\/U«L*<0 x/. tiC*^ Vf- it- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/briefgrammarofpoOObranrich A BRIEF GRAMMAR OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE WITH EXERCISES AND VOCABULARIES BY JOHN C. BRANNER, Pft.D., LL.D. Vice-President and Professor of Geology Leland Stanford Jr. University Sometime Geologist of the Commissao Geologica do Brazil and of the Servico Geologico do Brazil NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1910 Copyright, 1910, BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY TO RICHARD CUTTS SHANNON PREFACE This little book has been prepared for the use of English-speaking students who wish to get a practical knowledge of the Portuguese language. The plan of Professor Edgren's Brief Spanish Grammar has been followed, in many respects almost literally. Many Portuguese grammars have been consulted, but the ones most freely drawn from are the thir- teenth edition of Joao Ribeiro's Grammatica Portu- gueza, published at Rio de Janeiro in 1907, and the twenty-sixth edition of the Nova Grammatica Portu- gueza by Bento Jose de Oliveira, published at Coim- bra in 1904. It is not claimed that there is much that is new or original in the work. The author has simply endeavored to follow the best Portuguese gram- marians, and his own observations and experience with the language, in an effort to make it readily accessible to English-speaking students and in as compact a form as possible. It has been kept in mind that such a work, in order to be useful, must keep practical points in view even at the expense of the erudite and more scholarly features of the lan- guage. The book is purely elementary; those who require a thorough knowledge of the philologic and VI PREFACE philosophic features of the tongue should consult the more pretentious works. Near the end of the volume a few short examples are quoted from several of the best Portuguese authors. These examples are taken partly from Brazilian and partly from Portuguese writers. It may be well to say here that the idea one often hears expressed to the effect that the Portuguese of Brazil is not good Portuguese is altogether erroneous. It is true that one hears purely local terms and ex- pressions in various parts of Brazil, 1 but so he does in Portugal and, for that matter, in all languages and in every other part of the world. The language used by the educated Brazilians is just as correct in the main as that used by the educated Portuguese. The difference between the Portuguese spoken in Brazil and that spoken in Portugal is similar to the difference between the English of North America and the English of England — one about which the foreigner need not seriously concern himself. Portuguese is a remarkably phonetic language, and one accustomed to the difficulties of the English, or even of the French, must be impressed with the comparative simplicity of its spelling. Examples of the chief orthographic difficulties are given at para- graph 13, pages 21-22. Those who are interested 1 As an example see "Colleogao de vocabulos e frases usados na Provincia de S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul " por Antonio Alvares Pereira Coruja. Revista do Institute) Historico e Geographico do Brazil, XV, 210-240. Rio de Janeiro, 1852. PREFACE Vll in this subject should consult the scholarly work of A. R. Goncalves Viana entitled Ortografta Nacional, published at Lisbon in 1904. Of late years there has been some agitation in favor of orthographic reform, and the Brazilian Academy promulgated in 1907 certain rules which, if followed, would still further tend to simplify spelling. These rules, however, do not appear to have been taken seriously as yet. The Brazilian scholar who has given most careful and most practical attention to this matter of Portu- guese spelling is Professor M. Said Ali, of Rio de Janeiro. He has published a Vocabulario ortho- graphico in which rules for greater simplicity are laid down, and the words about which there is any question are all given. The spelling given by Pro- fessor Said Ali has been followed in the present work. In cases where two spellings have been or are used, cross-references are made in the vocabulary. The chief object of this book is to encourage and facilitate the study of the Portuguese language and literature by English-speaking people. It is not a little remarkable that the language has not been cultivated more by English and American scholars. 1 It is generally regarded as the most Latin of all the Latin tongues, and it certainly is a virile one, and 1 Sir Richard Burton makes this comprehensive remark about the popular Anglo-Saxon idea of the Portuguese: "As a rule we dislike the language because it is nasal, and we have a deep-rooted and most ignorant idea that Portuguese, the most Latin of all the neo-Latin tongues, is a ' bastard dialect of Spanish.' " (Burton's Highlands of Brazil, I, 15.) Vlll PREFACE has a " classic solemnity that distinguishes it from all other living languages." x In addition, the lit- erary, historical, and philological treasures of the Portuguese commend it to the thoughtful attention of scholars the world over, while the increasing com- mercial importance of Portuguese-speaking nations entitle it to respectful consideration and study for commercial, political, and diplomatic reasons. For many corrections and valuable suggestions the author gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to the able Brazilian historian, Capistrano de Abreu, and to the distinguished grammarian, Professor Said Ali, who have kindly read the manuscript. For any errors, oversights, or other shortcomings of the work, however, these gentlemen are in no way responsible. J. C. Branner. Stanford University, California. 1 Almeida Garrett. Obras Completes, XXI, 7. CONTENTS PAGE Preface v The Portuguese Language 1 I. Sounds and Accents 4 Alphabet 4 Pronunciation 5 Vowels 5 Diphthongs 6 Nasal sounds 7 Consonants 7 Dialectical 11 Accent marks 12 Tone accent 13 Quantity 19 Syllabication 19 Capital letters 20- Orthography 21 II. Articles 23 Definite article 23 Contractions 23 Syntax 24 Indefinite article 25 Syntax 26 III. Nouns 26 Inflection 26 Plural formation 27 Plurals only 28 Compound words 28 Varied meanings 29 Gender 30 ix CONTENTS PAGE Masculine 30 Feminine 31 Common terminations 32 Nouns of opposite sexes 34 Related 35 Unrelated 35 Identical 35 Closely similar related nouns 35 Similar unrelated nouns 37 Qualifying suffixes 38 Augmentativcs 41 Diminutives "... 41 IV. Adjectives 43 Plural 43 Feminine 43 Comparison 44 Irregular comparisons 47 Augmentatives and diminutives 47 Syntax of nouns and adjectives 48 V. Numerals 50 Cardinals 50 Ordinals 51 The fractions 52 Multiplication 53 Numeral substantives 54 Idioms with the numerals 54 VI. Pronouns 56 Personals 56 Use of the third person 57 Reflexive 58 Duplication 58 Syntax of the personal pronoun 59 Possessives 61 Demonstratives 63 Determinatives 64 Interrogatives 65 Relatives 66 Indefinite 67 CONTENTS XI PAGE VII. Verbs 69 Conjugations 69 Terminations of the regular verbs 70 Model verbs 72 Observations on the regular verbs 75 Auxiliary verbs 76 Conjugation of the auxiliary verbs 79 Irregular verbs 81 Reference list of irregular verbs 82 Variable participles of regular verbs 88 List of verbs having participles of two forms 89 Defective verbs 91 Subjects of verbs 91 Impersonal verbs 93 Prepositions required by verbs 94 Objects of verbs 96 Special uses of verbs 97 Periphrastic verb phrases 98 Reflexive verbs 99 Imperative and subjunctive 100 The subjunctive and the indicative 101 Personal infinitive 102 VIII. The Indeclinables . 103 Adverbs 103 Special cases 105 Negation 107 Double negative 107 Interrogation 108 Prepositions 108 Conjunctions 113 Interjections 114 Abbreviations 115 Similarity of words 117 IX. Exercises 119 Examples of style 157 Os Santos Evangclhos 157 Alexandre Herculano 159 Almeida Garrett 162 Xll CONTENTS PAGE Joaquim Nabuco 163 Julia Lopes d' Almeida 165 Goncalves Dias 169 Marquez de Marica 170 Luis de Camoes 173 Vocabularies 177 Portuguese-English Vocabulary 179 English-Portuguese Vocabulary 210 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE The Portuguese language l was evolved principally from the popular Latin spoken in the Portuguese part of the Spanish peninsula after the Roman con- quest in the second century before Christ. Only a few words of the former Celtic dialects spoken there were preserved in the later Portuguese. The sub- sequent Gothic invasion also introduced a few words of Germanic origin, while the religious life of the people led to the introduction of certain words of Greek origin. In the eighth century the Moors invaded the Span- ish peninsula, and for several hundred years occu- pied portions of that region. This long contact of the Moors with the inhabitants of Portugal naturally resulted in the introduction into the Portuguese language of a good many words of Semitic origin; most of these words have as a prefix the Arabian article al, such as algodao, cotton; alfinete, pin. It was during the long Gothic and Arabian occupancy that the Latin spoken in western Spain appears to have gradually taken on the form of a distinct language that was spoken the whole length of the region now known as Portugal. 1 Condensed chiefly from the Grammatica historica da lingua Portuguesa por Antonio G. R. de Vasconcelloz. Lisboa, 1900. 1 2 F0R1UGUESE GRAMMAK The oldest-known documents in the Portuguese language date from the last quarter of the twelfth century — about the time the Portuguese monarchy was founded. It was only in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, however, that it became a literary language, and took on permanent form. A few words were introduced from the French and others from the Provengal, while translations from the Latin introduced many words and idioms from that language, partly, it is supposed, through the pedantry of the translators. The Spanish language, on account of its literary vogue, and on account of the proximity of its people and the similarity of the two tongues, necessarily reacted upon the Portu- guese. This vogue was so marked that during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many Portu- guese authors wrote in Spanish. The explorations of the Portuguese navigators into the newly dis- covered parts of the world led to the importation of some foreign words, and, at the same time, carried colonists and established the language in Asia, Africa, and South America. In the sixteenth century the first Portuguese grammars were published by Fernao de Oliveira and Joao de Barros, and these works materially helped to fix the language. It is said that of the living languages of Latin origin the Portuguese most closely resembles the Latin. This is due to the fact that Portugal, on account of its geographic position, has not been THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE 6 affected by contact with the rest of the world so much as Italy, France, and Spain. In recent years, however, the increased facilities for international communication, the demands of commerce and the requirements of various enter- prises and technical industries, and the spread of interest in certain sports have caused the intro- duction of words from various foreign tongues. In many cases the foreign words themselves have been adopted but in others the words have been more or less modified. PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR I. SOUNDS AND ACCENTS ALPHABET 1. The Portuguese alphabet is the same as the English except that it contains no w. Following are the Portuguese names of the letters together with their approximate pronunciations. [TERS PORTUGUESE NAMES PRONUNCIATIONS WITH ENGLISH VALUE a a ah b c d e f g h be ce de e effe or fe ge or ji agd bay (short) 1 say (short) 1 day (short) 1 ay (as ea in health) £ffe or fay hjay (hj = French j) 1 ag&h i i ee J k jota ka hjota (hj = French j) or zh kah 1 elle or le 611e 2 r or lay m emme or me 6mme 2 or may n enne or ne enne 2 or nay 6 o (as in nor) P q pe que pay (short) 1 kay (short) 1 1 In these words the ay is not drawn out; for example the day has the sound of day in Friday. 2 These words take the tonic accent on the first syllable; the final e is short. LETTERS PORTUGUESE NAMES r erre or re s esse or si t te u u V ve X xiz or xe y ypsilon z ze PRONUNCIATION 5 PRONUNCIATIONS WITH ENGLISH VALUES erre 2 or ray esse 2 or see tay (short) 1 oo (as in poor) vay (short) 1 shiz or shay ypsilon zay (short) 1 Note. — The letter w is only used in the foreign words in which it occurs. It is called dobleu, very much as in English. PRONUNCIATION 2. Vowels. — For the most part the vowels are pro- nounced separately, so that each one forms a syllable. The only exceptions to this rule are the nasal diph- thongs. The sounds of the vowels are characterized as long, short, open, close, and nasal. Sounds of the Vowels PHONETIC APPROXIMATING THE T^AwnT^a VALUES ENGLISH EXAMPLES Hong a in farther sofa a < short u in but boca, festa t nasal manso The a-sounds differ in quantity rather than quality. 1 In these words the ay is not drawn out; for example the day has the sound of day in Friday. 2 These words take the tonic accent on the first syllable; the final e is short. PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR PHONETIC VALUES APPROXIMATING THE ENGLISH EXAMPLES 'open ea in health cafe (so accented) close a in table sello (sometimes ac- e i cented, as merce) short (or mute) 1 e in winter caracter nasal ai in paint pente 2 Hong ee in bee frio i < short i in it quasi l^nasal i in pin injusto ['open o in not p6 (so accented) J close | short (or o in note boa, avo (so accented) mute) 3 o in block locacao, cravo Inasal o in long pompa Hong ue in blue perii J short oo in boot tribu U 1 (only shorter) I .nasal oo in room tumba u is silent when preceded by q and followed by e or i: aqui (pr. akee). y is pronounced ee as if it were i long; it is nasal when followed by m, as tympano. Y is much used in Brazil in words of Tupy origin, as Ivahy, Apody. 3. Diphthongs. — It is customary to regard as pure diphthongs such vowel combinations as ae in pae, ai in vai, au in pau, ei in lei, eo in deo, eu in breu, oe in heroe, iu in viu, oi in boi, ui in fui. It 1 Unaccented e at the beginning or end of a word and before s and a has the phonetic value of i short : breve = brevi ; estima = istima ; egual=igual; veado = viado; leao=liao. 2 The e is nasal when followed by n, as in desenho, tenha, bens; it also sounds as if written ei when followed by j, as desejo, igreja, seja, veja, etc., which are pronounced as if written deseijo, etc. 3 Unaccented o at the end of a word is equivalent to u short: povo = p6vu. NASAL SOUNDS / is to be noted, however, that these combinations are pronounced, not as single sounds, but as if the letters were sounded separately yet with a slight abbrevia- tion from the full values of the separate vowels. The true diphthongs are known in Portuguese as the nasal diphthongs. These are ae as in mae, ao as in mao, oe as in poe, ui as in muito. (Muito, however, is a unique case.) 4. Nasal Sounds. — There are nasal sounds for most of the vowels. These are indicated either by the nasal diphthongs or by the single vowels followed by m or n, as tao or tarn, bem, sim, bom, um. These words are pronounced as if they ended with an English ng in which the g is not heard. Tao is pro- nounced nearly as if written towng with the ng sound omitted or cut short. Bem is pronounced as if written beng, but without the g being sounded; um as if written oong but omitting the g sound. All syllables ending in em, en, im, in, 6, om, on, um, and un have the nasal sound whether at the end of a word or followed by a consonant. 5. Consonants. — The consonants not mentioned here are pronounced as in English. b is silent in subdito, subject (pronounced as if written sudito), and in subjeitar, an old form of sujeitar. c with the cedilla (ceduha) is soft as in French. The cedilla is used to soften the sound of c before a, o, and u : calcas (pr. as if written calsas) . c is silent when followed by t or c : activo (pr. as if written 8 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR ativo), accao (pr. as acao). Except convicto, pacto, friccao, conviccao. ch has the sound of sh in she: cha (pr. as if written shah) ; before consonants and in words of Greek origin it has the sound of k: Christo (pr. as Kristo). g is hard before a, o, and u in all cases; before e, i, and y it has the sound of the French j: gelo (pr. as if written hjelo). When g would ordinarily precede e or i, u is added before those vowels in order to give or preserve the hard sound: entregar, to deliver, has entregue for the past participle, thus preserving the hard g sound. g when followed by n is silent : in the words signal (as if sinal) and signalar and words beginning with assign : as assignar, assignatura. h has no sound of its own in Portuguese; it is not a letter, properly speaking, but an etymological mark or sign. It has a value, however, in connection with c, 1, n, and p, which see. j is pronounced as in French, like g in midge. lh is pronounced like Hi in million. In writing and print- ing these two letters belong to the syllable whose vowel follows and must be kept together. The sylla- bles of cordilheira are cor-di-lhei-ra ; of filha they are fi-lha. m at the end of a word or syllable is nasal. Bern is pro- nounced as if spelled beng, but without the final g-sound; bemdito (pr. bengdeeto, but with the g silent). In some words the m is apparently silent on account of the nivsal sound: damno (pr. as if written danno). n never ends a word in Portuguese except irman, sister, iman, maonet, hyphen, colon, and certain antiquated CONSONANTS \) forms like christan for christa ; l when it precedes final s it is nasal. nh is sounded like ni in union, that is like the Spanish n, the Italian gn, or the French gn: banho, bath, lenha, fire-wood. In syllabication these two letters, when so pronounced, always belong with the vowel that follows them: lenha is divided le-nha. There are a few words, however, which are com- pounded of the prefix an or in, in which the nh is not so pronounced or written: such as anhydro, inhabil, inhalar, inhibir, inhumano. p is silent before t: prompto (pr. as if spelled pronto); escripto (pr. as if written escrito). Except that the p is pronounced in captar, raptar, optar, repto, and mentecapto. In exempcao also the p is silent (pr. izenssao) . ph is pronounced like /: photographia (pr. as if spelled f otografia) . q is always followed by u, and always has the sound of k. Qu varies somewhat : before a and o the u is sounded, as quando (pr. kwando) ; but before e and i the u is used with the q only for the purpose of producing or preserving the k sound and is therefore not heard: quer (pr. ker); aqui (pr. akee). Exceptions: the u is sounded in consequencia, frequente, equestre, antiquissimo. It is also allow- able to sound the u in questao. r has two sounds: when it begins a word, or is double, it is rolled as in French or Spanish: rio, erro; in other 1 It has lately been proposed in favor of orthographical reform that short final syllables now ending in a shall be written an, as iman, firman, orphan, and the long ones shall end with the a, as irma, manha, and allema. 10 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR positions it is pronounced by striking the tongue lightly against the roof of the mouth almost as if pronouncing the letter d: arara (pr. nearly as if spelled adada but with the d approaching the Eng- lish r-sound) . Except : that the single r is rolled after 1, m, n, s: honrar, tenro, genro, Henrique, melro, chilrar. s has the soft or hissing s-sound, and that of soft z. It has the z-sound when it stands between vowels: rosa, casa (pr. as if spelled roza, caza). Except in cases of compound words where it has the s-sound. It has the soft s-sound in most other cases. th has the sound of t : theoria is pronounced as if written teoria. w is used only in foreign words and should be pronounced as in the language from which those words are taken. x has several sounds as follows: 1. like the English ks in words ending in ex, ix, and ux, fixar and its compounds and derivatives, flexao and related words such as flexibilidade and sexo, fluxo, maximo, and lexicologia (index and appendix are pronounced indes and appendes in addition). Note. — There are, however, some local differences in the pro- nunciation of some of these words: flexao properly pronounced fleksao, in Bahia is pronounced flechao. 2. like s when followed by c, t, or p: extenso, excepto (pr. as if estenso, esce^to). 3. like z when preceded by e and followed by a vowel or by h and a vowel: exemplo (pr. ezemplo); exercito (pr. ezercito); exhausto (pr. ezausto). 4. It is like ss or c in trouxe, anxiedade, syntaxe, defluxo. DIALECTICAL 11 5. At the beginning of words, and in places other than those mentioned above, it is pronounced like the English sh; most cases fall under this rule: xarope (pr. as if sharope) ; exministro (pr. as if written eijministro) ; baixo (pr. baisho) ; lixo (pr. leesho). DIALECTICAL 6. In certain parts of Portugal one hears many pronunciations that are purely dialectical. In Minho for example the people generally say binho instead of vinho, wine, and sordado instead of soldado, soldier. In Traz-os-Montes they say tchapeo for chapeo, hat, tchave for chave, key, djente for gente, folks; the caipiras or backwoodsmen of the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil have a similar pronunciation which was probably introduced from Portugal. 1 See the example quoted in the exercise at page 166. In Portugal as a rule the quantity of the short syllables is perceptibly shorter than in Brazil. Sobrado, perigo, and pessoa are so pronounced in full in the latter country, while in Portugal they are commonly pronounced s'brado, p'rigo, and p'ssoa. The d is pronounced in Brazil nearly as it is in the English language, but in Portugal it frequently has a strong resemblance to the English th in these, so that desde in Portugal sounds very like thezthy, and dedo, like daytho, the th being soft like that in though. 1 Julio Ribeiro, Grammatica Portugueza, 9-10. 12 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 7. Slang. — Like other languages Portuguese has its slang words or expressions; such words and ex- pressions are called calao, giria, or geringonca. Some of them are not Portuguese but simply fan- tastic expressions; for the most part, however, they are the ordinary words of the language used in some figurative or special sense. For example, estar na bagagem literally means to be in the baggage, but it is a slang expression used in regard to a person who is behindhand, or who is a slow coach. Manda- chuva, one who orders the rain, is slang equivalent to the American expression political boss. 1 ACCENT MARKS 8. The cedilla is used with c to show that that letter has the soft c sound. The tilde (~) is used to show that the vowel over which it is placed is a nasal. It is only used over a and o. The acute accent (') and the circumflex O are used: 1. To show the position of the tonic accent, especially in homonyms where there is a chance of mistaking one word for another, as esta, this, and esta, it is; seria, seri- ous, and seria, would be. 2. To indicate contractions: em relacao a (for a a) idea, with regard to the idea. 1 A giria Brazileira, "Brazilian Slang," is the title of an interest- ing little book published at Bahia in 1899 by an able Brazilian scholar. TONE ACCENT 13 Note. — The omission of the accent sometimes entirely changes the meaning of a sentence; for example, matar a sede means to quench one's thirst, while matar a sede means to kill with thirst. In the sec- ond sentence the a is a contraction of the preposition a, by or with, and the article a, the. 3. To indicate what are called open (') and close ( A ) sounds of the vowels e and o : cafe, merce, paleto, avo. TONE ACCENT (See Exercise III, page 121) 9. Tone accent is a matter of so much importance in Portuguese that it is often quite impossible to understand the spoken language when the accents are improperly placed. Take as an illustration the word sabia : the accent may make it sabia, a learned woman, sabia, / knew or he knew, or sabia, the Brazilian robin. This kind of a case is not exceptional. In speaking the language, therefore, it is of the utmost importance that the accent be properly placed. The tone accent always falls on one of the last three syllables. There is an apparent exception to this rule in the enclitic monosyllables which are joined to certain other words, as digo-lhe, / tell you; gosta-lo, to like it. In these instances the addition of this enclitic does not change the position of the accent even when it falls on the syllable preceding the antepenult. Example: fala-se-lhes. a. There are no short and compact rules for guidance in the placing of the tone accent, and to almost every rule 14 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR formulated there are many exceptions. The greatest number of words have it on the penult; fewest have it on the antepenult. The following suggestions may be found useful. For the accents of verbs see the models at § 107, pages 72-75. 6. The following words take the accent on the final syllable: 1. Those ending in the nasal diphthongs: ao, 1 except bencao, frangao, orfao, and orgao; 80s; aes; oes. 2. Words ending in i, except alcali, espermaceti, quasi; 1, except words of Latin origin ending in ilis, as docil, facil, habil, util, and those ending in vel: amavel, agradavel, crivel, nivel; fan; r, except assucar, cadaver, cancer, caracter, ether, ju- nior, martyr, nectar, sulphur, and a few foreign words like reporter and revolver; u, except tribu; y, except jury, tilbury; z. c. The following have the accent on the penult: 1. Erudite forms from the Greek ending in ia: as demo- cracia, geologia, philosophia, autopsia, 2 etc. Except the 1 It was formerly the custom to write the final syllable of the third person plural of the first conjugation ao, thus amao, amavao, amarao, amariao. In these cases the accent does not fall on the final ao except in the future amarao. It is now the custom to end these words in am, reserving the ao, for the future which is accented according to the rule. 2 In Rio de Janeiro they say autopsia. ACCENT 15 following which take it on the antepenult : comedia, policia, encyclopedia, geodesia, estrategia, necromancia, pharma- cia. 2. Words ending as follows: 1 List of Words having the Accent on the Penult ENDING EXAMPLE ENDING EXAMPLE aco-a velhaco -ardo-a mostarda aco-a bagaco -argo amargo acho-a despacho -aro amparo, ! acto-a contacto passaro - ado-a delgado -arro-a cigarro ade idade -asso-a devasso ago-a estrago -asto-a nefasto age-em estalagem -aste cdntraste aldo ribaldo -ato-a combata alo-a exc. escandalo, -ate abac ate sandalo -avo-a escravo alho-a soalho -axo-a (see acho) ama panorama ame arame -eco-a aconteca ampo-a estampa -edo-a brinquedo anca balanca -ego-a exc. trafego anco-a alavanca -eiro ferreiro ando-a contrabando -eito respeito anho-a campanha -eite leite ano-a porcelana -ejo-a grace jo anto-a adianta -elho evangelho ante abundante -ello-a canceltp-a arco-a comarca -elo cogumelo exc. 1 This list might be extended, but the exceptions become too numerous for convenience. 16 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR ENDING EXAMPLE ENDING EXAMPLE -emo extremo -ino-a pepino -erne leme, exc. fri- -into-a precinto-a greme -inte ouvinte -enca nascenca -ique alambiqu^, -endo-a legenda" -ira caipira -enho-a engenho -isco-a marisco -enso-a imprensa -ismo-a fatalismo -ense cearei^ge -iso paraiso -ento-a alimenta -isto-a revista -ente presente -istro registro -erso-a conversa -ite Hmite, exc. -erto-a concerto tramite -essa impressa -ivo-a objectivo -esto modesto -ixo-a suffixo -eto-a completo -izo-a prejuizo -ete canivete -exa perplexa -oa canoa, exc. no- -eza baroneza doa, nevoa -oco-a almogo -ice velhice, exc. -ode pagode apice, ver- -ogo-a fogo tice, obice -oito-a biscoito -icho rabicho -olho-a escolho -ico-a rolico -olo-a viola, exc. fri- -ife recife volo, male- -igo-a exc. codigo, volo prodigo -olto-a . revolta -ilho-a quartilho -olvo revolvo -ilo-a crocodilo -oma cfj3loma -imba cacimba -ombo-a cmilombo -indo-a tamarindo -ona azeitona -ingo-a domingo -onca geringonga ACCENT ENDING EXAMPLE ENDING EXAMPLE -ondo-a redondo -uco-a caduco maribondo maluco -onga oblonga -udo-a agudo -onha vergonha -ude altitude risonha saude -ono abandono -ugem ferrugem -onto-a affronta -uega Noruega -onte horizonte -ulho-a embrulho -oque reboque -umo-a resumo -ora espora, exc. -ume betume vibora, am- -uno-a gatuno phora, can- -umno-a alumno fora -undo-a fecunda -orco-a esforca -unho-a testemunho -orma reforma -uncto-a defuncta -orme conforme -upo-a chalupa -orno-a contorno -uque batuque -orro-a cachorro -uro-a figura -orto-a morto -urro-a empurra -orte consorte -uso-a confusa -oso caprichoso abuso -osso colosso -usto-a robusta -osto-a desgosta arbusto -oto-a gafanhoto -uto-a enxuto terremoto -ucto fructo -ote serrote -upto corrupto 17 d. The following take the accent on the antepenult: 1. Masculine nouns from the Greek such as astronomo, geologo, philosopho. 2. Absolute superlatives in -imo : illustrissimo, Optimo. 3. Words ending as in the following: 18 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR List of Words having the Accent on the Antepenult ENDING EXAMPLE ENDING EXAMPLE -acio palacio -icio-a sacrificio -aculo espectaculo -icie superficie -afico biografico -iculo-a agricola -aia praia -idio-a suicidio -alo (few) escandalo, exc. -ifero montifero badalo -ifico magnifico -ancia abundancia -igero belligero -andega alfandega -ilio exilio -ania subterrania -inio-a dominio -anico vulcanico -irio-a delirio -antico romantico -itico-a politica -astico-a elastica -itimo-a legitimo -atico-a aquatico -ivoro carnivoro -eio-a passeio -odico methodico -elico evangelico -ogico logico -encia corpulencia -ogio relogio, exc. -enito congenito elogio -erico-a generica -ographo geographo -erio-a materia, exc. -olico-a diabolico bateria -loio espolio -errimo miserrimo -ologo geologo -etico-a magnetico -onico-a carbonico -etrico-a geometrico -onio-a demonio -onymo-a enonymo -fugo centrifugo -ore arvore, mar- more -geno-a indigena -orico-a categorico SYLLABICATION iy ENDING EXAMPLE ENDING EXAMPLE -orio-a historia, exc. -unio importunio categoria -uo melifluo, exc. -otico-a narcotico amuo -uria penuria -uncio-a pronuncio -usculo maiusculo -undio-a gerundio e. There is a natural tendency in Portuguese to avoid placing the accent as far back as the antepenult; so much so that words thus accented are called esdruxulos, a word of Italian origin (sdrucciolo, slippery) which is used figu- ratively in Portuguese to mean odd, strange, extravagant. The esdruxulos are few in number and are nearly all erudite forms. QUANTITY 10. The tonic or accented vowels are always long; the atonic or unaccented ones are generally short: util, agradavel. 1 SYLLABICATION (See Exercise IV, page 123) 11. In syllabication, a. Diphthongs cannot be separated. b. Monosyllables cannot be divided. c. The consonant combinations lh, nh, rh, and ph can- not be separated from each other or from the following vowels with which they form syllables : ma-nha, ba-ta-lha, phi-lo-so-phi-a. 1 Professor Said Ali kindly adds the following important note re- garding this rule: When the tonic vowel is followed by c, f, p, rr, ss, or t, it is short. Compare bote, bode; mato, medo; faca, vaga. 20 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR d. A consonant between vowels belongs with the second one: na-riz, bar-ba-ro. e. G and q followed by u remain with the vowel that follows: guin-das-te, qual-quer. /. Double consonants are separated: bel-lo, af-fli-cto. g. Mute letters, c in ch, t in th, g in gn, t in ct, t in pt, go with the following vowel : ar-chi-tec-tu-ra, pan-the-is-mo, si-gnal, fru-cto, ca-pti-vo, ex-em-pto. h. In nasal syllables m and n generally belong with the preceding vowel: bem-di-to, man-so, dan-sar. %. But when m is followed by n both of these letters belong with the following vowel: so-mno, da-mno. j. Compound words are divided according to their elements: sub-stan-ti-vo. CAPITAL LETTERS 12. The rules for capitals are the same in general as in English; except that adjectives derived from proper names and eu, /, are not written with capitals save for some other reason such as at the beginning of a sentence: francez, French; inglez, English. This rule is not invariable, however, and one sees the proper adjectives sometimes with the capital and sometimes without. The use of the capital in such cases is regarded by some authors as more strictly the Portuguese custom. In addressing persons as Senhor, Senhora, Vossa Senhoria, Vossa Santidade, etc., it is the custom to begin these words with capitals. But capitals are not used when a person is referred to without the name, as o sr. engenheiro tomou conta da estrada. ORTHOGRAPHY 21 ORTHOGRAPHY 13. Portuguese orthography is remarkably pho- netic, and after a little practise one can usually spell correctly words heard for the first time. The etymology of the words, however, is not lost sight of, though some writers adhere more closely to the etymology while others tend toward phonetic sim- plification. The only exceptions to the phonetic writing of vowel sounds are: 1. That unaccented o is generally pronounced like u short, as bonito (pr. as if bonitu). 2. Unaccented e is often pronounced like i short, doce (pr. as if doci). as a. The following will serve as examples of words spelled in different ways. For present purposes either spelling may be regarded as correct. ETYMOLOGICAL SPELLING PHONETIC SPELLING MEANING apprender aprender to learn approximar aproximar to approach charidade caridade charity commigo comigo with me dicto dito said edade idade age egreja igreja church eschola escola school escripto escrito written logar lugar place 22 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR There are also many antiquated forms found in old books such as: he for e is hum, huma for urn, uma a or one sam for sao are 6. It is to be expected that the spelling of the present day should differ considerably from that of the sixteenth century, but aside from these differences one finds certain variations (called syncretic forms) that often puzzle the beginner. These come chiefly from the equivalence of the diphthongs ou and oi. The following is a list of the most common syncretic forms. Either form is allowable. List of Common Syncretic Forms acoute acoite whip-lash cousa coisa thing couro coiro leather doudo doido crazy dous dois two lousa loisa paving slate mouta moita coppice noute noite night ouro oiro gold thesouro thesoiro treasure vindouro vindoiro future c. On the whole the tendency is toward the phonetic spelling, a tendency that has lately received much fresh impulse. These variations, however, are not to be regarded as license to spell words in any way. 1 1 The most comprehensive study of modern Portuguese orthog- raphy is Ortografia nacional, simplificagao e uniformizaqao sistematica das ortografias portuguesas. Por A. R. Goncalvez Viana. Lisboa, 1904. DEFINITE ARTICLE 23 II. ARTICLES DEFINITE ARTICLE (See Exercise V, page 125) 14. The definite article has gender and number to agree with its noun. MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH Singular a the Plural OS as the The Spanish form of the definite article is used in two instances: El-Rei, the King, and Eldorado. 