UC-NRLF 
 
I 
 
GEORGE W. CHILDS. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 BY 
 
 .1 AMES J'A TV TON. 
 
GEORGE W. CHILDS 
 
 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES PARTON. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 COLLINS, PRINTER. 
 
 1870. 
 
A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE years ago, when I was a resident of Philadel- 
 phia, there was one spot of that sedate and tranquil city which 
 seemed like home ; for it exhibited the vitality which New York- 
 ers are accustomed to witness on every hand. This was the 
 corner of Third and Chestnut Streets, where was published the 
 PUBLIC LEDGER, and where there was also the most flourishing 
 depot of newspapers and cheap publications then existing in the 
 city. It was always exhilarating to pass that'corner; such was 
 the bustle, and bright display of the fugitive wares of literature. 
 The LEDGER then seemed as firmly established in the habits and 
 confidence of the people as a newspaper could be, and it was 
 still owned by the three able men who had founded it many 
 years before. The Ledger building was solid, tall, and impos- 
 ing, and the office wore that air of immutable prosperity which 
 old banks and old newspaper establishments alone possess. 
 
 It had begun in the quiet way in which things of lasting im- 
 portance usually do; and it had had that tough struggle for life 
 which the strong never escape. On half a sheet of paper three 
 journeymen printers from New York had drawn up, in 1836, 
 their articles of partnership, had hired a small office, bought a 
 hand-press, engaged an editor, and launched their enterprise 
 a penny paper a novelty then in Philadelphia. They would 
 have failed if they had been cowards, for they had not the capi- 
 tal to wait long for success. Luckily for them, questions arose 
 which gave them the chance of risking destruction by doing 
 
 M152383 
 
4 
 
 right. They did right ; they took the side of law against in- 
 fluential mobs. When the medical students a numerous bro- 
 therhood in Philadelphia were disorderly, the little LEDGER 
 defied and rebuked them. During the fearful excitement 
 attendant on the Native American riots of 1844, the LEDGER 
 courted odium by denouncing lawless violence, and nearly 
 incurred ruin. When the abolitionists were mobbed, the 
 LEDGER, though its corps of proprietors and editors disap- 
 proved their proceedings, defended their right to assemble and 
 discuss public questions. 
 
 Such conduct as this makes a newspaper strike down its roots 
 deep in the gratitude and esteem of the stable and the sub- 
 scribing portion of the public. A newspaper gains by daring 
 to lose. It never does so well for itself as when it gives wide- 
 spread offence by being right a month before its readers. 
 
 In 1848, when the LEDGER had been in existence twelve 
 years, it had grown past the perils of its youth, and yielded to 
 its proprietors incomes ample and secure. They were still in 
 the prime of life, and with powers strengthened by use and suc- 
 cess ; nor were there wanting in the establishment men of mature 
 and tried ability, who might be supposed capable of taking 
 their places when age should have disposed them to withdraw. 
 At that very time the future master of the LEDGER worked in 
 a portion of the Ledger building. He was not its chief editor. 
 He was not foreman, book-keeper, or confidential factotum. He 
 was not in the line of promotion at all. If any one had been 
 asked to go over the edifice and name the person employed in it 
 who was most likely to succeed to the proprietorship, he would 
 not have so much as taken into consideration the chances of 
 a youth, named CHILDS, who occupied a small oflBce in the 
 building. I should have passed him by as a person totally 
 out of the question. And yet he, the almost unknown lad of 
 eighteen, without capitalled friends or connections, with nothing 
 to aid him but his own brain, hands, and habits he, GEORGE 
 
"W. CHILDS, was the predestined person ! The editor, who was 
 a forcible and fluent writer, attempted mastership and failed. 
 Other leading men in the building tried for the same prize, but 
 with no memorable success. That boy was the man ! He was 
 the born master. He was the heir, though not the heir appa- 
 rent. And, what was still more remarkable, he had already 
 distinctly set before himself, as an object to be accomplished, 
 the proprietorship of the LEDGER establishment. He had said 
 to himself: "I will own all this some day!" 
 
