St-l The IRAN AMERICAN UNION UNIV :RSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES NOV8 1961 LIBRARY (tOVT. PUBJ. ROOM BRAZIL GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA If further information regarding Brazil is desired, the Pan American Union will make every effort to provide the same. L. S. ROWE, Director General FRANCISCO J. YANES. Assistant Director WASHINGTON, D. C. 1920 University of California Southern Regional Library Facility BRAZIL IN BRIEF Area, 8,485,777 square kilometers (3.276,358 square miles). Population, 27.473.579 (estimated 1917). Capital, Rio de Janeiro. Population. 1.250.000 (estimated 1920). Language, Portuguese. FOREIGN CCAfMERCE, 1919 Exports $566,467,038 Imports 346.907,226 - $913,374,264 Principal Exports: Coffee, cereals, rubber, hides, sugar, manganese ore, cacao, tobacco, herva matte, frozen and chilled meats, preserved meats, etc. Principal Imports: Food products (principally wheat and wheat flour, codfish, fruits and nuts, wines and liquors) ; chemicals and drugs : iron and steel manufactures (the chief items being fence wire, tin plate in sheets, corrugated iron, cutlery, structural iron, steel rails, rail- way axles and wheels) ; cotton manufactures (ready made clothing, hosiery- and piece goods) ; leather manufactures (boots and shoes, machine belting, trunks and bags) ; printing paper, etc. The Climate, owing to the country's vast area, is diversified. Extend- ing from 5 degrees north of the equator to the 33rd parallel south, a variety of climatic zones is encountered. Although the geographical equator crosses the northern portion, all of the country lies below the thermal equator (which runs through Central America) and thus occupies a favorable middle position between the line of extreme heat and the cold southern latitudes. Due to the greater part of the country being an elevated plateau, the extensive coast line and the greatest hydrographic system in the world, the solar heat of the tropical por- tions is greatly modified, sunstrokes are almost unknown, and the cli- mate in the populated districts is surprisingly agreeable. Chief Physical Characteristics: The country may be divided into two large physical regions, that of the east and center being generally high and that in the north and west containing extensive plains and valleys. The central plateau covers about half of the Republic and is from 500 to 1,000 meters (1.600 to 3.200 feet) above sea level. North of this the great Amazon Valley stretches from the Atlantic to the Peru- vian Andes, drained by the greatest river in the world, the Amazon having a length of 6.296 kilometers (3,850 miles), with about 200 afflu- ents. 100 of which are navigable. Mountain chains, some having peak.s reaching an altitude of 3.000 meters (9,750 feet), traverse the southern portion of the country. Means of Approach: With a coast line of over 5,000 miles. Brazil has many fine harbors. The chief ports are Rio de Janeiro. Belem (ParaX Sao Luiz (Maranhaol. Fortaleza (Ceara). Natal, Parahyba. Recife (Pernambuco), Maceio, Aracaju. Sao Salvador (Bahia). Vic- toria. Santos. Paranagua. Sao Francisco, and Rio Grande do Sul. Manaos, on the Amazon, although 1.000 miles from the ocean, is also a great port. Many direct steamship lines from Europe, as well as from New York. Boston, and other American ports, afford regular and rapid means of transportation to the great Republic. BRAZIL The Republic of the United States of Brazil, including the Acre Territory, is the largest of the Latin American countries and the sec- ond largest of the American Republics, extending over an area of 8,485,777 square kilometers (3,276,358 square miles), or somewhat less than the United States with Alaska and its insular possessions. Brazil's area, however, is about 646,000 square kilometers (250,000 square miles) greater than the United 'States, not including Alaska and insular possessions. Brazil is situated between latitude 4 22' north and 33 45' south and longitude 34 40' and 73 15' west, being bounded by British, French, and Dutch Guiana, the Republics of Venezuela, Colom- bia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Para- guay, the Argentine Republic, Uruguay and the Atlantic Ocean. Its population is estimated at 27,473,579 (1917), equal to 3.2 per square kilometer (8.3 per square mile), or about one-fourth the population per square mile of the United States of America proper. Lying entirely within the Tem- perate and Tropical Zones, the climate of a considerable area is nevertheless modified by the numerous high table-lands and mountain chains, as well as by its vast and extensive hydrographic system. Its extensive, fertile plains produce all of the fruits of the Tropics, and contain luxuriant and almost impenetrable forests. Coffee, rubber, hides, sugar, manganese ore. cacao, tobacco, frozen and chilled meats, preserved meats, herva matte (the same as Spanish yerba mate) are the principal articles of export, while raw cotton, beans, carnauba wax, lard, manioc flour, Brazil nuts, lumber and rice are extensively shipped. The forest wealth of Brazil has as yet hardly been tapped, and it is said that no other region in the world contains such a variety of useful and ornamental timber and medicinal plants. A number of precious metals and minerals are found, and it is one of the few coun- tries possessing diamond mines. COAT OF ARMS OF BRAZIL BRAZIL 5 HISTORY Pedro Alvares Cahral, a Portuguese navigator, is usually given the credit of having discovered Brazil, when, on April 22, 1500, he landed not far from the present site of the city of Sao Salvador (Bahia). Cabral named the country "Terra de Santa Cruz," or "Land of the Holy Cross," and took possession of it in the name of the King of Portugal. No attempt was made to settle the country until the year 1549, when Thome de Souza was appointed Governor-General. The country had then become known as Brazil from the red dyewood found in its forests, which, at that time, was brought from the East and was commercially known as "Brazil wood." The Portuguese Crown divided the country, making grants of land to Portuguese nobles, who were to settle and colonize and who received a number of Indian slaves in addition to the land. With Thome de Souza came the first Jesuits, who succeeded in obtaining complete con- trol over the aborigines. To prevent the Indians from being enslaved by the colonists, additional laborers were imported from Africa. Between the years 1.555 and 1640, the country suffered numerous invasions from the French, Dutch and British, who sought to gain a foothold on Brazilian soil. In the former year Admiral Villegaignon established a colony of French Huguenots on an island in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, which island now bears his name. He maintained him- self there until the year 1560. The Dutch, in the year 1631, took pos- session of Pernambuco and gradually extended their power over a considerable portion of Brazil. Prince Maurice of Nassau was appointed Governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636, and it was not until the year 1648 that the Dutch were finally forced to abandon the country. In 1640 Brazil became a viceroyalty, with Rio de Janeiro the capital. When, early in the nineteenth century, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, the ruler of the latter country, King John, retired to his American kingdom. He arrived at Rib de Janeiro on March 8, 1808, with all of his family and court and opened the ports of the country to the commerce of the world. The centennial of this opening was cele- brated in Rio de Janeiro in 1908 by an exhibition of Brazilian products. King John established schools and in general promoted the interests of his colony. When, in the year 1821, he returned to Portugal, he appointed his eldest son, Dom Pedro, regent of Brazil. Dom Pedro was in sympathy with the movement for independence from Portugal, and on September 7, 1822, he formally proclaimed Brazil to be inde- pendent, and was, on October 12, 1822, solemnly crowned as Emperor. Under his wise rule and that of his able prime minister, Jose Bonifacio de Andrada, Brazil prospered. Dom Pedro I reigned for nine years, J!2! BS II " 3 j. _r 2 E^ IZ5 .3 BRAZIL / and on April 7, 1831, abdicated the throne in favor of his infant son, Dom Pedro II. A regency was appointed, which continued until the year 1840, when the young Emperor became of age and was crowned. Dom Pedro II reigned until the year 1889, when the people of Brazil resolved to change their form of government from a monarchy to a republic. This was accomplished without bloodshed on November 1.5, 1889, when the Republic was proclaimed. A President and Vice- President were elected by Congress and served until 1894, since which time, however, they have been elected by direct vote of the people. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT Under the constitution adopted February 24, 1891, the Republic is a federal union of States. The Government is divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative power is vested in the National Congress, which consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate has 63 members, 3 for each State and 3 for the Federal District, elected by direct vote for a term of nine years, but is renewed by thirds every three years. The Chamber of Deputies has its members elected for a term of three years in the same manner as the senators and in the proportion of 1 for every 70,000 inhabitants. No State, however, is represented by fewer than 1 4 deputies. Congress meets regularly every year on May 3 for four months, but may be prorogued or called in extra session by the President. All male citizens over 21 years of age are entitled to vote. The executive power is vested in a President, who receives a salary of 120,000 milreis (about $36,000) gold per annum. The President and Vice-President are elected for a term of four years by direct vote, and may not be re-elected for the term immediately following their own. Should the President die before serving half of his term, a new election is held, but should his death occur after two years of service, the office is assumed by the Vice-President. The chief executive is Dr. Epitacio Pessoa, whose term will expire November 15, 1922. The President is assisted by a cabinet of seven ministers (whom he appoints and who are responsible to him only) as follows: Minister of Justice and Interior. Minister of Foreign Relations. Minister of Marine. Minister of War. Alinister of Communications and Public Works. Minister of Finance. Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. The Department of Justice and Interior ( Minister io da Justic.a e BRAZIL y Negocios Interiores) maintains relations with the various States, has charge of the administration of the National Territories and of the Federal District, the public health, sanitation of ports, the Federal Courts, and such schools and institutes as are maintained by the Federal Government, including the Fob/technical School, National School of Medicine, National Institute of Music, National School of Fine Arts, National Library, the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, etc. The Department of Foreign Relations (Ministerio das Relacoes Exteriores) is intrusted with the relations between Brazil and foreign nations, through the diplomatic and consular corps. The Navy Department (Ministerio da Marinha) controls all mat- ters pertaining to the Navy, the numerous naval apprentice schools in the various States, the Naval College, the Library of the Navy, and the Museum of Naval Warfare. The War Department (Ministerio da Guerra) has charge of the standing Army ; recruiting conscripts and the various training schools for them ; the military college at Rio de Janeiro ; the military school at Porto Alegre, the artillery schools, various schools for training officers, and munition factories. The Department of Communications and Public Works (Ministerio da Viaqao e Obras Publicas) controls the railways, both Government- owned and private, the post offices, national telegraph and wireless stations, construction and maintenance of ports, irrigation works undertaken by the National Government, the waterworks, sewerage, and drainage of the capital and of towns in the National Territories, as well as other public works undertaken by the Federal Government. The Finance Department (Ministerio da Fazenda) has charge of the national funds, the preparation of the annual budget, and the serv- ice of the public debt. The following bureaus and divisions are under its control : The Federal Treasury, customhouses, national laboratory, conversion office, national printing office, "Diario Official," bureau of commercial statistics, bureau for inspection and control of insurance companies, amortization office, and the Bank of Savings and Loans. The Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (Minis- terio da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio) has charge of the national observatory, meteorological bureau, bureau of statistics, botan- ical garden of Rio de Janeiro, national museum, commercial museum, the lodging house for immigrants, the iron foundry at Sao Joao do Ipanema in the State of Sao Paulo, the divisions of colonization and immigration, geology and mineralogy, and agriculture, the latter having four agronomic stations and a number of experimental farms ; the commission for the economic development of Brazil, which publishes pamphlets and data regarding the resources of Brazil and maintains 10 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION agencies in Europe and America for their distribution ; and the Federal Zootechnic Institute. The judicial power is vested in the Federal Supreme Court, and there is a federal judge in each State. The former court is composed of IS justices, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, while the federal judges are appointed upon recom- mendation of the Supreme Court. All of these judges hold office for life. Army and Navy: The peace strength of the regular Army, which varies according to the budget, is 42,196 men. As military service is compulsory from the twenty-first to the forty-fourth year, the war strength of the Republic probably exceeds 300,000 men. The Navy consists of 57 vessels. Brazil maintains in Washington an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. Other members of the embassy staff include a first secretary, a naval attache, a commercial attache (for the United States, Canada, Mexico and Cuba), and two second secretaries. There is a consulate general of the first-class at New York ; a consulate general of the second-class at Norfolk; a consulate of the first-class at New Orleans; and second-class consulates at St. Louis, Chicago and Balti- more. There are honorary consuls at numerous cities. The United States is represented at Rio de Janeiro by an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. There is a consul general at Rio de Janeiro ; consuls at Bahia, Para, Pernambuco, Porto Alegre, Santos and Sao Paulo ; vice consuls at Bahia, Para, Pernambuco, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Santos and Sao Paulo ; and consular agents at Ceara, Manaos, Maran- hao, Rio Grande, Victoria and Curityba. There are more than 3,696 post offices distributed throughout the country, thus insuring reasonable facilities