MATERIALS AND MODELS FOR Uttn $rose Composition BY J: Y. SARGENT, M.A. FELLOW AND TUTOR OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD AND T. F. DALLIN, M.A. TUTOR, LATE FELLOW, OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD SECOND EDITION Re-arranged with Fresh Pieces and Additional References RIVINGTONS HontJon, xfotti, ants MDCCCLXXV RIVINGTONS Waterloo Place. High Street. Trinity Street. [All rights reserved.] [A-86] \f\ L S37 CONTENTS. TABLES OF GENERAL REFERENCES. I. HISTORICAL II. CHARACTERS . III. ORATORICAL IV. PHILOSOPHICAL V. EPISTOLARY VI. MISCELLANEOUS PAGE . xi XXXV . xlv PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE. PART I. HISTORICAL \ PART II. CHARACTERS . 121 PART III. ORATORICAL . 152 PART IV. PHILOSOPHICAL 230 PART V. EPISTOLARY . 325 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. S~\ ]N" issuing this Second Edition of " Materials and Models " V / the authors think it well to explain more fully the mode of using the book, which should be adopted as well by the teacher as by the pupil, after first calling attention to the improvements which have been introduced into the work, and to some modifications of its original form. 1. It has been determined to publish the book for the future in two separate volumes, one for Latin and one for Greek Prose Composition, instead of combining both parts in the same volume. The Latin portion is now published. The Greek portion will soon be ready, and the authors intend shortly to issue a series of selections for Verse Composition on the same plan. 2. The materials for Latin prose are now arranged in five sections, as follows : Historical, Characters, Oratorical, Philo- sophical, and Epistolary. The former Miscellaneous section has been distributed into the others j the Characters have been placed by themselves ; and many passages have been omitted, and replaced by others more illustrative of the plan of this book. Many new passages have been added, and the bulk of the Latin part has been much increased. This enlargement has enabled the authors to develop more fully their original scheme, by grouping together those passages which are similar in subject ; and thus, in effect, making groups of sub-sections. A formal division into sub-sections would have been a complicated and unnecessary vi Preface. detail ; but the ' careful reader will easily follow the arrangement. Thus under the Historical (or Narrative) section are grouped together, 1. Sieges; 2. Battles by Land; 3. Battles by Sea; 4. Single Combats, &c. ; and a similar arrangement has been carried out in the other sections. This plan will be found, as the authors believe, very convenient to the teacher, who will thus be enabled to turn more readily to the kind of piece which he wishes to set his pupil. 3. The references throughout have been carefully revised, and great numbers of additional references have been added. In spite of the care which has been taken to ensure correctness and uni- formity in the references, it is possible that some inaccuracies may remain undetected. Again, many parallelisms and appropriate citations have doubtless escaped the notice of the authors, who will be grateful to readers for any corrections or hints which may increase still further the usefulness of the book. 4. An entirely new feature, and one which the authors ven- ture to hope will be found very useful, is the Table of General References, prefixed to the selections. This Table, like the Materials which follow, is divided into sections. It is designed, in the first place, to add to the variety of passages which may be advantageously consulted by those who use this book. But the authors believe that in this Table of Eeferences they have furnished the teacher and pupil with an instrument which will be of great service in translating any well-chosen passage whatever. Thus, if a battle-piece has been chosen, the student may turn to the General Table, and he will find there a list of typical passages with which he may compare the English. He will make his selection from these according as he wishes to study the manner, e.g., of Livy or of Tacitus. In fact the addition of these Tables of General Eeference makes the scheme of the book capable of almost !fOR^ Preface. vu indefinite extension ; since by furnishing references to what classical Latin authors have said on a given subject, they can be used to equal advantage in the writing of themes and original composition in Latin prose, a practice, it may be remarked, at present too much neglected. Moreover, the subject of every Latin passage cited in the General Tables has been stated in order to help the student in his choice of references. With the view of making this part of the work as complete as possible, great attention has been given to the detailed arrangement of the Philosophical section. And under the Oratorical section will be found a short Analysis of most of the separate speeches in Livy, arranged under heads, according to subjects, with a statement of their comparative length. 5. In the body of the book reference to subjects has been further made easy, by the prefix of a heading to every English passage, describing its topic. Such are the main alterations and improvements which have been introduced into this new Edition of " Materials and Models." The scheme of the work was thus described in the Preface to the first edition of 1870 : "The present work differs from preceding collections of the kind, in two respects. First, the passages are arranged accord- ing to style and subject-matter, for convenience of reference. Secondly, to each English piece references are appended to analogous or similar passages in classical authors of approved merit, with the object of furnishing a model to the student in his attempt to render them into Greek or Latin. As the selections are mainly taken from standard English authors, and are not translations, the student must not expect to find the same thoughts occurring in the same sequence, or similarly expressed, in the passages to which he is referred ; viii Preface. but in all cases there will be found some analogy, by com- parison or contrast in the subject, circumstances, or spirit of the parallel passages, sufficient to furnish hints for the treat- ment of the piece to be turned, and to suggest the style to be adopted in turning it. " All composition in a dead language must be by imitation of forms already, as it were, stereotyped ; but that is the best which insensibly recalls the tone of a classical author, without either travestying his peculiarities or borrowing his phrases. " It is thought that the following exercises, on the plan of analogous passages, will be an aid towards forming a good style in Greek and Latin prose, both by directing the student to the best models, and by guarding against the waste of labour experienced in working indiscriminately on ill-assorted or intractable materials." In the present edition, as in the former, the kind and degree of parallelism varies. Some few passages are paraphrased more or less closely from Latin originals. These have been sparingly introduced, forming, as they do, a link between simple re-translation and the imitation of classic diction. In other pieces there is much resemblance of detail from the nature of the subject. Thus Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps, described by Livy, presents some striking similarities to General Macdonald's March over the Splugen, described by Alison (p. 31). And the main incident in Eobertson's Account of the taking of Dumbarton Castle, p. 1, is identical with that in the Chapter of Sallust, cited on p. 2. In another class of passages the treatment of the subject is similar, leading naturally to a certain similarity of style. Thus no one can doubt that much of Cowley's grand description of the Funeral of Oliver Cromwell (p. 70) was suggested by the descrip- tion in Tacitus of the Obsequies of Augustus and of Germanicus, Preface. ix while Tacitus himself had Virgil's Funeral of Pallas in his mind when he wrote the latter scene. In other cases references have been added, (a) where the spirit and tone of the passages are similar ; (b) where the style is similar ; (c) where the subject is similar, but not necessarily the tone or language; (d) where single thoughts or phrases recur ; (e) where there is a similar arrangement of topics. Lastly, some passages have been com- pared together, the language or sentiments of which are in striking contrast. The student should in all cases ascertain for himself the nature and meaning of the references at the foot of each piece, and he will be further aided by referring to the General Tables. As a large proportion of the passages admitted are taken from University and College Examination Papers, the standard of difficulty is that required for Classical Scholarships, Honours, and Prizes, at Oxford and Cambridge. There are still included (mostly at the end of the Epistolary section) a few passages of greater difficulty, because more unclassical in tone, than the rest. These pieces are mainly examples of florid English, and a few references to pieces of florid Latin will be found at the foot of each passage, or in the General Table. Scholars who are familiar with the Latin poets can enlarge the list for themselves. Seldom, except in poetry, does the usage of the Latin language approximate to the ornate and metaphorical diction, consciously appealing to the senti- ment of the reader, which is common in the best English prose of modern days. It does not fall in with the scheme of this work to add any hints on composition, notes on idioms, or receipts for the con- version of the English into the Latin sentence. An acquaintance with the elementary rules of Latin syntax is taken for granted. Beyond this, nothing but the careful reading of Latin authors, and x Preface. the learning by heart of suitable portions of their text, can aid the student to master the niceties of a language which now exists only in written literature. Of course the skilled teacher can guide his pupil to the knowledge of much which inexperienced observation would otherwise overlook. But this is the peculiar province of oral instruction. Passages may be selected to illustrate various points of syntax and idiom, and various peculiarities of language and style. But the discussion and explanation of these difficulties is best under- stood and remembered when conveyed viva voce, that is, when the rules are taught with a view to their immediate application, and when a principle of composition can be enforced by an example on the spot. Oral rules, and cautions in the use of his tools, are indis- pensable to the young artist, and the fittest place for such instruc- tion is the workshop. Collections of empirical formulas, without oral interpretation, are generally useless, and often misleading. But the reading of Latin is always useful to the most accomplished master of composition, no less than to the beginner. He who wishes to write Latin must, above all things, read Latin. That his attention should be drawn to the Latin most suitable for his special purpose is the main object of this book. TABLE OF GENERAL REFERENCES. I. HISTORICAL. SIEGES, ASSAULTS, ETC., OF TOWNS AND CAMPS. Siege of Saguntum by Hannibal .... * Siege of Syracuse by Marcellus and its defence by Archimedes . LIVY, xxi. 78, 11-14. c. . the Hannibal takes Tarentum by treachery The Romans in like manner retake Tarentum New Carthage assaulted by sea and land . Siege and desperate defence of Abydus Obstinate defence of the city of Atrax [Site and~\ Siege of Leucas .... *l_Site and] Siege of Ambracia : mines, stinkpot, Storming of Oringis ...... Storming of Astapa : desperate resolution of citizens ........ Night attack upon Locri ...... Night attack upon Arpi ...... Siege of Casilinum Siege of the Capitol by the Gauls . . . Capture of Veil Destruction of Alba Attack of the Gauls on the Roman station of Aduataca : its brave defence Attack and defence of Q. Cicero 1 s camp Ccesar takes Genabnm. ...... * Caesar takes Avaricum ...... *Alesia beleaguered by Ccesar ..... Ccesar takes Uxcllodunum *Trcbonius besieges Marseilles * Storming of Camalodunutn by the Britons Storming and sack of Cremona by Antonius The Capitol burnt by VitelUanists .... Siege and blockade of Vctcra by Civilis * Siege of Amida by the Persians . . . . Siege of Singara by the Persians . xxiv. 33, 34. xxv. 23-31. xxv. 8-11. xxvii. 15, 16. xxvi. 44-46. xxxi. 18. xxxii. 17, 18. xxxiii. 17. xxxviii. 4-7. xxviii. 3. xxviii. 22, 23 xxix. 6. xxiv. 46, 47, xxiv. 19. v. 39, sqq. v. 7-21. i. 29. GESAB, Sell. Gall. vi. 35-41. v. 42-52. vii. 11. vii. 22-25. vii. 69-73. viii. 40-43. Sell. Civil, ii. 8-15. TACITUS, Annals, xiv. 31, 32; Cp. Agric. 16. Hist. iii. 30-34. iii. 71-73. iv. 21-30. AMMIANUS MAECELLINUS, xix. 1-9. AsmiANus MAECELLINUS, xx. 6. * These descriptions contain many details of engineering operations and the ancient artillery. C Xll Table of General References. SIEGES, ASSAULTS, ETC., Continued. * Siege of Aquileia by Jovinus Siege of Perisabora by Julian Siege of Maogamalcha by Julian AMMIANUS MAECELLINUS, xxi. 11, 12. xxiv. 2. xxiv. 4. BATTLES BY LAND. ia Gauls against Romans Romans against Samnites .... Sentinum Romans against Samnites, Etruscans, $c Trcbia Hannibal against Romans Lake Trasimene Hannibal against Romans . Cannae Hannibal against Romans Silva Litana Gauls against Romans . Hibera Scipio against Hasdrubal Bcneventum Scmpronius against Hanno Haw to against Romans .... Antorgis Hasdrubal against Scipios . Marcellus against Hannibal Metaurus Romans against Hasdrubal. Baecula Scipio against Carthaginians. Zama Scipio against Hannibal . Cynoscephalce Flam-minus against Philip . Magnesia Scipio against Antiochus Pydna Paullus against Perseus . Romans against Germans .... Maroboduus against Arminius Dolabella defeats Tacfarinas Ostorius defeats Caractacus .... Suetonius defeats Boadicea .... Romans against Sarmatce .... Defeat of Vitellianists near Cremona . Defeat of Othonianists on the Padus Defeat of Otho at Jjedriacum Antonius defeats Vitellianists Civ ills defeats the Romans .... Cerialis defeats Civ His ..... Defeat of Germans by Cerialis Caesar defeats the Helvetii .... Ccesar defeats the Germans .... Battle with Nervii Combats with the Britons .... Sabinus and Cotta cut off by Ambiorix Repulse of Sicambri by Romans Vereingetorix defeated by Ccesar . Ccesar defeats Afrandus in Spain , Curio defeated by Sabura .... Ccesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Battle of Mutina, Consuls against M. Antony Battle between Jugurtha and Mctellus . Defeat and death of Catiline LIVY, v. 37-39. ix. 40. x. 27-29. xxi. 53-56. xxii. 4-7. xxii. 44-52. xxiii. 24-25. xxiii. 29. ,, xxiv. 14-16 xxv. 13, 14. xxv. 33-36. xxvii. 13-15 ,, xxvii. 46, sqq. xxviii. 13-16. xxx. 32-35. xxxiii. 7-11. xxxvii. 