CALIFORNIA 
 
 AND 
 
 THE ORIENTAL
 
 This is a volume in the 
 Arno Press collection 
 
 THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE 
 IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Chinese and Japanese 
 
 Advisory Editor 
 Roger Daniels 
 
 Editorial Board 
 
 Gordon Hirabayashi 
 
 Harry H.L. Kitano 
 
 H. Brett Mclendy 
 
 Howard Palmer 
 
 Betty Lee Sung 
 
 See last pages of this volume 
 for a complete list of titles
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 AND THE 
 
 ORIENTAL 
 
 STATE BOARD OF CONTROL 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 NYTj 
 
 ARNO PRESS 
 
 A New York Times Company 
 New York. 1978
 
 Reprint Edition 1978 by Arno Press Inc. 
 
 Reprinted from a copy in the Princeton University 
 Library 
 
 THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE IN NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 Chinese and Japanese 
 
 ISBN for complete set: 0-405-11261-0 
 
 See last pages of this volume for titles. 
 
 Manufactured in the United States of America 
 
 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 
 
 California. State Board of Control. 
 California and the Oriental. 
 
 (The Asian experience in North America : Chinese and 
 Japanese) 
 
 Reprint of the 1920 ed. published by California State 
 Printing Office, Sacramento. 
 
 Includes index. 
 
 1. Japanese in California. 2. Chinese in Cali- 
 fornia. 3- East Indians in California. I. Title. 
 II. Series. 
 
 JV6888.C2A2 1978 301.U5'19'5079i+ 78-5^*809 
 ISBN 0-ii05-11265-3
 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 AND THE 
 
 ORIENTAL 
 
 JAPANESE, CHINESE. AND HINDUS 
 
 REPORT OF 
 
 STATE BOARD OF CONTROL 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 TO 
 
 GOV. WM. D. STEPHENS 
 
 JUNE 19. 1920
 
 ERRATA 
 
 On page 104. lino 13, the word "Amounting"' 
 should read "Amounts." 
 
 On page 17."». line 15, the word "January" 
 should read "June." 
 
 On page 184, line 3, the word "DeBecker's" 
 should read "Ix)enliolm's." 
 
 On page 197, line 3 second paragraph, the 
 word "they" should be omitted.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 l.KTTER OP GOVKRNOR WM. D. STEPHENS TO SECRETARY OF STATE 
 
 BAINBRIDOE COLBY, WASHINGTON, D. C 7 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 17 
 
 FOREWORD 19 
 
 Sec. I. POPULATION 21 
 
 ;c. II. BIRTH RATE 33 
 
 Sec. III. LAND 43 
 
 Sec. IV. F'INANCING 75 
 
 EC. V. FISHING INDUSTRY 87 
 
 Sec. VI. LABOR 97 
 
 Sec. VIL CORPORATIONS 129 
 
 Sec. VIII. PICTURE BRIDES 135 
 
 Sec. IX. GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT 157 
 
 Sec. X. SMUGGLING 171 
 
 Sec. XL CITIZENSHIP 177 
 
 Sec. XII. SCHOOLS 193 
 
 Sec. XIII. APPENDIX 199 
 
 Memorial Address by Japanese Association of America (in California) 203 
 "Japanese Farming" by Japanese Agricultural Association of California 216 
 Initiative Petition seeking amendment of California Land Law 229
 
 Governor William D. Stephens 
 of California 
 
 presents 
 
 The Oriental Question 
 
 to 
 
 Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby 
 
 Washington, D. C.
 
 STATP] OP CALIFORNIA 
 GOVERNOR'S OFFICE 
 
 Sacramento, June 19, 1920. 
 Hon. Bainbridge Colby, 
 Secretary of State, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the official report pre- 
 pared and filed with me by the State Board of Control of California 
 on the subject of Oriental immigration, population and land ownership. 
 
 The subject is one of such transcendent importance to the people 
 of California, and is so potential with future difficulties between the 
 United States of America and the Oriental countries, that I deem it 
 my duty in forwarding? the report to outline in brief the history of 
 the development of the Japanese problem in California, together with 
 the legislation already enacted and that now pending. In doing so 
 I trust I may be able clearly to lay before you the necessity of action 
 by our Federal government in the attainment of a permanent solution 
 of this matter. 
 
 While the report deals with the problem as an entire Asiatic one, 
 the present acute situation is occasioned specifically by the increase 
 in population and land ownership of the Japanese. Forty years ago 
 the California race problem was essentially a Chinese problem. At 
 that time our Japanese population was negligible. The Chinese 
 immigrants, however, were arriving in such numbers that the people 
 of the entire Pacific slope became alarmed at a threatened inundation 
 of our white civilization by this Oriental influx. 
 
 Popular feeling developed to such a pitch that many unfortunate 
 incidents occurred of grave wrong done to individual Chinese as the 
 result of mob and other illegal violence. Our country became awakened 
 at the growing danger, and Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act 
 providing for the exclusion of all Chinese laborers and the registration 
 of all Chinese at that time lawfully within the country. The statute 
 was sufficiently comprehensive effectively to exclude further Chinese 
 immigration and to make difficult, if not impossible, the evasion of 
 the spirit of the act. As a result of this enactment there has been a 
 substantial reduction in the Chinese population of California. 
 
 In the meantime, however, we have been developing an even more 
 serious problem by reason of the influx to our shores of Japanese 
 labor. Twenty years ago our Japanese population was nominal. Ten
 
 S CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 years ago the census reports of the United States government showed 
 a Japanese population in California of 41,356. A survey and computa- 
 tion recently made by the Board of Control of the State of California 
 indicates that at the present time this Japanese population has been 
 more than doubled — it amounting now to 87,279. The l)e.st figures 
 available indicate that our Japanese population comprises between 
 80 and 85 per cent of the total Japanese population of continental 
 United States. 
 
 ~ The Japanese in our midst have indicated a strong trend to land 
 ownership and land control, and by their unquestioned industry and 
 application, and by standards and methods that are widely separated 
 from our occidental standards and methods, both in connection with 
 hours of labor and standards of living, have gradually developed to 
 a control of many of our important agricultural industries. Indeed, 
 at the present time they operate 458,056 acres of the very best lands 
 in California. The increase in acreage control within the last decade, 
 according to these official figures has been 412.9 per cent. In pro- 
 ductive values — that is to say, in the market value of crops produced 
 by them — our figures show that as again.st $6,235,856 worth of produce 
 marketed in 1909, the increase has been to $67,145,730, approximateh' 
 tenfold. 
 
 More significant than these figures, however, is the demonstrated 
 fact that within the last ten years Japanese agriclutural labor has 
 developed to such a degree that at the present time between 80 and 90 
 per e^t of most of our vegetable and berry products are those of 
 the Japanese farms. Approximately 80 per cent of the tomato crop 
 of the state is produced by Japanese; from 80 to 100 per cent of the 
 spinach crop ; a greater part of our potato and asparagus crops, and 
 so on. So that it is apparent without much more effective restrictions 
 that in a very short time, historically speaking, the Japanese popula- 
 tion within our midst will represent a considerable portion of our 
 entire population, and the Japanese control over certain essential food 
 products will be an absolute one. 
 
 Aside from the economic aspect, however, and even more important 
 than this, is the social problem inevitably developing to an acute 
 degree. The figures contained in the report will not be understood 
 in their true significance without the supplementary explanation that 
 these land holdings and land products are in well-defined locations 
 within the state and not spread broadcast. The Japanese, with his 
 strong social race instinct, acquires his piece of land and, within an 
 incredibly .short period of time, large adjoining holdings are occupied 
 by people of his own race. The result is that in many portions of 
 our state we have large colonies of Japanese, the population in many 
 places even exceeding the white population. 
 
 These Japanese, by very reason of their use of economic standards 
 impossible to our white ideals — that is to say, the employment of
 
 governor's letter. 9 
 
 their wives and their very children in the arduous toil of the soil — 
 are proving crushing competitors to our white rural populations. 
 The fecundity of the -Ijipaiicse race far exceeds that of any oth^r 
 people that we liave in our midst. They send their childn-n for short 
 periods of time to our white schools, and in many of the country 
 schools of our state the spectacle is presented of having a few white 
 childrtii atMjuiring their education in classrooms crowded with 
 Japanese. The dee{)-scated and often outspoken resentment of our 
 white mothers at this situation can only he appreciated by those 
 people who have struggled with similar problems. 
 
 It is with great pride that I am able to state that the people of 
 California have borne this situation and seen its developing menace 
 with a patience and self-restraint beyond all praise. California is 
 proud to proclaim to the nation that despite this social situation her 
 people have been guilty of no excesses and no indignities upon the 
 Japanese within our borders. No outrage, no violence, no insult 
 and no ignominy have been offered to the Japanese people within 
 California. 
 
 It is also proper to state that I believe I speak the feelings of 
 our people when I express to you a full recognition of the many 
 admirable qualities of the Japanese people. We assume no arrogant 
 superiority of race or culture over them. Their art, their literature, 
 their philosophy, and, in recent years, their scientific attainments 
 have gained for them a respect from the white peoples in which we, 
 who know them so well, fully share. We have learned to admire 
 the brilliancy of their art and the genius that these people display. 
 We respect that deep philosophy which flows so placidly out of that 
 wonderful past of theirs and which has come down through ages 
 that antedate our Christian era. We join with the entire civilized 
 world in our admiration of the tremendous strides which the Japanese 
 nation itself has made in the last two generations unparalleled as its 
 career is in the history of nations. We respect the right of the 
 Japanese to their true development and to the attainment of their 
 destiny. 
 
 All these matters I am at pains to emphasize so as to convince 
 you, and, through you the people of our United States, that this 
 problem of ours is not an insignificant or temporary one. It is not 
 factious. It has no origin in narrow race prejudice or rancor or 
 hostility. It is, however, a solemn problem affecting our entire 
 Occidental civilization. It has nothing to do with any pretensions of 
 race superiority, but has vitally to do with race dissimilarity and 
 unassimilability. 
 
 But with all this the people of California are determined to 
 repress a developing Japanese community within our midst. They 
 are determined to exhaust every power in their keeping to maintain 
 this state for its own people. This determination is based funda- 
 mentally upon the ethnological impossibility of assimilating the
 
 10 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Japanese people and the consequential alternative of increasing a 
 population whose very race isolation must be fraught with the 
 gravest consequences. 
 
 California .stands as an outpost on the western edge of Occidental 
 civilization. Her people are the sons or the followers of the Argo- 
 nauts who wended their way westward over the plains of the middle 
 west, the Rocky Mountains and the desert; and here they set up 
 their homes and planted their flags: and here, without themselves 
 recognizing it at the time, they took the farthest westward step that 
 the white man can take. From our shores roll the waters of the 
 Pacific. From our coast the mind's eye takes its gaze and sees on 
 the other shores of that great ocean the teeming millions of the 
 Orient, with its institutions running their roots into the most venerable 
 antiquity, its own inherited philosophy and standards of life, its own 
 peculiar races and colors. 
 
 The Pacific, we feel, is shortly to become one of the most important 
 highways of commerce on this earth. Amity and concord and that 
 interchange of material goods as well as ideas, which such facilities 
 offer, will inevitably take place to the benefit of both continents. 
 But that our white race will readily intermix with the yellow strains 
 of Asia, and that out of this interrelationship .shall be born a new 
 composite human being is manifestly impossible. Singularly enough, 
 while historical facts are not always susceptible of scientific demonstra- 
 tion, it is true, if our study serves us, that the blood fusion of the 
 Occident and the Orient has nowhere ever successfully taken place. 
 Whether the cause be but a social sense of repugnance, or whether 
 it be insuperable scientific hindrances, is utterly beside the question. 
 
 "We stand today at this point of western contact with the Orient, 
 just as the Greeks who settled in Asia Minor three thousand years 
 ago stood at its eastern point. And while IMesopotamia and the 
 country to the east thereof were the highways of intercourse between 
 the Orient of that time and the Occident of that era, and while, 
 historically, there was much of contact and conflict between the types 
 representing the two standards of civilization, history does not show 
 any material fusion of either blood or idea between these peoples. 
 
 California harbors no animosity against the Japanese people or 
 their nation. California, however, does not wish the Japanese people 
 to settle within her borders and to develop a Japanese population 
 within her midst. California views with alarm the rapid growth of 
 these people within the last decade in population as well as in land 
 control, and foresees in the not distant future the gravest menace 
 of .serious conflict if this development is not immediately and effectively 
 checked. Without disparaging these people of just sensibilities, we 
 cannot look for intermarriage or that social interrelationship which 
 must exist between the citizenry of a contented community. 
 
 It may be an exquisite refinement, but we cannot feel contented at 
 our children imbibing their first rudiments of education from the lips
 
 governor's i.kttkr. 11 
 
 of tlie public sfliool teacher in classrooms crowded with other children 
 of a different race. They do not and will not associate in that rela- 
 tionship prevalent elsewhere in the public schools of this country. 
 We recognize that this attitude is too deep-seated to remove. And 
 we recognize that with this attitude goes the necessity of Japanese isola- 
 tion and that inevitable feeling which socially a proscribed race 
 always develops. 
 
 California wants peace. But California wants to retain this common- 
 wealth for her own peoples where they may grow up and develop 
 their own ideals. We are confronted at this time by the problems 
 that have arisen in the Hawaiian Islands, where the Japanese have 
 now developed to an extent which gives them a preponderance, I am 
 informed, in the affairs of that territory. That mistake of Hawaii 
 must not, and California is determined shall not, be repeated here. 
 
 This communication and the report accompanying it are prompted 
 by a situation prevailing in California today which we hope may 
 lead to diplomatic correspondence on your part with the Empire of 
 Japan. In 1913 the Legislature of this state passed a statute for- 
 bidding the ownership of agricultural lands by Japanese and limiting 
 their tenure to three-year leaseholds. It was the hope at that time 
 that the enactment of this statute might put a stop to the encroach- 
 ments of the Japanese agriculturist. This legislation followed some 
 years after a proposed bill by the Legislature providing for separate 
 schools for Japanese students. 
 
 At the time of the school legislation, however, the appeal on behalf 
 of the United States Government to refrain from enacting such a 
 drastic law was very urgent and was supported by an assurance on the 
 part of the Federal Government that necessary arrangements would 
 be made with Japan stopping the further immigration of Japanese 
 labor. These negotiations led to the so-called "Gentlemen's Agree- 
 ment." There can be no doubt that it was the intent of our Govern- 
 ment, by this agreement, to prevent the further immigration of 
 Japanese laborers. Unfortunately, however, the hoped for results have 
 not been attained. 
 
 Without imputing to the Japanese Government any direct knowl- 
 edge on the subject, the statistics clearly show a decided increase in 
 Japanese population since the execution of the so-called "gentlemen's 
 agreement." Skillful evasions have been resorted to in various 
 manners. "Picture brides" have been brought in and upon their 
 arrival set to work on the farm lands; relatives of those already here 
 were brought in under the guise of dependents; large numbers have 
 come illegally across the Mexican border. As to the latter, of course, 
 it is in the nature of things impossible to give official statistics, 
 as those who came in this manner came illicitly. The realization of 
 this lack of entire good faith on the part of the Japanese led the 
 California Legislature in 1913 to pass the existing law, despite the
 
 12 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAF.. 
 
 expostulation of a distinguished predecessor of yours in your present 
 office, who made an official visit to the capitol of this state at that time. 
 
 Againi I deplore the necessity of statin^; that the spirit of the Anti- 
 Alien Land Lej^islation passed in VM'-] has been evaded and l)roken 
 through the resort to certain legal sul)tt'rfuj.'es whii-h have almost 
 frustrated the very purpose of the en.ictinent. These evasions have 
 been accomplished through the medium of corporations, trustee stock 
 ownership, trustee land ownership, and the device of having native 
 infant ehildren of Japanese parentage made grantees of agricultural 
 lands controlled and operated exclusively l)y their noH-eligil>ic parents. 
 
 At the last session of the Legislature, held in the spring of 1919, 
 further legislation against the Japanese was proposed. At that time 
 action was deferred mainly upon the advice of Secretary of State 
 Lansing, who cabled from Versailles explaining to our legislature that 
 in view of the Peace Conference, then in session, at which Japan was 
 a participant, any Japanese legislation would be unfortunate and 
 strongly implying that it might seriously affect the result of the Peace 
 Conference. Again, California patriotically acceded for the good of 
 the whole country. 
 
 I took occa.sion at the same tinu' to urge the Legislature of California 
 to defer drastic action until the state had acquired reliable information 
 on the subject through the medium of one of its important conunis- 
 sions. the State Board of Control. ^Fy views, as expressed then, and 
 from which I have had no occasion to recede, were that the grave 
 problem could not be effectually dealt with except through the medium 
 of the Federal Government, and action by the F'ederal (lovernmeut 
 could only be secured by the presentation of reliable infornuition. 
 
 I told the people of this state that upon the compilation of the 
 necessary information I should deem it my duty to urge such action 
 both by the State and Federal Government as the situation might 
 require and the facts warrant. The accompanying report is the result 
 of a painstaking search for the facts. In its cold, statistical way, it 
 tells graphically our story. The human side is untouched. "With 
 this information officially presented to the people of our state, we 
 must seek relief. 
 
 In dealing with this problem, we cannot very well take precedent 
 out of the experience of the nation with the previous race question 
 which so bitterly aroused all the sectional feelings of our people and 
 led to the Civil War. There is one vital difference. The Japanese, 
 be it said to their credit, are not of servile or docile stock. I'roud of 
 their traditions and history, exultant as they justly are at the extraor- 
 dinary career of their country, they brook no suggestion of any 
 dominant or superior race. Virile, progressive and agressive, they 
 have all the race consciousness which is inseparable from race quality. 
 
 And it is just because they possess these attributes in such marked 
 degree and feel more keenly the social and race barriers which our 
 people instinctively raise against them that they are driven to that race
 
 governor's letter. 13 
 
 isolation and, 1 fear ultimately will rcacli that race resentment, wliicli 
 portend danger to the peace of our state in the future. In extending 
 to tlieni th(! Just credit which is theirs, the thought does not occur 
 to our peoph; that because the flapanese come from a puissant nation, 
 whose aehievenients on the Held have hrouglit it n-nown, that there- 
 fore our attitude should be inoulded by pusillanimity or temporary 
 expediency. We have faith in the willingness and power of our 
 common country to protect its every part from foreign danger. 
 
 We also have faith, however, in the intelligence of the Japanese 
 Empire itself to understand our attitude and recognize that it is 
 prompted solely by that inherent desire of every race and tyi)c of 
 p(H)ple to preserve itself. We wish to impress most earnestly upon 
 them tlie entire absence of every feeling that can betoken ill-will or 
 be in the slightest degree disparaging. But with the same earnestness 
 we insist, after this careful survey which we have caused to be made, 
 that California is now amply justified in taking every step that will 
 properly reduce this problem, and where the powers of the state shall 
 fall short must ajipeal to the United States Government for that addi- 
 tional action necessary finally to solve this vexing problem. 
 
 At the present time an initiative measure is being circulated which 
 in all probability will find a place upon our ballot at this coming 
 election. The initiative measure is a land law even more stringent 
 than the present one in that it not only forbids ownership, but the 
 leasing of lands by the Japanese. It also makes more drastic the 
 provisions against corporate ownership of land for the purpose of 
 evading the Act. The measure, if adopted, will exhaust the state's 
 power in dealing with this great race problem. The bill, however, 
 does not and will not, because the state legally can not prevent, 
 Japanese control of our soil, nor can it stop further immigration. 
 
 If the measure is adopted, inasnuich as it prohibits only the acquisi- 
 tion of interests in real estate, it will not I fear forestall the ingenuity 
 of legal counsel in enabling the Japanese to remain in control of their 
 agricultural holdings under various forms of personal employment 
 contracts. And in this respect I am advised that it is impossible for 
 the state to enact constitutional legislation prohibiting personal employ- 
 ment contracts with Japanese on account of various provisions in our 
 Federal constitution, recent decisions of the United States Supreme 
 Court, and also certain provisions of the treaty between Japan and 
 the United States. 
 
 This being as far as the state can go, however, it will and should, 
 in my opinion, by an overwhelming majority of the voters, enact the 
 proposed initiative legislation. And, in my opinion, as an expression 
 of protest by Californians, as a declaration of the purpose of this 
 present population of ours to maintain its own standards and ideals, 
 as a plea to the citizens of all the states in the Union, many ofnvhom. 
 because they have no contact with the problem might seem to look 
 upon it as an unsubstantial one at this time, every voter in this state
 
 14 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL, 
 
 will and should cast his ballot for the measure. And for these reasons, 
 expressing both my personal views and, I believe, the views of the over- 
 whelming majority of the people of the State of California, I hope 
 for a vote at the November election that will emphasize to the rest of 
 the nation the seriousness of the situation here today. 
 
 So far I have dealt with the subject only within the limits of state 
 power. But as Governor of this state I should feel myself recreant 
 in my duty to its people if I did not with the present evidence before 
 me and which I transmit to you, make this solemn appeal to you as 
 the spokesman of our country in its international relationship to use 
 your good offices with the Empire of Japan that stricter provisions 
 be immediately agreed upon, making impossible any further evasion 
 or violation of the spirit of the existing arrangement. How these 
 negotiations should be initiated does not lie within my province to 
 suggest. Indeed, I am confident that with these facts thus officially 
 laid before you, your own good judgment will dictate the next step 
 to be taken towards the desired agreement or treaty. 
 
 Let me also add that in addition to this appeal which I make to you 
 for further diplomatic action, I feel impelled by a sense of duty to lay 
 before you the cause of the State of California at this time. The 
 initiative legislation may possibly lead to diplomatic inquiries and 
 correspondence between yourself and the Empire of Japan. Antici- 
 pating such a contingency, I am desirous of submitting to you in an 
 official manner this question from the Californian and the American 
 standpoint. 
 
 Inasmuch as I am seeking on behalf of the people of California to 
 deal with this problem in a broad and final way, I deem it proper to 
 advise you further that we feel the full solution of this question 
 can not be had short of an exclusion act passed by Congress. It is 
 my purpose, after transmitting this report to you, to communicate the 
 information to our various Representatives and Senators in Congress 
 that they may then be equipped to take up the cause of California 
 and urge the passage of an exclusion act effectively disposing of this 
 difficulty. 
 
 The exclusion act should, in my opinion, provide for the full exclu- 
 sion of all Japanese, saving certain selected classes; it should further 
 provide for the registration of all Japanese lawfully within the United 
 States at the time that the act is passed ; and further provide that the 
 burden should be upon every Japanese within this country of proving 
 his right to be here by the production of a certificate of registration. 
 In this manner only do I believe that completely effective remedies 
 can be found. 
 
 Japan should not take umbrage at us for adopting these measures. 
 The like strict exclusion is today effective in every one of the British 
 Colonies fronting on the Pacific Ocean and having contact with the 
 Japanese. Nor has Japan's valiant service in the late war, which she 
 entered originally as an ally of Great Britain, obtained for her people
 
 governor's letter. 15 
 
 the slightest amelioration of these drastic British Cohjiiial laws. The 
 British white races on the Pacific will not tolerate a situation from 
 which we are now sufferinf?. Why then sliould we? Or why should 
 our action seem so much more aggravated than that of Japan's ally, 
 Great Britain? 
 
 Let me repeat that in submitting this report and transmitting this 
 letter with its recommendations, the people of California only desire to 
 retain the commonwealth of California for its own people ; they recog- 
 nize the impossibility of that peace-producing assimilability which 
 comes only when races are so closely akin that intermarriage within 
 a generation or two obliterates original lines. The thought of sudi a 
 relationship is impossible to the people of (California, just as the thought 
 of intermarriage of whites and blacks would be impossible to the minds 
 of the leaders of both races in the southern states; just as the inter- 
 marriage of any immigrant African would not be considered by the 
 people of the Eastern States. 
 
 California is making this appeal prinuirily, of course, for herself, 
 but in doing so she feels that the problem is hers solely because of 
 her geographical position on the Pacific slope. She stands as one of 
 the gateways for Oriental immigration into this country. Her people 
 are the first affected, and unless the race ideals and standards are 
 l)reserved here at the national gateway the conditions that will follow 
 must soon affect the rest of the continent. 
 
 I trust that I have clearly presented the California point of view, 
 and that in any correspondence or negotiations with Japan which may 
 ensue as the result of the accompanying report, or any action which 
 the people of the State of California may take thereon, you will under- 
 stand that it is based entirely on the principle of race self-preservation 
 and the ethnological impossibility of successfully assimilating this 
 constantly increasing flow of Oriental blood. 
 
 I have the honor to remain, 
 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 Governor of California.
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 His Excellency, Wm. D. Stephens, 
 Governor of California, 
 
 Sacramento, California. 
 Sir: In compliance with ywir letter oi' instrnetions dated September 
 29, 1919, we submit herewith the report eovt-rin^- the oriental invest ii^'a- 
 tion made by this Board. 
 
 Respectfully sul)mitted, 
 
 STATE BOARD OF CONTROL, 
 
 Marshall DeMotte, Cliairtnnn, 
 
 II. Stanley Benedict, 
 Clyde L. Seavey. 
 
 Sacramento, California. 
 June 19, 1920. 
 
 2 — 4460
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 On September 29, 1919, the State Board of Control received the 
 following letter from Governor Wm. D. Stephens : 
 
 STATE OF CALIFORNIA 
 governor's office 
 
 Sacramento, September 29, 1919. 
 To the State Board of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 Gentlemen: At the last session of the California Legislature 
 (adjourned April 27, 1919) there was adopted Senate Concurrent Reso- 
 lution No. 19, relating to the leasing of land in the state to persons 
 ineligible to citizenship. 
 
 I desire to call your attention to this resolution, and in conformity 
 therewith request you to make a thorough investigation and prepare an 
 accurate, detailed and comprehensive report upon the subject. This 
 report should include all necessary and pertinent facts and be of such 
 nature that it may serve as an official and authentic document for the 
 guidance of the state and national authorities in dealing with this 
 question and in presenting California's attitude regarding the problems 
 which have been the natural outgrowth of such conditions. 
 
 I would be pleased if for this report you would secure separate, 
 specific and definite information concerning aliens constitutionally 
 ineligible to citizenship in this state, and also concerning American- 
 born children of such aliens, as follows : 
 
 The number of said aliens and the number of said children in each 
 race subdivision, now here, engaged in agricultural pursuits, together 
 with a statement showing what relation these present figures bear to 
 those reported in the Federal Censuses of 1910 and 1900 ; 
 
 The total acreage of land held in fee by the separate race subdivisions 
 of said aliens and of said children, and the extent these lands are cul- 
 tivated by persons of their own race, together with a statement of the 
 number of acres now controlled under lease or other contract by each 
 race subdivision of said aliens and of said children and cultivated by 
 them and so far as possible include comparisons with similar facts 
 existing in previous years ; 
 
 Such pertinent facts as you may be able to secure concerning the 
 methods employed in securing land by lease or otherwise for cultiva- 
 tion, the character of the land, the tendency towards colonization in 
 particular localities, the methods of financing such enterprises, etc. ;
 
 20 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The number of said aliens in each race subdivision engaged in 
 separate mercantile pursuits in this state, their business occupancy of 
 certain districts, their methods of financing, their mode of living and 
 their effect upon American owned establishments of like purpose; 
 
 The number of women of each race subdivision of said aliens that 
 have immigrated into the state during the present year, also the rate of 
 birth of the children in each race subdivision of said aliens and a com- 
 parison with previous years. 
 
 The value of the report will be not only in the reliable information 
 furnished California and her Legislature but also in the presentation to 
 the National Government and to the Congress of the United States the 
 plain and authenticated facts and conditions now existing in California. 
 
 "Whatever state of facts such investigation may disclose, the problems 
 which arise from them do not present themselves exclusively to the 
 people of California for solution, but are both federal and state in 
 scope. 
 
 It is my hope that this problem can be handled along broad and 
 effective lines of mutual correct understanding and good will, and to 
 this end it is essential that the national authority be in possession of 
 all the facts and circumstances concerning the situation now existing in 
 this state, and to some extent also throughout the entire Pacific Coast. 
 Inasmuch as the problem is believed to be more acute in California than 
 in some of the other Pacific Coast states, I am of the opinion that it is 
 the duty of California to collect, tabulate and present such information 
 as is herein requested. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Wm. D. Stephens, 
 
 Governor. 
 
 In compliance with the instructions contained in this letter, the 
 State Board of Control submits the following report as a result of its 
 investigations. 
 
 As these instructions call for facts only, this Board has not drawn 
 any conclusions or suggested any recommendations. 
 
 In this work, the Board of Control received generous cooperation 
 from Federal, State, County and Municipal Oflficers; from many civic 
 organizations and individuals; and from the Japanese Government 
 Officials and Japanese Associations in California. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF CONTROL.
 
 Section I. 
 POPULATION. 
 
 21
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The following- pages contain: 
 
 (1) Oriental population in California, based on official records. 
 
 (2) Special census of Japanese population in California, taken by 
 Japanese Association of America at request of Board of Control. 
 
 (3) Fignres showing Oriental population in the two counties of 
 Imperial and Solano as taken by special census of the Board of 
 Control, and a separate census by the Japanese Association of 
 America in California, 
 
 (4) Chart (1) showing per cent of increase in population of each 
 race in California from 1910 to 1919. 
 
 (5) Chart (2) showing per cent of excess of births over deaths for 
 each race in California from 1910 to 1919. 
 
 (6) Chart (3) showing minor population of California in 1910 and 
 also in 1919. 
 
 (7) Total Japanese population in United States (continental) as 
 shown by immigration reports only and without calculations for 
 births and deaths, for 1910 and 1919 and showing increase. 
 
 (8) Figures allocating increase or decrease in Japanese population 
 in California and the other states of the United States, showing 
 that approximately two -thirds of the increase falls to California. 
 
 (9) Schedule taken from United States Immigration Reports 
 showing excess of immigrant Japanese alien arrivals over emigrant 
 Japanese departures, by years, from 1909 to 1919. 
 
 Note. — In order to make the report as brief as possible, intro- 
 ductory comment preceding each section is reduced to the minimum.
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 25 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Chinese and Japanese Population of California December 31, 1919.* 
 
 Explanation 
 
 (1) Population April 15, 1910 
 
 (2) liiiinitinuits luiniittcd from April 15, 1910, to De- 
 
 cember 31, 1919 
 
 Jai>ane*e 
 
 (H) Emigrants doi)arted from April 15, 1910, to De- 
 cember 31, 1919 — 
 
 (4) Immigration from Hawaii from July 1" 1910, to 
 June 30. 1919 - 
 
 (5) Registered births from April 15, 1910, to Decem- 
 ber 31, 1919 - 
 
 (6) He))orted deaths from April 15, 1910, to December 
 31, 1919 
 
 Population as of December 31, 1919 
 
 36,248 41.366 77,604 
 
 11,914 32,196 44,110 
 
 48,162 ! 73,552 ' 121.714 
 
 11,125 7.110 18.285 
 
 37.037 
 108 
 
 66.442 103,479 
 506 614 
 
 37,145 66,948 101,093 
 
 3,741 27,828 31,569 
 
 40,886 94,776 135,662 
 
 7,615 7,497 1,5,112 
 
 33,271 87,279 12).55^ 
 
 (1) Determined by United States Census enumeration as of April l.j, 1910. See 
 Bulletin No. 127 of the Permanent Census Bureau, pages 7 and 2.5. 
 
 (2) Detennined for the period from July 1. 1910, to June 30, 1919, from the 
 annual reporls of tlie (^ommissioner-General of Immigration and strictly confined 
 to "immigrant" (as distinguished from "non-immigrant") aliens admitted, who 
 indicated California as their intended future residence. 
 
 For the period from Ai)ril 1.5 to .Tune .30, 1910, an approximation was made based 
 upon that season's i)roportionate share of total arrivals for the year rei>orted, and 
 aiii)lied to "iinmij;Tants"' intending to reside in California as reported for the fiscal 
 year ended June .30, 1910. 
 
 For the period from ,Tuly 1 to December 31. 1919, "immigrant" arrivals admitted 
 at the port of San Francisco are used in the absence of other available data. 
 
 (31 Determined for the period from July 1. 1910 to June 30, 1910, from the 
 Annual Reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration and strictly confined 
 to "emigrant" (as distinguished from "non-emigrant") aliens departed, who gave 
 California as their last permanent residence. 
 
 For the period from April 1,") to June 30, 1910, and from July 1 to December 31, 
 1919, respectively, the methods described under Note 2 were employed in the 
 determination of the number of emigrants for those periods. 
 
 (4) Determined, for the jieriod indicated from the Annual Reports of the 
 Commissioner-General of Immigration for 1914 to 1919. For the period from 
 July 1, 1910 to Jruie 30. 1914. the proportion of arrivals destined to California 
 from July 1. 1907 to June 30. 1914, was applied. 
 
 (.5) Determined from the official records of the State Board of Health. To exclude 
 period from January 1 to April 1.5. 1910. 7/24 of the total reported for the calendar 
 year 1910 was subtracted. Figures for 1919 are subject to negligible changes. 
 
 (0) Same as Note 5. 
 
 *Figures do not take into consideration possible increase in population by smuggling 
 or illegal entry, nor do they include the large number of arrivals from Hawaii of 
 .Japanese who acquiied American citizenship by birth on the Islands or as residents 
 when Hawaii was annexed by United States. These latter come into California as 
 Ameiican citizens, moving from one part of United States to another, without being 
 listed on immigration records.
 
 26 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENT.VL. 
 
 Chart 
 
 3jd41LU^P gR^€gqJ^ckEfli£:jltJiEsTrMAT£p.:;PQm 
 __ : qp CAuroRNi A Tr(ih 19 >0T0 IQI9i-" 
 
 iCfi- 
 
 TT 
 
 Chart 
 
 rERTU 
 
 wmE 
 
 FtRctrir Ex^;es5 l)F'RtcjU>T 
 
 OVER KtPOKlhDDtHl'Hb' 
 
 EEifmSEiMES 
 
 BlKtHS
 
 POPULATION. 27 
 
 The forej^oinf^ figures show the Japanose population in California, 
 Afiil 15, 1910, to be 41,:i56, and on December 31, 1919, 87,279, an 
 increase from 1910 to 1919 of 45,923, or 111 per cent. This increase 
 consists of 25,592 not hy immigration and 20,331 net bij hirth. The 
 fi{:rnres for total Japanese papulation in 1919 Ix'ing based upon reports 
 of immigration and emigration, births and deaths, necessarily include 
 those American-born Japanese who have temporarily returned to Japan 
 upon business trips or for the purpose of completing an education. 
 Because, until recent years, immigration authorities made no distinc- 
 tion in their records of departures between classes of American-born 
 citizens, there is no segregation on the immigration records between an 
 American-born citizen of American parents and American-born citizens 
 of Japanese parents. 
 
 At the request of the State Board of Control, the Japanese 
 Association of America, through its various local associations in Cali- 
 fornia, made a special census of Japanese population in California 
 during 1919 which census was completed March, 1920. The total of this 
 census was 78,628 Japanese residing in California. To this should be 
 added the number of American-born Japanese now temporarily in 
 Japan for the purpose of completing their education, estimated by the 
 Japanese Association of America at about 5000. This makes a total of 
 83,628 by the Japanese Census as compared with 87,279 hereinbefore 
 given from figures of Federal Immigration Reports and Vital Statistics, 
 State Board of Health. 
 
 The above figures also show that, as to the Chinese, there were in the 
 State of California in 1890, thirty years ago, 72,472 Chinese, and in 1919 
 there were 33,271. It is interesting to note this large decrease in 
 Chinese population in comparison with the considerable increase in 
 Japanese population, as it may reflect the effectiveness of the Chinese 
 Exclusion Act in excluding the Chinese immigrants and indicates the 
 reverse as to the so-called "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan, in 
 restricting Japanese immigration. 
 
 As to Hindus, census reports show none prior to 1910. In 1910 the 
 census shows 1948 Hindus in California while in 1919 there are 2600, 
 an increase of 652, or 33.5 per cent. 
 
 During the period 1910 to 1919, the Japanese increased 111 per cent, 
 the Hindu 33.5 per cent, the white population increased approximately 
 22.4 per cent and the Chinese population decreased 8.2 per cent. (See 
 charts Nos. 1 and 2, prepared by Bureau of Vital Statistics, State Board 
 of Health, and State Board of Control.) 
 
 From figures developed by the State Board of Control from the total 
 registration of minors made by the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction as required by act of the 1919 Legislature, the minor popula- 
 tion of Orientals in the state on November 1, 1919, was as follows: 
 Japanese 21,611, an increase of 252 per cent over 1910, the Chinese
 
 28 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
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 POPULATION. 
 
 29 
 
 minor population was 4805, a decrease of 17.6 per cent. Tiie white minor 
 population sliowed an increase of 18.5 per cent. (See Chart No. 3, 
 prepared by State Board of Control from vital statistics of State Board 
 of Health and reports of States Superintendent of Public Instruction.) 
 For |:^('neral information and purposes of comparison, tlie State Board 
 of Control and the Japanese Association of America each took an 
 independent census of two selected counties, completing the work in 
 March, 1920, with the following results : 
 
 Japanese Cblnoae Hindus 
 
 Total 
 
 Imperial County — 
 
 Board of Control 
 
 Japanese Association 
 
 Solano County- 
 Board of Control 
 
 Japanese Association 
 
 2,220 
 
 2.468 
 
 1.043 
 974 
 
 100 
 
 856 
 
 495 
 
 91 
 
 2,815 
 1,990 
 
 JAPANESE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 (CONTINENTAL). 
 
 Changes by immigation only. Births and deaths not considered. 
 
 The following figures show net increase or decrease in Japanese 
 population caused by arrival and departure of Japanese in continental 
 United States as a whole and separately for California and the 
 remainder of continental United States: 
 
 All other 
 states 
 
 ToUl 
 United 
 SUtes 
 
 Japanese population April 15, 1910 41,356 30,801 
 
 Arrivals April 15, 1910, to December 31, 1919 *32,702 45,681 
 
 74,058 76,482 
 
 72.157 
 78,383 
 
 150,540 
 
 Departures April 15, 1910, to December 31, 1919 
 
 t7,110 
 
 56,554 
 
 63,664 
 
 Totals— December 31, 1919 
 
 66.948 
 
 19,928 , 
 
 1 
 
 86,876 
 
 ♦Immigrant Japanese admitted only. 
 tEmigrant Japanese departed only. 
 
 No data is available covering interstate migration of Chinese or 
 Japanese. 
 
 The above figures concern recorded arrivals and departures only and 
 do not take into consideration increases or decreases by births or deaths, 
 or increases due to smuggling and surreptitious entr3\
 
 30 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Allocation of Increase and Decrease in Population. 
 
 December 31, 1919— total Japanese. 
 
 66.948 
 
 AU other .f otal 
 
 stall": ' united 
 
 I SUtes 
 
 19,928 86.876 
 
 Less Japanese population April 15, 1910 i 41,356 30,801 72.157 
 
 Net increase by reason of immigration 25,592 
 
 Net decrease by reason of emigration — 10,873 
 
 Net increase and decrease 25,592 —10,873 14,719 
 
 Note — I'ndor immicrration practice, every Japanese, as an immigrant alien, must 
 designate on arrival his intended future residence in the United States, and each 
 Japanese emigrant alien, upon departure, must designate the place of his last 
 permanent residence in the United States. 
 
 The above fibres show that, during the period named, 32,702 Japanese 
 immigrant arrivals designated California as their intended future 
 residence, while 7110 Japanese emigrant departures named California as 
 their last permanent residence. It would therefore appear that the 
 Japanese population in California increased by immigration only, dur- 
 ing the period mentioned, 25,592, which is the difference between these 
 Japanese immigrant arrivals and these Japanese emigrant departures. 
 
 The Japanese arrivals, both immigrant and non-immigrant, for all of 
 the other .states of the United States, outside of California during the 
 period mentioned, were 45,681, and the Japanese departures, both 
 emigrant and non-emigrant, were 56,554, leaving a net decrease, by 
 emigration, of 10,873 Japanese in all the states outside of California, 
 the result in the United States as a whole, including California, being 
 a net increase of 14,719 Japanese. It therefore appears that the 
 Japanese population in California increased 25,592, but in all of the 
 other states of the United States it decreased 10,873. 
 
 Perhaps, in this last-named fact may be found the reason that makes 
 Oriental immigration a live subject of continued consideration in 
 California.
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 31 
 
 Because of the impossibility of allocating to the different states of the 
 United States the non-immigrant arrivals and non-eniif,'rant departun^s, 
 the following table, covering the regular immigration report years ]!J10 
 to 1919, shows the excess of immigrants remaining permanently in 
 continental United States. The total shown is 36,989, of which 23,708, 
 or 64.1 per cent, falls to California. 
 
 (Observe that the dates of the periods given in the foregoing table 
 and the following table do not coincide exactly.) 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Excess of Immigrant Japanese Aliens Admitted to United States over Emigrant 
 Japanese Aliens Departed, July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1919. 
 
 Year ended June 30 
 
 Total 
 United 
 States 
 
 Outside of 
 
 Continental 
 
 United 
 
 States 
 
 Continental 
 United 
 States 
 
 State of California 
 
 All 
 other 
 states 
 
 1910 *1,579 *;193 *1,186 : *1,109 j *93.5 *77 
 
 1911 1,224 I 972 252 45 17.9 207 
 
 1912 : 4.671 2.295 2,376 : 1,568 66.0 808 
 
 1913 7,569 3,846 3,723 2,3S0 64.2 13^3 
 
 1914 8147 3,605 j 4,542 3,129 68.9 1*413 
 
 1915 7,784 2,525 5,259 3.798 72.2 1,461 
 
 1916 7,931 2,739 | 5,192 , 3,676 I 70.8 1,516 
 
 1917 8,203 ' 3,094 i 5,109 ; 3,196 i 62.6 I.!)l3 
 
 1918 8,610 I 2,f;07 , fi,0a3 3,529 j 58.8 2,47l 
 
 1919 7,929 2,210 5,719 3,486 61.0 2,233 
 
 Totals 60,489 23,500 36,989 23,708 61.1 \ 13,281 
 
 •Starred figures indicate exces.s of emigrants over immigrants. 
 
 Nearly two-thirds of the excess falls to California. (This means an average of 
 approximately two-thirds of the excess of all Japanese immigrants over emigrants 
 coming to the United States, came to California during the ten-year period indicated 
 above.) — From V. S. Inftnigration Reports.
 
 Section 11. 
 BIRTH RATE. 
 
 3 — 44fi0
 
 BIRTH RATE. 
 
 In the following section appear : 
 
 (1) Figures giving total births of Japanese and Chinese for the 
 separate years of 1910 and 1919 and also the total births for these 
 two races for the ten years 1910 to 1919. Japanese increased from 
 719 births in 1910 to 4378 births in 1919. 
 
 (2) Relation of Japanese births to total births in the state given 
 both as of 1910 and the increase as of 1919, showing in 1919 that 
 one out of every 13 children bom in California is Japanese. 
 
 (3) Percentage of Japanese births as to total births in 18 selected 
 agricultural counties of the state for the year 1910 and the year 
 1919, shown on Chart 4, showing that 12.3 per cent of total births 
 in 1919 in these counties were Japanese. 
 
 (4) Percentage of Japanese births to total births in Sacramento 
 County for the year 1919, showing in rural parts of county in 1919 
 that 49.7 per cent of all births were Japanese. 
 
 (5) Table giving registered births of all races in California, with 
 percentage of the total bom to each race, for years from 1910 to 1919. 
 This shows whites decreased in this period from 96.13 per cent of 
 the total to 90.86 per cent, while the Japanese increased from 2.24 
 per cent of the total to 7.82 per cent. 
 
 (6) Statement of Japanese Association of America expressing 
 belief that Japanese birth rate is not higher than that of other 
 races. 
 
 (7) Relative fecundity of whites and Japanese, Tabulation from 
 United States Census, 1910, giving total number of married white 
 women in California. Tabulation giving birth rate among the white 
 women shown by this United States Census as compared to the 
 birth rate among the Japanese married women in the State of Cali- 
 fornia shown on the special census in 1919 by Japanese Association 
 of America. Percentage of births to white women shown to be 9.9 
 per cent while the number of children bom to Japanese women 
 averaged 28.8 per cent. 
 
 35
 
 BIRTH RATK. 37 
 
 BIRTHS. 
 
 Tho following: data relative to births of Japanese and (Miiricsc; in 
 th<! years 1910 and 1919 and showing the total births for each of the 
 two races for the ten-year period lf)10-1919, eonipilefl from data of 
 Bureau of Vital Statistics of the State Board of Health, indicates the 
 increases in those races for the period and the comparison between the 
 number of Japanese births and the total births in the state: 
 
 (a) 
 
 Race 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Births 
 
 Births 
 
 Total for ten years 
 
 1910 
 
 1919 
 
 1910-1919 
 
 719 
 
 4,378 
 
 28,037 
 
 277 
 
 432 
 
 3,822 
 
 (b) In 1910, Japanese births represent 1 out of every 44 children 
 born in the state. In 1919, Japanese births represent 1 out of every 
 13 children bom in the state. 
 
 (c) In 18 selected agricultural counties of the state, the average 
 births of Japanese have risen from 3.2 per cent of the total births 
 in 1910 to 12.3 per cent in 1919. (See Chart 4 on next page.) 
 
 In the rural parts of Sacramento County, 49.7 per cent of all 
 births in 1919 were Japanese. 
 
 While the Japanese birth rate is far in excess of that of all other 
 nationalities in this state, this is not infrequently true of a new people 
 immigrating into a new land. 
 
 Also, among the Japanese, which is a new race here, most of the adults 
 are comparatively young and of the family-raising ages, while among 
 the whites, a race long resident in California, there is necessarily the 
 usual proportion of elderly persons.
 
 38 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chart 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Black portions Indicate percentage of Japanese births.
 
 BIRTH RATE, 
 
 39 
 
 The following table gives the registered births of all races in Cali- 
 
 fofiiia, togethci- vvilli pci-centage of each for the years 1010 to lOlf). 
 
 REGISTERED BIRTHS IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Bureau of Vital Statistics of the State Board of Health, 1910 to 1919. 
 
 Number of Births. 
 
 Year 
 
 Total 
 
 Whites 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Negro 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Indiana 
 
 1910 ..-- 
 
 1911 .. 
 
 1912 
 
 32,138 
 34.828 
 39,330 
 43.852 
 46,012 
 48,075 
 50.638 
 52230 
 rw,922 
 56,019 
 
 30,893 
 33,245 
 37,194 
 40,864 
 42,281 
 43,874 
 46,272 
 47,313 
 .'^0 936 
 50,898 
 
 719 
 995 
 
 1,467 
 2,215 
 2,874 
 3,342 
 3,721 
 4.108 
 4,218 
 4.378 
 
 232 
 
 258 
 319 
 343 
 388 
 392 
 199 
 328 
 262 
 256 
 
 277 
 307 
 321 
 381 
 418 
 429 
 425 
 419 
 413 
 432 
 
 17 
 23 
 29 
 
 191;? 
 
 49 
 
 1914 
 
 61 
 
 1915 .. 
 
 38 
 
 1916 
 
 21 
 
 1917 
 
 62 
 
 1918 .. --. 
 
 43 
 
 1919* 
 
 t55 
 
 
 
 Total.s 
 
 459,044 
 
 423,820 
 
 28.037 
 
 2,977 
 
 3,822 
 
 388 
 
 Per Cent of Total BiHhs. 
 
 1910 . 
 
 1911 . 
 
 1912 . 
 
 1913 . 
 
 1914 . 
 
 1915 . 
 
 1916 . 
 
 1917 . 
 
 1918 . 
 1919* 
 
 96.13 
 
 2.24 
 
 .72 
 
 86 
 
 95.45 
 
 2.86 
 
 .74 
 
 88 
 
 94.57 
 
 3.73 
 
 .81 
 
 82 
 
 93.19 
 
 5.05 
 
 .78 
 
 87 
 
 91.89 
 
 6.25 
 
 .84 
 
 91 
 
 91.26 
 
 6.95 
 
 .82 
 
 89 
 
 91.38 
 
 7.35 
 
 .39 
 
 84 
 
 90.59 
 
 7.87 
 
 .63 
 
 80 
 
 91.17 
 
 7.54 
 
 .47 
 
 74 
 
 9086 
 
 7.82 
 
 .46 
 
 77 
 
 .05 
 .07 
 .07 
 .11 
 .11 
 .08 
 .04 
 .11 
 .08 
 t.09 
 
 The above table shows decrease in births of whites from 96.13 
 per cent of the total in 1910 to 90.86 per cent of the total in 1919, 
 The figures also show an increase in Japanese births from 2.24 per 
 cent of the total in 1910 to 7.82 per cent of the total in 1919. 
 
 BIRTH RATE. 
 
 Concerning the subject of birth rate the Japanese had the following 
 to say in their written memorial to the President of the United States 
 prepared by the Japanese Association of America (in California) dur- 
 ing the President's last trip to the Coast in 1919: 
 
 "Of late, much eloquence has been spent in condemning the Japanese birth rate. 
 It is alleged that the Japanese power of fecnndity is notoriously high, furnishing 
 ground for the fear that the Japanese will become the dominating race in California. 
 The white races will be driven from the land. Hence the terrible "yellow peril"! 
 
 ♦Subject to slight corrections by reason of incomplete reports, 
 flncludes other races.
 
 40 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 But in reality, we are not even certain that the birth rate among the Japanese is 
 very high. We have no statistics to prove it. No one, so far as we know, has 
 studietl this subject scientifically. No one has given us statistics showing even 
 elementary facts such as sex distribution, marital condition, age composition, etc., of 
 the Japanese population. Yet without these facts we can not make a comparative 
 study of the birth rate between any two races. liut let it be granted, for the sake 
 of expediency, that the Japanese birth rate in California is higher than, say, the 
 American birth rate. I'^vcn if this is true, it can not be established as a racial trait 
 of the Japanese. It is probably due to their inferior social, economic and intellectual 
 status. The ignorant always suffer from high birth rate, which are always accom- 
 panied by high death rates. But as they advance, their power of fecundity falls. 
 This is an established fact. The birth rate among "old" immigrant races is fast 
 falling. As the Japanese emerge from their present status, their birth rate too 
 will surely fall. (See Appendix, page 203.) 
 
 Relative Fecundity. 
 As to the relative fecundity of Japanese and white women, the 
 figures following are submitted : 
 
 MARRIED WHITE WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA. (IN AGE GROUPS.) 
 United States Census — 1910. 
 
 ir to 24 years 54,773 
 
 25 to 44 years 258,508 
 
 45 years and over. 132,315 
 
 Totals 445,596 
 
 The above figures show 313,281 married white women in California 
 ill 1910 under 45 years of age, of the usual child-bearing ages. 
 
 MARRIED JAPANESE WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA. 
 Special Census in 1919 by Japanese Association of America. 
 
 Northern California - 8,704 married Japanese women 
 
 Southern California -. 6,507 Japanese women 
 
 Total -- 15,211 
 
 The marital condition of the 6507 Japanese women in Southern 
 California was not shown, but they were enumerated in a separate class 
 from the children of both sexes ranging from 1 to 19 years of age. 
 Inasmuch as these Japanese women are classified as above 19 years of 
 age, it will be assumed, for purposes of comparison, that they are all 
 married and of child-bearing ages. In so doing, the possibility of over- 
 stating the birth rate is practically eliminated and the results of such 
 comparison would be favorable to the Japanese.
 
 BIRTH RATE. 
 
 41 
 
 The followirif^ table shows the imrrilxT of ffiildren born to these whitf; 
 women and these Japanese women, together with percentages of births 
 in each race: 
 
 Year 
 
 Married 1 Number nf 
 women 1 ""t'* births 
 
 Per rent (if 
 births t.i 
 mothfrs 
 
 1910 
 
 313,281 
 15,211 
 
 White 
 Japanese 
 
 30,893 
 4.378 
 
 9.9 
 
 1919 
 
 28.8 
 
 
 
 On this })asis, the fecundity of the Japanese is nearly three times that 
 of the whites. If it were possible to select, for more accurate com- 
 parison, those white married women who were of a social, economic, 
 and intellectual status similar to tliat of the Japanese, the disparity- in 
 birth rates would undoubtedly ])e less marked. 
 
 There are approximately three times as many Japanese men as there 
 are Japanese women in California. Considering the high birth rate, 
 under present conditions, what would it be, were there Japanese 
 women in California sufficient for each Japanese man to establish 
 a household? 
 
 JAPANESE MEN AND WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Pre.Donderance of Men Over Women. 
 
 Total Japanes<> population in California 87,'271) 
 
 Minor Japanese children in California 21,R11 
 
 Minor children temporarily in Japan for education 5,000 
 
 Adult Japanese women in California 15,211 
 
 41,822 
 
 Total Japanese men in California.- 45,457 
 
 There are, therefore, 45,457 men to 15,211 women, or about 3 to 1.
 
 Section III. 
 LAND. 
 
 43
 
 LAND. 
 
 The pages immediately following show: 
 
 (1) Total land area of California. Classification of these lands. 
 Lands occupied by Orientals, showing total of 623,752 acres occupied 
 by Orientals. Of this total, Japanese themselves state they occupy 
 427,029 acres, which is an increase of 412.9 per cent in the past ten 
 years. Including holdings of Japanese-controlled corporations, the 
 total acreage occupied by Japanese is 458,056 acres. 
 
 (2) Total irrigated acreage in each county of the state and the 
 portion occupied by Orientals in each county, which ranges from 50 
 per cent to 75 per cent of the total in some counties. 
 
 (3) Crops produced in California in 1919, prepared by United 
 States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Crop Estimates, giving 
 summary of kinds of crops and total values of each. 
 
 (4) Acreage planted and farm products raised by Japanese in 
 the two years 1909 and 1919. Figures for 1909 compiled by State 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics and those for 1919 compiled by Japanese 
 Association of California. An increase in value of Japanese-grown 
 products of 976.8 per cent is shown in past 10 years. 
 
 (5) The percentage of the total of each crop delivered to the 
 canneries that is supplied by the Japanese growers. 
 
 (6) Relief map of State of California, showing principal agri- 
 cultural districts occupied by Orientals. 
 
 (7) Five land maps of five of the richest agricultural districts in 
 California showing in black the lands occupied by Orientals. 
 
 (8) Expression of County Horticultural Commissioners and County 
 Farm Advisers on character of land occupied by Orientals, how 
 leased, whether whites would farm these lands, and other pertinent 
 facts. 
 
 (9) Land Legislation. California Alien Land Law in full. Digest 
 of Alien Land Laws of Washington, Arizona, Mexico, Australia, 
 Japan, Hawaiian Islands and Philippine Islands. 
 
 (10) Japan has ample undeveloped lands for her population. 
 
 45
 
 LAND. 47 
 
 LAND.* 
 
 Acres 
 
 Total hind urea of California 99,617,280 
 
 Consisting of: 
 National forests (not includinK private lands within them) 18,418,643 
 
 Unappropriated public lands (July 1, 1919) 20.239,977 
 
 Indian reservations 463,041 
 
 State school lands (December 31, 1919) 745,798 
 
 Private timber holdings ._ 4,555,941 
 
 Miscellaneous - 27,262,436 
 
 Farm lands - 27,931,444 
 
 99,617,280 
 
 Farm lands classified as follows: 
 
 Unimproved --. 16,541,550 
 
 Improved 11,389,894 
 
 Irrigated - 3,893,.5()0 
 
 Unirrigated 7,496,394 
 
 Oriental occupancy is as follows: city lots Acres 
 
 Owned by Japanese or bought on contract 1,036 74,769 
 
 Owned by Chinese— - 546 12,076 
 
 Owned by Hindus - 11 2,099 
 
 Totals 1,593 88,944 
 
 Under lease or crop contract: 
 
 Japanese 383,287 
 
 Chinese 65,181 
 
 Hindus —. 86,340 
 
 Total 534,808 
 
 Total acreage occupied by Orientals 623,752 
 
 ♦Taken from official reports of U. S. Government, State Surveyor General, Federal 
 Census, and Federal Irrigation Manager. 
 
 Note. — Japanese holdings include lands owned, leased, or under contract of purchase 
 by corporations controlled by Japanese.
 
 48 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 DECEMBER 31, 1919. 
 
 LauilH occupied by Oilentr.U. both IrrlgaleU >"(1 uiilrrlgaledT 
 
 HllUllI!! 
 
 Alameda 
 
 Alpine 
 
 Amador 
 
 Butte - 
 
 Calaveras 
 
 Colusa 
 
 Contra Costa ... 
 
 Del Norte 
 
 El Dorado 
 
 Fresno 
 
 fiienn 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 Imperial .. ... 
 
 Inyo 
 
 Kern 
 
 Kings .-- 
 
 Lake 
 
 Lassen 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Madera 
 
 Marin 
 
 Mariposa 
 
 McndoeiiK) 
 
 Merced 
 
 Modoc 
 
 Mono 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Napa 
 
 Nevada -. 
 
 Orange 
 
 Placer --. 
 
 Plumas 
 
 Riverside 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 San Benito 
 
 San Bernardino 
 
 San Diego 
 
 San Francisco . 
 
 San Joaquin 
 
 San Luis Obispo 
 
 San Mateo 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 Shasta 
 
 Sierra 
 
 Siskiyou 
 
 Solano 
 
 Sonoma 
 
 Stanislaus 
 
 Sutter 
 
 Tehama 
 
 Trinity ..- 
 
 Tulare 
 
 Tuolumne 
 
 Ventura 
 
 Yolo 
 
 Yuba 
 
 3.700 
 
 4,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 85,000 
 
 1.500 
 
 70,00) 
 
 30,000 
 
 1.150 2,640 
 
 147 
 
 4,943 10.840 91 
 
 80 
 
 '800' 
 
 775 
 
 4.2-20 
 
 4.500 
 
 575,0C0 
 
 70.000 
 
 500 
 
 425,000 
 
 80,00'J 
 
 200,000 
 
 160.000 
 
 700 
 
 75,000 
 
 247,C00 
 
 60.000 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 l.OCO 
 
 17(..0C0 
 
 90,000 
 
 40,C00 
 
 35,000 
 
 1,5C0 
 
 50C0 
 
 65.000 
 
 19,000 
 
 30.000 
 
 85,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 7.000 
 
 70,000 
 
 25.000 
 
 5(0 
 
 130.000 
 
 2.O0O 
 
 4,000 
 
 20.000 
 
 5C.O0O 
 
 l.-^OO 
 
 ro.ot^o 
 
 20000 
 
 65.000 
 
 5000 
 
 4.000 
 
 270,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 2S5.000 
 
 2.5CO 
 
 40.000 
 
 60.000 
 
 15.000 
 
 145 
 705 
 
 22.290 
 5,681 
 
 820 
 
 17,610 
 1,153 
 
 14,C05 
 
 3'^7 
 15.9a> 
 14.095 
 
 1,065 
 
 460 
 960 
 
 107 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 2,638 
 
 9,462 
 
 23 2.270 
 
 15.921 
 12,610 
 
 543 
 50 
 40 
 
 90 
 1,033 
 
 99 
 
 1,550 
 
 136 
 
 88 
 85 
 
 866 
 
 46096 
 
 4,769 
 
 63 
 
 1,756 
 
 5 
 1.705 
 
 12,905 
 
 102 
 
 17,793 
 
 ""33" 
 
 "'§43' 
 343 
 
 51,884 
 
 13ft47 
 
 1,615 
 
 2.759 
 
 4,284 
 
 5.703 16,125 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 678 10.865 
 
 1.887 
 
 2,947 
 
 790 
 
 850 
 
 5.755 
 
 16,691 
 
 1,296 
 
 359 
 
 1,920 
 
 >306 
 
 1,794 
 
 562 
 
 752 
 
 2-20 
 
 30 
 
 180 
 
 1,944 2,356 
 109 7,537 
 171 10,910 
 
 177 
 
 640 
 3,158 
 
 10,240 
 1.212 
 
 190 
 
 540 
 13.915 
 
 803 33.470 
 
 80 
 
 32,310 
 
 
 i 
 
 2,381 . .. 40 
 
 "'2;560" 
 
 
 1,067 8650 560 
 
 — :, 1,000 
 
 
 
 
 1,616 42,911 19 
 1,080 440 160 
 
 2,130 
 
 
 6j Kt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,720 2,090 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 423 
 
 600 
 2,529 
 
 3,898 
 
 "im 
 
 443 6,901 
 
 131 
 
 20 
 
 Tot H If 
 
 3.«A.V10 71.769 ;W.S.287 12,076 1 fio.lKI 
 
 2.<«7 
 
 6,800 
 
 ♦Prepared by Frank Adams. tFroni Comity Records, County Assessors, 
 Federal Irrigation Manager Tax Collectors, Farm Advisers and Horticul- 
 for California. tural Commissioners.
 
 LAND. 
 
 49 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 California Crop Production, 1919. U. S. Department of Aflricuiture, Bureau of 
 
 Crop Estimates. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Corn I $4,908,;^ 
 
 Wheat I ;W,OW). 
 
 Barley 1 42,5GI 
 
 Oats - i 4,942,; 
 
 Potatoes (white) 18,28«,l 
 
 Hay 75,889,1 
 
 Beans - — 21,322,5 
 
 Grain sorghums 0,747,1 
 
 Sugar beets ' 10,6;V2,1 
 
 Kice 20,877,' 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Onions 
 
 Truck crops 
 
 Cantaloupes 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 Apples — 
 
 Crop 
 
 Poaches $25,901,0 
 
 I'ear.s 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Prunes _- 
 
 I'luin.s 
 
 ( 'iierries 
 
 VValnut.s 
 
 Almonds .... 
 
 Fif^s .. 
 
 Oranges 
 
 Lemons 
 
 Raisins 
 
 Grapes (wine and table). 
 
 8,(J98.(XJ0 
 
 13..'jG4,WJ0 
 
 3I.344,0(;0 
 
 2.575,2(0 
 
 1. 860.000 
 
 14,840,000 
 
 2.998,r»(J<l 
 
 2,5.'{7,.7)() 
 
 45,833.(XX) 
 
 1 1 .X.'.iMi) 
 
 35,6.5H,(XX) 
 
 16,485,OJO 
 
 Total S507.811.88l 
 
 JAPANESE FARM PRODUCTS— 1909 AND 1919. 
 
 Figures for 1909 Compiled by State Bureau of Labor Statistics; Figures for 1919 
 Complied by Japanese Agricuiturai Association of California. 
 
 Kind of crop 
 
 Berries - ■ 4.587 
 
 Celery 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Seeds and nursery 652 
 
 Onions 
 
 Tomatoes _.- 
 
 Sugar beets 56i3 
 
 Cantaloupes 
 
 Green vegetables 33,467 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Hops 273 
 
 Grapes .. 9,657 
 
 Beans 
 
 Fruits and nuts 23,139 
 
 Hay, grain, corn 910 
 
 Rice 
 
 Cotton 193 
 
 Miscellaneous -- 4,722 
 
 Unimproved ' 
 
 Totals - 83,253 
 
 Value of proiliu-t.s 
 
 5,949 
 
 3,518 
 
 10,027 
 
 16.847 
 
 9,883 
 
 7.916 
 
 51,224 
 
 13,481 
 
 44,188 
 
 17,663 
 
 1,260 
 
 54,246 
 
 41,500 
 
 46,930 
 
 43,C84 
 
 24,C00 
 
 13.000 
 
 3.011 
 
 18,402 
 
 $729,731 
 
 206,770 
 
 271.050 
 
 2517,160 
 
 46,000 
 435,350 
 
 1,753,210 
 28.530 
 
 427,029 
 
 17,100 
 230.955 
 
 $3,629,400 
 1,105,400 
 1.804,860 
 3.369,400 
 3,459.050 
 1,068.660 
 4.800,360 
 2,822,150 
 
 10.997,000 
 5.298,900 
 743,400 
 8,136,900 
 2,525,000 
 8,457,400 
 2,611,100 
 3,600,000 
 1,950,000 
 766,750 
 
 $6,235,856 $67,145,730 
 
 Increa.se from 1909 to 1910 in lands oocupierl by Japanese — 412.9 per cent. 
 