for postal communication. The Federal Telegraph had in operation in 1917, 24.634 miles (39,645 kilometers) of line, with 807 telegraph stations. The telephone system is steadily increasing its area of service. In the matter of wireless telegraphy, Brazil is advancing rapidly. A system of stations at im- portant points makes communication possible with remote regions and affords communicating facilities between river points and the interior. The station at Belem (Para) is capable of direct communication with the United States and the north, a range of 4,000 miles (6,437 kilo- meters). The money of Brazil has as a unit the milreis. written 1$000. The gold milreis (1,000 reis) equals $0.546, and is the unit used in financial reports, and most foreign exchange. This gold milreis, or its multi- ples, for coins of the value of 20, 10, and 5 milreis are issued, is sel- dom seen in circulation. The ordinary currency of the country is the Courtesy of Fidanza Studio, Belem, Para. BELftM, PARA Upper: The Executive Palace. This imposing structure was built in colonial times, and for more than half a century after the independence of Brazil the government of the Amazon Basin was located in this palace. Lower: One of the hotels of Belem, where the traveler finds numerotis comforts. 12 THE PAN AMERICAN UXlnN paper milreis, of a value held close to that of 1/3 pence (British), 32 cents. Slight fluctuations occur. Paper and silver milreis, both multi- ples and fractions thereof, are in circulation, and form the basis for commercial transactions; there are besides minor coins of nickel and bronze, their values corresponding to the reis equivalent in the paper currency. A conto is 1,000 milreis (written 1:000$000). A gold conto is worth $546, and a paper conto, at the present rate of exchange (October 1, 1920), is worth approximately $172. The metric system of weights and measures prevails. The Federation of Brazil consists of twenty States, the Federal District and the Territory of the Acre. In alphabetical order, with their areas and populations, capitals and populations, they are : Areas square kilometers Alagoas 58,491 Amazonas 1,894,724 Bahia 426,427 Cearfi 104,250 Espirito Santo 44,839 Goyaz 747,311 Maranhao 459,884 Matto Grosso 1,378,783 Minas Geraes 574,855 Parfi 1,149,712 Parahyba 74,731 Paranfi 221,319 Pernambuco 128,395 Piauhy 301,797 Rio de Janeiro 68,982 Rio Grande do Norte. . 57,485 Rio Grande do Sul 236,553 Santa Catharina 74,156 Sao Paulo 290,876 Sergipe 39,090 Federal District 1,117 Acre Territory 152,000 Populations 946,617 459,309 3.013,007 1,291,574 434,512 487,646 748,971 215,807 5,064,858 922,622 682,350 661,251 1,827,072 483.094 1,446.193 473,659 1,852207 526,404 4,466.196 462,757 908.819 98,654 Capitals Populations Maceitf 70,000 Manfios 80,931 Bahia ( Sao Salvador) 348,130 Fortaleza 80,000 Victoria 20,000 Goyaz 16,000 Sao Luiz 57,709 Cayabfi 20,000 Bello Horizonte 44,948 Betem (Parfi) 275,167 Parahyba 48,425 Curityba 67,806 Recife ( Pernambuco) 230,000 Therezina 50,000 Nictheroy 86,726 Natal 30.000 Porto Alej?re 150,343 Florianopolis (Desterro) . . 40,000 Sao Paulo 528,295 Aracajli 28.780 Rio de Janeiro 908.819 Rio Branco 5,000 8.485,777 27,473,579 The population of Brazil is for the most part of Portuguese descent, and Portuguese is the official and popular language of the Republic. The aboriginal peoples of the country have left little influence upon the European settlers, so that they are to be found only in the immense interior, where what few are still left lead a primitive life. Altogether the number of these Indians is probably not more than 500,000. A considerable increase in the population was due to the importation of Africans, in the early history of Brazil, to form the basis of a working population, and an intermixture of their blood is noticeable in the northern areas. In the southern States, where immigration has been highly encouraged, there are probably 400,000 Germans. In the cen- tral States, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes especially, Italians have come in, the number being placed at about 1,500,000. Of Spanish settlers there have been perhaps 400,000. The interior of the Republic, from the Amazon basin to the western plateaus of Parana and Santa Catharina, including the immense States of Matto Grosso and Goyaz, is sparsely inhabited, the great proportion THE CUSTOMHOUSE AT MANAOS THE MONUMENT OF THE AMAZON, MANAOS This monument was erected to commemorate the opening of the Amazon River to inter- national traffic in 1867. In the background is the magnificent Theatre of Amazonas. Manaos, a thousand miles up the Amazon, is the rubber metropolis of the interior of Brazil. The city is splendidly laid out with attractive streets and numerous fine buildings. 14 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION of the people being much closer to the Atlantic seaboard. Thus the coast States, and especially the cities, have the preponderance of the population. The chief cities, usually State capitals, are interesting, but only few can be mentioned. First, as the capital of the Republic as well as its principal social and commercial center, comes Rio de Janeiro. It lies at the south end of the Bay of Rio, called by those with qualified judgment the finest harbor in the world. Rio itself is called the cleanest city in the world, and the claim to this title is well founded. It is not a crowded city, like Paris, for with only one-fourth the population of Paris, it occupies twice the space. The number of inhabitants is given at 1,250,000, but undoubtedly, counting those whose intimate associations are attached to Rio, even outside the Federal District, this number must be materially increased. The city is beauti- ful in itself, and every effort since its earliest settlement by the Portu- guese, during the Empire and even more actively within the past ten years of the Republic, has been given to enhancing its artistic character. The Avenida Rio Branco, a mile long from north to south through the heart of the city, is a splendid thoroughfare, lined with massive build- ings of a public or private or commercial nature. The new docks at one end, the various clubs, the national library, the municipal theater and the Monroe palace at the other, are well worth study. Numerous public and private buildings should be visited, but more detailed infor- mation must be sought in suitable guide books. The botanical garden, the national museum, the apex of the Sugar Loaf, to which an aerial tram has been constructed, the summit of Corcovado, Tijuca, and the delightful suburb of Petropolis in a mountain valley to the north, all deserve attention. The second city of importance is Sao Paulo, popu- lation 528,295, situated at an elevation of 2,500 feet, about 40 miles from the sea, its port being Santos. Sao Paulo is the coffee mart of Brazil. It is both ancient and modern. The narrow and congested business thoroughfares contrast strikingly with the broad avenues and numerous parks in the newer residential sections. The Government buildings, the magnificient municipal opera house, the Ypiranga museum, Mackenzie (the American) college, and the Luz railway station are among the many notable places to visit. It is strongly rec- ommended that Bello Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minus Geraes, be placed in the list of cities deserving study, because it is only at most 20 years since the first sod was turned in its construction, and today it is a city of 50,000 inhabitants, quite Brazilian in the best sense of the word, clean, admirably administered, and destined to become one of the most conspicuous interior cities of the Republic. It lies a night's ride by