39-44. xliv. 41, 42. TACITUS, Annals, ii. 16, sqq. ii. 44-46. iv. 24, 25. xii. 33-36. xiv. 34-37. Hist. i. 79. ii. 23-26. ii. 34, 35. ii. 40-43. iii. 15-18; 22, 23. iv. 18. iv. 77-78. v. 15-18. , Bell. Gall. i. 24, sqq. ,, i. 50, sqq. ii. 18-27. iv. 26, sqq. ,, v. 32, sqq. vi. 37, sqq. vii. 80, sqq. Bell. Civil, i. 77, sqq. ii. 39, sqq. iii. 85-97. CICEEO, Epist. ad lam. x. 30 SALLUST, Jugurtha, c. 49, sqq Catiline, c. 59, sqq. Historical. Xlll BATTLES BY SEA. Romans and Carthaginians at Lilybosum ,, near mouth of Ebro Tarentines and Romans at Tarentum Rhodians and Romans against Syrians and Carthaginians off Corycus. Rhodians and Hannibal at Phaselis Romans and Rhodians against Syrians at Myonnesus Romans against Carthaginians at Cartcia Veneti against Romans (coast of Brittany} . Ccesarians against Massilians Attack by sea upon Syracuse Battle of Actium Assault of New Carthage by land and sea . LIVY, xxi. 49, .50. xxii. 19, 20. xx vi. 39. xxxvi. 43-45. x-xxvii. 22-24. xxxvii. 29, -30. ,, xxviii: 30. CESAR, -5^. Gall. iii. 13-1.5. Bell. Civil, ii. 4-7. LIVY, xxiv. 33, 34. VIRGIL, JEneid, viiL-675, sqq. FLORUS, iv. 11. LIVY, xxvi, -44-46. SINGLE COMBA.TS. T. Manlius and the Gaul The Hora,tii and Curiatii Duels on horseback at the battle of 'Rerjillus Valerius and a Gaulish chief Claudius Asellus and Jubellius Tatcrea . Dares and Entellus .... Turn us and Pallas .... JEnea and Turnus LIVY, vii. 10. , y i. 25. ii. 19, 20. vii. 26. xxiii. 46, 12, 47. VIRGIL, ^Eneid, v. 426-484. x. 445-506. ,* ,1 xii. 710, sqq.; 8S7, sq,q. ASSASSINATIONS, MUEDEBS, AND EXECUTIONS. Sc/ u'hom and to ivhom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Attius Tullius, prince of the Volscians, to the Roman Consuls. ii. 37. Appius Claudius Crassus to the people. vi. 40-42. T. Jfanlius Torquatus to the Senate. xxii. 60. Q. Fabius Maximus to the Senate. xxviii. 40-42. L. Valerius, Tribune of the People, to the Comitia Tributa. xxxiv. 5-7. Against allowing the Volscians to be present at the games. 13 lines. Against the Licinian Rogations, which proposed that one Consul should be a plebeian, etc. 114 lines. Against ransoming the Roman pri- soners taken by Hannibal at Cannae, accusing them of cowardice and pre- mature surrender. 85 lines. Against sending Scipio to conduct the war in Africa. The war in Italy must be finished first, and the interest of the State consulted before Scipio' s reputation. 164 lines. Against the principle of sumptuary laws, in reply to Cato, who had op- posed the abrogation of the Lex Oppia. 141 lines. III. HORTATORY. Tanaquil to her son-in-law, Servius Tullius. i. 41. Julia to her husband Tarquinius. i. 47. Attius Tullius to the Volscians. ii. 38. Certain Seniors to the Senate. iii. 52. Valerius and Horatius to the people on the Sacred Mount. iii. 53. Valerius, Consul, to his soldiers. iii. 61. Horatius, Consul, to his army. iii. 62. Inciting him to seize the vacant throne. 7 lines. That he should make himself king. 11 lines. Exciting their indignation against the Romans, who had expelled them from the Games. 16 lines. That the Decemvirate be abolished, and Tribunes of the people again made. 14 lines. That now their immediate object had been gained by the abdication of the Decemvirs, the Commons should return to the city. 16 lines. To fight bravely against the JEqui and Volsci, and show themselves worthy of their liberties. 24 lines. [Mostly Orat. obliq.~\ To fight decisively against the Sabines. 10 lines. [Cp. siij).] XX Table of General References. By whom and to ivliom spoken. C. Canuleius, Tribune of the Plebs, to the Commons of Home. iv. 35. Subject of speech and its length in lines. In favour of his own proposal that intermarriage should be allowed be- tween patricians and plebeians, and that one Consul should be a plebeian. 119 lines. (Arguments against the measure in Orat. obliq. in the preceding chapter). IV. DEHORTATORY. Vcttus Messius to his Volscian coun- trymen. iv. 28. Mamerciis JEmilius, the Dictator, to his men. iv. 33. Sex. Tempanius to the Roman cavalry. iv. 38. [That they should resume the offen- sive and] to cut their way through the Roman army. 9 lines. Not to be afraid of the blazing missiles of the Fidenates. 8 lines. To follow his lance for a flag. 5 lines. Camillus in exile to the people of Ardea. v. 44. Camillus, Dictator, to his troops. vi. 7, 8. A. Cornelius Cossus, Dictator, to his troops. vi. 12. M. Manlius Capitolinus to the Roman Commons. vi. 18. M. Popillius Lanas to his men. vi. 24. M. Valerius Corvinus, Consul, to his army. vii. 32. P. Decius, Tribunus Militum, to A. Cornelius, the Consul. vi. 34. That he should lead them against the Gauls now besieging the Capitol of Rome. His own skill. The Ro- man benefits, the hosts of the Gauls. 26 lines. Not to be afraid of the numbers of the allies against them, but to trust his fortune. 17 lines. To stand fast against, the attack of their numerous foes until the Roman cavalry take them in flank. 13 lines. To make use of their strength and numbers, and shake off the yoke of the patricians : he will himself lead them. 31 lines. To slay the Gauls like wild beasts. 8 lines. To regard the Samnites as no invin- cible foes, and to follow his own example. 36 lines. [Orat. obliq. the 1st part.] To allow him to seize a commanding position, and so save the army. 8 lines. Oratorical. xxi By whom and to ivhom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in linen. P. Decius to his officers and soldiers. vii. 34, 35. Jf. Valerius Corvus to the army of Campania, who had formed a plot for seizing Capua. vii. 40. Titus Quinctitis to the same. vii. 40. L. Annius, of Setia, to the Council of Latin Prcetors. viii. 4. L. Annius to the Roman Senate. viii. 5. Q. Fabius, Dictator, to his army. ix. 23. Verginia, wife of Volumnius, to the Plebeian matrons. x. 23. Alorcus, a Spanish noble, to the Saguntines. xxi. 13. P. Cornelius Scipio, Consul, to his army. xxi. 40, 41. Hannibal to his soldiers. xxi. 43, 44. Explaining his plan of cutting their way out through the Samnite camp by night, and encouraging them to follow his lead. 44 lines (2 speeches], Appealing to their patriotism and to their sense of his own merits to pre- vent them from striking the first blow against their own country. 39 lines. Exhorting them to peace and obe- dience to the powers of Rome. 11 The Latins must claim their rights from the Romans, and demand one Consul, and a proportionate share of the Senate to the troops they fur- nished. 38 lines. He demands union on the terms above stated. 18 lines. To sally out of their own camp and so drive the Samnites from their posi- tion. 14 lines. Let the women of the two orders contend in chastity as the men in valour. 5 lines. That they should surrender to Han- nibal, as there was no hope of escape. Hard terms were better than none. 30 lines. Boldly to fight the Carthaginians, so often conquered by their fathers. In- gratitude, cruelty, and weakness of the enemy. The only hope of Rome lay in themselves. Rome expected them to do their duty. 83 lines. They must conquer or die but vic- tory was certain. They were as siipe- rior to the Roman army as he was to the Roman general. The difficulties they had surmounted would teach them how to rebuke Roman insolence. Rich booty would reward the conquest. 79 lines. XX11 Table of General References. Jji/ ivhom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. P. Sempronius Tuditanus to Roman soldiers after Cannce. xxii. 50. Z. Pinarius to the legates from Henna (cold their reply}. xxiv. 37. L. Pinarius to his own men. xxiv. 38. L. Marcius to the Roman army. xxv. 38. Scipio to his soldiers in Spain. xxvii. 18. Scipio to his soldiers, on taking the command in Spain. xxvi. 41. J)/. Porcius Cato to his men. xxxiv. 13. T. Quinctius to the Greek allies. xxxiv. 34. 3f. Acilius Glabrio, Consul, to his army. xxx vi. 17- Rhodian Ambassadors to the Roman Senate. xxxvii. 54. Cn. Manlius, Consul, to his men. xxxviii. 17. Perseus, King of Macedonia, to his Court and his army. xlii. 52. To pluck up spirit, and fight their way to Canusium through the enemy. 13 lines. Refusing to give up the keys of the town gates. \_0rat. obliqJ] They must anticipate the plot formed to massacre them by strong measures, and put to the sword the people of Henna. 36 lines. That they should sally out of their camp and attack Hasdrubal, and so re- venge the death of the two Scipios. 67 lines. To fall upon Hasdrubal, whose trust was only in his strong position. 12 lines \_0rat. obliqJ\ They must follow up the successes already achieved, by driving the Car- thaginians out of Spain. 73 lines. To recover Spain on the Ebro side from the rebellious tribes. 14 lines. Assenting to the proposed siege of Lacedsemon, he points out its dis- advantages. 17 lines. That King Antiochus is not so for- midable a foe as was Philip. Now is the opportunity for making Rome's empire universal. 47 lines. That, in recompense of the Rhodian fidelity, the Romans should restore their liberty to the Greek States which they had conquered, as allies of the Rhodians. 74 lines. Not to be afraid of the Asiatic Gauls, who were not so fearful as the real Gauls, but easily daunted, arid who had been often conquered by kings in- ferior to the Romans. 57 lines. Setting forth how excellent are his prospects of victory over the Romans. 35 lines. Oratorical. xxin By whom and to whom spol-cn. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Camillus to the Roman people. v. 51, 52. Pacuvius Calavius of Capua to his son Perolla. xxiii. 9. Vibius Virrius to the Capuans. xxvi. 13. L. JEmilius Paulus to his soldiers. xliv. 34. Against the proposal of the Tribune, that the Romans should abandon the ruins of the city and migrate to Veii. 94 lines. That he should not assassinate Han- nibal, his father's guest and the pro- tector of his country. 23 lines. Against surrender to the Roman be- siegers, although the case was despe- rate : it were better to die by poison. 55 lines. Not to criticise their general's tac- tics. The duties of soldiers and of their general. 13 lines {Or at. oWq.~] Titllus Hostilius to the Romans. i. 28. the treachery of Valerius and Horatius to the Com- mons. iii. 54. V. MONITORY. Denouncing Mettius. 16 lines. Proclaiming that Tribunes should again be formally created. Appius Claudius, the Decemvir, to the Assembly. iii. 56. Verginius in reply to Appius. iii. 57. M. Duillius, Tribune, to the Senate. iii. 59. The Dictator of Tusculum to tin- Roman Senate. vi. 26. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Dictator, to Sempronius, Master of the Horse. vi. 29. Camillus to the people. vi. 38. Fabius and Licinius Stolo to certain of the Senators. vi. 36, 37. 8 lint Appealing from his accusers to the people and indicating his own motives. He was really a patriot, but misunder- stood. 24 lines {Orat. obliq.~] The laws ought not to shelter such a wretch : let the people remember his misdeeds. 16 lines {Orat. obliq.'] Promising that there shall be no more State prosecutions. 8 lines. Protesting their innocence and de- claring they will not resist should the Romans attack them. 17 lines. Directing the tactics of the battle against the Prcenestines. 8 lines. Against the abuse of the Tribunicial power. 10 lines. Arguments in support of the Licin- ian rogations and the extension of the power of the Commons. 50 lines. XXIV Table of General References. whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Ambassadors from Campania to the Roman Senate. vii. 30. The Roman Senate to the Campanians. vii. 31. L. Fur ins Camillus to the Senate. viii. 13. Posturnius, Consul, to the Senate. ix. 8. The same to the same. ix. 9. Hannibal to his Spanish troops. xxi. 21. Q. Fabius Maximus to JEmilius Paullus. xxii. 39. Hannibal to his men. xx vii. 12. P. iScipio to King Masinissa. xxx. 14. T. Quinctius Flamininus to the as- sembled Greek allies. xxxiv. 22. Siilpicius to Minnie, Ambassador of Kiny Antiochus. xxxv. 16. T. Quinctius to the Achceans. xxxvi. 32. Offering to become allies of the Romans, and urg'iiig the advantages of such alliance. 72 lines. Bidding them not make war 011 the Samnites (with their reply and offer to become Roman subjects.) 11 lines. They must determine at once upon their policy towards the conquered Latins, whether of cruelty or clemency : the Latins ought not to be kept in suspense. 28 lines. Advising that he should be given up to the Samnites in satisfaction of the treaty. 26 lines. Justifying his views of the law of nations and the virtue of an oath. 80 lines. Explaining that he intends to transfer the war into other lands. 10 lines. Warning him of Varro's character, and advising him of the right system of warring with Hannibal delay. 65 lines. To defeat Marcellus. 5 lines \_0rat. obliq.~\ "Warning him against making So- phoniba his wife, contrary to the laws of morality and the rights of Rome. 25 lines. Asking whether war should be levied against Nabis for his occupation of Argos. 20 lines. That there is no analogy between the Greek subjects of Rome in Italy arid the Greek cities subject to An- tiochus. 21 lines. That, for the good of the Achaean league, the Romans will not admit their claim to Zacynthus. 10 lines. Oratorical. xxv By whom and to ivhom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. T. Quinctitis to M. Acilius. xxxvi. 34. T. Quinctim to the JEtolians. xxxvi. oo. King Eumenes to the Praetor JEmilius. xxx vii. 19. Pointing out that his attention should be given to Philip and to sparing the .zEtolians. 9 lines. He will use his good offices on their behalf, though they did not deserve it. 8 lines. That he ought not to accept An- tiochus' terms of peace without the command of the Senate and people. 13 lines. VI. PETITIONING. P. Licinius Calvus to the Roman tribes. v. 18. Faliscan legates to the Senate. v. 27. Asking them to make his son Military Tribune instead of himself. 14 Requesting them to receive the sur- render of Falerii. 9 lines. Dictator of Tiisciilum to the Senate of Suing that the Romans should keep Rome. vi. 26. Sextus Tallius to the Dictator C. Sulpicius. vii. 13. Campanian Ambassadors to the Roman Senate. vii. 30. L. Annius, of Setia, to the Roman Senate. viii. o. Q. Fabitts Maximus, Consul-designate, to the people. x. 13. Minucius to Fabi/ts, the Dictator. xxii. 30. Sophoniba, wife of Syphax, to King Masinissa. xxx. 12. Hannibal to King Antiochus. xxxv. 19. the peace, etc. 16 lines. Beseeching him to lead his troops to instant battle and certain victory. 35 lines. Praying for aid against the Samnites and offering' themselves as subject allies of the Romans. 71 lines. Praying for an equality of right be- tween the Romans and Latins. 18 lines. Requesting that he might be allowed to nominate as his own colleague P. Decius, so as to work well together. 15 lines. [Some Or at. obliq.~\ Praying that he and his people may serve once more under Fabius' orders. 8 lines. Praying that he will not suffer her to be placed at the disposal of the pride and cruelty of any Roman. 16 lines. That the King should regard him as among his chief supporters against the Romans, after his thirty-six years' warfare with them. 15 lines. OF T UNIVERSITY xxvi Table of General References. By ivhom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Zeuxis, Ambassador of Antiochus, to [Requesting fair conditions of peace. Scipio Africanus. xxxvii. 45. Eumenes, King of Pergamus, to the Roman Senate. xxxvii. 53. 8 lines. Imploring them to recompense fitly and fully his devotion and fidelity to Home out of the spoils of King Antiochus. 84 lines. VII. PRECATORY. Romulus to Jupiter Stator. i. 12. Q. Fabius, Prefect of the City, to the Tribunes of the Plebs. iii. 9. Camillas, Dictator, to Apollo and Juno. v. 21. P. Dccius, Consul, to the Gods of Rome. viii. 9. Vergin'ms to his fellow soldiers. iii. 50. Aristanus, Prtetor of the Achccans, to T. Quinctius Flamininus. xxxiv. 24. Praying that he will aid the Romans against the Sabines. 10 lines. Beseeching them to prevent the passing of Terentilius' bill for defining the Consuls' powers by law. 10 lines. Praying them to be his allies at the siege of Veil. 6 lines. Devoting himself for his country. 9 lines. Imploring their sympathy and pity that he should have been forced to sslay his own child. 17 lines. Imploring that the' Romans may deliver Greece from Nabis and the yEtolians. 12 lines. VIII. THANKSGIVING. Romulus to Jupiter Fcretrius. Dedicating spoils and a temple. i- 10. 5 lines. Saguntine Ambassadors to the Roman Returning thanks for aid, and con- iSenate. gratulating the Romans on their xxviii. 39. victories. 50 lines. IX. DENUNCIATORY. C. Mucius Scarola to King Porsenna. Confessing his design to kill the ii. 12. king. 11 lines. Oratorical. XXVll X .CONGRATULATORY. By whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Papirius Cursor, Dictator, to the people. viii. 35. Syracusan Ambassadors to Marccllus. xxv. 29. T. Quinctius Flaniininus, to the Envoys of the Greek States. xxxiv. 49. Pardoning 1 the insubordination of young Q. Fabius, who had fought against orders. 13 lines. In surrendering their city they pro- test the innocence of the people at large, and congratulate the con- querors. 28 lines. He bids them farewell, with advice to agree together, to use liberty with moderation, and to hold fast to the Romans. 30 lines. XI. COMMENDATORY. Scipio to Aluccius, Prince of the Cel- tiberians. xxvi. 50. Sp. Ligustinus, a centurion, to the people of Rome. xlii. 34. Restoring to him his betrothed, ho bids him be the friend of the Romans, who are his true friends. 16 lines.- Recounting his own merits and long- service, he recommends obedience by his own example. 55 lines. XII. LAUDATORY. Hannibal to Scipio. xxx. 30. Philip, Kimj of Macedon, to Anti- gunus. xl. 56. Praising* the great qualities and ex- ploits of his adversary, he desires an equal peace. 88 lines. Offering to leave him the kingdom, instead of his own unworthy son, Per- seus. 10 lines. XIII. VITUPERATIVE. A. Verginius to the Plebs. iii. 11. Camillus to the schoolmaster of Falerii. v. 27. Postumius, Consul, to the Roman people. xxxix. 15, 16. Condemning Ceeso Fabius. 5 lines. Condemning his baseness, and refus- ing to profit by it. 11 lines. Exposing the horrid practices of thr Bacchanalians, warning the people against superstition, and declaring that he and his colleague will put down the strange rite with their full powers. 83 lines. XXV111 Table of General References. XIV. ACCUSATORY. By whom and to whom spoken. Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Consul, to the people and Tribunes. iii. 19. Very mills to the people. iii. 56. M. Sextius, Tribune of the Plebs, to the people. iv. 49. T. Manlius, Consul, to his san. viii. 7. C. Mecnius, Dictator, to the assembly. ix. 26. _P. Sempronius, Tribune of the Plebs, to the people. ix. 33. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Against Aulus Verginius and the other Tribunes, denouncing them as factious, dishonest, and unpatriotic demagogues. 35 lines. Impeaching Appius, the Decemvir. 10 lines. Denouncing the haughtiness of Pos- tumius Regillensis, Military Tribune. 12 lines. Condemning him to death as the penalty of insubordination. 15 lines. Being accused by certain nobles of treason, he retorts the charge, and courts investigation. 25 lines. Charging Appius the Censor with violating the .ZEmilian law, which limi- ted his term of office : inveighing against the pride, etc., of Appius and his family. 76 lines. Hanno to the Carthaginian Senate. xxi. 10. P. Scipio to his mutinous soldiery. xxviii. 27-29. Ambassadors of King Philip to the Comcil of the JEtolians. xxxi. 29. Athenian Ambassadors to the Council of the JEtolians. xxxi. 30. L. Furius Purpurio and L. JEmilius Paulus to the Senate. xxxviii. 45, 46. XV. ACCUSATORY. Against Hannibal and the war party, advocating that Hannibal should be given up as the breaker of the treaty with Rome, as the Roman legates de- sired. 41 lines. Upbraiding them with their sedition and mutiny and want of patriotism : the ringleaders alone shall be punished with death. 123 lines. Recounting the cruelty and bad go- vernment of the Romans towards con- quered States. 44 lines. The crimes and profanities of Philip in Attica. 29 lines. [Orat. obliy.] Against granting a triumph to Cn. Manlius, whom they accused of exceed- ing his powers, and of needlessly pro- longing and extending the war in u spirit of vainglory and irreligion. 74 lines. [Orat. olliq. c. 45.] Oratorical. By whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Perseus to King Philip, his father. xl. 9-11. Marcius, Roman Ambassador, to Per- seus, King of Macedon. xlii. 40. Alexander, Prince of the ^Etolians, to Philip, King of Macedon. xxxii. 33. Accusing his brother Demetrius of treason and attempted parricide. 96 lines. Accusing 1 him of divers violations of the treaty with Rome, and demanding redress. 38 lines. Reproaching him that his method of making war was more destructive to his friends than to his foes. Either peace must be made, or the war must be waged with vigour. 18 lines, \_0rat. obliqJ] XVI. DEFENSIVE OR APOLOGETIC. M. Manlius to Cornelius Cossus, Dic- tator, and the senators. vi. 15. Spurius Postumius to the Senate. ix. 9. Hanno to the Carthaginian Senate. xxi. 12, 13. Deputies of the soldiers who had fought at Cannce to M. Marcellus. M. Marcellus to the Senate. xxvi. 31. P. Cornelius Scipio to the Senate. xxviii. 43, 44. Hannibal to the Carthaginian Senate. xxx. 44. Defending himself from the charge of appropriating the treasures of the G-auls, and bringing counter charges against the Dictator. 26 lines. Against the Tribunes of the Plebs, who tried to invalidate his view of the surrender to the Samnites, by urging that his own surrender will be enough. 61 lines. Defending his own peace-at-any- price policy, and warning them not to put trust in Hannibal's victories. 50 lines. Protesting against the ignominy which had been inflicted on them by the Senate, with petition for better treatment. 70 lines. Defending himself from the charge of undue harshness to the Syracusans, and justifying his plunder of their city. 37 lines. In answer to Q. Fabius Maximus he pleads that he may be sent into Africa, urging his own zeal for the service, the feasibility of finishing the war, and the advantages of transferring it to the enemy s country. 112 lines. Justifying himself for laughing when the rest wept, and foretelling the future miseries of Carthage. 19 lines. XXX Table of General References. whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Roman Ambassadors to the Council of the JEtolians. xxxi. 31. PMlip, King of Macedon, fo the JEtolians and others. xxxii. 34. Nabis, tyrant of Lacedcemon , to T. Qtiinctius Flamininus. xxxiv. 31. Cn. Manlius, Consul, to the Senate. xxxviii. 47-49. Lycortas, prcetor of the Achaean*, fo Appius Claudius and the Roman envoys. xxxix. 36, 37. Demetrius, son of King Philip, to Jii* father. xl. 12-15. ArcJto to the Achtcan Council. xli. 24. King Perseu* to Q. Marcius, the Human ncoy. xlii. 41, 42. Q. JEtnilius Paulus, Consul, to the people. xliv. 22. Q. ^Emilias Paulus to 7m army. xliv. 38, 39. In answer to the charges brought against Rome by Philip's embassy, they justify the policy of Rome to her subjects, and urge the -ZEtolians to espouse the cause of Rome rather than that of the impious Philip. 72 lines. Defending himself from the charge of injuring his own allies, promising redress, and making counter-charges against them. 37 lines. Appealing to the good faith of the Romans, he defends his annexation of Argos, and vindicates his democratic- policy at home. 50 lines. He defends himself from the charge of needlessly attacking the Gauls, and managing the war badly : and vindi- cates his own just claims to a triumph. 126 lines. Justifying the Achaean attack on Sparta, and the severities inflicted after the surrender by the example of Roman conduct on like occasions. 78 lines. He defends himself from the charges of treason and conspiracy to kill his father. 162 lines. Against adopting an unfriendly policy towards Perseus, the new King of Macedon, whom he defends, while peace still exists. 56 lines. Explaining his alleged breaches of the treaty : his acts had been only in self-defence : he had given no real cause for war. 80 lines. Declining to be influenced by public' opinion in his conduct of the war with Ma-cedon, he invites them to help him by disbelieving rumours and criticisms. He will do his best to conclude the Avar. 47 lines. Explaining to them his reasons for not fighting a battle on the day before. 67 lines. Oratorical. xxxi By whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in linen. Scipio to Hannibal. xxx. 31. P. Horatius to the people. i. 26. In refusing Hannibal's offer of peace, now too late, he excuses the Romans from the charge of having provoked war. 30 lines. Reproaching them with ingratitude for condemning his son to death. 11 lines. XVII. INVECTIVE. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Consul, to the Senate. iii. 21. 0. Pontius to the Samnites. ix. 1. C. Pontius the Roman envoys. ix. 11. M. Minucius to the Roman officers. xxii. 14. T. Quinctius Flamininus to Nabis, tyrant of Lacedcemon. xxxiv. 32. Veturia to her son Coriolanus. ii. 40. Minnio, minister of King Antiochu to Sulpicius, Roman envoy. xxxv. 16. Senators to the Censor Q. Fulvius Flaccus. xlii. 3. P. Valerius Publicola to the people. ii. 7. A Senator of Carthage to the Roman Ambassadors. xxi. 18. Refusing to allow himself to be re- elected Consul contrary to the law. 16 lines. Denouncing the vengeance of the gods on the pride and injustice of Rome. Justice of their own cause. 28 lines. Exposing their perfidy in not carry- ing out the Caudine convention. 37 lines. Attacking the timid and cautious tactics of Fabius, who left Sinuessa to its fate : advocating boldness. 41 lines. Denouncing his tyranny, crimes, perfidy, and hypocrisy : repudiating' his proffered alliance. 56 lines. XVIII. EXPOSTULATORY. Reproaching him for becoming the leader of his country's foes. 14 lines. Reproaching the Romans with in- consistency, and with seeking cause for war. 15 lines. Expostulating with him for using the materials of the Temple of Juno at Croton to build a temple of Fortune at Rome. 12 lines, \0rat. obliq.~\ Clearing himself from the charge of aiming at the kingdom, because he had built on the Velian hill. 10 lines. Maintaining the good faith of the Carthaginians, and shifting on to the Romans the charge of seeking to renew the war. 25 lines. XXX11 Table of General References. XIX.-COMPLAINING. By whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Lucretia to her husband and father. i. 58. P. Valerius Publiccla, Consul, to the Tribunes and peop le . iii. 17. T. Quinctius Capitolinus, Consul, to the people. iii. 67, 68. Perolla to his father Pacuvius, chief of the Campanians. xxiii. 9. Dccius Mayius to the people of Capua. xxiii. 10. Envoys from the Samnites to Han- nibal. xxiii. 42. Locrian Envoys to the Roman Senate. xxix. 17, 18. Philip, King of Macedon, to the Roman Envoys. xxxix. 28. Philip to his sons and friends. xl. 8. Calibrates to the Council of the jicliceans. xli. 23. Denouncing the crime of Sextus Tarquinius. 11 lines. Complaining of their unpatriotic conduct in attending to legislation while Appius Herdonius had seized the Capitol : appealing to them in the name of all the outraged gods of Rome. 20 lines. Remonstrating with them for being immersed in schemes of reforming the constitution while the enemy was ready to attack them : exhorting them to concord and to take up arms against the common foe. 80 lines. Complaining that he had thrice betrayed his country. 8 lines. Their liberties are violated in his own person by Hannibal. 6 lines. Pleading their own merits, they reproach him for abandoning them to the Romans, and implore aid. 40 lines. Against Q. Pleminius, commander of the Roman garrison, setting forth the grievous wrongs they had suffered from him and his soldiers. 125 lines. Complaining that the Romans did not treat him as an ally and friend, but encouraged his enemies and re- volted subjects. 45 lines. His own miseries in having to judge between two sons who were enemies to one another. He upbraids his sons for their unnatural feeling. 38 lines. Recounting the misdeeds of the Macedonians and Perseus, and warning the Achseans not to be misled by the king's overtures. 40 lines. Oratorical. xxxiii By whom and to ivhom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. L. jEmilius Paulus to the people. Contrasting his glories as a general xlv. 41. with his domestic bereavements, which reduced him to the level of Perseus, his conquered foe, in misfortune. 40 lines. XX. -OBJURGATORY. Volscian Spaniards to the Roman The Roman conduct towards Sagun- Icgates. turn was no encouragement to take xxi. 20. their side. 7 lines. M. Marcellus to his soldiers. Upbraiding them with cowardice in xxviii. 13. yielding panic-struck to the assault of Hannibal. 20 lines. Aristcenus, Prcetor of the Achceans, Reproaching the Council with their to the Achaean League. silence on the question of peace or war xxxii. 20. with Philip and the Romans. 13 lines. L. JEmilius Paulus to Perseus, King His folly in contending against of Macedon. Rome : he was, however, expected to xlv. 8. be treated with clemency. His fate an example of the vicissitudes of human fortune. 19 lines. XXI. DEPRECATORY. Verg'mius to his fellow-soldiers. Refusing to be elected Decemvir, iii. 51. 5 lines. T. Manlius, Consul, to the Senate. He appeals to the gods against viii. 6, 7. entertaining the proposal to admit Latins to the Senate, and sees the finger of Providence in the fall of T. Annius. 14 lines. XXII. THREATENING. Icilius to Appius, the Decemvir. Warning him of the consequences iii. 45. if he persisted in ordering that Ver- ginia should be given up. 18 lines. Verginius to Appius, the Decemvir. The soldiers will not stand his iii. 47. tyranny. 5 lines. Cornelius Cossus, Dictator, to M. Man- He shall be imprisoned unless he lius Capitolinus. reveals where are the treasures of the vi. 15. Gauls. 13 lines. XXXIV Table of General References. By whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines. Q. JFabius, Dictator, to his army. xxii. 29. P. Cornelius Scipio to L. Ctecilius Metellus and others. xxi. 53. T. Sempronius Gracchus to his army. xxiv. 14. T. Sempronius Gracchus to mutineers and others, xxiv. 16. Pointing 1 out the consequences of the rashness of Minucius. 5 lines. He swears to kill any one who deserts his country in her peril. 7 lines. If any of them run away they shall be punished as slaves ; but the brave soldier shall be suitably rewarded. 10 lines. [Orat. obliq.'] Imposing" a nominal punishment in consideration of subsequent good con- duct. 10 lines. XXIII.- INQUIEING. C. Junius, Tribune of the Plebs, to Tempanius. iv. 40. M. Manlius Capitolinus to the gods of Home. vi. 16. Z. Papirius Cursor, Dictator, to Q. Fabius, Master of the Hcrse. viii. 32. Philip, King of Macedon, to T. Quinc- tius Flamininus, Consul. xxxii. 36. About Sempronius, the Consul, who had shamefully deserted his camp in the war against the Volscians. 13 lines. Will they allow the defender of their temples to be chained ? 5 lines. Whether he had disobeyed the orders of his superior officer. 16 lines. Conference about the terms of peace. 17 lines. TABLE OF GENERAL JREFEBENCES. IV. PHILOSOPHICAL. L MORAL. A. GOD, DEATH, IMMORTALITY, THE SUPERNATURAL. Proof of the existence of God From the universal consent of mankind From contemplation of the works of God Excellence, power, omniscience of God , Piety towards God (rood gifts come from God . Temples Punishment of the wicked , CICERO, Tusc. Qtteest. i. 30. de Nat. Deor. i. 43, 44 ; ii. 68 ; i. 29, 63. SENECA, Epist. cxvii. CICERO, Tusc. Qucest. i. 70. de Arusp. Resp. 19. de Legg. i. \ 24, sqq. de Nat. Deor. ii. 15, 90. de Nat. Deor. ii. 121, 4, 5, 60, 25, 45 ; iii. 92. Tusc. Qucest. i. 66. ,, pro Roscio Amer. 131. SENECA, Nat. Qucest. vii. c. 30 ; i. Prcefat. vii. c. 30. de Benef. iv. c. 8 ; iv. c. 4. CICERO, de Divinat. i. 117. ,, de Legg. ii. 15. SENECA, Epist. Ixxxiii. CICERO, de Off. ii. ad Jin. SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi, CICERO, de Nat. Deor. i. 4. de Legg. ii. 71. SENECA, Epist. cxvi. de Benef. c. 6. CICERO, de Legg. ii. 19, 25. JUVENAL, Sat. xi. 116. CICERO, de Legg. ii. 41. pro Cluent. \ 194. SENECA, Epist. xcv. xc., xli., Ixxiii. de Benef. iv. c. 6. CICERO, de Nat. Deor. ii. 165, 79. de Legg. ii. 26. de Nat. Deor. iii. 83. LIVY, xxxi. c. 18, 19, 21. XXXVI Prayer .... Jfan, the noblest work of God Table of General References. SENECA, Epist. x. VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, vi. c. 2. JUVENAL, Sat. x. 347. . CICEEO, de Legg. i. 22, 27, 59. OVID, Met am. i. 84. SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 23 ; ii. c. 29. SALLUST, Bell. Jugurth, c. 2. Catilin. c. 1. CICEEO, de Fin. ii. 39. de Off. i. 14, 3. SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi. . CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. i. 9, sqq. ; 93, sqq. Tusc. Qucest. i. 18-70; ii. 47; v. 68. Tsc. Qucest. i. 72. ,, de Divinat. i. 57-59. PLINY, Epist. vii. 27. VIEGIL, Aen. ii. 270, *^. ; i. 350 ; iii. 148, sqq. Parts of the body, showing evidence of design CICEEO, de Nat. Dcor. lib. ii. 134. tienses, perception by means of ... ,, Academ. Qucest. iv. 19. Death not an evil . Nature of the soul ; its immortality Heaven and hell . Ghosts . B. MAN, HIS ATTEIBUTES AND DUTIES. ])csire of the knowledge of the truth Excellence of learning . Faults to be avoided in learning The best knowledge is how to live well Teaching and learning . Honour paid to literary excellence . Books and libraries . CICEEO, de Off. i. 25, 17, 18. Tusc. Qucest. i. 44. de Fin. v. 48, 87. Academ. iv. 127. Tusc. Qucest. ii. 13. VITEUVIUS, lib. vi. P reef at. CICEEO, pro Archiil, 16. de Fin. v. 53. deOff.ii. 2,3; iii. 1, ,, Tusc. Qucest. i. 5. PLINY, Epist. viii. 19. . CICEEO, de Of. i. 18, 153. de Fin. v. 49. SENECA, de Brevit. Vit. c. 13, 14. Epist. xhdii. cxvii. ,, de Benef. vi. c. 1, 2. . CICEEO, de Fin. iii. 65. SENECA, Epist. vi., cviii. CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 75, 76. de Senect. 26, 22. VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, viii. c. 7. SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi. . CICEEO, pro Archid, 25. SUETONIUS, /. Ccesar, c. 42. LrvY, iv. c. 35. TACITUS, Ann. xi. c. 7. VITEUVIUS, lib. ix. Prcefat. SENECA, Epist. Ixiv. Ixxxiv., ii., xlv. PLINY, J^ns^.iii. 5. Philosophical. xxxvn Books and libraries Memory improved by cultivation . Philosophy made practical by Socrates Praises of philosophy . Justice The chief of the virtues . Ought to be observed in spite of consequences Sin and innocence depend upon the intention and motive Justice and expediency . Ambition Duty to one's neighbour Calumny Lying and dissimulation forgiveness of injury . War and peace Good faith, oaths Duties of masters and slaves SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 9. VITRUVIUS, lib. vii. Prccfat. CICERO, de Fin. iii. 2 ,, ad Attic, lib. i., Epist. iii., vi., viii.,ix., x. QUINTILIAN, lib. xi. c. 2. CICERO, Academ. iv. 2 ; ii. 104. SENECA, Controvers. lib. i. AUCTOR ad Hcrennium, iii. 1%,sqq. CICERO, Academ. Qucest. i. 16. ,, Tusc. Qucest. v. . 5. de Of. ii. 28 ; i. 10. CORNELIUS NEPOS, in Aristide. ,, ,, in Chabriad. SENECA, Epist. cxiii., Ixxxi. ,, de Benef. iv. c. 1. SALLUST, Catilin. c. 54. CICERO, dc Legg. i. 41, 48, 49. de 0/11.56; ii. 33,41,38. SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi. CICERO, de Legg. i. 28. de Off. i. 14, 20, 21 ; iii. 27, 22, 42, 29, 30, 23. JUVENAL, Sat. xiii. 195. SENECA, Epist. xcv. CICERO, de Off. i. 30, 18, 37. de Legg. i. 50, 51. de Orat. i. 194. ,, pro Roscio Amer. 70. de Off. iii. 37, 38. iii. 15, 18, 64. i. 62, sqq. SENECA, Qucest. iii. in procem. ,, Epist. xciv. liii. de Benef. vii. c. 20, 21. CICERO, de Off. i. 23, 27 ; iii. 18 ; i. 11. HORAT. Sat. i. 4. CICERO, de Off. i. 134. ,, pro Plancio, 57. de Off. i. 23, iii. 58, 60, 63, 64, 69; i. 150. ,, pro Roscio Comced. 46. SENECA, de Otio, c. 28. de Ira, lib. ii. c. 32 ; iii. 5. CICERO, pro Ligurio, 25. SUETONIUS, /. Ccesar, c. 23. CICERO, de Off. i. \ 34, 38. ' i. 13; iii. 26,27, 31, 33. pro Balbo, 12. de Off. i. 51. SENECA, de Clement, i. c. 18. ,, de Ira, iii. c. 40. Epist. xlvii. XXXV111 Table of General References. Duties of masters and slaves Patriotism . Duty to parents . Parricide ....... Love of offspring . Duty of parents to chil- dren Education of children . Duties of teachers .... Husbands and wives .... Friendship can only exist between good men Friendship, value of . Choice of friends. .... PLINY, Epist. ii. 16 ; Epist. v. 19; Epist. vii. 1 and 18. CICEEO, Epist. ad Fain. lib. xvi. SENECA, Epist. xlvii. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, vi. c. 8. CICEEO, de Off. i. 57, 58, 59. pro Scxtio, 47. pro Plancio, 90. de Orator, i. 196. OVID, dc Ponto, i. 3. LIVY, i. c. 56 ; viii. c. 6-9. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, v. c. 6. LIVY, x. c. 28; v. c. 33, 21. SENECA, dc Bcnef. vi. c. 24. CICERO, de Amicitid, 70. de Off. iii. 31. LIVY, vii. c. 4, 5 ; ii. c. 35, sqq. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, v. c. 4. CICERO, pro Eoscio Amerino, 37, 63, 64, 70. de Fin. iii. 62. Tusc. Quast. v. 79. de Orator, ii. 168. ,, in Verrem, ii. 153. Philipp. ix. 12. SENECA, Epist. xxxi. CICERO, in Verrem, iii. 159. JUVENAL, Sat. xiv. 70. QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 3. TACITUS, de Orat. c. 28-32. CICERO, dc Orator, iii. 141, 25. QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 1, 2, sqq. SENECA, de Ira, ii c. 11, 21. CICERO, Brutus, 210. de Divinat. ii. 2, 4. SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 3. QUINTILIAN, lib. ii. c. 2, 3. CICERO, ad Fam. xvi. Episl. xxi. lib. xii. 16. SENECA, de Bencf. vi. c. 15, 16, 17. de Ira, c. 32. QUINTILIAN, i. c. 2, 3, 4 ; ii. c. 2. PLINY, Epist. iii. 3. SENECA, de Clement, i. c. 16, 17. CICERO, de Orator, i. 5. de Off. i. 53, 54. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, iv. c. 6. CICERO, de Off. ii. 74. de Amicitid, 20, 18, 100. de Off. i. 52. SALLUST, Jugurtha, c. 31. CICERO, de Amicitid, 17, 22, 102, 86. 62, 78. SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 7. Philosophical. XXXIX Love of friends Respect between friends True friends scarce Benevolence Natiiral to man Must be tempered by discretion . True kindness consists in the wofirt Gratitude ..... Co urage Of tivo kinds Warlike . Domestic . Self-control . Avoidance of temptatiot Avarice Contentment CICERO, de Fin. i. 67. de Off. iii. 45 ; i. 56. ,, de Amicitia, 12. SENECA, Epist. iii. CICERO, de Off. iii. 43, 44. ,, de Amicitia, 39, 40, 44, 62, 88, 91. ,, pro Plancio, 5. SALLTJST, Catilin. c. 20. SENECA, de Benef. vi. 29, 31, 32. CICERO, de Off. i. 40, 42 ; ii. 63. Tusc. Qucest. i. 32. pro Ligurio, 37. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, iv. c. 8. CICERO, de Off. ii. 32. i. 42, 49. SENECA, de VitdBeatd, c. 20, 23, 24. de Benef. iv. c. 10, 11. PLINY, Epist. ix. 30. SENECA, de Benef. ii. c. 16, 17. i. c. 6-8; iv. c. :j. 14, 11, 25. CICERO, de Off. i. c. 48, 49. ,, pro Plancio, 80. SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 27, 28 ; vii. c. 30, 31; i. c. 12. CICERO, de i. 66, 62. i. 77, 75. LIVY, ii. c. 9, 10 ; xxii. c. 60. CICERO, de Fin. 27- de Off. i. 76. ,, pro Domo. ,, pro Balbo. ,, pro Plancio. de Off. i. 67. ,, pro Ma-r cello, \ 8. SENECA, Epist. cxiii. ,, Nat. Quasi, iii. in Trcefat. de Benef. v. c. 7. LIVY, xxx. c. 14. ,, xxiii. c. 2, 4, 18 ; xxiii. 4.5. SENECA, Epist. Ii. CICERO, de Off. i. 68 ; ii. 38. Tusc. Qucest. iv. 24. SENECA, Epist. cxv. OVID, Fast. i. 195. HORAT. Od. iv. 9 ; ii. 16. CICERO, de Senect. 55. SENECA, Epist. v. de Benef. vii. c. 8, 12. CICERO, de Off. ii. 71. Tusc. Qucest. v. P. 9 92, 20. SENECA, de Benef. v. c. 4, 6. xl Table of General References. Riches, an evil ..... Ambition ...... Contempt of death and pain . Good life better than long life A good man will meet death cheerfully . Burial Pain, endurance of Patience, taught by comparing the icocs of others ivith ones own .... Anger Repression of anger ..... The tongue to be kept in check Humility ....... Flattery . Ostentation and vanity .... SALLUST, Catilin. c. 10, 12. SENECA, de Constantid, c. 5. CICERO, Paradox, i. de Of. i. 63. Lrvr, x. c. 13 ; xxvi. c. 22. CICEEO, de Off. i. 84. SENECA, de Constantid, c. 19. CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. iii. 43 ; ii. 2. de Senect. 20. Tusc. Quasi, i. 91, 95. SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi. de Brevit. Yit. c. 1,2. Epist. Ixx., xcvii., ci. CICEEO, de Senect. 69, 70. Tusc. Qucest. i. 109. de Orator, i. 231. Tusc. Qucest. i. 6 116; iii. 71. SENECA, Epist. xxiv., Ixx. COENELIUS NEPOS, in Phocion. SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 14. de Vitii Beatd c. 15. CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. i. 103-109. SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 14. Epist. xcii. CICEEO, de Lego. ii. 62. Tusc. Qucest. iii. 43 ; ii. 53-58; v. 76. LIVY, ii. c. 12. CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. ii. 35, 66. VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, vii. c. 2. CICEEO, ad Fam. iv. Epist. v. de Off. i. 69. SENECA, de Ird, i. c. 1 ; ii. c. 35 ; iii. c. 4. CICEEO, de Off. i. 89. Tusc. Qucest. iv. 78. SENECA, de Ird, iii. c. 12. CICEEO, de Off. i. 88. SENECA, de Ird, i. c. 16. iii. c. 11 ; ii. c. 23 ; iii. c. 8 ; iii. c. 22, 24. CICEEO, de Off. i. 137. ,, Epist. ad Fratr. i. VALEEITIS MAXIMUS, vi. 2. LIVY, xlv. c. 8. SENECA, de Bcncf. v. c. 25. SUETONIUS, Vespasian, c. 12. CICEEO, de Off. i. 91. SENECA, Epist. xxix., cxxiii. Nat. Qiicest. vi. c. 23. ,, de Ird, iii. c. 14. AUCTOE ad Hercnnium, v. 63, sqq. Philosophical. xli Resignation Good men dear to God .... Temperance Reason the guide of life . Happiness consists in perfect control over emotions . SENECA, de Consolat. ad Hclv. c. la 5, 9. ,, Epist. Ixxix., civ. ,, de Benef. vi. c. 37. ,, de Provident, c. 1,2. CICERO, Tusc. Qucest. ii. 5 47 v. 42. de Fin. i. 47. de Off. i. 93. Popular errors concerning happiness Government of the body and the appetites Contentment Bodily pleasures Health Luxury and frugality Agriculture Music . Poetry and the drama Respect to age Influence of authority and example Wit, humour, raillery, jokes, etc. . Tusc. Quast. v. 15, 34. de Fin. i. 58, 59. SENECA, de Vita Beatd, c. 3, 4. c. 1, 2. JUVENAL, Sat. x. SENECA, Epist. xxiii.,xiv., lxv.,xcii., viii., xc., Ixxviii., cxi. Epist. cxix., iv. de Consolat. ad Helv. c. 9. CICEEO, de Off. ii. 105. SENECA, de Benef. vii. c. 2. CICEEO, de Off. ii. 86. VALEEITIS MAXIMTJS, ii. c. 5. AULUS G-ELLIUS, ii. c. 14, 2. SENECA, Epist. Iviii., xcv., Ixxxvii., Ixxxvi. de Tranquill c. 8, 9. Epist. xc., Ixxii., Iv., Ivji. de Benef. vi. c. 10. CICEEO, pro Roscio ^.merino, 75, 51. PLINY, xviii. c. 6. COLUMELLA, lib. i. CICEEO, de Legg. \ 38. QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 10. CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. v. ii. 27. SENECA, Epist. cxv. CICEEO, pro Quint. 78. de Off. i. 122 ; ii. de Senect. 26, 63. JUVENAL, Sat. xiii. 54. PLINY, Epist. viii. 14. SENECA, Epist. xii. xciv., xi. CICEEO, de Off. i. 146, 147. PLINY, Epist. i. 23. CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 219-287. SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 15. CICEEO, de Off. i. 122, 148, 153. SUETONIUS, Tiber, c. 28, 52. ,, de Gramm. c. 22. CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 276, 280, 282, 262, 278. ad Earn. lib. vii. Epist. xxx. Tusc. Qucest. v. 63. LIVY, ix. c. 16. QUINTILIAN, lib, vi. c. 4. 46. xlii Table of General References. Emulation . Stings of Conscience Duties of magistrates and rulers Duties of judges . Duties of citizens and subjects QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 3. CICEEO, de Fin. v. 61. Tusc. Quast. iv. 43; i. 7, 3, 4. pro Archid, 24. SENECA, Epixt. xliii ; xcvii. CICEEO, pro Milone, 61. Tusc. Qucest. v. 61, 62. SALLUST, Catilin. c. 15. Jugurtha, c. 72. TACITUS, Ann. vi. 6. CICERO, de Legg. iii. 2, 5. de Off.'\. 85, 86. Epist. ad Quint, i. de Off. ii. 77, 79; i. 156, 88, 89. SENECA, de Ira, i. c. 15, 16. CICEEO, de Off. ii. 51. ,, ad Attic, lib. i. Epist. xiv. QUINTILIAN, lib. ii. c. 17 ; vi. c. 1 : v. c. 9. CICERO, de Off. iii. 43. pro Cluent. 159. pro Rabirio Postumio, 12. de Legg. ii. 9, 11. Philipp. ii. 28. LIVY, xxxiv. c. 4. TACITUS, Ann. iii. c. 26. CICERO, pro Ccecina, 73. Paradox, v. II. POLITICAL. Origin of human society Origin of law and right Religion necessary for society Magistrates the mouthpiece of the law Growth of the Roman empire CICERO, de Inventione Rhetor, i. de Legg. i. 18, sqq. ii. 30. iii. 2. LIVY, Preface. See also references in Oratorical section. III. LITERARY, CRITICAL, &c. , virtues and faults of its origin Orator, qualities necessary for a good Orator, special knowledge necessary Ideal in art ..... Witticisms ..... Oratory, usefulness of . ,, flourishing period of ,, decline of Poetry compared ivith oratory .Poetry, praise of . . . . CICERO, de Orator, iii. 96, 155. AUCTOR ad Herennium,\v. 17, s CICERO, de Inventione, i. 27, 30. i. 2-6 de Orator, i 16, 201. i. 59. Orator, 8. de Orator, ii. 219-287. TACITUS, de Orat. c. 5. c. 36. c. 39,40,41. c. 9, 12. c. 11. P kilo soph ical. x 1 i i i IV. PHYSICAL. The study of Nature elevates the human mind SENECA, Nat. Qucest. Pr