mm .'/.^'^•,^\.' -i'\\Vi.',\^.". .■- - ■ ', THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES j!J0|VljVlI?gI0NER FOF( ALL THE ^TATE^ /.J^D Jerritorie^, AND THE PROVINCES OF NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA, ALSO i-or /'Atf City and County of Sew York. Practical Reporier in the Office of LORD, DAY k LORD, Attorneys and Counselors at Law, Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, XEIV YORK. Particulsr iittention given to taking depositions, ac- knowledgment s, «S:c., for use in the various State Courts, in conformity with the laws of the different States. Testimony taken in shorthand without extra charge. Insurance risks placed at the lowest rates. Loans on bond and mortgage negotiated. W. E. SCOVIL. Short-hand is an art whose usefuhiess is not con- fined to any particular science or profession, but is universal. — Dr. Johnson. Had this art [Phonography] been known forty years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of hard labor. — Hon. T. H. Benton. SHORT-HAND. LEGIBLE AS THE PLAINEST WRITING AND REQUIRING NO TEACHER BUT THE BOOK. A SniTLIFIED SYSTEM OP Verbatim R BATIM rvEPORTING. KEV. W. E. SCOVIL, M. A. TENTH AMERICAN EDITION. BUITKa AN1> RKVISFU BY W. E. SCOVIL, Jb., Practioal Bepobtib. New Yoek. E. Campbell & Co., LAW BOOKSELLERS AND PUBLISHERS. No. 21 Park Row. 1880. I '' *v ->, i EntcTRd according ta Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by Uy. B. ROBINSON, la tbe office of the Librarian ol Congress, at Wasbingtoa. D. C 5 933^ CO 5 op aa For the enconragement of learners, some Testimonials are hers annexed, which the author has received from frentlemen of known position and character, who epeaic from actual experience, and express their conviction that this Short -hand is an improvement on the systems heretofore offertd to the public. From Hon. W. E. Cxtrtis, LL.D., Justice of Superior Court, Netc York. I taE<«,,OTeat pleaswre in recommending your System of Short-Hand Reporting as the simplest and most accurate in use. It should be taught in our leading schools, and known by all students. Prom F. II. nEMPEHLEY, Esq., {formerly reporter of (he Pennsyltanid Legislature), Neic York. I have examined your work with some care, and am sat- isfied that it possesses many advantages. It is certainly more easily learned than the ordinary systems. 448610 TESTIMONIALS. From Mr. John G. Nugent, Reporter, Boston. While preparing for my profession, a few years ago, I at- tempted to learn Pitman's Phonotrrapliy, and so far mas- tered it as to be able, after much ajjplication, to write and decipher it with tolerable accuracy. I then became ac- quainted with your method, and, after a careful perusal of it, was induced to give it a trial. By devoting one hour a day to the study of it, I was .able in four months to report verbatim. It is needless to say that I have adopted it alto- gether. I have given much attention to this subject, and have no hesitation in saying that while your system pos- sesses the combined advantages of Pitman, Munson, and Lindsley, as respects rapidity, it surpasses them in legibility, and is acquired in much less time. From tlie Rev. Edwakd B. Nichols, D.D., Hector of Liv- erpool, Nota Scotia, The facility with which your system is acquired, the ra- pidity with which it is written, and the unhesitancy with which it is read, I believe to be unsurpassed. I have used no other hand for all the manuscript sermons that I have delivered during the last fifteen years. Indeed, before I was in holy orders, I found the benefit of it, both when I was a student at law and at The General Theological Semi nary in New York. From M. R. W. Welles, Reporter^ Dar^bury, Conn. I recommend your work as the most practical, legible, and easy of acquisition. From Rev. Wm. S. Owens, Indiana, Pcnn. As a system adapted to the wants of tlioae who desire a method of writing more rapid than our common long-hand. TESTIMONIALS. yet equally legible, and not too difficult to learn, I believe the system taught in your little book is better than any yet invented. The tuickeuinfr, shortening, lengthening, etc., of the Cus, which makes most of the other systems so per- plexing to the learner and so difficult to decipher, are nearly all avoided. After considerable experience with other sys- tems, I believe this is simpler, more easily acquired, and more legible than any now in use. From Mb. T. P. DrroN, Reporter, Philadelphia. After spending some time in examining the systems of Phonography published by Pitman, Bell, Thompson, and others, I have satisfied myself that your Phonography, or abbreviated Sliort-hand, while it equals, if it does not ex- ceed, the swiftest of them, in the ease and despatch with which it is written, affords more assistance in deciphering the notes, which we have to commit to paper in the briefest manner in taking down a discourse from the lips of a fluent speaker. So far as I am capable of forming a correct opi- nion on this subject, I have as yet met witli no system, vying with yours in conciseness, that taxes the memory of the learner so little, or is likely to enable him more speedily to acquire the art of verbatim Reporting. From the Rev. Caxqx Lee, Ph.D., Rector of Fredericton, New Brunaicick. I have used your system of Short-hand for years, and do not think I can express too liiglily the value I have de- rived from it in correspondence and in my professional TESTIMOKIALS. duties. By its aid a sermon may be written in one bout instead oi six, and. when written, is more legible than the ordinary hand. Besides, the ability it affords of writing one's thoughts with readiness and with comparatively little fatigue of hand, leads to the acquisition of a free and more forcible style. The art is easily learnt, may be acquired in youth as a pastime in connection with more formal studies, and not much additional practice is necessary to render the Short-hand Writer an efficient reporter. From The Rev. D. W. Pickett, M.A. {formerly) Head Master of the Collegiate School, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Of the superior advantages of your Stenography I can speak from long experience. The comparison which I have been enabled to make between it and other systems now in use to some extent, and the readiness with which it has been acquired by many of my acquaintance, lead me to the belief that it offers greater facilities for students in attend- ance upon university lectured, to the reporters for the press, and to the public generally, than any other system that has hitherto been published. From Alfued H. Demill, Esq., D.C.L., Barrister. 1 bought a copy of your work, published in 18G6, and, struck with the truth of your objections to the Phonetic system (which I had been practising for several years as given by Oraham in the Reporter's Manual) I abandoned it, and began the study of yours. The result, I am happy to say, has fully realized my expectations ; for, after learn- ing it with comparatively little labor, I find it most useful in my profession. I regret the time wasted with Pitman's Phonography ; but my own experience has convinced me that your system, besides other advantages, requires not one-third as much practice to master it, and that do oue desirous of a readable TESTIMONIALS. Shorthand will be disappointed after giving it a fair trial. From Rev. George Walker, A. B. , N. Y. , formerly Mns- ter of the Grammar School in Kings Co. , N. B.; Rector SchvylertiUe, N. J. It is, I think, a happy feature in your Shorthand that It joins the vowels and consonants in succession as we read them, and does not depart from the usual method of spelling, except when superfluous letters are omitted for the sake of brevity. It thus avoids the intricate and com- parativel}' slow expedient adopted by Taylor, 3Iavor, Pit- man, and others, which requires the writer to j'liu together all the consonants in the first place, and afterwards take his pen off repeatedly to insert separate dots, or other lit- tle marks, here and there, for the purpose of represcntii.g as many vowels and diphthongs as happen to be sounded in the word. From S. J. Scovil, Esq., A.B., Reporter, New Yoi-k. Your Shorthand has, for many years, done me good service in the almost interminable writing of a lawyer's office. If this, or any good sj-stem, were generally adopted by professional gentlemen, it would very materially lighten their labors, and save valuable time to the public, short- ening the sittings of our courts, and expediting business which is now retarded by the slow process of ordinary writing. From J. Bennett, Esq., Ph.D., Chief Superintendent of Education for the Prorince of Keic Brunmrick. The system of Shorthand invented by Mr. Scovil is, I believe, the best extant. The reporters educated in the system are much more expert than those trained in any other that has come under my notice. Having mastered it in less than a year, thc)^ are living proofs of the ease with which it may be acquired. Extract from New York Tribune, Sept. 27, 1S71. Quickness of thought and action is the chief constitu- Aonsl requisite for the successful practice of short-hand reporting. There is a rich field of labor opening in tliis direction. For the past ten or twelve years the demand for stenographic writers lias been steadily increasing in ad- vance of the supply. Many people suppose that most of the short-hand work is done for the newspapers ; but this is a mistake. It has been principally in connection with the Courts of Law that stenogi-aphers have earned reputation and money. Judges, lawyers, and litigants all require their service, and are willing to pay liberally for it. Many phonographers of limited experience are em- ployed as amanuenses in places of public business, siich as the custom-houses, etc , in large cities, and in the depart- ments at Washington. Many more are engaged iu law, in- surance, and banking offices as private secretaries. In the eight Judicial District Courts of the State of New York official stenographers arc employed at a salary of $3000 per annum. They are also employed m the courts of Maine, Illinois, Pennsylvania, California, South Carolina, and will no doubt soon be introduced in every State of the Union. Other departments of short-hand work are equally well paid. Twenty-five cents a folio is charged for report- ing and furnishing copy of testimony, or the speecli of coun- sel, or any one else on an important matter. Five dollars is charged for attendance at any reference case, no matter how short. Not less than ten dollars is paid to any fii-st- class reporter for a day or night's work, and most frequent- ly Twenty Dollars. Dictation work, of which there is a large quantity done by younger phonographers, is paid six cents a folio. Sala- ried amanuenses receive from $20 to $35 per week, accord- ing to capacity, AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Writing is a iruiy ■wonderful invention. It recordg Ian guage by substituting marks or letters for sounds ; and, by this means, words are silently conveyed to the mind through the eye, as distinctly as by the voice through the ear. It is the key of learning ; and so useful for acquiring, preserving, and communicating knowledge, that it is almost as valuable to mankind as the gift of speech. Common writing, however, requires so much mechanical labor to form the letters, that it is confessedly inadequate to record language with anything like the ease and rapid'ty with which it is spoken ; and, therefore, persevering efforts have been made to effect this desirable improvement. Hence the multitudinous systems of Short-hand. Among the earliest were the Qreels. signs, and these prob- ably suggested to Cicero the Roman notes; which, we learn from Plutarch, consisted of little marks so brief and ex- pressive that certain writers, instructed by that great ora- tor, were able with them to take down a speech as delivered in the senate. Cicero's f reedman, Tyro, becoming famed for his skill in using them, they were known by the name of " Tyro's Notes," and having been taken up and improved by Seneca, were, with his alterations, introduced into the public schools as a useful branch of a liberal education. If we can rely upon what a poet, who lived in those times, has told us, this kind of writing was so swift that & Notary, 1800 years ago, could take down words as quickly as the 1 PREFACE. most dexterous reporter of our day. I allude to oua of Martial's epigrams, which I give with a free transla- tion: Xotarius. Currant verba licet, man us est velocior Ulis; Nondum lingua suum, dextra ptregii op^is. Mart. lib. v. ep. 88. Thongh fast a speaker's words may liow, The tongue is for the hand too slow. The Roman method is lost. Of English systems, " Pit- man's Phonography," notwithstanding several later short- hands, is now the most popular, and, its enthusiastic admir- ers would have us believe, so perfect that there exists no necessity for change hereafter. A.nd yet it seems to be fairly open to some weighty objections, of which I will mention four : I. The vowels are dots and minute marks which cannot be joined to the other letters, but require the pen to be raised from the paper every time that one of them is made, and therefore impede the writing much more than good plain characters in a running hand. In consequence of this radi- cal defect, it becomes necessary in most words to write the consonants first, and then go back to supply whatever vow- els they require, carefully putting each by itself near the consonant to which it ought to have been joined. Such a separation of vowels and consonants would make even our long hand longer ; and he must be endowed with more than ordinary patience and perseverance, who learns to write, without hesitation, the detached vowels, which in Pitman's Corresponding Style look like specks sprinkled over the page from a pepper-box. II. The characters are not sufficiently distinct. Every one, in all but thickness is precisely like another which re PREFACE. presents a different letter or sound ; and the same mark, as that for ks, varying only a little in length or thickness, stands on, above, and below the line for more than fifty words, out of which we must pick the one the sense re- quires! This dividing of the alphabet into pairs, in which one character so closely resembles the other, must lead to hesitation in reading, or to loss of time in writing while we give to every stroke its proper thickness. III. The reporting style has numberless words which have nothing to show the reader whether they begin or end with or without a vowel ; and it is a great task to learn the long list of words represented by only one or two of their middle or final letters, as p for weep, Jiappy, liope ; j for advantage ; ;■«, religious ; tr, i?iternal, etc. B and p, d and t, and other letters are often written exactly alike, as mpg or nibg foi humbug. These are some of the causes why, of the many who have tried, so few have been able to gain a really practical know- ledge of his style of reporting. For it is as much harder to recognize an abbreviation without seeing the first, or first and last syllable of the word, as it is to recognize a man without seeing his face, or to move a load withoat help at the starting-point. IV. But that which I consider the most objectionable feature, though it has many zealous advocates, is this — it compels us to use the phonetic, that is, this corrupt way of spelling : " If eni icun in siti or kuntri wontz sum nolij ov JUz vmrk, and its kwolitiz, let him impekt hwot Jmz bin dun in komon vmrdz, or giv muni and get an egzact Jiopi ov hiz siatem f " Phoneticians persuade themselves, or affect to believe. PREFACE. that such spelling will eventually supersede our barbarous orthography. Meanwhile I leave it to the judgment of all who are not yet wedded to any system, whether it is safe to employ habitually, for daily convenience, a short-hand which deviates so far from the standards of our literature, and which not a few have abandoned because they found that the habit of spelling phonetically and disregarding prevailing usage led to vexatious mistakes and delay in common writing. Let it not be thought that I enviously detract from Pit- man's merits It was in allusion to his system that Senator Benton made the remark appended to the frontispiece of this little book. But though there aresome who, having learned by long practice to dis|)ense with the disconnected vowels, and to decipher their notes without them, use it successfully for verbatim reporting, yet the objections above stated are such that comparatively few of the large number who at- tempt the mastery of it become sufficiently expert to take down a lengthened discourse word for word from the lips of a fluent speaker, while it has been candidly admitted, in the " American Journal of Phonography,' that " as a popu- lar method for recording thought, or preserving business transactions, or for conducting ordinary cx>rrespondence, Steno-Phonography has proved an entire failure." Feeling the want of a plainer short-hand, to meet the re- quirements of a profession in which a speaker must decide at a glance what he is to pronounce, and has little time to settle uncertainties by comparing the context, I composed for my own use the system which is explained aul offered to the public in the folloAving pages. As our common alphabet, though not so perfect as it might be, is already known by all who read and write Eng- lish, I prefer retaining it, changing only the fonns of tho letters to the simplest characters that can be joined together PREFACE. without confusion, and adding some cliaracters to represent those syllables and combinations of letters which occur most frequently in our language. These additions will amply repay the little time reciuired to learn them ; for they render the writing shorter, neater, and more lineal, and, by doing away with the necessity for having every letter represent a multitude of words, relieve the memory, and tend to obviate the third objection I have made to Pitman's Phonography. " It is no uncommon thing for those who have grown wise by the labor of others, to add a little of their own and forget their masters." I confess that, aiming at utility and not originality, I have freely appropriated everything that answered my purjwse, and am indebted to Macaulay in par- ticular for many of the characters. The success which attended the introduction of the for- mer edition of this work, and the general favor with wliich it has been received, have led to the preparation of this new edition, in which will be found an additional number of exercises, and a variety of other matter so arranged as to render the acquisition of the art yet more easy and direct. And now, kind reader, permit me to close with a trite but appropriate valediction from Horace : — Vale .' Si quid norietl rec/ius fe/t«, Candidits imperii, $i non his utere mecum. " Farewell ! And if a better system 's thine, Impart it frankly, or make use of mine." PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. It is quite unnecessary to learn any of the Rules or Tables by rote. The best and most agreeable way to become pro ficient in this method of writing is to get some knowledge of the arrangement and contents of the work by looking over the pages, and then begin with copying out the Exer- cises in the latter part of the book, carefully comparing them with the Alphabet and Tables as you proceed, and re- ferring to the Rules for direction only when you find some- thing which you cannot readily understand. It may seem euperflousthat things are explained which you can compre- hend at once by inspection. It is better, however, to have all parts of the system so fully elucidated that no one who tries to learn it without a master can feel the want of more guidance and aid than the book affords. Boys are very apt to waste time in writing without a copy, and trying to decipher their rude essays before they know how to join the letters properly. Give yourself no trouble of this kind, but have patience to copy the Exer- cises until you can write them correctly and freely, without any pause in going from one letter to another ; and in doing this you will learn to read without hesitation. You should not try to write fast until you can shape the Chs. correctly. Ease and speed will naturally come from practice ; but a neat and legible hand, satisfactory to the writer and reader, depends upon acquiring the habit of ob- serving the relative size and right direction of every char- ter. Experience soon teaches where liberties may be taken to relieve the stiffness that would sometimes result from too close an adherence to the alphabetic forms. But no unne- cessary stroke should be made ; for it is only a waste ol time, and tends to confuse the reader, to add to the simple PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. short-hand Chs. any of the unmeaning flourishes or super- fluous marks which excursive penmen are fond of annexing to the plain letters, more particularly to the capitals, in common long-hand. The pen may be held as in the hand depicted at page i, ; but some skilful reporters affirm, and I quite agree with them, that the Chs. can be made in various directions with much greater freedom when the pen passes up between the middle and the fore finger, and is supported there by the thumb, the hand being turned so that the top of the pen will lean towards the right side of the paper. The size of the letters is, as in other writing, a matter of taste ; provided they are all made smaller or larger, and preserve their due proportion to one another. A good length for t is about the eighth of an inch ; then the longs. when put on the same line, will be as high ; the double- lengtlis twice as high, and the shorts not more than half aa high as that Ch. Tables, showing the combination of every two Chs., would have served instead of all tlie rules for joining them, and made the system appear more simple. But such tables are expensive, and it is better for a practitioner to learn by copying the Exercises. In the second part, numerous rules and devices will be given for abbreviating, not because such contractions are more necessary in this system than any other ; but in order to furnish the learner who may be disposed to try them with those which have been found to secure the greatest expedition of which the art in its present state is capable. Rules alone, however, will never make a writer. By comparatively little practice you may acquire a thorough knowledge of Stenography, which indeed is the part mo« useful ; but neither this, nor the best system that human ingenuity can devise will make a first-rate reporter, until, by exercising the hand in writing, it gains that mechaniral PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. Bkill wliicli notliing else can give, and wliicli ia indispens- able for taking down tlie words of a ready speaker with ver batim accuracy. The Stenography should be used when a very plain hand J9 required ; for, though slow as compared with the Phono graphy or Reporting style, it is a very rapid hand, andean be read with all the ease and certainty of common print. When the lines are placed a good distance apart, and the words have wide spaces between them, a page will still contain more than if it were written in long hand, and can be held at a much greater distance from the eye in reading it ; which makes the Stenograohy particularly conveDient for the Pulpit and the Bar. SHORT-HAND. This Short-hand is divided into two parts, — Stenography and Phonography. DEFINITIONS. Stenography is the art of writing imth short characters, and in this system follows, for the most part, the usual method of spelling ; while Phonography, though written with the same characters, expresses with the utmost brevity the sound of words, dropping every letter that can be omit- ted consistently Avith a due regard to their legibility. A Character (Ch.) is a Short-hand mark or letter. A ring-letter is a Cli. with a ring at one end : as <• sh. A hook is a Cli. with a hook at one end : as —a ous. A crook has the end bent, but not hooked : as — v ch. Chs. are said to blend when they run into one another so that the last part of the first Ch. forms the first part of the next, or the same stroke belongs to Iwth: as C ce. A Ch. is said to be looped, when the ring is made so flat that the opening is made oblong instead of round : as J W. A Ch. is said to be modified, when made thick, or only so altered that the original is easily known. Tlic y-line (so called from a final ^ being implied, without writing it, when a Ch. or word stands uix)n it) is a line never ruled, but supposed to touch the top of b, c, d, and other long Chs. standing on the main line PI. 3, p. 41. 1 HINTS TO THE STTDENT. A faithful observance of the instructions given in the foUomng pages will surely lead to the mastery of this art. The remarks under the head of " Preliminary Directions " (page vi) should be carefully read over before you attempt ♦o learn even the Alphabetic Characters. 1. After carefully examining the definitions, make your- self perfectly familiar with the Alphabetic Characters by reading and copying pages 5, 7, and 9, and then writing the Exercises, p. 16. 2. Confine yourself to the Exercises, writing and re- writing each in its turn until every portion is thoroughly understood. 3. Never write an exercise without reading it over, at least once or twice, before laying it aside. Let your read- ing and >vriting keep pace with each other. 4. Do not at first attempt to write fast. If in the begin- ning you aim at correctness, you will afterwards experience no diflSculty in writing with rapidity. 5. Avoid desultory study, and remember that practice alone can give that mechanical facility which is essential to the successful pursuit of the art of verbatim reporting. SHORT-HAND, PART I. STENOGRAPHY. NOTES OX TUE ALPHABET. 1. No character is provided for q without «, because it is always followed by ?/, qu being iu fact a consonant which cannot be pronounced, in any word, without the help of a vowel, as in quitting. 2. All the horizontal alphabetic characters are drawn from left to right, and none of them is more than half as high as tiiose which , like i, d, s, are perpendicular or slop- ping. B, c, d,f, (J, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, r, w, .r, y, z, are of one height, and are called long letters. See p. 5, line 3. 'i. The long curved characters are the quarters of a large circle, the upper half of which makes r, b, and the lower half t;, 5', all sloping: if horizontal they make Jc and qu. See page 2. The half of the large circle never stands for one Ch. The half of a small ring divided horizontally is u ; e is larger, and when ringed is o. 4. Initial h is a crook; but middle or final /i is a straight line like n, with a dot under lhe*centre. 5. Medial u is a dot before the middle of a doul-le Ch. , and at the top or bottom where two Chs. meet : it is usually put a little to the left of the first Ch. when both are joined at the top and in horizontal curves. See page G, line C. 6. Ruled lines are not absolutely nece.osary; but, in the reporting hand, they indicate more accurately the proper position for the (-haracters. 7. The rule for "position" will be found at page 19, Rule 8; for punctuation, at page 56; and for " fiual y," at page 20, Rule 10. Other remarks on the alphabetic characters will be found on pages 18 to 21. ALPHABET. Simjle Characters. A b c 4 1/ -^ i 1^ i' J k 1 m .11 o p qu .jT r II t r w X J i ' 1 1 T E — 1 1 ; — tl J, (])6««y. Comparative Size of Horizon'al Curves. 11, qu e, k o, ok = ock Note. — Tliough many attempts have been made to have every sim- ple elementary goand represented by a distinct letter, no one has snc- ceeded in inventing a bufflcient number of simple characters that can be easily distinguished from one another, and rapidly joined together, 80 as to form a fair, lineal, and cursive hand for stenographic purposes. Dr. Lindsley. in his Tacliygraphy^ has succeeded in joining many of the vowels and diphthongs to the consonants : the curious may judge for themselves how he has succeeded in other respects. There are many laborers in the field, and he who makes any real improvement in this important art, will find it duly appreciated in this utilitarian 9ge. STENOGRAPHY. 3 The Ch. for every letter is written us on the opposite page ; but in joining the characters, we draw s, long or short, up or down ; and turn e, i, (>, u, j either way, to make words neat, compact, and lineal. The dot at the foot of the letters f y n g r shows that they are up-strokes ; all with no dot (if not horizontal) are down- ii ok s. Making the crook of h a ring, it becomes he ; both are initials, and have B after them in the tables, to show that they only hegin words. Medial and final h (if not part of a double Ch.) is straight, with a dot under the middle. J5, r, V, r/, k, qu are quarter circles of the r^ame size ; c is a half circle as high as r and twice as high as k or qu. To maku two letters of the same name, double the length of a, d, t, and the cui'ves. If the Ch. ends with a ring, the size of the r'n;/ only is doubled. Write long s for ss. ;S' joined to s so as to make an angle at the top or bottom, is ses, as in page 11. 1 EXEECISE. Note.— The Alphabetic characters are hers, lines 1 and 2, put in such order that the student will readily see the relative differences between them. The long letters are j^iven on line .3, and the horizontal on No. 4. The remainder of this exercise shows the manner of writ- ing two, three, and four letters, and wDl be readily understood. 1. a, d, t, s, h, i, j, m, 1, n, f, as, ad, ass, ta. 3. r, b, V, g, p, y, rb, vg, pr, br. 3. b, c, d, f, g, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. 4. a, li, h, i, j, e, o, u, k, qu, e, o, ii. 5. n, T, m, p, ep, pe, v, ve, w, we, r, re, ro. 6. mm, nn, ff, pp, prp, yy, jj, oo, look, book, took 7. sa. see, si, so, su, da, de, di, do, due. 8. ca, ce, ci, co, cu, cy, eg, cv, cer, cure. 9. wa, we, wi, wo, wu, wes, wen. wer, wef, wey, wog 10. ast, est, ist, ost, sta, ste, sti, sto, stn. 11. nt, nth, nw, s\v, sr, sf, sn, sg, sy. 1 2. ce, CO, cu, re, ro, ru, ve, vo, vu, we, wo, wu. Rule 9, p. 25. 13. ye, yo, ek, ke, ok, ook, ou, e«, ue, quo, lii 14. liei, heit, heir, rit, seek, eout, lit. fit. EXERCISE. 5 ^ • _ \ I /_ -. _. \ J //"y-x y L 2. r^K^j^^) r\ \^ ^c ■>^ 7. Z A A A / V_ v^ v^ V7> v^ 8. C_CC^GCOO^CX Cy^ ^. L C U I. L L/ U l^ ly^ O U 11 /f /f vy ^ ^ ^ ly /J 12 CGGAA"/^V^VpVv^6^_» ' — o ■J4 ^— - "^ --r- ^~^' /^ Af J-f /^ EXERCIS] For medial u, see Note 5, page 15. Note. — For ay and y see Rule 10. p. 20. In pach words as den, men, get, the e, or any medial vowel that sounds like e, is sufKclently ex- pressed by the con.sonants. without writing the vowel. E. !). p. 19. S may be shortened, at the end of a word, to show th.nt it sounds like z ; and s, t, or st, beginning a word, may ba shortened before a long up or down stroke. R. 4, p. Si. 1. At, ate, liat, hate, et, as, ass, has, essay, see, sea, sigh, so, sue, asses. 2. Bay, pay, stay, may, hay, nay, hats, gay, lays, lass, mc, we, wen. 3. Ace, cite, pays, pas^, passes, passes, gas, less, dresses, mess, mnss, wet, way. 4. Days, den, inen'f:, pen, mended, bends, lender, sends, tended, net, yet, set, yes. 5. Add, added, ded, duds, deed, deeds, deeds, presses, pressed, best, attest, assist, pest, west. 6. Sad, get, gutter, cue, cut, nuts, dun, tun, gum, sum, drum, hum, hut. 7. Fate, fight, fits, gates, cough, coal, cold, gold, guile, post. 8. Gems, less, stress, wine, twine, swine, sway, sweet, swoon, lines, sins. 9. Sell, spanned, smear, spear, spur, spar, spinner, din- ner, sinner. 10. Sore, lot, good, sod, reed, read, tells, halls, liuls, call, gall, walls. 11. Per, pure, sure, jet, iota, jot, Jews, Jew, Jesus, jail, tallest. 12. Eve, even, events, emit, emery, drag, snag, rag. rug, lugged. 13. Oxen, quit, existence, aught, slaughter, zone, fixes, by, my, trj-. end. EXERCISE. 4. V, V \^ V V\W ^V->^L^/f^^ _/ 0. 3 VvV ^-^ V^ VV^^vAVZ.^ 8 EXERCISE. Note. — It is the custom in all systems of short-hand to use the Alphabetic Chs. as signs for some of the most constantly recurring words. Several of these words will be found arranged opposite the different Alphabetic Chs. on page 10. By referring to page 14, the key to the explanatory figures and marks will be found. An exercise on these words is given below, the words and, of, tlie, or, in, it. and that being represented by these characters respectively » O ^ f ^ - — I I _|_ 1. I have another opinion with regard to him and his interest and individual happiness. 2. You have not time to take an interest in him or his opinion ; have you ? 3. Upon what question is he certain ? I have not had time to come and take you. 4. You do not expect the prophet to give an opinion upon it ; do you or not ? 5. The Lord God is cverliind, and his mercy is ever upon us. Mercy and happiness. 6. Take time to do what you endeavor to do, and be cer- tain to begin in time and do it with zeal. 7. Do unto another what you expect another to do for you. The Lord ever give you happiness. 8. Our other opinion had not regard to what you have done for him or them. 9. I come with him in time to give you the opinion of the other prophet. 10. He is the very individual you expect to take an in- terest in the question of happiness. 11. With what zeal do you expect us to begin 1 To what individual do you give it 1 12. You have a kind interest in them. Do you take an interest in it 1 13. Regard them with mercy. Give not another opinion. Had he ever done it ? 14 Our regard for his opinion. God give him half the happiness you have with them. NoTB.— For next Exercise, see Plate 1, page 36. EXERCISE. 3. ^ ^ v^ / r>^ , -^ _ ; \ I . C . I J, 5. I d _-/ / o. r^ . / / r\ ns / ^ . __ ^ C. I I 1 V O w 1 V . "^^ 1 -^ J I . ^ /S, 10 .. / 1. ' ° J S . I /-^ . L V o ^ , 11 I ^ % V J s / . ^ . . ■^-^ v^ ^ ^ -. . 12 ^ /S O J "^ + V_ _J^ I . DJ ,+ 10 dk/U«\iA:\l See Key, p. xx. Single Clis. "Words they stand for. (litive,) another 1 A, ay B, be C, ce D, de ! .F •G, ge ir, hii \ I, J, igh \ - 1 L M .N ! P, pe jQu i.U I .S-, SB I I T, te ! U, ue I V Kv ix,ox .Y ow ough been, begin t certain 1, come (had,) donef (he, ever) endeavor for, fer, fir, fur God, give ^ him, half 1 IJ _- iliappiness M, K — ^^ |l, individual 1 ; 1 interest kind k(>, kec i-k, cck lord them, mercy 1 (not) (own,) opinion o, oh I other 1 prophet ■^ que, quest ^ (our,) regard 1 / (is, his, us t) ' time, to S, take t upon, unto, (do,) very 1 with, what 1 expect you zeal Amp -Angl t Bl Cent Ch ch CI Com Comp Con counter ct Dd Dis Dl ds Enip Kn .Knglt .Enter t .11 .Fn Fr .Ful .Gu .(Jcnt .Gr Double and Syllabic Chs. i j -N amb y> langlct B.G) 3 ,L.B1-S "1 IH I C [cnt], S I C 'child b| — ) |churcli f M, E j G couUI * 1 \ comb [cmbj I C comi^any 1, [cmp] i (y- concern [en] j -'^ country 1, [cntrj I -ect, -ctd , S. ! j dct, -drtd , SW \ S \ P ded, did des, [i del, deliver! des, dis emph f inter t tlanie t fin, And from, r.ret full gen , gone S.B B.G I G.Bl [gnt], S great, ger ZSee Pane M,f,ir Kxpianat'yry JTarks and Figures.'^ kAuKalu-cA) . 11 Double and Syllabic Characters continued. He Imp In .Inter T I |Kn I Ml I Mm •Kgl Ob jOo I Op J Ou I Lri" •I'ul- I rpi I Recon I I nest- I I .Kamp , .Rimp i.Uv I |Sh I Simp' I Spect- Sump- I .Srt i I .Ses- Q_ Hea M important r, n J Icn S.C ^ intr t |ntr], G.B Q^ kno\v,kno\vlc'(l};t', B ^ multi 1 X inem / r.gle O 3 jobject 15 (O I g) opportunity l,hopet (CO r I r t J Y pie peopl" D s s prop Iprp |rcn Irsf, 1! rmp shall symp [spc, spcti .St .Sted .Struct .Sub- .Super- t Ted Th The T\v Temp Unip VI AVh AVI rhonograph y.il Ar.BiTRAHiKS. About stead, fstd;,S.T\V /" [strctjj subject, jsb', U [t spr-, ■tude, 'td,-ttd', SVV L '(the, thee) L (they) ^ ! D tempt, lj Vo |vel ^- Iwhyl 6 Iwil, will [trap] I / Wsd- said, S f1.-f .'(says) [p-s] S Bid SW 1 Buil ) ■r. Cp.Cpt ( S .n 6 2 l-str d .- Mstr b :; .Nstr 9 ^ § Old B '\ t Trd 1 '^ Tret S 1 VVhl 6 m TX o ' 6 again an, and beyond 1 christian do I •if 1 S It nevertheless I dl njj notwlthstau- of, might 1 often wliich 1 12. (fe)«A/mA/Y\.aA\m\A. 3 4 5 C 7 S 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 123 24 25 20 27 .28 I 20 No \h\, bid WJ S.M.E j fbls] S.M.i: S. E [bid B] jable, bic ables, blej .bly, bly abledsbled [bldB] M,G ability, bility M,E aught, iI,E cession, session [et'er^ soft c*shun, s or z-shun or -zhun] S. JCPL cessions, sessions [every soft c-shuns, s or z-shuns] S. JCPE ction, eciion, exion [every hard -c shun or k-zhunj S. JCPL i ctions, cctio;is, cxious S. JCPL j del, die M,E j .ferauce, i'ercncB .ferences .fessional .ficiency JI,Ei •flcient 3I,E .fore, fencetS [ferencetS ! E | .fully or J LEP ; _y fblncsg Ej .gencet [grttsf, gncef | S. M,E .graph, gra;)hy li ography 1, grapherf M,17 .ographies ingA; ngJP ning OP [ding W] S. .'{ ,£ ' ingsA; ngsJP ningsOP [dings W] S, M E ' inged A ; nged JP S ' I ion S. JCPR I ions S. JCPR ly lly S. UEP lity, Ity; lidity TT, add sitort 6 for litics, Itles. | logical, ological ; logy 1, ology 1 ^ ;?Annf\AJYUWA£)Uj)i . 13 30 31 32 33 «-b 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 )48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 ment UEP; ments Ap; mented W,UEP : nment OP; S.M.E ness, / nesses, ^neesed [ngr, ngry, nography, nographcr, DT and put P 3] ock /^T) ous and every slius E pusness and every shusncss lout 3 S.B,E •pel -pelled W pld AV. For pi alone use the first character S^,£ ! j>idify W Tvst- joined to upper side of rintjt .rve, rved rst, rsty 1 ; rstd W] JEPL [Tr; rvd] SJI,i: [.scrip* script,] JP B,M,E self- selves- [ship, shipped W. JCPR ! [thrDT.Stl] tion, sion every shnnAE; uHon L'EP tution [t-tion UEP] jtioiis, sious every shuiisAE ; utions UEP I t-tions CEP] tive S.UEP, tlvity UEP, add short s/or tives, tivities. true, tract [trc, tret] S ward or omit the dot arid make ilie stroke wide I wards I lest flsr '. St can he added to any ring-Ch. by makinj^ the ring a hook, that is — li'aving the riiifr a'little oikmi iiistead ut closiu« it. .ndd E\V. Add d to a ring-Ch. by making the ring a loop, tliat is— flattening It a little; but tlie loop niu.?^sand ous- ness are hooks. Gr, sd, ss, st, are the two single Chs. made half size, and joined together. Sub is twice, and tuper half the height of s, and super stands so as to make ihefii'st long Ch. in the word cross the line. Ced, sed, ted are like c, s, ^ but short and thick; et and thick dct are like d, but quite short. •super, t Ced sed ted ct /■ c y^ I N The ring-letters, ch, emp, imp, emb, des or dis, angl or engl, enter or inter, he, and kn, with the other characters en or in, ob, and rest, are all initials, and have B after them, p. 10, to show that they only begin words. See Key, page 14. STENOGRAPHY. 17 The first pi can stand alcne; the other cannot, because it would 1 lok like on ; they are short curves, sloping like v, Platt'3 4, 5, 6 and 7, gi%'e exercises on these characters. Initial '«/i is a ring or shortened n, and, according to Rule 21, p. 22, the ring is joined to the inner side of curves (like h, p, oh, op. qu), or crooks (like comp, camp, com, rest), and to the left side of all upstrokes (like/, y, n, g, r, s); while the shortened n is used with a, c, i, w, x, and all straight down-strokes (I'ke d, s, t); the un, however, merely enlarges the ring when the next character begins with a ring. See Plate G, No. 9. The ingenious student may derive some assistance from the Diagrams given below, in remembering the forms of the differi-nt Chs. ; bu* perhaps, after all, they may be most easily learnt by simply copying the exercises and referring to the alphabet. r b fl p t Imp T g Tl y sh m Wl * d "*' ""■"'' ""^"^ss, Itry, Ists. hA'Cch w 0^ ml tn« If, only such of the characters as have thus far been given are used, and the student has not the time or inclina- tion to pursue even the corresponding style any further, he will find that by using the characters given in the pre- vious lessons nl.ine, he Avill reduce his manual labor at least one-half, and economize his time to an equal extent. 1 18 STENOGRA.PHY. RULES FOR WRITING STENOGRAPHY, WITH REMARKS UPON THE CHARACTERS. 1. Phonetic Bystems require U8 to write only euch letters aa give the sound of words ; but as the habit has an inevitable tendency to lead many at length to doubt how to spell cor- rectly, I prefer deviating but little from the established orthography. The learner is reminded that he should give his attention chiefly to the exercises, as the writing of them will teach him the substance of the directions here given, more quickly and pleasantly than if he were to commit to memory these dry and formal rules. Tabular words in [ ] are not used in Stenography. 2. It is a common complaint with those who have tried " Pitman's Phonography," that it is hard to identify his characters if hastily written, and that time is lost in giving them their proper thickness. The force of this objection will be felt by any one rapidly writing one hundred marks of the simplest kind, promis- cuously thick and thin ; for he will find that there is a sen- sible loss of time in writing them with sufficient care to distinguish the thick from the thin. Qouraud, in the intro- duction to his " Cosmophbnography," published 1850, has many just remarks upon this and kindred subjects. For this reason, I have chosen alphabetic characters of such shape that (hey can be distinguished without regard to their thicknpps. 3. K and Qxi are properly horizontal curves (like Pit- man's m and n), no deeper or higher than /-» e, but spread- ing twice as much. If we mark them, as on page 10, with a dot, we need not be particular as to their size. 4. TJ, which is a horizontal half-ring, is rarely found at the end of English words, and we have a medial u [for which see 5, page 15], so that there can be no mistake if STENOGRAPHY. 19 in Stenography we write medial and final t as small as u. But, as it is not always easy for beginners to preserve the relative size of horizontal curves, they are advised to put a dot over k, under qu, and in w, uutil tht-y can read their writing readily without it. The dot renders these charac- ters distinct, however carelessly ihey may be written. 5. 72 is a large quarter-circle, or, as is sometimes more convenient, a straight stem with a crook at the top like re*/, but r is always an upstroke, and re»t a down-stroke. 6. Ex is always a perpendicular wave line beginning like c : take care, theretore, never to begin it like h. 7. The short hi and "pl, when not initial, are drawn from left to right ; but (except before c, and characters taking the direction of down-stroke s) when they begin words they are drawn from right to left, so that their left ends may be joined to the next characters. See examples in the exercises. For initial hla, we make hi as long as a, drawing it from right to left. PI. 3, line 4, and PI. 6. line 11. 8. Position. The first long Ch., when there is one, rests its foot where we wish the word to stand. If the word is to be written on the line, the letters must be bo joined as to let the first long character stand on the line: and when we find 1, 2, 3, or f after any termination or short Ch., the meaning is that the "first long Ch. (in the word to which the termination or short Ch. belongs) stands in the position indicated. The first long Ch. of no word, unless it is one of the signs or ends in y, can stand higher than on the 2-line. When the Chs. are all shorts or horizontals, the lowest of the first two down-strokes rests its foot where a long Ch. would stand. S, t, and the ringed dia, when fol- lowed by a consonant, take the position of short characters. 9. As the object is to combine legibility with brevity, we can let the Chs. o, 6, c, d,f, g, i, I, m, n, o, p, », t, v, x, stand also for ay, be, ce, de, ef, ge, igh, el, em, en, ough, pe, ea, 1 20 STENOGRAPHY. te, ve, ex; but the vowel is not omitted in Stenography when its absence would leav« any doubt as to the word intended. Thus, while we may write da, ma, sa, b, si, for day, may, tay, he, sigh, and mn for men, we must add e to i in beat, and prefix e to n in mien. We can drop the vowel between two characters whenever it has the sound of short e, as d-th, death ; loc-l, local ; bas-n, basin ; rand-m, random ; harb-r, harbor ; sr, sir, etc. This can cause no ambiguity or hesi- tation, the vowel to be supplied having always the same Bound. See Note 2, page 34. 10 Final y is implied without writing it, by putting the word on the y-line, which is so called because final y is ad- ded in reading the Chs. upon it. Thus, b, m, th,fl, an, ever, when put on the y-line are read by, my, thy, fly, any, every. This line, which is confined in Stenography to words which can be written by one, two, or three characters requiring no vowels to be joined to them, is used in reporting when- ever we can thereby shorten a word ; and supplies (what is wanting in the reporting style of most systems) the means of always knowing with certainty when y is to be added to the written characters. Words ending in ay drop the y, and stand on the main line, because the y is silent : da od the y-line would be clayey. 11. Each of the Chs. in the alphabet, excei^i angl or engl, enter or inter, &nd. s?/pe?', naturally, when it is alone, stands with its lowest part resting upon the line ; but, as a sign for a particular word, the Ch. is at times displaced ; as, d across the line for done. 12 To preserve the compactness and lineality of the writing, it is generally best to draw a, sub, and super, so ap make an acute angle with the character after them ; but. they must be drawn down both before and after r; and when final, up after w and i. l»"e. The vowels mustnerer be so joined as to alter the shau'i or name of the preceding character. It is neater to let tho end of e point up, when the word begins with eg, or ^y ,• aud down, in d>, ep, or ev. The ends of 8 .'ho tu''- 1 and dot are pre- ferable, luiti il « is always turuud bo hi to urar.e an i n -jle in joining d, m, r, «, ', to, and Chs. beginning lii;e Chem. fc'et j.. '.•, tSec. 5. 14. The ascending and Jescending Cos., tiat have not S or Q after them in the tables to show that t.l\ev are shorter or greater, are all of o .e height ; and when they are joined by vowels or short characters, if one ascends nnd the other descends, you will observe that the gecord long char- acter is shortened so as to prevent it extending higher or lowerthan the first : thus, in read, the d ends when it com*>8 to the line on which r begins. 15. F being an up-stroke, the following chara'',ter is joined to tbe upper part of the ring. The ringed dif bei'ig a down-stroke, the next character is joined to its foot ; it cannot stand alone because it would belike/; H is a conveni- ent initial before ascending and liorizoutal obaracters, while the double stroke dis is, iu general, neater before 4owii- strokes. and used with them in all positions. 16. For is always represented by// and th's -xa,! r-f f»» 22 STENOGRAPHY. a syllabic Cb. is found, after a little practice, to contribute to ease in readintr as well as writing, i^'also stands for/er, fir, fur, when tliey are short and pronounced alike, but never for the lonu: sonnds fere, fire, fure. 17. The crook ch, not being an initial, is a convenient arbitrary for the pronoun it. And here we may notice that we always put e for the pronoun lie ; th, for the ; and th^ for they ; i.e., they are what we call Signs. 18. The crook ord, among Phonographic Clis., p. 11, is the sign or prefixed to d, and may be used as a syllabic initial in Stenography if preferred to three single letters. 19. When two consonants of the same name come to- gether without a vowel between them, we usually write but one ; if we double them, as directed on page 9. they im- ply that a vowel is to be understood between them ; as dd, for ded or did; mm, for mem, etc. Tn double and syllabic character^, if we enlarge the ring of n in inter, it bpcomea intern ; the syllabic/, in the same way, becomes /or/", as in forfeit ; while tlie enlarging of the rings of [cl, dl, li.^ »h and temp adds I with its vowel ; as, sliell, temple. 20. Rings are of two sizes, single and double. The single ring should be made as small as will be distinct ; for, if we double the size of an initial ring, we prefix wu to the character: thus, q important becomes q unimportant; while, as seen by the last rule, the enlarging of the final ring adds another letter to the character. The only exception to this rule is p, whose ring if douoled makes pp, and if trebled in size prp : see Chs. page 11. 21. Initial un may be expressed by a short n before a straight horizontal line or down-stroke, and this n is short- ened until nothing of it remains but the ring, before h, oh, op, fr, all upstrokes, hooks, crooks, and Jiorizontal curves. Wlien the next Ch. begins with a ring, we have only to STENOGRAPHY. 28 doable the size of tbat rincr ; and when we have to make one. it must (xenerally be on the same side of the next Ch. as if it had been a loner n. Reporters write an like ini. The rint; un and super can even ^o before the inituils ; but for unen a lonjr n is besr., with the rinjr un on the left Bide of the lower end. See page 15, Sec. 8. To write tin before the ringed clis, merely change the rittg a{ dis to the left side, instead of enlarjrinor it. 22. For over or under, we draw a short horizontal mark over or under the next Ch.in the same or following: word. Thus, for overlay we put the mark ov.-;r the I, and for under a we draw it under the left end of the a. See over a, p. 11.3; moreover, p. 112. 23. Prefixes. We may in the beginning of words write — b for bene. m for magni.* t for tranit* e " circum. ml " multi.* x " extra. h " hypo. " omni. [x " expl]* Those marked * stand above the line. The b for be7ie is useful only bef )re /.as, b-factor, bene- factor. For eircume, we repeat the c. a^ in circumcision (p. 106), and thus distinguish it from double c. which is only a larger half circle. 24. The syllabic character lie is used for all words be- ginning with He and Ilea, but not for the pronoun H'\ 2.5. The short s for sriper must be written in such a manner as to make the first long character cross the line ; as, super with b across the line for superb. 26. It will occasionally be found plainer to separate a sign from the rest of the word, especially one that has with at the be^nning or of at the end ; as, tises, just as we add a short s drawn up after ch for chcs. Compare nesses, 1 2, p. 13, with ches, 1. 4, p. 45. 32. These Phonographic terminations are implied with- 30 STENOGRAPHY. out writing tbein, by putting the pri-ceding Cbs., or first long Cli. in the word, under the line. PI. 7, line 8. 33. This is and h Wended, and may stand for ock ; in ook, the ring of the o must be enlarged. 34, 35. The ends of these hooks should be long, and point to the left. 36. This short t for out can only begin and end words in which out makes a whole syllable. It is joined to the beginning, but disjoined at the end, and stands close under the line. 37. The short "pl is used with a for the ending 'ples. 43, 43. The s in se(f and »dw» may generally be omitted, and the dot put over the preceding Ch. for self, and at the centre on the left side for selves. PI. 7, line 11. 44. For sJdp, the beginning of p is joined on the right aide to the centre of the last long-stroke. By adding short rs to it, it becomes shippers. PI. 7, line 13. 45. Ther is implied when we drop the termination, shorten all the preceding Chs., and write the word just under or across the y-line. PI. 7, line 12. 46. 47. The Teumination TION on SHUN. 1. A dot at the end of the preceding character, on the right side, stands for tion, sion, and every other termination that has tlie sound of shun ; under the ])receding Ch., it stands for ution or tutioti ; over an up-stroke, or over the end of a horizontal, for ention ; and after, or over the middle, for emtion. The changing of the dot to a quarter-ring (or curve, like the first pi) adds s, and makes the plural shuns. NoTB. The learner will observe that m and n are preSxed to shun by ehanging the position of the dot. In the same way m and n may be prefixed to ing and ment, by changing the position of those termina- tions. 2. If we put the dot before the last Ch. at the middle of STENOGRAPHY. 31 «n up-stroke, or on the left side on a line witli tbe foot of a down-stroke, w** read ikun with a short aor e before the Ch., or before the last consonant if the dot stands before a double Ch. ; as, dot I for tiomil. I'l. 6, line 1. 3. Before a modified Uh., like Uty, we put the dot before •,he middle of the Ch., and »"ead the tioa witli a short a he- tote the termination : thus, Uty, with a dot before the middle of the I, becomes tionality. PI. G, line 1. 4. The contractions given above may content the Steno- grapher ; but the Reporter will find it convenient to go fur- ther, and use a heavy dot for dtion ; so that his shun table will be as follows: A dot will stand if light if heavy On the right, at the end iov tion ; dtion. Under ihe end, " ution, ttion ; dution. At the middle on the right,"] if an up or down-stroks, i " mtion ; mndtion. or over the middle of a ( " mntion. horizontal. J Over the end of an up-stroke ^ or horizontal, or on the I „ „,. „ . ^/i4:^„ . ,^ ... . , ] r niton: naiu>n. right at the top ot a down- j ' stroke. PI. 15, line 17. J 5. When there is no m or n before dtion, we may expresB the d by modifying the preceding Ch., instead of using the heavy dot. A sliun dot can never be put before, but may be put after a short Ch. Then the dot for emtion would etaud as high as the top of the short Ch., and higher for ntion. PI. 11, line 14. Note. The learner will find nameroaa examples of the foregoing rules in the Exercises. 48. The short disjoined t is put under the end of the pre- ceding Ch. for tive, and the long t for titity. PI. 5, line 8. 49. The short i for trxict always follows a long «, and makes the syllabic Ch. struc or struct ; we thicke^i the t in 1 i» STENOGRAPHY. ftructed, aa is done for ted in tlie alphabet. It may ht noticed that, at pajre 11, tlie termination twde stands oppo site to ted, to show that the same td is the best contraction we can make for tude wlien we do not cboose to write it in full Rule 5, p. oo, and PI. G, line 12. 50, 51. The w and s siiould be the same lenfjth inwards, and the w should have a dot under i', or be thickened. 52. We can add est to a ring letter by changing the ring to a small hook, and ster by enlarging the ring without closing it ; as, Ister, mater, nster. PI. 4, line 13. 53. In the middle of words, rings and loops are all the same, and we make whicliever happens to join most easily, but if we change an initial or final ring to a loop, we add dto that Ch. This contraction, though useful in Phonography, is not so plain as writing d; but may safely be used in Stenography for cd, when the context of itself would lead us to add the ed, even if we did not see it written ; as, He has inrned. 54. as ted; 55, erd, p. 16 ; 56. cent, gence \ ; nt and nee fol- low shortened Chs. To these we may add ch for cJiester, and a large g, that is, gg, for gogue. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 1. Capitals have Chs. in no way different from the small letters. When we wish to mark the occurrence of one, wa put two short horizontal marks, close together, under the Ch. To show that a word is in capitals, we draw under i* 3 lines for large, and 2 for small capitals. A wave-line under a letter, and a straight line under a word, will show them to be in italics. 2. The smaller the rings and ends of the crooks, the more neatly and speedily the Chs. can be formed. When ( ollows n, the n should be inclined a good deal, or its ring will be out of proportion. The fault of beginners generally STENOGRAPHY. 83 Is that tbey do not 8lo])e tlie incline'l Cbs. enough, and in cline those that ought to stand upright. 3. Reading. If an inexperienced reader is at a loss to know where one Cli. ends and the next begins, lie must pro- ceed as in common writing, and go as far as possi ble to make up the first letter. It would not do in long-hand to separate the from the rest of a, d, or g, nor the first part of m or w from the last ; so in shorthand the line and ring or other parta must go together whenever they can be n^ited to form one character. 4. Until you become familiar with the Cbs., yoa may, in any word in which you think there can be any doubt, where two Cha. meet, mark the point by drawing a short vertical or horizontal line across them, making its ends of equal length on both sides. The same mark is drawn across % to blend or shorten ai ; as, ^-^ hair. ~>. Tkac iiiNG BY Dictation. The reader should first pronounce the word distinctly. If there is in it a syllable represented by a syllabic Ch., he should namf^, and not spell, that syllable; and when the letters are to be repre- sented by a double Ch., they should be named in rapid suc- cession, and a distinct pause should be made at the end of every Ch., whether single, double, or syllabic ; as y^, in- 8truc-tive ; r-^ constructed ; \A de-struc-tion. If it is a t'gu as, \,. temptation ; after pronouncing it, ho says, " Sign temp-shun." It it is not ou the main lin<>, as company, he says, " Sign comp ou the y-line," or as tbe case may be. 5. Examples are better than oral teaching, and the learner will find that, though the explanations may often- times seem intricate, the things themselves are very simple as soon as he examines the illustrations. G. As the Stenographer inserts every letter that is neces- sary to prevent the slightest hesitation in reading, h« cannot go forward at the railway speed ho may attain b; 34 STENOGRAPHY. adopting the abbreviations supplied by the following Pho- nography. Comparing his progress, however, with that of those who write only long-hand, it is not unlike that of a man traveling along at his ease, drawn by a good roadster ; while theirs is that of hapless pedestrians who must spend many more hours in laboriously performing the same journey. ADDENDA. 1. Note to Rm-E 8, Page 19. — When a character hangs on the line, the top hook or ring should rest on the line so that about two-thirds of a long character would be below the line. 2. Note to Ritle 9, Page 20.— In the middle of words «, or vowels sounding like e, can be left out ; and experts, when in haste, drop nearly all medial vowels. 3. Note to Terminations 8, 9, and 10, Page 28.— When a short character precedes these terminations (see page 13), it is easier to join the character to the last long-stroke. as_J-^appl i cation, /- suppl i ca- tions. The termination ctions may cross the long character. 4. Note to Rule 12, Page 25.— As ff and r are always shortened when they meet, so we may, for the sake of liueality, shorten tf, rg, m ; but they are more distinct when full length. 5. Note to Teumination 19.— (See also p. 109.)— When the short ffent and ffents stand for gentleman and gentlemen they must be half rings to distinguish them from the quarter rUlg is. The character is hardly crooked enough on p. 109. EXEEOISES STENOGRAPHY; PULPIT AND CORRESPOxXDING STYLE. 1 86 PLATE 1. Note.— Having thoroughly mastered the Alphabetic characters and Bign-words as illustrated iu the Exercises on pages 4-9, the student will be prepared to take up the double and terminal characters (given in tabular form on pages 10-14) which are gradually introduced and illustrated in the following exercises. In this Exercise the only new characters introduced are those to which particular attention is called in the Exercises page 16. It will be found that, by the use of even this much of our work, at least one- third of the time required by ordinary writing will be saved. 1. He was about to give him his opinion with regard to tlie question of liis happiness. 2. The word may have stirred them np. He dared lay it. there. See page 24, K. 2, 8. The hird he&rd the woi'ds of the men and Btirred in the nest. 4. The fable of the jiions man and his table is curious. 5. Its hureness, sameness, Mgluiess, and grossness, are very remark«We. See page 29, K. 81. 6. We ^a.mrnt the torment of his raiment and the poor- ness of his garment. See page 29, R. 30. 7. Tlie men of his own nation had not a notion of his station. See page 30, No. 46, 8. He was saying a word about doing what had been done for another. See page 28, No. 22. 9. May we rely upon seeing him dai^^, weekZ^, and monthly. See No. 27, page 29. 10. Wisdom is a tree of life to them that lay hold of her. 11. Unto you, men, I call ; and my voice is to the sons of men. 12. I love them that love me ; they that hate me love death. 13. Better is the end of a thing than the 'oeghming, says the Word of God. 14. Buy the truth and sell it not. Be sure to do the riofht. 15. Time and tide wait for no man, is a very old saying. 16. The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. (The character for ing, if joined to the preceding letter, is used to denote ony.) PLATE 1. ■1, y L \ \ \ ^ , ^ \ i_ _ i/-, 3. 1 A a-. I ^ -^^ ^^^ ,/l^ r ^/-r-. 6. ^ ^ /_ V- K' I AC / / I I ^/^ /"l ^. T. 44S610 •^8 PLATE 2. Note. — Single Letterf!, printed in italics, are not written. BoubU, Syllabic, and Terminal characters are printed in italics to denote that they are such. The student will find each in its proper place, in the column? alphabetically armnged on pages 10-13. Whenever a sign word appears for theirs* time in the following exercises, it will be printed in small capitals. An alphabetical list of the signs is given commencing on page 103. S^. Jb/fn's Gospel, Cfiap. T, /-/5. In the BEGlNXtw^r "WAS the word, akd the word was WITH God. and the word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made BY him; and withc>w^ him was not ANYthiw^r made THAT was made. In him was life ; and the life was the XigJiX, OF men. And the light slivaath in dark?ifs«, and the dark/iess comp rehendcd it not. There was a man sent from God WHOSE name was Jo7r, (see page 23, Rule 23), s w in die, pas ted. 13. (See page 13, No. 52.) Lst, mst, fst, pst (See page 32, Rule 52), impstr, Istr, mstr, fstr, pstr, nstr. 14. (See page 22, Rule 21.) Ob, unob, op, unop, con, un- cou (see page 29, Rule 28), 1, Ity, Idtj, Ities, Itry, sltry. PLATE 4. 3. ^"^^ -v- v.. Z_. G. ^1 4. v.. /"• ^. A_, CA^^ ^nT^ 13 J ^ /^ :) 1 J \ A^ D ;? 14 3 'JODa-cr- J JJ^d-^ 44 PLATE 5. double. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 1. Amp-ly, emp-i r e, imp ou n d, imp o s t, imp u r e, imp- osed, hamp e r, comp e 1, recon ci\e. 2. Amb-e-T, emb-r o i d er, imb-r ue, comb i ned, com,p are, comp ou n ded, comp u t e. 3. CompA a i n, c&mp u ted, imp u ted, r e p « ted, bla n d, bla me, bio t, blee d ing, blast ing, 6^ n d ing (see page 19, Rule 7). 4. Cheer, cJierish, rich. Buck, ache, t on c/i-ing, w r e t ches. 5. Counter TO. &X1 ded, counter sink, encounter, en- countered, desire, desirous, desirability. 6. Colt, cle&r, cloth-ing, cl-imb-ing, ^ood, gr-eeka, kee per. 7. 'Elm, quo-ia,, common, en-ough, sigh, route, t r amp 1, th i s, these 8. Emb ark, comb i n a tion, n o bility, 1 i a bility, a c tine, a c tivity, a c tivities (see page 31, Rule 48). 9. /;«p-erious, imp-eriousness, inxious, fnr-i-ousness, 1 i ke ness, comp 1 exion (see page 12, No. 9). 10. Th-ough, roughness, toughness, sh-i-ngle, mingle, h. a mm er, pro «pec^. 11. Prospective, hesto\rment, stern/y, unless, un- load ing, un m a nn er ly, comp i 1 a tioii, d e j ection, (see page 12, No. 9). 12. Q-&-r-e fully, m our nfuUy, tr nth fully, unfaithful, unf ai th fully (page 28, Rule 18, faith/«/fte«#. 13. (See page 28, Rules 14, 15, 16.) F-a-s^ion-«df, f-a- sliion able, unf a sidon able (see page 13, No. 35), gracuma- ness, deference, insufficient, -proficiency, cupidity. 14. (See page 29, Rule 28.) Rapidity, validity, invar lidity, imp-e r f ection , ex i s t ing, fr e ah ness, r e cumb-e n t. PLATE 5. 1-1 Lr- lA l^ y^ u^ -y-s -L 2. A/- V^^ -^^ VVv L/^ t:vA^ [ 9. V--- v^-^ Z_ Z,^ i^^^ i 10 u /^ u-^ z/ v/ ^-yy? 11 -^ VU. v^ F i^^ VX"' [^ v^ 12 cA vr^ Kl y^ ^a /^~t_. 13 z^ /^ X^ -x-' n/ ./t r^ CL^ 14 ^ ^ S ^ ^> L "^ 46 PLATE 6. double. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 1. Comm o tions, del tision, comp en sa tion, [consti tu- tion (see page 1 3, No. 52), consti tution a\, uu consti tution a\], res e-rc-Sition, e mid a ^^■^^ ^^. X._= [_^] n >/T -n ^ ^^ A K^^ ^ ^^ 48 PLATE 7. ^oitble. Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 1. Ten able, a ssem hly, com for t able, in comp a r able, V i Si bly, dis abled, en aUed, s t aUes. 2. In s tdbility, a Uy, d aughtex s, si aw^r/t fered, ac ces- sion, inter cession, con cession, con cessions, conn ection. conn- ections (page 13, No. 7-10). 3. Detection, affections, affectionate, needles, su- fferance, inferences, i eference, confessional. 4. Deficiencies, insufficient, iefo7'e, fully, fulness, MAN ly, con tin gence, con t i n gent. 5. Wilfulness, thovghi fulness, telegraph, geography, geographical, geographies, singing, during, denying. 6. Fl ings, t u r ning , w inged, b r ings, 1 ion, 1 ions, amp ly, simp ly, t r u e. 7. G « i Ity, r e a lities, v a lidity, tlie ological, tlie ology, firvna. ment, fer mented, 1 a mented, i a Hon. 8. H igh. ness, wit nesses, [a ngry, s te nography, p ho- nography], d ock, &mbi tious, saga cious, s p e cious. 9. Righteousness, consciousness, con scious, out, outer, dispel, dispelled, plight, plighted, stupidity, opp- ressed. 10. Dressed, b reast, c resi, m e rest, d i rest, b reasts, •pressed, hearest (see page 13, No. 39). 11. Improvement {inscription, description], myself, THY self, YOUB »e^/, YOtm selves, them seZces, him se^/, OUK- sdves. 12. W OT shipper, worship [author, authorize (seepage 30, Rule 45), author ized, author itj, neitlier], n a tion, sta- tions, in re ntion, in te ntion, a ssump tion, comp u 1 sion. 13. Consumptive, restitution, destitution, conte- ntions, destructive, instructive, reconstructed, inward, re wards. 4. V^/^A/^/"/-l_N..-^ n./' 6. r*' \r ^, = ^v^-v->' j- ,7 i ]- 1/^ 7. ..yifO "-^^ ^ S/y^ ^ i^, /-" 11%, = vx^ L/C' v'lV ly'Jj^^ /? 13 -r^^,-^ ^Vl^'H'^V. /Ir-^ff"/^ 1 50 PLATE 8. Note. — If the foregoing exercises have been thoroughly examined, and none of them can be lightly passed over without serious loss, the student will now be able to write and decipher the following exercises with comparative ease. Only a portion of the syllabic and terminal characters will hereafter be italicised, as he is supposed to be so far advanced as to require but little further aid in thiv^ respect Health a?id Set'yicc. If hy gaining KNOWiiEDGE we riiin our health, we labor for a thing that will be useless in our hand ; and if, by vex- ing our bodies (see page 102, R. 6), we deprive ouTselves of the abilities and opportunities of doing that good we MIGHT HATE DONE with a minor talent which God thought snfflcient for us by h&ving denied us the strength to im- prove it to that pitcA which men of strong constitutions {st is added to any ring letter by changing the ring to a small book) can attain to, we rob God of so much service and our neighbor of all that help which, in a state of health, with moderate knowledge, we might have been able to perform. He that sinks his vessel by OVERloadtn^' it, though it be with gold and silver and -precious stones, will • give his owner but a poor account of his trip. Wisdom is a defence and money is a defence ; but the excellency of knowledge is that wisdom givefA life to them that have it PLATE 8. I .w^ ^ ^ ;OTCE'» f*I€N1 PROCESS. 62 PLATE 0. The Control of the jPassions, To subdue the pa«*t 4 \^ <-. ^ "^^^-^^ / '^^ s ~o =c^ // r+ _ ^-^ \7^7 LV^. 6>'- 'V~^- / ^d^ / ^ I ^ . PLATE 10. Romans Xllt f-iG. I beseech you, therefore, bketheen, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, ACCEPTable UNTO God, which is your reasonable service. And be not coKFORJied to this world : but be ye <7"a/i«fornjed by the rene\ving of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptabie, and perfect will of God. For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of uvAself more highly than he ought to think; but to think ' soberly, accokding-as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith. For AS we have many members in one body, and all the members have not the same office ; so we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another. Having, then, gifts differing ACCORDING-TO the grace that is given to us, "whether PROPHECY, LET US prophecy according to the proportion of faith; or ministry, let ua wait on our ministering; or he that teacheth, on teaching; or he that exhorteth, on ex- hortation: he tliat giveth, let him do it vi'ith simpWcMy; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that sheweth mercy, with chcerfuhiess. Let love be without dissimul-ation. Abhor that which is evil ; cleave to that which is good. Be KiND.'y aSectioneiS. cne to another with brotherly (see page 80, R. 45) love ; in honor preferring one another ; not slothful in busi?i>- ^ + ^ /„_^ lL/0 1'^_r^^"»L/^o^ ^ / . L o _. V^- _. L^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 , ^ "2 ^. ^ r / ^ . X . ^/ ^ /o-^ -. L/.y-^^V" _J I _/t \ /J ^y / -^ V^ /^ L . 1 'T^ .Y. ;.w| + 56 STENOGRAPHY. PUNCTUATION. The us\ial stops are employed, excepting only the period ot full-stop, which is made thus + . For a comma, a long straight Ch., like svh drawn down under the line, is the most distinct. In reporting we have no time to insert stops, but leave spaces, and add them afterwards at leisure. NTOLBERS. Our common Arabic figures are themselves short-hand nu- merals, and for most purposes sufficiently expeditious. Short- er characters are here given for those who prefer to use them in reporting. The short up-stroke of the figure one can be o- mitted when joined to other figures. The ordinals >>.«<, second, third, etc., are known by being written across the line, thus : — j^ fii'st ; 2 second ; 3 third, etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / 1 3 r \. c v^ — r\ A figure on the y-line signifies so many hundred ; on the y- line with a dot after it, so many thousand ; on the line with a dot under it, so many million ; on the y-line with a dot under it, so many hundred million. Thus : — 2 2. 2 is 2 hundred ; is 2 thousand ; 20 is 20 million : * is 200 2. million ; 5 is 2 thousand and 5. By joining sub to any figure, we imply that we are to add or and the next higher number ; as, — 2 for 2 or 3. If we n^x figures with writing, it is best to leave a space between it and them, and to let the first figure lap or stand half its length above the line on wiiich the rest are written. PART II. PHONOGRAPHY; OR, VERBATIM REPORTING. We bave evidence that the Jews had carried rapid writ- Infj to a bigU degree of perfection at a very early period of their history. In the words, "My tongue is the pen of a ready writer," the Psalmist plainly intimates that the scribes of his day could write words as rapidly aa they could be uttered by the tongue. The following transla- tion of some lines from the poet Ausonlus, in praise of an expert writer in the time of the Emperor Gratian, confirms the quotation given in the preface, from Martial's Epi- grams, with regard to the dext<*rity of the Roman notaries ' '•O wondroaa art! though from my lips The words like i)atterin<; hailstones fall, Thiue ear hath caught them every one. Thy nimble pen portrayed them all. "My words no sooner are pronounced Than on thy tablets they appear; My mind cannot keep equal pace With thy light fingers' swift career."— CourouA No reporter of modern times can do more, as respects rapid writing, than these extracts show was done by th« ancient Hebrew and Roman scribes. 58 PHONOGRAPHY. A Phonetic Alphabet, by which all the simple articalav* Bounds of the human voice (which are less than a hundred; could be unmistakably expressed, might be invented ; and, if it were universally adopted, would l>e one of the most useful applications of writing ev« given to the world. But it is an imposition for any author to lead his readers to suppose that he has invented Chs. so short, plain, and simple, that words can be written as rapidly as uttered and properly pronounced by persons ignorant of the speaker's language. If, therefore, by Phonography we understand the art of expressing the sounds of a language by Chs., each of which always represents the same elementary sound, it becomes evident, the moment we examine any modern system of shorthand used for reporting, that it has no claim whatever to the title of phonography. It has been shown in the preface, p. x., that, in one of the latest systems, the same Chs. not only represent many words very dissimilar in sound, but that the sign oftentimes has not the slightest approximation to the sound of the word it represents. In fact, the reporting style of all the so-called phonetic systems gives quite as little help towards the true pronunciation of many of the signs, as is given in William's Stenography (a handsome octavo published in 1826), which contains some two hundred columns of words, each repre- sented by one or two initial letters, with some other letter chosen at random and not at all contained in the word itself. This system introduces the phonetic principle only when it contributes to shorten the writing ; as, lafior laugh. In the Stenography, I have preferred a plainly legible style to one for writing as many words as possible in a limited time. All who have learned that fuller and, as compared with common writing, very expeditious method, are able to read, not only their own manuscript,, but that of PHONOGRAPHY. 59 any correspondent who writes it with tolerable accuracy, more easily than if it were long-hand. If the student, there- fore, learns only the Stenography, he will be amply com- pensated for his pains, and indeed will have acquired that part which is of the most practical use in the everyday business of life. But if he is ambitious to acquire the art of making a terbatim repwrt of speeches, lectures, sermons, and debates, he must learn what we, for convenience, term Phonogra- phy, lie may begin it as soon as he has learnt from Stenography how the Chs. of the alphabet and terminations are joined together ; for the Chs. are the same in both, and he who knows so much of Stenography can acquire the Phonography with comparatively little labor. It is true the writing will not be as plain as Steno- graphy, and will require more practice to read it as readily ; but it contains more elements of legibility than reporting hands usually do, and is more readable than any of those which omit the initial and final vowels. It is sufBcient, when the utmost despatch is required, as in following a speaker, to be able to make out with cer- tainty what we commit to paper so hastily, and it is sur- prising how soon one learns to read words if only the ini tial and final vowels are given with the consonants. Phoneticians systematically misspell words according to their sound, as shur and ghwjer, for sure and sugar ; and substitute k and a for the hard and soft sounds of c / often t for d, etc. If any one really prefers such spelling, he can use it in this system, wheroas in theirs it is the only method ; for most of them have no Ch. for c, and are com- pelled to write k or s for c; in many instances, v forf,g foTJ, t for d,f for ph, a for z, k for qu and hard eh, — a habit dangerous for those who wish to remember the true ortho- graphy in ordinary writing. rut.es for writing phonography 1. Write words with only tlie vowels and consonant! heard in pronoancinpr them ; and drop every middle vowel, as well as every one which is not distinctly sounded at the end, unless it is included in a syllabic Ch. or termination. When the vowels flow so smoothly into the consonants that we can write them without losing time, a distrustful writer is at liberty to insert them in any doubtful word to make it more readable ; as, i in riffht or JieigJit, and o in tliought or quote. When a vowel is heard at the beginning or end, it must generally be written, except in ex. 3. The letters, Chb., and words contained in[ ] brackets, as also the Supplementary Chs. at the foot of p. 11, now come into common use. Note. The consonants in [ ], in p. 11, are those the Ch. etanda for In Stenography, and the Ch. represents them whenever we find them following one another in the same order, whatever may be the inter- v«ning vowels. In reading, we shall find that the came rowels which belong to the Ch. in Stenography will frequently give us the right word. Thns. comp becomes cmp, and may, therefore, stand for camp ; but in more than 9 cases out of 10, comp will be the only syllable that will make sense with the context. PHONOGRAPHY. 61 3. That there may be no mistake, we here take from p 10, etc., tlie syllables represented by syllabic Chs., in which the vowela can be dropped. Amp becomes in the after part of words mp with any vowel before it ; Gent becomes e7it; Com, c rn ; Comb, cmb ; Comp, c mp ; Con, c n ; Coun- ter, c ntr [Ctd is used only iu the end of words; Dct in all positions, and also for final detd^; Dls or des, ds; Inter, when the Ch. crosses the line, is initial entr or intr ; but when it stands on the line, it drops the vowel, and becomes initial n tr; Ngl is the same as angl, only when ngl begins a word it must stand on the line ; Pp may have its ring enlarged and be used for p r p ; Recon, r en ; Rest, rat; Ramp, r mp; Spec or spect, sp c or sp ct ; Sted, s td; Strue or struct, str c or str ct ; Sub, s b ; Super, sp r, which re- quires the word to be so placed that the first long Ch. will cross the line; Ted, j follows tive, the ness or ly should be joined to the tive. See titely after tongue, p. 116, 24. Metic or malic may be expressed by putting the character for t so that the middle of it will be even with the end of the preceding character; as /^l rheumatic. 25. Metical and matical may be expressed by placing the character for ^ as in the former rule; as \^ J dramatical. INSERTION OF DISCONNECTED VOWELS. Those systems which have no connecting vowels, en deavor to supply the want of them by various contrivances of which the simplest, thoujjh not the most helpful to tht reader, is the putting of a dot or comma wherever a vowel or diphthong is required. Others provide a distinct mark for the sound of each vowel ; and, though we have no occa- sion for such a method, we will here give similar marks, which will enable any one to transform our Phonographic notes into a hand very like that which, in Pitman's Pho- nography, is called Tlie Corresponding Style. They are not of much value in our system ; still, as the dropping of the middle vowels in the hurry of Reporting will now and then leave a word doubtful, we may at our leisure here and there supply the place of a missing vowel with one of these marks, in notes which are intended to be laid aside for perusal, when perhaps, the subject will have 'jeen forgotten. It will be sufficient to write the easier form of each vowel, as in the first line, unless in some rare word we wish to show the exact sound. They are inserted like medial «. See p. 15, Sec. 5. 6t PHONOGRAPHY. \ «}ry little use, we imagine, will be made of these vowel- marks, but tliey will serve as an example of the only man- ner in which the whole vowel notation of some systems is expressed. The marks sound like the vowels in the words under them. a. e 1 o "U GO oi ou wa a aw Thin _r>io.i may have been. 6. From day to day, from place to place, etc. are briefly ex- pressed by writing the repeated words close together ; as, II from tiuie to time. 7. The short t tor to often begins, but can seldom end a phrase. It can stand for t?uit, and short th for the. Note. — Words marked 1 and 3 do not go together, [fat sign be phrased with a first-place word, about one-third of the t sign Btanda below the line ; as very much,'^ ^^f. 1 TO THE STUDE^^T. This Phonography, as has already been stated in our definitions page 1, has for its basis the same characters as the Stenography, and "expresses with the utmost brevity the sound of words, dropping every letter that can be omitted consistently with a due regard to their legibility." If, therefore, it is your desire to master the art of report- ing, your first task will be to make yourself acquainted with the char- acters, and their mode of joining, as set forth in Part I. Having ac- complished this, you will next take up the following exercises, which gradually introduce the methods of contraction and abbreviation (as given under the head of "Rules for Writing Phonography," pages 60-64), and furnish every means of insuring the greatest brevity and rapidity. The exercises are inductive, and you will discover very little difierencc between the advanced Corresponding and the primary Reporting examples given in Plates 12-14. The key-pages have been printed in such a way as to enable yon to see, at a glance, exactly what characters are used in each word. It will be an easy matter to apply the same principles in parallel cases. Immediately after these exercises, an Alphabetical List of our Signs is given. (Sec page 101, No. 2.) The analysis of them will be found both interesting and profitable after you have mastered the few pages that follow this. Many persons learn the signs without regarding the elements composing them. This is a great mistake. By turning to the Introduction to and the "Notes on the Signs " you will find a number of valuable suggestions as to the manner of their formation and the best mode of learning them. Pay close attention to these hints, and more than half the time and labor you would otherwise spend will be saved. The following Rules are supplementary to those given iilreacy. 1. Onpage 13,No.4l,adiJ «07nel,*u7»« 1, ismi, &ud scribe. The intention of this iu!e is to add «?/i by writing the word on the "1," ory, line, but only those «7«"iJtha: are here mentioned. 2. In No. 2, page 24, and in last line but one of p. 61, read k, qu, he, for " k, qu, ch," and at page U2, line 5, for " ch," read A. 3. At p. 23, let the last two lines of Ko. 18 read, " —little above the preceding character if an upstroke ; or before the centre of a down-stroke." See duubtfui and wonderful in the '■ SSigns." 4. Page 30, No. 45, read "/cr or t/jfr is," etc. If implied by shortening a ring letter, we need not move any long Ch. in phrasing ter oxlhtr. See " Signs," / received your letter and writer, illustrating this rule. 5. Page 64, No. 2 1 , add these words — drop also ndr 3, nkr 3. Signs : wonder, banker. At the foot of page 64, add these three rules : 26. A short perpendicular up-stroke on the end of a Ch, adds sxdt or sH, as consult ; except the sign result t . 27. To imply nk cross the line, as think t, and drink t. 28. When a past particle comes after any part of the verb be or hate., ihe context will generally make it plain enough with- out the last letter, as I have bc{n), I hate give(n). 6. At page 67,'for the second line of No. 2, read " imply the and of the, between words by writing them close together, or joining them, as someoftliem. 7. At the end of No. 3, p. 67, add " or put a very short r close to it ;'* as higher and higher, more and more. At the top of p. 63, put the following rule : 8. When the next word follows a ring-letter, it is best, if it can be done as quickly, to join it at the point where the ring first touches the stem, for this shows the reader where he is to divide the phrase ; as my time. 9. D»y, had, and would, are expressed by adding d to the preceding word in the shortest way. [See rule 28, above.] 10. After figures omit dollars, feed, years, put;> for pounds, w for weeks. Use the termination tnlion for mention, as / men- tion ; tilinn for attention, as my attention ; ction for occasion, as this occasion. The ring of tf /acA may be omitted when it is phrased with tr, wl, or sh, cs which we, which will, which she will; I is sufl&eient for will in phrasing, us I'l be, {I will be.) The italic words illustrating the rules will be found among the " Signs" in the shorthand pages. 1 EXEECISES PHONOGRAPHY; THE REPOBTING STYLE. 1 70 PLATE IJ Note.— This exorcise, for the most part, illustrates the first five rules commenciug on page CO. 1.. TliezT names were icritten on tablets far more d'^rable tliaa brass and marble. 8. Empire, emperor, tarry, bearer, basm, cawsms, class, close, closed, dearer, foretell or ferttie, suffer, stated. (See page 60, R. 1.) 3. Situate, spot, safe, send, sir, gam, guide, game, jug, bees, formal, enters, compete. 4. Impwte, dis trac ted, dwsted, lasted, latitude, late, com- mitted, competed, amputate, amp?itated, strive, strew, stern, sin or sine, drug. 5. Lean, object, singled, mingled, minds, Imfs, passes, possesses, potters, leggo-type. 6. Stamps, settle, sell, pines, pest, misses, Moses, pepper, proper, pot, potted. g«n, shot. 7. Shelter, shell, b?^ :) >^ v"^ v-v ^ ^ M^ 8. 1 "^ -» 4 1 ^ ^Y? \^^' r / V^^ 11 1^ J ^,^^ ^ J ^ 'V YN^V-V^ 12 r ^ ^ 1 c \ y \ -i ^ a //^ 0^/* / 15 V X- / A. a\A \\ V ''y 5- ^- -N / ^2 PLATE 12. Note.— The words printed in italics, with a hyphen between them, are phrased. St. John's Gospel, Chap. X, /-/ 1. V. 2_ C -i -^ ^ ^ L -^ /_ L/". _ ^-^ , 1 ^ I 4. ^ ^ / v^ ; . 5. ■< ^^ ^^ ^/ ^V '^ -/^ 6. 1/ "V- ^ v^. \ : 1 L /^ -^v L 7. ^^^^ 'S. v^ ^ X L^/_ s^ \ ..V. _, — O JJ ^ 10 ir C / 1 /= . ] 7^ PLATE 13. / Corinthians, Chap. XIIIj /~9. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not chanty, Lam become as sowiding (by putting ing above the s, and thickening it, we have nding — see page 28, Rule 22, and note on page 30) brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I-hatc the gift of prophecy, and understand all mystcms, and all knowledge ; and though I-have all faith, so-that I-could remove mountains, and have not charity, I-am nothing. And though-I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to-be burned, and have not charity, it PROFlxeth me nothing. Charity suffereth long, and is kind ; charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, doth not be- have itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily pro- voked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but re- • joiceth in the truth, beareth all things, believeth all things, noPeth all things, endtjreth all things. Charity never faileth : but whether there be prophecies, tliey-shaXl fail ; whether there be tongues, theysIiaU cease ; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. PLATE 13. 1. t ^ ^ I ^ V . ^ . _ / ^^^ S 4> /-n J . /. _ / /.. sV/T^-X^ Z"^- 6. /^ ^/ ^^ ^ vU>"^ / 7. 1 J > y "^ r A. -.'x ^ ^r^^ y ci >^ 9. "Z. "V Z' ^ (J~^ -> "^ . ^ a * 1 ^« PLATE 14. Note.— Observe particularly in tMs exerciBe, the mode of implying of (see Rule 14, page 63), ther^ nee. 1-6. On the lOth of June, 1871, a bronze statue, which-Jiad been placed in Central Park, in HO^•OR of Professor Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, was unvgtled bv the Governor of Massachusetts, i?i-the-pr€sence-of Motbo himself and several thousand spectators. The Governor of New York began the appropriate (a-prp rt) addresses whieh- were delivered on the occasion; and Morse received from all QUARTERS coNGRATUiiATiONS by the telegraph, which-is now the means of instantaneous communication with people throughout4?ie-world. 7. The love of money is the root of all evil. Take heed and beware of cowetousness. 8. The imbelieving Jews stirred up the people, and m£ide their minds evil-affected towards the brethren. 9. (See page 30, Rule 45.) Northern and southern he.mi- spheres. Do this in remembrance of Me. 10. 'Recommendation, shelled, dazzle, empty, ministers, ministry, accent, infant, fountain, finance, inform. 11. Varieties, plenty, city, definite, shortest, circulation, ca^cwZation, acquit, acquittance (see page 62, Rule 9), de- liverance, lame. 12. Almost, free-wUl, fore-knowledge, busy, boys, babies, babes, dressed, transitory, Switzerland. PLATE 14. 1 -J Z_ -N..-^ 1 ^ 11^ ^ ' V y^_ 6. T, -. . i 1. ^, / 78 PLATE 15. 1. (See Rule 7, page 61.) Fed, 7d, led, made, ncd, jtaid, Bend, sold, nettled, told, repaid. 2. (See Rule 8, page 62.) Bent, cent, dent, gent, lent, ment, rent, sent, tent, vent, went, mountain, iountain, client, amo«nt, evident. 3. (See Rule 9, page 63.) Gents, hence, fence, sense, tense, mince, pence, dense, clients, amounts, defendants, defence, complaints, relents, pretence- 4. (See Rule 21, page 64.) Anger, mangier, linger, han- ger, ranger, ginger, messenger, finger, danger, singer, chan- ger, avenger, wringer. 5. Division, ipo sition, diSttidon, de ciraon (see ston, i-SHUN, TTION, and c-SHUN terminationg), contr o vert, affected, ind «b pens able, in comp lete, df comp ose, a-comm o- doted. 6. Inter dvmg0, i RRKCONClL^Me, re combined, self re sped, self isk, uncomp ared, uncombined, imdis mayed. 7. Clffimawfe, incumbent, recumbew^, conJMnciio?i, in- terval, inconvenient, inconceivable, postpone. 8. Spirituality, sens-ation, endanger, dangerous, ex- iFCtion, convocation, revelafio«, re vol wf ion, counter eiign. 9. Drive, pttnishments, assignments, seafaring gpecw- 1 ate, financial, railroad, opposite, arrangement, -pro- iraeted (see page 31, Rule 49). 10. Supplied, involve, notifi ea^iore, perprtwal, pres-crip- tive, preservation, trans parent, timidity, \i €ious7iess. 11. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, to-day, to-morrow, yksterday. 1. 2. 3. 4. PLATE 15. \ > V ^ r^ (o > 9. V >/ / ■5 °~A^ r\^. /Oo 12 -^ ^ 13 "^ 14 -1_ 15 / e G ;:^ ^ s 10 20/7 c Vv ^-^ V 1 80 TLATE 15. 12. January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, Soptember. 13. October, November, December, spring, summer, autumn, winter, days, weeks. 14. Attach ments, attai-nments, concett, council, counsel, already, aaaociation, obvious, prop-e-rt-y, a-pprop-riate. 15. Envious, serious, plaster, blister, Chester, (see pageSl, Rule 52), cluster, priest, trust, thrust, crust, trustees. 16. Unbe arable, porter, afraid, deception, moderation, formation, Teformation, renoYcitioyi, diaaolution. 17. Couster nation, exter mination, stimul ation, estima- tion, meditation, exwltation, population, alteration, retain- ed, spending, tending. 18. (See Prefixes, page 23.) Transport, transact, trans- mit, transformation, circum volution, circum vention, extra- dition, exposition, explication, contraction, refection. 19. Dignity, diction, decision, remonstrances, factions, superintendents, associated, reporting. 20. Interfere, custom-house, plaintiff, confident, consum- mation, mercantile, incidental, failure, preferable. Write the following according to the principles illus- trated above : Fatality. Mberation, protracted, prov-sion, disrespect, inter-mixed, edification, achievement, intending, appre- hend, trans-late, tren-t-able, con for mation, exactness (x-ct- ness), exer-tion. memor-able, conste-11-ation, engagement, enjoy ment, eqwitable, expeditious, derangement, symp- tom, administer, vivacious. s?/rvive, vaunting, likeness, indign ation, abandon, simwl ation, employ ment, cordiality, feebleness, heaviness, wakeful, wafchful, incision, ex- cision, pre cision, bi-section. PLATE IG 81 The Tiights of J/hrw.— Blackstonk The absolute rights of man, considered as-a free agent (see page 62, Rule 8), endowed with discernment (see Note, page 30) to know good from evil, and yA-Ca. power of choos- ing those measures which appear to him to^e most desir- able, are usually summed up in one general appellation, and denominated (d-n-mnt-d) the natural liberty of man- kind. This natural liberty consists (const-s) properly in-a power of a-ct-ing as one thinks fit without any rest-ramt (see page 62, Rule 8) or contr-o-1 imless hy-the law of na- ture, being a right in-he-rent in-us by-birth, and one of the gifts of God to-man at his creation, ichenJie endued him with the faculty (see imge 29, Rule 28) of free-will. But every-man when-he enters into society, gives up a part of his natural liberty as-the price of so valuable purcliase, and in-eonsideraiion-of receiving the advantages of mutual commerce, obliges (when words commence obl it is suffi- cient to write bl) himself to conform to-those laws wJdeli-the commimity has thought proper to establish. And this spec-ies (see page 64, Rule 19) of legal obedience (ob-d-ence) and conformity is in-finite ly more desirable than-that wild and savage liberty which-is sacrificed to obtain it. For no man that considers a moment would-wish to-retain the absolute and uncontr-o-lled power of doing whatever h« 1 PLATE 16. i/^ / /^ ^ / I ^ /\^ rose. 1 PLATE 17. I I D O f V z' J I •>. r^ ^ - J? ^^ . /^ L/~ \ ^^ I /. / \ ^ /"^ z_ PLATE 17 85 T?ie Objects of Z^arw'.— Blackstoije. One of the first objects of all law is to-mete out justice ; another is to-make justice pursue quickly on-the heels of wrong ; for justice delayed often fialls short of preserving the rights of the injured party, especially in business trans- actions. Therefore, when-a law is found to be so faulty that-d wrong-doer may for a long time, by tricks, avert or avoid justice, itshould^e so remodeled as-to ix-rmit oflBccrs of the law, whose duty it-is to-see justice done, to- prevent such unreasonable delay. The next object of law is, in all cases, to ascertain truth. To-do this in judicial (j-d-cl) investigations it-has for a long time been admitted by jurists and statesmen of all civilized countries, that wit- nesses .fhould-be subject, in-their examinations relative to transactions within their knowledge, to examination and cross-examination by and in-presence-of both i^rties to-t/ie dispute. In-this way the condition and knowledge of wit- nesses are best sifted. Another object of law is that such rules in-the government of trials may-he adopted as will admit both parties to4he same privileges, so-that none may complain of the course that-is pursued with all. If men were to-live in a state of nature, disconnected with all other individuals, each living separately by himself, thcre- vould-be no occasion for any other laws than these of nature and God. But man was formed for societv, and is 1 86 PLATE 17. neither able to-live alone, nor indeed has he courage to-do it. And as-it-is impossible for the whole race to form one great society, they-must necessarily divide and form separ- ate states and nations. Hence we-liam a third kind of law to regulate their mutual intercoui'se — the law of nations — which depends upon agreements and treaties and com- pacts between these several states and nations. Owing to- tJie several interests of the different parties to-these agree- ments, much diflBculty is encountered in forming such laws OS-will bear the test of time. Note.— The following is an exercise on the signs, and each word used therein will have its representative characters given in the tahlcs at the end of the book : The particular paragraph in the pamphlet for which pecuniary consideration was to be given was much ob- jected to by the very person whose opinion was said to be most j udicious. The executor and executrix were not able to give a satisfactory explanation before the justice of the irregularity in the accounts of the different jihysieians. Our correspondent could not cultivate the acquaintance of the several members of the committee, because a resolution had been adopted which discharged all from oiEcc who should be observed in company with him. Notwithstand- ing the extraordinary influence of a certain politician, the secretary of the exchequer, in accordance with an order of his honor the judge, discharged the defendant, against wliom nothing had been established. PLATE ]8. 87 Note. — A few of the words in the following exercise are here out- lined: E-d-cation, h-i&t, imprt-ance, n-ther, ad-v-ce, c-mndation, d prt ment, c-vl-sed, &-cty, ind s pus-able, a tracted, t ntion, p rents, vrt u, us fully, bl-g-tions, pr spr ty, in (net/, a qrd V r sions, fl ence, a ctions, d &ce, d vr s fd, iu d ted, fs cl, in V gr ation, d r ection, dct ts, grt f cation, e mtions, pr fl gey, c pld, v 1st, at rcties. £^dueation, (See Next Page.) "Education being unitersally acknowledged of the highest importance, requires neither advocacy nor com- mendation. In-ecery department of civilized society, in nil the social relations of life, it-is coksidebed indispensable, and has therefore in-all ages attracted the attention of parents, sages, phiixjsophers, and even of legislators. To-instil into the mind a sense of virtue and religion, to discharge usefully and honorably the duties zoe-owe to-our- selves and tothe-public, to-cnliivate the understanding and to-diffuse the light of knowledge, ure-not individual but general interests, since on the discharge of those important obligations depend in-Orgreat-mensure peace, pleasure, and prosperity here, and eternal happiness hereafter. The wis« man Jiaa-said, Train-up a child in-the-way Jie-ahaU-go, and ►^ PLATE 18. \w '^, \^ T. c ^ /'''^^^ ^ "^ r^ r. a^ . zi. ^ -7" '^^ i^V ^^■- v-. \'f/^Vc ^ "VV <^ _^ PLATE 18. 89 mhen-he-is old Jie-inll-not depart from it — an advice that contains more-wisdom than-columes of modem ethics. In infancy are acquired desires, aversions and passions, which ever after influence our-actions, clinging to-us througMife even in defiance of our judgment, forming as-it were-a-part of our nature, and often giving to-reason itself an improper bias. Nature, it-is-trite, haa-greatly diversified human character, but in-that-respect the influence of education has been more powerful. To-t/te-Jirst ice-are indebted for our physical and intellectual powers ; to the other we-owe their development, invigoration, and direction. Man, un- tutored, ranks in the scale of animated nature but-little above the irrational (see page 30, No. 2) beings by-which-he- is surrounded. Actuated by the cravings of want, the influ- ence of unrestrained passion, the dictates of unreflecting ignorance, or the gratification of a grovelling and selfish feeling, he acts by instinct rather than by reason. Dis- daining all-lav, disobejing all control, iminflueuced by emotions of religion, vice is often mistaken for virtue, the carnal appetites are indulged, and the too frequent conse- quences are abandoned profligacy coupled with the vilest atrocities." Onr-FatTier who-art in-heaven, hallowed he4hy-name . Thy kingdom-come. Thy-wUl-be-done on-earth, as-it-is in-heaven. Oive-vs thia-day our daily bread. And forgive us ovir debts, as-ice-forgive our-debtors. And lead-usnot into-tetnptation ; but-delixier-ua from-cvU. 90 PLATE 19. The JVature of Tfue Eloquence. "When PUBLIC bodies are to be addressed on momentous (mm-nt-ous) occasions, when great interests are at stake, and strong passions exerted, nothing is VALuaWe in speech further than it-is connected with high intellectual and moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnestness (r-nst-ness) are the c^idities which produce conviction.. True eloquence, indeed, does-not consist in speech. It can- not-be brought from far. Labor and LEARNt/15' may toil for it, hut-they-icill toil in-vaiii. Words and phrases mau-be marshaled in every way, but-they cannot compass it. It- mus-t exist in-the-man, in-the-siibject, and in-the-occasion. Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of declama- tion, all may aspire after it ; they cannot reach it. It comes, if-it comes at-aU, like the outbreaking of a fountain from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires with ORIGINAL, native force. The graces taught in the schools, the costly ornaments and the contrivances {contr-v-ence-s) of speech, shock and disgust men, when their-own lives, and the fate of their wives, their children, and their country, hang on the decision of the hour. Then words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory con- temptible. Even genius itself then feels rebuked, as in-tlie- presence-of higher qualities. Then patnotj'sm is eloquence ; then self-devotion is eloquence. The clear conception, out- running the deductions of logic, the high purpose, the firm resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking hy-the tongue, beam- ing /?'0TO-^/i<3 eye, informing every feature, and urging the whole man onward to his object — this, this is eloquence ; or rather it-is something greater and higher than all elo> quence : it-ia action — noble, sublime, God-like action." By Dakiel Websteb. PLATE 19. ^ / _, J . vg \v + Cx^ A. r^ d K _ >» 7 ^ ^ L "^./Ibt >^ ~ ^ A X.\ I yX \ ( ^ L G ^ . , -^. M x^ /-. ^. -/v-.^ 93 PLATE 20. Short-Hand. " The art of sliort-liand writing is one which-has engaged the attention of educated and practical men from a very early period of the svorld's history (see page 32, Rule 52). Language is the glorious attribute of man — the right-arm of human intellect and human power. It consists of two parts — spoken and written ; and the latter is but the off- shoot of the former. WhateKer-may-Jiave^een the origin of language — whether it sprang out-of-the inventions of man or the conventions of society, or whether it origin- ated directlv in-the inspirations of di\'inity — is a question that has-been much discussed by some of the ablest scholars of EuEOPE and Amrrica. The faculty of speech exists, and has existed, tlirough-all-the-ages of man ; and the ne- cessity of writing, for the purpose of recording liistorical facts, communicating with the absent or the distant, and gi\nng permanence to-tltougM, mvst-have made itself strongly felt in-the-minds of the earliest races. The fii-st form of writing appears to-7iavc-been the simple pictorial which, by natural and easy J)TiYm.OFment8, has issued in the various forms that l.ave sprung up among the different nations of the earth. The art of short-hand writing is but a natural outgrowth from the abbreviated style in-tise amon'? the ancients — a nKxr.i.O'^'mfnt of the natural tend- PLATE 20. V. I' c, S r-y \^ V 1 94 PLATE 20. ency in the hmnaa mind to simple ft'cation and abridgment, BO as-to save time and abolish, labor and toil as-much-as possible. It-is capable of imparting so many advantages to-persons in-almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to-society, that-it-is justly a matter of sur- prise tkat4trJias-not attracted a greater share of attention and been more-generally practiced. The faciuty it affords to the acquisition of language ougM-to render it an indispensable branch in-the education of youth. The ac- quirement of the art tends greatly to improve the student in-the-principl^ of grammar and composition. While tracing the various forms of expression hy-icliich the same sentiments can-be conveyed, and while endeavoring to represent, by modes of contraction, tlie dependence of one word njpon another, JieM insensibly initiated in the science of universal language, and particularly in the knowledge of his native tongue. By4his means many ideas which daily strike us, and which otherwise toould-be lost forever, may-be preserved." NoTB. — ^Write the following words by implying nt and nis or nee, according to Rules 8 and 9, page 62 : Chant, flint, regent, pedant, potent, silence, enhance, ex- panse, romance. pranc«, eloquence, residence, conveyance, indulgence, accidents, emigrants, patients, presents, cre- dence, claimants, audience, nuisance, remnant, descendant, occupant, prevalent, distant, talent, constant, event. PLATE 21. 93 NoTB.— Rirases are of the greatest aeeistonce to the report, r. A careful examination of the examples given will put the Btnder.t iu possession of the principle upon which they are formed, and eoable him to phrase as much as he pleases. 1. I-have, I-have-not, I-can, I-cannot, I-do, I-do-not, I- couJd, I-could-not. 2. To-be, to-have, to-have-been, it-ie, it-is-not, to-it, tc- them, to-do, in-the. 3. I-aui, I-am-not, I sball-bc-ablc, I-sliall-not, I-shall-be, I-sball-not-be, I-pball-be-ablcs-to-do, I-sball-not-be-able-to-do, I-fibould, I-sbould-bc. 4 I-will, you-will, he-will, tbey-will. it-will, it-wiU-be, it- will-not-be, we-will, we-will-not, as-it-is, as-much-as. 5. Ought-to-have-been, ought to-be, he -that, that -he, that-you. that-tbe, tbat-they, that-they-may, that-it-is, that- there-are, I-must. 6. I-mnst-bave, all-that-ig, so-that-it, I-think, I-think-it-is, that-you-have-not, as if, if-you, which-have-had. 7. Can-be, cannot-be, do-yoa, if-we-are-to-be, if-it-were- neccsson', it-is-necessary, when I-wa«, I-hope-to-be, you- will-observe. 8. I-have-received, you-mayas-well, you-will-find, as-I- have-said, it-must-be, if-it-had, if-it-did. was-not-to-be. 96 PLATE 21. 9. Whicli--S, might-be, might-have-been, was-never, whicli-we, in-the-presence, let-it-be, although-it-is, in-lhat- respect, in tbe-last-placo, in-the-first-place, ladies-and-gen- tlemen (see page 23, No. 27). 10. Male-and-femalc, brother-and-sister, above-and-below, meu-women-aud-childreE , as-near-as-I-can, in-order, on-the- contrary, as-thej-ha've, great-as-it-is. 11. As-good-as, at-least, by-the-way, as-they-do, how- could-you, in-my-opinion, what-is-your-opinion, in-haste, former-occasion, how-it. 12. For-instauce, far-be-it, it-is-your-daty, no-communi- cation, at-once, to-you, although-it-may-appear, whatever- have-been, 80-as-to. 13. In-reference, as-long-as, but-is not-able, if-it-should-be, as-woU-as, let- there-be, as-tliere-wiil-be, to-have-done, I- should-think, think-you. 14. Whatever-may-have-been, my-friend, my dear-sir; nobody-can-be, which-has been-fonnd, where-it-would-be; if-po8sible, with-you. 15. What-is-his-name, would-not, would-not-be, very-well, no-other, as-regards, then-I-am, who-is-not, day-to-day, timc-to-time. 16. It-^-ill-not-do, if-it-will, as-much, which-y on -ought- to-have, where-do-you-reside, shaU-I-be-told, I-call-upon- ycu. 2. S - 3. PLATE 21- 0.. / -^ ^ cy^ <^ ^ L '^^^-^ f/7 ^ ^^ j/ ^^^^^^ ^^/ -U^ ^^ L 14 v^ Y- V- \i^ ^^"^^ ^ ii<~ 7 L •^ 6^ ^ ^ -X- 1 98 EXERCISES. Note.