railway from Rio, at an elevation of 2,500 feet, where the climate is delightful and the surroundings attractive. Other places of interest will be mentioned as the steamship and railways are presented. BRAZIL 15 PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES Agriculture holds first place in Brazil, and the industries are related closely to the agricultural rather than to other elemental factors of the country. The Republic, combining as it does one of the most immense tropical areas of the world with its interior sub-tropical plateau and with its fertile temperate areas in the southern States, has always relied upon the products of field and forest as a great source of wealth. The sugar in the north and the cattle in the south were known abroad 100 years ago, and as far as the simple necessities of life were con- cerned, Brazil has been self-sustaining since earliest times. At present, coffee, rubber, sugar, cacao, manioc, cotton, rice, Paraguay tea and tobacco are some of the principal products, the first two forming the great export staples of Brazil. Coffee derives its name from the city of Kaffa in Abyssinia, in which country it is believed that the coffee trees originated. Its botanical name is Coffea arabica. because in Arabia it was first cultivated and exploited in the present-day use. A natural coffee plant grows into a shrub 14 to 18 feet (about 4 to 5^2 meters) high, having then a long and slender trunk without branches on the lower part. No more beautiful sight can be imagined than a great coffee plantation during the flowering season. The trees cover the hills and table-lands, and the air is laden with a delicate fragrance. In Brazil coffee trees blossom most heavily in October, but they con- tinue to flower more or less for several months, and the crop is har- vested in May or June, each tree yielding four pounds or more of coffee. When the berry is ripe, all other work on the plantation is dropped, and every available person engages in the harvest. Brazil's average crop may be estimated at about 12,000,000 sacks (sack --=60 kilos. 132.76 pounds). India rubber, as it is generally called in text-books and official reports, is a native of Brazil, and grows wild there. Although efforts at culti- vation have been successful with the seed in other countries, and even in Brazil, by far the greater part of the rubber exported from the Republic is gathered from the forests of the northern interior of the country just as nature grew them ; no systematic preparation of the ground has ever been necessary, and the entire care of the rubber gatherers has been given only to obtaining the juice from the tree and of getting it to market. This essential factor of modern industrial life was utilized first by the natives of America, and they found some place for it in their domestic economy as a waterproof covering for clothing, boats, and for their kind of bottles. Caucho, or, in the aboriginal, cahuchu, from which comes the corruption caoutchouc, is the earliest word applied to rubber. The Brazilian speaks of borracha, and this refers particu- RECIFE (PERNAMBUCO), BRAZIL Recife, one of the oldest settlements in the Republic, while an attractive and modernizing city, shows the early Dutch influences. The upper and lower pictures present views of the lighthouse near the entrance of the harbor and a section of the water-front. The center is a view of one of the newer streets of the commercial district of the city. BRAZIL 17 larly to the product of the Hevea, the rubber tree par excellence. It is indigenous to the region of the River Amazon and in the tributary areas of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador. Colombia and Venezuela. Hevea is a large tree, of slow growth and long life. It has been found 12 feet in circumference. It requires low-lying, rich, deep soil, and abundant moisture. It grows wild in Brazil, but not in clumps, being found rather scattered through the tropical forest, but it is well adapted to cultivation, and has been planted in the East Indian Islands with success. Manihot produces the Ceara rubber of commerce, but its habitat is a high, stony and arid country. This also is native to Brazil, but in the region south of the Amazon. Castilloa, next to Hevea, is the best known rubber producer, and while found in Peru and else- where south of the equator, its principal range is in Central America and south Mexico. Other trees, shrubs, and vines (lianas) yield rub- ber, the most interesting, for America at least, being the guayule, which is a shrub containing in its branches a pure rubber that can be used for every purpose to which the latex of Hevea is applied. Guayule is a native of Mexico and grows on the elevated plateaus of the northern States of that Republic. Rubber is the cream from the juice, the milk or latex of all these trees, shrubs, and vines. It is not the sap, as it plays a distinct part from sap in nature's laboratory. Rubber has an exact chemical formula, C 10 H 16 : it is a whitish solid, opaque, and forms a gelatinous mass with ethers and the coal-tar oils. It will also melt and burn. Mixed with sulphur in proper proportions, it produces the substance with which we are most familiar, the rubber of commerce. Manioc, corn, cotton, tobacco, and cacao are increasing in area in Brazil. Manioc is one of the great products dating back to prehis- toric times. Properly prepared it is a richly nutritive food and forms a staple for bread. All Brazil grows the plant, but it is used chiefly along the littoral and on the lower plateaus. Rice was largely imported up to 1916, but is now so extensively grown that there were nearly 30,000 tons exported during 191.9. Sugar cane has been cultivated since the earliest European occupation, and Brazilian sugar has taken an important place in the world's economy. The grazing and live stock industry has recently advanced noticeably in several States. The establishment of additional packing plants has given a great impetus to the industry. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul large numbers of cattle have been slaughtered for their meat and hides, and considerable quantities exported. With increased facilities for such work as well as for shipping, the south of Brazil promises to take a still larger share in foreign trade. Textiles, chiefly cotton goods, comprise a large percentage of the total production of manufactured articles. About 25 years ago the FBL'. ..JlL BRAZIL 19 first textile mill was started, but since then the industry has increased remarkably owing to improved machinery and to better transportation facilities. In a recent year there were produced 624,000,000 yards of cotton cloth. In the State of Sao Paulo alone there were about 50 cotton mills in operation. There were in 1919, 36 woolen factories, with 1,400 looms, in Brazil. In the shoemaking industry there are several large factories in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and of late the tanneries of Rio Grande do Sul have turned out a good quality of leather in many grades, offering competition to the stock imported from abroad. Among other manufactures, excluding food products, may be men- tioned : furniture, hats, lower grades of clothing, matches, and other necessaries of domestic life. Foundries for simple metal work exist, but as a rule, complicated machinery, preserved foods, and the so-called luxuries are imported. In mining, a few interesting features are to be noticed. The State of Minas Geraes possesses immense deposits of iron ore. As the rail- way is approaching the district where they lie, they may soon be avail- able for consumption in the iron and steel trade. A few gold mines are regularly worked, and many fine diamonds are found by the min- ing companies ; the production of manganese, monazite, and other minerals continues adding steadily to the industries of Brazil. The forest area of Brazil has been estimated at 1,500,000 scjuare miles. The lumber industry, while still in its infancy, is making rapid progress, and during 1919 woods to the value of about $3,500,000 were exported. In the State of Parana there is much pine cut and shipped. Cedar for manufacturing cigar boxes is shipped from this State to Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. COMMERCE According to the official report of the Office of Commercial Sta- tistics of the Ministry of Finance of Brazil, the total foreign trade of Brazil for the year 1919 was 3,512,977,939 milreis paper, of which 1,334,258,563 milreis were imports, and 2,178,719,376 milreis ex- ports. The foreign trade for the preceding year, 1918, was : Imports, 989,404,603 milreis; exports, 1,137,100,271 milreis; total, 2,126,504,874 milreis. Expressed in terms of United States currency, adopting the rate of $1.00=3$816 (/. e., 3,81.6 milreis), which according to the Office of Commercial Statistics was the average for the year 1919, and $1.00= 3$947, the average for 1918, the trade for the two years was : Imports Exports Total 1918... 8247,351,151 $284,275,068 $531,626,219 1919... 346,907,226 566,467,038 913,374,264 Increase 99,556,075 282,191,970 381,748,045 BRAZIL 21 Fifteen-Year Table of Foreign Trade Years 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 713,863,143 1911 793,716,446 1912 951,369,558 1913 1,007,495,400 Imports Milreis Paper 454,994,574 499,286,976 644,937,744 567,271,636 592,875,927 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 561,853,181 582,996,096 810,758,972 837,737,951 989,404,603 1919 1,334,258,563 Exports Milreis Paper 685,456,606 799,670,295 860,890,882 705,790,611 1,016,590,270 939.413,449 1,003,924,736 1,119,737,180 972,730,516 750,979,758 1,022,634,105 1,136,888,335 1,192,174,875 1,137,100,271 2,178,719,376 Total Milreis Paper 1,140,451,180 1,298,957,271 1,505.828,623 1,273,062,247 1.609,466,197 1,653,276,597 1,797,641,182 2,071,106,738 1,980,225,916 1.312,832,939 1,605,630,201 1,947,647,307 2,029,912,826 2.126,504,874 3,512,977,939 IMPORTS The imports by countries for the last five years were as follows : United States 1915 Milreis Paper 187 872 954 1916 Milreis Paper 317 661 102 1917 Milreis Paper 394 890 411 1918 Milreis Paper 355,930,810 1919 Milreis Paper 640,511,000 United Kingdom 127,546,781 165,281,248 150,854,320 201,877,800 215,544,000 Argentina 92,575,260 114,018,837 109,305,764 187,898,850 204,448,000 France 28,823,195 42,157,352 33,824,068 47,347,932 50,530,000 Portugal 28,879,258 37,704,353 27,242,177 37,962,689 39,718,000 India .... .... 10 829 318 13 149,889 18,254,100 12,348,535 30,329,000 Uruguay 8,590,993 12,061,335 16,193,140 41,265,778 29,602,000 Newfoundland 12,373,318 13,979,969 14,291,106 23,708,817 21,766,000 Italy 25,528,167 28,302,738 16,608,511 21,053,802 18,261,000 5,132,552 10,524,255 7,471,793 9,397,802 15,174,000 8 431 710 9,421,803 11,305,476 17,486,468 14,727,000 Mexico 2,784,565 5,231,570 3,676,065 6,439,140 9.369,000 Japan 209,933 467,068 1,358,798 6,155,708 8.848,000 Switzerland 6,206,495 10,289,541 6,638.777 7,624,625 7,086,000 9,626,081 8,268,308 6,854,157 4,242,919 6,582,000 3 993,923 4,831,201 865,197 1,175,400 5,072,000 Canada 4,776,747 5,503,714 4,531,324 4,101,687 4,366,000 8 810 030 359,111 911,489 3.208,000 1 004 059 1 157,232 408,769 1,792,000 1,214,000 Chile ... 390,832 237.295 4,112,338 1,403,398 935,000 China 677,888 1,074,600 720,147 634,449 654,000 Denmark 2,554,887 4,595,577 1,528,977 781,567 481,000 759 287 6 295 1,617 75,000 Other countries 4,617,863 4,474,579 5,889,430 566,427 3,966,000 Total. . . 582.996,096 810,758,972 837,737,951 989,404,603 1,334,258,000 The value of the United States gold dollar in milreis paper, as com- puted (the average for the year) by the Brazilian statistical office, was as follows: 1915, 4S053 ; 1916, 4$257;'l917, 3$998; 1918, 3$947; 1919, 3$816. By percentages the import trade for the last five years with certain countries was : Countries United States. . . . United Kingdom. Portugal France Germany 1915 Per Cent. 32.08 21.94 4.95 4.94 1.54 1916 Per Cent. 39.24 20.39 4.G3 5.11 0.04 1917 Per Cent. 47.25 18.01 3.25 4.04 0.11 1918 Per Cent. 35.97 20.40 3.83 4.78 1919 Per Cent. 48.00 16.15 3.97 3.78 0.24 The imports are divided into four general classes. Under these classes, for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 and 1919, the values were as follows : 22 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION Class I Live animals... Class II Primary mate- rials and materials used in the arts and sciences Class III Manufactures. . Class IV Alimentary sub- stances Total. 1915 Milreis Paper 1916 Milreis Paper 1917 Milreis Paper 1918 Milreis Paper 1919 Milreis Paper 830,753 2,131,530 1,434,525 5,494,109 10,680,695 153,776.540 209,054,260 239,738,652 313,090,152 252,543,965 386,942,094 259,918,056 443,521,850 341,061,993 659,846,504 219.334,543 225,798,588 196,817,367 280,470,588 322,669,371 582,996,096 810,758,972 837,737,951 989,404,603 1,334,258,563 EXPORTS The exports by countries for the last five years were as follows : 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Countries Milreis Milreis Milreis Milreis Milreis Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper United States 427,863,538 520,498,933 522,731,105 393,896,303 901,814,000 France 116,501,187 178,653,936 157,220,265 102,416,439 463,793,000 United Kingdom 123,634,815 131,116,040 149,303,468 114,802,120 157,752,000 United Kingdom "on orders" 2,115,000 5(60,000 441,000 22,298,000 18,098,000 Argentina 51,754,528 67,992,473 106,725,413 172,752,870 96,458,000 Uruguay 17,663,086 54,423,429 85,801,941 118,504,757 95.824,000 Belgium 5,759,575 79,524,000 Italy 32,126,105 68,102,405 92,370,303 120,998,352 66,773,000 Netherlands 63,951,980 33,763,120 5,987,785 64,788,000 Sweden 92,644,668 31,275,896 1,528,804 5,545,343 55.681,000 Denmark 23,530,226 8,468,292 3,073,229 1,790,462 40,517,000 Spain 6,006,893 8,993,198 15,907,229 25,421,068 35,084,000 Norway 30,782,747 6,102,623 5,639,136 9,494,13S 17,373,000 Portugal 9,291,346 6,261,043 5,243,355 10,401,872 11,567,000 Algeria 2,658,000 2,319,000 1,479,000 10.537,000 Germany 397 10,523,000 Cape Colony 7,255,000 8,789,000 11,406,000 8,904,000 9,356,000 Austria Hungary 2,435,625 7,326,000 Greece 3,818,197 9S.486 725,878 7.286,000 Finland 6,803,000 Egypt 5,028,449 1,852,207 5,342,705 3,261,793 5,899,000 Chile 2,867,727 3,063,576 2,850,691 3,468,056 5,429,000 Cuba 711,578 1,255,769 4,881,138 3,767,411 3,178,000 Canada 21,598 61,559 3,529,734 337,000 Other countries 2.407,040 3,237,350 4,242,308 6,926,475 6,999,000 Total 1,022,634,105 1,136,888,335 1,192,174,875 1,137,100,271 2,178,719,000 By percentages the export trade for the last five years with certain countries was : United States France United Kingdom Italy Netherlands Germany Belgium 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Per Cent. Per Cer.t. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. 11.82 U.M 44.68 34.64 41.39 11.38 16.15 13.18 9.00 21.28 12.09 11.65 12.52 10.09 7.24 3.14 6.18 7.74 10.64 3.06 6.40 3.06 0.50 2.55 0.48 0.50 3.65 The exports are divided into three major classifications, as follows : 1'i!" lull 1 1 *1 rr i ! . i . 