 It was not the random utterance of a light-hearted boy. He 
 meant it. It was his deliberate purpose ; and he had grounds, 
 even in his boyish successes, for believing in its fulfilment. In 
 the years that followed, he made no secret of his intention ; but 
 often said to his intimate friends, " If I live, I will become the 
 owner of the PUBLIC LEDGER." He said so to Dr. R. Shelton 
 Mackenzie, nine years before he accomplished his purpose, and 
 at a time when there seemed no likelihood of its ever being for 
 sale, or of his possessing the means of buying it. The audacity 
 of such a thought in a boy of eighteen can hardly be appreciated 
 by any one who was not familiar with Philadelphia at the time, 
 and with the solid basis of prosperity upon which the LEDGER 
 stood. It was as though a poor boy who had struggled to 
 London from a distant town, and obtained some obscure em- 
 ployment about Printing House Square, should quietly say to 
 himself : " I will one day own the ' London Times !' " 
 
 The lad was a stranger in Philadelphia, recently arrived from 
 Baltimore, his native city. His early friends in Baltimore do 
 not depict him as in the least resembling the ideal boy of modern 
 novels the Tom Browns, who put forth their whole soul in 
 foot-ball and cricket, and bestow the reluctant residue upon 
 the serious business of school. With sincere deference to our 
 honored guest, Mr. Thomas Hughes, I must beg leave to state, 
 that superior men, who learn to govern themselves and direct 
 affairs, do not spend their boyhood so. Not in the Rugby style do 
 
6 
 
 the Jeffersons, Franklins, Pitts, Peels, Watts, nor the great men 
 of business, nor the immortals of literature and art, pass the 
 priceless hours of boyhood and youth. Such boys do not despise 
 the oar and the bat, but they do not exalt the sports of the 
 play- ground to the chief place in their regard. This boy 
 certainly did not. He exhibited, even as a child, two traits 
 seldom found in the same individual : a remarkable aptitude for 
 business, and a remarkable liberality in giving away the results 
 of his boyish trading. At school he was often bartering boyish 
 treasures knives for pigeons, marbles for pop-guns, a bird-cage 
 for a book ; and he displayed an intuitive knack in getting a 
 good bargain by buying and selling at the right moment. At 
 a very early age he had a sense of the value of time, and a 
 strong inclination to become a self-supporting individual. He 
 has told his friends that, in his tenth year, when school was 
 dismissed for the summer, he took the place of errand-boy in a 
 bookstore, and spent the vacation in hard work. This was not 
 romantic, but it was highly honorable to a little fellow to be 
 willing thus to work for the treasures that boys desire. At 
 thirteen he entered the U. S. Navy, and spent fifteen months in 
 the service; an experience and discipline not without good 
 results upon his health and character. 
 
 He was a favorite among his boyish friends. One of them, 
 Hon. J. J. Stewart, of Maryland, has recently said : " He was 
 then what you find him now. His heart was always larger 
 than his means. There is but one thing he always despised, and 
 that is meanness ; there is but one character he hates, and that 
 is a liar. When he left Baltimore, a little boy, the affectionate 
 regrets of all his companions followed him to Philadelphia; and 
 the attachment they felt for him was more like romance than 
 reality in this every-day world. * * * I remember that he 
 wrote to me years ago, when we were both boys, that he meant 
 to prove that a man could be liberal and successful at the 
 same time." 
 
Let us see if the career of the man has fulfilled the dream of 
 the boy. 
 
 Upon reaching Philadelphia, a vigorous lad of fourteen, he 
 knew but one family in the city, and they, soon removing, left 
 him friendless there. He found employment in his old vocation 
 of shop-boy in a bookstore. But he was no longer a boy. Expe- 
 rience had given him an early maturity of mind and character, 
 and he was soon discharging the duties of a man. Paying strict 
 attention to business, working early and late for his employer, 
 disdaining no honest service, he soon had an opportunity, young 
 as he was, of showing that he possessed the rarest faculty of a 
 business man judgment. After shutting up the store in the 
 evening, he was intrusted by his employer with the duty of fre- 
 quenting the book auctions and making purchases ; and by the 
 time he was sixteen, it was he who was regularly deputed to 
 attend the book trade-sales at New York and Boston. After 
 serving in this capacity for four years, being then eighteen years 
 of age, having saved a few hundred dollars capital, and accumu- 
 lated a much larger capital in character, in knowledge of busi- 
 ness, and in the confidence of business men, he hired a small 
 slice of the Ledger building, and set up in business for himself. 
 Already he felt that his mission was to conduct a great daily 
 paper; already, as before remarked, he had said to himself, 
 that paper shall be the PUBLIC LEDGER. 
 
