Fairneld. Me. Dr. <;. W. Pope, Animal Quarantine Station, Athfiiia. N. .1. Dr. }{. T. Potter. Calais. M.-. Dr. A. <;.