1 <\i n Class I Animals and animal products Class II Minerals and mineral products Class III V e g e t a b 1 e products 1915 Milreis Paper 1916 Milreis Paper 1917 Milreis Paper 1918 Milreis Paper 1919 Milreis Paper 82,622,651 153,704,874 22,869,475 43,059,571 917,141,979 940,123,890 219,955,900 231,232,012 72,440,655 54,187,081 338,130,639 28,256,057 899,778,320 851.681.17S 1,812,332,680 Total 1,022,634,105 1,136,883,335 1,192,174,875 1,137,100,271 2,178,719,376 BRAZIL 23 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Coffee: Bags Bajrs Bags Bags Bags Total 17,061,398 13,039,145 10,606,014 7,433,048 12,963,250 United States 7,194,594 6,577,390 6,291,079 4,562,429 6,214,829 France 2,499,222 2,735,953 2,104.262 354,398 3,370,824 Belgium 68,015 523,665 Sweden 2,333,386 662,055 2,034 75,282 517,205 United Kingdom 413,786 574,952 252,994 782 308,646 Denmark 513,802 125,724 48,751 22,057 304,363 Netherlands 1,486,994 367,745 105,122 252,607 Spain 106,329 145,814 156,482 88,353 225,385 Italy 710,800 1,058,748 716,150 1,109,433 201,421 Argentina 269,987 250,424 301,221 486,166 199,838 Norway 813,879 127,603 116,016 149,004 162,979 Cape Colony 219,625 195,800 297,816 218,750 112,328 Algeria 77,213 53,925 35,272 105,805 Total value Milreis paper 620,489,676 89,200,963 440,258,284 352,727,256 1,226,462,771 Cacao : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 44,930 43,720 55,621 41,865 62,584 United States 14,813 16,541 37,930 30,432 33,577 France 7,667 14,542 11,856 4,813 15,576 United Kingdom 8,540 5,784 1,391 93 3,566 Netherlands 3,760 2,508 1,219 2,130 Denmark 3,132 1,182 468 2,746 Belgium 1,248 Argentina 956 1,229 1,110 3,100 1,296 Norway 353 551 482 552 1,103 Sweden 1,290 891 354 580 888 Total value Milreis paper 56,139,548 50,371,171 48,084,383 39,752,007 93,265,453 Brazil nuts : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 7,010 9.882 16,057 6,749 24,998 United States 3,787 6,468 13,742 4,867 15,198 United Kingdom 3,828 3,414 2,276 1,425 9,797 Total value Milreis paper 3,920,038 7,175,474 7,115.859 3,699,219 20,537,645 Skins : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 1,766 3,840 3,045 2.215 5,166 United States 4,469 3,554 2,776 2,047 4,555 France 24 89 17 36 305 Uruguay 196 92 153 113 219 Total value Milreis paper 14,708,978 16,628,138 20,816,337 12,937,780 51,077,015 Hides : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 45,997 53,510 39,912 45,584 56,788 Uruguay 9,879 9,641 8,207 11,734 16,232 United States 19,849 25,02f, 21,190 6,923 15,734 France 3,808 10,486 2,126 5,288 7,154 United Kingdom 7,103 3,788 5,815 9,023 5,900 Italy 509 256 455 9,634 3,045 Portugal 1,340 1,796 979 1,443 789 Belgium 732 Argentina 657 1,778 388 959 710 Sweden 1,284 99 204 Total value Milreis paper 68,107,444 87,779,265 78,796,487 75,019,097 100,997,022 Yerba mate Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 76,352 76,776 65,431 72.781 90.199 Argentina 58,795 56,699 47.134 51.517 64,647 Uruguay 14,359 16,652 15,781 17,852 21,214 Total value Milreis paper 35,967,682 38,075,969 33,971,265 39,750,120 52,512,416 Sugar : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 59,170 54,437 138,159 115,633 69,430 United States 21,929 4,190 2,284 2 18,380 France 5 3 6 4 16,303 United Kingdom 21,027 16,232 23,308 8,669 13,444 Argentina 1 13.644 64.210 61,292 5,783 Uruguay 2,406 16,797 40,197 30,870 5,747 St>ain 1.606 819 2,100 Portugal 12,931 1.884 38 501 2,017 Total value Milreis paper 14,484,068 25,936,730 72,922,557 100,611,613 57,630,059 Beans : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 304 45.816 f.3,536 70,913 58,607 France 1 34,138 34,656 16,739 28,127 Netherlands . .. 11,360 Germany 5,248 United Kingdom (on orders) 13,343 4.052 Italy 1,023 5,798 11,460 4,652 Total value Milreis paper 105,001 13,812,859 40,625,912 31,298,893 20,815,206 24 THE; PAN AMERICAN UNION Manioc flour : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 4,528 5,369 18,745 65,322 21,834 United Kingdom 3 21 7,697 32,962 8,920 France 2 154 2,042 23,060 7,182 Portugal 278 1,426 1,406 717 2,462 Uruguay 2,113 2,349 3,886 3,388 1,706 Argentina 2,191 1,373 3,445 2,976 1,003 Total value Milreis paper 837,200 1,351,736 5,264,137 28,424,395 7,135,101 Rice: Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tofe.1 15 1,315 44,339 27,915 28,422 Argentina 439 17,436 18,450 14,y68 Uruguay 11 875 6,784 5,495 6,184 Netherlands 2,426 Germany 2,410 France 18,857 2,200 1,878 Total value Milreis paper 7,932 565,479 24,093,004 18,702,276 19,592,409 Frozen and chilled meats : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 8,514 33,661 66,452 60,509 54,094 Italy 2,055 20,985 50,420 29,369 18,661 United Kingdom 4,360 5,734 3,961 14,817 13,172 France 101 4,455 5,184 3,796 12,606 United Kingdom (on orders) 12,526 6,263 Netherlands 120 United States 1,997 2,486 950 56 Total value Milreis paper 6,121,599 28,192,589 60,232,840 60,755,190 60,183,151 Preserved meats : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 123 856 6,552 17,223 25,398 United States 2 580 1,926 10,237 United Kingdom 121 744 4,390 9,041 7,439 Uruguay 110 1,266 5,425 6,320 Belgium 715 Argentina 129 571 331 Total value Milreis paper 162,738 1,584,358 9,206,291 26,301,634 42,243,491 Carnauba wax : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 5,897 4,167 3,669 4,214 6,224 United States 2,481 2,216 2,122 2,844 3,180 United Kingdom 3,054 1,324 1,368 800 1,465 France 287 540 130 50 1 899 Total value Milreis paper 9,596,132 7,976,891 8,421,803 20,432,956 20,539,680 Manganese ore : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 288,671 503,130 532,855 393,383 205,725 United States 266,871 503,120 532.855 392,45!> 205,725 Total value Milreis paper 10,529,710 29,503,973 57,284,015 45,843,040 16,913,340 Rubber : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 31,550 28,865 31,589 22,211 32,213 United States 18,846 13,463 20,165 17,692 22,932 United Kingdom 11,847 9,739 10,901 3,278 6,529 France 144 231 219 871 2,185 Uruguay 479 218 115 176 159 Total value Milreis paper 125,899,159 144,113,000 137,524,274 72,543,245 103,220,001 Tobacco, leaf : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 26,894 21,021 25,%82 29,010 42,575 France 6,581 3,919 7,670 6,311 11,359 Netherlands 3,938 9,o37 61 7,562 Belgium 5,540 Argentina 7,300 3,577 8,180 7,298 4,196 Germany 2,986 Spain 2,438 641 6,905 9,004 2,979 Denmark 4C6 1,148 596 2,303 Uruguay 808 716 1,039 1,127 1,853 Sweden 360 245 10 320 738 United States 1,953 399 293 3,221 430 United Kingdom 222 97 151 351 422 Total value Milreis paper 22,300,358 29,889,473 22,365,345 40,160,702 69,936,381 Cotton, raw: Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 5,227 1,071 5,941 2,591 12,153 United Kingdom 4,319 1,033 5,198 1,448 4,907 France 42 4,529 Portugal 762 311 1,041 1,015 Netherlands 146 175 612 United States 35 147 48 461 Italy 92 245 Belgium 181 Total value Milreis paper 5,496,037 2,399,963 15,090,621 9,699,601 36,708,387 Cotton seed : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 10,017 11,762 22,882 43 22,649 United Kingdom 9,286 11,761 22,605 22,044 Total value Milreis paper 797,631' 1,409,731 2,370,803 3,721 4,635,789 BRAZIL Castor seed : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 234 947 5,227 4,065 23,777 United States 230 471 4,693 2,415 21,619 Spain 40 1,082 796 Total value Milreis paper 53,823 315,796 2,467,774 2,761,610 10,602,161 Castor seed oil : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 8 333 678 3,830 1,390 Spain 6 203 337 Italy 2 1,245 297 France 3 88 797 256 United States 161 551 669 180 Total value Milreis paper 10,270 327,872 1,120,848 10,112,958 2,767,226 Cotton seed oil : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 1,136 2,079 2,230 France 7 1,081 Netherlands 440 Uruguay 217 219 45 Total value Milreis paper 1,588,057 4,862,639 4,061,033 Lard: Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 3 4 10,234 13,270 20,028 France 1 4.684 3,579 5,268 Italy 3,414 3,730 6,723 Belgium 2,322 Netherlands 1,476 United Kingdom (on orders) 734 1,365 United Kingdom 706 2,158 1,219 Total value Milreis paper 4,841 5,922 17,744,825 26,161,205 39,889,484 Timber and lumber : Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total 38,375 82,815 64,263 179,799 103,823 Uruguay 5,066 10,317 10,429 59,597 22,105 Argentina 30,405 66,456 46,447 113,918 62,656 United States 2,003 4,007 6,873 4,574 6,628 Portugal 509 1,382 207 699 4,698 Spain 7 40 2,550 Total value Milreis paper 2,622,446 6,668,281 6,151,998 21,090,137 13,316,596 WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS Steamship lines connect the principal ports of Brazil with many of the ports of the United States and Europe. Fifty trans-Atlantic lines are registered as touching these ports, but many of them continue southward to the River de la Plata and thus offer an international service in the South American sense of the word. From New York there is a departure once a week of passenger steamers, with modern express service every 14 days, the schedule to Rio de Janeiro being about 16 days, with a stop at Bahia. Between Rio and Europe (most ports from Hamburg, Southampton, Havre, etc., to Lisbon) steamers two or three times a week are available, the time to or from Lisbon being from 11 to 16 days. Italian, Spanish and Austrian steamers go through the Strait of Gibraltar to Barcelona and beyond. Most steam- ers having Rio in their itinerary go into the port of Santos, 200 miles (322 kilometers), where is shipped the greater proportion of Brazilian coffee and through which the commerce of Sao Paulo passes. There are steamers from both the United States and Europe, making sched- uled stops along the coast, sometimes going through the Strait of Magellan and up to Valparaiso. The first port touched by some steam- ers is Pernambuco (Recife), 3,982 miles (6,408 kilometers) from New York, 4,065 miles (6,542 kilometers) from Liverpool. The city is one of the oldest settlements in Brazil, and shows the early Dutch influences. It is being rapidly modernized, with new docks and harbor a To Uruguay. BRAZIL 27 works, new avenues and many fine buildings. Bahia is at present the first port on most schedules. Picturesque in the extreme, on the beau- tiful All Saints' Bay, it lies on the hills overlooking the harbor, second to Rio in beauty. Here, too, rapid progress has been made in equip- ping the docks and in reconstructing the city, so that not only will the growing commerce be accommodated, but also the increasing stream of travelers will find that due provision has been made for their welfare. From Bahia to Rio is 738 miles ( 1,187 kilometers), a pleasant two days' passage, the intermediate ports being ports of call for coast- ing steamers. There are numerous such steamers, some making only short runs from the home port, others extending the service along the entire coast and even to Manaos on the Amazon and Corumba on the Paraguay. The ports touched include Manaos, Para, Sao Luiz (Maranhao), Parnahyba. Ceara (Fortaleza), Natal, Cabedello (Para- hyba), Recife, Maceio, Aracaju, Bahia, Victoria, Rio de Janeiro, San- tos, Paranagua, Sao Francisco, Atajahy, Florianopolis (Desterro), Rio Grande, Pelotas and Porto Alegre. It is necessary to make use of these coasting vessels to reach most of the ports mentioned, excepting of course the larger cities and those of the Amazon and Paraguay rivers, where a foreign service is available. The total extent of the railways of Brazil at the end of 1917, accord- ing to the latest report of the Minister of Communications and Public Works, was 27,603 kilometers, or 17,1.51 miles, including federal, private and state railroads. The same report showed that 3,577 kilo- meters ( 2,222 miles ) were under construction. The railways of Brazil were originally established with the purpose of bringing the products of a contributing interior territory to the nearest seaport and of distributing to this interior the merchandise brought in from abroad. Recife (Pernambuco) is the focus of one system, Sao Salvador (Bahia) of another, Rio de Janeiro of a third, Sao Paulo and Santos (the coffee region) of a fourth, and Rio Grande do Sul, in the extreme south, of a fifth system. In recent years the Govern- ment has felt the great need of connecting these various systems by interior railways running north and south, both to afford interior com- munication independent of the ocean and to stimulate an internal commerce and settlement. This plan has been successful north and south of Recife, so that today it is possible to travel by rail between the ports of Natal and Alaceio; in like manner Rio de Janeiro has been connected with Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, and Rio Grande do Sul, and also with the growing port of Victoria, north of the capital. South of Sao Paulo, through the States of Parana, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul, toward the Uruguayan frontier, connection is estab- lished between the lines in these States and those of Uruguav, so that 28 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION it is possible to travel by rail from Rio de Janeiro to Montevideo, a total length of 1,967 miles (3,165 kilometers). The Federal Capital as well as the larger cities are served by street railways. The many streams in the Republic are capable of furnishing an enormous power for electrical purposes, and it is proposed to electrify certain portions of the railway lines already in existence. Brazil has been favored by nature with a most wonderful system of fluvial arteries. It has within its territory not only the largest river basin, both in area and in length, in the world, but has also perhaps more navigable rivers than any other country. The mighty Amazon is navigable almost for its entire length, as are most of its affluents, while in the southern part of Brazil the Paraguay, Uruguay and Parana rivers are all navigable. The Republic has over 10,000 miles of navigable waterways open to river steamers and ocean-going ves- sels, and 20,000 miles additional which are navigable for light-draft and flat-bottom boats only. Several steamship companies maintain a regular service between points on these rivers, plying on the Amazon, Negro, Purus, Madeira, Pardo, Tapajoz, Para, Jurua and Javary. Local steamers ply between Para and Obidos, on the Amazon River, and on the Araguara River from the city of Belem (Para) to inland points. The Guama, Tocantins and Sao Francisco rivers also have regular steamer traffic. The most important of the Brazilian lakes are the Lagoa dos Patos and the Lagoa Merim. This latter lake forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, and the two make a considerable body of navigable water. The former is an enlargement of the Jacuhy River near its mouth in the Atlantic. It is about 140 miles long and 40 miles broad. At its northern end is the important city of Porto Alegre, and at the southern point is the seaport of Rio Grande do Sul. Conditions of travel in Brazil differ somewhat from those in many other countries, because, as may be noticed in the statement of steam- ships and railways, the Republic is divided into several travel and commercial sections, each one of which is relatively independent of the others. For instance, the immense region of the Amazon valley can be entered only by steamers from New York or Europe, or by coastwise lines from the south ; but there are no passenger steamers making ports of call at Para or Alanaos, which have these places on their regular itinerary between Europe or the United States, and Rio de Janeiro. Important centers like Maceio, Victoria or Porto Alegre, while they are coming closer in touch with the main capitals like Rio, Sao Paulo or Bahia, are