 Increase from 1909 to 1919 in value of crops raised by Japanese — 9TG.8 per cent. 
 
 Note — In 1909 their activities were centered in 23 counties: now in 20 counties, 
 the additional counties being Butte. Colusa. Glenn. Yuba. Merced and Stanislaus. 
 The only additional crops are rice, cotton and cantaloupes, the remaining crops not 
 specifically tabulated in 1909 being included in the groups "Green vegetables" and 
 'M'sc^iinneous." 
 4—4460
 
 50 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL OF EACH CROP DELIVERED TO CANNERIES 
 THAT IS SUPPLIED BY JAPANESE GROWERS. 
 
 Tomatoes. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Sacramento District 80 
 
 (Fullj' 50 per cent is operated exclusively by Japanese while another 30 per 
 cent is dependent on Japane^se labor with whom the American owners 
 are in partnership on a share basis. These two, taken togetiior, make 
 up the 80 per cent.) 
 
 Turlock District 70 
 
 Santa Clara Valley District., (K) 
 
 Kings County District 50 
 
 Suisun District .'{l 
 
 Afiixirayiis. 
 Sacramento District Gl 
 
 Spinach, 
 
 Sacramento District 7S 
 
 Kings County District 90 
 
 Santa Clara County District 82 
 
 Modesto District 100 
 
 Other Vegetahles. 
 
 Sacramento District 90 
 
 Santa Clara Valley District 100 
 
 Peaches, Pears, Apricots, Plums, Chenries. 
 
 Sacramento District 7 
 
 Turlock District 6 
 
 Graton District 2 
 
 Kings County District 4.'3 
 
 Suisun District 14 
 
 Yuba City District 9 
 
 Alameda District 8 
 
 Santa Clara Valley District 3 
 
 Modesto District 2 
 
 Contra Costa District 1 
 
 LAND. 
 
 The preceding statistics show 3,893,500 acres now being irrigated 
 in California which comprise, very largely, the best lands in the state. 
 Of this total, Orientals, on December 31, 1919, occupied 623,752 acres, 
 approximately 16 per cent of the total, of which 88',9-14 was owned in 
 fee or under contract of purchase and 534,808 acres was held by lease 
 or crop contract. Japanese and Japanese corporations occupy 458,056 
 acres of the whole total. 
 
 While it is not absolutely true that all lands occupied by Orientals 
 are irrigated, this is so nearly the fact that for all practical calcula- 
 tions, the figures given for Oriental holdings may be taken as irrigated 
 lands. A few counties, notably San Luis Obispo and Solano, show 
 Orientals occupying considerably more acreage than the total number 
 of irrigated acres given in the schedule for these counties. However, 
 the very nature of the crops raised by the Orientals necessitates 
 irrigation. 
 
 With this slight qualification in mind, it is interesting to note that 
 in some of the richest counties in the state. Orientals occupy a total 
 acreage ranging from fifty to seventy-five per cent of the total irrigated
 
 LAND. 51 
 
 area, notal)].y San Joa(iuin County with a total of 130,000 irrigated 
 acres with Orientals occupying 'J5,829 acres; Colusa County with a 
 total of 70,000 with Orientals occupying 51,105; Placer County with 
 ]9,000 total. Orientals occupying 16,321; and Sacramento County with 
 80,000 total. Orientals occupying 64,860. 
 
 It is but fair to state again tTiat this comparison is not absolutely 
 accurate because the total irrigated areas given on land Schedule No. 2 
 are actual irrigated lands, whereas the totals of acreage occupied by 
 Orientals in each county include all acreage irrigated and unirrigated 
 occupied by Orientals. However, very little grain crops or other 
 unirrigated crops are raised by Orientals and a very small percentage 
 of the total acreage occupied by Orientals is uncultivated and without 
 crops of any kind; the total idle acreage uncropped being about 6'| 
 per cent of the total acreage occupied by Orientals. 
 
 Under the schedule of Japanese Farm Products, the figures compiled 
 by the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1909 show the total acreage 
 occupied by Japanese at that time to be 83,252 and the acreage shown 
 for the year 1919 by the Japanese Agricultural Association of Cali- 
 fornia is 427,029*, an increase in the ten year period of 412.9 per cent. 
 The report for crop valuations for 1909 shows $6,235,856 and for the 
 year 1919 a total of $67,145,730, a total increase in value of crops 
 raised by Japanese during the ten year period, of 976.8 per cent. 
 Because of the character of the crops raised by Japanese, their activi- 
 ties are confined almost entirely to twenty-nine counties in the state, 
 these being the highly developed agricultural sections. 
 
 According to the Japanese Association of America in their memorial 
 address to the President of the United States upon his visit to the Coast 
 in 1919, "The Japanese in agriculture constitute the most important 
 element in number as well as in other respects," this statement having 
 been made in reference to Japanese in California. 
 
 Mr. Toyoji Chiba, Managing Director of the Japanese Agricultural 
 Association of California, says in his Truth of the Japanese Farming 
 in California that 58 per cent of the Japanese living in California are 
 settled in agricultural production in the country. 
 
 Should the American farmer view with alarm this rapid increase 
 in agricultural lands occupied by Orientals, with the attendant increase 
 in total annual crop valuations? 
 
 Japanese Proud of Achievements. 
 The Japanese, themselves, point with pride to their achievements in 
 agricultural pursuits in California and declare that their efforts in 
 agricultural development have enhanced land values and have served 
 to furnish an important part of the food supply of the state. In the 
 memorial address to the President of the United States, heretofore 
 mentioned, the Japanese Association of America points out the magni- 
 tude and success of the rice industry in California, following its statis- 
 tics upon the subject with this language : 
 
 *Does not include about 31,000 acres being bought under contract by Japanese- 
 controlled corporations.
 
 52 CALIFORNIA AND TUE ORIENTAL. 
 
 "Japanese were not tlie first to try rieo in California, but they were 
 the first to make it a comnien-ial proposition. They were the first to 
 apply with practical success the experimental results of the govern- 
 ment rice station at Biggs. And they were the ones who stuck to 
 rice through all the years before the industry emerged from its 
 uncertainties and became firmly established." 
 
 "The Japanese demonstrated success and the American farmers wlio 
 have since been getting rich out of the industry and who now greatly 
 outnumber the Japanese rice planters, must admit that their prosperity 
 is founded on tlie structure l)uilt by the daring and persistence of the 
 Japanese." 
 
 "There is something more. This i)ionivriiig developed u huge food 
 production on land that in most eases will not grow anything else. 
 It is admitted that the rice industry has been created out of nothing." 
 
 Speaking further of Japanese agricultural activities in other locali- 
 ties, the memorial states, "Again, vast acres along the lower Sacramento 
 and the San Joaquin reclaimed from an original condition of swamp 
 and tule beds; long reaches of orchard and vineyard on the east side 
 of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys developed from a semi- 
 desert, where at the best only crops of hay or grain were produced 
 before ; great areas of garden and orchard in the Santa Clara Valley 
 which, in like fashion, have sprung up on former hay fields ; and many 
 other improvements in various parts of the state testify to the pioneer- 
 ing of the Japanese." 
 
 Speaking of the character of the crops raised by Japanese, Mr. Chiba, 
 Managing Director of the Japanese Agricultural Association, in his 
 article heretofore mentioned, has the following to say when referring 
 to the proportion of the total farm products of the state which 
 Japanese raise. 
 
 "Ten per cent of the total output (in 1918) was produced by Japa- 
 nese. Of this 10 per cent of farm products, those with which Japanese 
 have most to do are truck crops, such as strawberries, asparagus, celery 
 and tomatoes, of which 80 per cent to 90 per cent of the entire out- 
 put in the state is produced by Japanese. But these crops all require 
 a stooping posture, great manual dexterity and painstaking methods 
 of work which other laborers with long legs unsuitable for stooping 
 can not endure. Not only this, but this is a kind of farming which 
 Americans and immigrants from Europe dislike to follow. Hence, it 
 is perfectly clear that if the Japanese had nothing to do with this kind 
 of farming the output of such products in California would be reduced 
 more than half. In the growing of cantelonpes which are produced 
 in the United States only in localities with the hottest climates, like 
 the Imperial Valley in California and Rocky Ford in Colorado, where 
 they are mostly produced, the heat at ripening time is intense, espe- 
 cially in the Imperial Valley, where it exceeds 140 degrees Fahrenheit."
 
 LAND. 53 
 
 LAND MAPS 
 
 Showing 
 
 ORIENTAL OCCUPANCY 
 
 On the i'oUou'ing page is given a relief map of California, showing 
 mountain ranges and the valley lands capable of intense cultivation. 
 On tliis map has been drawn five squares, outlining five of the richest 
 .igricultural districts in California occupied by Orientals. 
 
 The map shows considerable mountain areas, and of the valley lands 
 tliere are l)ut 3,893,500 acres now under irrigation. It is on these 
 lands, tlie liest in the State, that the Oriental has colonized and now 
 occupies 023,752 acres, of which 458,056 acres are occupied by Japanese. 
 
 On pages following this relief map are five different maps corre- 
 sponding to the five districts outlined in the relief map, and which 
 show extent of Oriental occupancy in each district, as follows: 
 
 Map No. 1 — Rice district of Glenn, Colusa and Butte counties. 
 
 ^lap No. 2 — Asparagus, Berry, Vegetable, Fruit and Vineyard 
 sections of San Joaquin, Sacramento, Solano, Yolo, Sutter and 
 Placer counties. 
 
 Map .\(). 3 — Vineyard and Fruit districts of Frc^sno, Kings and 
 'i'ulai'e counties. 
 
 Map No. 4 — Vegetable and Fruit districts of Los Angeles and 
 Orange counties. 
 
 Map No. 5 — Cantaloupe and ^'egetal)le districts of Imperial 
 county. 
 
 Black spots indicate Oriental areas.
 
 54 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 ^ 
 
 California -ND THE Oriental 
 
 1920 
 
 RELIEF MAP OF STATE SHOWING 
 PRINCIPAL DISTRICTS OCCUPIED BV 
 
 JAPANESE 
 
 CHINESE 
 
 HINDUS 
 
 Map, 1 
 
 J^^^, 
 
 -Map .2 
 
 Map, 3 
 
 LEGEND 
 
 Dark Sections 
 Occupied by Orientals 
 
 . Principal State Highways 
 
 {Approximate limits of 
 Secramenbs and San 
 Jo8<]uin Valleys 
 
 Map, 4 
 
 RCLItF MAP OF 
 
 CALI FORNIA 
 
 or N r.PRAKE 
 OeOLOQICAL DEPAWTMENT 
 
 STAnTORD university CALir. 
 
 Maps
 
 LAND. 
 
 55 
 
 MAP NO. 1.
 
 56 CALIFORNIA AND TUP: ORIKNTAL. 
 
 County Horticultural Commissioners Express Themselves. 
 
 For the purpose of securing answers from well qualified sources 
 to the various questions asked both by the Oovernor and by the Legisla- 
 ture, this Board sent out a questionnaire to all of the county horticul- 
 tural commissioners and county farm advisers in the state. The 
 information returned indicated that there are 57 counties having 
 horticultural commissioners of which 14 report practically no Oriental 
 population, those counties being the following: Alpine. Calaveras, 
 Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Lassen, Modoc, Mono, Plumas. Shasta, 
 Sierra, Siskiyou, Trinity and Tuolumne. 
 
 Five more report verj^ few Orientals at present in the following 
 counties: ]Marin, Mariposa, ^Mendocino, Napa and Nevada. 
 
 This leaves, therefore, 38 counties out of the 57 having horticultural 
 commissioners which have a real Oriental problem. Some of the other 
 counties, however, reported on some of the questions asked. The 
 questions asked and the summary of the answers received are as 
 follows : 
 
 Question 1 : 
 
 Could or would tli(> lan<ls now beiiiy; farmrd In I In- Cliiiirso. .Tapaiioso ami 
 Hindus be cuitivau-d by native whites? 
 Answer : 
 37 "Yes." 
 1 "No." 
 
 3 "Could but wouldn't." 
 1 "Would if necessary." 
 
 1 "Would if change were gradual." 
 
 Question 2: 
 
 Give x)€rtinent facts concerning methods used by these races in securing 
 land leases. 
 Answer : 
 
 17 say "Japanese pay more rent in cash or share" ; 
 
 4 say "Japanese use same means as any other in obtaining leases" ; 
 
 2 say "Jai)auese obtain leases by clearing land and developing other lands 
 to orchards for use of land." 
 
 Others say "Japanese are aided by large fruit companies in obtaining leases"; 
 "local banks aid them" : "shortage of labor has been the cause of Ameri- 
 cans leasing instead of o|)orating tht-mselves" ; "cooperation is a factor 
 frequently used by Japanese in ol)taining leases." 
 
 Question 3 : 
 
 What is general character of lands owned by Orientals? 
 Answer : 
 
 25 "Best land." 
 4 "Average." 
 
 1 "Part of county early developed was very shallow soil." 
 
 Others report : "Rice soils," but rice soils farmed by all races are alike in 
 this respect. 
 
 Question 4 : 
 
 What is general character of lands leased by Orientals? 
 Answer : 
 
 17 "Best lands." 
 
 13 "Fruit and vineyard." 
 4 "Rice lands." 
 
 2 "Average lands." 
 
 Others report "Best truck garden lands."
 
 LAND. 
 
 57 
 
 MAP NO. 2.
 
 58 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Question 5 : 
 
 Is there tendency towards colonization in particular locations? 
 Answer : 
 
 19 "Yes." 
 
 17 "No, not yet." 
 
 Question 6 : 
 
 To what extent do Orientals displace white labor? 
 Answer : 
 
 1 "SO per cent in orchards." 
 
 3 "50 per cent." 
 
 1 "75 per cent." 
 
 2 "25 per cent in orchards and vineyards." 
 (5 "No displacement." 
 
 Others report "Complete displacement to the extent of the total number of 
 Japanese men and the women who work at all kinds of labor except the 
 stooping work, such as weeding rice and in the beet fields and in the peat 
 districts of delta." 
 
 Question 7 : 
 
 In what special kinds of agricultural labor are these races most useful and 
 active? 
 AnsTver : 
 
 8 "In fruit." 
 
 G "In truck and fruit." 
 
 5 "Berry and fruit." 
 
 3 "Vineyard and fruit." 
 
 3 "Nursery, florist and seeds." 
 
 5 "Rice." 
 
 Others : "In all stooping work in rice and beet fields." 
 
 Question 8 : 
 
 Give wage comparisons with notes on living conditions. 
 Answer : 
 
 19 report "Same wage scales," excei)t some of these report that "Japanese 
 
 work longer if on hourly scale and earn more." 
 8 "Higher wages demanded and received by Japanese." Others report : 
 "Japanese will work only for their own people and that this is a fast- 
 growing tendency everywhere the Japanese is today." All who cover this 
 point report "lower living conditions." 
 
 County Farm Advisers Answer Important Queries. 
 
 Of the 35 counties having farm advisers, 6 of these report practi- 
 cally no Oriental population at present; these six counties being as 
 follows: Kern, Mendocino, Napa, Nevada, Shasta and Tehama. 
 
 Eight counties having farm advisers made no report at all. 
 
 The questions asked and the summary of the answers received are 
 as follows: 
 
 Question 1 : 
 
 Could or would the lands now being farmed by the Ciiiuese, Japanese and 
 Hindus be cultivated by native whites? 
 Answer : 
 21 "Yes." 
 1 "Could, but wouldn't." 
 1 "Yes, except the peat soil."
 
 S.i' 
 
 -^ -m. 
 
 
 "> '■ '.- ■ 
 
 
 .;> '• \r. 
 
 ' i • ■ • 
 
 ", ' ' m" * 
 
 ,:^v 
 
 ■*» • "*. . ; , 
 
 ' i. ^ 
 
 .'■ , ■ '• : ' *!■ 
 
 «. ' 
 
 ■ , *• ^> f 
 
 . '4 
 
 ■. ■• 4-. 
 
 1 
 
 ^- r> - '^. 

 
 60 CALIFORNIA AND TIIi: ORIENTAL. 
 
 Question 2 : 
 
 fiive pertinent facts concerning nuthods i sed by tlicse race.^s in secuiinij 
 land leases. 
 An.swer : 
 
 8 "Japanese pay more rent." 
 
 (> "Japanese pay ordinary rent." 
 
 2 "Fruit companies aid Japanese." 
 
 1 "Japaiie.se ;;ain leases by refusing to harvest croi) and force owner lo lease." 
 1 "Owners want to move to town to live." 
 
 Question 3 : 
 
 What Ls general character of lands owned by Orientals? 
 Answer : 
 
 3 "Best land." 
 
 1 "N'incyard and delta." 
 
 4 "Orchards." 
 
 2 "Average." 
 1 "flood." 
 
 1 "Truck." 
 
 1 "Florin, poor soil." 
 
 Question 4 : 
 
 What is general cliavacler of lands leased by Orientals? 
 Answer : 
 
 5 "Best laud." 
 7 "Fruit." 
 
 3 "Kice." 
 1 "Good." 
 
 1 "Poultry." 
 1 "Vineyard." 
 1 "Delta." 
 
 Question 5 : 
 
 Is there tendency towards colonization in particular locations? 
 An.swer : 
 10 "Yes." 
 9 "No." 
 1 "Just starting to colonize." 
 
 Question : 
 
 To what extent do Orientals disi)liice \\liit(' labor? 
 Answer : 
 
 r> "To the extent of tlu' number of aliens witrkin;,' in farming activities." 
 
 I "30 per cent of fruit." 
 
 1 "Entirely in fruit." 
 
 1 "In all kinds of farming lo llic cxleut of cipial numbers." 
 
 1 "Small disidacemont." 
 r» "Xo dis[)lacenient." 
 
 Question 7 : 
 
 In what sjjccial kinds of agriccKui'al labor are these races most us. rul ami 
 active? 
 Answer : 
 
 n "Rice." 
 10 "Fruit." 
 4 "Beet." 
 1 "Hops." 
 1 "Truck." 
 Question 8 : 
 
 Give wage comjiarisons with notes on li\ing conditions. 
 Answer : 
 
 "Same as whites." 
 .") ".No wanes jiaid ; work by contract." 
 
 2 "\\'oik only for own race." 
 .'*. "Higher wages." 
 
 1 "Lower wages." 
 All rejiort "lower living conditions."
 
 LAND. 
 
 MAP NO 4. 
 
 61
 
 62 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 LAND LEGISLATION. 
 
 The following pages contain: 
 
 (1) Alien land law of California, 1913. 
 
 (2) Digest of alien land laws of Washington and Arizona. 
 
 (3) Digest of land laws of some countries bordering the Pacific 
 Mexico, Japan, Australia, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands. 
 
 CALIFORNIA ALIEN LAND LAW. 
 Enacted by State Legislature in 1913. 
 
 Chapter 118. 
 
 An act relating to the rights, powers and disabilitiis of aliens and of 
 certain companies, associations and corporations with respect to 
 property in this state, providing for escheats in certain cases, pre- 
 scribing the procedure therein, and repeating all acts or parts of 
 acts inconsistent or in conflict herewith. 
 
 (Approved May 19, 1913.) 
 
 The people of the State of California do enact as follows: 
 
 Section 1. All aliens eligible to citizenship under the laws of the 
 United States may acquire, possess, enjoy, transmit and inherit real 
 property, or any interest therein, in this state, in the same manner and 
 to the same extent as citizens of the United States, except as otherwise 
 provided by the laws of this state. 
 
 Section 2. All aliens other than those mentioned in section one of 
 this act may acquire, pcssess; enjoj^ and transfer real property, or any 
 interest therein, in this state, in the manner and to the extent and for 
 the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the gov- 
 ernment of the United States and the nation or country of which such 
 alien is a citizen or subject and not otherwise, and may in addition 
 thereto lease lands in this state for agricultural purposes for a term not 
 exceeding three years. 
 
 (The above paragraph refers to The Treaty of Commerce and Navi- 
 gation of 1911 between America and Japan. See full text as part of 
 this report, p. 115.) 
 
 Section 3. Any company, association or corporation organized under 
 the laws of this or any other state or nation, of which a majority of 
 the members are aliens other tlian those specified in section one of this 
 act, or in which a majority of the issued capital stock is owned by such 
 aliens, may acquire, possess, enjoy and convej' real property, or any 
 interest therein, in this state, in the manner and to the extent and for 
 the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the gov- 
 ernment of the United States and the nation or country of which sueli 
 members or stockholders are citizens, or subjects, and not otherwise, 
 and may in addition thereto lea.se lands in this state for agrionltural 
 purposes for a term not exceeding three years.
 
 LAND. 
 
 63 
 
 MAP NO. 5.
 
 64 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Section 4. Whenever it appears to the court in any probate pro- 
 ceeding that by reason of the provisions of this act any heir or devisee 
 can not take real property in this state which, but for said provisions, 
 said heir or devisee would take as such, the court, instead of ordering a 
 distribution of such real property to such heir or devisee shall order 
 a sale of said real property to bo made in the manner provided by law 
 for probate sales of real property, and the proceeds of such sale shall be 
 distributed to such heir or devisee in lieu of such real property. 
 
 Section 5. Any real property hereafter acquired in fee in violation of 
 the provisions of this act by any alien mentioned in section two of this 
 act, or by any company, association or corporation mentioned in section 
 three of this act, shall escheat to, and become and remain the property 
 of the State of California. The attorney general shall in.stitute pro- 
 ceedings to have the escheat of such real property adjudged and enforced 
 in the manner provided by section four hundred seventy-four of the 
 Political Code and title eight, part three of the Code of Civil Procedure. 
 Upon the entr>' of final judgment in such proceedings, the title to such 
 real property shall pass to the State of California. The provisions of 
 this section and of sections two and three of this act shall not apply to 
 any real property hereafter acquired in the enforcement or in satisfac- 
 tion of any lien now existing upon, or interest in such property, so long 
 as such real property so acquired shall remain the property of the 
 alien, company, association or corporation acquiring the same in such 
 manner. 
 
 Section 6, Any leasehold or other interest in real property less than 
 the fee, hereafter acquired in violation of the provisions of this act by 
 any alien mentioned in section two of this act, or by any company, 
 association, or corporation mentioned in section three of this act, shall 
 escheat to the State of California. The attorney general shall institute 
 proceedings to have such escheat adjudged and enforced as provided in 
 section five of this act. In such proceedings the court shall determine 
 and adjudge the value of such leasehold, or other interest in such real 
 property, and enter judgment for the state for the amount thereof 
 together with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a sale of real 
 property covered by such leasehold, or other interest, in the manner 
 provided by section 1271 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Out of the 
 proceeds arising from such sale, the amount of the judgment rendered 
 for the state shall be paid into the state treasury and the balance shall 
 be deposited with and distributed by the court in accordance with the 
 interest of the parties therein. 
 
 Section 7. Nothing in this act shall be construed as a limitation upon 
 the power of the state to enact laws with respect to the acquisition, 
 holding or disposal by aliens of real property in this state. 
 
 Section 8. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent, or in conflict with 
 the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.
 
 LAND. 65 
 
 California Alien Land Law of 1913 — How evaded. 
 
 The intent of this law was to prevent aliens who are irielif^ible to 
 citizenship from owning land in California. This, however, does not 
 prevent American born children of "ineligible" alien parents from 
 owning land, and such ineligible aliens soon resorted to the expedient 
 of purchasing land in the names of their American born children, 
 thereby acquiring the entire control of the land thus owned, as though 
 purchased direct by such aliens. 
 
 Inasmuch as very few of the American born children of such aVum 
 parents have attained legal age, it is necessary to secure the appointment 
 of u guardian of lawful age, or a properly qualified trustee, to act for 
 each of such minor property holders. In many instances, the ineligible 
 alien parent has applied for guardianship and has been appointed. 
 Recently, however, superior courts of this state have denied petitions 
 for guardianship filed by ineligible aliens, as involving evasions of the 
 land laws of the state. Consequently, many of these minor children 
 are now owning and holding land in their own names without guardian 
 or trustee, subject, of course, to the limitations of minors as to transfer, 
 etc., of real property. (Records of superior courts for the counties of 
 Sutter, Los Angeles, Tulare and Fresno.) 
 
 For the purpose of acquiring alien control of land without the limita- 
 tions imposed by guardianship, or the difficulties of reconveyance by 
 minor children, the Japanese resorted to the formation of corporations. 
 The law requires that a majority of the stock be held by American 
 citizens. To overcome this provision, 51 per cent of stock is issued to 
 an American citizen, usually the attorney for the corporation or some 
 employee in his office, who acts as trustee for the real owner of the 
 stock who may be an ineligible alien or a minor child, American born, 
 of alien parents. 
 
 It is a source of deep regret that there are attorneys in the state who 
 despite their oath to support the constitution and the laws of this state, 
 nevertheless sell their legal talent in aiding this breach of the spirit and 
 purpose of the Alien Land Law. 
 
 In all these cases, the acquisition, development, operation and control 
 of the farms are entirely in the hands of the ineligible alien, the 
 American trustee being almost invariably merely the holder of a naked 
 trust without any personal investment and without participation in 
 either the management or profits. 
 
 Washington Alien Land Law. 
 
 The ownership of lands by aliens, other than those who in good 
 faith have declared their intention to become citizens of the United 
 States, is prohibited in this state, except where acquired by inheritance, 
 under mortgage or in good faith in the ordinary course of justice in 
 the collection of debts; and all conveyances of land hereafter made to 
 any alien directly, or in trust for such alien, shall be void ; provided 
 
 5—4460
 
 66 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 that the provisions of this section shall not apply to lands containing 
 valuable deposits of minerals, metal, iron, coal, or fire clay, and the 
 necessary land for mills and machinery to be used in the development 
 thereof and the manufacture of the products therefrom. Every corpo- 
 ration, the majority of the capital stock of which is owned by aliens, 
 shall be considered an alien for the purpose of this prohibition. — 
 (Constitution of Washington, Art. II, Sec. 33.) 
 
 An effort was made to amend this section to make it inapplicable to 
 the conveyance of lands within cities to resident aliens. In the election 
 of November, 1914, the proposal was voted down by a vote of 55,080 to 
 212,542. 
 
 Arizona Alien Land Law. 
 
 No person, other than a citizen of the United States, or who is eligible 
 to citizenship under the existing laws of the United States, and no 
 corporation, more than thirty per cent of whose stock is owned by 
 persons other than citizens of the United States, or who have declared 
 their intention to become such, or who are eligible to citizenship under 
 existing laws of the United States, shall hereafter acquire any land, or 
 title thereto, or interest therein, other than mineral lands, or such as 
 may be necessary for the actual working of mines and the reduction of 
 the product thereof; provided, that no alien shall acquire title to any 
 land or real property within this state, except as hereinafter provided ; 
 and provided further, that this chapter shall not prevent an alien from 
 leasing any land or real property within this state for a period of not 
 exceeding five years ; and, provided further, that this chapter shall not 
 prevent the holder (whether aliens or nonresidents) of liens upon real 
 estate, or any interest therein heretofore or hereafter acquired from 
 holding or taking a valid title to the real estate in the enforcement of 
 such lien; nor shall it prevent any such alien from enforcing any lien 
 or judgment for any debt or liability now existing, or which may here- 
 after be created, nor from becoming a purchaser at any sale made for 
 the purpose of collecting or enforcing the collection of such debt or 
 judgment, nor preventing widows or heirs who are aliens, or who have 
 not declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, 
 from holding lands by inheritance ; but all lands acquired as aforesaid 
 shall be sold within five years after the title thereto shall be perfected 
 in such alien, and in default of such sale within such time, the title of 
 such real estate shall revert and escheat to the State of Arizona; and 
 any person who has under his declaration to become a citizen, acquired 
 the title to, or the right to possession of lands in this state, and who 
 fails to complete his citizenship, shall be subject to all the provisions of 
 this chapter relating to aliens. 
 
 The provisions of this chapter shall not be construed in any way to 
 prevent or interfere with the ownership of mining lands, or lands 
 necessary for the working of mines and the reduction of the products 
 thereof; nor shall the provisions of this chapter be so construed as to 
 conflict in any manner with any rights existing under and by virtue of 
 any treaty of the United States with any other country. — (Stats. 1917, 
 p. 57.)
 
 LAND. 67 
 
 SOME COUNTRIES HAVING ALIEN LAND LAWS, WITH A DIGEST 
 
 OF SAME. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization and Mexican companies 
 liave the right to acquire ownership in lands, waters and their ap[)ur- 
 tenancas, or to obtain concessions to develop mines, waters or mineral 
 fuels in the Republic of Mexico. The nation may grant the same right 
 to foreigners, provided they agree before the Department of Foreign 
 Affairs to be considered Mexicans in respect to such property, and 
 accordingly not to invoke the protection of their governments in 
 respect to the same, under penalty, in case of breach, of forfeiture to 
 the nation of property so acquired. Within a zone of 100 kilometers 
 from the frontiers, and of 50 kilometers from the sea coast, no foreigner 
 shall under any conditions acquire direct ownership of lands and waters. 
 
 Australia. 
 
 The matter of land ownership is one affecting the individual state 
 governments. In the states of New South Wales, South Australia and 
 Tasmania restrictions are imposed upon the tenure of lands by aliens. 
 In Victoria and Western Australia there are no such restrictions. Fol- 
 lowing is a summary of the state law^s. 
 
 (1) New i^outh Wales. Under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act, 
 1913, an alien is not qualified to apply for an original homestead selec- 
 tion, original conditional purchase lease, settlement lease, original 
 homestead lease, or original conditional purchase, unless he has resided 
 in New South Wales for one year, and at the time of making application 
 lodges a declaration of his intention to become naturalized within five 
 years. If he fails to become naturalized within that period, the land is 
 forfeited. This residential limit of twelve months does not, however, 
 apply to applicants for homestead farms, crown leases, suburban hold- 
 ings, and leases within irrigation areas, but any alien who becomes the 
 holder of any of these tenures must become naturalized within three 
 years after his becoming such holder. Failure to comply with this 
 regulation involves forfeiture of such holding, together with all 
 improvements thereon. 
 
 (2) Victoria. Under the Supreme Court Act, 1915 (section 3), 
 every alien friend resident in Victoria may acquire, either by grant 
 from the crown or otherwise, both real and personal property. 
 
 (3) Queensland. Under the Land Act, 1910 (sections 596 and 62), an 
 alien can not apply for any land in Queensland unless he obtain a 
 certificate that he is able to read and write from dictation words in 
 such language as the Minister for Lands may direct. If he acquire a 
 selection he must within five years of such acquisition become a natural- 
 ized subject. 
 
 (4) South Australia. In South Australia, Asiatics are disqualified 
 from holding perpetual leases of lands in irrigation areas under section 
 19 of the Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Act, 1914. 
 
 (5) Western Australia. In this state aliens are under no disability 
 as regards the acquisition of the freehold of lands already alienated.
 
 68 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Every application to acquire crown lands whether by a British subject 
 or an alien, is subject to the approval of the Afinister for Lands, wath 
 an appeal to the governor in council. 
 
 (6) Tasmania. Under the Aliens Act, 1861 (section 2), aliens can 
 not hold real estate. An alien, if the subject of a friendly state, may, 
 however, occupy lands for any term not exceeding twenty-one years. 
 
 Pacific Islands. 
 
 (1) North Borneo. "Any alien desirous of purchasing land from 
 a native shall address his application to the collector who if he sees 
 fit to sanction such purotiase, shall, if the native owner consents, acquire 
 the land on behalf of the government and shall fix the premium and 
 quit-rent at which the land shall be leased by the government to the 
 applicant and such new lease shall be issued under part II or III 
 hereof." (Ordinances of North Borneo, 1881-1914, p. 349.) 
 
 (2) For New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Society Islands and other 
 small islands in the South Pacific, statutes or ordinances are not 
 available. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 There are three ways in which foreigners may hold land in Japan : 
 (1) By ordinary lease, running for any convenient term and renew- 
 able at the will of the lessee. The rent of such leased property is, 
 however, liable to a review by the courts, after a certain number of 
 years, on the application of either party. (2) A so-called superficies 
 title may be secured in all parts of Japan, save what may be called 
 colonial areas, running for any number of years. Many such titles 
 now current run for 999 years, and so far as appears they might run 
 for 5000. These titles give as complete control over the surface of the 
 land as a fee simple title would do. (3) Foreigners may form joint 
 stock companies and hold land for the purposes indicated by their 
 charters. Some of these charters contain provisions practically limit- 
 ing membership to foreigners. They are juridical persons formed 
 under the civil code of Japan and are regarded as just as truly Japa- 
 nese legal person? as though composed solely of Japanese. Foreigners 
 are excluded from membership in corporations subsidized by the Japa- 
 nese government. 
 
 Aside from the three classes of holdings mentioned above, in the 
 concessions of the old extra-territorial days, permanent leases are 
 obtainable by purchase, from time to time. The rental on this property 
 is fixed by the terms of the original deeds, at yen, 28.00 per hundred 
 tsubo (400 square yards) per year for the business sections and con- 
 siderably less for the residence sections of the concessions. In 
 Yokahama the rental on the Bluflf lots is yen, 12.00 per hundred 
 tsubo. This rental is in lieu of all other taxes, and the Hague Tribunal 
 has decided that this stipulation gives immunity from taxation to all 
 buildings or other improvements on such lots.
 
 LAND. 69 
 
 These permanent leases have been the subject of much controversy; 
 but many of the lots have already passed into Japanese hands and it 
 is probable that this special form of ownership will ere lonff disappear." 
 
 A new foreign ownership law was passed in 1910, but has never 
 been placed in operation. By this law ownership is permitted to those 
 foreigners who maintain a household or lodging in the country, or to 
 those foreign juridical persons who keep an office in Japan. It 
 compels any foreign land owner who may leave the country and thus 
 fail to maintain a household or lodging to sell his property within 
 five years on penalty of its reversion to the national treasury. Owner- 
 ship is limited to certain geographical sections. 
 
 This law has not been placed in force because, it is claimed, it is 
 unsatisfactory to the government, which desires a more liberal measure. 
 According to press dispatches, a new law is now pending before the 
 Imperial Parliament. 
 
 United States — Philippine Islands. 
 
 The fourth Philippine legislature, special session of 1919, in Act 
 No. 2874, H. No. 1194, H.Ct.R., No. 37, passed an act which is now in 
 force in the Philippine Islands and which became a law with the 
 sanction of the Federal Government of the United States and is very 
 specific in all of its sections in confining ownership and leasing of 
 land to citizens of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, 
 except that citizens of countries whose laws grant to citizens of the 
 Philippine Islands the right to acquire land may acquire in the 
 Philippine Islands a parcel of agricultural land not in excess of 100 
 hectares. Chapter 4, section 12, reads in part as follows: "Any 
 citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, over the age 
 of eighteen years * * * may enter a homestead * * * " 
 
 Chapter 5, section 23, reads as follows: "Any citizen of lawful age 
 of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, and any corpora- 
 tion or association of which at least sixty-one per centum of the 
 capital stock or of any interest in said capital stock belongs wholly to 
 citizens of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, and which 
 is organized and constituted under the laws of the Philippine Islands 
 or of the United States or of any state thereof and authorized to 
 transact business in the Philippine Islands, and corporate bodies 
 organized in the Philippine Islands authorized under their charters 
 to do so, may purchase any tract of public agricultural land disposable 
 under this act, not to exceed one hundred hectares in the case of an 
 individual and one thousand and twenty-four hectares in that of a 
 corporation or association * * * . provided, that citizens of 
 countries the laws of which grant to citizens of the Philippine Islands 
 the same right to acquire public land as to their own citizens, may, 
 while such laws are in force, but not thereafter, with the express 
 authorization of the legislature, purchase any parcel of agricultural 
 land, not in excess of one hundred hectares, available under this act, 
 upon complying wath the requirements of this chapter." 
 
 Chapter 6, 'section 34, relating to leasing, reads as follows:^ "Any 
 citizen of lawful age of the Philippine Islands or of the United States,
 
 70 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 and any corporation or association of which at least sixty-one per 
 centum of the capital stock or of any interest in said capital stock 
 belongs wholly to citizens of the Philippine Islands or of the United 
 States, and which is organized and constituted under the laws of the 
 Philippine Islands or of the United States or of any state thereof and 
 authorized to transact business in the Philippine Islands, may lease 
 any tract of agricultural public land available for lease under the 
 provisions of this act, not exceeding a total of one thousand and 
 twenty-four hectares: provided, that citizens of countries the laws of 
 which grant to citizens of the Philippine Islands the same rights to 
 lease public land as to their own citizens, may, while such laws are 
 in force, but not thereafter, with the express authorization of the 
 legislature, lease any parcel of agricultural land, not in excess of one 
 thousand and twenty-four hectares, available for lease in accordance 
 with this act, * * * ." 
 
 Chapter 7, section 41, relating to free patents of lands reads as 
 follows: "Any native of the Philippine Islands * * * shall be 
 entitled, under the provisions of this chapter, to a free patent * • * ." 
 
 Section 120. No land originally acquired in any manner under the 
 provisions of this act, nor any permanent improvement on such land, 
 shall be encumbered, alienated, or transferred, except to persons, 
 corporations, associations, or partnerships who may acquire lands of 
 the public domain under this act ; to corporations organized in the 
 Philippine Islands authorized therefor by their charters, and upon 
 express authorization by the Philippine legislature, to citizens of 
 countries the laws of which gi'ant to citizens of the Philippine Islands 
 the same right to acquire, hold, lease, encumber, dispose of, or alienate 
 land, or permanent improvements thereon, or any interest therein, as 
 to their own citizens, only in the manner and to the extent specified 
 in such laws, and while the same are in force, but not thereafter. 
 
 Section 121. No land originally acquired in any manner under the 
 provisions of the former Public Land Act or of any other act, ordi- 
 nance, royal order, royal decree, or any other provision of law formerly 
 in force in the Philippine Islands with regard to public lands, terrenos 
 baldios y realengos, or lands of any other denomination that were 
 actually or presumptively of the public domain, or by royal grant or in 
 any other form, nor any permanent improvement on such land, shall 
 be encumbered, alienated, or conveyed, except to persons, corporations, 
 or associations who may acquire land of the public domain under this 
 act, to corporate bodies organized in the Philippine Islands whose 
 charters may authorize them to do so, and, upon express authorization 
 by the Philippine Legislature, to citizens of countries the laws of 
 which grant to citizens of the Philippine Islands the same right to 
 acquire, hold, lease, encumber, dispose of, or alienate land or perma- 
 nent improvements thereon or any interest therein, as to their own 
 citizens, and only in the manner and to the extent specified in such 
 laws, and while the same are in force, but not thereafter; provided, 
 however, that this prohibition shall not be applicable to the convey- 
 ance or acquisition by reason of hereditary succession duly acknowl- 
 edged and legalized by competent courts, nor to lands and improve- 
 ments acquired or held for industrial or residence purposes, while used
 
 LAND. 71 
 
 for such purposes; provided, further, that in the event of the owner- 
 ship of the lands and improvements mentioned in this section and in 
 the last preceding section being transferred by judicial decree to 
 j)ersons, corporations or associations not legaJly capacitated to acquire 
 the same under the provisions of this act, such persons, corporations, 
 or associations shall be obliged to alienate said lands or improvements 
 to others so capacitated within the precise period of five years, under 
 the penalty of such property reverting to the government in the 
 contrary case. 
 
 Section 122. Any acquisition, conveyance, alienation, transfer, or 
 other contract made or executed in violation of any of the provisions 
 of sections one hundred and sixteen, one hundred and eighteen, one 
 hundred and nineteen, one hundred and twenty, and one hundred and 
 twenty-one of this act shall be unlawful and null and void from its 
 execution and shall produce the effect of annulling and canceling the 
 grant, title, patent, or permit originally issued, recognized or con- 
 firmed, actually or presumptively, and cause the reversion of the 
 property and its improvements to the government. 
 
 Hawaii Opposed to Japanese Land Ownership. 
 
 Press dispatches from Honolulu, dated April 28, 1920, read as 
 follows : 
 
 "Robert W. Shingle, territorial senator and member of the legislative 
 commission which recently returned from Washington, in an open letter 
 to the 'Pacific Commercial Advertiser' published here today declared 
 that many Congressmen opposed opening of public lands in Hawaii to 
 homesteading because of increasing number of Japanese in the territory 
 obtaining American citizenship. 
 
 The United States Congress is almost unanimously averse to the 
 granting of homestead privileges on highly developed public lands in 
 the territory of Hawaii, because it is by no means satisfied of the 
 complete sincerity of Americanism in the growing class citizenship 
 in these islands," the letter said. 
 
 "I allude to Hawaiian-born Japanese, thousands of whom annually 
 come into the sacred inheritance of American citizenship. 
 
 Neither Congress nor I have any intention of calling into question the 
 loyalty of Hawaiian-born Japanese in this territory. However, 
 America learned a bitter lesson of nationalization during the past five 
 years, one which cost dear in blood and ideals. 
 
 The problems involved in efforts to obtain a homesteading law were 
 based upon a desire of the territorial legislature to provide some means 
 for restoration of public lands to Hawaiians. Public lands have been 
 leased and control obtained by others than Hawaiians. To secure a 
 return of these lands, as expiration of leases, to Hawaiians, a rehabili- 
 tation bill was submitted to Congress and urged by the commission." 
 
 Note — Since the above article was published the House of Representatives has 
 passed a homestead law for the Hawaiian Islands in which the privilege of acquiring 
 a homestead is confined strictly to native Hawaiians who are descendants of the 
 original natives of the islands.
 
 72 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Alien Land Law of Japan. 
 
 Japanese law, like the alien land law of California, prohibits aliens 
 from owning land in fee, but permits leaseholds for varying terms of 
 years, confined to industrial and residential purposes — no agricultural 
 lands leased. 
 
 Legislation broadening land ownership by foreigners was attempted 
 in 1910, following representations made by a number of foreign gov- 
 ernments, and was favorably acted upon by the Japanese Diet, but the 
 law has never been promulgated and is therefore not in force. 
 
 A similar fate attended the more recent efforts of the Japanese 
 Parliament in the same direction, induced apparently by a desire to 
 overcome Mexican arguments against granting Japanese the right to 
 own land. 
 
 Millions of Acres Available in Japan. 
 The impression quite generally prevails in this country that the 
 Japanese are compelled to emigrate to other countries out of sheer 
 necessity of making a living. It is alleged that the population of 
 Japan is increasing so rapidly that the producing lands are not 
 capable of supporting the population. That this is an erroneous impres- 
 sion is evidenced by the following announcement concerning available 
 farm lands in Japan which was published in the "Japanese American 
 News," January 6, 1920, and dated as a dispatch from Tokio, December 
 15, 1919 : 
 
 "New Farm Vill-ages Opened All Over the Country — Land Untaxed for 
 Forty Years — Great Inducements to Farmers — Japan's Big Recla- 
 mation Scheme — Five Million Acres New Farm Land. 
 
 "For the past ten years the Department of Agriculture and Com- 
 merce has been conducting an investigation of all arable lands in the 
 different municipalities and prefectures. The investigation which was 
 completed two years ago has shown that there are 2,000,000 cho 
 (5,000,000 acres) of farm land which can be reclaimed under the waste 
 land reclamation law. Work has already begun this year (1919) for 
 the opening up of 1,500,000 cho (3,250,000 acres) for rice and vegetable 
 fields. The Industrial Bank is to supply the necessary capital and the 
 scheme extends over thirty years * * *." 
 
 "The government is to encourage agricultural settlers by grants of 
 aid, low rates, easy payments and practical exemption of newly opened 
 land from taxation for forty years. ' ' 
 
 This same erroneous impression is corrected by the statements of Carl 
 Crow in his book entitled "Japan and America" issued 1916, from page 
 20 of which we quote the following : 
 
 "It is frequently asserted that every square foot of arable land in 
 Japan is under intensive cultivation. Doubtless this is the impression 
 one gets on coming from America, where in some places at least, the
 
 LAND, 73 
 
 owners still count their possessions by the section and the quarter sec- 
 tion rather than the acre. But a closer study of the area of the country 
 and its development reveals the fact that the present area under culti- 
 vation might be appreciably increased. Though theirs is a mountainous 
 country, the Japanese are not mountaineers, but dwellers of the plains 
 and valleys. There they live, contented with their narrow fields; the 
 sides of hills and mountains which would be terraced by Chinese or 
 Igorots remain uncultivated and unproductive. The government 
 authorities after a careful survey of the entire country have reached 
 the conclusion that simply by reclaiming and putting under cultivation 
 the land which is inclined at an angle of less than 15 degrees, the area 
 of arable land may be doubled." 
 
 In this same connection we quote from the April, 1920, issue of 
 Outlook Magazine, the organ of the Interchurch World Movement, 
 which published the following in an article by Mr. Young of the Japan 
 Chronicle entitled "What the World Wants to Know About Japan": 
 
 "Japan is, of course, just becoming an industrial nation. While on 
 the other hand the shortage of labor is becoming a serious question the 
 growth of population is now beyond the ability of the country to feed 
 itself. However, the claims that Japan must go elsewhere to find room 
 for her people is sheer nonsense, for she has the whole of the Hokkaido 
 (the north part of the main land) which is hardly populated." 
 
 A large map of the State of California approximately 12 feet by 14 
 feet was prepared by the Federal Irrigation Manager for California in 
 conjunction with the State Board of Control setting out in colors all of 
 the holdings by Japanese, Chinese and Hindus throughout the entire 
 state. Approximately 10,000 parcels of land were checked on the 
 records to obtain this information. This map is available in the office 
 of the State Board of Control.
 
 Section IV. 
 FINANCING. 
 
 75
 
 FINANCING. 
 
 Orientals are financed principally as follows: 
 
 (1) Cash advances by American distributors, commission mer- 
 chants, packers and canners of fruit and vegetables, fish canneries 
 and beet sugar factories. 
 
 (2) Cash advances and other assistance by their more prosperous 
 countrymen, either here or in the Orient. 
 
 (3) Bank loans from both American and Oriental banks. 
 
 (4) Letter of Westfall-Lane Company reproduced here as a fair 
 statement of the usual financing methods. 
 
 (5) Sample copy of usual form of crop contract used with 
 Orientals. 
 
 (6) Percentage of principal crops raised by Japanese in 1917. 
 
 77
 
 PINANCINQ. 79 
 
 FINANCING. 
 
 The principal source of financial assistance to Orientals engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits and the fishing industry is the American dis- 
 tributor. American individuals, firms and corporations engaged in the 
 business of buying and selling or distributing fruits and vegetables 
 such as cantaloupes, grapes, lettuce, onions and potatoes; packers and 
 canners of fruits and vegetables; fish merchants and fish canneries; and 
 beet sugar factories all appear to follow the practice of making generous 
 money advances under contract in sufficiently large sums frequently to 
 vovvv lease payfnents on land and the costs of planting, harvesting, 
 packing and crating. 
 
 In the fish industry the canneries usually furnish the fishing boat, 
 fishing tackle and equipment, the total cost of which often runs as high 
 as $4,000 or $5,000, the canner reimbursing himself out of each catch 
 brought in by the fishermen. Some of the larger canneries are said to 
 have more than $200,000 so invested in boats let out principally to 
 Japanese. 
 
 In this manner it is stated that Orientals, especially Japanese, are 
 often able to secure practically every dollar of working capital and 
 being thus well financed frequently outbid whites by paying for leases 
 of agricultural lands almost any price demanded, the average running 
 about $50, while some cantaloupe lands in the Imperial and Turlock 
 districts secure as high as $75 per acre per annum rental. 
 
 Explains Methods of Financing. 
 On page 81 is given a copy of a letter from Westf all-Lane 
 Company of Turlock, California, large distributors of cantaloupes, 
 watermelons, sweet potatoes and grapes, which letter is dated March 
 11, 1920, and outlines in detail the methods followed by Japanese in 
 financing themselves through distributors. (This is but one of many 
 similar statements.) 
 
 Sample Crop Contract. 
 
 Following above letter is a sample copy of the usual contract 
 between the distributor and the grower, the printed form herewith 
 given being one that Arthur Miller, 330 Washington street, New York 
 City, uses principally in the Imperial Valley cantaloupe territory near 
 Brawley, California, this, however, being a form commonly used by all 
 classes of distributors. 
 
 Farm advisers and others complain that American farmers, lessees, 
 and intended growers are not as liberally financed by the interests 
 above mentioned as are the Orientals, especially the Japanese. Difficulty 
 in securing funds for working capital is eliminating the Americans 
 from competition with the Orientals.
 
 80 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Certain Crops Entirely Controlled by Japanese. 
 
 Examination of the 1917 crop statistics compiled by the Japanese 
 Agricultural Association, copy of which is given on the following page, 
 and also the figures for 1919 compiled by the Japanese Agricultural 
 Association of California contained in this report under the head of 
 "Land" shows the rapid growth of Japanese agricultural activities and 
 that Japanese now control the berry food supply of the state, almost 
 entirely control the vegetable supply and are making rapid inroads into 
 fruit and raisin farming. 
 
 At present the principal fruit and vegetable distributors are 
 American but the Japanese have already entered the field of distribu- 
 tion and are operating several commission houses and distributing 
 associations in the larger agricultural centers. 
 
 There are seven banks owned by Japanese and organized under Cali- 
 fornia laws, and two branches of the Yokohama Specie Bank of Japan 
 in this state. While the latter bank does exchange business, also, all 
 the Japanese banks are engaged principally in extending credit to 
 Japanese farmers and merchants. The Chinese finance themselves 
 largely out of their own resources, the Hindu does the same to a large 
 extent except that some receive cash advances from rice and cotton 
 growers' associations. 
 
 A peculiar method of deposit is practiced by the Japanese in making 
 deposits in the Japanese banks by which they buy certificates of trans- 
 mission, payable in Japan, presumably for the purpose of transferring 
 the funds to Japan. Many of these so-called certificates of transmission 
 are, however, in fact merely the usual certificates of deposit commonly 
 in use in America, the difference being that they are made payable in 
 Japan, only. These certificates are said to be very commonly held and 
 ultimately cashed at Japanese banks here in the same manner that 
 certificates of deposit are handled. The effect of this practice is to 
 place these funds beyond recourse by American creditors, during the 
 period that they are held as certificates of transmission, but at the same 
 time they are subject to attachment or claim by creditors residing in 
 Japan. 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS PRODUCED BY JAPANESE IN 1917. 
 (Prepared by the Japanese Agricultural Association of California.) 
 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Celery 90 Sugar beets 4o 
 
 Berries 88 Mi.xed vegetables 40 
 
 Asparagus 86 Grapes 34 
 
 Cantaloupes 85 Rico ^ 
 
 Onions 84 Potatoes 20 
 
 Tomatoes 80 Beans 15 
 
 Florists' products 72 Cotton 15 
 
 Seeds 52 Fruits 12 
 
 Note — These figures cover crops raised by Japanese in 1017. Since that year the 
 percentage of certain of the enumerated crops raised by Japanese has very materially 
 increased, the largest increases being in rice, grapes, potatoes and fruits.
 
 FINANCING. 81 
 
 Letter of Westfall-Lane Company on Financing Methods. 
 
 John R. Wkstfall, Sales Manager A. J. Knur, Manager 
 
 David F. Lane, General Manager 
 
 WESTFALL-LANE COMPANY 
 
 Distributors 
 
 Cantaloupes, VV;i,termelons, Sweet I'otatoe.s, Grapes 
 
 137 South Front Street 
 
 Telephone 1165 
 
 Three Trunk Lines 
 
 TuRLOCK, California, March 11, 1920. 
 
 State Board or Control, 
 Hacratncnto, Calif. 
 
 (Attention F. L. Latlirop) 
 
 Dear Sir: Kcplylng to yours of the 27th- ult. 
 
 I am glad to reiwrt on the Japanese situation pertaining to the agriculture and 
 finance activities of the Japanese. 
 
 There are 3500 acres of land leased by Japanese in this Turlock Irrigation Dis- 
 trict. This would mean that some of these people are in Merced County, with a 
 hirge portion in Stanislaus County, but all are tributary to either Turlock, Keys, 
 llughson, or Denair, as shipping points. 
 
 The principal line of agriculture that they follow is cantaloupes and this 3500 
 acres is cantaloupe land or land leased for the purpose of growing cantaloupes. 
 The majority of the land, possibly 80 per cent of it, is leased on the basis of $50 
 l)er acre, cash rent, 10 per cent at about ${>0 per acre and 10 per cent at from $25 
 to $50 per acre. The Japanese method of leasing land and tinancing his land is 
 along these lines : 
 
 They lease the land on a payment of one-third to one-half cash and the majority 
 of tiie leases provide for the balance to be paid about September first. A few of 
 the leases provide for an intermediate payment in the latter part of July or the 
 titst part of August. There are a few leases that demand all cash payment. 
 
 The Jap then goes to the shipper and asks to be financed to the extent of covering 
 Ills initial payment on the lease. Sometimes he provides in his agreement with 
 the shipper at the time of entering into the agreement, that he will need money to 
 plow his land and grow the crop. Sometimes he waits until after the shipper has 
 put some money into the deal and then demands or asks for advances to care for 
 crop. In this last instance it behooves the shipper to put more money into the deal 
 to protect the first or initial investment. 
 
 The Westfall-Lane Company practice this method of financing the Japanese, as 
 well as other shipping organizations, but in doing so they have demanded securities 
 by chattel mortgages on stock, implements and crops. Some of the other companies 
 practice the same method whenever they can get the security. 
 
 There are two or three farmers' organizations that do not make these advances 
 as the finances at hand will not permit it. 
 
 The next financial aid given the Japanese is that the shipper gives him credit for 
 his shook, nails and labels and advances 35 cents to 40 cents per crate — cost of 
 picking and packing. 
 
 By tabulating these amounts and compiling them you will arrive at the con- 
 clusion that the shipper is financing these growers and taking all chances of loss, 
 with a fixed chai"ge of gross profits. These gross profits represent 15 per cent of 
 the growers" sales, plus a 1 cent per crate charge for shipping fees. 
 
 If the proceeds from the sales (after all of these advances are refunded) is suf- 
 ficient, a profit will be shown the grower. If the net returns from the sales are 
 not suSiciently large, then the shipper must either fall back upon his securities 
 covered by chattel mortgages and if adequate will not suffer a loss, but if not, of 
 course, will suffer a loss. This loss, if any, may be made up by another venture 
 the following year and when such losses have occurred in the past this has been 
 the custom, but in view of the fact of the widespread anti-Jap propaganda, I do not 
 believe there will be renewals of the venture. 
 
 From an agriculture standpoint, it is necessary for us to keep a man in the field 
 to see that these Japanese farm their land right. This may seem to you a strange 
 statement, considering that it is generally assumed that the Japs are such wonderful 
 farmers. They are not wonderful farmers, but are hard workers, and the success 
 that they have made, in my estimation, is principally charged up or credited to 
 persistent plugging and consistent attention to their lands. 
 
 6—4460
 
 82 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The Japanese are cooperative. They u.sually practice this cooperativeness in 
 what we term at this time as a "clan." These clans are made up from five to 
 twenty people. 
 
 These clans pool their interest. For example : If one man loses, the others help 
 him out ; they po so far as endorsing each other's notes for advances made or for 
 leases to be paid. 
 
 During the attention that I have given to these people, I find that these clans 
 are transported clans from Japan. That is to say, Japanese living and operating 
 in provinces in Japan clique together in the United States and cooperate in their 
 agriculture ventures. They go so far, as the leader of a clan or his heirs in Japan, 
 inherit the same rights when their members are transported to this country. 
 
 This is usually what "he" means when he refers to "my friend." When a Jap 
 succeeds in a venture, he stakes his friend to lease a piece of property and he 
 becomes the next unit to their cooperative system. This friend i.s picked from the 
 working class, that is, a laboring man. He has worked with him in the cantaloupe 
 field or has had some agricultural experience. They also cooperate in helping one 
 another to plow and to do all kinds of agricultural work. Especially is this true if 
 one of their number is behind with his work. 
 
 All of this sounds very lovable and brotherly, but these people have their diflB- 
 culties. If a Jap attempts to lease more land than he is able to handle, he is 
 notified by them to cut some of the land out of his holdings and get down to a 
 basis where he can handle it economically. If he neglects his land, jeopardizing 
 the financial responsibilities of the others, he is corrected, but, "let me say at this 
 time" very diplomatically. If he does not take care of his land the others go in on 
 the property, combining their efforts to get the land up to the proper condition as 
 speedily as possible. 
 
 There is a cantaloupe organization here, called the California cantaloupe company. 
 This is a Japanese organization. There are two or three companies formed this 
 year, but at the present time have not a large acreage. These organ izations are 
 for the purpose of selling produce. The organizations formed this year were not 
 organized until after the strong Japanese agitation started. 
 
 The Japanese agitation that we have in this community seems primarily to be 
 among the business men and from information at hand, it would seem that quite a 
 few of the land owners are not in sympathy with the movement. 
 
 If these land owners will lease the land to Japanese, then I think that as soon as 
 the Japanese become financially strong, or until they will not need much credit, 
 they will attempt to sell their own crops. 
 
 Next thing that we must bear in mind is that the Japanese organizations in 
 California do not find much difficulty in securing financial aid among eastern 
 commission houses. If the Japanese secure the land and also their own selling 
 organization, they will control over 60 per cent of the entire cantaloupe crop in 
 this district. 
 
 There are at the present time 18 shipping organizations ; 15 of them are white 
 and three are Japs. If the Jap organizations will control 60 per cent of the crop 
 and 15 white organizations will stay in the field and divide the white business 
 among themselves, then there would not be sufficient number of acres for these 
 white organizations to stay in business. First, from the standpoint of profits on 
 the limited volume of business based upon the present rates of commission ; second, 
 that they would not have sufficient volume to cut any figure in supplying the markets. 
 
 The undersigned leases this year to Japanese, of his own land, about 250 acres. 
 These leases are made from year to year. I have provided that all of these lands 
 will be leased to white men from now on. I consider this, first, good business, and 
 second, have hit upon a plan of financing the white man and have secured some of 
 the best men in the country. I mention this at this time as simply a point of 
 general information to impart to you. 
 
 There is no question in my mind but that all of this land now leased by Japs 
 can be leased to white men providing you finance the white man. Also that the 
 leasing of lands in this district for cantaloupes has been a detriment, based upon 
 these facts : That after the crops are removed at the end of any given year, the 
 grower is, as far as the value of his improvements are concerned, in the same 
 position as he was a year ago. lie has raised a crop and taken it off of the land. 
 
 He has put nothing back and has not improved the land, such as an orchard, 
 vineyard or alfalfa. In other words, he is a farmer without an industry, or at 
 least he does not represent any particular industry, such as vineyardist, peach 
 grower, prune or apricot growers, or a dairyman.
 
 PINANCINO. 83 
 
 You might say the same thiriK about a Krain Rrower, but this land is not grain 
 land — it is too valuable. It is not reasonable or consistent or economical that land 
 valued at $700 per acre should be treated in (his manlier. 
 
 The exclusion of the Jai)s, even in the event that you could not .secure cnouRh 
 whites to lease the land, would revert to the benefit of the country, as it would 
 force owners of (he land to i)ut in permanent crops. 
 
 If there is any further information that you would like on this subject, and if 
 it is within my keepin;,', ujion rc(iucst I would be glad to give it to you. I have 
 only covered thi.s subject roughly, touching upon points rather than to exhaust 
 the subject. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 D. F. Lane. 
 
 Sample Copy of Usual Contract Between Distributor and Oriental Grower. 
 
 ARTHUR IVIILLER 
 
 330 Washington Street 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 THIS CONTRACT AND AGREEMENT, entered into this day of 
 
 , by and between of Brawley,, 
 
 California, hereinafter referred to as the Grower and ARTHUR MILLER, of 330 
 Washington Street, New York, hereinafter referred to as the Distributor. 
 
 WITNESSETH, That for a cash consideration mentioned in the Tenth Para- 
 graph of this contract, the Grower hereby appoints the above mentioned Distributor 
 his exclusive selling and distributing agent for all cantaloupes grown or owned or 
 controlled by the Grower for and during the season ofl 1920 and agrees to pay to 
 the Distributor as compensation for his services a commission of sixteen i)er cent 
 of the amount of the gross sales of all cantaloupes picked, packed, tendered and 
 accepted for shipment by the Distributor at the shipping shed at Brawley, Calif. 
 
 The Grower agix^es to plant or have planted acres from seed to be 
 
 furnished by the Distributor and to deliver to the Distributor at the above men- 
 tioned shed in a properly matured condition all cantaloupes grown or caused to be 
 grown from said acreage during the season of 1920 of merchantable quality, packed 
 in Standard crates of 12xl2x23i inches, and to contain forty-five, cantaloupes, or 
 Jumbo crates of 13xl3x23J inches, and to contain thirty-six or forty-five cantaloupes, 
 each and every crate to contain cantaloupes of uniforml size, or in Pony crates of 
 11x11x23* inches, and to contain forty-five cantaloupes or fifty-four cantaloupes, or 
 in flat crates of 4^xl3x23J inches, and to contain twelve or fifteen cantaloupes, and 
 
 The Grower further agrees in consideration of the acreage advance, cash crate 
 advance, and guarantee of freight by the Distributor, that all cantaloupes not grading 
 as merchantable quality produced from the above mentioned number of acres are 
 not to be packed, it being mutually acknowledged and agreed that shipments of 
 inferior cantaloupes would have a deteriorating effect on marketing conditions, injure 
 the confidence of the trade and prove unsatisfactory to the customer, thereby 
 jeopardizing the interest of both the Distributor and the Growers whose crops have 
 been contracted by the Distributor. 
 
 The Grower agrees to plant the acreage mentioned above as early as possible as 
 the season justifies in order to produce an early crop, and further agrees to use bis 
 best efforts to produce the best quality of Cantaloupes and as early in the season 
 as possible, to pick, grade, pack and haudlel same in a strictly first class manner, 
 using proper care in every respect to prevent injury from any cause, to pack the same 
 of uniform size and quality and wrap same neatly so as to produce a first class and 
 attractive package in every respect, and to deliver the said cantaloupes at the shipping 
 shed on wagons or trucks provided with springs to prevent bruising; cantaloupes to 
 be properly protected at all times after picking from the hot rays of the sun. 
 
 The Distributor agrees to perform the following : 
 
 FIRST: To provide a shipping shed through which to load all cantaloupes 
 accepted by the Distributor for shipment. 
 
 SECOND : To provide and sell to the Grower cantaloupe seed of first class quality 
 
 at per pound, to sell to the Grower the following supplies at prices named, 
 
 to wit : Registered paper wraps bearing the "CROWNED LYON BRAND"' trade 
 marU at per tnousand anu in c',>usiueration of this price it is hereby
 
 84 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 agreed that the Grower will not use these wraps for any other purpose than shipping 
 Cantaloupes of the above named brand and all of which are to be handled by the 
 
 above named Distributor; nails at per keg; Standard, Pony 
 
 and Jumbo crates at each; and Flat crates at 
 
 each, complete including registered labels bearing the "CROWNED 
 
 LYON BRAND" for which no charge is made and it is understood that this label 
 is loaned to the Grower for the specific purpose of packing cantaloupes for shipment 
 only through the above named Distributor. It is also understood by the Grower 
 that the Distributor shall not be liable to the Grower for failure to furnish such 
 crates or other material or other supplies if prevented from doing so by strikes or 
 any other cause beyond the control of the Distributor. 
 