15. Contractions. — The articles combine with certain prepositions as follows: a. a, to, combines with the different forms of the article making ao, a, aos and as, to the. b. de, of, combines with them forming do, da, dos, and das, of the. c. em, in, combines with them to form no, na, nos, and nas, in the (instead of em o, em a, etc.). d. per, by, combines with them forming pelo, pela, pelos, and pelas, by the. Polo and pola are antiquated forms. Use of the Definite Article with Prepositions Singular Plural a to ao a aos as to the de of do da dos das of the em in no na nos nas in the per by pelo pela pelos pelas by the 24 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 16. Syntax of the Definite Article. — The definite article is used as a determinative : o menino, the boy; o bom, the good. It is used before certain proper geographical names, especially those of rivers, mountains, seas, etc.: a Franca, France; o Tejo, the Tagus; o Andes, the Andes; o Atlantic o, the Atlantic. In Brazil this rule is not universally followed. The names of the states of Parahyba and Bahia are used with the feminine article, while the article is not generally used with the names of the states of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Sao Paulo, Santa Catherina, Minas Geraes, and Mato Grosso. It is used familiarly before the names of persons: onde esta o Joao? where is John?; o Guimaraes chegou, Guimaraes has come. It is used before pronouns and possessive adjec- tives: o meu chapeo, my hat; a tua vontade, thy will. In this case the article may be omitted in familiar style. It is also omitted in speaking of one's kin, as meu pai, my father, not o meu pai, unless emphasis is required, when it is used. It is inserted before nouns used in a general sense where in general, all, every may be understood : o ouro e mais precioso que a prata, gold is more precious than silver. It is used to indicate time and season: as duas horas, at two o'clock; no inverno, in winter. It is used before nouns of weight and measure: dois milreis o kilo, o metro, two milreis a kilo, a meter. INDEFINITE ARTICLE 25 It is used before the names of languages: estudando o portuguez, studying Portuguese; entendo o francez, J understand French. It is used after verbs denoting possession: estou com as maos sujas, my hands are soiled; tern os olhos pretos, he (or she) has black eyes. It is used after todo in both • numbers : todo o homen e mortal or todos os homens sao mortaes, all men are mortal. It is used before certain titles: O Senhor Costa, O Coronel Sampaio. It is omitted before the titles Sua Majestade, His Majesty; VossaAlteza, Your Highness ;Vossa.Senhoria.. It is omitted before numerals used as titles: Carlos quinto, Charles the fifth. It is omitted with appositional nouns: e filho do Coronel, he is the son of the colonel. (For demonstrative pronouns having the same forms as the definite articles see § 65c. and § 87.) INDEFINITE ARTICLE (See Exercise VI, page 126) 17. The indefinite article has gender and number to agree with its noun. MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH Singular um uma a, an 1 Plural uns umas some 1 The indefinite article um, uma, should not be confused with the cardinal number which has the same form in the singular (see page 50) but has no plural. 26 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 18. Contractions. — The indefinite article com- bines with em in forming num, numa, nuns, and numas (in place of em um, etc.). It also combines with de, of, forming dum, though this is generally written d'um. The old form of the indefinite article was hum, huma, etc. The indefinite article has a negative form nenhum, none, which still retains the h that one often sees in the old forms. a. Syntax of the Indefinite Article. — The indefinite article always precedes its noun or its substantive adjective, as uma pessoa, a person; um desconhe- cido, an unknown person. b. The indefinite article is omitted: 1. Before predicative nouns denoting what a person is: seu amigo e general, his friend is a general; elle assentou praca, he enlisted. 2. After verbs of possession or denoting condition: estou com fome, / am hungry; tenho bom apetite, J have a good appetite. 3. After various indefinites, outro, tal, certo, tanto, semelhante, etc.: tal dia, tal noite, such a day, such a night; foi sem dizer palavra, he went without -saying a word. 4. After an exclamatory que: que bella noite, what a fine night. III. NOUNS INFLECTION 19. Portuguese nouns have no case forms; they distinguish in form only between singular and plural. PLURAL 27 PLURAL FORMATION (See Exercise VII, page 127) 20. The plural is formed by adding s to the singu- lar: amigo, friend, pi. amigos; casa, house, pi. casas. To this rule there are the following exceptions: 1. Final m changes to n before the final s: homem, man, pi. homens. 2. Final ix and ex change to ice before the final s: index, pi. indices; appendix, pi. appendices. 3. Final r and z add e before the final s; mar, sea, pi. mares; cruz, cross, pi. cruzes. 4. Final al, ol, and ul are changed to aes, oes, and ues : sal, salt, pi. saes; dedal, thimble, pi. dedaes; anzol, fish- hook, pi. anzoes; paul, swamp, pi. paues. Except that consul, mal, cal, real (money) have for plurals consules, males, cales, and reis. 5. Final el is changed to eis: papel, paper, pi. papeis; annel, ring, pi. anneis. Mel, honey, becomes either meis or meles. 6. Final il, when the word has the acute accent, is changed to is: barril, barrel, pi. barris; funil, funnel, pi. funis. When, however, the word has the grave accent the final il is changed to eis: docil, docile, pi. doceis; fossil, fossil, pi. fosseis. a. Nouns ending in ao form the plural in three ways : 1. Most nouns ending in ao change ao to oes: accao, accoes. 2. A few add s to the singular: these are mao, irmao, pagao, orfao, orgao, sotao, temporao, vao, zangao. 3. A few others change ao to aes: escrivao, notary, pi. 28 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR escrivaes. These are allemao, cao, capellao. capitao, catalao, charletao, deao, ermitao, escrivao, guardiao, pao, sacristao, tabelliao. b. Nouns ending in s have the same form in the plural : o pires, os pires, the saucers; o caes, os caes, the quays. Except Deus, cos, and simples (drug) become deuses, coses, simplices. c. When the accent of a word ending in ao is grave, the plural is always in aos: orgao, organ, pi. orgaos; and similarly bencao, blessing; accordao, sentence of a court; sotao, attic. 21. Plurals Only. — Many nouns are used only in the plural. Such are algemas, fetters exequias, funeral rites alvicaras, rewards expensas, costs annaes, annals ferias, holidays arredores, environs manes, shades calcas, trousers matinas, matins calendas, calends nonas, nones ceroulas, drawers nupcias, nuptials conflns, confines trevas, darkness completas, complin viveres, provisions 22. Compound Words. — Compound words gener- ally have the plural form for the final word when one of the components has an adverbial sense: salvo-conducto, pi. salvo-conductos; linguas neo- latinas, neo-Latin languages; jornaes luso-brasileiros, Portuguese-Brazilian journals; guarda-sol, sunshade, pi. guarda-soes; contra-veneno, antidote, pi. contra- venenos. PLURAL 29 a. Compound words take the plural in both parts when they both represent functions belonging to the noun: surdo-mudo, deaf-mute, pi. surdos-mudos. b. As in English some nouns are plural but are used only in a singular sense: Montes Claros fica na planicie, Montes Claros is on the plain. Compound words united by de usually take the plural in the first part only: flor-de-lis, pi. flores-de-lis. c. Plural nouns that take the article, however, are used in the plural: os Alpes ficam na Suissa, the Alps are in Switzerland; os Estados Unidos fizeram guerra, the United States made war. 23. Varied Meanings. — Some names change their meaning with the change of number. These correspond to similar changes that take place in the English language as illustrated by the words iron and irons, liberty and liberties. SINGULAR MEANING PLURAL MEANING bem well, good bens property corte court c6rtes congress, tribunals dote dowery dotes accomplishments ferro iron ferros shackles filho son filhos children (or sons) honra honor honras solemnities letra letter letras literature liberdade liberty liberdades » impertinence molhado wet Aiioinados groceries pai father pais parents parte part partes parties (Judicial) secco dry seccos dry-goods zelo zeal zelos jealousy 30 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR GENDER OF NOUNS (See Exercise VIII, page 128) 24. Gender is grammatical, and all nouns are either masculine or feminine. 1 The gender of words is sometimes determined by meaning and at other times by termination. There are no rules covering all cases, and there are many exceptions to those given below. 25. Masculine. — The following are masculine: 1. Nouns denoting males and their offices and occupa- tions: o homem, the man; o cavallo, the horse; juiz, judge; pai, father. Note. — In the names of animals having two gender.-; the mas- culine form is generally used to designate the species: o lobo, the wolf. 2. Nouns not implying sex distinction and ending in a (a with acute accent) sofa, tafeta, cha (except a pa, shovel or spade). e (except diamine, fe, gale, mare, re, se). i (except lei, law, grei, flock). 1 Neuter Gender. — Strictly speaking there is no neuter gender in Portuguese, but certain words have been called neuter (and also common gender) by some grammarians. Such forms are the imper- sonal definite pronouns isso, isto, aquillo, and tudo. The cardinal numerals also have no gender except um uma, dois duas, and those compounded of cento as duzentos-as, trezentos-as. GENDER 31 (short or mute). This does not refer to the end- ing ao. 6 (accented o) for the most part. The following, how- ever, are feminine: enxo, adz; mo, millstone; avo, grandmother; filho, cake; ilho, eyelet. 1 (except cal, lime, cathedral, moral, pastoral). m (except ordem, order, and those ending in gem). r (except coiner, spoon; cor, color; dor, pain; flor, flower) . s (except those used only in the plural and ending in as : andas, arrhas, cocegas, and a few in es: preces, ephemerides) . 3. Nouns ending in ote and ume are generally masculine. Examples: dote, chicote, lume, costume, betume. 4. Infinitive verbs are masculine when used as sub- stantives : o andar do cavallo, the gait of the horse. 5. Masculine are the names of seas, rivers, lakes, and mountains, of the letters of the alphabet, of the numbers, the months, the points of the compass, and the notes in music. 26. Feminine. — The following are feminine: a. Nouns denoting females and their names and occu- pations: a vacca, the cow, mai, mother, costureira, seam- stress, rainha, queen. b. Note. — In cases of sex distinction there are gen- erally two forms, as moco, young man, moca, young woman, poeta, poet, poetisa, poetess. There are, however, some words which have the same form for both genders, such as martyr, jovem, and tigre, which may be either masculine or feminine. 32 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR c. In some cases there is no masculine form of a noun : ra, frog, abelha, bee, formiga, ant, aguia, eagle, onca, panther, cobra, snake, truta, trout, mosca, fly. When it becomes necessary in such cases to indicate sex, it is done by use of the word macho, male, or femea, female; o salmao macho, the male salmon, or a onca femea, the female panther; o corvo macho, the male crow. d. Nouns not implying sex distinction ending in: a or a. Except dia, day, mappa, map, and words from the Greek ending in ma : aroma, clima, climate, di- ploma, dogma, emblema, idioma, poema, thema, problema, symptoma, epigramma. ade, as caridade, charity. ude, as virtude. Except alaude, ataude, acude, almude, grude. gem. Except pagem, page, and selvagem, savage, which may be of either gender. ie, as planicie. £7. Common Terminations. — The following ter- minations are common to both genders: Words end- ing in (Masc. alcatraz, ananaz, anthras, cabaz, cartaz, az < gaz, lilaz, rapaz. [Fern. paz, tenaz. r Masc. arnez, convez, freguez, jaez, mez, pez, revez, xadrez. ^Fem. altivez, honradez, fez, mudez, pequenhez, rapidez, redondez, rez, solidez, surdez, tez, timidez, torquez, vez. GENDER 33 1Z uz Masc. almofariz, giz, matiz, nariz, paiz, pleuriz, tapiz, verniz. Fern. buiz, cerviz, cicatriz, codorniz, matriz, perdiz, raiz, sobrepelliz. albernoz, algoz, aljaroz, arroz, cadoz, coz, retroz. foz, noz, voz. Masc. alcacuz, alcatruz, arcabuz, capuz, cuzcuz, lapuz, obuz. cruz, luz. Fem. fMasc Fem. fMasc. ao ^ Fem. broche, cafe, carcere, codice, corte, dente, epitome, tapete, traquete, valle, vertice. arte, ave, chave, corte, crise, fe, fome, libre, lide, nave, neve, ponte, rale, rede, saude, se, sebe, sede, sege, torre, torrente. f I. Augment atives, even though derived from feminine original. Examples: caixao (caixa), portao (porta) mu- lherao (mulher). II. Those in ao and not derived from words of the third declension of the Latin: coracao, grao, sabao, siphao, trovao. 'Words so ending derived from words of the third declension in the Latin: accao, constituicao, diccao, execucao, feicao, instituicao, legiao, lentidao, mansidao, multidao, opiniao, rebelliao, regiao, re- solucao, servidao, solidao, uniao. (But pao from panis and sermao from sermo are both masculine.) 34 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 28. Nouns of Opposite Sex. (See Exercise IX, page 129.) — Nouns denoting individuals of opposite sex may be either related, unrelated, or identical. They are a. Related when the feminine form is derived from the masculine either I. By adding a to the masculine form: auctor, author auctora, authoress cantor, singer {male) cantora, singer (female) inglez, Englishman ingleza, English woman senhor, gentleman senhora, lady Note. — A few nouns in r have two feminine forms, as lavrador, lavradora, or lavradeira; cantor, cantora, or cantatriz. There is also a tendency to change final or to eira, as trabalhador, trabalhadeira. II. By changing final o or e to a, as hospede, guest (male) hospeda, guest (female) mano, brother mana, sister mestre, teacher (male) mestra, teacher (female) moco, young man moca, young woman parente, kinsman parenta, kinswoman III. By changing the terminal to inha, essa, eza, neza, ola: barao, baron baroneza, baroness conde, count condessa, countess gallo, cock gallinha, hen hespanhol, Spaniard hespanhola, Spanish woman principe, prince princeza, princess GENDER 35 b. Related but irregular forms of nouns of opposite sex are the following: MASCULINE FEMININE avo, grandfather avo, grandmother dom, sir, lord dona, lady frade, friar (ant. freire) freira, nun ladrao, thief ladra, woman thief peru, turkey-cock perua, turkey-hen rapaz, lad rapariga, girl rei, king rainha, queen reo, defendant re, female defendant c. Unrelated when not derived from the same word: boi, ox vacca, cow cavallo, horse egua, mare genro, son-in-law nora, daughter-in-law pai, father mai, mother d. Identical when the same word may be of either gender : camarada (m. or/.), companion. jovem (m. or/.), a young man or young woman guia, guide sentinella, sentinel 29. Closely Similar Related Nouns. — The Portu- guese contains many nouns that are related in form and meaning, yet distinct in sex and significance. Following are some of these words: 36 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR MASCULINE bago jarro barco lanco bodo lenho caneco madeiro cantharo marujo carreiro modo cerco pago cesto poco cevo ponto chuco porto cimo ramo cinto ribeiro corno no encosto sacco fabrico 1 saio folho sapato fosso tacho friso taleigo fruto trilho gorro troco grito vallo horto veio The feminine forms differ only in ending in a instead of o. In each case these nouns contain the same funda- mental idea, but the sense of the feminine form is more general, while that of the masculine is more specific. For example fruta is used for fruit in gen- eral, while fruto refers to one kind of fruit; madeiro 1 The accent in this case is also changed from fabrico to fabrica. GENDER 37 is one kind of madeira (wood), and bago is one kind of a baga (berry). 1 30. Similar Unrelated Nouns. — There are other words that bear a similar resemblance to each other, but which have no genetic relations and have widely different meanings. Such are: MASCULINE MEANING FEMININE MEANING banho bath banha lard barro clay barra bar (of stream) caso case casa house espinho thorn espinha spinal column (but espinhas de peixe, fish-bones) escolho cliff escolha choice peito breast peita bribe prato plate prata silver queixo jaw queixa complaint solo soil sola sole leather The same word sometimes occurs as a noun, adjective, or verb; in such cases the nature of the word is indicated by the context. 31. There are still other words that are spelled precisely alike, but differ from each other in gender and in meaning. Following are some of these words : 1 Julio Ribeiro in his Grammatica Portugueza, page 84, says that the feminine form of several of these words indicates always an increase of volume or size. 38 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR M.WULINE MEANING FEMININE o capital principal {money) o chrisma ointment o cura curate o guarda warder o lingua interpreter o lente lecturer o sota groom a capital chief city a chrisma sacrament of confirmation a cura cure a guarda care a lingua tongue a lente lens a sota queen (at cards) QUALIFYING SUFFIXES (Sec Exercise X, page 130) 32. Suffixes are extensively and effectively used to modify and extend the meaning of nouns and adjectives, and even of verbs. In these cases the meaning of the parent word is carried over in some modified form to the new word. It should be noted, however, that these suffixes do not have, as a rule, such exact meanings as do the prefixes. Most of the suffixes are directly from the Latin, while ista, isme, ite, and izar are from the Greek. Only the more important of them can be mentioned here. Examples TERMI- NATION ORIGINAL WORD MEANING -WITH SUFFIX MEANING -ada limao lemon limonada lemonade marmelo quince marmelada 1 marmalade mulher woman mulherada a lot of women baixo low baixada low ground faca knife facada a knife cut 1 This word has been adopted into the English language with a meaning very different from its original one which was a prepara- tion from the quince. SUFFIXES 39 TERMI- NATION -agem -al -ado -cida -aria -ario 1 -eiro-a 2 -ense ez -eza ORIGINAL WORD WITH SUFFIX MEANING -ude homem man homenagem homage vassalo vassal vassalagem vassalage cafe coffee cafezal field of coffee (The z in cafezal is for the sake of euphony.) banana banana bananal field of bananas milho corn milhoral field of corn consulado consul rei formiga cavallo porco botica mina cha consul king ant horse hog regicida formicida cavallaria porcaria apothecary's boticario shop mine tea mineiro chaleira Brazil France brasiliense francez (The 1 in chaleira is for euphony.) Brasil Franca rico rich pobre poor quieto (adj.) quiet consulate king-killer ant-killer cavalry filth apothecary miner teakettle (or kettle) Brazilian French riches poverty quietude (n.) quietude nqueza pobreza 1 -ario is the erudite form of eiro; many of the words so ending correspond to the English termination ary, as secretario, san- ctuario, vocabulario. 2 This ending is especially useful and is easily managed. It cor- responds in part to the English ending er as illustrated in the words bank, banker, but it has a wider application in Portuguese, as for example: pedra, stone, pedreira, stone quarry, pedreiro, quarryman, and sometimes stone mason; sapato, shoe, sapateiro, shoemaker. The common names of many trees are similarly derived from the names of their fruits: pecego, peach, pecegueiro, peach-tree; coco, the coco- nut, coqueiro, the coco-palm. 40 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR TERMI- ORIGINAL NATION WORD -udo or MEANING WITH SUFFIX MEANING This suffix expresses abundance or intensity, as cabeca head cabecudo big-headed, pig- headed beico lip beicudo thick-lipped orar to orate falar to talk trabalhar to work orador orator falador talker trabalhador laborer 33. Many other suffixes are so nearly like forrr^ i.i English that they will be recognized, such as those ending in ficar corresponding to the English fy: clarificar, to clarify, purificar, to purify, classificar, to classify; others ending in mente corresponding to the English ending ly, as grandamente, grandly, claramente, clearly, escuramente, darkly; and in ista corresponding to the English ist } as capitalista, a capitalist, dentista, socialista, etc. Many words ending in orio correspond approximately to English words ending in ory: consistorio, repertories Many endings in ico correspond to the English ending ic, as artistico, symbolico; many in avel, evel, and ivel correspond to the English endings able and Me, as notavel, veneravel, indelevel, risivel, terrivel. The termination ivo often corresponds to the English ive, as instructivo, executive 34. The infinitives of verbs are often used as plural nouns: dizer, to say, os dizeres, the sayings; poder, to be able, os poderes, the powers. SUFFIXES 41 AUGMENTATIVES 35. Augmentative s are formed by the addition of the suffixes ao, arao, aca, anna, az, azio, and ona as here illustrated. ORIGINAL MEANING AUGMENTATIVE MEANING casa house casarao big house monte hill, heap montanha mountain mulher woman mulheraca big woman porta door portao gate rapaz boy rapagao big fellow rato rat ratao big rat nariz nose narigao big nose a. An additional augmentative effect is produced by giving a masculine ending to a feminine noun: mulherao, an enormous woman or an amazon. b. The augmentatives sometimes convey an idea of ridicule or irony. For example, ratao is used as a slang expression for a queer fellow. Diminutives (See Exercise XI, page 131) 36. Diminutives are formed by the use of the following suffixes: SUFFIX ORIGINAL MEANING DIMINUTIVE MEANING -inho-a livro book livrinho little book -zinho-a mao hand maozinha little hand -eto-a folha leaf folheto pamphlet ito-a mosca fly mosquito gnat ote camara room camarote cabin (on ship) -ola fazenda estate fazendola a small farm 42 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR SUFFIX ORIGINAL MEANING DIMINUTIVE MEANING -ulo-a corpo body corpusculo molecule -ino-a pequeno small pequenino very small (boy) -ete pobre poor pobrete rather poor -ilho cinto belt cintilho hat-band -im camara room camarim dressing room (q theater) -ella costa side costella rib -ejo lugar place lugarejo small town -isco chuva rain chuvisco drizzling rain 37. A still further arbitrary diminutive effect is produced by a repetition or drawing out of the syllables of the usual diminutives, as pequenininho or pequeninozinho, very, very small. 38. Another class of diminutives includes certain proper names. These, however, do not always imply smallness, but they are used as terms of endear- ment or compassion and as nicknames. The names for Jose are: Ze, Zeze, Zeca, Zezinho, Josezinho, Zequinho, Juca, Juquinha, Joca, Cazuzo, Zuza, Zuca, Zuzu; for Francisco are used: Chico, Chiquinho, Chichi, Francisquinho, and Francisquito ; for Anna are used: Anninha, Anninhas, Annazinha, Naninha, Nicota, Annicota, Annica, Annoca, Nanoca, Anni- quita, Nana] Na, and Nazinha; for Joao they are Janjao, Joaozinho, Joca, Joanninho, Noca; for Maria they are Mariquinha, Maroca, Mariasinha, Marica, Mariquita. ADJECTIVES 43 IV. ADJECTIVES (See Exercise XII, page 132) 39. The adjectives have gender, number, and degree of comparison. a. They agree in gender and number with their nouns; mulher sensata, a sensible woman, homens velhos, old men. b. When mesmo and proprio are used in connection with a pronoun they must agree with the noun so repre- sented. Eu mesmo or eu mesma according as the speaker is masculine or feminine. c. When there is more than one noun, the adjective usually agrees with the last one: desejos e virtudes puras, pure aims and (pure) virtues. d. When the nouns have different numbers the adjec- tive is generally plural: os soldados e o seu chefe cheiqs de coragem, the soldiers and their leader, full of courage. e. There may be a plural noun with singular adjectives expressing parts as, as grammaticas portugueza, franceza e ingleza. PLURAL 40. Adjectives form their plurals like nouns: bonito, handsome (f. bonita), pi. bonitos (f. bonitas); facil, easy, pi. faceis. (For the various plural end- ings see § 20.) FEMININE 41. Adjectives have the feminine in a, or remain unchanged according to the following rules: 44 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR a. Adjectives with the masculine ending in o change that vowel to a : bello, fine, f . bella. b. Adjectives ending in ao either drop the o: as sao, f. sa, or change the ao to ona as chorao, chorona; sabi- chao, sabichona; valentao, valentona. c. Adjectives ending in r (except particular, singular, and comparatives which are unchanged) add a: encanta- dor, charming, f. encantadora. d. Proper adjectives ending in z and 1 add a: frances, f. franceza, French; hespanhol, f. hespanhola, Spanish. e. Those ending in eu change to ea: hebreu, f. hebrea, Hebrew (butjudeu becomes judia and sandeu becomes sandia). Those ending in u add a : cru, f. crua ; nu, f. nua. /. Other adjectives have the same form in both genders: facil, m. f., easy; feliz, m. f., happy; azul, m. f., blue; melhor, m. f., better; cortez, m. f., courteous; prudente, m. f., prudent; ruim, m. f., bad. g. The following, however, are irregular: .SCULINE FEMININE MEANING bom boa good mau ma bad COMPARISON (See Exercise XIII, page 133) 42. The regular comparative adjectives are formed by placing mais, more, or menos, less, before the positive: escuro, dark, mais escuro, darker, or menos escuro, less dark. 43. The relative superlative is formed by placing the definite article before the comparative form: o mais escuro, the darkest. SUPERLATIVES 45 44. The absolute superlative is derived directly from the Latin and has the termination imo. The precise formation varies according to the termination of the positive from which it is de- rived : I. When the positive ends in al, il, r, or u, add issimo : natural, naturalissimo ; habil, habilissimo ; singular, singularissimo ; cru, cruissimo. II. When the positive ends in vel, that ending be- comes bilissimo: notavel, notabilissimo. III. When the positive ends in om or um, the m is changed to n before the final issimo: bom, bonissimo; commum, communissimo. IV. When the positive ends in ao, that termination becomes anissimo: sao, sanissimo; but christao, chris- tianissimo. V. When the positive ends in az, iz, oz, the final z is changed to c before the issimo: audaz, audacissimo; feliz, felicissimo; veloz, velocissimo. VI. When the positive ends in e or o these termina- tions change to issimo: excellente, excellentissimo ; alto, altissimo. a. Positives ending in co and go change those letters to qu and gu before issimo in order to retain the hard sounds: rico, riquissimo; vago, vaguissimo. b. The following are exceptional absolute superlative forms derived from Latin roots : acre acerrimo christao christianissimo amigo amicissimo cruel crudelissimo aspero asperrimo difficil difficillimo celebre celeberrimo doce dulcissimo 46 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR facil facillimo pobre pauperrimo (coll, fiel fidelissimo pobrissimo) frio frigidissimo sabio sapientissimo livre liberrimo sagrado sacratissimo misero miserrimo salubre saluberrimo nobre nobilissimo similhante simillimo Table of Comparison POSITIVE COMPARATIVE ABSOLUTE RELATIVE SUPERLATIVE SUPERLATIVE alto, high mais alto, 1 higher altissimo, highest o mais alto, the highest grande, great mais grande, 2 grandissimo o mais grande secco, dry mais secco sequissimo o mais secco c. In colloquial Portuguese certain superlative forms are used to strengthen an expression or statement, as mesmissima cousa, precisely the same thing. (See § 93.) One even hears such expressions as coisissima ne- nhuma, not the slightest thing, though, strictly speaking, a noun does not admit of such comparison. Portugue- sissimo is sometimes used to mean very thoroughly Portuguese. 3 d. The absolute superlative may also be expressed by the use of various adverbs, mui or muito, very, bastante, quite, or summamente, exceedingly. e. The relative superlative takes de, of: o mais valente de todos, the bravest of all. /. Comparatives of superiority or inferiority take que, de que and do que, than: mais bello do que a rosa, more beautiful than the rose. Certain other comparatives take 1 Alto has also an irregular comparative superior. 2 Grande has an irregular comparative maior. 3 A. R. Goncalvez Viana, Ortografia National, page 167. COMPARISONS 47 de : ha mais de vinte annos, menos de uma legua, more than twenty years ago, less than a league. g. The forms maior, greater, menor, smaller, peior, worse, melhor, better, are followed by que: maior que a serra, bigger than the mountain; but the forms superior, inferior, interior, and exterior take a, to, instead of que : elle e inferior a seu irmao, he is inferior to his brother. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS 45. Several irregular adjectives derive their com- parative and their absolute superlative forms di- rectly from the Latin, but the relative superlative is formed in the usual way by placing o, the, before the comparative. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE ABSOLUTE RELATIVE SUPERLATIVE SUPERLATIVE bom, good melhor 1 Optimo o melhor mau, bad peior 1 pessimo o peior grande, great maior 2 maximo o maior alto, high superior supremo o superior baixo, low inferior infimo o inferior muito, much mais o mais pequeno, small menor 2 minimo o menor pouco, little menos o menos AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES 46. Augmentative and diminutive adjectives are formed like augmentative and diminutive nouns: 1 The comparatives mais bom and mais mau are sometimes used, but they are falling into disuse. 2 The expressions o mais pequeno, the smallest, and o mais alto, the highest, are also used; mais grande and mais pequeno are com- paratives often used colloquially instead of maior and menor, but they are not good Portuguese. 48 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR novo, new, novinho, quite new. (For rules, see § 35, 36.) The adjectives, like the nouns, are often used as terms of endearment. Bonitinho from bonito, pretty, is often used to mean quite pretty, very pretty, or pretty little dear. SYNTAX OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 47. In general the noun precedes the adjective: homem trabalhador, a working man. 48. This order may be inverted: mau signal or signal mau, a bad sign. This inversion, however, is not arbitrary, but is determined by emphasis, the rule for which cannot be fully stated but must be acquired by observation and practise. 49. In general the adjective precedes when it denotes a quality which necessarily belongs to the noun, and when the adjective and noun might almost be regarded as a compound word. 50. The adjective follows when it denotes a qual- ity to which especial attention is directed; but when the attention is to be directed to the noun, and the adjective is of minor importance, the adjective precedes the noun. 51. The following cases illustrate the difference in meaning due to the position of the adjective: boa noite, good night noite boa, a fine night certo dia, a certain day dia certo, a fixed day certo relogio, a certain clock relogio certo, a clock that keeps good time NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 49 pobre homem, poor man! homem probre, a man who is poor bom anno, a prosperous year anno bom, New Year santa casa, a hospital casa santa, a sacred house nosso padre, our priest padre nosso, the Lord's prayer simples homem, a mere man homem simples, a plain man grande homem, an eminent homem grande, a large man man a. In the cases cited the expressions are readily trans- latable, but in many instances the distinctions do not admit of such brief definitions. In the following cases the English translation given is inadequate and explana- tions are required that cannot be given briefly: altos ceos and ceos altos, high heavens; santos padres and padres santos, holy fathers; primeira causa and causa primeira, first cause; longos dias and dias longos, long days. 52. In certain cases inversions are not allowed. In the following instances, for example, the words must be in the order given as if they were compounds : Deus padre, God the father; estrella fixa, a fixed star; mao direita, the right hand; deputado federal, federal deputy {congressman) ; Illustrissimo Senhor, Most illustrious Mr. codigo civil, the civil code. 53. The words pouco, little, and muito, many, much, when used as adjectives usually precede their nouns: poucas cousas, a few things; ha poucos dias, a few days ago; muito barulho, much noise. 50 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 54. The adjectives hungry, thirsty, sleepy, and cold, are expressed by the use of estar com and the nouns meaning hunger, etc.: estou com fome, sede, somno, frio, / am hungry, thirsty, sleepy, cold. 55. V. NUMERALS (See Exercise XIV, page 134) THE CARDINALS 1 urn, /. uma 2 dois, /. duas 3 tres 4 quatro 5 cinco 6 seis 7 sete 8 oito 9 nove 10 dez 11 onze 12 doze 13 treze 14 quatorze 15 quinze 16 dezeseis 17 dezesete 18 dezoito 19 dezenove 20 vinte 21 vinte e um (or uma) 22 vinte e dois (or duas) 30 trinta 40 quarenta 50 cicoenta 60 sessenta 70 setenta 80 oitenta 90 noventa 100 cem 101 cento e um (or uma) 102 cento e dois (or duas) 200 duzentos, /. -as 300 trezentos, /. -as 400 quatrocentos, /. -as 500 quinhentos, /. -as 600 seiscentos, /. -as 700 setecentos, /. -as 800 oitocentos, /. -as 900 novecentos, /. -as 1000 mil 1 1001 mil e um (or uma) 2000 dois (or duas) mil 1,000,000 um milhao 1 The word conto which formerly meant a million in counting is only used with reis: um conto de reis, a thousand milreis. ORDINALS 51 56. The cardinal numbers have the same form for both genders except in the cases of um, uma, one; dois, duas, two, and those ending in centos or centas. 57. The cardinal numbers are often used in place of the ordinals, especially to denote the days of the month except primeiro, the first, as: hoje e sete, to- day is the seventh; pagina vinte, page twenty; seculo dezoito for decimo oitavo seculo, the eighteenth century. 58. Except when used in place of the ordinals the cardinals always precede the noun: ha vinte dias, twenty days ago. THE ORDINALS 59. The ordinal numbers are variously derived: 1. By the use of the suffix eiro : primeiro, first, terceiro, third. 2. From the Latin forms: segundo, second, sexto, sixth. 3. By the use of the suffix esimo: 1 vigesimo, twentieth; centesimo, hundredth. a. The ordinals have gender and number like other adjectives. b. The ordinals are used either as nouns or as adjec- tives: um sexto, a sixth, or uma sexta parte, a sixth part. Um segundo, however, is not used for a half, nor um terceiro, for a third, when fractions are meant. (See " Fractions," § 61.) 1 The s in simo from vigesimo onward is pronounced like s, not like z. 52 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 1 primeiro, first 16 decimo sexto 2 segundo, second 17 decimo setimo 3 terceiro, third, etc. 18 decimo oitavo 4 quarto 19 decimo nono 5 quinto 20 vigesimo 6 sexto 21 vigesimo primeiro 7 septimo or setimo 22 vigesimo segundo 8 oitavo 30 trigesimo 9 nono 40 quadragesimo 10 decimo 50 quinquagesimo 1 1 undecimo (decimo primeiro) 60 sexagesimo 12 duodecimo (decimo segundo) 70 septuagesimo 13 decimo terceiro 80 octogesimo 14 decimo quarto 90 nonagesimo 15 decimo quinto 100 centesimo 60. Inflection. — Of the cardinals um, dois, and multiples of cento (duzentos, /. duzentas) are treated as adjectives. The ordinals are all treated as adjectives, except as indicated at § 596. 61. THE FRACTIONS metade : metade do dinheiro, half of the money meio or meia: meia hora, half an hour ^ terco or terca : uma terca parte § dois tercos or duas tercas partes \ um quarto or uma quarta parte | tres quartos I um quinto I um sexto FRACTIONS 53 \ um setimo £ um oitavo £ um nono tV um decimo a. In the reading of fractions above tenths the suffix avo (derived from the term oitavo) is used to express the divisor. tt um onze avo or a undecima parte i 9 r nove onze avos tV um doze avo ^u um vinte avo ii treze vinte avos f£ quarenta e um cincoenta e quatro avos T & double dobro, duplo, 54 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR triple, triplice, triplicado, triplo, tres dobrado, tres dobro, triple quadruplo, quadruple decuplo, tenfold centuplo, a hundred fold uma duzia, a dozen vintena, a score centenares, hundreds milhares, thousands multiplo, many times 63. NUMERAL SUBSTANTIVES Cento, a hundred, mil, a thousand, milheiro, thousand, the fractions and the proportional numbers are treated as substantives. 64. IDIOMS The following are illustrations of idioms in common use in connection with the numerals. Que horas sao, what time is it? Sao tres e um quarto, it is quarter past three. E uma hora, it is one o'clock. Faltam vinte para tres (colloq.), it lacks twenty minutes of three. A quantos estamos hoje do mez? what day of the month is it? IDIOMS 55 Hoje e dia quinze or hoje e quinze, this is the fifteenth. Quantas leguas sao d'aqui a cidade? how many leagues is it from here to the city? Sao duas, it is two. Que idade tern o senhor? how old are you? (literally, what age has the gentleman?) Tenho vinte e tantos annos, I am twenty odd years old. Oito dias, a week (literally, eight days). Quinze dias, a fortnight (literally, fifteen days). Ha vinte annos, twenty years ago, also these twenty years. Ha cousa de vinte annos, some (about) twenty years ago. Ha duas horas, two hours ago, and these two hours. D'aqui a quinze dias, a fortnight hence. The days of the week are numbered from Monday to Friday as follows : Domingo Sunday Segunda-feira Monday Terca-feira Tuesday Quarta-feira Wednesday Quinta-feira Thursday Sexta-feira Friday Sabbado Saturday 56 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR VI. PRONOUNS PERSONALS (See Exercise XV, page 135) 65. There are the usual three personal pronouns, but in Portuguese the third person is generally used in place of the second in direct address, with the exceptions noted below. Strictly speaking there is no declension in Portuguese; the personal pro- nouns, however, retain, in all persons, so many traces of their Latin declensions that they have the appearance of being declined, and are so given by some grammarians. The objective forms vary ac- cording as they are used with or without prepositions. 1st per Subject Forms Objective Forms WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS feu I me mim or me, me l^nos we nos migo nos, nozco us (tu (vos thou you, ye te vos ti or te, tigo vos, vosco thee ye elle, ella he, she, it o, a, 10,1a, 1 elle, ella him, her, lhe it 3d per. -\ elles, ellas they os, as, los, elles, ellas them las, 1 lhes ^reflexive) se si or se,sigo them- selves 1 These are from the Latin pronoun illo and are not to be con- fused with the definite article which has the same forms. There is a tendency to avoid the use of o, so that one often hears such expres- PRONOUNS 57 a. Lhe, lhes, to him, to her, to it, to them are always indirect or dative forms. b. O, a, lo, la, os, as, los, and las are always direct objective or accusative forms. c. Those used with prepositions admit of any preposi- tion, except that when the preposition is com, with, the forms migo, tigo, nosco, vosco, and sigo only are used, as commigo, with me, comtigo, with thee, etc. d. Elle, ella, etc., with the preposition de, of, are contracted to delle, della, etc. ; with em, in, they are con- tracted to nelle, nella, etc. 66. Use of the Third Person. — In address, the third person is commonly used except to close friends, relatives, children, and domestics when tu may be employed. Persons may be addressed, according to circumstances, as Vossa Excellencia, Your Excel- lency, Vossa Senhoria, Your lordship, Vossa merce, Your mercy, your grace, Voce, a common abbreviation of Vossa merce, but one to be used only in cases of extreme familiarity, or as Senhor, Mr., and Senhora, madam, or Mrs. a. Until one becomes familiar with the use of these terms the safest rule is to use Senhor and Senhora. b. In writing, these words are abbreviated as indicated at § 147. c. Ordinarily eu, /, is not used as in English, but is sometimes placed before or even after the verb for the sions as va chamar elle instead of va chama-lo ; or visitar-lhe instead of visita-lo. A Brazilian scholar observes: "assim o pobre o vai perdendo terrene" 58 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR sake of emphasis or clearness. The same is true of tu, thou, elle, he, ella, she, nos, we. Para ti sonhava eu sonhos de gloria, for thee I dreamed dreams of glory. d. Vos, you, is only used in very formal discourses, and as a vocative in prayers, etc. It is not used collo- quially as in English. (See § 66.) Tu, thou, is also used as a vocative. Reflexive Personal Pronouns 67. Reflexive. — The reflexive forms of the per- sonal pronouns are: me, a mim me, to me te, a ti thee, to thee se, a si himself, to himself nos, a nos us, to us vos, a vos you, to you se, a si themselves, to themselves Direct object Indirect object si, se Third Person Singular and Plural se himself, herself, itself, them- selves, to himself, herself, itself, or themselves comsigo with himself, herself, itself, themselves 68. Duplication. — Duplication is common in classic Portuguese. By its use attention is redirected to an idea. Que me importa a mim a gloria? In what does glory concern mef or what is glory to me? Aconteceu-me a mim, it happened to me. PRONOUNS 59 Such expressions do not admit of literal trans- lations into English. 69. Syntax of the Personal Pronouns. 1 — The per- sonal pronouns are used both as direct and indirect objects: Direct: elle me reprehendeu, he reprehended me. Indirect: elle me deu o livro, he gave me the book. 70. The same thing occurs with the other pro- nouns, except that in the third person the indirect object is expressed by lhe, while the direct is o, a, os, and as. Direct: reprehendeu-o, he reprehended him. Indirect: deu-lhe o livro, he gave him (or her) the book. 71. The direct object is used after transitive verbs, the indirect after intransitives : vi-o, / saw him, obedeci-lhe, / obeyed him (or her). 72. The pronouns me, te, se, lhe, nos, vos, and o are called proclitic, mesoclitic, or enclitic according 1 Some grammarians make a sort of bugbear of the position of the pronouns. This is due in part, at least, to the somewhat different usages in Portugal and Brazil. In Portugal, for example, they would say: espero que me faca o favor, / hope you can do me the favor, and nao se lembrou do recado, he did not remember the mes- sag n ; while in Brazil they might use these identical expressions or they might say espero que faca me o favor and nao lembrou-se do recado. However, aside from the simple rules here given, the position of the pronoun is a matter of phonetics rather than of rules of grammar. 60 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR as they precede, are inserted within, or follow the verb. a. They precede the verb (are proclitic) : 1. In negative sentences: nao me fale; nao o creio. 2. In phrases depending upon que, o qual, quern, cujo : quern o chamou ; a mulher que se ama. 3. In certain popular expressions: Deus me livre ; o diabo te leve. 4. When used with the conjunctions que, porque, and pois que, the rule has many exceptions. b. They are inserted in the verb between the stem and termination (are mesoclitic) in the future indicative and conditional: dir-lhe-ei, / will tell him, instead of direi-lhe; dir-se-ia, instead of diria-se, it would be said. c. They always follow the verb (are enclitic) at the beginning of a phrase: resta-me agradecer-lhe ; diga-me; faca-me o favor. d. In the mescoclitics and enclitics the pronoun is separated from the verb by a hyphen or hyphens. e. The enclitics do not affect the position of the ac- cents of the verbs. 73. When two pronouns come before a verb, the subject precedes: mandou que tu lhe entregasse o livro, he directed that you should give him the book. 74. Se and si refer to the subject: Pedro falou de si, Pedro spoke of himself. Voce quer tudo para si, you want everything for yourself. Leve a espingarda comsigo, take the gun with you. (For the use of the reflexive pronoun with verbs see § 126.) PRONOUNS 61 75. Comparison. — After terms of comparison the nominative pronoun is used: mais serio que eu, more serious than I. POSSESSIVES (See Exercise XVI, page 136) 76. The possessive pronouns are inflected like adjectives and agree in gender and number with the object possessed. They all take a in the feminine and s in the plural. Possessive Pronouns Sing ular Plural ASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH meu minha meus minhas my, mine teu tua teus tuas thy, thine This, her, hers seu sua seus suas < its, their (^theirs nosso nossa nossos nossas our, ours vosso vossa vossos vossas your, yours 77. Inasmuch as the third person is used in direct address, seu, sua, seus, and suas are generally used in place of vosso, etc., for your and yours: a casa e sua, the house is yours. 78. Possession is also expressed by the use of a preposition as a casa e d'elle, the house is his; a casa e d'elle s, the house is theirs. 79. The place of the possessive is before the noun as in English: meu cavallo, my horse. 62 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 80. In certain cases the possessive placed after the noun is equivalent to the personal pronoun with de: noticias tuas (de ti), news of (about) you. Im- portant distinctions of this kind are illustrated by the example: saudades tuas means saudades for you, while tuas saudades means the saudades you have for some one else. 81. Possessives are not used with parts of the body as in English: cortou-me o braco, he cut my arm, is used instead of cortou meu braco. In some cases the possessives are omitted as in English, as: venho de casa is used instead of venho de minha casa, I come from home; vou para casa, J am going home. 82. At the same time the bold use of the possessive is occasionally emphatic: estou na minha casa, / am in my own house; deixa-me com a minha dor, leave me with my grief. 83. The possessive seu, sua, seus, suas, his, her or your, is used also idiomatically and colloquially to express uncertain value or quantity: tern seus vinte annos, he (or she) is about twenty years old. The possessives may be replaced by various forms of the personal pronouns, and sometimes such ex- pressions are considered more elegant. (For the use of the article before possessives see §16.) DEMONSTRATIVES 63 DEMONSTRATIVES (See Exercise XVII, page 137) 84. The demonstrative pronouns may be used either with or without their nouns. When used with them they precede the nouns, agreeing with them in gender and number. Singular Plural MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH este esta estes estas ) f this esse essa esses essas ) ^ these aquelle aquella aquelles aquellas that, those 85. Isso, isto, and aquillo are neutral forms of the demonstratives used to refer to a preceding idea, expression, or subject, and may be regarded as equivalents of essa cousa or essas cousas, esta cousa, aquella cousa. They have neither feminine nor plural forms, nor are they used to refer to persons or animals. 86. The difference between este and esse in their various forms is that the first is used to refer to that which is near the speaker, while the second refers to that which is near the person addressed. 87. The forms o, a, os, as, are identical with the definite articles in forms, sounds, and origins. They are used as the equivalents of aquelle, aquella, aquelles, aquellas when followed by a determining expression: a provincia de Minho e a que tern mais vegetacao entre as de Portugal. Literally, the pro- 64 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR vince of Minho is that which has most vegetation among those of Portugal. 88. When these forms are preceded by the prepo- sition a they combine with it forming ao, aos, a, and as as do the definite articles. Preceded by em they similarly form no, na, nos, nas, and preceded by per they form pelo, pela, pelos, and pelas. DETERMINATIVES 89. The determinatives have gender and number except tal which has no gender distinction: Singular Plural MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH outro outra outros outras other mesmo mesma mesmos mesmas same, self tanto tanta tantos tantas so many, as many tal tal taes taes such Outrem l is an invariable form meaning outi pessoa or outras pessoas. 90. The demonstrative pronouns este, esse, aquelle, etc., with outro form est'outro, ess'outro, aquell' outro with the corresponding feminine and plural forms. 91. Um e outro (literally one and other), means both. 92. Mesmo means same and self as here illus- trated: a mesma cousa, the same thing; o mesmo homem, the same man. It is used in connection with the personal pronouns to mean self: eu mesmo, / my- INTERROGATIVES 65 self, ella mesma, she herself; elles mesmos, they themselves, etc. It is also used in such expressions as e mesmo, that is true, it is just so. 93. Mesmissimo is an augmentative form of mesmo meaning precisely or exactly the same; e a mesmissima cousa, it is precisely the same thing. Um tal means such a one. Que tal? how is this? what do you think of this? Tal qual means just so. E tal qual, it is just so, it is just as you say; nao ha tal, it is not true, it is no such thing; nao ha tal lugar, there is no such place. 94. Fulano de tal is a name used for any fictitious person; it is often equivalent to the English John Doe or to Mr. What' 's-his-name. Fuao, Beltrano, and Sicrano are similarly used. INTERROGATIVES (See Exercise XVIII, page 138) 95. The interrogatives are : que? o que? what? que homens? what men? quern? who? quern e? who is it? qual? which? qual d' elles? which of them? It is not considered elegant nowadays to begin an interrogation with o que. Que tern? what have you? (Not o que tern?) 66 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR RELATIVES (See Exercise XIX, page 139) 96. Of the relative pronouns quern refers to per- sons only; the other forms refer to either persons or things. They are que, who, what, that (no gender) quern, who, whom qual, pi. quaes, which cujo, /. cuja, pi. cujos, cujas, whose 97. O que, o qual, a qual, os quaes, and as quaes, literally, the which, mean what or that. These latter forms are used when the antecedent needs to be made clear or prominent. A gloria de Deus a qual nao se pode escurecer, the glory of God which cannot, etc. O livro que esta lendo, the book you are reading; but o livro da bibliotheca o qual esta lendo, the book of the library (the) which you are reading. 98. Where quern would follow sem, o qual is used instead for the sake of euphony: sem o qual nao deve, without which you should not. 99. Cujo is equivalent to do qual, and is followed immediately by the object possessed: O soldado cujo cavallo foi morto, the soldier whose horse was killed. a. Cujo without antecedent and the object possessed is a classic but archaic form of expression: cujo e esta casa? whose house is this? Instead one would now say: de quem e esta casa? Literally, of whom is this house? INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 67 INDEFINITE (See Exercise XX, page 140) 100. The indefinite pronouns may be classified as nouns or adjectives. a. The nouns are: al {invariable), something else, the rest. {But little used.) alguem {invariable), some one algo, something, anything nada {invariable), nothing nenhum (/. nenhuma, pi. nenhuns), neither ninguem {invariable), no one qualquer, pi. quaes-quer, either, whichever quemquer, anybody tudo {invariable), all uns, /. umas, some b. Algo when used as a pronoun refers to things and means alguma cousa. It is sometimes used as an adverb meaning algum tanto: elle esta algo doente, he is some- what ill. c. Tudo is a neutral form of todo. When followed by que it requires the definite article: tudo o que elle disse. d. Nenhum may be used with an affirmative sense, and is equivalent to qualquer in the expression mais que nenhum, more than any one. e. A negative is strengthened by doubling the nega- tion : nao sei nada, / know nothing; nao diz nada, he says nothing. f. The adjectives are: algum (/. alguma, pi. alguns, algumas), some, no cada (um, uma) ; cada qual {sing, only), each, every 68 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR certo (/. certa, pi. certos, -as), certain muito (/. -a, pi. muitos, -as), many outro (/. outra, pi. outros, -as), other pouco (/. -a, pi. poucos, -as), few, little *quanto (/. -a, pi. quantos, -as), how much, how many, as much as *tanto (/. -a, pi. tantos, -as), so much todo (/. -a, pi. todos, -as), all, every g. *Quanto is used in correlation with tanto to mean as much as. Faco tanto quanto qualquer outro, / do as much as any one else. Quanto pagou? how much did you pay? Quantas vezes foi la? how often did you go there? Quanto antes, as soon as possible. h. Todo with the article means the whole; without the article it means every; toda cidade, every city; toda a cidade, all of the city. It is sometimes used as an adverb but retains its gender for the sake of euphony: ella esta toda molhada. i. Em quanto means while. Espera em quanto eu tiro uma vista, wait while I take a view. j. Cad.a qual and cada um have approximately the same meaning. Cada qual stands next to the verb, how- ever, cada um does not: cada um dos soldados andava or cada qual andava, each (of the soldiers) walked. 101. When a proposition has a negative sense either algum may be placed after, or nenhum before the noun: ( homem algum podera saber ) , „ , or 1 , , ■, * t_ i no nian shall know ( nenhum homem podera saber ) The first sentence is more emphatic than the second. VERBS 69 102. Certain idiomatic expressions have meanings analogous to those of the indefinite pronouns: seja quern f or ) , u ., . n , , } be who it may seja qual for J fosse quern fosse ) , . , , , ^ > whoever it might be quern quer que fosse J quem quer que seja ) , , - r whoever it may be o que quer que e ) a. De and de que are often used in the sense of some- thing; tenho de que comer e de beber, / have something to eat and to drink. b. The expression nao ha de que used in reply to obrigado, muito obrigado, etc., is equivalent to the Eng- lish not at all or the French pas de quoi. VII. VERBS 103. The Portuguese verbs are either transitive or intransitive, reflexive, or impersonal. They have voice, mood, tense, number, and person. CONJUGATIONS 104. The verbs have three conjugations which are distinguished by the endings of the infinitives. Example ENDING INFINITIVE MEANING First conjugation: -ar andar to walk Second conjugation: -er receber to receive Third conjugation: -ir punir to punish 70 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 105. Regular and Irregular Verbs. — Those verbs which are conjugated like one of the three types are called regular; those which are not so conjugated, or lack some of the parts, are called irregular verbs. GENERAL TERMINATIONS OF THE REGULAR VERBS (See Exercise XXI, page 141) 106. The following are the terminations of all the forms of the regular verbs. These are to be added to the roots of the verbs, except in the cases of the future and conditional of the indicative where the infinitive is used as the root. Indicative Mood Present Imperfect Preterit 1st conjug. a amos aes ^am 1 ava avas ava avamos aveis ^avam 1 ei aste ou amos astes ^aram 1 2d conjug. o emos eis em ia ias ia iamos ieis iam i este eu emos estes eram 3d conjug. O es e imos is em ia ias ia iamos ieis iam i iste iu imos istes iram 1 On the ending am and ao see § 96 foot-note and § 108. REGULAR VERBS 71 TENSES 1st con jug. 2d conjug. 3d conjug. r ei ei ei as as as Future < a emos a emos a emos eis eis eis Lao 1 ao ao The future endings are added to the infinitive. m ia ia ias ias ias Conditional < ia iamos ia iamos ia iamos ieis ieis ieis dam iam iam The conditional endings are added to the infinitive 'ara era ira aras eras iras Pluperfect < ara aramos era eramos ira iramos areis ereis iraes .aram 1 eram iram Subjunctive Mood Present Imperfect e a a es as as e a a emos amos amos eis aes aes ,em am am 'asse esse isse asses esses isses asse esse isse assemos essemos issemos asseis esseis isseis .assem essem issem 1 On the ending am and ao see § 96 foot-note and § 108. 72 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR TENSES 1ST CONJUG. 2d CONJX7G. 3d CONJUG ar er ir ares eres ires Future " ar armos er ermos ir irmos ardes erdes irdes ^arem erem irem Imperative Mood Present ] ( ae e ei e i Infinitive Impersonal ar er ir 'ar er ir ares eres ires Personal 4 ar armos er ermos ir irmos ardes erdes irdes Larem erem Participles irem Pus. Part. ando endo indo Past Part. ado ido ido MODEL VERBS 107. The tone vowels in this table are indicated italics Indicative 'falo (I speak) devo (I owe) parto (I depart) falas deves partes fola dtve parte ent falamos dewmos partimos falaes devris part/s Lfalam devem partem MODEL VERBS 73 Imperfect 1 'falava (I spoke devia (I owed falavas or was dev?as or was falava speaking) devz'a owing) falavamos deviamos falaveis dev?eis ^falavam deviam partia (I departed part?as or was partia depart- parti'amos ing) partieis parti'am Preterit 1 falei (I spoke falaste or have iaXou faldmos falastes falaram spoken) devi (I owed) devcste devew devemos devestes deveram parti (I de- partiste parted) parti?* partimos partistes parti'ram Future falarei (I shall falards speak) falard falaremos falarcis .f alamo deverd (I shall deverds owe) deverd deveremos deverds deverdo partirei (I shall partirds depart) partird partircmos partirds partirdo Condi- tional r falana (I should deveria (I should partiri'a (I should falari'as or would deverias or partiri'as or falaria speak) deveria would partiria would falariamos deveriamos owe) partiri'amos de- falarieis deveri'eis partirieis part) ^.falariam deveriam partiriam "faldra (I had devera (I had partira (I had faldras spoken) deveras owed) part?'ras departed) °luper- faldra devera part?'ra fect faldramos deveramos partiramos faldreis devereis partfreis ^.faldram deveram partfram 1 The English perfect tense is represented by the imperfect and preterit of the Portuguese, and the discriminate use of these tenses in the Portuguese is one of the greatest difficulties for English speak- ing persons. 74 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Subjunctive The subjunctive is to be translated into English according to the context, by may, can, must, might, could, would, and should. When it is used in place of the imperative it is translated as a command or request. Present ■< fale (I may fales speak) fale falemos faleis ^falem deva (I may parta (I may devas owe) deva devdmos devaes devam partas depart) porta partamos partaes partam Imperfect Future falasse (I should devesse (I should partisse (I should falasses speak) falasse falassemos falasseis falassem devesses devesse devessemos devesseis devessem owe) partisses depart) partisse partissemos parttsseis partissem 'falar (I should dever (I should partir (I should falares speak) falar falarmos falardes ^falarem deveres owe) dever devermos deverdes deverem partires depart) partir partirmos partirdes partirem Present f fala (speak) 1 falae (pi.) Imperative deve (owe) devei parte (depart) parti Imper- sonal Infinitive falar (to speak) dever (to owe) partir (to depart) REGULAR VERBS 75 r falar devcr partir falares deveres partires falar dever partir falarmos devermos partirmos falardes deverdes partirdes ^falarem deverem Participles partirem Personal •< Pres. Part. 1 falando (speaking) devcndo (owing) partindo (depart- ing) Past Part, falado (spoken) devido (owed) partido (departed) OBSERVATIONS ON THE REGULAR VERBS (See Exercise XXII, page 142) 108. Formerly the third person plural of the in- dicative present of the first conjugation ended in ao; now it is written am; only the future indicative retains the ao ending except in short words where the ao is the predominant sound as sao, dao, hao. The following changes (a. to g.) are required by the necessity of preserving the hard or soft sounds. Verbs ending in a. car change the c to qu before e: arrancar, pret. arranquei, pres. sub. arranque; ficar, pret. fiquei. b. gar change the g to gu before e: apagar, apague; jogar, jogue; cegar, pret. ceguei; julgar, pret. julguei. c. ger and gir change the g to j before o and a : abran- ger, abranjo; fugir, fujo, fuja. d. guer and guir drop the u before a and o: erguer, ergo; distinguir, distingo (except arguir) % . e. car drop the cedilla before e: alcancar, alcance. 1 Some grammarians call this the gerund, 76 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR /. cer change c to c before a and o: adoecer, adoeco, adoeca. g. In the third conjugation verbs that have u in the final syllables change it to o in the present: consumo, 3d per. consome destruo, ' i a destroe acudo, ' t u acode fujo, l u foge cuspo, ' I (1 cospe engulo, ' I u engole tusso, ' ( It tosse bulo, ' t a bole cubro, ' i a cobre subo, ' i a sobe sumo, ' i it some Analogous changes are made in the first person of the present indicative of the following: domir be- comes durmo; servir, sirvo; seguir, sigo; impedir (formerly impido, now) impeco. AUXILIARY VERBS (See Exercise XXIII, page 143) 109. The principal auxiliary verbs are ter, to have, and haver, ser, and estar, to be. These verbs, however, are not used exclusively as auxiliaries, while other verbs are often used as such, especially andar and ir, to go, and vir, to come. Ando procurando uma casa, I am looking for a house. a. Ter and haver when used with an infinitive require the preposition de: tenho de escrever, or hei de escrever, AUXILIARY VERBS 77 I have to write. In such uses of these verbs, ter shows that the thing is done by necessity, as temos de morrer, we must die; while haver is used to indicate that it will be done with certainty, or the resolution to do it. Ter sometimes means to have in the sense of possession, as tenho um cavallo, / have a horse; teve razao, he had reason or he was right, but it is also used as an auxiliary verb just as it is in English. b. These particular auxiliaries are often used in place of the regular future forms of the verbs: hei-de ir for irei, ha-de ir for ira, etc. The hyphen is not always used before the de ; it may be written ha de ir. c. In the use of haver with the preposition de the latter is joined to the verb form: hei-de escrever; hao-de dizer. d. In general ter is used more than haver. e. When andar is used as an auxiliary it is either followed by the present participle of another verb or by a and the infinitive, and conveys the idea that the subject of the first verb constantly practises the action implied by the second : Jose anda vadeando or Jose anda a vadear means that Jose is idling constantly. f. The verbs ir and vir followed by the present parti- ciple of another verb expresses the gradual realization of the action of the second verb: vou acabando, / am gradu- ally finishing, I am nearing the end. g. The verb ir followed by the infinitive expresses immediate future action : vou passear, / am going to take a walk. h. Haver is generally defined as meaning to have, but in the third person it is more nearly equivalent to the verb to be. For example: nao ha agua, there is no water; 78 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR houve um temporal, there was a storm; si houvesse tempo, if there were time. i. Ser means to be in a permanent sense: sou Ameri- cano, I am an American. It is used as an auxiliary, but only in the passive voice: a terra e cultivada, the land is cultivated. 1 j. Estar means to be, in a transitory or temporary sense: estou aqui, / am here; estou com fome, / am hungry; estou doente, I am ill; but sou doente means / am ill beyond recovery, that is, I am an invalid. Estou cego, / am blind (temporarily); sou cego, I am blind (per- manently) . k. Estar is sometimes used to indicate nearness in point of time where ser indicates remoteness, as elle esta morto means he has just died, whereas elle e morto implies that he died long ago. Sometimes either ser or estar can be used with equal propriety as: e claro que or esta claro que, it is evident that . . . I. The verb estar followed by the preposition a or para and an infinitive means that the action of the second verb is to take place shortly: Carlos esta para casar, Charles is on the point of marrying; o vapor esta a partir, the steamer is about to start. m. Estar a indicates an act in process at the time of the remark : ha mais de meia hora esta aquelle menino a chorar, for more than half an hour that boy has been crying. n. Vir followed by the preposition a and an infinitive expresses the same idea as would be expressed by the second verb and por fim : estas palavras veem a significar or estas palavras por fim significam, in the end these words mean, or these words amount to, 1 For its use in expressing the time of day see § 64. AUXILIARY VERBS 79 o. The English auxiliary do has no equivalent in Portuguese. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs Ter 1 Haver 1 Ser 2 Estar 1 to have to be to have to be to be Indicative ^tenho (I have) hei sou (I am) estou (I am) tens has es estas Present "> tern ha e 4 esta temos havemos 3 somos estamos tendes haveis sois estaes -tern hao sao 5 estao ^tinha (I had) ha via era (I was) estava (I was) tinhas havias eras estavas Imper- , tinha havia era estava feet tinhamos haviamos eramos estavamos tinheis havieis ereis estaveis ^tinham haviam eram estavam 'tive (I had) houve fui (I was) estive (I was) tiveste houveste foste estiveste teve houve foi esteve rvetevit ■* tivemos houvemos fomos estivemos tivestes houvestes fostes estivestes ^tiveram houveram foram estiveram 1 For meanings see § 109. 2 Ser is an auxiliary only in the passive voice. It is called a mixed verb on account of its being made up of different verbs: sou, somos (Lat. sum, etc.); era, eramos (Lat. eram)', fui, fomos (Lat. fui); serei, seria, seja (Lat. sedere). 3 Contracted to hemos, heis. 4 This was formerly written he. 6 Formerly written sam. 80 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Future < fterei teras tera teremos tereis terao haverei haveras havera haveremos havereis haverao serei estarei seras estaras sera estara seremos estaremos sereis estareis serao estarao Condi- tional 1 teria terias teria teriamos terieis vteriam haveria 2 haverias haveria haveriamos haverieis haveriam sena serias seria seriamos serieis seriam estaria estarias estaria estariamos estarieis estariam Pluper- feet 1 r tivera houvera fora estivera tiveras houveras foras estiveras tivera houvera fora estivera tiveramos houveramos foramos estiveramos tivereis houvereis foreis estivereis ^.tiveram houveram foram estiveram Present ■< tenha tenhas tenha tenhamos tenhaes Ltenham Subjunctive haja hajas haja hajamos hajaes hajam seja esteja sejas estejas seja esteja sejamos estejamos sejaes estejaes sejam estejam Imper- fect tivesse tivesses tivesse tivessemos tivesseis vtivessem houvesse fosse estivesse houvesses fosses estivesses houvesse fosse estivesse houvessemos fossemos estivessemos houvesseis fosseis estivesseis houvessem fossem estivessem 1 See note on page 71 on the conditional and pluperfect. 2 Contracted to hia, etc. AUXILIARY VERBS 81 "tiver houver f6r estiver tiveres houveres fores estiveres Future < tiver houver for estiver tivermos houvermos formos estivermos tiverdes houverdes fordes estiverdes stiver em houverem Imperative forem estiverem Present ■ (sing.) tern ha se esta ; (pi.) tende havei sede estae Infinitive Imper- sonal ter haver ser estar r ter haver ser estar teres haveres seres estares Per- ter haver ser estar sonal termos havermos sermos estarmos terdes haverdes serdes estardes ^terem haverem Participles serem estarem Pres. Part tendo havendo sendo estando Past Part. tido havido sido estado IRREGULAR VERBS (See Exercise XXIV, page 144) 110. Some of the irregular verbs are so nearly- regular that they are omitted from the following reference list of the verbs most commonly regarded as irregular. Such are verbs ending in ahir and air. These follow the succeeding models in the Present Indicative and Subjunctive but are otherwise regular. 82 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Sahir, to go out Esvair, to disperse Indicative Present Indicative Present saio esvaio saes esvais sae esvae sahimos esvaimos sahis esvais saem esvaem Subjunctive Present Subjunctive Present saia esvaia saias esvais saia esvaia saiamos esvaiamos saiaes esvaiaes saiam esvaiam a. Note. — The verbs sahir, cahir, and their com- pounds are generally written with h in those forms in which the sa and ca are followed by accented i or ir, in which cases the h is used to indicate that the a and i do not form diphthongs. b. Verbs ending in uzir take uz instead of use in the third person of the present indicative: produzir, to pro- duce, produz; reluzir, to shine, reluz. Reference List of the Irregular Parts of Irregular Verbs 111. FIRST CONJUGATION Dar, to give. Indie. Pres. dou, das, da, damos, daes, dao. Pret. dei, deste, deu, demos, destes, deram. Plup. dera, deras, etc. IRREGULAR VERBS 83 Subj. Pres. de, des, de, demos, deis, deem. Imp. desse, desses, etc. Fut. der, deres, der, dermos, derdes, derem. 112. SECOND CONJUGATION Caber, to hold, contain. Indie. Pres. caibo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, etc. Pret. coube, coubeste, coube, coubemos, etc. Plwp. coubera, couberas, etc. Subj. Pres. caiba, caibas, caibamos, etc. Imp. coubesse, coubesses, etc. Fut. couber, couberes, etc. Crer, to believe. Indie. Pres. creio, cres, ere, cremos, credes, creem. Subj. Pres. creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiaes, creiem. Imperative. ere, crede. Dizer, to say. Indie. Pres. Pret. Subj. Pres. digo, dizes, diz, dizemos, etc. disse, disseste, dissemos, etc. direi, diras, dira, etc. Condit. diria, dirias, etc. Plup. dissera, disseras, disseramos, etc. diga, digas, digamos, etc. dissesse, dissesses, dissessemos, etc. disser, disseres, etc. dito. Fut. Pres Imp. Fut. Part, Note. — The following compounds of dizer are conjugated in the same way: bemdizer, condizer, contradizer, maldizer and predizer. Estar, to be, see page 79. Fazer, to do, to make (Lat. facere). Indie. Pres. faco, fazes, faz, fazemos, etc. Pret. fiz, fizeste, fez, fizemos, etc. Fut. farei, faras, fara, etc. Condit. faria, farias, faria, fariamos, etc. Plup. fizera, fizeras, fizeramos, etc. 84 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Subj. Pres. faca, facas, faca, f alamos, etc. Imp. fizesse, fizesses, fizesse, fizessemos, etc. Fut. fizer, fizeres, etc. Past Part, feito. Note. — The following compounds of fazer are similarly con- jugated: afazer, contrafazer, desfazer, perfazer, refazer, and satisfazer. Haver, see page 79. Jazer, to lie, to repose. Indie. Pres. jazo, jazes, jaz, jazemos, jazeis, jazem. Pret. jouve {antiquated). Ler, to read. Indie. Pres. leio, les, le, lemos, ledes, leem. Subj. Pres. leia, leias, leia, leiamos, leiais, leiam. Perder, to lose. Indie. Pres. perco, perdes, perde, perdemos, etc. Subj. Pres. perca, percas, perca, percamos, etc. Poder, to be able. Indie. Pres. posso, podes, pode, podemos, etc. Pret. pude, podeste, pode or poude, podemos, etc. Subj. Pres. possa, possas, possa, possamos, etc. Imp. podesse, podesses, podesse, etc. Fut. poder, poderes, etc. The Imperative of this verb is wanting. Por, to put, to place. This word and its compounds have the peculiar infinitive ending or; 1 it is, however, only a modification of its ancient form poer. Indie. Pres. ponho, poes, poe, pomos, pondes, poem. Pret. pus, poseste, pos, posemos, posesetes, poseram. 2 Fut. porei, poras, pora, poremos, poreis, porao. 1 Some grammarians regard por and its compounds as a fourth conjugation. 2 In these forms Bento Jose de Oliveira in his Nova Gramatica Portuguesa, ed. of 1904, uses u instead of o, os: — puseste, pusera, pusesse. IRREGULAR VERBS 85 punha, punhas, punha, punhamas, punheis, punham. poria, porias, poria, poriamos, etc. posera, poseras, etc. 1 ponha, ponhas, ponhamos, etc. possese, posesses, posessemos, etc. 1 poser, poseres, posermos, etc. pondo. posto. Similarly are conjugated the compounds antepor, oppor, compor, contrapor, dispor, impor, etc. Prazer, to please (Impersonal). Indie. Pres. praz. Imper. Condit, Plup. Subj. Pres. Imp. Fut. Pres. Part. Past Part. Pret. Plup. Subj. Imp. Fut. Querer, to wish. Indie. Pres. Pret. Subj. Plup. Pres. Imp. Fut. prouve. prouvera. prouvesse. prouvera. quero, queres, quer, queremos, etc. quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos, etc., or quiz, quizeste, quiz, quizemos, etc. quisera, quiseras, quiseramos, etc. queira, queiras, queiramos, etc. quisesse, quisesses, quisessemos, etc. quiser, quiseres, quisermos, etc. This verb has no Imperative form and the Subjunctive is used in its stead. Requerer, to request. Indie. Pres. requeiro, requeres, requer, requeremos, etc. Subj. Pres. requeiras, etc. Imperative. requere, requerei. Saber, to know. Indie. Pres. sei, sabes, sabe, sabemos, etc. Pret. soube, soubeste, soube, soubemos, etc. 1 In these forms Bento Jose de Oliveira in his Nova Gramatica Portuguesa, ed. of 1904, uses u instead of o, os: — puseste, pusera, pusesse. 86 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Subj. Pres. saiba, saibas, saibamos, saibaes, etc. Imp. soubesse, soubesses, soubessemos, etc. Fut. souber, souberes, etc. Ser, to be. See page 79. Ter, to have. See page 79. The following compounds of ter are similarly conjugated : abster, ater, conter, deter, entreter, manter, obster, reter, and suster. Trazer, to bring. Indie. Pres. trago, trazes, traz, trazemos, etc. Pret. trouxe, trouxeste, trouxemos, etc. Plup. trouxera, trouxeras, trouxeramos, etc. Fut. trarei, traras, trara, etc. Condit. traria, trarias, trariamos, etc. Subj. Pres. traga, tragas, tragamos, tragaes, etc. Imp. trouxesse, trouxesses, trouxessemos, etc. Fut. trouxer, trouxeres, etc. Valer, to be worth. Indie. Pres. valho, vales, vale, valemos, etc. Subj. Pres. valha, valhas, valhamos, valhaes, etc. Ver, to see (Lat. videre). Indie. Pres. vejo, ves, ve, vemos, vedes, veem. Pret. vi, viste, viu, vimos, vistes, viram. Plup. vira, viras, viramos, vireis, etc. Subj. Pres. veja, vejas, vejamos, vejaes, etc. Imp. visse, visses, vissemos, etc. Fut. vir, vires, virmos, etc. Past Part. visto. Similarly conjugated are the compoundes antever, entrever, prever and rever. 113. THIRD CONJUGATION Despedir, Expedir. See Pedir below. Frigir, to fry. Indie. Pres. frijo, friges, frege, frigimos, frigis, fregem. Past Part. frigido and frito. IRREGULAR VERBS 87 Ir, 1 to go. Indie. Pres. vou, vaes, vae, vamos, or imos, ides, vao. Pret. fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, fdram. Fut. irei, iras, ira, iremos, ireis, irao. Imp. ia, ias, ia, iamos, ieis, iam. Condit. iria, irias, iria, iriamos, etc. Plup. fora, fdras, fora, foramos, etc. Subj. Pres. va, vas, va, vamos, vades, vao. Imp. fosse, fosses, fosse, fossemos, etc. Fut. for, fores, for, etc. Imper. Pres. vae, ide. Pres. Part. indo. Past Part. ido. Medir, to measure. Indie. Pres. meco, medes, mede, medemos, medem. Subj. Pres. meca, mecas, meca, mecamos, etc. Ouvir, to hear.' Indie. Pres. ouco, ouves, ouve, ouvimos, ouvis, ouvem. Subj. Pres. ouca, oucas, ouca, oucamos, oucaes, oucam. Pedir, to ask. Indie. Pres. peco, pedes, pede, pedimos, etc. Subj. Pres. peca, pecas, peca, pecamos, pecaes, pecam. The compounds despedir and impedir are conjugated in the same way. Remir, 2 to redeem. Indie. Pres. redimo, redimes, redime,remimos,remis, redimem. Subj. Pres. redima, redimas, redima, redimamos, etc. Rir, to laugh. Indie. Pres. rio, ris, ri, rimos, rides, riem. Subj. Pres. ria, rias, ria, riamos, riaes, riam. 1 This is really a defective verb made up of parts of three dif- ferent verbs: ir, irmos, irdes, etc., from the Latin ire; vou, vaes vao, etc. from the Latin vadere; fui, fosse, for, etc., from fui of the verb ser. 2 Remir and redimir are forms of the same verb. 88 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR Vir, to come. Indie. Pres. venho, vens, vem, vimos, vindes, vem. Pret. vim, vieste, veio, viemos, viestes, vieram. Imp. vinha, vinhas, vinha, vinhamos, vinheis, etc. Plwp. viera, vieras, vieramos, viereis, etc. Subj. Pres. venha, venhas, venhamos, etc. Imp. viesse, viesses, viessemos, etc. Fut. vier, vieras, viermos, etc. Past Part, vindo. In the same way are conjugated the compounds: advir, avir-se, contravir, convir, desavir, intervir, sobrevir. VARIABLE PARTICIPLES OF REGULAR VERBS (See Exercise XXV, page 145) 114. Many verbs that are otherwise regular have two forms of the past participle. These participles are not always interchangeable, however, as will be seen from the following examples: Naquelle tempo ja meu irmao era morto, at that time my brother was already dead. Naquelle tempo ja meu irmao tinha morrido, at that time my brother had already died. Muitos povos eram sujeitos a Roma, many people were subject to Rome. Roma tinha sujeitado muitos povos, Rome had sub- jected many people. In general when a verb has two forms of the past participle one of them is commonly used in the active voice and the other in the passive voice as in the examples above; some of them, however, are used in either voice, though preference is generally given VARIABLE PARTICIPLES 89 to the short forms: elle tern gasto, pago, ganho. It should be observed that one form is regular and the other irregular or rather contracted. 115. List of Verbs having Two Forms of the Past Participle. — [In this list (a.) indicates that the pre- ceding form is used in the active voice, (p.) that it is used in the passive, (a. and p.) that it is used in both voices.! FIRST CONJUGATION acceitar, to accept assentar, to sit dispersar, to disperse entregar, to deliver enxugar, to dry expressar, to express expulsar, to expel fartar, to satiate findar, to finish ganhar, to gain gastar, to spend isentar, to exempt juntar, to collect limpar, to clean matar, to kill occultar, to hide pagar, to pay salvar, to save soltar, to loose sujeitar, to subject acceitado (a. p.) assentado (a. p.) dispersado (a. p.) entregado (a. p.) enxugado (a. p.) expressado (a. p.) expulsado (a.) fartado (a ) findado (of. p.) ganhado (a. p.) gastado (a.) isentado (a.) juntado (a. p.) limpado (a.) matado (a.) occultado (a. p.) pagado 2 (a.) salvado (a. p.) soltado (a.) sujeitado (a. p.) acceito (p.) assento (p.) disperso (p.) entregue (p.) enxuto (p.) expresso (p.) expulso (p.) farto (p.) findo (p.) ganho (a. p.) gasto (a. p.) isento (p.) junto (a. p.) limpo (a. p.) morto (a. p.) 1 occulto (p.) pago (a. p.) salvo (a. p.) solto (p.) sujeito (p.) 1 The form morto is usurped from the verb morrer, to die. 2 Pagado is now quite antiquated. 90 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 116. SECOND CONJUGATION accender, to set fire eleger, to elect envolver, to involve prender, to take suspender, to suspend accendido (a. p.) elegido (a.) envolvido (a. p.) prendido (a.) suspendido (a. p.) 117. THIRD CONJUGATION abrir, to open erigir, to erect extinguir, to extinguish frigir, to fry imprimir, to print tingir, to dye abrido " (a.) eregido (a. p.) extinguido (a. p.) frigido (a.) imprimido (a. p.) tingido (a.) acceso (p.) eleito (a. p.) envolto (a. p.) preso (p.) suspenso (p.) aberto (a. p.) erecto (p.) extincto (p.) frito (a. p.) impresso (a. p.) tinto (p.) 118. There are still other verbs having two forms of the past participle: afeicoar, to fashion annexar, to annex ignorar, to ignore manifestar, to manifest sepultar, to bury suspeitar, to suspect absolver, to absolve absorver, to absorb extender, to extend tDrcer, to twist contrahir, to contract extrahir, to extract opprimir, to oppress reprimir, to repress submergir, to submerge 1 Grammarians often give escrevido here as a regular participle from escrever, but as a matter of fact the word is not used. 2 Used only in the compound form desabrido. 3 Sepulto used only in compound form insepulto. afeicoado afecto annexado annexo ignorado ignoto manifestadD manifesto sepultado sepulto' 5 suspeitado suspeito absolvido absolto absorbido absorto extendido extenso torcido torto contrahido contracto extrahido extracto opprimido oppresso reprimido represso submergido submerso These verbs are used only in the forms in which the i of the infinitive occurs. SUBJECTS OF VERBS 91 DEFECTIVE VERBS (See Exercise XXVI, p. 146) 119. In addition to those already mentioned in the list of irregular verbs, the following verbs are defective : advir colorir descommedir-se emollir empedernir extorquir fallir florir renhir jetorquir II. Precaver, to prevent, fremir, to roar, and soer, to be accustomed, are only used in the forms in which the roots precav, frem, and so are followed by e or i: pre- caves, precavia. THE SUBJECTS OF VERBS (See Exercise XXVI, page 146) 120. In the main verbs agree with their subjects in number and person as they do in English, but such a general rule is not always applicable in Por- tuguese. The following rules cover the most im- portant cases in which there is a departure from English usage. 92 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR a. In case of compound subjects the verb may be plural as in English, as o sol e a lua sao brilhantes; but in certain cases it is singular, as follows: b. It is singular when a gradation is emphasized: uma palavra, um gesto, um olhar bastava. c. It is singular when an enumeration ends with tudo, nada, nenhum, ninguem or cada um. O ouro, os dia- mantes, e as perolas tudo e terra e da terra. d. It is singular when the compound subject follows the verb : passara o ceo e a terra. In case of proper names it is considered better for the verb to be plural: do mesmo pai nasceram Esau e Jacob. e. Infinitives and phrases take the verb in the singular : perdoar erros e engrandecer bons intentos e de espirito generoso. /. In case of contrasts the verb is plural: amar, ag- gravar, e empecer nao se compadecem. g. The following have the verb either singular or plural indifferently: um e outro, nem um nem outro, mais de um. Um e outro quer morrer. Um e outro fugiram. h. In certain idiomatic expressions singular subjects appear to have plural verbs. (1) Nos e que somos patriotas. In this sentence nos e que may, however, be regarded as an adverbial expression. Some grammarians regard it as analytically equivalent to que nos somos patriotas e (facto). (2) Tudo sao trevas; o mundo sao homens. l. Similarly a first person may be used with a verb of the third person: eu e que digo adeus, it is I who say good-by. j. When one subject is in the first person and another IMPERSONAL VERBS 93 is of the second or third, the verb is first person plural. Eu e tu temos, the eu and tu being equivalent to nos. Nem eu nem vos sabemos como nasce amor, literally, neither I nor you, (that is, we) do not know how love begins. k. When one subject is in the second person and an- other is in the third, the verb is second person plural. Tu e Carlos estaes bons, you and Carlos are good. 121. Impersonal Verbs. 1 — (See Exercise XXVII, page 147.) Impersonal verbs are used only in the third person. The English impersonal it is not sepa- rately expressed in this impersonal use. Examples: ha homens sabios, there are wise men; houve festas, there were feasts (festivities) ; faz calor, it is warm; faz uma semana hoje, it is a week to-day. e facil, it is easy; e justo, it is just; e bem que, it is well that; e preciso, it is necessary; sao duas horas, it is two o'clock; dizem, they say. Other forms especially characteristic of the Portuguese, but used in various tenses, are: acontece, it happens apraz-me, it pleases me basta, it is enough carece, it is necessary, there is need that chega, that will do convem, it is well, it suits cumpre, it is necessary: cumpre dizel-o, it must be said custa, it costs: custa dormir, it is hard to sleep 1 These verbs are sometimes called " unipersonal " in Portu- guese, for their forms are not always confined to the third person. For example, haver, ser, and fazer and others have all the persons. 94 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR dar-se, to happen: deu-se esse facto, this is what happened e, era, foi, etc., from ser (§ 109), it is, was, etc. faz, fazia, fez, from fazer (§ 112), it is, was, etc. fica, it remains, rests, is, etc., as fica combinado, it is agreed ha, havia, houve, from haver (§ 109), there is, there are, there was, there has been importa, it matters parece, it seems praz-me, it pleases me, I am pleased urge, it is urgent resta, it remains a. There are also the usual forms expressing opera- tions of nature, such as chove, it rains. b. The impersonal verbs are often used in the passive voice, as alii se vive sem desejo, there one lives without desire; diz-se que, it is said that; precisa-se de um criado, a servant is wanted. 122. Prepositions Required by Verbs. — Some verbs are followed by certain prepositions, such as a, ate, com, de, em, para, por, sobre, in their various forms. Some of these usages correspond to the Eng- lish, but most of them do not. Only a few of the cases where the usage differs from English are given here. a. A, to, of, is used after perguntar, prohibir, and perdoar: perguntou ao medico, he asked the physician; prohibiu ao moco, he forbade the youth. Eu perdoo a quantos me fizeram mal, / forgive all those who have ill PREPOSITIONS WITH VERBS 95 used me. A is used with the infinitive when it is the object of a verb, as explained at § 123d b. The use of a after querer determines the meaning of the verb: querer a alguma pessoa is to esteem or love some one, while querer alguma cousa is to desire something. c. Ate, to, at, is used after chegar and ir: fui ate a cidade, / went as far as the city. d. Com, with, is used after estar, to be, ter, to have, and casar, to marry; estou com fome, / am hungry; estou com frio, / am cold; fui ter com elle, / went to have an interview with him; casou com a filha de T, he married the daughter of T. e. De, of, is used after: approveitar-se, to improve the opportunity cessar, to cease gostar, to like depender, to depend morrer, to die deixar, to leave precizar, to need and after certain reflexive forms, such as, lembrar-se, to remember esquecer-se, to forget and verbs implying motion from. Examples: Gosto de cafe, I like coffee Morre de fome e de frio, he is dying of hunger and cold Deixa de asneiras, stop your folly Lembrou-se da occasiao, he remembered the occasion For de before an infinitive objective, see § 123/. /. Classic writers use de with several other verbs, such as, d'esta agua nao beberei, I shall not drink of this water; d'este pao nao comerei, I shall not eat of this bread. 96 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR g. Em, in, is used after estar: o dono esta em casa? is the proprietor at home? h. Para, for, to, is used after certain verbs implying motion towards: ir, partir, vir, buscar, olhar, and deitar: Vou para casa, I am going home Partiu para Lisboa, he has gone to Lisbon Olhe para ca, look this way A janella deita para o rio, the window opens toward the river i. Note. — On the other hand several verbs which in English are followed by prepositions do not require prepositions in Portuguese. Such are: Agradecer, to thank for: agradeco-lhe o presente, I thank you for the present. Almocar, to breakfast on: almocou peixe, he break- fasted on fish. Calcar, to put on (the feet) : calcei chinellas, I put on slippers. Cear, to sup on: ceou cha, he supped on tea. Falar, to speak of: falou politica, he talked about politics. Subir, to climb up: subiu a serra, he climbed up the mountain. Vestir, to put on: vesti o paleto, I put on the coat. OBJECTS OF VERBS (See Exercise XXVIII, page 148) 123. The objects of verbs differ in the following respects from usages in English: a. When the direct object of a verb is a person or living being, that name is preceded by the preposition a, OBJECTS OF VERBS 97 to, especially when it is necessary to distinguish the ob- ject from the subject. Ama a Deus, love God; a Pompeu venceu Cesar, Ccesar overcame Pompey; elle subjugou ao tigre, he overcame the tiger. But when the object is an animal other than man the a, to, may be omitted as subjugou o tigre. b. When the direct object precedes the verb or when ambiguity is possible, the preposition a, to, precedes the object: vence o dia a noite or a noite vence o dia, day overcomes night. c. When the direct object is one of the pronouns mim, ti, si, elle, a, nos, vos, elles, and os they are preceded by the preposition a : elle os colheu a mim e nao a ti. d. When the direct object is* an infinitive the following verbs take the preposition a : aprender, comecar, ensinar, principiar. Example: ensinou a falar. e. These verbs, when followed by the infinitive deno- ting the beginning of action, require a : comecar, deitar, entrar, meter, desatar, botar. Comecou a escrever, he began to write; deitaram a fugir, they began to flee. /. When the direct object of a verb is an infinitive, certain of these verbs when signifying the beginning, continuation or cessation of action, take de before that infinitive. These verbs are: acabar, arrancar, cessar, comecar, continuar, deixar, tomar, travar. Example: acabou de escrever, he has done writing; comecei de (or a) almocar, / began to breakfast. SPECIAL USES OF VERBS (See Exercise XXVIII, page 148) 124. a. To express existence in its various phases, besides estar and ser, many verbs are used. Some of 98 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR these are here illustrated: acho-me doente, literally, I find myself ill; sinto-me envelhecido, literally, / feel myself grown old; viu-se empobrecido, literally, he saw himself impoverished; anda alegre, literally, he goes joyous, that is, he is happy. b. Certain verbs are combined to express movement and perception: ouvi cantar, / heard (him) sing; vi sahir, I saw (him) go out; mandei fazer, J ordered made; fiz concertar, / had (it) mended. c. When a participle is used as an adjective it is often followed by de: cercada e ornada de flores, surrounded and decorated with flowers. This is especially true of the verbs acompanhar, seguir, preceder, cercar, forrar, cobrir, pintar, fazer, vestir. Some grammarians explain the use of de in these instances as part of elliptical phrases. PERIPHRASTIC VERB PHRASES (See Exercise XXIX, page 149) 125. The Portuguese has periphrastic active, and passive verb phrases formed by the aid of auxiliaries. (See auxiliaries § 109). a. Periphrastic active phrases are made by placing the required forms of ter, to have (see page 79), before the perfect participle masculine singular of the main verb: tenho escrito a carta, / have written the letter. tenho escrito, I have written tens escrito, thou hast written tern escrito, he (she) has written temos escrito, we have written REFLEXIVE VERBS 99 b. Periphrastic passive phrases are formed by the use of ser or estar, to be, and the participle of the main verb which must agree with the subject. (See notes on ser and estar on page 78.) Tenho sido transportado, I have been carried Jose foi morto, Jose was killed Maria estava molhada pela chuva, Maria was wet by the rain c. The active voice is often used where the passive would be used in English. Mandou preparar o jantar, he ordered dinner to be prepared. Mandei trazer um livro, I ordered a book to be brought. E de suppor, e de ver, e de crer are all translatable only in passive forms. d. Progressive phrases are formed by the use of estar, to be, ficar, to remain, ir, to go, and some others with the present participle of the main verb. Estou fallando, I am speaking; fica sabendo que — , know that — . REFLEXIVE VERBS) (See Exercise XXX, page 150) 126. The reflexive verbs are conjugated by con- necting the reflexive pronouns me, te, se, nos, and vos with the verb: nao me metto nisto, I do not meddle in this affair; va se deitar, go lie down; vase embora, go away: a. A certain force and grace are sometimes imparted by the use of reflexive forms even when the verb is in- transitive. Ella morre de tristeza, she is dying of grief, is grammatically correct, but ella se morre de tristeza is a more expressive way to say the same thing owing to the attention called to the subject by the use of se. 100 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR b. Certain verbs are much used in the reflexive sense: queixar-se, to complain, and arrepender-se, to repent, are used only in the reflexive forms; despedir-se, to take leave, and calar-se, to hush, are used in both the active and reflexive forms, but the active forms have different meanings. c. Neuter or impersonal reflexives with me, se, etc., are much used: me dizem or dizem-me, they tell me; me parece or parece-me, it seems to me. d. The reflexive verbs do not take as objects the pro- nouns o, a, os, as. IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE (See Exercise XXXI, page 151) 127. Colloquially the imperative is not so much used as the subjunctive which is used in its place. Thus fale (subj. pres.) com ella would be used in place of fala (imper.) com ella, speak to her; the latter is regarded as less polite, possibly because fala has tu (understood) as its subject, while fale has for its subject o Senhor, voce, etc. For the same reason tenha paciencia (subj.), have patience, is used in place of tern paciencia (imper.). 1 Preste (not presta) attencao, pay attention. a. It is especially to be noted that when there is a negative the subjunctive should be used instead of the imperative: nao deva, you ought not (not nao deve); nao me fale (subj.), don't talk to me (not nao me fala, imperative) . 1 One often hears tenha a paciencia, which is correct when the sentence has a complement, as tenha a paciencia de ler esta carta. SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVE 101 b. One of the most common errors in Portuguese is the use of the present indicative in place of the imperative (or subjunctive). The following are examples : Traz-me um copo d'agua, should be traze-me (or traga-me) um copo d'agua, fetch me a glass of water; diz a seu pai que, should be dize a teu pai (or diga a seu pai) que, tell your father that; traduz este carta, should be traduze esta carta, translate this letter. THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND THE INDICATIVE 128. In certain dependent sentences the subjunc- tive or the indicative is used according to circum- stances. When the fact is doubtful the subjunctive is used, otherwise the indicative: E incerto que venha, it is uncertain about his coming. E certo que vem, it is certain that he is coming. Nao conheco pintor que faca este quadro, I know no painter who could make this picture. Nao conheco o pintor que fez este quadro means: I do not know the painter who made this picture. 129. When the adverb talvez, perhaps, precedes a verb it should be subjunctive; when it follows the verb, it should be indicative: talvez seja isso exacto, or isso e talvez exacto, perhaps this (or it) is so. 130. Certain idiomatic expressions use the sub- junctive with the indefinite and relative pronouns as explained at § 102. 131. Similarly the subjunctive is used with come : seja como for, be that as it may. 102 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR 132. The subjunctive is sometimes used in the sense of a conjunction: estao ao alcance de todos os que as buscam, seja como estudo, seja como curiosidade (Herculano). They are within the reach of alt who seek them whether for study or (as a mere matter of) curiosity. personal infinitive (See Exercise XXXI, page 151) 133. The personal infinitive is an inflected form of the infinitive. It is found in the oldest Portuguese writings, and it is likewise different in use from any- thing in any other language. 1 Its use is best ex- plained by examples: Impersonal: comprei este livro para estudar, I bought this book (for me) to study. Personal: comprei este livro para estudardes, / bought this book for you to study. O nosso mestre esta con- tente por sabermos a licao, our teacher is pleased be- cause we know the lesson. Ficou surprehendido de nao estarem os soldados devidamente em ordem, he was surprised that the soldiers were not duly in order. E preciso comprarmos, it is necessary to buy (that we buy). 1 Bento Jose de Oliveira, in his Nova Gramdtica Portuguesa, 26a ed. p. 46, says that the personal infinitive should be regarded as an aorist form of the subjunctive. ADVERBS 103 VIII. THE INDECLINABLES ADVERBS (See Exercise XXXII, page 152) 134. Adverbs may be single words as bem, well, logo, 1 presently, cedo, early. a. Or they may be adverbial phrases such as the following : a miudo, repeatedly ante-hontem, day before yesterday as cegas, blindly as escuras, darkly ate aqui, thus far a toda hora, hourly a torto e direito, right and left a vista, at sight com effeito, indeed d'aqui a pouco, shortly d'aqui em diante, henceforth de dia, by day de longe, afar de noite, by night de nenhuma sorte, by no means de perto, near by de repente, suddenly de chofre, suddenly, unexpectedly de tarde, in the afternoon de vez em quando, from time to time em fim, finally 1 Logo is an unusually elastic adverb meaning all the way from right now to never. 104 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR em seguida, one after another em vao, in vain hoje em dia, nowadays (popular) para sempre, forever pelo menos, at least por baixo, below por cima, above por em quanto, meantime pouco mais ou menos, a little more or less quando muito, at most b. The following are composite forms: depois (de and pois), afterwards; quica, perhaps, (abbreviation of quern sabe, who knows); tambem (tao and bem), also; tampouco or tao pouco. Example: elle nao quiz e eu tao pouco, he didn't want it, and neither did I. c. Many adverbs are formed by adding mente to a feminine adjective. The mente is usually to be trans- lated by the English ending ly; escuramente, darkly; propriamente, properly. d. When two or more adjectives ending in mente follow each other this termination is used with the last and is understood for the others: justa e propriamente, justly and properly. e. Some adverbs have the same forms as the mascu- line adjectives: such are alto, baixo, barato, certo, claro, conforme, and muito: falar baixo, to speak low; comprou barato, he bought cheaply. f. Que is an adverb when used to modify an adjec- tive, and can be substituted by como, quao or quanto: que bella e a noite, how fine the night is. g. Eis, best translated behold, is a demonstrative ad- verb: eis Lisboa! behold Lisbon I Eis o homem! behold the ADVERBS 105 man! Eis que, eis-aqui, eis-ahi, and eis-alli are all used in directing attention. With the objective of the personal pronouns it forms enclitics: eil-o, eil-os, see him, see them. h. Adverbs are sometimes used after certain verbs where English requires adjectives. These verbs are: estar, ficar, permanecer, sair, continuar. The following expressions are good Portuguese: Este negocio parece-me bom or parece-me bem, this business seeme to me to be good. Estou bem or estou bom (or boa), J am well. Esta bem, he is well off (financially). 135. a. Special cases. — Aqui, here, in this place, is associated with the first person. Por aqui, this way; d'aqui, hence, d'aqui a tres dias, three days hence; d'aqui em diante, henceforth, from now on. b. Ca, here, is also associated with the first person: vem ca, come here. It is also used with the first person for emphasis: eu ca me entendo, / (here) know what I am about. c. Ahi is associated with the second person and refers to a fixed place near the speaker: bote ahi, put it just there. d. Ali is associated with the third person and refers to a more distant and fixed place. e. Muito when used in comparisons may mean either very or too; muito longe may be either very far or too far, according to the context. /. Sim, yes, is used after que in indirect discourse to mean so or just so; creio que sim, / believe so; acho que sim, I find it so, or I think so. g. Sim and nao as replies are rarely used alone, but in polite conversation are accompanied by Senhor or Senhora. 106 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR h. Where yes would be used in English, in Portuguese the verb used is ordinarily repeated or e is used. Esta prompto? Are you ready? Estou, / am. Viu o vapor? Did you see the steamer? Vi, or vi-o, / saw it. i. Nada is sometimes used as an emphatic no, as explained in § 136. j. Mesmo is used for emphasis in connection with the adverbs ahi, aqui, etc. : ahi mesmo, in that very spot. k. D'ahi por diante or d'ahi em diante, from that time on. I. La em cima, up there; la em baixo, down there. m. Aonde, where, whither, indicates motion toward, and donde, whence, motion from a place; onde estou, donde venho, e aonde vou, where I am, whence I come, and whither I go. n. Para onde, whither; para baixo, downward; para traz, backward. o. Por onde, which way; por baixo, beneath; por detraz, behind. p. The English ago is expressed by the use of the impersonal verb ha, from haver (§109): ha um anno, a year ago. q. Just, and just now are expressed by the use of the verbs acabar and chegar, and by the adverbs ainda agora : as acabou de jantar, he has just dined; and ainda agora jantou, he has just now dined. Agorinha a diminu- tive form of agora, now, is similarly used and shortens the time past. r. There is expressed by ali (or alii), la, and acola. La and acola are associated with the third person, and refer to places distant but not precise. Bote la, put it there, i. e., somewhere there. Digo a um vae acola, e elle NEGATION 107 vae; e a outro vem ca, e elle vem, 1 say to one go there and he goes, and to another come here and he comes. s. It often happens that a single English word can be rendered in Portuguese only by an adverbial phrase; such are somewhat and somewhere. Urn tanto indisposto, somewhat ill; em alguma outra parte, somewhere else. Algures is sometimes, but not often, used for somewhere. NEGATION (See Exercise XXXIII, page 153) 136. The adverbs of simple negation are: nao, no, not: nao estudei, I have not studied nem, neither, nor: nem um nem outro, neither the one nor the other nunca, never: nunca vi, I have never seen: nunca mais, never more jamais, never: nunca jamais o sabera, you will never know it nada, nothing. (Though commonly a noun this word is sometimes used as an adverb of emphatic negation: vai a cidade? are you going to the city? Nada! de- cidedly not!) The expression pois nao, literally, why not, is sometimes an affirmative, equivalent to certainly, but it is some- times a negative. The meaning in these cases is de- termined by the intonation. Pois sim is similarly an affirmation or negation accord- ing to intonation. 137. Double or Emphatic Negative. — Two nega- tives are used for the purpose of strengthening the negation, and are not, as in English, equivalent to 106 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR an affirmative. Nao sei nada disso. / know nothing about it, is correct Portuguese: likewise are such ex- pressions as nao sei nao; nao tenho nada; nao ha nada; nao conhego ninguem; nao devemos nunca. INTERROGATION (See Exercise XXXIII. page 153) 13*. There is no special arrangement of words for asking a question. That a question is asked is indi- cated colloquially by the tone of the voice, or, when written, it is shown by the use of the interrogation mark. Este livro e meu may mean is this book //, in which case the interrogation mark would be used, or it may mean this book is ?7iine. There are certain words, however, which in them- selves sometimes, but not always, imply questions, such as quanto or quanta, how much: quantos or quantas, how many; porque, why or because: como, how or as, and qual, which. The expression nao e assim? is it not so? and nao acha? don'i you find it so? refer to a preceding sentence or idea and are equivalent to the French n'est-ce pas? or the German nicht wahrf PREPOSITIONS (See Exercise XXXIV. page 154) 139. Prepositions are either single, as a, to, ate until; or they are prepositional phrases: cerca de, about, antes de. before (in time). PREPOSITI' 109 The prepositioas de and a are used in connection with direct objects as explained § 122, 123. a. De follows certain adjectives: capaz de. capable of: elle e capaz de chegar a qualquer hora. he ■ liable to arrive at any time cego de. blind: cego de urn olho. Mind in one eye cego de raiva. blind with rage dependente de. dependent upon digno de. worthy of doente de, ill with or of distante de. fistaat from facil de, easy to proprio de. » r proper to, or for proprio para. ) *^ h. Similarly de follows certain participles used as adjectives (see § 124c , such as pintado de verde. painted green vestida de seda. dressed in silk c. De is also used idiomatically in such expressions as estar de pe or em pe, to stand up; ir de **«»»■■• to go in one's slippers. d. The preposition de is much used in certain idio- matic phrases and sentences, such as chorar de freer, to Mkep for joy; morrer de f ome. to die of hunger; finer de tolo. to ad the fool; responder de nao, to sag no; *■*-—■ - de ladrao, to call one a thief. e. The preposition de, of, often drops the e and takes an apostrophe when followed by a word beginning with a vowel: d este, of tkU y for de este; d aqoefle. of that; they are also written deste and daqueue. with elle it forms delle. 110 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR /. When the preposition de is followed by the definite article, the two words unite and are written and pro- nounced do, da, dos, das (in place of de o, etc.). (See § 156.) 140. The preposition em, in, is similarly combined with the definite article forming no, na, nos, nas, as explained at § 15c, and with este, esse, and aquelle forming neste, nesse, and naquelle. 141. The preposition a, to, has so many and such varied uses that it seems best to give a list of them: 1 A, to, is used to express: a. The place to or toward which, with the idea of returning: ir a praca, to go to the square. b. The place where or near which : estar a porta, to be at the door; situado a beira-mar, situated at the seaside. c. Distance, measure of place and time : a tiro de bala, a gunshot away; a tres kilometros, three kilometers away. d. End or purpose: trabalhar a bem da patria, to work for the good of the country; deu-lhe o vinho a provar, he gave him the wine to test. e. Material: pintar a oleo, to paint in oil; bordar a ouro, to embroider with gold. f. Time in which : partir ao meio dia, to leave at noon. g. Future time near at hand expressed with the infin- tive: esta a chegar, he is about to arrive. h. Length of time: d'aqui a dez dias, ten days hence. i. Manner: obra feita a pedacos, ivork done by bits; a pe, afoot; a cavallo, horseback, a nado, (by means of) swimming. 1 Nova Gramatica Portugueza de Bento Jose" de Oliveira, 26a ed. Coimbra, 1904, p. 98. PREPOSITIONS 111 j. Distribution and succession: dois a dois, two by two; gota a gota, drop by drop. k. Means, instrument, cause: matar a fome, to kill with hunger; as punhaladas, with dagger thrusts; cantar a viola, to sing with a viola; calcar aos pes, to wear on the feet. (See note § 8. 2.) I. Measure, price, tax: medir a metros, to measure in meters; comprar as arrobas, to buy by the arroba; vender a peso, to sell by weight; juros a cinco por cento, interest at five per cent. m. Quantity: aos centos, by the hundreds; chover a bom chover, to pour down rain. n. . Manner of action (with infinitives) : andar a saltar, to go jumping; ouvir passaros a cantar, to hear the birds a-singing. o. Conformity: ao parecer, as it seems, a vontade, as much as one likes. p. Object of reference: prompto a responder, ready to respond; apertar a mao a alguem, to press one's hand. q. Hypothesis: a ser assim, so to be. r. A and para, to, besides other relations, both express movement toward, but with this noteworthy difference: a contains the idea of returning, while para contains the idea of remaining. Vou a Europa and vou para Europa both mean I am going to Europe, and are both correct Portuguese, but the former means that I go to return, while the latter means I go to remain there. In such expressions as esta para chegar and esta a chegar, he is about to arrive, both refer to future action, but para expresses a more remote and a a more immediate action. 112 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR . 142. In verse and colloquially com, with, some- times drops the m when followed by the definite article: co'os teus or c'os teus, with thy, in place of com os teus. On the preposition per see § 15d. 143. Pelo que is an idiomatic expression: pelo que dizem, from what they say; pelo que me toca, in so far as it concerns (touches) me. Certain adjectives and participles used as adjec- tives are followed by por: celebre illustre distincto notavel famoso responsavel Examples of participles used as adjectives and re- quiring por: banhado habitado 1 cercado 1 perseguido conhecido povoado 1 disperso 144. The following are idiomatic prepositional expressions: abaixo de, beneath aquem de, this side of acima de, on top of a roda de, about afim de, to the end that cerca de, about alem de, beyond diante de, before ao redor de, around de entre, between 1 Cercado, habitado, and povoado also admit of de, as cercado de amigos, surrounded by friends. CONJUNCTIONS 113 de frente de, in front of de vez em quando, from dentro de, inside of time to time depois de, after junto de, near de proposito, on purpose longe de, far from de sob, below perto de, near de sobra, superabundantly por baixo de, below de todo, entirely por cima de, above detraz de, behind For prepositions required by certain verbs see §122. CONJUNCTIONS (See Exercise XXXIV, page 154) 145. Conjunctions are either single as e, 1 and, porem, but, que, than, or they are conjunctional phrases. Following are the more idiomatic of the conjunctional phrases : afim de que, for the purpose of ainda que, although, in spite of the fact that a nao ser que, unless antes que, rather than, before apesar de, in spite of apesar de que, in spite of the fact that comtanto que, so that, provided de maneira que, } . , - , , , , r so that, in such a way that de modo que, ) J depois que, after that 1 The conjunction e, and, is sounded almost as if it were i, and when written is distinguished from e, is, by the latter always having the acute accent. 114 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR de tal modo que, ) . , . v . ,, , . ■ ' Y m such fashion that de tal sorte que, ) emquanto que, while, although entretanto que, whilst no caso que, in case that para que, in order that se bem que, although sem que, unless visto que, in view of the fact that a. Than is usually que, but it is also expressed by de, de que, do que, da que: mais agua que cafe, more water than coffee; mais que vinte, more than twenty; mais do que e necessario, more than is necessary; mais de uma vez, more than once. b. Either . : . or are expressed by ou . . . ou: ou pode ou nao pode, either you can or you cannot. c. Neither . . . nor are expressed by nao . . . nem or by nem . . . nem: nao quero, nem posso, I neither wish nor can I; nao tenho nem ouro nem prata, J have neither gold nor silver. INTERJECTIONS 146. Interjections are single words as Oh, oxala, would to God, or they are inter jectional phrases as valha-me Deus! ai de mim! alas me! quern me dera, would that; tomara que elle venha, / wish he would come. Inter jectional phrases containing de such as ai de mim, infeliz de ti, pobre delle, are said to be ellipti- cal; the complete expression would be something like: Ai (tern compaixao) de mim! infeliz (tenho ABBREVIATIONS 115 compaixao) de ti! pobre (tenho compaixao) delle! (§ 139e) coitado! coitadinha! ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING (See Exercise XXXV, page 155) 147. There are several abbreviations of Latin origin that are the same as those in English, such as A. D. for anno domini, etc. for et cetera, P. S. for post scriptum, and the like. In addition there are many abbreviations for Portuguese words, the most common of which are given in the following list. These are used extensively in correspondence, and in the official documents. Aff° = affectuoso Amo. or A° = amigo Ant° = Antonio Att° = attento B el = bacharel B to = Bento Cap m = Capitao C ia or Comp. = companhia Cons° or Cons ro = conse- lheiro C o1 or Cor el = Coronel Cr do = criado D. = Dom, Dona. D. G. = Deus guarde D a = dita, Dona. D° = dito D. D. or Dig mo = Dignissimo Dr. = Doutor E. F. = Estrada de ferro £ x mo = Excellentissimo Ex ma = Excellentissima E. R. M. = espera receber merce Fer a = Ferreira Fr. = Frei Fran co ) „ ^ f Francisco Fr ° ) Gen 1 = General hum 1 = humilde Illma. = Illustrissima Imp. = Imperial J. C. = Jesus Christo Jan° = Janeiro Joaq m ) jm J - J e = Jose Joaquim 116 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR M. D. = muito digno M 1 or Mel. = Manuel M a = minha and Maria Mto. = muito N. = norte N. or N°. = numero N. S. = Nosso Senhor N a S a = Nossa Senhora O. = oeste Obd° or Obg do = obrigado Obd a or Obg da = obrigada O. D. C. = offerece, dedica e consagra (used in the dedication of books, etc.) p. p. = proxima passada p a = para p e = padre Per a = Pereira P. E. F. = por especial favor qdo = quando qto = q U anto Rev a = Reverencia, Rever- endissima Rv do = Reverendo Rv mo = Reverendissimo s/c = sua casa S. = Sao, 1 Silva, Sousa, sua, sul S. M. I. = Sua Majestade Imperial S. S. = S. P. = servigo publico \ Sua Senhoria 1 Sua Santidade Sr., Snr. = Senhor Snra. = Senhora St° = Santo 1 St a = Santa 1 S. E. O. = salvo erro ou omissao V. = Voce V a = Viuva V. A. = Vossa Alteza V. A. R. = Vossa Alteza Real V. Ex a = Vossa Excellencia V. Mag e = Vossa Majes- tade V. M. I. = Vossa Majes- tade Imperial y en dor = Venerador V. M. = Vossa Merce Vm ce = Vossa Merce V. S. or V a S a = Vossa Senhoria 1°, 2° = primeiro, segundo, etc. 7br. = Setembro 8br. = Outubro 9br. = Novembro lObr. = Dezembro 1 Sao, Santo and Santa, Saint. Sao is a short form of Santo, and is used before names beginning with a consonant, as Sao Jose, Sao SIMILARITY OF WORDS 117 SIMILARITY OF WORDS IN THE TWO LANGUAGES (See Exercise XXXVI, page 156) One of the difficulties sometimes encountered by a beginner of Portuguese comes from a misleading similarity of certain words in the two languages. A few such words are here brought together to illus- trate and emphasize this feature of the language, but the list is not complete. It is noticeable that words of this kind are chiefly from the Latin, and that they have descended to the English language with one of their meanings em- phasized, and to the Portuguese with another. It should be noted, however, that the meanings given are the common rather than the only ones. List of Portuguese Words having a Meaning Different from Similar Words in English PORTUGUESE ENGLISH PORTUGUESE ENGLISH accao share (in com- assistir to be present pany) bravo wild accordar to waken bruto rough actual present (time) campo open field admirar-se to be surprised collegio school (pre- alumno student paratory) apreciar enjoy combinar agree armar (rede) tie up commum ordinary artista artisan competencia jurisdiction ascender to light (fire) concertar to mend assentar to sit constipacao cold (in the head) Tomaz. Santo is used before words beginning with a vowel, as Santo Antonio, Santo Ignacio. Santa is the feminine form and is used before feminine nouns; the final a is dropped when the name begins with a vowel, as Sant' Anna. 118 PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR PORTUGUESE ENGLISH PORTUGUESE ENGLISH damno injury nomear appoint demandar offendido hurt (porto) to head for officio trade denunciar to announce (and ordinario commonplace, denounce) worthless desapontar to put out parente kinsman desgraca misfortune particular private direito right, straight partir to start durar to last prejuizo injury espaco period querer wish espectaculo performance real royal estreito narrow regimento rule esquesito queer ruim bad face cheek segundo according to faltar to be lacking sereno dew fama rumor singular peculiar impertinente exacting sorte prize importar to amount to successo accident idioma language vapor steam, steamer idiotismo idiom vicio habit miseravel wretched vulgarizar to popularize miseria want vulgarmente commonly EXERCISES I PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS (See § 2, page 5) a: ha, sal, para, gato, mata, ama, aza. e: pe, fe, se; sello, mesmo; desde, elle, vale, grande. i: li, vi, ri, dormi, kilo; animal, limitado, dividir. rso, forte, voz, embora. o:^avo, vogal, por. wento, bello, curto, tudo, isto. u: tu, lugar, cru, tribu, uma, singular, natureza. y: syllaba, martyr, myope, mysterio, lyrico. Vowel-Compounds: Puke Diphthongs (See § 3, page 6) ai: Cairo, paiol, mais, vai, jamais, amais. au: pau, mau. ei: lei, anneis, achei, sapateiro, primeiro, hei, dinheiro. eu: eu, ceu, deu, breu. iu: viu, insistiu. oe: heroe. oi: boi, foi, noite, depois, coitado. ou : ouro, couro, pouco, estou, sou, pensou. ui: fui, cuidado. 119 120 EXERCISES Nasal Diphthongs (See § 3, page 7) a: irma, ra, sa, maca, la. ae: mae, caes, paes, capitaes, allemaes. So: mao, nao, irmao, Joao, sao, attencao, nacao, coracao. 5e: nacoes, edicoes, feigoes, coragoes, feijoes. Camoes. ui : muito. Other nasal sounds: bem, bom, fim, fins, sem, sim, som, com, bons, um, uns, homem, homenagem, vim, vins. II PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS (See § 5, page 7) b: bala, bobo. c: cada, faca, cedo, cesta, cinco, civil, corta, culpa. ch: cha, chamar, chimica, epocha, cholera, chocar. c: cortiga, bencao, ouco. d: dado, desde, dia, doce, duro. f : fazer, ferro, fico, fogo, cafe, offerta. {gallo, gosto, gusa. geral, gengebra, gymnasio. guia, guisa, guincho. gn: maligno, assignar, signal, digno. h: ha, haver, herva, hora, hoje j: anjo, Jose, jogo, jejum, ja. k: kilo, kali. 1: lastro, litro, leste, lontra, lustroso, elle. lh: carvalho, barulho, batalha, brilho, orelha, orgulho. m: marmore, momento; alguem, bem, hontem, porem. n: entende, neste, naquelle, ninho, nove, nuvem. EXERCISES 121 nh: ganhar, gallinha, tenho, tamanho, caminho. p: pagina, pintura, ponta, praca. ph: philosophia, phosphoro. pt: escripto, prompto or pronto, captivo. fquadro, qualquer, quatorze. qi^quinze, aqui, quieto. Iquente, quern, queijo. frenda, rio, rosto, rustico. T'A burro, serra, guerra. Icaro, serio, genro, melro. (salsa, sino, socio. ' ' ( lisa, casar, formosa, saudoso, abuso. t: tio, tonto. th: thesouro, mathematico. v: vacca, velho, vela, vinho, viuvo, visivel. 'trouxe. sexo, fluxo. extenso, excepto. exanle, exemplo, exorbitante, existencia. caixa, peixe. jxadrez, xiz, xique-xique. zona, zinco, zurrar, brazas, zangado. Ill ACCENTS 1 (See § 8-9, page 13) ao: caixao, caixoes, liao, 1: azul, perfil, general. attencao, nayoes, orfao. r: vapor, salgar, senhor. i: aqui, Ariry, Piquiry. u: tatu, bambu, caju. 1 The student is warned against supposing that words ending alike are always accented alike. x:< 122 EXERCISES z : rapaz, feroz, rapidez, so- lidez, alcatraz. im : marfim, latim. ia: theologia, mineralogia. aca: furnace, alfaca. ade: liberdade, caridade. ode: bode, bigode. ice : tolice, indice, apendice. ude: virtude, altitude. ado -a : usado -a, cravado. edo: olivedo, figueredo. ido -a: cosido -a, resumido. udo -a : cascudo -a. ato: barato, celibato. ano: bahiano, oceano. anco -a : descanco, balanco, allianga, esperanca. anco : banco, flanco, arranco. anto: amianto, encanto. ico -a : rico, barrica. iga: ortiga, espiga. eja: cerveja, corteja, igreja. eiro -a : sapateiro, bandeira. ume: lume, bitume. uto -a: permuta, luta. ando: amando, lendo, and the present participles. elho -a: conselho, espelho. erna: perna, lanterna. alho -a: cascalho, retalho. ilho -a : filho, milho, rodilha. olho -a: repolho, escolha. ulho -a: gorgulho, agulha. imba: cacimba, caximba. ello -a: cabello, chinella. elo: modelo, farelo. inho -a: ninho, passarinho. ino: menino, ensino. ora: lavoura, professora. uro -a : escuro -a, rapadura. oso -a: formoso -a, gosto- so -a, venenoso -a, raposa. oco -a : almoco, destroco. esto -a: honesto -a. ista: dentista, fatalista. usto-a: justo, robusto. ate: combate, alfaiate. ete: paquete, bobinete. ote: lote, filhote, capote, eta: cometa, propheta. ito-a: granito, cabrito. ota: idiota, gaivota, esgota. que: alambique, reboque. ante: tratante, brilhante. ente : plenamente, prudente. ento -a: nascimento, se- mento, augmento. ema: problema, systema. inte: pedinte, ouvinte. ismo -a: sophismo. istro: ministro, sinistro. ivo -a: captivo -a, activo, negativo, passivo. eza: defeza, viveza. ouro: bebedouro. encia: independencia. EXERCISES 123 aco -a : demoniaco. ico -a : logico, colerico. ido: calido, fervido. ega: alfandega, pandega. ago: amago, relampago. ego : trafego, folego, pecego. igo: prodigo, perigo. alo : escandalo, estalo, abalo. olo -a : frivolo, malevolo -a. ulo -a : pendulo, cumulo. imo -a : riquissimo, longuis- simo, emprestimo. ito -a : habito, implicito. aro -a: passaro, barbaro. ero -a : aspero, prolifero. ore: arvore, marmore. On the penult. On the antepenult. desafio, desvario, fastio, baldio, feitio, tresvario, sadio, pousio, vadio, escorregadio, luzidio, cun- hadio, plantio, gentio, armentio. armario, buzio, cambio, cliario, inventario, adagio, secretario, sec- tario, tributario, adventicio, fron- tespicio, facticio, ficticio, prodigio, delirio, mortuario, escriptorio, la- boratorio, seminario, commen- tario, notorio, mortorio, agio, cirio, relogio. IV SYLLABICATION (See § 11, page 19) Separate the following words into their syllables: amanha banheiro damnado applicacao cancar escripto areia catarrho estampilha assumpto comnosco estou altalho constantemente extracto 124 galheiro gallo guerra isthmo len?o linguagem nao navalha EXERCISES nemhum senhor peixe subdelegado philosophia trabalhador prompto thesouro quando tinta quilate uma sello vinho senhora vulgar EXERCISES 125 V DEFINITE ARTICLE (See § 14, page 23) Vocabulary o cavallo, the horse a coiner, the spoon o garfo, the fork a faca, the knife o homem, the man a mai, the mother o menino, the boy a manteiga, the butter o pai, the father a menina, the girl o passaro, the bird a rosa, the rose o vapor, the steamer a senhora, the lady tern, has aqui, here esta, is {temporary) e, and estao, are onde, where ainda, yet mas, but 1. O pai, a mai e a menina. 2. Os homens e os ca- vallos. 3. Os garfos, as facas, e as colheres. 4. O passaro esta aqui. 5. O homem tern o cavallo. 6. Onde esta" a senhora? 7. Aqui esta a rosa. 8. As senhoras e as meninas estao aqui, mas os homens e os meninos ainda nao estao. 9. A manteiga nao e boa. 10. Pelo vapor a viagem e agradavel; pela estrada de ferro e ma\ 11. O Joao esta no campo com o francez. 12. Venho da cidade pelo caminho comprido. 13. Na immensidade dos mares. 14. O livro foi adoptado pelo conselho de instrucijao do Ceara a 19 de Agosto do corrente anno. 1. The horse is here. 2. The knife, the fork, and the spoon. 3. The mothers and the fathers and the girls. 4. Here is the horse. 5. Where is the knife? 6. The horses and the men. 7. Here is the mother. 8. The ladies are not here. 9. Where are the men? 10. The windows of the house. 126 EXERCISES VI INDEFINITE ARTICLE (See § 17, page 25) Vocabulary l o amigo, friend o livro, book o cabello, hair a agua, water o chapeo, hat a cadeira, chair o copo, cup, glass a filha, daughter o filho, son a flor, flower o leite, milk a mesa, table bonito -a, pretty branco -a, white e, is (permanently) muito, very em, in, on dois (m.), duas (/.), two no (m.), na (/.), in the uns (m.), umas (/.), some 1. Um amigo tern um cavallo. 2. O chapeo e branco. 3. Um chapeo esta na mesa. 4. Uma filha e dois filhos. 5. I)ma cadeira muito bonita. 6. £ um chapeo muito branco. 7. Duas filhas bonitas. 8. Um copo d'agua ou de leite. 9. Ja faz mais de uma semana. 10. Um dos filhos cahiu na agua. 11. Que bello dia; que bella flor. 12. Com umas cartas na mao. 13. No interior e mais agradavel especialmente o tempo das chuvas. 14. £ uma felicidade. 1. A pretty flower is on the table. 2. The lady has a white hat. 3. A friend has the horses. 4. The mother has a pretty daughter. 5. The son has a very pretty horse. 6. The man has some knives, forks, and spoons. 7. A chair, a table, a plate, a knife, a fork, a spoon, a napkin, a glass of wine, a loaf of bread, a good dinner. 8. A short letter (cartinha). 9. It is a question of health. 1 In the remaining vocabularies the definite article is placed before the nouns to indicate the gender, but it is not repeated in the English translation. EXERCISES 127 VII PLURAL OF NOUNS (See § 20, page 27) Vocabulary o animal, animal o anzol, fish-hook o irmao, brother o jornal, newspaper o paiz, country o papel, paper docil, docile difficil, difficult feroz, ferocious sao, are (permanently) estao. are (temporarily) a espada, sword a irma, sister a licao, lesson a nacao. nation terca-feira, Tuesday sexta-feira, Friday facil, easy grande, great tenho, I have sane, comes out 1. Os animaes sao ferozes. 2. Tenho dois anzoes. 3. As flores sao muito bonitas. 4. Os irmaos tern os papeis. 5. Os paizes e as nacoes sao grandes. 6. As licoes sao difficeis. 7. Os cavallos sao animaes doceis. 8. A licao e facil. 9. £ uma espada comprida. 10. O jornal sahe tercas e sextas-feiras. 11. Os jornaes do paiz sao todos diarios. 1. The nations are great. 2. I have difficult lessons. 3. The sisters have easy lessons. 4. The brothers have fish-hooks. 5. The papers are on the chair. 6. Horses are docile. 7. The flowers are beautiful. 8. The books are easy. 9. The laws of the land. Give the plurals of the following: o cao, dog a dor, pain o ladrao, thief o cidadao, citizen o funil, funnel o nariz, nose a cor, color o general, general o pao, bread (loaf) 128 EXERCISES VIII GENDER OF NOUNS (See § 24-31, pages 30-38) Vocabulary — Nouns of Opposite Sex o moc o, young man o francez, Frenchman o professor, (male) teacher o menino, boy o gallo, cock o barao, baron o boi, ox o rapaz, boy o barro, clay o porto, port o caso, case o solo, soil o ponto, point, place a moca, young woman a franceza, French woman a professora, (female) teacher a menina, girl a gallinha, hen a baroneza, baroness a vacca, cow a rapariga, girl a barra, bar (of stream, of iron) a porta, door a casa, house a sola, sole (leather) a ponta, end a ponte, bridge agradeco, I thank este (m.), esta (/.), this fertil, fertile grosso (to.), -a (/.), thick fechado -a, closed estes (to.), estas (/.), these perto, near doente, ill o campo, field 1. O francez tem um boi, uma vacca, duas gallinhas, e um gallinheiro. 2. A professora e uma senhora bonita. 3. Os casos sao muito difficeis. 4. As casas brancas sao as mais bonitas. 5. O solo deste paiz e* muito fertil. 6. Este professor e filho do barao e da baroneza. 7. A sola e* grossa; a porta e larga, mas esta fechada. 8. O professor francez esta doente em uma casa perto do porto. 9. Esta professora fala inglez perfeitamente. 10. O actor casou-se aqui nesta mesma casa quando era ainda muito moco. 11. Agradeco a amabilidade. 12. pagem foi buscar (has gone for) o mappa. EXERCISES 129 IX RELATED AND UNRELATED NOUNS OF OPPOSITE SEX (See § 28-31, pages 34-38) Vocabulary o modo, manner, style a moda, fashion o banho, bath a banha, lard o prato, plate a prata, silver o lente, lecturer a lente, lens o capital, capital {money) a capital, capital (of a state) o cura, curate a cura, cure 1. Ja nao e* moda. 2. Este modo de escrever nao convem. 3. O navio chegou ao porto hontem. 4. As portas desta casa sao bem largas. 5. No caso contrario o lente voltara a capital. 6. Elle me fez presente de um prato de prata. 7. Sola grossa e que vale a pena. 8. A barra ficou completamente entupida com a grande quan- tidade de barro trazido pelas aguas do rio. 9. A in- dustria da zona e a criacao de gado e fabrico de queijos, porem em escala muito pequena. 10. Meu tio e minha tia estao doentes. 11. O rei e a rainha da Italia. 12. Chegou uma moca chamada Nicota com uma rapa- riga para criada. 13. Tal pai tal filho; tal filho tal pai. 14. O barao e a barbneza sao nossos vizinhos. 15. Re- partira largamente os fructos das suas conquistas. 1. The fashion has changed. 2. The port of Bahia is large and deep. 3. The case is bad. 4. Bello Horizonte is the new capital of the state of Minas Geraes. 5. The railway track was covered with mud. 6. The curate lost the lens. 7. The bath is very cold. 8. Here is the plate. 9. There is no (nao ha) lard. 130 EXERCISES SUFFIXES — AUGMENTATIVES (See § 32-35, pages 38-41) Vocabulary o caixao, big box a caixa, 1 little box o dinheiro, money urn dinheirao, a great deal of money o fosforo, match a cidade, city o gato, cat a mulher, woman o livro, book a mulherona, big woman com fome, hungry (with hunger) tenho, I have temos, we have tens, thou hast tendes, you have tem, he (she, it) has teem, they have i. Os meninos teem uma caixinha de fosforos. 2. Esta mulherona tem um gatinho pequenino. 3. O francez tem um dinheirao. 4. O caixao e* muito grande. 5. A caixa estd na porta da casinha. 6. Tenho um gallo pequeno e uma gallinha pequenina. 7. Temos perto da cidada uma casa com um portao. 8. Aquelle figurao e um recem-chegado. 9. Este rapagao e* meu camarada. 10. Que narigao. 11. Que mulherao! 1. The man has two big boxes of matches. 2. We have a little house in the city. 3. The little book is quite pretty. 4. I have a very, very small cat. 5. The little horse is hungry. 6. The handsome woman has a beau- tiful little foot. 7. The little rat is in a little box. 8. There is a little house near the road. 9. These little potatoes are dear. 10. The consul is a notable and venerable man. 1 Moraes says that caixa is longer than wide and that it is called caixa when full, and caixao when empty. EXERCISES 131 XI DIMINUTIVES (See § 36-38, pages 41-42) Vocabulary o cachorro, dog o vapor, steamer o carro, cart, wagon a coitadinha, poor little girl o morro, hill a conta, account o pe, foot a lagoa, lake o pedaco, piece a luz, light o pinto, little chick a roda, wheel 1. A crianca cortou a maozinha. 2. Um vaporzinho navega esta lagoazinha. 3. Aquelle carrinho quebrou a rodinha. 4. O cachorrinho perdeo-se no matto. 5. Ha dois morrinhos logo & entrada do porto. 6. Quern foi que matou o pintinho? 7. A luzinha do dia nasceftte. 8. Coitado do gatinho! 9. Pedro perdeu os livrinhos. 10. A senhorinha vai & escola sosinha. 11. O coronel era um velho robusto com grandes maos cabelludas. 12. O baixinho e muito malcreado. 13. Como vai Joaozinho? Melhorou, mas ainda estd fraquinho. 14. Sosinho alii perto da capellinha de S. Matheus. 15. Os livrinhos sao bonitinhos. 16. Coitadinho! 1. My small son. 2. I have a small piece of bread. 3. The little cat and the small dog. 4. The small steamer on the little river. 5. The little hill near the road. 6. The little ducks are in the water. 7. I have bought some small fish for our dinner. 8. A little plate of rice, a little piece of meat, and a small glass of wine are enough. 9. I have a short letter from my son. 132 EXERCISES XII ADJECTIVES (See § 39-41, pages 43-44) Vocabulary o cha, tea o marido, husband o estudante, student o pao, bread o leite, milk a lingua, language azul, blue nao, not contente, pleased preguic oso, lazy diligente, diligent preto, black (man) feio, ugly que, than gosto, I like rico, rich hoje, to-day sempre, always mais, more tambem, also mau, bad velho, old 1. — A secca: ((Quern, pela primeira vez, percorre o sertao nessa quadra, depois de longa secca, sente con- franger-se-lhe a alma ate os ultimos refolhos em face dessa inanicao da vida, desse immenso holocausto da terra. £ mais funebre de que um cemiterio. Na cidade dos mortos as lousas estao cercadas por uma vegetacao, que vica e floresce; mas aqui a vida abandona a terra, e toda essa regiao, que se estende por centenas de leguas, nao e mais do que o vasto jazigo de uma natureza extincta e o sepulchro da propria creacao. Das torrentes caudaes restam apenas os leitos estan- ques, onde nao se percebe mais nem vestigios da agua que os assoberbava. Sdbe-se que alii houve um rio pela depressao, as vezes imperceptivel, do terreno e pela areia alva e fina, que o enxurro lavou.» — Jose de Alencar. 2. De noite todos os gatos sao pardos. 3. Sou um homem chao. 4. Gosto de pao preto. EXERCISES 133 XIII COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES (See § 42-46, pages 44-47) Vocabulary alto, high o mais alto, the highest bello, handsome a mais bella, the handsomest (melhor, better b „ m>g ood jopti^ J bestverygo ^ agradavel, agreeable mais agradavel, more agreeable facil, easy os mais faceis, the easiest (pi.) amavel, amiable o lugar, place feliz, fortunate o mais feliz, the most fortunate {maior, greater maiorzinho, a little bit greater grande, great civilizado, civilized visto, seen 1. O morro alto e mais agradavel. 2. Os homens mais agradaveis. 3. fi mais facil ficar aqui. 4. Meu amigo e o homem mais feliz que conheco. 5. Melhor o dia, melhor o service 6. As nacoes mais civilizadas do mundo. 7. E o lugar mais agradavel que tenho visto. 8. As senhoras mais bellas nao sao sempre as mais agra- daveis. 9. E lindissima a cidade vista de noite do alto da serra. 10. O clima e pessimo; e o peior que conheco. 11. O ultimo anno deste celeberrimo poeta. 12. Este paiz e um dos mais civilizados de mundo. 13. O gover- nador falou com a maior affabilidade. 14. Desejo uma casaca de panno mais fino, e um pouco mais escuro. 15. Nao ha a minima duvida. 16. Devia morrer mais cedo do que eu proprio imaginara. 17. A lingua portu- gueza e riquissima. 134 EXERCISES XIV NUMERALS (See § 55-64, pages 50-55) Vocabulary o anno, the year a independencia, independence o mez, the month a semana, the week o dia, the day a noite, the night o minuto, the minute a hora, the hour o seculo, the century a sala, the hall o trabalho, the work a janella, the window o quarto, the room um milreis, one milreis um conto de reis, one conto of reis (one thousand milreis) sao, there are (it is) meu (m.), minha (/.), | quanto, how much meus (pi), minhas (pi), | custou, it cost seu (m.), sua (/.), ) your, his, her, Junho, June seus (pi), suas (pi), ) its, their Novembro, November Marco, March Setembro (m.), September 1. Que horas sao? Sao tres e meia; nao quatro horas e vinte minutos. 2. Hoje e sete de Setembro, o dia de independencia. 3. A semana tern sete dias e outras tantas noites, e o anno tern trezentos e sesenta e cinco dias. 4. O seculo tern cem annos. 5. Minha casa tem duas salas e seis quartos, e custou oito contos duzentos e quinze milreis. 6. Quanto custou seu livrinho? 7. Cus- tou um milreis; mas custou treze dias de trabalho tambem. 8. Trinta dias tem Novembro Abril, Junho e Setembro; Vinte e oito so tem um, E os demais tem trinta e um. 9. O dia sete de Setembro de mil nove centos e dez e* dia de independencia nacional do Brasil. EXERCISES 135 XV PERSONAL PRONOUNS (See § 65-75, pages 56-61) Vocabulary amar, to love dar, to give falar, to speak amo, I love amas, thou lovest ama, he, she, it loves amamos, we love amaes, ye love amam, they love devagar, slowly mais, more de mais, too much menos, less de menos., too little gostar, to like querer, to wish trabalhar, to work dou, I give das, thou givest da, he, she, it gives a senhoria, lordship a agua, water o conselho, advice a ave, bird a merce, mercy comtigo, with thee a excellencia, excellency 1. Elle fala commigo. 2. Eu trabalho, mas elle fala. 3. Gostas de pao? 4. Nao lhe dou dinheiro. 5. Elle perseguia as aves; eu perseguia-o a elle. 6. O senhor fala devagar. 7. A minha familia chama-me poeta; os visinhos chamam-me tolo. 8. Agradeco lh'a, e afago-a. 9. Ella gosta de falar comtigo. 10. Dou-lhe este con- selho. 11. A Senhora gosta de me dar conselho. 12. Vossa Excellencia me da conselhos de mais. 13. Disse- lhe o meu nome. O padre repetiu-o tres vezes. 14. Vossa Senhoria nao a ama. 15. Entre mim e elle nao ha questao. 16. Elle da-lhes um conto de reis. 17. Tres delles estao commigo. 18. Nao posso ve-lo. 19. Elle nao o sabia; o trovador nao as via. 136 EXERCISES XVI POSSESSIVES (See § 76-83, pages 61-62) Vocabulary o soldado, soldier o parente, relative o vizinho, neighbor o general, general a loja, shop o advogado, lawyer a ordem, order porem, but, however barato, cheap pronto, ready caro, dear dizer, to say digo, I say Jdizemos, we say digamos, let us say dizes, thou sayest dizeis, you or ye say diz, he or she says dizem, they say 1. Meu caro amigo diz que a casa d'elle e minha, e sua, e nossa. 2. Meus livros e meus cavallos estao as suas ordens. 3. Meu caro filho, tua casa e grande de mais, porem e* boa. 4. Dizem que meu cavallo e caro, mas que seu e* mais barato. 5. Dizem me que os meus vizinhos sao vossos bons amigos. 6. O general diz que os seus soldados estao prontos. 7. Digo que nao. 8. Meu advo- gado perdeu a causa. 9. Minha filha diz que vai buscar o seu chapeo. 10. Minhas irmas dizem que os seus parentes sao ricos. 11. Como esta meu amigo? 12. Sua Majestade e meu amigo. 13. Estou aqui as suas ordens. 1. My neighbor says his house is yours. 2. This shop is at your orders. 3. Your friends are mine. 4. You say that my friends and neighbors are yours. 5. All your books and all of hers are ours. 6. My house is very small, but it is at your orders. 7. Our customs are different from yours. EXERCISES 137 XVII DEMONSTRATIVES (See § 84-94, pages 63-65) Vocabulary o irmao, brother bater, to knock a fruta, fruit convem, it suits (impersonal verb) forte, strong servir, to serve o pobre, poor man a tinta, ink cego, blind a penna, pen o cego, blind man o emprego, employment a cega, blind woman 1. Vinte dias e outras tantas noites seguiu-o de longe, ate* o ver sumir-se nas ruas tortuosas e escuras do coracao da cidade. 2. Este homem e as filhas d'elle sao pobres. 3. Aquelle moco e cego. 4. Essa mulher e uma cega pobre. 5. Ella e uma pobre cega. 6. Disto nao gosto. 7. Estas frutas nao sao boas. 8. Estes soldados sao mais fortes que aquelles pobres cegos. 9. Isto nao me con- vem. 10. Aquella tinta e esta penna nao servem para escrever a carta. 11. O nome unico por que chamou foi o de seu filho. 12. Fulano diz que e a mesmissima coisa. 13. Nao gosto disto. 14. Este senhor e o autor deste livro. 1. This poor boy is blind. 2. That blind woman is poor. 3. This blind man is stronger than his brother. 4. This dog is stronger than that one. 5. These books are better than those. 6. There is no such person here. 7. At this place and at this moment" it is not possible. 8. This occasion is best. 9. Take these chairs away. 10. Those poor men have no employment. 138 EXERCISES XVIII INTERROGATIVES (See § 95, page 65) Vocabulary o rumo, bearing, direction a opiniao, opinion o caminho, road curto, short a mala, trunk, suit case para, for (to) a rua, street 1. Qual e o caminho para a cidade? 2. Quern falla? Sou eu, seu amigo. 3. Que tern no caixao? 4. Quern e? 5. Qual d'elles e" o mais prudente? 6. Qual e a sua opiniao? 7. Em que rua e* a sua casa? 8. Qual e o caminho mais curto? 9. Quem bate? 10. Quern sabe nao sou eu. 11. Quaes sao minhas malas? 12. Quem foi que deixou a porta aberta? 13. Seja quem for, nao convem. 14. Quaes sao as nossas cadeiras? 15. Qual e o meu chapeo? 16. Que pena! Que vergonha! 17. Quem lhe disse? 18. Que horas sao? 1. Which is the road to your house? 2. What is it you say? 3. Who is it speaking (who speaks)? 4. I am the one who is speaking (who speaks is I). 5. In which direction is the city from here? 6. Who knows? 7. Which are the best fruits? 8. Who was it that took away my pen? 9. Who is that knocking? 10. Which of these three chairs is mine? 11. What time is it? 12. Who is the owner of this house? 13. Who knows? 14. Which of the two is the better one? 15. What a pity! 16. In this case I cannot go. 17. This employment does not suit me. 18. It is hard to believe what I saw. 19. It was in this river that he was drowned. EXERCISES 139 XIX RELATIVES (See § 96-99, page 66) Vocabulary o dono, owner a certeza, certainty saber, to know a instruccao, instruction sei, I know possivel, possible sabes, thou knowest ha, is (impersonal 3d sing, haver) sabe, he knows com, with sabemos, we know quern, who sabeis, ye know livre, free sabem, they know verdadeiramente, truly sem, without 1. O que digo e que nao e possivel. 2. Nao sei quern e o dono desta casa. 3. O senhor sabe de quem e este livro? 4. Nao sei com certeza. 5. O livro que tern e o melhor que ha. 6. Instruccao, sem a qual o homem nao sera jamais verdadeiramente livre. 7. Quem tudo quer tudo perde. 8. Que e isso? 9. Os que falam. 10. Quem bern semeia, bem colhe. 11. Quem diz o que quer, ouve o que nao quer. 12. Quem sabe qual e a loja? 13. Tal foi o sonho do futuro que o Senhor me enviou n'uma noite de agonia. 14. Que e a caixa economica, essa arvore que produz taes fructos de bengao? 15. Os mais bellos sao os que vem do estado da Bahia. 1. You do not know which is the best road. 2. It is not possible to say with certainty. 3. I do not know whose house that is. 4. The books which I have are the best. 5. A man whom I esteem. 6. With whom are you talking? 7. Whose house is that? 8. He who has most wants most. 140 EXERCISES XX INDEFINITES (See § 100-102, pages 67-69) Vocabulary o mundo, world a verdade, truth o presente, present qual, which o espaco, space, room qualquer, either a cousa, > , . o senhor, sir, gentleman or coisa, ) nada, nothing desejar, to desire algum -uma, some ter, to have 1. Alguem lhe deu este presente. 2. senhor tern alguma cousa boa? 3. Nao tenho nada, e nao desejo nada. 4. Sem dizer nada. 5. Algumas das de que fala tern muito pouco espaco. 6. Cada um tern a sua opiniao. 7. Quaes destas tres quer? 8. Qualquer del- las; nao sei qual e a melhor. 9. Nao quero nenhum. 10. Tudo esta muito bom. 11. Gosto deste mais que nenhum outro. 12. Uns dizem que sim; outros que nao. 13. Ninguem sabe qual e a verdade. 14. Traga alguma cousa para comer em quanto estou escrevendo umas cartas. 1. No one knows which is the shortest road. 2. Each one has his own opinion. 3. All the world knows that no man is prudent. 4. I know nothing about this. 5. Either one of these books is good. 6. You know more than any one else. 7. I don't want either the one or the other. 8. Whoever it may be he cannot enter here. 9. Much obliged. Not at all. 10. I want to get there as soon as possible. 11. We shall be there in a little while. EXERCISES 141 XXI REGULAR VERBS (See § 103-107, pages 69-75) Vocabulary achar, to find andar, to walk atirar, to shoot bolir, to disturb cantar, to sing comer, to eat deixar, to leave destruir, to destroy durar, to last encher, to fill o altar, altar o maribondo, wasp o tempero, seasoning (of food) entrar, to enter esquecer, to forget estudar, to study near, to remain mudar, to change partir, to depart responder, to reply unir, to unite vender, to sell a cabeca, head a romaria, pilgrimage a reliquia, relic 1. Falo como parto. 2. Falo, como, e parto. 3. Elle fala, come, e parte. 4. Ella cantava, respondia, partia. 5. Achou, vendeu, uniu. 6. Estudarei, encherei, bulirei. 7. Ficariamos, encheriamos. 8. Duraram, responde- rem, uniram. 9. Mude, encha, bula. 10. Andasse, enchesse, bu- lisse. 11. Entra, come, parte. 12. Deixando, vendando, destruindo. 13. Mudada, esquecida, unida. 14. Falar sem pensar e atirar sem apontar. 15. Elle anda com a cabeca inchada (slang). 16. Fiquei mais morto que vivo (cancjado). 17. Nao bule com casa de maribondos. 18. Gallinha gorda nao precisa tempero. 142 EXERCISES XXII REGULAR VERBS WITH ORTHOGRAPHIC AND PHONETIC CHANGES (See § 108, pages 75-76) Vocabulary abranger, to contain entregar, to deliver agradecer, to thank erguer, to raise arrancar, to pull out, up fincar, to drive in attingir, to attain fingir, to pretend attracar, to make fast fugir, to flee balancar, to balance jogar, to play, throw brincar, to play lancar, to throw cancar, to tire pedir, to request distiilguir, to distinguish pregar, to nail eleger, to elect rasgar, to tear emmagrecer, to grow thin rogar, to ask empallidecer, to turn pale salgar, to salt empecer, to hinder valer, to value, to be worth a demissao, dismissal a esmola, charity a manha, habit, whim 1. fiquei, fique, finquei, finque; brinquei, brinque. 2. entreguei, entregue; roguei, rogue, joguei, jogue. 3. elejo, eleja, elejas; abranjo, abranja. 4. attinjo, attinja; finjo, finja, fujo, fuja. 5. ergo; distingo; lancei, lance; cancei, cance; balancei, balance. 6. agradeco, agradeca; emmagreco, emmagreca; em- pallideco, empallideca; empeco, empeca. 7. foge, cobre, sobe; durmo, sigo, sirvo. 8. Pedi minha demissao e segui caminho. 9. O cavallo fugiu a noite passada. 10. Uma esmola pelo amor de Deus. EXERCISES 143 XXIII THE AUXILIARY VERBS (See § 109, pages 76-81) Vocabulary o sul, south a opiniao, opinion o norte, north a viagem, voyage, trip o dever, duty a febre, fever o olho, eye satisfeito, satisfied o caminho, road ja, at once o servico, service enjoado, seasick ter, to have acabar, to finish haver, ) embarcar, to embark ser, r to be seguir, to follow estar, ) seguir viagem, to go forward aguentar, to endure 1. Tenho feito meu dever. 2. Tendo acabado o ser- vigo, segui viagem. 3. O nosso amigo esta para em- barcar j&. 4. Nao ha quern possa aguentar este servigo. 5. Sou norte-americano, vou embarcar para a America do Sul. 6. Estou cansado; sou cego de um olho. 7. O que e que tern feito aqui todo o dia? 8. Sou de opiniao que nao ha caminho. 9. Tenho estado muito satisfeito com esta viagem. 10. Como tern passado estes dois dias? 11. Estd clara que elle nao enem portuguez nem brasileiro; pode ser (que seja) inglez. 1. He was much pleased with the trip to the mines. 2. We have done everything possible. 3. I am a blind man. 4. I am seasick. 5. I am Brazilian consul at Philadelphia. 6. I have to go aboard the steamer to- morrow at ten o'clock sharp. 7. I have to write some letters before embarking. 8. There was a terrible storm the next day. 144 EXERCISES XXIV IRREGULAR VERBS (See § 110-113, pages 81-88) Vocabulary o azeite, oil a batata, potato o assucar, sugar a garrafa, bottle a carne, meat a lata, tin can a pena, trouble caber, to hold prestar, to lend 1. Digo que nao. 2. Dou o que tenho. 3. Dei din- heiro ao cego que pidiu uma esmola. 4. Creio que a agua nao cabe na garrafa. 5. Faco todo o possivel, mas nao posso fazer isto. 6. Pode vir quando quizer; o que pediu est£ feito. 7. Sei que puz o chapeo aqui na mesa; vai busca-lo. 8. Roupa feita quasi nunca presta. 9. Nao quero saber d'isto; vou pedir minha demissao. 10. Vejo que nao vale a pena ir la hoje. 11. Trouxeram o que pedi: carne, batatas e uma garrafa de azeite. 12. Vim pela estrada nova; voltarei pela picada velha. 13. Fui, irei, ia, fora, indo, vao. 14. Venho, rio, ouco, peco, redimo, vou, meco, tenho, valho, vejo, trago, quero, sei, ponho, perco, faco, estou, digo, caibo, dou. 15. Dei, coube, disse, estive, fui, fiz, houve, pude, pus, prouve, quiz, soube, tive, trouxe, vi, ouvi, pedi. 16. Dize-me com quern andas, dir-te-hei as manhas que tern. 17. Cada um sabe o que lhe convem. 18. Vou ver si este assucar cabe naquella lata. 19. Em terra de cegos quern tern um olho e rei. 20. Nao ha rosa sem espinhos, nem amores sem ciumes. 21. O amor vae-se, a amisade fica. 22. Quern tern officio nao morre de fome. EXERCISES 145 XXV VARIABLE PARTICIPLES (See § 114-118, pages 88-90) Vocabulary o convite, invitation a palha, straw o jogo, game a roupa, clothes o prazer, pleasure a telha, tile o sol, sun limpo, clean o vulcao, volcano quatro, four a facada, knife cut torto, crooked a machina, machine acceitar, to accept imprimir, to print accender, to set fire, light limpar, to clean enxugar, to dry matar, to kill frigir, to fry pagar, to pay ganhar, to gain soltar, to loose torcer, to twist 1. Este e um negocio torto. 2. As ruas desta cidade estao bem limpas. 3. As ruas sao limpas por uma ma- china de quatro rodas. 4. O convite foi acceito com muito prazer. 5. A roupa foi logo enxugada no sol. 6. O dinheiro foi ganho no jogo. 7. O soldado foi morto por uma facada. 8. A conta ja estd paga. 9. Os ca- vallos forao soltos pelo camarada. 10. O livro foi im- presso no Rio de Janeiro. 11. Mande trazer uns ovos fritos. 12. A nova edicao dos Lusiadas foi correcta e dada a luz por Paulino de Souza no anno mil oito centos e setenta e tres. 13. O relogio tinha dado onze pancades. 1. Is the house covered with straw or with tiles? 2. Do you like eggs fried? 3. This book was printed in Lisbon. 4. He was elected federal deputy two years ago. 5. I was arrested in a village of Alagoas. 6. The money was spent. 7. The candle is lit; the account is paid. 146 EXERCISES XXVI DEFECTIVE VERBS; SUBJECTS OF VERBS (See § 119, page 91) Vocabulary o algodao, cotton chegar, to arrive o animal, animal marcar, to mark, set o patriota, patriot jazer, to lie (down) a felicidade, happiness planter, to plant a cabra, goat poder, to be able, can a perspectiva, prospect prazer, to please a secca, drought tratar, to care for as trevas (pi. only), darkness mortal, pi. mortaes, mortal apenas, merely outro, other denso -a, dense quao, how se, if (sometimes written si) 1. Nem homem, nem boi, nem cabra pode aguentar a secca. 2. Tratar animaes, e plantar algodao e o forte deste homem. 3. Chegou um e outro. 4. Se a luz que ha em ti sao trevas, quao densas sao as trevas. 5. Um e outro chegou no dia marcado. 6. Aqui jazem os restos mortaes de um patriota. 7. Praz a Deus. 8. Aqui jaz o corpo apenas do Marquez de Marica\ 9. Tanto a vida como a morte offereciam uma perspectiva de felicidade. 10. Bern diverso era Rosas. As suas paixoes flamme- javam & luz do sol no pampa vasto. Accessivel, ardente, emprehendedor, cubicoso de estima, sua influencia co- mecou a se fundar pela energia da sua iniciativa e pelo brilho das suas acgoes. 11. So restava para o camareiro o morrer, e para sua senhoria o ir deitar-se. 12. Deus perdoe a quern me torceu a vocacao. 13. Ir a pe nao me convem. EXERCISES 147 XXVII IMPERSONAL VERBS (See § 121, pages 93-94) Vocabulary o bacalhau, codfish bastar, to suffice o queijo, cheese o sal, salt esterlina, sterling a libra, pound fora, outside a pimenta, pepper frio -a, cold 1. Fez frio esta noite. 2. Anoitece; chove; troveja. 3. Ha quern sabe (or saiba). 4. Nao ha remedio. 5. Seja como for. 6. Pode ser que haja. 7. Nao faz mal. 8. Acconteceu que choveu naquelle dia. 9. Nao convem fazer isto; nao me convem. 10. Nao me importa. 11. Parece que nao vale a pena. 12. £ facil saber se e verdade. 13. Faz muito calor aqui ao sol. 14. Parece me que e melhor near aqui. 15. Quern me dera que fosse assim. 16. Nao chega a ter vinte libras esterlinas. 17. Basta um pouco de bacalhau, uns ovos fritos, sal, pimenta e queijo. 18. Nao ha leite para o cafe. 19. Custa a crer que nao haja vinho; esta agua nao chega. 1. They say that it is cold outside there. 2. It is raining and blowing. 3. No matter, let us go take a walk. 4. It is a week to-day since I had a walk. 5. It is not necessary. 6. It is easy to travel by steamer. 7. There is no help for it. 8. There is no doubt about it. 9. It is not worth while. 10. It rained all night. 11. It is very hot here in the sun. 12. No matter; there is no help for it. 13. That will do. 14. They say it is raining, but I do not care. 148 EXERCISES XXVIII OBJECTS OF VERBS; SPECIAL USES (See § 123-124, pages 96-98) Vocabulary o calor, heat amar, to love o cavallo, horse cobrir, to cover o ladrao, thief contar, to tell, recount o lobo, the wolf enfraquecer, to grow weak o negociante, merchant engolir, to swallow o peixe, fish jantar, to dine o poeta, poet pegar, to catch o tributo, tribute pintar, to paint a admiracao, admiration principiar, to begin a historia, story sentir, to feel a patria, native land assim, thus, so a ra, frog realmente, genuinely 1. Um ladrao matou ao negociante. 2. O peixe en- goliu a ra; a ra engoliu o peixe; ao peixe engoliu a ra. 3. Elle principiou a falar. 4. Pegaram me o chapeo. 5. Principiou a cantar. 6. Acabei de jantar. 7. Aquelle moco anda a contar historias. 8. dono mandou pe- gar os cavallos. 9. A casa esta coberta de telhas e pintada de branco. 10. Sinto me enfraquecido pelo calor. 11. Assim cada portuguez que ama realmente a sua patria deve um tributo de reconhecimento e de ad- miracao ao poeta. 12. Uma febre violenta o sustentava. 13. Judas abracou a Christo, mas outros o prenderam. 14. A guerra que declaramos aos outros nos gasta e consome a nos mesmos. 1. John visited Sr. Rabello and his wife. 2. The dog followed the wolf; the wolf followed the dog. 3. When did you begin to speak Portuguese? 4. Pedro saw a tiger leave the woods. EXERCISES 149 XXIX PERIPHRASTIC VERB-PHRASES (See § 125, pages 98-99) Vocabulary o barulho, noise accordar, to wake o dinheiro, money arrojar, to drag o martello, hammer buscar, to fetch o mato, forest corrigir, to correct o medico, physician fazer, to do, make o tempo, time gastar, to spend ler, to read a arma, (fire) arm mandar, to order a cruzada, crusade perder, to lose a legua, league soffrer, to suffer cuidadosamente, carefully 1. Tenho andado uma legua a pe. 2. Elle tern feito tudo o possivel. 3. Elle tern soffrido. 4. Mande buscar um martello. 5. fi de crer que o tempo ha de mudar-se. 6. nosso tio andou perdido no matto. 7. A conta foi paga pelo medico. 8. O nosso dinheiro foi gasto na viagem. 9. Vamos chegando. 10. Fica sabendo que a coisa ja esta feita. 11. A primeira cruzada tinha arro- jado para a Syria cem mil homens d'armas. 12. O poema foi lido e cuidadosamente corrigido seis vezes. 13. Deus tinha contado os seus dias. 14. A lingua tupi foi modernamente estudada por Baptista Caetano. 1. I have been impressed by his book. 2. He was awakened by the noise. 3. We ordered the horses brought. 4. Our friend is still speaking. 5. Where did you leave your hat? 6. I have left it on a chair on deck. 7. I am doing what they ordered. 8. I know that I shall not go there to-day. 150 EXERCISES XXX REFLEXIVE VERBS (See § 126, pages 99-100) Vocabulary o bilhete, ticket alugar, to rent o devedor, debtor calar, to hush o engenheiro, engineer chamar, to call o favor, favor comprar, to buy o principe, prince decidir, to decide o supplicante, petitioner deitar, to lie down a ddr, pain despedir, to take leave a rua, street morrer, to die incommodado, put out queixar, to complain abrir, to open retirar, to retire 1. Elle esta se queixando. 2. Cala-te, menino. 3. Vou despidir-me de meus amigos. 4. Va-se embora; va se deitar. 5. Parece me que e melhor retirar-se. 6. Depois elle arrependeu-se. 7. A casa queimou-se. 8. Aluga-se uma casa nesta rua. 9. Achou-se muito incommodado com este negocio. 10. Nao se sabe donde vem. 11. A porta abriu-se, e o principe appareceu. 12. Como se chama este cachorro? 13. Eu me chamo Jose. 14. Os bilhetes compram se nesta casa. 15. Decidiu-se o caso a favor do supplicante. 16. Elles morreram acreditando- se os devedores. 17. Podem se resumir em poucas pala- vras as medidas propostas pelo sr. engenheiro. 18. As viagens em boa companhia fazem-se rapidamente. 1. Go away and do not return again. 2. The case cannot be decided to-day. 3. A horse was bought. 4. It is not known where he lives. 5. Know that it is I who am speaking. 6. I ordered breakfast prepared, and immediately afterwards we left. 7. You may retire; I want to take my leave of the prince. EXERCISES 151 XXXI IMPERATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, INDICATIVE, AND PERSONAL INFINITIVE (See § 127-133, pages 100-102) Vocabulary o caipira, backwoodsman dialogar, to converse o zelo, zeal permittir, to permit a chuva, rain proteger, to protect a duvida, doubt pugnar, to fight a esperanca, hope trazer, to fetch Deus, God vir, to come amanha, to-morrow voltar, to return ca, here nenhum -uma, no, none depressa, quickly prompto or pronto, ready embora, away talvez, perhaps 1. Nao fale tao alto. 2. Traze o meu chapeo de- pressa. 3. Nao deve andar na chuva sem guarda-chuva. 4. Va buscar o livro. 5. Venha ca, meu filho. 6. Va-se embora. 7. Dize-lhe que nao venha sinao amanha. 8. Quern sabe si elle vai ou si nao vai. 9. Elle vai; nao ha duvida nenhuma. 10. Talvez esteja aqui. 11. Fi- camos contentes por acharmos tudo prompto. 12. «Nao permitta Deus que eu morra sem que eu volte para la.)) 13. Julio oviu dois caipiras dialogarem sob a janella do seu quarto. 1. Don't say that. 2. Fetch me a glass of water. 3. Go fetch my hat. 4. Who knows where it is? 5. Per- haps it is in the dining-room. 6. I don't know whether I shall ever come back again. 7. No one knows better than I do. 8. Let's go. 152 EXERCISES XXXII ADVERBS (See § 134-135, pages 103-107) Vocabulary a bondade, kindness baixo, low a palavra, word depois, afterward adiar, to postpone donde, whence adoecer, to become ill logo, at once possuir, to possess onde, where trovejar, to thunder positivo, positive senao, except 1. De vez em quando vi uma luz, mas so de longe. 2. D'aqui a pouco vou me embora. 3. Logo depois partiu a cavallo. 4. Nao ha quern possa aguentar essa viagem. 5. Sim, senhor, creio que sim; nao ha duvida. 6. Elle nao diz senao poucas palavras. 7. Tenha a bondade de falar mais baixo. 8. Antes de partir elle adoeceu, de modo que foi preciso adiar a viagem uns vinte dias, mais ou menos. 9. Trovejou de vez em quando. 10. Venha ca Joao; deixe o chapeo ahi na mesa. 11. Donde vem e para onde vai. 12. Nao possuo no em tanto dado algum positivo a este respeito. 13. O chao que pisas, a cada instante te offerece a cova. Pisemos de vagar. 14. Con- hego-o por dentro e por fora. 15. O cavalleiro caiu de chofre na realidade. 1. He arrived in the night. 2. I never saw and I never hope to see such an animal. 3. I know neither the one nor the other. 4. You speak much better than he. 5. Please speak lower; please speak louder. 6. Severino made a trip around Brazil. 7. There is neither bread nor water. 8. Nowadays it is better to buy cheap and sell dear. EXERCISES 153 XXXIII NEGATION AND INTERROGATION (See § 136-138, pages 107-108) Vocabulary o ferro, iron a bibliotheca, library o lapis, pencil a botina, boot o negocio, business a estrada, road o senador, senator a populacao, population o trem, train estrada de ferro, railway o volume, volume calcar, to put on (shoes, socks, etc.) comprido, long crer, to believe nacional, national conhecer, to be acquainted with pois nao, certainly 1. Nao posso calcar esta botina. 2. Nem um nem outro chegou neste trem. 3. Nunca vi aquelle senador. 4. Queira ter a bondade de passar o pao. 5. Pois nao. 6. Nao tenho nada com este negocio. 7. Nao vou la mais nao. 8. Nao conheco nem um nem outro. 9. Nao lhe disse quasi nada. 10. Nao sei nao, senhor. 11. Qual e a estrada de ferro mais comprida do Brasil? 12. A in- formagao e que nao mata a honra de ninguem. 13. Elle nao diz sinao poucas palavras. 14. Nao vivo sinao para ti. 15. Que e isso? 16. Nao tem nada; nao ha novi- dade. 17. Qual delles e o melhor? 1. Whose pencil is this? 2. I don't know; I am not acquainted with any one here. 3. I know nothing about this business. 4. What is the population of Pernam- buco? 5. Nobody knows. 6. I never was there; I never saw the place. 7. Which is the largest and most impor- tant city in the country? 8. Is this your book? 9. No, sir, it is not. 10. Where is it then? I do not know. 154 EXERCISES XXXIV PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS (See § 13&-145, pages 108-114) Vocabulary o deputado, deputy a povoacao, village o meio, middle a regiao, region o pai, father a rocha, rock os pais, parents a seda, silk a baroneza, baroness disseminar, to scatter a bota, boot viajar, to travel a camada. layer, bed apezar, in spite of a carta, letter capaz, capable, likely a confianca, confidence digno, worthy a educacao, education povoado, peopled (pp. of povoar) a mica, mica responsavel, responsible 1. O deputado e* homem digno de toda a confianca, mas estd doente de uma febre. 2. A serra fica umas vinte leguas distante da villa. 3. fi facil de ver que aquelle cavallo que e cego de um olho e capaz de morrer no meio do caminho. 4. A baroneza estava vestida de sedapreta. 5. D'aqui a um pouco estamos Id. 6. Nao pos- so ser responsavel pela educacao de seu filho. 7. Aquclla regiao e povoada pelos indios bravos. 8. Tenho noti- cias delle de vez em quando. 9. Estou muito cansado de maneira que nao devo viajar hoje. 10. Depois que escrevi a carta, montei a cavallo e fui a villa apesar de estar muito doente. 11. A povoacao fica distante d'aqui umas vinte duas leguas ou mais. 1. It is easy to see that he is likely to run away. 2. He is at present busy with writing letters. 3. This young man is still dependent upon his parents. 4. He is likely to die of hunger. EXERCISES 155 XXXV ABBREVIATIONS (See § 147, pages 115-116) Vocabulary o barao, baron a excellencia, excellency o bispo, bishop a meia, stocking (abbreviation of o collega, colleague meia-calca) o cardeal, cardinal a navegacao, navigator o collarinho, collar ignorar, to be ignorant o criado, servant affectuoso, affectionate o director, director directamente, directly o papa, pope humilde, humble o par, pair la, there o sentido, sense, meaning obrigado, obliged as calcas, trousers reverendo, reverend a camisa, shirt Sao, K . a companhia, company Santo, ) 1. De S. Felix fui directamente a S. Paulo, e de la a Sta. Clara pela E. F. 2. Illmo. Exmo. Sr. Dr. Ant° Jose dos Santos Pinheiro, M. D. Director da C ia de Navegacao. 3. De V. Ex a , Am° e cr do obd°. 4. Ex mo e Rev mo Sr. D. Antonio de Macedo Costa, Dig mo Bispo do Para. 5. Collega, am° aff° e hum e servo em J. C. 6. Ill mo e Ex mo Snr., V. Ex a nao ignora que em 8bro. p.p. veio a Roma o Snr. Barao de Penedo. 7. Deus guarde a V. Ex a . 8. Falle V. S a ao Papa e ao Cardeal A. n'este sentido. 9. A S. M. L, D. Pedro II., O. D. C. o autor. 10. No caso que V. S. esteja com fome. 11. Nao tenho nada que nao esteja as ordens de V. Ex a . 156 EXERCISES XXXVI SIMILARITY OF WORDS (See § 145, page 113) For vocabulary see pages 117-118. 1. Como fosse notorio e vulgar o amor de Alvaro a Leonor — . 2. Elle foi nomeado director do collegio. 3. Esta casa e muito ordinaria, e tern as janellas estreitas. 4. O pai delle e* meu parente. 5. Pinheiro tirou a sorte grande na loteria do estado. 6. O alumno assistiu ao espectaculo no dia seguinte. 7. Ascenda a luz e arme minha rede ahi perto da mesa. 8. Quero partir as quatro horas de madrugada. 9. O artista vendeu as acgoes conforme o regimento da companhia. 10. Fiquei admirado e desapontado com este negocio. 11. Estamos apreciando a musica. 12. Nossa peticao foi deferida pelo ministro. 13. Durou o espectaculo a noite inteira. 14. Apanhei uma constipacao no sereno. 15. Tirou uma photographia do gado demandando Goyaz. 16. parente delle acordou tarde. ,17. O caso nao e* de minha competencia. 18. A casa real de Portugal. 19. Partiu de madrugada pelo vapor a hora marcada. 20. Fica combinado que reuniremos nesta casa par- ticular. 21. Correu a fama a contar os successos pelas mil boccas da defamacao. EXERCISES 157 XXXVII EXAMPLES OF STYLE The following are examples of the styles of several of the best writers of Portuguese. The literary form of the Portuguese of the Bible differs in some essential respects from the language used in every-day life just as it does in English. The following from a late translation of the New Testa- ment will serve as an example. THE NEW TESTAMENT «Os Santos Evangelhos e o livro dos actos dos Aposto- los, Versao fiel do original Grego)) [Rio de Janeiro, 1907] S. Matheus, vi. 1-23. Matthew, vi. 1-23. «Guardae-vos de fazer as vossas boas obras deante dos homens, para serdes vistos por elles; de outra sorte nao tendes recompensa junto de vosso Pae que esta nos ceos. Quando, pois, deres esmola, nao facas tocar a trombeta deante de ti, como fazem os hypocritas nas synagogas e nas ruas, para serem honrados dos homens; em ver- dade vos digo que ja" receberam a sua recompensa. Tu porem, quando deres esmolas, nao saiba a tua mao es- querda o que faz a tua direita, para que a tua esmola fique em secreto; e teu Pae que ve em secreto, te retribuira. Quando orardes, nao sejaes como os hypocritas; porque elles gostam de orar em pe nas synagogas e nos cantos das ruas, para serem vistos dos homens; em verdade vos digo que ja receberam a sua recompensa. Tu, porem, quando orares, entra no teu quarto e, fechada a porta, 158 EXERCISES ora a teu Pae que esta em secreto; e teii Pae que ve em secreto, te retribuira. Quando orares, nao useis de repe- ticoes desnecessarias como os Gentios; porque pensam que pelo seu muito falar serao ouvidos. Nao sejaes, pois, como elles; porque vosso Pae sabe o que vos e necessario antes que lh'o pegaes. Orae, portanto, deste modo: Pae nosso que estas nos ceos; sanctificado seja o teu nome; venha o teu reino; seja feita a tua vontade, assim na terra como no ceo. O pao nosso de cada dia nos da hoje; e perdoa-nos as nossas dividas, assim como nos tambem perdoamos aos nossos devedores; e nao nos deixes cahir em tentacao, mas livra-nos do mal. Porque se perdoardes aos homens as suas offensas, tem- bem vosso Pae celestial vos perdoard; mas se nao per- doardes aos homens, tao pouco vosso Pae perdoara as vossas offensas. Quando jejuardes, nao tomeis um ar triste como os hypocritas; porque elles desfiguram os seus rostos para fazer ver aos homens que elles estao jejuando; em ver- dade vos digo que ja receberam a sua recompensa. Tu, porem, quando jejuares, unge a cabeca e lava o rosto para nao mostrar aos homens que jejuas, mas somente a teu Pae que esta em secreto; e teu Pae que ve em secreto, te retribuird. Nao ajunteis para vos thesouros na terra, onde a traga e a ferrugem os consomem, e onde os ladroes penetram e roubam; mas ajuntae para vos thesouros no ceo, onde EXERCISES 159 nem a traga nem a ferrugem os consomem, e onde os ladroes nao penetram nem roubam; porque onde estiver o teu thesouro, ahi estara tambem o teii coragao. Os olhos sao a luz do corpo. Se elles, pois forem simples, todo o corpo sera luminoso; mas se forem maus, todo o teu corpo ficara as escuras. Se, portanto, a luz que ha em ti, sao trevas; quao densas sao as trevas!)) XXXVIII Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877) is a distinguished Portuguese poet, historian, and novelist. The first edition of his classic "Historia de Portugal" was pub- lished in 1846. The following extracts are from the 6th edition of that work printed at Lisbon in 1901. (The First Crusade. Vol. I, p. 199.) «Um grande acontecimento, cujas consequencias foram immensas para o progresso da civilisacao, preoccupava por esse tempo os animos em toda a Europa a em grande parte da Asia. A primaeira cruzada, promovida pelo eremita Pedro e pelas eloquentes palavras de Urbano n no concilio de Clermont, tinha arrojado para a Syria cem mil homens d'armas seguidos de uma turba innumeravel de individuos de todas as condicoes e de ambos os sexos. Depois de longa viagem, em que a miseria, os vicios, as doengas e a guerra reduziram a bem pequeno numero essa multidao desordenada, Jerusalem caira nas maos dos cruzados, e os guerreiros que nao se tinham ar- mado para a conquista dos lugares sanctos puderam ir ainda, apos os mais fervorosos, ajudar a defender a mo- narchia christan l fundada na Palestina e ganhar ahi a 1 An old form of christa; see § 5, foot-note to n. 160 EXERCISES gloria e a opulencia ou a remissao de passados crimes, remissao que a igreja concedia com mao larga aos que, pondo sobre o hombro esquerdo a cruz vermelha, se votavam A trabalhosa e arriscada peregrinacao do ultra- mar. Seis annos depois da primeira invasao, em 1101, uma segunda cruzada partiu para o oriente, cujos suc- cessos desastrados nao impediram que novos peregrinos se fossem precipitar naquelle vasto sorvedouro de quantos homens de fe viva tinha a Europa e tambem de quantas fezes de corrupcao, cubica e ferocidade havia nella. Para as almas crentes ou devoradas de remorsos a Syria era a piscina da rehabilitacao moral: para os ambiciosos e devassos fonte inexgotavel de fortuna e de deleites. As paixoes boas e mas ligavam-se num pensamento unico — o demandar o oriente; porque tanto a vida como a morte offereciam ao que partia uma perspectiva de felicidade.)) (The Moors of Spain and Portugal in the twelfth century. Vol. I, 349-350.) «Os mahommetanos da Peninsula offerecem-nos pelo meiado do seculo xn mais um desses exemplos, ao mesmo tempo terriveis e salutares, de que abunda a historia. Naquelle pais, seja qual for o seu grau de civilizacao e poderio, onde fallece o amor da patria, onde os vicios mais hediondos vivem a luz do sol, onde a todas as ambicoes e licito pretender e esperar tudo, onde a lei, atirada para o charco das ruas pelo pe desdenhoso dos grandes, vai Id servir de joguete as multidoes desenfreiadas, onde a liberdade do homem, a magestade dos principes e as virtudes da familia se converteram em tres grandes mentiras, ha ahi uma nagao que vai morrer. A Provi- dencia, que o previu, suscita entao outro povo que EXERCISES 161 venha envolver aquelle cadaver no sudario dos mortos. Pobre, grosseiro, nao numeroso, que importa isso? Para pregar as taboas de um ataude qualquer pequena forca basta.)) (The death of Affonso I of Portugal Vol. I, 463-464.) «No longo crepusculo de velhice aborrida e enferma, o coracao do valente Affonso i ainda pode dilatar-se pela ultima vez nos contentamentos de uma grande victoria. A sua boa espada repousava havia muito na bainha juncto do seu leito de dor; mas consold-lo-hia a certeza de que deixava um filho digno delle no esforco, e uma nacao cheia de energia e de esperanca, a qual lhe devia quasi inteiramente a sua vida politica. A resistencia inven- civel que as forcas de terra e de mar do imperio mussul- mano tinham encontrado em Portugal provava-lhe que o povo educado por elle passara em curtos annos de debil infancia a juventude robusta. O edeficio da indepen- dencia nacional, desenhado pelo conde Henrique, cimen- tado por D. Theresa e realisado de todo o ponto por elle, achava-se, emfim, concluido com a seguranca necessaria para resistir A destruidora acgao dos seculos . . . O ultimo anno da vida de Affonso i passou sem que a historia tivesse nada que mencionar acerca deste principe. O guerreiro como que ja" dormitava no somno da morte, que em breve devia cerrar-lhe perpetuamente as palpebras. Apenas alguns documentos dessa epocha nos mostram que nos seus derradeiros dias nao abandonou de todo o leme do estado, ao passo que se mostrava ainda liberal para a igreja, com quern sempre repartira largamente os fructos das suas conquistas. Veio, enfim, a fallecer a 6 de dezembro de 1185 depois de governar este pais com 162 EXERCISES os titulos d'infante e de principe doze annos e com o de rei quarenta e cinco. Ordenara elle que o enterrassem no mosteiro de Sancta Cruz de Coimbra, onde jaziam tambem as cinzas de sua esposa D. Mafalda. Ahi, de feito, descansou finalmente aquelle corpo gasto de tantas lidas em sepultura modesta, conforme permittia a rudeza dos tempos, ate que elrei D. Manuel lhe alevantou o rico mausoleo em que ainda hoje se guardam os ossos do fun- dodor da monarchia.)) XXXIX Almeida Garrett (Joao Baptista da Silva Leitao, Visconde d' Almeida, 1799-1854) the most popular poet of Portugal published some twenty-seven vol- umes of poems, plays, history, etc. The following extract is from a poem entitled " Camoes," canto V, stanza xi. The first edition of this poem appeared in 1825. CINTRA «0h Cintra! oh saudosissimo retiro, Onde se esquecem magoas, onde folga De se olvidar no seio a natureza Pensamentos que imbala adormecedo O sussurro das folhas, c'o murmurio Das despenhadas lymphas misturado ! Quern, descansando a fresca sombra tua, Sonhou senao venturas? Quern, sentado No musgo de tuas rocas escarpadas, Espairecendo os olhos satisfeitos Por ceos, por mares, por montanhas, prados, EXERCISES 163 Por quanto ha hi 1 mais bello no universo, Nao sentiu arrobar-se-lhe a existencia, Poisar-lhe o coragao suavamente Sobre esquecidas penas, amarguras, Ancias, lavor da vida? — Oh grutas frias, Oh gemedoras fontes, oh suspiros De namoradas selvas, brandas veigas, Verdes outeiros, gigantescas serras! Nao vos verei eu mais, delicias d'alma? Troncos onde eu cortei queridos nomes D'amisade e de amor, nao hei de urn dia Perguntar-vos por elles? Soletrando Nao irei pelas arvores crescidas Os caracteres que, em tenrinhas plantas, Pelas verdes corticas lh'entalhara! Oh! se inda 2 eu vos verei! ...» XL Joaquim Nabuco (born in the province of Pernam- buco, Brazil, in 1847; died at Washington January 17, 1910) was one of the ablest and best-known of Brazilian statesmen, diplomats, and writers. The following extract from " Minha Formagao," Paris, 1900, pages 223-225, is a good example of his writing, and at the same time throws light upon his character and upon his career as the leader of the antislavery movement in Brazil. ((Tornei a visitar doze annos depois a capellinha de S. Matheus onde minha madrinha, Dona Anna Rosa Falcao 1 hi in place of ahi. 2 inda for ainda. 164 EXERCISES de Carvalho, jaz na parede ao lado do altar, e pela pe- quena sacristia abandonada penetrei no cercado onde eram enterrados os escravos . . . Cruzes, que talvez nao existam mais, sobre montes de pedras escondidas pelas ortigas, era tudo quasi que restava do opulenta fabrica, como se chamava o quadro da escravatura . . . Em baixo, na planicie, brilhavam como outr'ora as manchas verdes dos grandes cannaviaes, mas a usina agora fume- gava e assobiava com um vapor agudo, annunciando uma vida nova. A almanjarra 1 desapparecera no passado. O trabalho livre tinha tornado o logar em grande parte do trabalho escravo. O engenho apresentava do lado do «porto» o aspecto de uma colonia; da casa velha nao ficdra vestigio . . . O sacrificio dos pobres negros que haviam incorporado as suas vidas ao futuro d'aquella propriedade, nao existia mais talvez senao na minha lembranca . . . Debaixo dos meus pes estava tudo o que restava d'elles, defronte dos columbaria onde dormiam na estreita capella aquelles que elles haviam amado e livremente servido. Sosinho alii, invoquei todas as min- has reminiscencias, chamei-os a muitos pelos nomes, aspirei no ar carregado de aromas agrestes, que entretem a vegetacao sobre suas covas, o sopro que lhes dilatava o coracao e lhes inspirava a sua alegria perpetua. Foi assim que o problema moral da escravidao se desenhou pela primeira vez aos meus olhos em sua nitidez perfeita e com sua solucao obrigatoria. Nao so esses escravos nao se tinham queixado de sua senhora, como a tinham ate o fim abencoado ... A gratidao estava do lado de quern dava. Elles morreram acreditando-se os deve- 1 Almanjarra is the name given the old-fashioned cane mill that was turned by oxen or horses. EXERCISES 165 dores . . . seu carinho nao teria deixado gerrninar a mais leve suspeita de que o senhor pudesse ter uma obrigagao para com elles, que lhe pertenciam . . . Deus conservara alii o coracao do escravo, como o do animal fiel, longe do contacto com tudo que o pudesse revoltar contra a sua dedicacao. Esse perdao espontaneo da divida do senhor pelos escravos figurou-se-me a amnistia para os paizes que cresceram pela escravidao, o meio de escaparem a um dos peiores talioes da historia ... Oh! os Santos pretos! seriam elles os intercessores pela nossa infeliz terra, que regaram com seu sangue, mas aben- coaram com seu amor! Eram essas as ideas que me vinham entre aquelles tumulos, para mim, todos elles, sagrados, e entao alii mesmo, aos vinte annos, formei a resolucao de votar a minha vida, si assim me fosse dado, ao servico da raca generosa entre todas que a desegual- dade da sua condigao enternecia em vez de azedar e que por sua docura no soffrimento emprestava ate mesmo a" oppressao de que era victima um reflexo de bondade ...» XLI Julia Lopes d' Almeida, native of the province of S. Paulo, Brazil, is the authoress of many romances and other writings. She has a charming straight- forwardness and simplicity of style. She is the one writer who has had the artistic insight to appreciate, and the courage to set down in its true form, the language of the caipiras and of the old slaves. The following brief example taken from " A Familia Medeiros " 2a ed. S. Paulo 1894, 261-265, will give an idea of the character of the patois of the interior 166 EXERCISES of S. Paulo. The correct words inserted in brackets do not, of course, appear in the original. «Eram seis horas da manha quando Octavio, accor- dando, ouvio dois caipiras dialogarem sob a janella do seu quarto. Dizia um: — Seu [Senhor] Romao ja disse qui o mais folte di nois tudo [forte de nos todos] e o Braz . . . — Tche! 1 na terra! o mais folte di nois tudo [forte de nos todos] sou eu! — Seu Ze [Senhor Jose] Riba mandou chama [char- mar] um capanga di [de] fora, um ta Furctuoso! [tal Fructuoso] — Eh! sae cinza! — Os [o] coitado . . . — Que [probably for quern e] coitado? — Da gente do doto . . . [doutor] — Foi nho [Senhor] Triguero que mandou chama" [chamar] mece [vossa merce]? — Nao foi nao; eu vim traze [trazer] um recado de nho [Senhor] Juca, pro [para] mode [modo] elle f [ir] la combind, [combinar] as [a] coisa; o diabo e que fica talde [tarde] e eu perciso [preciso] i mi [ir me] embora. — Mece [vossa merce] foi convidado pra [para a] festa? — Fui. — Quem fo* que convidou mece? [vossa merce] — Nho [Senhor] Carro [Carlos] de Lima, mais [mas] nao vou nao! 1 Tche, an exclamation; this sound is only used in Brazil in cer- tain parts of S. Paulo, and in Minho and Tras-os-Montes in Portugal, where it probably originated. EXERCISES 167 — Ue! Isso e o mesmo que pincha [pinchar] dinheiro fora! — fi . . . mais [mas] nao vou. Eu quando vejo sangue fico tao patife [for covarde] que ate chego a se [ser] vil! Ouvindo o nome de Fructuoso ligado aquellas palavras mysteriosas, Octavio ergueu-se e abriu a janella, mas ja os dois caipiras se tinham afastado; um d'elles con- versava com o Trigueirinhos, que o ouvia de rosto carre- gado; o outro desapparecia na porta do pateo com um feixe de palmitos ao hombro. Estavam assim, quando ouviram o rodar de um troly; 1 chegavam os Francos. Noemia estremeceu e approximou- se instinctivamente da mae, como a pedir-lhe misericordia e apoio. Momentos depois, entravam na sala o coronel Cer- queira Franco e o filho. O coronel era um velho robusto, alto, corpulento, de barba farta a encobrir-lhe todo o peito, andar pesado e grandes maos cabelludas. O filho, egualmente alto e forte, tinha o aspecto agradavel, o olhar sereno, um sorriso bondoso e feliz de creanca posto nos grossos labios de um homem. commendador apresentou-o a Noemia, dizendo-lhe: — Esta e que e vossa noiva! Elle corou; ella, sem levantar os olhos, extendeu-lhe a mao, gelada e tremula. Houve um instante de silencio, que o coronel Cerqueira 1 Small spring wagon, or bvckboard, introduced into S. Paulo about 1870; it is known by the English name of trolly. 168 EXERCISES Franco se apressou em cortar fallando num torn alto, com certa intimidade e alegria. Voltando-se para o filho exclamou: — Voce tern uma noiva muito bonita; carece agora de tratal-a bem, ouviu? bonita e . . . commoda! porque e tao delicada que ha de ser por forca muito leviana! [leve] cabe num canto do bolso de Julio! Pouco depois, uma mucama chamou para o almoco. Enchendo o seu prato de quirera [milho pizado] e lorn! o de porco, o coronel Franco proseguia: — D. Nicota, a senhora descurpe [desculpe] a fran- queza! mas quando eu passei na cachoeira de Piras- sununga, hontem de talde [tarde], tavam [estavam] cacando peixe [pescando], entao apeguei de traze [trazer] um dourado pra [para] sua ceia ...» E dirigindo-se imme- diatamente ao Trigueirinhos: — «Seu tio e bem bom . . . eu jd pousei aqui na visinhanca uma noite, em casa do . . . de um chimbeva 1 moreno. ...» — «0 Prates?)) — «Isso! . . . nao me alembrava [lembrava] o nome, era casado com uma moca da Limeira ... oh! que mulher fogueta!)) Os outros riram-se; elle continuou: — Estou ficando com os pes fria [frios] ! acho que e porque a varanda e de tijolo! Trigueirinhos? voces nao aquentam fogo, nao? — Que sim, responderam. De vez em quando, no inverno, faziam fogo na sala de jantar, entre as redes; agora porem, em fevereiro, nem se lembravam d'isso! coronel Franco proseguiu fallando sempre, ora das 1 Flat-nosed person. EXERCISES 169 suas propriedades em diversos locaes da provincia, ora do casamento do filho, etc. ... A sobremesa disse ter ouvido de dois passageiros, no trem, grandes injurias as auctoridades de Casa Branca, e tambem que haveria nessa cidade uma revolugao de escarvos! isso e que era o diabo! Deveria dar credito a semelhante boato? in- dagava elle, mastigando com a completa dentadura postica o doce de abobora moranga, servido as talhadas. XLII Antonio Gongalves Dias (1824-1864) was a native of the province of Maranhao in Brazil, and was educated at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. He is the most popular of the Brazilian poets. Every Brazilian knows by heart his beautiful " cancao do exilo " written at Coimbra in 1843. CANgAO DO EXILO Minha terra tem palmeiras, Onde canta o Sabia; 1 As aves, que aqui gorgeiao, Nao gorgeiao como la. Nosso ceo tem mais estrellas, Nossas varzeas tem mais flores, Nossos bosques tem mais vida, Nossa vida mais amores. Em scismar, sosinho, a noite, Mais prazer encontro eu la; Minha terra tem palmeiras, Onde canta o Sabia. 1 Sabia is the popular name of a kind of Brazilian robin. 170 EXERCISES Minha terra tern primores, Que taes nao encontro eu c£; Em scismar — sosinho, & noite — Mais prazer encontro eu Id; Minha terra tern palmeiras, Onde canta o Sabia. •Nao permitta Deos que eu morra, Sem que eu volte para la; Sem que desfructe os primores Que nao encontro por c&; Sem qu'inda aviste as palmeiras, Onde canta o Sabia. XLIII The Marquez de Maricd (1773-1848) one of the illustrious statesmen and litterateurs of Brazil was especially noted for his maxims, examples of which are given here. MAXIMAS, PENSAMENTOS, E REFLEXOES Ninguem considera a sua ventura superior ao seu merito, mas todos se queixao das injustices dos homens e da fortuna. A modestia doura os talentos, a vaidade os deslustra. Os abusos, como os dentes, nunca se arrancao sem dores. Quando o povo nao acredita na probidade, a immo- ralidade e geral. O moco devasso pode emendar-se, o velho vicioso he incorrigivel. EXERCISES 171 Os mais arrojados em fallar sao ordinariamente os menos profundos em saber. A virtude resistindo se reforca. A virtude he communicavel, mas o vicio contagioso. Os governos fracos fazem fortes os ambiciosos e in- surgentes. Ninguem duvida tanto como aquelle que mais sabe. A bravura e taciturna, mas a cobardia garrulenta. Ninguem e grande homem em tudo e em todo o tempo. Nao e dado ao saber humano conhecer toda a extensao da sua ignorancia. Os medicos accusao a natureza, os enfermos aos medicos. Muita sciencia occasiona muita incerteza. Nenhum governo e bom para os homens maos. Soffrei privacies na mocidade, e sereis regalados na velhice. Queixamo-nos da fortuna para desculpar a nossa preguica. O odio e a guerra que declaramos aos outros nos gasta e consome a nos mesmos. Velhos ha que bem merecem ser comparados aos vol- coes extinctos. Os bons exemplos dos pais sao as melhores licoes e a melhor heranca para os filhos. A importunidade e algumas vezes mais feliz que o merecimento. A liberdade e a que nos constitue entes moraes bons ou maos: e hum grande bem para quern tern juizo; e para quern o nao tern, um mal gravissimo. Nao ha cousa mais facil que veneer os outros homens, nem mais difficil que vencer-nos a nos mesmos. Entre as paixoes humanas a ambicao tern tanto de nobre como a avareza de ignobil. 172 EXERCISES Os nossos maiores inimigos existem dentro de nos mesmos: sao os nossos erros, vicios e paixoes. Em algumas revolucoes o jogo continua como dantes, £ excepgao do barulho e jogadores que sao novos. As revolucoes politicas, quando nao melhorao, dete- riorao, necessariamente a sorte das nacoes. As nacoes, como as pessoas, aprendem errando e soffrendo. Nao ha escravidao peior que a dos vicios e paixoes. Huma revolugao feliz justifica os maiores crimes e os eleva a cathegoria de virtudes. Deve-se usar da liberdade, como de vinho, com mode- racao e sobriedade. A plena liberdade e* como a pedra philosophal, pro- curada por muitos e por nenhum descoberta. Ninguem e* tao prudente em dispender o seu dinheiro como aquelle que melhor conhece as difficuldades de o ganhar honradamente. A forca sem intelligencia e como o movimento sem direcgao. Nao se apaga o fogo com resinas, nem a colera com mas palavras. Os ignorantes exagerao sempre mais que os intelli- gentes. Os prazeres, como as rosas, estao bordados de espinhos; colhelos sem ferir-se e o requinte da prudencia e habili- dade humana. Os pobres declamao contra a riqueza para se conso- larem ou se justificarem de nao serem ricos. A melhor entidade da terra e huma boa mulher, a peior a que e md. A desconflanga e o tormento dos velhos ; receiao-se de todos e de tudo. EXERCISES 173 A morte salda muitas contas que a vida nao pode ajustar. A melhor companhia acha-se em huma escolhida livraria. Huma boa letra nao annuncia vasta intelligencia, nem huma eloquencia brilhante profunda sapiencia. A ignorancia e mae da supersticao e fanatismo. A gente moca nao sabe apreciar os bens do que goza, nem avaliar os males que nao padece. Os que sabem menos sao ordinariamente os que fallao mais. Sem philosophia nao ha sabedoria: quern nao e philo- sopho nao pode ser sabio. Todos se accusao ou se queixao de pouco dinheiro, nenhum de pouco juizo. A litteratura ingleza deve servir de antidoto £ fran- ceza: esta vicia, aquella moralisa os seus cultores. A vaidade e um elemento muito importante da felici- dade humana. MEU EPITAPHIO Aqui jaz o corpo apenas Do marquez de Maricd: Quern quizer saber-lhe da alma, Nos seus livros a achard. XLIV Luis de Camoes (born at Lisbon in 1524, died in 1579) was the greatest literary genius ever pro- duced by Portugal. His " Lusiadas " is the most celebrated poem in the Portuguese language. It is 174 EXERCISES an epic, and treats of the discovery of India by the early Portuguese navigators. The extracts that follow are from the first Canto of the " Lusiadas." In verses vi to xvm of the first Canto the poet addresses himself to Dom Sebastiao who was king of Portugal from 1557 to 1578. At xix the ships are under sail, and at xx Jupiter calls together the gods to decide the fate of the enterprise. CANTO PRIMEIRO VI E vos, 6 bem nascida seguranca Da Lusitana 1 antigua libcrdade, E nao menos certissima esperanca De augmento da pequena Christandade: Vos, 6 novo temor da Maura lanca, Maravilha fatal 2 da nossa idade; Dada ao mundo por Deos, que todo o mande, Para do mundo a Deos dar parte grande: VII V6s, tenro e novo ramo florecente De huma arvore de Christo mais amada Que nenhuma nascida no Occidente, Cesarea, ou Christianissima chamada: Vede-o no vosso escudo, que presente Vos amostra a victoria j& passada; Na qual vos deo por armas, e deixou As que elle para si na Cruz tomou: 1 Lusitania was an ancient province of Spain that included a large part of modern Portugal, of which it i3 often used as a synonym. 2 fateful. EXERCISES 175 VIII Vos, poderoso Rei, cujo alto imperio O Sol logo em nascendo ve primeiro; Ve-o tambem no meio do hemispherio; E quando desce, o deixa derradeiro: Vos, que esperamos jugo, e vituperio Do torpe Ismaelita cavalleiro, Do Turco oriental, e do Gentio Que inda 1 bebe o licor do sancto 3 rio. IX Inclinai por hum pouco a magestade, Que nesse tenro gesto vos contemplo; Que ja se mostra qual na inteira idade, Quando subindo ireis ao eterno templo. Os olhos da Real benignidade Ponde no chao: vereis hum novo exemplo De amor dos patrios feitos valerosos, Em versos divulgado numerosos. XIX J& no largo Oceano navegavam, As inquietas ondas apartando; Os vent os brandamente respiravam, Das naos as velas concavas inchando: Da branca escuma os mares se mostravam Cobertos, onde as proas vao cortando As maritimas aguas consagradas, Que do gado de Proteo sao cortadas. ainda. 2 liquor. 3 santo. 176 EXERCISES XX Quando os deoses 1 no Olympo luminoso, Onde o governo esta da humana gente, Se ajuntam em concilio glorioso Sobre as cousas f uturas do Oriente : Pisando o crystallino c6o formoso, Vem pela via Lactea juntamente, Convocados da parte do Tonante 2 Pelo neto gentil do velho Atlante. 1 See deus. 2 Jupiter Tonans. VOCABULARIES including index to rules, tables, conjugations of verbs, and examples in the text. The numbers and letters refer to the paragraphs of the text. The gender of the nouns is indicated by the use of the definite article o (masculine) or a (feminine) before the noun. The article when thus used is not translated in the vocabulary. ABBREVIATIONS adj. adjective pp. past participle adv. adverb pr. part. present participle art. article pi. plural conj. conjunction prep. preposition /. feminine pro. pronoun int. interjection s. substantive m. masculine v. verb ord. ordinal numeral The part of speech is indicated only in cases where doubt is possible. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a, art., the, § 14-16. a, prep., to, of, § 122a, 123a, 6, c, d, e, 124, 139, 141. a, that, § 87. a, as, them, § 65. abaixo, below, § 144. abandonar, to abandon. ABBREVIATIONS, § 147. a abelha, bee, § 26c. abencoar, to bless. aberto, adj., open. a abobora, squash, pumpkin. aborrido, sad, tedious, weari- some. abracar, to embrace. abranger, to contain. Abril, April. abrir, to open. ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE, §44. abundar, to abound. o abuso, abuse. acabar, to finish, § 123/. a accao, action, share. accender, to light, set fire. ACCENT MARKS, § 8. accessivel, accessible. accordar, to waken. accusar, to accuse, complain. aceitar, to accept. acerca, concerning. achar, to find, § 124a, 138. acima, above, § 144. acola, there, § 135r. acompanhar, to accompany, § 124c. acontecer, to happen. o acontecimento, occurrence. acreditar, to believe. a actividade, activity. activo, active. o actor, actor. adiante, before (in space). adiar, to postpone. ADJECTIVES, § 39. a admiracao, admiration. admirado, surprised. adoecer, to fall ill, sicken. adoptar, to adopt. adormecido, lulled. ADVERBS, § 134. a adversidade, adversity. o advogado, lawyer. afastar, to withdraw, go away. a affabilidade, affability. affectuosamente, affectionately. affectuoso, affectionate. affeicoado, addicted to, inclined. afigurado, shapely, fine look- ing. afim, for the purpose of, § 144-5. a agonia, agony. agora, now. o agosto, August. agradavel, agreeable. agradecer, to thank, § 122i. 179 180 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY agreste, of the forest, untilled, rough. a agua, water. agudo, sharp, acute. aguentar, to endure, stand. a aguia, eagle, § 26c. ahi, there, § 135c. ainda, yet, § 135g, 145. ajuntar, to get together, accu- mulate. ajustar, to adjust. a alegria, joy, joyfulness. alem, beyond, § 144. alevantar, to get up, lift, build. o alfinete, pin. algo, something, § 1006. o algodao, cotton. alguem, some one. algum, some, any, no, § 101. ali, there, § 135d. o allemao, German (and adj.). alii, see ali. a alma, soul. almocar, to breakfast, § 122i. o almoco, breakfast. ALPHABET, § 1. o altar, altar. a alteza, highness, § 147. alto, high, tall, § 45, 134e. alugar, to let, rent. o alumno, student. alvo, white. a ama, nurse. a amabilidade, kindness, friend- liness. amanhan, or amanha, to-morrow. amar, to love. amarello, yellow. a amargura, bitterness, grief. amavel, amiable, friendly. a ambicao, ambition. ambicioso, ambitious. ambos, both. o amigo, friend. a amizade, friendship. a amnistia, amnesty. o amor, love. amostrar, to show (also mostrar). a ancia, anxiety, perplexity. andar, to walk, § 109e, 124a. o andar, floor. angelico, angelic. o animal, animal. o animo, mind, spirit. o annel, ring, § 20. 5. o anno, year. annunciar, to announce. anoitecer, to become night. ante-hontem, day before yester- day. ANTEPENULT, ACCENTED, §9d. antes, before (in time), rather, § 145. o antidoto, antidote. antigo, ancient, old. o anzol, fish-hook. aonde, where, § 135m. apagar, to put out, extinguish. apanhar, to catch. apartar, to part, separate. apegar, see pegar. apenas, barely, merely. apesar, in spite of, § 145. o apoio, support. apontar, to point, take aim. ap6s, after, behind. o apostolo, apostle. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 181 apparelhar, to prepare, fit out. o appetite, appetite. apprehender, to learn. apreciar, to appreciate, enjoy. apresentar, to present, intro- duce. apressar, to hasten. aproveitar, to improve the op- portunity, turn to account. aproximar, to approach. aquelle -a, that, § 84. aquentar, to heat, fire. aqui, here; d'aqui, hence, § 134, 135a. aquillo, that, § 85. o ar, air, appearance. ardente, ardent. a areia, sand. a arma, (fire) arm. armar, to arm. a aroma, aroma, sweet odor. arrancar, to pull out, extricate, § 108, 123/. arrepender-se, to repent, § 12Gb. arriscado, dangerous, risky. arriscar, to risk. arrobar, to ravish, put in ecstasy. arrojado, bold, rash. arrojar, to drag. a arvore, tree. ascender, to light. o aspecto, aspect. aspirar, to breathe. assignaiar, to distinguish. assim, so, thus. a$sistir, to assist, to be present. assoberbar, to vex. assobiar, to hiss, whistle. o assucar, sugar. o asylo, asylum, refuge, home. o ataude, coffin. ate, to, at, until, § 122c. atirar, to throw, throw down, shoot, atrever-se, to dare, venture. o atrevimento, boldness, daring, attento, attentive. attingir, to attain. attracar, to make fast. AUGMENTATIVES, § 35, 46. o augmento, increase. o autor, author. a autora, authoress. a autoridade, authority. AUXILIARY VERBS, § 109. o auxilio, help, avaliar, to value. a avareza, avarice. a ave, bird. avistar, to see, get sight of. a avo, grandmother. o av6, grandfather. -avo, suffix in fractions, § 61a. a aza, wing. azedar, to embitter. o azeite, oil. azul, blue, § 41/. B o bacalhau, codfish. o bacharel, bachelor (academic). a bahia, bay. a bainha, sheath, scabbard. baixo, low, § 134e. a bala, ball, bullet. balancar, to balance, swing, rock. a bandeira, flag, banner 182 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a banha, lard. o banho, bath. o barao, baron. barato, cheap. a barba, beard. barbaro, barbarous. a baroneza, baroness. a barra, bar, mouth of stream. o barril, barrel, § 20. 6. o barro, clay. o barulho, noise. bastante, enough. bastar, to suffice. a batalha, battle. a batata, potato. bater, to beat, knock. beber, to drink. o beico, lip. bello, fine, handsome. o Beltrano, § 94. bem, well; se bem que, § 145. o bem, good; pi, bens, goods; bens de raiz, real estate. bemdito, see bemdizer. a bencao, blessing. a benignidade, benignity. o betume, pitch, tar. a bibliotheca, library. o bilhete, ticket. o bispo, bishop. boa, see bom. o boato, report, rumor, a boca, mouth. o boi, ox. bolir, see bulir. o bolso, pocket. bom, good, § 41<7, 51. a bondade, goodness, kindness, bondoso, good, good-natured. bonito, pretty, handsome. bordar, to border, surround. o bosque, woods, grove. botar, to put, place. a botica, apothecary's shop. a botina, boot. o braco, arm. branco, white. brandamente, gently. brando, gentle, sweet. o brasileiro, Brazilian {and adj.). bravo, wild. a bravura, bravery. o breu, pitch, tar. breve, short. brilhante, brilliant. brilhar, to shine, glitter. o brilho, brilliancy. brincar, to play, fool. bulir, to disturb, stir. buscar, to fetch, bring. ca, here, § 1356. a cabeca, head; round-topped mountain. o cabello, hair. cabelludo, hairy. caber, to hold, § 112, p. 83. a cabra, goat. a cachoeira, water-fall. o cachorro, dog. cada, each, § 100/. o cadaver, dead body. a cadeira, chair. o caes, quay, mole, § 206. o cafe, coffee. cahir, to fall, § 110, p. 82. o caipira, backwoodsman. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 183 a caixa, box; caixa economica, savings-bank. o caixao, big box. See Exer- cise X. a cal, lime, § 20. 4. calar, to hush, silence, § 1266. calcar, to put on (shoes, socks, trousers), § 122. as calcas (pi.), trousers, § 21. o calor, heat, § 121. a camada, bed, layer (of rock). a camara, room. o, a camarada, companion. o camareiro, chamberlain. o camarote, cabin (on ship), box (in theater). o caminho, road, way. a camisa, shirt. o campo, field, plain. cancar, to tire, weary. o cannavial, cane field. cansado, see cancar. cantar, to sing. o canto, corner; song. o cantor, singer. a cantora, songstress. o cao, dog. o capanga, hired assassin. capaz, capable, § 139a. . a capela, chapel. CAPITAL LETTERS, § 12. o capital, principal; /., capital (city), § 31. o capitalista, capitalist. o capitao, captain. caprichoso, erratic, whimsical. o caracter, character, hand- writing. o cardeal, cardinal. carecer, to need, require. a caridade, charity. o carinho, kindness, affection. a carne, meat, flesh. caro, dear, expensive. carregado, heavy, loaded. o carro, cart, wagon, carriage. a carta, letter. a casa, house. a casaca, (long) coat. o casamento, marriage. casar, to marry. o caso, case. a categoria, list, category. a cathedral, cathedral. caudal, mighty. a causa, cause, reason, case (law) . o cavalheiro, knight, noble- man; adj., noble, gentleman- like. o cavalleiro, horseman, cavalier, gentleman. a cavallo, horse. caxoeira, see cachoeira. cear, to sup. cedo, early. cego, blind, § 139a. a ceia, supper. celebre, celebrated, § 143. celestial, heavenly. cem, one hundred. o cemiterio, cemetery. os centenares, hundreds. o centesimo, hundredth. cento, hundred, p. 50. o ceo, heaven. cerca, about, § 144. o cercado, enclosure. 184 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY cercar, to encircle, surround, en- close, § 124c, 143. cerrar, to close. a certeza, certainty, certo, sure, certain, § 51, 100/. ceruleo, cerulean, bluish, azure, cessar, to cease, § 122e, 123/*. o cha, tea. a chaleira, tea-kettle. chamar, to call, chao, adj., plain. o chao, ground. o chapeo, hat. o charco, mud, puddle, a chave, key. o chefe, chief. chegar, to arrive, suffice, § 122c. cheio, full. o chicote, (riding) whip. a chinela, slipper. chorar, to weep, cry. chover, to rain, christao, Christian. a chuva, rain. a cidadao, citizen. a cidade, city, cimentar, to cement, cinco, five, § 55. cincoenta, fifty. a cinza, ashes. a cithara, cithern, lute, o ciume, jealousy. civil, civil. a civilisacao, civilization, civilisado, civilized, claro, clear, classificar, to classify. o clima, climate. !& cobardia, cowardice. coberto, covered. cobic ar, see cubicar. a cobra, snake, § 26c. cobrir, to cover, § 124c. o coco, coconut. a coisa, see cousa. coitado, poor (fellow) (term of endearment or pity), § 146. a colera, wrath. a coiner, spoon; v., to collect, gather. o collarinho, collar. a colleccao, collection. o collega, colleague. a colonia, colony. com, with, § 122d, 142. combinar, to combine, arrange, comecar, to begin, § 123e, /. comer, to eat. comigo, see commigo. o commendador, commander, commigo, with me, § 65c. commodo, convenient, handy. COMMON TERMINATIONS of m. and f. nouns, § 27. commun, common, communicavel, communicable, comnosco, with us, § 65c. como, adv., how, as, § 131. a compaixao, compassion. a companhia, company. a comparacao, comparison. comparar, to compare. COMPARISONS, § 42-45. completamente, completely, completo, complete, whole. COMPOUND PLURALS, § 22. comprar, to buy. comprido, long. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 185 comsigo, with himself, by him- self, etc., § 67. comtigo, with thee, § 65c. concavo, concave. conceder, to concede, grant. o concilio, council. o conde, count. a condicao, condition. CONDITIONAL ENDINGS AND MEANINGS, § 106, 107. a confianca, confidence. conforme, according as. confranger-se, to shrink: conhecer, to know, be ac- quainted with, § 143. CONJUNCTIONS, § 145. a conquista, conquest. consagrado, consecrated. o conselheiro, counselor. o conselho, council, advice. a consequencia, consequence. conservar, to preserve. considerar, to consider. consolar, to console, comfort. consomir, see consumir. CONSONANTS, § 5. constituir, to constitute. o consul, consul, § 20. 4. consumir, to consume. a conta, account, count, reck- oning. o contacto, contact. contagioso, contagious. contar, to count. contemplar, to contemplate, see. o contentamento, contentment. contente, content, pleased. continuar, to continue, go on. o conto, conto, § 55; a tale. contra, against. o contrario, contrary. convem, see convir, § 113. conversar, to converse. converter, to convert. convidar, to invite. convir, to be convenient, suit, §113. o convite, invitation. convocar, to call together. o copo, cup, glass. a cor, color. o coracao, heart. a coragem, courage. corar, to color, blush. o coronel, colonel. o corpo, body. corpulento, stout. correcto, correct. corrente, adj., current. corrigir, to correct. a corrupcao, corruption. cortar, to cut. a corte, court, § 23. a cortica, bark. o corvo, crow, § 26c. a costa, side, coast. costumar, to accustom, be ac- customed. a costume, custom. a cousa, thing, § 44c. a cova, grave. o covarde, coward. o cravo, pink, horseshoe-nail. o credito, credit. crente, faithful, believing. o crepusculo, twilight. crer, to believe, § 112, p. 83. 186 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY crescer, to grow. crescido, grown up. a criacao, raising, breeding {of cattle) , creation. a criada, (female) servant. o criado, (male) servant. a crianca, baby. o crime, crime. crivel, credible. cm, crua, raw, § 41e. a cruz, cross. a cruzada, crusade. o cruzado, crusader. crystallino, crystaline. a cubica, greed, lust. cubicar. long for. cubicoso, covetous. o cuidado, care. cuidadosamente, carefully. cujo, whose, § 96, 99. o cultor, cultivator, lover, fol- lower. o cura, curate; sf., cure. curto, short. custar, to cost. customar, see costumar. da, § 156. o dado, data, information. o damno, damage. dantes, before. dar, to give, § 111; dar a luz (um livro), to publish, datar, to date, de, of, § 122e, /, 124d, 139a, 6, c, d,f. debil, weak, feeble, decidir, to decide. o decimo, tenth, § 59. declamar, to declaim, cry out. declarar, to declare. o dedal, thimble. a dedicacao, dedication. dedicar, to dedicate. DEFECTIVE VERBS, p. 91. defender, to defend. deferir, to grant, concede. DEFINITE ARTICLE, § 14- 16. defronte, in front of. deitar, to lie down, § 123c, h. deixar, to leave, let, allow, § 123/. o deleite, delight, pleasure. delicado, delicate. a delicia, delight, bliss. demais, too much. demandar, to demand, head for. a demissao, dismissal, relief. denso, dense. a dentadura, set of teeth. o dente, tooth. o dentista, dentist. dentro, within, § 144. dependente, dependent, § 139a. depois, after, afterwards, § 144, 145. depdr, to deposit; lay down; de- pose. depressa, quickly. a depressao, depression. o deputado, deputy, congress- man. derradeiro, adj., last. desapontado, put out. desapparecer, to disappear. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 187 desastrado, disastrous. descancar, to rest. descer, to descend, set, go down. descobrir, to discover. a desconfianca, doubt, distrust. desconhecido, unknown, desculpar, to excuse, pardon, desde, since, desdenhoso, disdainful. a desegualdade, inequality, desejar, to desire, wish, o desejo, desire. desejoso, desirous. desenfreiado, unbridled, dis- orderly, desenhar, to design, draw. o desenho, design, plan, desfigurar, to disfigure, desfrutar, to enjoy, deslustrar, to tarnish, dull, desnecessario, unnecessary. desordenado, disorderly, despedir, to dismiss, despedir-se, to take leave, despenhar, to fall, destruidor, destructive, destruir, to destroy. deteriorar, to deteriorate, detraz, backward, § 144. o deus, god, § 206. devagar, slow, slowly, devasso, licentious, dissolute. o devedor, debtor. o dever, duty, dever, to owe, ought, p. 72. devidamente, duly, devorar, to devour. dez, ten. o dezembro, December. dezenove, nineteen. dezesete, seventeen. dezoito, eighteen. o dia, day. o diabo, devil. DIALECTICAL, § 6. dialogar, to converse. o diamante, diamond. diante, before, § 144. diario, daily. a diffamacao, calumny. difficil, difficult. a dimculdade, difficulty. digno, worthy, § 139a. dilatar, to dilate, swell. diligente, diligent. DIMINUTIVES, § 36-38, 4G. o dinheiro, money. DIPHTHONGS, § 3. a direccao, direction. directamente, directly. o director, director. direito, right, straight. dirigir, to direct. dispender, to spend. disposto, disposed. disseminar, to scatter. distante, distant, § 139a. distincto, distinct, distinguished, §143. distinguir, to distinguish. dito, pp. of dizer, said, same, diverso, different. a divida, debt, dividir, to divide, di vulgar, to divulge, publish, dizer, to say, § 112, p. 83, 126c. do, of the, § 156. 188 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY ido, ) double, § 626. dobrado, dobro, o doce, sweetmeat; adj., sweet. docil, docile, § 20. 6. o documento, document. a docura, gentleness, sweetness. a doenca, sickness. doente, sick, § 139a. dois, two. domestico, domestic, homely. o domingo, Sunday. donde, whence, § 135m. o dono, owner, proprietor. a dor, pain. dormir, to sleep, § 108a. dormitar, to sleep, slumber. o dote, dower, dowry, § 23. DOUBLE NEGATIVE, § lOOe, 137. o dourado, a kind of fish; pp. of dourar. dourar, to embellish, ornament with gold. o doutor, doctor, doze, twelve, as duas, two, § 55. o duplo, double, § 626. durar, to last. a duvida, doubt, duvidar, to doubt, duzentos, two hundred. a dynastia, dynasty. E e, and, § 145 note. 6, is (see ser, p. 79). economico, economic. o edeficio, edifice, building. a edicao, edition. a educacao, education. educado, educated. o effeito, effect; com effeito, in- deed, § 134a. egual, see igual. egualmente, see igualmente. eis, adv., behold, § 134a. eleger, to elect. o elemento, element. elevar, to elevate, raise, lift. ella, she, it, § 65, 65d. elle, he, it, § 65, 65d. ELLIPTICAL EXPRES- SIONS, § 124c, 146. a eloquencia, eloquence. eloquente, eloquent. em, in, § 122a, 131a, 140. embalar, to rock. embarcar, to embark. embora, away. emendar, to mend, reform. emfim, finally. emmagrecer, to grow thin. empallidecer, to turn pale. empecer, to hinder. o emprego, employment. emprehendedor, enterprising. emprestar, to lend, loan. encantador, charming, § 41e. encher, to fill. ENCLITICS, § 72c, e. encobrir, to cover. encontrar, to meet, find. a energia, energy. enfermo, ill, sick, infirm. enfraquecer, to grow weak. o engenheiro, engineer. o engenho, engine, mill; estate with a cane mill. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 189 engrandecer, to grow large, en- large. engulir, to swallow. enjoado, seasick, nauseated. ensinar, to instruct, teach, § 123d. entalhar, to engrave. o ente, being. entender, to understand. enternecer, to move to compas- sion, melt. enterrar, to inter, bury. a entidade, being. a entrada, entrance. entrar, to enter. entregar, to deliver. entretanto, whilst. entreter, to entertain, support. entupido, obstructed. enviar, to send. envolver, to wrap up. o enxo, adz. enxugar, to dry. o enxurro, torrent. a epoca, epoch. a epocha, see epoca. equivocar-se, to mistake, to be mistaken. o eremita, hermit. erguer, to raise, arise, get up. errar, to err, go wrong. o erro, error, mistake. a escala, scale. escapar, to escape. escarpado, steep. a escola, school. escolher, to select, choose. esconder, to hide. a escravidao, slavery. o escravo, slave. escrever, to write, § 116. escripto, see escrever. o escrivao, notary. o escudo, shield. a escuma, foam. escuramente, darkly. as escuras (pi.), darkness; in the dark. escurecer, to darken, grow dark. escuro, dark. ESDRUXULOS, § 9c. o esforco, force, courage, effort. a esmola, charity. o espaco, space, room. a espada, sword, espairecer, to amuse one's self. o espanto, alarm. especial, special. especialmente, especially. o espectaculo, show, perfor- * mance. a esperanca, hope, esperar, to hope, wait. a espingarda, gun. o espinho, thorn, espontaneo, spontaneous. a esposa, wife, esquecer, to forget, § 122e. esquerdo -a, left, esse -a, this, § 84, 89. o estado, state, condition. a estancia, estate, estanque, stagnant, estar, to be, § 109./, k, I, m, 110, 1266. este -a, this, § 84, 86, 90. estender, to extend, esterlina, sterling. 190 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a estima, esteem. a estrada, road; estrada de ferro, railway, estranho, strange, foreign; sra., stranger, outsider. estreito, narrow, close. a estrella, star. estremecer, to tremble. o estudante, student, estudar, to study. a eternidade, eternity. eterno, eternal. eu, I, § 65, 66c. a Europa, Europe. o evangelho, gospel, exacto, exact, true. exceder, to exceed. a excellencia, excellency, § 66. excellente, excellent. a excepcao, exception, excepto, except, exclamar, to exclaim. o exemplo, example. o exercito, army. o exicio, ruin, destruction. a existencia, existence, existir, to exist. extender, see estender. a extensao, extent. extenso, vast, extensive, extincto, extinct. extranho, see estranho. a fabrica, factory. o fabrico, manufacture. fabuloso, fabulous. a faca, knife. a facada, knife cut. a facanha, feat, exploit. a face, face, cheek. facil, easy, § 139a. faco, see fazer, § 112. a faina, handling, rigging. falar, to speak, talk, § 107, p. 72. fallecer, to die, perish. faltar, to lack, be lacking. a fama, fame, renown, report. a familia, family. famoso, famous, § 143. o fanatismo, fanaticism. fantastico, fantastic. farto, fuU. fatal, fateful. o favor, favor, kindness. a fazenda, estate, treasury. o fazendeiro, planter. fazer, to do, make, § 112, p. 83, § 124c. a fe, faith. a febre, fever. fechar, to close, shut. o feijao, bean. feio, ugly. o feito, deed. o feixe, bundle, sheaf. a felicidade, happiness, good for- tune. feliz, happy, fortunate. femea, female, § 26c. FEMININE ADJECTIVES, §41. FEMININE NOUNS, § 26. ferir, to wound. fero, savage, ferocious. a ferocidade, ferocity. feroz, ferocious. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 191 o ferro, iron, § 23. a ferrugem, rust. fertil, fertile. fervoroso, fervent, zealous. a festa, festival, feast; dia de festa, holiday, saint's day. o fevereiro, February. fez, see fazer, § 112. as fezes, dregs. ficar, to remain, become, be, § 125d. fiel, faithful. a figura, figure. o figurao, § 35. figurar, to figure, show. a filha, daughter. o filho, son, § 23. o fim, end. FINAL SYLLABLE ACCENT, §96. finalmente, finally. linear, to drive in. fingir, to pretend. fino, fine. FIRST CONJUGATION, § 106, 107. fixo, fixed. fiz, see fazer, § 112. flammejar, to blaze. a flor, flower. florecer, to bloom, flower, blos- som. o fogo, fire. o foguete, sky-rocket. foi, see ir, § 113; see ser, § 109o, p. 79. folgar, to rest, repose, enjoy, re- joice. a f olha, leaf. ofome, hunger; com fome, hungry. a fonte, fountain, spring. fora, prep., outside, away. a forca, force. formar, to form, shape. a formiga, ant, § 26c. forrar, to fine, § 124c. forte, strong. a fortuna, fortune. o fosforo, match. fosse, see ser, p. 80. o fossil, fossil, § 20. 6. fraco, weak. FRACTIONS, § 61. francez, French. a franqueza, frankness. fraquinho, quite weak. a frase, phrase. a frente, front, § 144. frequente, frequent. fresco, fresh. frigir, to fry, § 113, p. 86. frio, cold. frito, see frigir, p. 86. a fructa, see fruta. a fruta, fruit, § 29. o fruto, fruit, § 29. Fuao, § 94. fugir, to flee. fui, see ser, p. 79. fui, see ir, p. 87. o Fulano, § 94. fumegar, to smoke. o fumo, smoke, tobacco. o fundador, founder. fundar, to found, establish. funebre, funereal. o funfl, funnel, § 20. 6. o futuro, future (and adj.). 192 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY o gado, cattle. a gallinha, hen. o gallinheiro, chicken house. o gallo, cock. ganhar, to gain, earn. o garfo, (table) fork. a garrafa, bottle. garrulento, garrulous, talkative. gastar, to spend, waste. o gato, cat. gelado, frozen, cold. o gelo, ice. gemedor, sighing, moaning. GENDER OF NOUNS, § 24. o general, general. generoso, generous. o genro, son-in-law. a gente, folks, people. gentil, gentle, nice, kind. o gentio, Gentile, pagan. geographico, geographical. a geologia, geology. geral, general. germinar, to germinate, sprout. GERUND, § 107, p. 75 note. o gesto, gesture, movement. gigantesco, gigantic. a gloria, glory. glorioso, glorious. gordo, fat, stout. gorgeiar, to warble. gostar, to like, § 122e. a gota, drop. o governador, governor. governar, to govern. o governo, government. gozar, to enjoy. a grammatica, grammar. grande, great, large, § 446, 51. a gratidao, gratitude. o grau, degree. grave, grave, serious. grego, Greek. grosseiro, rough, coarse. grosso, thick, coarse, big. a gruta, grotto. o guarda, warder; s/., care. o guarda-chuva, umbrella. o guarda-sol, sunshade. a guerra, war. o guerreiro, warrior. ha, see haver, p. 79, § 109A. habil, skilful, able, a habilidade, ability, skill, habitar, to inhabit, § 140. haver, to be, to have, § 109a, c, h, o, p. 79. he, see e, § 13a. o hebreu, Hebrew (and adj.). hediondo, hideous, horrid. o hemispherio, hemisphere. a heranca, inheritance. o heroe, hero. o hespanhol, Spaniard; adj., Spanish, § 41 d. a historia, history, story, historico, historical, hoje, to-day; hoje em dia, now- o holocausto, holocaust. o hombro, shoulder. o homem, man. a homenagem, homage. a honra, honor, § 23. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 193 honradamente, honorably. honrar, to honor. hontem, yesterday. a hora, hour; sao tres horas, it is three o'clock, § 64. houve, see haver, p. 79. humano, human. humilde, humble. o hypocrita, hypocrite. a hypothese, hypothesis. ia, see ir, p. 87. a idade, age. a idea, idea. o idioma, idiom, language. ignobil, ignoble. o ignorante, ignorant (and adj.). ignorar, to be ignorant of. a igreja, church. igual, equal. igualmente, equally. illicito, illicit, unlawful. illustre, illustrious, § 143. imaginar, to imagine, think, realize. o iman, lodestone. imbalar, see embalar, to rock, immaculado, immaculate, immediatamente, immediately. a immensidade, immensity. immenso, immense. a immoralidade, immortality. impedir, to impede, hinder, p. 87. IMPERATIVE, § 127, p. 100. imperceptivel, imperceptible. o imperio, empire. IMPERSONAL VERBS, § 121. importante, important. importar, to matter, amount to. a importunidade, importunity. impresso, see imprimir, § 117. imprimir, to print. a inanicao, absence, emptiness. a incerteza, uncertainty. inchar, to swell. inclinado, inclined, bowed down. inclinar, to incline. incommodado, put out, incom- moded, uneasy. incorporar, to incorporate. incorrigivel, incorrigible. indagar, to inquire, search. INDECLINABLES, § 134. INDEFINITE ARTICLE, §17. a independencia, independence. independente, independent. o index, index, § 20. 2. INDICATIVE, § 128. o indio, Indian. indisposto, ill. o individuo, person, individual. indomito, ungovernable, indomi- table. a industria, industry. inexgotavel, inexhaustible. a infamacao, slander. a infancia, infancy. o infante, infant. infeliz, unfortunate. inferior, inferior, § 44<7, 45. a influencia, influence. a informacao, information. Inglaterra, England. inglez, English, § 28a. a iniciativa, initiative. 194 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY o mimigo, enemy. a injuria, abuse. a injustica, injustice. injusto, unjust. innumeravel, countless. inquieto, unstable, unquiet. inspirar, to inspire. o instante, instant. instinctivamente, instinctively. o institute, institute. a instruccao, instruction. instructive, instructive. insurgente, uprising, insurgent, rebellious. inteiramente, entirely, quite. inteiro, entire, whole. a intelligencia, intelligence. intelligente, intelligent. o intercessor, intercessor. interior, interior, § 44g; sm., in- terior. INTERJECTIONS, § 146. INTERROGATION, § 138. a intimidade, intimacy. a invasao, invasion. invencivel, invincible. o inverno, winter. invicto, invincible, unconquer- able. invocar, to invoke, call upon. ir, to go, § 109/, g, 113, 122h, 125d. irlandez, adj., sm., Irish, Irish- man. a irma, or irman, sister. o irmao, brother. IRREGULAR COMPARI- SONS, §45. IRREGULAR VERBS, § 110, 112, 113, pp. 81-88. ismaelita, Ismaelite. isso, this, § 85. isto, this, § 85. a Italia, Italy. ja, already, now. jamais, never, § 136. o Janeiro, January. a janella, window. o jantar, dinner. jantar, to dine. jazer, to lie (in the grave), §112. o jazigo, grave, jejuar, to fast. Joao, John. o jogador, player, jogar, to play, game. o jogo, game. o joguete, jest, plaything. o jornal, journal. o jovem, youth. jugo, yoke, servitude. o juiz, judge. o juizo, judgment, julgar, to judge, juncto, see junto, o junho, June. juntamente, jointly, together, junto, near, close by. o juro, interest (commercial). justamente, justly, justificar, to justify. justo, just. a juventude, youth (age of). K o kilo, kilogram. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 195 la, her, it, § 65, 656. la, there, § 135r. o labio, lip. o laco, bond, lacteo, milky. o lado, side. o ladrao, thief, robber, ladrar, to bark. a lagoa, lake. a lanca, lance, spear, lancar, to throw. o lapis, pencil. o lar, fireside, home, largamente, liberally, largo, wide, broad. a lata, tin can. a lavagem, washing, lavar, to wash. o lavor, labor, work, task. le, see ler, p. 84. o leao, lion, a legua, league. a lei, law. o leite, milk. o leito, bed. a lembranca, remembrance, lembrar, to remember, § 122e. o leme, rudder. a lenha, fire- wood. a lente, lens; o lente, lecturer, lento, slow. ler, to read, § 112, p. 84. a letra, letter, § 23; handwriting. LETTERS, PRONUNCIA- TION OF, § 1. levantar, to lift, get up. levar, to carry. leve, adj., light. lhe, to him, her, it, § 65a, 70. li, see ler, p. 84. liberal, liberal. a liberdade, liberty, § 23. a libra, pound. a licao, lesson. licito, licit, lawful. o licor, liquor, drink, liquid. a lida, fatigue, toil. ligar, to unite, join. o limao, lemon. limitar, to limit. a limonada, lemonade. limpar, to clean, cleanse. limpo, clean. a lingua, tongue, language. a literatura, literature. livrar, to deliver, free. a livraria, library. livre, adj., free. livremente, freely. o livro, book. lo, § 15, 656. o lobo, wolf. a locacao, location. logo, presently, at once, just now, § 134, note, a loja, shop. o lombo, loin, roast, longe, far; de longe, afar, § 131a. longo, long, a loteria, lottery. a lousa, gravestone, louvar, to praise. o lugar, place, room, o lume, light, luminoso, luminous. os lusiadas, Lusiads, see p. 173. 196 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a luz, light; dar a luz, to pub- lish. a lympha, water (poetic). lyrico, lyric. M ma, see mau. a machina, machine. macho, male, § 26c. a madrinha, godmother. a madrugada, dawn. a magua, or magoa, grief. o mahommetano, Mohammedan. a mai, or mae, mother. maior, greater, § 44g, 45. mais, more, § 42, 446. a majestade, majesty, p. 116. o mal, evil, § 20. 4. a mala, mail, traveling-bag. malcriado, ill-bred. a mancha, spot, splotch. mandar, to order, § 1246. a mandioca, a kind of plant. a maneira, manner, way, § 145. a manha, habit; pl. f manners. a manha, or manhan, morning. manso, tame, gentle. a manteiga, butter. a mao, hand. o mappa, map. o mar, sea. a maravilha, marvel. marcar, to mark. o marco, March. a mare, tide. o marfim, ivory. o maribondo, wasp. o marido, husband. maritimo, belonging to the sea. o marmelo, quince. o martello, hammer: o martyr, martyr. mas, but. mascar, to chew. MASCULINE NOUNS, § 25. a massa, mass, dough. mastigar, to chew. a mata, forest, weeds, jungle. matar, to kill. a materia, matter, material. o mato, forest. mau, bad, § 41gr. o mauro, or mouro, moor; adj., moorish. o mausoleu, mausoleum, me, me, § 65, 67. o medico, physician, medir, to measure, § 113, p. 87. a meia, stocking. o meiado, middle. o meio, middle, means; half, § 61. o mel, honey, § 20. 5. melhor, better, § 45. melhorar, to improve. a memoria, memory, memoir, mencionar, to mention. a menina, girl. o menino, boy. menor, smaller, § 45. menos, less, § 45. mente, § 134c, d. a mentira, lie, falsehood, mentiroso, lying. a merce, mercy, § 66. merecer, to merit. o merecimento, merit. o merito, merit, desert. a mesa, table. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 197 mesmo, same, § 396, 44c, 92, 93, 135/. MESOCLITICS, § 726. o mestre, master, teacher. a metade, half. o metro, meter, metter, to put, place, meu, minha, etc., -pro., § 76. o mez, month. a mica, mica, mil, one thousand. o milesimo, thousandth, milhao, million. os milhares, thousands. o milho, (Indian) corn. o milreis, milreis. mim, me, § 65, 67. a mina, mine. o mineiro, miner, minimo, smallest, least, § 45. o ministro, minister. o minuto, minute. a miseria, want. a misericordia, pity, misturar, to mix, mingle, a moca, young woman. a mocidade, youth. o mofo, young man. a moda, fashion. MODEL VERBS, § 107. a moderacao, moderation, modernamente, lately, a modestia, modesty, modesto, modest. o modo, manner. a molestia, sickness, molhado, wet, § 23. o momento, moment. a monarchia, monarchy. a montanha, mountain. o monte, hill, heap. a morada, dwelling-place. moral, moral. moralisar, to moralize, improve. o morango, strawberry. moreno, dark brown. morrer, to die, § 122e. o morro, hill. mortal, mortal. a morte, death. o morto, dead (man) {and adj.). a mosca, fly, § 26c. o mosteiro, monastery. mostrar, to show. mover, to move. o movimento, movement. a mucama, female house servant. mudar, to change, alter. mui, very. muito, adj., adv., many, much, very, § 53, 135e. a mulher, woman, a mulherona, large woman, § 34. a multidao, multitude. MULTIPLICATION, § 62. o mundo, world. o murmurio, purling, a musa, muse. o musgo, moss. a musica, music. o musulmano, Mussulman. o myope, near-sighted person, mysterioso, mysterious. N na, nas, in the, § 15c. a na? ao, nation, nacional, national. 198 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY nada, nothing, § 136. namorado, enamored. nao, not, no, § 1350. o narigao, big nose, § 35. o nariz, nose. NASAL SOUNDS, § 4. nascente, dawning. nascer, to be born, rise (sun). natural, natural. a natureza, nature. a nau, ship. a navegacao, navigation. navegar, to navigate, sail. o navio, ship. necessariamente, necessarily. necessario, necessary. NEGATION, § 100e, 133, 137. o negociante, merchant. o negocio, business, affair. o negro, black, negro (and adj.). nem, neither, nor, § 133. nenhum, no, neither, § 18, 100c?, 101. o neto, grandson. ninguem, no one, § 100. o ninho, nest. a nitidez, nicety, neatness. o nivel, level. no, nos, in the, § 15c, 88. nobre, noble. a noite, night; de noite, by night, § 134. a noiva, bride. o nomade, wanderer; adj., wan- dering. o nome, name. nomear, to appoint. nono, ninth. a nora, daughter-in-law. o norte, north. o norte-americano, * adj., North American, nos, we, § 65, 67. nosso, our, § 76. notavel, noteworthy, § 44. II, 143. as noticias, news, notorio, evident, manifest NOUNS, § 19. NOUNS OF OPPOSITE SEX, §28. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES, SYNTAX, §47-53. nove, nine. o novembro, November, a novidade, novelty, news. novinho, quite new, § 46. novo, new. num, numa, nuns, in a, etc., §18. NUMERALS, § 17 note, 55, 63. o numero, number, numeroso, numerous, nunca, never. o, a, that, § 87. o, a, os, as, him, her, it, them, pro., § 65. o, a, os, as, art., the, § 14, 15, 16. OBJECTS OF VERBS, § 123. a obra, work, deed. a obrigacao, obligation. obrigado, obliged. obrigar, to oblige. obrigatorio, obligatory. obsequioso, obsequious, obli- ging. a occasiao, occasion. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 199 occasional 1 , to cause, occasion. o occidente, west. o oceano, ocean. o odio, hate, hatred. o oeste, west. a offensa, offense. offerecer, to offer. o officio, trade, office. oito, eight. olhar, to look, § 122h. o olho, eye. olvidar, to forget. a omissao, omission. a onca, panther, § 26c; ounce (weight). a onda, wave. onde, where. onze, eleven. a opiniao, opinion. a oppressao, oppression. a opulencia, wealth, opulento, opulent, rich, ora, now, nevertheless. o orador, orator. orar, to pray, make a speech, a ordem, order, ordenar, to direct. ORDINALS, § 59. ordinariamente, ordinarily, ordinario, commonplace. o orfao, or orphao, orphan, p. 9. oriental, oriental, eastern. o oriente, orient, east. original, original. ORTHOGRAPHY, § 13. a ortiga, thistle. o osso, bone. ou, or, § 1456. ouco, see ouvir, p. 87. o ouro, gold. o outeiro, hill. outrem, another, § 89. outro, other, § 89, 90, 91. o outubro, October. ouvir, to hear, § 113, 124b. o ovo, egg. a paciencia, patience. padecer, to suffer, endure. o padre, priest. pagar, to pay. o pagem, page (boy). a pagina, page (of book). o pai, father; pi., parents. pais, see paiz. a paixao, passion. o paiz, country. a palavra, word. a palha, straw. o palito, coat. a palmeira, palm tree. o palmito, small palm. a palpebra, eyelid. o pampa, 1 plain. a pancada, blow, beating, dash (of rain). o panno, cloth. o pao, bread, loaf. o papa, pope. 1 This word is feminine in Argentine Spanish from which it is introduced. In Rio Grande do Sul, where it is likewise used, it is masculine. 200 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY o papagaio, parrot. o papel, paper, roll, § 20. 5. o par, par, pair. para, for, to, § 122/i, 135n, 141r. pardo, gray; but homem pardo, mulatto, parecer, to appear, seem, § 126c. a parede, wall. o parente, kinsman, relative. a parte, part, § 23. particular, private, partir, to depart, start, § 107, pp. 72-74. o passado, past. o passageiro, passenger, passar, to pass. o passard, bird, passear, to stroll, walk (for pleasure). o passo, step, paterno, paternal. o patio, courtyard, yard, a patria, one's country, native land, patrio, paternal, national, o patriota, patriot. o pau, wood, tree, a paz, peace. o pe, foot. o pecego, peach, peco, see pedir, p. 87. o pedaco, piece. pedir, to ask for, request, p. 87. a pedra, stone. o Pedro, Peter, pegar, to catch. peior, worse, see mau, § 44<7, 45. o peito, breast. o peixe, fish. pela, pelo, by the, § 15d, 88, 143. a pena, trouble, grief. penetrar, to penetrate. a peninsula, peninsula. a penna, feather, pen. o pensamento, thought, idea. pensar, to think. o pente, comb. PENULT ACCENTED, § 9c. pequeno, small; sm., small boy. perceber, to perceive. percorrer, to pass through or over. a perdao, pardon. perder, to lose, p. 84. perdoar, to pardon. a peregrinacao, pilgrimage. o peregrino, pilgrim, traveler. perfeitamente, perfectly. perfeito, perfect. perguntar, to ask, inquire. o perigo, danger. PERIPHRASTIC VERB- PHRASES, § 125. permittir, to permit. a perola, pearl. perpetuamente, adv., perpetually. perpetuo. perpetual. perseguir, to pursue. PERSONAL INFINITIVE, § 133. a perspectiva, prospect. pertencer, to belong. perto, near. o peru, turkey. pesado, heavy. pescar, to fish. o pescoco, neck. o peso, weight. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 201 pessimo, worst, § 45. a pessoa, person. a peticao, petition. phantastico, see fantastico. a pharmacia, pharmacy. philosophal, pedra philosophal, philosopher's stone. a philosophia, philosophy. o philosopho, philosopher. PHONETIC SPELLING, § 13. a phrase, see frase. a picada, path. a pimenta, pepper. pinchar, to blow up, dismount. o pinheiro, pine tree. pintar, to paint, § 124c. o pinto, chick. o pintor, painter. o pires, saucer, § 206. pisar, or pizar, to tread, grind. a piscina, baptismal font. a planicie, plain. a planta, plant. plantar, to plant. pleno, full. PLURAL ADJECTIVES, § 40. PLURALS, § 20. o po, dust, powder. pobre, poor. a pobreza, poverty. poder, to be able, may, can, § 112, p. 84. o poder, power. o poderio, power. poderoso, powerful. o poema, poem. o poeta, poet. pois, why, then; pois nao, cer- tainly. poisar, to rest, repose, alight, perch; stay all night. politico, political. ponho, see por, p. 84. a ponta, point, end. a ponte, bridge. o ponto, point, place. a populacao, population, por, by, for, § 135a, o, 143. por, to put, place, § 112, p. 84. o porco, hog, pork, porem, but. porque, why, § 138. a porta, door, portanto, consequently. o porto, port, portuguez, adj., Portuguese; sm., Portuguese language, positivo, positive. possivel, possible. posso, see poder, p. 84. possuir, to possess. postico, false, not natural, posto, see p6r, § 100/, p. 85. pouco, few, § 53. pousar, see poisar. o povo, people. a povoacao, village, settlement. povoar, to people, p. 112 note. a praca, square; assentar praca, enlist. o prado, meadow, green field. o prata, silver. o prato, plate. o prazer, pleasure, prazer, to please, impersonal, see § 112, p. 85. preceder, to precede, § 124c. precioso, precious. 202 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY precipitar, to precipitate. precisar, to need, be necessary, § 122e. preciso, necessary. o pregao, proclamation. pregar, to nail. a preguica, laziness. preguicoso, lazy. o premio, reward. prender, to seize, capture. preoccupar, to preoccupy. PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS, §144. PREPOSITIONS, 130. o presente, present (and adj.). prestar, to lend; nao presta para nada, it is of no use. pretender, to expect, aim at, de- sign, intend. o preto, black; negro. prever, to foresee. primeiro, first . o primor, beauty, perfection. a princeza, princess. o principe, prince. principiar, to begin, § 123d. a privacao, privation. a proa, prow. a probidade, uprightness. o problema, problem. PROCLITICS, § 72a. procurar, to seek, search for. produzir, to produce, yield, § 1 106. o professor, (male) teacher. a professora, (female) teacher. prof undo, deep, profound. PROGRESSIVE PHRASES, § 123d. o progresso, progress. promover, to encourage, pro- mote. prompto, see pronto. PRONOUNS, DEMONSTRA- TIVE, §84. PRONOUNS, DETERMINA- TIVE, §89. PRONOUNS, INDEFINITE, §100. PRONOUNS, INTERROGA- TIVE, §95. PRONOUNS, PERSONAL, §65. PRONOUNS, POSSESSIVE, § 76-83. PRONOUNS, RELATIVES 96. pronto, ready. proposito, on purpose, § 144. a propriedade, property. proprio, proper, own, itself, § 396, 139a. proseguir, to go on, continue. proteger, to protect. prospero, prosperous. prouve, sec prazer, p. 85. a providencia, providence. a provincia, province. proximo, near. a prudencia, prudence. prudente, prudent. publico, public. pugnar, to fight, contend. punir, to punish. puro, pure. pus, see por, p. 84. a quadra, season. o quadro, picture, square. quadruplo, quadruple. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 203 quaes, see qual. qual, which, § 93, 95, 96, 97, 98. a qualidade, quality. qualquer, either, whichever. quando, when; quando muito, at most. a quantidade, quantity. QUANTITY, § 10. quanto, how much, § lOOg; em quanto, while, § lOOi. quao, how. quarenta, forty. a quarta-feira, Wednesday. o quarto, room, quasi, almost, quatorze, fourteen. quatro, four, § 55. que, how. § 134/. que, than, § 145. que, what, who. which, § 95, 96, 97, 102a, 6. quebrar, to break. o queijo, cheese, queimar, to burn, queixar, to complain, § 1266. quern, who, § 95, 96, 98. quemquer, anybody, whoever, § 100a. querer, to wish, want, § 112, p. 85, § 1226. querido, dear, beloved. a questao, question, quica, who knows, oerhaps, § 1346. quieto, quiet. a quinta-feira, Thursday, quinze, fifteen, quiz, see querer, p. 85. R a ra, see ran. a raca, race. a rainha, queen. a raiva, rage. o ramo, branch. a ran, frog, § 26c. a rapariga, girl. o rapaz, boy, fellow. rapidamente, rapidly. raro, rare. rasgar, to tear. o rato, rat. a razao, reason. real, royal; sra., real, § 20. 4. realisar, to realize. realmente, really, genuinely, in- deed. o recado, word, errand, order. recear, to apprehend, fear. receber, to receive. o recem-chegado, newcomer. a recompensa, reward. o reconhecimento, gratitude. a rede, net, hammock. a redea, rein. redimo, see remir, p. 87. redor, around, § 144. reduzir, to reduce. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS, §67. REFLEXIVE VERBS, § 120. o reflexo, reflex. o refolho, fold. reforcar, to grow strong. a reforma, reform. regalar, to feast, entertain. regar, to irrigate, wet. reger, to rule, govern, guide. 204 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a regiao, region. o regimento, rule, regressar, to return. REGULAR VERBS, § 104, 106, 108. a rehabilitacao, rehabilitation. o rei, king. o reinado, reign. o reino, kingdom. a relacao, relation; court. RELATED NOUNS, § 28-29. RELATIVE SUPERLATIVE, §43. o relatorio, report. a reliquia, relic. o relogio, watch, clock, o remedio, remedy. a reminiscencia, reminiscence, remir, to redeem, p. 87. a remissao, pardon. o remorso, remorse. renovar, to renew, repartir, to divide, repeticao, repetition, repetir, to repeat, repousar, to rest, repose, reprehender, to reprehend, requerer, to request, § 112. o requinte, climax, height. a resina, resin. a resistencia, resistance, resistir, to resist. o respeito, respect, respirar, to breathe, blow gently, responder, to reply, respond, responsavel, responsible, § 143. re star, to rest, remain, resumir, to resume, retirar, to retire, withdraw. o retiro, retreat. retribuir, to reward. reunir, to rejoin, unite. a reverencia, reverence. reverendo, reverend. a revista, review. a revolucao, revolution. o ribeirao, gulch. o ribeiro, brook, creek. rico, rich, § 44a. o rio, river. a riqueza, riches, wealth. rir, to laugh, § 113, p. 87. robusto, robust. a roca, rock. a rocha, rock. a roda, wheel; a roda de, § 144. rodar, to roll. rogar, to ask. a romaria, pilgrimage. a rosa, rose. o rosto, face. roubar, to rob, steal. a roupa, clothing. a rua, street. o rubi, ruby. a rudeza, rudeness. ruim, bad. o rumo, direction, bearing. rural, rural. S S. = Sao, Santo, g. v. o sabbado, Saturday. a sabedoria. wisdom. saber, to know, § 112, p. 85. o sabia, robin. o sabio, wise man; adj. , wise. o sacrificio, sacrifice. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 205 a sacristia, sacristy, vestry. sagrado, sacred. sahir, to go out, § 110, p. 82. o sal, salt. a sala, hall, large room. saldar, to close, balance (ac- counts) . salgar, to salt. saltar, to jump. salutar, salutary. sam, see sao, § 13a. sanctificado, pp., sanctified. o sangue, blood. sanguinoso, bloody. a santidade, holiness. santo, or sancto, holy, saint, § 51. sao, saint; sound, § 415, p. 116 note. sao, see ser, § 109, p. 79. o sapato, shoe. a sapiencia, wisdom. satisfeito, satisfied. a saudade, longing. saudoso, longing, yearning. a sciencia, science. scismar, to be apprehensive or pensive. se, pro., § 65, 67, 74. se, see ser, p. 79. a secca, drought. secco, dry, § 23. secreto, secret. o seculo, century. a seda, silk. a sede, thirst; a sede, seat. seguir, to follow, § 108a, 124c; seguir viagem, go on. a segunda-feira, Monday. segundo, second. a seguranca, safety, security. sei, see saber, p. 85. o seio, bosom. seis, six. seja, see ser, § 102, 109. o sello, (postage) stamp, seal. a selva, woods. o selvagem, savage. sem, without. a semana, week. semear, to sow, plant. semelhante, such, similar. sempre, always. o senador, senator. senao, except. o senhor, gentleman, sir, mister; you, § 66. a senhora, lady, madam, Mrs., § 66, 66a, 135a. a senhoria, lordship, § 66. o senhorio, domain; owner of a property, sensato, sensible, sentar, to seat. o sentido, sense, meaning, sentir, to feel, § 124a. o sepulchro, sepulcher. a sepultura, burial. ser, to be, § 109, p. 79, § 124a. sereno, serene; sm., dew. serio, serious. a serra, mountain range. o sertao, interior, backwoods. o servico, service, servir, to serve, § 108a. o servo, servant. sete, seven. o setembro, September, setimo, seventh, § 596. 206 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY seu, his, her, your, § 76. o sexo, sex. a sexta-feira, Friday. sexto, sixth. si, if, whether. si, pro., § 67, 74. sido, see ser, § 109, p. 81. o signal, sign. o silencio, silence. sim, yes, § 135/, g. SIMILAR WORDS, § 148. simples, single, simple, § 51. singular, singular. sinto, see sentir. situado, pp., situated. SLANG, § 7. s6, somente, only. sob, below, § 144. sobre, over, on, about. a sobremesa, dessert. a sobriedade, sobriety. o sofa, sofa. soffrer, to suffer. o soffrimento, suffering. o sol, sun. a sola, sole (leather). o soldado, soldier. soletrar, to spell. o solo, soil. soltar, to loose. a solucao, solution. a sombra, shade, shadow. o somno, sleep. sonhar, to dream. o sonho, dream. o sopro, breath. O sorriso, smile. a sorte, lot, fate, manner. o sorvedouro, gulf, vortex. sosinho, quite alone, sou, see ser, p. 79. soube, see saber, p. 85. SPECIAL USES OF VERBS, §124. sua, his, her, its, § 76. suavamente, softly. subir, to climb, § 122i. SUBJECTS OF VERBS, § 120, p. 91. subjugar, to overcome. SUBJUNCTIVE, p. 74, § 127, 128, pp. 100, 101. sublime, sublime. o successo, result, outcome, success. o sudario, shroud. SUFFIXES, § 32, 33. a suggestao, suggestion. a Suissa, Switzerland, sujeitar, to subject, sujo, dirty, soiled. o sul, south, sumir, to disappear, superior, higher, § 44gr, 45. superno, excellent (old form of supremo), a supersticao, superstition. o supplicante, petitioner, suppor, to suppose, § 125c. supremo, final, supreme, surdo, deaf. o surdo-mudo, deaf-mute, suscitar, to raise up, rouse up. a suspeita, suspicion. o suspiro, sigh. o sussurro, murmur, sustentar, to sustain. a syllaba, syllable. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 207 SYLLABICATION, §11. o symptoma, symptom. a synagoga, synagogue. SYNCRETIC FORMS, § 136. a taboa, board. taciturno, silent, taciturn. tal, such, § 93, 94. o talento, talent. a talhada, slice. o taliao, retribution, reprisal. talvez, perhaps, § 129, p. 101. tamanho, so large, so great. tambem, also, § 1346. tanto, as much, as many, § 89, 100/, g. tao, so. tarde, late, te, thee, § 656, 67. a telha, tile, tern, see ter, p. 79. o temor, fear, dread. o tempero, seasoning (of food). o templo, temple. o tempo, time, weather. o temporal, storm, tenho, see ter, p. 79. tenro, tender. a tentacao, temptation, ter, to have, § 109a, d, o, p. 79, § 126a. a terca-feira, Tuesday. o terceiro, third. o terco, third, § 61. a terra, earth. o terreno, land, ground, terrivel, terrible, teu, -pro., thy, § 76. o thesouro, treasure. THIRD PERSON, § 66. ti, to thee, § 65, 67. a tia, aunt. tido, see ter, p. 79. o tigre, tiger, § 266. o tijolo, brick. a tinta, ink. o tio, uncle. tirar, to take off, out or away. o tiro, shot. o titulo, title. tive, see ter, p. 79. tocar, to touch. todo, all, § lOOh; de todo, entirely, §144. o tolo, fool. tomar, to take. TONE ACCENT, § 9. torcer, to twist. o tormento, torture. tornar, to return. Before an- other verb with a it means to repeat: tornei a visitar, 'I visited again.' torpe, base, vile. a torrente, torrent. torto, twisted, wrong, crooked, § 134a. tortuoso, crooked. o trabalhador, workman. trabalhar, to work. o trabalho, work, labor. trabalhoso, laborious. a traca, moth-worm. traduzir, to translate. trago, see trazer, p. 86. tratar, to treat of, care for. trazer, to fetch, bring, § 1 12, p. 86. 208 PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY o trem, train. tremulo, trembling. tres, three. as trevas, darkness, § 21. treze, thirteen. a tribu, tribe. o tributo, tribute. a trilha, track. o trilho, rail (of railway). trinta, thirty. ST.}**!* triste, sad. a tristeza, sadness. o troco, change, exchange. a trombeta, trumpet. o tronco, trunk (of tree) . trouxe, see trazer, p. 80. o trovador, troubadour. trove jar, to thunder. tu, thou, § 65. tua, thy, § 76. tudo, all, § 100c. a tumba, hearse. o tumulo, tomb. tupi, Indian (Brazilian). a turba, rabble. o turco, Turk. ultimo, last. o ultramar, over seas, beyond the seas. Um ' [one, a, §17,91. uma, > ungir, to anoint. unico, only, single. unir, to unite. o universo, universe. UNRELATED NOUNS, § 28c, 31. uns, some, § 17, 100a. usar, to use. a usina, factory. o uso, use. util, useful. va, see ir, p. 87. a vacca, cow. vadiar, to idle. vae, see ir, p. 87. o vagar, leisure; de vagar, slowly. a vaidade, vanity. valente, strong. valer, to be worth, p. 8(3. valeroso, brave, valorous. valho, see valer, p. 80. a vantagem, advantage. vao, vain, § 41/;. vao, see ir, p. 87. o vapor, steam, steamer. a varanda, veranda. VARIABLE MEANINGS, §23. VARIABLE PARTICIPLES, § 114, p. 88. a varzea, plain. vasto, vast. o veado, deer. a vegetacao, vegetation a veiga, meadow. vejo, sec ver, § 112, p. 86. a vela, sail. a velhice, old age. velho, old; sm., old man. vem, see vir, § 113, p. 88. vencedor, victorious, conquer- ing. PORTUGUESE-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 209 veneer, to conquer, vanquish. vender, to sell. o venerador, venerator. veneravel, venerable. venho, see vir, § 113, p. 88. o vento, wind. a ventura, good fortune, luck. ver, to see, § 112, p. 86. VERBS, § 103. VERBS, AUXILIARY, § 109. VERBS, IRREGULAR, § 110. VERBS, MODEL, § 107. VERBS, REGULAR, § 106. a verdade, truth. verdadeiramente, truly. verdadeiro, true, genuine, real. verde, green. a vergonha, shame. vermelho, red. a versao, version. o verso, verse. o vestigio, trace. vestir, to put on, dress, § 122i, 124c. a vez, time, § 62. vi, see ver, p. 86. a via, way. a viagem, voyage, trip, via jar, to travel, vicar, to grow rank, viciar, to demoralize, vitiate. o vicio, vice, vicioso, vicious. a victima, victim. a victoria, victory, a vida, life, vil, vile, base, bad. a villa, town, city. vim, see vir, p. 88. o vinho, wine. vinte, twenty. a vintena, score. violento, violent. vir, to come, § 109n, p. 88, § 122/i. a virgem, virgin. a virtude, virtue, visitar, to visit. a vista, view, sight, § 134a. visto, pp. of ver, p. 86, § 145. o vituperio, disgrace, shame. a viuva, widow, viver, to live, exist, vivo, alive. a vizinhanca, neighborhood. o vizinho, neighbor. o vocabulo, word. a vocacao, vocation. voce, you, § 66, 147. a vogal, vowel, volcao, see vulcao. voltar, to return, turn to. o volume, volume. a vontade, will, wish, desire. vos, ye, you, § 65, 66d, 67. vosso, your, § 76. votar, to vote, devote, vow. vou, see ir, p. 87. VOWELS, § 2. a voz, voice. o vulcao, volcano, vulgar, popular, well known. o zelo, zeal, pi., § 23. a zona, zone, region. ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY A aboard, a bordo; go aboard, embarcar. about: talk about, de; discourse about, sobre; look about, em roda; think about, em; walk about the streets, passear pelas ruas. accident, o disastre. account, a conta. acquainted with, conhecer. advice, o conselho. afterwards, depois. again, mais, outra vez. ago, a year ago, ha um anno, §64. agreeable, agradavel. all, todo -a, § 144. always, sempre. American, americano. and, e. animal, o animal. another, outro. around, em roda. arrange, arranjar, concluir, com- binar. arrest, prender. arrive, chegar. ask, pedir, rogar, perguntar, convidar (see Portuguese defi- nitions) . at, a, § 141. awake, accordar. away, embora, fora; far away, longe. B back (come), voltar. bad, mau, § 41g. bar, a barra (of stream). baroness, a baroneza. bath, o banho. be, estar, § 109, p. 70, § 1256; ser, § 109, p. 79, § 1566. beautiful, bonito, bello. before, antes (in time); adiante (in space). begin, principiar. believe, acreditar. best, o melhor, § 45. better, melhor, § 45. big, grande. black, preto. blind, cego. blow, soprar, ventar, fazer vento. book, o livro. boot, a bota, a botina. both, ambos, os dois, um e outro, §90a. box, a caixa, o caixao, p. 130 note, boy, o menino. Brazilian, brazileiro or brasileiro. bread, o pao. 210 ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY 211 breakfast, o almoco. bring, trazer. brother, o irmao. business, o negocio. busy, occupado. but, mas, porem, apenas. buy, comprar. can, poder, p. 84. candle, a vela. capital, o, a capital, § 31, case, o caso. cat, o gato. certainty, a certeza. chair, a cadeira. change, mudar, trocar, cheap, barato. city, a cidade. close, fechar, tapar. coffee, o cafe. cold, frio. come, vir, p. 88, § 122h. consul, o c6nsul. J/f* contented, contente. cost, custar. country, o paiz. cover, cobrir. cow, a vacca. crooked, torto. curate, o cura. custom, o costume. dark, escuro. daughter, a filha. dear, caro. decide decidir. deck (on deck), a ponte. deep, profundo. dependent, dependente. deputy, o deputado. die, morrer. different, differente. difficult, difficil. difficulty, a difficuldade. dining-room, a sala de jan- tar. dinner, o jantar. direction, o rumo. do, fazer, § 112, 124c. docile, docil. dog, o cachorro, o cao. door, a porta, doubt, a duvida. dress, vestir. drop, a gota. drown, afogar. duck, o pato. £ each, cada, cada um, § 100/. easy, facil. egg, o ovo. either, qualquer, § 100a; either . . . or, ou . . . ou, § 1456. elect, eleger. else, outro. embark, embarcar. employment, o emprego. English, inglez. enough, bastante; it is enough, basta. enter, entrar. esteem, estimar. everything, tudo, § 100c. extinct, extincto. 212 ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY F fashion, a moda. father, o pai. feather, a penna. federal, federal. fellow, o rapaz, companheiro. fetch, trazer. fever, a febre. field, o campo, a roca. fish, o peixe. fish hook, o anzol. flower, a flor. follow, seguir. foot, o pe. fork, o garfo. fortune, a fortuna. four, quatro, § 59. friend, o amigo. fruit, a fruta, § 29. fry, frigir, § 115. get (there), chegar. girl, a menina, a rapariga, a moca. give, dar. glass, o copo. go, ir, § 1(%, 113, 125d. good, bom, boa, § 41a, 45. great, grande. half, a metade, meio. handsome, bonito, bello. hard, difficil, duro. hat, o chapeo. have, ter, § 109, p. 79; haver, § 109a, p. 79, health, a saude. help, o remedio. hen, a gallinha. her, ella, § 65; seu, § 76. here, aqui, ca, § 135a, b. hill, o morro. his, seu, sua, etc., § 76. home, a casa, o domicilio. hope, esperar. horse, o cavallo. hot, (to be), frazer calor, § 121. hour, a hora. house, a casa. how, como. how much, quanto, § 100/, g. hunger, a fome. hungry, com fome, § 122d. I I, eu, § 65, 66c. if, si. immediately, logo, ja". important, importante. impress, imprcssionar. in, em, no, na, § 15c, 122a, 134a, 137. invite, convidar. it, elle, ella, § 65. J John, Joao. just now, § 135g. K kill, matar. knife, a faca; penknife, o cani- vete. knock, batter, know, saber, p. 85; conhecer (be acquainted with). ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY 213 lady, a senhora. land, o paiz, a terra. lard, a banha. large, grande. law, a lei. lazy, preguigoso. leave, deixar, sahir, partir, afas- tar-se. lens, a lente. lesson, a ligao. letter, a carta, a letra. light, ascender, like, gostar. likely to, capaz de. Lisbon, Lisboa. little, pequeno; pouco, § 100/. live (dwell), morar. loaf (of bread) , o pao. long, comprido. lose, perder. loud, alto, forte, love, amar. low, baixo. M make, fazer. man, o homem. match, o fosforo. may, poder, p. 84. me, me, mim, § 65, 67. meat, a carne. mend, concertar. merchant, o negociante. mine, pro., meu, § 76. mine, a mina. minute, o minuto. moment, o momento. money, o dinheiro. more, mais, § 42, 446, /, 45. morning, a manha. most, o mais. mother, a mai. mountain, a serra, a montanha. much, muito. mud, a lama. my, meu, minha, etc., § 76. napkin, o guardanapo. nation, a nacao. near, perto. necessary, preciso, neccssario. neighbor, o vizinho. neither . . . nor, ncm um nem outro, § 136, 145c. never, nunca. new, novo, next, proximo; next day, dia seguinte. night, a noite. no, nao, § 135gr. nobody, ninguem. noise, o barulho. no matter, nao faz mal, nao im- porta. no one, ninguem, § 100. nor, ncm, § 136, 145c. not, nao, § I35g; nem, § 136. notable, notavel. nothing, nada. now, agora, nowadays, hoje em dia, § 134a. obliged, obrigado. occasion, a occasiao. o'clock, horas, § 64. 214 ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY of, de, § 122e, /, 124c, 134, 139, 144. officer, o official, old, velho, antigo. on, sobre, em, no, na, § 122a, 134a. one, um, uma, § 55. opinion, a opiniao. oppress, opprimir. or, ou. order, a ordem. order (v.), mandar, mandar fazer, dirigir. other, outro. our, nosso, § 76. outside, fora. own, proprio. owner, o dono, o proprietario, o senhorio. ox, o boi. poor, pobre, § 51. poor fellow, poor thing, poor man, coitado -a. population, a populacao. port, o porto. Portuguese, portuguez. possible, possivel. potato, a batata, prepare, preparar, aprontar. present, o presente; at present, por ora. pretty, bonito. prince, o principe. print, imprimir, § 117. promptly, prontamente. prudent, prudente. question, perguntar. quite, bem, § 145; algum tanto, inteiramente. paper, o papel. parents, os pais, § 23. pass, passar. pay, pagar. pen, a penna. pencil, o lapis. people, o povo. perhaps, talvez. person, a pessoa. physician, o medico. piece, o pedaco. pity, a pena; a lastima. place, o lugar. plate, o prato. please, agradar, tenha a bon- dade (have the kindness to). pleased, contente. railway, a estrada de ferro. rain, a chuva. chover (to). rapidly, depressa. rat, o rato. read, ler. request, pedir. respect, o respeito. retire, retirar-se. return, voltar. rice, o arroz. rich, rico. ridiculous, ridiculo. river, o rio. road, a estrada, o caminho. rose, a rosa. run away, fugir. ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY 215 satisfactorily, satisf actoriamente . say, dizer, § 112. seasick, enjoado. see, ver, § 112, p. 86. sell, vender. sharp, agudo; 'ten o'clock sharp,' as dez horas em ponto. shop, a loja. short, curto. sick, doente. since, desde, depois. single, um s6. sir, o senhor, § 66. sister, a irma or irman. slowly, devagar. small, pequeno. some, uns, alguns, § 17, 100a. somewhat, um tanto, § 135s. son, o filho. soon, cedo. speak, falar. spend, gastar. spoon, a colher. state, o estado. steamer, o vapor, still, conj., ainda, todavia, com tudo. storm, o temporal, straw, a palha. street, a rua. strong, forte, such, tal, § 89, 93. suit, convir, § 121. sun, o sol. surround, cercar, rodear. table, a mesa. take, tomar, levar. take away, tirar. talk, falar, § 107. tall, alto. tea, o cha. terrible, terrivel. than, que, de, § 145a. that, aquelle -a, § 84, 87. the, a, o, as, os, § 14, 15, 16. then, entao, naquelle tempo. there, ahi, ali, la, acola, § 135c, d, r. thing, a cousa. this, este, esse, § 84, 86. tiger, o tigre, a onca. tile, a telha. time, o tempo; what time is it? see § 64; a vez, § 62. to, a, § 123a, 6, 124, 141. to-day, hoje. to-morrow, amanha. track, a linha, o trilho. travel, viajar. trip, a viagem. twice, duas vezes. two, dois, duos, § 55. ugly, feio. under, em baixo. valley, o valle. venerable, veneravel. very, mui, muito, § 44d, 135e. 216 ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY village, a aldeia, a povoacao, o arraial, a villa, visit, visitar. volcano, o vulcao. W waken, accordar. walk, passeiar, andar. walk, o passeio. want, querer, desejar. water, a agua. we, nos, § 65, 67, 72. week, a semana. well, bem, § 134h. what, que, o que, §95-97, 102a, 6; qual, § 95, 96, 98. when, quando. whence, donde. where, onde. whether, si. which, qual, § 95-98. while, em quanto; in a little while, d'aqui a pouco. white, branco. who, quern, § 96. whoever, quern quer, § 102. wife, a mulher, a esposa. window, a janella. wine, o vinho. with, com. wolf, o lobo. woman, a mulher. woods, o mato. work, trabalhar. world, o mundo. worse, peior, § 44a, 45. worth, valer, p. 86. worthy, digno. write, escrever, § 116. year, o anno. yellow, amarello. yes, sim, § 135/, g, h. yesterday, hontem. you, vos, § 65, 67, 72. young, novo. young man, o moco. young woman, a moca, a don- zella. your, vosso, seu, § 76. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON JJ*&««BYLNTH DAY AUG 26 1942 INTER-LIBRARY OCT 8 1942 LOAN MAR 2 5 1968 MOV XI 1941 DEC 2 2 1985 0AH1O20Q3 mar n ^y a* !# S&. * REC'P LD J^ 7 TO^PM I50rt'65t r REC'P LP JftN2l' 6 & -ttMll LD 21-100m-7,'40 (6936s) YB 27917 GENERAL LIBRARY -U.C. BERKELEY BOODTMOSei 2-4 *% UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY "^SWWtfl IllHIWa II Efuufni \\\m\ nil " HiMHt'fi mmnm iwiflmWHl WmmimW !™{IiliBB^W iHi! Ill 1 Umh i f ! riiilimitillHi » ^1 ?i' m $1 m\ if m*Ilfll llliiiliil i IP' fill! l^tlPPnl-