nevertheless to be considered as areas still separated from the capital and, as distances are so great in Brazil, plans to visit them must be carefully arranged in advance. Only a 30 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION few suggestions can be given, therefore, in this paragraph. Through passenger steamers from both the United States and Europe have on their schedules Bahia (in some cases, Pernambuco), before arriving at Rio de Janeiro. If the traveler remains on that steamer, he has time only to visit the city as a tourist, and should business be his object, he should plan to see Rio first and to return later for a longer stay. The new docks at Bahia are now open so that steamers lie alongside, and passengers can step directly ashore, ascend by one of the elevators to the upper city and take a trolley car to various parts. At Rio de Janeiro steamers now go to the docks, where cabs and car- riages are available for passage to all parts of the city. The cost of living is relatively high there, but this refers principally to the pur- chase of many of the needs of the permanent resident, for hotel rates are not above those in the large cities of the United States. All com- mercial prices are given in terms of the paper milreis, the gold milreis ($0.54) being reserved for financial and international transactions. If the traveler is not eager to save time, it is advisable to use the day trains between interior points, because he thereby gains practical insight into the people and customs of the country, and in almost every case he enjoys beautiful scenery, sometimes finding landscapes not excelled in Europe or the United States for loveliness. This is particularly true of the trip between Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, which should be made by day ; between Sao Paulo and Santos ; between Curityba and Paranagua, or between Rio and Victoria. In going from one capital to another, however, as between Rio and Bahia, or from Sao Paulo to Porto Alegre, the traveler must, in other cases, make use of a coasting steamer, or should follow the judgment of long residents of Brazil as to which is the more comfortable and expeditious route. Nearly every State in Brazil has within easy reach of its capital some pleasure or health resorts, either on the coast or in the mountains. The best known of all these places are, however, within travel radius of Rio and Sao Paulo. Petropolis, in the mountains above Rio, is famous both for its climate and its fashion. In it much of the diplomatic life of the capital has its residence, and now that it is within a pleasant two hours 7 ride of Rio many doing business in the city are able to have their homes there. A watering place in all senses of the word is that of Caxambu, in the State of Minas Geraes, within a day's journey of the capital, at an elevation of 2,800 feet (853 meters). There are fine mineral springs, bathing establishments and hotels for visitors. The waters are bottled and sold all over the country, both for table and health purposes. On the ocean front, near Santos, is a seaside resort, Guam j a, which is becoming popular with all classes of society. Xo country in the world has a greater variety of scenery than Brazil, from 31 000 288 828 '? the vastness of the Amazon to the beautitui naiuc.1 w^ - o or the wild gorges of the Falls of Guayra and of Iguazu, although there are no imposing mountains such as are seen in Switzerland, or the Andes. Much of the interior of Brazil cannot yet be easily visited by a hurried traveler, but within the coming generation 'the natural picturesqueness \vill receive the attention it deserves. EDUCATION In 1823, immediately after independence from Europe was secured, an ambition for education was newly developed in the then empire, and a decree was issued authorizing any citizen to establish private schools. The present constitution of the Republic gives Congress the power to develop literature, arts and sciences, but all instruction remains secular, if given in public institutions. Each State exercises control over education within its own borders. In some States primary instruc- tion is compulsory, and in all of them the public school system is receiv- ing abundant attention. In order to make industrial education more general, the Federal Government under some circumstances aids a state, municipal or private school which meets requirements; it also aids schools in agricultural colonies, 148 such schools being assisted in the State of Santa Catharina and 96 in the State of Parana. Primary education carries the child to the age of 11 or over. The Federal Gov- ernment maintains a secondary school, "Collegio Pedro II," in Rio de Janeiro, which is the standard for state and private secondary institu- tions desiring government recognition. Its five-year course includes the study of Portuguese, French, English or German, Latin, geography, history, mathematics, physics and chemistry, natural history, philos- ophy, drawing and physical training. Normal schools are scattered throughout the Republic. Higher education is given mainly in separate professional schools rather than in universities, but there are state universities in Parana and Alanaos. and on September 7, 1920, the Federal Government consolidated into a university the faculties of medicine and law and the polytechnic school hitherto maintained as separate institutions in Rio de Janeiro. The Federal Government also supports law faculties in Sao Paulo and Pernambuco, and a faculty of medicine at Bahia. There is a state school of mines at Ouro Preto. Schools of law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and engineering branches are found in the larger cities, as well as numerous fine arts institutions, commercial and trade schools, and a large number of excellent agricultural schools. In order to raise the standard of tech- nical, industrial, agricultural and veterinary training in the country, the Federal Government each year sends abroad about 50 students, chosen from among those showing the greatest proficiency in their particular line. Many of these have come to the United States. THE PAN AMERICAN UNION is the inter- national organization and office maintained in Washington, D. C., by the twenty-one American republics, as follows : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Re- public, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It is de- voted to the development of commerce, friendly intercourse, good understanding and the preserva- tion of peace among these countries. It is supported by quotas contributed by each country, based upon their population. Its affairs are administered by a Director General and Assistant Director, elected by and responsible to a Governing Board which is composed of the Secretary of State of the United States and the diplomatic representatives in Wash- ington of the other American governments. These two executive officers are assisted by a staff of inter- national experts, statisticians, commercial specialists, editors, translators, compilers, librarians, clerks and stenographers. The Union publishes a Monthly Bulletin in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, which is a careful record of Pan American progress. It also publishes numerous special reports and descrip- tive pamphlets on various Pan American subjects of practical information. Its library, the Columbus Memorial Library, contains 50,000 volumes, 23,000 photographs, 175,000 index cards, and a large collec- tion of maps. The Union is housed in a beautiful building erected through the munificence of Andrew- Carnegie and the contributions of the American republics. Press of Kohn & Pollock, Inc. Baltimore