 In his narrow slip of a store in the Ledger building, he be- 
 stirred himself mightily, and throve apace. Faculty is always 
 in demand; and I say again, a young man generally gets a step 
 forward in his career about as soon as he is able to hold it. 
 Before he was quite twenty-one, we find him a member of that 
 publishing firm which afterwards obtained so much celebrity and 
 success under the title of Childs & Peterson. The intelligent 
 head of the old firm of R. E. Peterson & Co. had the discern- 
 ment to see his capacity, and sought an alliance with him. It 
 was a strong firm ; for the talent it contained was at once great 
 
 t 
 
8 
 
 and various. Mr. Peterson and his family had considerable 
 knowledge of science and literature, and Mr. CHILDS possessed 
 that sure intuitive judgment of the public taste and the public 
 needs without which no man can succeed as a publisher. He 
 had, also, that strong confidence in his own judgment which 
 gave him courage to risk vast amounts of capital, and even the 
 solvency of the firm, upon enterprises at which many a more 
 experienced publisher would have shaken his head. 
 
 There is no business so difficult as that of publishing books. 
 Few succeed in it, and still fewer attain a success at all com- 
 mensurate with the energy and risk which it demands. The 
 very knowledge and taste which a publisher may possess are 
 more likely to mislead than to guide him aright ; and, accord- 
 ingly, we find that some of the greatest publishing houses in 
 every country are conducted by grossly ignorant men, who 
 never read the books they publish, and who consider nothing 
 but the reputation of authors, or follow implicitly the judgment 
 of experienced readers. Such persons are never led astray by 
 tastes of their own. They never think the public will like a 
 book because they happen to like it, or suppose the public 
 interested in a subject because it is interesting to them. There 
 are publishers, however, whose tastes and preferences are in 
 such harmony with those of the public that their own personal 
 approval of a book is a sufficient guide. In the firm of Childs 
 & Peterson there was much of both kinds of judgment that 
 which comes of general knowledge, and that which results from 
 a knowledge of the world. Consequently, nearly all of it's 
 ventures were successful. They published few -books, but they 
 frequently contrived to make a great hit once a year. Mr. 
 Peterson compiled a work from various sources called "Familiar 
 Science," which Mr. CHILDS'S energy and tact pushed to a sale 
 of two hundred thousand copies, and secured for it a footing in 
 many schools, which it retains to this day. We all remember 
 with what skill and persistence Mr. GUILDS trumpeted the bril- 
 
9 
 
 liant works of Dr. Kane upon " Arctic Explorations," and how 
 he made us all buy the volumes as they appeared at five dollars, 
 and how glad we were we had bought them when we came to 
 read them. Nor was Dr. Kane ill pleased to receive a copyright 
 of about seventy thousand dollars. Parson Brownlow's book 
 was one of Mr. CHILDS'S successes. It was not his fault that 
 the book turned out to be absolute trash. He could not foresee 
 that. Before a copy of the work existed, he had so provoked 
 public curiosity, that it sold to the extent of fifty thousand 
 copies. He had the pleasure of handing over to the patriotic 
 author the handsome copyright of fifteen thousand dollars. 
 
 Mr. CHILDS, either by himself, or in connection with part- 
 ners, was a publisher of books for a dozen years or more ; dur- 
 ing which he gave the public several works of high utility, in- 
 volving an outlay such as few young publishers have ever been 
 in a condition to undertake. No publisher's list has ever con- 
 tained less of the sensational Mr. Brownlow's book being his 
 only venture of that kind, and that was an accident of an ex- 
 ceptional period. Among the massively useful books bearing 
 his imprint, there is that truly extraordinary enterprise, "Dr. 
 Allibone's Dictionary of English and American Authors," 
 which is dedicated to Mr. CHILDS. It is questionable if there 
 has ever been produced by one man a book involving a greater 
 amount of labor, or one containing a smaller proportion of 
 errors, than this colossal dictionary. Often as I have had oc- 
 casion to use it, I have never done so without a new sense of 
 its wonderful character. Probably when Mr. CHILDS undertook 
 its" publication, there was hardly another publishing house in 
 the world that would have given the laborious author any en- 
 couragement ; and it is safe to add that but for the outbreak of 
 the war, he would have pushed it to a compensating sale. Other 
 costly works published by Mr. CHILDS are " Bouvier's Law 
 Dictionary," "Bouvier's Institutes of American Law," "Shars- 
 
10 
 
 wood's Blackstone," " Fletcher's Brazil," and " Lossing's Illus- 
 trated History of the Civil War." 
 
 But it is not a detail of his particular enterprises that is re- 
 quired in a brief sketch like this. It is important to know in 
 what spirit and manner he has conducted these extensive 
 affairs, and what are the real causes of his success in them. 
 
 His career has not been all triumph ; nor can he, any more 
 than other men, justly claim that his success is due to his unas- 
 sisted powers. The strongest man needs the aid of his fellows, 
 and he is the strongest man who knows best how to win and 
 deserve that assistance. Such a man as Mr. CHILDS makes 
 friends. It belongs to his hearty, hopeful, and generous nature 
 to inspire regard in kindred minds ; and even minds that have 
 little in common with his own love to bask in the sunshine of 
 his influence. It so chanced that, among the friends who were 
 drawn to him, early in his Philadelphia career, was the cele- 
 brated banker, Mr. ANTHONY J. DREXEL, a gentleman whose 
 name in the metropolis of Pennsylvania is suggestive of every- 
 thing honorable, liberal, and public-spirited. Mr. CHILDS is 
 proud to acknowledge that, at many a crisis in his life, Mr. 
 DREXEL'S sympathy and ever-ready help have been a tower of 
 strength to him. They have usually been side by side at the 
 turning points in Mr. CHILDS'S career; the capitalist being always 
 prompt to lend the support of his credit and wealth to the 
 execution of Mr. CHILDS'S well-considered schemes. 
 
 In the long run, however, a man stands upon his own indi- 
 vidual merits. No external aid can long avail if there are 
 radical deficiencies in his own character. It is his own indo- 
 mitable heart and will that carry every man forward to final 
 victory. " There have been times in my business career," Mr. 
 CHILDS once said, " when everything looked discouraging, and 
 many would have given up in despair ; but I always worked the 
 harder, and never lost hope." 
 
 He was sure to remember a kindness, and was never back- 
 
11 
 
 ward in reciprocating it. It has been a principle with him in 
 business not to be blind to all interests but his own, and he has 
 endeavored to act in the spirit of the old maxim : " Live and 
 let live." " I have never been aggressive," he sometimes says, 
 " but I am very determined in self-defence." While he has re- 
 frained from all operations foreign to his own business, he has 
 given his whole mind to that ; shrinking from no labor which 
 its exigencies required, and never considering that anything 
 was done while anything remained to do. He thinks that many 
 who started with him in the race have failed to reach any valu- 
 able success, merely from not giving their whole attention to 
 their business, unwilling to defer the enjoyment of life until 
 they had earned the right to enjoy. " Meanness," says Mr. 
 CHILDS, " is not necessary to success in business, but economy 
 is" He has been an economist, not only of money, but of his 
 health, his strength, his vital force, the energy and purity of 
 his brain. It has been his happiness to escape those habits 
 which lower the tone of the bodily health and impair the effi- 
 ciency of the mind such as smoking and drinking which, at 
 this moment, lessen the useful energies of civilized man by, 
 perhaps, one-half! He tells the young men about him that 
 Franklin's rule for success in business is about the best that can 
 be given simple as it is. It consists of three words : " Tem- 
 perance, industry, and frugality." 
 
 During his career as a publisher of books he never lost sight 
 of his favorite object, the control of a leading daily newspaper. 
 The time came when he could gratify this ambition. 
 
 The PUBLIC LEDGER had fallen upon evil days. Started as 
 a penny paper in 1836, the proprietors had been able to keep it 
 at that price for a quarter of a century. But the war, by dou- 
 bling the cost of material and labor, had rendered it impossible 
 to continue the paper at the original price, except at a loss. 
 The proprietors were men naturally averse to change. They 
 clung to the penny feature of their system too long, believing it 
 
12 
 
 vital to the prosperity of the LEDGER. They were both right 
 and wrong. Cheapness was vital : but in 1864 a cent for such 
 a sheet as the PUBLIC LEDGER was not a price at all ; it was 
 giving it half away. Retaining the original price was carrying 
 a good principle to that extreme which endangered the prin- 
 ciple itself; just as we are now putting in peril the principle of 
 cheap government by condemning important servants of the 
 people judges, mayors, governors, presidents, cabinet minis- 
 ters, and heads of bureaus to pinching and precarious penury. 
 Nor were the proprietors then in a condition to superintend a 
 radical change. One of them was dead. Another was absorbed 
 in the management of another enterprise ; and the third was in- 
 different. This firm, once so capable and vigorous, had outlived 
 its opportunity, and the PUBLIC LEDGER was for sale. 
 
 The establishment was then losing four hundred and eighty 
 dollars upon every number of the paper which it issued. This 
 was not generally known ; the paper looked as prosperous as 
 ever ; its circulation was immense, and its columns were crowded 
 with advertisements. And yet there was a weekly loss of three 
 thousand dollars a hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year. 
 Upon learning this fact, the friends of Mr. GHILDS, whose opinion 
 he sought, said with decision : " Don't buy !" Nevertheless, he 
 looked the ground carefully over ; he made minute calculations ; 
 he kept on his thinking cap day and evening. He bought the 
 PUBLIC LEDGER the whole of it, just as it stood for a sum 
 a little exceeding the amount of its annual loss. 
 
 The purchase was completed Dec. 5th, 1864. A week after, 
 the new proprietor announced the two simple and obviously just 
 changes that were necessary to the prolonged existence of the 
 paper. He doubled its price and increased the advertising 
 rates to the compensating point. The first shock to the estab- 
 lishment was severe : subscribers fell off, and the columns were 
 lightened in some degree of their burthen of advertisements. 
 But a daily newspaper of any great importance is to large classes 
 
13 
 
 of people a necessity ; and the PUBLIC LEDGER was eminently 
 such, for it had been for twenty years the established medium 
 of communication between employers and employed, between 
 buyers and sellers, between bereaved families and their friends, 
 and between landlords and tenants. The subscribers, too, 
 comprehended the reasonableness of the change, and Mr. CHILDS 
 was not the man to neglect the means of bringing it home to 
 their minds. He knows the power of advertising, and how to 
 use that power. In a few days the tide turned. At the end of 
 a month he made a concession of which no one who does not 
 know Philadelphia intimately can understand the importance : 
 he reduced the price of the paper from two cents a day to ten 
 cents a week. What a trifling matter this seems to us lavish 
 New Yorkers ! But Philadelphia leaving out a few hundred 
 very rich people, who are the same everywhere is composed 
 of a prodigious number of highly respectable families, whose 
 means are limited, and to whom severe economy is a thing of 
 conscience, necessity, and life-long habit. Not because they 
 earn less than the inhabitants of other cities, but because they 
 are ambitious for their children, and because it is the custom of 
 the place for all but the very poorest people to live with a cer- 
 tain decent and orderly respectability, incompatible with waste. 
 Poverty is not regarded there as an excuse for squalor and 
 dirt. Hence, the change in the cost of the LEDGER the sole 
 luxury to many virtuous families was really an important 
 stroke of policy, which restored the paper to more than its 
 former ascendency. 
 
 Behold, then, Mr. CHILDS, at length, in the enjoyment of the 
 position upon which he had fixed his hopes sixteen years before ! 
 He assumed, at once, personal control of the paper, both as a 
 business and as a vehicle of communication with the public 
 mind. For four years he rarely left the editorial rooms before 
 midnight. Himself a man of the people, in full sympathy with 
 the people, he has conducted the paper in the interests of the 
 