 THIRD: In consideration of the above clause, the Grower hereby irrevocably 
 agrees that the terms under which the above supplies are Bold to him will not be 
 violated at any time during the shipping season and that under no circumstances will 
 any portion of said crop be shipped through any other source than through the 
 Distributor, and hereby agrees that in the event that he violates said terms, ships or 
 permits to be shipped any cantaloupes comprising said crop through any other source, 
 without the written consent of the Distributor, that the prices named herein for 
 supplies and material of every kind are null and void and that he accepts said material, 
 seed, crates, wraps, nails and etc. at an advanced price of twenty-five per cent above 
 the prices mentioned in this contract, and that his entire season's supply is to be 
 charged to him at the said advanced prices. The said increased amounts over and 
 above prices mentioned in this contract are to be credited to the "SURPLUS 
 ACCOUNT" of the Distributor, and, at the end of the season the said amounts are 
 to be pro rated, in accordance with the actual number of the crates shipped by the 
 other Growers shipping through the Distributor, and it is to be paid on that basis to 
 the Growers who have not violated their contract and whose interests have been 
 injured by the shipment of said cantaloupes through other sources, by said Grower. 
 
 FOURTH : To advance the Grower One Dollar per crate foi' all Standard and 
 Jumbo crates, and One Dollar per crate for all Pony crates, and forty-five cents per 
 crate for all Flat crates delivered by the Grower and accepted by the Distributor for 
 shipment less a deduction of 45 cents on full size crates and 25 cents on Flat crates, 
 which is to apply on the indebtedness of the Grower for crates, paper, nails and 
 acreage advances, such deduction to be made until such time as the total indebtedness 
 of the Grower to the Distributor is fully paid ; said advance to be paid to the Grower 
 every Monday for all crates accepted from him for shipment by the Distributor 
 during the previous week. This crate advance is a guaranteed advance to the 
 Grower on all cantaloupes as a whole collectively received from the Grower for the 
 entire season, as a season's average, and if the net results of the pools of all canta- 
 loupes shipped for the Grower are in excess of the total amount of crate advance 
 paid to the Grower the balance of the net results of pools over and above the crate 
 advance shall be paid to the Grower. 
 
 FIFTH : To furnish the necessary lumber to load cars and car loaders to load into 
 the cars all crates accepted by the Distributor for shipment, all at the expense of 
 the Distributor. 
 
 SIXTH : The Distributor further agrees to pay freight, refrigeration, cartage on 
 all cars of cantaloupes shipped by him for the account of the Grower, such charges 
 and sixteen per cent commission to be deducted from the gross sales ; provided, 
 however, that in case of strikes of any character, car shortage, lock-outs on any railroad 
 or railroads over which the cantaloupes are transported, the Grower agrees not to 
 offer any cantaloupes for shipment if so requested by the Distributor. 
 
 SEVENTH : The Distributor further agrees to use his best efforts and judgment 
 in the marketing of said cantaloupes in order to produce the best results and to 
 create a one day pool from the beginning of the season and for the first ten days 
 succeeding shipment of the first car load, and a two day pool for the remainder of 
 the shipping season, which pools will include all shipment of cantaloupes made by 
 the Growers controlled by the Distributor and to send the Grower a statement of 
 the results of said pools as soon as possible after the sale of .said cantaloupes. 
 
 EIGHTH : It is mutually agreed that the original account of sales covering any 
 car shipped by the Distributor for the account of the Grower, shall be open for the 
 personal inspection of the Grower and the Japanese Farmers' Association upon 
 demand at any time within one year from date of shipment.
 
 FINANCING. 85 
 
 The Distributor agrees to keop and maintain an oflice in Brawley, Calif., where 
 all books of accounts and records sliall he kept oi)en at all reasonable times for trans- 
 action of business, and shall he kc])t and iiiaiiitaincd till the close of the season and 
 all accouiils and set ticnicnts in full willi the (Irowcr are made. 
 
 NINTH: It is iind<'rstood and mutually agreed between the parties to this con- 
 tract that no Cantaloupes shall be received from wagons which are not in line for 
 unloading at ten o'clock p. m. 
 
 TKNTII : It is further agreed and understood between the Distributor and the 
 Grower that the Distributor shall advance as a loan to the Grower $20 per acre for 
 every acre of cantaloupes he agrees and has actually planted in cantaloupes accord- 
 ing to this contract, said Twenty Dollars being the cash consideration herein before 
 mentioned, and the same to he paid .$10 on the signing of this contract and agree- 
 ment and .flO Dollars on or before the lir.st day of February, 1920, and that the said 
 Twenty Dollars per acre advance may be deducted, together with material and seed 
 or any unpaid portion of same from the cash crate advance agreed upon in this con- 
 tract at any time or times during the shipping season, subject to the api^roval of the 
 Japanese Farmers' .Association, and it is further agreed and understood that at the 
 end of the shipping season the Distributor will, as soon as possible, furnish the 
 Grower with a statement showing the average net returns for all crates received for 
 shipment from the Grower, and to pay to the (3 rower all amounts due him for ship- 
 ments above the advances, seed and material. 
 
 lOLEVENTII : The Grower further agrees that the acreage and crate advance 
 hereinbefore provided for shall not be made on such cantaloupes that may be planted 
 by the Grower on land upon which another crop has been planted during the same 
 season. 
 
 TWELFTH : And it is further agreed by and between the partie.s to this contract 
 that the Distributor shall liave the privilege, upon one day's notice to the Grower 
 of discontinuing the advance payment on all cantaloupes excepting Fancy Standards 
 and Fancy Jumbos packed forty-five to the crate, and Fancy Flat crates packed 
 twelve melons to the crate. Such notice to be given to the Grower in writing, or by 
 posting written announcement thereof at the shipping shed of the Distributor ; and 
 in the event of an oversupply of cantaloupes, and the Distributor is of the opinion 
 that said cantaloupes will not bring the cash advance agreed upon and the guaran- 
 teed freight charges, the Grower agrees upon the One Day's notice hereinbefore 
 mentioned that the Distributor shall only be obligated to pay the cash advance on 
 five ci'ates to the acre, consisting of five crates of standards or five crates of jumbos, 
 or fifteen flat crates per acre per day, and that any excess amount offered by the 
 (Jrower for shipment from said acreage over and above the number of crates stipu- 
 lated above is to be handled by the Distributor, for the account of the Grower 
 without any guarantee cash advance, but the Grower shall not be required to pac^ 
 any cantaloupes in excess of said fi\e crates per acre per day. 
 
 THIRTEENTH : In consideration of the acreage advance and guaranteed crate 
 advance agreed upon in this contract, Paragraph Fourth and Tenth, the Grower 
 hereby irrevocably assigns to the Distributor for collection any interest of every 
 character which he may have in any claim or claims against any transportation lines 
 interested in the transportation of the cantaloupes accepted under this contract, and 
 agrees to pay the Distributor sixteen per cent on gross amounts so collected, also 
 legitimate expense incurred in making said collections, and by mutual agreements 
 between the Grower and the Distributor, any monies so collected due the Growers 
 are to be prorated when finally collected among all Growers shipping through said 
 Distributor, on the basis of the total crates shipped by each Grower during said 
 season. The Distributor agrees to furnish the Japanese Farmers' Association a 
 complete list of the claims filed showing car number and amount of claim. 
 
 FOURTEENTH : Distributor agrees to be responsible for and account to the 
 Grower for and guarantees the payment of all monies due or to become due from 
 each and every sale or sales of all cantaloupes accepted from the Grower for dis- 
 tribution under the terms of this contract. It is mutually agreed between the 
 parties hereto that the inspectors furnished by the Distributor shall make inspection 
 of all cantaloupes at any time, and that said Inspector's decision on grade, quality 
 and pack shall be final and binding on both parties herein. 
 
 It is also mutually agreed by both parties hereto that the size of crate and number 
 of melons contained in each crate is to conform to all acts of the Assembly or Legis- 
 lature in regard to said size of crate or number of melons contained in each crate, 
 or both.
 
 86 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The Distributor does hereby agree to furnish the Japanese Farmers' Association 
 with a copy of car manifest, copy of pool statement and a copy of the original 
 account of sales on all cantaloupes sold for the account of the Grower according to 
 the terms of the contract. 
 
 It is mutually agreed that the Japanese Farmers' Association of Imperial Valley 
 shall act and the said Grower does hereby appoint the association as his true and 
 lawful attorney in fact to act for and on behalf of the Grower in all matters per- 
 taining to this contract. 
 
 The Grower hereby acknowledged receipt of 
 
 being i)art payment of tlie acreage. 
 
 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands 
 and seals the day and year first above mentioned. 
 
 WITNESS : ARTHUR MILLER, Distributor. 
 
 By 
 
 Grower.
 
 Section V. 
 FISHING INDUSTRY. 
 
 87
 
 FISHING INDUSTRY. 
 
 In this section : 
 
 1) Volume and importance of fishing industry. 
 
 2) Number of fishermen of each nationality. 
 
 3) Increase of Japanese fishermen, 1915 to 1920. 
 
 4) How fishermen are financed. 
 
 5) Violation of United States navigation laws. 
 
 6) Menace of alien fishing fleet, 
 
 7) Can fishing by aliens be prohibited by state laws? 
 
 [8) Laws prohibiting aliens fishing in Oregon, Washington, 
 British Columbia and Alaska. 
 
 S9
 
 FISHING INDUSTRY. 91 
 
 FISHING INDUSTRY. 
 
 T\\(' fisliiii^f industry of tlm stiitc has j^rowii to onornious proj)ortions 
 and as a source of food supply is becoming increasingly important 
 every day. In 1916 tlie total catch of fish, exclusive of shell fish, was 
 86,490,392 pounds wliile in the year 1919, the total catch had increased 
 to 250,453,244 pounds. As to the money value of this product we quote 
 from the report of the State Fish and Game Commi.ssion as follows : 
 "The wholesale value of the fish marketed fresh at 10 cents per pound 
 would add $5,000,000 to the total value of fi.shery products (eanned 
 and dried) for the year 1919, making a total valuation of $26,417,743 
 for the year 1919." 
 
 Natural Resources. 
 
 It is contended that food fish is a natural resource and in common 
 with the other natural resources of the state is regarded as primarily 
 and inherently belonging to the citizens of the state rather than to out- 
 siders or aliens. The report of the State Fish and Game Commission 
 places the total value of the investments in fish canneries alone in Cali- 
 fornia at $7,708,871 up to December 31, 1919, and in these fish canning 
 and packing establishments there are employed 8,242 persons of which 
 1,751 are Japanese. Besides there arc about 200 Japanese employed in 
 wholesale fresh fish markets in California. 
 
 The Orientals, particularly the Japanese, have recognized the import- 
 ance of this industry and have entered the fishing business in ever- 
 increasing numbers until today there are more Japanese fishermen 
 operating on the coasts of California than any other nationality. On 
 the pages following there is given the total number of commercial 
 fishermen in California divided into nationalities for the fiscal years 
 1915-16, 1917-18 and 1918-19, as compiled by the State Fish and Game 
 Commission during their licensing periods. These records will show 
 that in the 1915-16 license year there were 491 Japanese fishermen out 
 of 'a total of 3758, or approximately 13 per cent. The year 1919-20 
 shows 1316 Japanese out of a total of 4671 or 28 per cent of the total. 
 
 From the foregoing it is noted that within a period of about four 
 years the Japanese fishermen have increased in number until they now 
 outnumber any other nationality, having increased about 168 per cent. 
 They also increased from 13 per cent of the total number of fishermen 
 to 28 per cent. Of the total number of fishermen's boats operated from 
 the coasts of California, 355 of them are manned by Japanese and 796 
 are operated by all other nationalities combined, the total value of the 
 Japanese boats being $1,397,000 and the value of all the other boats 
 being $2,055,000.
 
 92 CALIFORNIA AND THE OBIENTAIj. 
 
 Financing Japanese Fishermen. 
 As to the method of financing tlie Japanese fishermen, we quote from 
 fhe report of Mr. E. M. Nielsen of the San Pedro office, State Fish and 
 Game Commission, concerning the Japanese in southern California: 
 
 "In most cases Japauese-owned boats are uuder obligation to some cannery. The 
 cannery furnishes the Japanese with boat and equipment turning ownership over 
 to him but holding a mortgage on same until paid for by the Japanese. Each catch 
 the Japanese brings in, a certain per cent is taken out and credited on the mortgage 
 of the boat. Investigations show that very few Japanese have their boats paid up 
 in full. Japanese boats are registered with the United States Customs House as 
 Japanese-owned boats, that shows .Japanese ownership according to the registration, 
 but in most case.s mortgages are held by some cannery. 
 
 Located at Fish Harbor (East San Pedro) is a Japanese boat-building plant. 
 This firm employs fourteen Japanese. They have cut into the white boat builders 
 considerable, according to information received. Plants operated by Americans 
 claim the Japanese underbid them because they pay their help less and do not turn 
 out as good work. Thi.s Japanese firm is now building purse seine boats both for 
 white and Japanese fishermen." 
 
 It is clear to be seen that American canneries by financing the 
 Japanese fisherman make possible his operations in competition with 
 American citizens. 
 
 Violation of Federal Navigation Laws Alleged. 
 The State Fish and Game ronniiis,sioii in its report calls attention 
 to the fact that there appear to be many violations of the Federal 
 Navigation Laws. Page 18, Section 9, R. S. 43^11 covering the Federal 
 Navigation Laws requires vessels of 20 tons or over, engaged in coast- 
 wise trade or fisheries, to be enrolled and licensed and boats of 5 to 20 
 tons to be licensed only. This latter class, 5 to 20 tons, includes, accord- 
 ing to the report of the State Fish and Game Commission, "Practically 
 all of the fishing boats at San Pedro and San Diego," which the com- 
 mission states are between 5 and 20 tons. The Federal Navigation 
 Laws require these vessels to be licensed and the master of the vessel 
 must swear that he is a citizen of the United States as indicated by the 
 following quotation from the United States revised statutes: 
 
 The master of a licensed vessel shall swear he is a citizen of the United States 
 and if the vessel is less than 20 tons burden "the husband or managing owner shall 
 .swear that she is wholly the property of citizens of the United States." (Page 43, 
 section 50, R. S. 4320.) If a licensed vessel is transferred in whole or in part to any 
 person who is not a citizen of the United States, the vessel with her equipment and 
 cargo shall be forfeited. (Page 200, section 281, R. S. 4377.) 
 
 If all of the Japanese fishermen's boats are manned and mastered 
 entirely by Japanese, regardless of whether native born citizens or not, 
 it seems apparent that in many instances these laws are being violated. 
 Press reports of April 14, 1920, contain the statement that the United 
 States Attorney General has instructed the United States District 
 Attorney for the southern district of California to proceed in strict 
 enforcement of these laws and to prosecute vigorously any violations. 
 It is stated in the same dispatches that an investigation is being made 
 of this matter.
 
 PISHINO INDUSTRY. 93 
 
 Immediately upon entrance of the United States into the World War 
 all fisliin<^ boats manned by aliens were interned. Subsequently in 
 order lo avoid diminishing the fish food supply,* the United States 
 Government permitted these boats to go out to fish provided there was 
 upon each of these boats a duly appointed American citizen in charge 
 of it. From this it would appear that a number of these boats are 
 owned and manned by aliens. 
 
 Menace in Alien Fishing Fleet. 
 
 It is very significant to note that the increase in Japanese fwhermen 
 as shown above from the license year 1915-16 to the license year 1919-20 
 was 168 per cent or 825 persons, while all of the other nationalities 
 combined increased but 2.07 per cent or 88 persons. This increase in 
 the number of Japanese fishermen is confined largely to southern Cali- 
 fornia waters. 
 
 For the fishing fleet, operating off our coast, to be manned by an 
 alien people involves several factors vital to the best interests of this 
 country, amounting, in fact, to potential dangers. 
 
 (1) Is it good public policy at any time, whether at peace or in 
 war, to have so important a food as the fish supply monopolized by 
 peoples of an alien race? The growth of the fish industry has made it 
 one of the principal sources of food supply for the state. 
 
 (2) The fishing boats in their daily and constant travels in and out 
 and up and down the coast acquire an intimate knowledge of coast line, 
 harbors and defenses, which is not only exceedingly valuable if used for 
 the benefit of our country, but would be extremely dangerous to us and 
 serviceable to an enemy if made available to such enemy during a 
 period of war. 
 
 (3) The experience of the British, in particular, during the late 
 World War demonstrated the value of the services of the fishing fleet 
 for patrol duty along the coast line during the war, the fishing fleet 
 with its small boats scattered along the entire coast proved exceedingly 
 valuable in reporting the approach of enemy boats and submarines. In 
 the case of California with a fishing fleet manned by aliens, especially if 
 circumstances made them enemy aliens, we would not only lose the 
 valuable services of these boats for patrol duty during a time of war 
 but this same fishing fleet might become a powerful aid to the enemy. 
 
 (4) This fishing fleet provides a convenient means for illegal entry 
 into the state. The following language appears on page 409 of the 1919 
 report of the United States Commissioner of Immigration : ' ' Numerous 
 Japanese fishing boats on the Pacific Coast, operating in Mexican 
 waters, are employed to facilitate the illegal entry of Japanese 
 laborers. ' ' 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE. 
 
 Aliens can be wholly prohibited from fishing simply by the enact- 
 ment of the necessary laws by the State of California. The states of 
 Oregon and Washington both have very stringent fishing laws pro-
 
 94 CALIFORNIA AND TIIE ORIENTAL. 
 
 hibiting aliens from practically every kind of fishinjx. British Colum- 
 bia confines its fisliing privileges entirely to British subject.s only. As 
 to Alaska, the Congress of the United States has very carefully pro- 
 tected this territory by federal laws prohibiting all aliens from engag- 
 ing in the fishing industry, allowing aliens merely to fish with hook and 
 line or by gaff or spear, thus entirely prohibiting them from seine 
 fishing or any other method of commercial fishing on a large scale. 
 
 It is therefore apparent that aliens are prohibited from commercial 
 fishing everywhere on the Pacific Coast, from the Mexican jjorder to 
 and including Alaska, except the coast of California. 
 
 Following are the laws of Washington, Oregon, British Columbia 
 and Federal Statutes relating to Alaska : 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Section 58. It shall be unlawful for any person to fish or take for 
 sale or profit any salmon or other food or shell fish in any of the rivers 
 or waters of this state or over which it has concurrent jurisdiction in 
 civil and criminal cases, unless such person be a citizen of the United 
 States or has declared his intention to become such and is and has been 
 for twelve months immediately prior to the time he engages in such 
 business an actual resident of this state or an adjoining state; but this 
 section shall not apply to Indians. (Laws of Washington, 1917, p. 798.) 
 
 Section 5150-43. Licenses — To whom not issued. No license for 
 taking or catching salmon or other food or shell fish required by this 
 act shall be issued to any person who is not a citizen of the United 
 States of the age of eighteen years or over, unless such person has 
 declared his intention to become a citizen, and is and has been an 
 actual resident of the state for one year immediately preceding the 
 application for such license. Nor shall any license be issued to a cor- 
 poration unless it is authorized to do business in this state. Nothing 
 herein contained shall be construed to prevent the issuance of licenses 
 to Indians, providing such applicants possess the qualifications of 
 residence hereinbefore required, nor prevent the renewal of licenses for 
 fixed appliances by persons now holding the same. (Remington's 1915 
 Code, Sec. 5150-43.) 
 
 The following correspondence between the State Fish and Game 
 Commission of California and L. H. Darwin, Washington State Fish 
 Commissioner, throws considerable light on the operation of the Wash- 
 ington law. The principal case arising in the Washington courts 
 upon this question is that of Consanti vs. Darwin, 102 Wash. 402, in 
 which the court said : 
 
 "That the legislature may prohibit any but citizens of this state and 
 of the United States from receiving a fishing license within this 
 state, admits of no doubt."
 
 PISHING INDUSTRY. 95 
 
 San Fkancisco, Camkouma, Fcbniary 11, 1020. 
 L. 11. Dauwin, 
 
 Commissioner of Fisheries, Hluir of W'nsliinf/loii, 
 Fieaitle, Washington. 
 Has soction forly-throo of Iho fisheries codo of WnshinKlori, provirlinK that no 
 liceiiso for catching food fish shall be is.sued to persons not citizens of the United 
 States unless such person has declared his intention to become a citizen, been 
 questioned in the courts? Is this law in conliict with Ihe .Japanese treaty? Is it 
 beins enforced? Wire answer collect. 
 
 Cai.iiorma Fish ano Game CoAfMissinN. 
 
 Skatti.k, WA.siiiNfiTO.N, February 12, 1920. 
 California Fish and Came Commission, 
 San Francisco, California. 
 Responding to your night letter of the elevenlh. Supreme Court this .'itate in 
 case of Consanti vs. Darwin as Fi.sh Commissioner upheld constitutionality of section 
 forty-three of our fisheries code and went further and said that right ot state to 
 limit issuance of fishing licenses to American citizens was uuijuestionable. We are 
 enforcing this action as against Japanese and all other aliens and no claim has 
 been made to my knowledge by Japanese government that this provision is in con- 
 flict with our Japanese treaty. 
 
 L. H. Darwin, 
 Washington State Fish Commissioner. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Official Correspondence Containing the Law. 
 
 Game Commission of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners 
 ORECiON Building, Fifth and Oak Streets 
 
 Portland, April 7, 1920. 
 Mr. Carl Westerfeld, 
 
 Executive Officer, Fish and Game Commission, 
 San Francisco, California. 
 Dear Sir: I am mailing you, under separate cover, a copy of the 1919-1920 
 commercial edition of the fish laws. Section 132 provides for the qualification of 
 the applicants for licenses. This was passed at the 1919 session of the Legislature. 
 It has been passed upon by the United States District Court in the case of Olin 
 vs. State of Oregon. The court sustained the law. It has been passed upon indi- 
 rectly by the Oregon Circuit Court at Astoria, and the law was sustained there. 
 Section 134 has been passed upon a number of times by different courts and it has 
 always been sustained under the police power of the state and that clause of the 
 constitution of the United States permitting states to enter into a compact upon 
 consent of Congress. 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 Carl D. Shoemaker, 
 
 State Game Warden. 
 
 Fisii and Game Commission of California 
 
 San Francisco, April 13, 1920. 
 State Board of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 Gentlemen : You will find enclosed herewith a letter from Carl D. Shoemaker, 
 State Game Warden of Oregon, about the constitutionality of sections 132 and 134 
 of the Oregon fish and game laws. 
 
 Section 132 provides : 
 
 "No license for the taking or catching of salmon or other food or shell fish as 
 required by the laws of this state, shall be issued to any i>eTson who is not a citizen 
 of the United States and who has not been an actual resident of the state for one 
 year immediately preceding the application for such license ; nor shall any license be 
 Issued to a corporation unless it is authorized to do business in this state." 
 
 Section 134 provides that : 
 
 "It shall be unlawful for any person to fish or take for sale or profit any salmon, 
 sturgeon or other food fish in any of the rivers or waters over which the states of 
 Oregon and Washington have concurrent rights and concurrent jurisdiction unless 
 such person be a citizen of the United States or has declared his intentions in good
 
 96 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL 
 
 faith to become such and has been for one jear immediately prior to the time he 
 makes application, an actual resident of the state in which he seeks to obtain his 
 license." 
 
 From Mr. Shoemaker's letter it appears that both of these sections have been 
 declared constitutional by the courts of Oregon and also the federal courts. I regret 
 that he has not given us the citation of the cases in which these laws were con- 
 strued, but I daresay the Attorney General at Sacramento will be able to find them 
 if they have been reported. 
 
 If there is any further aid that we can render you in this matter, we will be glad 
 to do so. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 C. A. Westerkeld, 
 Executive Officer. 
 
 Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911, Chapter 89, Section 13. 
 
 The Commissioner may issue, or authorize to be issued, to British 
 subjects only, fishery leases or fishery licenses for fisheries and fi.shing 
 to be carried on in Provincial waters. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 United States compiled statutes 1916, Section 3623 (Act June 14, 
 1906.) 
 
 "It shall be unlawful for any person not a citizen of the United 
 States, or who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the 
 United States, and is not a bona fide resident therein, or for any com- 
 pany, corporation, or association not organized or authorized to transact 
 business under the laws of the United States or under the laws 
 of any state, territory, or district thereof, or for any person not a 
 native of Alaska, to catch or kill, or attempt to catch or kill, except 
 with rod, spear or gaff, any fish of any kind or species whatsoever in 
 any of the waters of Alaska under the jurisdiction of tiie United 
 States." 
 
 Nativity of Fishermen in California. 
 
 Year 1915-16 
 
 Italy .. 
 
 United States ... 
 
 Japan 
 
 Greece 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria 
 
 Germany 
 
 Sweden 
 
 China 
 
 Norway 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Spain 
 
 England 
 
 Canada 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Ireland - 
 
 Scotland .... 
 
 Miscellaneous ... 
 
 Year 1017-18 
 
 1,310 Italy 
 
 1,094 United States ... 
 
 491 Japan 
 
 184 Portugal 
 
 152 Greece 
 
 82 Austria 
 
 67 Germany 
 
 58 Sweden 
 
 54 China 
 
 46 Denmark 
 
 44 Russia 
 
 41 Norway 
 
 19 Spain 
 
 17 Azores 
 
 13 Finland 
 
 12 England 
 
 10 Conada 
 
 1 Holland - 
 
 63 Miscellaneous ... 
 
 Year 1918-19 
 
 1,138 Japan 
 
 970 United States ... 
 
 998 Italy 
 
 91 Austria 
 
 87 Greece 
 
 83 Portugal — 
 
 58 Germany 
 
 48 Denmark 
 
 39 China 
 
 36 Spain 
 
 36 Sweden 
 
 34 Norway 
 
 28 Finland 
 
 23 England 
 
 21 Russia 
 
 15 Canada 
 
 U France 
 
 8 Mexico 
 
 38 Miscellaneous ... 
 
 1.261 
 
 1,185 
 
 1,152 
 
 133 
 
 123 
 
 121 
 
 57 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 20
 
 Section VI. 
 LABOR. 
 
 7—4460 
 
 S>7
 
 LABOR. 
 
 In this section : 
 
 (1) Character of Oriental labor. 
 
 (a) Chinese. 
 
 (b) Hindu. 
 
 (c) Japanese. 
 
 (2) Do Orientals work for whites as laborers? 
 
 (3) Working and living conditions of Orientals compared with 
 American standards. Americans will never adopt the Oriental 
 standards, and should not. Housing conditions, Japanese and Hindu, 
 in various parts of California as described by inspectors and sani- 
 tary engineer of California Immigration and Housing Commission. 
 
 (4) Effect of Oriental land occupation upon the American small 
 farmer. American farmers cannot compete with Orientals, especially 
 the Japanese, with their standards. 
 
 (5) Percentage of Japanese in various agricultural pursuits. 
 
 (6) Sudden removal of Japanese not wise. 
 
 (7) Percentage that the Japanese produced of the whole total of 
 various crops produced in the state. 
 
 (8) Japanese labor and agricultural activities thoroughly 
 organized. 
 
 (9) By-laws of Japanese Association of America. 
 
 (10) Treaty of commerce and navigation. 
 
 (11) Orientals are increasing their commercial activities. 
 
 (12) The farm labor problem of California can be satisfactorily 
 handled without the use of Orientals.. Letters from organizations 
 and individuals who have solved the problem with white labor are 
 given. 
 
 99
 
 LABOR. 101 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 While it has been generally considered that the presence in California 
 ol" Oriental la])orers has its most detrimental effect upon the laboring 
 classes here, it has more recently been thoroughly demonstrated that this 
 is not a fact. Oriental labor does not enter very seriously into com- 
 jx'tition with the American laboriiiji^ classes. 
 
 The most serious injury done by Oriental laborers is to the American 
 small farmer. Most of the Oriental laborers coming to California, 
 especially from Japan, are from the agricultural classes and upon 
 ;iii-ival enter as quickly as circumstances will permit into agricultural 
 pursuits. It is the usual practice of the Orientals, especially the 
 Japanese, to serve a short apprenticeship as a farm laborer, this service 
 usually being for farmers of liis own nationality but as soon as oppor- 
 tunity afTords he becomes a tenant farmer, either under lease or some 
 form of crop contract. 
 
 Oriental Laborer Works Little for Whites. 
 As a matter of establislied fact, the Oriental is of no appreciable 
 value as a farm laborer to the American farmer. Very few of tliem, 
 compared with the whole total of Orientals in California, are in the 
 employ of American farmers as purely farm help. The presence of 
 Oriental labor, therefore, in California can not be considered of much 
 value to the American farmer who actually farms his own land. The 
 Oriental farm laboring class is valuable principally to land speculators 
 or developers who do not farm their own lands but lease them upon 
 some crop basis to Orientals. As a matter of fact there are probably 
 more white laborers working for Oriental farmers than there are 
 Oriental laborers working for American farmers. 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 Since the Geary Act of 1882 excluded the Chinese, there has been a 
 steady decrease in Chinese population, the present Chinese population 
 in California being about 40 per cent of the number at the time the act 
 was passed. Because the Chinese have been residents in California for 
 many years, dating back as far as the mining days of '49, it naturally 
 follows that a very large part of the present Chinese residents of Cali- 
 fornia are native-born Californians. Except for a few large agricul- 
 tural corporations, the jChinese are generally engaged in small com- 
 mercial enterprises supplying the needs of their own countrymen. 
 Owing to the effectiveness of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Chinese 
 can not be considered a menace for the future. 
 
 Hindu. 
 The Hindu, in the opinion of the Commissioner of the State Bureau 
 of Labor Statistics, is the most undesirable immigrant in the state. 
 His lack of personal cleanliness, his low morals and his blind adherence
 
 102 CALIFORNIA AND TITE ORIENTAL. 
 
 to theories and teachings, so cntirrly rcpufrnant to Americau principles, 
 make liim unfit for association with American people. These refer- 
 ences apply to the low easte Hindu or SiUhs. Kejiorts from official 
 authorities concerning these people on file in the otViee in the State 
 Board of Control are unfit for publication. 
 
 In keeping with the above estimate of the low easte Hindu, it is 
 significant to note that although he is a su]),iect of the liritish Crown, 
 he, nevertheless, has been and is now excluded from practically all of 
 the British provinces, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and 
 South Africa. In fact, it would appear that the presence in California 
 of the Hindu is largely traceable to one large boat load from British 
 Columbia, out of which country they were forcibly driven. 
 
 On a following page is given a copy of a letter from Attorney M. P. 
 Shaughnessy of the firm of Shaughnessy and Atherton, attorneys at 
 law, Stockton, California, IMr. Shaughnessy being the legal adviser for 
 a large part of the Hindus in the State of California. This letter is 
 dated February 16, 1920, and indicates that there are about 2600 
 Hindus, commonly so-called, in the state, of which 2000 are Sikhs, 500 
 Mohammedans and 100 Hindus. ^Mr. Shaughnessy makes the following 
 statement: "You are familiar, of course, with the fact that none of 
 them are now permitted to enter the United States." (Sec page 108.) 
 
 Japanese. 
 The Japanese, therefore, constitute the principal Oi-iental to be 
 considered. It has already been stated that the Japanese occupy the 
 status of farm laborer for but a short period after arrival here; that 
 most of their service as such farm laborers is in the employ of their 
 own countrymen here ; that these farm laliorers quickly graduate into 
 independent lease holders or crop contractors; and tliat the presence, 
 therefore, of Japanese farm laborers is of little service to the Americau 
 farmer, but that he enters into direct competition with the American 
 farmer. 
 
 Working and Living Conditions. 
 
 The_\vorking conditions and living condi tions of t he Japanes e 
 farmer and farm laborer make successful eompctition by Ameriean 
 farmers almost impossible. The Japanese farmers and evei-y mehiber 
 in the family, physically alile to do so. ineluding the wife and little 
 children, work in the field long hours, practically from dayliglit t«> 
 dark, on Sundays and holidays, and. in the majority of cases, live in 
 shacks or under conditions far below the standards required and 
 desired by Americans. 
 
 Japanese working and living C(Miditions are shown in tlie 
 accompanying : 
 
 Report of the Sauitai-y Engineer of the State Commission of 
 Immigration and Housing. (See page 108.)
 
 LABOR. 103 
 
 Ixcporls ol' ioiir dilTrrciit ('aiiip I iisjx'ctor.s of tlift State Com- 
 iiiission of Iiiiiiii^'i-utioii and Housing'. (See page 110.) 
 
 Ijctlcf of II. K. liartoii, Special ('cnsvis Kniimerator in Tmporial 
 Coiiiilv, fo)' llic State Hoard of Control. (See page 111.) 
 
 Impossible Competition. 
 
 'rii(> pi'cseneo of the Japanese in agriculliiral piir.suit.s under such 
 woi'kin;,' and liviiii; conditions works the greatest hardship upon the 
 small fanner, esi)ecially thos(! farmers who perform the larger part of 
 their own work. This impossible competition is emphasized by the 
 fact that the Japanese are in a large measure independent contractors, 
 or land owners, and not ordinary laborers. American farmers can not ] 
 successfully compete with Japanese farmers if the Americans adhere / 
 to the American principles so universally approved in America, includ- ^^ 
 ing clean and wholesome living quarters, reasonable working hours, the 
 usual Siinday rest and holiday recreation and, above all, refraining ; 
 fi'om working the women and children in the fields. 
 
 The Japanese practically control the production of certain classes of 
 agricultural products, and the number of Japanese engaged in certain 
 classes of agricultural pursuits is greater than that of any other 
 nationality. In proof of this we quote from Yamato Ichihashi, Ph.D., 
 instnu'tor in Japanese history and government and lecturer in 
 economics at Stanford University, whose book "Japanese Immigration," 
 puljlislied in 1915, contains charts covering thase subjects. 
 
 The results shown in these charts which were prepared in 1915 are 
 l)rol)ably more accentuated today, so far as the percentage of Japanese 
 is concerned. According to Chart No. 1, the percentage which the 
 Japanese represent of the whole total of persons engaged in the grow- 
 ing of the following agricultural products, is as follows: 
 
 Berries 88 per cent 
 
 Sugar beets 67 per cent 
 
 Nursery products 58 per cent 
 
 Grapes 52 per cent 
 
 V(>getablcs 46 per cent 
 
 Citrus fruits 39 per cent 
 
 Deciduous fruits 36 per cent 
 
 Chart No. 2 shows the percentage of Japanese workers in certain 
 agricultural pui'suits out of the whole total of persons engaged in these 
 activities : 
 
 Berry pickers 95 per cent 
 
 Vegetable pickers 95 per cent 
 
 Celery (hand workers) 94 per cent 
 
 Beet toppers and loaders 88 per cent 
 
 Beet hoers and thinners 85 per cent 
 
 Grape pickers 74 per cent 
 
 Pruners 72 per cent 
 
 Fruit pickers 58 per cent
 
 104 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Japanese Thoroughly Organized. 
 
 Japanese agricultural activities are thoroufrhly oreranized. There 
 are fifty-five local associations in the State of California, nineteen in 
 the nine counties of southern California affiliated with the Japanese 
 Agricultural Association of .southern California, and tliirty-six asso- 
 ciations in northern and central California affiliated with the Japa- 
 nese Agricultural Association and the California Farmers Cooperative 
 Association. All of these local associations are in turn closely con- 
 nected with the Japanese Association of America, in California, which 
 organization is under the direct supervision of the Japanese Consul 
 General at San Francisco and he in turn is directed by the Japanese 
 Ambassador at Washington. The individual members in these associa- 
 tions pay dues monthly which range from $3 to $15 per year per 
 member. The sum total of the dues thus raised amounting to approxi- 
 mately $135,000 per year in the State of California. This sum is used 
 in such manner as seems advisable to the i)arent association for the 
 advancement of the agricultural, educational and financial interests of 
 the Japanese. 
 
 On pages following is a copy of the by-laws of the Japanese As.socia- 
 tion of America as it operates in California. (See page 113.) 
 
 Sudden Removal Not Wise. 
 It is but proper to call attention to the fact that any sudden 
 removal of the Japanese from their present agricultural pursuits in 
 California would affect our food supply very seriously. The annual 
 output of agricultural products by Japanese in 1919, approximating 
 $67,000,000, consists of food products practically indispensable to the 
 state's daily supply. The Japanese. l)eing a race of short people, seem 
 willing to engage in those lines of agricultural work which call for 
 so-called "squat labor" or the class of "stoop and pick labor." 
 
 Orientals Increasing Commercial Activities, 
 It must be expected that the Oriental, if crowded out of the agricul- 
 tural field, will rapidly increase his commercial activities. This has 
 been demonstrated in California by the increasing commercial activities 
 of the Chinese, the race of Orientals that has been longest resident in 
 California, and who now maintain large markets and retail grocei-y 
 stores, besides operating some very large fruit canneries. 
 
 In the hearing before the House Committee on Immigration and 
 Naturalization, June 12, 1919. testimony was presented to show that in 
 Seattle, on April 1, 1919, 47 per cent of the hotels and about 25 per 
 cent of the grocery conoerns were operated by Japanese. 
 
 Japanese, in particular, are accorded many commercial rights in 
 America by the Treaty of Comnierec and Navigation of 1911 between
 
 LABOR. 105 
 
 the United States and Japan. A copy of this treaty is given in full on 
 paj^'cs following. (See page 115.) 
 
 Th(^ (lepcndonee of any people upon an alien population for its neces- 
 sary food supply is a condition worthy of serious consideration. Many 
 suf?gcstions have been offered for correcting the present situation. The 
 accoiiipanyiiig letter by T. W. Q. Lyons, motor ear dealer of Brawley, 
 California, addressed to Governor Stephens, presents one suggestion — 
 that of bringing in Mexiean lal)or. (See page 121.) Others have sug- 
 gested importing Chinese labor, in bond, to be worked for a limited 
 period of years and returned to China at the end of the period pre- 
 scribed. It, however, seems to be the more general opinion that the 
 bringing in of any cheap farm labor reduces the productive value of the 
 labor of the American small farmer whose labor is of necessity measured 
 by the wage of the cheap laborer with whom he is compelled to compete. 
 The so-called shortage of farm la))or is more apparent than real. Just 
 at present, al)normal conditions prevail in all lines of business, each 
 industry bidding against the other with ever-increasing higher wages. 
 When abnormally high wages are paid in industrial lines, the natural 
 tendency of farm labor is to go to the city. In ordinary normal times, 
 however, ample American farm labor can be secured if proper living 
 conditions and inducements are made sufficiently attractive. The 
 accompanying letter by Dr. Elwood Mead, Chairman of the State Land 
 Settlement Board, points out the economic value of satisfied local com- 
 munities of American farmers and points to the Durham Land Settle- 
 ment as an example of what can be successfully accomplished with 
 American farmers under proper conditions. To quote Dr. Mead, who 
 aptl}^ puts it this way : 
 
 "AmiMicniis will do any kiud of farm or garden work if there is back of it erf- 
 dclcnt -stiimihis to their pride, interest and ambition. The State Land Settlement 
 Act, if sufficiently extended, will settle the problem of intelligent, dependable Amer- 
 ican labor on the farm. It is the most direct and effective way of mitigating if not 
 ending the menace of alien land ownership and of creating communities that do not 
 amalgamate and of subjecting this state to the menace of racial antagonisms." 
 
 Dr. Mead verifies his statements with experiences in similar work by 
 liim in Australia, and also points to the methods in this respect followed 
 by France, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, Australia and New 
 Zealand. (See page 123.) 
 
 Following also is attached letter of Prof. R. L. Adams, Federal 
 Farm Manager for California and Professor of Farm Management at 
 the University of California. He gives an analysis of the present con- 
 dition of farm labor in California and a classification of California's 
 farm labor needs. Prof. Adams' conclusion is that we should adhere to 
 those classes of farm products which do not necessitate the hiring of 
 undesirable cheap labor including Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese and 
 Hindus; that there are many lines of farm enterprises that may be
 
 106 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 profitably followed in California that do not require this cheap olass of 
 labor; and that we should follow these lines, leaving to other countries 
 the raising of those products requiring vast numbers of cheap laborers. 
 (See page 125.) 
 
 American Farm Labor Available. 
 
 Even during the last three years, which have been al)nonnal as 
 regards shortage of labor in all lines of work, the Valley Fruit Growei"s 
 Association of Fresno, with a membership of 3000, has demonstrated 
 beyond question that sufficient American farm labor can be readily 
 secured, provided comfortable housing, substantial food, properly 
 served, and some opportunity for recreation, is provided upon the 
 farms. 
 
 The accompanying letter by W. Flanders Setchel, president of the 
 Valley Fruit Growers Association, outlines in detail how their plans 
 were first started as an experiment and finally developed into an 
 established fact, demonstrating conclusively the possibility of securing 
 satisfied loyal American farm labor in sufficient numbers. 
 
 W. FLANDERS SETCHEL 
 
 Fkes.nu, C'.xi.nuK.MA, April (i, IKL'O. 
 Mb. Frank L. Latiirop. 
 
 Farm Expert. State lUxird of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 Deab Mr. Lathrop : Answering your recent inquiry as to my pxpfrionco as 
 Tresident of the Valley Fruit Growers Association of Fresno in the handling of the 
 farm labor problems of the Raisin District, and its bearing upon the Japanese land 
 question now being agitated so considerably. 
 
 Ten years ago the California farmer had no labor difficulties so far as quantity 
 of available labor was concerned. This labor consisted very larcrely of Japanese, 
 Chinese and hoboes. The Japanese laborer was plentiful in numbers, as was the 
 American hobo. The Chinese, whilst still fairly numerous, were available in lessen- 
 ing numbers. Today, legislative exclusion has reduced the Chinese coolie to an 
 almost disappearing quantity, whilst opportunity has served to transform the able 
 and hard-working Japanese farm laborers into pros])erous farmers. 
 
 It is my conviction that the Japanese land question of today ha.s arisen out of the 
 disappearance from California farms of Asiatic coolie labor and is, consequently, 
 closely linked with the present agitation in favor of an importation of indentured 
 Chinese farm laborers. Whilst desirous of avoiding any expression of opinion as to 
 the advisability or otherwise of permitting Japanese to further acquire ownership 
 of lands in this state, it must be conceded by all that wherever Japanse have succeeded 
 in acquiring ownership of land they have proved themselves industrious and efficient 
 farmers, and I have personal knowledge of numerous instances where tliey are 
 regarded as entirely satisfactory and acceptable neighbors by American farmers 
 living on adjacent properties. 
 
 The Valley Fruit Growers Association, with a subscribing farmer membership of 
 over 3000, has been actively engaged in the development and distribution of farm 
 iabor in the raisin districts since the spring of 1017. and upon it has fallen the 
 responsibility, during the abnormal farm labor shortage of the la.'^t three seasons, of 
 handling harvest or "stress"' labor re<|uirenients, which in the ratio of increase over 
 normal has probably an unique position among the farm problems of this state. 
 When for the first time confronted with a realization of the dimensions of its prob- 
 lem, this association made the mistake that numbers of farmers in other parts of the 
 state are making today. It raised its voice demanding an importation of coolie labor
 
 r.AHoit. 107 
 
 (0 do that which was falsely describod as not "white man's work," and active sfejiH 
 were taken to ascertain the feasibility of an importation of contract labor \iiion 
 the theory that white men would not do tiio necessary work. When the contc'mplate<i 
 inii)ortalion of labor pioved impossible, the association was cf)mi)elled to search 
 amoiiRst the labor resources of this and adjoining slates for the thousands of workers 
 necessary to safely harvest the great and valuable crops of this section. The experi- 
 ence of the association convincin},'ly and finally demonstrated that even within the 
 conliiies of this state tlieri; were resources in farm labor ready, willing, and but 
 awaiting the invitation and the assurance of decent living conditions, to come forth 
 from the cities to i)rove that, given i)ropor housing and right treatment, there ,'s no 
 farm labor requirement in this slate that is not truly "white man's work," and for 
 which there are not white Americans available to efliciently and economically i)pr- 
 I'orm. As a result of jiractical experience, the Valley Fruit (Jrowers Association's 
 work has, to a largo degree, been resolved inlo a concentration ui)on the task ot 
 impro\iiig the housing conditions of fai'm workers, and of securing the recognition 
 by the farmers of the fact that today there are no inferior races available lo perfonn 
 coolio labor for them, but instead, there are people ready to work for and with 
 them, kindred in blood and potentially far better factors in the upbuilding of their 
 communities, of their prosperity and of this state. In my opinion, the normal and 
 the "stress" farm labor problems of this state can be effectively solved by the general 
 I'aising of the standards of living and housing upon the farms. Today, in too many 
 instances the housing provided for farm help would be scorned by an up-to-date hog 
 raiser as unfit for his hogs. It is such conditions that produced the typical (Jali- 
 fornia hobo. How could any but the most debased of American humanity be induced 
 to regard labor under such conditions as "white man's work"? Investigation will 
 show that wherever jiroixM- liou.sing conditions and decent treatment are assured the 
 workers, there is no farm labor problem. 
 
 I have observed that a number of influential farmers of this state have recently 
 c.xi)ressed themselves as favoring an importation of Chinese under contract, for the 
 l)urposo of providing a counterpoise to the recalcitrant Japanese, who apparently 
 lack the desired docility and willingness to accept such conditions as these farmers 
 regard as good enough for them. I do not believe the difliculties of the California 
 farmer can be sohed by any iinportation of any kind of labor. On the contrary, 
 such would but serve to debase a standard already abnormally low, primarily because 
 of the very circumstances which it is now desired to reproduce, namely, the presence 
 in large numbers of Asiatic coolies. These same farmers would be quite willing to 
 accept Japanese coolies, jirovided they could be compelled to remain coolies. The 
 demand for the Chinaman is premised upon the theory that he will remain a coolie, 
 either by his own choice or, alternatively, by compulsion. 
 
 Because of and not despite the high wages prevailing during the past two years, 
 the farmers of California have realized a degree of prosperity such as can hardly 
 lia\c been even dreamed of previously. As a consequence, the farmer is well able 
 financially to provide such accommodations for his workers as will make them 
 acceptable to human beings of his own race. The day has dawned for the California 
 farmer when he must be prepared to compete with the industries for his share of 
 the labor supply, and any such disturbance of labor conditions as would be brought 
 about by an importation of cheap labor would, by its inevitable depression of wages 
 in general, react to the direct disadvantage of the California fruit grower, by its 
 consequent reduction in the purchasing power of the masses throughout the country. 
 
 In conclusion, it seems to me that the methods employed by some of those agitating 
 for further restriction of Japanese land occupation are such as are liable to produce 
 incidents of international significance and of highly deplorable effect. The issue is 
 above all one for calm and dispassionate consideration, but some phases of the 
 agitation savor strongly of deliberate incitement of racial prejudice and even of mob 
 \ iolence, and are in the highest degree regrettable. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 W. Flanders Setchel.
 
 108 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Letter of M. P. Shaughnessy, 
 
 M. P. Shaughnessy Warren H. Atherton 
 
 Office phone 873 Office phone 873 
 
 Home phone 4 577- J 
 
 SHAUGHNESSY AND ATHERTON 
 
 Attorneys at Law 
 
 511-14 Stockton Savings and Loan Society Bank Building 
 
 Stockton, ("ai.H'okma, Fclirnary lH. I'.t'JO. 
 State Board of Control, 
 Saoratvcnto, California. 
 
 (Attention F. L. Lathrop.) 
 Dear Sir: Ilrrpwith you will find information asked for in your lottor of 
 February 3. 
 
 Tho number of Hindus in California is fa.st decreasing. About five hundred of 
 thorn have left for India the last yoar. A rouj?li estimation of (hoir distribution over 
 this state is given below : 
 
 Sikhs 2,000 Imperial Valley 300 
 
 Mohammedans 500 Sacramento County 500 
 
 Hindus UK) Around Willow.s 600 
 
 San Joaquin County 300 
 
 Total 2,600 Fresno County 300 
 
 Scattered 600 
 
 Total 2,600 
 
 These men move around a great deal durins: tho year f<>i- the reason that they 
 contract farm work, which includes cultivating, pruning grapes or fruit trees, plant- 
 ing fruit trees, planting and harvesting rice, picking grapes and fruit and doing work 
 on a large scale along these lines. Therefore, during the grape picking season groat 
 numbers of them are in Fresno County, at the time of rice harvesting there will he 
 about a thousand of them near Willow.s ; during the cotton season in Imperial Valley 
 (this lieing when the weather is very hot) they go to that place for that work. 
 A number of them own land in San Joaquin County and a few in Contra Costa 
 County. 
 
 A number of them also go to the University, as soon as they acquire enough money 
 to pay for their education, and they are studying engineering, agriculture and medi- 
 cine, for the purpose of becoming proficient in these subjects and returning to their 
 own country, where there is a great opportunity for thom. 
 
 You are familiar, of course, with the fact that none of them are now ix'rniitted 
 to enter the United States; and none of them have been permitted to bring their 
 wives or children here and a very few of them have married here. I do not think 
 there are more than a dozen who have married in thi.s country. Some of them have 
 boon admitted to citizenship and many of them have taken out their first papers. 
 
 Trusting the above information is of some assijstance to you, and trusting that you 
 will feel free to ask me any further questions for the purpose of securing additional 
 information, I am 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 M. P. SlIAUGHNK.SSY. 
 
 JAPANESE HOUSING. 
 
 By Edward A. Brown, Chief Sanitary Engineer, State Commission 
 of Immigration and Housing. 
 
 To thoroughly cover the housing conditions of Japanese, would require more time 
 than the brief amount given in the telegraphic request. 
 
 Japanese are found in all parts of California, except Humboldt County. They 
 '-r ia the cities, towns red country districts. They operate large labor camps, 
 packing-house camps, factories, etc. 
 
 This short report will deal with Japanese in labor camjts, both as employers and 
 emploj-ees, and such facts as I am familiar with in the cities. 
 
 At different times we have had requests from Japanese, through their association, 
 to look into housing conditions where Japanese were living. Many complaints have
 
 LABOR. 109 
 
 been filed in the Commission offices by Americans against liousing conditions pro- 
 vided by Japanese employers of American labor. Inspections by the camp in8i>«;ctor8 
 always proved that the complaints were justified. In the rice growing section of 
 California, some of the largest labor camps are operated by Japanese. When the 
 camp inspectors ordered improvements, the Japanese operators would immediately 
 make the necessary changes. One very noticeable feature in a Japanese lalxjr camp 
 where both American and Japanese laborers are employed, is that the quarters 
 provided for Japanese are generally better than those provided for the Americans. 
 
 At every camp where Japanese are employed, a bath is provided. (Japanese 
 type.) The Japanese are very clean about their persons, not so much about the 
 living quarters; open toilets, open drains from the kitchen sink, unscreened dining 
 and cocking quarters, and living quarters generally littered with boxes, bags, etc. 
 Their sleeping (juarters are, as a rule, a platform built the length of the structure 
 and as many men as can pile on to the platform. The camp inspectors have 
 remedied this condition, wherever found, by separating the platform into spaces, 
 and allowing for a certain number of occupants. Frequently we find the sleeping 
 quarters darkened as much as i>ossible, by boarding over the windows in the structure 
 and the bunks closed in by boards or burlap, a small opening being left in the wall, 
 which has a sliding board. Camp inspectors order the removal of all such enclosures 
 and insist that light and fresh air be permitted into the sleeping quarters. 
 
 Our experience with Japanese labor camp operators is that they will make any 
 improvements necessary. They are smart and realize that any time they do not 
 promptly do as told, it is adding to the agitation now being carried on against them. 
 We have but one case on record where it was necessary to prosecute a Japanese 
 jabor camp operator to get the camp up to standard. 
 
 In California there are hundreds of Japanese fanners who do not come within 
 the labor camp act, living in shack houses, not fit for human habitation. This is a 
 phase of the housing situation which I do not attempt to cover, as it would require 
 a careful investigation. But until that is done, no report on Japanese housing in 
 California will be complete. 
 
 In the cities, the Japanese select some district to live in. Frequently it is a 
 district where the former residents have been outlawed. From the first, they start 
 to move into the better parts of the cities. A Japanese quarter in any city of Cali- 
 fornia will show the same conditions — houses crowded, ill smelling, cluttered up with 
 various food stuffs, a store in front and living quarters in the rear. Near Santa 
 Monica, in Los Angeles County, is a Japanese fishing village which I had occasion 
 to investigate. Shack houses, each a fish drying place, open toilets, open sewers, 
 and a stench that made the salt air from the ocean negligible, was the condition that 
 I found. I merely use this as an example of what the usual conditions are where 
 Japanese live. 
 
 HINDU HOUSING. 
 
 By Edward A. Brown, Chief Sanitary Engineer, State Commission 
 of Immigration and Housing. 
 
 Hindus in California are generally employed in agricultural pursuits. They do 
 not take to commercial life, consequently the housing problem, when we deal with 
 Hindus, is a rural and not an urban condition. Our experience in labor camp 
 inspection shows that Hindus are rapidly leaving the employed list and are becoming 
 employers. Particularly is this true in the rice growing section of California, in 
 Yolo, Colusa, Glenn, Butte, Sutter and Yuba counties, also in the cotton district in 
 Imperial County. In the delta section of Sacramento, San Joaquin and Contra 
 Costa counties, numbers of Hindus are employed, at what is commonly called "squat 
 labor." In Fresno, Kings, Madera and Tulare counties, we find Hindus employed 
 in some of tiie orchards and vineyard.s ; also in the sugar beet section in Yolo County 
 and the Salinas Valley. The number is rapidly growing less, for the change from 
 employed to employer or lessee is rapidly placing the Hindu in the position of "little 
 land lord." The Hindu will not farm poor land. He wants the best and will pay 
 for it. Consequently the American owner who can get a big rental for his land 
 desires the Hindu. He will pay. ' 
 
 The Hindu standard of living is so vastly different from ours that it is^difficult ' 
 to present it properly. Their methods of preparing food and serving is very primi- 
 tive. Dishes, pots and pans are unnecessary in the life of a Hindu. Sanitary con- 
 v'nii'Miccs are unknown. The open ground is their dump for what little garbage they
 
 110 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 have, unscreened kitchens are the rule, open toilets and filthy camp grounds. Their 
 sleeping quarters are. generally, very crowded, except where some religious rule 
 provides privacy. (Note this report i.s dealing with what is commonly called Hindus, 
 not Mohammedans. Afghans and the other sects.) Any kind of a shack will serve 
 as living quarters for Hindus. When the camp inspectors compel Hindu operators 
 to furnish living quarters fit for human habitation, they can not or do not want to 
 understand. They believe the Hindu standard of living is good enough for their 
 American employees. During the 101!) season we were compelled to prosecute eight 
 Hindu camp oi>erators for violation of the Camp Sanitation Act. 
 
 We have had but one case on record where Ilindus complained against housing 
 conditions, while our records show numerous complaints by Americans employed by 
 Hindus again.st the insanitary camp conditions. 
 
 The housing conditions where Hindus operate labor camps or where they live 
 when employed by operators of other nationalities, are the same as any other labor 
 camp. The law makes no exceptions and the inspectors demand that the legal 
 requirements be met. 
 
 JAPANESE AND HINDU HOUSING. 
 
 By Four District Representatives of State Commission of Immigration 
 
 and Housing. 
 Antone Scar — Camp Inspector. 
 
 Regarding Mr. Lubin's request concerning housing conditions, Japanese and 
 Hindus, the only information I could give would be on conditions I found in Sacra- 
 mento Valley in rice fields. In Glenn. Butte and Colusa counties there are a large 
 number of Ilindus and Japs. Most of these live in camps all year round. Ilindus* 
 houses are rather filthy. Japs arc much cleaner, but their houses are generally 
 overcrowded, and poorly ventilated. There are no Hindus nor Japs in this vicinity 
 (Fort Bragg). 
 
 IClmeb J. Walther — Sacramento Representative. 
 
 In Sacramento the Japanese section is, of course, confined to more or less definite 
 boundaries. Living quarters are at a premium at the present time due principally to 
 the scarcity of houses in cities in general. There are probably twenty-five Japanese 
 hotels, boarding houses and lodging houses, only fifteen of which could be counted 
 as of much consequence, the other ten housing only three or four or half a dozen 
 extra people. There are between 2300 and 3000 Japanese in Sacramento city 
 permanently and probably from 600 to 1000 transients. However, due to the good 
 weather at present the number of Japanese in the city is down to minimum, they 
 being out on the farms. The Japanese hotels and boarding houses in Sacramento 
 are for the most part poor. They are old buildings, usually without heat in the 
 rooms and occasionally with no bathroom in the building. There usually is a toilet 
 to each floor. There are poor accommodations for visiting Japanese, there being no 
 lirst-class hotel. 
 
 In the rural districts conditions are crowded, but they at least have bathing 
 facilities which the Japanese use almost daily when they have the opportunity. 
 In the rice growing districts I notice that the Japanese provide good accommodations 
 for their own people, putting up more or less permanent houses with bathing facili- 
 ties, etc. In the fruit growing districts along the Sacramento River and elsewhere, 
 as well as the vegetable growing districts on the islands, conditions are not so good. 
 Thej- usually have some old cabin or cabins which have been on the place for years 
 aud which are very often in a filthy condition. The Japanese farmer usually feeds 
 his help at his own table and during the busy season their eating quarters are 
 exceedingly crowded. As the Secretary of the Japanese Association of the Sacra- 
 mento Valley put it, "On account of short leases the Japanese are able to obtain 
 Ihey do not feel justified in putting up good accommodations. It is true the tenants 
 eat good, wear good clothes and wear diamonds, but do not build good houses." 
 
 What has been said of Sacramento might also be said of Stockton with the 
 exception, probably, that in Stockton there are two or three good Japanese boarding 
 houses. One Japanese attributed the crowded conditions to the fact that people are 
 very reluctant to lease residence property to Japanese. 
 
 The living conditions in the rural districts in the vicinity of Stockton and Lodi, 
 where there are a great many Japanese, are none too good. They are crowded to
 
 LABOR. 1 1 1 
 
 euy the least. Tlio (iiinrtcrs of tlio Japanese in the farming districts, with the 
 exception of the lico districls, scoiii lo ho of a more or less makeshift nature. They 
 cither adapt (hoiiiselves lo wiiatcvcr old shacks may be on the place or build small 
 cabins, no lar^'cr than is absolulely necessary. 
 
 The Hindu housing situation in Sacramento i.s practically ncKligible. There are 
 a few Hindus here. I think about a hundred or so would cover it. There are only 
 two or three rooming houses in town and at the present season most of the occupants 
 of these places are out on the farms or working in section gangs on the railroads. 
 
 In Stockton there are more Hindus and their quarters are crowded. My exiKTi- 
 enco has been that in cities the Hindus usually patronize Japanese rooming houses 
 and restaurants. 
 
 On tlie farms, especially in the rice districts, the Hindu tenant picks out the best 
 quarters for himself and hi.s own race and the white help and others take what is 
 left. They, as well as the Jap>anese, are very particular about their baths and there 
 is usually a Hindu style bath house provided. 
 
 Mks. a. S. Calhoun — Los Aiif/clcs IlcprcKcntalivc. 
 
 Answering your telegram of the twenty-fourth instant regarding housing condi- 
 tions of Japanese and Hindu.s in cities and rural districts, I do not know any Hindus 
 here in the city and the city housing department informs mo that there is no colony 
 of these people here. I know that there are some in the agricultural sections, 
 however, and Mr. Brown will write you about them. 
 
 The Japanese in Ix)s Angeles are well housed and my reports say that they 
 respond quickly to orders or suggei;tions from the authorities as to improvements or 
 changes in their houses. Indeed, they are often more satisfactory in this regard 
 than the lower class of Americans. 
 
 The Ja|)anese have developed two business and residence neighborhoods in the 
 city and property has increased in those sections. Mr. lirown will also take up the 
 (lUi'stion of Japanese housing in the rural district. 
 
 Abtiiuis Tj. Johnson — Director Fresno Office. 
 
 In reply lo your telegram of this morning will state that no investigation of Hindu 
 or Japanese housing conditions has been made from either the Fresno or Bakersfield 
 offices since I took charge on November 1. The only Hindu camps I insi>ected are 
 the camps of Mr. Keiser near Sanger and of Mr. Pratt (Mr. Foster, Superin- 
 tendent) near Clovis. See San Francisco records for reports and complaints on 
 these camps. 
 
 For report on Japanese housing in Fresno see page 9 of our "Ileport on Fresno's 
 Immigration Problem," prepared by Miss Richardson. 
 
 Interviewed Thomas Dupes, city housing inspector, and Dr. J. P. Cuneo, city 
 health officer at Bakersfield, today and they both state that the Japanese and Hindus 
 have caused little trouble in Bakersfield as far as housing and health are concerned. 
 Dr. Cuneo states that there are no more than eight or ten families in Bakersfield and 
 that they live in fairly respectable houses. As to Hindus he states that there are 
 none here except those who may pass through on their way to another town. 
 Bakersfield being a strong labor union town does not attract this class of laborers 
 both Dr. Cuneo and Mr. Dupes assert. 
 
 I :un sorry that this is all of the information I am able to furnish you at present. 
 
 WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. 
 
 Report of II. F. Bauton, Special Census Enumerator. 
 
 Imperiai,, California, April 13, 1920. 
 To the Hon. Stanley Brown, 
 El Centro, Calif. 
 My Dear Mr. Brown : I will have to beg your paidon for the long delay in 
 writing you, as 1 have been sick and had to have the doctor, hence the delay. 
 Howe\cr, I am feeling quite myself again. 
 
 While taking the Asiatic census, I discovered several features of conditions of 
 which I was unaware, and which I think may be of some value to you in work on 
 the Jap question. 
 
 First I find the Japs and Hindus are mostly proprietors controlling far more 
 land than they themselves can work, they hire the white man to plow and disc their 
 land; then they hire Mexicans to work for them in their crops, thereby the Jap is 
 proprietor and boss and not the real laborer.
 
 112 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The Randolph Marketing Company have a Jap foreman on Ranch No. 1 ana 
 employ Jap laborers mostly on this ranch. American.s are buying land and leasing 
 to Jai>s even before they get possession, making the Jap lease to commence as late 
 as July 15, 1920. Americans are procuring leases from nonresidents and subletting 
 to Japs, also a great many nonresidents are leasing to Japs through realty agencies. 
 Resident owners are leasing to Japs and living on their land for the purpose of 
 watching the Jap to make him live up to his contract ; these are leasing mostly for 
 crop rent. The excuse mostly given by owners for leasing to Japs is the place has 
 gone to Bermuda grass ; the Jap will kill it out, the white man won't. 
 
 I found two Japs owning 80 acres each in minor's names, one of them a baby 
 girl three months old. I find the Jap women either mothers or soon will be ; the 
 men are so proud of the fact they will tell you just when the child will be born. 
 Japs would like to be like Americans if conditions would permit. Their children of 
 school age are attending school instead of working on the ranch. I found one Jap 
 married woman attending the La Verne School and her teacher, Mrs. White, tells 
 me she is a very bright pupil. Before the age of 21 years Jap men are leaving 
 Japan (that is running away) to avoid service in army and navy; in such cases 
 they dare not return to Japan until after the age of 32 years. 
 
 Japs who have been here only a short time are very reticent while most of those 
 who have been here a number of years are very free to talk. Of course there are 
 exceptions. I gather from my conversation with them that those who are imported 
 through their association are slaves for at least a time, also a Jap who makes good 
 as a businessman can get all the assistance from the association he wants. Those 
 who are failure are deported, but I did not learn where to. 
 
 I met a number of well educated Japs and well posted especially on current events 
 and United States history. One in particular receives regularly five papers, two in 
 Japanese language and three in the English ; he is well read, shrewd, and speaks fair 
 English ; free and willing talker but rather cautious. 
 
 The foregoing notations are what I have gathered from my conversations with 
 the Japs, whites and Hindus. I often had to submit to quite an interrogation myself 
 and answer a number of questions and make explanations before Mr. Jap would 
 answer my questions. 
 
 If I may be so bold, I would like to offer a few suggestions. First I would say 
 the boycott will never amount to anything more than anti-Jap propaganda. 
 
 The state should prohibit aliens from acting as guardians, trustees or agents of 
 minors born in this country of alien parents. The state should prohibit any alien 
 from becoming (or one who is at the present time, remaining) a member or stock- 
 holder or in any other way being connected with any association, stock company or 
 corporation, incorporated, chartered or licensed to do business in the state. 
 