— Write the following words with the Alphabetic Characters which represent them (see page 10, column 1) : I have not had time to begin. My own opinion is. Ilis regard for us. I expect to have time to take. Lord, have mercy upon them. With what prophet. Individual liappi- ness. He had done. I endeavor to begin. With what zeal I endeavor to give. Come, have a regard for his in- terest. Give him half you have. He is certain to come. His mercy be upon you. I expect to give him happiness. You have been very kind to us. Note. — Write the following words, using the Double and Syllabic characters (pages 10 and 11 ; see also page CO, No. 1) : D-amp, CT-amp, tr-amp, s-amp-\e, d-angle, m-angle, ent- angle, vn-angle, ft^ade, &^oom, W-under, hl-\ss, (\Q-cent, coih- cent, TQii-cent, j&-cent, cre-s-cent, c7i-ip, ch-at, ch-eer, ch-&ae, lai-eh, m&T-ch, ench, par-cA, c^ass, cZ-amor, c^ver, cl-og, cZ-aim, coin-\c, comm-and, eomm-on, comm-vAe, comb-vae, comb-at, comb-ing, comp ass, comport, comp-lex, comp-Tee», con-dude, con-cur, con-9o\e, con-i&ct, con-voke, counter-\i&ri, counter-^iae, en-counter, counter-mnMd, a-ct (ct), fa-c^ de- je-ct, eSe-et, con-duct (dct), in-duct, pre-dict, vi&-duet, aided, for-ded, tm-ded, dis-ra&y, des-ire, des-Y&ir, discard, dis-dain, dis-cern, dis-mal, del-ay, del-ude, i-dle, &-ddle, e?np-ire, emp- loy, cmph-as-iB, c«-list, en-roll, en-join, enough, en-t-angle, Engl-and, enter-'prise, entr-ai), entr-eat, fl-aw, _^ight, _/?- utter, ^-avor, de-fine (fn), re-fine, con-fine, fin-iah, fondle, fr-ei, /r-ight, /r-ank, fr-esh, ful-ness, cup-full, arm-ful, pl&y-ful, Bi-gn, forei-gn, en-si-gn, gent-le, indi-.^^n^, gr-and, gr-ave, gr-ief, .^r-im, gr-ow, grr-ip. EXERCISES. 99 Heorl, imp-ly, irnp-lore, imp-ress, tH-gulf, t?j.stil, tn-sult, inter-poae, inter-fere, inter-vene, keen, kn-ai\i-s/i, kn-e-w, malsidy, mal-efact-oi, dis-mal, fe-male, metu-o'ir, mcmoTy, negl-ect, shingle, s-ingle, ob-yerae, ob-lige, 06-trude, 06-tain, ]-ook, h-ook, sh-ook, opp-ose, opp-ugrt, cr-op, sh-op, \-on-A, pi av, plough, pl-^Vi, ^-uuder, plunge, pul-^vi, pull-et, re- pulse, p-op-ul-a.ce{p]A), reconstruct, recon-cile, reM-ore, rest- rain, rest-rict, ramp-ant, i-ramp, c-rimp, sh-rimp, j)-rove (rv). at-rive, c-rave, sh-&de, sh-ape, sh-oot, sh-\ne, simp-\e, symp- tom, sympsa-thy, inspect, spect-re, spec-imen, con-sump-tion, a-s»ump-tion, cour-ses, p&r-ses, st-ern, st-ock, sNand, instead, ■w&sted, obstruct, sub-m'n, sub-due, sub-Vime (Im), super-fine (fn), super-^cm\ (f-cl), super-^mtY (flty), ma-ted, hea-tcd, th-eir, path, -wra-th, tw-\st. st^w, a-ttempt, con-tempt, d-ump, p-ump, c-icU, rsk-vel, wh-im, wh-ii\, d-weU (wl) a-well. On the Terminations. (Pages 12, 13.) F-able, en-ables, dou-bly, dis-abled, li-abilitj, oomp-a-t- ibility, t-aught, c-aught, d-aught-er, re-cession, po-sition, (j-shun), decision, con-cessions, rej-ection, el-ection, o-ccasion (k-shun), a-ction, comp-l-ections, han-dle, con- ference, in-ferences, di-fferences, pro-fessional, suiBciency, de-ficient, wbere-fore, man-fully, indi-gence, teie-graph, bi-ograpby, ge-ographers, aim-ing, se-nding, aw-ning, sl-ings, t-ongs, 1-onged, ba-nged, s-ion, l-ions, ta-ily, vita- lity, rea-lities, va-lidity, ge-ological, bi-ology, dox-ology, fo-ment, ce-ments, de-mented, ador-nment, stern-ness, wit- nesses, anger, finger, d-ock, pi-ous, con-scions, (sbus), lu sciousness (shusness). witb-out, expel, re-pelled, cu- pidity, c-rest, d-rest, p-rest (or pressed), p-roved (rvd), con- script, bim-self, wor-sbip, fa-tber, o-cean (tion), f-usion, excl-usion, de-cep-tive, de-tract, in-ward, for-wards, lest, be-nded, b-ard, m&rt, went, dents, fence. 100 EXERCISES. Note.— Consult page 31, Rule 4. Ora-tion, cou-dition, dil-ution, ob-tusion, es-emption, elimination, rec-o-mmendation, (mndtion), att-e-ution, re-ndition. Note. — Words ending in ning, nment (see Note, page 30). Tur-ning, bur-nings, attai-ning, remai-ning, attai-nment, assig-nnient, (ss-nment), adjournments, consig-nment. Words formed by modiflcation of the ring (see page 32, Rule 52). Fl-uster, lustr-ation, m-iister, cluster, mi-nister, de-mon- str-ate), pastor-al, deepest, must, pest, lest. Words written with one stroke, by implying nt, nee, ther, d, rt or rd, ngr. Mint, lint, pant, rent, tent, dent, mince, hence, sense, fence, lance, author, mother, bother, lather, other, mad, fed, said, trod, clod, heart, mart, cart, treat, sort, exert, dread, pride, heard, marred, singer, linger, finger, vinegar. Words of two strokes. Distract, conceive, in-dict, prop-er, prop-ose, support (spr-t), ra-pidity, sober (sb-r), re-spect, neglect, passenger, merits, gentle, debility. With three strokes. Boldness, believing, conviction, descrip-tion, in-for-mation, move-ment, rela-tive, in-cli-nation, pro-tract, structure, interpose, countermine, sinfulness, carefulneas, frugality, proposal, moderation, contribution, trans-po-sition. Miscellaneous. Revolution, acquisition (z-tion), vicious (shus), publica- tion (p-bl-k-tion\ re-spect-able, research, insuperable (in- Bupr-able), in-sti-tution, existence (x-st, page 62, Rule 9), elegance, commence, exciting, delegation, compromise, un- easiness, acclamation, leadership, previously, decided, nomination (n-mnation), approaching, discommont, reor- ganize. siGJsrs. 1. It is the practice in all systems of Short-band, instead of writinjf the innst common words at full lennfih, to repre- sent tliem by one or more of llieir leading letters. Such abbreviations are here called Signs. All the Chs. in the fables, pp. 10 and 11, are the signs of the words pet opposite to them. Tliey there consist of only one Cli. ; but it con- tributes greatly to promote expedition, to represent some other words by fewer Chs. than naturally belong to ihem ; and we may ev^n use a few Arbitraries witii advantage, as a f for the cross, and a circle for the world. These, with words that seemed to requirt) notice on account of some peculiarity in the union or position of their Chs, have all been collected into one list, in alphabetical order, and may for convenience be referred to under the general name ol Signs. 2. The most useful begin with Capitals, and some of them, printed entirely in capitals, are so essential that they are never to be written in full, bat always represented by the Chs. in tlie List. The Stenographer will find that those without capitals are worth remembering ; and the Reporter, that those in [] are also worthy of his attention : for, of course, the more signs the writer employs, the easier it will be for him to follow a speaker. 3. Tho same abbreviation (like Dr. for doctor and debtor) may sometimes stand, in one position, for two diflFerent words, without any danger of our mistaking the one intended, especially when tiiev are not the same parts of speech. When two Signs are given for the same word, the Stenograpber can take his choice; 1 he shortest is the best for the Reporter. 102 SIGNS. 4. A short 8, or any termination, may be joined to a Sijrn or taken from it, wlien the word differs, in this respect, from that in the List ; and it matters not how much it may alter the spelling-, it is sufficient to add the termination to the simple sign, if pronouncing the sign with the additional letters will give the word its proper sound ; thus, we add « to the Ch. for counti'y to obtain the sound of countries or country's, and ly to very for verily. 5. A word included in ( ) must be written in full when it forms a part of another, as come in comet ; but the Sign may be used with safety in its own compounds, as income, welcome. Some words, whose signs are often, but not always, used in longer words, are in this List in ( ), though they are not marked thus in the Alphabet ; as, come. 6. To add d or ed to a Sign, if it is a ring-letter, we can make the ring a loop ; if it is short, or shortened, or if any part of tbe first long Ch. in the word stands below the one or the 2-line, we have only to thicken the Ch. ; but if it is a long up or down-stroke standing on the one or the 2-line, we join the Ch. for d to the Sign. We may move a word standing on either line so that its first long Ch. will cross the line, and then add d to the long down-strokes by thickening them. It is, however, better not to move it, but to write the d, if the same Ch. stands below either line for another word. 7. By putting a Ch. on the y-line, final y is added to it without writing the y; but we can set a Sign on the y-line even if y is not added, and it will cause no confusion unless a y after the sign would make a word. The Signs of most words ending in h, e, r, d, cross or stand under the 2 line. 8. A T[ indicates that the Cli. opposite to it does not usually stand for that word, but will at times be found con- venient to represent it in Phrase-Writing. BW direct that the first Ch., MW that the middle Ch., and EW or TW that the end or termination be made wide or thick. AS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL TIIE SIGNS WITH A FEW ARBITRARIES. If no figure or t is set after the wordi its Sign (or first long up ♦r down-strokci) stands on the ruled line, 2: but whenever it is followed by 1 its Sign must stand on the y-line, — . 3 _ — _ _ below - 2 - — - t - — — cross or hang on - 2 - — - tl " "~ — cross or hang on - y - Short marks on the lines which separate the columns give the position of line 2i the only one ever ruled. Chs. without those marks arc on 2. The y-line is never ruled, but is supposed to run along the tops of the long Chs- standing on the 2-Iinc. l3" AVords marked tl ending in thf.r require all their Chs. to be short k, if horizontal, below the y-line. See Key, p. xx. Able S, ability Ablt S About above absurd, absent TS ~D \ [• T acceptt, -edt TW T Accompany 1 T accomplislit,-edt TW —^ according / According as —J Accordingly 1 -J According to W4 SIGIfS lu Accordance "with ■t iL Ameri-ca 3G, -can 3G Account 1 T > Among TS Accounted I "^ ; Cb amongst 1 accustom t, -ed f TW] X/1- -i araphitneatre f Acknowledge t: 1 ampli-fy 1, -tudef acqumnt, -ance t "C • And, An, any 1 adopt +, [adptt] ^- • answer 3, -ed 3W Adv B, -autage f, BW "V. ■_^ ancestor f after S 1 ■;^ angels f, angles t iifterwards BS .^ ■/ angelic + Again, Against 1 " \ anniversary I again & again ... _) anonymous * agnculture f -^■ -. Another's T3 I agricultural f _^^ ~> apologies 1, -gize 1 All B 1, al B 1 cJ_ ■-r architect +, -ure + almighty 1 d. -~^ archbishop alphabet 1 "3 r (Are, Our, or S ) alphabetical I d' -r aristocra-t, -tic,-cy 1 ,TS also 1 y' T aristocracies 1, arrests Always 1 Ti5 y • ( As S , Has S ) BIGNS astonish t _y1- ^/ astronomy 1, -ical I 1 ■V Atmospher-et, -icf n- 1 attorney-general I -V ."\ Awiul, auxiliary i, axie-ifeei 1 ■G_- K 6 Babylon t IS ^- c bankrupt \, -cy i V cP baotise, baptism ^. ■ c baptists :^ ( Ee, Beks, Body IW ^ c_ Because 3, Begin t ^- c - a behold, beheld t ^ believe, believed t TW c [? Between t, betwixt 1 V e beyond 1, behind ) .^ Bishop "^- X Bless, Blessed SW 7 X Brethren ^ ■ .^ 10.1 [British iJWl Brought, brother Sfl (But) 1 (both) by and by 1 c Califomi.' f calcul (Cax), or with no dot Cannot can-didate+. -dlestick 1 [cp, opt, cap-ital. -tain] catholic Certain 1, certify, Wl certificate Wl Character +. chapter characteristic t Child, Children 1 children of Israel 1 Christ, :Multiply S Christian, -ity I Christians, christianize! SIGNS 100 Christ Jesus Christ Jesus our Lord tH^ Ch. J. our Saviour -/-P Ch. the Lord, crystal ^ Christmas /^ Church 3, chapel 1 , circle 3, circular 3 Q CSrcum, [cntS, sent S] Q Circum-cise 1 , -stance > Circumdsion 1 Circumstantial Clergy-man 1, colonel (CoMK,) committee t Companion, Company 1 f Concern, Consider 3 ^ — condition o— • [congratulate 3, -d 3TW] C congregation 3 Q^ ' congregationalists 3 C^ conscience 3 S o- i G C cr Cr G c t ■t t t. ■cy\ conscientious 3 S Conse-quence 1, -quentl consequential 1 consist contemp-t, -late t contra. Counter , [cntr] contribute f contradict EW, -ed EW contradiction MW contradictory 1 MW contradicts ilW. TS convenien-t, -cet correspondt corresponden-t, -ce+,TS CouLu, cultivate t [cdnt SW, couldn't SW] Countr, Country 1 covenant Cross, the cross crossed t EW" crucif-y 1, -ied 1 E^Y" crucifixion 1 [custom t} SIGNS 107 D danger fJ, Day , $ UP \ defendant TS \;» degree OP, degrees OP ° deliver t, -ance S3 ^^ deliberation f description . develope >k denomination despatcht, -cdfTW Dm, [t liaddone t], G difFeren-t, -cc, ) > \ \ Difficult 1,-y I'' » dignify-ied 1 . ^^ discharge , -ed TW •^ ^^-t^ a Disciple TS A Disciples Disconnect displeasure , displace t ^^^ Distinguish t, -edfTW ^- (Do, very 1) ^ (Does)V down "^ (DosEt. Had), Divide t "^ e i- r £ (East,) episcopal 3 Each 3 [East Indies] eccentric TS, -itylTS ecclesiastic, -al econo-mical, -my 1 [Edmburgh 3] Education W Egj-pt ^ Egyptians electric, electricity 1 emblem emblematical empha-sis, -tic empoverisht, -edfW Endeavor, (either 1 1 S) endureth England f, angel t English f Englishman t Entert, Inter t, Intrt, B 1 108 equalled "W , equal Especial 1 , Esquire UEP cstablisht, -ed t TW Et caetera, &c. etern-al, -ity TS 1 Europe 3, -an 3 evangelical evangelist Ever, Every 1) IT ever & ever Ever-lasting, -ything 1 /^^ every other 1 , each oth. 3 ^^.^ examination (. Example , expll ( Except 3, Expect \ exchange , exchequei*t ( executort; exemplary 1 C^ - executrix t ^^ ' Exercisef , -df W Expense S 3 explanation 1 l^IGNS -V A d o I ^ I extmguish t, -cd t TW Extr, Extra, expll ,JF Extraordinary 1 extrava-gant, -gancet F fn, fin , find, fine " fa-miliarf , -cility 1 faculty 1 --Fon, fore E ; nho Jor 'Fer, FiR,FuR,M-/(en thi i, U, have the sound of or short u. ') e, i, u, i ^ short e, Flamet, influence 3 S Flagrant TS Follow, For fonnt, firm f, [fmt] forasmuch as f TS Fredericton t, friend frequen-t TS, -cy t TS Froii, fire t, fear father Stl.[-4/?pr any Ck. thr ix iiiipfiedif the preced- ing Chs. he shortened Si'^X] Full or a dot LEP Fully, /©fulfil SIGNS 109 e -:- Ilappinesa, happy 1 Generation J — (Have) geut S, gents 3 S J i~\ (He , Ever, Every 1) Generul l,Give,-n, (Gon) J Q Heaven, Henry 1, hear George 1G, [grgfG.] y- Q heathen 1 , hemisphere 3 Gone j> ■ r (Her t, Ol-r, or S) Glorify 1 A -r Herself J good; govemf, -orf go 1 ^ y (His), hasS Gospel ^ -- Him, hippo, how , B graphic T -/-e — '• Himself Great, gratitude + y — (lioly, house of) JLFC greater f. -z^ Holy Ghost Great Britain G. B. & Ireland - * — / --y Holy Spuit t hope house of assembly H ^ house of commons CIIau, DoxKt) \ N However, [^ how lie] half 1, hundred UP ._ ^ (honor 3 S, t-able, S) hallelujah 3 -^- ■ — hunger 3, hypocrisy 1 [hand, handed W • - V humble t TS handkerchief I w/s ^. humiliation 1 MO SIGNS 1 If 1 S I, Individual 1, Jesus 3 1 1 believe, -dtTW ignor-ant -ancef Immediate immortality TW imperfect 1 impor-tant, -tanceSS Impossibility Tinposabl'S impracticable f impracticability f impro-per t, -priety 1 improve TS, -d TS lNB,ingAE, ngJP,S Inculcated Indeed t TW indispensable influence S 3 inhabitant intellectual r ^o V 1 - ^- V r -r. ■ — o Intf.rkst Inter fT^, IntrfB Into, intoxicate t intoxication t irre^lar i irre^arity I (Is, His) Israel (It), Church 3 (Its), Churches 3, TS J - Jehovah 3 Jerusalem Jesus 3 Jesus Christ J.Christ our Lord J. C. our Saviour joyful ^ Jolui judge justice 3, justify 1 BIGNS in K J long, -itude Kentucky 1, Kingdom 3 J longest Kind, [kerchief 1 J /-^ I Lord Knees TS > My 1, Mercy 1, Them 1 112 SIGNS might 1, mighty 1 o y^' Newfoundland t mightest 1, mightiest 1 C> \^ New Hampshire f million UP, middle W f ^" .^j> New Orleans t Mississippi 1 ^ -p New York f mistakef, mistakenf ^- -^ North Carolina t Moreover V ^ (Not) , ^ , (not) °""^^crf, knowt most ^ -A Tfno longer f,^nodoubtt mortality ^ ^ Nothing, / nor LCmucht)] \- n Notwithstanding multi 1, Multitude 1 ^_ Multitudes 1 T3 V o O, (Oh ! ), origin 3, [orgn]3 Multipl-yS, -iedEW X 3 Ob B, Bility T, obey 1 (Must) V D Object, observe f N ^ objected, obeyed 1 Nature, Inter f, Intro f y. objectionable Necessity 1, never r_ 15^ ob-jections, -servatlonsf Necessary ^ none P \i3 occasion Nevertheless Tz, y occasional neigborhood TW nobody TWf 1 New Brunswick ^ ^ occasion-ally 1,-ing occasions SIGNS lis o'clock ^ - (Our, hour) Of, offend 3, offence 3 o /7 (Ours, hours') offer 3, offered W 3 f 1 (Oct S 3), -ward S 3 W offensive f V- ^ peculiar t, pecuniary 1 Op ,-en. Opportunity 1 hope O -r Perfect 1 opinion, (organ 3, own) r-a ■0 [Prp], perpendicular \ (or S, Our) /- -^ Philadelpliiat OrdB, order B, -edEW ordinary 1 '\ /" [philanthrop-ic 1 -y 1] ostentatious O V Philoso-pher, -phy 1 (other 1,) otherwise 1 k9 ""V phonogra-pher 3, -phy 3 (Ought) ^ ought to, Ottawa ^ M* "v. Phj'siciana plaintiff, S places, pleasure, 3 1 114 SIGKS Pleasures, Dlease, S V l-'X' providen-ce t, -tial t, TW Plenipotentiaries 1 TS < -s Public, publican t politic 1 r -^ pubHcI, -y publish politician X- «u popularity 1, People ">> ^ Qua-lify 1 ,-rter 3, Quest Possible ^ ^ Qualification 1 Possibly -y ,^ Qualifications 1 powerfiil V (^ quantity 1 Possibility ^ fi practicable f ■>- /^ Receive practicability ^ ^^ recognis-e, [-ancet] practical -v^ , Reconcile, reckon 1 practice "irt: -^ Reconsider 3, -ed 3 EW presbyterian V , , recon-ciliat'n.-siderat'nS present, presence \ S ^ ^^ redemption PrincioaH, principle f ~^- ^ Regard I, reflect t probability TQ T) . regenerate f, regret progress Prophe-t "^ , -cy 1 ^ V -^ regeneration t repugnant. ^ resolve +, respons« t [protestantsj BW ^ -^ resolution f renonnced 3. SIGNS r-" <.- responsibility t -^ reverend '"^ Kghteous, judicious t ~~^ Righteousness — -* ^ round about 8 sacraments Bacrificet, scribe, secY 1 "^ Baid SW, [t said] satisfactory, satisfy,! same ^ Saint John ^ Saint Paul Saviour, Sovereign 1 S. Christ 8. J. Christ schoolmaster f school / scholar t ^- Scriptural ^ Sonpture, says S ^ / c/ r / r / -/ lis selfislily serve TS, Servant TS Several, k. service Shall, SiiocLDf shoulder t significan-t, -ce TS f simplify 1 [so 1 3 some 1 , super t S society 1 T3 somebody I something 1 sometimes 1 somewhat 1 spec, spect, [spc, spct] spirits, 1 -ual t Sub-ject, -scribe t sub-jection, -scriptioni Substance t substantial substantially t Bncoefision. 1 116 suggest, signify 1, -atnret ^ surprisef S, -d t S'l'W sympa-thy 1, -thetic r x/ - X Bymptoni, system S T tabernacle + ( (take)t I Temp-t, -orary 1 , -oral t G » Temptations b^ temper t, -ance S3 o temperance society 1 l^ testimony IS M tliankj, think T SIGNS ^ Thus, tnis wit^ no dot > Things, higs T ® thro", tlu-o' the world G 9 Throughout S I Time, trans 1, lextf I To S, [1[ to do SW, atJB _\ to-day BS or i I Together J tongue, lively Dl:' i Toward EW U transgress 1 thanks^ving t That, Thousand ♦ The, Thee, Thy I Their, There Them Therefore TUEY these TS, thinks fTS Those L/'-j-k?' trespass t u - P^=. imanimous t - Under UF -_ underst-aud,-oodW,UEP union S 3 - \ undoubted TW I- ^ ^U. S. of America * I J tJniversal V universally SIGNS 117 University Y 6 while, wliole unmistakable f -VL- ^ Wilderness (Unto), universe Vi^ ^ Willmgncss witness ; -y witnesses (TJp) *^ (Upon) a\ [without 3 S] (Ust), [usct] / - O World, The world V o in the world Valley 1, voluntary S 1 v^_ o into the world value, volunteer f , voLt Vd c Outoftheworid vengeance t S round the world (Very 1), virgin ♦ ^ 9 throughout the world voluntary 1 Vbrginiat vouchsafe f c ~ N Y Would, or ^ uith no dot Y (Was), whose f , | wish] (^ y Yesterday Washington t ^- j> Yesterday's, Yours t Ward, *r W with no dot / J You, young 1, yearf ^West Indies u KJ ^ ^ you S, your S Wrra, Whatl, vs horn t / 3 Yourself whomsoever +, Why I /- 3 Yourselves Wherefore (T z Which !, Will, well / i Zeal, 1 NOTES ON THE SIGNS. 1. When we say that a word is a sign, we mean that the character for the sign-word is to be written just as it is in the list. One hundred of these signs make more than one-half of all we have to write in taking down any dis- course or debate. Hence the importance of having short signs to represent these constantly recurring words. 2. I might have gone on adding to the list till we had as many signs as are to be found in " Pitman's Reporter's Companion," taking only the most expressive and convenient letters in each word ; as, c-cation for communication; PS-cy, Provincial Secretary; Can-y, Canterbury; H-x, Halifax; 2f-S\, Nova Scotia; M-ass, Massachusetts; Tens-e^, 2^en- nesaee ; S- W\, Switzerland ; P-uf , Pennsylvania ; and the phrases, tJiat tlie, that thy, tliat they, might be written with a double t like the sign that, but in other respects the same as the, thy, and tJiey. It is needless, however, for the steno- grapher to overload his memory with such arbitrary con- tractions, as he can have as many signs as he pleases merely by writing the words according to the rules of Phono- graphy ; as, p-pl-tion, population ; congrg-tion-l, congrega- SIGNS. 119 ticnal ; $-n-gg, si/nagogue ; comp-r-nd, comprehend . comp-r- naofi. comprehension ; adding the short cty to the sign multiply for multiplicity, etc., etc. 3. Very many of our signs have all the characters they require to express the words according to the Phonographic rules, and therefore would not appear in any reporting list of signs. I have given them, however, for the use of thoM who desire convenient abbreviations for writing steno- graphy. Of this class are absent, acquaint, angels, angelic, believe, both, brother, but, condition, contradict, contradiction -ory, description, did, disciple, does, down, education, English, judge, knock, long, loyalists, public, etc., which are all con- venient for an experienced writer. The learner, will, of course, use only the principal signs, which are easily known by the type in which they are printed, for instance : 4. " ABLE," being a word of primary importance, is printed altogether in capitals. This sign is in reality the short bl, like a half-length a, and is suggestive of the ter- mination ; as, [_ table, /_ sable. To add d to it, either make the character thicker, or joia d to the left end ; as, " abled. 5. " In accordance with," see page 104. As only the first letters of this phrase are capitals, its sign {In-OrW) is one of secondary importance ; the «> stands on the line, as the rule of position requires, because it is the first long character. 6. " America 3 Q, -can 3 Q." Proper names begin with capitals, and we are not to infer from the large initials that Bach words occur more frequently than those which in the list begin with small letters. If the writer would select the most labor-saving abbreviations, let him first learn the signs of those words which are altogether in capitals, then of those beginning with a large letter, and pay no regard to the words in [ ], which are of little use except in the hurry of reporting. The sign for " America " is A-a, under the line, as the 3 shows, and the Q requires the Ch. to b« 1 120 SIGNS. greaier, that is, twice as long as single a. No obscarity can arise from using precisely the same sign for "Ameri- can," as it is not easy to find a sentence in which one word could be mistaken for the other. 7. ".( As S, Has S)." This sign, p. 104, is a short « on the line, and we see by the ( ) that it is not to be used for as and has when they are parts of other words ; we must write, for instance, a-s-k, and not s-k for ask. 8. " Bishop," p. 105, is represented by hp crossing the line ; and " baptize, baptism," by bp, with the last letter on it. The position of the line is represented by the tick on the double line dividing the columns. Take care to make bp twice as long as h or p. 9. '• In B, ing A E, ng J P, S," page 110. The B here shows that the Cli stands for in at iive beginning oi a word ; for ing, after the Ch before it at the end; and for ng if joined to the preceding Ch.; the S shows that the Ch.is short. 10. At p. 108 we have " father S f 1," which shows that the/ for father is short, and crosses the 1 or y-line. This sign belongs to an abbreviating rule, given at page 13, No. 45. thus, " [ther D T, S f 1]," signifying that, in Phonography, to add tlier, we must drop the termination ther, shorten all the preceding Chs, and write them a^^ros^ the 1 or y-line. 11. The sign ever is a large e : at the end of words it turns either way ; but when it is alone, it stands as in the table, and it is well to put a dot under the left end of it, to distinguish it from the pronoun ^ he. [The e and u for ^and you, in phrase-writing, turn either way, but standing alono e always turns down, and u up.] 12. " You, young 1, year f." This shows that y stands for you on the line, and for year across the line, and young above the line. If the learner intends to acquire the re- SIGNS. 121 porting hand, he should at once ose the smaU u instead of y for you. 13. The Btadent should notice that there is an angle in the ring of the sign angelic where the c is joined to the angl; that the sign for judge has a large ring, as if spelled juje, and that the ring in /or/ and /u(f should be twice as large as the ring off. The looped/ with a dot in it is the sign for fulfilled, and elect-y for electricity. The ing can be joined with an angle to the sign some, for something. 14. The foregoing examples will enable the learner to understand the signs by referring to the " Key and Alpha- bet," and it will be found that these signs can be read more easily than those of any systems which do not give the ini- tial and final vowels when sounded. Thus : if, in the sen- tence, " He is one of the aristocracy," we write, as we do, a-rsty for aristocracy, it is a more suggestive contraction than r stk, which is given in a system which has no con necting vowels. ARBITRARIES. Some Phonetic authors boast of having no arbitraries, while multitudes of their signs seem really to belong to that class ; for what can be more arbitrary than such con tractions as gw for language, jr, for larger, 7i for under, etc., etc.? Arbitraries are not absolutely necessary, but I have admitted a few, which will soon find favor as the shortest signs for particular words. They consist of characters joined together in an unusual manner, and occasionally of a common letter or fanciful mark ; as, H about, . again, o of, O the world, J. together, etc. 122 COURT REPORTING. [From The Eclectic Shorthand.J In legal reporting, Ihe Avriter should be conversant with the legal forms and expressions in use, as the more he un- derstands of these the better he will be able to report. Much depends upon mere form. There is always much talking done by counsel, often long arguments, Iheterba- tim reporting of which would subject the parties to much nee, Hess expense, besides rendering the reports tedious- ly voluminous. The proper writing tf objections, mo- tions and rulings can be done only by the exercise of good judgment, based on knowledge of the requirements < f a correct report of sucli matter. Often an objection by counsel is couched in a long argument, which the reporter of good judgment and acquaintance with legal phrase- ology puts in its proper form by a Jew words. The author has frequently heard legal gentlemen complain of phono- graphic reports, on the assumption that it is impossible for the shorthand reporters to write without giving every word uttered. The objection to the voluminous report is of course often just, but it does not lie in the use of phonography or shorthand notes, so much as in the ability an(l expe- rience of the leporter, who, if he could but condense the counsel's argument, would be able, because of his skill in writing, the better to make a clear presentation of it. In such cases, the writer should attend closely to what is said and done, and having clearly comprehended an idea, couch it, as directly and briefly as possible, in legal phrase. Unless required, no report need be made of the opening rem_arks of counsel, who generally dictate to the writer those points which need not be written. In ordinary civil cases the reporter has usually nothing to do with the empaneling of the jury, but in criminal cases it should be fully reported. In the examination of witnesses, every word, both of questions and answers, should be exactly written. The summing up of counsel need not be reported unless ordered by the same. The Judge's charge, except when it is written, wlie-i of course reporting is unnecessary, must be written with the utmost fidelity. A short experience will inform the reporter fully as to what need, and what need not, be written, while the inex- perienced reporter will rely mainly upon the dictation of counsel, who will suggest at tlie proper time what need not be taken. OOl^TE^^TS. PAGE Testimonials Opinions of tlic press Preface Preliminary directions Holding the pen Size of the letters Definitions, rings, hooks, and crooks Blending, looping, and modifying Key to explanatory marks and letters Place, size, and direction of the characters Hints to the student Stenography 1 Alphabet 2-3 Exercises 4-9 Alphabet 10-11 Terminations 12-13 Key 14-15 Notes on double characters 16 Double and syllabic characters AG Rules for writing stenography 18 Position of the characters 13 T final 20 S, Sub, and Super, how used £0 E, I, O, U, how joined 31 F and Dis, how joined and distinguished 21 Okd, how to be used 23 Double-sized t-ing letters 23 Un initial, how written 23 Over and Under 23 Prefixes, bene, magni, umlti, trans, extra, circuni, hypo, omni, expl 23 Bub, as a sufllx 23 K, Qu, Ch, and H thickened 24 Blended and shortened characters 24 Tt rminations 25 Omission of silent letters 26 CONTENTS. PAGB Able and ble, Ably, blt 37, 28 Aught 28 -Session, -cession 28 -Fessional, -ficiency, -ficient, -fully 28 -Gence, -graph, -oguaphy, -ographical 28 In, ing, ng, ngst, ning 29 Ion, ions 29 Ly, lies, lty, lties, ldty, ldties 29 Ty, ity, idity, try 29 Ment, ments, nments 29 Ness, nesses 29 OOK, OCK 30 Ous, SHUS, 0U8NESS, and shusness SO Out 60 Pl, ples 30 Self and selves SO Ship, shippers 30 Theb 30 TlON, SION 30 Ution, tution 30 Ention, emtion 30 Tional, tionality 31 Dtion, ndtion 31 TivE, tivity 31 Strug, struct, structed 31 Ted, tude 33 Ward, wards 33 St, stee 33 Ndd 33 Capital letters 32 Reading 33 Teaching by dictation 33 Exercises in the elements and corresponding style 35-55 Punctuation and numbers 56 Phonography, or Verbatim Reporting 57 D added, how ? 61, 93 Ed and RT 63 Dtion, ding 63 Nt, NCE, NTS 63 Of, how implied » 63 CONTENTS PAGE S in ST and lES and ise G4 Short s and t G4 Disconnected vowels 05 How to read reporting liand 66 Phrase writing C7 To the student 6S Phonographic exercises 70-100 Signs 101-117 Signs, Notes on the 118-121 Arbitraries 131 Court Reporting 123 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. From MOOBJS'S MUltAZ NEW-TOItKEIt. We think the author's claim to simplicity, ease of acquirement, legibility, and rapidity well founded. From the BOSTON EVENING TIMES. It combines aU the advantages of the Stenographic and Phonographic Bystemu. From the NEW YORK STANDARD. We recommend it to the consideration of all interested in the sub- ject. From the RICHMOND HER AID. The only system we have seen that can be read as rapidly as ordi- nary manuscript. From the CONGREGATIONAL MONIHIT. A decided improvement over the Phonetic System. From the OHIO FARMER. There is certainly no system by which verbatim reporting can be so easily accomplished. From the DAILY TIMES, New Rrunawlek. Merits the many euloginms it has received. From the TELEGRAPH AND J^OTTRNAL. Simplicity itself. From the MANCHESTER MIRROR. Kemarkable for its simple character and easy legibilitT- l-'rom the J*H ILAliKLfHIA CITY IT KM. Mnch credit is due the author for his improvement upon the present gystcms of rapid writing. from the ALLE\TOn\ CBHONICIX:, Perhaps the most complete system extant. From the l^ORTZAyi) I-SESS. The best method we have seen. From the \EW TOItK TABLET. We commend it to those of our readers who have long been search- ing for just such a work. From the FAXTOX RECOFI). Simple as A, B, C, and well calculated to become one of the leading systems. From th« BAXOOR COMMERCIAL. Should be adopted in all our institutions of learning. From the CARLTOX SE\TI\EL. We know that it is practised by some of the readiest reporters. From the UUXTINODOX GLOBE. The work is simple and well adapted to the reporter or clergyman. From the PROTIDESCE FRESS. We believe it to be the best work of the kind yet introduced. From the XEW JERUSALEM MESSEXGER. Very easy of acquirement, and can be put to use almost immediately. From the WATCHMAX AXD REFLECTOR. Has several advantages over the prevailing methods. From the LTXX TRAXSCRIPT. More legible and simple in construction than either Pitman, Oraham or Munson. From the BLACKS URX GAZETTE. We have found it to be very easy of acquisition. From the CORXELL ERA. Brevity is the aim of the age. In this short-hand system the art o. writing the greatest amount of words in the least amount of time has boon brought nearest perfection. From the liltOCKrORT DEMOCRAT. The nearest, most compact, and complete little work on short-hand over published. It is simply a short-hand^ so easy that any child can learn it, so legible that it can be read the tame as common longhand, and yet it may be abbreviated and written at the rate of two hundred words per minute. It is equally suited to the student, the reporter, the counting-house, the pulpit, the bar, and the bench— to all who wish to commit their thoughts to paper in the briefest possible manner, and read their manuscript at any future time without difficulty or hesita- tion. We have studied it and are convinced of its great merits. From the JXDIAXA MESSElfOFB. 1. It Is not Phonetic. The author claims that time and labor are thrown away in learning to write English words as the Phonetic re- formers would write them, since we are, and probably always will be, compelled to use, in ordinary practice, the present spelling. S. The Toicel signs are joined to the consonants — not written sepa- rately. There is, we believe, but one other system in which any ap- proach is made to this desirable improvement. 3. There is much less complication. The thickening, shortening, lengthening, etc., of the characters, which make most of the other systems so perplexing to the learner, and so difficult to decipher, are nearly all avoided. Front, the ELIZABETH DAILY MOyiTOS. The distinctive features of this system a.r ear ; specimen copy, 25 cts. ; advance payment in all cases. i\j)VERTisEMENTs: Half-incli space, one time, 50 cts. Liberal disci unt for large space and continuous adver- tising. Postage stamps of the denominations of 1 and 3 cts. received for fractional parts «>f a dollar. Back numbers of the Review, 25 cts. a copy. Address all communications and remittances, giving your address, including county and state, in full to R. TIIEOPIIILrS, 166 Federal street, Allegheny, Pa. From the Parker (Pa.) Daily: — " We have received the October number of the Shouthand Review, which is published in the interest of Scovil's system. This system, though it lias been in existence for some years, is just coming into public notice. It is undoubtedly the best system extant, being equal to all others in speed and ca- pacity, and far superior to them in legibility. It is so easy to acquire that but a few months' faithful study will make a writer of the dullest scholar. The Review is ably edited, and replete with matter interesting to the student of shorthand, who may obtain from it many val- uable suggestions.'' I advise all students of f^horthand, who desire encour- agement, asfcistance and sympathy, while endeavoring to master this art, to become subscribers to the Review, which contains so much that is valuable and interesting to all the fraternity. W. E. SCOVIL. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JUL87l9« Form L9-25/ii-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES UBRARY A 000 571 362 3 Z56 SU33S 1880 trnm mmmmmmmmmm mmm