14 
 
 people ; and yet there is no paper in the world, the tone of 
 which is more uniformly unsensational than that of the PUBLIC 
 LEDGER of Philadelphia. There is a certain sincerity in the 
 editorials which contrasts most pleasingly with the mockery, 
 the chaff, the hypocrisy, and the cowardly indirectness which 
 are such hideous characteristics of some of the newspapers of 
 New York. Mr. CHILDS evidently feels that a lie is a lie, that 
 an insult is an insult, and that a calumny is a calumny, whether 
 it be spoken or printed; and he does not consider that it is less 
 atrocious to inflict a stab at midnight, from the safe seclusion 
 of an editorial room, than to take an assassin into pay for a 
 similar purpose. It is an honest, clean, industriously edited 
 paper an honor to journalism, to Philadelphia, and to its 
 proprietor. Nothing is admitted to its columns, not even an 
 advertisement, which ought not to be read in a well-ordered 
 household. The adoption of this rule by Mr. CHILDS excluded 
 from the paper a class of advertisements which yielded a reve- 
 nue of three hundred dollars a week. 
 
 The people of Philadelphia have responded to his efforts with 
 a liberality which has enabled him to serve them better and 
 better. A new LEDGER BUILDING, ample in proportions, and 
 furnished with elegant completeness, now adorns the city, and 
 invites the approval of visitors. The public seems sometimes 
 to bestow its favors capriciously as if indifferent to the worth 
 or worthlessness of those competing for its suffrages. In this 
 instance, the people of Philadelphia have rallied warmly to the 
 support of a man whose ambition and constant endeavor have 
 been to render them solid and lasting service. No one can 
 patiently examine a few numbers of the PUBLIC LEDGER with- 
 out perceiving that, in every department of the paper, there is 
 an honest effort to give the reader the most and the best that 
 can be put into the space assigned. It is gratifying to know 
 that a newspaper conducted in this spirit is one of the most 
 profitable in the country. 
 
15 
 
 Mr. CHILDS, now in the enjoyment of a princely income, hon- 
 ors himself by his constant consideration of the comfort, plea- 
 sure, welfare, and dignity of the persons who assist him. He 
 has provided for them apartments to work in as handsome and 
 commodious as the nature of their employment admits, and the 
 building abounds in such conveniences as bath-rooms and ice 
 fountains. He takes pleasure in compensating faithful service 
 liberally, and loves to see happiness and prosperity around him. 
 He has presented his assistants recently with insurances upon 
 their lives, and has given to the Typographical Society an ele- 
 gant improved lot in Woodlands Cemetery, besides contributing 
 liberally to the Society's endowment. Care was taken, in fur- 
 nishing the compositors' room, to give the walls and ceiling the 
 subdued tone most agreeable to the overtasked eyes of the com- 
 positors. On days of festivity, such as the Fourth of July and 
 Christmas, Mr. CHILDS is accustomed to provide for those in his 
 employment and their families an entertainment of some kind, 
 in which all can participate the happy effects of which shine 
 in their countenances and animate their minds for many a day 
 after. In a word, his is a generous heart, that finds happiness 
 in diffusing happiness, and loves to make all around and about 
 him sharers in his prosperity. 
 
 How much nobler is this than to scrimp and screw for fifty 
 years, blasting all the life within range by a cold, begrudging 
 spirit, and then leave behind, as a heavy burthen upon pos- 
 terity, a huge mass of property, which the owner parts with 
 only because he cannot carry it with him ! Posterity will have 
 care and perplexity enough without being saddled with crude, 
 injudicious bequests. But nearly the whole efficient population 
 of the globe sustains the relation of employer and employed ; 
 and, as far as we can discern, this is an unchangeable necessity 
 of human life. Hence we may say, that the welfare and dignity 
 of man depend upon the degree to which the duties involved 
 in this relation are understood and performed. A man in the 
 
16 
 
 position of Mr. CHILDS can, if he will, render the lives of many 
 of those who serve him bitter and shameful ; he can discourage 
 them by a hard, pitiless demeanor ; he can corrupt them by a 
 bad example ; he can wound them by unjust reproaches ; he 
 can weaken them by excessive indulgence ; he can keep them 
 anxious by his caprice ; he can foster ill-will, and relax honest 
 effort by favoritism ; or, he can simply hold aloof, and regard 
 his assistants merely as part of the apparatus of his business. 
 Mr. CHILDS, on the contrary, chooses to be the friend and bene- 
 factor of those who labor with him ; and, as he has himself 
 labored faithfully in every post, from errand boy to chief, he 
 knows where and how to apply the balm that solaces the hearts 
 of the toiling sons of men. It is for this that I honor him. 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY