mm 
 
 
 
 
 .'/.^'^•,^\.' -i'\\Vi.',\^.". .■- - ■ ', 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 

 j!J0|VljVlI?gI0NER FOF( ALL THE ^TATE^ /.J^D 
 
 Jerritorie^, 
 
 AND THE PROVINCES OF 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 ALSO 
 
 i-or /'Atf City and County of Sew York. 
 
 Practical Reporier in the Office of 
 
 LORD, DAY k LORD, 
 
 Attorneys and Counselors at Law, 
 
 Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, 
 
 XEIV YORK. 
 
 Particulsr iittention given to taking depositions, ac- 
 knowledgment s, «S:c., for use in the various State Courts, 
 in conformity with the laws of the different States. 
 
 Testimony taken in shorthand without extra charge. 
 
 Insurance risks placed at the lowest rates. 
 
 Loans on bond and mortgage negotiated. 
 
 W. E. SCOVIL. 
 
Short-hand is an art whose usefuhiess is not con- 
 fined to any particular science or profession, but is 
 universal. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Had this art [Phonography] been known forty 
 years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of 
 hard labor. — Hon. T. H. Benton. 
 
SHORT-HAND. 
 
 LEGIBLE AS THE PLAINEST WRITING AND REQUIRING 
 NO TEACHER BUT THE BOOK. 
 
 A SniTLIFIED SYSTEM OP 
 
 Verbatim R 
 
 BATIM rvEPORTING. 
 
 KEV. W. E. SCOVIL, M. A. 
 
 TENTH AMERICAN EDITION. 
 
 BUITKa AN1> RKVISFU BY 
 
 W. E. SCOVIL, Jb., Practioal Bepobtib. 
 
 New Yoek. 
 
 E. Campbell & Co., 
 
 LAW BOOKSELLERS AND PUBLISHERS. 
 No. 21 Park Row. 
 1880. 
 
 I '' *v ->, i 
 
EntcTRd according ta Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by 
 
 Uy. B. ROBINSON, 
 
 la tbe office of the Librarian ol Congress, at Wasbingtoa. D. C 
 
5 933^ 
 
 CO 
 
 5 
 
 op 
 aa 
 
 For the enconragement of learners, some Testimonials are hers 
 annexed, which the author has received from frentlemen of known 
 position and character, who epeaic from actual experience, and express 
 their conviction that this Short -hand is an improvement on the systems 
 heretofore offertd to the public. 
 
 From Hon. W. E. Cxtrtis, LL.D., Justice of Superior Court, 
 
 Netc York. 
 
 I taE<«,,OTeat pleaswre in recommending your System of 
 Short-Hand Reporting as the simplest and most accurate in 
 use. It should be taught in our leading schools, and known 
 by all students. 
 
 Prom F. II. nEMPEHLEY, Esq., {formerly reporter of (he 
 Pennsyltanid Legislature), Neic York. 
 
 I have examined your work with some care, and am sat- 
 isfied that it possesses many advantages. It is certainly 
 more easily learned than the ordinary systems. 
 
 448610 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 From Mr. John G. Nugent, Reporter, Boston. 
 
 While preparing for my profession, a few years ago, I at- 
 tempted to learn Pitman's Phonotrrapliy, and so far mas- 
 tered it as to be able, after much ajjplication, to write and 
 decipher it with tolerable accuracy. I then became ac- 
 quainted with your method, and, after a careful perusal of 
 it, was induced to give it a trial. By devoting one hour a 
 day to the study of it, I was .able in four months to report 
 verbatim. It is needless to say that I have adopted it alto- 
 gether. I have given much attention to this subject, and 
 have no hesitation in saying that while your system pos- 
 sesses the combined advantages of Pitman, Munson, and 
 Lindsley, as respects rapidity, it surpasses them in legibility, 
 and is acquired in much less time. 
 
 From tlie Rev. Edwakd B. Nichols, D.D., Hector of Liv- 
 erpool, Nota Scotia, 
 
 The facility with which your system is acquired, the ra- 
 pidity with which it is written, and the unhesitancy with 
 which it is read, I believe to be unsurpassed. I have used 
 no other hand for all the manuscript sermons that I have 
 delivered during the last fifteen years. Indeed, before I 
 was in holy orders, I found the benefit of it, both when I 
 was a student at law and at The General Theological Semi 
 nary in New York. 
 
 From M. R. W. Welles, Reporter^ Dar^bury, Conn. 
 I recommend your work as the most practical, legible, 
 and easy of acquisition. 
 
 From Rev. Wm. S. Owens, Indiana, Pcnn. 
 As a system adapted to the wants of tlioae who desire a 
 method of writing more rapid than our common long-hand. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 yet equally legible, and not too difficult to learn, I believe 
 the system taught in your little book is better than any yet 
 invented. The tuickeuinfr, shortening, lengthening, etc., 
 of the Cus, which makes most of the other systems so per- 
 plexing to the learner and so difficult to decipher, are nearly 
 all avoided. After considerable experience with other sys- 
 tems, I believe this is simpler, more easily acquired, and 
 more legible than any now in use. 
 
 From Mb. T. P. DrroN, Reporter, Philadelphia. 
 
 After spending some time in examining the systems of 
 Phonography published by Pitman, Bell, Thompson, and 
 others, I have satisfied myself that your Phonography, or 
 abbreviated Sliort-hand, while it equals, if it does not ex- 
 ceed, the swiftest of them, in the ease and despatch with 
 which it is written, affords more assistance in deciphering 
 the notes, which we have to commit to paper in the briefest 
 manner in taking down a discourse from the lips of a fluent 
 speaker. So far as I am capable of forming a correct opi- 
 nion on this subject, I have as yet met witli no system, vying 
 with yours in conciseness, that taxes the memory of the 
 learner so little, or is likely to enable him more speedily to 
 acquire the art of verbatim Reporting. 
 
 From the Rev. Caxqx Lee, Ph.D., Rector of Fredericton, 
 New Brunaicick. 
 
 I have used your system of Short-hand for years, and 
 do not think I can express too liiglily the value I have de- 
 rived from it in correspondence and in my professional 
 
TESTIMOKIALS. 
 
 duties. By its aid a sermon may be written in one bout 
 instead oi six, and. when written, is more legible than the 
 ordinary hand. Besides, the ability it affords of writing 
 one's thoughts with readiness and with comparatively little 
 fatigue of hand, leads to the acquisition of a free and more 
 forcible style. The art is easily learnt, may be acquired in 
 youth as a pastime in connection with more formal studies, 
 and not much additional practice is necessary to render the 
 Short-hand Writer an efficient reporter. 
 
 From The Rev. D. W. Pickett, M.A. {formerly) Head 
 Master of the Collegiate School, Windsor, Nova Scotia. 
 Of the superior advantages of your Stenography I can 
 speak from long experience. The comparison which I have 
 been enabled to make between it and other systems now in 
 use to some extent, and the readiness with which it has 
 been acquired by many of my acquaintance, lead me to the 
 belief that it offers greater facilities for students in attend- 
 ance upon university lectured, to the reporters for the 
 press, and to the public generally, than any other system 
 that has hitherto been published. 
 
 From Alfued H. Demill, Esq., D.C.L., Barrister. 
 
 1 bought a copy of your work, published in 18G6, and, 
 struck with the truth of your objections to the Phonetic 
 system (which I had been practising for several years as 
 given by Oraham in the Reporter's Manual) I abandoned 
 it, and began the study of yours. The result, I am happy 
 to say, has fully realized my expectations ; for, after learn- 
 ing it with comparatively little labor, I find it most useful 
 in my profession. 
 
 I regret the time wasted with Pitman's Phonography ; 
 but my own experience has convinced me that your system, 
 besides other advantages, requires not one-third as much 
 practice to master it, and that do oue desirous of a readable 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 Shorthand will be disappointed after giving it a fair 
 trial. 
 
 From Rev. George Walker, A. B. , N. Y. , formerly Mns- 
 ter of the Grammar School in Kings Co. , N. B.; Rector 
 SchvylertiUe, N. J. 
 It is, I think, a happy feature in your Shorthand that 
 It joins the vowels and consonants in succession as we 
 read them, and does not depart from the usual method of 
 spelling, except when superfluous letters are omitted for 
 the sake of brevity. It thus avoids the intricate and com- 
 parativel}' slow expedient adopted by Taylor, 3Iavor, Pit- 
 man, and others, which requires the writer to j'liu together 
 all the consonants in the first place, and afterwards take 
 his pen off repeatedly to insert separate dots, or other lit- 
 tle marks, here and there, for the purpose of represcntii.g 
 as many vowels and diphthongs as happen to be sounded 
 in the word. 
 
 From S. J. Scovil, Esq., A.B., Reporter, New Yoi-k. 
 Your Shorthand has, for many years, done me good 
 service in the almost interminable writing of a lawyer's 
 office. If this, or any good sj-stem, were generally adopted 
 by professional gentlemen, it would very materially lighten 
 their labors, and save valuable time to the public, short- 
 ening the sittings of our courts, and expediting business 
 which is now retarded by the slow process of ordinary 
 writing. 
 
 From J. Bennett, Esq., Ph.D., Chief Superintendent of 
 Education for the Prorince of Keic Brunmrick. 
 The system of Shorthand invented by Mr. Scovil is, I 
 believe, the best extant. The reporters educated in the 
 system are much more expert than those trained in any 
 other that has come under my notice. Having mastered 
 it in less than a year, thc)^ are living proofs of the ease 
 with which it may be acquired. 
 
Extract from New York Tribune, Sept. 27, 1S71. 
 
 Quickness of thought and action is the chief constitu- 
 Aonsl requisite for the successful practice of short-hand 
 reporting. There is a rich field of labor opening in tliis 
 direction. For the past ten or twelve years the demand for 
 stenographic writers lias been steadily increasing in ad- 
 vance of the supply. Many people suppose that most of 
 the short-hand work is done for the newspapers ; but this is 
 a mistake. It has been principally in connection with the 
 Courts of Law that stenogi-aphers have earned reputation 
 and money. Judges, lawyers, and litigants all require 
 their service, and are willing to pay liberally for it. 
 
 Many phonographers of limited experience are em- 
 ployed as amanuenses in places of public business, siich as 
 the custom-houses, etc , in large cities, and in the depart- 
 ments at Washington. Many more are engaged iu law, in- 
 surance, and banking offices as private secretaries. In the 
 eight Judicial District Courts of the State of New York 
 official stenographers arc employed at a salary of $3000 
 per annum. They are also employed m the courts of 
 Maine, Illinois, Pennsylvania, California, South Carolina, 
 and will no doubt soon be introduced in every State of the 
 Union. Other departments of short-hand work are equally 
 well paid. Twenty-five cents a folio is charged for report- 
 ing and furnishing copy of testimony, or the speecli of coun- 
 sel, or any one else on an important matter. Five dollars is 
 charged for attendance at any reference case, no matter 
 how short. Not less than ten dollars is paid to any fii-st- 
 class reporter for a day or night's work, and most frequent- 
 ly Twenty Dollars. 
 
 Dictation work, of which there is a large quantity done 
 by younger phonographers, is paid six cents a folio. Sala- 
 ried amanuenses receive from $20 to $35 per week, accord- 
 ing to capacity, 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 Writing is a iruiy ■wonderful invention. It recordg Ian 
 guage by substituting marks or letters for sounds ; and, by 
 this means, words are silently conveyed to the mind 
 through the eye, as distinctly as by the voice through the 
 ear. It is the key of learning ; and so useful for acquiring, 
 preserving, and communicating knowledge, that it is almost 
 as valuable to mankind as the gift of speech. 
 
 Common writing, however, requires so much mechanical 
 labor to form the letters, that it is confessedly inadequate 
 to record language with anything like the ease and rapid'ty 
 with which it is spoken ; and, therefore, persevering efforts 
 have been made to effect this desirable improvement. 
 Hence the multitudinous systems of Short-hand. 
 
 Among the earliest were the Qreels. signs, and these prob- 
 ably suggested to Cicero the Roman notes; which, we learn 
 from Plutarch, consisted of little marks so brief and ex- 
 pressive that certain writers, instructed by that great ora- 
 tor, were able with them to take down a speech as delivered 
 in the senate. Cicero's f reedman, Tyro, becoming famed 
 for his skill in using them, they were known by the name 
 of " Tyro's Notes," and having been taken up and improved 
 by Seneca, were, with his alterations, introduced into the 
 public schools as a useful branch of a liberal education. 
 If we can rely upon what a poet, who lived in those times, 
 has told us, this kind of writing was so swift that & Notary, 
 1800 years ago, could take down words as quickly as the 
 
 1 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 most dexterous reporter of our day. I allude to oua of 
 Martial's epigrams, which I give with a free transla- 
 tion: 
 
 Xotarius. 
 Currant verba licet, man us est velocior Ulis; 
 Nondum lingua suum, dextra ptregii op^is. 
 
 Mart. lib. v. ep. 88. 
 Thongh fast a speaker's words may liow, 
 The tongue is for the hand too slow. 
 
 The Roman method is lost. Of English systems, " Pit- 
 man's Phonography," notwithstanding several later short- 
 hands, is now the most popular, and, its enthusiastic admir- 
 ers would have us believe, so perfect that there exists no 
 necessity for change hereafter. A.nd yet it seems to be 
 fairly open to some weighty objections, of which I will 
 mention four : 
 
 I. 
 
 The vowels are dots and minute marks which cannot be 
 joined to the other letters, but require the pen to be raised 
 from the paper every time that one of them is made, and 
 therefore impede the writing much more than good plain 
 characters in a running hand. In consequence of this radi- 
 cal defect, it becomes necessary in most words to write the 
 consonants first, and then go back to supply whatever vow- 
 els they require, carefully putting each by itself near the 
 consonant to which it ought to have been joined. Such a 
 separation of vowels and consonants would make even our 
 long hand longer ; and he must be endowed with more 
 than ordinary patience and perseverance, who learns to 
 write, without hesitation, the detached vowels, which in 
 Pitman's Corresponding Style look like specks sprinkled 
 over the page from a pepper-box. 
 
 II. 
 The characters are not sufficiently distinct. Every one, 
 in all but thickness is precisely like another which re 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 presents a different letter or sound ; and the same mark, as 
 that for ks, varying only a little in length or thickness, 
 stands on, above, and below the line for more than fifty 
 words, out of which we must pick the one the sense re- 
 quires! This dividing of the alphabet into pairs, in which 
 one character so closely resembles the other, must lead to 
 hesitation in reading, or to loss of time in writing while 
 we give to every stroke its proper thickness. 
 
 III. 
 
 The reporting style has numberless words which have 
 nothing to show the reader whether they begin or end with 
 or without a vowel ; and it is a great task to learn the long 
 list of words represented by only one or two of their middle 
 or final letters, as p for weep, Jiappy, liope ; j for advantage ; 
 ;■«, religious ; tr, i?iternal, etc. B and p, d and t, and other 
 letters are often written exactly alike, as mpg or nibg foi 
 humbug. 
 
 These are some of the causes why, of the many who have 
 tried, so few have been able to gain a really practical know- 
 ledge of his style of reporting. For it is as much harder to 
 recognize an abbreviation without seeing the first, or first 
 and last syllable of the word, as it is to recognize a man 
 without seeing his face, or to move a load withoat help at 
 the starting-point. 
 
 IV. 
 
 But that which I consider the most objectionable feature, 
 though it has many zealous advocates, is this — it compels 
 us to use the phonetic, that is, this corrupt way of spelling : 
 " If eni icun in siti or kuntri wontz sum nolij ov JUz vmrk, 
 and its kwolitiz, let him impekt hwot Jmz bin dun in komon 
 vmrdz, or giv muni and get an egzact Jiopi ov hiz siatem f " 
 
 Phoneticians persuade themselves, or affect to believe. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 that such spelling will eventually supersede our barbarous 
 orthography. Meanwhile I leave it to the judgment of all 
 who are not yet wedded to any system, whether it is safe 
 to employ habitually, for daily convenience, a short-hand 
 which deviates so far from the standards of our literature, 
 and which not a few have abandoned because they found 
 that the habit of spelling phonetically and disregarding 
 prevailing usage led to vexatious mistakes and delay in 
 common writing. 
 
 Let it not be thought that I enviously detract from Pit- 
 man's merits It was in allusion to his system that Senator 
 Benton made the remark appended to the frontispiece of this 
 little book. But though there aresome who, having learned 
 by long practice to dis|)ense with the disconnected vowels, 
 and to decipher their notes without them, use it successfully 
 for verbatim reporting, yet the objections above stated are 
 such that comparatively few of the large number who at- 
 tempt the mastery of it become sufficiently expert to take 
 down a lengthened discourse word for word from the lips 
 of a fluent speaker, while it has been candidly admitted, in 
 the " American Journal of Phonography,' that " as a popu- 
 lar method for recording thought, or preserving business 
 transactions, or for conducting ordinary cx>rrespondence, 
 Steno-Phonography has proved an entire failure." 
 
 Feeling the want of a plainer short-hand, to meet the re- 
 quirements of a profession in which a speaker must decide 
 at a glance what he is to pronounce, and has little time to 
 settle uncertainties by comparing the context, I composed 
 for my own use the system which is explained aul offered 
 to the public in the folloAving pages. 
 
 As our common alphabet, though not so perfect as it 
 might be, is already known by all who read and write Eng- 
 lish, I prefer retaining it, changing only the fonns of tho 
 letters to the simplest characters that can be joined together 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 without confusion, and adding some cliaracters to represent 
 those syllables and combinations of letters which occur 
 most frequently in our language. These additions will 
 amply repay the little time reciuired to learn them ; for 
 they render the writing shorter, neater, and more lineal, 
 and, by doing away with the necessity for having every 
 letter represent a multitude of words, relieve the memory, 
 and tend to obviate the third objection I have made to 
 Pitman's Phonography. 
 
 " It is no uncommon thing for those who have grown 
 wise by the labor of others, to add a little of their own and 
 forget their masters." I confess that, aiming at utility and 
 not originality, I have freely appropriated everything that 
 answered my purjwse, and am indebted to Macaulay in par- 
 ticular for many of the characters. 
 
 The success which attended the introduction of the for- 
 mer edition of this work, and the general favor with wliich 
 it has been received, have led to the preparation of this 
 new edition, in which will be found an additional number 
 of exercises, and a variety of other matter so arranged as to 
 render the acquisition of the art yet more easy and direct. 
 
 And now, kind reader, permit me to close with a trite but 
 appropriate valediction from Horace : — 
 
 Vale .' Si quid norietl rec/ius fe/t«, 
 Candidits imperii, $i non his utere mecum. 
 " Farewell ! And if a better system 's thine, 
 Impart it frankly, or make use of mine." 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 It is quite unnecessary to learn any of the Rules or Tables 
 by rote. The best and most agreeable way to become pro 
 ficient in this method of writing is to get some knowledge 
 of the arrangement and contents of the work by looking 
 over the pages, and then begin with copying out the Exer- 
 cises in the latter part of the book, carefully comparing 
 them with the Alphabet and Tables as you proceed, and re- 
 ferring to the Rules for direction only when you find some- 
 thing which you cannot readily understand. It may seem 
 euperflousthat things are explained which you can compre- 
 hend at once by inspection. It is better, however, to have 
 all parts of the system so fully elucidated that no one who 
 tries to learn it without a master can feel the want of more 
 guidance and aid than the book affords. 
 
 Boys are very apt to waste time in writing without a 
 copy, and trying to decipher their rude essays before they 
 know how to join the letters properly. Give yourself no 
 trouble of this kind, but have patience to copy the Exer- 
 cises until you can write them correctly and freely, without 
 any pause in going from one letter to another ; and in 
 doing this you will learn to read without hesitation. 
 
 You should not try to write fast until you can shape the 
 Chs. correctly. Ease and speed will naturally come from 
 practice ; but a neat and legible hand, satisfactory to the 
 writer and reader, depends upon acquiring the habit of ob- 
 serving the relative size and right direction of every char- 
 ter. Experience soon teaches where liberties may be taken 
 to relieve the stiffness that would sometimes result from too 
 close an adherence to the alphabetic forms. But no unne- 
 cessary stroke should be made ; for it is only a waste ol 
 time, and tends to confuse the reader, to add to the simple 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 short-hand Chs. any of the unmeaning flourishes or super- 
 fluous marks which excursive penmen are fond of annexing 
 to the plain letters, more particularly to the capitals, in 
 common long-hand. 
 
 The pen may be held as in the hand depicted at page i, ; 
 but some skilful reporters affirm, and I quite agree with 
 them, that the Chs. can be made in various directions with 
 much greater freedom when the pen passes up between the 
 middle and the fore finger, and is supported there by the 
 thumb, the hand being turned so that the top of the pen 
 will lean towards the right side of the paper. 
 
 The size of the letters is, as in other writing, a matter of 
 taste ; provided they are all made smaller or larger, and 
 preserve their due proportion to one another. A good 
 length for t is about the eighth of an inch ; then the longs. 
 when put on the same line, will be as high ; the double- 
 lengtlis twice as high, and the shorts not more than half aa 
 high as that Ch. 
 
 Tables, showing the combination of every two Chs., 
 would have served instead of all tlie rules for joining them, 
 and made the system appear more simple. But such tables 
 are expensive, and it is better for a practitioner to learn by 
 copying the Exercises. 
 
 In the second part, numerous rules and devices will be 
 given for abbreviating, not because such contractions are 
 more necessary in this system than any other ; but in order 
 to furnish the learner who may be disposed to try them 
 with those which have been found to secure the greatest 
 expedition of which the art in its present state is capable. 
 
 Rules alone, however, will never make a writer. By 
 comparatively little practice you may acquire a thorough 
 knowledge of Stenography, which indeed is the part mo« 
 useful ; but neither this, nor the best system that human 
 ingenuity can devise will make a first-rate reporter, until, 
 by exercising the hand in writing, it gains that mechaniral 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Bkill wliicli notliing else can give, and wliicli ia indispens- 
 able for taking down tlie words of a ready speaker with ver 
 batim accuracy. 
 
 The Stenography should be used when a very plain hand 
 J9 required ; for, though slow as compared with the Phono 
 graphy or Reporting style, it is a very rapid hand, andean 
 be read with all the ease and certainty of common print. 
 When the lines are placed a good distance apart, and the 
 words have wide spaces between them, a page will still 
 contain more than if it were written in long hand, and can 
 be held at a much greater distance from the eye in reading 
 it ; which makes the Stenograohy particularly conveDient 
 for the Pulpit and the Bar. 
 
SHORT-HAND. 
 
 This Short-hand is divided into two parts, — Stenography 
 and Phonography. 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Stenography is the art of writing imth short characters, 
 and in this system follows, for the most part, the usual 
 method of spelling ; while Phonography, though written 
 with the same characters, expresses with the utmost brevity 
 the sound of words, dropping every letter that can be omit- 
 ted consistently Avith a due regard to their legibility. 
 
 A Character (Ch.) is a Short-hand mark or letter. 
 
 A ring-letter is a Cli. with a ring at one end : as <• sh. 
 
 A hook is a Cli. with a hook at one end : as —a ous. 
 
 A crook has the end bent, but not hooked : as — v ch. 
 
 Chs. are said to blend when they run into one another so 
 that the last part of the first Ch. forms the first part of the 
 next, or the same stroke belongs to Iwth: as C ce. 
 
 A Ch. is said to be looped, when the ring is made so flat 
 that the opening is made oblong instead of round : as J W. 
 
 A Ch. is said to be modified, when made thick, or only so 
 altered that the original is easily known. 
 
 Tlic y-line (so called from a final ^ being implied, without 
 writing it, when a Ch. or word stands uix)n it) is a line 
 never ruled, but supposed to touch the top of b, c, d, and 
 other long Chs. standing on the main line PI. 3, p. 41. 
 
 1 
 
HINTS TO THE STTDENT. 
 
 A faithful observance of the instructions given in the 
 foUomng pages will surely lead to the mastery of this art. 
 The remarks under the head of " Preliminary Directions " 
 (page vi) should be carefully read over before you attempt 
 ♦o learn even the Alphabetic Characters. 
 
 1. After carefully examining the definitions, make your- 
 self perfectly familiar with the Alphabetic Characters by 
 reading and copying pages 5, 7, and 9, and then writing the 
 Exercises, p. 16. 
 
 2. Confine yourself to the Exercises, writing and re- 
 writing each in its turn until every portion is thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
 3. Never write an exercise without reading it over, at 
 least once or twice, before laying it aside. Let your read- 
 ing and >vriting keep pace with each other. 
 
 4. Do not at first attempt to write fast. If in the begin- 
 ning you aim at correctness, you will afterwards experience 
 no diflSculty in writing with rapidity. 
 
 5. Avoid desultory study, and remember that practice 
 alone can give that mechanical facility which is essential 
 to the successful pursuit of the art of verbatim reporting. 
 
SHORT-HAND, PART I. 
 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 NOTES OX TUE ALPHABET. 
 
 1. No character is provided for q without «, because it is 
 always followed by ?/, qu being iu fact a consonant which 
 cannot be pronounced, in any word, without the help of a 
 vowel, as in quitting. 
 
 2. All the horizontal alphabetic characters are drawn 
 from left to right, and none of them is more than half as 
 high as tiiose which , like i, d, s, are perpendicular or slop- 
 ping. B, c, d,f, (J, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, r, w, .r, y, z, are of one 
 height, and are called long letters. See p. 5, line 3. 
 
 'i. The long curved characters are the quarters of a large 
 circle, the upper half of which makes r, b, and the lower 
 half t;, 5', all sloping: if horizontal they make Jc and qu. 
 See page 2. 
 
 The half of the large circle never stands for one Ch. 
 
 The half of a small ring divided horizontally is u ; e is 
 larger, and when ringed is o. 
 
 4. Initial h is a crook; but middle or final /i is a straight 
 line like n, with a dot under lhe*centre. 
 
 5. Medial u is a dot before the middle of a doul-le Ch. , 
 and at the top or bottom where two Chs. meet : it is usually 
 put a little to the left of the first Ch. when both are joined 
 at the top and in horizontal curves. See page G, line C. 
 
 6. Ruled lines are not absolutely nece.osary; but, in the 
 reporting hand, they indicate more accurately the proper 
 position for the (-haracters. 
 
 7. The rule for "position" will be found at page 19, 
 Rule 8; for punctuation, at page 56; and for " fiual y," at 
 page 20, Rule 10. 
 
 Other remarks on the alphabetic characters will be found 
 on pages 18 to 21. 
 
ALPHABET. 
 
 Simjle Characters. 
 
 A b c 4 1/ -^ i 1^ i' J k 1 m .11 
 
 
 o p qu 
 
 .jT r II t r w X J 
 
 i 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 T 
 
 E 
 
 — 1 
 1 
 
 ; — tl 
 
 J, 
 
 (])6««y. 
 
 Comparative Size of Horizon'al Curves. 
 11, qu e, k o, ok = ock 
 
 Note. — Tliough many attempts have been made to have every sim- 
 ple elementary goand represented by a distinct letter, no one has snc- 
 ceeded in inventing a bufflcient number of simple characters that can 
 be easily distinguished from one another, and rapidly joined together, 
 80 as to form a fair, lineal, and cursive hand for stenographic purposes. 
 Dr. Lindsley. in his Tacliygraphy^ has succeeded in joining many of 
 the vowels and diphthongs to the consonants : the curious may judge 
 for themselves how he has succeeded in other respects. There are 
 many laborers in the field, and he who makes any real improvement 
 in this important art, will find it duly appreciated in this utilitarian 
 9ge. 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 3 
 
 The Ch. for every letter is written us on the 
 opposite page ; but in joining the characters, 
 we draw s, long or short, up or down ; and turn 
 e, i, (>, u, j either way, to make words neat, 
 compact, and lineal. 
 
 The dot at the foot of the letters f y n g r 
 shows that they are up-strokes ; all with no 
 dot (if not horizontal) are down- ii ok s. 
 
 Making the crook of h a ring, it becomes he ; 
 both are initials, and have B after them in the 
 tables, to show that they only hegin words. 
 Medial and final h (if not part of a double Ch.) 
 is straight, with a dot under the middle. 
 
 J5, r, V, r/, k, qu are quarter circles of the 
 r^ame size ; c is a half circle as high as r and 
 twice as high as k or qu. 
 
 To maku two letters of the same name, 
 double the length of a, d, t, and the cui'ves. 
 If the Ch. ends with a ring, the size of the 
 r'n;/ only is doubled. Write long s for ss. 
 ;S' joined to s so as to make an angle at the top 
 or bottom, is ses, as in page 11. 
 
 1 
 
EXEECISE. 
 
 Note.— The Alphabetic characters are hers, lines 1 and 2, put in 
 such order that the student will readily see the relative differences 
 between them. The long letters are j^iven on line .3, and the horizontal 
 on No. 4. The remainder of this exercise shows the manner of writ- 
 ing two, three, and four letters, and wDl be readily understood. 
 
 1. a, d, t, s, h, i, j, m, 1, n, f, as, ad, ass, ta. 
 3. r, b, V, g, p, y, rb, vg, pr, br. 
 
 3. b, c, d, f, g, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. 
 
 4. a, li, h, i, j, e, o, u, k, qu, e, o, ii. 
 
 5. n, T, m, p, ep, pe, v, ve, w, we, r, re, ro. 
 
 6. mm, nn, ff, pp, prp, yy, jj, oo, look, book, took 
 
 7. sa. see, si, so, su, da, de, di, do, due. 
 
 8. ca, ce, ci, co, cu, cy, eg, cv, cer, cure. 
 
 9. wa, we, wi, wo, wu, wes, wen. wer, wef, wey, wog 
 
 10. ast, est, ist, ost, sta, ste, sti, sto, stn. 
 
 11. nt, nth, nw, s\v, sr, sf, sn, sg, sy. 
 
 1 2. ce, CO, cu, re, ro, ru, ve, vo, vu, we, wo, wu. Rule 9, p. 25. 
 
 13. ye, yo, ek, ke, ok, ook, ou, e«, ue, quo, lii 
 
 14. liei, heit, heir, rit, seek, eout, lit. fit. 
 
EXERCISE. 5 
 
 ^ • _ \ I /_ -. _. \ J //"y-x y L 
 2. r^K^j^^) r\ \^ ^c ■>^ 
 
 7. Z A A A / V_ v^ v^ V7> v^ 
 
 8. C_CC^GCOO^CX Cy^ 
 ^. L C U I. L L/ U l^ ly^ O U 
 
 11 /f /f vy ^ ^ ^ ly /J 
 
 12 CGGAA"/^V^VpVv^6<C" 
 
 13 ^ ^ rs T^ ^h ro v^ /O. vi/" >^_» ' — o 
 ■J4 ^— - "^ --r- ^~^' /^ Af J-f /^ 
 
EXERCIS] 
 
 For medial u, see Note 5, page 15. 
 
 Note. — For ay and y see Rule 10. p. 20. In pach words as den, men, 
 get, the e, or any medial vowel that sounds like e, is sufKclently ex- 
 pressed by the con.sonants. without writing the vowel. E. !). p. 19. 
 
 S may be shortened, at the end of a word, to show th.nt it sounds 
 like z ; and s, t, or st, beginning a word, may ba shortened before a 
 long up or down stroke. R. 4, p. Si. 
 
 1. At, ate, liat, hate, et, as, ass, has, essay, see, sea, sigh, 
 so, sue, asses. 
 
 2. Bay, pay, stay, may, hay, nay, hats, gay, lays, lass, mc, 
 we, wen. 
 
 3. Ace, cite, pays, pas^, passes, passes, gas, less, dresses, 
 mess, mnss, wet, way. 
 
 4. Days, den, inen'f:, pen, mended, bends, lender, sends, 
 tended, net, yet, set, yes. 
 
 5. Add, added, ded, duds, deed, deeds, deeds, presses, 
 pressed, best, attest, assist, pest, west. 
 
 6. Sad, get, gutter, cue, cut, nuts, dun, tun, gum, sum, 
 drum, hum, hut. 
 
 7. Fate, fight, fits, gates, cough, coal, cold, gold, guile, 
 post. 
 
 8. Gems, less, stress, wine, twine, swine, sway, sweet, 
 swoon, lines, sins. 
 
 9. Sell, spanned, smear, spear, spur, spar, spinner, din- 
 ner, sinner. 
 
 10. Sore, lot, good, sod, reed, read, tells, halls, liuls, 
 call, gall, walls. 
 
 11. Per, pure, sure, jet, iota, jot, Jews, Jew, Jesus, jail, 
 tallest. 
 
 12. Eve, even, events, emit, emery, drag, snag, rag. rug, 
 lugged. 
 
 13. Oxen, quit, existence, aught, slaughter, zone, fixes, 
 by, my, trj-. end. 
 
EXERCISE. 
 
 4. V, V \^ V V\W ^V->^L^/f^^ _/ 
 
 0. 3 VvV ^-^ V^ VV^^vAVZ.^ 
 
8 EXERCISE. 
 
 Note. — It is the custom in all systems of short-hand to use the 
 Alphabetic Chs. as signs for some of the most constantly recurring 
 words. Several of these words will be found arranged opposite the 
 different Alphabetic Chs. on page 10. By referring to page 14, the 
 key to the explanatory figures and marks will be found. An exercise 
 on these words is given below, the words and, of, tlie, or, in, it. and 
 that being represented by these characters respectively 
 
 » O ^ f ^ - — I I _|_ 
 
 1. I have another opinion with regard to him and his 
 interest and individual happiness. 
 
 2. You have not time to take an interest in him or his 
 opinion ; have you ? 
 
 3. Upon what question is he certain ? I have not had 
 time to come and take you. 
 
 4. You do not expect the prophet to give an opinion upon 
 it ; do you or not ? 
 
 5. The Lord God is cverliind, and his mercy is ever upon 
 us. Mercy and happiness. 
 
 6. Take time to do what you endeavor to do, and be cer- 
 tain to begin in time and do it with zeal. 
 
 7. Do unto another what you expect another to do for 
 you. The Lord ever give you happiness. 
 
 8. Our other opinion had not regard to what you have 
 done for him or them. 
 
 9. I come with him in time to give you the opinion of 
 the other prophet. 
 
 10. He is the very individual you expect to take an in- 
 terest in the question of happiness. 
 
 11. With what zeal do you expect us to begin 1 To what 
 individual do you give it 1 
 
 12. You have a kind interest in them. Do you take an 
 interest in it 1 
 
 13. Regard them with mercy. Give not another opinion. 
 Had he ever done it ? 
 
 14 Our regard for his opinion. God give him half the 
 happiness you have with them. 
 
 NoTB.— For next Exercise, see Plate 1, page 36. 
 
EXERCISE. 
 
 3. ^ ^ v^ / r>^ , -^ _ ; \ I . C . I J, 
 
 5. I d _-/ / o. r^ . / / r\ ns / ^ . __ ^ 
 
 C. I I 1 V O w 1 V . "^^ 1 -^ J I . ^ /S, 
 
 10 .. / 1. ' ° J S . I /-^ . L V o ^ , 
 
 11 I ^ % V J s / . ^ . . ■^-^ v^ ^ ^ -. . 
 
 12 ^ /S O J "^ + V_ _J^ I . DJ ,+ 
 
10 
 
 dk/U«\iA:\l 
 
 See Key, p. xx. 
 
 Single Clis. "Words they stand for. 
 
 (litive,) another 1 
 
 A, ay 
 
 B, be 
 
 C, ce 
 
 D, de 
 
 ! 
 
 .F 
 
 •G, ge 
 
 ir, hii \ 
 
 I, J, igh \ 
 
 - 1 
 
 L 
 M 
 
 .N 
 
 ! P, pe 
 jQu 
 
 i.U 
 
 I .S-, SB 
 
 I 
 
 I T, te 
 
 ! U, ue 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 Kv 
 
 ix,ox 
 .Y 
 
 ow 
 ough 
 
 been, begin t 
 
 certain 1, come 
 
 (had,) donef 
 
 (he, ever) 
 endeavor 
 
 for, fer, fir, fur 
 
 God, give 
 
 ^ him, half 1 IJ 
 _- iliappiness M, K 
 
 — ^^ |l, individual 1 
 ; 1 interest 
 
 kind 
 k(>, kec 
 i-k, cck 
 lord 
 
 them, mercy 1 
 
 (not) 
 
 (own,) opinion 
 o, oh I other 1 
 
 prophet 
 
 ■^ que, quest 
 ^ (our,) regard 1 
 / (is, his, us t) 
 ' time, to S, take t 
 
 upon, 
 unto, 
 
 (do,) very 1 
 
 with, what 1 
 
 expect 
 
 you 
 
 zeal 
 
 Amp 
 
 -Angl t 
 
 Bl 
 
 Cent 
 
 Ch 
 
 ch 
 
 CI 
 
 Com 
 
 Comp 
 
 Con 
 
 counter 
 
 ct 
 
 Dd 
 
 Dis 
 
 Dl 
 
 ds 
 
 Enip 
 
 Kn 
 
 .Knglt 
 
 .Enter t 
 
 .11 
 
 .Fn 
 
 Fr 
 
 .Ful 
 
 .Gu 
 
 .(Jcnt 
 
 .Gr 
 
 Double and Syllabic Chs. 
 
 i j -N amb 
 
 y> langlct B.G) 
 
 3 ,L.B1-S "1 IH I 
 
 C [cnt], S I 
 
 C 'child b| 
 
 — ) |churcli f M, E j 
 
 G couUI 
 * 1 \ comb [cmbj I 
 C comi^any 1, [cmp] i 
 (y- concern [en] j 
 
 -'^ country 1, [cntrj I 
 
 -ect, -ctd , S. ! 
 
 j 
 
 dct, -drtd , SW \ 
 
 S 
 
 \ 
 
 P 
 
 ded, did 
 des, [i 
 
 del, deliver! 
 des, dis 
 emph f 
 
 inter t 
 tlanie t 
 fin, And 
 from, r.ret 
 full 
 gen , gone 
 
 
 S.B 
 B.G I 
 G.Bl 
 
 [gnt], S 
 
 great, ger 
 
 ZSee Pane M,f,ir Kxpianat'yry JTarks and Figures.'^ 
 
kAuKalu-cA) . 
 
 11 
 
 Double and Syllabic Characters continued. 
 
 He 
 
 Imp 
 
 In 
 
 .Inter T 
 I 
 |Kn 
 
 I Ml 
 
 I Mm 
 
 •Kgl 
 
 Ob 
 
 jOo 
 
 I Op 
 
 J 
 Ou 
 
 I 
 
 Lri" 
 
 •I'ul- 
 
 I rpi 
 
 I Recon 
 
 I 
 
 I nest- 
 
 I 
 
 I .Kamp 
 
 , .Rimp 
 
 i.Uv 
 
 I 
 |Sh 
 
 I Simp' 
 
 I Spect- 
 
 Sump- 
 
 I .Srt 
 
 i 
 
 I .Ses- 
 
 Q_ Hea 
 M important 
 
 r, 
 n 
 
 J Icn S.C 
 
 ^ intr t |ntr], G.B 
 
 Q^ kno\v,kno\vlc'(l};t', B 
 
 ^ multi 1 
 
 X inem 
 
 / r.gle O 
 
 3 jobject 15 
 
 (O I 
 
 g) opportunity l,hopet 
 
 (CO 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 t 
 J 
 
 Y 
 
 pie 
 peopl" 
 
 D 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 prop Iprp 
 |rcn 
 
 Irsf, 1! 
 rmp 
 
 shall 
 symp 
 
 [spc, spcti 
 
 .St 
 
 .Sted 
 
 .Struct 
 
 .Sub- 
 
 .Super- t 
 
 Ted 
 
 Th 
 
 The 
 
 T\v 
 
 Temp 
 
 Unip 
 
 VI 
 
 AVh 
 
 AVI 
 
 rhonograph y.il Ar.BiTRAHiKS. 
 About 
 
 stead, fstd;,S.T\V 
 /" [strctjj 
 
 subject, jsb', U 
 
 [t spr-, 
 
 ■tude, 'td,-ttd', SVV 
 L '(the, thee) 
 L (they) 
 
 ^ ! 
 
 D tempt, 
 
 lj 
 
 Vo |vel 
 ^- Iwhyl 
 6 Iwil, will 
 
 [trap] I 
 
 / Wsd- said, S 
 f1.-f .'(says) [p-s] S 
 
 Bid SW 
 
 1 
 
 Buil 
 
 ) 
 
 ■r. Cp.Cpt 
 
 ( 
 
 S .n 
 
 6 
 
 2 l-str 
 
 d 
 
 .- Mstr 
 
 b 
 
 :; .Nstr 
 
 9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 § Old B 
 
 '\ 
 
 t Trd 
 
 1 
 
 '^ Tret S 
 
 1 
 
 VVhl 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 TX 
 
 o 
 ' 6 
 
 again 
 an, and 
 beyond 1 
 christian 
 
 do 
 
 I 
 
 •if 1 S 
 
 It 
 
 nevertheless 
 
 I dl njj 
 notwlthstau- 
 
 of, might 1 
 
 often 
 
 wliich 1 
 
12. 
 
 (fe)«A/mA/Y\.aA\m\A. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 C 
 7 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 123 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 .28 
 I 
 20 
 
 No 
 
 \h\, bid WJ S.M.E j 
 
 fbls] S.M.i: 
 
 S. E 
 
 [bid B] 
 
 jable, bic 
 
 ables, blej 
 
 .bly, bly 
 
 abledsbled [bldB] M,G 
 
 ability, bility M,E 
 
 aught, iI,E 
 cession, session [et'er^ soft c*shun, s or z-shun or -zhun] S. JCPL 
 
 cessions, sessions [every soft c-shuns, s or z-shuns] S. JCPE 
 
 ction, eciion, exion [every hard -c shun or k-zhunj S. JCPL i 
 
 ctions, cctio;is, cxious S. JCPL j 
 
 del, die M,E j 
 
 .ferauce, i'ercncB 
 
 .ferences 
 
 .fessional 
 
 .ficiency JI,Ei 
 
 •flcient 3I,E 
 
 .fore, fencetS [ferencetS ! E | 
 
 .fully or J LEP ; _y fblncsg Ej 
 
 .gencet [grttsf, gncef | S. M,E 
 
 .graph, gra;)hy li ography 1, grapherf M,17 
 
 .ographies 
 
 ingA; ngJP ning OP [ding W] S. .'{ ,£ ' 
 
 ingsA; ngsJP ningsOP [dings W] S, M E ' 
 
 inged A ; nged JP S ' 
 
 I 
 
 ion S. JCPR I 
 
 ions S. JCPR 
 
 ly lly S. UEP 
 
 lity, Ity; lidity TT, add sitort 6 for litics, Itles. | 
 
 logical, ological ; logy 1, ology 1 
 
^ ;?Annf\AJYUWA£)Uj)i . 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 «-b 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 )48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 
 55 
 56 
 
 ment UEP; ments Ap; mented W,UEP : nment OP; S.M.E 
 
 ness, / nesses, ^neesed 
 
 [ngr, ngry, nography, nographcr, DT and put P 3] 
 ock /^T) 
 
 ous and every slius E 
 
 pusness and every shusncss 
 
 lout 3 S.B,E 
 
 •pel -pelled W pld AV. For pi alone use the first character S^,£ 
 ! j>idify W 
 
 Tvst- joined to upper side of rintjt 
 .rve, rved 
 
 rst, rsty 1 ; rstd W] JEPL 
 [Tr; rvd] SJI,i: 
 [.scrip* script,] JP 
 B,M,E 
 
 self- 
 selves- 
 [ship, shipped W. JCPR 
 
 ! [thrDT.Stl] 
 
 tion, sion every shnnAE; uHon L'EP tution [t-tion UEP] 
 
 jtioiis, sious every shuiisAE ; utions UEP I t-tions CEP] 
 
 tive S.UEP, tlvity UEP, add short s/or tives, tivities. 
 
 true, tract [trc, tret] S 
 
 ward or omit the dot arid make ilie stroke wide 
 I 
 
 wards 
 I 
 
 lest flsr '. St can he added to any ring-Ch. by makinj^ the ring a 
 hook, that is — li'aving the riiifr a'little oikmi iiistead ut closiu« it. 
 .ndd E\V. Add d to a ring-Ch. by making the ring a loop, tliat 
 is— flattening It a little; but tlie loop niu.<t Ijcgin or end tlie word. 
 By thickening tlic stroke, d is added to any sliort Ch. 
 
 If it stands on the 1 or the 2-line, 
 
 Tliickening the beginning of a long Ch. adds rf ; thickening its 
 end adds rd; tliickening tlie whole or middle addd rU or W. 
 
 Shortening a limgC'h. adds nt, uta*,, nce^: 
 IVaw pi from K to Lin 11, but from li to B. in 31 and E of 
 words, making au angle iu joiuiug. 
 
U KEY 
 
 TO EXPLANATORY MARKS, FIGDRES, AND LETTERS. 
 
 Ch stands for Character. In the Alphabet a dot is put at 
 the foot of .F, .G, and eveiy other letter whose Ch. is drawn 
 up. If there is a dot on both sides of tlie letters, as with .S' 
 .Sub' and .Sujier' the Clis. are drawn both ways. 
 
 ( ) Enclose a woixi when its Ch. cannot stand for the same 
 letters in a longer word. 
 
 [ 3 Enclose letters or w^ords for jvhich the Ch. is used onlj' 
 in Reporting. 
 
 If there is not a figure or f after the letters, the first lont/ 
 Ch. in the u-ord rests its foot on tlie main line. If there is a 
 figure or f put after the word or letters, the first long Ch. in 
 the word, when followed by — 
 
 1, stands on the }--line : 
 
 2, ... on the main line : 
 
 3, ... under the main line : 
 fl, crosses or hangs on the y-line: 
 
 t, ... or hangs on the main line. 
 
 SeeR. 8, p. 19, and p. 103. 
 
 When there are caiiiUvls after a word or tennination, they 
 show what is done with the Ch. 
 A. stands for after. M stands for middle. 
 
 B 
 
 ••• 
 
 beginning. 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 over. 
 
 C 
 
 ••• 
 
 centre. 
 
 P 
 
 ... 
 
 preceding Ch. 
 
 Chs. 
 
 • •• 
 
 characters. 
 
 Ph. 
 
 ... 
 
 phonography. 
 
 D 
 
 ... 
 
 drop, or omit. 
 
 R 
 
 ... 
 
 light side. 
 
 E 
 
 ... 
 
 end, or last Ch. 
 
 S 
 
 ... 
 
 short, or a half 
 
 F 
 
 ... 
 
 following Ch. 
 
 
 
 length Ch. 
 
 G 
 
 ... 
 
 greater, or dou- 
 
 St. 
 
 ... 
 
 stenography. 
 
 
 
 ble-length Ch. 
 
 T 
 
 ... 
 
 termination or fi- 
 
 J 
 
 K^a 
 
 joined to. 
 
 
 
 nal Ch. 
 
 L 
 
 M. 
 
 left, or the upper 
 
 U 
 
 ... 
 
 under. 
 
 
 
 side. 
 
 W 
 
 ..« 
 
 wide, or thick. 
 
KEY. 15 
 
 In leaiTiing the system, you wifl often be spared the trou- 
 ble of searching the rules, if you will make yourself acquaint- 
 ed with the meaning of the foregoing capitals, figures, and 
 marks, which, in the Alphabet and Tables, show at sight the 
 place, size, and direction of the Ch. standing for the letter or 
 woi-d to which the capitals, -etc. are added. The following 
 examples explain the directions thus briefly given : — 
 
 At p. 10, 'T' stands for 'time, to S, take f.* As time »nd 
 to have no t or figure after them, they must stand on the line ; 
 but, as S shows, to is short, or half the length of take which, 
 as the t shows, is written aa-osx tjie line. 
 
 P. 11, in line witli the fourth Ch., are Mnterf, intrfCntr], 
 G. B.' The dot at the foot of the first letter shows that the 
 Ch. is diawn upwards ; the t, that it crosses the main line for 
 mter and intr ; the [ ] brackets, that it is used only in Phonog- 
 raphy for ritr, and, as ntr has no t after it, we must put it on 
 the line. G shows that it is a yreatgr or double-length Ch. ; 
 and the B, tliat it is used only in the beginn'mg, and must be 
 the tii-st Ch. of the word. 
 
 At p. 12, line 22, are ' ing A ; ng .TP ; nirg OP : [ding W,] 
 S.M,E.' Here A shows that the Ch. for ing stands after the 
 one before it, (that is, close to the end, on the right side of 
 
 it,) as, "^j being, , having ; JP, that for ng it is joined to 
 
 the preceding Ch. ; [W], tiiat in Ph. it stands for ding by 
 making it wide or thick. The S.M,E show that the Ch. is 
 sitort, and is used only {'or ing, etc., in the middle and end of 
 words ; for Mhenever it begins a word it is in or en. 
 
 'S.TW or S.EW — mean the Ch. is thort, the tenninati^u 
 (or last stroke) wide ; or the Ch. is short, and the end wide. 
 
 •S.UEP' — short and under the end of the preceding Cli. 
 
 'B.CPL or R' — Ch. short and joined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding, on tlie left or right side. ' LEP ' — show tliat the Cli. 
 is on the htl side at the end of the preceding character. 
 
 ' P3 ' — Saow that the preceding Clis. are put under the line, a9 
 at 8:^, p. iii, to imply that ngr ur ngry is diopped or omitted. 
 
16 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 NOTES 0_V THE DOUBLE AND SYLLABIG 
 CUARACTEES. 
 
 It has not been thought necessary in the syllabic charac- 
 ters to (listin^ish dis from des, in from en, enter from in- 
 ter, synip from simp, and cnrjl from angl; and the same 
 liberty may be talion in otiier cases when tlie spelling is 
 different, but the sound is nearly or exactly the same, as 
 in siruc, struct ; spec, speet ; and the various terminations 
 sounding like shun; as, tion, sion, etc. Tlie exact 
 orthography, if required, can bo shown ])y writing the 
 single instead of the syllabic characters, and in all such 
 eases care must be taken not to leave any reader acquainted 
 with the characters room, for a uionicnt's hesitation. 
 
 Those characters which arc longer than what are called 
 in the alphabet long "letters," are calhd douhle-lengths ; 
 as, ancjl, inter, sub, and have G after them, in the tables 
 of characters, see page 10-13, to show that they are of 
 greater length, while those that are shorter have S after 
 them, to signify that they are short, or not more than 
 half as long as the loinj letters. 
 
 Comp, eomb, com, unyl, rest, final ch, and the termination 
 ness are crooks, while/r, and the tenIlinatioDst>?^sand ous- 
 ness are hooks. Gr, sd, ss, st, are the two single Chs. 
 made half size, and joined together. Sub is twice, and 
 tuper half the height of s, and super stands so as to make 
 ihefii'st long Ch. in the word cross the line. Ced, sed, ted 
 are like c, s, ^ but short and thick; et and thick dct are 
 like d, but quite short. 
 
 •super, t Ced sed ted ct 
 /■ c y^ I N 
 
 The ring-letters, ch, emp, imp, emb, des or dis, angl or 
 engl, enter or inter, he, and kn, with the other characters 
 en or in, ob, and rest, are all initials, and have B after 
 them, p. 10, to show that they only begin words. See 
 Key, page 14. 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 17 
 
 The first pi can stand alcne; the other cannot, because it 
 would 1 lok like on ; they are short curves, sloping like v, 
 Platt'3 4, 5, 6 and 7, gi%'e exercises on these characters. 
 
 Initial '«/i is a ring or shortened n, and, according to 
 Rule 21, p. 22, the ring is joined to the inner side of curves 
 (like h, p, oh, op. qu), or crooks (like comp, camp, com, rest), 
 and to the left side of all upstrokes (like/, y, n, g, r, s); 
 while the shortened n is used with a, c, i, w, x, and all 
 straight down-strokes (I'ke d, s, t); the un, however, merely 
 enlarges the ring when the next character begins with a 
 ring. See Plate G, No. 9. 
 
 The ingenious student may derive some assistance from 
 the Diagrams given below, in remembering the forms of 
 the differi-nt Chs. ; bu* perhaps, after all, they may be most 
 easily learnt by simply copying the exercises and referring 
 to the alphabet. 
 
 r b fl p t Imp 
 
 T g Tl y sh m Wl * d <U 
 
 eriob r\ <>"*' ""■"'' ""^"^ss, Itry, Ists. 
 
 hA'Cch 
 w 0^ ml 
 
 tn« 
 
 If, only such of the characters as have thus far been 
 given are used, and the student has not the time or inclina- 
 tion to pursue even the corresponding style any further, 
 he will find that by using the characters given in the pre- 
 vious lessons nl.ine, he Avill reduce his manual labor at 
 least one-half, and economize his time to an equal extent. 
 
 1 
 
18 STENOGRA.PHY. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING STENOGRAPHY, WITH 
 REMARKS UPON THE CHARACTERS. 
 
 1. Phonetic Bystems require U8 to write only euch letters aa 
 give the sound of words ; but as the habit has an inevitable 
 tendency to lead many at length to doubt how to spell cor- 
 rectly, I prefer deviating but little from the established 
 orthography. The learner is reminded that he should give 
 his attention chiefly to the exercises, as the writing of them 
 will teach him the substance of the directions here given, 
 more quickly and pleasantly than if he were to commit to 
 memory these dry and formal rules. Tabular words in [ ] 
 are not used in Stenography. 
 
 2. It is a common complaint with those who have tried 
 " Pitman's Phonography," that it is hard to identify his 
 characters if hastily written, and that time is lost in giving 
 them their proper thickness. 
 
 The force of this objection will be felt by any one rapidly 
 writing one hundred marks of the simplest kind, promis- 
 cuously thick and thin ; for he will find that there is a sen- 
 sible loss of time in writing them with sufficient care to 
 distinguish the thick from the thin. Qouraud, in the intro- 
 duction to his " Cosmophbnography," published 1850, has 
 many just remarks upon this and kindred subjects. 
 
 For this reason, I have chosen alphabetic characters of 
 such shape that (hey can be distinguished without regard 
 to their thicknpps. 
 
 3. K and Qxi are properly horizontal curves (like Pit- 
 man's m and n), no deeper or higher than /-» e, but spread- 
 ing twice as much. If we mark them, as on page 10, with 
 a dot, we need not be particular as to their size. 
 
 4. TJ, which is a horizontal half-ring, is rarely found at 
 the end of English words, and we have a medial u [for 
 which see 5, page 15], so that there can be no mistake if 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 19 
 
 in Stenography we write medial and final t as small as u. 
 But, as it is not always easy for beginners to preserve the 
 relative size of horizontal curves, they are advised to put a 
 dot over k, under qu, and in w, uutil tht-y can read their 
 writing readily without it. The dot renders these charac- 
 ters distinct, however carelessly ihey may be written. 
 
 5. 72 is a large quarter-circle, or, as is sometimes more 
 convenient, a straight stem with a crook at the top like re*/, 
 but r is always an upstroke, and re»t a down-stroke. 
 
 6. Ex is always a perpendicular wave line beginning 
 like c : take care, theretore, never to begin it like h. 
 
 7. The short hi and "pl, when not initial, are drawn from 
 left to right ; but (except before c, and characters taking 
 the direction of down-stroke s) when they begin words they 
 are drawn from right to left, so that their left ends may be 
 joined to the next characters. See examples in the exercises. 
 For initial hla, we make hi as long as a, drawing it from 
 right to left. PI. 3, line 4, and PI. 6. line 11. 
 
 8. Position. The first long Ch., when there is one, 
 rests its foot where we wish the word to stand. If the 
 word is to be written on the line, the letters must be bo 
 joined as to let the first long character stand on the line: 
 and when we find 1, 2, 3, or f after any termination or short 
 Ch., the meaning is that the "first long Ch. (in the word to 
 which the termination or short Ch. belongs) stands in the 
 position indicated. The first long Ch. of no word, unless it 
 is one of the signs or ends in y, can stand higher than on 
 the 2-line. When the Chs. are all shorts or horizontals, the 
 lowest of the first two down-strokes rests its foot where a 
 long Ch. would stand. S, t, and the ringed dia, when fol- 
 lowed by a consonant, take the position of short characters. 
 
 9. As the object is to combine legibility with brevity, 
 we can let the Chs. o, 6, c, d,f, g, i, I, m, n, o, p, », t, v, x, 
 stand also for ay, be, ce, de, ef, ge, igh, el, em, en, ough, pe, ea, 
 
 1 
 
20 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 te, ve, ex; but the vowel is not omitted in Stenography when 
 its absence would leav« any doubt as to the word intended. 
 Thus, while we may write da, ma, sa, b, si, for day, may, 
 tay, he, sigh, and mn for men, we must add e to i in beat, 
 and prefix e to n in mien. We can drop the vowel between 
 two characters whenever it has the sound of short e, as d-th, 
 death ; loc-l, local ; bas-n, basin ; rand-m, random ; harb-r, 
 harbor ; sr, sir, etc. This can cause no ambiguity or hesi- 
 tation, the vowel to be supplied having always the same 
 Bound. See Note 2, page 34. 
 
 10 Final y is implied without writing it, by putting the 
 word on the y-line, which is so called because final y is ad- 
 ded in reading the Chs. upon it. Thus, b, m, th,fl, an, ever, 
 when put on the y-line are read by, my, thy, fly, any, every. 
 This line, which is confined in Stenography to words which 
 can be written by one, two, or three characters requiring 
 no vowels to be joined to them, is used in reporting when- 
 ever we can thereby shorten a word ; and supplies (what is 
 wanting in the reporting style of most systems) the means 
 of always knowing with certainty when y is to be added to 
 the written characters. Words ending in ay drop the y, 
 and stand on the main line, because the y is silent : da od 
 the y-line would be clayey. 
 
 11. Each of the Chs. in the alphabet, excei^i angl or engl, 
 enter or inter, &nd. s?/pe?', naturally, when it is alone, stands 
 with its lowest part resting upon the line ; but, as a sign 
 for a particular word, the Ch. is at times displaced ; as, d 
 across the line for done. 
 
 12 To preserve the compactness and lineality of the 
 writing, it is generally best to draw a, sub, and super, so ap 
 make an acute angle with the character after them ; but. 
 they must be drawn down both before and after r; and 
 when final, up after w and i. <Sand t may be long or short 
 w is most convenient in the first part of a word ; but « must 
 
STENOGRAPHY. iJl 
 
 always be long before the double characters et and re/ and 
 ( always long at the end of a word. Final s, if short, usually 
 sounds like z. 
 
 13. When e, i, o, u, begin words, and are followed by a 
 straight stem, their ends poi.ai down before an ascending, 
 and up before a descending sir >l»"e. The vowels mustnerer 
 be so joined as to alter the shau'i or name of the preceding 
 character. It is neater to let tho end of e point up, when 
 the word begins with eg, or ^y ,• aud down, in d>, ep, or ev. 
 The ends of <!, o, u, are always fune'i down, bo as to point 
 towards the bottom of tli« ps'pe.", pfi^r/, fl, gr, r, the crook 
 ch, and all down-strokes e?cce')t the I'ngedc/i, ih, v,w, and 
 tch. See p. 19, Rule 4. 
 
 Note. The «-dot put to a. i. and the coneonM t', is all theyreqaire 
 for M in the middle of word-, but 8omeiiinv>8 .'ho tu''- 1 and dot are pre- 
 ferable, luiti il « is always turuud bo hi to urar.e an i n -jle in joining d, 
 m, r, «, ', to, and Chs. beginning lii;e Chem. fc'et j.. '.•, tSec. 5. 
 
 14. The ascending and Jescending Cos., tiat have not S 
 or Q after them in the tables to show that t.l\ev are shorter 
 or greater, are all of o .e height ; and when they are joined 
 by vowels or short characters, if one ascends nnd the other 
 descends, you will observe that the gecord long char- 
 acter is shortened so as to prevent it extending higher or 
 lowerthan the first : thus, in read, the d ends when it com*>8 
 to the line on which r begins. 
 
 15. F being an up-stroke, the following chara'',ter is 
 joined to tbe upper part of the ring. The ringed dif bei'ig 
 a down-stroke, the next character is joined to its foot ; it 
 cannot stand alone because it would belike/; H is a conveni- 
 ent initial before ascending and liorizoutal obaracters, while 
 the double stroke dis is, iu general, neater before 4owii- 
 strokes. and used with them in all positions. 
 
 16. For is always represented by// and th's -xa,! r-f f»» 
 
22 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 a syllabic Cb. is found, after a little practice, to contribute 
 to ease in readintr as well as writing, i^'also stands for/er, 
 fir, fur, when tliey are short and pronounced alike, but 
 never for the lonu: sonnds fere, fire, fure. 
 
 17. The crook ch, not being an initial, is a convenient 
 arbitrary for the pronoun it. And here we may notice that 
 we always put e for the pronoun lie ; th, for the ; and th^ 
 for they ; i.e., they are what we call Signs. 
 
 18. The crook ord, among Phonographic Clis., p. 11, is 
 the sign or prefixed to d, and may be used as a syllabic 
 initial in Stenography if preferred to three single letters. 
 
 19. When two consonants of the same name come to- 
 gether without a vowel between them, we usually write 
 but one ; if we double them, as directed on page 9. they im- 
 ply that a vowel is to be understood between them ; as dd, 
 for ded or did; mm, for mem, etc. Tn double and syllabic 
 character^, if we enlarge the ring of n in inter, it bpcomea 
 intern ; the syllabic/, in the same way, becomes /or/", as in 
 forfeit ; while tlie enlarging of the rings of [cl, dl, li.^ 
 »h and temp adds I with its vowel ; as, sliell, temple. 
 
 20. Rings are of two sizes, single and double. The 
 single ring should be made as small as will be distinct ; for, 
 if we double the size of an initial ring, we prefix wu to the 
 character: thus, q important becomes q unimportant; 
 while, as seen by the last rule, the enlarging of the final 
 ring adds another letter to the character. 
 
 The only exception to this rule is p, whose ring if 
 douoled makes pp, and if trebled in size prp : see Chs. 
 page 11. 
 
 21. Initial un may be expressed by a short n before a 
 straight horizontal line or down-stroke, and this n is short- 
 ened until nothing of it remains but the ring, before h, oh, 
 op, fr, all upstrokes, hooks, crooks, and Jiorizontal curves. 
 
 Wlien the next Ch. begins with a ring, we have only to 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 28 
 
 doable the size of tbat rincr ; and when we have to make 
 one. it must (xenerally be on the same side of the next Ch. 
 as if it had been a loner n. Reporters write an like ini. 
 
 The rint; un and super can even ^o before the inituils ; 
 but for unen a lonjr n is besr., with the rinjr un on the left 
 Bide of the lower end. See page 15, Sec. 8. 
 
 To write tin before the ringed clis, merely change the 
 rittg a{ dis to the left side, instead of enlarjrinor it. 
 
 22. For over or under, we draw a short horizontal mark 
 over or under the next Ch.in the same or following: word. 
 Thus, for overlay we put the mark ov.-;r the I, and for under 
 a we draw it under the left end of the a. See over a, p. 11.3; 
 moreover, p. 112. 
 
 23. Prefixes. We may in the beginning of words 
 write — 
 
 b for bene. m for magni.* t for tranit* 
 
 e " circum. ml " multi.* x " extra. 
 
 h " hypo. " omni. [x " expl]* 
 
 Those marked * stand above the line. 
 The b for be7ie is useful only bef )re /.as, b-factor, bene- 
 factor. 
 
 For eircume, we repeat the c. a^ in circumcision (p. 106), 
 and thus distinguish it from double c. which is only a larger 
 half circle. 
 
 24. The syllabic character lie is used for all words be- 
 ginning with He and Ilea, but not for the pronoun H'\ 
 
 2.5. The short s for sriper must be written in such a 
 manner as to make the first long character cross the line ; 
 as, super with b across the line for superb. 
 
 26. It will occasionally be found plainer to separate a 
 sign from the rest of the word, especially one that has with 
 at the be^nning or of at the end ; as, <f without, L/^® 
 thereof. 
 
 27. Suffix tub. Sometimes, by attaching tub, we can 
 
 1 
 
24 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 intim&te, without wriiinof, that certain words, of relative oi 
 opposite meanlnfirs, are read after the one we have just 
 finished ; as, male sub, for male and female ; brother sub, 
 brother and sister ; hither sub, hither and thither ; above sub, 
 above and below ; inen sub sub, men, women, and children : so, 
 land and water ; pen and ink; kingdom of Jieacen ; Greai 
 Britain and Ireland, p. 109 ; etc. See p. G7, Xo. 4 
 
 CHARACTERS SHORTENED AND BLENDED. 
 
 When Chs. are joined together, they are so blended that 
 the writing is greatly shortened, in ways easily remember- 
 ed, without interfering at all with its legibility. 
 
 1. All words can be written without thickening the Chs. 
 
 2. But, by thickening k, qu, ch, and /*, or any long down- 
 stroke in a word standing on the 1 or 2-line, we add to them 
 the sound of erd, and in this way can express four or five 
 letters by one character : thus, 6, c, w, thickened, become 
 bird, curd, word; he becomes herd or heard, etc.; and by 
 prefixing medial u to these thick Ch3., we change the erd 
 into ured, as cured, insured. 
 
 3. By thickening any other horizontal or any short Ch., 
 we add d to it (see advantage, p. 104) ; but this is seldom 
 done in Stenography, except in initial ind. 
 
 4. Sd, St, and the double s for ses can be made short, and 
 < and t can often be shortened before other letters ; but a 
 short final s has always the sound of z : thus, we write a 
 with short « for as, and with long s for ass. Page 4, line 1. 
 
 5. B before t becomes a mere crook, but in rbt is long. 
 (J also becomes a crook before m, ird, v, vl. See exercises. 
 
 6. If we put medial u over the centre of eon, it becomes 
 eoun ; if over the ring, it becomes cun. In the same way, 
 medial u changes cl, dl, fn, fr, into cul, did, fun, fur 
 the u in fur having the long sound of u, as in furimis 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 25 
 
 7. We add I to e, ch, d, v, w [contrl, sh, spec, and temp, 
 by joining to tbem the ring of ^ without its stem ; the two 
 rings meeting in g?i and temp merely make the ring largel 
 for shl, tempi. See d, dl, vL wl, in the alphabet. 
 
 8. In the same manner, the ring of m is sufficient, at the 
 end of a word, on the right of I, p, cl, vl, or sh. Page 4,1. 10. 
 
 9. Two Chs. running in the same direction, often blend 
 or coalesce without confusion, especially if the first begins 
 and the next ends with a hook, crook, or ring ; as ee, co, cu, 
 re, ro, ru, ve, vo, we, wo, ye, yo, ek, ke, ok, ook, ou, ue, eu, quo, 
 tlio. Id, he-i. amp I, eomp-l, emp-l, imp-l, etc. Page 4, 1. 12. 
 
 \i ea or ue do not souud like u, but make two syllables, 
 as in miet, they do not blend, but the u-dot must be put at 
 the end and not in the curve of e. 
 
 10. We can shorten a and i if we wish to show that the 
 vowel is short, or that the next consonant is doubled ; as in 
 latter, litter, to distinguisli them from later, lighter ; but as 
 the sense always directs to the right word, this distinction 
 is hardly worth mentioning. 
 
 11. As st can be added to any ring Ch. by changing the 
 ring to a hook, so, after a ring, «t can be added to ng, by 
 turning the ng up like a hook. See longest, page 11 1. 
 
 13. 72 and fl run with an easy-flowing line, without au 
 angle, into/, y, n, g, r. For this purpose, in joining rf, th« 
 stem of / should be sliglitly bent, so as to include both 
 letters in one curve, as 8e*»n in therefore, wJierefore, pagei 
 116,117. See Note 4, p. 34. 
 
 NOTES ON THE TERMINATIONS. 
 
 A Terminatioa is one or more letters- at the ending of a 
 word. 
 
 We have seen that a final y, when there is not a special 
 termination including it, is expressed without writing it by 
 
 1 
 
26 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 putting the previous cbaructer on tbey-line, and that woidj« 
 ending in ay do not change their position, but drop the xi 
 because it is silent, ay having the same sound as a. P. 20 
 
 The liberty of omitting silent letters should be very 
 sparingly exercised in Stenography, for we find that the 
 silent vowel is often required to give the word its proper 
 sound, as the e in bite, or to prevent ua from getting into 
 tlie habit of misspelling in common writing. On this ac- 
 count, it is better not to omit the silent a in season, sea, tea, 
 etc. The obscure o in season can be dropped with much less 
 danger of forgetting the correct spelling. 
 
 E in the middle and end is better to be only about half as 
 large as it is in the beginning of words; but when it stands 
 alone or is an initial, it should be about the size it is in the 
 alphabet. See p. 18, Xo. 4, 
 
 '^he Terminations in the list or table, at page 13, all con- 
 sist of two or more letters, which occur with such frequency, 
 in the same order, that it becomes an object to represent 
 these endings more briefly tlian by writing a separate Ch. 
 for every letter. Tion is an ending of this sort, and in such 
 frequent use that we have represented it by the simplest 
 possible mark — a dot — and have explained it fully in its 
 projjer place. See p. 30. 
 
 Many of the terminations are not represented by new 
 Chs., but t!ie alphabetic letter which is most prominent in 
 the termination is merely modified, that is, it is altered in 
 shape, so that it can still be easily identified and remember 
 ed ; as, b in bility, and I in lity and lest. 
 
 Most of the terminations can be used for the same letters 
 coming together in the middle as well as the end of words, 
 and those which can be so used have M, E, after them, for 
 middle and end. 
 
 There is no reason why the crook ch should not have 
 be«n put in the table of terminations, except that the pacrt' 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 27 
 
 was full, and it wa8 thought best to phow the middle and 
 final cli directly after the initial. See Double Chs., p. 10. 
 
 Unless there are explanatory capitals in the table to 
 direct otherwise, the termination is to h^ joined to the pre- 
 ceding letter in the easiest and most natural manner. 
 
 When the eye runs over the Chs. representing the ter- 
 minations, it is seen that several are alike in shape ; as Noe. 
 1. 9, 25 ; 2, 20 ; 8, 22, 27 ; 8, 37, 47 ; and 9, 36, 48. 49 : but 
 the explanatory cajntals, at the ends of the lines, show that 
 each stands in a different position, or is attached to the pre- 
 ceding Ch. in a different manner from those resembling it, 
 and tbus becomes perfectly distinct from every other. 
 
 It is usual, with short-hand authors, to make the alpha- 
 betic letters serve for prefixes and affixes ; as, n for en or in, 
 enter or inter, and to depend upon the context to find out 
 the signification ; but it will be noticed that, without any 
 sacrifice of brevity, we have provided for these very common 
 syllables, sometimes by modifying the alphabetic Chs., and 
 sometimes by introducing new ones; so that the words all 
 speak for themselves, and do not depend upon others to en- 
 able us to distinguish them. In reporting, these new and 
 the modified Chs. add greatly to the perspicuity of contrac 
 tions. 
 
 Next to lion, the most useful terminations are able, ing, 
 ly, ous, ness, with their adjuncts: the rest, though of minor 
 Importance, soon recommend themselves to the writer, 
 when he finds them shorter, neater, and more convenient 
 than single letters. 
 
 We will follow the terminations as numbered in the 
 table, and give a hint or caution as often as it may seem 
 likely to be of any advantage to a beginner. 
 
 No. 1. Able, Me, is a horizontal line not more than half- 
 as long as a. It usually requires the next Ch. to be joined 
 to the left end of it : « and sh, however, are more conveni- 
 
28 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 ently joined to the right end, as the angle should never be 
 greater than a right-angle where hi and s meet. 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, being terminating Chs. that have no 
 direction to the contrary, are joined, like other letters, to 
 the right side of the preceding Ch. 
 
 Ably, bly. This termination is the short bl with a 
 quarter-ring like a comma under it. 
 
 6 Aught is represented by aut. 
 
 7, 8, 9, 10. For Samon, etc , one of the short marks in 
 the table is to be joined to the centre of the preceding Ch., 
 to the left side of an up or down-stroke, to the upper side of 
 a horizontal Ch. See Note 3, p. 34. 
 
 14, 15, IG. These are composed of / with I, c, and t 
 joined, contrary to custom, to the left and under part of its 
 ring ; and whenever the next Ch. is connected with / in 
 this manner, the sound s/ten or shuti is implied between the 
 two Chs. Thus, if we join able or d to the under part of the 
 ring of/, we h&ve fashionable or fashioned. PI. 5, line 13. 
 
 18. Fully is an/ with the termination lyon the left side 
 of the ring. When a word ends vf'ith fal or fully, \re cun 
 dispense with the/, and put the dot or ly on the left side, a 
 little above or below the preceding character, or in the last 
 hook, crook, or ring. PI. .1, line 12. 
 
 19. Qence is a short g. and falls under a general rule in 
 Phonography, which requires the g to be shortened, and 
 the first long Ch. to be written across the line. See No. 56, 
 p. 13, and Note, 5, p. 34. 
 
 20. 21. When ography is joined to g in geography, the 
 two g's do not blend, as g'a commonly do, but make two 
 curves. It is on they line, because it ends in y. The same 
 sign on the line would be graphical or ographical. 
 
 22. This Ch. is the same as the initial in. It never 
 stands for in at the end of a word, nor for ing at the begin- 
 ning. As a termination, it is not joined to the preceding 
 
STENOGKAPHY. 29 
 
 Cb. for ing. If joined, it stands for ng ; as in among. By 
 completiue: the balf-ring, it becomes ngst ; as in amongst 
 p. 104. By tbe same cbanjjes in its position and tbicken- 
 ing it, we may imply tbat m, n, and d are prefixed to ing 
 just as tbey are to shun. These changes and contractione 
 are convenient for reporters, but ning only should be at 
 tempted by inexperienced writers. Note, p. 80 
 
 25, 26. These marks are joined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding Ch., on the right side ; See PI. 7, line 6. 
 
 27. This quarter-ring iorly, and with a short « for lies, 
 is used only at the end of words, and stands under tbe end 
 of the preceding character. 
 
 28. This Ch. for Ity or lity, is I modified by moving tbe 
 ring to tbe left, on the line, so as not to touch tbe down- 
 stroke. If we thicken the down-stroke, it stands for lidity ; 
 and adding s to the light Cb. it becomes lities. PL 4, 1. 14. 
 
 In like manner, ty, or ity and idity, can be added to any 
 Ch. with a final ring, by moving their rings to tbe left for 
 ty or ity, and thickening the down-stroke for dity, as in 
 pidity. No. 33. If tbe ring Ch. is horizontal, or the ring 
 ends on the right side, it is sufficient to divide tbe ring be- 
 fore taking off the pen. PI. 5, line 14. 
 
 Tbe ty may be changed to try by enlarging the ring so 
 as to contain a little ring resting against tbe middle of the 
 Ch. ; as, in sultry. PI. 4, line 14. 
 
 30. This piece of m is set UEP {i.e., under the end of 
 preceding Ch.) for final ment, and AP (after it) for ments. 
 Ment, but not ments, can be used as a medial Ch., and is set 
 Viketion. Put over the Cb.,it becomes nment. 
 
 31. Tbe end of ness points up, and the end of ch points 
 down. It is joined like ch, and we add a short s drawn down, 
 to make ne>tises, just as we add a short s drawn up after ch 
 for chcs. Compare nesses, 1 2, p. 13, with ches, 1. 4, p. 45. 
 
 32. These Phonographic terminations are implied with- 
 
30 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 out writing tbein, by putting the pri-ceding Cbs., or first 
 long Cli. in the word, under the line. PI. 7, line 8. 
 
 33. This is and h Wended, and may stand for ock ; in 
 ook, the ring of the o must be enlarged. 
 
 34, 35. The ends of these hooks should be long, and 
 point to the left. 
 
 36. This short t for out can only begin and end words 
 in which out makes a whole syllable. It is joined to the 
 beginning, but disjoined at the end, and stands close under 
 the line. 
 
 37. The short "pl is used with a for the ending 'ples. 
 
 43, 43. The s in se(f and »dw» may generally be omitted, 
 and the dot put over the preceding Ch. for self, and at the 
 centre on the left side for selves. PI. 7, line 11. 
 
 44. For sJdp, the beginning of p is joined on the right 
 aide to the centre of the last long-stroke. By adding short 
 rs to it, it becomes shippers. PI. 7, line 13. 
 
 45. Ther is implied when we drop the termination, 
 shorten all the preceding Chs., and write the word just 
 under or across the y-line. PI. 7, line 12. 
 
 46. 47. The Teumination TION on SHUN. 
 
 1. A dot at the end of the preceding character, on the right 
 side, stands for tion, sion, and every other termination that 
 has tlie sound of shun ; under the ])receding Ch., it stands 
 for ution or tutioti ; over an up-stroke, or over the end of a 
 horizontal, for ention ; and after, or over the middle, for 
 emtion. The changing of the dot to a quarter-ring (or 
 curve, like the first pi) adds s, and makes the plural shuns. 
 
 NoTB. The learner will observe that m and n are preSxed to shun by 
 ehanging the position of the dot. In the same way m and n may be 
 prefixed to ing and ment, by changing the position of those termina- 
 tions. 
 
 2. If we put the dot before the last Ch. at the middle of 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 «n up-stroke, or on the left side on a line witli tbe foot of a 
 down-stroke, w** read ikun with a short aor e before the Ch., 
 or before the last consonant if the dot stands before a double 
 Ch. ; as, dot I for tiomil. I'l. 6, line 1. 
 
 3. Before a modified Uh., like Uty, we put the dot before 
 •,he middle of the Ch., and »"ead the tioa witli a short a he- 
 tote the termination : thus, Uty, with a dot before the middle 
 of the I, becomes tionality. PI. G, line 1. 
 
 4. The contractions given above may content the Steno- 
 grapher ; but the Reporter will find it convenient to go fur- 
 ther, and use a heavy dot for dtion ; so that his shun table 
 will be as follows: 
 
 A dot will stand if light if heavy 
 
 On the right, at the end iov tion ; dtion. 
 
 Under ihe end, " ution, ttion ; dution. 
 
 At the middle on the right,"] 
 
 if an up or down-stroks, i " mtion ; mndtion. 
 
 or over the middle of a ( " mntion. 
 
 horizontal. J 
 
 Over the end of an up-stroke ^ 
 
 or horizontal, or on the I „ „,. „ . ^/i4:^„ 
 
 . ,^ ... . , ] r niton: naiu>n. 
 
 right at the top ot a down- j ' 
 
 stroke. PI. 15, line 17. J 
 
 5. When there is no m or n before dtion, we may expresB 
 the d by modifying the preceding Ch., instead of using the 
 heavy dot. A sliun dot can never be put before, but may 
 be put after a short Ch. Then the dot for emtion would 
 etaud as high as the top of the short Ch., and higher for 
 ntion. PI. 11, line 14. 
 
 Note. The learner will find nameroaa examples of the foregoing 
 rules in the Exercises. 
 
 48. The short disjoined t is put under the end of the pre- 
 ceding Ch. for tive, and the long t for titity. PI. 5, line 8. 
 
 49. The short i for trxict always follows a long «, and 
 makes the syllabic Ch. struc or struct ; we thicke^i the t in 
 
 1 
 
i» STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 ftructed, aa is done for ted in tlie alphabet. It may ht 
 noticed that, at pajre 11, tlie termination twde stands oppo 
 site to ted, to show that the same td is the best contraction 
 we can make for tude wlien we do not cboose to write it in 
 full Rule 5, p. oo, and PI. G, line 12. 
 
 50, 51. The w and s siiould be the same lenfjth inwards, 
 and the w should have a dot under i', or be thickened. 
 
 52. We can add est to a ring letter by changing the ring 
 to a small hook, and ster by enlarging the ring without 
 closing it ; as, Ister, mater, nster. PI. 4, line 13. 
 
 53. In the middle of words, rings and loops are all the 
 same, and we make whicliever happens to join most easily, 
 but if we change an initial or final ring to a loop, we add dto 
 that Ch. This contraction, though useful in Phonography, 
 is not so plain as writing d; but may safely be used in 
 Stenography for cd, when the context of itself would lead 
 us to add the ed, even if we did not see it written ; as, He 
 has inrned. 
 
 54. as ted; 55, erd, p. 16 ; 56. cent, gence \ ; nt and nee fol- 
 low shortened Chs. To these we may add ch for cJiester, 
 and a large g, that is, gg, for gogue. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 
 
 1. Capitals have Chs. in no way different from the small 
 letters. When we wish to mark the occurrence of one, wa 
 put two short horizontal marks, close together, under the 
 Ch. To show that a word is in capitals, we draw under i* 
 3 lines for large, and 2 for small capitals. A wave-line 
 under a letter, and a straight line under a word, will show 
 them to be in italics. 
 
 2. The smaller the rings and ends of the crooks, the 
 more neatly and speedily the Chs. can be formed. When ( 
 ollows n, the n should be inclined a good deal, or its ring 
 will be out of proportion. The fault of beginners generally 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 Is that tbey do not 8lo])e tlie incline'l Cbs. enough, and in 
 cline those that ought to stand upright. 
 
 3. Reading. If an inexperienced reader is at a loss to 
 know where one Cli. ends and the next begins, lie must pro- 
 ceed as in common writing, and go as far as possi ble to make 
 up the first letter. It would not do in long-hand to separate 
 the from the rest of a, d, or g, nor the first part of m or w 
 from the last ; so in shorthand the line and ring or other 
 parta must go together whenever they can be n^ited to form 
 one character. 
 
 4. Until you become familiar with the Cbs., yoa may, 
 in any word in which you think there can be any doubt, 
 where two Cha. meet, mark the point by drawing a short 
 vertical or horizontal line across them, making its ends of 
 equal length on both sides. The same mark is drawn across 
 % to blend or shorten ai ; as, ^-^ hair. 
 
 ~>. Tkac iiiNG BY Dictation. The reader should first 
 pronounce the word distinctly. If there is in it a syllable 
 represented by a syllabic Ch., he should namf^, and not 
 spell, that syllable; and when the letters are to be repre- 
 sented by a double Ch., they should be named in rapid suc- 
 cession, and a distinct pause should be made at the end of 
 every Ch., whether single, double, or syllabic ; as y^, in- 
 8truc-tive ; r-^ constructed ; \A de-struc-tion. If it is a 
 t'gu as, \,. temptation ; after pronouncing it, ho says, " Sign 
 temp-shun." It it is not ou the main lin<>, as company, he 
 says, " Sign comp ou the y-line," or as tbe case may be. 
 
 5. Examples are better than oral teaching, and the 
 learner will find that, though the explanations may often- 
 times seem intricate, the things themselves are very simple 
 as soon as he examines the illustrations. 
 
 G. As the Stenographer inserts every letter that is neces- 
 sary to prevent the slightest hesitation in reading, h« 
 cannot go forward at the railway speed ho may attain b; 
 
34 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 adopting the abbreviations supplied by the following Pho- 
 nography. Comparing his progress, however, with that of 
 those who write only long-hand, it is not unlike that of a 
 man traveling along at his ease, drawn by a good roadster ; 
 while theirs is that of hapless pedestrians who must spend 
 many more hours in laboriously performing the same 
 journey. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 1. Note to Rm-E 8, Page 19. — When a character hangs on the line, 
 the top hook or ring should rest on the line so that about two-thirds of 
 a long character would be below the line. 
 
 2. Note to Ritle 9, Page 20.— In the middle of words «, or vowels 
 sounding like e, can be left out ; and experts, when in haste, drop 
 nearly all medial vowels. 
 
 3. Note to Terminations 8, 9, and 10, Page 28.— When a short 
 character precedes these terminations (see page 13), it is easier to join 
 the character to the last long-stroke. as_J-^appl i cation, /- suppl i ca- 
 tions. The termination ctions may cross the long character. 
 
 4. Note to Rule 12, Page 25.— As ff and r are always shortened 
 when they meet, so we may, for the sake of liueality, shorten tf, rg, 
 m ; but they are more distinct when full length. 
 
 5. Note to Teumination 19.— (See also p. 109.)— When the short 
 ffent and ffents stand for gentleman and gentlemen they must be half 
 rings to distinguish them from the quarter rUlg is. The character is 
 hardly crooked enough on p. 109. 
 
EXEEOISES 
 
 STENOGRAPHY; 
 
 PULPIT AND CORRESPOxXDING STYLE. 
 
 1 
 
86 PLATE 1. 
 
 Note.— Having thoroughly mastered the Alphabetic characters and 
 Bign-words as illustrated iu the Exercises on pages 4-9, the student 
 will be prepared to take up the double and terminal characters (given 
 in tabular form on pages 10-14) which are gradually introduced and 
 illustrated in the following exercises. 
 
 In this Exercise the only new characters introduced are those to 
 which particular attention is called in the Exercises page 16. It will 
 be found that, by the use of even this much of our work, at least one- 
 third of the time required by ordinary writing will be saved. 
 
 1. He was about to give him his opinion with regard to 
 tlie question of liis happiness. 
 
 2. The word may have stirred them np. He dared lay it. 
 there. See page 24, K. 2, 
 
 8. The hird he&rd the woi'ds of the men and Btirred in 
 the nest. 
 
 4. The fable of the jiions man and his table is curious. 
 
 5. Its hureness, sameness, Mgluiess, and grossness, are 
 very remark«We. See page 29, K. 81. 
 
 6. We ^a.mrnt the torment of his raiment and the poor- 
 ness of his garment. See page 29, R. 30. 
 
 7. Tlie men of his own nation had not a notion of his 
 station. See page 30, No. 46, 
 
 8. He was saying a word about doing what had been 
 done for another. See page 28, No. 22. 
 
 9. May we rely upon seeing him dai^^, weekZ^, and 
 monthly. See No. 27, page 29. 
 
 10. Wisdom is a tree of life to them that lay hold of her. 
 
 11. Unto you, men, I call ; and my voice is to the sons 
 of men. 
 
 12. I love them that love me ; they that hate me love 
 death. 
 
 13. Better is the end of a thing than the 'oeghming, says 
 the Word of God. 
 
 14. Buy the truth and sell it not. Be sure to do the 
 riofht. 
 
 15. Time and tide wait for no man, is a very old saying. 
 
 16. The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the 
 strong. (The character for ing, if joined to the preceding 
 letter, is used to denote ony.) 
 
PLATE 1. 
 
 ■1, y L \ \ \ ^ , ^ \ i_ _ i/-, 
 
 3. 1 A a-. I <S^ o I V . 1 . I /^. 
 
 :.. ^ >^ -^^ ^^^ ,/l^ r ^/-r-. 
 
 6. ^ <k L r"\ / /^^ . I ^^-^ o / ^\ 
 
 T. I V o / ^ /-• \ / _ ^- o //^. , 
 
 \^ \ /- 
 
 9. V- ^ /^ ^ A, _ \_ <^- . VC , 
 
 10 ^ / _ K- o <k^ , \ I i- -^ ^. 
 
 11 ^ --5 \^ V -^ C^ . ^ V^^ / . L Ar/oV, 
 
 12 _,J-^\| \_^V; Ul^-loV ck^V^* 
 
 15 
 
 L^ L-^ /- ^ V->^ /_ 
 
 V- 
 
 K' I AC / / I I ^/^ /"l ^. 
 
 T. 
 
 
 44S610 
 
•^8 PLATE 2. 
 
 Note. — Single Letterf!, printed in italics, are not written. BoubU, 
 Syllabic, and Terminal characters are printed in italics to denote that 
 they are such. The student will find each in its proper place, in the 
 column? alphabetically armnged on pages 10-13. Whenever a sign 
 word appears for theirs* time in the following exercises, it will be 
 printed in small capitals. An alphabetical list of the signs is given 
 commencing on page 103. 
 
 S^. Jb/fn's Gospel, Cfiap. T, /-/5. 
 
 In the BEGlNXtw^r "WAS the word, akd the word was 
 WITH God. and the word was God. The same was in 
 the beginning with God. All things were made BY 
 him; and withc>w^ him was not ANYthiw^r made THAT 
 was made. In him was life ; and the life was the XigJiX, OF 
 men. And the light slivaath in dark?ifs«, and the dark/iess 
 comp rehendcd it not. There was a man sent from God 
 WHOSE name was Jo7<n. The same came FOK a witness to 
 bear witness of the UgJii, that all men through him 
 MIGHT believe. He was not that \ighl, but was sent to 
 bear witness of that light. That was the true light, which 
 Mghieih every man that coMe^A into the wokld. He 
 was in the world, and the wori-D was made by him, 
 and the world knew him not. He came tnto his own, 
 and his own received him not. But as many as received 
 him, to them gave he power to becOME the sons of God, 
 even to them that believe on his name. 
 
platf: 2. 
 
 - — • ' \~^-/ — - o L ,^ . I Y 
 
 I q O . ^ ^O - o ^vO^.o 
 
40 PLATE 3. 
 
 The T Zihie, and Syllabic C?ia7'actei'S. 
 
 1. By, my, thy, any </ting, every, bif ry, me rry, fury, try, 
 dry, beau ty, emp ty, country, countrit s, many (see Rule 
 10, page 20). 
 
 2. De ny, denial, si ngle, m i ngle d, angle d, katur- 
 «1, inter n a\, in te n d s, enter ed, in Xcrred. 
 
 3. Kn ee, kn ee 1, kn i t, kn ock, kee n, dis mal, obsii- 
 n a t e, opp o s i t e, t able s. 
 
 4. PI ay, j;? igh t, ^)? igli ^e(Z, p? o t, pi al n (see page 19, 
 Rule 7), staves, steeples, stipulsAe, pi a. nets. 
 
 5. Naples, tipples, repeal, robe, robber, rotten, 
 s ays. 
 
 6. Con struct, con structed, rest ore, does, r e s o 1 ve, 
 sh o t, sh&v e s, sh e dd ing, shore. 
 
 7. Sh nn, dull, cull, burr, mules midheTry, mul- 
 eteer, sh a ve s, said (see Rule 6, page 24). 
 
 8. P raises?, structure, stones, subva.it, subver- 
 sive, SUBJECTS, sub te n d s, sub te rf u g e. 
 
 9. Substances, suborned, submiesive, thus, this, 
 til o se, wh e n, wli ere. 
 
 10. S-vfel\-ing super fine (see page 23, Rule 25), in vwl- 
 ne r dble, bra ced, con t en ted, e le ct, coun cil, conn sel. 
 
 11. Gunn ing, natur-a], super natur a], spit, s p o tied, 
 ih&wl, w o m en. 
 
 13. Re spect-able, temper, sign, sigh, descended, gen- 
 n-i-n-e, geti 1 a 1, fl igh t y, compi i c a ted. 
 
PLATE 3. 
 
 
 5 ^^ L^ = 
 
 /-^V 
 
 
 8 1' 
 
 9 
 
 /U// 
 
 / 
 
 
 1 
 
43 PLATE 4. 
 
 double, Syllabic, and Terminal Characters, 
 
 1. Amp 1, comp 1, emp 1, imp 1, cul, dul, fan (see page 24, 
 R. 6), mul, vul, be fore, be come, com ing, come ly. 
 
 2. S ing, w ing, r ing, he mm i/tg', li igh ^y, ha s t t'ngr, 
 fr ee iiig, fr ee ly. 
 
 3. S t r ings, w r ings, b r i«5'*, d o ings, sa.y ings, cl ings, 
 w a V t»^s. 
 
 4. M o ^ion, n o tion, r e 1 a iioft, s t a lions, c r e a tions, 
 p o r tions. 
 
 5. L a ment, f o tnent, r a i wien^, c e ment, tor ments, 
 t e n e mcnts. 
 
 6. Table, tables, stable, disable, enable, inability, dis- 
 ability, reliability, comp-u-t-abHUy. 
 
 7. Ha n d^e, fon die, h-ea-dle, d-e-cent, r e cent, con ccft^, 
 comp 1 a cent, r e t i ce/t<. 
 
 8. Indeed, hsinded, defended, song, I ang, strong, 
 vfrongd, t\\ong (see page 28, Rale 22). 
 
 9. Therfore, wherfore, fl-e-sh, rush, simp-\e, recon- 
 struct, irttempt. Imp rot-ing, des-e-rte. 
 
 10. Li«me, calm, palm, vhn, shm, c«ll, del, \'d, chl, wl, 
 shl (see page 25, Rule 8). 
 
 11. Spec-i-men, e-dition (see page 31, Rule 4), d-ou^^, 
 t-op, bottom, fin i sh, s t op, o m i-tted, ch ai n. 
 
 12. R ea s o n, al te r &tions, s 1 igh ie a t, bene f it, pro]>r, 
 (see page 23, Rule 23), s w in die, pas ted. 
 
 13. (See page 13, No. 52.) Lst, mst, fst, pst (See page 32, 
 Rule 52), impstr, Istr, mstr, fstr, pstr, nstr. 
 
 14. (See page 22, Rule 21.) Ob, unob, op, unop, con, un- 
 cou (see page 29, Rule 28), 1, Ity, Idtj, Ities, Itry, sltry. 
 
PLATE 4. 
 
 3. ^"^^ -v- v.. Z_. G. ^1 
 
 4. v.. /"• ^. A_, CA^^ ^nT^ 
 
 13 J ^ /^ :) 1 J \ A^ D ;? 
 
 14 3 'JODa-cr- J JJ^d-^ 
 
44 PLATE 5. 
 
 double. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Amp-ly, emp-i r e, imp ou n d, imp o s t, imp u r e, imp- 
 osed, hamp e r, comp e 1, recon ci\e. 
 
 2. Amb-e-T, emb-r o i d er, imb-r ue, comb i ned, com,p are, 
 comp ou n ded, comp u t e. 
 
 3. CompA a i n, c&mp u ted, imp u ted, r e p « ted, bla n d, 
 bla me, bio t, blee d ing, blast ing, 6^ n d ing (see page 19, 
 Rule 7). 
 
 4. Cheer, cJierish, rich. Buck, ache, t on c/i-ing, 
 w r e t ches. 
 
 5. Counter TO. &X1 ded, counter sink, encounter, en- 
 countered, desire, desirous, desirability. 
 
 6. Colt, cle&r, cloth-ing, cl-imb-ing, ^ood, gr-eeka, 
 kee per. 
 
 7. 'Elm, quo-ia,, common, en-ough, sigh, route, 
 t r amp 1, th i s, these 
 
 8. Emb ark, comb i n a tion, n o bility, 1 i a bility, a c tine, 
 a c tivity, a c tivities (see page 31, Rule 48). 
 
 9. /;«p-erious, imp-eriousness, inxious, fnr-i-ousness, 
 1 i ke ness, comp 1 exion (see page 12, No. 9). 
 
 10. Th-ough, roughness, toughness, sh-i-ngle, mingle, 
 h. a mm er, pro «pec^. 
 
 11. Prospective, hesto\rment, stern/y, unless, un- 
 load ing, un m a nn er ly, comp i 1 a tioii, d e j ection, (see 
 page 12, No. 9). 
 
 12. Q-&-r-e fully, m our nfuUy, tr nth fully, unfaithful, 
 unf ai th fully (page 28, Rule 18, faith/«/fte«#. 
 
 13. (See page 28, Rules 14, 15, 16.) F-a-s^ion-«df, f-a- 
 sliion able, unf a sidon able (see page 13, No. 35), gracuma- 
 ness, deference, insufficient, -proficiency, cupidity. 
 
 14. (See page 29, Rule 28.) Rapidity, validity, invar 
 lidity, imp-e r f ection , ex i s t ing, fr e ah ness, r e cumb-e n t. 
 
PLATE 5. 
 
 1-1 Lr- lA l^ y^ u^ -y-s -L 
 
 2. A/- V^^ -^^ VVv L/^ t:vA^ [ 
 
 9. V--- v^-^ Z_ Z,^ i^^^ i 
 
 10 u /^ u-^ z/ v/ ^-yy? 
 
 11 -^ VU. v^ F i^^ VX"' [^ v^ 
 
 12 cA vr^ Kl y^ ^a /^~t_. 
 
 13 z^ /^ X^ -x-' n/ ./t r^ CL^ 
 
 14 ^ ^ S ^ ^> L "^ 
 
46 PLATE 6. 
 
 double. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Comm o tions, del tision, comp en sa tion, [consti tu- 
 tion (see page 1 3, No. 52), consti tution a\, uu consti 
 tution a\], res e-rc-Sition, e mid a ^^■<??i. 
 
 2. Expectations, fruition, un dul a. tion, addle, rela- 
 tion, un p r ofessioncU, comp 1 ection, e I ections. 
 
 3. Un aftZe, untfen^, un^•/^ow;^, unseen, unbend, un- 
 i n siired or un in sured, un de n i ably (see page 22, Rule 
 20 and 21). 
 
 4. Undes 1 r able, un t aught, un s o 1 d, un s ee n, un- 
 s ought, wa. objection able, objections, object, allusion. 
 
 5. Un comp 1 a i ning, w inged, s ions, un svb dued, iin- 
 SMftstenftal, un cZ e s, un r e a 1, un m a nn e r 1 y. 
 
 6. Un time ly, un en 1 igb te ned, vca profit able, wa fore- 
 Been, un tr u ly, un con scioiisness, un open ed, un 1 a- 
 mented, s ection. 
 
 7. Un-heard, un happiness, unrestrained, persua- 
 sion, a ction able. 
 
 8. With ho Id, con-demnation, disengaged, under- 
 stand. 
 
 9. Uuofttrusive, unsightly, in sub or din a ti-on, 
 un con 8 u me d, temp \e (see page 22, Rule 19, line 9). 
 
 10. Temper [temporal], pupils, ploughs. 
 
 11. Bejie factors, plight, blight, blighted, blended 
 beloved, simpered, extra, circumference. 
 
 13. (See page 23, Rule 23.) Magni tude, multi tude, hypo 
 tTie nuse, hypo c r i t e, omni bus, o vol, c ities. 
 
PLATE 6. 
 
 1. v.. \ Uf . o-f ^ ^ ^— ^A_. 
 
 7. 0_ ^ 
 
 />^^ ^^. X._= [_^] 
 
 n >/T -n ^ ^^ A K^^ ^ ^^ 
 
48 PLATE 7. 
 
 ^oitble. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Ten able, a ssem hly, com for t able, in comp a r able, 
 V i Si bly, dis abled, en aUed, s t aUes. 
 
 2. In s tdbility, a Uy, d aughtex s, si aw^r/t fered, ac ces- 
 sion, inter cession, con cession, con cessions, conn ection. conn- 
 ections (page 13, No. 7-10). 
 
 3. Detection, affections, affectionate, needles, su- 
 fferance, inferences, i eference, confessional. 
 
 4. Deficiencies, insufficient, iefo7'e, fully, fulness, 
 MAN ly, con tin gence, con t i n gent. 
 
 5. Wilfulness, thovghi fulness, telegraph, geography, 
 geographical, geographies, singing, during, denying. 
 
 6. Fl ings, t u r ning , w inged, b r ings, 1 ion, 1 ions, 
 amp ly, simp ly, t r u e. 
 
 7. G « i Ity, r e a lities, v a lidity, tlie ological, tlie ology, 
 firvna. ment, fer mented, 1 a mented, i a Hon. 
 
 8. H igh. ness, wit nesses, [a ngry, s te nography, p ho- 
 nography], d ock, &mbi tious, saga cious, s p e cious. 
 
 9. Righteousness, consciousness, con scious, out, outer, 
 dispel, dispelled, plight, plighted, stupidity, opp- 
 ressed. 
 
 10. Dressed, b reast, c resi, m e rest, d i rest, b reasts, 
 •pressed, hearest (see page 13, No. 39). 
 
 11. Improvement {inscription, description], myself, 
 THY self, YOUB »e^/, YOtm selves, them seZces, him se^/, OUK- 
 sdves. 
 
 12. W OT shipper, worship [author, authorize (seepage 
 30, Rule 45), author ized, author itj, neitlier], n a tion, sta- 
 tions, in re ntion, in te ntion, a ssump tion, comp u 1 sion. 
 
 13. Consumptive, restitution, destitution, conte- 
 ntions, destructive, instructive, reconstructed, inward, 
 re wards. 
 
4. V^/^A/^/"/-l_N..-^ n./' 
 
 6. r*' \r ^, = ^v^-v->' j- ,7 i ]- 1/^ 
 
 7. ..yifO "-^^ ^ S/y^ ^ i^, /-" 
 
 11%, = vx^ L/C' v'lV ly'Jj^^ /? 
 
 13 -r^^,-^ ^Vl^'H'^V. /Ir-^ff"/^ 
 
 1 
 
50 
 
 PLATE 8. 
 
 Note. — If the foregoing exercises have been thoroughly examined, 
 and none of them can be lightly passed over without serious loss, the 
 student will now be able to write and decipher the following exercises 
 with comparative ease. Only a portion of the syllabic and terminal 
 characters will hereafter be italicised, as he is supposed to be so far 
 advanced as to require but little further aid in thiv^ respect 
 
 Health a?id Set'yicc. 
 
 If hy gaining KNOWiiEDGE we riiin our health, we labor 
 for a thing that will be useless in our hand ; and if, by vex- 
 ing our bodies (see page 102, R. 6), we deprive ouTselves of 
 the abilities and opportunities of doing that good we 
 MIGHT HATE DONE with a minor talent which God thought 
 snfflcient for us by h&ving denied us the strength to im- 
 prove it to that pitcA which men of strong constitutions 
 {st is added to any ring letter by changing the ring to a 
 small book) can attain to, we rob God of so much service 
 and our neighbor of all that help which, in a state of health, 
 with moderate knowledge, we might have been able to 
 perform. He that sinks his vessel by OVERloadtn^' it, 
 though it be with gold and silver and -precious stones, will • 
 give his owner but a poor account of his trip. Wisdom is 
 a defence and money is a defence ; but the excellency of 
 knowledge is that wisdom givefA life to them that have it 
 
PLATE 8. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .w^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ;OTCE'» f*I€N1 PROCESS. 
 
62 PLATE 0. 
 
 The Control of the jPassions, 
 
 To subdue the pa«*t<?ns of those who are all passion is 
 IMPOSSIBLE; to regulate them appears to be absolutely 
 KECESSARy; and what are those passions which make 
 such havoc, causing striking dSfferences, exciting and de- 
 pressing the SPIRITS, leading to great enjoTment, or cast- 
 ing us into the severest nS^ictions ; what are they more 
 than the development of our senallility ? Life is shortened 
 by indnlgence in anger, ill-will, anxiety, envy, grief, sor- 
 row, and care. Therefore, it is the province of wisdom 
 to exercise a proper control over the passions. If you 
 permit them to GO^^ERK you instead of your governing 
 them, you destroy the vital powers and impsdr the whole 
 nervous system. To attempt to regulate the actions and 
 functions of the body without paying any attention to 
 those of the mind, is like sitting down content with avoid- 
 ing one evil, while another of equal importance is still 
 i/7J^ending. A wise man governs his passions, but a fool 
 permits them to govern him. When controlled, they are 
 never-failing sources of delight — the genial warmth that 
 cheers us along the pathway of life — uncontrolled, they are 
 consuming fires. 
 
 The stream, when it descends slowly from the mountain 
 and ripples through the plaim, adorns and enriches the 
 picture; but when it rushes down in an impetuous torrent 
 overflowing its banks, it devastates and ruins all in its 
 course ; so the passions, if not kept in subjection, will lead 
 us on to ruin of both body and souL 
 
PLATE 9. 
 
 I 
 
 Ol 
 
 y" 
 
 \-rA / )-> 4 \^ <-. ^ "^^^-^^ / '^^ 
 
 s ~o =c^ // r+ _ <V ^_^ / X 1 
 
 UvO> ^-^ \7^7 LV^. 
 
 6>'- 
 
 
 'V~^- 
 
 / 
 
 ^d^ / 
 
 ^ I 
 
 
^ . PLATE 10. 
 
 Romans Xllt f-iG. 
 
 I beseech you, therefore, bketheen, by the mercies of 
 God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, 
 holy, ACCEPTable UNTO God, which is your reasonable 
 service. And be not coKFORJied to this world : but be ye 
 <7"a/i«fornjed by the rene\ving of your mind, that ye may 
 prove what is that good, and acceptabie, and perfect will 
 of God. For I say, through the grace given unto me, to 
 every man that is among you, not to think of uvAself 
 more highly than he ought to think; but to think ' 
 soberly, accokding-as God hath dealt to every man the 
 measure of faith. For AS we have many members in one 
 body, and all the members have not the same office ; so 
 we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one 
 members one of another. Having, then, gifts differing 
 ACCORDING-TO the grace that is given to us, "whether 
 PROPHECY, LET US prophecy according to the proportion of 
 faith; or ministry, let ua wait on our ministering; or he 
 that teacheth, on teaching; or he that exhorteth, on ex- 
 hortation: he tliat giveth, let him do it vi'ith simpWcMy; 
 he that ruleth, with diligence; he that sheweth mercy, 
 with chcerfuhiess. Let love be without dissimul-ation. 
 Abhor that which is evil ; cleave to that which is good. 
 Be KiND.'y aSectioneiS. cne to another with brotherly (see 
 page 80, R. 45) love ; in honor preferring one another ; not 
 slothful in busi?i<?«s ; fervent in spirit ; serving the Lord ; 
 rejoicing in hope ; patient in tribulation ; continuing in- 
 stant in prayer; distributing to the necessity of saints; 
 given to hospitality. Blesa them which persecute you, 
 bless and curse not ; rejoice with them that do rejoice, and 
 weep ^vitll them that weep. Be of the same mind one to- 
 ward another. Mind not high things, but cond-^scend to 
 men of low estate. 
 
PLATE 10. 
 
 - J-^, X — "C vv _y *^ /^, />>- ^ + 
 ^ /„_^ lL/0 1'^_r^^"»L/^o^ 
 
 ^ / . L o _. V^- _. L^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 , ^ 
 
 "2 ^. ^ r / ^ . X . ^/ ^ /o-^ 
 -. L/.y-^^V" _J I _/t \ /J ^y 
 
 
 / -^ V^ /^ L . 1 'T^ .Y. ;.w| + 
 
56 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The us\ial stops are employed, excepting only the period ot 
 full-stop, which is made thus + . For a comma, a long 
 straight Ch., like svh drawn down under the line, is the most 
 distinct. In reporting we have no time to insert stops, but 
 leave spaces, and add them afterwards at leisure. 
 
 NTOLBERS. 
 
 Our common Arabic figures are themselves short-hand nu- 
 merals, and for most purposes sufficiently expeditious. Short- 
 er characters are here given for those who prefer to use them 
 in reporting. The short up-stroke of the figure one can be o- 
 mitted when joined to other figures. The ordinals >>.«<, second, 
 third, etc., are known by being written across the line, 
 thus : — j^ fii'st ; 2 second ; 3 third, etc. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 \. 
 
 c 
 
 v^ 
 
 — 
 
 r\ 
 
 A figure on the y-line signifies so many hundred ; on the y- 
 line with a dot after it, so many thousand ; on the line with a 
 dot under it, so many million ; on the y-line with a dot under 
 it, so many hundred million. Thus : — 
 2 2. 2 
 
 is 2 hundred ; is 2 thousand ; 20 is 20 million : * is 200 
 
 2. 
 
 million ; 5 is 2 thousand and 5. 
 
 By joining sub to any figure, we imply that we are to add 
 or and the next higher number ; as, — 2 for 2 or 3. 
 
 If we n^x figures with writing, it is best to leave a space 
 between it and them, and to let the first figure lap or stand 
 half its length above the line on wiiich the rest are written. 
 
PART II. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; OR, VERBATIM REPORTING. 
 
 We bave evidence that the Jews had carried rapid writ- 
 Infj to a bigU degree of perfection at a very early period of 
 their history. In the words, "My tongue is the pen of a 
 ready writer," the Psalmist plainly intimates that the 
 scribes of his day could write words as rapidly aa they 
 could be uttered by the tongue. The following transla- 
 tion of some lines from the poet Ausonlus, in praise of an 
 expert writer in the time of the Emperor Gratian, confirms 
 the quotation given in the preface, from Martial's Epi- 
 grams, with regard to the dext<*rity of the Roman notaries ' 
 
 '•O wondroaa art! though from my lips 
 The words like i)atterin<; hailstones fall, 
 Thiue ear hath caught them every one. 
 Thy nimble pen portrayed them all. 
 
 "My words no sooner are pronounced 
 Than on thy tablets they appear; 
 My mind cannot keep equal pace 
 With thy light fingers' swift career."— CourouA 
 
 No reporter of modern times can do more, as respects 
 rapid writing, than these extracts show was done by th« 
 ancient Hebrew and Roman scribes. 
 
58 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A Phonetic Alphabet, by which all the simple articalav* 
 Bounds of the human voice (which are less than a hundred; 
 could be unmistakably expressed, might be invented ; and, 
 if it were universally adopted, would l>e one of the most 
 useful applications of writing ev« given to the world. 
 But it is an imposition for any author to lead his readers 
 to suppose that he has invented Chs. so short, plain, and 
 simple, that words can be written as rapidly as uttered and 
 properly pronounced by persons ignorant of the speaker's 
 language. If, therefore, by Phonography we understand 
 the art of expressing the sounds of a language by Chs., 
 each of which always represents the same elementary 
 sound, it becomes evident, the moment we examine any 
 modern system of shorthand used for reporting, that it has 
 no claim whatever to the title of phonography. It has 
 been shown in the preface, p. x., that, in one of the latest 
 systems, the same Chs. not only represent many words 
 very dissimilar in sound, but that the sign oftentimes has 
 not the slightest approximation to the sound of the word 
 it represents. In fact, the reporting style of all the so-called 
 phonetic systems gives quite as little help towards the true 
 pronunciation of many of the signs, as is given in William's 
 Stenography (a handsome octavo published in 1826), which 
 contains some two hundred columns of words, each repre- 
 sented by one or two initial letters, with some other letter 
 chosen at random and not at all contained in the word 
 itself. 
 
 This system introduces the phonetic principle only when 
 it contributes to shorten the writing ; as, lafior laugh. 
 
 In the Stenography, I have preferred a plainly legible 
 style to one for writing as many words as possible in a 
 limited time. All who have learned that fuller and, as 
 compared with common writing, very expeditious method, 
 are able to read, not only their own manuscript,, but that of 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 any correspondent who writes it with tolerable accuracy, 
 more easily than if it were long-hand. If the student, there- 
 fore, learns only the Stenography, he will be amply com- 
 pensated for his pains, and indeed will have acquired that 
 part which is of the most practical use in the everyday 
 business of life. 
 
 But if he is ambitious to acquire the art of making a 
 terbatim repwrt of speeches, lectures, sermons, and debates, 
 he must learn what we, for convenience, term Phonogra- 
 phy, lie may begin it as soon as he has learnt from 
 Stenography how the Chs. of the alphabet and terminations 
 are joined together ; for the Chs. are the same in both, and 
 he who knows so much of Stenography can acquire the 
 Phonography with comparatively little labor. 
 
 It is true the writing will not be as plain as Steno- 
 graphy, and will require more practice to read it as readily ; 
 but it contains more elements of legibility than reporting 
 hands usually do, and is more readable than any of those 
 which omit the initial and final vowels. 
 
 It is sufBcient, when the utmost despatch is required, as 
 in following a speaker, to be able to make out with cer- 
 tainty what we commit to paper so hastily, and it is sur- 
 prising how soon one learns to read words if only the ini 
 tial and final vowels are given with the consonants. 
 
 Phoneticians systematically misspell words according to 
 their sound, as shur and ghwjer, for sure and sugar ; and 
 substitute k and a for the hard and soft sounds of c / often 
 t for d, etc. If any one really prefers such spelling, he can 
 use it in this system, wheroas in theirs it is the only 
 method ; for most of them have no Ch. for c, and are com- 
 pelled to write k or s for c; in many instances, v forf,g 
 foTJ, t for d,f for ph, a for z, k for qu and hard eh, — a habit 
 dangerous for those who wish to remember the true ortho- 
 graphy in ordinary writing. 
 
rut.es for writing phonography 
 
 1. Write words with only tlie vowels and consonant! 
 heard in pronoancinpr them ; and drop every middle vowel, 
 as well as every one which is not distinctly sounded at the 
 end, unless it is included in a syllabic Ch. or termination. 
 When the vowels flow so smoothly into the consonants 
 that we can write them without losing time, a distrustful 
 writer is at liberty to insert them in any doubtful word to 
 make it more readable ; as, i in riffht or JieigJit, and o in 
 tliought or quote. When a vowel is heard at the beginning 
 or end, it must generally be written, except in ex. 
 
 3. The letters, Chb., and words contained in[ ] brackets, 
 as also the Supplementary Chs. at the foot of p. 11, now 
 come into common use. 
 
 Note. The consonants in [ ], in p. 11, are those the Ch. etanda for 
 In Stenography, and the Ch. represents them whenever we find them 
 following one another in the same order, whatever may be the inter- 
 v«ning vowels. In reading, we shall find that the came rowels which 
 belong to the Ch. in Stenography will frequently give us the right 
 word. Thns. comp becomes cmp, and may, therefore, stand for camp ; 
 but in more than 9 cases out of 10, comp will be the only syllable that 
 will make sense with the context. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 61 
 
 3. That there may be no mistake, we here take from p 
 10, etc., tlie syllables represented by syllabic Chs., in which 
 the vowela can be dropped. Amp becomes in the after 
 part of words mp with any vowel before it ; Gent becomes 
 e7it; Com, c rn ; Comb, cmb ; Comp, c mp ; Con, c n ; Coun- 
 ter, c ntr [Ctd is used only iu the end of words; Dct in all 
 positions, and also for final detd^; Dls or des, ds; Inter, 
 when the Ch. crosses the line, is initial entr or intr ; but 
 when it stands on the line, it drops the vowel, and becomes 
 initial n tr; Ngl is the same as angl, only when ngl begins 
 a word it must stand on the line ; Pp may have its ring 
 enlarged and be used for p r p ; Recon, r en ; Rest, rat; 
 Ramp, r mp; Spec or spect, sp c or sp ct ; Sted, s td; Strue 
 or struct, str c or str ct ; Sub, s b ; Super, sp r, which re- 
 quires the word to be so placed that the first long Ch. will 
 cross the line; Ted, <d (which now stands at the end of 
 words for t d and 1 1 d), requires a, whether before or after 
 it, to be short ; Temp, t mp. The Supplemental Chs. are 
 read, though not written, with intervening vowels. 
 
 4. When two letters of the same name meet, write but 
 one ; as, ms for mess ; se, see ; btr, better; er, err. 
 
 5. But when two consonants of the same name have one 
 or more vowels between them, write both consonants, as 
 nn for nun or none; err for error. 
 
 6. The consonants that are silent or not heard very dis- 
 tinctly are omitted; as, c before k in sick; p and I in 
 psaZm ; w in wnie. JJ, even wbeii sounded, is rarely neces- 
 sary in the after-part of words, unless it belongs to a double 
 character. 
 
 7. (1.) 2) may be added to any initial and final ring Ch., by 
 changing the ring to a loop, and another d may be added 
 by thickening the end of that loop. PI. 15, line 1. 
 
 (3.) Thickening k, q, cJi, and h, or any long down-stroke 
 atauding oa the 1 or 2 line, adds rd or rl — rd if we thicken 
 
63 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 the end. rt if we thicken the beginning; — rd or rt if we 
 thicken the whole or the middle of the Ch. PI. 11, line 12. 
 
 (3.) The thickeninpr of a short or horizontal Cb. adds d to 
 it in all positions. We must except k, q, and the horizon- 
 tal ch, which belong to the previous rule. In the termina- 
 tions tion and ing, the d is put before the tion and ing, bo 
 that, when thickened, they become diion and ding. 
 
 (4.) The thickening of a long down-stroke, not standing 
 on the 1 or 2 line, adds only d to it. 
 
 (5.) In modified Chs. like mem or liii/, if we thicken the 
 Ch. we must read the rt or rd immediately after the first 
 letter, as mrtm for maritime, Idty for lldity. 
 
 KoTE. If any one is dissatirfled with the abbreviations made by 
 this or any other rule, he can write the words ae in Stenography, 
 only leaving out the middle vowels. 
 
 8. Nt is added to any short or shortened Ch. whenever 
 it is required to complete the sense. PI. lo, line 2. 
 
 9. In a short or shortened Ch., written across or under 
 the line, nee or nta is added whenever it is required to com- 
 plete the sense : thus, by shortening he and writing it 
 under the line, it becomes /tence. PI. 15, line 3. 
 
 10. As it is sufficient to put the dot for full in the laet 
 hook or ring, so we can put it in the crook of ness for fulr 
 nets, as _^ 
 
 11. If another Cli. is added to the arbitrary ° of, it is bo 
 joined as not to look like a ring Ch., as in some signs, p. 
 113: it is, however, almost as cas\ to write o and /. For 
 speed, we may sometimes write /r for phr, and/ for ph. 
 
 12. When r follows short rv in the after-part of a word 
 ihey make an angle in joining ; but the angle is not neces 
 Bary in beginning a word, as the line shows where they 
 unite ; as, rvrs (7 for rivers. 
 
 13. It is often an object with a Phonographer not to lose 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 68 
 
 even the time required for making a dot ; we therefore 
 omit the dot in k, qu, and u : the e and u should be quite 
 email, bo as not to spread more than half as much as k and 
 qu. The u retains the dot in the signs upon and unto. 
 
 14. 0/ between words can be implied by putting the last 
 close to the first. We may sometimes lap one over the 
 other, as, in the phrase some of titem, the m may stand under 
 the 8. 
 
 15. When the intermediate vowels are dropped, the 
 same consonants will not unfrequently come together and 
 represent different words; but the sense of the passage will 
 enable the reader, with such help, to select the right word, 
 and not only so, but one letter or syllable will often bo suf. 
 ficient to suggest the word ; or he may even altogether 
 omit words in well-known phrases and sentences. It may 
 seem to a novice impossible for any one to make out manu- 
 script written agreeably to all the rules for Reporting, but 
 every art and science seems difficult until practice makes 
 it easy ; and those who adopt the most abbreviated style of 
 Phonography, in time read it with a facility surprising 
 even to adepts in Stenography. 
 
 16. The Terminations have been explained under the 
 head of "Notes on the Terminations;" and observe, that 
 those which in the table have no [ ] brackets, never change 
 their vowels : thus, the Ch. ous, p. 13, No, 34. which stands 
 also for shus, can only be used when the word really ends 
 in ous; as, ^r shus, gracious. 
 
 17. When the table gives no syllabic termination to 
 shorten a word ending in y, that word must be written on 
 the y-line. Rule 10, p. 20. 
 
 18. 5 joined to short thick ted (which now stands for td_ 
 and in the after-part of words for ttd) is always short ; aa 
 in sted for stead, stayed; or sttd '^ for stated, situated; but » 
 must be always long before t in struct and structed. 
 
64 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. S is lon^ in sy, and short in ies, ise ; and all worda 
 with these endings are written on the y-line. 
 
 20. If we write short s and t in words beginning with 
 those consonants, long « and t will signify that the ini- 
 tial vowel a or e is dropped, as, S8 n, for assassin. It is bet- 
 ter, however, not to use the initial short s in words below 
 the line, as it would there interfere with super. 
 
 21. If we drop ngr, etc., p. 13, No. 32, arid put the pre- 
 ceding Ch. under the line, we must recollect that a is not 
 shortened before a termination but when it is the last con- 
 sonant in a word ; therefore, if we write ms under the line 
 for messenger, s will be long, and if we add s for messen- 
 gers, the last s will be short. This is a rule of very wide ap- 
 plication, enabling us to express by one Ch, a large num 
 her of words consisting of many letters ; as anger, danger, 
 ginger, hunger, linger, manger, ranger, singer, vinegar, 
 changer, etc. PI. 15, line 4. 
 
 22. Short rst like rest (p. 13, No. 39) is only the begin- 
 ning of long rest, and is joined in the same way by drawing 
 it towards the left ; as, hrstr ~^ for barrister. 
 
 23. Wlien ness or l>j follows tive, the ness or ly should 
 be joined to the tive. See titely after tongue, p. 116, 
 
 24. Metic or malic may be expressed by putting the 
 character for t so that the middle of it will be even with 
 the end of the preceding character; as /^l rheumatic. 
 
 25. Metical and matical may be expressed by placing the 
 character for ^ as in the former rule; as \^ J dramatical. 
 
INSERTION OF DISCONNECTED VOWELS. 
 
 Those systems which have no connecting vowels, en 
 deavor to supply the want of them by various contrivances 
 of which the simplest, thoujjh not the most helpful to tht 
 reader, is the putting of a dot or comma wherever a vowel 
 or diphthong is required. Others provide a distinct mark 
 for the sound of each vowel ; and, though we have no occa- 
 sion for such a method, we will here give similar marks, 
 which will enable any one to transform our Phonographic 
 notes into a hand very like that which, in Pitman's Pho- 
 nography, is called Tlie Corresponding Style. 
 
 They are not of much value in our system ; still, as the 
 dropping of the middle vowels in the hurry of Reporting 
 will now and then leave a word doubtful, we may at our 
 leisure here and there supply the place of a missing vowel 
 with one of these marks, in notes which are intended to be 
 laid aside for perusal, when perhaps, the subject will have 
 'jeen forgotten. It will be sufficient to write the easier 
 form of each vowel, as in the first line, unless in some rare 
 word we wish to show the exact sound. They are inserted 
 like medial «. See p. 15, Sec. 5. 
 
6t PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \ «}ry little use, we imagine, will be made of these vowel- 
 marks, but tliey will serve as an example of the only man- 
 ner in which the whole vowel notation of some systems is 
 expressed. 
 
 The marks sound like the vowels in the words under 
 them. 
 
 a. e 1 o "U GO oi ou wa a aw 
 Thin _r>io.<jv./ t. s- -r 
 
 hai, bet, bit, bot, "bitl. foot, oi\, out, asswage ah. alL 
 
 a e i o u CO 
 Thick _ <% i O • w 
 
 male meto, milr, mole, mute, fool, 
 
 NoTK. In a doable or syllabic Ch., the dot or mark is pat at th« 
 centre on the left without touching the Ch. A vowel between two 
 Chs. must have its mark at the top of the first Ch. if they are joined at 
 the top, and at the foot if Joined at the foot. When the vowel ie at 
 the head, it is better to put the marks on the left than directly over it. 
 
 In pointinpr, that mark is affixed which best expresses 
 the sound ; as, ^ sought. If two vowels come together^ 
 they are put side by side ; as, \}a defiant. Write "-Tn hitch 
 
 HOW TO READ REPORTING HAND. 
 
 In case of doubt, e or some other vowel is inserted be- 
 tween the consonants, and the syllables are then pronoun- 
 ced distinctly ; thus, for terror, written trr, we read terer; and 
 this, with the sense of the passage, will always, after a little 
 practice, direct us to the right word. 
 
 When a contracted Ch. blends with that before it, the 
 last is the shortened one, and must be read accordingly ; 
 as, ^v^ pi'onounee, /y inaui gents, both of these words 
 being written across the line. See p. 62. R. 9. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. «7 
 
 PHRASE WRITING. 
 
 To prevent loss of time by raising the pencil from the pa- 
 per, the Reporter may unite two, three, or four short words 
 or signs, whenever they will join neatly without running too 
 Ihr away from the line or confusing the reader. In doing 
 this, the last word that is not on line 2, must keep its place ; 
 and if any of them belong on line 2, they can be moved, if 
 necessary, to enable those not on it to preserve their proper 
 position. If all are on the line, they stand just as if they 
 were one word. Thus, the last Ch. in by thy stands on the 
 y-line. In V as they have not, the Chs. stand as if all one 
 word. See foot-note. 
 
 1. Shorten have to have not only afler e, j, o, it. y, that it may 
 not interfere with able. The signs he and / turn either way 
 in phrases, like the half-rings for you and pour. 
 
 2. Drop the in the middle of phrases ; as, in-hst place ; and 
 imply 0/ the between words by overlapping tliem a little, or 
 willing them close together. 
 
 3. A word immediately repeated is expressed by repeating 
 Uie separated termination : as, ^ holy, holy, holy. 
 
 4. In Rule 27, p. 23, if we shorten sub, we read or for and ; 
 as, ^^ more or lens ; ^ Jalher or mother. 
 
 5. May and she seldom lerjuue vowels in phrases ; a?, 
 V>i may have been. 
 
 6. From day to day, from place to place, etc. are briefly ex- 
 pressed by writing the repeated words close together ; as, 
 
 II from tiuie to time. 
 
 7. The short t tor to often begins, but can seldom end a 
 phrase. It can stand for t?uit, and short th for the. 
 
 Note. — Words marked 1 and 3 do not go together, [fat sign be 
 phrased with a first-place word, about one-third of the t sign Btanda 
 below the line ; as very much,'^ ^^f. 
 
 1 
 
TO THE STUDE^^T. 
 
 This Phonography, as has already been stated in our definitions 
 page 1, has for its basis the same characters as the Stenography, and 
 "expresses with the utmost brevity the sound of words, dropping 
 every letter that can be omitted consistently with a due regard to their 
 legibility." If, therefore, it is your desire to master the art of report- 
 ing, your first task will be to make yourself acquainted with the char- 
 acters, and their mode of joining, as set forth in Part I. Having ac- 
 complished this, you will next take up the following exercises, which 
 gradually introduce the methods of contraction and abbreviation (as 
 given under the head of "Rules for Writing Phonography," pages 
 60-64), and furnish every means of insuring the greatest brevity and 
 rapidity. The exercises are inductive, and you will discover very 
 little difierencc between the advanced Corresponding and the primary 
 Reporting examples given in Plates 12-14. The key-pages have been 
 printed in such a way as to enable yon to see, at a glance, exactly what 
 characters are used in each word. It will be an easy matter to apply 
 the same principles in parallel cases. Immediately after these exercises, 
 an Alphabetical List of our Signs is given. (Sec page 101, No. 2.) The 
 analysis of them will be found both interesting and profitable after you 
 have mastered the few pages that follow this. Many persons learn the 
 signs without regarding the elements composing them. This is a 
 great mistake. By turning to the Introduction to and the "Notes on 
 the Signs " you will find a number of valuable suggestions as to the 
 manner of their formation and the best mode of learning them. Pay 
 close attention to these hints, and more than half the time and labor 
 you would otherwise spend will be saved. 
 
The following Rules are supplementary to those given iilreacy. 
 
 1. Onpage 13,No.4l,adiJ «07nel,*u7»« 1, ismi, &ud scribe. 
 The intention of this iu!e is to add «?/i by writing the word on 
 the "1," ory, line, but only those «7«"iJtha: are here mentioned. 
 
 2. In No. 2, page 24, and in last line but one of p. 61, read 
 k, qu, he, for " k, qu, ch," and at page U2, line 5, for " ch," 
 read A. 
 
 3. At p. 23, let the last two lines of Ko. 18 read, " —little 
 above the preceding character if an upstroke ; or before the 
 centre of a down-stroke." See duubtfui and wonderful in the 
 '■ SSigns." 
 
 4. Page 30, No. 45, read "/cr or t/jfr is," etc. If implied by 
 shortening a ring letter, we need not move any long Ch. in 
 phrasing ter oxlhtr. See " Signs," / received your letter and 
 writer, illustrating this rule. 
 
 5. Page 64, No. 2 1 , add these words — drop also ndr 3, nkr 3. 
 Signs : wonder, banker. 
 
 At the foot of page 64, add these three rules : 
 
 26. A short perpendicular up-stroke on the end of a Ch, adds 
 sxdt or sH, as consult ; except the sign result t . 
 
 27. To imply nk cross the line, as think t, and drink t. 
 
 28. When a past particle comes after any part of the verb be 
 or hate., ihe context will generally make it plain enough with- 
 out the last letter, as I have bc{n), I hate give(n). 
 
 6. At page 67,'for the second line of No. 2, read " imply the 
 and of the, between words by writing them close together, or 
 
 joining them, as someoftliem. 
 
 7. At the end of No. 3, p. 67, add " or put a very short r 
 close to it ;'* as higher and higher, more and more. 
 
 At the top of p. 63, put the following rule : 
 
 8. When the next word follows a ring-letter, it is best, if it 
 can be done as quickly, to join it at the point where the ring 
 first touches the stem, for this shows the reader where he is to 
 divide the phrase ; as my time. 
 
 9. D»y, had, and would, are expressed by adding d to the 
 preceding word in the shortest way. [See rule 28, above.] 
 
 10. After figures omit dollars, feed, years, put;> for pounds, 
 w for weeks. Use the termination tnlion for mention, as / men- 
 tion ; tilinn for attention, as my attention ; ction for occasion, as 
 this occasion. The ring of tf /acA may be omitted when it is 
 phrased with tr, wl, or sh, cs which we, which will, which she 
 will; I is sufl&eient for will in phrasing, us I'l be, {I will be.) 
 
 The italic words illustrating the rules will be found among 
 the " Signs" in the shorthand pages. 
 
 1 
 
EXEECISES 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; 
 
 THE REPOBTING STYLE. 
 
 1 
 
70 PLATE IJ 
 
 Note.— This exorcise, for the most part, illustrates the first five 
 rules commenciug on page CO. 
 
 1.. TliezT names were icritten on tablets far more d'^rable 
 tliaa brass and marble. 
 
 8. Empire, emperor, tarry, bearer, basm, cawsms, class, 
 close, closed, dearer, foretell or ferttie, suffer, stated. (See 
 page 60, R. 1.) 
 
 3. Situate, spot, safe, send, sir, gam, guide, game, jug, 
 bees, formal, enters, compete. 
 
 4. Impwte, dis trac ted, dwsted, lasted, latitude, late, com- 
 mitted, competed, amputate, amp?itated, strive, strew, stern, 
 sin or sine, drug. 
 
 5. Lean, object, singled, mingled, minds, Imfs, passes, 
 possesses, potters, leggo-type. 
 
 6. Stamps, settle, sell, pines, pest, misses, Moses, pepper, 
 proper, pot, potted. g«n, shot. 
 
 7. Shelter, shell, b?<rned, subdue, subterfuge, submis- 
 sively, gained, spend, smell, tritd. 
 
 8. Stirred, sturdy, steady, steed, straigr/it, or str«it, com- 
 press, repress, distress, pl-o-t, fires, dresses, lighted. 
 
 9. 8i/2)erfino, coiwi^ermand, timbrage, embryo, lamp-ligrAter, 
 tempter, fright, free, natural, naturalist, supernatural, snail. 
 
 10. Set, support, spiral, takes, disswade, subdue, suborn, 
 submissive, subtended, seize, males, females, dented. 
 
 11. Situate, steed, settle, sell, spare, spares (see page 61, 
 line 14), spared, spiritual, spiritualist, smite, summer, 
 demur, demurred, defer, defied. 
 
 12. (See page 61, R. 7, No. 2.) Interred, varied, pride, 
 tarred, cried, dned, short, mart, smart, smeared, salaried, 
 sobered, subdw^d, comprised, disease, seedy. 
 
 18. Trod, broad, marred, hypocrisy, abode, encountered, 
 scoundrel, tedious, tread-mill, adequate, inadequate. 
 
 14. Addition, universal, traced, embraced, dust, distance, 
 fountain, fountains, fownd, fondle, foundation, trad-^iow. 
 
 15. Morning, evening (see page 29, line 6), restitution, 
 station, situation, destination, determination, illumination 
 (see Rule 4, page 31), examination, irritation, ordination, 
 
 SUBJECTION. 
 
PLATE 11. 
 
 1 
 
 5. >^ :) >^ v"^ v-v <K -v^ >^ ^ M^ 
 
 8. 1 "^ -» 4 1 ^ ^Y? \^^' r / V^^ 
 11 1^ J ^,^^ ^ J ^ 'V YN^V-V^ 
 
 12 r ^ ^ 1 c \ y \ -i ^ a //^ 0^/* / 
 
 15 V X- / A. a\A \\ V ''y 5- ^- -N / 
 
^2 PLATE 12. 
 
 Note.— The words printed in italics, with a hyphen between them, 
 are phrased. 
 
 St. John's Gospel, Chap. X, /-/<?. 
 
 Verily, verily (sec page 67, Rule 3), I-say-unto-you, he 
 that enter th not by the door into the sheepfold, but climb- 
 eth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber 
 But he that entereth in by the door, is the shepherd of the 
 sheep. (See page 63, Rule 14) To him the porter (see 
 page 62, line 1) openeth ; and the sheep hear his voice : and 
 he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. 
 And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before 
 them, and the sheep follow him : for they know his voico. 
 And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him : 
 for they KNOW not the voice of strangers. This paraWe 
 spake Jesus unto them : but they understood not what 
 things they were which he spake unto them. Then said 
 Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto-you, I-am 
 the door of the sheep. All-tliat ever came before me are 
 thieves and robbers: but the sheep did-not hear them. 
 I-am the door : by me if any man enter in, he-shall^ 
 saved, and shall go in-and-out (see page 23, Rule 27), and 
 shall find past«r«. The thief cometh not, but for to steal, 
 and to kill, and to destroy. 
 
PLATE 12. 
 
 ■> 
 
 1. V. 
 
 2_ C -i -^ ^ ^ L -^ /_ L/". _ ^-^ , 1 ^ I 
 
 4. ^ ^ / v^ ; . 
 
 5. ■< ^^ ^^ ^/ ^V '^ -/^ 
 
 6. 1/ "V- ^ v^. \ : 1 L /^ -^v L 
 
 7. ^^^^ 'S. v^ ^ X L^/_ s^ \ ..V. _, 
 
 — O JJ ^ 
 
 10 ir C / 1 /= . ] 
 
 
 
7^ PLATE 13. 
 
 / Corinthians, Chap. XIIIj /~9. 
 
 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, 
 and have not chanty, Lam become as sowiding (by putting 
 ing above the s, and thickening it, we have nding — see 
 page 28, Rule 22, and note on page 30) brass, or a tinkling 
 cymbal. And though I-hatc the gift of prophecy, and 
 understand all mystcms, and all knowledge ; and though 
 I-have all faith, so-that I-could remove mountains, and have 
 not charity, I-am nothing. And though-I bestow all my 
 goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to-be 
 burned, and have not charity, it PROFlxeth me nothing. 
 Charity suffereth long, and is kind ; charity envieth not ; 
 charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, doth not be- 
 have itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily pro- 
 voked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but re- 
 • joiceth in the truth, beareth all things, believeth all things, 
 noPeth all things, endtjreth all things. Charity never 
 faileth : but whether there be prophecies, tliey-shaXl fail ; 
 whether there be tongues, theysIiaU cease ; whether there 
 be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, 
 and we prophesy in part. 
 
PLATE 13. 
 
 1. t 
 
 ^ ^ I ^ V . ^ . _ 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^^^ S 
 
 4> /-n J . /. 
 
 _ / 
 
 /.. 
 
 sV/T^-X^ Z"^- 
 
 
 
 6. /^ ^/ ^^ ^ 
 
 vU>"^ 
 
 / 
 
 7. 1 
 
 J 
 
 > 
 
 y 
 
 "^ r A. -.'x ^ ^r^^ y ci 
 
 >^ 
 
 9. "Z. 
 
 "V 
 
 Z' ^ (J~^ -> "^ . ^ a * 
 
 1 
 
^« PLATE 14. 
 
 Note.— Observe particularly in tMs exerciBe, the mode of implying 
 of (see Rule 14, page 63), ther^ nee. 
 
 1-6. On the lOth of June, 1871, a bronze statue, which-Jiad 
 been placed in Central Park, in HO^•OR of Professor Morse, 
 the inventor of the electric telegraph, was unvgtled bv 
 the Governor of Massachusetts, i?i-the-pr€sence-of Motbo 
 himself and several thousand spectators. The Governor of 
 New York began the appropriate (a-prp rt) addresses whieh- 
 were delivered on the occasion; and Morse received from 
 all QUARTERS coNGRATUiiATiONS by the telegraph, which-is 
 now the means of instantaneous communication with people 
 throughout4?ie-world. 
 
 7. The love of money is the root of all evil. Take heed 
 and beware of cowetousness. 
 
 8. The imbelieving Jews stirred up the people, and m£ide 
 their minds evil-affected towards the brethren. 
 
 9. (See page 30, Rule 45.) Northern and southern he.mi- 
 spheres. Do this in remembrance of Me. 
 
 10. 'Recommendation, shelled, dazzle, empty, ministers, 
 ministry, accent, infant, fountain, finance, inform. 
 
 11. Varieties, plenty, city, definite, shortest, circulation, 
 ca^cwZation, acquit, acquittance (see page 62, Rule 9), de- 
 liverance, lame. 
 
 12. Almost, free-wUl, fore-knowledge, busy, boys, babies, 
 babes, dressed, transitory, Switzerland. 
 
PLATE 14. 
 
 1 -J Z_ -N..-^ 1 ^ 
 
 11^ 
 
 ^ ' V y^_ 6. T, -. . i 
 
 1. ^, 
 
 
 / 
 
78 PLATE 15. 
 
 1. (See Rule 7, page 61.) Fed, 7d, led, made, ncd, jtaid, 
 Bend, sold, nettled, told, repaid. 
 
 2. (See Rule 8, page 62.) Bent, cent, dent, gent, lent, 
 ment, rent, sent, tent, vent, went, mountain, iountain, client, 
 amo«nt, evident. 
 
 3. (See Rule 9, page 63.) Gents, hence, fence, sense, tense, 
 mince, pence, dense, clients, amounts, defendants, defence, 
 complaints, relents, pretence- 
 
 4. (See Rule 21, page 64.) Anger, mangier, linger, han- 
 ger, ranger, ginger, messenger, finger, danger, singer, chan- 
 ger, avenger, wringer. 
 
 5. Division, ipo sition, diSttidon, de ciraon (see ston, 
 i-SHUN, TTION, and c-SHUN terminationg), contr o vert, 
 affected, ind «b pens able, in comp lete, df comp ose, a-comm o- 
 doted. 
 
 6. Inter dvmg0, i RRKCONClL^Me, re combined, self 
 re sped, self isk, uncomp ared, uncombined, imdis mayed. 
 
 7. Clffimawfe, incumbent, recumbew^, conJMnciio?i, in- 
 terval, inconvenient, inconceivable, postpone. 
 
 8. Spirituality, sens-ation, endanger, dangerous, ex- 
 iFCtion, convocation, revelafio«, re vol wf ion, counter eiign. 
 
 9. Drive, pttnishments, assignments, seafaring gpecw- 
 1 ate, financial, railroad, opposite, arrangement, -pro- 
 iraeted (see page 31, Rule 49). 
 
 10. Supplied, involve, notifi ea^iore, perprtwal, pres-crip- 
 tive, preservation, trans parent, timidity, \i €ious7iess. 
 
 11. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 
 Friday, Saturday, to-day, to-morrow, yksterday. 
 
1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 PLATE 15. 
 
 \ > V 
 
 ^ r^ 
 
 (o 
 
 
 > 
 
 9. V >/ / 
 
 ■5 °~A^ r\^. /Oo 
 
 12 
 
 -^ ^ 
 
 13 "^ 
 
 14 -1_ 
 15 
 
 / 
 
 e G ;:^ ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 20/7 c 
 
 Vv 
 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 1 
 
80 TLATE 15. 
 
 12. January, February, March, April, May, June, July, 
 August, Soptember. 
 
 13. October, November, December, spring, summer, 
 autumn, winter, days, weeks. 
 
 14. Attach ments, attai-nments, concett, council, counsel, 
 already, aaaociation, obvious, prop-e-rt-y, a-pprop-riate. 
 
 15. Envious, serious, plaster, blister, Chester, (see pageSl, 
 Rule 52), cluster, priest, trust, thrust, crust, trustees. 
 
 16. Unbe arable, porter, afraid, deception, moderation, 
 formation, Teformation, renoYcitioyi, diaaolution. 
 
 17. Couster nation, exter mination, stimul ation, estima- 
 tion, meditation, exwltation, population, alteration, retain- 
 ed, spending, tending. 
 
 18. (See Prefixes, page 23.) Transport, transact, trans- 
 mit, transformation, circum volution, circum vention, extra- 
 dition, exposition, explication, contraction, refection. 
 
 19. Dignity, diction, decision, remonstrances, factions, 
 superintendents, associated, reporting. 
 
 20. Interfere, custom-house, plaintiff, confident, consum- 
 mation, mercantile, incidental, failure, preferable. 
 
 Write the following according to the principles illus- 
 trated above : 
 
 Fatality. Mberation, protracted, prov-sion, disrespect, 
 inter-mixed, edification, achievement, intending, appre- 
 hend, trans-late, tren-t-able, con for mation, exactness (x-ct- 
 ness), exer-tion. memor-able, conste-11-ation, engagement, 
 enjoy ment, eqwitable, expeditious, derangement, symp- 
 tom, administer, vivacious. s?/rvive, vaunting, likeness, 
 indign ation, abandon, simwl ation, employ ment, cordiality, 
 feebleness, heaviness, wakeful, wafchful, incision, ex- 
 cision, pre cision, bi-section. 
 
PLATE IG 81 
 
 The Tiights of J/hrw.— Blackstonk 
 
 The absolute rights of man, considered as-a free agent 
 (see page 62, Rule 8), endowed with discernment (see Note, 
 page 30) to know good from evil, and yA-Ca. power of choos- 
 ing those measures which appear to him to^e most desir- 
 able, are usually summed up in one general appellation, 
 and denominated (d-n-mnt-d) the natural liberty of man- 
 kind. This natural liberty consists (const-s) properly in-a 
 power of a-ct-ing as one thinks fit without any rest-ramt 
 (see page 62, Rule 8) or contr-o-1 imless hy-the law of na- 
 ture, being a right in-he-rent in-us by-birth, and one of the 
 gifts of God to-man at his creation, ichenJie endued him 
 with the faculty (see imge 29, Rule 28) of free-will. But 
 every-man when-he enters into society, gives up a part of 
 his natural liberty as-the price of so valuable purcliase, and 
 in-eonsideraiion-of receiving the advantages of mutual 
 commerce, obliges (when words commence obl it is suffi- 
 cient to write bl) himself to conform to-those laws wJdeli-the 
 commimity has thought proper to establish. And this 
 spec-ies (see page 64, Rule 19) of legal obedience (ob-d-ence) 
 and conformity is in-finite ly more desirable than-that wild 
 and savage liberty which-is sacrificed to obtain it. For 
 no man that considers a moment would-wish to-retain the 
 absolute and uncontr-o-lled power of doing whatever h« 
 
 1 
 
PLATE 16. 
 
 i/^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 /^ ^ / I ^ /\^ 
 
 <s— 
 
 /^. L 
 
 "v^"^-^— •'_^l^^(f'^/i,7r 
 
 
PLATE 16. '83 
 
 pleases, the consequence of ichich-is that every-other-man 
 would also have the same power, and then t/iere-would-be 
 (thrd he) no security (s-crt-y) to any individuals in any of 
 the enjoyments of life. Civil liberty, therefore, whichia 
 that of a member of society, is no-other ihOin natural liberty, 
 80-far restrained by human laws aa-is-necessary and ex- 
 pedient for the general advantage of the public. Hence W6- 
 may conclude that-the law which restrains a-man from doing 
 mischief to-Ms fellow-citizens (ct s n s), thougJi-it dtminjshes 
 the natural, increases the civil liberty of mankind; but 
 that those which constrain ovir conduct in-mattera of in- 
 difference, without any good end in-view, are rcgulationa 
 destructive of liberty and a species of tyranny. 
 
 Exercise on some of the most common words. 
 No man is prosperous (pr spr ous) whose immortality is 
 forfeited, and none are rich to whom the grave br-ings 
 eternal bankruptcy. No man is happy upon whose path 
 there rests but a momentary glimmer of light shining out 
 between clouds tluit-are closing over him in-darkness for- 
 evermore. There-cun-he no barrenness in full summer. 
 The verj' sand will yield something. Rocks will have 
 mosses, and every rift will have its flower, and every 
 crevice a leaf. And so when the soul knows its summer, 
 love redeems its weakness, clothes its barrenness, enriches 
 its poverty, and makes its very desert bloom and blossom 
 OR thf> rose. 
 
 1 
 
PLATE 17. 
 
 I I D O f 
 
 V z' J I 
 
 •>. 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ - J? ^^ . /^ L/~ \ ^^ I 
 
 /. / 
 
 
 \ ^ /"^ 
 
 z_ 
 
 
PLATE 17 85 
 
 T?ie Objects of Z^arw'.— Blackstoije. 
 
 One of the first objects of all law is to-mete out justice ; 
 another is to-make justice pursue quickly on-the heels of 
 wrong ; for justice delayed often fialls short of preserving 
 the rights of the injured party, especially in business trans- 
 actions. Therefore, when-a law is found to be so faulty 
 that-d wrong-doer may for a long time, by tricks, avert 
 or avoid justice, itshould^e so remodeled as-to ix-rmit 
 oflBccrs of the law, whose duty it-is to-see justice done, to- 
 prevent such unreasonable delay. The next object of law 
 is, in all cases, to ascertain truth. To-do this in judicial 
 (j-d-cl) investigations it-has for a long time been admitted 
 by jurists and statesmen of all civilized countries, that wit- 
 nesses .fhould-be subject, in-their examinations relative to 
 transactions within their knowledge, to examination and 
 cross-examination by and in-presence-of both i^rties to-t/ie 
 dispute. In-this way the condition and knowledge of wit- 
 nesses are best sifted. Another object of law is that such 
 rules in-the government of trials may-he adopted as will 
 admit both parties to4he same privileges, so-that none may 
 complain of the course that-is pursued with all. If men 
 were to-live in a state of nature, disconnected with all 
 other individuals, each living separately by himself, thcre- 
 vould-be no occasion for any other laws than these of 
 nature and God. But man was formed for societv, and is 
 
 1 
 
86 PLATE 17. 
 
 neither able to-live alone, nor indeed has he courage to-do 
 it. And as-it-is impossible for the whole race to form one 
 great society, they-must necessarily divide and form separ- 
 ate states and nations. Hence we-liam a third kind of law 
 to regulate their mutual intercoui'se — the law of nations — 
 which depends upon agreements and treaties and com- 
 pacts between these several states and nations. Owing to- 
 tJie several interests of the different parties to-these agree- 
 ments, much diflBculty is encountered in forming such laws 
 OS-will bear the test of time. 
 
 Note.— The following is an exercise on the signs, and each word 
 used therein will have its representative characters given in the tahlcs 
 at the end of the book : 
 
 The particular paragraph in the pamphlet for which 
 pecuniary consideration was to be given was much ob- 
 jected to by the very person whose opinion was said to be 
 most j udicious. The executor and executrix were not able 
 to give a satisfactory explanation before the justice of the 
 irregularity in the accounts of the different jihysieians. 
 Our correspondent could not cultivate the acquaintance of 
 the several members of the committee, because a resolution 
 had been adopted which discharged all from oiEcc who 
 should be observed in company with him. Notwithstand- 
 ing the extraordinary influence of a certain politician, the 
 secretary of the exchequer, in accordance with an order of 
 his honor the judge, discharged the defendant, against 
 wliom nothing had been established. 
 
PLATE ]8. 87 
 
 Note. — A few of the words in the following exercise are here out- 
 lined: 
 
 E-d-cation, h-i&t, imprt-ance, n-ther, ad-v-ce, c-mndation, 
 d prt ment, c-vl-sed, &-cty, ind s pus-able, a tracted, t ntion, 
 p rents, vrt u, us fully, bl-g-tions, pr spr ty, in (net/, a qrd 
 V r sions, fl ence, a ctions, d &ce, d vr s fd, iu d ted, fs cl, 
 in V gr ation, d r ection, dct ts, grt f cation, e mtions, 
 pr fl gey, c pld, v 1st, at rcties. 
 
 £^dueation, 
 
 (See Next Page.) 
 
 "Education being unitersally acknowledged of the 
 highest importance, requires neither advocacy nor com- 
 mendation. In-ecery department of civilized society, in nil 
 the social relations of life, it-is coksidebed indispensable, 
 and has therefore in-all ages attracted the attention of 
 parents, sages, phiixjsophers, and even of legislators. 
 To-instil into the mind a sense of virtue and religion, to 
 discharge usefully and honorably the duties zoe-owe to-our- 
 selves and tothe-public, to-cnliivate the understanding and 
 to-diffuse the light of knowledge, ure-not individual but 
 general interests, since on the discharge of those important 
 obligations depend in-Orgreat-mensure peace, pleasure, and 
 prosperity here, and eternal happiness hereafter. The wis« 
 man Jiaa-said, Train-up a child in-the-way Jie-ahaU-go, and 
 
►^ 
 
 PLATE 18. 
 
 \w '^, \^ T. c ^ /'''^^^ ^ "^ r^ r. 
 
 a^ . zi. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -7" 
 
 '^^ i^V ^^■- v-. \'f/^Vc 
 
 
 
 ^ "VV 
 
 <^ 
 
 _^ 
 
 
PLATE 18. 89 
 
 mhen-he-is old Jie-inll-not depart from it — an advice that 
 contains more-wisdom than-columes of modem ethics. In 
 infancy are acquired desires, aversions and passions, which 
 ever after influence our-actions, clinging to-us througMife 
 even in defiance of our judgment, forming as-it were-a-part 
 of our nature, and often giving to-reason itself an improper 
 bias. Nature, it-is-trite, haa-greatly diversified human 
 character, but in-that-respect the influence of education has 
 been more powerful. To-t/te-Jirst ice-are indebted for our 
 physical and intellectual powers ; to the other we-owe 
 their development, invigoration, and direction. Man, un- 
 tutored, ranks in the scale of animated nature but-little 
 above the irrational (see page 30, No. 2) beings by-which-he- 
 is surrounded. Actuated by the cravings of want, the influ- 
 ence of unrestrained passion, the dictates of unreflecting 
 ignorance, or the gratification of a grovelling and selfish 
 feeling, he acts by instinct rather than by reason. Dis- 
 daining all-lav, disobejing all control, iminflueuced by 
 emotions of religion, vice is often mistaken for virtue, the 
 carnal appetites are indulged, and the too frequent conse- 
 quences are abandoned profligacy coupled with the vilest 
 atrocities." 
 
 Onr-FatTier who-art in-heaven, hallowed he4hy-name . Thy 
 kingdom-come. Thy-wUl-be-done on-earth, as-it-is in-heaven. 
 Oive-vs thia-day our daily bread. And forgive us ovir debts, 
 as-ice-forgive our-debtors. And lead-usnot into-tetnptation ; 
 but-delixier-ua from-cvU. 
 
90 PLATE 19. 
 
 The JVature of Tfue Eloquence. 
 
 "When PUBLIC bodies are to be addressed on momentous 
 (mm-nt-ous) occasions, when great interests are at stake, 
 and strong passions exerted, nothing is VALuaWe in speech 
 further than it-is connected with high intellectual and 
 moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnestness 
 (r-nst-ness) are the c^idities which produce conviction.. 
 True eloquence, indeed, does-not consist in speech. It can- 
 not-be brought from far. Labor and LEARNt/15' may toil for 
 it, hut-they-icill toil in-vaiii. Words and phrases mau-be 
 marshaled in every way, but-they cannot compass it. It- 
 mus-t exist in-the-man, in-the-siibject, and in-the-occasion. 
 Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of declama- 
 tion, all may aspire after it ; they cannot reach it. It 
 comes, if-it comes at-aU, like the outbreaking of a fountain 
 from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires with 
 ORIGINAL, native force. The graces taught in the schools, 
 the costly ornaments and the contrivances {contr-v-ence-s) of 
 speech, shock and disgust men, when their-own lives, and 
 the fate of their wives, their children, and their country, 
 hang on the decision of the hour. Then words have lost 
 their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory con- 
 temptible. Even genius itself then feels rebuked, as in-tlie- 
 presence-of higher qualities. Then patnotj'sm is eloquence ; 
 then self-devotion is eloquence. The clear conception, out- 
 running the deductions of logic, the high purpose, the firm 
 resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking hy-the tongue, beam- 
 ing /?'0TO-^/i<3 eye, informing every feature, and urging the 
 whole man onward to his object — this, this is eloquence ; 
 or rather it-is something greater and higher than all elo> 
 quence : it-ia action — noble, sublime, God-like action." 
 
 By Dakiel Websteb. 
 
PLATE 19. 
 
 ^ / _, J . vg \v + Cx^ A. r^ 
 
 d K _ >» 7 ^ ^ L "^./Ibt >^ ~ 
 
 ^ A X.\ I yX \ ( ^ L G ^ . 
 
 , -^. M x^ /-. ^. -/v-.^ 
 
93 PLATE 20. 
 
 Short-Hand. 
 
 " The art of sliort-liand writing is one which-has engaged 
 the attention of educated and practical men from a very 
 early period of the svorld's history (see page 32, Rule 52). 
 Language is the glorious attribute of man — the right-arm 
 of human intellect and human power. It consists of two 
 parts — spoken and written ; and the latter is but the off- 
 shoot of the former. WhateKer-may-Jiave^een the origin 
 of language — whether it sprang out-of-the inventions of 
 man or the conventions of society, or whether it origin- 
 ated directlv in-the inspirations of di\'inity — is a question 
 that has-been much discussed by some of the ablest scholars 
 of EuEOPE and Amrrica. The faculty of speech exists, 
 and has existed, tlirough-all-the-ages of man ; and the ne- 
 cessity of writing, for the purpose of recording liistorical 
 facts, communicating with the absent or the distant, and 
 gi\nng permanence to-tltougM, mvst-have made itself 
 strongly felt in-the-minds of the earliest races. The fii-st 
 form of writing appears to-7iavc-been the simple pictorial 
 which, by natural and easy J)TiYm.OFment8, has issued in 
 the various forms that l.ave sprung up among the different 
 nations of the earth. The art of short-hand writing is but 
 a natural outgrowth from the abbreviated style in-tise 
 amon'? the ancients — a nKxr.i.O'^'mfnt of the natural tend- 
 
PLATE 20. 
 
 V. I' 
 
 
 
 c, S 
 
 r-y 
 
 \^ V 
 
 
 1 
 
94 PLATE 20. 
 
 ency in the hmnaa mind to simple ft'cation and abridgment, 
 BO as-to save time and abolish, labor and toil as-much-as 
 possible. It-is capable of imparting so many advantages 
 to-persons in-almost every situation of life, and is of such 
 extensive utility to-society, that-it-is justly a matter of sur- 
 prise tkat4trJias-not attracted a greater share of attention 
 and been more-generally practiced. The faciuty it 
 affords to the acquisition of language ougM-to render it an 
 indispensable branch in-the education of youth. The ac- 
 quirement of the art tends greatly to improve the student 
 in-the-principl^ of grammar and composition. While 
 tracing the various forms of expression hy-icliich the same 
 sentiments can-be conveyed, and while endeavoring to 
 represent, by modes of contraction, tlie dependence of one 
 word njpon another, JieM insensibly initiated in the science 
 of universal language, and particularly in the knowledge 
 of his native tongue. By4his means many ideas which 
 daily strike us, and which otherwise toould-be lost forever, 
 may-be preserved." 
 
 NoTB. — ^Write the following words by implying nt and nis or nee, 
 according to Rules 8 and 9, page 62 : 
 
 Chant, flint, regent, pedant, potent, silence, enhance, ex- 
 panse, romance. pranc«, eloquence, residence, conveyance, 
 indulgence, accidents, emigrants, patients, presents, cre- 
 dence, claimants, audience, nuisance, remnant, descendant, 
 occupant, prevalent, distant, talent, constant, event. 
 
PLATE 21. 93 
 
 NoTB.— Rirases are of the greatest aeeistonce to the report, r. A 
 careful examination of the examples given will put the Btnder.t iu 
 possession of the principle upon which they are formed, and eoable 
 him to phrase as much as he pleases. 
 
 1. I-have, I-have-not, I-can, I-cannot, I-do, I-do-not, I- 
 couJd, I-could-not. 
 
 2. To-be, to-have, to-have-been, it-ie, it-is-not, to-it, tc- 
 them, to-do, in-the. 
 
 3. I-aui, I-am-not, I sball-bc-ablc, I-sliall-not, I-shall-be, 
 I-sball-not-be, I-pball-be-ablcs-to-do, I-sball-not-be-able-to-do, 
 
 I-fibould, I-sbould-bc. 
 
 4 I-will, you-will, he-will, tbey-will. it-will, it-wiU-be, it- 
 will-not-be, we-will, we-will-not, as-it-is, as-much-as. 
 
 5. Ought-to-have-been, ought to-be, he -that, that -he, 
 that-you. that-tbe, tbat-they, that-they-may, that-it-is, that- 
 there-are, I-must. 
 
 6. I-mnst-bave, all-that-ig, so-that-it, I-think, I-think-it-is, 
 that-you-have-not, as if, if-you, which-have-had. 
 
 7. Can-be, cannot-be, do-yoa, if-we-are-to-be, if-it-were- 
 neccsson', it-is-necessary, when I-wa«, I-hope-to-be, you- 
 will-observe. 
 
 8. I-have-received, you-mayas-well, you-will-find, as-I- 
 have-said, it-must-be, if-it-had, if-it-did. was-not-to-be. 
 
96 PLATE 21. 
 
 9. Whicli--S, might-be, might-have-been, was-never, 
 whicli-we, in-the-presence, let-it-be, although-it-is, in-lhat- 
 respect, in tbe-last-placo, in-the-first-place, ladies-and-gen- 
 tlemen (see page 23, No. 27). 
 
 10. Male-and-femalc, brother-and-sister, above-and-below, 
 meu-women-aud-childreE , as-near-as-I-can, in-order, on-the- 
 contrary, as-thej-ha've, great-as-it-is. 
 
 11. As-good-as, at-least, by-the-way, as-they-do, how- 
 could-you, in-my-opinion, what-is-your-opinion, in-haste, 
 former-occasion, how-it. 
 
 12. For-instauce, far-be-it, it-is-your-daty, no-communi- 
 cation, at-once, to-you, although-it-may-appear, whatever- 
 have-been, 80-as-to. 
 
 13. In-reference, as-long-as, but-is not-able, if-it-should-be, 
 as-woU-as, let- there-be, as-tliere-wiil-be, to-have-done, I- 
 should-think, think-you. 
 
 14. Whatever-may-have-been, my-friend, my dear-sir; 
 nobody-can-be, which-has been-fonnd, where-it-would-be; 
 if-po8sible, with-you. 
 
 15. What-is-his-name, would-not, would-not-be, very-well, 
 no-other, as-regards, then-I-am, who-is-not, day-to-day, 
 timc-to-time. 
 
 16. It-^-ill-not-do, if-it-will, as-much, which-y on -ought- 
 to-have, where-do-you-reside, shaU-I-be-told, I-call-upon- 
 ycu. 
 
2. S - 
 3. 
 
 PLATE 21- 
 
 0.. / -^ ^ cy^ <^ ^ L '^^^-^ f/7 ^ ^^ j/ 
 
 ^^^^^^ ^^/ -U^ ^^ L 
 14 v^ Y- V- \i^ ^^"^^ ^ 
 
 ii<~ 7 
 
 L 
 
 •^ 6^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -X- 
 
 1 
 
98 EXERCISES. 
 
 Note.— Write the following words with the Alphabetic Characters 
 which represent them (see page 10, column 1) : 
 
 I have not had time to begin. My own opinion is. Ilis 
 regard for us. I expect to have time to take. Lord, have 
 mercy upon them. With what prophet. Individual liappi- 
 ness. He had done. I endeavor to begin. With what 
 zeal I endeavor to give. Come, have a regard for his in- 
 terest. Give him half you have. He is certain to come. 
 His mercy be upon you. I expect to give him happiness. 
 You have been very kind to us. 
 
 Note. — Write the following words, using the Double and Syllabic 
 characters (pages 10 and 11 ; see also page CO, No. 1) : 
 
 D-amp, CT-amp, tr-amp, s-amp-\e, d-angle, m-angle, ent- 
 angle, vn-angle, ft^ade, &^oom, W-under, hl-\ss, (\Q-cent, coih- 
 cent, TQii-cent, j&-cent, cre-s-cent, c7i-ip, ch-at, ch-eer, ch-&ae, 
 lai-eh, m&T-ch, ench, par-cA, c^ass, cZ-amor, c^ver, cl-og, 
 cZ-aim, coin-\c, comm-and, eomm-on, comm-vAe, comb-vae, 
 comb-at, comb-ing, comp ass, comport, comp-lex, comp-Tee», 
 con-dude, con-cur, con-9o\e, con-i&ct, con-voke, counter-\i&ri, 
 counter-^iae, en-counter, counter-mnMd, a-ct (ct), fa-c^ de- 
 je-ct, eSe-et, con-duct (dct), in-duct, pre-dict, vi&-duet, aided, 
 for-ded, tm-ded, dis-ra&y, des-ire, des-Y&ir, discard, dis-dain, 
 dis-cern, dis-mal, del-ay, del-ude, i-dle, &-ddle, e?np-ire, emp- 
 loy, cmph-as-iB, c«-list, en-roll, en-join, enough, en-t-angle, 
 Engl-and, enter-'prise, entr-ai), entr-eat, fl-aw, _^ight, _/?- utter, 
 ^-avor, de-fine (fn), re-fine, con-fine, fin-iah, fondle, fr-ei, 
 /r-ight, /r-ank, fr-esh, ful-ness, cup-full, arm-ful, pl&y-ful, 
 Bi-gn, forei-gn, en-si-gn, gent-le, indi-.^^n^, gr-and, gr-ave, 
 gr-ief, .^r-im, gr-ow, grr-ip. 
 
EXERCISES. 99 
 
 Heorl, imp-ly, irnp-lore, imp-ress, tH-gulf, t?j.stil, tn-sult, 
 inter-poae, inter-fere, inter-vene, keen, kn-ai\i-s/i, kn-e-w, 
 malsidy, mal-efact-oi, dis-mal, fe-male, metu-o'ir, mcmoTy, 
 negl-ect, shingle, s-ingle, ob-yerae, ob-lige, 06-trude, 06-tain, 
 ]-ook, h-ook, sh-ook, opp-ose, opp-ugrt, cr-op, sh-op, \-on-A, 
 pi av, plough, pl-^Vi, ^-uuder, plunge, pul-^vi, pull-et, re- 
 pulse, p-op-ul-a.ce{p]A), reconstruct, recon-cile, reM-ore, rest- 
 rain, rest-rict, ramp-ant, i-ramp, c-rimp, sh-rimp, j)-rove (rv). 
 at-rive, c-rave, sh-&de, sh-ape, sh-oot, sh-\ne, simp-\e, symp- 
 tom, sympsa-thy, inspect, spect-re, spec-imen, con-sump-tion, 
 a-s»ump-tion, cour-ses, p&r-ses, st-ern, st-ock, sNand, instead, 
 ■w&sted, obstruct, sub-m'n, sub-due, sub-Vime (Im), super-fine 
 (fn), super-^cm\ (f-cl), super-^mtY (flty), ma-ted, hea-tcd, 
 th-eir, path, -wra-th, tw-\st. st^w, a-ttempt, con-tempt, d-ump, 
 p-ump, c-icU, rsk-vel, wh-im, wh-ii\, d-weU (wl) a-well. 
 
 On the Terminations. 
 
 (Pages 12, 13.) 
 
 F-able, en-ables, dou-bly, dis-abled, li-abilitj, oomp-a-t- 
 ibility, t-aught, c-aught, d-aught-er, re-cession, po-sition, 
 (j-shun), decision, con-cessions, rej-ection, el-ection, 
 o-ccasion (k-shun), a-ction, comp-l-ections, han-dle, con- 
 ference, in-ferences, di-fferences, pro-fessional, suiBciency, 
 de-ficient, wbere-fore, man-fully, indi-gence, teie-graph, 
 bi-ograpby, ge-ographers, aim-ing, se-nding, aw-ning, 
 sl-ings, t-ongs, 1-onged, ba-nged, s-ion, l-ions, ta-ily, vita- 
 lity, rea-lities, va-lidity, ge-ological, bi-ology, dox-ology, 
 fo-ment, ce-ments, de-mented, ador-nment, stern-ness, wit- 
 nesses, anger, finger, d-ock, pi-ous, con-scions, (sbus), 
 lu sciousness (shusness). witb-out, expel, re-pelled, cu- 
 pidity, c-rest, d-rest, p-rest (or pressed), p-roved (rvd), con- 
 script, bim-self, wor-sbip, fa-tber, o-cean (tion), f-usion, 
 excl-usion, de-cep-tive, de-tract, in-ward, for-wards, lest, 
 be-nded, b-ard, m&rt, went, dents, fence. 
 
100 EXERCISES. 
 
 Note.— Consult page 31, Rule 4. 
 Ora-tion, cou-dition, dil-ution, ob-tusion, es-emption, 
 elimination, rec-o-mmendation, (mndtion), att-e-ution, 
 re-ndition. 
 
 Note. — Words ending in ning, nment (see Note, page 30). 
 Tur-ning, bur-nings, attai-ning, remai-ning, attai-nment, 
 assig-nnient, (ss-nment), adjournments, consig-nment. 
 
 Words formed by modiflcation of the ring (see page 32, Rule 52). 
 
 Fl-uster, lustr-ation, m-iister, cluster, mi-nister, de-mon- 
 str-ate), pastor-al, deepest, must, pest, lest. 
 
 Words written with one stroke, by implying nt, nee, ther, d, rt or rd, 
 ngr. 
 Mint, lint, pant, rent, tent, dent, mince, hence, sense, 
 fence, lance, author, mother, bother, lather, other, mad, fed, 
 said, trod, clod, heart, mart, cart, treat, sort, exert, dread, 
 pride, heard, marred, singer, linger, finger, vinegar. 
 
 Words of two strokes. 
 Distract, conceive, in-dict, prop-er, prop-ose, support 
 (spr-t), ra-pidity, sober (sb-r), re-spect, neglect, passenger, 
 merits, gentle, debility. 
 
 With three strokes. 
 Boldness, believing, conviction, descrip-tion, in-for-mation, 
 move-ment, rela-tive, in-cli-nation, pro-tract, structure, 
 interpose, countermine, sinfulness, carefulneas, frugality, 
 proposal, moderation, contribution, trans-po-sition. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 Revolution, acquisition (z-tion), vicious (shus), publica- 
 tion (p-bl-k-tion\ re-spect-able, research, insuperable (in- 
 Bupr-able), in-sti-tution, existence (x-st, page 62, Rule 9), 
 elegance, commence, exciting, delegation, compromise, un- 
 easiness, acclamation, leadership, previously, decided, 
 nomination (n-mnation), approaching, discommont, reor- 
 ganize. 
 
siGJsrs. 
 
 1. It is the practice in all systems of Short-band, instead 
 of writinjf the innst common words at full lennfih, to repre- 
 sent tliem by one or more of llieir leading letters. Such 
 abbreviations are here called Signs. All the Chs. in the 
 fables, pp. 10 and 11, are the signs of the words pet opposite 
 to them. Tliey there consist of only one Cli. ; but it con- 
 tributes greatly to promote expedition, to represent some 
 other words by fewer Chs. than naturally belong to ihem ; 
 and we may ev^n use a few Arbitraries witii advantage, as 
 a f for the cross, and a circle for the world. These, with 
 words that seemed to requirt) notice on account of some 
 peculiarity in the union or position of their Chs, have all 
 been collected into one list, in alphabetical order, and may 
 for convenience be referred to under the general name ol 
 Signs. 
 
 2. The most useful begin with Capitals, and some of 
 them, printed entirely in capitals, are so essential that they 
 are never to be written in full, bat always represented by 
 the Chs. in tlie List. The Stenographer will find that 
 those without capitals are worth remembering ; and the 
 Reporter, that those in [] are also worthy of his attention : 
 for, of course, the more signs the writer employs, the 
 easier it will be for him to follow a speaker. 
 
 3. Tho same abbreviation (like Dr. for doctor and 
 debtor) may sometimes stand, in one position, for two 
 diflFerent words, without any danger of our mistaking the 
 one intended, especially when tiiev are not the same parts 
 of speech. When two Signs are given for the same word, 
 the Stenograpber can take his choice; 1 he shortest is the 
 best for the Reporter. 
 
102 SIGNS. 
 
 4. A short 8, or any termination, may be joined to a 
 Sijrn or taken from it, wlien the word differs, in this respect, 
 from that in the List ; and it matters not how much it may 
 alter the spelling-, it is sufficient to add the termination to 
 the simple sign, if pronouncing the sign with the additional 
 letters will give the word its proper sound ; thus, we add 
 « to the Ch. for counti'y to obtain the sound of countries or 
 country's, and ly to very for verily. 
 
 5. A word included in ( ) must be written in full when 
 it forms a part of another, as come in comet ; but the Sign 
 may be used with safety in its own compounds, as income, 
 welcome. Some words, whose signs are often, but not 
 always, used in longer words, are in this List in ( ), though 
 they are not marked thus in the Alphabet ; as, come. 
 
 6. To add d or ed to a Sign, if it is a ring-letter, we can 
 make the ring a loop ; if it is short, or shortened, or if any 
 part of tbe first long Ch. in the word stands below the one 
 or the 2-line, we have only to thicken the Ch. ; but if it 
 is a long up or down-stroke standing on the one or the 
 2-line, we join the Ch. for d to the Sign. We may move 
 a word standing on either line so that its first long Ch. will 
 cross the line, and then add d to the long down-strokes by 
 thickening them. It is, however, better not to move it, 
 but to write the d, if the same Ch. stands below either line 
 for another word. 
 
 7. By putting a Ch. on the y-line, final y is added to it 
 without writing the y; but we can set a Sign on the y-line 
 even if y is not added, and it will cause no confusion unless 
 a y after the sign would make a word. The Signs of most 
 words ending in h, e, r, d, cross or stand under the 2 line. 
 
 8. A T[ indicates that the Cli. opposite to it does not 
 usually stand for that word, but will at times be found con- 
 venient to represent it in Phrase-Writing. BW direct that 
 the first Ch., MW that the middle Ch., and EW or TW 
 that the end or termination be made wide or thick. 
 
AS 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL TIIE 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 WITH A FEW ARBITRARIES. 
 
 If no figure or t is set after the wordi its Sign (or first long up 
 ♦r down-strokci) stands on the ruled line, 2: but whenever it is 
 followed by 1 its Sign must stand on the y-line, 
 
 — . 3 _ — _ _ below - 2 - 
 
 — - t - — — cross or hang on - 2 - 
 
 — - tl " "~ — cross or hang on - y - 
 Short marks on the lines which separate the columns give the 
 
 position of line 2i the only one ever ruled. Chs. without those 
 marks arc on 2. 
 
 The y-line is never ruled, but is supposed to run along the 
 tops of the long Chs- standing on the 2-Iinc. 
 
 l3" AVords marked tl ending in thf.r require all their Chs. to 
 be short k, if horizontal, below the y-line. 
 
 See Key, p. xx. 
 
 Able S, 
 
 ability 
 
 Ablt S 
 
 About 
 
 above 
 
 absurd, absent TS 
 
 ~D 
 
 \ 
 
 [• T acceptt, -edt TW 
 
 T Accompany 1 
 
 T accomplislit,-edt TW 
 
 —^ according 
 
 / According as 
 
 —J Accordingly 
 1 -J According to 
 
W4 
 
 SIGIfS 
 
 
 lu Accordance "with 
 
 ■t 
 
 iL 
 
 Ameri-ca 3G, -can 3G 
 
 Account 1 
 
 T 
 
 > 
 
 Among TS 
 
 Accounted I 
 
 "^ ; 
 
 Cb 
 
 amongst 
 
 1 accustom t, -ed f TW] 
 
 X/1- 
 
 -i 
 
 araphitneatre f 
 
 Acknowledge 
 
 t: 
 
 1 
 
 ampli-fy 1, -tudef 
 
 acqumnt, -ance t 
 
 "C 
 
 • 
 
 And, An, any 1 
 
 adopt +, [adptt] 
 
 ^- 
 
 • 
 
 answer 3, -ed 3W 
 
 Adv B, -autage f, BW 
 
 "V. 
 
 ■_^ 
 
 ancestor f 
 
 after S 1 
 
 
 ■;^ 
 
 angels f, angles t 
 
 iifterwards BS 
 
 .^ 
 
 ■/ 
 
 angelic + 
 
 Again, Against 1 
 
 " 
 
 \ 
 
 anniversary I 
 
 again & again 
 
 ... 
 
 _) 
 
 anonymous * 
 
 agnculture f 
 
 -^■ 
 
 -. 
 
 Another's T3 I 
 
 agricultural f 
 
 _^^ 
 
 ~> 
 
 apologies 1, -gize 1 
 
 All B 1, al B 1 
 
 cJ_ 
 
 ■-r 
 
 architect +, -ure + 
 
 almighty 1 
 
 d. 
 
 -~^ 
 
 archbishop 
 
 alphabet 1 
 
 "3 
 
 r 
 
 (Are, Our, or S ) 
 
 alphabetical I 
 
 d' 
 
 -r 
 
 aristocra-t, -tic,-cy 1 ,TS 
 
 also 1 
 
 y' 
 
 T 
 
 aristocracies 1, arrests 
 
 Always 1 Ti5 
 
 y 
 
 • 
 
 ( As S , Has S ) 
 
BIGNS 
 
 astonish t 
 
 _y1- 
 
 ^/ 
 
 astronomy 1, -ical I 
 
 1 
 
 ■V 
 
 Atmospher-et, -icf 
 
 n- 
 
 1 
 
 attorney-general I 
 
 -V 
 
 ."\ 
 
 Awiul, 
 
 auxiliary i, axie-ifeei 
 
 1 
 
 ■G_- 
 
 K 
 
 
 6 
 
 Babylon t IS 
 
 ^- 
 
 c 
 
 bankrupt \, -cy i 
 
 V 
 
 cP 
 
 baotise, baptism 
 
 ^. 
 
 ■ c 
 
 baptists 
 
 :^ 
 
 ( 
 
 Ee, Beks, Body IW 
 
 ^ 
 
 c_ 
 
 Because 3, Begin t 
 
 ^- 
 
 c 
 
 - a 
 
 behold, beheld t 
 
 ^ 
 
 believe, believed t TW 
 
 c 
 
 [? 
 
 Between t, betwixt 1 
 
 V 
 
 e 
 
 beyond 1, behind 
 
 ) 
 
 .^ 
 
 Bishop 
 
 "^- 
 
 X 
 
 Bless, Blessed SW 
 
 7 
 
 X 
 
 Brethren 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ .^ 
 
 10.1 
 [British iJWl 
 Brought, brother Sfl 
 (But) 1 (both) 
 by and by 1 
 
 c 
 
 Califomi.' f 
 
 calcul 
 
 (Cax), or with no dot 
 
 Cannot 
 
 can-didate+. -dlestick 1 
 
 [cp, opt, cap-ital. -tain] 
 
 catholic 
 
 Certain 1, certify, Wl 
 certificate Wl 
 
 Character +. chapter 
 characteristic t 
 Child, Children 1 
 children of Israel 1 
 Christ, :Multiply S 
 Christian, -ity I 
 Christians, christianize! 
 
SIGNS 
 
 100 
 
 Christ Jesus 
 
 Christ Jesus our Lord tH^ 
 
 Ch. J. our Saviour -/-P 
 
 Ch. the Lord, crystal ^ 
 
 Christmas /^ 
 
 Church 3, chapel 1 , 
 
 circle 3, circular 3 Q 
 
 CSrcum, [cntS, sent S] Q 
 
 Circum-cise 1 , -stance > 
 Circumdsion 1 
 Circumstantial 
 Clergy-man 1, colonel 
 (CoMK,) committee t 
 Companion, Company 1 f 
 
 Concern, Consider 3 ^ — 
 
 condition o— • 
 [congratulate 3, -d 3TW] C 
 
 congregation 3 Q^ ' 
 
 congregationalists 3 C^ 
 
 conscience 3 S o- 
 
 i 
 
 G 
 C 
 
 
 cr 
 
 Cr 
 
 G 
 c 
 
 t 
 ■t 
 
 t 
 
 t. 
 
 ■cy\ 
 
 conscientious 3 S 
 
 Conse-quence 1, -quentl 
 
 consequential 1 
 consist 
 contemp-t, -late t 
 
 contra. Counter , [cntr] 
 contribute f 
 
 contradict EW, -ed EW 
 
 contradiction MW 
 
 contradictory 1 MW 
 
 contradicts ilW. TS 
 
 convenien-t, -cet 
 
 correspondt 
 
 corresponden-t, -ce+,TS 
 
 CouLu, cultivate t 
 
 [cdnt SW, couldn't SW] 
 
 Countr, Country 1 
 covenant 
 Cross, the cross 
 
 crossed t EW" 
 
 crucif-y 1, -ied 1 E^Y" 
 
 crucifixion 1 
 
 [custom t} 
 
SIGNS 
 
 107 
 
 D 
 
 danger fJ, Day , $ UP \ 
 
 defendant TS \;» 
 
 degree OP, degrees OP ° 
 
 deliver t, -ance S3 ^^ 
 deliberation f 
 
 description . 
 develope >k 
 
 denomination 
 
 despatcht, -cdfTW 
 
 Dm, [t liaddone t], G 
 
 difFeren-t, -cc, ) 
 
 > 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Difficult 1,-y I'' » 
 
 dignify-ied 1 . ^^ 
 
 discharge , -ed TW •^ 
 
 ^^-t^ 
 a 
 
 Disciple TS 
 
 A 
 
 Disciples 
 
 Disconnect 
 
 displeasure , displace t ^^^ 
 
 Distinguish t, -edfTW ^- 
 
 (Do, very 1) ^ 
 
 (Does)V down "^ 
 
 (DosEt. Had), Divide t "^ 
 
 e 
 
 i- r 
 
 £ 
 
 (East,) episcopal 3 
 Each 3 
 [East Indies] 
 eccentric TS, -itylTS 
 ecclesiastic, -al 
 econo-mical, -my 1 
 [Edmburgh 3] 
 Education W 
 Egj-pt ^ Egyptians 
 
 electric, electricity 1 
 
 emblem 
 emblematical 
 
 empha-sis, -tic 
 empoverisht, -edfW 
 Endeavor, (either 1 1 S) 
 endureth 
 
 England f, angel t 
 English f 
 Englishman t 
 Entert, Inter t, Intrt, B 
 
 1 
 
108 
 
 equalled "W , equal 
 
 Especial 1 , Esquire UEP 
 
 cstablisht, -ed t TW 
 
 Et caetera, &c. 
 etern-al, -ity TS 1 
 Europe 3, -an 3 
 evangelical 
 evangelist 
 Ever, Every 1) 
 IT ever & ever 
 Ever-lasting, -ything 1 /^^ 
 every other 1 , each oth. 3 ^^.^ 
 examination (. 
 
 Example , expll ( 
 
 Except 3, Expect \ 
 
 exchange , exchequei*t ( 
 executort; exemplary 1 C^ - 
 
 executrix t ^^ ' 
 
 Exercisef , -df W 
 Expense S 3 
 
 explanation 1 
 
 l^IGNS 
 
 -V 
 
 A 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 extmguish t, -cd t TW 
 Extr, Extra, expll ,JF 
 Extraordinary 1 
 extrava-gant, -gancet 
 
 F 
 
 fn, fin , find, fine 
 
 " fa-miliarf , -cility 1 
 faculty 1 
 
 --Fon, fore E ; nho Jor 
 'Fer, FiR,FuR,M-/(en thi 
 
 i, U, have the sound of 
 or short u. 
 
 ') e, i, u, i 
 ^ short e, 
 
 Flamet, influence 3 S 
 
 Flagrant TS 
 
 Follow, For 
 
 fonnt, firm f, [fmt] 
 
 forasmuch as f TS 
 
 Fredericton t, friend 
 
 frequen-t TS, -cy t TS 
 
 Froii, fire t, fear 
 father Stl.[-4/?pr any Ck. 
 thr ix iiiipfiedif the preced- 
 ing Chs. he shortened Si'^X] 
 
 Full or a dot LEP 
 Fully, /©fulfil 
 

 SIGNS 
 
 109 
 
 e 
 
 
 -:- 
 
 Ilappinesa, happy 1 
 
 Generation 
 
 J 
 
 — 
 
 (Have) 
 
 geut S, gents 3 S 
 
 J 
 
 i~\ 
 
 (He , Ever, Every 1) 
 
 Generul l,Give,-n, (Gon) 
 
 J 
 
 Q 
 
 Heaven, Henry 1, hear 
 
 George 1G, [grgfG.] 
 
 y- 
 
 Q 
 
 heathen 1 , hemisphere 3 
 
 Gone 
 
 j> 
 
 ■ r 
 
 (Her t, Ol-r, or S) 
 
 Glorify 1 
 
 A 
 
 -r 
 
 Herself J 
 
 good; govemf, -orf 
 go 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 (His), hasS 
 
 Gospel 
 
 ^ 
 
 -- 
 
 Him, hippo, how , B 
 
 graphic T 
 
 -/-e 
 
 — '• 
 
 Himself 
 
 Great, gratitude + 
 
 y 
 
 — 
 
 (lioly, house of) JLFC 
 
 greater 
 
 f. 
 
 -z^ 
 
 Holy Ghost 
 
 Great Britain 
 G. B. & Ireland 
 
 
 - * — / 
 
 --y 
 
 Holy Spuit t 
 
 hope 
 
 house of assembly 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 house of commons 
 
 CIIau, DoxKt) 
 
 \ 
 
 
 N However, [^ how lie] 
 
 half 1, hundred UP 
 
 ._ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (honor 3 S, t-able, S) 
 
 hallelujah 3 
 
 -^- 
 
 ■ — 
 
 hunger 3, hypocrisy 1 
 
 [hand, handed W 
 
 • 
 
 - V 
 
 humble t TS 
 
 handkerchief I 
 
 w/s 
 
 ^. 
 
 humiliation 
 
 1 
 
MO 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 1 
 
 If 1 S 
 
 I, Individual 1, Jesus 3 
 
 1 1 believe, -dtTW 
 
 ignor-ant -ancef 
 
 Immediate 
 
 immortality TW 
 
 imperfect 1 
 
 impor-tant, -tanceSS 
 
 Impossibility 
 
 Tinposabl'S 
 
 impracticable f 
 
 impracticability f 
 
 impro-per t, -priety 1 
 
 improve TS, -d TS 
 
 lNB,ingAE, ngJP,S 
 Inculcated 
 Indeed t TW 
 indispensable 
 influence S 3 
 
 inhabitant 
 
 intellectual 
 
 r 
 ^o 
 
 V 
 
 1 - 
 ^- 
 
 V 
 
 r 
 
 -r. 
 
 
 ■ — o 
 
 Intf.rkst 
 
 Inter fT^, IntrfB 
 
 Into, intoxicate t 
 
 intoxication t 
 
 irre^lar i 
 
 irre^arity I 
 
 (Is, His) 
 
 Israel 
 
 (It), Church 3 
 
 (Its), Churches 3, TS 
 
 J 
 
 - Jehovah 3 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 Jesus 3 
 
 Jesus Christ 
 
 J.Christ our Lord 
 
 J. C. our Saviour 
 
 joyful ^ Jolui 
 
 judge 
 
 justice 3, justify 1 
 

 BIGNS 
 
 in 
 
 K 
 
 
 J 
 
 long, -itude 
 
 Kentucky 1, Kingdom 3 
 
 
 J 
 
 longest 
 
 Kind, [kerchief 1 J 
 
 /-^ 
 
 I 
 
 Lord 
 
 Knees TS 
 
 <p-/ 
 
 -J- 
 
 Lord Jesus t 
 
 Knew 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 L. J. Christ 
 
 knock 
 
 <rS 
 
 J 
 
 loyalists TS 
 
 Know, -n, Knowledge 
 
 <r^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 L 
 
 
 -V 
 
 mag-istrate t, -azinef 
 
 Language f 
 
 J- 
 
 ^ 
 
 magna 1 , magni li (man) 
 
 large t, learn f 
 
 J- 
 
 V- 
 
 magnanimous 1 
 
 latitude, altitude 1, TSW 
 
 <{ 
 
 Vf 
 
 magnificent 1 
 
 lawftil 
 
 d 
 
 V 
 
 Many 1, manufacture + 
 
 legislate t, legislature f 
 
 ^- 
 
 -V 
 
 manuscripts TS t 
 
 legislat-orst, -ures t 
 
 J^- 
 
 \ 
 
 mathematic, -al 
 
 length, lengthen t 
 Let, Lieutenant 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 maybe 
 mechanicf -alf 
 melancholy 
 
 ^ Let us 
 
 V 
 
 b 
 
 member t, remember f 
 
 1 Let us not 
 
 V 
 
 -v 
 
 merchant f, Mr. 
 
 [Liverpool] TS 
 
 ^ 
 
 V7 
 
 merchandise 1 
 
 Lo^cal T, Logy T 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 >> 
 
 My 1, Mercy 1, Them 
 
 1 
 
112 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 
 might 1, mighty 1 
 
 o 
 
 y^' 
 
 Newfoundland t 
 
 mightest 1, mightiest 1 
 
 C> 
 
 \^ 
 
 New Hampshire f 
 
 million UP, middle W f 
 
 ^" 
 
 .^j> 
 
 New Orleans t 
 
 Mississippi 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 -p 
 
 New York f 
 
 mistakef, mistakenf 
 
 ^- 
 
 -^ 
 
 North Carolina t 
 
 Moreover 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 (Not) , ^ , 
 (not) °""^^crf, knowt 
 
 most 
 
 ^ 
 
 -A 
 
 Tfno longer f,^nodoubtt 
 
 mortality 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nothing, / nor 
 
 LCmucht)] 
 
 \- 
 
 n 
 
 Notwithstanding 
 
 multi 1, Multitude 1 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 Multitudes 1 T3 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 O, (Oh ! ), origin 3, [orgn]3 
 
 Multipl-yS, -iedEW 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 Ob B, Bility T, obey 1 
 
 (Must) 
 
 V 
 
 D 
 
 Object, observe f 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 objected, obeyed 1 
 
 Nature, Inter f, Intro f 
 
 y. 
 
 
 objectionable 
 
 Necessity 1, never 
 
 r_ 
 
 15^ 
 
 ob-jections, -servatlonsf 
 
 Necessary ^ none 
 
 P 
 
 \i3 
 
 occasion 
 
 Nevertheless 
 
 Tz, 
 
 y 
 
 occasional 
 
 neigborhood TW 
 nobody TWf 1 
 New Brunswick 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 occasion-ally 1,-ing 
 occasions 
 

 SIGNS 
 
 lis 
 
 o'clock 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 (Our, hour) 
 
 Of, offend 3, offence 3 
 
 o 
 
 /7 
 
 (Ours, hours') 
 
 offer 3, offered W 3 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 (Oct S 3), -ward S 3 W 
 
 offensive f 
 
 V- 
 
 <v 
 
 Out of. out of the world G 
 
 office, %o£ course 3 
 
 oC 
 
 - 
 
 Over OP or OF, S 
 
 official 
 
 «G 
 
 — 
 
 Orer a 
 
 often, oftenerS 
 
 c^ 
 
 O 
 
 oysters TS 
 
 oftencst 
 
 = 
 
 
 P 
 
 Ohio 3, ^ own opinion 
 
 ro 
 
 ^ 
 
 pampUet 
 
 OnB, honor 3 
 
 - 
 
 --v^ 
 
 paragrapli t 
 
 (one first t 
 
 / 
 
 -^ 
 
 Particular + , person 1 
 
 Only 1 S, ]y TUP 
 
 J 
 
 >^ 
 
 peculiar t, pecuniary 1 
 
 Op ,-en. Opportunity 1 
 hope 
 
 O 
 
 -r 
 
 Perfect 1 
 
 opinion, (organ 3, own) 
 
 r-a 
 
 ■0 
 
 [Prp], perpendicular \ 
 
 (or S, Our) 
 
 /- 
 
 -^ 
 
 Philadelpliiat 
 
 OrdB, order B, -edEW 
 ordinary 1 
 
 '\ 
 
 /" 
 
 [philanthrop-ic 1 -y 1] 
 
 ostentatious 
 
 O 
 
 V 
 
 Philoso-pher, -phy 1 
 
 (other 1,) otherwise 1 
 
 k9 
 
 ""V 
 
 phonogra-pher 3, -phy 3 
 
 (Ought) 
 
 ^ ought to, Ottawa 
 
 ^ 
 M* 
 
 "v. 
 
 Phj'siciana 
 
 plaintiff, S 
 places, pleasure, 3 
 
 1 
 
114 
 
 SIGKS 
 
 Pleasures, Dlease, S 
 
 V 
 
 l-'X' providen-ce t, -tial t, TW 
 
 Plenipotentiaries 1 TS 
 
 < 
 
 -s Public, publican t 
 
 politic 1 
 
 r 
 
 -^ pubHcI, -y publish 
 
 politician 
 
 X- 
 
 «u 
 
 popularity 1, People 
 
 ">> 
 
 ^ Qua-lify 1 ,-rter 3, Quest 
 
 Possible 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ Qualification 1 
 
 Possibly 
 
 -y 
 
 ,^ Qualifications 1 
 
 powerfiil 
 
 V 
 
 (^ quantity 1 
 
 Possibility 
 
 ^ 
 
 fi 
 
 practicable f 
 
 ■>- 
 
 /^ Receive 
 
 practicability 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ recognis-e, [-ancet] 
 
 practical 
 
 -v^ 
 
 , Reconcile, reckon 1 
 
 practice 
 
 "irt: 
 
 -^ Reconsider 3, -ed 3 EW 
 
 presbyterian 
 
 V 
 
 , , recon-ciliat'n.-siderat'nS 
 
 present, presence \ S 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ redemption 
 
 PrincioaH, principle f 
 
 ~^- 
 
 ^ Regard I, reflect t 
 
 probability TQ 
 
 T) 
 
 . regenerate f, regret 
 
 progress 
 Prophe-t "^ , -cy 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 -^ regeneration t 
 
 repugnant. 
 ^ resolve +, respons« t 
 
 [protestantsj BW 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ resolution f 
 renonnced 3. 
 
SIGNS 
 
 r-" 
 
 <.- 
 
 
 responsibility t -^ 
 
 reverend '"^ 
 
 Kghteous, judicious t ~~^ 
 
 Righteousness — -* 
 ^ round about 
 
 8 
 
 sacraments 
 
 Bacrificet, scribe, secY 1 "^ 
 Baid SW, [t said] 
 satisfactory, satisfy,! 
 same 
 
 ^ Saint John 
 ^ Saint Paul 
 Saviour, Sovereign 1 
 S. Christ 
 8. J. Christ 
 schoolmaster f 
 school / scholar t ^- 
 Scriptural ^ 
 
 Sonpture, says S ^ 
 
 / 
 
 c/ 
 
 r 
 / 
 
 r 
 / 
 
 -/ 
 
 lis 
 
 selfislily 
 
 serve TS, Servant TS 
 
 Several, k. service 
 
 Shall, SiiocLDf 
 
 shoulder t 
 
 significan-t, -ce TS f 
 
 simplify 1 
 
 [so 1 3 some 1 , super t S 
 
 society 1 T3 
 
 somebody I 
 
 something 1 
 
 sometimes 1 
 
 somewhat 1 
 
 spec, spect, [spc, spct] 
 
 spirits, 1 -ual t 
 
 Sub-ject, -scribe t 
 
 sub-jection, -scriptioni 
 
 Substance t 
 
 substantial 
 
 substantially t 
 Bncoefision. 
 
 1 
 
116 
 
 suggest, signify 1, -atnret ^ 
 surprisef S, -d t S'l'W 
 sympa-thy 1, -thetic 
 
 r 
 
 x/ - 
 
 X 
 
 Bymptoni, 
 system S 
 
 T 
 
 tabernacle + ( (take)t I 
 
 Temp-t, -orary 1 , -oral t G » 
 
 Temptations b^ 
 
 temper t, -ance S3 o 
 
 temperance society 1 l^ 
 
 testimony IS M 
 
 tliankj, think T 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 ^ Thus, tnis wit^ no dot 
 
 > Things, higs T 
 
 ® thro", tlu-o' the world G 
 
 9 Throughout S 
 
 I Time, trans 1, lextf 
 
 I To S, [1[ to do SW, atJB 
 
 _\ to-day BS or i 
 
 I Together 
 
 J tongue, lively Dl:' 
 
 i Toward EW 
 
 U transgress 1 
 
 thanks^ving t 
 That, Thousand ♦ 
 The, Thee, Thy I 
 Their, There 
 Them 
 Therefore 
 
 TUEY 
 
 these TS, thinks fTS 
 Those 
 
 L/'-j-k?' trespass t 
 
 u 
 
 - P^=. imanimous t 
 
 - Under UF 
 
 -_ underst-aud,-oodW,UEP 
 union S 3 
 
 - \ undoubted TW 
 
 I- ^ ^U. S. of America * 
 I J tJniversal 
 V universally 
 
SIGNS 
 
 117 
 
 University 
 
 
 Y 
 
 6 
 
 while, wliole 
 
 unmistakable f 
 
 
 -VL- 
 
 ^ 
 
 Wilderness 
 
 (Unto), universe 
 
 
 Vi^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Willmgncss 
 
 witness ; -y witnesses 
 
 (TJp) *^ (Upon) 
 
 
 a\ 
 
 
 [without 3 S] 
 
 (Ust), [usct] 
 
 
 / - 
 
 O 
 
 World, The world 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 in the world 
 
 Valley 1, voluntary S 1 
 
 v^_ 
 
 o 
 
 into the world 
 
 value, volunteer f , 
 
 voLt 
 
 Vd 
 
 c 
 
 Outoftheworid 
 
 vengeance t 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 round the world 
 
 (Very 1), virgin ♦ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 throughout the world 
 
 voluntary 1 
 Vbrginiat 
 vouchsafe f 
 
 c 
 
 ~ N 
 
 Y 
 
 Would, or ^ uith no dot 
 
 Y 
 
 (Was), whose f , | 
 
 wish] 
 
 (^ 
 
 y 
 
 Yesterday 
 
 Washington t 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 j> 
 
 Yesterday's, Yours t 
 
 Ward, *r W with no dot 
 
 / 
 
 J 
 
 You, young 1, yearf 
 
 ^West Indies 
 
 
 u 
 
 KJ ^ 
 
 ^ you S, your S 
 
 Wrra, Whatl, vs 
 
 horn t 
 
 / 
 
 3 
 
 Yourself 
 
 whomsoever +, Why I 
 
 /- 
 
 3 
 
 Yourselves 
 
 Wherefore 
 
 
 (T 
 
 
 z 
 
 Which !, Will, 
 
 well 
 
 / 
 
 i 
 
 Zeal, 
 
 1 
 
NOTES ON THE SIGNS. 
 
 1. When we say that a word is a sign, we mean that 
 the character for the sign-word is to be written just as it is 
 in the list. One hundred of these signs make more than 
 one-half of all we have to write in taking down any dis- 
 course or debate. Hence the importance of having short 
 signs to represent these constantly recurring words. 
 
 2. I might have gone on adding to the list till we had 
 as many signs as are to be found in " Pitman's Reporter's 
 Companion," taking only the most expressive and convenient 
 letters in each word ; as, c-cation for communication; PS-cy, 
 Provincial Secretary; Can-y, Canterbury; H-x, Halifax; 
 2f-S\, Nova Scotia; M-ass, Massachusetts; Tens-e^, 2^en- 
 nesaee ; S- W\, Switzerland ; P-uf , Pennsylvania ; and the 
 phrases, tJiat tlie, that thy, tliat they, might be written with 
 a double t like the sign that, but in other respects the same 
 as the, thy, and tJiey. It is needless, however, for the steno- 
 grapher to overload his memory with such arbitrary con- 
 tractions, as he can have as many signs as he pleases merely 
 by writing the words according to the rules of Phono- 
 graphy ; as, p-pl-tion, population ; congrg-tion-l, congrega- 
 
SIGNS. 119 
 
 ticnal ; $-n-gg, si/nagogue ; comp-r-nd, comprehend . comp-r- 
 naofi. comprehension ; adding the short cty to the sign 
 multiply for multiplicity, etc., etc. 
 
 3. Very many of our signs have all the characters they 
 require to express the words according to the Phonographic 
 rules, and therefore would not appear in any reporting list 
 of signs. I have given them, however, for the use of thoM 
 who desire convenient abbreviations for writing steno- 
 graphy. Of this class are absent, acquaint, angels, angelic, 
 believe, both, brother, but, condition, contradict, contradiction 
 -ory, description, did, disciple, does, down, education, English, 
 judge, knock, long, loyalists, public, etc., which are all con- 
 venient for an experienced writer. The learner, will, of 
 course, use only the principal signs, which are easily known 
 by the type in which they are printed, for instance : 
 
 4. " ABLE," being a word of primary importance, is 
 printed altogether in capitals. This sign is in reality the 
 short bl, like a half-length a, and is suggestive of the ter- 
 mination ; as, [_ table, /_ sable. To add d to it, either make 
 the character thicker, or joia d to the left end ; as, " abled. 
 
 5. " In accordance with," see page 104. As only the first 
 letters of this phrase are capitals, its sign {In-OrW) is one of 
 secondary importance ; the «> stands on the line, as the rule 
 of position requires, because it is the first long character. 
 
 6. " America 3 Q, -can 3 Q." Proper names begin with 
 capitals, and we are not to infer from the large initials that 
 Bach words occur more frequently than those which in the 
 list begin with small letters. If the writer would select 
 the most labor-saving abbreviations, let him first learn the 
 signs of those words which are altogether in capitals, then 
 of those beginning with a large letter, and pay no regard 
 to the words in [ ], which are of little use except in the 
 hurry of reporting. The sign for " America " is A-a, under 
 the line, as the 3 shows, and the Q requires the Ch. to b« 
 
 1 
 
120 SIGNS. 
 
 greaier, that is, twice as long as single a. No obscarity 
 can arise from using precisely the same sign for "Ameri- 
 can," as it is not easy to find a sentence in which one word 
 could be mistaken for the other. 
 
 7. ".( As S, Has S)." This sign, p. 104, is a short « on 
 the line, and we see by the ( ) that it is not to be used for 
 as and has when they are parts of other words ; we must 
 write, for instance, a-s-k, and not s-k for ask. 
 
 8. " Bishop," p. 105, is represented by hp crossing the 
 line ; and " baptize, baptism," by bp, with the last letter on 
 it. The position of the line is represented by the tick on the 
 double line dividing the columns. Take care to make bp 
 twice as long as h or p. 
 
 9. '• In B, ing A E, ng J P, S," page 110. The B here 
 shows that the Cli stands for in at iive beginning oi a word ; 
 for ing, after the Ch before it at the end; and for ng if joined 
 to the preceding Ch.; the S shows that the Ch.is short. 
 
 10. At p. 108 we have " father S f 1," which shows 
 that the/ for father is short, and crosses the 1 or y-line. 
 This sign belongs to an abbreviating rule, given at page 
 13, No. 45. thus, " [ther D T, S f 1]," signifying that, in 
 Phonography, to add tlier, we must drop the termination 
 ther, shorten all the preceding Chs, and write them a^^ros^ 
 the 1 or y-line. 
 
 11. The sign ever is a large e : at the end of words it 
 turns either way ; but when it is alone, it stands as in the 
 table, and it is well to put a dot under the left end of it, to 
 distinguish it from the pronoun ^ he. [The e and u for 
 ^and you, in phrase-writing, turn either way, but standing 
 alono e always turns down, and u up.] 
 
 12. " You, young 1, year f." This shows that y stands 
 for you on the line, and for year across the line, and young 
 above the line. If the learner intends to acquire the re- 
 
SIGNS. 121 
 
 porting hand, he should at once ose the smaU u instead of 
 y for you. 
 
 13. The Btadent should notice that there is an angle in 
 the ring of the sign angelic where the c is joined to the angl; 
 that the sign for judge has a large ring, as if spelled juje, 
 and that the ring in /or/ and /u(f should be twice as large 
 as the ring off. The looped/ with a dot in it is the sign 
 for fulfilled, and elect-y for electricity. The ing can be 
 joined with an angle to the sign some, for something. 
 
 14. The foregoing examples will enable the learner to 
 understand the signs by referring to the " Key and Alpha- 
 bet," and it will be found that these signs can be read more 
 easily than those of any systems which do not give the ini- 
 tial and final vowels when sounded. Thus : if, in the sen- 
 tence, " He is one of the aristocracy," we write, as we do, 
 a-rsty for aristocracy, it is a more suggestive contraction 
 than r stk, which is given in a system which has no con 
 necting vowels. 
 
 ARBITRARIES. 
 
 Some Phonetic authors boast of having no arbitraries, 
 while multitudes of their signs seem really to belong to 
 that class ; for what can be more arbitrary than such con 
 tractions as gw for language, jr, for larger, 7i for under, etc., 
 etc.? Arbitraries are not absolutely necessary, but I have 
 admitted a few, which will soon find favor as the shortest 
 signs for particular words. They consist of characters 
 joined together in an unusual manner, and occasionally of 
 a common letter or fanciful mark ; as, H about, . again, o of, 
 O the world, J. together, etc. 
 
122 COURT REPORTING. 
 
 [From The Eclectic Shorthand.J 
 
 In legal reporting, Ihe Avriter should be conversant with 
 the legal forms and expressions in use, as the more he un- 
 derstands of these the better he will be able to report. 
 Much depends upon mere form. There is always much 
 talking done by counsel, often long arguments, Iheterba- 
 tim reporting of which would subject the parties to much 
 nee, Hess expense, besides rendering the reports tedious- 
 ly voluminous. The proper writing tf objections, mo- 
 tions and rulings can be done only by the exercise of good 
 judgment, based on knowledge of the requirements < f a 
 correct report of sucli matter. Often an objection by 
 counsel is couched in a long argument, which the reporter 
 of good judgment and acquaintance with legal phrase- 
 ology puts in its proper form by a Jew words. The author 
 has frequently heard legal gentlemen complain of phono- 
 graphic reports, on the assumption that it is impossible 
 for the shorthand reporters to write without giving every 
 word uttered. 
 
 The objection to the voluminous report is of course 
 often just, but it does not lie in the use of phonography 
 or shorthand notes, so much as in the ability an(l expe- 
 rience of the leporter, who, if he could but condense the 
 counsel's argument, would be able, because of his skill in 
 writing, the better to make a clear presentation of it. 
 
 In such cases, the writer should attend closely to what 
 is said and done, and having clearly comprehended an 
 idea, couch it, as directly and briefly as possible, in legal 
 phrase. 
 
 Unless required, no report need be made of the opening 
 rem_arks of counsel, who generally dictate to the writer 
 those points which need not be written. 
 
 In ordinary civil cases the reporter has usually nothing 
 to do with the empaneling of the jury, but in criminal 
 cases it should be fully reported. 
 
 In the examination of witnesses, every word, both of 
 questions and answers, should be exactly written. The 
 summing up of counsel need not be reported unless 
 ordered by the same. The Judge's charge, except when it 
 is written, wlie-i of course reporting is unnecessary, must 
 be written with the utmost fidelity. 
 
 A short experience will inform the reporter fully as to 
 what need, and what need not, be written, while the inex- 
 perienced reporter will rely mainly upon the dictation of 
 counsel, who will suggest at tlie proper time what need 
 not be taken. 
 
OOl^TE^^TS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Testimonials 
 
 Opinions of tlic press 
 
 Preface 
 
 Preliminary directions 
 
 Holding the pen 
 
 Size of the letters 
 
 Definitions, rings, hooks, and crooks 
 
 Blending, looping, and modifying 
 
 Key to explanatory marks and letters 
 
 Place, size, and direction of the characters 
 
 Hints to the student 
 
 Stenography 1 
 
 Alphabet 2-3 
 
 Exercises 4-9 
 
 Alphabet 10-11 
 
 Terminations 12-13 
 
 Key 14-15 
 
 Notes on double characters 16 
 
 Double and syllabic characters AG 
 
 Rules for writing stenography 18 
 
 Position of the characters 13 
 
 T final 20 
 
 S, Sub, and Super, how used £0 
 
 E, I, O, U, how joined 31 
 
 F and Dis, how joined and distinguished 21 
 
 Okd, how to be used 23 
 
 Double-sized t-ing letters 23 
 
 Un initial, how written 23 
 
 Over and Under 23 
 
 Prefixes, bene, magni, umlti, trans, extra, circuni, hypo, 
 
 omni, expl 23 
 
 Bub, as a sufllx 23 
 
 K, Qu, Ch, and H thickened 24 
 
 Blended and shortened characters 24 
 
 Tt rminations 25 
 
 Omission of silent letters 26 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Able and ble, Ably, blt 37, 28 
 
 Aught 28 
 
 -Session, -cession 28 
 
 -Fessional, -ficiency, -ficient, -fully 28 
 
 -Gence, -graph, -oguaphy, -ographical 28 
 
 In, ing, ng, ngst, ning 29 
 
 Ion, ions 29 
 
 Ly, lies, lty, lties, ldty, ldties 29 
 
 Ty, ity, idity, try 29 
 
 Ment, ments, nments 29 
 
 Ness, nesses 29 
 
 OOK, OCK 30 
 
 Ous, SHUS, 0U8NESS, and shusness SO 
 
 Out 60 
 
 Pl, ples 30 
 
 Self and selves SO 
 
 Ship, shippers 30 
 
 Theb 30 
 
 TlON, SION 30 
 
 Ution, tution 30 
 
 Ention, emtion 30 
 
 Tional, tionality 31 
 
 Dtion, ndtion 31 
 
 TivE, tivity 31 
 
 Strug, struct, structed 31 
 
 Ted, tude 33 
 
 Ward, wards 33 
 
 St, stee 33 
 
 Ndd 33 
 
 Capital letters 32 
 
 Reading 33 
 
 Teaching by dictation 33 
 
 Exercises in the elements and corresponding style 35-55 
 
 Punctuation and numbers 56 
 
 Phonography, or Verbatim Reporting 57 
 
 D added, how ? 61, 93 
 
 Ed and RT 63 
 
 Dtion, ding 63 
 
 Nt, NCE, NTS 63 
 
 Of, how implied » 63 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 S in ST and lES and ise G4 
 
 Short s and t G4 
 
 Disconnected vowels 05 
 
 How to read reporting liand 66 
 
 Phrase writing C7 
 
 To the student 6S 
 
 Phonographic exercises 70-100 
 
 Signs 101-117 
 
 Signs, Notes on the 118-121 
 
 Arbitraries 131 
 
 Court Reporting 123 
 
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 From MOOBJS'S MUltAZ NEW-TOItKEIt. 
 
 We think the author's claim to simplicity, ease of acquirement, 
 legibility, and rapidity well founded. 
 
 From the BOSTON EVENING TIMES. 
 
 It combines aU the advantages of the Stenographic and Phonographic 
 Bystemu. 
 
 From the NEW YORK STANDARD. 
 
 We recommend it to the consideration of all interested in the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 From the RICHMOND HER AID. 
 
 The only system we have seen that can be read as rapidly as ordi- 
 nary manuscript. 
 
 From the CONGREGATIONAL MONIHIT. 
 
 A decided improvement over the Phonetic System. 
 
 From the OHIO FARMER. 
 
 There is certainly no system by which verbatim reporting can be so 
 easily accomplished. 
 
 From the DAILY TIMES, New Rrunawlek. 
 
 Merits the many euloginms it has received. 
 
 From the TELEGRAPH AND J^OTTRNAL. 
 
 Simplicity itself. 
 
 From the MANCHESTER MIRROR. 
 
 Kemarkable for its simple character and easy legibilitT- 
 
l-'rom the J*H ILAliKLfHIA CITY IT KM. 
 
 Mnch credit is due the author for his improvement upon the present 
 gystcms of rapid writing. 
 
 from the ALLE\TOn\ CBHONICIX:, 
 
 Perhaps the most complete system extant. 
 
 From the l^ORTZAyi) I-SESS. 
 
 The best method we have seen. 
 
 From the \EW TOItK TABLET. 
 
 We commend it to those of our readers who have long been search- 
 ing for just such a work. 
 
 From the FAXTOX RECOFI). 
 
 Simple as A, B, C, and well calculated to become one of the leading 
 systems. 
 
 From th« BAXOOR COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Should be adopted in all our institutions of learning. 
 
 From the CARLTOX SE\TI\EL. 
 
 We know that it is practised by some of the readiest reporters. 
 
 From the UUXTINODOX GLOBE. 
 
 The work is simple and well adapted to the reporter or clergyman. 
 
 From the PROTIDESCE FRESS. 
 
 We believe it to be the best work of the kind yet introduced. 
 
 From the XEW JERUSALEM MESSEXGER. 
 
 Very easy of acquirement, and can be put to use almost immediately. 
 
 From the WATCHMAX AXD REFLECTOR. 
 
 Has several advantages over the prevailing methods. 
 
 From the LTXX TRAXSCRIPT. 
 
 More legible and simple in construction than either Pitman, Oraham 
 or Munson. 
 
 From the BLACKS URX GAZETTE. 
 We have found it to be very easy of acquisition. 
 
 From the CORXELL ERA. 
 Brevity is the aim of the age. In this short-hand system the art o. 
 writing the greatest amount of words in the least amount of time has 
 boon brought nearest perfection. 
 
From the liltOCKrORT DEMOCRAT. 
 
 The nearest, most compact, and complete little work on short-hand 
 over published. It is simply a short-hand^ so easy that any child can 
 learn it, so legible that it can be read the tame as common longhand, 
 and yet it may be abbreviated and written at the rate of two hundred 
 words per minute. It is equally suited to the student, the reporter, 
 the counting-house, the pulpit, the bar, and the bench— to all who wish 
 to commit their thoughts to paper in the briefest possible manner, and 
 read their manuscript at any future time without difficulty or hesita- 
 tion. We have studied it and are convinced of its great merits. 
 
 From the JXDIAXA MESSElfOFB. 
 
 1. It Is not Phonetic. The author claims that time and labor are 
 thrown away in learning to write English words as the Phonetic re- 
 formers would write them, since we are, and probably always will be, 
 compelled to use, in ordinary practice, the present spelling. 
 
 S. The Toicel signs are joined to the consonants — not written sepa- 
 rately. There is, we believe, but one other system in which any ap- 
 proach is made to this desirable improvement. 
 
 3. There is much less complication. The thickening, shortening, 
 lengthening, etc., of the characters, which make most of the other 
 systems so perplexing to the learner, and so difficult to decipher, are 
 nearly all avoided. 
 
 Front, the ELIZABETH DAILY MOyiTOS. 
 
 The distinctive features of this system a.r<i, first, that it provides a 
 character for each letter of the alphabet without shading, as in the Pit- 
 man method ; secondly, the vowels are not represented by minnte dots 
 or dashes, but by straight lines or curves, all of which may be joined to 
 the consonant stems, thus rendering the writing more legible than ordi- 
 nary systems ; thirdly, it is not phonetic, only so far as to shorten the 
 process where silent letters occur, and hence the ordinary orthography 
 answers all practical purposes. The improvements introduced may be 
 summed up in the words simplicity, brevity, and legibility. 
 
rnSLISHED BIK0OTHL7 DT THZ 1OTE2ZSTS OF THE 
 
 SooviL System of Shorthand. 
 
 BY 
 
 M. theophiIjUS, editor, 
 
 AT ALLEGHENY, PA. 
 
 Tekms : $1 . 25 a > ear ; specimen copy, 25 cts. ; advance 
 payment in all cases. 
 
 i\j)VERTisEMENTs: Half-incli space, one time, 50 cts. 
 Liberal disci unt for large space and continuous adver- 
 tising. 
 
 Postage stamps of the denominations of 1 and 3 cts. 
 received for fractional parts «>f a dollar. 
 
 Back numbers of the Review, 25 cts. a copy. 
 
 Address all communications and remittances, giving 
 your address, including county and state, in full to 
 R. TIIEOPIIILrS, 
 166 Federal street, Allegheny, Pa. 
 
 From the Parker (Pa.) Daily: — " We have received the 
 October number of the Shouthand Review, which is 
 published in the interest of Scovil's system. This system, 
 though it lias been in existence for some years, is just 
 coming into public notice. It is undoubtedly the best 
 system extant, being equal to all others in speed and ca- 
 pacity, and far superior to them in legibility. It is so 
 easy to acquire that but a few months' faithful study will 
 make a writer of the dullest scholar. The Review is 
 ably edited, and replete with matter interesting to the 
 student of shorthand, who may obtain from it many val- 
 uable suggestions.'' 
 
 I advise all students of f^horthand, who desire encour- 
 agement, asfcistance and sympathy, while endeavoring to 
 master this art, to become subscribers to the Review, 
 which contains so much that is valuable and interesting 
 to all the fraternity. 
 
 W. E. SCOVIL. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 JUL87l9« 
 
 Form L9-25/ii-9,'47(A5618)444 
 
 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 UBRARY 
 
A 000 571 362 3 
 
 Z56 
 
 SU33S 
 
 1880 
 

 trnm 
 
 mmmmmmmmmm 
 
 mmm