HD UC-NRLF INVESTIGATIONS OF INDUSTRIES IN NEW YORK CITY 1905-1915 A LIST OF PUBLISHED REPORTS COMPILED BY HENRIETTE R. WALTER RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY COMMITTEE FOR VOCATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT 265 HENRY STREET COMMITTEE ON WOMEN'S WORK RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 130 EAST 22o STREET NEW YORK CITY May, 1916 Price 10 Cents INVESTIGATIONS OF INDUSTRIES IN NEW YORK CITY 1905-1915 A LIST OF PUBLISHED REPORTS COMPILED BY HENRIETTE R. WALTER i RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY COMMITTEE FOR VOCATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT 265 HENRY STREET AND COMMITTEE ON WOMEN'S WORK RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 130 EAST 22o STREET NEW YORK CITY May, 1916 Price 10 Cents CONTENTS PAGE Air Brush Work 4 Artificial Flower mid Feather Industry 4 Bakeries 5 Bookbinding 5 Building Trades G Button Industry ^ Case Making Q Clothing Trades, Men's 7 Clothing Trades, Women's 8 Confectionery Industry 11 Costume Illustration 12 Fur Industry 12 Gas and Electric Companies 12 Laundries 13 Longshore Work 14 Mercantile Establishments 14 Millinery Trade 15 Novelty Painting 16 Paper Box Industry 16 Peddling 17 Perfumery Trade 17 Printing Industry 17 Restaurant and Hotel Work 18 Sample Mounting and Case Making 18 Straw Sewing 18 Telegraph Operating 19 Telephone Operating 19 Tobacco Industry 19 Transportation ,. 20 NOTE. Addresse.v of pubiishe/s-a 7 ^? oihers from whom reports mentioned in this pamphlet can be 1 obtained wHl be found on page 21. INVESTIGATIONS OF INDUSTRIES IN NEW YORK CITY 19051915 With the interest manifest today in the fundamental problems of industry and the awakening feeling of responsibility for their solution comes the necessity of taking inventory of our knowledge of the conditions underlying these problems. This list of reports on trade investigations aims to indicate for those who feel this interest and this responsibility the information available from first-hand inquiry regarding the occupations in which men and women are engaged in New York. An effort has been made to include all the most important investigations dealing with single industries which have been made from 1905 to 1915, inclusive. A number of lesser importance have also been listed. No attempt at discrimination as to the value of the investigation has been made in the selection of the reports. Any findings regarding a particular industry whether they be presented in a two or three page statement or a comprehensive report of several hundred pages were held to fall within the scope of this list so long as the basis of the findings was found in first-hand experience with shops or workers in the trade. The list does not claim to be exhaustive, but its sixty-four entries probably come near approxi- mating the total number of published reports of investigations of particular industries in Greater New York during the period selected. Othsr reports were found which deal with industrial con- ditions in this city, but they show a cross-section of many industries in relation to one problem rather than a cross-section of one indus- try in relation to many problems. These did not fall within the scope of this bibliography. Reports, however, which do not give a fully rounded picture of an industry but which present certain of its significant phases have been included. A number of reports which cover New York City or State with other com- munities in the field investigated, but which do not present the data for New York- City separately, have not been listed. On the other hand, investigations have been considered to belong in this list which cover a number of communities, including New York City, but which present the data in such a way that facts regard- 3 359954 ing conditions in that city can be separated from those elsewhere. No investigation has been included in which the field work was carried on- previous to 1905 even though the report was published in that year. Two reports published in the opening months of 1916 have been included. Two entries and several of the foot- notes refer to data published annually or at regular intervals regarding certain industries. The text accompanying the entries makes no attempt at critical consideration. Its purpose is to explain the scope and method of the investigation and the subjects on which data are presented. It is hoped that these notes may prove useful in guiding those who find occasion to use this list in the search for material bearing on their particular interests. It is our intention to revise this list from time to time in order to bring it up to date. Hence any suggestions as to omissions in the present listing or publications in the future will be welcomed. AIR BRUSH WORK Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Industrial Art Workers. Air Brush Work. p. 3-6. New York, 1913. A brief study of air brush work, based on information secured through visits to 21 firms and interviews with 18 girls. It covers general conditions in this branch of industrial art work, especially as to wages, hours and over- time, seasons, processes of work, workroom conditions, opportunities, and available means for trade training. This study and the others in the series were made for the purpose of discovering branches of industrial art work in which it was desirable to place women workers, and it is from this point of view that the material is treated. ARTIFICIAL FLOWER AND FEATHER INDUSTRY New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Preliminary Report, 1912. Vol. I. Notes on Some Trades in which Women are Employed. 1. Artificial Flowers and Feathers, by Violet Pike, p. 274-277. Albany, 1912. A brief statement, based on inspection of 94 artificial flower and feather factories, of the importance of the trade, the branches of the trade, the pro- cesses of work, industrial hazards, the condition of work places, and the extent of home work. New York State Department of Labor. Wages of Artificial Flower Makers. Bulletin No. 33, June, 1907. p. 149-151. A statement regarding wages paid in the artificial flower industry in New York City, based on examination of payrolls in 16 establishments em- ploying a total of 1,015 workers. W r ages for men and women are compared, and there is also some information regarding home work and irregularity of employment. Van Kleeck, Mary. Artificial Flower Makers. Survey Associates. New York, 1913. . 261 p. Russell Sage Foundation Publication. An intensive study of the artificial flower trade in New York City, made by the Committee on Women's Work of the Russell Sage Foundation and based on data secured through interviews with 174 shop workers in their homes, and with 110 families of home workers, as well as visits to 114 factories. It includes descriptions of general conditions in the trade, its processes of work, its problems, especially seasonal employment and home work wages paid in the trade, the type of workers employed, with facts about their personal and industrial histories and living conditions, and opportunities for trade training. One chapter is devoted to a comparative study of the trade in Paris. BAKERIES New York City Commissioner of Accounts. A Report on the Sanitary Condition of Bakeries in New York. April 18, 1911. 16 p. A brief report on an investigation made by the office of the Commissioner of Accounts, with the co-operation of the Consumers' League, into sanitary conditions in 145 factory and cellar bakeries in New York City. In addition to a description of bad sanitary conditions found, the questions of supervision and jurisdiction under the law are discussed, and recommendations are given for a new sanitary code relating to bakeries. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Preliminary Report, 1912. Vol. I. Report on Bakeries and Bakers in New York City, by Dr. George M. Price, p. 203-268. Albany, 1912. A full report on an investigation of New York bakeries with the chief emphasis on sanitation and the physical condition of the workers. It is based on visits to 497 bake shops and medical examination of 800 men em- ployed in bakeries. In addition to a biief statement regarding the extent and importance of the industry in New York and comparisons with foreign countries, such subjects are treated as fire hazards, defective lighting, ventila- tion and other sanitary evils resulting from the location of the majority of the shops in basements, sex and age of workers, hours of work, night work, diseases found among bakers, and morbidity and mortality rates. A final section deals with suggested remedies for bad sanitary conditions and proposes minimum standards. BOOKBINDING Van Kleeck, Mary. Women in the Bookbinding Trade. Survey Associates. New York, 1913. 270 p. Russell Sage Foundation Publication. An intensive study of women's work in the bookbinding trade, made by the Committee on Women's Work of the Russell Sage Foundation and based on data concerning 210 of the 247 binderies in Manhattan, secured through visits to the establishments and interviews with employers, and on the industrial histories of 201 women bookbinders employed in these binderies who were interviewed in their homes. It includes descriptions of general trade conditions and of processes of work, more particularly those in which women are employed, and data and discussion on wages, irregularity of employment, hours of work and overtime, the status of trade unionism, and opportunities for learning the trade. BUILDING TRADES United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Conciliation and Arbitration in the Building Trades of Greater New York, by Charles H. Winslow. Washington, 1913. 95 p. (Bulletin No. 124) An account of the history of trade agreements in the building trades of New York City, and a description of the plan of arbitration in use at .present in trade disputes between employers and the unions in the building trades, with details of the machinery of the arbitration board, its work, the grievances submitted, their disposal, the financing of the plan, the wage rates paid in the different occupations, and the number of workers. BUTTON INDUSTRY New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. II. The Button Industry, by Roswell Skeel, Jr. p. 339- 359. Albany, 1915. A brief report on a study of conditions in covered and celluloid button manufacture in New York City, based on schedules from 19 celluloid and 40 covered button factories and on returns from 916 workers. Descriptions of processes of work in each of the branches studied, and of the development of the industry, together with statistics and discussion of the sex, age, nativity, and occupations of the workers and of wage rates and earnings in correlation with age, occupation, and years of experience, form the main substance of the report. CASE MAKING See also under Paper Box Industry Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Factory Workers. Case Making for Jewelry and Silverware, p. 23-29. New York, 1913. A brief study of the trade, based on information from 45 firms, of which number 30 were visited. It covers general conditions in the trade as to wages, hours, seasons, home work, apprenticeship, nationality of workers, workroom conditions, and processes of work. This study and the others in the series were made for the purpose of discovering desirable trades in which to place women workers and are treated from this point of view. CIGAR AND CIGARETTE MANUFACTURE See Tobacco Industry CLOAK, SUIT AND SKIRT INDUSTRY See Clothing Trades, Women's 6 CLOTHING TRADES, MEN'S Best, Harry. The Men's Garment Industry of New York and the Strike of 1913. University Settlement Studies. New York, u. d. 25 p. A brief sketch of the history and present trade conditions in the men's garment industry in New York City, with a full story of the 1913 strike, its causes and outcome. The study is based on trade and trade union journals, daily newspapers, the observations of the writer, and several reports on investigations of the men's clothing trade. National Civic Federation. Fine Welfare Work and Some Deplorable Conditions in Garment Trades. New York, 1909. 31 p. (Report of Industrial Employes' Welfare Committee of Woman's Department) An investigation of conditions in the garment trades in New York City, covering three factories manufacturing men's clothing, four manufacturing women's clothing, one neckwear factory, three tenant factories, and a number of licensed tenement houses. The report gives in descriptive form for each factory visited information regarding sanitary conditions and welfare work, and also some data on hours and wages. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. II. The Shirt Industry, p. 175-230. Albany, 1915. An extensive and thorough study of the shirt industry in New York State, covering New York City, Troy, and Albany. One hundred and twelve factories were investigated, 76 of these, employing 6,600 workers, being located in New York City. In much of the statistical matter the data for New York City are combined with those for the other places investigated, but the descriptive matter makes distinctions throughout regarding New York City conditions, and statistics are given separately for wage rates and earnings, weekly output, and fluctuations through the year in the labor force and in earnings. United States Bureau of Labor. Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-earners in the United States. Vol. II. Men's Ready- made Clothing. Washington, 1911. 878 p. (Senate Document No. 645) A thorough and extensive study of the men's clothing industry in the five cities which are the chief centers of the trade in the United States New York, Chicago, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Rochester. The investigation covered 244 factories with a labor force of 23,683 workers, 88 of which, employ- ing 8,008 workers, were located in New York City. It was conducted through interviews with employers, transcriptions of payrolls, and cards filled by the workers, as well as home visits to 2,274 families. The report includes discus- sion and statistics of the sex, ages, nativity, and conjugal condition of the workers, the conditions in the trade as to child labor, hours of work and overtime, daily and weekly earnings for both shop and home workers, fluctua- tions in employment, workroom conditions, the organization of the industry, its history and development, processes of work, and provisions for training workers in the trade. There are also special sections dealing in greater detail with home work and with family conditions and standards. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wages and Hours of Labor in the Clothing and Cigar Industries, 1911-1913. p. 5-59. Washing- ton, 1915. (Bulletin No. 161) A study showing the prevailing full time weekly earnings and hours of labor, and the hourly rates of wages in the principal occupations in the men's clothing industry, based on data from the payrolls and time books of 158 shops in 1911 and 1912 and of 221 for 1912 and 1913, and covering 18,197 employes in seven cities in the United States. Descriptions of general trade conditions as to seasons, organization of the trade, occupations,* and method of wage payment are also included in the report. United States Immigration Commission. Reports on Immigrants in Industries. Vol. XI. Clothing Manufacturing in New York City. p. 365-404. Washington, 1911. A detailed study of the manufacture of both men's and women's clothing in New York City, from the point of view of the position of the immigrant in these trades. It is based on information secured from 7,258 employes in the clothing industries. Data are presented as to the history and extent of the industry in New York, racial displacements, the nationality, years in the United States, ages, conjugal condition, literacy, citizenship, ability to speak English, and occupation abroad of workers investigated, working conditions in the industry, hours of work, earnings, size of establishments, and the relation of the immigrant worker to organized labor. CLOTHING TRADES, WOMEN'S Cohen, Julius Henry. Law and Order in Industry. Macmillan Co. New York, 1916. 292 p. A picture of the women's garment trade in New York City and a history and study of the working of the Protocol of Peace in the cloak and suit industry during the five years of its existence, based on the first-hand experience and information of the author, who was counsel for the Cloak, Suit and Skirt Manufacturers' Protective Association. Goodman, Pearl, and Ueland, Elsa. The Shirtwaist Trade. Journal of Political Economy, p. 816-828. December, 1910. A summary of an investigation of the shirtwaist trade, presented originally as a thesis for the New York School of Philanthropy. It is based on inter- views with 100 workers and visits to a number of factories. Data are pre- sented on hours of labor and overtime, seasons and fluctuations in employment, wages, trade union organization, the 1910 strike, and general features, extent and organization of the trade. * Bulletin No. 135 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which gives somewhat similar data for 1911 and 1912 only, contains fuller descriptions of the occupations in the trade. Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Cloak, Suit and Skirt and in the Dress and Waist Industries.* Special Report on Sanitary Conditions in the Shops of the Dress and Waist Industry, by Dr. George M. Price. New York, May, 1913. 23 p. An investigation of sanitary and safety provisions in 707 dress and waist factories in New York City. The report also presents material on the extent and importance of the industry, the sex, nationality, and ages of the 36,658 employes, the location and character of the shops, and a special section on the processes and organization of work in dress and waist manufacture. National Civic Federation. Fine Welfare Work and Some Deplorable Conditions in Garment Trades. New York, 1909. 31 p. (Report of Industrial Employes' Welfare Committee of Woman's Depart- ment) See Clothing Trades, Men's New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Preliminary Report, 1912. Vol. I. Women Workers in Factories in New York State. 2. Clothing (Women's Waists), by Violet Pike. p. 277-278. Albany, 1912. A brief statement, based on the inspection of 228 shirtwaist factories, of the processes of manufacture, the general conditions of work, and the health and fire hazards in the trade. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Conciliation, Arbitration and Sanitation in the Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry in New York City, by Charles H. Winslow. p. 203-272. Washington, 1912. (Bulletin No. 98) A comprehensive presentation of the history, terms and provisions of the protocol established in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry in September, 1910, and of the organization of the industry and the working and trade conditions under the administration of this agreement. It is based on first- hand study and -material furnished by the Joint Board of the industry. Conciliation, Arbitration and Sanitation in the Dress and Waist Industry of New York City, by Charles H. Winslow. Washington, 1914. 196 p. (Bulletin No. 145) A study of the development of collective bargaining in the dress and waist industry in New York City, with comprehensive discussion of the protocol adopted in 1913, the history of its establishment, and an analysis of its pro- visions and its practical administration. The report also contains a brief statement of the extent and development of the industry, the number and personnel of the working force, and the type and location of the shops, as well as an appendix which presents a thorough study of the industry from the point of view of the possibility of industrial education. Industrial Court of the Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry of New York City, by Charles H. Winslow. Washington, 1914. 78 p. (Bulletin No. 144) A comprehensive description of the Industrial Court or Board of Griev- ances in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City, its work, the nature and disposition of cases brought before it, and an enumeration of its rulings. * All bulletins and annual reports of this board give valuable data on conditions in these two industries, especially as to sanitation and safety provisions. Regularity of Employment in the Women's Ready-to-wear Garment Industries, p. 7-44, 74-122. Washington, 1916. (Bulletin No. 183) A study of seasonal fluctuations in the industries manufacturing women's ready-to-wear garments, their extent as revealed in variations in the amount of the weekly payroll over a period of 52 weeks, their causes, and attempts at regularization. It also contains descriptions of the processes of work, of the character of the labor supply, and of the growth of the industries included, and a supplementary study of wages, earnings, and overtime in relation to regularity of employment for the muslin-underwear industry in New York City. The investigation covered more than 500 establishments, employing about 150,000 workers, located in four cities New York, Chicago, Cleveland, and Boston about 400 of these establishments being located in New York City. The different industries comprising this group are treated separately in the statistics, as are also the different cities. Wages and Regularity of Employment in the Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry, p. 7-68, 109-191. Washington, 1915. (Bulletin No. 147) A thorough study of wages and seasonal fluctuations in employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry in New York City, undertaken by the Arbitration Board of the Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry with the co-operation of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is based on an examination of payrolls in 90 shops coming under the protocol arid 13 independent or non-association shops. A thorough analysis has been made of variations in the labor force and in the amount of the payroll for each of the principal occupations for week workers, week by week for a full year. Piece workers were not included in the study. One entire section of the report is devoted to detailed descriptions of occupations in the industry and plans for appren- ticeship for cutters and for the education of workers in the trade. Wages and Regularity of Employment and Standardization of Piece Rates in the Dress and Waist Industry, New York City, by N. I. Stone. Washington, 1914. 313 p. (Bulletin No. 146) An extensive study of the dress and waist industry in New York City, dealing primarily with the questions of wages and irregular employment in the industry, and based on payroll records from 520 establishments and information regarding 31,485 employes. The report presents comprehensive data on hours of labor, occupations and processes of work, wages, method of wage payment, effect of the protocol on wages and hours, the number and personnel of the labor force, special features in the organization of the industry, seasonal fluctuations, and apprenticeship and other systems of trade training. In addition to this general material, a large part of the report is devoted to an intensive study of processes of w T ork in 8 establishments with a view to standardizing piece rates in the industry. United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. The Women's Muslin-underwear Industry. Washington, 1915. 184 p. (Miscellaneous Series No. 29) A study primarily of the cost of production of women's muslin underwear in the United States and the relation of costs to profits, but it contains con- siderable information, which is given separately for New York City, regarding general trade and working conditions, seasonal fluctuations, average number 10 of employes, average daily and weekly wages, processes of work, machinery used, safety provisions, welfare work, and the size of establishments. The investigation covered detailed information regarding 65 establishments in nine states, 43 of which were located in New York City. United States Immigration Commission. Reports on Immigrants in Industries. Vol. XI. Clothing Manufacturing in New York City, p. 365-404. Washington, 1911. See Clothing Trades, Men's. United States Public Health Service. Studies in Vocational Disease. I. Health of Garment Workers, by J. W. Schereschewsky. II. Hygienic Conditions of Illumination in Workshops of the Women's Garment Industry, by J. W. Schereschewsky and D. H. Tuck. Wash- ington, 1915. 224 p. (Bulletin No. 71) An intensive study of the health of workers and conditions of work in the women's garment industry, based on the investigation of a number of factories and the thorough physical examination of 3,000 men and women employed in these trades. The report includes, in addition to thorough treatment of the diseases and physical defects of the workers and their relation to the industry, general data on occupations, nativity, age, years in the United States, years in the trade, previous occupations, annual earnings, hours of labor, and home environment of workers, and a detailed study of lighting in the shops and other sanitary conditions. CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Factory Workers. Candy Trade, p. 19-22. New York, 1913. A brief study of the candy trade, based on information secured through visits to 54 workrooms and interviews with 23 workers. It covers general conditions in the trade as to wages, hours and overtime, seasons, apprentice- ship, processes of work, and workroom conditions. This study and the others in the series were made for the purpose of discovering desirable trades in which to place women workers, and the material is treated from this point of view. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Third Report, 1914. Wages in the Confectionery Industry in New York City, p. 65-103.* Albany, 1914. An extensive and thorough study of the confectionery industry in New York City, based on schedules and payroll transcriptions from 61 factories and covering 8,656 workers. The report includes discussion and statistics of weekly and annual earnings, and wage rates, seasonal fluctuations, the personnel of the labor force, processes of work, general trade conditions, years of experience in the trade, advances in wages, and shifting in the trade. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. IV. An Investigation of the Candy Industry to Determine the Possibilities of Vocational Training, by Anna C. Phillips, p. 1347-1361. Albany, 1915. An investigation of the confectionery industry from the point of view of the possibilities for trade training, based on a study of the processes of * A second and somewhat fuller report on the confectionery industry was published by the Factory Investigating Commission in its Fourth Report in 1915. However, it combines the statistics for New York City with those secured for "up state." 11 work in nine representative factories. The report includes analyses of the industry as a whole, of the sources from which workers are recruited, and of the processes of work more especially those which are skilled or semi-skilled. COSTUME ILLUSTRATION Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Industrial Art Workers. Costume Illustration, p. 12-19. New York, 1913. A brief study of costume illustration, covering the several branches of this field of art work. It gives descriptions of the various kinds of work, and information as to hours, seasons, salaries, requirements and opportunities for workers, and schools where fashion drawing is taught. DEPARTMENT STORES See Mercantile Establishments DRESS AND WAIST INDUSTRY See Clothing Trades, Women's FIVE AND TEN CENT STORES New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915, Vol. II. Mercantile Establishments, p. 51-174. Albany, 1915. See Mercantile Establishments. FUR INDUSTRY New York City Department of Health. A Clinical and Sanitary Study of the Fur and Hatters' Fur Trade, by Louis I. Harris, M.D. New York. 1915. 24 p. (Monograph Series No. 12) A study of the fur trade in New York City from the point of view of the health of the workers. It is based on investigation of 113 factories and the physical examination of 889 fur workers. The report includes a careful description of processes of work and occupations, as well as age and sex of the workers, and detailed study of their physical defects and the relation of these disabilities to the work done. GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANIES New York State Public Service Commission for the First District. Annual Reports. Vol. III. Statistics of Gas and Electric Com- panies. Sections on Employes and Wages. Statistics of gas and electric companies in Greater New York, with explanatory text, are published each year in the annual report of the Public Service Commission for the First District. It includes data regarding number of employes, fluctuations in employment, part time work, hours of labor, average earnings, increases in average earnings, number of employes, and the relation of the labor cost to operating expenses. Figures are given separately for each company and for each occupation. HOTELS See Restaurants and Hotels 12 INDUSTRIAL ARTS See Air Brush Work Costume Illustration Novelty Painting LAUNDRIES Clark, Sue Ainslie, and Wyatt, Edith. Making Both Ends Meet. Chapter VI. Women Laundry Workers in New York. p. 179-222. Macmillan Co. New York, 1911. A study of conditions of women's employment in steam laundries in New York City, conducted by the National Consumers' League, covering commercial, hotel, and hospital laundries. The report is based on first-hand data secured through the employment of the League's investigators in a number of laundries of each type, and through the inspection of some addi- tional establishments.. The features of the industry chiefly observed were sanitation, danger of injury, wages, and hours of labor, especially in their relation to the health of the workers. New York State Department of Labor. Working Conditions in New York City Steam Laundries. Bulletin No. 50, March, 1913. p. 21-36. A summary of material gathered in hearings held by the State Board of Mediation and Arbitration to inquire into working conditions in laundries in New York City as a result of a strike of the workers in January, 1912. Data are presented on hours of work, night work, wages, sanitary conditions, and special hardships of the work. Definite recommendations for the improvement of conditions are made. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Preliminary Report, 1912. Vol. I. Women Workers in Factories in New York State. 3. Steam Laundries in New York City, by Violet Pike, p. 279-286. Albany, 1912. A brief statement, based on the inspection of 110 laundries in New York State, 84 of which were in New York City, of the branches of the industry, the processes of work, the personnel of the labor force, the general working conditions, and the hazards of the trade. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. I. Study of Hotel Laundries, by Sally M. Frankenstein, p. 921-924. Albany, 1915. A brief report on a study of women's work in hotel laundries in New York City, covering 18 laundries, employing 477 women. Conditions as to sanitation, safety provisions, hours of labor, wages, and irregularity of work are summarized, and recommendations for correcting conditions are offered. United States Bureau of Labor. Report on Condition of Woman and' Child Wage-earners in the United States. Vol. XII. Employment of Women in Laundries. Washington, 1911. 121 p. (Senate Document No. 645) A study of women's work in laundries in Chicago, New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and, on some points, in Rockford, 111., based on investigations of 315 laundries and interviews with 539 women laundry workers. The report covers general workroom conditions, hours of labor, occupations and processes of work, and, in considerable detail, the effect of laundry work upon the health of the workers. 13 LONGSHORE WORK Barnes, Charles B. The Longshoremen. Survey Associates. New York, 1915. 287 p. Russell Sage Foundation Publication. A study of longshoremen in the port of New York, undertaken in 1910 and 1911 under the auspices of the Bureau of Social Research of the New York School of Philanthropy, and based on interviews with all types of waterfront workers, their employers, and others having contact with them, attendance at union meetings, and observations in all parts of the port. Irregularity of employment is stressed throughout the report as the outstanding feature of the trade. The study contains much interesting first-hand material and descriptive matter regarding characteristics of longshoremen, their nationali- ties, the different types of longshore labor, the methods of hiring workers, wages and earnings, irregular employment, trade union organization, strikes, and accident and health hazards of the trade. Appendices summarize data regarding dock work in Boston, London, Liverpool, and Hamburg. MEN'S CLOTHING See Clothing Trades, Men's MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS Clark, Sue Ainslie, and Wyatt, Edith. Making Both Ends Meet. Chap- ter I. The Income and Outlay of Some New York Saleswomen, p. 1-43. Macmillan Co. New York, 1911. A study of trade histories of 50 women employed in New York department stores, conducted by the National Consumers' League through interviews with workers and the employment of an investigator in one of the stores. While chiefly a budget study, the report presents incidentally data that are typical of working conditions in department stores, especially as to wages, hours, overtime work and compensation, fines, and irregularity of employment. National Civic Federation Review. Working Conditions in New York Stores. July 15, 1913. 32 p. A study of 19 department stores, in New York City, employing about 39,000 employes, undertaken by the Welfare Department of the National Civic Federation and extending over a period of more than two years. A detailed description of the welfare work in these stores is a special feature of the report. A discussion of the length of the working day, touching also the allied questions of overtime work, summer closing time, and Christmas work, with illustrative material drawn from study of the policies of the stores investigated, and statistics of classified and average wage rates, by main occupational groups, drawn from the payrolls in 17 of the stores by public accountants for the Federation, form the other two main sections of the report. There is also a section on the relation of low wages in department stores to the social evil. Definite recommendations are embodied in each of the three main sections and the special interest is centered throughout on women's work. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. II. Mercantile Establishments.* p. 51-174. Albany, 1915. A thorough and extensive study of mercantile establishments in 19 cities and villages in New York State, including 70 department stores, 31 neigh- * Preliminary reports on the investigation of mercantile establishments are given in the Second and Third Reports of the Factory InvestigatinglCommission, 1913 and 1914, respectively. 14 borhood shops, and 42 five and ten cent stores, employing in all 69,933 workers. Fifty-six of these stores, with a force of 56,151, were located in New York City, and, while much of the statistical matter for New r York City is combined with that for the other places investigated, the descriptive matter for the most part makes special reference to conditions there, and some separate statistics are available, especially on hours of work, rise in wages, fluctuations in employment, and shift of the labor force. In addition to the data secured from payroll transcriptions and schedules filled by employes, comprehensive treatment is given to the business organization of the department store, working conditions, the occupations and divisions of labor, qualifications of workers, wage policies, and policies as to promotions, vacations, welfare work, and mutual benefit associations. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. IV. An Investigation of Department Store Work to Determine the Possibility of Vocational Training, by Iris Prouty O'Leary. p. 1363-1405. Albany, 1915. A study of New York City department stores from the point of view of the possibility of training for occupations in this field. The report includes descriptions of the importance and extent of department store work, the sources from which the stores draw their workers, the existing methods of training, and an analysis of the industry as a whole and of the occupations in all the main branches of the work, giving for each the actual work done, the knowledge necessary for the performance of the job, and the possible line of promotion. Definite recommendations and suggestions regarding training in some branches of the work are also given. United States Bureau of Labor. Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-earners in the United States. Vol. V. Wage-earning Women in Stores and Factories. Washington, 1911. 384 p. (Senate Document No. 645) This study, which deals chiefly with living conditions and home responsi- bilities of women at work in both factories and stores in 7 cities in the United States, contains valuable data as well regarding the wages and earnings, nationality, ages, years of experience, hours of work, night work and overtime of 391 women employed in New York City department stores, and regarding the proportion among these women who are living at home or who are "adrift," including figures on their home responsibilities or their independent living expenses, as the case may be. There is also some discussion regarding the moral influences surrounding department store employment. Chapter VII, a section of Chapter XI, and Tables I, II, and III in the Appendix contain material relating particularly to department store employment in New York City. MILLINERY TRADE New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. II. Wages in the Millinery Trade, by Mary Van Kleeck. p. 361-469. Albany, 1915. A study of wages and irregularity of employment of women employed at hat trimming in wholesale and retail millinery establishments in Manhattan, based on payroll transcriptions for an entire year in 40 shops and for 3,983 15 workers, and for a typical week in 56 shops, and personal data for 1,363 milliners. Thorough analysis is made of trie wage statistics and the fluctua- tions in the labor force and annual payroll, and information is also presented regarding the ages, nativity, conjugal condition, and years of experience of the workers, the workroom conditions, method of hiring workers and determining wages, processes of work, and general features of the trade. Van Kleeck, Mary, and Barrows, Alice P. How Girls Learn the Millinery Trade. Survey, April 16, 1910. p. 105-113. A brief study of opportunities for trade training in the millineiy trade, based on an investigation of more than 200 shops and interviews with 200 workers. The article also outlines general features of the trade, occupations, seasonal employment, hours of work, and wages. MUSLIN UNDERWEAR See Clothing Trades, Women's NOVELTY PAINTING Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Industrial Art Workers. Novelty Painting, p. 7-11. New York, 1913. A brief study of three representative branches of this type of industrial art work, based on visits to 20 firms and interviews with a number of workers. It covers general conditions as to hours, wages, seasons, requirements for workers, workroom conditions, home work, and methods of learning the trade. PAPER BOX INDUSTRY Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Factory Workers. Paper Box Making, p. 13-18. New York, 1913. A brief study of the trade, based on information secured through visits to 54 workrooms and interviews with 23 girls. It covers general conditions in the trade as to wages, hours and overtime, seasons, home work, processes of work, apprenticeship, workroom conditions, and nationality of workers. This study, like the others in the series, was made for the purpose of discovering desirable trades in which to place women workers, and the material is treated from this point of view. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Third Report, 1914. The Paper Box Industry in Greater New York. p. 105-166.* Albany, 1914. A comprehensive study of the paper box trade in New York City, based on schedules and payroll transcriptions from 191 factories and 9,105 workers. The report includes discussion and statistics of weekly and annual earnings and wage rates, seasonal fluctuations, shift of the labor force, general trade conditions, hours of labor, processes of work, personnel of the labor force, years of experience, home work, and home and living conditions for 227 women workers interviewed, including a study of personal budgets. * A second report on the paper box industry was published by the Commission in its Fourth Report in 1915. This report, however, combines the figures for New York City with those for New York State as a whole. It includes also a study of 100 accidents in the trade in New York City. 16 Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. IV. An Investigation of the Paper Box Industry to determine the Possibility of Vocational Training, by Robert J. Leonard, p. 1243-1346. Albany, 1915. An investigation of the paper box industry in New York State from the point of view of the possibility for trade training, based on a study of 15 factories, 13 of which were in New York City, and of 1,467 workers. It includes, besides the manufacture of solid and folding boxes, the making of cardboard and corrugated containers and cases, jewelry cases, and filing cases and envelopes. The greater part of the report is devoted to elaborate analyses of the processes of work and occupations in the different branches of the trade investigated. It also includes material on the recruiting of workers, lines of promotion, personal trade histories of some of the workers, distribution of the employes as to sex and occupation, and definite plans and recommendations as to trade training. PEDDLING Mayor's Push-Cart Commission, New York City. Report of the Com- mission, 1906. 233 p. A report of conditions among push-cart peddlers in New York City by a commission appointed to inquire especially into the congestion of the streets resulting from this trade and the possibilities of regulation. A census of push-cart peddlers was taken, showing the extent of the trade, and facts are presented also regarding the nationality and length of residence in the United States of the peddlers, their supplementary occupations, ownership of carts, kinds of goods sold, usual earnings, licensing of carts, congestion, night peddling, the padrone system, fire hazards, organization of peddlers, etc. In conclusion a program of recommendations is outlined. PERFUMERY TRADE Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Factory Workers. The Perfumery Trade, p. 8-12. New York, 1913. A brief report on a study of the trade, based on information secured from 28 firms. It covers general conditions in the trade as to wages, hours and overtime, seasons, apprenticeship, nationality of workers, and workroom conditions. This study, like the others in the series, was made for the purpose of discovering desirable trades in which to place women workers, and the material is treated from this point of view. PRINTING INDUSTRY New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Second Report, 1913. Vol. II. The Printing Industry, p. 514-532. Albany, 1913. A study of the printing trade in New York State, chiefly from the point of view of sanitary conditions and the health of the workers. Three hundred and forty-eight establishments, employing 9,047 workers, were visited, and as a majority of these were in New York City, it is to be assumed that the conditions described are typical of those prevailing in that city. In addition to descriptions of sanitary conditions and the health of the workers, material 17 is presented on processes of work, women's work in the trade, the dangers of the industry, and some of the features of the health work of the International Typographical Union. Appendices give provisions made in Germany and in Switzerland for the protection of the workers' health. RESTAURANT AND HOTEL WORK United States Bureau of Labor. Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-earners in the United States. Vol. V. Wage-earning Women in Stores and Factories, p. 189-199, 362-374. Washington, 1910. (Senate Document No. 645) An investigation of women employed as waitresses in 358 hotels and restaurants in 7 cities in the United States, of which 102 with a force of 1,416 waitresses were in New York City. The main interest of the report is in living conditions, such as home responsibilities, cost of living, and budget items for women living at home and for those "adrift," but valuable data are also given on general working conditions in this occupation, hours of work, average weekly earnings, and years of experience. SAMPLE MOUNTING AND CASE MAKING Alliance Employment Bureau. Inquiries into Trades for Factory Workers. Sample Mounting and Sample Case Making, p. 3-7. New York, 1913. A brief report on a study of these trades, based on visits to 45 workrooms and interviews with a number of workers. It covers general conditions in the trades as to wages, hours and overtime, apprenticeship, seasons, home work, requirements for workers, and workroom conditions. This study, like the others in the series, was made for the purpose of discovering desirable trades in which to place women workers, and the material is treated from this point of view. SHIRT INDUSTRY See Clothing Trades, Men's SHIRTWAIST INDUSTRY See Clothing Trades, Women's STRAW SEWING New York State Department of Labor. Wages of Straw-braid Sewers. Bulletin No. 32, March, 1907. p. 57-58 A brief statement regarding wages and seasonal fluctuations in employ- ment for straw-braid sewers, based on an analysis of the payroll of a repre- sentative straw hat manufacturer in New York City, and the observations of a labor inspector who had had considerable contact with the trade in the course of his work. STREET RAILWAYS See Transportation 18 TELEGRAPH OPERATING United States Bureau of Labor. Investigation of Western Union and Postal Telegraph-Cable Companies. Washington, February, 1909. 554 p. (Senate Document No. 725) A comprehensive investigation into the volume, extent, and methods of handling business, the wages, hours of labor and other working conditions in telegraph companies engaged in interstate activity. It is based on schedules and payroll data from the companies, interviews with employes, and visits to places of work in 27 important cities, including New York City. Separate statistics for New York are available throughout. TELEPHONE OPERATING New York State Department of Labor. Statistics of Night Telephone Operators. Bulletin No. 53, December, 1912. p. 389-404. An investigation of night work among women telephone operators in New York State, based on information from 150 companies and concerning 10,547 operators. The repoit presents data showing the occupation and number of operators, the number employed at night work, their ages, hours of work, time of beginning and ending work, wages, years of service, and whether living at home or boarding. New York City figures are given separately on every point treated. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Fourth Report, 1915. Vol. II. Wages Paid by the New York Telephone Company to Various Classes of Operatives in the Different Cities of New York State, p. 471-478. Albany, 1915. A statement prepared by the New York Telephone Company for the Factory Investigating Commission, giving the organization of the force, the regulations regarding Sunday and holiday work, information regarding payments for overtime work, vacations, bonuses, pensions, benefits, and full presentation of wage rate scales for New York City by boroughs and for other cities in the state. All data other than those on wages are given sepa- rately for "upstate" and "downstate" divisions, not for separate cities, but "downstate" conditions in general are probably typical of New York City. United States Bureau of Labor. Investigation of Telephone Companies. Washington, February, 1910. 340 p. (Senate Document No. 380) An investigation by the United States Bureau of Labor of telephone companies engaged in interstate business, covering 27 companies in 26 states. The report includes data on wages, hours of labor, physical conditions of work, training of workers, organization of the force, description of telephone work, union organization and strikes, and methods of handling business. Separate statistics for New York City are available throughout the report. TOBACCO INDUSTRY New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Second Report, 1913. Vol. II. The Tobacco Industry, p. 487-513. Albany, 1913. A study of sanitary conditions and the health of workers, especially women, in the tobacco industry, including the manufacture of cigars, of cigarettes, of chewing and smoking tobacco, and of snuff. It is based chiefly on the physical examination of 600 women employes of 21 factories in New 19 York City, but also includes a general description of sanitary conditions in a larger number of factories. The report presents discussion and statistics bearing on the branches of the industry, the ages, nativity, conjugal condition, years in the trade, and diseases found among the women examined, sanitary conditions in the shops, comfort provisions, welfare work, and child labor, as well as summaries of facts regarding health in the industry in foreign countries. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wages and Hours of Labor in the Cigar and Clothing Industries, 1911 and 1912. p. 5-24. Wash- ington, 1913. (Bulletin No. 135) A study showing hourly rates of wages in the principal occupations in the cigar manufacturing industry in 1911 and 1912,* based on data obtained for 49 factories and 11,541 employes in eight cities in the United States, including New York City. A statement regarding general trade conditions, as to method of wage payment, hours of work, the importance of the industry, and a careful description of the principal productive occupations are also included in the report. Most of the data are given separately for each city. TRANSPORTATION New York State Public Service Commission for the First District. Annual Reports. Vol. II. Statistics of Transportation Companies. Sections on Employes and Wages. Statistics of street railways in Greater New York, with explanatory text, are published each year in the annual report of the Public Service Commission for the First District. It includes, for subways, elevated roads, and surface lines, data regarding the number of employes, variation in amount of employ- ment, average and classified wages, hours of work, increases in wage rates, and stability of employment. Figures are given separately for each trans- portation company and for each occupation. WAITRESSES See Restaurants and Hotels WOMEN'S CLOTHING See Clothing Trades, Women's * A later bulletin of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (No. 161, 1915) gives wages also for 1913, but does not include as full statistics or descriptive matter as Bulletin No. 135. 20 ADDRESSES OF PUBLISHERS AND OTHERS FROM WHOM REPORTS CAN BE OBTAINED Alliance Employment Bureau, 64 Madison Avenue, New York City. Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Dress and Waist Industry, 31 Union Square West, New York City. Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Macmillan Company, The, 64 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Mayor's Push-Cart Commission. Report can be obtained from Lawrence Veiller, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. National Civic Federation, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City. New York City Commissioner of Accounts, Municipal Building, New York City. New York City Department of Health, Division of Industrial Hygiene, 49 Lafayette Street, New York City. New York State Department of Labor, Albany, N. Y. New York State Factory Investigating Commission. Reports can be obtained through J. B. Lyon Company, Albany, N. Y. New York State Public Service Commission for the First District, 154 Nassau Street, New York City. Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East Twenty-second Street, New York City. Survey Associates, Inc., 112 East Nineteenth Street, New York City. United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. United States Bureau of Labor ] United States Bureau of Labor [ Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Statistics United States Immigration Commission. Reports can be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. O. United States Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. University Settlement Society, 184 Eldridge Street, New York City. RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION PUBLICATIONS STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS BOOKS Artificial Flower Makers. By Mary Van Kleeck. Illus. 261 p. Post- paid, $1.50. Seasonal employment, home work, wages, home responsibilities, trade training, for women in New York. Summary of conditions in artificial flower trade in Paris. Women in the Bookbinding Trade. By Mary Van Kleeck. Illus. 270 p. Postpaid, $1.50. Hours and night work, wages, irregular employment, trade training, enforcement of labor laws, trade unionism. The Longshoremen. By Charles B. Barnes. Illus. 287 p. Postpaid, $2.00. Irregular employment, earnings, trade unionism, types of dock work and workers in New York harbor. Summaries of conditions in Boston, Liverpool and Hamburg. The Steel Workers. By John A. Fitch. Illus. 380 p. Price $1.50; post- paid, $1.73. The twelve-hour day and seven-day week, breakdown of trade unionism, work of immigrants, wages, and processes of work in steel industry of Pitts- burgh., Saleswomen in Mercantile Stores. By Elizabeth B. Butler. Illus. 217 p. Price $1; postpaid, $1.08. Physical conditions of work, hours, wages, regularity of employment, vocational training, living conditions, of saleswomen in Baltimore stores. Women and the Trades. By Elizabeth B. Butler. Illus. 440 p. Price $1.50; postpaid, $1.72. Conditions of women's work in needle trades, metal trades, canning, confectionery, and stogy industries, commercial work, etc., in Pittsburgh. Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town. By Margaret F. Bying- ton. Illus. 292 p. Price $1.50; postpaid, $1.70. Family income and the cost of living in households of native and immi- grant wage-earners in Pittsburgh steel mills. Work-Accidents and the Law. By Crystal Eastman. Illus. 345 p. Price $1.50; postpaid, $1.72. Causes of work accidents and their cost to wage-earners' families when there is no workmen's compensation law, as seen in Pittsburgh district in 1907-8. Wage-Earning Pittsburgh. By Kellogg, Commons, Kelley and others. Illus. 582 p. Price $2.50; postpaid, $2.75. Community problems related to industry, the new immigration in indus- try, factory inspection, industrial hygiene, child labor, trade unionism. Fatigue and Efficiency. By Josephine Goldmark. 342 p. Postpaid, $2.00. Nature and effect of fatigue in modern industry as a scientific basis for legal restriction of working hours. Workingmen's Insurance in Europe. By Lee K. Frankel and Miles M. Dawson, with the co-operation of Louis I. Dublin. 477 p. Price $2.50; postpaid, $2.70. Systems of insurance for wage-earners against industrial accidents, sickness, death, invalidity, old age, and unemployment in operation in Euro- pean countries. Working Girls in Evening Schools. By Mary Van Kleeck. Illus. 252 p. Postpaid, $1.50. Problems of women's work and industrial education as revealed in a study of wage-earning women in New York's night schools. 22 Middle West Side; Mothers Who Must Earn. Part 1 by Otho G. Cart- wright; Part 2 by Katharine Anthony. Illus. 296 p. Postpaid, $2.00. The work of married women and widows on West Side of New York City: occupations, hours and wages, physical effects of work, and home conditions. Order books from Survey Associates, Inc., publishers for the Russell Sage Foundation, 112 East 19th Street, New York City. PAMPHLETS 1C 1 Industrial Investigations of Russell Sage Foundation. By Mary Van Kleeck. A summary of chief industrial investigations undertaken by Russell Sage Foundation, with bibliography of its publications relating to industry. 18 pages. Sent free on request. 1C 2 Investigations of Industries in New York City, 1905-1915. By Henrietta R. Walter. A descriptive list showing method and scope of 64 investigations. 24 pages. 10 cents. Wages in the Millinery Trade. By Mary Van Kleeck. Re- printed from Fourth Report of New York State Factory Investi- gating Commission. Wages as shown in payrolls, seasonal fluctuations, processes of work, experience and nationality of workers. 115 p. Sent free on request. SE 6 Industrial Conditions in Topeka. By Zenas L. Potter. Pub- lished by the Department of Surveys and Exhibits. Trade unionism, scientific management, wages, apprenticeship, women's work, home conditions. 56 pages. 15 cents. SE 12 Industrial Conditions in Springfield. By Louise C. Oden- crantz and Zenas L. Potter. (In press) Wages, hours, irregular employment, accident prevention and compensation, child labor, trade unionism, living conditions of wage-earners' families. 150 p. 25 cents. E 135 Some Conditions Affecting Problems of Industrial Education in 78 American School Systems. By Leonard P. Ayres. Pub- lished -by the Division of Education. Includes a study of the occupations of fathers of thirteen-year- old school boys as a basis for thought and action in the field of industrial education. E 136 Constant and Variable Occupations and their Bearing on Problems of Vocational Education. By Leonard P. Ayres. Published by the Division of Education. A study of occupations to determine those common to all localities and those which appear in some communities and not in others. 12 pages. 5 cents. CH 24 Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social and Industrial Conditions. By Henry H. Hibbs, Jr. Published by the Depart- ment of Child-Helping. Effect on infant mortality of the gainful employment of mothers, and of low wages and inadequate family income. 127 p. 30 cents. Order pamphlets from Russell Sage Foundation, 130 East 22nd Street, New York City. 23 HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT 265 Henry Street New York Directory of Trade, Technical and Vocational Schools in Greater New York. Published by the Committee for Vocational Scholarships, Henry Street Settlement. 15 cents. A list of public and endowed schools with detailed information and classified index of subjects offered. The House on Henry Street. By Lillian D. Wald. Illus. 310 p. Price $2.00 net. Henry Holt and Company, 34 West 33d Street, New York City, publishers. 24 PRESS OF CLARENCE S. NATHAN, INC., NEW YORt '->** 27 ' 5" ': - >'.- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period. 1911 50.7,'16 Oaylord Bros. Makers Syracuse, N. Y. W.IML2I .Urn - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY