RELIGIOUS AND MORAL SENTENCES FROM SHAKESPEARE, COMPARED WITH SACRED PASSAGES DRAWN FROM HOLY WRIT. .1 R.Jobhrns, D<4' KAKI.OMS KNr.KAVKI) 1. 1 K K N K SS TAKK.N l-'HuM AN f,V ft>i;NK|.ir S .IANSKN. RELIGIOUS AND MORAL SENTENCES o _ CULLED FROM THE WORKS J/3 SHAKESPEA R J3, Comparer toitf) am& $asfiages DRAWN FROM HOLY WRIT: BKING A SELECTION OF RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS, AND MORAL PRECEPTS, BLENDED IN THE DRAMATIC WORKS, &c. OF OUR IMMORTAL BARD. DEDICATED TO THE SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY, BY A MEMBER; AND COMPILED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE BENEVOLENT FUND3 OF THE THEATRES ROYAL DRURY LANE AND COVENT GARDEN. LONDON: CALKIN & BUDD, BOOKSELLERS TO HER MAJESTY, PALL MALL. MDCCCXLIII. J. L. COX AND SONS, PRINTERS, 74 & 75, GREAT QUEEN STREET, IJNCOLN'S-INN FIELDS. TO THE PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENTS, COUNCIL, AND MEMBERS OP THB SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY, FROM WHOSE ZEAL AND ENLIGHTENMENT Cfje ftiBorltr in general, AND THE ADMIRERS OF SHAKESPEARE IN PARTICULAR, CHERISH NEW-BORN HOPES OF DERIVING SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE, AND OF THE TIMES (AS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY) OF OUR IMMORTAL BARD, THESE EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS, ARE RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIR HUMBLE SERVANT, THE COMPILER. SPIRIT OF ALBION! WE, thy histrionic Sons and Daughters, who " Have strutted our hour upon the stage, And now are heard no more," Being hi the vale of years, implore the aid of thy inspiring name, to infuse a disposition in the Dramatis Personse of the Great Theatre of the World, to view us with benevolent consideration, ere the Great Curtain drop on our last scene. THE PERIOD WAS, When, by thy all- directing voice, we " Were well bestowed As the brief chronicles of the time ;" And, by thee were we tutored, " To hold, as 't were, the mirror up to nature ; to shew Virtue her own feature ; Scorn her own image ; and the very age and body of the time its form and pressure." Also, under thy all-inspiring auspices, we have practised the cure of melancholy ; for well thou sayest, " Melancholy is the nurse of frenzy ; Therefore it is thought good to hear a play, And frame the mind to mirth and merriment ; Which bars a thousand harms, and lengthens life." Now we, thy votaries, finding that " This wide and Universal Theatre Presents more woful pageants, than the scenes Wherein we played," RETIRE ; But, ever cheered by the magic of thy name, we live on " All the fair effects of future hopes." Thy EX DRAMATIS PERSONS OF D.L. &C.G. PREFACE. ALL minds attached to the memory of our immortal Shakespeare, feel a longing desire, an ardent anxiety, to know something of his childhood, his adolescence, and, indeed, of every minute circumstance relating to him, preluding his arrival in London, where he appears to have come the child of Nature, the ward of Providence. There does not exist any record or traditional account of his having manifested any distinguished precocity during his youth ; and now more than two hundred years have rolled away without any important records having been found to throw a light upon his early history. It would be most gratifying to have been furnished with some historical 5V PREFACE. traits illustrating the dawn of his mighty genius, and the progression of his intellectual development : that gratification is denied us, contemplation, and amaze- ment, fill the void. Born in 1564, at Stratford-upon-Avon, we find him arrived in London in the year 1586, at the age of twenty-two, seeking a maintenance through the me- dium of his talents : and his genius, or his destiny, appears to have led his first steps towards the theatres of the metropolis. This early bias seems subsequently to have attached him permanently to the Drama : he became a writer for the stage, and evidently a suc- cessful one for in 1589 he was a joint proprietor with Burbage in theatrical property. He published his first poem (Venus and Adonis) in 1593 ; but the first pub- lication of his plays does not appear to have taken place until 1597 (when he was thirty-three years of age). It is not correctly ascertained how many of his plays were written, and acted, up to this period. He lived nineteen years afterwards, fifteen of which were appa- rently passed in the capital, still writing for the theatres, and superintending his dramatic property. He retired to his native town, Stratford, about the year 1612, PREFACE. where he enjoyed four years of literary leisure, dying of fever in 1616, at the age of fifty-two. It was observed by Dryden that, " in Shakespeare, we find all arts and sciences, all moral and natural philosophy, without knowing that he ever studied them." It is evident, however, that he had studied them ; and it is very manifest, too, that in the forma- tion of his historical dramas, he imbibed largely from the Chronicles of Holinshed, which work must have been very scarce in his day, from whence it may be fairly presumed that he had free access to the library of the Earl of Southampton, as it does not appear by Shakespeare's will, or by tradition, that he possessed any books himself. That noble earl claims, indeed, our deepest gratitude, as the foster-friend the princely patron, of that brightest genius of our land. It is mortifying that history has left us so little information relative to the life and literary pursuits of that illus- trious nobleman, particularly as connected with Shake- speare. Records inform us, that " he was engaged in the conspiracy with the Earl of Essex, and with him imprisoned in the Tower," where, no doubt, the society of the Bard of Avon formed his chiefest solace. PREFACE. As tradition does not furnish us with any instance of the development of precocious intellect in Shake- speare's youth, the dawn of his genius must have first manifested itself during his sojournment in the capital ; so it is evident that when there, he must have devoted himself assiduously to various reading, as well as to universal observation of mankind ; for all his historical plays, and many of the others, prove extensive reading, and particularly of the passing events of preceding generations in his own country. The religious extracts, which form a material part of this work, shew with what advantage he had perused the Holy Scriptures. Every thing relative to his mental acquirements tends to illustrate a mind signally gifted, pursuing a system of self-formation, based on the highest fecundity of genius. It may be presumed that he derived some stimulus towards self-education from the taunts of his companion, Ben Jonson ; who evidently prided him- self upon his scholarship (he being proficient in Greek and Latin), and probably throwing out, at times, hints that he (Shakespeare) had not received so classical an education as himself Jonson having observed of him, that he possessed " small Latin and less Greek." PREFACE. Feelings of mortification, perhaps, generated by reflections like the above (and sensitively alive to the necessity which he felt, that he must pursue his dra- matic labours for his maintenance, while his genius elevated his mind above the cares of livelihood), seem to be pourtrayed in the following lines of one of his poems : O, for my sake, do thou with Fortune chide, The guilty goddess of my harmful deeds, That did not better for my life provide, Than public means, which public manners breeds : Thence comes it that my name receives a brand ; And almost thence my nature is subdu'd, To what it works in, like the dyer's hand : Pity me then, and wish I were renew'd ; Whilst, like a willing patient, I will drink Potions of eysell, 'gainst my strong infection : No bitterness that I will bitter think, Nor double penance, to correct correction. SONNET cxi. These lines were probably written under a depression of spirits, naturally arising from vexation, at the ne- cessity which he laboured under, of being compelled (in accordance with the times) to adopt many senti- ments, and expressions, solely to "please the ears of the groundlings," and also from the difficulties and PREFACE. odium which the members of the drama at that period had to undergo, from the opposition which was then made by the Papists, and Puritans, to dramatic repre- sentations ; and the establishment of playhouses. Even the Corporation of the City of London was strongly opposed to the erection of a theatre at Black- friars, in which Shakespeare had a great interest. Such vexatious oppositions must have mortified his soaring spirit, propelled by The force of heaven-bred poesy. Two GENTLEMEN OP VERONA, iii. 2. That he felt the advantages of study as well as its pleasures, is exemplified in the advice given to Lucentio upon the subject of study. Continue your resolve, To suck the sweets of sweet philosophy. Only * * * while we do admire This virtue, and this moral discipline, Let 's be no stoics, nor no stocks, I pray ; Or so devote to Aristotle's ethics, As Ovid be an outcast quite abjured. Talk logic with acquaintance that you have, And practise rhetoric in your common talk, Music and poesy, use to quicken you ; The mathematics and the metaphysics, PREFACE. Fall to them, as you find your stomach serves you : No profit grows, where is no pleasure ta'en : In brief, Sir, study what you most affect. TAMING OF THE SHREW, i. 1 . In the foregoing lines his attachment to the higher branches of philosophy are most manifest, but although his mental powers were capable of embracing every thing within the span of human intellect, it is clear he felt that his early education, and his station in life, had not led him into the school of Aristotle, but that the decree of Providence had placed him upon Mount Parnassus, and had wedded him to the Muses. However, we cannot omit to notice the incidents wherein we find him philosophizing, viz. when, during a violent storm, he says: First let me talk with this philosopher : What is the cause of thunder ? KING LEAR, iii. 4. Then again, his observation of the distinct locality of the polar star of which he says, I am constant as the Northern Star, Of whose true, fixed, and resting quality, There is no fellow in the firmament : The skies are painted with unnumbered sparks, PREFACE. They are allure and every one doth shine- But there 's but one, in all, doth hold his place .' JULIUS CAESAR, iii. 1. Here is a manifestation of his knowledge of the changes in the positions of the stars, through the effect of the rotation of the earth. But what shall we say, how shall we express our surprise and ad- miration at his distinctly denning the principle of gravitation, long before Sir Isaac Newton was born, to whom the merit of the discovery has been so honourably attributed, from his enlarged and scientific explanations of its operating effects, acting throughout the whole system of the Universe ? As it applies to our Earth it is thus defined by Shakespeare : Time, force, and death, Do to this body what extremes they can ; But the strong base, and building of my love, Is, as the very centre of the earth, Drawing all things to it. TROILUS AND CRESSIDA, iv. 2. Here is an instance of intellectual supremacy, that at least approaches to inspiration : and it would indeed be "gilding refined gold," to adduce any additional instance to illustrate his gifted intellect, for we may justly say that he possessed a mind PREFACE. So perfect, and so peerless ; seem'd created Of every creature's best. TEMPEST, iii. 1. We must, however, give one trait of his intimate knowledge of the innate qualities, and apparent states, of the human mind. The case is a medical one, and his analysis of it is so clear, and so concise, that the President of the College of Physicians, in a Lecture to that body, introduced it, to illustrate his own dis- course upon Insanity; as an exemplary definition of that disease. It is in the scene where Hamlet rebukes his mother for her marriage with his uncle, and she charges him with being " in ecstacies" he says in reply, Ecstacy ! My pulse, as yours, doth temperately keep time, And makes as healthful music. It is not madness That I have uttered : bring me to the test, And I the matter will re-word; which madness Would gambol from. HAMLET, iii. 4. Can any thing be more definite or more lucid upon the subject ? The distinguished beauties in the language of Shakespeare, his vast conceptions, his boundless xvii PREFACE. ideas, his innate knowledge of human nature, his inimitable descriptive powers, have been so often and so ably analysed and portrayed, that it would be supererogation to enter upon those themes ; we only request permission to repeat Dr. Johnson's illustration of his powers, as conveyed in his celebrated prologue at the opening of Drury Lane Theatre, in 1747, viz. When Learning's triumph o'er her barbarous foes First reared the Stage, immortal Shakespeare rose ; Each change of many-colour'd life he drew, Exhausted worlds, and then imagin'd new : Existence saw him spurn her bounded reign, And panting Time toil'd after him in vain. It delights the mind to read such an encomium from the pen of the most eminent writer of the age in which he lived, acknowledging the pre-eminence of his gifted predecessor. Previous to entering upon the presentation of the following religious extracts from the works of Shake- speare (which may be justly termed his moral beau- ties), it is proper that the cause or motive should be PREFACE. stated which gave rise to the selection, and the publi- cation of them. Upon visiting Stratford-upon-Avon, the Compiler observed in the room where " Shakespeare's Relicks " are exhibited, a large written paper, in a gilt frame, (designedly presented to the view), termed " a copy of Shakespeare s Will," but drawn up in the Roman Catholic form ; representing itself, as a faithful copy of the real Will, deposited at Doctors Commons. Having repeatedly seen printed copies of his genuine Will, fraud was immediately apparent; and as it was manifestly placed there for the purpose of de- ceiving the world, by the insidious attempt to prove him a Papist, the Compiler resolved, in justice to Shakespeare's memory in justice to the Reformed Religion and in justice to the divinity of Truth, to expose the fraudulent design, by proving from Shakespeare's own writings, that he lived and died a true Protestant. With this view, the following extracts from his works, and from the Scriptures, have been collected, and placed together in parallel positions, to shew the PREFACE. close affinity that exists between the sentences there exhibited, from his works, and passages taken from Holy Writ. It has been thought right, however, antecedently to present to the reader, copies of the preambles to the true and the fraudulent Wills, in order that he may, himself, judge of the motive for the fabrication, and of the motive for the refutation. TRUE COPY OF THE PREAMBLE TO rfiaftrsprarf's KSMll, Extracted from the Registry of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Vicesimo quinto die Martii, anno regni domini nostri Jacobi, nunc Rex Anglise, &c. decimo quarto, et Scotise quadragesimo nono. Anno Domini 1616. In the name of God, Amen ! I, William Shakespeare, of Stratford-upon-Avon, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, in perfect health and memory, (God be praised !) do make and ordain this my last will and testament, in manner and form following : that is to say, First I commend my soul into the hands of God, my Creator ; hoping, and assuredly believing, through the only merits of Jesus Christ, my Saviour, to be made partaker of life everlasting ; and my body to the earth whereof that is made. Item I give and bequeath," &c. N.B. This Preamble has been minutely compared, and it correctly corresponds with the true original last will and testament of Shakespeare, deposited in the Prerogative Office, at Doctors' Commons. Copy of the Preamble to a Manuscript exhibited as Sfjatospeare's Oiill. At a House in Stratford-upon-Avon, where his relics are shewn* PREAMBLE : " Vicesimo quinto die Martii, anno regni domini nostri Jacobi, nunc Rex Anglise, &c. decimo quarto, et Scotise quadragesimo nono. Anno Domini 1616. " In the name of God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost ; the most holy and blessed Virgin Mary, Mo- ther of God; the Holy Ghost, of Arc- Angels, Angels, Patriarchs, Prophets, Evangelists, Apostles, Saints, Martyrs, and all the Celestial Courts and Companies of Heaven, " I, William Shakespear, an unworthy member of the Holy Catholic Religion, being, at this my present writing, in perfect health of body, sound mind, memory, * The proprietors of the house where this Will is shewn (amongst the relics) are innocent of the fraud, and ignorant of its import, being poor persons, to whom the articles exhibited devolved by descent. and understanding, but calling to mind the uncertainty of life, and the certainty of death, and that I may be possibly cut off in the blossom of my sins, and called to render an account of all my transgressions, external and internal, and that I may be unprepared for the dreadful trial, either by sacrament, penance, fasting, or prayer, or any other purgation whatever, do, in the holy presence above specified, of my own free and voluntary accord, make and ordain this my last spiritual Will, Testament, Confession, Protestation, and Confession of Faith ; hoping hereby to receive pardon for all my sins and offences, and thereby to be made partaker of life everlasting, through the only merits of Jesus Christ, my Saviour and Redeemer ; who took upon himself the likeness of man, suffered death, and was crucified upon the cross, for the re- demption of sinners. Item. I, William Shakespear, do, by this present, protest, acknowledge, and confess, that in my past life I have been a most abominable and grievous sinner, and therefore unworthy to be forgiven without a true and sincere repentance for the same ; but, trusting in the manifold mercies of my blessed Saviour and Re- deemer, I am encouraged, by relying on His Sacred Word, to hope for salvation, and be made partaker of His Heavenly Kingdom, as a member of the Celes- tial Company of Angels, Saints, and Martyrs, and therefore reside for ever and ever in the Court of my God. Item. I, William Shakespear, do, by this present, declare, that as I am certain I must pass out of this transitory life into another that will last to eternity, I do hereby most humbly implore and entreat my good Guardian Angels to instruct me in this my solemn pre- paration, protestation, and confession of Faith at least spiritually. Item. I give and bequeath, &c. &c. N.B. There is not, and never has been, any Will of Shakespeare, with the above preamble, deposited at Doctors' Commons ; which circumstance is, in itself, a sufficient proof of the fraud attempted. PASSAGES EXTRACTED THE WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE; ADDUCED AS PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE THAT THE TENETS OF THE RELIGION WHICH HE PROFESSED WERE NOT OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC PERSUASION. THE following anti-papistical sentences are selected from the writings of Shakespeare with a view to corroborate the just opinion of him, that he was a true and professed member of the Protestant Church of England. There is nothing presented in his writings, or hi the few records that we have of his life, that in the least indicates his having held the Roman Catholic faith ; and it may be fully presumed, that had he been of that persuasion, he would not have exposed himself to the censure of that priesthood, by expressing the strong anti-popish sentiments conveyed in the following extracts. That he was a member of the Protestant Church of England is indisputably corroborated, by the circumstance of his chil- dren having been all baptized in that faith, in which faith he made his real last Will and Testament, and in which faith he was buried in his own Protestant Parish Church. SUPREMACY. Thou can'st not, Cardinal, devise a name So slight, unworthy, and ridiculous, To charge me to an answer, as the Pope. We, under Heaven, are supreme head ; So under Him, that great Supremacy, Where we do reign, we will alone uphold, Without assistance from a mortal hand : So tell the Pope ; all reverence set apart, To him, and his usurped authority. KING JOHN, iii. 1. The Cardinal makes no reply to the above abjuration. No Italian priest shall tithe or toll in our dominions. KING JOHN, iii. 1. FAITH. Oaths are straws, men s faiths are wafer-cakes. HENRY V. ii. 3. Play fast and loose with faith, so jest with Heaven. KING JOHN, iii. 1. ABSOLUTION. Though you, and all the Kings of Christendom, Are led so grossly by this meddling priest, Dreading the curse that money may buy out, And by the merit of vile gold, dross, dust, Purchase corrupted pardon of a man, Who, in that sale, sells pardon from himself Though you and all the rest so grossly led, This juggling witchcraft, with reverence cherish ; Yet I alone, alone do me oppose Against the Pope ; and count his friends my foes. KING JOHN, iii. 1. DENUNCIATION. We think it indispensable to give Cardinal Pandulph's ex- communication of the King, hi reply to the above speech of King John, denouncing the Pope. Then, by the lawful power that I have, Thou shalt stand cursed and excommunicate ; And blessed shall he be that doth revolt, From his allegiance to an heretic ; And meritorious shall that hand be called, Canonized, and worshipped as a saint, That takes away, by any secret course, Thy hateful life. KING JOHN, iii. 1. The original of the above denunciation led to the esta- blishment of Magna Charta ; for the barons, fearful that the King would be intimidated by the threat, forced him to sign the great charter of the land, the first words of which are : " The Church of England shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and liberties inviolable." CHARACTER OF CARDINAL BEAUFORT, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. What ! is my lord of Winchester installed And called unto a Cardinal's degree ! Then, I perceive, that will be verified, Henry the Fifth did sometimes prophesy : " If once he come to be a Cardinal He '11 make his cap co-equal with the crown." 1 HENRY VI. v. 1. This Cardinal is more haughty than the devil. 1 HENRY VI. i. 3. Oh, how this discord doth afflict my soul ! Can you, my lord of Winchester, behold My sighs and tears, and will not once relent ? Who should be pitiful if you are not ? Or who should study to prefer a peace, If holy churchmen take delight in broils ? 1 HENRY VI. iii. 1. Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate, Whom Henry, our late sovereign, ne'er could brook ; Thou art no friend to God, or to the King. 1 HENRY VI. i. 8. Name not religion, for thou lov'st the flesh, And ne'er, throughout the year, to church thou go'st, Except it be to pray against thy foes. 1 HENRY VI. i. 1. Fie, Uncle Beaufort ! I have heard you preach, That malice was a great and grievous sin ; And will you not maintain the thing you teach, But prove a chief offender in the same ? 1 HENRY VI. iii. 1. There 's Beaufort, that regards nor God nor King, Hath here distrained the Tower to his use. 1 HENRY VI. i. 3. Under my feet I '11 stamp the Cardinal's hat, In spite of Pope, or dignities of Church. 1 HENRY VJ. i. 3. Presumptuous priest ! this place commands my patience, Or thou should'st find thou hast dishonoured me. Think not, although in writing I preferred The manner of thy vile outrageous crimes, That therefore I have forged, or am not able, Verbatim, to rehearse the method of my pen : No, prelate ; such is thy audacious wickedness, Thy lewd, pestiferous, and dissentious pranks, As very infants prattle of thy pride. Thou art a most pernicious usurer, Froward by nature, enemy to peace ; Lascivious, wanton, more than well beseems A man of thy profession and degree ; And for thy treachery, what 's more manifest ? 1 HENRY VI. iii. 1. Let us watch the haughty Cardinal, His insolence is more intolerable Than all the princes in the land beside. 2 HENRY VI. i. 1. Oft have I seen the haughty Cardinal, More like a soldier than a man o' the church, As stout and proud as he were lord of all, Swear like a ruffian. 2 HENRY VI. i. 1. Now, by God's Mother, priest, I '11 shave your crown for this. 2 HENRY VI. ii. 1. What, Cardinal, is your priesthood grown peremp- tory ? Churchmen so hot ? good uncle, hide such malice. 2 HENRY VI. ii. 1. Ambitious churchman ! leave to afflict my heart ; Sorrow and grief have vanquished all my powers. 2 HENRY VI. ii. 1. Gloster, thou 'It answer this before the Pope. Winchester goose ! I cry a rope ! a rope ! Now beat them hence ; why do you let them stay ? Thee I '11 chase hence, thou wolf in sheep's array .- Out, tawney coats ! out, scarlet hypocrite ! 1 HENRY VI. i. 8. Gas Now, Winchester will not submit, I trow, Or be inferior to the proudest peer. Humphrey of Gloster, thou shalt well perceive That nor in birth, nor for authority, The Bishop will be overborne by thee ; Either I '11 make thee stoop, and bend thy knee, Or sack this country with a mutiny. 1 HENRY VI. v. 1. York, and impious Beaufort, that false priest, Have all limed bushes to betray thy wings. 2 HENRY VI. ii. 4. Cardinal Beaufort is at point of death, ***** Blaspheming God, and cursing men on earth, And whispers to his pillow The secrets of his over-charged soul. 2 HENRY VI. iii. 2. Lord Cardinal, if thou think'st on heaven's bliss, Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope : He dies, and makes no sign ! 2 HENRY VI. iii. 3. WOLSEY. My surveyor is false the o'er great Cardinal Hath shewed him gold : my life is spanned already. HENRY VIII. i. 1. The Cardinal is the end of this, The Commons Hate him perniciously, and, o' my conscience, Wish him ten fathoms deep. HENRY VIII. ii. 1. That devil monk Hopkins, that made the mischief ; That was he That fed them with his prophecies. HENRY VIII. ii. 1. This is the Cardinal's doing ; the King Cardinal, That b]md priest : the King will know him one day. HENRY VIII. ii. 2. I love him not, nor fear him ; there 's my creed ; I knew him, and I know him ; so I leave him To him that made him proud, the Pope. HENRY VIII. ii. 2. Heaven will one day open The King's eyes, that so long have slept upon This bold, bad, man. HENRY VIII. ii. 2. I must tell you, You tender more your person's honour, than Your high profession spiritual. HENRY VIII. ii. 4. These Cardinals trifle with me : I abhor This dilatory sloth, and tricks of Rome. HENRY VIII. ii. 4. '<