 The State of California in connection with the other Pacific Coast states should 
 produce evidence (of which there is plenty) sufficient to bring pressure to bear on 
 the United States government to wake up to the alien menace existing here at the 
 present time. When I say alien I mean it in a universal way. 
 
 My dear Brown, here it is ; use it as you see fit — privately, publicly, or chuck 
 it in the waste basket name and all. 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 H. F. Barton, 
 Special Census Enumerator, State Board of Control.
 
 LABOR. 113 
 
 THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, 
 No. 444 Bush Street, San Francisco, California, 
 
 AGREEMENT AND BY-LAWS OF JAPANESE ASSOCIATION 
 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 Section 1.. General Rules. 
 
 Aktici.e 1. 
 Tlie naiiio of this association shall be the Japanese Association of Amerifn. 
 
 Article 2. 
 The object of this association shall be to build up the character of every Japanese 
 lesiding in the United States of America, to protect their rights and privilege.s, to 
 l)romote their welfare ; and bring about a closer friendship between peoples of Japan 
 and peoples of (he United States of America. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 This aKSOciation is organized by the local Japanese association under the juris- 
 diction of the .laiiane.se Cousulate-tJeneral of San Francisco. 
 
 llequirenient and qualification of alHliation between this association and each local 
 Japanese association shall be decided by the Executive Council. 
 
 Article 4. 
 The office of the association shall be in the city and county of San Francisco, 
 State of California. 
 
 Section 2. Officers and Business Staffs. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 The oflScers of the at^sociation shall consist of a president, a vice-president, four 
 committees on finance, seven committees on management and fifteen members of the 
 executive council. 
 
 The officers of this association shall not recieive any compensation. 
 
 Article G. 
 
 The members of the executive council shall elect a president, a vice-president, and 
 committees on management among members of each local Japanese association 
 affiliating this association. 
 
 The committee on finance shall be selected by the president. 
 
 The member of the executive council shall be elected by open ballot of each 
 delegate at the regular convention of delegates in the following proportion, among 
 the members of the local members of the local Japanese association in a district. 
 
 Two members from the fir.st district, including Fresno, Tulare County, Kings 
 County, and Kern County. One member from the second district, including Watson- 
 ville, San Jose, Salinas, Monterey, Palo Alto, San Mateo and Santa Cruz. Six 
 members from the third district, including San Francisco, Napa and Sonoma 
 counties. Two members from the fourth district including Oakland, Berkeley, 
 Alameda County, and Contra Costa County. 
 
 Three members from fifth district, including Stockton, Lodi and Acampo. 
 
 Total : 15 members of the executive council. 
 
 Article 7, 
 
 Term of office for officers shall be one year and officers may be reelected for 
 another term. 
 
 In case of any vacancy among the committees on management, the executive 
 council is authorized to fill the vacancy for the unexpired terms. 
 
 Article 8. 
 
 The president shall preside the meetings of committee on management and the 
 executive council ; supervise each and every affairs of the association and represent 
 the association in general. 
 
 The vice-president shall assist the president and substitute him in case of his 
 absence. 
 
 The committees on management shall compose a board and transact any business 
 within its authority. 
 
 8—4460
 
 114 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Article 9. 
 The mcmbors of council sliall coinpcsc tlio cxocutive coimcil and elect a presidont, 
 a vice-president, and committees ou management and conduct the general business 
 of the association according to the resolutions of the convention of delegates. 
 
 Abtici-e 10. 
 
 The meeting of committee on managomrnt shall bo held once every month. 
 
 The special meeting of the said board may be called by the president whenever 
 he may deem it proper for any emergent business, or at the request of more than 
 one-third of the members of committee. 
 
 The meeting of executive council shall be held in January, April, July and 
 October. 
 
 Article 11. 
 
 The business staffs of llie association shall be a general secretary, secretaries and 
 clerks and they shall be so appointed by the president in consent with the manage- 
 ment board. 
 
 Article 12. 
 
 The general .secretary shall execute the general business of the association under 
 the sui)ervision of the president. 
 
 Secretaries and clerks shall attend the business in charge under instruction of the 
 general secretary. 
 
 Section 3. Delegate Convention. 
 
 Article 13. 
 The delegates of each aflSliatiou Japanese association shall consist the convention 
 of delegates, according to the following proportion : 
 
 Japanese Association of San Francisco 6 
 
 Japanese Association of Sacramento Valley 3 
 
 Japanese Association of Fresno 3 
 
 Japanese Association of Stockton 2 
 
 Japanese Association of Oakland 2 
 
 Other each affiliating association 1 
 
 In case of a newly affiliation association whose delegate member on (he first year 
 shall be decided by the executive council and the case shall be submitted to the next 
 regular convention of the delegates for its ratification. 
 
 Article 14. 
 Special convention of delegates may be called by the president whenever he may 
 deem it proper, or at the request of more than five affiliating associations. 
 
 Article 15. 
 In the regular convention of delegates the important business of the association 
 shall be considered and acted upon, the budget of income and expenditure for the 
 corresponding year shall be considered and appropriated and reports of general 
 affairs and finance shall be audited. 
 
 Article 10. 
 
 A majority of the total delegates at any convention shall constitute a riuorum to 
 do business. 
 
 Validity of resolutions or passage of business in the convention shall be done by 
 a majority vote of the attending delegates. 
 
 The certificate fees, contribution and 5 per cent tax on membership fee of each 
 local Association shall be income resources to meet the general expenditure of 
 association. 
 
 Article 17. 
 The income and expenditure of the association shall be settled in a yearly budget. 
 
 Section 5. By-Laws. 
 
 The articles of this agreement may be altered or amended by two-thirds vote of 
 the delegates assembled in any convention. 
 
 Executive council may provide by-laws according to this agreement.
 
 LABOR. 115 
 
 TREATY OF COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION WITH JAPAN. 
 
 February 21, 1911. 
 
 Treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States and 
 Japan, at Wa,sliin<i:ton, February 21, 1911; ratification advised by the 
 Senate, witJi aniciKlineiit, February 24, 1911 ; ratified by the Pn^sidcnt, 
 AFarcb 2, 1!>]1; ratified l)y Japan, March Ml, 1911; ratifications 
 cxclian^cd at Tokyo, April 4, 1911; i)ro('laiiricd, April 5, 1911. 
 
 BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 
 A PROCLAMATION. 
 
 ( "OMMKKCI-; AND N.WKiATION WI'I'II JaI'AN. PREAMBLE. 
 
 Whereas, a Treaty of Connnerce and Navigation between the United 
 States of America and the Empire of Japan, was concluded and signed 
 by their respective plenii)ot(>ntiaries at Washington on the twenty- 
 first day of Februaiy, one thousand nine hundred and eleven, the 
 original of which Treaty, being in the English language is, as amended 
 by the Senate of the United States, word for word as follows : 
 
 Coninicting powers. 
 
 'V\\e President of the United States of Amei-ica and His Majesty 
 the lOmperor of Japan, being desirous to strengthen the relations of 
 amity and good understanding which happily exist between the two 
 nations, and believing that the fixation in a manner clear and positive 
 of tlie rules which are hereafter to govern the commercial intercourse 
 between their respective countries will contribute to the realization of 
 this most desirable result, have resolved to conclude a Treaty of 
 Commerce, and Navigation for that purpose, and to that end have 
 named their I'lenipotentiaries, that is to say : 
 
 I'Uniiputctitiarics. 
 
 The President of the United States of America, Philander C. Knox, 
 Secretary of State of the United States; and His Majesty the Emperor 
 or Japan, Baron Yasuya Uchida, Jusammi, Grand Cordon of the 
 Imperial Order of the Kising Sun, Tlis Majesty's Ambassador Extra- 
 ordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America; who, 
 after having connnunicat(^d to each other their respective full powers, 
 found to be in good and due form, have agreed upon the following 
 articles : 
 
 Article I. 
 
 liif/Jtts of doinivilc, tr<id(, etc. 
 
 The citizens or sul)jects of each of the high contracting parties shall 
 have liberty to enter, travel and reside in the territories of the other 
 to carry on trade, wholesale and retail, to own or lease and occupy 
 houses, manufactories, warehouses and shops, to employ agents of 
 their choice, to lease land for residential and commercial purposes, 
 and generally to do anything incident to or necessary for trade upon 
 the same terms as native citizens or subjects, submitting themselves 
 to the laws and regulations there established.
 
 116 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Equality of taxes, etc. 
 
 They shall not be compelled, under any pretext whatever, to pay 
 any charges or taxes other or hi<rlier than those that are or may be 
 paid by native citizens or subjects. 
 
 Protection of persona and property. 
 
 The citizens or subjects of each of the hij^h contracting parties shall 
 receive, in the territories of the other, the most constant protection 
 and security for their persons and property, and shall enjoy in this 
 respect the same rights and privileges as are or may be granted to 
 native citizens or subjects, on their submitting themselves to the con- 
 ditions imposed upon the native citizens or subjects. 
 
 Exemption from military service, etc. 
 
 They shall, however, be exempt in the territories of the other from 
 compulsory military service either on land or sea, in the regular forces. 
 or in the national guard, or in the militia ; from all contributions 
 imposed in lieu of personal service, and from all forced loans or 
 military exactions or contributions. 
 
 Article II. 
 Dwellings, etc., to he respected. 
 
 The dwellings, warehouses, manufactories and shops of the citizens 
 or subjects of each of the high contracting parties in the territories 
 of the other, and all premises appertaining thereto used for purposes 
 of residence or commerce, shall be respected. It shall not be allowable 
 to proceed to make a domiciliary visit to, or a search of, any such 
 buildings and premises, or to examine or inspect books, papers or 
 accounts, except under the conditions and with the forms prescribed 
 by the laws, ordinances and regulations for nationals. 
 
 Article III. 
 Consular officers recognized. 
 
 Each of the high contracting parties may appoint consuls general, 
 consuls, vice consuls, deputy consuls and consular agents in all 
 ports, cities and places of the other, except in those where it may 
 not be convenient to recognize such officers. This exception, however, 
 shall not be made in regard to one of the contracting parties without 
 being made likewise in regard to all other powers. 
 
 Exequaturs. 
 
 Such consuls general, consuls, vice consuls, deputy consuls and 
 consular agents, having received exequaturs or other sufficient author- 
 izations from the government of the country to which they are 
 appointed, shall, on condition of reciprocity, have the right to exercise 
 the functions and to enjoy the exemptions and immunities which are 
 or may hereafter be granted to the consular officers of the same rank 
 of the most favored nation. The government issuing exequaturs or 
 other authorizations may in its discretion cancel the same on communi- 
 cating the reasons for which it thought proper to do so.
 
 LABOR. 1 1 7 
 
 Ahtici>e IV. 
 Freedom of commerce a)id vavigatiov. 
 
 There sliall be between tlie territories of the two high eoutracting 
 parties reciprocal freedom of eommerce and navigation. The citizens 
 or subjects of eacli of the contracting parties, equally with the citizens 
 or subjects of the most favored nation, shall have liberty freely to 
 come M'ith their shi[)s and cargoes to all places, ports and rivers in 
 the territories of the other which are or may be opened to foreign 
 commerce, subject always to the laws of the country to which they 
 thus come. 
 
 Article V, 
 Regulation of import duties. 
 
 The import duties on articles, the produce or manufacture of the 
 territories of one of the high contracting parties, upon importation 
 into the territories of the other, shall henceforth be regulated either 
 by treaty between the two countries or by the internal legislation of 
 each. 
 
 Equality of export duties, etc. 
 
 Neither contracting party shall impose any other or higher duties 
 or charges on the exportation of any article to the territories of the 
 other than are or may be payable on the exportation of the like 
 article to any other foreign country. 
 
 Equality of prohihitions. 
 
 Nor shall any prohibition be imposed by either country on the 
 importation or exportation of any article from or to the territories 
 of the other which shall not equally extend to the like article imported 
 from or exported to any other country. The last provision is not, 
 however, applicable to prohibitions or restrictions maintained or 
 imposed as sanitary measures or for purposes of protecting animals 
 and useful plants. 
 
 Article VI. 
 Excmpiion from, transit duties, etc. 
 
 The citizens or subjects of each of the high contracting parties shall 
 enjoy in the territories of the other exemption from all transit duties 
 and a perfect equality of treatment with native citizens or subjects 
 in all that relates to warehousing, bounties, facilities and drawbacks. 
 
 Article VII. 
 Rights of limited liability companies, etc. 
 
 Limited liability and other companies and associations, commercial, 
 industrial, and financial, already or hereafter to be organized in 
 accordance with the laws of either high contracting party and domi- 
 ciled in the territories of such party, are authorized, in the territories 
 of the other, to exercise their rights and appear in the courts either 
 as plaintiifs or defendants, subject to the laws of such other party.
 
 118 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The foregoing stipulation has no bearing upon the question whether 
 a company or association organized in one of the two countries will 
 or will not be permitted to transact its business or industry in the 
 other, this permission remaining always subject to the laws and regula- 
 tions enacted or established in tiie respective countries or in any 
 part thereof. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 Equality of imports. 
 
 All articles which are or may be legally imported into the ports 
 of either high contracting party from foreign countries in national 
 vessels may likewise be imported into those ports in vessels of the 
 other contracting party, without being liable to any other or higher 
 duties or charges of whatever denomination than if such articles were 
 imported in national vessels. Such reciprocal equality of treatment 
 shall take effect without distinction, whether such articles come directly 
 from the place of origin or from any other foreign place. 
 
 Equality of exports. 
 
 In the same manner, there shall be perfect equality of treatment 
 in regard to exportation, so that the same export duties shall be paid, 
 and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, in the territories of 
 each of the contracting parties on the exportation of any article 
 which is or may be legally exported therefrom, whether such exporta- 
 tion shall take place in vessels of the United States or in Japanese 
 vessels, and whatever may be the place of destination, whether a port 
 of the other party or of any third power. 
 
 Article IX. 
 Port privileges to he reciprocal. 
 
 In all that regards the stationing, loading and unloading of vessels 
 in the ports of the territories of the high contracting parties, no 
 privileges shall be granted by either party to national vessels which 
 are not equally, in like cases, granted to the vessels of the other 
 country; the intention of the contracting parties being that in these 
 respects the respective vessels shall be treated on the footing of perfect 
 equality. 
 
 Article X. 
 Nationality of vessels. 
 
 Merchant vessels navigating under the tlag of the United States or 
 that of Japan and carrying the papers required by their national laws 
 to prove their nationality shall in Japan and in the United States be 
 deemed to be vessels of the United States or of Japan, respectively. 
 
 Article XI. 
 Equality of port dues, etc. 
 
 No duties of tonnage, harbor, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine, or 
 other similar or corresponding duties of whatever denomination, levied 
 in the name or for the profit of government, public functionaries, 
 private individuals, corporations or establishments of any kind shall
 
 LABOR. 119 
 
 he iiiiposed in the ports of tlic tcrrilorics of citlicc couiiti'y upon tlie 
 vessels of tlio other, vvh'cli shall Jiot ecpially, under the same eonditions, 
 be imposed on national vessels in <,'en('r'al, or on vessels of the most 
 favored nation. Such ecpiality of treatment shall apply reeiproeally 
 to the respeetive vessels from whatever plaec they nuiy arrive and 
 whatever may l)e their place of destination. 
 
 Article XI I. 
 
 Privilege to vessels in postal service. 
 
 Vessels charged with performance of regular scheduled postal 
 service of one of the hi^li contracting parties, whether belonging to 
 the state or subsidized by it for the purpose, sluill enjoy, in the ports 
 of the territories of the other, the same facilities, privileges and 
 immunities as are granted to like vessels of the most favored nation. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 Coast I II (/ trade exception. 
 
 'i'lie coasting trade of the high contracting parties is excepted from 
 the provisions of the present Treaty and shall be regulated according 
 to the laws of the United States and Japan, respectively. It is, how- 
 ever, understood that the citizens or subjects of either contracting 
 party shall enjoy in this respect most-favored-nation treatment in the 
 territories of the other. 
 
 Discharging at different ports. 
 
 A vessel of one of the contracting parties, laden in a foreign country 
 with cargo destined for two or more ports of entry in the territories 
 of the other, may discharge a portion of her cargo at one of the said 
 l)orts, and, continuing her voyage to the other port or ports of 
 destination, there discharge the remainder of her cargo, subject 
 always to the laws, tariffs and customs regulations of the country of 
 destination; and, in like manner and under the same reservation, the 
 vessels of on(> of the contracting ])arties shall be permitted to load 
 at s(>vera] ports of the other for the same outward voyages. 
 
 AirricLE XLV. 
 E.rii itsioii (if fartin d-iKilinii priviltgis of coininercc and navigation. 
 
 K.\eei)t as otherwise expressly provided in this Treaty, the high 
 rontracting parties agree that, in all that concerns commerce and 
 navigation, any pi'ivilege, favor or immunity which either contracting 
 party has ai-tually granted, or may hereafter grant, to the citizens 
 oi- subjects of any oTlier state shall be extended to the citizens or 
 subjects of the other contracting party gratuitously, if the concession 
 in favor of that other state shall have been gratuitous, and on the 
 same oi' t'(|uiva]('Ut ronditious. if the concession shall have been 
 < itiulil ioiial. 
 
 Article XV. 
 I'rofi t thjii of jxihiils, Irddtiiiiirks, and di signs. 
 
 The citizens oi- snlijei'ts of each of the high contracting parties shall 
 enjny in thi' territories of the othei- the same protection as native
 
 120 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 citizens or subjects in regard to patents, trademarks and designs, upon 
 fulfillment of the formalities prescribed by law. 
 
 Article XVI. 
 Former treaty superseded. 
 
 The present Treaty shall, from the date on which it enters into 
 operation, supersede the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation dated 
 the twenty-second day of November, 1894; and from the same date 
 the last-named Treaty shall cease to be binding. 
 
 Article XVII. 
 Commencement and duration. 
 
 The present Treaty shall enter into operation on the seventeenth 
 of July, 1911, and shall remain in force twelve years or until the 
 expiration of six months from the date on which either of the con- 
 tracting parties shall have given notice to the other of its intention 
 to terminate the Treaty. 
 
 Termination. 
 
 In case neither of the contracting parties shall have given notice to 
 the other six months before the expiration of the said period of 
 twelve years of its intention to terminate the Treaty, it shall continue 
 operative until the expiration of six months from the date on which 
 either party shall have given such notice. 
 
 Article XVIII. 
 
 Exchange of ratifications. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications thereof 
 shall be exchanged at Tokyo as soon as possible and not later than 
 three months from the present date. 
 
 Signatures. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed this 
 Treaty in duplicate and have hereunto affixed their seals. 
 
 Done at "Washington the twenty-first day of February, in the nine- 
 teen hundred and eleventh year of the Christian era, corresponding 
 to the twenty-first day of the second month of the forty-fourth year 
 of Meiji. 
 
 Philander C. Knox (seal) 
 Y. Uchida (seal) 
 
 Consent of the Senate. 
 
 And whereas, the advice and consent of the Senate of the United 
 States to the ratification of the said Treaty was given with the under- 
 standing "that the treaty shall not be deemed to repeal or affect any 
 of the provisions of the act of Congress entitled 'An act to regulate 
 the immigration of aliens into the United States,' approved February 
 20, 1907"; (Vol. 34. p. 898) and 
 
 "Whereas, the said understanding has been accepted by the govern- 
 ment of Japan ; and
 
 LABOR. 121 
 
 Raiifications exchanged. 
 
 Whereas, the said Treaty, as amended by the Senate of the United 
 States, has l)een duly ratified on l)()th parts, and the ratifieations of the 
 two governments were exehanged in the eity of Tokyo, on the fourth 
 day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eleven; now, therefore. 
 
 Proclamation. 
 
 Be it known, that I, William Howard Taft, President of the United 
 States of America, have caused the said Treaty, as amended, and the 
 said understanding to be made public, to the end that the same and 
 every article and clause thereof may be observed and fulfilled with 
 good faith by the United States and the citizens thereof. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
 seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 Done at the city of Washington this fifth day of April in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and eleven, and of the 
 Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and 
 thirty-fifth. 
 
 Wm. H. Tapt. 
 (seal) 
 
 By the President: 
 P. C. Knox, 
 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 Declaration. 
 Control of emigration by Japan. 
 
 In proceeding this day to the signature of the Treaty of Commerce 
 and Navigation between Japan and the United States the undersigned, 
 Japanese Ambassador in Washington, duly authorized by his govern- 
 ment, has the honor to declare that the Imperial Japanese Government 
 are fully prepared to maintain with equal effectiveness the limitation 
 and control which they have for the past three years exercised in 
 regulation of the emigration of laborers to the United States. 
 
 Y. UCHIDA. 
 
 February 21, 1911. 
 
 Letter of T. W. G. Lyons. 
 
 T. W. G. LYONS 
 
 Motor Cap Dealer 
 
 Main and Ninth Streets 
 
 Telephone 137 
 
 Brawley, California, December 20, 1919. 
 Hon. Wh. D. Stephens, 
 Governor of California, 
 
 Sacramento, California. 
 My Dear Governor: I herewith enclose resolutions adopted by the Magnolia- 
 Mulberry Farm Center December 19 in regard to the exclusion of Japanese, Hindus 
 and Mohammedans. 
 
 If something is not done in the way of legislation to bar these races, it will be 
 only a comparatively short time until they will have crowded out the white race 
 from the most fertile parts of California, and I believe that it would be to the best 
 interest of the State of California if you would cause an extra session of the State
 
 122 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENT.VL. 
 
 Legislature at the earliest moment to consider such legislation as is necessary to 
 eliminate this evil. 
 
 Many of the people in the state have been rather encouraged to rent their land 
 to this class of people in order to help win the war, by the protection of food stuff, 
 which was so sorely needed during the war which has just come to an end. 
 
 I noticed in today's paper a controversy between Frank C. Jordan. Secretary of 
 State, and Senator Inman, over the importation of Chinese coolies, laborers, to take 
 the place of these Japanese, Hindus and Mohammedans, which we desire excluded. 
 
 While I appreciate the point Mr. Jordan wants to bring out, I do not agree with 
 him to bring in Chinese coolies as immigrants or as contract laborers, or under any 
 other form, as we have excluded the Chinese before and they have been willing to 
 accept that exclusion, and the Japanese people, believing themselves superior to the 
 Chinese, would consider such act upon our part as unjust, and will probably lead to 
 complications which I hope we will be able to avoid in carrying out our exclusion 
 laws, but as a substitute of this class of labor, it has been my experience from 
 employing all of such laborers that the best possible substitute we could get, and 
 one which would be agreeable to our American people, is Mexican laborers. In 
 other words, I believe if we had a war with Mexico, or an intervention whereby we 
 would establish a permanent government in that unfortunate country, or annex a 
 portion of it, or all of it, and turn loose some eight or ten million peon laborers, 
 who are now virtually starving in that ungoverned country; I have no enmity or ill 
 will towards these people, even though we were forced into a war with them, or with 
 the unstable government which now tries to rule them, and particularly so when it 
 comes to using those people or getting them into our country for laborers, for this 
 reason : that you well know that when we took California over from Mexico, a great 
 many of the Mexican residents of this territory had grants from Mexico, all the 
 way from 1000 acres of land to 100,000 acres of land, and as you well know, that 
 very little, if any of these lands are held by their original owners. In other words, 
 the Mexicans will never undertake to run our business, or acquire our land and 
 crowd out the white people of this country. 
 
 Furthermore, if you look at them in the right light, they are to a certain extent, 
 natives of this land, being a mixture of Indian and Spanish blood. It is true that 
 an ordinary Mexican will not accomplish in a day as much as a Chinese laborer, or 
 as much as a Japanese laborer, but if they are paid according to what they do, they 
 accomplish the same results, as far as labor is concerned, and in this letter I will 
 say that if the white farmers, or white men in the State of California could get 
 an ample supply of Mexican labor, they could do all the truck gardening, raising 
 of sugar beets, cantaloupes, vegetables and other products which the Japanese and 
 Hindus and Mohammedans are now doing; and as a matter of fact here in the 
 Imperial Valley, I think I am safe in saying that these Asiatic farmers employ on 
 an average of at least five Mexicans to one Japanese. Hindu or Mohammedan. In 
 other words, these Asiatic farmers are conducting their farms and depending upon 
 hiring Mexican laborers to do the work for them in the proper season. .Ml of the 
 thousands of acres of cotton grown in the Imperial A'alley by Hindus and Mohaui- 
 niedans in not one instance have I known of them picking any of the cotton tlieni- 
 st'lvos ; they deiK-nd solely upon the emiiloynient of Mexican laborers and negroes, 
 and .'iometimrs white men to pick the cotton for them. Also they clio|) out all weeds 
 and thin the cotton, and this is almost identical with tlio .Japanese farmer; in other 
 words, they would not be able to farm one-fifth of the territory they do farm if it 
 was not that they employed Mexican laborers to do the bulk of their work during 
 harvest time. 
 
 I might also state that the Mexicans are employed to do practically all of the 
 railroad section work in southern California, and practically all the common labor 
 in the Imperial Irrigation District. 
 
 Now if this Mexican labor could Le extended up through the entire state, the 
 white farmers could do the managing and superintending of the farms, as the Japa- 
 nese and Hindus do now. and we could get along very well without our Japanese 
 and Hindus, and Mohammedans in the agricultural pursuits of the state. 
 
 Should there be any other information that you desire from this i)ait of ihf 
 state, I would be only too willing to assist in furnishing you with the .-^ame. 
 
 Wishing you a merry Christmas and happy New Year, I beg to remain. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 T. W. G. Lyons.
 
 LAHOR. 123 
 
 Letter of Dr. Elwood Mead. 
 
 Ei.wooD Mead, Chairman F-'hank T. 1'"i.int 
 
 Prehcott F. CoGSWEr.i, E. S. Wanoeniieim 
 
 Mortimer Fleishhacker Gladys M. C'umminos, Hecretanj 
 
 LAND SETTLEMENT BOARD OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 I{|:itKKI,EY, CaIIIOKMA, I'clillKir.V 'Jd, 11)20. 
 
 Mr. F. L. Latiibop, 
 
 Farm Expert, Stale Board of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 Dear Mr. Latiirop : Repl.yinj; to .vfiur iiKiiiiry asking my opinion a.s to what will 
 1)0 tlio offoc't of cheap alion lahor on tho proRrnss of aKriculture in California, and 
 on tlio iMilMing up in country districts of a high rural civilization, it is my boliof that 
 such labor is not necessai-y and that to increase the supply would be a political and 
 Industriul mistake. 
 
 Tho farm worker is a citizen and a vot(>r. If ho is a man of family, hi.s children 
 attend the public school and the family ought to take part in the social life of the 
 ueishborhood whore they live. It needs no argument to show that a rural neighbor- 
 hood of this kind is a better example of democracy than a rural neighborhood that 
 is sei)arated into social layers, the land owner above, the worker below. 
 
 It is not necessary to create this condition in order to utilize all the agricultural 
 I(o.ssibilities of California or to do the work on the farm. It can not be done by 
 following the pioneer methods of development which worked well so long as land 
 and water were both cheap. 
 
 It can be done if wo adoi>t and use tlu^ methods followed in France for the last 
 century of building up a nation of small land owners or do as Germany, Denmark, 
 Ireland, Scotland, Australia and New Zealand have done the last twenty years, buy 
 up, subdivide and sell to actual cultivators, the large estates. This method calls for 
 tho active aid and direction of the government in the purchase and subdivision of 
 privately owned land, helping settlers to form cooperative associations, to be joined 
 together in social and other activities which will create communities instead of a 
 large number of isolated individuals. This kind of country life is so much more 
 elToctive that we should foster it aside from the problem of labor. It is the only 
 way to secure an adequate supply of labor and help make that labor the best kind 
 of citizens. 
 
 The things that will withstand the influence and lure of the city is the satisfaction 
 that comes to i)eople from owning the land they live on and cultivate and helping 
 noighborhoods to work together and be bound together by ties of common interests. 
 
 The Durham Land Settlement, the first country neighborhood to be created under 
 the California act, has been studied by skeptical and unfriendly critics from more 
 than a dozen countries. It was looked upon by many a.s a doubtful experiment at 
 home. Today it is a solvent undertaking, and there has not been, from all of the 
 hundreds who have looked at the colony, a single adverse rei>ort. 
 
 When the Durham Settlement was created it included twenty-six farm laborer's 
 homes. Some people objected to the term "farm laborer." They said it would repel 
 or humiliate applicants. If that is the ca.se, it is time we created a more healthy 
 public opinion. No labor is or should be looked upon as humiliating if it is done 
 well, and this is especially true of anything that requires the intelligence, industry 
 and skill of work on the farm. It is not the term, but it is conditions under which 
 people live that counts, and the twenty-six farm laborers' homes at Durham will 
 compare favorably with the homes of laborers in any industry, and the owners of 
 those homes have a pride in their station that is a rare and valuable thing and needs 
 to be extended. They share in all of the social activities of the community. They 
 are making money. Not a farm laboi'er has ever been behind in his payments. 
 They all find employment and there i.s need for more of these homes in that settle- 
 ment which the Board is now considering how it can meet. The farm laborers at 
 Durham are all white, they are all Americans, and they do all kinds of work. This 
 year a large number of contracts have been made with settlers for growing of 
 tomatoes, spinach and other garden products ; the kind of careful painstaking work 
 that we have been told would be done by nobody but aliens. Durham refutes this. 
 
 Americans will do any kind of farm or garden work if there is back of it sufficient 
 stimulus to their pride, interest and ambition. The State Land Settlement Act, if 
 sufficiently extended, will settle the problem of intelligent dependable American labor 
 on the farm. It is the most direct and effective way of mitigating if not ending the 
 menace of alien land ownership and of creating communities that do not amalgamate, 
 and of subjecting this state to the menace of racial antagonisms.
 
 124 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The 8000 acres of land bought by the Land Settlement Board in Merced County 
 would, have been purchased for Japanese settlers if the Board had not bought it. 
 These Japanese already own 4000 acres to the south of this tract. They had bought 
 1200 acres to the north of it. If they had secured this area, it would have been a 
 little Japan with enough people and enough business to maintain schools, news- 
 papers and an alien language. The realization of this menace aroused that section 
 of the country and led them to regard the purcha.se of this land by the State Land 
 Settlement Board as a providential deliverance from a grave economic problem. 
 The feeling of opposition to the purchase and settlement of the 1200 acres of land 
 is so strong that the Board ha.s been asked to buy it and its purchase is now under 
 consideration. If the Board does buy it, it means a permanent democratic American 
 community, farm workers and farm owners living in their own homes, meeting 
 together in the coojjerative a.'^sociations. The sons of the farm laborer today will 
 be the farm owners of the next decade, and California will have the rural life as 
 patriotic and stable as that of France. 
 
 The trouble today is that our progress along this line is too slow. Not enough 
 money is being furnished. What we are doing seems trivial compared to what other 
 countries far inferior to us in wealth and landed opportunities are doing. Between 
 1906 and 1914 the Imperial German Government spent over $400,000,000 buying 
 large landed estates, cutting them up into small farms and farm workers' allotments, 
 improving them and then selling them to settlers on payments extending over fifty 
 years. 
 
 Between 1902 and 1911 the government of Great Britain furnished $500,000,000 
 to buy 9,000,000 acres of land in Ireland and changed a large part of that country 
 from a turbulent, di.«contented, poverty stricken body of tenants into a sober, 
 industrious, and aspiring body of farm owners. 
 
 The purchase and settlement of the large areas of land in Denmark between 1898 
 and the beginning of the war changed a country menaced by bankruptcy and the 
 loss of most of its country iwpulation into a prosperous leader in the world's 
 agriculture. 
 
 In 1891 New Zealand had 40,000 separate land holdings used for farming and 
 69,000 people engaged in farm work. 
 
 In twenty years' time, under a land purchase act similar to that of California, 
 which operated with so little disturbance that the people of the country did not 
 realize that a great and radical reform was taking place, the following changes had 
 taken place : 
 
 The number of people working on farms had increased to 125,000; the 40,000 
 farms had increased to 84.000. 
 
 In 1890 the value of the farm products was $30,000,000 or about $45 a head for 
 the whole population. In 1910 it had increased to $74,000,000 or more than $74 
 in value for every one of the people. 
 
 In 1890 there were 820,000 cattle; 20 years later, under this land settlement 
 policy, the number had increased to 1,800,000. 
 
 This record of agricultural growth and prosperity might be extended. It was 
 secured without any expense to the taxpayer because land settlement has been a 
 solvent enterprise. 
 
 Australia is a democracy like the United States. The commonwealth has six 
 states and a constitution which in many of its features is a direct copy of our own. 
 Within the past twenty-five years all of the Australian states have realized that if 
 the country is to be built up and the white Australian policy maintained, the gov- 
 ernment must take an active interest in enabling men to own farms. All of the 
 Btates, therefore, have passed acts authorizing the government to purchase privately 
 owned lands, cut them up into blocks of suitable size and throw them open to 
 actual settlement on long and easy terms. Several of the states have passed acts 
 to help create cooperative communities, village settlements and provide homes for 
 farm workers. 
 
 Between 1901 and 1914 the different states had bought, subdivided and sold to 
 settlers in small farms the following areas of land : 
 
 New South Wales 685.150 acres 
 
 Victoria 567,687 acres 
 
 Queensland 604,363 acres 
 
 South Australia 632,715 acres 
 
 West Australia 446,804 acres 
 
 Tasmania 60,232 acres 
 
 Total 3,050,957 acres
 
 LABOR. 125 
 
 California has groat estates; it has aRricultural opportunities; it has more wealth 
 than any Australian state, but thus far its purchases amount to 15,00) acres. If 
 there iiad loen nojuired and settled under its act an area like that of any of the 
 Australian states except Tasmania, the question of farm labor and of rural progress 
 would !){' far less serious than it is. 
 
 In the period from 11)01 to 1!)14 the state of Victoria had provided homes for 
 .3SS7 farm laborers on 8820 acres of land. It had provided homes for city workers 
 on 2-li,1KM acres of land. 
 
 In till- ('oMiuioiuvealtli Year Rook of 1914 is a review of the progress of closer 
 settlement in tlie irrigated areas that makes good reading for those who hope to see 
 this jiolicy have large extension in the irrigated areas of California. Speaking of 
 Victoria, it said : 
 
 The movement for closer settlement in the irrigated districts started about five 
 years ago. Tlie state had expended between 3,0<JO,000 and 4.,000,000 pounds on 
 irrigation works, which were not being used to their full extent. Under the Goul- 
 biirn scheme, the largest of the state works, more than half the available water was 
 being wasted. The reason was lack of people to cultivate the land as irrigation 
 r(Miuir<>s. l're\ iously. in the various districts the average size of farms varied from 
 400 to (iOO iu'rcs, while under irrigation from 20 to SO acres will now give employ- 
 ment to ii good-sized family and furnish them a comfortable living. The large farms 
 of the irrigation districts could not be properly cultivated by their owners, and the 
 only way to make irrigation a success was to subdivide these holdings and bring in 
 farmers to cultivate the smaller areas. To this end the state offered to buy suitable 
 land ill any district having a reliable and ample water supply, at a price fixed by 
 impartial exiiert valiKMs, and has now jiurchased about 110,801 acres for this pur- 
 pose. This land is sold to settlers on 31A years terms with 4^ per cent interest on 
 deferred payments. These payments are calculated on the Credit Foncier basis and 
 are e(|ualized through the whole period. As a result, the settlers by paying 
 an ad(iitioiiaI li per cent, or per cent in all, on the cost for 31^ years, pay off 
 both principal and interest. To help the settler of small capital, the state will 
 build him a house and give 15 to 20 years to pay for it, will prepare a part of his 
 area for irrigation and allow payments to be extended over ten years. The cash 
 payments required are as follows: On houses costing less than 100 pounds, 10 
 pounds; from 100 ixiunds to 150 pounds, 15 pounds; while on houses costing more 
 the cash payment varies from 12 to 30 per cent of the estimated cost. A cash pay- 
 ment of one-fifth the estimated cost of iireparing land for irrigation is required. 
 The state also makes loans to settlers equal to GO per cent of the value of permanent 
 improvements, these loans to be repaid in 20 years. Five per cent interest is charged 
 on all advances whether for houses, i)reparing land, or money furnished the settler. 
 In the past live years lOlG irrigated blocks, averaging Gl acres, have been taken by 
 settlers, of whom 401 were from oversea, chiefly from Great Britain, and 615 were 
 Australian. At Shepparton. one of the oldest of these settlements, there are now 
 234 settlers living where there were originally 25. In Koyuga there are now 46 
 settlers with good houses, many young orchards, fine crops of lucerne and vegetables, 
 where in November, 1910, there was not a house, a family, or an acre of cultivated 
 land. Under four years ago there were 27 houses in the Rochester district, now 
 there are over 491. In Tongala there are now 190 houses where three years ago 
 there were ',]{). 
 
 Similar jirognss has been made in the other settlements. Houses now being 
 erected are of a belter type than the original ones. This has been made possible 
 because the settlers now apjilying lia\e as a rule more capital than the earlier ones 
 and desire better homes. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 Elwood Mead. 
 
 Letter of Professor R. L. Adams. 
 
 Thomas Forsyth Hunt, Dean 
 Walter Mulfokd, Director B. H. Crocheron, Director 
 
 of Resident Instructions of Agricultural Extension 
 
 Herbert J. Webber, Director H. E. Van Norman, Vice Director 
 
 of Equipment Station and Dean University Farm School 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 College of Agriculture, 
 Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
 Bebkeley, January 14, 1920. 
 State Board of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 (Attention, Mr. F. L. Lathrop.) 
 Gentlemen : I trust that the following may serve as an answer to your inquiry 
 of the thirty-first ultimo. The statements are personal views and should be taken as 
 such. They are the outcome, however, of investigations for both the state and the
 
 126 CAMKOKNIA AND TIIK ORIKXTAL. 
 
 United Stales Departiueut of Af;ricultmo covering a period of about two and one- 
 lialf years. 
 
 To fully comprehend the farm labor situation as it exists today, and has existed 
 for the past three or four years, it is early necessary to recognize the presence of a 
 number of points of view, based on the point of individual contact with the situation, 
 if one is to succe.-sfully correlate the wide divergence of opinion. The farmei"s' 
 feeling in regard to the farm labor situation is tlie outcome, very largely, of the fact 
 that California agriculture has developed along specialized rather than diversified 
 lines, so that farmers' activities have tended toward the perfecting of a very few 
 main industries. This way of organizing the farming of the state has resulted in a 
 very definite need for help at jieriods of "peak load" rcQuirements. The development 
 of corporation farniiiig, with its rather different needs from the family manned farm, 
 adds another elemeni. Tlu'refore, one soon finds that he can classify the various 
 arguments for and nv:aiiist any projiositiou having to do wiiii the changing of the 
 farm labor supply in a w;iy that will place the si)eaker into one of the five following 
 categories : 
 
 (1) The large farm operator who hires all his farming done and makes his profit 
 from the men that he employs. His business desire is to obtain plenty of labor and 
 as cheaply as is consistent with the maintenance of prices for farm products. Com- 
 petition among laborers results in greater ease in procuring men when wanted, less 
 necessity for providing accommodations, and a reduction in the wage scale. 
 
 (2l The working farmer who does all his labor in ijerson, and whose protluct, 
 when placed on the market, must come into competition with products of other 
 farmers who. if their labor is worth less than his, tend to sell at prices which will 
 reduce the income of this grouj). 
 
 (3) The working farmer who at times is also an employer, and as such has the 
 complex position of desiring to get as much for his own labor as he can, and to hire 
 at a price which will return him as much profit on the work of others as he is able 
 to secure. 
 
 (4) The farm worker, whose concerns — wages, hours, board, housing and super- 
 vision — are directly afl'ected by any marked increi'.se or decrease in the total supply 
 of or demand for farm labor. 
 
 (5) The members of the community, only indirectly in touch with the farm labor 
 situation as It affects the cost of living, but rather directly concerned with the influ- 
 ence of the type, numbers and ideals of a group, the size of the farm labor group in 
 its relation to general public welfare. 
 
 Perhaps the matter cau be put another way. c. </., the viewpoint depends very 
 largely on whether the private pocketbook or the comnuiuity welfare is nearest to 
 the front in the eye of the individual. Sometimes the two are rather definitely 
 opposed one to the other. It is evident, if one investigates the matter, that selfish- 
 ness does at times rule. 
 
 I have thus far tried to abstain from the injection of personal opinion. It is 
 obviously not for any one man to .><ay what shall or what shall not be done, until he 
 has time to gather the statistics and facts from a vast number of sources and to 
 carefully weigh the many influences. I may add, however, that if Qilifornia is to 
 go on with her agriculture, as now organized, she must continue to constantly recruit 
 a supply of labor able and willing to do the hand work necessary to the harvest of 
 many fruits, the growing and harvesting of many field crops as rice, cotton, sugar 
 beets and beans, the production of truck crops in the delta, and the growing cf 
 cantaloupes and lettuce in Imperial Valley. Either the supply must be kept up or 
 else a reorganization in our scheme of production is bound to be necessary. Such a 
 readjustment, as matters now stand, may ultimately be best from the community 
 viewpoint, but it certainly can not be accomplished without heavy financial losses to 
 certain industries which have been built up with rfiiance on the classes of labor that 
 thus far have been to a considerable extent available. Reliance upon labor as now 
 available without future augmentation, greater use of machineiy, or similar recom- 
 mendations, will result in a change from many specialized crops of high acreage 
 value to general crops of low acreage values, if no other relief is forthcoming. It 
 does not necessarily follow, though, that the total available food supply will be 
 materially reduced ; rather with some crops as cantaloupes, strawberries and certain 
 fruits, the opposite is likely to be the case. The change can not, however, be brought 
 about without loss to certain producers. 
 
 California's farm labor needs may conveniently be grouped into three classes: 
 
 (1) Experienced, unskilled men able to do such work as thinning and harvesting 
 sugar beets, chopping and picking cotton, cutting asparagus, digging potatoes, thinning 
 onions, and picking cantaloupes, melons, prunes, berries, and similar types of work.
 
 I.ABOR. 127 
 
 (LM Kxporicnced, skilled men for teamsters, irrigatr)rs, liarvcHtcrs, tractors, range 
 lidiii;,'. sliccp hording, pruning, spraying and so on. 
 
 (.'{) Unsl<illed, inexperienced lioli) for hoj) i)icking, prune gathering, hoeing weedH, 
 cultivating crops, picking up walnuts and the like. 
 
 The present pressing n('e<l is for men in hoth classes 1 and 2, hut because farmers 
 see no immediate means of getting men for class 2 work, and do think there is a way 
 of heljjing out the class 1 situation, it is of the latter that most of the discussion is 
 about. 'J'his demand, it is evident, must be met from without the country, and in 
 my opinion, Mexico, at present is the logical source. 
 
 In conclusion may I add there still exists in my mind a question as to what the 
 remedy should be. Are we not better off to reorgani'/e on the basis of what we have 
 and to quit fostering industries whose existence depends on the constant recruiting 
 of such peoples as Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese, Hindus, or will the economic advan- 
 tages of a continuation of this sort of thing more than offset the rather evident 
 social disadvanagesV It is an important question and upon its correct answering 
 (iepends the future of our agriculture in many of its important phases. 
 Vory truly yours, 
 
 R. L. Adams, 
 Professor of Farm Management.
 
 Section VII. 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 129 
 9—4460
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 In this section : 
 
 (1) Very few corporations controlled by Orientals prior to pas- 
 sag"e of 1913 Alien Land Law, 
 
 (2) Many formed thereafter for the purpose of buying and leas- 
 ing land. 
 
 (3) Summary of corporations in state controlled by Orientals. 
 
 131
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Prior to tlu^ passage of the California Alien Land Law in 1913, there 
 existed very few corporations controlled by Orientals and those that 
 were in existence were principally commercial corporations. After 
 the passage of the Alien Land Law, ownership of land by individual 
 Orientals who were ineligible to citizenship was prohibited. Orientals, 
 thereafter, for the purpose of avoiding the limitations of the Alien 
 Land Law, formed corporations and bought or leased land in the 
 corporate name. 
 
 In order to comply with the provisions of the law relating to corpo- 
 rations having alien stockholders, the majority of the capital stock is 
 issued to some American citizen or citizens to act as trustee. These 
 corporations, however, are in equity owned, controlled and operated, 
 practically, exclusively by Orientals. More recently, the Orientals, 
 especially the Japanese, have resorted to the formation of corporations 
 vv'hose principal stockholders are the minor children, American-born 
 of Japanese parents, the corporations in reality being operated by 
 trustees who are of lawful age. 
 
 A brief summary of the farming and commercial corpor*ations con- 
 trolled by Orientals, together with the acreage owned or controlled 
 by them, is shown below, having been taken from the records of the 
 State Board of Equalization and the State Commissioner of Cor- 
 porations. 
 
 Oriental corporations 
 
 Number 
 
 Capital 
 stock 
 
 Acreage 
 owned or 
 
 under 
 contract 
 
 
 (a) Farming corporations: 
 
 302 
 5 
 
 75 
 
 7 
 
 $9,171,500 
 1,170,000 
 
 $4,018,000 
 11,020,000 
 
 47,781 
 
 
 
 3,753 
 
 Japanese 
 
 (h) Commercial corporations: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note — There is on file in the office of the Board of Control a complete list of all 
 the Oriental corporations in the State of California on January 1, 1920, together 
 with the amount of authorized capital stock of each and the number of acres (in 
 case of land ownership) owned or under contract to purchase by each.
 
 I
 
 Section VIII. 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 135
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 In this section : 
 
 (1) International aspect as affects recognition of marriages con- 
 summated in accordance with customs of other nations. 
 
 (2) Explanation by United States Commissioner General of Immi- 
 gration as to practice followed in acceptance of passports held by- 
 incoming "picture brides." 
 
 (3) Recommendations by Commissioner General. 
 
 (4) Full description of so-called picture marriage prepared by 
 the California Farmers Cooperative Association, which is a Japanese 
 organization. (This presents the Japanese viewpoint and includes 
 written announcements by the Japanese Consul General in San 
 Francisco.) 
 
 (5) Correspondence explanatory of the Gentlemen's Agreement 
 and the admission of "picture brides" by the United States Gov- 
 ernment, which correspondence is between Senator Phelan and 
 Acting Secretary of State Wm. Phillips. 
 
 (6) Code sections of the Civil Code of Japan covering marriage 
 and adoption. 
 
 (7) "Picture bride" practice ordered discontinued by Japanese 
 government, but rules of adoption still remain as before, permitting 
 same results to be accomplished through adoption. 
 
 (8) Letter of United States Government Inspector in the Immi- 
 gration Service explaining procedure in admitting immigrants, 
 especially adopted persons, 
 
 (9) Number of "picture brides" arriving at the port of San 
 Francisco from July 1, 1911, to February 29, 1920. 
 
 (10) list of vessels arriving at the port of San Francisco during 
 the calendar year 1918, showing number of "picture brides" and 
 recorded births after arrival. 
 
 (11) Detailed list of "picture brides" taken from ships' manifests, 
 arriving at the port of San Francisco during the calendar year 1918, 
 address of husbands to whom destined, and dates of births after 
 arrival. 
 
 137
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 The lonj? established rule among civilized nations that each country 
 recognize as valid, marriages consummated in any other country in 
 accordance with the customs or laws prevailing therein, does not apply 
 to the so-called "picture bride" marriages as most recently practiced 
 by the Japanese. 
 
 Prior to the passage by the United States Congress of the 1917 
 immigration act requiring a literacy test for immigrants, marriages 
 upon American docks immediately upon arrival of the immigrant and 
 before admission by the United States was practiced generally by 
 immigrants of all nations. This was the practice then followed by the 
 Japanese, but, although now alluded to frequently as a "picture bride" 
 marriage, it differs very materially from the more recent practice. 
 
 When both parties appeared on the dock and were married, they 
 were both within the jurisdiction of the United States and consum- 
 mated marriage in compliance with the laws of the state in which the 
 marriage took place. There can be no valid objection to the legality 
 of such marriage provided the parties are competent. 
 
 Doubtless many of these marriages were initiated by the exchange 
 of photographs between the parties, and doubtless this applies to 
 nationalities other than Japanese. But unless the marriage consum- 
 mated on the dock be considered a mere idle act, the exchange of 
 photographs and the registration formality observed in a foreign 
 country can not be construed as having effected marriage. 
 
 Mr. Daniel J. Keefe, United States Commissioner General of 
 Immigration, in his report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, 
 states : 
 
 "rassporls aro jiivcu llicse women on the ground that thoy are coming to con- 
 tinental United States to join a husband, the arrangement with Japan contemplating 
 that Avhere a Japanese laborer is migrating for the purpose of joining a member of 
 his immediate family the passport may be issued. Most of the women, while they 
 do join the husband, are farm laborer.s, and immediately become colaborers with 
 their husbands on the farms where the latter are employed or which they are 
 conducting. As these "proxy" or "photograph" marriages would not, of course, be 
 recognized as valid in any of the states of this country, the tnen to whom these 
 women are going are required to meet them at a seaport and go through a ceremony 
 of marriage legal in the United States. But the bureau feels that two facts growing 
 out of this situation should not be overlooked by those interested in the economic 
 phases of the immigration problem: (1) The practice of furnishing the passiwrt to 
 these women and admitting them on the basis of the passport and a marriage per- 
 formed at the port opens the way for the introduction into continental United States 
 of large bodies of common laborers — females, it is true, but none the less competitors 
 of the laborers of this country; and (2) this practice must necessarily result in 
 constituting a large native-born Japanese population — persons who, because of their 
 birth on American soil, will be regarded as American citizens, although their parents 
 can not be naturalized, and who, nevertheless, will be considered (and will probably 
 consider themselves) subjects of the Empire of Japan under the laws of that country, 
 which holds that children born abroad of parents who are Japanese subjects are 
 themselves subjects of the Japanese Empire."
 
 140 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 And the report of United States Commissioner General of Immigra- 
 tion A. Caminetti, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, contains the 
 following footnote commenting on the foregoing statement: 
 
 "The foregoing views of Commissioner General Keefe seem to the signer of this 
 report especially significant, for they are the result of the retiring Commissioner 
 General's experience in the enforcement of the law and are in exact agcord with 
 the writer's observations, both before and since his induction into office. The writer 
 desires, however, to state that he does not agree with the notion that any such 
 marriage is binding upon the United States in the administration of immigration 
 laws; and also that there is no treaty with Japan, or other arrangement what- 
 soever, that provides for the recognition by the United States of the so-called 
 marriage of a woman in Japan with a man who may be in the United States at the 
 alleged date of the same. The doctrine of lex loci, in his judgment, is not applicable 
 to cases of this kind for the above reason, as well as that such marriage is not 
 consummated entirely and completely in the country permitting it, as it is apparent 
 that a part of the so-called marriage is initiated in one jurisdiction or nation, and 
 it is completed in another and entirely foreign jurisdiction or nation." 
 
 In his report for the succeeding year, Mr. Caminetti had the fol- 
 lowing to say: 
 
 "There are perplexing matters that constantly arise in local administration that 
 .«hould be weeded out as soon as sufficient study of conditions will permit a proper 
 and permanent solution. These, too, I should have been pleased to have considered 
 in detail. One of such, against which protests have been made and which the 
 bureau has fully investigated, should be met by positive action. Fortunately neither 
 the immigration laws nor other statutes intervene ; practice only gave it life, and 
 regulation should destroy it once and for all. I have reference to the practice of 
 permitting marriages at our stations. The marriage of aliens, where both parties 
 to a union are applicants for admission or where one is a resident and the other 
 such applicant, should be discontinued throughout the service, and no party thereto 
 should be admitted as the wife of a resident who has not consummated marriage 
 with such resident entirely and completely in the country in which marriage is 
 alleged or claimed to have taken place." 
 
 Assumption by a foreign government, in the matter of marriage, of 
 jurisdiction over both parties, where one of the parties is within the 
 .jurisdiction of the United States and therefore entirely subject to the 
 laws of the United States, does not appear to be based upon any provi- 
 sion of domestic or international law. 
 
 The laws of the State of California are supreme as to marriage and 
 divorce of persons within the jurisdiction of this state and can not be 
 annulled by Federal Statute or by treaty. The state laws exclusively 
 and absolutely control domestic relations, including marriage and 
 divorce, and the Federal Government has no power over these subjects 
 whatever. The state, on the other hand, can compel every person 
 within its jurisdiction, whether Oriental or otherwise, to comply with 
 its laws governing marriage. 
 
 PICTURE MARRIAGES. 
 
 In an endeavor to describe "picture marriage," the California 
 Farmers' Cooperative Association (a Japanese association) says: 
 
 "When a man (Japanese) living in America desires to marry, but is prevented by 
 various reasons from going home, he writes to his parents, asking them to find a 
 suitable woman for his bride. The parents, following the usual customs and rules,
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 141 
 
 (ix on an eligible person. Then they intimate to the girl's parents that they are 
 desirous of securing her marriage to their son in America. The parents on either 
 side spare no pains in inquiring into the character, social standing, family relations, 
 t,enealogy, health and education of the young man and woman. If this investigation 
 proves satisfactory, both to the parents and to the prosiH>ctive groom and bride, the 
 man in America sends his photograph to the; woman, and receives her photograph in 
 exchange. This "interview" through i)liotographK i>roving satisfactory to both 
 parties, the nui)tial knot is tied at a ceremonial dinner in which the groom, living 
 in America, is naturally absent, but which is attended by the bride and the parents 
 and relatives of both sides. This done, the parents register the marriage with the 
 ))roper authorities. Tliis marriage has been regarded as valid both by the Japanese 
 and the American Government. In many cases exchange of photographs is not 
 required, because it frequently happens that the prosr>ective groom and bride were 
 born in the same town or village and have known each other since childhood. 
 
 If we look at it in the above light, there is nothing objectionable in the practice 
 of "picture marriage," which we repeat, is a gross misnomer. It is, therefore, but 
 natural that the American (Jovernment should regard this marriage practice, as it 
 has regarded it, as legal and valid. 
 
 But in view of severe criticisms directed against this practice the Japanese Gov- 
 ernment announced on December 17, 1919, that it would stop issuing passports after 
 February 25, 1920. Commenting on this announcement Mr. T. Ohta, the Japanese 
 Consul General in San Francisco, issued this statement: 
 
 'This means that about the twenty-fifth of January next, the Japanese consulates 
 in America will cease to receive applications for certificates necessary to secure 
 passports for such women, because it takes about a month for the applications to 
 reach the proi)er authorities in Japan. Therefore, if any Japanese in continental 
 United States wishes to send for his wife to whom he has been married by the 
 procedure commonly and somewhat erroneously called 'picture marriage,' his applica- 
 tion for endorsement must be in the hands of a Japanese consulate at the end of 
 January at the latest. That means that there is only an interval of a month or so 
 in which the Japanese consulates can accept such applications. 
 
 This interval, brief as it is, is provided with a view to avoiding inevitable 
 embarrassment which a sudden prohibition of 'picture marriage' would cause to those 
 Japanese men and women who have been making preparations for marriages. It 
 would be unjust to stop the practice all of a sudden and without warning. 
 
 This announcement on the part of the Japanese government is another proof that 
 it is earnestly solicitous of maintaining and promoting friendly relations with the 
 United States and especially the people of California. For the sake of amicable 
 relations between our two countries and peoples, Japan is always willing and ready 
 to meet America half way. 
 
 For my own part I have all along maintained that any and all problems pending 
 or arising between Japan and America can be, and ought to be, settled by friendly 
 exchange of views. The settlement of the 'picture bride' question is ample proof that 
 between our two governments there is perfect understanding and friendly feeling.' " 
 
 It will be noted that the procedure adopted in concluding the 
 so-called "picture marriage" is designated as a "practice" and not 
 as a "custom." It would not appear unreasonable, therefore, to 
 assume that the practice came into being as a direct result of the 
 presence, in this country, of great numbers of young men of Japanese 
 nationality who found it inexpedient to make the voyage home to do 
 their wooing. The reasonableness of the assumption that the "picture 
 marriage" was resorted to as an expedient rather than as a time- 
 honored custom would seem to appear from the following letter from 
 the Acting Secretary of State to the Honorable James D. Phelan, 
 dated August 28, 1919, and inserted in the record of hearings before 
 the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Repre- 
 sentatives (66th Congress, first session, June 12, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20, 
 and September 25, 1919) :
 
 142 CALIFORNIA AND TPIE ORIENTAL. 
 
 August 2S. 1919. 
 Hon. J.\MKS D. PnEi.AN. 
 United States Senate. 
 Sir: Adverting to your letter of July 24, relative to the so-called "gentlemen's 
 agreement" between this Government and the (Jovernment of Japan for regulating 
 the immigration of Japanese to the United State.s, I have the honor to say that, after 
 giving due consideration to certain facts and figures recently ohtained from the 
 honorable the Secretary of Labor, I have confirmed the opinion which I have held 
 for some time on this subject; that i.s, that the present arrangement is working with 
 a fair degree of satisfaction, with the r><>ssible exception of the immigration of 
 so-called Japanese "picture brides" to the United States. 
 
 It might not be amiss briefly to review some of the salient facts bearing on this 
 particular phase of Japanese immigration anil on the general operation of the 
 present agreement. 
 
 The understanding under which Japanese ininiigratiou Id the I'Miteil States is 
 regulated has l>een in force since IIXKS. Its principal stipulation i.s that Ihe Japa- 
 nese Government will issue "no passjMirt, good for the American mainland, to <'itlier 
 skilled or unskilled .Japanese laborers, except to thase who have jiroviously resiili-d 
 in the United States, or the parc'Uls, wives, or children of Japanese residents." 
 From 1908 to May r^, 1917, the date on which the i)r.'sent iiniuigration act went into 
 effect, the class of alien.s known as wives of Japanese domiciled in the United States 
 were admitted to the United States only after the iR'rformance, at the port of entry, 
 of a marriage ceremony in accordance with the laws of this country, if the applicants 
 were otherwise admissible under the general terms of the immigration law then in 
 force, and if they presented passports i.>-sued by the Japanese Government under the 
 agreement above mentioned. The practice did not work satisfactorily, altliough for 
 the time being it appeared to be the only solution of a delicate phase of the .Japanese 
 immigration iiuestion. 
 
 When the present immigration act containing the illiteracy clause was pa.ssed it 
 became necessary to definitely fix the legal status of so-called "picture bride" mar- 
 riages, as a percentage of the Japanese women of this clas.s who applied for admis- 
 sion had been found to be illiterate. This matter was, therefore, made the subject 
 of correspondence between the Department of State and the .Japanese Ambassador 
 at Washington in the spring of 1917. The legal status of .Japanese marriages was 
 defined by the Japanese Ambassador (Mr. Sato) in a note dated April 2.S. 1917, to 
 the department, as follows : 
 
 "I beg to state that in the law of Japan it is provided that marriage is complete 
 and takes effect immediately upon its being notified either in writing or orally to the 
 registrar by both parties with the participation in the act of at least two witnesses 
 of full age and its being accepted by him ; that if a document is employed for such 
 notification it must be i>ersonally signed and sealed by the parties and the witnesses; 
 but it is not necessary that the parties personally apixnir before the registrar; that 
 if the notification is made orally both the parties and their witnesses must personally 
 appear before the registrar. 
 
 There is no provision in the .Japanese law specifically for a case where one of the 
 parties to a marriage contract lives in Japan and the other under foreign jurisdiction, 
 nor has there appeared before the wiurt any case involving this point, for the reason 
 that the places of actual residence of the parties concerned form no essential require- 
 ment for a marriage to be legalized. Such being the essence of the formal marriage 
 in Japan, a .Japanese man residing in this country can marry a Japanese woman 
 residing in Japan by personally signing and affixing his seal to the document to be 
 presented before the registrar in Japan, and the validity of such marriage is amply 
 attested by the issuance of certified copy of the family registry bearing the official 
 seal of the registrar, which document the so-called 'picture bride' proceeding to this 
 country is always provided with." 
 
 After this assurance of the Japanese Government the honorable the Secretary 
 of L^bor promulgated the following administrative rule, which is still in force, to 
 cover such cases : 
 
 "That the validity of these marriages be recognized, unless or until it is definitely 
 shown that they are not legal marriages under the laws of Japan, or until it satis- 
 factorily appears that the residence in the United States of one of the parties brings 
 the consummation of the marriage ceremony within Ihe jurisdiction of our laws; 
 that proof of such marriages be required, not only by a certified record of the 
 registrar but also by a certified copy of the notificalion of marriage made out by the 
 party to the same living in the United States; and that marriages at our ports be 
 prohibited."
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 143 
 
 ('ommoiitiii^ on fliis rule niul on the .Iniiain'SL- iiiarriauo law, llio ScfT<'t«ry of 
 I^nbor has (his to say : 
 
 "In tlie ndiiiitiistratioii of lli(> rule just cited, such passports, so long as the afrree- 
 ment is in force, arc acccptcrl, unless fraud or mistake in their issuance shall be made 
 to api)car. 
 
 This (lepiirliiieiit deonis it not inappropriate. to invite attention to the fact (hat 
 accordiiii; to iiifortiialioii claimed as authentic, Japan is not the only (•ountry whose 
 laws ])erinil of tlic conlr.ictiini of marriages wliile one of the contracting jtarties is in 
 a forei^iu jurisdiction. Siiairi and I'orlUKal, it is alle;;e(l, allow the marriage of a 
 resident of (>n(; of those countries with a resident lh<'n in a foreign country, hy jiermit- 
 (ing representation of the altsentee hy an attorney in fad, appointe*! hy j)ower of 
 attorney. Therc^ may bo other nations that have like systems, differing in detail, 
 perhai>s, from the system claimed to exist in Spain and I'ortugal, or from the Japa- 
 nese method, liut agreeing in elTect." 
 
 ^^'ith regard to the luimher of Japanese immigrants admit led to the mainland and 
 Hawaii prior to and since the agreement it is interesting to note that during the 10 
 years immediately i)reccding the agreement, ]42,(»r)<> Japanese were admitted and for 
 the 11 years immediately following the agreement S4>,r).'}2 were admitted. In (he 
 .'i'ear l'.K>7, immediately |)rece(liiig liie coming into force of the agreement y<^),824 
 Japanese aliens of all classes were admitted. It seems quite clear, therefore, that 
 the agreement has had a decided restrictive influence. 
 
 A striking feature of the sex distribution of Japanese immigrants under the opera- 
 lion of the agreement is to be noted. I'rior to the agreement Japanese immigration 
 was largely a movement of males, SS.T per cent of the number admitted being of that 
 sex, but during the 11 years since the agreement only 41..") i)er cent of (hose admitted 
 Ao.vo. males. Commenting on this phase of the matter the honorable Secretary of 
 f-abor has the following to say : 
 
 '"While this change is mainly due to the fact that iind<;r the agreement the 
 immigration of males has been restricted without a corresponding reduction among 
 females, it is undoubtedly true that the result has been more or less affected by a 
 natural law of iuunigration. It is well known that under this natural law (under 
 normal operation) every new immigration movement includes a preponderance of 
 men, and that as immigration from a country becomes more normal, or settled, the 
 women follow in increasing numbers. 
 
 In the case of women coming from Japan this natural law has been stimulated, 
 no doubt, by the method of marriage hereinabove discussed, but to what extent this 
 has been done must be leftto conjecture. No doubt under such a system women would 
 come in greater ratio than would be the case where both parties to a marriage are 
 recpiired to be present at its celebration. 
 
 At the same time it is obviously difficult to attempt to estimate to what extent 
 this may be true; the difficulty arising mainly from the difference in marriage cus- 
 toms, as under other conditions, no doubt, the natural law above indicated would 
 apply to Japanese in the same way that it has in almost every movement of peoples 
 from one nation to another. And it must also be remembered that under the agree- 
 ment practically no bar is put in the way of women coming to join their husbands 
 here," 
 
 The number of Japanese wives coming to the Iniited States is undoubtedly 
 increasing but the authorities who have in charge the administration of the immi- 
 gration laws have not found that the Japanese government is violating the agreement. 
 * * * * 4= * * 
 
 William Phillips, 
 Acting Secretary of State. 
 
 In view of the announced policy of the Government of Japan, to 
 discontinue the issuance of passports to "picture brides" after Feb- 
 ruary 25, 1920, it would be idle to indulge in anticipations of the 
 practical effect of this new and self-imposed restriction, were it not 
 for tlie fact that the Japanese in this country, in common with a 
 numerous element of our own and other races, have in the matter of 
 overcoming^ legal obstacles in the past displayed a degree of ingenuity 
 which points unmistakably to their ability to circumvent, should they 
 so desire, the new restriction.
 
 144 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Adoption Possible. 
 
 Since the legality of the "picture marriage" is left intact, other 
 forms of dome^itic relation, equally valid in Japanese law, would have 
 to be covered by a policy of restriction in order to accomplish a sub- 
 stantial reduction in the immigration of Japanese of either sex. We 
 refer, by way of specific example, to the subject of adoption, which is 
 covered by section II, chapter IV, of book IV of the Civil Code of 
 Japan. The following sections are quoted from the translation of 
 L. H. Loenholm : 
 
 Aktici.e 837. 
 
 A person of full age can adopt a child. 
 
 Article 838. 
 An ascendant or a person older than tiie adopter can nut lie adopted. 
 
 Article 843. 
 If the person to be adopted has not yet attained the age of fifteen years, liis fatlier 
 or mother belonging to the same house may act for him in the adoption. 
 
 Article 844. 
 In order that a child of full age may adopt or a child of fifteen yeans or upwards 
 may be adopted, the consent of his father or mother belonging to the house must 
 be obtained. 
 
 Article 846. 
 
 The provisions of Article 772 apply correspondingly in tlie case of the preceding 
 three Articles. 
 
 The provisions of Article 773 ai)ply correspondingly in the ca.so of the preceding 
 two Articles. 
 
 Article 772. 
 
 For contracting a marriage a child must have the consent of his parents being in 
 the same house. This, however, does not apply, if the man has attained his thirlietli 
 year or the woman her twenty-fifth year. 
 
 If both parents are unknown, are dead, have quit the house or arc unaiile to 
 express their intention, a minor must obtain the consent of his guardian and of the 
 family council. 
 
 Article 773. 
 If a stepfather, a stepmother or a chakubo (i.e., the wife of the father of a 
 natural child which has been recognized by the father) does not consent to the 
 marriage of a child, the child may marry on obtaining the consent of the family 
 council. 
 
 Article 847. 
 The provisions of Articles 774 and 775 apply correspondingly to adoption. 
 
 Article 774. 
 A person who has been adjudged incompetent need not obtain the consent of his 
 guardian in order to contract a marriage. 
 
 Article 775. 
 A marriage takes effect upon its notification to the registrar. 
 
 Such notification must be made by both parties and at least two witnesses of full 
 age, either orally or by a signed document. 
 
 The foregoing citations from the Civil Code of Japan would seem to 
 bear out the opinion that, for the establishment of the relation of parent 
 and child, the requirements of the Japanese law are similar and analo- 
 gous to those affecting the marriage relation. This appears to be 
 especially the case in respect to the manner in which tlie.se relations
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 145 
 
 take effect, viz, upon notification, by both parties and at least two 
 witnesses of full age, to the registrar, either orally or by a signed 
 document. If, as the comment of tin; Jjipanese airiljassiidor quoted 
 above indicates, the places of actual residence of the parties concerned 
 form no essential requirement for a marriage to be legalized, the con- 
 clusion seems reasonable that the validity of adoption is independent 
 of the places of actual residence of the parties concerned. It should 
 be noted, also, that a person of full age may be adopted provided he is 
 not an ascendant or senior of the adoptor. 
 
 In this connection, the following letter received from the Inspector 
 in Charge, United States Immigration Service, Los Angeles, should be 
 of interest: 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 
 
 In answering refer to Office of Inspector in Charge, 
 
 No. 5519 Los Angeles, California, April 8, 1020. 
 
 Mr. F. L. Lathrop, 
 
 Care of State Board of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 Dear Sir: As requested in your letter of the fifth instant there is inclosed here- 
 with copy of Department of Labor Form 547, "Sworn statement submitted by rela- 
 tive of arriving immigrants." During the last two years there has been filed in this 
 office appro.ximately four hundred and fifty-five of these forms. Of this number 
 approximately one hundred and seventy-six were filed by Japanese in behalf of 
 Japanese, and of this latter number approximately twenty-three were filed in behalf 
 of adopted sons. 
 
 Answering the question contained in the second paragraph of your letter : It is 
 vot necessary for a Japanese resident in the United States to apply for i)ermission to 
 bring his child to this country ; the child, if armed with a passport from his govern- 
 ment, is on exactly the same footing as would any other alien be, as for example, 
 Mexicans, a Frenchman or an Engli.shman. Of course he would be subject to the 
 general pi'ovlsioiis of the immigration law relative to his health, mental and moral 
 condition, and so forth. Under these general provisions of the law the Japanese 
 child could not demand admission to the United States merely because his relatives 
 live in this country, but as a matter of fact he would be admitted unless he falls 
 within some of the excluded classes of aliens under the general provisions of the 
 immigration act. 
 
 It may be of interest to you to advise that the Bureau of Immigration, on the 
 twenty-ninth ultimo, directed that the use of the inclosed form of aflBdavit be dis- 
 continued in respect of all aliens. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 A. E. Burnett, 
 Inspector in Charge. 
 
 In view of the fact that of the 176 Japanese arrivals referred to in 
 the foregoing letter 13 per cent were adopted sons of Japanese residents 
 of this state, it is obviously unnecessary to make predictions as to the 
 probable course of Japanese immigration into this country under the 
 restriction announced by the government of Japan. 
 
 Rather do we purpose to point out the inevitable ineffectiveness, 
 under existing conditions, of a policy which recognizes as valid claims 
 ■ to admis.sibility based upon passports issued by a foreign government 
 by virtue of laws not of our own making. 
 
 in— 44C0
 
 146 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 The following pages contain statistical data concerning arrival of 
 picture brides, and detailed information as to the number of children 
 born of picture brides who arrived at the port of San Francisco during 
 the calendar year 1918. and were destined to join husbands residing in 
 California, as follows: 
 
 1. Number of "picture brides" arriving at tlie port of San Francisco 
 from July 1, 1911, to February 29. 1920. 
 
 2. List of vessels arriving at the port of San Francisco during the 
 calendar year 1918- showing number of picture brides and recorded 
 births after arrival. 
 
 3. Detailed list of "picture brides" taken from ships' manifests, 
 arriving at the port of San Francisco during the calendar year 1918. 
 address of husbands to whom destined, and date of births after arrival. 
 
 STATISTICS OF PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 The figures herewith submitted are taken from data compiled for the 
 California Farmers' Cooperative Association, a Japanese organization, 
 which published them in a pamphlet entitled "Japanese Immigration 
 and the Japanese in California." It is therein stated that the figures 
 published are confined to arrivals of "picture brides" at the port of 
 San Francisco, the data for the entire continental territory of the 
 United States being at the time unavailable. 
 
 The figures given for the periods from July 1, 1919, to February 29, 
 1920, have been added by us from data gathered at the United States 
 Immigration Station at Angel Island. 
 
 Picture Brides Arriving at the Port of San Francisco. 
 
 July 1, 1911, to June .30. 1012 ST!) 
 
 July 1, 1912. to June 30. 1913 U25 
 
 July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1914 768 
 
 July 1, 1914, to June 30. 191.^ 823 
 
 July 1, 191o, to June 30. 1910 486 
 
 July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917 r)04 
 
 July 1, 1917. to June 30, 1918 .".22 
 
 July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1919 (368 
 
 July 1, 1919 to December 31, 1919 379 
 
 January 1, 1920, to February 29, 1920 95 
 
 Total for S years, 8 months 5,749 
 
 That "most of the women, while they do join the husband, are farm 
 laborers," has been recognized by the Commissioner General of Immi- 
 gration, whose report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, has 
 already been quoted from. 
 
 That their daily occupation as farm laborers has not interfered with 
 the natural increase of the Japanese population of the state is amply 
 demonstrated by the high birth rate among the Japanese of California. 
 Specific figures obtained by us as a result of following up the 524 brides 
 who arrived at the port of San Francisco during the calendar year 1918, 
 all of whom have remained in California, show that of this number 182, 
 or 34.8 per cent, became mothers up to February 29, 1920.
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 147 
 
 JAPANESE PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING AT SAN FRANCISCO DURING 
 YEAR 1918, THEIR HUSBANDS AND RESIDENT ADDRESS, FROM 
 RECORD OF SHIP MANIFEST IN OFFICE OF IMMIGRATION BUREAU. 
 ANGEL ISLAND, AND THE RECORDED BIRTHS OCCURRING IN 
 THESE FAMILIES, FROM RECORDS OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH 
 UP TO AND INCLUDING DECEMBER 31, 1919. 
 
 Date 
 
 Steamer 
 
 Total 
 
 Recorded 
 birtba 
 
 Jan. 4, 1918 
 
 Persia Maru 
 
 11 
 27 
 21 
 83 
 8 
 26 
 14 
 18 
 22 
 28 
 17 
 80 
 27 
 20 
 32 
 24 
 19 
 20 
 31 
 S6 
 20 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 .(an. 14, 1918 
 
 Korea Maru 
 
 Jan. 30, 1918 
 
 Siberia Maru _ ... 
 
 5 
 
 Fob. 17, 1918 
 
 Tenyo Maru . .. 
 
 10 
 
 Ffb. 22, ]918 
 
 Nippon Maru . . 
 
 2 
 
 Mar. 8, 1918 
 
 Shiiiyo Maru . 
 
 8 
 
 Mar. 23, 1918 
 
 Persia Maru . 
 
 4 
 
 April 7, 1918 
 
 Korea Maru 
 
 10 
 
 April 21, 1918 
 
 Siberia Maru 
 
 9 
 
 May 6, 1918 
 
 Tenyo Maru - 
 
 15 
 
 May 23, 1918 
 
 Shinyo Maru .. .. _. 
 
 6 
 
 .lune 9, 1918 
 
 Persia Maru - .. _. 
 
 8 
 
 June 30, 191S 
 
 Korea Maru .— . _- -- 
 
 13 
 
 July 9, 1918 
 
 Siberia Maru . 
 
 11 
 
 July 23, 1918 
 
 Tenyo Maru .. . _. . _ 
 
 12 
 
 Aug. 12, 1918 
 
 Shinyo Maru _ -. . .. 
 
 9 
 
 Sept. 15, 191S 
 
 
 4 
 
 Sept. 28, 1918 
 
 Siberia Maru -- . 
 
 6 
 
 Oct. 7, 1918 
 
 Tenyo Maru .- . 
 
 12 
 
 Dec. 3, 1918 
 
 Korea Maru -- -- 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 13, 1918 
 Dec. 26, 1918 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 624 
 
 182 
 
 
 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JANUARY 4, 1918— "PERSIA MARU." 
 Births Surname Wife Age Husband Address in California 
 
 
 Takaki 
 
 Noso 
 
 28 
 
 Ikuji 
 
 306 Center st., Visalia. 
 
 10'/ 1/18 
 
 nigashi 
 
 Tora 
 
 22 
 
 Kaichiro 
 
 1221 Third St., Sacramento. 
 
 
 Matsumoto 
 
 Ishi 
 
 25 
 
 Kinju 
 
 R.r.D. 6, box 743, Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Tamada 
 
 Sumi 
 
 34 
 
 K. 
 
 935 P St., Fresno. 
 
 8/13/19 
 
 Inouye 
 
 Isono 
 
 19 
 
 Z. 
 
 R.r.D. A, box 320, San Jose. 
 
 
 Nishiiiia 
 
 ISO 
 
 20 
 
 J. 
 
 R.r.D. 2, box 234, Acampo. 
 
 
 Katayama 
 
 Kosuye 
 
 21 
 
 T. 
 
 P.O. box 69, Acampo. 
 
 2/19/18 
 
 Nakano 
 
 Fuji 
 
 22 
 
 Konkichi 
 
 P.O. box 446, Fillmore. 
 
 
 Ifune 
 
 Shigeko 
 
 
 Zuiho 
 
 Gardena. 
 
 12/25/18 
 
 Kanai 
 
 Kichi 
 
 22 
 
 Nobuzo 
 
 P.O. box 86, Huntington Beach. 
 
 2/20/18 
 
 Sakonoto 
 
 Sato 
 
 40 
 
 K. 
 
 158 E. Colorado st., Pasadena. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JANUARY 
 
 14, 1918— "KOREA MARU." 
 
 
 Mori 
 
 Tsune 
 
 36 
 
 Suekichi 
 
 Ukiah. 
 
 3/12/19 
 
 Yonekura 
 
 Nami 
 
 27 
 
 Tokui"!)! 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Nakano 
 
 Midori 
 
 29 
 
 Kxtaro 
 
 Dinuba. 
 
 
 Oto 
 
 Motono 
 
 20 
 
 KiVOSA) 
 
 Garden Grove. 
 
 10/29/18 
 
 Kokubu 
 
 Setsu 
 
 21 
 
 M. 
 
 922 S. HiU St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Kendo 
 
 Kou 
 
 22 
 
 K. 
 
 428 N. Main st., Los Angeles. 
 
 1/1919 
 
 Imamura 
 
 Kome 
 
 26 
 
 y. 
 
 R.F.D., bo.' 78, Newcastle. 
 
 2/10'19 
 
 Mori t a 
 
 Masano 
 
 20 
 
 i\. 
 
 1424 Tulare st., Fresno. 
 
 1/ 1/19 
 
 Hey a 
 
 Takune 
 
 21 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yuba City. 
 
 2/19/19 
 
 Nishi 
 
 Kikuyo 
 
 22 
 
 S. 
 
 R.F.D., Sacramento. 
 
 1/11/19 
 
 Toshida 
 
 Isayo 
 
 18 
 
 Y. 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 14k, Stockton. 
 
 
 Tanimoto 
 
 Ham 
 
 18 
 
 W. 
 
 R.F.D., El Dorado. 
 
 
 Aokl 
 
 Mitsunc 
 
 
 
 Utah.* 
 
 3/ 9/19 
 
 Shintaku 
 
 Kikuno 
 
 18 
 
 z. 
 
 R.F.D. 3, box 40c, Lodi.
 
 148 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Births 
 
 Surname 
 
 Wife 
 
 Age 
 
 Husband 
 
 10/ 1/18 
 
 Amano 
 
 Isuno 
 
 22 
 
 T. 
 
 6/10/19 
 
 Mitori 
 
 Katsume 
 
 18 
 
 K. 
 
 12/19/18 
 
 Inouye 
 
 Sayeno 
 
 20 
 
 y. 
 
 
 Saiki 
 
 Kimi 
 
 28 
 
 MihIjI 
 
 
 Sakusal 
 
 Koo 
 
 22 
 
 JinsaVi: 
 
 
 MIzota 
 
 Tomoyo 
 
 21 
 
 Saizo 
 
 12/10/18 
 
 Kawashlma 
 
 Sol 
 
 24 
 
 Nisabnno 
 
 
 UlKashi 
 
 Tama 
 
 20 
 
 H. 
 
 10/26/18 
 
 Mltsuhlro 
 
 Suye 
 
 25 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Uchiyama 
 
 Qui 
 
 3d 
 
 A. 
 
 2/17/19 
 
 Nlshiyoma 
 
 Tome 
 
 19 
 
 T. 
 
 
 Wakabayshl 
 
 Yoii 
 
 27 
 
 '/enjiro 
 
 
 Yoshidu 
 
 Kame 
 
 20 
 
 Nakaye 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING 
 
 JANUARY 3 
 
 
 Asakawa 
 
 Tsui 
 
 IS 
 
 Ilakutero 
 
 
 Itonaga 
 
 Miki 
 
 23 
 
 K. 
 
 8/19/18 
 
 Murakami 
 
 Miyo 
 
 24 
 
 Mataki 
 
 
 Kaneshige 
 
 Tona 
 
 21 
 
 T. 
 
 
 NanjI 
 
 Fujiye 
 
 18 
 
 M. 
 
 11/18/18 
 
 Saka^ucbi 
 
 Kiku 
 
 32 
 
 T. 
 
 
 Takeno 
 
 Tano 
 
 46 
 
 T. 
 
 
 Mayekawa 
 
 Saki 
 
 19 
 
 0. 
 
 
 Hasegawa 
 
 Tsuchijo 
 
 19 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Sata 
 
 Tsuru 
 
 25 
 
 N. 
 
 3/30/19 
 
 Nomura 
 
 Mika 
 
 19 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Tinida 
 
 Sumi 
 
 19 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Koyumi 
 
 19 
 
 Tonitaro 
 
 
 Tkezaki 
 
 Chiju 
 
 2> 
 
 Kuyo 
 
 11/23/18 
 
 Hiramoto 
 
 Yone 
 
 19 
 
 Tomiyemoii 
 
 
 Nichimura 
 
 £sa 
 
 2( 
 
 Jintaro 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Shidzu 
 
 22 
 
 Yuhacbi 
 
 2/17/19 
 
 Kakima 
 
 Moto 
 
 22 
 
 Kyokichi 
 
 
 Yanagi 
 
 Namuri 
 
 17 
 
 Kurakiehi 
 
 
 Shibata 
 
 Kotoya 
 
 23 
 
 Stigaro 
 
 
 Itonaga 
 
 Mikl 
 
 23 
 
 Kumoyenion 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING 
 
 FEBRUARY 
 
 
 Fuki 
 
 Sakal 
 
 22 
 
 U. 
 
 
 Hatada 
 
 Mikuno 
 
 
 
 A. 
 
 
 Seklya 
 
 Yoshl 
 
 22 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 Takal 
 
 Zisbi 
 
 27 
 
 Hakatoro 
 
 
 Kanno 
 
 Tatsu 
 
 20 
 
 Kesuke 
 
 9/20/19 
 
 Hon 
 
 Mine 
 
 19 
 
 Kuna 
 
 
 Kawayoye 
 
 Misakl 
 
 23 
 
 HIdewo 
 
 
 Nokajlma 
 
 Suna 
 
 21 
 
 ZeiklchJ 
 
 
 Togu»akawa 
 
 Kow 
 
 22 
 
 Taizo 
 
 
 Fukuda 
 
 TBukino 
 
 18 
 
 T. 
 
 12/23/19 
 
 Aral 
 
 Hakl 
 
 25 
 
 S. 
 
 1/ 2/19 
 
 Yoshlda 
 
 Fujiye 
 
 19 
 
 T'. 
 
 12/12/18 
 
 Hayashl 
 
 Tetsuno 
 
 26 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Yamashita 
 
 Tsukano 
 
 23 
 
 Y. 
 
 12/ 2/18 
 
 Nogami 
 
 Sakaye 
 
 20 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Mori 
 
 Kazuye 
 
 19 
 
 M. 
 
 
 I&bldasb! 
 
 Takaye 
 
 n 
 
 W. 
 
 
 Takazuml 
 
 Naka 
 
 33 
 
 H. 
 
 2/26/19 
 
 Miyamura 
 
 MasumI 
 
 23 
 
 K. 
 
 1/ 4/19 
 
 Kuwamoto 
 
 Matsuyo 
 
 20 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Sbimamoto 
 
 Sbukl 
 
 2<» 
 
 R. 
 
 10/26/19 
 
 Inamaeu 
 
 Kuniyo 
 
 39 
 
 K. 
 
 
 Higucbi 
 
 Tsuneyo 
 
 19 
 
 Y. 
 
 
 iBblda 
 
 Kazuye 
 
 19 
 
 S. 
 
 
 NakasuJI 
 
 Toku 
 
 IS 
 
 T. 
 
 1/ 8/20 
 
 OJlma 
 
 Ushio 
 
 22 
 
 Toyokl 
 
 
 Kitaoka 
 
 Masako 
 
 23 
 
 K. 
 
 
 Nakajlma 
 
 Tosbl 
 
 21 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Terada 
 
 Ailyo 
 
 32 
 
 T. 
 
 
 Hasegawa 
 
 MasumI 
 
 22 
 
 A. 
 
 3/ 3/19 
 
 Uyeno 
 
 Asa 
 
 21 
 
 S. 
 
 
 Ichluyu 
 
 Yosbl 
 
 23 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Hata 
 
 Katsuyo 
 
 22 
 
 J. 
 
 Address in Calllornia 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 P.O. box 48, Orwood. 
 
 1601 College av., Berkeley. 
 
 P.O. bo.x 43, La Mesa. 
 
 Anaheim. 
 
 .San Mateo. 
 
 Hrawley. 
 
 210J N St., Bakersfleld. 
 
 P.O. box 26, Seville. 
 
 Santa Clara. 
 
 Los .\ngeles. 
 
 P.O. box 2.~2, San Pranclfco. 
 
 P.O. box 971, Sangebull St., L 
 
 San Franci.'Co. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 Los Angel?fi. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 1905 Oolton ave., San Diego. 
 
 toe N. Fifth St., San Jose. 
 
 Elks Club, Merced. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 90, Woodland. 
 
 Dorin. 
 
 348 E. Second St., Los Angeles. 
 
 P.O. box 2U, Newcastle. 
 
 P.O. box 2C0, Fresno. 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 104-5 S. Park, San Francisco. 
 
 P.O. box 5, Fresno. 
 
 R.F.D., bjx 63, Walnut Grove. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 Courtland. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 17, 1918— "TENYO MARU." 
 Glendora. 
 P.O. box 1, Klink. 
 612 N. 6th St., San Jose. 
 R.F.D. 1, box 180, Puente. 
 1331 M St., Sacramento. 
 Ii5 Public Market, Los Angeles. 
 760 Wall St., Los Angeles. 
 124 Pacific ave., Sacramento. 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 248 E. First St., Los Angeles. 
 1222 Third St., Sacramento. 
 305 E. 2d St., Los Angeles. 
 235 S. El Dorado St., Stockton. 
 Niles. 
 Alvarado. 
 
 628 Sixth St., San Jose. 
 R.F.D., box 106, Long Beach. 
 R.F.D. 2, box 41, Gardena. 
 424i N St., Sacramento. 
 12 E. Perdido St., Santa Barbara 
 R.F.D. 12, box 396, Los Angeles. 
 P.O. box 126, DInuba. 
 Mountain View. 
 1418 Flower St., Los Angeles. 
 R.F.D.,, Van Nuys. 
 P.O. box 18, Stockton. 
 P.O. box 91, Fulton. 
 Fulton. 
 Standish. 
 
 503 E. 1st St., Los Angeles. 
 R.F,D., box 220, Fresno. 
 P.O. box 592, Monrovia. 
 531 Grant ave., San Francisco
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 149 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING FEBRUARY 22, 
 Births Surname Wife Age Husband 
 
 1918— "NIPPON MARU. 
 Address In California 
 
 2/ 1/19 
 
 Nishlda 
 
 Snsaao 
 
 21 K. 
 
 VisalJa. 
 
 l/20/l» 
 
 Matsumoto 
 
 Taka 
 
 19 R. 
 
 P.O. box 56, San Fernando. 
 
 
 Seto 
 
 Yania 
 
 19 Fukutoro 
 
 3500 Twenty third st., San Francisco. 
 
 
 PICTURE 
 
 BRIDES ARRIVING MARCH 
 
 8, 1918— "SHINYO MARU." 
 
 
 Murayama 
 
 Fude 
 
 Denzaburo 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 
 Fuji 
 
 Kikuno 
 
 Pujisuke 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 
 Iwalde 
 
 Shina 
 
 Shigenobu 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 2/11/19 
 
 Hirata 
 
 Umeno 
 
 Inokichi 
 
 Lcs Angeles. 
 
 12/14/18 
 
 Fukuchi 
 
 Kiriyi 
 
 .... Y. 
 
 P.O. box 4«4, Martinez. 
 
 6/ 4/19 
 
 Yamada 
 
 Tomoyo 
 
 .... H. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 1, San Jose. 
 
 
 Uyesugi 
 
 Shizuye 
 
 -.- I. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, Idaho. 
 
 1/ 4/19 
 
 Kobayashi 
 
 Sumiyo 
 
 .... S. 
 
 Box 234, Arlington. 
 
 10/ 8/19 
 
 Matsuaka 
 
 Asa 
 
 .... K. 
 
 P.O. box 2, Grafton. 
 
 
 Shiinanoto 
 
 Kyo 
 
 .... T. 
 
 P.O. box 141, 6 Main St.. Lodl. 
 
 
 Hayami 
 
 Usa 
 
 .... 0. 
 
 820 Anacapa st., Santa Barbara. 
 
 
 Toshimura 
 
 Tomie 
 
 .... T. 
 
 542 Fifth st , San Diego. 
 
 
 HIrakame 
 
 Shige 
 
 .... K. 
 
 P.O. box 21, Guadalupe. 
 
 
 Ikomo 
 
 Shige 
 
 .... 8. 
 
 P.O. box 61, Lodi. 
 
 
 Yokomichi 
 
 Haruye 
 
 .... Y. 
 
 126 K St., Sacramento. 
 
 10/ 4/19 
 
 Kimura 
 
 Ohika 
 
 Sadakichi 
 
 ,308 Jackson st., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Saupel 
 
 Haru 
 
 Yeroku 
 
 R.F.D. 3, box 1, San Diego. 
 
 
 Tajima 
 
 Tomiye 
 
 Yeucsaburo 
 
 P.O. box 78, Holt. 
 
 
 Takahashi 
 
 Fuke 
 
 ._.. K. 
 
 345J Jackson St., Los Angeles. 
 
 1/25/19 
 
 Murakoshi 
 
 Miye 
 
 __.. Uhei 
 
 Santa Barbara. 
 
 
 Okube 
 
 Katsuyo 
 
 Sh'iza 
 
 Care California Rce Co., Colusa. 
 
 
 Watanabe 
 
 Hisa 
 
 Matakich! 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 1/11/19 
 
 Funiya 
 
 Taki 
 
 Toyoko 
 
 Guadalupe. 
 
 
 Yamagishi 
 
 Kimiya 
 
 romek'o'ni 
 
 P.O. box 59, Guadalupe. 
 
 
 Yego 
 
 Wai 
 
 Yosliitaro 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 905, Lcs Angeles. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING MARCH 
 
 23, 1918— "PERSIA MARU." 
 
 11/30/19 
 
 Shinamura 
 
 Chei 
 
 .... Kohachi 
 
 San Gabriel. 
 
 
 Gyotoku 
 
 Toki 
 
 Tatsusaburo 
 
 Watsonville. 
 
 
 Oyama 
 
 Mitsu 
 
 Toichi 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 
 Tanoue 
 
 Momeo 
 
 Nikuma 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 2/ 8/19 
 
 Katsuki 
 
 Hisa 
 
 Pusajiro 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Hirose 
 
 Toehi 
 
 Gentaro 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Morita 
 
 Kou 
 
 .... N. 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 
 Nishi 
 
 FukI 
 
 .... S. 
 
 P.O. box 129, Lemoore. 
 
 4/27/19 
 
 Mayeda 
 
 Hisano 
 
 .... R. 
 
 P.O. box 193, Sanger. 
 
 
 Konishi 
 
 Matsuye 
 
 .... Y. 
 
 250 First St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Fujihara 
 
 Moto 
 
 .... S. 
 
 220 N. San Pedro. 
 
 
 Nakao 
 
 Waki 
 
 .... K. 
 
 2919 Pine St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Hada 
 
 Mitsuye 
 
 .... M. 
 
 P.O. box 534, Penryn. 
 
 8/23/19 
 
 Nakashima 
 
 'Kyu 
 
 Kamataro 
 
 4318 California St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING APRIL 
 
 7, 1918— "KOREA MARU." 
 
 1/17/19 
 
 Nakashimi 
 
 Kimi 
 
 Yaohachi 
 
 Alameda. 
 
 5/20/19 
 
 Koike 
 
 Koginu 
 
 .... P. 
 
 1419 Fourth St., Sacramento. 
 
 
 Azuma 
 
 Tora 
 
 Sugelchi 
 
 P.O. box 52, East San Pedro. 
 
 a/19/19 
 
 Takemoto 
 
 Riu 
 
 .... Toyokichi 
 
 1226 Third St., Sacramento. 
 
 5/ 3/19 
 
 Akahori 
 
 Umeji 
 
 Mitsuo 
 
 R.F.D., box 29, Del Rey. 
 
 
 Nakagawa 
 
 Kono 
 
 Kyngoro 
 
 P.O. box 24. Oakdale. 
 
 4/ 6/19 
 
 Kondo 
 
 Tow a 
 
 Hisaye 
 
 P.O. box 255, Biggs. 
 
 
 Yamaguchi 
 
 Fune 
 
 Yoshitaro 
 
 P.O. box 574, Upland. 
 
 
 Iwai 
 
 Tsuneyo 
 
 .... S. 
 
 Marysville. 
 
 5/ 1/19 
 
 Y^amane 
 
 Miyaki 
 
 GenkichI 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 139, El Monte. 
 
 4/13/19 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Yukiko 
 
 __.. Santsuehi 
 
 P.O. box 215, Newcastle. 
 
 5/31/19 
 
 Kaneko 
 
 Yasuno 
 
 .... Kuroklchi 
 
 326 Jackson St., Los Angeles. 
 
 7/11/19 
 
 Hayashi 
 
 Toyo 
 
 .... Chuklehi 
 
 70 King St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Shidzuki 
 
 .... Ujiro 
 
 P.O. box 921, Brawley. 
 
 
 Haljima 
 
 Tsune 
 
 Jokutaro 
 
 San Bernardino. 
 
 5/22/19 
 
 Inouiye 
 
 Toku 
 
 Zeneiro 
 
 919 G St.. Fresno.
 
 150 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING APRIL 21, 1918— "SI BERI A MARU." 
 Births Surname Wife Age Husband Address in California 
 
 1/25/19 
 
 Aokl 
 
 Sue 
 
 
 Zenya 
 
 P.O. box 518, Vacaville. 
 
 2/14/19 
 
 Kamamaru 
 
 Kise 
 
 
 
 Bunkichl 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Nakazono 
 
 Sakae 
 
 
 
 YaichI 
 
 Hrawley. 
 
 
 Takemlya 
 
 Kazu 
 
 
 
 . Senjiro 
 
 San Pedro. 
 
 9/16/19 
 
 Hataf 
 
 Motoyo 
 
 
 
 . HidekichI 
 
 Box 201, Fresno. 
 
 
 Minamoto 
 
 Tameyo 
 
 
 
 . Saichl 
 
 P.O. box fi05, Fowler. 
 
 
 Kuwata 
 
 Tane 
 
 
 
 Gentaro 
 
 I. OS Angeles. 
 
 
 YoBhinaga 
 
 Kazu 
 
 
 
 . Seimltsu 
 
 R.F.D. 25, Riverside. 
 
 
 Sbimada 
 
 Yakuye 
 
 
 
 TorakichI 
 
 R.F.D. 3, East Park. 
 
 4/23/19 
 
 Sakatani 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 
 
 Kanekicbi 
 
 46 K. Lafayette st., Stockton. 
 
 
 Nakamoto 
 
 Tsutaro 
 
 
 
 Kaiehi 
 
 P.O. box 154, Auburn. 
 
 5/ 9/19 
 
 Takaoka 
 
 Suzuyo 
 
 
 
 Zentaro 
 
 P.O. box 303, Sierra Madre. 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Itono 
 
 
 
 . Masutaro 
 
 P.O. box ;o, Reedley. 
 
 6/ 0/19 
 
 Shimadu 
 
 Asa 
 
 
 
 Kenichi 
 
 Fre.'no. 
 
 
 Morita 
 
 Kaku 
 
 
 
 . Isaburo 
 
 161.") Buchanan St., San Francisco. 
 
 8 '28/19 
 
 Kubota 
 
 Matajl 
 
 
 
 Akira 
 
 Post St., San Francisco. 
 
 5/15/19 
 
 Nishihara 
 
 Shite 
 
 
 
 .Shikokichi 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 
 Nakashige 
 
 rume 
 
 
 
 Yeizo 
 
 1691 Seventh st., Oakland. 
 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Matsuye 
 
 
 
 Shigejiro 
 
 1603 Post St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Hoshino 
 
 Kou 
 
 
 
 . Imayemon 
 
 1814 Post St., San Franci.-co. 
 
 
 Oshika 
 
 Tsun 
 
 
 
 Shoshiro 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 7/ 1/19 
 
 Uamaguchi 
 
 Tei 
 
 - — 
 
 Yoshimatsu 
 
 .^an Pedro. 
 
 
 PICTURE 
 
 BRIDES 
 
 ARRIVING MAY 6, 
 
 1918— "TENYO MARU." 
 
 
 Nishimoto 
 
 Sakio 
 
 2a 
 
 Tarchiro 
 
 1,%7 Thinl st.. Seramento. 
 
 
 Akogi 
 
 Mura 
 
 32 
 
 Kengo 
 
 ■i-224 Santa Clara st.. Alameda. 
 
 
 Ogino 
 
 Hamyo 
 
 21 
 
 D. 
 
 San Diego. 
 
 12/24/19 
 
 Sato 
 
 Etsu 
 
 18 
 
 T. 
 
 .\lameda. 
 
 
 Twamura 
 
 Shizu 
 
 29 
 
 J. 
 
 Courtland. 
 
 
 Koga 
 
 Taka 
 
 20 
 
 G. 
 
 Bakersfleld. 
 
 6/15/19 
 
 Masuda 
 
 Mikl 
 
 28 
 
 U. 
 
 South Park. 
 
 2/ 1/19 
 
 Tawara 
 
 Sada 
 
 22 
 
 M. 
 
 Post St., San Francisco. 
 
 8/ 5/19 
 
 Kojima 
 
 Tome 
 
 23 
 
 G. 
 
 Main St., Colusa. 
 
 7/19/19 
 
 Tamamoto 
 
 Yoshino 
 
 18 
 
 Hirogi 
 
 P.O. box 8, Castroville. 
 
 
 Pukumitsu 
 
 Ichi 
 
 28 
 
 Tameichi 
 
 Marigold. 
 
 6/ 7/19 
 
 Ma8ui 
 
 Yasuuo 
 
 28 
 
 HorukichI 
 
 P.O. box 23, Thornton. 
 
 1/26/19 
 
 Nishikawa 
 
 Sakiyo 
 
 20 
 
 Wasaku 
 
 4Xi Wall St., Los Angeles. 
 
 5/13/19 
 
 Shiosaki 
 
 Yetsu 
 
 24 
 
 Otomatsu 
 
 P.O. box 614, Monterey. 
 
 
 Nishi 
 
 Sho 
 
 22 
 
 Shofuke 
 
 404 K First St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 NigTichl 
 
 Shigeye 
 
 21 
 
 Kyuzo 
 
 R.F.D., box 202, Anaheim. 
 
 4/ 1/19 
 
 Tamura 
 
 Kiyo 
 
 20 
 
 Ruikichi 
 
 P.O. box 274, Stockton. 
 
 
 Kusa 
 
 Sumiye 
 
 21 
 
 Kantoro 
 
 1401 Fourth St., Sacramento. 
 
 3/10/19 
 
 Matsuo 
 
 Sakaye 
 
 23 
 
 Ikuro 
 
 2370 S. Colorado St., Pasadena. 
 
 
 Hamabe 
 
 Iki 
 
 24 
 
 Kyuzo 
 
 10C5 E. Fourteenth St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Takiguclil 
 
 Suye 
 
 37 
 
 YosukichI 
 
 P.O. box 82, Florin. 
 
 
 NishI 
 
 Swaye 
 
 21 
 
 Saichiro 
 
 2(;2 Center st., Stockton. 
 
 
 Tazuchl 
 
 Umo 
 
 34 
 
 Kamekichi 
 
 404 E. First St., Los Angeles. 
 
 2/26/19 
 
 Watanabe 
 
 Kimu 
 
 23 
 
 Kunetoro 
 
 Kings City. 
 
 3/29/19 
 
 Serizawa 
 
 Saki 
 
 20 
 
 Gisaburo 
 
 P.O. box 46, Pasadena. 
 
 
 GoEbika 
 
 Misawo 
 
 25 
 
 Raochi 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 3/ 3/19 
 
 Matsuura 
 
 Kimiwo 
 
 22 
 
 Shoyemon 
 
 Mountain View. 
 
 4/12/19 
 
 Kimura 
 
 Tama 
 
 21 
 
 Yoshimatsu 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 
 Nakamoto 
 
 Wasa 
 
 24 
 
 Kyuhei 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 5/ 1/19 
 
 Okabe 
 
 Asawo 
 
 19 
 
 Umenosuke 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 98b, Walnut Grove. 
 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING MAY 23, 
 
 1&18— "SHINYO MARU." 
 
 
 Naitou 
 
 Mitsue 
 
 
 Manzo 
 
 Kl Dorado St., Stockton. 
 
 
 Sakata 
 
 Satsuki 
 
 
 
 Torazo 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 3/21/19 
 
 Fukiage 
 
 Matsu 
 
 
 
 Kosaku 
 
 Del Rey. 
 
 
 Inoue 
 
 Tsuru 
 
 
 Kanieaki 
 
 San Jose. 
 
 
 Shoji 
 
 Tora 
 
 
 
 Tokiye 
 
 810 California St., San Francisco. 
 
 6/10/19 
 
 Kato 
 
 Tsuniye 
 
 
 
 Taranosuke 
 
 P.O. box 28, Wilmington St., Los A. 
 
 11/22/19 
 
 Ishikawa 
 
 Yoshi ye 
 
 
 
 Yoshimatsu 
 
 P.O. box 24, East San Pedro. 
 
 
 Hamaoka 
 
 Chiye 
 
 
 
 Sadazo 
 
 P.O. box 13, East San Pedro. 
 
 
 HayashI 
 
 Noye 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 1948 Bush St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Ando 
 
 Mura ye 
 
 
 
 Yoshio 
 
 R.F.D., box 483, San Jose. 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Ai 
 
 
 
 Shinkichi 
 
 Sebastopol. 
 
 
 YukI 
 
 Sumino 
 
 
 
 Hitoshi 
 
 I.'i35 Kern St., Fresno. 
 
 4/24/19 
 
 TakagI 
 
 Kiyo 
 
 
 
 Kensuke 
 
 Lcs Angeles. 
 
 5/16/19 
 
 Yanagi 
 
 Shiwo 
 
 
 
 Gonkichi 
 
 410 Grant ave., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Nagata 
 
 Toyoko 
 
 
 
 Klchijiro 
 
 164 Harold ave., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Matsushita 
 
 Fumi 
 
 
 
 Tetfluzo 
 
 San Francisco.
 
 I'ICTURK BRIDES. 
 
 151 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JUNE 9, 1918— "PERSIA MARU." 
 Birlbs Surname Wife Age Husband Address in California 
 
 
 Sakada 
 
 Sono 
 
 Kamoyfiinn 
 
 
 Oku 
 
 Masaya 
 
 Masanojo 
 
 
 Yonoklda 
 
 KohanI 
 
 Tcliiinatsu 
 
 
 Takao 
 
 Namo 
 
 Masaichl 
 
 il-2(]/l9 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Kuuiaye 
 
 ShIntaro 
 
 
 Nishino 
 
 Kota 
 
 .--. Kanlchi 
 
 
 Tan Ilk a 
 
 Kiku 
 
 .... SiikelchI 
 
 
 Kurisu 
 
 Hnnano 
 
 .... ,Tiro 
 
 5/24/10 
 
 Kaduwaki 
 
 Tsurno 
 
 .... Kcnyo 
 
 
 Katsuma 
 
 Yashi 
 
 -... Yuklo 
 
 
 Kawashima 
 
 Sliidznye 
 
 .... Yeiki 
 
 
 Matzuno 
 
 To mo 
 
 .... MataklchI 
 
 
 Shinomoto 
 
 Tamo 
 
 .... r. 
 
 
 Kimura 
 
 Kika 
 
 .... T. 
 
 4/ 1/19 
 
 Inouje 
 
 Kiyoko 
 
 Masao 
 
 
 Kakudo 
 
 Yayo 
 
 ._- Kohni 
 
 
 Hirataka 
 
 Masa 
 
 ..-- Soiji 
 
 
 Tsucliimoto 
 
 Kina 
 
 Kicliiinatju 
 
 9/29/19 
 
 Hirata 
 
 Kikuko 
 
 Tadaslii 
 
 
 Okawa 
 
 Tor a 
 
 Fusakichl 
 
 6/J8/19 
 
 Yamanaka 
 
 Tora 
 
 ITacliiro 
 
 
 Touyama 
 
 Shidziino 
 
 Masaharu 
 
 
 Higuchl 
 
 Fuku 
 
 Siiiro 
 
 5/ 8/19 
 
 Ono 
 
 Kawayo 
 
 Bunsaku 
 
 3/25/19 
 
 Nemoto 
 
 Shimo 
 
 Mauabu 
 
 4/15/19 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 SeikI 
 
 Kunisuke 
 
 
 Siiinomoto 
 
 Fude 
 
 .... S. 
 
 
 Shingn 
 
 Kiwa 
 
 Nobuo 
 
 
 Yasuda 
 
 Chiye 
 
 Tsunckicln' 
 
 
 Mljumoto 
 
 Tsuya 
 
 Torakichi 
 
 15 Seventh st., Oxnard. 
 
 R.F.D. ], box 85, Lindsay. 
 
 411 Ocean av., New Monterey. 
 
 I'.O. box 512, Vacaville. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 11, Florin. 
 
 P.O. box 394, San Pedro. 
 
 VVasliinKton St., .San Francisco. 
 
 R.F.D. 8. box 802, Los Angeles. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 811 S. Olive St., lA>s Angeles. 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 Nile.s. 
 
 li-leton. 
 
 244 W. Colorado St., Pa.sadcna. 
 
 133 Main St., Wat.sonville. 
 
 P.O. box C7, Salinas. 
 
 P.O. box 188, Milpitas. 
 
 P.O. box 152, Ducor. 
 
 R.F.D. A, box 236, Dinuba. 
 
 Sanville. 
 
 R.P.D., box 83, Florin. 
 
 R.F.D. 4, box 1310, Sacramento. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 201, Gardena. 
 
 P.O. box 8, Simons .>^t., Los Angeles. 
 
 Alameda. 
 
 16)1 Post St., San Francisco. 
 
 Watsonville. 
 Sonoma. 
 P.O. box 36, East Sun Pdlro. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JUNE 30, 1918— "KOREA MARU." 
 
 San Jose. 
 
 Long Beach. 
 
 R.F.D. C, box 31.), San Jose. 
 
 P.O. box 616, Vacaville. 
 
 IS-i Main St., Watsonville. 
 
 307 Decatur st., Monterey. 
 
 P.O. box 232, Riverside. 
 
 Parlior. 
 
 1401 Fourth St., Sacramento. 
 
 San Bernardino. 
 
 1511 Kern St., Fresno. 
 
 Orwood. 
 
 Watsonville. 
 
 Fresno. 
 
 R.F.D., Loomis. 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 1.517, Sacramento. 
 
 1835 San Pablo av., Oakland. 
 
 708 E. First St., Los Angeles. 
 
 13 San Juan rd., Watsonville. 
 
 P.O. box 141, East San Pedro. 
 
 9201 W. Sixty-flrst St., Los Angeles. 
 
 Red Bluff. 
 
 P.O. box 126, Redondo. 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 5 Beacon Tract, Stockton. 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 201a, Santa Barbara. 
 
 P.O. box 4C, Walnut Grove. 
 
 11/29/19 
 
 Hoshida 
 
 Toku 
 
 18 
 
 Juzo 
 
 
 Inamura 
 
 Teri 
 
 1~) 
 
 Hikita 
 
 
 Tsunoyal 
 
 Massaye 
 
 20 
 
 Yonekichi 
 
 11/ 7/19 
 
 Takemori 
 
 Mitsuye 
 
 22 
 
 Goujiro 
 
 
 Yamamoto 
 
 Fuku 
 
 34 
 
 Iwamatsu 
 
 
 Okumuru 
 
 Tsune 
 
 22 
 
 Yagoro 
 
 
 Doi 
 
 Kiku 
 
 24 
 
 Grnicliiro 
 
 4/2S/19 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Ikuyo 
 
 20 
 
 Chusaburo 
 
 7/10/19 
 
 Takahara 
 
 Masuye 
 
 20 
 
 Shikolo 
 
 
 Iwatsubo 
 
 Matsuye 
 
 23 
 
 Masutoro 
 
 (ITj/W 
 
 Tasliima 
 
 Kinu 
 
 22 
 
 MinoRoro 
 
 
 Shimidzu 
 
 Sachi 
 
 2:'. 
 
 Kiyoslii 
 
 
 Inuzuka 
 
 Tsune 
 
 21 
 
 Ycisaburo 
 
 
 Umino 
 
 Naka 
 
 20 
 
 Oonkiehi 
 
 5/15/19 
 
 Nagai 
 
 Kyano 
 
 22 
 
 Konosuke 
 
 
 Yamoshita 
 
 Mosu 
 
 2G 
 
 Kyuzo 
 
 
 Mayeda 
 
 Chii 
 
 21 
 
 Yeikichi 
 
 
 Kawose 
 
 Mineyi 
 
 25 
 
 Gitaro 
 
 s/-:o/i9 
 
 Fujikl 
 
 Misaye 
 
 23 
 
 To mo go 
 
 
 Ito 
 
 Kameno 
 
 43 
 
 Otogusu 
 
 87 2/19 
 
 Ishikata 
 
 Chiyeno 
 
 •n 
 
 Talsuyo 
 
 7/ 8/19 
 
 Kubota 
 
 Masa 
 
 IS 
 
 Masatoro 
 
 2/ 6/19 
 
 Shirai 
 
 Haru 
 
 c: 
 
 Seitaro 
 
 10/ 4/19 
 
 Yamanchi 
 
 Koto 
 
 22 
 
 Yorijiro 
 
 6/ 4/19 
 
 Kato 
 
 Yane 
 
 IS 
 
 Isaku 
 
 5/29/19 
 
 Fujii 
 
 Tomoye 
 
 1) 
 
 Kaki";lii 
 
 
 Nishioka 
 
 Yakayo 
 
 2) 
 
 Kulatoro
 
 152 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JULY 9, 1918— "SI BERI A MARU." 
 Births Surname Wife Age Husband Address in California 
 
 7/ 1/19 
 
 Hasegawa 
 
 Hiro 
 
 
 Tokujiro 
 
 6/16/19 
 
 Makumoto 
 
 Kawai 
 
 2) 
 
 Soichi 
 
 
 Ijlri 
 
 Shizu 
 
 20 
 
 Keitaro 
 
 7/25/19 
 
 Mitsuuchi 
 
 Kuma 
 
 21 
 
 Takamara 
 
 
 Nonnura 
 
 Kono 
 
 38 
 
 lehinosuko 
 
 
 Masuda 
 
 WnaunnI 
 
 19 
 
 Katsuj'ro 
 
 9/ 1/19 
 
 Saraoka 
 
 Masayo 
 
 21 
 
 Arika 
 
 
 Kunabara 
 
 Takino 
 
 23 
 
 Shokichi 
 
 7/29/19 
 
 Fujii 
 
 Chisuye 
 
 18 
 
 Tadifhi 
 
 
 Kohama 
 
 Zuki 
 
 18 
 
 Klichi 
 
 5/30/19 
 
 Mizutani 
 
 Kaneo 
 
 22 
 
 'I\)?oro 
 
 
 Kobayashf 
 
 Yao 
 
 21 
 
 numfci 
 
 6/10/19 
 
 Shibruga 
 
 Kazuye 
 
 16 
 
 Seiziro 
 
 
 Eubota 
 
 Sumi 
 
 20 
 
 Zeiji 
 
 
 Kawamoto 
 
 Miyoko 
 
 18 
 
 Bunieiii 
 
 8/ S/19 
 
 Takayanagi 
 
 Hide 
 
 22 
 
 Tok'itaro 
 
 9/18/19 
 
 HayashI 
 
 Shiroa 
 
 20 
 
 Sciichi 
 
 
 Nchlko 
 
 Machi 
 
 23 
 
 Uo^goro 
 
 11/24/19 
 
 Kuroda 
 
 Mitsu 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 7/21/19 
 
 Nishlmura 
 
 Mikino 
 
 22 
 
 Chiniclii 
 
 
 Mine 
 
 Tsune 
 
 36 
 
 Shizukuna 
 
 
 Matsuura 
 
 Tokigo 
 
 20 
 
 Naoichi 
 
 
 Harada 
 
 Ryuu 
 
 33 
 
 Tasaburo 
 
 
 Kurarnoto 
 
 Karu 
 
 26 
 
 '^ndataro 
 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Kikuno 
 
 30 
 
 Yochicliino 
 
 5/16/19 
 
 Matsumoto 
 
 Mitsu 
 
 38 
 
 MasaV 
 
 Care Central Tubb, San Pedro. 
 
 323 First St., Los Angeles. 
 
 935 F St., Fresno. 
 
 P.O. box 21, lYopico. 
 
 1307 Third St.. Sacramento. 
 
 P.O. box 44, Arcadia. 
 
 W9 P St., Fresno. 
 
 P.O. box 105, Walnut Grove. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 121, Hollister. 
 
 R.F.D. 19, Gridley. 
 
 R.F.D. , box 38, KIngsburg. 
 
 427 M St., Sacramento. 
 
 P.O. box 2. Centerville. 
 
 6 Empire Tract. Stockton. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 440, Los Angeles. 
 
 928 Pine St., San Francisco. 
 
 P.O. box 163, Miuntain View. 
 
 R.F.D., box 213, Huntington Beach. 
 
 Suisun. 
 
 1410 Twenty first St., Bakersfleld. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 22, Los Angeles. 
 
 R.F.D. 7. box 37. Los Angeles. 
 
 392 Tenth St.. Oakland. 
 
 P.O. box C6, East San Pedro. 
 
 P.O. box 72, Alvarado. 
 
 823 S. Grand av., Los Angeles. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING JULY 23, 1918— "TENYO MARU. 
 
 
 I to 
 
 Tome 
 
 5/31/19 
 
 Kino 
 
 Zuki 
 
 
 Amano 
 
 Zoshize 
 
 
 Iwasaki 
 
 Kikuye 
 
 
 Fujino 
 
 Zumi 
 
 
 Uyeda 
 
 Kameyo 
 
 
 Nishigorl 
 
 Kano 
 
 
 Toyofulsu 
 
 Tori 
 
 7/21/19 
 
 Miyake 
 
 Nobuye 
 
 
 Mitoma 
 
 Ai 
 
 
 Aoyagi 
 
 Mitsugo 
 
 4/29/19 ? 
 
 Nagao 
 
 Chizu 
 
 7/l.')/19 
 
 Yamagaml 
 
 Tomoki 
 
 5/18/19 
 
 Shiraki 
 
 Toyo 
 
 
 Ota 
 
 Kuni 
 
 5/ 3/19 
 
 Nishimura 
 
 Wasa 
 
 
 Ogawa 
 
 YukI 
 
 
 Takashimada 
 
 Takei 
 
 
 Minamide 
 
 Koma 
 
 
 Kushi 
 
 Kunoge 
 
 
 KawauchI 
 
 Iwaye 
 
 5/26/19 
 
 Kaneno 
 
 Masaye 
 
 
 Nakaya 
 
 Yoshiye 
 
 5/14/19 
 
 Higashi 
 
 Ayano 
 
 
 Tsuruoka 
 
 Yaeno 
 
 
 Nyeno 
 
 Tome 
 
 8'12/19 
 
 Nishimura 
 
 Tome 
 
 5/12/19 
 
 Hasigawa 
 
 Shinobu 
 
 
 Nokura 
 
 Misawo 
 
 5/17/19 
 
 Kata 
 
 Kitsu 
 
 ,6/ 7/19 
 
 Ftijimosa 
 
 Chigo 
 
 
 Uyeno 
 
 Zone 
 
 19 Chojiro 
 
 25 Markichi 
 
 33 Suyeinatsu 
 
 29 Toyoharu 
 
 25 Suzekichi 
 21 Hichito 
 21 Matahichi 
 
 29 Y. 
 
 21 M. 
 
 30 I. 
 !M K. 
 25 
 
 V< U. 
 
 19 .S. 
 38 M. 
 29 K. 
 
 23 Tadaki 
 
 17 Yasutaro 
 
 20 Seitaro 
 
 20 Kojiro 
 
 24 Nobutaro 
 24 Jinzo 
 
 22 Kurasuke 
 in Teiichi 
 
 21 Saichi 
 
 26 Keijiroo 
 20 UichI 
 
 20 Zoshitaka 
 2.'? Gonetaro 
 
 21 Jiro 
 
 Long Beach. 
 
 633 S. Ohio St., Los Angeles. 
 
 Care Ken, Amano, Wanto Co. 
 
 land. 
 SOe Harrison St., Oakland. 
 Auburn. 
 
 R.F.D., box 901, Los Angeles. 
 2117 Haste St.. Berkeley. 
 1406 Fourth St., Sacramento. 
 P.O. box 11, Los Altos. 
 Clarksburg. 
 
 Dinuba and Clarksburg. 
 Sacramento. 
 Salinas. 
 Mountainville. 
 
 1601 Geary St., San FraniifCu. 
 1136 Third St., Sacramento. 
 632 Wall St., Los Angeles. 
 
 Palms, P.O. box 46, Vacaville. 
 
 539 Eighth St., San Diego. 
 
 Care Aki Co., Santa Monica. 
 
 P.O. box 90, Folsom. 
 
 1734 Baker St., San Francisco. 
 
 P.O. box 98, Isleton. 
 
 921 China alley. Malaga, Fresno. 
 
 15 9 Cahuenga av., Hollywcod. 
 
 i\% L St., Sacramento. 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 41, Los Angeles. 
 
 P.O. box 223. Stockton. 
 
 Bra\v|oy. 
 
 234 Fourth St.. Hollister. 
 
 Oak
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 153 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING AUGUST 12, 1918— "SHINYO MARU." 
 
 Hirths Surname Wife Age Husband AdtlroHS in California 
 
 
 Hieda 
 lida 
 
 Tome 
 
 Nasaye 
 
 21 
 
 Kwanfel 
 
 
 Kid a 
 
 Miohiye 
 
 19 
 
 Kiyoji 
 
 10/30/19 
 
 Akiyama 
 
 'JVtsu 
 
 22 
 
 nojiro 
 
 e/27/19 
 
 Kazchaya 
 
 Sliimaye 
 
 18 
 
 Hama 
 
 4/13/19 
 
 HayashI 
 
 Yayoshi 
 
 
 
 
 Doi 
 
 Iku 
 
 27 
 
 Kurakichi 
 
 10/23/19 
 
 Iwamoto 
 
 'i'aka 
 
 25 
 
 Ocunosuka 
 
 
 Kono 
 
 Toyo 
 
 2> 
 
 KuniklchI 
 
 
 Nalfamura 
 
 Kame 
 
 30 
 
 Genkichi 
 
 6/22/19 
 
 Onoda 
 
 Toki 
 
 32 
 
 Tnkejiro 
 
 
 Hiramo 
 
 Hisaoo 
 
 20 
 
 Sontaro 
 
 
 Tanaka 
 
 Nasa 
 
 24 
 
 Makckichi 
 
 7/2'>/19 
 
 Chiba 
 
 Isuni 
 
 29 
 
 Rugusuke 
 
 6/26/19 
 
 Nakakama 
 
 Miki 
 
 24 
 
 Komasuke 
 
 
 Kuvvada 
 
 Natsu 
 
 20 
 
 WahichI 
 
 7/14/19 
 
 Kasliiki 
 
 Taka 
 
 18 
 
 Umekiehi 
 
 
 Tsuida 
 
 Nanige 
 
 20 
 
 Motosuke 
 
 
 Matoba 
 
 Ohitose 
 
 21 
 
 Fozoiehi 
 
 S/24/19 
 
 Iwaoka 
 
 Yei 
 
 22 
 
 Kamekichi 
 
 
 Idemoto 
 
 Tamano 
 
 20 
 
 Zenichi 
 
 
 Onishi 
 
 SIn'mogo 
 
 IS 
 
 Slioji 
 
 
 Amano 
 
 Murne 
 
 26 
 
 Yoshiwo 
 
 
 Hirukawa 
 
 ISO 
 
 30 
 
 Yonekichi 
 
 P.O. box 215, Klngsburg. 
 
 P.O. box 43, Wendovcr. 
 
 110 N. San Pedro st., Los Angelos. 
 
 H.F.D. 2, box 275, Long Beach. 
 
 147 Tulare St., Fresno. 
 
 P.O. box 30O, .Sanger. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 458, Pasadena. 
 
 P.O. box 5<j4, nrawlcy. 
 
 140 Main St., Watsonville. 
 
 Holland, Contra Costa County. 
 
 1421 Cai:fomla st., San FranclscD. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 Pfjnd, via McFarland, Kern County. 
 
 227 Jack.son St., San Jose. 
 
 P.O. box 65, Imperial. 
 
 P.O. box 914, San Pedro. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 346, I>08 Angeles. 
 
 No. 14, O. K. Co., Santa Monica. 
 
 R.F.D., box 9, Saratoga. 
 
 Heber. 
 
 1842 Fillmore st., San Francisco. 
 
 2984 Wafhington St., San Franeitc •. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING SEPTEMBER 15, 1918— "KOREA MARU." 
 
 Hood. 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 8/1.3/19 Mizukami Haruno 26 Hikosabro Los Angeles. 
 
 323 M St., Sacramento. 
 
 Box 91, Isleton. 
 10/ 1/18 Hamada Shidzuye 22 Sadaichi 232 America ave., Long Beach. 
 
 R.F.D. 14, box 663, Los Angeles 
 
 R.F.D. 96, Newcastle. 
 
 2605 Telegraph ave., Berkeley. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 230, Brawley. 
 8/25/19 Hirayama Kiku 19 Goro San Lorenzo. 
 
 465 Turner st., Los Angeles. 
 
 Santa Paula. 
 
 P.O. box 106, Los Angeles. 
 
 317 K. First St., Los Angeles. 
 11/12/20 Hattori 'IVugi 21 Seizabuo Knightsen. 
 
 P.O. box 59, Guadalupe. 
 
 Box 221, Vacaville. 
 
 26 Sausol St., Salinas. 
 
 Fiijimoto 
 
 Haru 
 
 41 
 
 lehisaburo 
 
 Kaga 
 
 Kikuno 
 
 28 
 
 ShimekichI 
 
 Mizukami 
 
 Haruno 
 
 26 
 
 Hikosabro 
 
 Bano 
 
 Tsune 
 
 30 
 
 Yo.=hito 
 
 Yamanaka 
 
 Fusa 
 
 IS 
 
 Kijiro 
 
 Hamada 
 
 Shidzuye 
 
 22 
 
 Sadaichi 
 
 Nakata 
 
 Kaye 
 
 19 
 
 Heichl 
 
 Kubo 
 
 Kiyome 
 
 18 
 
 Shigeichi 
 
 Tatsumoto 
 
 Hana 
 
 19 
 
 Kaichi 
 
 Nowawa 
 
 Mura 
 
 20 
 
 Yoshitaro 
 
 Hirayama 
 
 Kiku 
 
 19 
 
 Goro 
 
 Yamaguchi 
 
 Katsu 
 
 21 
 
 Iwozo 
 
 Sato 
 
 Kesa 
 
 32 
 
 Shutaro 
 
 Murakami 
 
 Tamaroo 
 
 19 
 
 Sciichi 
 
 Y'agasaki 
 
 Tsuta 
 
 33 
 
 Yosaku 
 
 Hattori 
 
 'IVugi 
 
 21 
 
 Seizabuo 
 
 Kikuchi 
 
 Shige 
 
 2-> 
 
 Sun'chlro 
 
 Tsuji 
 
 Takiyc 
 
 22 
 
 Yoshitaro 
 
 Yoshida 
 
 Teru 
 
 23 
 
 Hisashi 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING SEPTEMBER 28, 1918— "SI BERl A MARU." 
 
 .\laineia. 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 212, Redondo Beach. 
 
 18 9 Kern st., Fresno. 
 .3787 Budlong ave., Los Angeles. 
 2801 W. Seventh St., Los Angeles. 
 R.F.D. 4, box 13b, Sebastopol. 
 905 G Sit., Fresno. 
 P.O. box 103, Baldwin Park. 
 
 P.O. box 64, K. San Pedro. 
 R.F.D., 3 John st.. Riverside. 
 1(5 Pilot Butte ave., Rock Spring. 
 
 19 N. Olive St., Alhambra. 
 R.F.D. 1, oox 26a, El Cajon. 
 Stockton. 
 
 Jackson St., Los Angeles. 
 P.O. box 35, Mt. Eden. 
 R.F.D. 3, box 52, Los Angeles. 
 Los Angeles. 
 Sacramento. 
 
 P.O. box 123, East San Pedro. 
 
 7/14/19 
 
 Tamashita 
 
 Mitsuc 
 
 Hichitaro 
 
 8/ 9/19 
 
 Sugino 
 
 Ryoye 
 
 Masami 
 
 10/22/19 
 
 Y'amamoto 
 
 Yukiye 
 
 — - Yuji 
 
 
 Sakai 
 
 Yone 
 
 Mitsujiro 
 
 
 Ishida 
 
 Mikiye 
 
 Yasuyuki 
 
 :0/13/19 
 
 Karamatsu 
 
 Nobu 
 
 Waichi 
 
 
 Toshiro 
 
 Tsuki 
 
 Yetoro 
 
 
 Miyagazuku 
 
 Yuki 
 
 Gensei 
 
 
 Hamamoto 
 
 Yayo 
 
 Yoshimatsi 
 
 7/ 5/19 
 
 Tsujiraoto 
 
 Yasu 
 
 Sadakichi 
 
 
 Honda 
 
 TSuru 
 
 Asajiro 
 
 
 Yano 
 
 Fii.1iyo 
 
 Sugimatsu 
 
 
 Nako,ii 
 
 Otsuma 
 
 Tsuneichi 
 
 
 Yamaguchi 
 
 Rei 
 
 RuichI 
 
 
 Okimoto 
 
 Hide 
 
 Riuji 
 
 7/ 4/19 
 
 Mikame 
 
 Fuku 
 
 Jinzo 
 
 
 Kohori 
 
 Kane 
 
 Sazo 
 
 
 Yamada 
 
 Yei 
 
 Fukakichi 
 
 
 Kato 
 
 Hatsu 
 
 Yuzo 
 
 
 Shimosawa 
 
 Tei 
 
 Tomekichi
 
 154 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING OCTOBER 7, 1918— "TENYO MARU.' 
 Births Surname Wife Age Husband Ad<1re>!s in Calilorniu 
 
 
 Pujfta 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 18 
 
 Sukenobu 
 
 9/12/19 
 
 Matsuoka 
 
 Sugue 
 
 20 
 
 Motoki 
 
 
 Hoshimoto 
 Uchimlya 
 
 Chle 
 Ren 
 
 20 
 28 
 
 
 
 Yeusuke 
 
 
 Yakor 
 
 Tsuma 
 
 20 
 
 Kaijiro 
 
 9/ 8/19 
 
 AkaboshI 
 
 Teru 
 
 22 
 
 Yenkichi 
 
 12/ 3/19 
 
 Sonoda 
 
 Wai 
 
 23 
 
 Togara 
 
 
 Fiijimoto 
 
 Miju 
 
 32 
 
 Matabei 
 
 
 Moruchl 
 
 Hi»aD0 
 
 21 
 
 Heigoro 
 
 7/29/19 
 
 Otsube 
 
 Koto 
 
 21 
 
 Shotaro 
 
 9/21/19 
 
 Matsuo 
 
 Naka 
 
 28 
 
 Tsurukichi 
 
 
 Mizusakl 
 
 Konami 
 
 20 
 
 Hachiro 
 
 
 Shiraishi 
 
 KIkuno 
 
 24 
 
 Shobei 
 
 12/10/19 
 
 Hiramatsu 
 
 Masuno 
 
 21 
 
 Minetaro 
 
 
 Koshlmidzu 
 
 Teru 
 
 31 
 
 Seisuke 
 
 7/ 8/19 
 
 Yumorl 
 
 Shiko 
 
 28 
 
 Kaitsuro 
 
 
 Minanii 
 
 Shigeno 
 
 30 
 
 Tsurumatsu 
 
 
 Namba 
 
 Hatsuno 
 
 23 
 
 Harujiro 
 
 
 Nishimi 
 
 Ren 
 
 18 
 
 Mesuchi 
 
 
 Ochiai 
 
 Toku 
 
 26 
 
 Sofoto 
 
 
 Akiyama 
 
 Kase 
 
 33 
 
 Kuichiro 
 
 8/ 7/19 
 
 Hirata 
 
 Chiyo 
 
 19 
 
 Kenyo 
 
 9/ 4/19 
 
 Deguchi 
 
 Umeo 
 
 29 
 
 Kosakuo 
 
 
 KobayashI 
 
 Ishiko 
 
 20 
 
 Yenichi 
 
 9/26/19 
 
 Do! 
 
 Yayeno 
 
 21 
 
 Hideichl 
 
 
 Oka 
 
 Waki 
 
 2o 
 
 Hayakichi 
 
 11/ 4/19 
 
 Kaksgawa 
 
 Chisa 
 
 23 
 
 richi 
 
 10/18/19 
 
 Shoda 
 
 Fusa 
 
 19 
 
 Saichi 
 
 
 Piijioka 
 
 Komito 
 
 20 
 
 Yiishiro 
 
 
 Tamekazo 
 
 Tami 
 
 41 
 
 Shinkiehi 
 
 
 Iketani 
 
 Tomeno 
 
 41 
 
 KJchitaro 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING 
 
 DECEMBER 
 
 
 Fiikumoto 
 
 Shidzuno 
 
 18 
 
 Choichi 
 
 
 Suyehiro 
 
 Takeno 
 
 21 
 
 Tarawo 
 
 
 Ito 
 
 Tami 
 
 21 
 
 Taigoro 
 
 
 Ito 
 
 Tomino 
 
 26 
 
 Ohiukiehi 
 
 
 Sasamoto 
 
 Haru 
 
 23 
 
 Shinjo 
 
 
 Shins jo 
 
 Kise 
 
 36 
 
 Minekichi 
 
 12/ 6/19 
 
 Okada 
 
 Kuni 
 
 21 
 
 Seiisuke 
 
 
 Yoshida 
 
 Suchiye 
 
 19 
 
 Biinyo 
 
 
 Tanamaehi 
 
 Katsue 
 
 21 
 
 Toryo 
 
 9/26/ 19 
 
 Yomasliita 
 
 A toku 
 
 24 
 
 Kiisuichi 
 
 10/21/19 
 
 Suzuki 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 23 
 
 Daijiro 
 
 
 Sakaki 
 
 Kochiyo 
 
 26 
 
 Genshiro 
 
 
 Morishima 
 
 Tsuru 
 
 35 
 
 Hikoyo 
 
 
 Kojima 
 
 Sei 
 
 20 
 
 Mataki 
 
 
 Maemura 
 
 Mei 
 
 34 
 
 Hirohe 
 
 
 Hashimoto 
 
 Same 
 
 18 
 
 Atsushi 
 
 
 Shimotzu 
 
 Toyo 
 
 3t 
 
 Tukutoro 
 
 
 Nakata 
 
 Icbi 
 
 22 
 
 Tusackichi 
 
 
 Mayegoto 
 
 Kicu 
 
 22 
 
 Gohei 
 
 
 Matsuta 
 
 Tsukl 
 
 25 
 
 Kosuke 
 
 
 Yamasakl 
 
 Katsuya 
 
 42 
 
 Yeshitoro 
 
 
 Shioji 
 
 Sadano 
 
 27 
 
 Isahel 
 
 9/21/19 
 
 Ito 
 
 Rika 
 
 20 
 
 Shoji 
 
 
 Tamaki 
 
 Hanaye 
 
 25 
 
 Genjiro 
 
 6/19/19 
 
 Miura 
 
 Tami 
 
 25 
 
 Olosnyemon 
 
 
 Uchimura 
 
 Yiikino 
 
 11) 
 
 Kanesuke 
 
 10/21/19 
 
 Okabayashi 
 
 Yoshi mi 
 
 20 
 
 Minoru 
 
 10/ 1/19 
 
 Shima 
 
 Yoshiko 
 
 21 
 
 Tamari 
 
 
 Has^gawa 
 
 Uno 
 
 31 
 
 Wakamotsu 
 
 
 Oto 
 
 Harumi 
 
 18 
 
 Kenruko 
 
 
 Inaba 
 
 Kiku 
 
 19 
 
 Heisaku 
 
 10/22/19 
 
 Miyamura 
 
 Shigel 
 
 30 
 
 Tisutoro 
 
 
 Okamoto 
 
 Takeshi 
 
 27 
 
 Gengoro 
 
 
 Taniguehi 
 
 Kiku 
 
 22 
 
 Tyo 
 
 
 Fukano 
 
 Masuyo 
 
 20 
 
 Teti-unosuke 
 
 
 Kato 
 
 Kime 
 
 26 
 
 Jiro 
 
 2409 California st., San Franciico. 
 Roseville. 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 Kl Centro. 
 
 PO. box 14. Stccktcn. 
 Battery st., San Francisco. 
 .San Luis O! isp.i. 
 Freeport. 
 San Jose. 
 Stockton. 
 Oxnani. 
 Pismo. 
 Rcckford. 
 
 144 Hiweth St., Los Angeles. 
 7()e K. First St., Los Angeles. 
 P.O. box 130, Heber. 
 San Francisco. 
 
 1010 Stockton St., San Francisco. 
 113 Irilmongtcn St., Los Angeles. 
 •16 K. Lafayette St., Strckton. 
 P.O. box 1010, Los Angeles. 
 P.O. box 302. Garden Grove. 
 R.F.D. 1, box 75, Vacaville. 
 P.O. box 106, Clovis. 
 921 -Alley St.. Fresno. 
 R.F.D., box 206, Penryn. 
 T D St., Sonoma. 
 Los Angeles. 
 Isletcn. 
 
 (41 .San Fernando st., Los Angeles. 
 P.O. box 149, Burbank. 
 
 R.F.D. A, box 449, San Jcse. 
 
 Los .Angeles. 
 
 129 R. El Dorado St., Stockton. 
 
 R.F.D., Walnut Grove. 
 
 1625 Third St., Freeport. 
 
 R.F.D. A. box 146 Sanger. 
 
 2-233 Kite St., Los Angeles. 
 
 P.O. hox C6, Aroma. 
 
 R F.D. 1, box 272, Long Beach. 
 
 Kast San Pedro. 
 
 ?.-22 White Point, Los Angeles. 
 
 R.F.D. 34, San Iv«>andro. 
 
 P.O. Box 3S2, Sanger. 
 
 R.F.D., box 66, Garden Grove. 
 
 iJl ri Dorado St.. Stockton. 
 
 .'350 College ave., Oakland. 
 
 1411 Fourth St., Sacramento. 
 
 .Alvarado. 
 
 R.F.D., box 32. San Mateo. 
 
 34 S. Center St.. Stockton. 
 
 P.O. bo.x 41, Xicolaus. 
 
 P.O. box :>7, East San Pedm. 
 
 .■?i'.l Conini?rce St.. Stockton. 
 
 411 York ft., Vallejo. 
 
 R.F.D. 5. box 756, Los Angeles. 
 
 P.O. hex 113, Ventura. 
 
 P.O. box 5(>o, Laguna. 
 
 R.F.D., box 70, KI Centro. 
 
 R.F.D , box liM. El Monte. 
 
 P.O. box 4S8, Biawley. 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 2«2i Dwight way, Berkeley. 
 
 P.O. box 81, Elniira. 
 
 Belniont Hotel, Belmont. 
 
 I.emoore. 
 
 1Vr\ K. First St., Los Angoles.
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 155 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING DECEMBER 13, 1918— "SI BERI A MARU, 
 Births Surname Wife Age Ifusband Address In California 
 
 Tada 
 
 Satsuki 
 
 SlM;.eaku 
 
 Dotte 
 
 Chltose 
 
 Kinsaburo 
 
 Yamanl 
 
 MIyono 
 
 Shuntaro 
 
 Kawamoto 
 
 Asaye 
 
 Iwarnatsu 
 
 Pujlta 
 
 Sasayo 
 
 JInjiro 
 
 Uyenaka 
 
 Shidzuye 
 
 Taketo 
 
 Fujlmura 
 
 Yetsu 
 
 Kiclilsaburo 
 
 10/ 9/19 Fiikumorl 
 
 TamI 
 
 .... Nc.buishi 
 
 Nakane 
 
 Mo to 
 
 Junlchl 
 
 Arakawa 
 
 Kame 
 
 Kamato 
 
 Matsumoto 
 
 Kusuno 
 
 ._. Masajiro 
 
 Noboritate 
 
 Hatsue 
 
 Kanetaro 
 
 Nogami 
 
 Teruyo 
 
 . .. Rijohel 
 
 Takasugi 
 
 Tono 
 
 .... Wakamatsn 
 
 Merita 
 
 Ogee 
 
 Muratora 
 
 Ogawa 
 
 Miye 
 
 ..„ Yeilchl 
 
 Hososawa 
 
 Shizuka 
 
 RyolchI 
 
 Nanami 
 
 Tsune 
 
 Ichitara 
 
 Ueda 
 
 Tamaye 
 
 ..- Kiiicbl 
 
 Summer Land. 
 1124 Third St., Sacramento. 
 23« W. Vcrdugo rd., Glendale. 
 12* Third St., Sacramento. 
 709 Oak ave., Sacramento. 
 P.O. box 21, Mt. Kden. 
 Stockton. 
 
 P.O. box 174, Lemon Grove. 
 2721 Central ave., Los Angeles. 
 R.F.D. 1, box 7, Brawley. 
 219 First St., Sacramento. 
 P.O. box 505, Newcastle. 
 R.F.D. 1, box 21«, Gardena. 
 R.F.D. 2, box 44a, Ventura. 
 Sacramento. 
 
 1739 Buchanan st., San Francisco. 
 Riverside. 
 Santa Barbara. 
 309 M St., Sacramento. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES ARRIVING DECEMBER 26, 1918— "SHINYO MARU." 
 
 12/19/19 
 
 Tanabo 
 
 Chiyone 
 
 20 
 
 Vuseburo 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Uyeno 
 
 Hatsuyo 
 
 29 
 
 'Jolchi 
 
 Visalia. 
 
 
 Suzuki 
 
 Aino 
 
 23 
 
 Chik)sM 
 
 Santa Barbara. 
 
 
 Takeda 
 
 Shidyake 
 
 21 
 
 Kuraoyo 
 
 R.F.D., Elk Grove. 
 
 
 Sato 
 
 Mitzu 
 
 26 
 
 Rcnsuke 
 
 28 Branan st., Watsonvllle. 
 
 
 Obayashl 
 
 Oteye 
 
 20 
 
 Ryuemon 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 8b, Stockton. 
 
 1/27/20 
 
 Sakal 
 
 Sayo 
 
 22 
 
 M. 
 
 Oourtland. 
 
 
 Zenle 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 27 
 
 J. 
 
 Colusa. 
 
 
 Ura 
 
 Han a 
 
 29 
 
 ■'J. 
 
 King City, Monterey County. 
 
 
 Fukumoto 
 
 Asaye 
 
 S3 
 
 Jptaro 
 
 P.O. box 403, Martinez. 
 
 
 Nakatanl 
 
 Fude 
 
 41 
 
 Tok-njiro 
 
 R.F.D. 2, box 200, Whittier. 
 
 
 Ishida 
 
 Tsui 
 
 33 
 
 Goichi 
 
 R.F.D. A, box 221, Parlier. 
 
 
 Gekyo 
 
 Kamei 
 
 22 
 
 Takamoto 
 
 132 W. Washington St., Stockton. 
 
 10/ 3/19 
 
 Takech! 
 
 Yukl 
 
 21 
 
 Kuniiikichi 
 
 P.O. box 5, Mt. Eden. 
 
 
 Sarw 
 
 Shizu 
 
 26 
 
 Sliiizo 
 
 Oakland. 
 
 
 Shimada 
 
 Kiku 
 
 19 
 
 Seiichi 
 
 P.O. box 5, Grafton. 
 
 
 Shiu 
 
 Sono 
 
 21 
 
 Y. 
 
 Lafayette. 
 
 
 Ogata 
 
 Fusano 
 
 17 
 
 K. 
 
 Long Beach. 
 
 
 Abe 
 
 Kiku 
 
 23 
 
 G. 
 
 Oakland. 
 
 
 Nishihara 
 
 Kohite 
 
 ^8 
 
 S. 
 
 Watsonville. 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Same 
 
 %■■ 
 
 T. 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 
 Nishiyama 
 
 Matzu 
 
 '■A 
 
 S. 
 
 San Gabriel. 
 
 10/28/19 
 
 I'suru 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 « 
 
 B. 
 
 Sacramento. 
 
 10/21/19 
 
 Matsunaga 
 
 Itsuyo 
 
 21 
 
 Gcnichi 
 
 101 Wi m:ngton St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Nakamura 
 
 Chiyono 
 
 i9 
 
 Orichi 
 
 1911 Bush St., San Francisco. 
 
 10/25/19 
 
 Inouye 
 
 Kimiko 
 
 £0 
 
 Zansocko 
 
 709 Oak ave., Sacramento. 
 
 9/27/19 
 
 Ogawa 
 
 Yoshi 
 
 1-3 
 
 Shutsuichi 
 
 R.F.D. C, box 468, Fresno. 
 
 
 Akakl 
 
 Mitsuye 
 
 19 
 
 Shigeo 
 
 2925 Lemenet ave., Alameda. 
 
 
 Salto 
 
 Kinuye 
 
 :S 
 
 Keiiiaeo 
 
 608J W. 6th St., Los Angeles. 
 
 
 Okura 
 
 Tome 
 
 •» 
 
 Kogiro 
 
 280 S. Grant ave., Pasadena. 
 
 11/13/19 
 
 Ota 
 
 Shigeke 
 
 18 
 
 Oochiro 
 
 1835 San Pablo ave., Oakland. 
 
 
 Matsushina 
 
 Kayo 
 
 18 
 
 Yuslike 
 
 Stockton. 
 
 
 Manji 
 
 Chise 
 
 }^ 
 
 Yoshizo 
 
 R.F.D.. Marysville. 
 
 
 Honda 
 
 Sato 
 
 26 
 
 Hishakusu 
 
 P.O. box 26, Heber. 
 
 
 Kishima 
 
 Sawaye 
 
 27 
 
 Shunichi 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 89, Los Angeles. 
 
 12/27/19 
 
 Matsumoto 
 
 Fukuye 
 
 19 
 
 Shitan 
 
 P.O. box 427, Sebastipol. 
 
 10/29/19 
 
 Okl 
 
 Kiye 
 
 23 
 
 Hide 
 
 322 M St., Sacramento. 
 
 11/ 3/19 
 
 Tamura 
 
 Katsu 
 
 25 
 
 Rikirsuki 
 
 917 Cole St., San Francisco. 
 
 
 Kuroyama 
 
 Riu 
 
 ;2 
 
 Yertaro 
 
 Bakersfleld. 
 
 
 Matsuo 
 
 Hisano 
 
 24 
 
 Teninosuke 
 
 660 Samico st., Oxnard. 
 
 
 Ishll 
 
 Chiye 
 
 '-2 
 
 Rotsuyo 
 
 R.F.D. 1, box 394d, Long Beach. 
 
 
 Takeshita 
 
 Masayo 
 
 -5 
 
 Yutaka 
 
 Berkeley.
 
 Section IX. 
 GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 157
 
 GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 In this section: 
 
 (1) Short history of developments leading up to adoption of 
 Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 (2) Effect of Gentlemen's Agreement on immigration direct to 
 continental United States. 
 
 (3) Exclusive power given Japan under Gentlemen's Agreement 
 to determine who is eligible to a passport to the United States. 
 
 (4) Ineffectiveness of Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 (5) Occupations followed by Japanese residing in California 
 according to Yamato Ichihashi's "Japanese Immigration," and 
 according to special census 1919 by Japanese Association of 
 America. 
 
 (6) Copy of Rules 11 and 21 of Immigration Department cover- 
 ing the operation of the Gentlemen's Agreement., 
 
 (7) Apparent failure of United States immigration authorities to 
 enforce strictly the Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 (8) Japanese immigrants admitted, by years, from 1909 to 1919. 
 
 (9) Japanese laborers admitted without proper passports and those 
 admitted with passports who were not entitled to them. 
 
 (10) Circumstances reported by United States immigration author- 
 ities for admitting these Japanese laborers without proper passports. 
 
 159
 
 gentlemen's agreement, 161 
 
 GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 In recent years it has been quite common practice in America to 
 blame Japanese for the existence of the so-called Gentlemen's Agree- 
 ment, and for many violations of it. This appears hardly fair or 
 just. Perhaps Japan availed herself of the opportunities afforded by 
 the Gentlemen's Agreement. The real ground for complaint would 
 seem to rest rather in what appears to have been a collapse of American 
 diplomacy in consenting to the adoption of the Gentlemen's Agree- 
 ment, and in the subsequent failure of the United States immigration 
 officials to make full use of even the few safeguards that did exist 
 under the Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 Cause of Ineffectiveness in Restricting Immigration. 
 The real basis for the ineffectiveness of the; (lentlemen's Agreement 
 in restricting Japanese immigrant labor lies in the fact that when 
 the Gentlemen's Agreement was adopted, the United States surrendered 
 to Japan her soverign right to determine in each case what immigrants 
 should be admitted to continental United States and what immigrants 
 should be rejected. Under the Gentlemen's Agreement this determina- 
 tion rests entirely with Japan. When the Japanese authorities issue 
 a passport in due form to a Japanese emigrating to the United States, 
 whether laborer or non-laborer, the United States is bound to accept 
 the immigrant as falling within the classification determined by the 
 Japanese authorities (subject, of course, to the general immigration 
 rules affecting all immigrants as to health, moral character and 
 pauperism.) The burden of proof is not upon the alien to show that 
 he is admissible but is upon the United States to show that he is not 
 admissible. This state of affairs is well explained by the United States 
 Commissioner-General of Immigration, report of June 30, 1919, page 
 290, in which he has stated this ver^' clearly in the following language : 
 
 Misplacement of Burden of Proof. 
 
 While none of the laws on immigration heretofore passed (except the Chinese 
 exclusion laws) have contained any positive expression upon the subject of burden 
 of proof, those laws have been so framed, and the customs and practices that have 
 grown up and been established in connection with their enforcement have been of 
 such a character, that the government has been placed in the disadvantageous position 
 of having to prove in every instance that an alien is inadmissible, rather than being 
 able to demand that the alien should prove that he was admissible. In other words, 
 we have been in a position (exemplified so aptly by the famous Castro case), where 
 an alien could knock at our doors and upon being asked who and what he was, 
 could give his name and then refuse to answer- any questions the purpose of which 
 was to divulge his character and antecedents, and yet could demand admission 
 upon the ground that we had failed to show that he was within one of the classes 
 enumerated in the law as inadmissible. 
 
 Obviously this situation is deplorable. A nation, no more than a man, should 
 be placed in a position where an outsider can demand the opening of the door without 
 giving a full account of himself and showing that he is a fit person to enjoy the 
 hospitality that he seeks. Another object of the proposed bill is to remedy this 
 situation. This is done by stating in so many words that the burden of proof is 
 upon the alien applicant. (Bill mentioned above was pending before Congress.) 
 
 11—4460
 
 162 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Developments Leading to Adoption of Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 Following is giwii a short liistt)ry of tlie developments leading up 
 to the adoption of the Gentlemen's Agreement between the United 
 States and Japan, and showing the subsequent working of the Gentle- 
 men's Agreement. Thereafter, on following pages, appear figures 
 taken from United States immigration report showing: 
 
 (1) Japanese hmyiigrants admitted, by years, from 1909 to 1919. 
 
 (2) Japanese hihorcrs admitted ivithout proper passports and 
 those admitted with passports who were not entitled to them. 
 
 (3) A tabulation of the circumstances relating to .non-posses- 
 sion of passports by these Japanese laborers as reported by United 
 States immigration authorities. 
 
 Also, totals of Japanese laborers admitted upon passports 
 although declared by United States immigration officers 7iot entitled 
 to them. 
 
 SHORT HISTORY OF GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 In the year of 1907 the immigration into this country from Japan, 
 including both laborers and nonlaborers, reached the highest total in 
 the history- of immigration from Japan (30,226 of all clas-ses for that 
 year). Representations were made to Congress that Japanese immi- 
 grant laborers were securing passports from Japan to insular posses- 
 sions of the United States, particularly Hawaii, and to the Canal Zone, 
 thereafter coming to continental United States without the necessity 
 of a passport, having come immediately from United States territory. 
 Congress thereafter added to section 1 of the Immigration Act, 
 approved February 20, 1907, a proviso reading as follows: 
 
 Restriction on Passports. 
 
 "That whenever the President shall be satisfied that passports issued 
 by any foreign government to its citizens to go to any country other 
 than the United States or to any insular possession of the United 
 States or to the Canal Zone are being used for the purpose of enabling 
 the holders to come to the continental territory of the United States 
 to the detriment of labor conditions therein, it is made the duty of 
 the President to refuse to permit such citizens of the country issuing 
 such passports to enter the continental territory of the United States 
 from such countrv or from such insular possessions or from the 
 Canal Zone." 
 
 In the performance of the duty imposed by this proviso, the Presi- 
 dent of the United States on March 14, 1907, issued an executive 
 order refusing permission to enter the continental territory of the 
 United States to "Japanese or Korean laborers, skilled and unskilled, 
 who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada or Hawaii, and 
 come therefrom." 
 
 The executive order was reissued from time to time and in its 
 present language avoids specific reference to the nationality of the 
 laborers sought to be excluded.
 
 gentlemen's agreement. 163 
 
 Arrival at "General Understanding." 
 
 The executive order of March 14, 1907, "was followed by a general 
 understanding between the government of the United States and Japan, 
 in accordance with which the latter government is continuing its 
 policy of discouraging the migration of its laborers to this country." 
 (Report of the Secretary of Conuncrce and Labor for the fiscal year 
 ended June 30, 1908.) 
 
 Construction in Favor of "Picture Brides." 
 
 The Commissioner Genei'al of Immigration, in his report for the 
 same year, states that the law and the proclamation had been ".sup- 
 plemented, by a general understanding with Japan, contemplating 
 that the Japanese government shall issue passports to continental 
 United States only to such of its subjects as are nonlaborers or are 
 laborers, who, in coming to the continent, seek to resume a formerly 
 acquired domicile, to join a parent, wife, or children residing therein, 
 or to assume active control of an already possessed interest in a 
 farming enterprise located in this country ; so that the three classes 
 of laborers entitled to receive passports became known as 'former 
 residents,' 'parent wives or children of residents,' and 'settled agri- 
 culturists' * * * ." (It should be noted that no provision in 
 the law appears for wives residing in Japan joining their husbands 
 in the United States. Nevertheless it is under this agreement that 
 United States immigration officials have been admitting the so-called 
 "picture brides," by arbitrarily interpreting the words "to join a 
 wife" to mean to join a liushand, also.) 
 
 Basis of "Gentlemen's Agreement." 
 
 This "general understanding" presumably constitutes the basis 
 of what is properly designated by the term "Gentlemen's Agreement" 
 and is but a step in the development of the present mode of procedure. 
 
 Japan Given Exclusive Power to Determine Who Entitled to Passport. 
 
 The result of the diplomatic negotiations between the United States 
 and Japan, which culminated in the Gentlemen's Agreement, was to 
 stop the entrance of Japanese immigrant laborers to continental United 
 States who succeeded in reaching the United States by means of pass- 
 ports to the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Canal Zone or other 
 localities under the jurisdiction of the United States. At the same 
 time how^ever, it opens the direct route from Japan to the United 
 States wide open, by giving to Japan the exclusive power of determin- 
 ing who is eligible to a passport. It appears altogether possible under 
 the present policy for a Japanese in his home country to apply for a 
 passport to the United States stating that he is a farmer, not a laborer, 
 and thus secure a proper passport. As a matter of fact he may be a 
 farmer in his own country cultivating an area probably not to exceed 
 the size of an ordinary city lot in America. His passport is not 
 vised nor examined by United States consul in Japan, but is passed
 
 164 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL, 
 
 upon the sole authority of the Japanese government. Arriving in 
 America this so-called farmer of Japan may have neither the funds 
 nor the experience to engage as a farmer here, but becomes at once a 
 farm laborer. This same illustration would apply in any calling. In 
 fact the occupation declared in Japan when securing the passport is 
 no indication whatever of the occupation that will be followed in the 
 United States. In keeping with this thought there is quoted, on the 
 following page, statistical information and a discussion of the same 
 from Yamato Ichihashi's "Immigration," page 21, issued in 1915, in 
 which he shows the economic status or the different occupations of 
 Japanese residents of California at that time. Mr. Ichihashi herein 
 shows how frequently and rapidly Japanese here change from one 
 occupation to another. It will also be noted from his list of occupa- 
 tions that out of an estimated population of 55,000 including women 
 and children, 20,000 are listed as farm hands. How do these laborers 
 get here? 
 
 ECONOMIC STATUS OF JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 From Yamato Ichihashi's "Japanese Immigration,"' page 21 (1915). 
 
 "Below is given an estimated occupational distribution of Japanese 
 in California: 
 
 Occupation Number 
 
 Officials, teachers, clergj^ 120 
 
 Students 1 1.000 
 
 Farmers 4,500 
 
 Farm hands 20,000 
 
 Merchants 4,000 
 
 Hired by merchants 6,000 
 
 Domestic servants 5,000 
 
 Railway employees 1,500 
 
 Factories and canneries 500 
 
 Salt field hands 300 
 
 Others 3,580 
 
 No occupation 8,500 
 
 Total 55,000 
 
 Though perhaps the best obtainable estimate, none of the above 
 figures should be rigidly interpreted for several reasons. The majority 
 of farmers being mostly tenants, share or 'contract,' lack permanent 
 character. Independent farmers of today may become mere farm 
 hands tomorrow and vice versa. The majority of merchants are the 
 keepers of insignificantly small shops. They, too, come and go in 
 quick order. Laborers are mostly unskilled, therefore they shift from 
 one occupation to another, according to seasons, and, indeed, accord- 
 ing to their whims and fancies. Clerks may become domestic servants 
 at any moment. Domestic servants may take fancy to farms or to 
 railroads. Farm hands may become gang hands, and vice versa. 
 These, again may work in canneries. They can shift about in these 
 various occupations without any difficulty, because, in the first place,
 
 gentlemen's agreement. 165 
 
 nono of the occupations require any hi{?h degree of specialized skill, 
 and in the second place, these Japanese are mostly unmarried young 
 men between twenty and forty. A knowledge of English is 
 necessary in certain of the occupations, but that too need not be more 
 than elementary. There are hardly any illiterates among them as 
 far as their own language is concerned. Most young men are gradu- 
 ates of middle schools and have enough education to qualify for any 
 of the occupations enumerated. Those with no occupation are mostly 
 women and children. In other words, the table is set forth simply to 
 give a normalized snapshot picture of the occupational status of the 
 Japanese in California. And the most striking fact about this picture 
 is the narrowness of the field of Japanese activity. Be that as it may, 
 we will examine somewhat in detail the more important of these 
 occupations. 
 
 Japanese take to farms like ducks to water. Nearly 50 per cent 
 of Japanese immigrants are engaged in horticultural and agricultural 
 industries, either as farmers or as farm hands, the latter predomi- 
 nating in number. There are doubtless several reasons for this state 
 of affairs. For centuries Japanese have been an agricultural race. 
 Japanese labor immigrants here were almost exclusively drawn from 
 the agricultural classes of Japan." 
 
 In further explanation of this same idea there follows a tabulation 
 showing occupations of Japanese residing in California during 1919, 
 which is taken from the special census furnished to the Board of Control 
 by the Japanese Association of America. (Both of the tabulations of 
 occupations by Japanese in California show the very large per- 
 centage of Japanese that are engaged in agricultural pursuits. This 
 may be the reason why opposition to Japanese seems to be aimed 
 principally at the Japanese engaged in agricultural lines.) 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Furnished by Japanese Association of America (Census Taken for 1919). 
 
 {Southern California. Northern California. 
 
 Professional 347 Commercial — 
 
 Merchants 1,497 Employers 3,307 
 
 Farmers 3,199 Employees 793 
 
 Nursery 280 Domestic labor 1,022 
 
 Dairy 61 Agricultural- 
 Fishery 543 Employers 4,690 
 
 Miscellaneous 1,128 Employees 10,605 
 
 Clerks 713 . 
 
 Farm laborers 3,639 20,423 
 
 Fishei-men 724 
 
 Other workmen — Women 9,032 
 
 Indoor 1,065 Minors under 17 years 11,092 
 
 Outdoor 1,432 Others 2,849 
 
 In and outdoor 991 
 
 Students 303 43,390 
 
 Women 6,507 
 
 Children — Subsequent corrections — occupa- 
 
 American born 7,139 tions not stated 4,704 
 
 Japanese born 960 Southern California 30,528 
 
 30,528 Total 78,628
 
 166 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Herewith are {jiven copies of Immigration Rules Nos. 11 and 21 
 based upon the executive orders issued in connection with the 
 Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 Rule 11. Laborers from countries which grant limited passports. 
 
 (From "Immigration Laws — Rules of November l.'i. K>n." published by I'uiled 
 States Department of Labor. Bureau of Immigration, March 10, 1J)13; second edition, 
 pp. 27, 28, 20. Washington, D. C, Government Printing Office.) 
 
 Subdivision 1. President's proelamation. The President's procla- 
 mation on this subject, issued February 24, 11)13, reads as follows: 
 
 Whereas, by the act entitled "An act to regulate the immigration of 
 aliens into the United States," approved February 20, 1907, whenever 
 the President is satisfied that passports issued by any foreign govern- 
 ment to its citizens to go to any country other than the United States 
 or to any insular possession of the United States or to the Canal Zone, 
 are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the 
 continental territory of the Ihiited States to the detriment of labor 
 conditions therein, it is made the duty of the President to refuse to 
 permit such citizens of the country issuing .such passports to enter the 
 continental territory of the United States from such country or from 
 such insular possession or from the Canal Zone ; and 
 
 Whereas, upon sufficient evidence produced before me by the Depart- 
 ment of Commerce and Labor, I am satisfied that passports issued by 
 certain foreign governments to their citizens or subjects who are 
 laborers, skilled or unskilled, to proceed to countries or placas other 
 Ihan the continental territory of the United States, are being used for 
 the purpose of enabling the holders thereof to come to the continental 
 territory of the United States to the detriment of labor conditions 
 therein : 
 
 I hereby order, that such alien laborers, skilled or unskilled, be 
 refused permission to enter the continental territory of the United 
 States. 
 
 It is further ordered, that the Secretary of Commerce and Labor be, 
 and he hereby is, directed to take, through the Bureau of Immigration 
 and Naturalization, such measures, and to make and enforce such rules 
 and regulations, as may be necessary to carrying this order into effect. 
 
 Subd. 2. Effect of proclamation. The proclamation requires that 
 laborers, skilled or unskilled, who are citizens of a country which grants 
 to its laborers proceeding abroad limited labor passports only, and who 
 present at a continental port a passport entitling them only to admission 
 to countries or places other than continental United States, shall be 
 rejected. It does not in any particular relieve such aliens from examina- 
 tion under the general provisions of the law. 
 
 Subd. 3. Rejection or culmission as affected by passport. If such 
 a laborer applies for admission and presents no passport, it shall be 
 presumed (1) that he did not possess when he departed from his own 
 country a passport entitling him to come to the continental territory 
 of the United States, and (2) that he did possess at that time a passport 
 limited to some country or place other than continental United States.
 
 gentlemen's agreement. 167 
 
 If ho prosonts a passport, cntitlinf!^ him to entor continental United States 
 or not limited to some coiuitry or place other than continental United 
 States, he shall be admitted, unless he belongs to one of the classes 
 excluded by the f^eneral provisions of the law. If he presents such a 
 limited pa.ssport, but claims that he is not a laborer, skilled or un.skilled, 
 j)roof of such claim .shall be required. 
 
 Subd. 4. Rujlit of appeal, etc. All laborers excluded under this rule 
 shall be advised not onl}^ of their right of appeal where one lies, but 
 also that they may communicate by telegraph or otherwise with any 
 diplomatic or consular officer of their government, and they bhall be 
 afforded opportunity for doing so. 
 
 Subd. 5. Definition of term ''laborer.^ ^ For practical administra- 
 tive purposes, the term "laborer, skilled and unskilled," within the 
 meaning of the executive order of February 24, 1913, .shall be taken to 
 refer primarily to persons whose work is essentially physical, or, at 
 least, manual, as farm laborers, street laborers, factory hands, eon- 
 tractors' men, stablemen, freight handlers, stevedores, miners, and the 
 like; and to persons whose work is less physical, but still manual, and 
 who may be highly skilled as carpenters, stonemasons, tile setters, 
 painters, blacksmiths, mechanics, tailors, printers, and the like ; but 
 shall not be taken to refer to persons whose work is neither distinctivelj'- 
 manual nor mechanical, but rather professional, artistic, mercantile, or 
 clerical, as pharmacists, draftsmen, photographers, designers, salesmen, 
 bookkeepers, stenographers, copyists, and the like. 
 
 Subd. 6. Passports to be indorsed. Passports presented by aliens 
 covered by this rule shall be plainly indorsed, in indelible ink, by the 
 officer admitting or rejecting the applicant, in such a manner as to 
 show the fact and date of admission or rejection. The officer shall sign 
 such indorsement, and the passport shall be returned to the presenter. 
 
 Subd. 7. Bonds for seamen. No laborer covered by this rule taken 
 on board a vessel at any foreign port as a seaman and discharged or 
 granted shore leave at a mainland port of the United States shall be 
 permitted to land in such port otherwise than under a bond in the 
 penalty of $500, conditioned for departure from the mainland of the 
 United States within thirty days, unless such laborer has a paSvSport not 
 limited to a country or place other than continental United States. 
 
 Rule 21. Japanese and Korean laborers. 
 
 (From "Immigration Laws and Regulations of July 1, 1907," published by 
 United States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Immigration and 
 Naturalization, Febi'uary 1. 1911 ; twelfth edition, pp. 41, 42, 43. Washington, 
 D. C, Government Printing Office.) 
 
 (a) Aliens from Japan and Korea are subject to the general immi- 
 gration laws. 
 
 (h) Every Japanese or Korean laborer, skilled or unskilled, applying 
 for admission at a seaport or at a land-border port of the United States, 
 and having in his possession a passport issued by the government of 
 Japan, entitling him to proceed only to Mexico. Canada, or Hawaii, 
 shall be refused admission. 
 
 (c) If a Japanese or Korean laborer applies for admission and pre- 
 sents no passport, it shall be presumed (1) that he did not possess when
 
 168 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 he departed from Japan or Korea a passport entitling him to come to 
 the United States, and (2) that he did possess at that time a passport 
 limited to ]\Iexico, Canada or Hawaii. 
 
 (d) If a Japanese or Korean alien applies for admission and presents 
 a passport entitling: him to enter the United States or one which is not 
 limited to IMexico. Canada, or Hawaii, he shall be admitted, if it appears 
 that he does not belong to any of the classes of aliens excluded by tlie 
 general immigration laws. 
 
 (e) If a Japanese or Korean alien applies for admission and presents 
 a passport limited to Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii, and claims that he is 
 not a laborer, either skilled or unskilled, rea.sonable proof of this claim 
 .shall be required in order to permit him to enter the United States. 
 
 (/) When a Japanese or Korean alien is rejected as being a skilled 
 or unskilled laborer holding a passport limited to Mexico, Canada, or 
 Hawaii, he shall be allowed the right of appeal to the Secretary of 
 Commerce and Labor under the same conditions as attach to aliens 
 rejected under the general immigration laws. 
 
 (g) If a Japanese or Korean skilled or unskilled laborer is found in 
 the continental territory of the United States without having been duly 
 admitted, upon inspection, the procedure employed under the general 
 immigration laws for the arrest and hearing of aliens who have entered 
 the United States surreptitiously shall be observed, to the end that the 
 right of such alien to be and remain in the United States may be deter- 
 mined; and if it shall appear that such alien falls within the class 
 excluded by the foregoing executive order, and has entered the United 
 States since the fourteenth of ]\Iarch, 1907, the said alien shall be 
 deported according to the provisions of sections 20, 21, and 35 of the 
 act of Congress approved February 20, 1907. 
 
 (h) In case any Japanese or Korean is detained or denied admission 
 by virtue of the foregoing executive order, he shall, in addition to being 
 informed of his right of appeal to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 
 be advised that he may communicate by telegraph or otherwise with any 
 diplomatic or consular ofificer of his government, and shall be afforded 
 opportunities for so doing. 
 
 (t) The officials of the department charged with the enforcement of 
 the immigration laws are instructed that in the execution of this rule 
 scrupulous care shall be taken to see that the courtesy and consideration 
 which the department requires in the ease of all foreigners, of whatever 
 nationality, are shown to those affected by this rule. All officers of this 
 department are hereby warned that no discrimination will be tolerated, 
 and that those coming under this rule must he shown every courtesy and 
 consideration to which the citizens of most favored nations are entitled 
 when they come to the United States. 
 
 (j) For practical, administrative purposes, the term "laborer, skilled 
 and unskilled," within the meaning of the executive order of March 14, 
 1907, shall be taken to refer primarily to persons whose work is essen- 
 tially physical, or at least, manual as farm laborers, street laborers, 
 factory hands, contractors' men, stable men, freight handlers, stevedores, 
 miners and the like ; and to persons whose work is less physical, but still 
 manual, and who may be highly skilled, as carpenters, stonemasons, tile
 
 gentIvEmen's agreement. 
 
 169 
 
 setters, painters, blacksmiths, meelianies, tailors, printers, and the like; 
 but sliall not be taken to refer to persons whose work Is neither dis- 
 tinctively manual nor mechanical, but rather professional, artistic, 
 mercantile, or clerical, as pharmacists, draftsmen, photographers, 
 desi^'ners, salesmen, bookkeepers, stenop^raphers, copyists, and the like. 
 The foregoing definition is subject to change, and will not preclude the 
 Secretary of Commerce and Lalx)r from deciding each individual case 
 which comes to him by way of appeal in accordance with the particular 
 facts and circumstances thereof. 
 
 (k) Passports presented by Japanese and Koreans shall be plainly 
 endorsed, j'n indelible ink, by the officer admitting or rejecting the 
 applicant, in such manner as to show the fact and date of admission or 
 rejection, the name of the officer being signed to such endorsement; 
 after which the passport shall be returned to the person by whom 
 presented. 
 
 Are Immigration Laws Properly Enforced? 
 
 To a layman unaccjuainted with immigration practice it would appear 
 as though the United States immigration authorities are not enforcing, 
 with proper care, the immigration laws as to Japanese even under the 
 slight restrictions afforded by the Gentlemen's Agreement. 
 
 In this connection there is given herewith : 
 
 (1) The list of Japanese immigrants admitted, by years, from 11)00 
 to 1919. 
 
 (2) Japanese laborers admitted without proper passports and those 
 admitted with passports who were not entitled to them. 
 
 (3) A tabulation of the circumstances relating to nonpossession of 
 passports by these Japanese laborers as reported by United States 
 immigration authorities. 
 
 Also, totals of Japanese laborers admitted upon passports although 
 declared by United States immigration officers not entitled to them. 
 
 Excess of Immigrant Japanese Aliens Admitted to United States Over Emigrant 
 Japanese Aliens Departed, July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1919. 
 
 Year ended June 30- 
 
 Total 
 United 
 States 
 
 Outside of 
 
 continental 
 
 ITnited 
 
 States 
 
 Continental 
 United 
 States 
 
 Stat« of California 
 
 All other 
 states 
 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1910 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 Totals 
 
 *1,579 
 1,224 
 4,671 
 7,569 
 8,147 
 7,784 
 7,931 
 8,?0.S 
 8,610 
 7,929 
 
 60,489 
 
 *393 
 972 
 2,295 
 3,846 
 3,605 
 2,525 
 2,739 
 3,(94 
 2,607 
 2,210 
 
 23,500 
 
 *1,186 
 252 
 2,376 
 3,723 
 4,542 
 5,259 
 5,192 
 5,109 
 6,003 
 5,719 
 
 36,989 
 
 •1,109 
 45 
 1,568 
 2,390 
 3,129 
 3,798 
 3,676 
 3,196 
 3,529 
 3,486 
 
 *93.5 
 17.9 
 66.0 
 64.2 
 
 *77 
 
 207 
 
 8(18 
 
 1,333 
 
 23,708 
 
 68.9 
 
 1,413 
 
 72.2 
 
 1,461 
 
 70.8 
 
 1,516 
 
 62.6 
 
 1,913 
 
 58.8 
 
 2,474 
 
 61.0 
 
 2,233 
 
 64.1 
 
 13,281 
 
 •Figures indicate excess of emigrants over immigrants. 
 
 Nearly two-thiriis of the excess falls to California. (This means an average of 
 approximately two-thir(3s of the excess of all Japanese immigrants over emigrants 
 coming to the Unitecl States came to California during the ten-year perioii in(3icated 
 above.)
 
 170 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Japanese Laborers Admitted to Continental United States, 1910 to 1919. 
 
 
 Ill roisesjioii of proDer pas-tporU 
 
 Wltlinut 
 
 proper 
 
 paxspuits 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Untitled to passports vinder gentle- 
 men's agreement 
 
 Not entitled 
 to pass- 
 ports 
 
 Totul 
 
 
 Former 
 residents 
 
 ParenU. 
 wives am) 
 rliUdren of 
 
 residents 
 
 Settled 
 agricul- 
 turists 
 
 
 iixxmoio 
 
 245 ' 373 1 1 
 
 47 
 88 
 60 
 41 
 84 
 54 
 39 
 36 
 88 
 48 
 
 30 
 25 
 27 
 13 
 51 
 29 
 
 87 
 235 
 241 
 
 705 
 
 ioi(;-i!)ii 
 
 351 ; 268 
 
 C02 224 
 
 1.175 178 
 
 1,514 119 
 
 1,545 585 
 
 
 732 
 
 1911-1912 
 
 
 !il3 
 
 1913-1913 
 
 1,4(>7 
 
 1913-1914 
 
 
 1,708 
 
 1914-1915 
 
 1 
 
 2,214 
 
 1915-1016 
 
 1,695 1 199 2 
 
 3,013 
 
 l'J16-1917 
 
 l.ftl- 
 1.774 
 1,20j 
 
 1,115 
 507 
 
 
 2,885 
 
 1917-1918 
 
 1918-1919 - 
 
 
 2,004 
 1 ,97(1 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 11,813 4. '190 4 
 
 .-iSo 
 
 825 
 
 18,217 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Japanese 
 
 'Laborers" Arriving in Continental United States Without Proper Pass- 
 ports, July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1919. 
 
 Japanese "Laborers" Arriving in Continental United States With Proper Passports, 
 July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1919, but Classified as "Not Entitled to Passport." 
 
 
 49 
 2 
 
 •17 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 62 
 2 
 
 42 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 •Jl 
 7 
 
 84 
 
 57 
 54 
 
 41 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 5 
 
 90 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 6K' 
 
 
 25 
 
 Laborers "not entitled to pass- 
 port" admitted -. 
 
 
 36 
 
 88 
 
 4S 
 
 585
 
 Section X. 
 SMUGGLING. 
 
 171
 
 SMUGGLING. 
 
 In this section: 
 
 (1) Methods followed by land and by sea. 
 
 (2) Comparative ease of illegal entry from Mexico into California. 
 
 (3) Extracts from report of United States Commissioner General 
 dated June 30, 1919, explaining the situation on the Mexican 
 border and probable smuggling and illegal entry. 
 
 173
 
 SMUGGLING. 175 
 
 SMUGGLING AND SURREPTITIOUS ENTRY OF ORIENTALS. 
 
 Smiigj^ling across the border, espcciriUy tlio Mexican Ijorder, lifus proven 
 exceedingly difficult for the United States Iiiiinigration Service to pre- 
 vent. The federal immigration patrol ii{)()ii the Mexican border is 
 entirely inadequate ; the California-Mexican frontier is 180 miles in 
 length and the physical character of the country is such that it is possible 
 to cross the border at almost any point; and the big fishing fleet, manned 
 principally by Japanese, with large power boats, which is constantly 
 going back and forth from American waters into Mexican waters, pro- 
 vides exceedingly convenient means of unlawful entry for Japanese in 
 particular. Furthermore, there are many Japanese engaged in agri- 
 cultural pursuits in the Imperial Valley on both sides of the border, 
 and the Japanese so engaged are passing to and fro across the line 
 constantly. Such conditions render most difficult the checking of those 
 who cross and recross the border. The United States Commissioner 
 General of Immigration, in his report of January 30, 1919, declares 
 that smuggling of Japanese across the Mexican border is carried on 
 successfully and to a large extent, his language being as follows: 
 "Confidential information of unquestionable authenticity shows very 
 conclusively that Japanese smuggling across the Mexican border is 
 carried on successfully, and doubtless to a very large extent. Southern 
 California possesses a peculiar attraction for the Japanese and it seems 
 inevitable that if some effective means are not found to curb further 
 growth the Japanese colonies in that section will expand in time into 
 such proportions a.s to create a serious problem." 
 
 The Commissioner General in this report points out the fact that the 
 Japanese colonies or settlements in southern California, and imme- 
 diately across the border in Mexico, are so intimately related to the 
 smuggling activities that it is impossible to discuss the one without 
 considering the other. The existence of these colonies makes unlawful 
 entry easy for the Japanese and most difficult for immigration authori- 
 ties to apprehend. 
 
 The experience of the immigration authorities with this subject has 
 been so thorough and so intimate and the subject is so well covered in 
 the report of the United States Commissioner General of Immigration, 
 that the matter can be best presented by quoting further from the 
 Commissioner General 's report of June. 30, 1919. In this report the 
 Commissioner General has the following to say concerning the Japanese 
 who has successfully entered California and who seeks to aid his fellow 
 countrymen to do the same: 
 
 "Onoe safely acrofs the line, the contrabands find concealment at conveniently 
 located ranches conducted by fellow countrymen, where they work for small wages 
 until a smattering of English and an air of sophistication are acquired, wiien they 
 proceed further toward their respective ultimate destinations. When any of such 
 contrabands are arrested, the resident Japanese who have given them asylum rush 
 to the defense and, if necessary, do uot hesitate to perjure themselves as to the 
 period of residence in the United States of the arrested alien. Vigorous measures
 
 176 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 and unremitting zeal on the part of immigration officers, resulting in the arrest and 
 deportatibn of large numbers of contrabands of this class and the prosecution of 
 such of the ringleaders and coconspirators of lesser importance as could be found in 
 the United States, have served, temporarily, at least, to check the influx. The 
 participation in this illegal traffic of domiciled aliens, without whose assistance it 
 could not survive, has been discouraged to a uo inconsiderable degree by the prosecu- 
 tion instituted during the past year. It should be understood, however, that the 
 same situation has confronted the district on previous occasions and will again arise 
 if there is any rela.xatiou of vigilance. In order to keep the problem in hand, a 
 sufficient force of alert, resourceful officers must at all times be maintained. 
 
 Numerous Japanese fishing boats on the Pacific Coast, operating in Mexican 
 waters, are employed to facilitate the illegal entry of Japanese laborers. 
 
 The greater number of Japanese aliens arrested on departmental warrant during 
 the year promptly claimed that they had been in this country in e.Ycess of three 
 years, so that the government was unable to charge them with entry without inspec- 
 tion or at a place other than a regular port of entry, although there was ample 
 reason to believe, even where the suspicion was not susceptible of proof, that they 
 had but recently come from Mexico. When it became apparent that the government, 
 nevertheless, intended to proceed in appropriate cases on the charge that the aliens 
 entered and were within the United States in violation of the so-called passport 
 provisions of the immigration act, the defendants promptly set up the defense of 
 residence in excess of five years, that period being the one beyond which deportation 
 proceedings could not prevail. In a few instances, all other subterfuges failing, the 
 arrested contraband set up the claim to ownership of extensive proi)erty or business 
 interests. Investigation developed that a majority of such claims were purely fictitious. 
 
 It may be added that the Japanese problem as regards illegal entries, is localized, 
 involving as it does that portion of this district within the confines of southern Cali- 
 fornia ; it is one, however, that possesses possibilities of a serious nature, easily 
 susceptible of extension to other portions of the district. 
 
 The force in southern California, though efficient, is wholly inadequate to handle 
 the situation as it should be handled, and the force in other parts of the district, at 
 all times small in proportion to the area covered, was so greatly reduced at the close 
 of this fiscal year as to make any transfers therefrom to southern California an 
 impossibility without letting down completely all bars to the ingress of undesirables 
 generally over the balance of the border. 
 
 With the reduction of this force at the close of June 30, 1919, and the further 
 reductions which, it is understood, are to be made, there will remain practically no 
 officers available for patrol duty during the ensuing fiscal year, and consequently, it 
 is but reasonable to expect that there will be an enormous falling off of arrests. 
 In other words, instead of apprehending some 6000 aliens of all classes and degrees 
 of undesirability, following surreptitious entry, it is only reasonable to assume that 
 approximately that many, during the ensuing year, will cross the frontier with abso- 
 lute impunity and merge their identity with the alien population of the country. 
 
 As most of the Japanese male residents in the southern part of this state, to whom 
 the so-called "brides" are destined, are without passports, but prove by documentary 
 evidence a residence of over three years, it is quite evident that the intent of the 
 "agreement," at least, is being circumvented in such cases. 
 
 Another means of evasion, which is believed to be practiced to a large extent, is 
 through the production to officials in Japan of proof of a former residence in this 
 country (notwithstanding the illegality of such residence) entitling the claimant to 
 the desired passport and opening the way for a progressive chain of applicants, as 
 the parents, wives, or children of resident Japanese. Because of the racial antipathy 
 and the nonassimilative character and prolific tendencies of this class, their increas- 
 ing number on the Pacific Coast is a menace to the peace and prosperity of our 
 citizens, and it is felt that a strict adherance to the spirit of the so-called "gentlemen's 
 agreement" should be required. This, it would seem, can only be attained by requir- 
 ing — as is done in the case of Chinese residents — that Japanese returning to a 
 former residence in this country, or seeking to bring in their parents, wives, or 
 children, prove a lawful domicile here." 
 
 A descriptive map of the Mexican border district occupied by Chinese 
 and Japanese colonies, too large to include in report, is available at any 
 time in the office of the Board of Control.
 
 Section XL 
 CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 177 
 
 12—4460
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 In this section : 
 
 (1) Status of Hindus in United States. 
 
 (2) Status of Chinese, both foreign born and American bom. 
 
 (3) Status of Japanese in United States both as to foreign bom 
 and American born. 
 
 (4) Every Japanese, wherever born, is a citizen of Japan, unless 
 expatriated. 
 
 (5) Dual citizenship of Japanese. 
 
 (6) Once a Japanese, always a Japanese. 
 
 (7) Obligation of American-born Japanese to give military ser- 
 vice to Japan in event of war. 
 
 (8) Statement as to Japanese citizenship in America and in 
 Japan showing the dual allegiance, prepared and submitted by 
 Dr. Chas. E. Martin, Lecturer on International Law, University of 
 California, assisted by Y. S. Kuno, Instructor in Japanese, Univer- 
 sity of California, and Max E. Baugh, Graduate Student Interna- 
 tional Law, University of California. 
 
 (9) Copy of Japanese law of expatriation, translated by Y, S. 
 Kuno, Instructor in Japanese, University of California. 
 
 (10) Sections of Civil Code of Japan relating to citizenship of 
 Japanese, domestic relations in family council in Japan and the 
 subject of guardianship. 
 
 (11) Digest of citizenship of aliens prepared by Prof. John Norton 
 Pomeroy of the University of Illinois, who is now making a Digest 
 of Treaties for the State Department at Washington. 
 
 179
 
 CITIZENSHIP, 181 
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 The low caste Hindus, although subjects of the British Crown, are 
 denied citizenship by practically all the British colonics; in fact, they j 
 have been forced to leave Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South | 
 Africa. (Special Report of State liureau of Labor Statistics, January 6, j 
 1919.) 
 
 Hindu. 
 
 "The Hindu has no morals." (Quoted from Special Report of State 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 6, 1919.) Court records and the 
 files in the offices of district attorney and probation officer in Imperial 
 County show an unusually high record of vicious crimes by Hindas or 
 Sikhs in that county. (Report of State Council of Defense, Imperial 
 County Division, December 4, 1918.) 
 
 The low caste Hindus and Sikhs are not eligible to citizenship in the ' 
 [Tnited States, but in a very few cases natives of India of high caste 
 have proven to the satisfaction of the courts their Caucasian blood and | 
 have been admitted to citizenship. 
 
 According to W. P. Shaughnessy of Shaughnessy and Atherton, 
 attorneys, counsel for the Hindus in California, "Hindus are no longer 
 admitted into the United States nor are those who are here permitted 
 to bring in their wives or children." 
 
 One investigator for the State Board of Control states that Hindus, 
 although ineligible to citizenship and therefore not entitled to legal 
 ownership of land under the California alien land act, nevertheless own 
 many parcels of land in California and are purchasing more land. 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 Chinese are ineligible to citizenship. American-born children of 
 Chinese parents are American citizens and constitute the larger portion 
 of our Chinese population. As a result of the effective Chinese exclu- 
 sion laws and of the high mortality and low birth rate prevailing among 
 them, this element of our Oriental population is steadily declining in 
 numbers. 
 
 The effectiveness of the Chinese exclusion law is largely due to the 
 fact that the United States determines for itself the admissibility of 
 applicants. In the case of the Japanese, on the other hand, the power 
 of determining who is entitled to a passport and, therefore, admissible, 
 has been surrendered to the Japanese government. 
 
 Japanese. 
 
 As to the citizenship of Japanese, the Civil Code of Japan, volume 3, 
 article 66, reads as follows: 
 
 "A child is a Japanese if his or her father is a Japanese at the time 
 of his or her birth."
 
 182 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Once a Japanese, Always a Japanese. 
 
 Every Japanese, wherever born, is a citizen of Japan, unless expa- 
 triated. Every Japanese in tlie United States, whether American-born 
 or not, is a citizen of Japan and a.s sueh is subject to military duty to 
 Japan from the a^e of .seventeen years until forty years of age, unless 
 expatriated. The Ameriean-born Japanese holds dual citizenship: 
 first, allegriance to Japan with compulsory military service; and second, 
 rip:ht,s of citizenship in America. Under such circum.stances, a Jap- 
 anese, though born in America and thereby ac([uiring all the rights and 
 privileges of an American citizen, owes his first obligation of allegiance 
 and military service to Japan. It is contended by writers on interna- 
 tional law that bec-ause our country is cognizant of this dual citizenship 
 with its requirement of compulsory military service to Japan, the United 
 States, in event of war with Japan, could not demand military .service 
 from the American-born Japanese but would be obliged to permit them 
 to return to Japan, there to render military service in behalf of Japan. 
 Ameriean-born Japanese would appear to be enjoying all the advan- 
 tages of American citizenship without assuming the most important 
 responsibilities of such citizenship. 
 
 Once a Japanese, always a Japanese, unless each individual Japanese 
 renounces allegiance in the manner prescribed by the Civil Code of 
 Japan and his renunciation is accepted by the Japanese government. 
 No matter how many successive generations of American-born Japanese 
 there may be, none of the children born in America are relieved of 
 allegiance to Japan unless the parent has renounced allegiance to 
 Japan and had his rrnunci-ation accppted hy the Japanese government. 
 
 The method by which this renunciation of allegiance to Japan may 
 be accomplished is set out in the following quotation from a letter of 
 Dr. Chas. E. ^Martin, Lecturer on International Law, University of 
 California, dated March 25, 1920: 
 
 "About 1017 or 1918. tho Japanose enacted a law of expatriation hy which the 
 status of dual nationality on the part of .Japanese residing here and claiming citizen- 
 ship under the fourteenth amendment could be brought to an end. Japanese who are 
 native citizens of the United States may expatriate themselves in two ways: 
 
 (1) Before the age of l."> through a legal representative; 
 
 (2) Between the ages of I.t and 17 years, but never after the age of 17, unless 
 he has presented himself for military duty. 
 
 As compared with the practice of the United States, the Japanese law is limited 
 in its scope. .Japan will relinquish hor jurisdiction over foreign born Japanese, not 
 through the voluntary act of the individual, but only through the permission of the 
 home government. Many countries hold to the view that expatriation is the voluntary 
 right of the individual. Japan does not recognize this principle. The burden is 
 placed upon foreign born Americans to prove that they have retained their American 
 citizenship, while the burden is placed upon the foreign born Japanese to prove that 
 they have renounced their Japanese citizenship through means provided by, and 
 with the permission of, the .Japanese government. In this way, the home govern- 
 ment has a rigid military hold on its foreign born citizens." 
 
 Herewith a copy of "Declamation of Losing Nationality" provided 
 under Japanese law for renouncing allegiance to Japan, and which was 
 furni.shed the Board of Control by Japanese Vice Consul Ishii at San 
 Francisco.
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 183 
 
 DECLAMATION OF LOSING NATIONALITY. 
 
 (Addriyss of iloinicile) 
 (Name in fiili) 
 (Tlio reason why lie or sln' ac(|uirc(l llii' iiatioiialily of other country.) 
 
 I liiTchy i'('|)ort till' fad thai I lia\r lost tlic nationality of Japan on account of 
 the above slated reason. 
 
 ( r>orn in America sufiicienf reason) 
 
 (Date) (Signature and seal) 
 
 (Proof— Birth (.■rlificatc) (Date of birth) 
 
 To the Home Minister. 
 
 All J<ii)Hii('.se, iiicliuliii^' those AiiipficMii-horn of Japanese parents, 
 fire (*oinp(>ll('(l to uivc military .service to Japan at any time that service 
 is required of them by the Japane.se ,<;overnment. Tliis is set out fully 
 in a letter by Dr. Martin hei'etofore referred to and we therefore quote 
 frojn his letter as follows: 
 
 ''If l)t>fore tli(^ nfi'e of 17, a .Tapanese has not expatriated himself from .Japan under 
 the Japanese law, the act of expatriation can not be effected until he has satisfied 
 the military requirements. Japanese born in America must conform strictly to the 
 requirements of the law in order to avoid the condition of dual nationality. Should 
 a Japanese, with this status, return to Japan, he would be held for military duty as 
 a Japanese citizen, and his American citizenship would not be recogniijed. Should 
 he appeal to the American government for exemption because of his American citizen- 
 ship, it is probable that fruitless diplomatic negotiations would follow. 
 
 Should a .Japanese return to .Japan an(J establish his residence there, repatriation 
 would follow. Llnder the Japanese law, a residence of one day is sufficient to effect 
 one's repatriation. In the United States, the act of repatriation involves a change of 
 (1) home and (2) allegiance, and more especially of allegiance. Japanese law 
 requires only a change in residence, which is satisfied with the very limited require- 
 ment of one day." 
 
 Likewise, T. Miyaoka, formerly Counselor of the Japanese Embassy 
 in the United States, expresses him.self in similar lar^guage as follows : 
 
 "Under the conscription laws of the empire a boy of seventeen is already a soldier 
 in the .Jai)anese army although his time of service under "colors" does not commence 
 until he is twenty. A male Japanese from the age of seventeen is a part of the 
 army until he completes hi.s fortieth year." 
 
 While it is possible for Ameriean-born Japanese to renounce allegi- 
 ance to Japan, the Japanese Vice Consul, Ishii, at San Francisco, states 
 that not to exceed a dozen such Ameriean-born children have signed the 
 "Declamation of Losing Nationality," provided for that purpose by 
 the Japanese law. So far as could be learned, none of these have been 
 accepted by the Japanese government, in accordance with the provisions 
 of the Civil Code of Japan. 
 
 On the following pages are found authorities as follows covering the 
 subject of citizenship as it relates especially to American-born persons 
 of Japanese parentage : 
 
 Dr. Chas. E. Martin, Lecturer on International Law, University of 
 California. (See page 184.) 
 
 Y. S. Kuno, Instructor in Japanese, University of California. (See 
 page 186.)
 
 184 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 MaxE. Baugh, Graduate Student, International Law, University of 
 California. (See page 186.) 
 
 DeBecker'.s Civil Code of Japan. (See page 187.) 
 
 Dr. John Martin Pomeroy of University of Illinois, Sp(>(ial Repre- 
 sentative State Department, United States of Anieriea, now making a 
 Digest of Treaties. (See page 100.) 
 
 Prof. Wm. Carey Jones, Dean of Law, Faculty of University of 
 California. (See page 190.) 
 
 Letter of Dr. Martin. 
 
 March 25, 1920. 
 Dear Dean Jones : 
 
 Through the kindness of Mr. Kuno, Instructor in .Japanese, and Mr. Max C. 
 Baugh, a graduate student in international law and diplomacy, who is writing his 
 master's thesis on "Problems of Japanese Expansion," I have secured a reliable 
 translation of the Japanese law of expatriation. 
 
 The doctrine of dual nationality, sometimes called double allegiance, is simplified 
 when we regard it as the logical result of the concurrent operation of two different 
 laws. The most frequent case of it is where a child, due to the sojourn of his parents 
 in a foreign land at the time of his birth, is born a citizen of two countries — a citizen 
 of the oounlry of his birth jure noli, and a citizen of bis parent's country jure 
 nanguitiis. The claim of double allegiance would not arise if the country of birth or 
 the country to which the parents belong should choose not to claim allegiance. The 
 conflict is generally avoided by the rule which makes the child liable for the per- 
 formance of the duties of allegiance under the laws of the country where he 
 actually is. 
 
 The claim of double allegiance may be made where one leaves the country of his 
 origin, and becomes a citizen of another country through process of naturalization. 
 In the case of Japanese who have come to the United States, no such claim could 
 be made, for the question does not exist. By the acts of 1.S02 and 1804, "only free 
 white persons" were capable of naturalization. By the act of 1S70, the benefits of 
 the law were extended to "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African 
 descent." The law, as consolidated in the Revised Statutes, thus stands, embracing 
 only "white persons" and persons of African descent. Naturalization has been 
 repeatedly refused to Japanese on the ground that they are not "white" persons. 
 (In re Saito, 62 Fed. Rep. 126; In re Yamashita (1902), 30 Wash. 234, 70 Pac. 
 Rep. 482.) 
 
 With respect to Japanese born in the United States, the case is quite different, 
 and the question of dual nationality is an acute one. By the fourteenth amendment 
 to the Constitution of the United States "all persons born or naturalized in the 
 United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the state wherein they reside." In the case of In re Look Tin Sing, 
 21 Fed. Rep. 90r>. it was held that a child born in the United States to alien Chinese 
 parents who could not themselves become naturalized, was nevertheless a citizen of 
 the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of United 
 States vs. Wong Kim Ark, 160 U. S. 649, affirmed the principles laid down in the 
 case of Ix)ok Tin Sing, and settled the question as to the children of domiciled aliens. 
 
 The citizenship of a .Japanese born in the United States and subject to its jurisdic- 
 tion is determined by (1) the constitution and laws of the United States, and (2) 
 tiie laws of Japan. 
 
 Prior to the promulgation of the recent Japanese law of expatriation, an American 
 born Japanese was a citizen of the United States under the fourteenth amendment 
 to the constitution of the United States (jure soli). At the same time he was a 
 citizen of .Japan under the .Japanese law of nationality (jure sanguinis), which 
 says: "A child is a Japanese if his or her father is a Japanese at the time of his or 
 her birth." (Law No. 60, March 16, 1899, Japanese Civil Code. vol. III.) An 
 American born Japanese was, therefore, impressed with a double nationality. 
 
 Thus, under Japanese law, the .Japanese government gave full effect to claims of 
 allegiance under citizenshp by right of blood. It may be pointed out at this juncture 
 that the United States has followed the same course, with the exception that the
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 185 
 
 ri«;lits of citizenship tlo not descend to persons whose fathers never resided in the 
 United States. (Ilov. Stat., Sec. VMS.) 
 
 While it apix'ars that the Jai)ane.se and American laws with respect to the citizen- 
 ship of the foreign born are identical, .subject to the limitation ip the American law 
 iridiealed above, it does not follow that (he le^al (effects are the same. For a long 
 lime I he United States held to the common law doctrine of indelible allegiance, 
 which is (hat the iialioiiality of one's country of origin follows him wherever he 
 goes, and which forbids one to expatriate himself at will. Due to the increased 
 i>niigra(ion from Ireland and (Germany to the United Stales, the government was 
 compelled to take measures designed to protect natives of Germany and Cireat Britain 
 who had become American citizens through naturalization, while visiting relatives in 
 their country of origin. Thus, we actively championed the rights of naturalized 
 citizens of the United States sojourning in foreign countries, and in doing so, we 
 had to recognize the right of an American citizen to divest himself of his American 
 citizenship, for we could not consistently claim the right to effect the expatriation of 
 persons born abroad, and the right to protect them as citizens of the United States, 
 if we denied the same privileges to foreign countries, and to native American citizens 
 who acquired a new nationality through naturalization. The act of March 2, 1907, 
 deals with the expatriation of American cilizens and their protection abroad. Such 
 expatriation is declared to be effected either by (1) naturalization abroad, or by (2) 
 ihe taking of an "oath of allegiance" to any foreign state. In the case of a naturalized 
 citizen, residence of two years in the country of origin, or of five years in any other 
 foreign state, creates a presumption that he has ceased to be an American citizen. 
 No American cilizen, however, can expatriate himself when the country is at war. 
 
 Before the promulgation of the recent Japanese law of expatriation, no Japanese 
 could rid himself of his nationality acquired by reason of his Japanese parentage. 
 That is, as far as the Japanese law was concerned, the Japanese allegiance gained 
 by reason of birth could not be dissolved, and the fourteenth amendment to the 
 constitution, so far as the enforcement of Japanese municipal law is concerned, did 
 not operate to dissolve it. The Japanese government, therefore, held to the doctrine 
 of indelible allegiance, which is nothing other than the common law doctrine as it 
 developed in England and as it was adopted in the United States. It is only another 
 way of saying that the children of Japanese citizens born the world over, are Japa- 
 nese citizens by right of birth. 
 
 About 1017 or 1918, the Japanese enacted a law of expatriation by which the 
 status of dual nationality on the part of Japanese residing here and claiming citizen- 
 ship under the fourteenth amendment could be brought to aa end. Japanese who are 
 native citizens of the United States may expatriate themselves in two ways : 
 
 (1) Before the age of 15 through a legal representative; 
 
 (2) Between the ages of 15 and 17 years, but never after the age of 17, unless 
 he has presented himself for military duty. 
 
 As compared with the practice of the United States, the Japanese law is limited 
 in its scope. Japan will relinquish her jurisdiction over foreign born Japanese, not 
 through the voluntary act of the individual, but only through the permission of the 
 home government. Many countries hold to the view that expatriation is the volun- 
 tary right of the individual. Japan does not recognize this principle. The burden 
 is placed upon foreign born Americans to prove that they have retained their 
 American citizenship, while the burden is placed upon the foreign born Japanese to 
 prove that they have renounced their Japanese citizenship through means provided 
 by, and with the ijermisison of, the Japanese government. In this way, the home 
 government has a rigid military hold on its foreign born citizens. 
 
 Moreover, the Japanese law of expatriation does not do away with the possibility 
 of double allegiance, in the case of a Japanese born in the United States : 
 
 1. If before the age of 17, a Japanese has not expatriated himself from Japan 
 under the Japanese law, the act of expatriation can not be effected until he has satis- 
 fied the militai'y requirements. Japanese born in America must conform strictly to 
 the requirements of the law in order to avoid the condition of dual nationality. 
 Should a Japanese, with this status, return to Japan, he would be held for military 
 duty as a Japanese citizen, and his American citizenship would not be recognized. 
 Should he appeal to the American government for exemption becaus"fe of his 
 American citizenship, it is probable that fruitless diplomatic negotiations would 
 follow. 
 
 2. Should a Japanese return to Japan and establish his residence there, repatria- 
 tion would follow. Under the Japanese law, a residence of one day is sufficient to
 
 186 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 effect Ode's repatriation. In the United States, the act of expatriation involves a 
 change of (1) home and (2) allegiance, and more especially of allegiance. Japanese 
 law requites only a change in residence, which is satisfied with the very limited 
 retjuiremeut of one day. 
 
 The American law of 10(>7 provides that an American woman marrying a foreigner 
 takes the nationality of her husband ; but that, when the marital relation ends, she 
 may resume her American citizenship; if she is abroad, either by registering within a 
 year as an American citizen at an American consulate or by returning to the United 
 States to reside, or, if she is already in the United States, by continuing to reside 
 there. Conversely, if a foreign woman married to an American continues, after the 
 marital relation ends, to reside in the United States, she is presumed to retain her 
 adoptive citizenship, unless she renounces it before a competent court ; but, if she is 
 residing abroad, she is permitted to retain it by registering within a year at an 
 American consulate. Under the Japanese law. a Japanese woman who marries a 
 foreigner and thereby obtains tlie citizenship of her husband, is regarded as having 
 expatriated herself. Those who have expatriated themselves on account of marriage 
 may effect their repatriation through the i>ermission of the State Minister of Home 
 Affairs, provided they are domiciled in Japan after the dissolution of the marriage. 
 
 Mr. Kuno states that the law was proclaimed in 1917 or 1918. He says that it 
 is very difficult to ascertain the exact date of the promulgation of laws relating to 
 foreign interests. 
 
 The translation as given by Mr. Kuno is enclosed. 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 Charles E. Martin. 
 
 THE JAPANESE LAW OF EXPATRIATION. 
 
 (Promulgated March 15, 1916.) 
 Translatetl by Y. S. Kino and Max C. Baugii. 
 
 A. 
 
 1. When a Japanese woman marries a foreigner and thereby obtains 
 tiie right of citizenship or subjectship in the nation to which her husband 
 belongs, she is expatriated. 
 
 2. When a Japanese subject obtains of his or her own accord the right 
 of citizenship or subjectship of a foreign nation, he or she is 
 expatriated. 
 
 Note. — A male subject of the Japanese empire who is over 17 years of age, will 
 not be allowed to expatriate himself until he has completed active military service in 
 the Japanese army or navy or he is known to be free from military duty (on 
 account of phj-sical disability, long residence in a foreign country, etc.). 
 
 ^. Those who have been expatriated on account of marriage may be 
 j^Jlowed to be repatriated through permission of the State ^Minister of 
 Home Affairs, provided she or he domiciles in Japan after the dissolu- 
 tion of the marriage. 
 
 B. 
 
 I. Foreign lx)rn male or female Japane.se subjects may be allowed to 
 expatriate through the State Minister of Home Affairs, in the Imperial 
 Japanese government, provided he or she domiciles in the country where 
 lie or she was born and thereby and therein obtains the right of citizen- 
 s-hip or subjectship. 
 
 Note 1. — It is imperative that the step be taken by his or her legal representative 
 when the applicant is under 1.5 years of age. 
 
 XoTE 2.- -It is imperative tnat he or she, though over the age of 15 but yet under 
 legal age, or a person adjudged incompetent, shall take this step only with the con- 
 sent of his legal representative. 
 
 Translator's Note. — Because the Japanese government thus claims foreign born 
 Japanese as subjects of the empire, though not so stated, it is reasonable to say that
 
 CITIZENSHIP, 187 
 
 .Tiipanpso born in Amoiica must conform strictly to the provisions in tho noto under 
 A, 2. Tliat is, unloss such native son oxi)atrialo liimsdf from Japan before the age 
 of 17, lie Clin not oxputrijitc tiimsclf until be has satisfied the military refpiirements. 
 
 c. 
 
 1. Tliosc Jripfincse wlio liavc oxpMtrialcd thcnisclvos on tho frroiind of 
 Ix'iii}^' fofcif^ii l>()rn or of tlicir own accord may repatriate wJion thoy 
 (•st;il)li.sli tlu'ir {loiiiicilcs within tlio dominion of the Japanese empire. 
 
 Foreign naturalized su])je('ts, their children, or foreif^i males or 
 i'emalcs who have been naturalized by virtue of adoption by Japanese 
 families, or who having married a Japanese man or woman and assumed 
 Ihe family name of said man or woman, will under no circumstances 
 be permitted to agrain become Japanese subjects if they once forfeit the 
 naturalization risrht thus obtained. 
 
 CIVIL CODE OF JAPAN. 
 
 Dr. rx)ENiioLi\r, April 30, 190G. 
 
 1. The enjoyment of private rig^hts begins at birth. 
 
 2. Aliens enjoy private rights except as forbidden by law, regula- 
 tion or treaty. 
 
 .3. On the completion of twenty years a person becomes of full age. 
 
 777. If Japanese in a foreign country desire to contract a marriage 
 between themselves, they may make the notification of their marriage to a 
 Japanese Minister or Consul stationed in such country. In such case 
 the provisions of the preceding two articles apply correspondingly. 
 
 889. A parent exercising the parental power is bound, to use the 
 same care in the exercise of his right of management as in his own 
 affairs. 
 
 Even though an act is done by a mother with the consent of the 
 family council, she remains responsible for it, unlessi she is free from 
 fault. 
 
 890. After the child comes of age, the parent exercising the parental 
 power nnist without delay render an account of his management. In 
 such case, however, the expenses of the bringing up of the child and 
 of the management of his property are deemed to be set off against 
 the profits of the property of the child. 
 
 GUARDIANSHIP. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 the arising of guardianship. 
 900. 1. When there is nobody who exercises parental power over a 
 minor, or when the person exercising the parental power has not the 
 right of management; 
 
 2. When a person has been adjudged incompetent. 
 908. The following persons can not be guardians: 
 1. A minor. 
 
 3. A person wiio has been deprived of public rights. 
 
 910. A person who may designate a guardian may also designate 
 by will a supervisor of guardianship.
 
 188 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 911. If no supervisor is designated under the provisions of the 
 preceding article, the legal or the appointed guardian must, before he 
 enters upon the duties of the guardianship, apply to the court to 
 convene a family council for the purpose of appointing a supervisor. 
 If he acts in contravention of the.se provisions, the family council may 
 remove him. 
 
 If a family council appoints a guardian, it must at once also appoint 
 a supervisor of guardianship. 
 
 912. If after a guardian has entered upon liis duties the position 
 of supervisor becomes vacant, the guardian must without delay have 
 the family council convened and a supervisor appointed. In such 
 case the provisions of article 911, 1, apply correspondingly. 
 
 915. The duties of a supervisor of guardianship are as follows : 
 
 1. To supervise the guardian in the performance of his functions; 
 
 2. In ease of a vacancy in the guardianship, to call without delay 
 upon the person next in order to enter uponj the duties of guardian- 
 ship, or if there is no such person, to have the family council convened 
 and a guardian appointed; 
 
 3. To take necessary steps in case of any emergency ; 
 
 4. To represent the ward as to acts where the interests of the 
 guardian or of a person whom he represents and of the ward conflict. 
 
 917. A guardian must without delay commence to make an exam- 
 ination of the property of the ward and must within one montii finish 
 it and make an inventorJ^ Such period may, however, be extended by 
 tho family council. 
 
 The examination and the making of the inventory have no effect, 
 unless done in the presence of the supervisor of guardianship. 
 
 If a guardian does not make an inventory according to the provisions 
 of the foregoing two paragraphs, the family council may remove him. 
 
 921. The guardian of a minor has as to the matters mentioned in 
 articles 879-883 and article 885 the same rights and duties as a parent 
 exercising the parental power ; but he must have the consent of the 
 family council to change the manner of the bringing up of the ward 
 or of his residence as established by the parent exercising the parental 
 power, or to place the minor in a correctional institution, or to permit 
 him to carry on business or to withdraw or restrict such permission. 
 
 923. A guardian manages the property of the ward and represents 
 him in all juristic acts relating to it. 
 
 924. A guardian must on his entering upon his duties determine 
 in advance with the consent of the family council the amount which 
 shall be spent each year for the support and education or for the 
 medical attendance and care of the ward and for the management of 
 his property. 
 
 The amount so fixed can be changed only with the consent of the 
 family council; but this does not prevent the expenditure of a larger 
 amount in case of necessity. 
 
 925. The family council may allow to the guardian a reasonable 
 compensation out of the property of the ward, taking into consideration 
 his pecuniary condition and that of the ward and other circumstances. 
 But this does not apply, if the guardian is the husband or wife, a 
 lineal blood relative or the head of the house of the ward.
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 189 
 
 927. The family council must determine at the time of the pruar- 
 dian's entering? upon his duties an amount upon rcachinf,' which the 
 guardian must deposit all money received by him for the ward. 
 
 If a guardian does not within a reasonable time deposit money 
 received for the ward, although the amount determined by the family 
 council has been reached, he must pay legal interest upon it. 
 
 The place of deposit of the money is determined l)y the guardian 
 with the consent of the family council. 
 
 928. A designated or appointed guardian mu.st make a report to 
 the family council at least once a year on the condition of the ward's 
 property. 
 
 931. A guardian can hire property of the ward only with the con- 
 sent of the family council. 
 
 932. If a guardian does not perform his duties, the family council 
 may appoint a temporary manager and causo him to manage the 
 ward's property on the guardian's responsibility. 
 
 933. The family council may require a guardian to give proper 
 security for the management and the restoration of the ward's property 
 
 THE FAMILY COUNCIL. 
 
 945. The family council consists of at least three persons appointed 
 by the court from among the relatives of the person concerned or else 
 from among persons connected with him or with his house. 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 THE DUTY OF SUPPORT. 
 
 954. Lineal blood relatives and brothers and sisters are bound to 
 support each other. 
 
 955. If there are several persons bound to furnish support, the 
 duty rests upon them in the following order : 
 
 1. Husband or wife ; 
 
 2. Lineal descendants; 
 
 3. Lineal ascendants ; 
 
 4. The head of the house : 
 
 5. The persons specified in article 954, 2 ; 
 
 6. Brothers and sisters. 
 
 As among lineal ascendants or as among lineal descendants, the 
 person nearest in degree is first bound to furnish support. The same 
 applies as among the lineal ascendants mentioned in article 954, 2. 
 
 956. If there are several persons of the same rank bound to furnish 
 support, the burden is apportioned among them according to their 
 respective pecuniary abilities ; but as between those belonging to the 
 house and those not belonging to it, the former are in the first instance 
 bound to furnish support. 
 
 960. The extent of the support is determined by the needs of the 
 person to be supported and by the condition in life and the means of 
 the person bound to furnish support.
 
 190 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENT.U.. 
 
 Letter of Professor Wm. Carey Jones. 
 
 University of California, School of Jlrispruuence, 
 Berkeley, California. 
 
 BoALT Hall of Law, March 17, 1920. 
 Mr. Frank L. I.atiirop, 
 
 Farm Expert, State Hoard of Control, 
 Sacramento, California. 
 Dear Mr. Latiirop : I have been awaiting reports which I tried to set on foot 
 in response to your inquiry. I have just received the enclosed from Professor John 
 Norton I'omeroy of the University of Illinois, now at work on digesting treaties for 
 the State Department, and temporarily residing here. I don't know whether this 
 investigation of Mr. Pomeroy's is of any service to you or not. 
 
 I have one additional item to give you. In the appendi.x to De Becker's Civil 
 Code of Japan, is a copy of the law of naturalization of April 1, 18l>9. Article 1 of 
 this law reads as follows : 
 
 "A child is a Japanese if his or her father is a Japanese at the time of hi.s or her 
 birth. The same applies if the father who died previous to the child's birth was a 
 Japanese at the time of his death." 
 
 I am at a loss to know what further help I can give you. I shall be very happy 
 to be of any service within my power. 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 Wm. Carey Jones. 
 
 CITIZENSHIP OF CHILDREN, BORN IN THE UNITED STATES, OF 
 ALIENS WHO ARE INCAPABLE OF NATURALIZATION. 
 
 By Pkof. John Norton Pomexoy of the University of Illinois. 
 
 Whatever doubts may have existed, prior to 1898, concerning tlic meaning of (lie 
 definition of "citizens" contained in tlu; fourteenth amendment, were set at rest by 
 the case of United States vs. Wong Kim Ark, 1(»9 U. S. U49, holding that a China- 
 man, born of parents residing in this country, and returning, about a year after his 
 majority, from a visit to China, was not .subject to the Chinese exclusion acts; he 
 having never gained a new residence or renounced his allegian(!e to the United Stales. 
 
 In other words, the fourteenth amendment means precisely what it says. 
 
 169 U. S. OtiS. "It is the inherent right of every indei)cndent nation to determine 
 for itself, and according to its own constitution and laws, what clas.ses of persons 
 shall be entitled to citizenship." So long as the child remains within the United 
 States, therefore, his political status is a question of our municipal law, for deter- 
 mination by our courts. When, however, he comes within the territorial jurisdiction 
 of the country of his parents, it may be that under the laws of that country he is a 
 citizen thereof, and subject to duties of allegiance thereto. It then becomes a ques- 
 tion of diplomatic policy to what extent and under what circumstances the United 
 States shall undertake to afford him protection. For numerous examples of our 
 diplomatic practice, see 3 Moore, Digest of International Law, pp. 532 et scq.\ that 
 practice has not always been consistent ; see Id. p. 034, Case of Pinto. 
 
 Right of expatriation. 
 
 169 U. S. 704. "No doubt he might himself, after coming of age, renounce this 
 citizenship, and become a citizen of the country of his parents, or of any other 
 country." , 
 
 The policy of our laws has always favored the right of e.\patriatiou ; and it was 
 recognized (18U8) by Congress as "a natural and inherent right of all people, indis- 
 pensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and the pursuits of happi- 
 ness." U. S. Comp. Stats. 3955. 
 
 P^xpatriation may, by statute, result from naturalization in, or taking an oath 
 of allegiance to, any foreign state (U. S. Comp. Stats. 3959), or by marriage to an 
 alien husband (U. S. Comp. Stats. 31HX)). Apart from these methods, there must 
 be, in the ca^e of native born citizens, an actual, voluntary remocal from the coantry, 
 without animus revertendi. See numerous cases collected, 11 Corpus Juris, p. 784. 
 
 Can there be expatriation (apart from statute) of a native born citizen during 
 his minority? 
 
 There seems to be no doubt that by prompt election on attaining majority a 
 native born child who has been removed from this country may claim his United
 
 CITIZENSHIP. 191 
 
 States citizenship; see cases of diplomatic protection extended under these circum- 
 stances, 3 Moore 543 ct seq. The best proof of such election of citizensiiip \h by a 
 prompt return to the United States ; Id, 548, 550. 
 
 It would seem to follow, logically, that the mere acts (1) of the pari'iits in taking 
 the child to their country, even for a prolonged slay, or (2) of the child involuntarily 
 removing, while a minor, to the parcwils" country, do not debar the child, on hi« 
 return to tiie United States duriii;/ minority, from his status as citizen. Sw l<i9 
 U. S. 704: "Whether any act of himself, or of his parents, during his minority, 
 would have the same effect (viz, expatriation), is at least doubtful. lie is not com- 
 petent to expatriate himself during minority." State vs. Jacknon. 79 Vt. 504 ; 
 Ludlam vs. Ludlam, 2G N. Y. 35(5. Conclusive federal authority on this point is, to 
 be sure, laclting; but there are several cases where a returning minor was immedi- 
 ately readmitted to the rights of citizenship after an absence extending over a 
 considerable number of years. 
 
 Summary: When Japanese born in United States may claim in United States 
 rights of United States citizenship. 
 
 I. A Japanese child, born in this country, who has never left this country, is 
 plainly a citizen under our laws, as much as any other native born person. 
 
 If he goes to Japan, his political status there is a matter for Japanese law and 
 United States diplomacy. 
 
 II. If he is taken to Japan during minority and (1) returns to this country for 
 a permanent stay shortly after majority, he thereby elects his United States citizen- 
 ship ; or if he (2) returns before majority for a permanent stay, his remaining after 
 majority constitutes such election. Dicta and logic support the opinion, in this- 
 latter case: (3) that his rights of citizenship may always be asserted, immediately 
 upon hi.s return to the United States. 
 
 III. The status of a Japanese child taken to Japan during minority and returning 
 some years after attaining majority is a question of fact, depending on the cir- 
 cumstances of each case. 
 
 IV. However, a Japanese child may, under statute, lose his United States citizen- 
 ship by foreign naturalization or oath of allegiance ; or, if a female by marriage tc 
 an alien. 
 
 The above memorandum relates to citizenship, and the political rights flowing 
 therefrom. Civil status, with the rights of inheritance, marriage, etc., involve the 
 question of domicile, which is an entirely different matter. 
 
 Note. — The above was furnished the Board of Control through the courtesy or 
 Prof. Wm. Carey Jones, Dean of the School of Jurisprudence of the University c 
 California, at whose request on our behalf it was prepared by Prof. John Xorton 
 Pomeroy of the University of Illinois, who was temporarily residing in Berkeley 
 while making a digest of treaties for the State Department at Washington. 
 
 Future Voters. 
 
 California bears in mind that there are now 21,611 Japanese minor 
 children, born in California, all of whom will shortly become full- 
 fledged voters, some already having acquired that right. To this 
 number must be added approximately 5000 American-born Japanese 
 temporarily^ domiciled in Japan for educational purposes who are 
 eligible to return here at any time and who wall, upon reaching 
 majority, exercise the right to vote. 
 
 Besides these must be counted those Japanese who are citizens of 
 the Hawaiian Islands, and, therefore, American citizens, and who are 
 coming to California in ever-increasing numbers. 
 
 Considering the preponderance of Japanese population in certain 
 California localities, the results that will follow in the future from 
 this voting privilege merit serious consideration.
 
 Section XII. 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 13—4460
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 In this section: 
 
 (1) Attendance of Orientals in American public schools. 
 
 (2) Japanese language schools conducted by Japanese in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 (3) Japanese language schools in Hawaii. 
 
 (4) Effect of these Japanese schools upon the Americanization 
 of Japanese as pictured by Dr. Sidney L. Gulick v/ith quotation 
 from him. 
 
 (5) Japanese home influence nullifies American school teachings. 
 
 I9C
 
 SCHOOLS. 1.'7 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Orientals attend the Aniericiiii public s(;hool.s. In fact, in a number 
 (if districts the Japaiicso now constitute the major part of the attend- 
 ance, whites and Japanese attcndinf? the same schools, together. 
 
 Japanese Language Schools. 
 
 The -Japanese, besides attending the American public schools, thereby 
 acquirinc: the English language and a knowledge of American customs, 
 in many districts they also attend private; Japanese schools conducted in 
 the Japanese language in which are taught the language, laws, customs, 
 history and religion of Japan. How many there are at present 
 of these Japanese language schools was not ascertained definitely. 
 However, in a mcniorial address, prepared by the Japanese Association 
 of America (in California), to tlie President of the United States, on 
 the occasion of his visit to California in 1919, the Japanese Association 
 stated that there were in California seventy-five such Japanese language 
 schools, which they designate as "supplementary" schools. 
 
 While these schools are said by the Japanese to be primarily for the 
 study of the Japanese language, and not intended to perpetuate the 
 traditions and moral concepts of Japan, nevertheless, when an attempt 
 was made in the Territorial Legislature of Hawaii to require teachers 
 in these Japanese language schools to qualify for a certificate to teach, 
 by passing an examination in the Englisli language, American history 
 and American civics, the measure introduced in the legislature for this 
 purpose was strongly opposed by Japanese educators and editors on 
 the ground that it would force Japanese schools in that territory to 
 close. This opposition defeated the bill. (See Appendix "A" of 
 Hearings before Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. House 
 of Representatives, page 277.) 
 
 Japanese Home Influence Nullifies American School Teachings. 
 
 It seems apparent tliat the teachings of the American public schools 
 do not offset the Japanese home influence, for, after years of residence 
 in California, the Japanese still continue to congregate in racial groups, 
 speak the Japanese language among themselves and adhere to the cus- 
 toms of the mother country. There is little evidence of their assimila- 
 tion. Dr. Sidney L. Gulick, author of numerous books and articles on 
 the Japanese question, lecturer in the Imperial University of Japan, 
 and who is by no means unfriendly to the Japanese, has expressed this 
 very aptly in his book, "The American- Japanese Problem," in which, 
 addressing himself to the subject as it relates to the teaching of Japa- 
 nese children in the schools of Hawaii, he writes as follows : 
 
 "It is not to be assumed that the odncation they (.Japanese children) receive in 
 
 the public schools, which they leave at 14 or 15 years of age, is adequate to prepare 
 
 them for citizenship during the six or seven year.s after they £:et out from under the 
 
 iutiucnce of their American teachers. Most of the boys will be isolated from 
 
 I English-speaking- Americans; they will be associated chieflv with men of their own
 
 198 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 race, imbibing, therefore, the Oriental ideas as they approach manhood. The mere 
 fact, accordingly, of American birth, public school education, and the requisite age 
 should not be regarded as adequate qualification for the suffrage : for it is to be 
 remembered that during the entire period of schooling, not only have they been in 
 Oriental homes, but the Japanese at heart have been diligently drilled in Japanese 
 schools by Japanese teachers, many of whom have little acquaintance and no 
 sympathy with American institutions or a Christian civilization. 
 
 If, as Asiatics, they maintain their traditional conceptions of God, nature, and 
 man, of male and female, of hu.sband and wife, of parent and child, of ruler and 
 ruled, of the state and the individual, the permanent maintenance in Hawaii of 
 American democracy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible." 
 
 Concerning the Japanese language schools in California, the Japa- 
 nese Association of America in the memorial to the President, above 
 mentioned, has the following to say : 
 
 "Aside from the schools for instructing Japanese in English there are seventy-five 
 so-called 'supplementary' schools for teaching children the Japanese language. 
 These are attended by the Japanese pupils after the public schools close for the 
 day. They are primarily for the study of the Japanese language and are not 
 intended to perpetuate the traditions and moral concepts of .Japan. Of course, these 
 are criticised by hostile Americans. But says Professor Millis. 'They are supple- 
 mentary schools, and at the worst, there is much less in them to be adversely 
 criticised than in the parochial schools attended by so many children of the South 
 and European immigrants. No real problem is yet evident connected with Japanese 
 children on American soil.' "
 
 Section XIII. 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 199
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 For the purpose of permitting the presentation of the Japanese 
 side of the whole matter contained in this report, there is appended 
 hereto the following: 
 
 (1) Memorial address prepared by the Japanese Association of 
 America (in California) and presented to the President of the 
 United States while at San Francisco on September 18, 1919, upon 
 the occasion of his visit to California. This covers the whole range 
 of Japanese relations to this state. 
 
 (2) Truth of the Japanese Farming in California by Toyoji Chiba, 
 Managing Director of the Japanese Agricultural Association of 
 California. 
 
 Appended herewith is printed the text of the initiative measure 
 amending the Alien Land Law of California which is now being 
 circulated and is proposed to be voted upon at the general election 
 in November, 1920. 
 
 201
 
 Al'I'KNDIX. 203 
 
 MEMORIAL PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT WHILE AT SAN 
 FRANCISCO ON SEPTEMBER 18, 1919. 
 
 THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. 
 No. 444 Bush Street, San Francisco, California. 
 
 Ilonorahle Woodrow Wilson, 
 
 President of the United States of America, 
 San Francisco, California. 
 
 Mr, President: The Japanese Association of America, on behalf of 
 resident Japanese in tlie State of California, extends greetings to you 
 and begs to add its voice of welcome to that of the great state which 
 you now honor by your presence. It sincerely hopes that the noble 
 task in which you are now engaged may be fully realized, and that 
 world peace and happiness may be the ultimate rewards of the labors 
 for humanity to which your great efforts are devoted. 
 
 The Japanese people of this state, trusting implicitly in the lofty 
 spirit of justice and fair dealing which have characterized your every 
 public act and expression, take advantage of your presence in Cali- 
 fornia to lay before you a few facts and figures bearing upon their 
 relations to the community in which they reside, and they venture to 
 ask for them your respectful and disinterested consideration. 
 
 The cry against our people may be historically traced as far back as 
 1887, when there were no more than 400 Japanese in the entire state. 
 The so-called Japanese question did not, however, assume an acute 
 character until 1906, when the school question arose. Unfortunately 
 that question was settled by the politicians and not determined upon 
 its true merits. At any rate, ever since that date, the Japanese "ques- 
 tion" has become an issue of a most complicated nature--political, 
 economic, racial, diplomatic — always resulting in the suffering of the 
 Japanese residents. A few of the more familiar cases might be men- 
 tioned. The "Gentlemen's Agreement," under the workings .of which 
 America prohibits Japanese immigration, has been so strictly admin- 
 istered by the Japanese government that there has been no immigration 
 from Japan. The alien land law of this state, enacted in 1013, prohibits 
 Japanese ownership of land and limits the terms of lease to three years. 
 
 This limitation strikes at the very foundations of farming so far as 
 the Japanese are concerned, and the limitation is substantially inter- 
 fering with all Japanese agricultural enterprises. Not satisfied with 
 these annoying measures, innumerable anti-Japanese bills were intro- 
 duced at the last session of the State Legislature. One of these proposed 
 to deprive the Japanese of the right to lease land while another pro- 
 posed to segregate Japanese children in the public schools. 
 
 These facts, not to mention others, have tended to strain the historic 
 friendly relations between the United States and Japan. We regret 
 the situation. However, the Japanese residents, on the whole, have 
 so far entertained the faith that the American Governmeni would
 
 204 
 
 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAI.. 
 
 eventually protect them and render tliem justice and peaee. A great 
 deal of anxiety has. in the meantime, been experienced by them. This 
 is but natural, and this unrest has been reflected across the ocean. 
 Rome of us who feel that we are better acquainted with the situation, 
 have taken the position that our best course must come from education 
 and we have been doing our utmost in what we characterize as an 
 "Americanization campaign." We point out to our fellow-countrymen 
 the better elements in American civilization, urging them to strive for 
 their own improvement and better fit themselves for American life, 
 hoping thereby to be relieved of the anxiety created and reenforeed by 
 the constant agitation against them. Our Americanization campaign 
 will prove fruitless unless backed by true sympathy on the part of 
 Americans. We regret to say that even to these efforts on our part 
 there has been given but little response or sympathy. 
 
 May we not then appeal to you, Mr. President, and ask your powerful 
 aid in so adjusting our condition on this coast that we may engage in 
 legitimate pursuits and live in peace? 
 
 A census of the Japanese in California, taken in September. 1918, 
 shows the following facts: The total Japanese population is 68.983, 
 composed of 41.842 male adults, 12,232 female adults, 7877 male chil- 
 dren and 7031 female children. Of these the farmers and their families 
 number 19.044. while farm laborers and their families count 18,968. 
 In other words, more than 50 per cent of the"* Japanese in the state are 
 engaged in agriculture and horticulture. The remainder are engaged 
 in commerce, in domestic service, transportation, factories, canneries, etc. 
 
 The Japanese in agriculture constitute the most important element 
 in number as well as in other respects. And thus it happens that what- 
 ever hostility now exists is generally directed against this particular 
 element. The status of this element may be briefly stated. The most 
 recent investigations show the number and acreage of farms cultivated 
 by Japanese under various methods as follows: 
 
 California Farms Under Japanese Management. 
 
 Northern coast 
 
 Sacramento Valley . 
 San Joaquin Valley. 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Central California .. 
 Southern coast 
 
 Totals 
 
 Southern Calilornia . 
 
 Grand totals - 528 
 
 Ownership 
 
 Tenant 
 
 Contract 
 
 T 
 
 >tal 
 
 Number 
 
 Area 
 
 Number 
 
 2SS 
 
 1,220 ; 
 
 367 
 
 5 
 
 549 
 
 308 
 
 Area 
 
 8.839 
 117,057 
 57,779 
 125 
 40,758 
 90,493 
 
 Number 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 28 
 
 Area 
 
 1,400 
 
 4,040 
 3,703 
 
 Numlier 
 
 275 
 
 1,380 
 
 405 
 
 39 
 
 828 
 
 855 
 
 Area 
 
 » 
 
 146 
 10 
 34 
 
 lg9 
 
 2,165 
 
 6,811 
 6,315 
 1,751 
 
 9,723 
 600 
 
 12,414 
 
 127,906 
 67,797 
 1,876 
 
 j<;i.4Si 
 
 31 
 
 65 
 
 14,465 
 
 45,558 
 
 442 
 
 84 
 
 27,355 
 2,950 
 
 2,672 
 2,266 
 
 255,071 
 81,650 
 
 120 
 
 23,608 
 
 3,780 
 2,350 
 
 306,037 
 84,600 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,305 4,938 336,721 
 
 120 
 
 23,608 6,130 
 
 390,637
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 205 
 
 Again, the follovviii;^' tahlf sliows tlie crops raised by the Japanese 
 farmers, as well as tlieir values: 
 
 Grapes 
 
 Berries 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Greens 
 
 Potatoes .- 
 
 Onions 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Tomatoes - 
 
 Celery 
 
 Cantaloupes .— 
 
 Beans 
 
 Kice - 
 
 Seeds -.. - 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Hay and cereals. , 
 
 Corn --- - 
 
 Hops - 
 
 Ornamental flowers and plants 
 
 Cotton -- 
 
 Miscellaneous - 
 
 Totals 
 
 Acraaffe 
 
 47,439 
 
 5,9G8 
 
 29,210 
 
 17,852 
 
 18,830 
 
 9,Z51 
 
 9,927 
 
 10,616 
 
 3,568 
 
 9,581 
 
 77,107 
 
 16,640 
 
 15,847 
 
 51,604 
 
 15,753 
 
 7,845 
 
 1,260 
 
 298 
 
 18,000 
 
 5,084 
 
 Yield per 
 acre 
 
 |1S0 
 
 700 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 135 
 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 70 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 180 
 
 100 
 
 ToUI 
 yielrl 
 
 17,115360 
 
 3,580,800 
 
 7,381 .500 
 
 5,355,600 
 
 2,542,050 
 
 2,312.750 
 
 1,489,050 
 
 1,638,560 
 
 1,070,4<X) 
 
 2,396,250 
 
 5,387,490 
 
 2,662,400 
 
 2,535.520 
 
 3,612,280 
 
 787,650 
 
 470,700 
 
 226,800 
 
 450,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 491070 
 
 371,680 $53,375,720 
 
 To illustrate more concretely how the Japanese farmers have 
 achieved their present position the following illustration may be given. 
 In 1918 eJapanese farmers in the Sacramento Valley contributed more 
 than 1,000,000 sacks of rice to the food supply of the United States and 
 it? allies. They planted 25,000 acres to rice in the five counties of 
 Sutter, Yuba, Colusa, Glenn and Butte. This year the total acreage 
 devoted to the same industry has increased to 140,000, of which 33.000 
 acres are cultivated by Japanese. They expect to harvest 9,400,000 
 bushels. Of these the Japanese share is expected to reach 2,400,000 
 bashels. 
 
 This immensely prosperous industry, which in eight years has 
 assumed a commanding position in the Sacramento Valley, was first put 
 Dn a safe commercial basis and proved a success by Japanese. Japanese 
 were not .the first to try rice in California, but they w^ere the first to 
 make it a commercial proposition. They were the first to apply with 
 practical success the experimental results of the government rice station 
 at Biggs. And they were the ones who stuck to rice through all the 
 years before the industry emerged from its uncertainties and became 
 firmly established. 
 
 The Japanese demonstrated success and the American farmers who 
 have since been getting rich out of the industry and who now greatly 
 outnuml)er the Japanese rice planters, must admit that their prosperity 
 IS founded on the structure built by the daring and persistence of the 
 (jt'panese. 
 
 There is soniething more. This pioneering developed a huge food 
 production on land that in most cases will not grow anything else. 
 It is admitted that the rice industry has been created out of nothing.
 
 206 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Certainly the lands on which it has been built up were next to nothing 
 before the persistent industry of the pioneers demonstrated that rice 
 would grow on them. It is a curious fact that rice can not be grown 
 successfully in California except on the poorest lands. The very con- 
 ditions that spoil the land for other crops are the ones necessarj- to the 
 success of rice. On good soils rice grows so rankly that the heads do 
 not mature until too late, bringing the harvest pa-st the beginning of 
 the rainy season. Hardpan close to the surface, the bane of land where 
 it occurs, is essential to rice growing. Rice fields must be kept flooded 
 through the growing season. Consequently hardpan must be present 
 to hold the water. Most of the lands now devoted to rice are so 
 impregnated with alkali that only salt grass grew on them before. 
 
 The growers had everything to learn. Americans were at a loss 
 because the varieties they were familiar with in the South were not 
 successful. And though a Japanese rice, the Wataribune variety, 
 finally became the commonest one grown, even Japanese farmers 
 familiar with rice growing in their own country were no better off. 
 In Japan rice is cultivated intensively. The young plants are germi- 
 nated in seed beds to be transplanted in small paddies, where they are 
 cultivated by hand. Such methods are impossible in rice growing on 
 a large scale as it is practiced in California. 
 
 Consequently the early rice growers, Japanese and American, lost 
 money. Most of them quit. But one Japanese stuck to it and thereby 
 earned the title of pioneer in California rice growing. That was 
 K. Ikuta, who never quit, but is still growing and successfully. And 
 ten years ago the land now devoted to rice growing Avas worth no more 
 than ten dollars an acre. No one will now sell the same land for less 
 than one hundred dollars. The rental on these lands varies from 
 thirty-five to forty-five dollars. Is not this a substantial creation of 
 Avealth for the state? 
 
 Again, vast acres along the lower Sacramento and the San Joaquin 
 reclaimed from an original condition of swamp and tule beds, long 
 reaches of orchard and vineyard on the east side of the San Joaquin 
 and Sacramento Valleys developed from a semidesert, where at the best 
 only crops of hay or grain were produced before, great areas of garden 
 and orchard in the Santa Clara Valley which, in like fashion, have 
 sprung up on former hay fields, and many other improvements in 
 various parts of the state testify to the pioneering of the Japanese. 
 
 An American writer says: 
 
 "The most striking feature of Japanese farming in California has been 
 this development of successful orchards, vineyards or gardens on land 
 that was either completely out of use or else employed for far less 
 profitable purposes. Ignorant of the fact^ of the case, we have been 
 inclined to believe in California that Japanese farmers have merely 
 taken over lands and farms of American farmers and continued the 
 business as they found it. The slightest study, however, shows tliis 
 conclusion to be a complete error.
 
 APPENDIX. 207 
 
 The Japanese farmer in California has always been a great developer 
 and improver. Where he has taken over lands that were in use before 
 his time lie has almost always, if not always, put tiiem to a far hif^her 
 use and made them far more valuable than they were before. But 
 with a great proportion of the lands he now farms he has developed 
 them out of nothinfj^, or next to nothing. 
 
 lie is the skillful agriculturist who has done so much to bring out 
 the riches of the vast delta of the San Joaquin and the Sacramento. He 
 is the vine planter who has transformed the poor clay lands of Florin, 
 Acampo and Lodi into rich vineyards. He is the horticulturist who 
 dared to settle on the shifting sands of Livingston, in Merced County, 
 and Bowles, in Fresno County, and turned those wastes into valuable 
 orchard and vineyard. lie is the adventurer who had the nerve to 
 level the formidable 'hog wallow' lands along the thermal belt in Tulare 
 County and plant on them the oranges and vines, the proved success of 
 which has changed these spring sheep pastures into another prosperous 
 extension of the citrus region, of California. He is the persistent 
 experimenter who hung on in rice growing until it became a success. 
 
 In all this and in much more the Japanese farmer was the pioneer. 
 It must not be thoaght that he struck out these successes for himself 
 alone. He does not enjoy alone the wealth he created and the prosperity 
 he produced. In all these places his daring and industry immensely 
 increased the value not only of the lands he had bought or leased, but 
 as well of those of the American landholders in the vicinity. His success 
 as a pioneer was the example that brought many times, his number of 
 American farmers to these localities to engage with profit in the indus- 
 tries which he had demonstrated for their benefit. 
 
 Prosperous as the Japanese farmers in California are, it is just to 
 say that they have produced for American farmers many times the 
 wealth they have gained for themselves. In the enhancement of land 
 values alone Japanese farmers have added millions to the total wealth 
 of the state. This means not only the enlarged value of the lands they 
 have farmed and improved, but also the increased value of the neighbor- 
 ing lands. In all the once hopeless districts in which Japanese farmers 
 have made a success the American farmers who came after have them 
 to thank." 
 
 Of course, these achievements are not without sacrifices. In many 
 other places in California besides the river regions the Japanese 
 farmers have met, fought Math and overcome unhealthful conditions. 
 They have not overcome them without fearful losses. In Fresno 
 County alone, in the earlier days of development, when water and 
 sanitary conditions were bad, the Japanese lost 3000 lives. It is not 
 too much to say that the lives of these Japanese boys were expended in 
 the service of the state and the United States. 
 
 Furthermore, the Japanese farmer has never been content to do 
 merely as well as the American farmer under whom he learned farming 
 in California. When he has not been pioneering new land he has 
 always found a way to make the soil produce a better and more profit- 
 able crop than it did before.
 
 208 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Perhaps the most brilliant example of Japanese agricultural pio- 
 neering in California i.s the colony at Livingston. That unique colony 
 in Merced County, where Japanese and American live and work in 
 friendly cooperation, animated by ccmmon purposes of good citi/cnshi]i. 
 still remains the highest example of Japanese settlement in California. 
 
 The Japanese of Livingston, where 85 per cent of their numbers are 
 Christians, have in the past year organized a church and called a 
 pastor. The new church, which is nondenominational, was organized, 
 the Livingston Japanese explain, because the older people of the colony 
 can not understand services in Englisli. The idea is that eventually 
 all, Japanese and Americans, shall go to the same church, but at present 
 the elders who do not speak much English, and the little children, go 
 to the Japanese cliurch and Sunday school while the older children 
 attend the American church. 
 
 The Colony Association owns ten acras which has been set aside for 
 the church buildings and a public park. The Association meeting hall, 
 ir the park, has been enlarged and now serves for church .services as 
 well as for public meetings. American citizens of the community have 
 presented the Japanese meeting hall with a large American flag and a 
 portrait of President Wilson. 
 
 Let one of the colonists speak. 
 
 "The following points are, in my opinion, the most conspicuous 
 reasons, among others, why the Japanese colonists in this place are able 
 to keep their social order comparatively systematically : 
 
 In the first place, the pioneer Japanese settlers here bought their 
 lands and cultivated them with their own hands. 
 
 In the second place, I must not forget to point out the kindness of our 
 American neighbors to us. 
 
 The third point is the fact that most of the Japanese residents in this 
 place are followers of Christianity. 
 
 Lastly, there is one thing that I want to call to the attention on 
 thoughtful Americans and Japanese in California. It ia the question 
 of the Japanese farmers in California. I do not mean to discuss the 
 immigration problem, which has been discussed by many able persons. 
 But we must admit the fact that, because of the Alien Land Law, pro- 
 hibiting the ownersliip of land by Japanese and prohibiting land leases 
 for more than three years, most of the Japanese in the state, with their 
 families, are forced to wander about from one place to another without 
 any definite aim of settling down. 
 
 Under such circumstances must they not only earn their living, but 
 support their families and give their children education. Most of their 
 children, being native born citizens of this country, naturally look on 
 this country as their own fatherland, and eonseiiucntly it is needless to 
 say that it is the duty of their parents as well as of society itself to give 
 them a sound education and to make them good and able citizens of the 
 United States. Education does not always give a man personalit\-. 
 Building up of manhood and noble personality depends largely on the 
 conditions of the home and outside influences in childhood and boyhood. 
 I believe, therefore, that with a strong conviction of our responsibility
 
 APPENDIX. 209 
 
 for- 1 lie tut lire lil'e of our second generation, wo must take it as our solemn 
 duly to ^ivc our youiif^er f^enoration better conditions at home and 
 more ravor'al)le surroundings. It is, undoubtedly, a hard and compli- 
 cated problem to till these conditions, how to improve our home life and 
 how and what to do to change the social conditions. If 1 am allowed 
 to speak frankly, I say that we must get down to the bottom of the 
 problem and make a complete? change in the system of our life. This is 
 the fundamental and essential point of the problem presented to us. 
 \iy changing the system I moan that some of those who are in the cities 
 01- in tile country already improved, should go into the untouched lands, 
 where thoy can build up their homes and create new society. The 
 Japanese pioneers of Livingston followed this system when they estab- 
 lished a colony in this place." 
 
 A brief statement may here be made concerning the anti-Japanese 
 agitation in ('alifornia. Before taking up the alleged reasons upon 
 wliicli the agitation is based we may be allowed to quote one of the best 
 general statements on the subject, which was prepared by Professor 
 P. eT. Treat of Stanford T^niversity, an acknowledged authority on 
 Oriental history. He says : 
 
 "It was in 1905 that the first suspicion of friction appeared. And in 
 the next nine years a series of incidents occasioned some ill feeling, but 
 it must be remembered that the friction was always between popular 
 groups ; the official relations were always cordial. 
 
 The occasions for controversy were found in both the United States 
 and in the far East. In the United Statesi it arose from the agitation 
 for the exclusion of the Japanese immigrants. This movement began 
 in California about 1905. It had small basis in fact, for there were 
 relatively few Japanese in this country, but if their number continued 
 to increase as rapidly as it had since 1900 a real social and economic 
 problem would be soon presented. Instead of meeting this problem 
 through diplomatic channels, the agitators, remembering the Chinese 
 exclusion movement of an earlier generation, commenced direct action. 
 This took the form of the so-called 'schoolboy incident' in San Francisco. 
 Using the excuse that school facilities were lacking after the great fire 
 in 1906, the school board ordered all Oriental students to attend a 
 designated school. The Japanese, recognizing the motive which 
 prompted this action, justly resented it. And it was the more ungracious 
 because at the time of the earthquake and fire the Japanese Red Cross 
 had contributed to the relief of San Francisco more money than all other 
 foreign countries combined. They had eagerly seized this opportunity 
 of showing their appreciation of all that the United States had done for 
 Japan in the past. The action of a local school board soon became a 
 national and an international question. With the legal aspects we are 
 not concerned here. The matter was settled, between the federal gov- 
 ernment and San Francisco, by a compromise. The Japanese students 
 were admitted to all the schools as of old, and President Roosevelt 
 promised to take up the question of immigration with Japan. 
 
 When the matter was presented in proper form, the Japanese at once 
 met our requests. Practically all thoughtful Japanese realize^d the 
 dangers involved in a mass immigration of people from a land with low 
 standards of living to one where they were high. The understanding 
 
 14 — 4460
 
 210 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 took the form of the 'Gentlemen's Agreement,' under which Japan 
 promised not to give passports to laborers desiring to emigrate to the 
 United States, and our Grovernment in turn agreed not to subject the 
 Japanese to the humiliation of an exclusion act. Since this agreement 
 went into effect in 1907, it has met every need. No one has found 
 ground for questioning the scrupulous good faith of the Japanese foreign 
 ofiBce in the issue of passports. In fact the admission of Japanese, under 
 the passport system, has worked out with fewer abuses than the admis- 
 sion of Chinese under the exclusion laws which we administer ourselves. 
 
 Unfortunately this good understanding did not quiet the agitation on 
 the Pacific Coast. In the California Legislature in 1909, 1911 and 1913 
 a number of measures were proposed which would have caused dis- 
 crimination against the Japanese residents of the state. These were 
 reported to the Japanese press, and even though not passed they kept 
 alive the resentment. Japanese who accepted our views regarding 
 immigration did not hesitate to assert that such Japanese as were 
 admitted to our country should enjoy rights and privileges equal to 
 those of any alien. A crisis was reached when, in 1913, a bill was pro- 
 posed at Sacramento which would deny to Japanese the right to acquire 
 land or to lease it for more than three years. The purpose of this bill 
 was to prevent the accumulation of agricultural land by the industrious 
 and thrifty Japanese farmers. But the danger was largely imaginary 
 because, due to the 'Gentlemen's Agreement,' very few Japanese could 
 enter the country', and in 1913 less than 13,000 acres were actually 
 owned by them. In spite of the efforts of the national administration, 
 the bill was passed in a modified form, which made it apply only to 'aliens 
 ineligible to citizenship.' This class included, specifically, the Chinese, 
 and, by interpretation, all aliens who were not 'free white persons' or 
 persons of African nativity or descent. The act, moreover, especially 
 asserted that it respected all treaty obligations. Thus the responsibility 
 was thrown back upon the federal government, whose naturalization 
 laws apparently debarred Japanese from citizenship. At the time 
 Professor H. A. Millis, a well known economist who had made the most 
 careful study of the Japanese in the Western States, did not hesitate 
 to assert that the law was 'unjust, impolitic and unnecessary legislation.' 
 Against this land law the Japanese government protested, and our 
 administration defended the legality of the act. But as an effort was 
 made on both sides to avoid trouble, the issue was never joined, and 
 the exchange of notes never completed. But the so-called 'Alien Land 
 Law' did more to disturb friendly relations than the immigration con- 
 troversy seven years before. Happily, there has been no renewal of 
 the anti-Japanese agitation in California. In 1915 Japan made a 
 notable exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which was properly 
 appreciated, and since that time a better understanding has been estab- 
 lished between the labor organizations of California and Japan." 
 
 The immigration from Japan by years since 1908 has been as follows : 
 
 1908 15,803 1914 ^ 8,929 
 
 1900 3.111 1915 8,613 
 
 1910 2,720 1910 8,680 
 
 1911 4,520 1917 8,991 
 
 1912__ 6.136 191S 10,213 
 
 1913 8,281
 
 APPENDIX. 211 
 
 Among the most commonly used arguments against the Japanese are 
 Ihe charges that they are non-assimilable, that they underbid prices, 
 that their standard of living is lower and that their power to work is 
 greater, and that their birth rate is liigher. They say "the Caucasians 
 and Asiatic races are una.ssimilable." "The leopard can not change its 
 spots." "The Creator made the two races different and different they 
 will remain." If this is true, it can not be answered. Is it a mis- 
 fortune that the Creator did not keep them apart? But America came 
 to Japan first. At any rate, they assert in the same V>reath that "The 
 Japanese are intensely distinct and self-conscious as a race and nation. 
 Those who come here come as Japanese. They have no thought of 
 becoming Americans." But this is not true. The facts previoasly 
 given prove it. The racial difference, even if it tends to discourage 
 amalgamation, by no means prevents assimilation. The history of 
 modern Japan is a clear proof that the Japanese are assimilable. The 
 Japanese in California are assimilated to a degree unrecognized by anti- 
 Japanese Americans. The native born Japanese are one hundred per 
 cent American, wliile foreign born Japanese are at least fifty per cent 
 American in spite of the many obstacles put in their way. Their 
 spiritual attitude toward, and material contributions to, the various 
 enterprises of the late war eloquently testify to this effect. 
 
 In the early days of Japanese immigrartion it is true that the Japa- 
 nese did underbid to a certain degree. But that is true of all immi- 
 grants until they have become familiar with American industrial life 
 and have mastered the art of bargaining advantageously. Since 1907 
 the Japanese have been enjoying a scarcity value. Today, they are 
 earning more than other races similarly engaged. On farms the com- 
 mon Japanese laborer is getting $4.50 a day, w^hile others are paid $4. 
 This argument, if true in the past, is no longer a fact. 
 
 The above argument is, of course, based on another, namely, that the 
 Japanese are satisfied witli a lower standard of living. They say, 
 speaking of the Japanese: "Accustomed to live on a little rice and 
 dried fish, to sleep on a board, and to do with very few of the comforts 
 of life, no white man can hope to hold the field against them." This 
 picture of the Japanese is not quite true. But it is true that the pre- 
 vailing standard of living among the Japanese immigrants was low in 
 tlie })ast. Tliey could then earn on the farm no more than $1 or $1.50 
 a day. On sucli wages they could not indulge in the standard of living 
 enjoyed by American workingmen. This fauh is nothing innate with 
 tlie Japanese. They were compelled to live clieaply because of their 
 limited earning capacity. \\'ith their increased earning power tlieir 
 standards rose. Their present standards of living are not inferior; as 
 a matter of fact, tliey are superior to those which prevail among other 
 immigrant races. At this point it sliould be noted that as yet many 
 Japanese men are single, as the sex distribution above given shows, and 
 these are mostly without their own homes. Thus they spend relatively 
 a small portion of their earnings on actual living. The rest is spent on
 
 212 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 things largely for display, good clothes, gold watches, diamond rings, 
 etc. This is not a commendable habit, but display seems to be an 
 inevitable accompaniment of their nomadic life. "When their mode of 
 life becomes normalized by marriage and settlement, these things of 
 display will be changed to things of living. Then their expenses of 
 living will constitute no problem. 
 
 The Japanese nation is characterized by industry and perseverance, 
 so naturally the Japanese wlio are here possess the power of endurance 
 and the habit of industry. But it appears rather strange that Ameri- 
 cans should complain of these facts, for they themselves take pride in 
 these very characteristics. Those Japanese who are even slightly 
 acquainted with American history can not but be impressed by the 
 degree of these qualities with which Americans have converted the once 
 wild west into a fertile land. The Japanese, as they have been condi- 
 tioned upon arrival in this country, have found that the best a.sset they 
 possessed consisted in those characteristics that helped them to get on 
 an independent footing. So they worked and worked hard, and as it 
 is charged, perhaps overworked as some of them still do. American 
 farmers who complain that their Japanese neighbors work longer hours 
 must realize that the latter are handicapped in many other respects to 
 make them successful. The most noteworthy of these is their ignorance 
 of the American methods of disposing of their produce. The Japanese 
 farmers greatly lack the commercial ability possessed by the Americans. 
 Consequently they think that they must produce more than their Ameri- 
 can neighbors. Even if this position is a mistake, they have at least 
 thought so. But why do they struggle so hard? The majority of these 
 Japanese farmers lacked educational opportunities at home. Recog- 
 nizing this, it impels them to work very hard so that they can give 
 their children a chance to get education. It is a well known fact that 
 the Japanese will do anything to get an education or to enable their 
 children to obtain it. So far as we know, the Japanese farmers work 
 hard not so much for their own enjoyment of life, but because they 
 think of the future Avelfare of their children first. Of course, this is not 
 altogetlier wise, and we are trying to point out to them that they, too, 
 must develop. We are advising them as best we know how, not to work 
 so hard as to cause their neighbors to critici.se them, and to create some 
 leisure for self-development. At the same time, it appears even to us 
 rather strange that the Americans should complain of Japanese indus- 
 try. But if Americans insist that Japanese should work no more than 
 so many hours, that can be easily accomplislied. Admit them into the 
 unions and make them obey the union rules. This simple method Avill 
 do away witli the problem except perhaps for those engaged in agri- 
 culture. Farmers, too, in time, might he lia))itnated to shorter hours of 
 labor. 
 
 Of late, much eloquence has been spent in condemning the Japanese 
 birth rate. It is alleged that the Japanese power of fecundity is notori- 
 ously high, furnishing ground for the fear that the Japanese will become
 
 APPENDIX. 213 
 
 tlie dominating race in California. The white races will be driven from 
 the land. Hence the terrible "yellow peril"! But in reality, we are 
 not even certan that the birth rate among the Japanese is very high. 
 We have no statistics to prove it. No one, so far as we know, has studied 
 this subject scientifically. No one has given us statistics showing even 
 elementary facts such as sex distribution, marital condition, age com- 
 position, etc., of the Japanese population. Yet without these facts we 
 can not make a comparative study of the birth rate between any two 
 races. But let it be granted, for the sake of expediency, that the 
 Japanese birth rate in California is higher than, say, the American 
 birth rate. Even if this is true, it can not be established as a racial 
 trait of the Japanese. It is probably due to their inferior social, eco- 
 nomic and intellectual status. The ignorant always suffer from high 
 birth rate, which are always accompanied by high death rates. But as 
 they advance, their power of fecundity falls. This is an established 
 fact. The birth rate among "old" immigrant races is fast falling. As 
 tiie Japanese emerge from their present status, their birth rate, too, will 
 surely fall. Thus the allegation that the Japanese will dominate Cali- 
 fornia and will drive the white races from the land is a reality that 
 exists only in the mind of agitators. 
 
 Finally we beg to state a few facts concerning the more important of 
 our positive efforts to uplift the Japanese residents. These may be 
 classified under four headings : An organized movement for American- 
 ization, the protection of Japanese immigrants, religious work, and 
 schools for immigrants and their children. 
 
 The origin of our more or less organized movement for Americaniza- 
 tion can be traced back to 1900. We first directed our effort to what 
 we called social education and economic development. We tried to 
 impart to our fellow countrymen elementary facts of American civiliza- 
 tion so that they could better fit themselves for American life. We 
 tried to teach them that assimilation was the first step for their success. 
 Then we tried to convince them that by contributing to the national 
 interests of America they could attain their own economic development. 
 
 In 1918, when the American government laid down the general plan 
 of the "Americanization campaign," we made it the foundation of our 
 work. In fact, we joined the movement. The Japanese associations 
 of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, and Seattle assumed the 
 responsibility of directing the campaign in the coast states, Nevada, 
 TJtah and Colorado. 
 
 The San Francisco Association employs a man educated in America 
 to canvass the northern half of the state. His function was to organize, 
 in conjunction with the local associations, work for the campaign. 
 Meetings were held at which men and women familiar Avith America 
 addressed the Japanese. These addresses are for the purpose of 
 acquainting the local Japanese with America. The topics discussed 
 are such as American history, spirit, politics, economics, industry, 
 religion, education, society, customs and manners, hygiene, care of
 
 214 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 children, cooking, housekeeping, etc. Besides lectures, pamphlets on 
 these subjects have been prepared, and these are freely distributed. We 
 have asked the Japanese schools, churches. Y. ]\I. C. A., Y. W. C. A., 
 clubs and other associations, newspapers and magazines to help us in 
 our campaign, and they are enthusiastically responding. The Japanese 
 Agricultural Association is also doing most effective work. We are also 
 making a special effort to facilitate learning of the English language. 
 We are helping to organize classes for women and children newly arrived 
 and securing proper teachers for them. We are also helping them to 
 select textbooks so that they can learn the language, and, at the same 
 time, become familiar with America. Such is the nature and scope of 
 our Americanization campaign. 
 
 To protect new arrivals, mostly women and children, we are cooperat- 
 ing with every institution connected with immigration at the time of 
 their arrival, and after their landing in America. We distribute at 
 ports of departure pamphlets on what they should know on the voyage 
 and in America. We send one of our secretaries to the immigration 
 station every time a ship arrives to facilitate the needs of newcomers. 
 We do what we can for the unfortunate immigrants, acting as go-between 
 such and the Federal Bureau of Immigration. We make special efforts 
 to protect wives whose husbands for various reasons fail to meet them 
 at the station. We do our best to see that Japanese immigrants are 
 accorded proper treatment from immigration ofificials. Our relations 
 with these officials have been very cordial, and we are grateful. 
 
 The earlier Japanese immigrants were mostly students and for many 
 years students formed the bulk of Japanese immigrants. They began 
 to come to America about forty years ago. The Christian missionaries 
 saw a chance to do proselyting work among the young Japanese. First 
 they taught them English and helped them to secure .jobs. As the 
 number of Japanese increased missions were established. These con- 
 ducted religious meetings and schools and provided rooming facilities. 
 The various denominations together now maintain fifty-nine missions 
 in America and Canada. These are doubtless helping the Japanese 
 in many ways. But Professor Millis says: "These missions are for 
 Japanese alone, and a recognition of a difference between them and 
 other races and a condition which lessens their value as an assimilative 
 force." This inductment is, we are inclined to think, worthy of serious 
 consideration by all who are interested in religious instruction as well 
 as in the real Christianization of the Japanese. A stigma is attached 
 to "mission" Christianity in the mind of many Japanese Christians, 
 and they prefer to attend American churches and they do. The mission 
 work, if properly instituted, will no doubt have a far-reaching influ- 
 ence in Americanizing Japanese immigrants. 
 
 Aside from the schools for instructing Japanese in English, there are 
 seventy-five so-called "supplementary" schools for teaching children
 
 APPENDIX. 215 
 
 the Japanese language. These are attended by the Japanese pupils 
 nfter the public schools close for the day. They are primarily for the 
 study of the Japanese language and are not intended to perpetuate 
 the traditions and moral concepts of Japan. Of course, these are criti- 
 cized by hostile Americans. But says Professor Millis, "They are 
 supplementary schools, and at the worst, there is much less in them to 
 be adversely criticized than in the parochial schools attended by so 
 many children of the South and European immigrants. No real prob- 
 lem is yet evident connected with Japanese children on American soil." 
 These are some of the more obvious facts concerning the status of 
 Japanese residents in California. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. President, the undersigned, in their unofficial 
 capacity as representatives of their countrymen, have thought this a 
 fitting opportunity for directing your attention to the status of our 
 people on this coast. We approach you in no spirit of complaint. If 
 we have grievances we recognize that such grievances are inseparable 
 from the conditions which now exist and that they must be borne with 
 patience. It is our firm belief, however, that fuller knowledge and 
 better understanding on the part of the American people of our aims 
 and aspirations as residents of the great State of California will tend 
 to disabvise some prejudices and make our condition happier. "We 
 would convince the people of California that our presence and our 
 activities are not a menace to the commonwealth, but that its dearest 
 interests are our own. We are happy to be able to count with confi- 
 dence upon your love of justice and we ask your powerful help in so 
 shaping public thought and opinion that every obstacle to harmony may 
 be removed. It is the earnest desire of the Japanese people in this state 
 to dwell in peace and good will with their American neighbors, and 
 they desire to so direct their energies that the best interests of the state 
 ciud communities in which they live may be subserved. 
 
 If it is our good fortune to impress you with the sincerity of these, 
 our purposes and aims, we shall feel that your visit to the West has 
 been most fortunate and we shall remain gratified and grateful. 
 
 We have the honor to remain, Sir, 
 
 Most respectfully yours, 
 
 THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA.
 
 216 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 TRUTH OF THE JAPANESE FARMING IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 By ToYOJi Chiba, Managing Director of the Japanese Agricultural Association of 
 
 California. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 At the close of an unprecedented war, in whieh nearly 10.000,000 
 lives and $300,000,000,000 in treasure have been sacrificed, the people 
 of every nation must concern themselves deeply in order that such a 
 great calamity shall not occur again. The putting forth of our best 
 efforts in uprooting all international complications is the duty of 
 mankind, the responsibility of every people. 
 
 From this point of view the League of Nations has been proposed 
 and the conception has been reached that the competitive civilization 
 of the nineteenth century must be swept away and in its place the 
 golden age of cooperation must be realized. We have the profoundcst 
 sympathy and respect for the contentions and standpoints of those 
 who are putting forth their very best efforts for the realization of 
 this ideal. President Wilson, the humanitarians of the Orient and the 
 Occident, the world democrats and international pacifists. 
 
 We believe that the historical friendship between Japan and America 
 must be maintained in the future as in the past; that the waves of 
 the Pacific must be made even more peaceful than before and during 
 the great war; and that by conducting our international relations 
 in such a way that trade and navigation shall become more and more 
 flourishing the prosperity of both nations and the happiness of both 
 peoples will be promoted and, at the same time, the peace of the world 
 and the progress of civilization will be advanced. 
 
 But in order to maintain and increase this friendliness in the inter- 
 national relations of Japan and America, first of all there must be 
 mutual understanding and harmony. At the present time, however, 
 there are a number of difficult questions, both international and 
 domestic, which mar the mutual understanding and harmony of the two 
 nations, estrange the feelings of the two peoples, impede their friendly 
 intercourse and tend to bring disaster to the welfare of both peoples. 
 This is truly deplorable. Therefore we believe that it is the most 
 urgent duty of every true citizen who desires justice and humanity 
 and perpetual peace between Japan and America to think deeply on 
 this point and devise plans to ward off the calamity in advance. 
 
 Just now among the difficult ciuestions between Japan and America 
 are the race question, diplomatic questions, financial questions, politi- 
 cal questions, and social questions. The situation is very complicated, 
 but we believe that if instigation, estrangement, misunderstanding, 
 prejudice and discriminatory ideas were removed, these questions for 
 the most part would disappear. 
 
 We also believe that the anti-Japanese question which is now being 
 vehemently discussed among certain statesmen and others is being 
 confused by lack of proper understanding of the facts about the Japa- 
 nese, and by prejudiced instigation by certain gentlemen, and by that
 
 APPENDIX. 217 
 
 relic, of a past age, the idea of disr-riminatory competition. P^r 
 example, tlio usual arguments of those who oppose the Japanese are: 
 (1) The Japanese are unassimilahle and should be expelled in the 
 future interests of the whites and for the preservation of western 
 civilization; (2) Japanese laborers are to be f(;ared because they will 
 destroy the white man's standards of living and wages and therefore 
 should be expelled; (3) the Japanese are evading the f'alifornia land 
 law. buying land, encroaching on the sphere of the whites, and will 
 ultimately invade the whole of C'alifornia, therefore they should be 
 expelled; (4) Japanese by photograph marriage are importing large 
 num])ers of women who breed like rabbits. Consequently California 
 would in future bo controlled by Japanese, therefore measures must 
 be taken immediately to eradicate them. 
 
 Such arguments are all based on misunderstanding, prejudice and 
 discriminatory ideas. Whatever may be the motive and whoever may 
 advocate .sucli opinions, they are not worthy of our respect, and it 
 is difficult to believe that impartial Americans will share such opinions. 
 
 But in every nation or society there are people whose business is 
 misunderstanding, crooked argument and instigation. The important 
 thing is to inform the majority of the people of the exact facts and 
 secure their impartial judgment. If this can be done, all will be 
 well. We do not think it absolutely necessary to refute the arguments 
 of the anti-Japanese party, nor do we recognize any absolute necessity 
 for defending the standpoint of the Japanese, but inasmuch as the 
 question affects the diplomatic relations of the two nations and may 
 possibly affect the peace of the world, we believe that in the interests 
 of international peace, the best thing to do at this time is to observe 
 and examine the facts impartially without concealment and submit 
 them to the people of both nations for their candid judgment. And 
 as for the California anti-Japanese question, we are convinced that 
 instead of making it a diplomatic question between the two govern- 
 ments, the opening up of a way to solve the question by mutual 
 understanding and harmony among the individuals residing within 
 the .«'ame state is not only the most appropriate method, but that the 
 reaching of just conclusions on the basis of an examination of the 
 facts and just judgment of the facts, instead of debates between the 
 so-called anti-Japanese and pro-Japanese parties, the object in view 
 being the welfare of California, placing the emphasis upon world- 
 wide international sympathy and upon individual character which 
 transcends differences of race and nationality, in the spirit of true 
 democracy, is the method which is most just and proper. 
 
 HOW JAPANESE FARMERS SETTLED IN STATE. 
 
 In the investigation of the facts concerning the Japanese in Cali- 
 fornia, it is necessary in the first place to consider the history of their 
 coming. Fifty years have elapsed since Japanese first came to Cali- 
 fornia. But the motive of their coming was not altogether the result 
 of overpopulation or merely because they were impelled by conditions 
 in the homeland. The excellent climate, broad lands and wealth of 
 capital in California unquestionably were strong motives enticing the
 
 218 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 Japanese to California, but besides this, conditions in California at 
 that time were such that the financial opportunities which inevitably 
 awaited immigrants skilled in farming like the Japanese must not be 
 overlooked. As the result of the enforcement of the Chinese exclu- 
 sion law of 1884, California farms experienced a shortage of laborers 
 year after year. But just at that time grain farming and stock raising 
 in California were giving place to fruit and vegetable farming, and 
 most California farmers were realizing greater profits from fruit 
 farming than from grain and stock raising and were turning their 
 attention exclusively to that industry, which required a large number 
 of laborers in harvesting. Without due attention to this fact they 
 recklessly planted fruit trees. And besides, as a result of the sudden 
 springing up of irrigation projects, the growing of sugar beets, beans, 
 potatoes and other vegetables gradually became flourishing and the 
 farmers encountered great difficulty in obtaining suitable laborers for 
 harvesting their ripened products. 
 
 But the Japanese, who were expert farmers through years of train- 
 ing in their own country, active and nimble in body, possessed special 
 characteristics as workers which rendered them exceedingly desirable 
 to the landlords who experienced great difficulty in securing suitable 
 farm workers from among European immigrants. Japanese were 
 regarded as ver\' valuable immigrants and efforts were made to entice 
 them to come. 
 
 In the summer of 1888 about sixty Japanese were invited to Vaca- 
 ville to gather fruit. The result was highly satisfactory and after 
 that there was a great demand for them in the hop fields of the 
 Sacramento Valley, in the production of sugar beets in the Salinas 
 Valley, and the grape harvest in central California. Gradually, Japa- 
 nese were induced to come from Hawaii and the main land of Japan. 
 It must not be overlooked that the motives of their immigration were 
 the development of California, the labor famine which accompanied 
 the sudden expansion of agriculture and the urgency of financial 
 necessity due to the shortage of farm laborers. 
 
 Among the opponents of the Japanese in California are some, who, 
 seeing that the Japanese are making special developments in agri- 
 culture, are spreading the report that the Japanese are encroaching 
 on lands of the whites and driving them out. But the fact is that 
 the majority of laborers who have migrated from Europe are not 
 only unsuitable for farm labor but they prefer work in the city rather 
 than in the burning heat and the rain of the farm. Compared with 
 the severe labor of the farm, city labor is easy. Wages also are much 
 greater and life far more agreeable in every way. Labor in the city 
 is so much more agreeable than farm labor that the large majority of 
 European immigrants, even when they settle for a time on the land, 
 as soon as they get a little capital and financial leeway, they tend to 
 move to places where there are plenty of theatres, saloons and other 
 places of amusement. No matter how much artificial encouragement 
 is given them to remain on the farm there is no tendency to do so. 
 Whether the Japanese come and settle or not, if it is left entirely to 
 European immigrants, the rich farm lands of California probably will 
 return to the wilds.
 
 APPENDIX. 219 
 
 TENDENCY OF AMERICAN POPULATION TO CONCENTRATE IN CITIES 
 CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO JAPANESE SETTLERS. 
 
 The tendency of population in America to concentrate in cities has 
 become increasingly manifest in the twentieth century and the resulting 
 disparity in the proportion of population in city and country has given 
 rise to many complicated social and economic problems of grave im- 
 portance to America. According to the census of 1910, the population 
 of America was 91,972,266. Compared with the population in 1900, 
 75,994,575, there was an increase of 15,977,691, i.e., 20 per cent. In 
 1900 the urban population numbered 31,109,645, and in 1910, 42,623,383, 
 an increase of 11,011,738, or 34.8 per cent in ten years. The rural 
 population in 1900 was 44,384,930, increasing in 1910 to 49,348,883, an 
 increase of 4,963,153, or only 11.2 per cent. In other words, in 1900, 
 40.5 per cent of the people were in cities and 59.5 per cent in the country, 
 while in 1910 46.3 per cent were in cities and 53.7 per cent in the country. 
 
 Particularly in the flourisliing Eastern and Middle Statas an extraor- 
 dinary increase in urban population was shown, and inversely, there 
 was a marked yearly diminution of rural population in not a few states. 
 In Iowa, for instance, in the ten years from 1900 to 1910, the urban 
 population increased 19.9 per cent, while the rural population decreased 
 7.2 per cent. In Indiana the urban population increased 30.5 per cent 
 and the rural population lost 5.1 per cent. In Missouri, the urban 
 population increased 22.3 per cent and the rural population lost 2.5 
 per cent. In Ohio there was an increase of urban population of 31.5 
 per cent and a decrease in rural population of 1.3 per cent. California, 
 being a newly opened country with a sparse population of only 15.3 
 persons to the square mile, and an agricultural state, the rural population 
 has not shown such an extreme decrease as has occurred in the Middle 
 and Eastern States but the tendency to disparity of population between 
 city and country is much more extreme than in other states. 
 
 In 1900 the urban population w'as 810,193 and the rural population 
 674,860, the proportion being 52.4 per cent in cities and 47.6 per cent in 
 the country, but in 1910 the urban population numbered 1,469,739 and 
 the rural population 901,810, i.e., 61.8 per cent urban and only 38.2 per 
 cent rural. California has taken first place in the United States in the 
 matter of disparity of urban and rural population. 
 
 The causes of this concentration in cities are many and complicated, 
 but the principal causes, it is needless to say, are : 
 
 1. The United States has shifted its center from agriculture to manu- 
 factures, resulting in greater opportunity for labor in the city than in 
 the country. 
 
 2. Consequently wages are generally higher in the city than in the 
 countn^ and opportunities for gain in city occupations and the rate of 
 profit have come to be greater than in agriculture. 
 
 3. City labor is less strenuous than farm labor, city occupations are 
 less hazardous and difficult than farming, and even if one fails he soon 
 recovers. 
 
 4. The difference in culture between city and country is extreme. 
 Particularly in such a country as America, with its system of widely 
 
 separated villages, country life has very few opportunities to enjoy the
 
 220 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 advantages of civilization, as compared with city life. It is for the 
 most part, dreary, comfortless and joyless. 
 
 These are the principal causes of the drift from country to city. 
 Another very important cause contributing to the promotion of this 
 condition in American cities is that the majority of European immigrants 
 do not settle on farms but flock to the city. The floods of immigrants 
 from southern and eastern Europe are congregating in New York and 
 other cities on the Atlantic seaboard and making extraordinary develop- 
 ment in concentrated alien communities. 
 
 This strong tendency from country to city life and the tendency of 
 immigrants from southern and eastern Europe ta congregate in cities 
 are now giving rise to social and financial problems full of gravity and 
 danger to the people of the United States, i.e. : 
 
 1. The cost of production of food and other raw materials is increas- 
 ing year by year leading to an enormous increase in the cost of living. 
 
 2. This increase in the cost of living in a society largely concentrated 
 in cities is giving rise to crimes of the poor, depraved youth, unsanitary 
 conditions, suicide, insanity, prostitution and other unclean and evil 
 social conditions. 
 
 3. It is a well known fact that anarchy, dangerous ideas like Bol- 
 shevism, dissipation, idleness, vagrancy, Black Hand gangs, murders, 
 burglary, and other villainies are largely brewed in the mixed com- 
 munities of ignorant European immigrants who herd in the cities. 
 
 Such being the tendency of undesirable elements to congregate in 
 American cities, the contribution to the social phenomena of America 
 by the Japanese in California, who, though only 50,000 or 60,000 in 
 number, 58 per cent of whom are settled in agricultural production in 
 the country, not minding the hardship and toil, opening up new land, 
 industriously laboring as expert producers in areas avoided by European 
 immigrants, is not without significance. 
 
 FACTS OF JAPANESE FARMERS AND FARM LABORERS. 
 
 The anti-Japanese party say that the Japanese are competing strongly 
 with Americans and European immigrants in the agricultural areas of 
 California, but this is contrary to the facts. The principle of com- 
 petition does not, in the nature of the case, exist in agriculture. Com- 
 mercial and manufacturing industries have in a large part been devel- 
 oped by competition. But agriculture is developed by cooperation, and 
 we believe that in the future also the fact that cooperation is a funda- 
 mental principle of agricultural development will be unchanged. It 
 differs from mercantile and manufacturing industries, where plans and 
 processes are worked out in secret, in the factory or at the table. In 
 agriculture, which is carried out in the public view under the open sky, 
 there is absolutely no room for secrets. Nature with her sunshine, wind, 
 rain, heat and cold metes out no discriminatory treatment, it is needless 
 to say. Any one can immediately learn and imitate the superior methods 
 of another farmer. If only he has correct ideas and operates properly, 
 he should by no means be defeated by competition. All the more, in 
 the case of American farming which is said to be seven-tenths com- 
 mercial skill and onlv three-tenths skill in cultivation, the idea that the
 
 APPENDIX. 221 
 
 Japanese fanner, who is handicapped in language and business habits, 
 can compete with the American farmer with his powerful commercial 
 maciiiiicry and years of traininj^ in business cleverness, is, we think, a 
 I'ancirul upinion wiiich utterly ignores the facts. Anti-Japanese 
 (h'hatcrs are still reiterating the assertion that Japancjse are content 
 with low wages and a low standard of living and, therefore, it is 
 utterly impossible for American farmers to stand in economic compe- 
 tition witli them. But this opinion is based on the idea that the situation 
 of the Japanese has not changed in ten years. It is an erroneous view 
 wholly inapplicable to present conditions, and which a little investiga- 
 tion of the facts about the Japanese will dissipate completely. In 
 fact, today, after the war, Japanese laborers in the harvest season for 
 the potatoes, asparagus, fruit and grapes of the Sacramento and San 
 Joa(|uin Valleys, and the sugar beets of Southern California, rarely 
 receive less than four dollars a day. Non-Japanese laborers, excepting 
 skilled machinists, do not get more than three dollars and a half per 
 day. In fact, it will be found that the facts are just the reverse of the 
 assertions of the anti- Japanese debaters. 
 
 In daily life and manner of living, of course, some are more clever 
 than others. In the matter of clothing, food, and housing, investigation 
 has shown that expenses in Japanese farmers' homes, as compared with 
 other farmers who are operating on practically the same scale, are for 
 the most part far greater. Proof is better than argument. If this fact 
 is doubted, an examination of Japanese farmers' homes in the vicinity 
 of Livingston and Fresno, where there are large numbers of Japanese 
 settlers, comparing them with the Germans, Portuguese and Armenians, 
 the doubt will be dissipated. This fact already has been recognized by 
 intelligent Americans who have given attention to the Japanese question. 
 
 In the matter of comparative wages received by Japanese, American 
 and other laborers, in the rice harvest beginning in September, 1919, in 
 Colusa, Butte and Glenn counties, where there are five rice plantations 
 of from 1200 to 2400 acres, operated by Japanese or by cooperative 
 companies of Japanese and Americans, investigation was made on the 
 ground. These companies employed from one hundred to one hundred 
 and fifty laborers each, one-third of them being Japanese and two-thirds 
 Americans, Europeans and Mexicans. They all worked cheerfully under 
 xVmerican and Japanese foremen without any anti-Japanese feeling. 
 On these plantations wage conditions varied more or less in the methods 
 of boarding, bonus systems, etc., but the wage scale was practically the 
 same in all. and was a^s follows: 
 
 During harvest After han-est 
 
 Japanese common laborers $4.00 a day (with meals') $3.50 a day (with meals) 
 
 White common laborers 3.50 a day (with meals) 3.00 a day (with meals) 
 
 White teamsters 4.00 a day (with meals) 3.50 a day (with meals) 
 
 With regard to this, managers and foremen explained that throughout 
 the year Japanese laborers receive about fifty cents a day more than 
 white laborers doing the same kind of work. Teamsters, however, are 
 generally white men. but their wages are the same as those of Japanese
 
 222 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 common laborers. They gave the following reasons why Japanese wages 
 are high: 
 
 1. There are certain kinds of work which can hardly be done except 
 by Japanese, and certain kinds which only Japanese will do. 
 
 2. When it is raining or in other circumstances of special urgency, 
 the work can not be done in time without the Japanese. There are also 
 circumstances where perfect work can not be done without special 
 attention. 
 
 3. Japanese readily put their hands on the itchy place (i. e., do just 
 what is wanted, leave nothing to be desired). 
 
 4. Harvest comes just at the busy season for fruit and other farm 
 industries when the scramble for Japanese laborers makes it difficult to 
 get a sufficient number of men. 
 
 5. White laborers generally dislike the strict oversight and petty 
 scolding of white employers and tend to prefer Avorking on Japanese 
 plantations. 
 
 6. The season of rice harvest is short and on this account also the 
 wages paid are far higher than those of white laborers engaged in other 
 employments, etc., etc. 
 
 With regard to board, one of the managers said: "Here the Ameri- 
 cans and Japanese eat exactly the same food (Western). There is not 
 the slightest difference. The actual cost of food is a dollar a day." 
 
 ADDITIONAL FACTS ABOUT RICE PRODUCTION. 
 
 We have said that in agriculture cooperation, not competition, should 
 be the rule. We wish to give an actual case in substantiation of this. 
 Rice culture in California has increased until it occupies an area of 
 150,000 acres and is the most profitable agricultural industry in the 
 state. This rice culture, which is now counted as one of the most 
 promising future agricultural industries of the state, until seven years 
 ago was in the experimental stage. The government and some land 
 companies had made several experimental efforts, but the rice did not 
 ripen satisfactorily, and at one time rice growing in California was 
 abandoned as impossible. But Japanese, with years of experience in 
 their own country, not minding any number of failures and sacrifices, 
 brought superior early-ripening varieties from Japan, devised methods 
 of irrigation and cultivation, and at last demonstrated the possibility 
 of rice growing in California as a successful and profi,table business. 
 That this is true is proved by the fact that 85 per cent of the varieties 
 of rice grown in California is from Japanese seed. And yet the Jap- 
 anese, who by these great sacrifices, won for California this new agri- 
 cultural product, operate not more than 29,000 acres of the 150,000 
 acres of rice farms in the state, the other 120.000 acres being operated 
 by Americans and others. As we said before, farming under the open 
 sky has no secrets which can be monopolized, be they ever so profitable. 
 In a very few years the American landlords, wliose strongly alkaline 
 lands were worthless, have been able to make them most useful and 
 valuable lands. From fourteen to fifteen dollars per acre, tliese lands 
 have jumped to a valuation of over a hundred dollars per acre. Rough
 
 APPENDIX. 223 
 
 land from which could not be harvested more than five or six sacks of 
 barley once in three years, now produces over forty bags of unhuUed 
 rice, worth at present six cents a pound. 
 
 Or this land can he leased at an annual rental of thirty-five to fifty 
 dollars an acre, or let out on shares, the owner receiving one-third or 
 two-fifths of the crop. 
 
 This highly profitable development shows, on one hand, that in 
 farming there are no secrets and no monopoly. At the same time, on 
 the other hand, it shows what a perversion of facts, what an unreason- 
 able fabrication is the assertion that the Japanese are invading and 
 monopolizing the agricultural lands of Californa 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC REGARDING THE 
 JAPANESE FARMERS IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The entire area of lands in California under cultivation by Japanese 
 farmers is 390,637 acres, but 80 per cent of this area is leased land. 
 The land operated by Japanese owners is less than 10 per cent. In 
 the distribution of agriculturists, the Sacramento Valley comes first in 
 point of area, next Southern California, then San Joaquin County and 
 the region about Fresno in Central California. 
 
 In the region where Japanese farmers have made the greatest develop- 
 ment, the Sacramento Valley, the soil is of the poorest, having a cement- 
 like hardpan a foot below the surface, not only almost unfit for growing 
 anything but grapes and strawberries, but even in grapes and straw- 
 berries barely producing more than half as well as other parts of 
 California. 
 
 And again, in the lower river region, the so-called delta of the San 
 Joaquin, where Japanese farming is most extensively developed, the 
 land was originally a water-submerged swamp. By building embank- 
 ments and getting rid of the water within them, and removing the 
 willows and cattails, it has been made arable. But the fields are ten to 
 fifteen feet below the Avater level and always at a low temperature and 
 emitting marsh gas. The drinking water is bad. Swarms of mosquitoes 
 abound and hygienic conditions are exceedingly unwholesome. Ameri- 
 cans and European immigrants can not live there at all, as is proved by 
 the fact that the number of European and American residents in that 
 region is practically negligible. 
 
 Again, the regions in the vicinity of Livingston, Fresno and Bowles, 
 where Japanese agriculture is developing, not only were like deserts, 
 the land being j)ractically abandoned as almost wholly incapable of 
 producing anything, until the Japanese moved in a few years ago, but 
 with a scorching climate in which ease-loving, weak-willed, unsteady 
 immigrants have no desire permanently to reside. 
 
 The bitter hardships and sacrifices of the Japanese immigrants who 
 colonized these places where life is so difficult are made plain in the 
 mute messages of thousands of tombstones in the outskirts of Fresno. 
 
 A few years ago, a writer in the "San Francisco Chronicle," who 
 had investigated the Japanese farming communities in California, pub- 
 lished a report containing the following passages which we think will
 
 224 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 suffice to show what sort of lands were settled by Japanei?e, what sacri- 
 fices they made, and liow strenuously they battled : 
 
 The story of Livingston is almost a romance. It is a tale of tremendous struggle 
 against hostile natural conditions, financial disaster and year after year of disap- 
 pointment, but a struggle maintained by stout hearts with indomitable perseverance 
 until it ended, as a romance should, in complete victory. It is a tale, too, of the 
 power of Christian faith, of a moral triumph over material obstacles no less than 
 the material triumph that the Livingston colonies have won. 
 
 For Livingston is a Christian colony, and that fact has, in more than one way, 
 profoundly influenced the development of the colony. It is that fact that prevents 
 Livingston, the highest example of a Japanese farming community in California, 
 from being taken as the most typical example. The fact that many of its members 
 were Christians has had so much to do with the success of the community that it has 
 in a measure set this colony apart from other Japanese agricultural settlements. 
 
 This is said with no intent to draw any comparison whatever between the values 
 of different religious systems. It is merely stating a fact. Because Livingston 
 colonists are Christians they have had certain advantages in the community ot 
 which they are a part, and these advantages have brought development of a kind 
 rhat would not otherwise have come to them. Men of other faiths agree in this 
 statement. Why this is true will appear in the storj* of the colony. 
 
 The soil was shifting sand, blown by desert winds that sucked up and whirled 
 away every vestige of moisture, its bare surface scorched by a fierce sun. There was 
 no shade, no water, no sanitation, no schools, no churches. There was nothing to 
 make life worth living. In fact, life there was believed impossible. 
 
 An American colony had been planted at Livingston twelve years before, but 
 after a brief struggle with hostile conditions, had vanished. It simply "blew away," 
 its distant neighbors said. These Japanese were laughed at when they announced 
 that they would settle at Livingston. Their own people laughed at them. They 
 were told that they, too, would be blown away by the fierce winds that whirled over 
 the hot sands. 
 
 The colony was almost blown away. Established in 1906, it faced disaster after 
 disaster and almost starved through five lean and hungry years before a profit came. 
 It found conditions at Livingston to be as bad as they had been represented. The 
 wind, unhindered as it now is by plantations of trees, swept away the soil they had 
 loosened by cultivation and dried up their young plants. Grasshoppers devoured 
 what the wind left. Water for domestic purposes had to be carried for two miles. 
 Then, in 1909, the Japanese American Bank in San Francisco, which held a second 
 mortgage on t^eir lands, closed its doors. 
 
 The outlook was then the blackest the colony had faced. The members had no 
 money in their houses. Families were without a nickel on hand. Through the long 
 hard times that followed there were days when families could not buy bread. They 
 got along only by little borrowings and there were many instances when five cents 
 carried an entire household for several days. (From the San Francisco "Chronicle," 
 January 16, 1918.) 
 
 This is only one example reported b}^ the "Chronicle" writer after 
 investigation made on the spot, but probably the resident Japanese of 
 the present day in every locality have all had similar experiences. 
 
 Even the Japanese are not especially desirous of living and working 
 in deserts where sanitary conditions are bad, or in low, damp places, 
 performing excessively hard labor which European immigrants dislike. 
 If they could choose they would prefer the mild climate of the coast 
 with its charming scenery and pleasant dwelling places, or flourishing 
 cities with their attractive amusements and other advantages, just like 
 other people. But unfortunately the Japanese in California were late 
 comers. When they immigrated the advantageous labor opportunities 
 and business enterprises had been appropriated by earlier residents. 
 Trade unions and laboi- organizations had ])een formed and there was
 
 APPENDIX. 225 
 
 hardly any place left where they could enter. Nevertheless up to ten 
 years ago Japane.se immigrants landing at San Francisco and Seattle 
 did fairly well in the operation of restaurants and laundries in those 
 cities. But they encountered great o[)pasition and per.se(;ution from the 
 unions, and rather than remain in occupations where they must stand 
 in competition with those earlier residents they abandoned thase occu- 
 pations for one involving harder work and a less plea-surable life. 
 They had to enter the fields abandoned by European immigrants, the 
 poorest agricultural lands. This is the way the Japanese have 
 developed the farms. 
 
 Meanwhile not only wa-s there almost no opposition to or competition 
 with the Japanese, but among the Japanese farmers intending to 
 engage in new agricultural enterprises there was always the thought 
 that they had come to America and must not lose their attitude of 
 respect for the residents who were here before. 
 
 To this end it has come to be an unwritten law, that as far as prac- 
 ticable the sphere of their activities and development shall be in the 
 direction of agriculture. Necessary articles of every day use, clothing, 
 food, and household goods, and most of the materials needed in the 
 business, are purchased from American stores. And even in the streets 
 of cities, shops, restaurants and other places of business are not to be 
 set up in places where there would be competition with Americans. 
 Certainly there is no effort to compete with residents who were here 
 before. A good example of this is Livingston which has been men- 
 tioned before. 
 
 In consequence of the disadvantageous fact that the Japanese were 
 late comers the products with which they have to do for the most part 
 are such as require extremely hard work in production, or are unprofit- 
 able, or else such as can not well be produced except by Japanese. This 
 fact is another strong proof that Japanese are not in the position of 
 competitors with other farmers. 
 
 Comparing the total agricultural output of the State of California, 
 and the principal products, with the total output of the Japanese and 
 their principal products, we find that according to the report of 
 Dr. Hecke, President of the California Bureau of Agriculture for 1918, 
 the value of grapes and other fruits was $171,626,000 and of grain and 
 vegetables $351,400,000, total $523,026,000. And according to investi- 
 gations of the Japanese Agricultural Association of California at the 
 close of 1918, the value of Japanese farm products was $53,375,000, 
 that is, about 10 per cent of the total output was produced by Japanese. 
 Of this 10 per cent of farm products, those with which Japanese have 
 most to do are truck crops such as strawberries, asparagus, celery, and 
 tomatoes, of which 80 per cent to 90 per cent of the entire output in 
 the state is produced by Japanese. But these crops all require a 
 stooping posture, great manual dexterity and painstaking methods of 
 work which other laborers with long legs unsuitable for stooping can not 
 endure. Not only this, but this is a kind of farming which Americans 
 and immigrants from Europe dislike to follow. Hence it is perfectly 
 clear that if the Japanese had nothing to do with this kind of farming 
 the output of such products in California would be reduced more than 
 half. In the growing of cantaloupes, which are produced in the United 
 
 15—4460
 
 226 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENT.U.. 
 
 States only in localities with the hottest climates, like the Imperial 
 Valley in California and Rocky Ford in Colorado, where they are 
 mostly produced, the heat at ripening time Ls intense, especially in the 
 Imperial Valley, where it exceeds 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The land 
 there is below sea level and the entrance is called the gate of hell, which 
 shows the popular impression as to climate. It is a disagreeable, 
 unsanitary region. When the wind blo\vs the whole house is filled with 
 yellow dust and no matter how closely the doors are shut, the rooms 
 and even the closets are covered with dust. It is impossible even to 
 preserve the foodstuffs completely. 
 
 This region for years has been an abandoned waste where nobody 
 desired to settle. Moreover, the Japanese had never seen cantaloupes 
 in their own country and, of course, had absolutely no experience in 
 their cultivation. In normal circumstances there is no reason why 
 large numbers of Japanese should be connected with farming in a 
 region where life is so disagreeable. But here again their grievous 
 position as late comers made the luxury of choice in climate, con- 
 venience of living, or work in which they were experienced, impossible. 
 There was no chance left for them except in work which most Ameri- 
 cans and European immigrants could not do, or work which they never 
 ventured to do. Therefore, they had to engage in such hazardous and 
 unprofitable work. 
 
 On the other hand, in the culture of such products as grain, fruit, 
 beans and rice, in which the work is done with comparative convenience 
 by the use of machinery, where the labor of cultivation is not difficult 
 and is comparatively free from danger, the fact that the cultivation of 
 these products is widely carried on also among American farmers, even 
 though the land was first opened up and its cultivation besrun by the 
 Japanese, is another proof that the charge that the Japanese are driving 
 out the California farmers or are competitors against them, is an idle 
 fancy totally without foundation in fact. 
 
 FACTS ABOUT JAPANESE LAND OWNERSHIP. 
 
 We greatly regret that the anti-Japanese debaters and Americans in 
 general have very erroneous and exaggerated ideas of the real situation 
 in the matter of Japanese ownership of the land. 
 
 The area of land owned by Japanese in California, according to 
 investigation made by the California Central Farmers Association at 
 the close of 1918, including lands purchased prior to the enforcement 
 of the (California) land law and also lands purchased after the law 
 went into effect in the names of children, did not exceed 30,305 acres. 
 (When the California land law went into effect in 1913 they held 
 29.500 acres.) Comparing this with the total land area of the state, 
 99,617.280 acres, it does not exceed 1/3281. Of the total farming land 
 in California, 27.911.444 acres, it Is not more than 1/921. 
 
 Lately the anti-Japanese agitators have been declaring that the 
 Japanese, in spite of the land law, are busily forming companies with 
 Americans and making extensive purchases of land, and that soon all 
 the land of California will be in their hands. But this is mere idle 
 rumor. We believe that anyone who considers the matter frankly and 
 without bias will admit that, in the nature of the case, the ownership 
 by Japanese of shares of stock in land companies in which a majority
 
 APPENDIX. 227 
 
 of the stock is owned by Aniericans is in no way dangerous. On the 
 contrary, there is no knowing to what extent California could be 
 developed and the interests and welfare of Americans promoted if 
 Americans, possessing wide tracts of land and large capital, would give 
 part of their stock to Japanese in order to bring out their superior 
 agricultural skill. 
 
 For three thousand years the Japanese in the narrow confines of 
 their native land have cultivated the soil and have made it produce 
 food for 60,000,000 people, a surprising fact of deep significance. On 
 the otiier liand, it enables one to imagine what trouble and distr&ss they 
 have undergone in order to preserve the productivity of the soil, and 
 on the other hand, the fact that to the Japanese farmer the habit of 
 valuing and taking care of the land has become second nature must 
 not be overlooked. We believe that in all the world the Japanese 
 people have no superiors in the matter of producing large crops from 
 small areas and in the liabitual .'-kill with which they are able to restore 
 the productive energy of the soil. We do not think that even the 
 Danes, who have world-wide fame for their intensive farming, surpass 
 the Japanese in this respect. Look, for example, at the illustrations of 
 this in California. The Japanese, who were late comers, when they 
 took up farming had to settle on the poorest lands in California, as can 
 be easily imagined by the poorness of the soil in the vicinity of Florin, 
 Livingston and Bowles near Fresno, where Japanese farmers are 
 peacefully settled. But the Japanese with their inherited three thou- 
 sand years experience in restoring the energy of the soil, had no sooner 
 settled there than, like king Midas, they converted those regions 
 immediately into the best farming districts of California. We think 
 this fact proves the above statements regarding the skill of Japanese 
 in the treatment of land. 
 
 Examples of the way in which Japanese farmers are converting 
 abandoned farms into excellent ones have already been written up 
 frequently by American investigators, but we wish to add another 
 instance. Eleven years ago a Japanese farmer at Livingston bought 
 from an Italian or Portuguese farmer who had become weary of coun- 
 try life and abandoned it, a fifteen acre field of desolate land planted 
 with old almond and fig trees which had almost ceased to bear. The 
 Japanese purchaser had become fond of farming and desired to estab- 
 lish there a permanent home. This industrious settler bought up 
 manure from the nearby town and spaded it into the old field. While 
 others irrigated once, he irrigated two or three times. He cultivated 
 deeply and painstakingly over and over again, and w'hile taking 
 measures to restore the soil he also pruned the old fruit trees, grafting 
 in branches of improved varieties, spraying to drive out in.jurious 
 insects three or four times where others spraved but once, and as the 
 result of this improved culture there is probably no fruit farm to be 
 seen in California which compares with this one. 
 
 And not only so, he has an improved home, lives like the Americans, 
 is educating his children, and en.joys the perfect confidence of the 
 Americans in the vicinity. 
 
 This is but a single example. We could adduce any number of 
 similar examples among the Japanese settled farmers in various places, 
 but this will suffice here.
 
 22& CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENT AI.. 
 
 JAPANESE EXPERT INTENSIVE FARMERS. 
 
 The statement that there are few who equal the Japanese in inten- 
 sive farming is verified by the strawberry and vegetable industries, 
 which are largely carried on by them. On a small area of from two 
 acres to forty acres a single family raises products worth thousands 
 and tens of thousands of dollars. At the present time California has 
 vast areas of arable land which lie idle because there are so few 
 cultivators, but as the population increases year after year and an 
 unlimited power of consuming farm products develop.s, intensive farm- 
 ing sooner or later will become necessary, as has been pointed out by 
 Dr. Hunt of the College of Agriculture of the University of Cali- 
 fornia and other intelligent agriculturists. It is also an unquestionable 
 fact that in growing the various kinds of products now being cultivated, 
 rotation of crops and fertilizing must be practiced. Otherwise the 
 most fertile land will deteriorate year by year. 
 
 Japanese farmers have made such points subjects of repeated, care- 
 ful study and contrivance. For instance, they have been studying 
 for several years the problems of the crop rotation and the expulsion 
 of the panic weed in the rice fields of northern California, and 
 steadily they have kept on until success is assured. This is one 
 example. 
 
 SHOULD BE GIVEN FAIR AND DEMOCRATIC TREATMENT. 
 In short, it is not an exaggeration to say that the great agitation 
 which is being made over the paltry holdings of farm land by Japanese 
 here in America, with its unlimited areas of uncultivated land, partic- 
 ularly in California, is the work of instigators who are frightening 
 people with shadows. Since there is already a "Gentlemen's Agree- 
 ment" it is proper that the governments of both nations should do their 
 best to prevent the coming of new immigrants, but the attempt to rob 
 good agricultural settlers already in the country and peacefully living on 
 the soil, assimilating themselves to the American spirit, ideals, manners, 
 customs and national sentiments, of their liberty to cultivate the soil 
 and their power to multiply children, is something which we do not 
 think a civilized people, particularly the Americans, who respect the 
 right of possession and of rights already secured, will venture to do. 
 Even in Japan, with its small national domain and excess of popula- 
 tion, not only is national sentiment gradually tending to leniency in 
 respect to alien ownership of land, but there are absolutely no dis- 
 criminatory laws against persons from abroad. Moreover, the tend- 
 ency of the age in all the world is gradually towards new ideals which 
 discard all discriminatory treatment based on race and nationality. 
 America is peculiarly the land of opportunity, a land which boasts 
 of her magnanimity and forbearance towards all, and it is the spirit of 
 her treatment of immigrants from abroad which is making America 
 increasingly preeminent. We believe that the Americans of this new 
 age will never repeat the cruelties of the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt 
 or the oppressions of the old German regime in Poland, but that, by 
 loyalty to the true spirit of the nation, will make glorious the future 
 history of America.
 
 APPENDIX. 229 
 
 PROPOSED INITIATIVE, AMENDING CALIFORNIA ALIEN 
 
 LAND LAW. 
 
 (Election November 2, 1920.) 
 
 PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DISABILITIES OF ALIENS IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Initiative Measure to Be Submitted Directly to the Electors. 
 
 ALIEN LAND LAW. INITL\TIVIO ACT. I'ER.MITS ACQUISITION AND 
 TRANSFER OF REAL I'ROPERTY RY ALIENS ELIGIRLE TO CITI- 
 ZENSHIP, TO SAME EXTENT AS CITIZENS EXCEPT AS OTHER- 
 WISE PROVIDED BY LAW; PERMITS OTHER ALIENS, AND 
 COMPANIES, ASSOCIATIONS AND CORPORATIONS IN WHICH 
 THEY HOLD MAJORITY INTEREST, TO ACQUIRE AND TRANSFER 
 RE.\L PROPERTY ONLY AS PRESCRIBED BY TREATY, BLT PRO- 
 HIBITING APPOINTMENT THEREOF AS GUARDIANS OF ESTATES 
 OF MINORS CONSISTING WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY OF REAL 
 PROPERTY OR SHARES IN SUCH CORPORATIONS; PROVIDES FOR 
 ESCHEATS IN CERTAIN CASES; REQUIRES REPORTS OF PROP- 
 ERTY HOLDINGS TO FACILITATE ENFORCEMENT OF ACT; PRE- 
 SCRIBES PENALTIES AND REPEALS CONFLICTING ACTS. 
 
 An act relating to the rights, powers and disabilities of aliens and of certain com- 
 panies, associations and corporations with respect to property in this state, 
 providing for escheats in certain cases, prescribing the procedure therein, 
 requiring reports of certain property holdings to facilitate the enforcement of 
 this act, prescribing penalties for violation of the provisions hereof, and repeal- 
 ing all acts or parts of acts inconsistent or in conflict herewith. 
 
 The people of the State of California do enact as follows: 
 
 Section 1. All aliens eligible to citizenship under the laws of the United States 
 may acquire, possess, enjoy, transmit and inherit real property, or any interest 
 therein, in this state, in the same manner and to the same extent as citizens of the 
 United States, except as otherwise provided by the laws of this state. 
 
 Sec. 2. All aliens other than those mentioned in section one of this act may 
 acquire, possess, enjoy and transfer real property, or any interest therein, in thii 
 state, in the manner and to the extent and for the purpose prescribed by any treaty 
 now existing between the government of the United States and the nation or country 
 of which such alien is a citizen or subject, and not otherwise. 
 
 Sec. 3. Any copapany, association or corporation organized under the laws of 
 this or any other state or nation, of which a majority of the members are aliens 
 other than those specified in section one of this act, or in which a majority of the 
 issued capital stock is owned by such aliens, may acquire, possess, enjoy and convey 
 real property, or any interest therein, in this state, in the manner and to the extent 
 and for the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the government 
 of the United States and the nation or country of which such members or stock- 
 holders are citizens or subjects, and not otherwise. Hereafter all aliens other than 
 those specified in section one hereof may become members of or acquire shares of 
 stock in any company, association or corporation that is or may be authorized to 
 acquire, possess, enjoy or convey agricultural land, in the manner and to the extent 
 and for the purposes prescribed by any treaty now existing between the government 
 of the United States and the nation or country of which such alien is a citizen or 
 subject, and not otherwise. 
 
 Sex!. 4. Hereafter no alien mentioned in section two hereof and no company, 
 association or corporation mentioned in section three hereof, may be appointed 
 guardian of that portion of the estate of a minor which consists of property which 
 such alien or such company, association or corporation is inhibited from acquiring, 
 posnessing, enjoying or transferring by reason of the provisions of this act. The 
 public administrator of the proper county, or any other competent person or corpo- 
 ration, may be appointed guardian of the estate of a minor citizen whose parents ar« 
 ineligible to appointment under the provisions of this section. 
 
 On such notice to the guardian as the court may require, the superior court may 
 remove the guardian of such an estate whenever it appears to the satisfaction of the 
 court : 
 
 (a) That the guardian has failed to file the report required by the provisions of 
 section five hereof ; or
 
 230 CALIFORNIA AND THE ORIENTAL. 
 
 (6) That the property of the ward has not been or Is not being administered with 
 due regard to the primary interest of the ward ; or 
 
 (c) That facts exist which would make the guardian ineligible to appointment in 
 the first instance ; or 
 
 (d) That facts establishing any other legal ground for removal exist. 
 
 Sec. 5. (a) The term "trustee" as used in this section means any person, com- 
 pany, association or corporation that as guardian, trustee, attorney-in-fact or agent, 
 or in any other capacity has the title, custody or control of property, or some interest 
 therein, belonging to an alien mentioned in section two hereof, or to the minor child 
 of such an alien, if the property is of such a character that such alien is inhibited 
 from acquiring, possessing, enjoying or transferring it. 
 
 (b) Annually on or before the thirty-first day of January every such trustee 
 must file in the office of the secretary of state of California and in the office of the 
 county clerk of each county in which any of the property is situated, a verifiid written 
 report showing : 
 
 (1) The property, real or personal, held by him for or on behalf of such an 
 alien or minor ; 
 
 (2) A statement showing the date when each item of such property came into 
 his possession or control ; 
 
 (3) An itemized account of all expenditures, investments, rents, issues and profits 
 in respect to the administration and control of such property with particular 
 reference to holdings of corporate stock and leases, cropping contracts and other 
 agreements in respect to land and the handling or sale of products thereof. 
 
 (c) Any person, company, association or corporation that violates any provision 
 of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine not exceed- 
 ing one thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one 
 year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 (d) The provisions of this section are cumulative and are not intended to change 
 the jurisdiction or the rules of practice of courts of justice. 
 
 Sex;. 6. Whenever it appears to the court in any probate proceeding that by 
 reason of the provisions of this act any heir or devisee can not take real property in 
 this state or membership or shares of stock in a company, association or corporation 
 which, but for said provisions, said heir or devisee would take as such, the court, 
 instead of ordering a distribution of such property to such heir or devisee, shall 
 order a sale of said property to be made in the manner provided by law for probate 
 sales of property and the proceeds of such sale shall be distributed to such heir or 
 devisee in lieu of such property. 
 
 Sec. 7. Any real property hereafter acquired in fee in violation of the provisions 
 of this act by any alien mentioned in section two of this act, or by any company, 
 association or corporation mentioned in section three of this act, shall escheat to, 
 and become and remain the property of the State of California. The attorney gen- 
 eral or district attorney of the proper county shall institute proceedings to have the 
 escheat of such real property adjudged and enforced in the manner provided by 
 section four huudred seventy-four of the Political Code and title eight, part three 
 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Upon the entry of final judgment in such proceed- 
 ings, the title to such real property shall pass to the State of California. The 
 provisions of this section and of sections two and three of this act shall not apply 
 to any real property hereafter acquired in the enforcement or in satisfaction of any 
 lien now existing upon, or interest in such property, so long as such real property 
 so acquired shall remain the property of the alien, company, association or corpora- 
 tion acquiring the same in such manner. No alien, company, association or 
 corporation mentioned in section two or section three hereof shall hold for a longer 
 period than two years the possession of any agricultural land acquired in the enforce- 
 ment of or in satisfaction of a mortgage or other lien hereafter made or acquired in 
 good faith to secure a debt. 
 
 Sec. 8. Any leasehold or other interest in real property less than the fee, here- 
 after acquired in violation of the provisions of this act by any alien mentioned in 
 section two of this act, or by any company, association or corporation mentioned in 
 section three of this act, shall escheat to the State of California. The attorney gen- 
 eral or district attorney of the proper county shall institute proceedings to have such 
 escheat adjudged and enforced as provided in section seven of this act. In such 
 proceedings the court shall determine and adjudge the value of such leasehold or 
 other interest in such real property, and enter judgment for the state for the amount 
 thereof together with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a sale of the real
 
 APPENDIX. 231 
 
 property covered by such leasehold, or other interest, in the manner provided by 
 section twelve hundred seventy-one of the Code of Civil I'rocedure. Out of the 
 proceeds arising from such sale, the amount of the judgment rendered for the state 
 shall be paid into the state treasury and the balance shall be deposited with and 
 distributed by the court in accordance with the interest of the parties therein. Any 
 share of stock or the interest of any member in a company, association or corporation 
 hereafter acquired in violation of the provisions of section three of this act shall 
 escheat to the State of California. .Such escheat shall be adjudged and enforced in 
 the same manner as provided in this section for the escheat of a leasehold or other 
 interest in real proix-rty less than the fee. 
 
 Sec. !). Every transfer of real property, or of an interest therein, though color- 
 able in form, sliall be void as to the state and the interest thereby conveyed or sought 
 to be conveyed shall escheat to the state if the property interest involved is of such 
 a character that an alien mentioned in section two hereof is inhibited from acquiring, 
 possessing, enjoying or transferring it, and if the conveyance is made with intent to 
 prevent, evade or avoid escheat as provided for herein. 
 
 A prima facie presumption that the conveyance is made with such intent shall 
 arise upon proof of any of the following groups of facts : 
 
 (a) The taking of the property in the name of a person other than the persons 
 mentioned in section two hereof if the consideration is paid or agreed or understood 
 to be paid by an alien mentioned in section two hereof; 
 
 (b) The taking of the property in the name of a company, association or corpora- 
 tion, if the memberships or shares of stock therein held by aliens mentioned in section 
 two hereof, together with the memberships or shares of stock held by others but paid 
 for or agreed or understood to be paid for by such aliens, would amount to a majority 
 of the membership or the issued capital stock of such company, association or cor- 
 poration ; 
 
 (c) The execution of a mortgage in favor of an alien mentioned in section two 
 hereof if said mortgagee is given possession, control or management of the property. 
 
 The enumeration in this section of certain presumptions shall not be so construed 
 as to preclude other presumptions or inferences that reasonably may be made as to 
 the existence of intent to prevent, evade or avoid escheat as provided for herein. 
 
 Sec. 10. If two or more persons conspire to effect a transfer of real property, 
 or of an interest therein, in violation of the provisions hereof, they are punishable 
 by imprisonment in the county jail or state penitentiary not exceeding two years, or 
 by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or both. 
 
 Sec. 11. Nothing in this act shall be construed as a limitation upon the power 
 of the state to enact laws with respect to the acquisition, holding or disposal by aliens 
 of real property in this state. 
 
 Sec. 12. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent or in conflict with the provisions 
 hereof are hereby repealed ; provided, that— 
 
 (o) This act shall not affect pending actions or proceedings, but the same may be 
 prosecuted and defended with the same effect as if this act had not been adopted; 
 
 (b) No cause of action arising under any law of this state shall be affected by 
 reason of the adoption of this act whether an action or proceeding has been instituted 
 thereon at the time of the taking effect of this act or not and actions may be brought 
 upon such causes in the same manner, under the same terms and conditions, and 
 with the same effect as if this act had not been adopted. 
 
 (c) This act in so far as it does not add to, take from or alter an existing law, 
 shall be construed as a continuation thereof. 
 
 Sec. 13. The legislature may amend this act in furtherance of its purpose and to 
 facilitate its operation. 
 
 Sec. 14. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this act is for 
 any reason held to be unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of 
 the remaining portions of this act. The people hereby declare that they would have 
 passed this act, and each section, subsection, sentence, clause and phrase thereof, 
 irrespective of the fact than any one or more other sections, subsections, sentences, 
 clauses or phrases be declared unconstitutional. 
 
 4460 7-20 lOM
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Adams, Professor R. Ti., letter of-.125-127 
 
 Alaska, alien fishing law 96 
 
 Allen fishing laws 
 
 Alaska _ _ - — - - Ofi 
 
 British Columbia \II.I1Z~1"II"" 96 
 
 Oregon 95, 96 
 
 Washington 94, 95 
 
 Alien land laws 
 
 Arizona 6fi 
 
 Australia 67 
 
 California. See California alien 
 land law. 
 
 Japan 68, 69 
 
 Mexico 67 
 
 Pacific Islands 68 
 
 Philippine Islands 69 
 
 Washington 65. 66 
 
 Americanization by Japanese_-204, 213, 214 
 
 Arizona alien land law 66 
 
 Assimilabillty of Japanese 9, 10, 15, 211 
 
 Associations. Japanese 104 
 
 Australia 
 
 alien land laws 67 
 
 land settlement in 124, 125 
 
 Banks, Japanese 80 
 
 Barton. H. P., report of 111 
 
 Birth rates 37-41 
 
 Births 
 
 excess over deaths 26 
 
 registered 39 
 
 British Columbia, alien fishing law 96 
 
 Brown, Edward A. 
 
 Hindu housing, report on 109 
 
 Japanese housing, report on 108 
 
 Burnett, A. E., letter of 145 
 
 Butte county, oriental occupancy 
 
 fmap) 55 
 
 Calhoun. Mrs. A. S., report by 111 
 
 California alien land law 
 act of 1913 
 
 evasion of ■ 13, 65 
 
 text 62, 64 
 
 history of 11, 210 
 
 Initiative measure, 1920 
 
 adoption urged by governor 13, 14 
 
 possible evasion 1 13 
 
 text 229-231 
 
 proposed legislation in 1919 12 
 
 California Farmers Cooperative Asso- 
 ciation 104. 140. 141 
 
 California Pish and Game Commis- 
 sion, letters of 95 
 
 Canneries 
 
 crops supplied by Japanesce to 50 
 
 fishermen financed by 92 
 
 Cantaloupes 
 
 contract between distributor and 
 
 grower 83-86 
 
 financing of crop 81-83 
 
 Certificates of transmission 80 
 
 Chiba. Toyoji, article by 216-228 
 
 Chinese 
 
 birth rate 37. 39 
 
 citizenship 181, 184, 190 
 
 commercial activities 104 
 
 corporations controlled bv 133 
 
 exclusion of 7. 27, 101, 181 
 
 Importation of bond labor_--105, 107, 122 
 
 laborers 101 
 
 land occupied by 47, 48 
 
 minors 28 
 
 population 25-29 
 
 Citizenship Page 
 
 Chinese, eligibility 181, 184. 190 
 
 expatriation, right of 190. 191 
 
 Hindus, eligibility 181 
 
 Japanese 
 
 declamation of losing nationality 183 
 
 dual nalionality 182,184-187 
 
 ellgibilitv In U. S 184. 190. 191 
 
 expatriation 182, 184-187 
 
 Hawaii 71 
 
 military service 183,185.187 
 
 Colonization, tendency toward 58, 60 
 
 Colusa county 
 
 Japanese births in (chart). .__ 38 
 
 oriental occupancy fmap) 55 
 
 Contract between distributor and 
 
 grower »a-»b 
 
 Control, state board of 
 Governor's letter re.questing Inves- 
 tigation 19. 20 
 
 transmissal, letter of 17 
 
 Corporations 
 
 evasion of land law by 12, 65, 133 
 
 oriental 133 
 
 Crop contract, sample 83-86 
 
 Crops. See farm products. 
 
 Crow. Carl: "Japan and America," 
 
 quotation from 72 
 
 Darwin. L. H.. letter of 95 
 
 Distributors 
 
 contract with oriental grower 83-86 
 
 financial aid to .Japanese 79-86 
 
 Dual nationality of Japanese 184-188 
 
 Durham land settlement, farm 
 
 laborers at 123, 124 
 
 Exclusion laws 
 
 Chinese 7, 101, 181 
 
 Hindu - 101, 102. 108 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Hritish colonies 14, 15 
 
 federal law, need for 14 
 
 laborers ^02, 166-169 
 
 Korean laborers 162, 166-169 
 
 Expatriation 
 
 Japanese law 182-187 
 
 native born minor 190, 191 
 
 right recognized by U. S 190 
 
 Farm advisers, county, oriental occu- 
 pancy, reports on 58. 60 
 
 Farm products 
 
 abandonment of certain products 
 
 .cucrsrested 105. 126 
 
 California, value of 49. 225 
 
 canneries, supplied to 50 
 
 Japanese 
 
 acreage and value 8, 49, 205. 225 
 
 competition with white farmer_102. 103 
 
 number engaged in raising 103 
 
 percentage raised by 8. 80, 225 
 
 Farms under Japanese management-- 204 
 Fecundity of Japanese and white 
 
 women 40. 41 
 
 Fishing industry 
 
 alien fleet, menace of 93 
 
 Japanese 
 
 financing of 79. 92 
 
 number engaged in 91.96 
 
 smuggling in 93, 175, 176 
 
 nativity of fishermen 96 
 
 value in California 91 
 
 Fresno County 
 
 .fapanese births in fchart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 59 
 
 (jeary act 101 
 
 4460
 
 Gentlemen's agreement Page 
 
 enforcement of 142, 143 
 
 evasion of 11, 176 
 
 failure of 161, 169, 170 
 
 history of 11, 162-164, 209, 210 
 
 immigration, effect on 143 
 
 immigration rules under 166-169 
 
 strict provisions urged 14 
 
 treaty of 1911, declaration in 121 
 
 Glenn county, oriental occupancy 
 
 (map) 55 
 
 Guardianship 
 
 Japanese law 187-189 
 
 land law, evasion by means of 05 
 
 Gulick, Dr. Sidney I...: "The American- 
 Japanese Problem," quotation 
 
 from 197 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 homesteading law in 71 
 
 Japanese 
 
 citizenship in 71 
 
 schools in 197, 198 
 
 Hindus 
 
 British colonies, exclusion from 102 
 
 citizenship of 181 
 
 exclusion from U. S 102, 108 
 
 housing 109, 112 
 
 laborers 101 
 
 land occupied by— • 47, 48, 181 
 
 morals 181 
 
 number and distribution 27, 102, 108 
 
 Horticultural commissioners, county 
 
 oriental occupancy, reports on 56, 58 
 
 Ichihashi, Yamato: "Japanese Immi- 
 gration," 
 
 extiact from 103,164 
 
 Immigration laws, U. S. 
 
 enforcement 142, 143, 169 
 
 rules under 165, 169 
 
 Immigrants, oriental 
 
 fishing boats, illegal entry on 93 
 
 Japanese 
 
 emigrants, excess over 169 
 
 history of ..__ 7, 8, 210, 217. 218 
 
 laborers admitted 170 
 
 number 25, 29-31, 210 
 
 sex distribution 143 
 
 Mexican border, illegal entry over— 
 
 175, 176 
 
 Imperial county 
 
 Japanese births in (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 63 
 
 special census in 29 
 
 Indians 
 
 birth rate ^^ 
 
 minors 28 
 
 per cent increase 26 
 
 •^^P^" . MA. 
 
 adoption law i** 
 
 alien land law 68, 72 
 
 conscription law 183 
 
 emigration, control of, under treaty 
 
 of 1911 121 
 
 expatriation, law of 182-187 
 
 farm lands available in 72, 73 
 
 guardianship, law of 187-189 
 
 Immigration from 169, 170, 210 
 
 marriage law 14- 
 
 treaty of commerce and navigation. 
 
 1911 115-121 
 
 Japanese 
 agitation against, history of.-203, 209, 210 
 
 Americanization by 204, 213, 214 
 
 arguments against 217 
 
 assimilability 9, 10, 15, 211 
 
 banks „?9 
 
 birth rate 37-39, 212, 213 
 
 births, excess over deaths 26 
 
 children 
 
 admission of 145 
 
 citizenship 190, 191 
 
 labor by 11. 102 
 
 population 27, 28, 191 
 
 commercial activities 80, 104 
 
 P«0B 
 
 corporations controlled by 133 
 
 development by —52, 205-207, 223. 224, 227 
 
 dual nationality 181-191 
 
 expatriation 184-187 
 
 farm products 
 
 acreage and value 8, 49, 205, 225 
 
 number engaged in raising 103 
 
 percentage raised by 8, 80. 225 
 
 faims operated by 204 
 
 fecundity of women 40, 41 
 
 fishermen 91, 96 
 
 hours of labor 212 
 
 housing 108-112 
 
 Immigrants and emigrants 29-31, 169 
 
 immigrants, protection to 214 
 
 laborers 
 
 number admitted to U. S 170 
 
 restrictions on 162, 166-169 
 
 wages 211 
 
 land occupied by 47, 48, 204, 205 
 
 leases by 48, 50, 56, 81 
 
 living conditions 
 
 58, 60, 102, 108, 110, 112, 221 
 
 minors 27, 28, 191 
 
 missions for 214 
 
 occupations 164, 165, 204 
 
 population 
 
 California 25-27, 204 
 
 increase in 26. 30 
 
 men and women 41 
 
 minors 27. 28, 191 
 
 United States 29, 30 
 
 reclamation by 52, 206 
 
 registration proposed 14 
 
 rural settlers 219 
 
 settlement in California, history of 
 
 217, 218 
 
 schools 197, 198 
 
 standard of living 211, 221 
 
 voters, future 191 
 
 wages 58. 60, 211, 221, 222 
 
 women 
 
 expatriation by marriage 186 
 
 fecundity 40, 41 
 
 labor by 11, 102 
 
 men, proportion to 41 
 
 Japanese Agricultural Association 
 
 Chiba, Toyoji. article by 216-228 
 
 farm products statistics 49. 80 
 
 organization of 104 
 
 "Japanese American News," article in 72 
 Japanese Association of America 
 
 agreement and bv-laws 113, 114 
 
 birth rate, statement on 39, 203 
 
 by-laws of 113, 114 
 
 census by 27 
 
 memorial presented to President 
 
 Wilson 203-215 
 
 occupations of Japanese 165 
 
 organization of 104 
 
 Johnson. Arthur L.. report by 111 
 
 Jones. Professor William Carey, let- 
 ter of 190 
 
 Keefe. Daniel J., report of 139 
 
 Kings County 
 
 Japanese births in (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 59 
 
 Korean laborers, exclusion of 162, 166-169 
 
 Labor 
 Chinese, as possible supply — 105. 107. 122 
 
 foreign methods of providing 123-125 
 
 Japanese, competition of 102, 103 
 
 Mexican 122, 127 
 
 needs in California 126. 127 
 
 oriental, usefulness 58, 60 
 
 shortage, relief of 105 
 
 white 
 
 availability 56, 58, 106, 107, 123, 125 
 
 displacement by oriental 58, 60 
 
 Laborers 
 
 conditions regarding 126 
 
 Japanese 
 
 admitted to U. S 170
 
 Pafft 
 
 hours of '^^'^ 
 
 Immigration regulations 166-169 
 
 whites, work for 101 
 
 land .settlement colonies, supply by_ 123 
 
 wages oo, 60. 2Z\ 
 
 Land. See also alien land laws. 
 
 character of, under oriental occu- 
 pancy 56. 60 
 
 farm.s under Japanese management 204 
 
 leases by orientals 48. 50, 56. 60. SI 
 
 oriental occupancy- 
 maps 54-63 
 
 statistics 47-51 
 
 ownership by Japanese 
 
 8, 47-51. 226-227 
 
 Land settlement colonies 123-125 
 
 Lane, W. F'., letter of 81-83 
 
 Lansing, Secretary of State 
 
 anti-Japanese legislation, request to 
 
 defer 12 
 
 Leases by orientals 48, 50, 56, 60, 81 
 
 Living conditions 
 
 58, 60, 102. 110, 112, 221 
 
 Livingston, Japanese colony at 
 
 208. 209. 224 
 
 Los Angeles County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 61 
 
 Lyons, T. W. G., letter of 121 
 
 Martin, Dr. Chas. E., letter of 184 
 
 Mead, Dr. Elwood, letter of 123 
 
 Mexicans, farm labor supply 122, 127 
 
 Mexico — 
 
 alien land law 67 
 
 smuggling over border 175 
 
 Miller, Arthur, contract with oriental 
 
 growers 83 
 
 Millis, Professor H. A., statements of 
 
 210. 214, 21,') 
 
 Minor population 28 
 
 Missions, Japanese 214 
 
 MIyaoka. T.. statement of 183 
 
 Mohammedans. See Hindus. 
 Monterey County, Japanese births in 
 
 (chart) 38 
 
 Naturalization of orientals. See citi- 
 zenship. 
 Navigation laws, violation of federal-. 92 
 Negroes 
 
 birth rate 26. 39 
 
 minor pop\ilation 2S 
 
 Nielsen. E. M., report of 92 
 
 Ohta, T.. statement of 141 
 
 Orange County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 38 
 
 Oregon- 
 alien fishing law 95, 96 
 
 Outlook Magazine, article in 73 
 
 Pacific Islands alien land law » 68 
 
 Passports. See also Gentlemen's Agree- 
 ment. 
 
 laborers not entitled to 170 
 
 laborers without 170 
 
 picture brldes- 
 
 disc.ontlnuance of 143 
 
 method of granting 139 
 
 Personal employment contracts 13 
 
 Phelan, Senator, James D., letter to, 
 
 142. 143 
 
 Philippine Islands, alien land law 69 
 
 Phillips, William, letter of 142 
 
 Picture bride-s- 
 
 arrivals at San Francisco 146-155 
 
 Japanese law governing 142 
 
 marriage of 140. 141 
 
 mothers, per cent becoming 146, 147 
 
 passports- 
 discontinuance of 143 
 
 method of granting 139 
 
 U. S. government, recognition by 142 
 
 Placer County- 
 Japanese births in (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 61 
 
 Pomeroy. Professor • John Norton, 
 
 opinion of 190 
 
 Population , ,P»«* 
 
 Chinese ia-29 
 
 cities, concentration In 219 
 
 Hindu 27, 29, 102, 108 
 
 Increase, per cent 26 
 
 Indian 26. 28 
 
 Japanese 8. 25-31 
 
 minors 27. 28 
 
 negro 26. .'8 
 
 white 2i;. JS 
 
 Pre.sident Woodrow Wilson, memorial 
 of Japanese Association of 
 
 America to 203-215 
 
 Rice Industry 
 
 Japanese development 
 
 52, 55. 205. 206, 222 
 
 wages paid laborers 221 
 
 Sacramento County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 57 
 
 San Benito f'ounty 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 3S 
 
 San Joa<iuln County 
 
 Japanesf! births In (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 57 
 
 Santa Barbara County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 38 
 
 Santa Clara County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) 33 
 
 Santa Cruz County 
 
 Japanese births In (chart) Z>i 
 
 Scar, Antone, report by 110 
 
 Schools 
 
 Japanese language schools 
 
 197, 198, 214. 2'5 
 
 minors, registration of 27. 28 
 
 separate, for Japanese, proposed_ll, .O'.t 
 Setchel, W. Flanders, President Valley 
 Fruit Growers' Association, letter 
 
 of 106. 107 
 
 Shaughnessy, M. P., letter of lOS 
 
 Shoemaker, Carl D., letter of 95 
 
 Sikhs. See Hindus. 
 Smuggling 
 
 methods used 175. 176 
 
 Mexican border 175 
 
 Solano County 
 
 Japanese births in (chart) 3S 
 
 oriental occupancy (ynap) 57 
 
 special census in 29 
 
 Standard of living. .lapanese 
 
 102. 103. 108. 112. 211, 221 
 
 Stephens, Governor William D. 
 
 Colbv, Bainbrldge, Secretary of State 
 
 letter to I 7 
 
 Control, Board of, letter to 19 
 
 Sutter County 
 
 Japane.'^e births In (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 57 
 
 Treat, Professor P. J., statement of-. 209 
 Treaty of comniei-ce and navigation 
 
 ^'ith Japan. 1911 115-121 
 
 Trustees, ownership through 12.65.133 
 
 Tulare county, oriental occupancv 
 
 (map) ■_ 59 
 
 Turlock Irrigation district. Japanese 
 
 land leases in si 
 
 United ,'^tates government 
 
 immigration regulations 162, 166-169 
 
 Japanese exclusion law urged 14. 15 
 
 navigation laws, violation of 92 
 
 picture brides, recognition of 142 
 
 treaty of commerce and navigation 
 
 with Japan, 1911 115-121 
 
 Valley Fruit Growers Association, use 
 
 of American laborers 106. 107 
 
 Wages of Japanese 58. 60. 211, 221, 22; 
 
 Walther. Elmer J., report by 110 
 
 Washington 
 
 alien fishing law 94, 95 
 
 alien land law 65, 66 
 
 Westfall-Lane Company, letter of.. -SI. 83 
 Yolo County 
 
 Japanese births in (chart) 38 
 
 oriental occupancy (map) 57 
 
 Yuba Countv. Japanese births In 
 (chart) 38
 
 THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE 
 IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 An Arno Press Collection 
 
 Andracki, Stanislaw. Immigration of Orientals into Canada with Special 
 Reference to Chinese. 1979 
 
 Bell, Reginald. Public School Education of Second-Generation 
 Japanese in California. 1935 
 
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